Run Magazine Issue 1986-special

^MUSIC
-TELECOM
-CARE AND
OF THE C-128 art

Special! aB|

FOR NEW C-1 28 OWNER!
Introduction to CP/
And Enhance "

I 'V462o"d8A08'

^ COMPUTERESE!

.J to Master Technical Ternis

WHERE TO TURN FOR HELP

A Complete List of

Clubs and User's Groups

Ciicle4i0on Raatfer Sarvice card.

Fleet System Ti
Word processing that 5pe//5 V-A-L-U-E.

For
C-64

andC-128

Fun Support ^^''^^

of Commodore
128 Mode!

Complete word processing witli built-in
90,000 word spell checking -Only $79-95

I'p liU [low. vuu'd have to spend a muii-
niuin of aboui S"n lo get a jiood word
processor for your ConimoUore fvP'VI 28!*'
And if \'Ou atltie J a small , xejiarate spcl I
clK'tkini;]irograrii, you'd he out well
ova SI 00!

Now ihere's Wxx Systeiii Jl It's two
powerful |>rograni.s in one, and it's per-
fect for book repoMs, term |iapcrsor full
office use.

Fleet System 2. combines the 1-ASlEST
and mos; POWIiKI'l.^L word [processor
available with a li^litning-fast ';(>,0[)0
word s[K-llini; tlietionary — all in one
refreshinj^ly UAS\' TO TSf- intrsrated
system, Finally, spell ebceking is now
available at your rin,^ertips.

You can even add over 10.000 'custom"
words to the built-in 90,000 word dictio-
nary. And at a suggested retail price of
S79.9^, Fleet System 2 real I v spells
V-A-L-U-F, and MO. 000 other words too!

Fleet Sysicjsi 1 lielps people of all ajies
to learn to spd! amvcily and uritc belicv
too, It's the ONLY full featured word
processor that provides vou with heljiful
writing and \-OCABrLARY FF.FDBACK
such as: the total number of words iti
your document, the number of times
each word appears, and total lUimber of
"unic|ue" words, just to nunie a few.

Fleet System 1 hasc-very important fea-
ture that will help you jiiake child's play

APSI

out of the most hc-avy duty typing tasks.
There's Built-in 80 Column [display — so
what you see is what you gel, I !ori?.oniaI
Scrolling During Typing, iiasy Correction
ani.1 .Movement of text, I'age Numbering,
Centering, liidennng. Headers and Foot-
ers, .Math Functions, Search and fieplace,
Mai! .Merge, HUII.T IN 90,0(10 word
SPFI.I. CFiECKlNG and much, much
more!

.'Ukfor Fk'cl Syxtem 2.
ExaptkinaUy luiay. Packed
with I'tntvr. PcrfectiY
I'ricnl ".,... „^

COMMOOORE
USERS OROUP

Call I -8{)0-.^.i 3-4074 for the Dealer nearest vou! '-'.-,.= " =

Professional Software, Inc, 51 Fremont Street, Needham, MA()2t9'i (617)444-5224

Hi-a >vMi'ni i'" L^ JiMiliiiijifkiil l'tnlf^sn,rij|.s.it[Mjri-, lilt' — (■■ktl .Sjjlrm 1'^ »j.>il<r%l>tlH'tl liiiU 1%'rllli'il li)' Vhlmllriiiik*, l.lil
IridtmirkMit'Ciininuitlorf lk-i.Eriiciu ^ I iil ~ Sonic [>r1iitfr> nuv iKit supptiri icriJkn Klfct N^^tt-m J ruriLiioDs ^nUVtjrn'uuifcin i
niMnhiilor ini|iiiriL-^ irc iii^ itril

— e I imnUHli ) Je 6+ ' ^ and ( : ( intni ,ttorc 1 .?H f « 4rc
[Ucrfjcc Pli-j^rOu-ck wltli\i>tirOr-,lk-r — Ocjlcraiul

circle 402 on Raadtr Service caid.

Just tell your Mends
youre going on avery long trip.

•

fe'i

■■=r^

;*?..■

'.ris^

Kiss your earthbound buddies
goodbye and travel the solar system
in the most exciting space program
ever envisioned.

The Halley Project A Mission
In Our Solar System'" is history's
first real -time space simulation.
Its challenge provides out-of-
this-world stimulation.

Lightweight space
j oc keys n eed not a p p I y, th i s / ^^^j;
one's for qualified star pilots.
A rigorous ten-mission
training program will test your
knowledge and skill as you navigate

h:^^^

'"''^d;^^^

by the stars from planet to planet.
Complete all ten missions and be

/invited to face the ultimate
challenge: the incredible
secret eleventh mission.
So take off to a software
dealer and join an elite group of
space explorers. As for your
chums, tell them you'll wave as
you fly over.

•tf;- Software that challenges the.

The Halley Project is available on: Apple.
.^Atari* anaCommodors?

Mindscape, Inc. 3444 Dundee Road. Northbrook. Illinois 600©, 1-800-221 -9884 (In Ulinois 1-800-942-7315)

Cc(j>r«ht e )9BS. Minetscaoe. tnc All R>oh!s Reserved App*), Alan. una Commodom ore fegfsteiod Irodantafks oi Apple Omputer, Atsfi Inc., and ComrmfJoie Busmen Mschirw?

Clfclu *26 on fleadar Satiice enrrt.

New toll free number:

1-800-541 -1541

KEYMASTER

The easiest-to-use, most-powerfu! disk backup program ever
written for the 64.

Wirh one 1541 drive;

• FAST FILE COPIER — up to 5 times faster!

• FAST full protected — disk GCR nibble copier

• FAST full unprotected — disk copier

• KEYMASTER protected — disk unlocking kit**

• FAST 10 second disk formatter

With two 1541 drives (NO disk swapping required during co-
pying):

• FAST file copier — up (o6 times faster!

• FAST full protected — disk GCR nibble copier

• FAST lull unprotected — disk copier

KEYMASTER unlocks protected disks by ELIMINATING

the protection scheme originally written on the disk.
Once one Of KEYIVIASTER's KEYS has
unlocked a disk, the program can generally
be FILE COPIED onto another disk
(also making the program compatible with
non-1541 drivasj. If it is not file copyable, it
can be fast nibble copied.

50 KEYS (or popular programs will be provld
ded on the first KEYIt^ASTER disk.
FreQuent updates of 25 to 50 additional KEYS will be
available (no original disk return required for updates!).

ALL OF THIS AT THE RIGHT PRICEI ONLY —

$29.95 for KEYIvlASTER

$10.00 for update disks

KEYMASTER created by Jim Drew.

I Is a tioWj
uict. ';\V

1 a RiSION

NI«aNUK LOAD BLOWS TH{ OIHERS AWMI

ATTENTION 1541 AND MSO OWNERS!

MAGNUM LOAD Hill LOAD and VffllFV pjo^tams up to i nH£S ttSTtfl Mi.w ueiore II li
reFlacemem KEHNAL (opnrjiinu system) ROM ctilp for you' Commoosro 61 m 1 28 tfimpiiict.
A liigti-spBHl iiBiMf, liljti-Kweij verify, i)i«k drive no-heai! raitle (online (IMl drivoj add a BASIC
UHNEW ROUriNE (MSDCiivol Have rcplacsiJ the Oalascltetaoe roulinss. '^\|y

rtic !ifsl program nn ;i £]i.'.h may t« loaoeoand run by pressirrci nirly (^0 ^'Sys (SHIFT/fttJN).

riL't^^'Siy'e [asi loaders, no porsa are iieo up .)[ irie rear ot your compuler,
.p I : .1 i|i;, i;WPiino arrd [liBre |5 ro rtMr-ar^el-[c,ircwitPfff)LVnBporl.

■ jr.CB, HASNUM LO*U i'. itisWlBfl OiBECTLY in [he cucuil

. -«n picmdea (0 mjKc tiic upcrafwo easy, pyloccmjriany

iTfitirci .■■\'AVs\\\

Now you {jr> 9Mt yput it<i*ik(i:r,e '1571 spoeo. avJ

rtiecR]fllieJowc«nipdrei ACTUAL MEASIJREQ UuDinf times

STAD REEUUn

MhW

FAST

MAGNUM

PnOGRAM

nOS LOAD

i

lOAD

inAQ

iititQP n iim)

' 144 JK

43 501;

irsec

31 sec

Music Shop (BRMffl BUN Di

' tOS sec

fOSsoc'

locate-

Zlsoc

Hlicimto'sSiiiiietoiriirMaKy

1 70 sec

70 see-

*t

casoc*

(mrOCOM)

Oti'deld footlMli (UAMESTAfli

' 1 59 sec

BBSM

flDSM

Sfisec

EASY FINAKCt 1 (COMMODOHE)

7 58sec

ISSM

13SW

Usee

• = Will nol fasi kwl - ditaulnil tat* ta regulai maa -

•• = fmenmlaiaatitll

OVf VBRSIOHS BfUABHUULOAO M£* MIlABll TO fl t ANY NfEB

JENSIOM M>niCATION

Ce4 computer {Od ont i S41 itut
Cr>4 and one MSII diive tangle oi Dual)

[; tG'i . gno 154 1 ilrlvo AND one VSd drive (swltchablg)
D Ci?scomputB(aadoneI!j41driv6'"
E C 123 and one MUD' drive (single or dual)" "

MICE

J!4,95

124,%

■•' = Fully compalit)!!) w;ii i!9 8. CP/M modes. Canildje versions MUST be UNPtuGC-EO to

a<:ce$s 1?B I^CI'/M rnojes'

ORDER THE VERSION TOU NEEO NflWI

MAfiNUM lOAD RUM tr Jli" OtlK

CM, Clio. 134 1. la. . .ir>o Cuijsctte !M CommMore. MSB TM Micro Systems De«iopirani.
UACH 6 IM ACCESS: fAST LOAD TM EPYX: STA« IKJS 1M Slat Potm

Circiu (laD on Reader Sorvico can)

THE SHADOW

$89,95 * HACKER PACKAGE $39.95 *GT PACKAGE

$44.95

Shadow is a new and revolutionary piece of
hardware that is used to duplicate even the
most protected sattware. Fitting inside the
disk drive (no soldering required |. SHADOW
takes complete control of all lunctjons giving
near 100% copies.

Being the best utility available today, it will
even copy the other copy programs.

Because of the Shadow's unt[|ue abilities, we
feei DOS protection is a thing o! the past.

MegaSofl

^^^ LTD

Shadow a disk while il loads, then read an
exact list of:

• Track, sector, ID, check sum, drive status

• High anti low track limits

• Density use on each track

• Hall tracks that are used

• Command recorder shows commands that
were sent to 1541 white program was
loading

• RAM recorder records custom DOS

Shadow-scan any disk, then read exact list of:

• Valid tracks, halftracks, partialtracks and
segments

• Sync mark link, header block links and
data block links

• Track to track synchronization
EKclusivo snap shot recorder wi!l give you an
exact copy af the 1 541 RAM and can be
viewed, saved or printed. Plus many more
features included,

'Requires Shadow

P.O. Box 1080 • Sattle Ground, Washington 98604

1-800-541-1541

Canadian/Foreign Orders Gall
(206) 687-5205

Highly sophisticated and integrated piece of
hardware that turns you 154t into something
you've always wanted.

• Track and sector display

• Drive reset switch

• Device number change

• Hall track Indicator

• Abnormal bit density indicator

• Shadow on-off indicator

The Shadow display will give you an accurate
display of precisely what track you are
accessing during a normal load even if the
program does a read past track 35.
'Requlraa Shadow

Order by phone 24 h[s./7 days or sand cashier's
checkfmoney ordet payable to Megasof I. Visa.
Ma stsrCard Include card number and expiration
dato. Add S3. 50 shippingJhandling (or
conlinental U.S., SS.SO for UPS atr. C0[}$ add
S7.S0, Canada add S10.00. Olher foreign oiders
add S15.00 and remit cerlllled U.S. lunds only.
Distributors Invited and supported.

SPECIAL ISSUE, 1986

AAJ^

FEATURES

6 RUNNING Ruminations
6 Publisher's notes
8 Programming Primer

rf you can follow instnitiions, iheii yoii can
prngram. Here's an casy-to-understand guide
to help you.
By David A. Hook

20 C-64/C-128 Graphics

An introduction lo the world olC-B'l and
CM 28 graphics progranuniiig.
fiy Louis Wnllace

34 Magic

All invaliialjlc coUctiioti of" 31 2 liinis and
tips thai will help you get the most out of
your computing experience. A complete
index of the Magic tricks, arranged
according tn 34 categories, begins on p. 1.58.
Bt Loiih F. Sander

Vmvuv [>h()U)giaphy by Ldjudite

48 The Sound ok C-128 Music

With ihc (M2«'s llasic 7.0 connnands,
generating iniisiL: is as easy as do-re-tni.
By Matthfw Stem

34 GeiOnLine!

dlsc:ovf.r the world of
Telecommunications

.■\ti inirodnition u> this exciting worltl, along

with reviews of Cioinuiodore's niodein.s and a

list of (he major commercial networks

available.

By Pfggy Ih'rringlon

62 C-128 Programmer's Aid

Mere's an opportnnicy for [)nigraTntners to
become acquaiiued with the powerful new
commaufis made availaiile by the C-l^H'.s
enham ed llasic.
By Morton A. Kevelsim

70 CP/MandtheCT28

Unlock your CMt28*s capability lo run CP/M
projrnjiiis, wliic'li arc iiunicrous and
viitiially (Vfc.
By Cheryl PHnson

liVS' (3SSN 07-1 l-liJ'H!!!) 14 Jin ttidepejident Joiieitiil tnn mitTif^-ctMi Hillt (■(nrinn.n|i>rf IVusiiitsi
M^diknrv Im- RUN it |ni^ifhhcd mnnihly by CAV CnEnmunktttUnit/IVtcrbimmKli. Inc.n m I'ine
St . iVtcrHMhrnLiKhn NH fU-ITirt. L.S subacriplion r.it^ SI^J.<t7,tnif yrw, V^^ 'H, twij yrarsi S4LE37.
lllirr yi'M'i. <:jii.iiIj ,ji>iI Mc-viio S^^'.'^HV. t'nc vr.ir, E'.S. tiiii(K ilrjvi'n **n VS. himli.. Korcff^
S^'i^M^/, nhf >rji, r.S. Iiitucio: clt.ihii. un VS. h.ttik. hiin^n ,iir iri.itE tuhuTJptlinni — [ilran* uiijLMrc:.
SroiMcl tL.m jMiMj^r p^iH a\ IVc^'ihuMm^lu Ml, mh\ ,\% .uhlipuh^ tM.ittiit)( iidur* iCtruiilt.iEi
i.riipriK'E i\.n\ Mijil trj^Mti^liMn itiirithcf 93fl5.) h'h^tnf': lii>:4'Vl'i-t '.1171 . tinilTC iftiitri;!! (opvit);!;!

ff rilhcnil^f irptiKiucfd HiEhitui: wrillrn |>rTilii^tii)ri |ri»ni ihr piihli^^irl l*ni%llTliiMcr '^cnrl
.idtiTc** ili.iii^'v^ til HVS. SLkhsrrJptiiim Sei'fciees^ J*(J B*>s, '.*M, t-jritiiiii^iUlc. NV I17l*7- (Scutl
C.iti^ilkiii tlLiit^n «»r jdrtrcH tti J^t'.V. PO B(j\ |[>?il. Vuit tiir, O^iurm, (Uujtlj J-2A TiXH*
N,tti4i[]4l|i^ ilisciiSumL \n \.nvem\niuni-A\ <]iT-i'iil:itioi> Oi^ct ihtiiMf'*'. Hl'X fn^iVc^ even effort lu
-iwdir ilir .LHtiT.K\ iA ,iitulc?i. M^tini^ 4ind ciriiiK^ piitjtislii-d in \hv yuA^^ihiv H\'S j&sutnes
■KP rc^pti]iM.liiL]ii[^ III] (UiiLi^CN due En frrtmvfH ntakl^Mltik\.

ManuscripLs: tioEilEiltiEtMni^ iei \)w I'i^itei nf TEiiniuscripts i^'ith dniw3n;i{s ^nid/ov pK(ti(»};rhtplu iiir
wrlimriTr wud wtl( hi.- loii^lilctfcl lii:r ptit^ihlr iiuhlJraEiiirF. Iff'iV iitttim^^ tu> tcipin^ilMhty fH.>r
\it<i\ or diiEiEJ^r U\ ,\n\ ErMErri^l. PJrflic i-ncltjw j. SclEaddrc^sed^ stuThptrcl cnvie1i»|jf wiili r-^n\\
Miitriii^^tiin. I'ti'iHilic tUii in,Mtii*iti Ipc^ lli.it i .Liiitiil lie ^ii it- pird W\W hv erlntrird p'tilv d ..Mtmnt
pjllEcd \i\ .til .igjpiMiiiJ.tli-li. m/rd, .i<lt''i]iiJrLlrl> iE,^Tii|mt. ^rtf.KJdrc^^rd rll^rlrrpt' l\i^B1lfEll (mE
dit' i>^*" 111 ,i\y\ Kn-Miliii iird iii.iiiTlal **illi Im' in.wif hjkiei jtsr [iiitiwr -Ml (oiidilitiUuin.Kid nlLliiBi.iI
iiirTL':«|xi}idi-rKc- >iu|>rd iiiid diuiMr «p.iird. f>(ciKr) ii}ii>uUL \>c dlrcik'd t^i HI'S ^'xiiUn^A Dtliio,

HDISiirSErt-cE, IWtili ni^\i. Ml Mli'.H; Erk^phttne: t;iJi:$^*j!-l'9lVl. Advcrtliiag Inquirln ^h^iuld

iHf ctiinEi-il fi[> AiivriEiMi)}^ { >|Ei>i «.■''. lAV ('fiEiKnuiiiiiiEioii^^IVtti tKiiiiii^li, Iiii , Kliii Sltrdt I'rErr-
horoy^ii. NH i\MtiX\ trlrpiiuhr: H4MI HT-H4«i:i Subscriplion probl^ins or addreu chin^eK? [;4ll
|.|^jKn-,4ri-fir>,Vior hTJlcUt/;( A.Sidt^rfTijMiuii Drp^JiTtmcnL PO Rnx '.\t4, RirminRdalc.W I li-^V.
piT:iblrm* i*llh attvcniiMn: Srnd 4 ■litcvTipttnn uf the problem Jiid vuur (iirTeiil A>Ulrr&« u\-
A'f.V, Mm SEsrrr, I'rEE-HM^Eiill)!^. NM «Mi:iH, Al'J \.: Kiia B RKjtd Cil'^t^mirf Smi(P M-lEJUKt^,

4 / RUN SPKQAl ISSUE 1986

Page 74.

Page 48.

Page 34.

74 How TO Avoid
Computer Disaster

I [liicUvare and software tijis dial will lit'lp
you prc>lf)ng tlic life oi your (lommodore
cnmpmcr system.
Hy AriuelU' lliiishuw

80 Definitions &

D EMONS 1 rations

A fomprL'liciisivc list <)f'Cfi4 and C-128
("oiiiniini<is, .stalcmc'iils, rimciions and
reserved \aitabk-s, along witli examples of
flow you may use them for piograniming.
By Margaret Morabito

162 Commodore Clubs

Comniodnie cnmputing aioiiiid the world.
A list of over 700 user's groups across the
United States and in 19 other countries.

Plus: Programmer's

Reference Chart

Il{\\' ilk 4 iiKTntjrr ol Ihr C\V iUtmmumcMiottsHac. group. Ihp witrtd's largctl piihfi^licT ipf

t.nnpulcr Tcf.ited tnffifitijilion. 'the t^imp publishes 57 roiripmef public^riiin^ id miirr ihan ?t>
iri.iiar k lh(Lll[ll['^ Siiit riTilM'it] finiplr ir.nl imc or murcnf ilic ((KMsp'* piitjtiGjKomritdt MiP.iith,
NTi'titbrtN o1 liif Kf""P iiiciutfc: ArKi'iihim't i.rrmpii!fruH'tlil/Ats*^titifi\ Asia's 't'hr Aiinn t'tmfitiff^'
wiftii', AiislT.iliirs < 'MmpnitiwiirU .\miraUti, AiutrnHttn IH'. WtitM, Mtifutirhi :iei(I tihfiunifx: Ur.i/il's
thjt/sSfjt'\ mul MmnMuntiiy. t:hi(Kt's C.hifut (ifnnftutrr^tnU^ Ikiuiiiiik's (jtmfttitrjumtt^liummifk, /^.'
W'urtii .n»l Hi 'S (( jimnn«icnt); KiiiljincTs .\ftltrff: Vr'Jntt'i If .Mtituif InfcrmnUipu. (iiildm (Appit).
UIH: (ll\M) .illll tlutnttutillMf: VtiunAin'-^ (jimfnAtmivtbf. .\ttniili^mjmlmi-r!l. Itl W'tii, S*)fIiinre\tTiiki.
t'.\\ Mltimi/SfmuuiT. ijimpultr Uuituru. Hi'X iind .^fiptfV, Itjiv's t^tnfmtfru^ttU tftitut .111(1 PC
.\SB^tr:itir. [jpuiTs Ofmjmterwoitd jafmn, Mfxictp's Comp^lfruntt'l/Mrxuo jiid CdmpuStttndn. \\\c
Neiherbnti's (jimfnitrrWitrM B^nftux aiut fC. nitriil Untftia: N<>rs*;iv's C/imfmlfru^'rU .Vorp*'. PC
UijrW jTiil /^r.V ((littnmodorr}; -S;iudi Arabl.i's Sawiii Cfimputfm^^rUt, Spain's CnrnfmlrrafiFtti^Eifiana,
.\tiffif\iitfmm/H', Wfirlrl and Qjmwiiwi^rKC UWfW: Swcrirn'^ Cjimfniler.Sitinim. MihnMi^ttfni, .mil S'lwwJ^n
PC: die S .'K'n ihmffiifrr AUmfigrmntI, CittufiutrT i\nt'i, I^ h]uinnt Wtiflit-AUfl (A)mfnilrr HiiMitfu iMrnfr^:
|]K' L'.S.' AmignWhtltl, i'^imfmlpnuoriti, lijtiu PuhUtntifHL\, liiri' (MfJti, iHCidn-^ /n/ifWutltl, Maf\Mttt(i.
Mitrti Mtifkrtumtd, f/tl (Atmrtriiiitratniru. t*il WmU. Hi'X, 77 Xttijpisrru, Hii Miiro: Vrnr^iirla's f/wm

Publisher— Sifpl If] 1 Iwoinbly

EDrroR-lN-Cn!EF— Dennis Brisson

NtAWi^ist; EDLTOKil'RomcnoN— Swain f'r.iit

Coi'V KniroR— N!.irilvn .•Vntnicci

Hi viiAv KniioK-Susiiu TiiMonii

N'[ Av I'KoDiiMS KiiiniR— Miirtild tijoiiisi'n

Ti ciiNicAL Man AGKR— Margaret Monibilo
li (:iisu:ai, KniTOk— Timothy WaUh

AssociATF, EniTOR-S— C;lirlstiiie Adansce, Ruben Baker,
Louis !■". Sander, Jim Slrasma, Guy Wright

AUVERTISTNC. SAI.E.S Manacer— SK'|lhcil kdllbhlS

Sai.i.s Ki I'ltislMAllvis -Ken Bhikenidii. Naiit) 1'oIilt

All CoiiHDiSAnm— Ik-athcr Patmelle
l.H(»(l-l.tl-M(i;i

Makkktixi; CooRiJiNAroR— VVendic Haines

VVi-:si Coast SAi.Ks—C.ioraio Saluii, mnnacer
I--H;.-;)2K-3470
lOCiO Marsh Road
Mcnlo I'arli. CA 9't()2.'i

Art D I KKcroR~( ; If ii 1 1 S lui k 1; o

I'hodi < ijdxWnvi-RitMSi. SlT'rKVIsoR-Rosalyn Scribner

Kilt lORIAl. Dt>li;\— Anne Dilli>n, Kathi M. VViiitney

GraI'filc: SERVICE.S Manaher— Dennis Chiislcnscn
l-'liAl I'HiTARAiiox .Sll'KRVlSOR— Koberl M. Villeneuve
Tvi't^strn ING SupEHVisoK-Linda P. Caiiiile
'Ivi'K-SKrrER— Dorccn Means

MANUFAcrniRiNG Manager— Susan (Jrnss

Pkesident/CEO— jiiincs S. I'ovec

Vic E- President^Fi N ancf.— R oger M ur j >h y

VlCE.PRESIDEN-r OF PtjV.N'MNC AND CIRCULATION—

Uilhaiii I', ilouard

Business Manaceh— Mnti Sniiili

ExECtrriVE Creaiivj, Dihecttor- Clnisiinc Desliempcs

CikcuijVTION Mana(;er— i-iank S, Smith

Direct «t New.sstam) Saijis Manackr— Raiiio VViicin
Kiiii.:M:io7^,s

DlKEtmiR or CREinrr SALF3 & CoLLECrtONS— William .M. Biner
FouMJER— Was ne C.teen

RUN sPECiy. ISSUE i9Sfi / 5

RUNNING RUMINATIONS

Special Issue HigMights

III any ]>n)fessioii;i! sport, ii is difncult Hi duplicatr
back-to-hatk cliainpiunsliip seasons. In recent years, nei-
ther the Dodgers, Redskins nor Ck-ltics coiild do it.

But wv think that we have Jisseiiihled a repeat winner
ill this I '.186 ver.sion of ihe RUA' S]3ecial Issue.

For ttie second year in a row, wc are presenting an all-
star collection of authors and programmers to address
ihf iicinls of today's Cloinmodore homecoiii])iitei' user.

riiis .S[)e( ial Issue contains \alual)le inforniatiou — intro-
ductory articles and liandy reiereiice material — diat our
readers will want to refer to again and again throughout
the coming year.

For example, you'll witness the "magical" talents of Lou
Sander, vs-lio senes up 72 pages of computing hints and
tips— all (tf the "tricks" publislied in the 1118.") issues of
RUN, plus over 200 never-before-published tricks devel-
oped es[}ecially for this issue. Vur yt)ur easy reference,
these tricks are indexe<! and organized by topic — disk
tips, programming techniques, ])rinter hints, etc.

You'll also recognise some other regular contributors
to RUN — such as Margaret Mt>rabito, Cheryl Peterson
and Louis Wallace — who have prepared articles to fa-
miliarize readers with the features of both the (;-()4 and
C-128. Every facet of Commodore computing^prograiu-
ming, nuisic and sound, gi'apiiirs, telecomnnmications,
comijuter maintenance — is explored in this issue.

Every programmer worth his function keys will want
to make room on his wall for this year's wall chart filled
with easy-reference material — whether he programs in
Cfimmodore Basic 2,0, Basic 7,0. or any version in be-
tween. .All the rel'erence material progranuners are con-
stantly seeking out in manuals — keywtn-ds. commands,
programming codes — is featured in one visually attractive
chart.

'["his Special Issue comes at a particularly appropriate
time for (M28 owners desperate for information about
theii- new c()m]iutei. We've feauned articles ihai guide
new owners through the uncharted territory ol CIVM and

6 /RUN SPECIAL ISSUE 1 98B

enhanced Hasic, as well as telecommunications, nuisie
and sound and graphics.

Whether you're a new C!I2S owner, a long-time or
iiUermediaU' (Mil user ur a novice — this issue promises
to he a i)ig hit among Commodore computing fans.

dh

Something Special

Welcome to the second aiuuial edition oiyit/ATs Special
Issue!

The introduction and shipment of Commodore's new
C-128 was certainly the most significant event in the
Coimnodore computing world in 198,5. With this com-
puter, Commodore targets a whole new audience of coin-
pitter users, while still afithessing the concerns of htya!
C-6'1 users by making the machine 100% C-()4 com])alible.

Besides the extra ()4K of memory, llie new CM 28 fea-
tures CP/M mode, enhanced Basic 7.0, additional function
keys, a numeric keypad and other features thai make this
machine a user's delight. Owners of the CM 28 also share
(in C-()4 mode) the C-()4's outstanding software !>ase and
p()tetuial for enhanced applications.

In this issue, the editorial staff has assembled articles
that speak lo the interests of both C-()4 and CM28 users.
Included is a variety of useful and pertinent reference
material for every aspect of Commodore computing.

In addition, there are over 500 helpful computing hints
and tips from the popular Magic colunm, a helpful glossary
that defines — in easyto-iinderstand lernis — temiputer
ex]>ressions and terminology, a com])reliensive list of Com-
mofiore clubs and a convenient pull-out wall chart that ])ro-
vities programmers with handy reference material.

This Special Issue will serve as a convenient reference
source throughout the year. We are crmfldent that it fully
meets the standards you have come lo expect from
RUN magazine.

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Programming Primer

Take charge of your computer

and begin writing your own

programs. You need only learn

some fundamentals.

B\ DAVID A. HOOK

In the good old days of microcomputers (1978, in my
case), nonbusiness software was nowhere to be found. If
you didn't learn to write it yourself, you were out of luck.
Nowadays, there is plenty of software available, but there
is also a revival of people interested in program ming.

This article is dedicated to the beginning programmer.
For guidance and practice, consult the manual that came
with your computer. And please type in the example
programs, as you cannot hope to learn without doingl

Programming, or Playwrighting

Regardless of the coinputer language used, a program
isjusi a series of instructions to be performed. Once you
turn on your Commodore computer, the Basic language
is available to you. If you follow its rules of grammar,
then you can instruct the computer to complete a task
for you.

The computer can perform only two fundamental pro-
cesses: arithmetic and logic. It can calculate very quickly
and can compare whether one value is "bigger" than
another. Depending on the results of the calculation and
comparison, it can appear to "automatically" handle a
wide variety of cases.

This illusion of "thinking" is, of course, performed by
the program. The challenge of programming is to reduce
such a process to the limited vocabulary ol" a computer
language. The C-64 and C-I28 share about fiO key words
that form the Basic language, and their syntax is quite
rigid — one error can cause a program to fail.

A computer program can be thought of as a play. Its

instructions represent the script, and you are acting as
the playwright.

Like a play, a program must have an introduction,
provide some development and reach a conclusion. In
the data-ijrocessing world, however, you would use the
terms itijiut, processing and output. The Basic language
has many instructions that will fit into tme c)f these three
parts. If your program has been well-organized, these
distinctions are clear. Within this framework, we define
two categen'ies: ctmmiaiids and instructions,

Basic conunands are words thai apply to ibe whole play.
Instructions, or program statements, form part of the play
itself This distinction is often confusing to the beginner,
so I'll start liy giving a summary of Basic's commands.

Basic Commands

Load — f he script resides on a disk, and you wish to use
it. Get i( from the library and install it within the machine
so it's available.

Save — You're finished with the script for the time being.
Prepare a iJermaneni copy (on a disk) so it will survive
until next time.

Verify — You've just saved such a copy and want to be
sure that it is a good one before you turn off the power.

List — Tlie script is in the com|)utcr's memory area. We
want to have a look at it. It's [)r()bal)ly time for some
revisions to the script before opening niglit.

Run — House lights down; open the curtain. It's lime to
perform the play and see how it comes out. Now you're
not just the playwright; you assume the director's role
and want some action I

8 I RUN SPF.CI.U ISSUE 19S6

RUN It Right

C64; CI2S iln 064 mode)

JUusiration by Sharon Drinktoine

COAT— StLiiids Tor Continue. In tlic middle of running
the program, you paused the play for intermission. Re-
simie tlie action from where you left off

iV^w— You doti'l want to work on tliis play any more,
so forget it. {You did save a copy first, didn't you?) Clear
the set to get ready for the next play's opening.

These conunands ;ire found Jn all versions of Basic and
will cover the minimum needs, .Some diidctts have ad-
diiit)tial commands. For instance, liasic 4.0 (PET/CBM)
adds conimaiuis (and instructions) for the convenience
of working with the disk drive. Basic 7.0 for the Com-
modore 128 includes these and other.s t{) help you with
your program editing. Many commeieial packages, and
public domain ones, too, have Basic enhancements.

Basic Instructions

The rest of ihi.s article will iniroduce the main pro-
gramming instructions that you'll encounter. You will use
these inside your programs, as part of the script,

.'\s you embark on this programming tour, please per-
form the jnepaiatory .step of typing the New cominand
after you have finished with any program. This allows
you to start each limi' with a clean slate. It's truly spooky
to have an old [>rograni instruction hauiuing a new pro-
gram. And don'i forget to press the return key, or the
computer will never "see" your entry.

■'Ml the programs will be shown in uppercase text. If
the ]3ower-u]) message is in lowercase, simultaneously
])ress the (Commodore and shift keys. If you really prefer
lowercase, just remember not to use the shift key when
entering the text.

While most of us stress the importance of well-orga-
nized programs, most of us also desire instant results.
Let's just assume that we will supply all the information
needed (input) and eliminate the need for calculation
(processing). That way, we can concentrate on ihe results
(omput),

Basic has but one output keyword, called Print. Natu-
rally we will need it to handle many possibilities. So, Print
has several options to handle the job.

Enter the following program:

:l(l(l I'RINT "KRIKNDS. ROMANS. COUNTRYMEN.. ."

:i!(J i'RiNt :i.iiiri'.)

:!2() J'RINT "COI. 1 " ; "CXil. 2 " : "COl. 3 "

;i;in prin r - 1 ; 2 ; 3

■MO ? "COI, 1 " , "COI. 2 " , "COL 3 "
am PRINT to ,20 , -30

When you make a typing mistake, use the delete key to
erase it or hit the return key and retype the line.

Fnier the List command, and your script should read
ihe same as the above. If it doesn't, make the corrections
(don't forget to press the return key) and reissue the List
coTumand until it does. If a stray, incorrect line number
is there, just enter that number on a new line and press
the return key. When you reenter the List command, the
old line will iiave magically disappeared.

Perhaps you have noticed that the "?" character in line
:H0 refuses lo stay that way after you issue the List com-
mand. The "?" chaiitcier is an abbreviation for PRINT,
and when a progiarn is listed, it always translates it into
the written word.

As you recall, the List command just redisplays the
sciipt, showing line numbers and Basic instructions. You
haven't yet jierjurmed the play by issuing the Run com-
mand. Do that [low, and you should see this on the screen:
1 / RUN SPECLU ISSUt iai»

FRIENDS, RO.\tANS. COUNTRY.MEN . . ,

3.14159

COI. 1 t;oi. 2 COL %
-12 3

COL 1 COI. 2 COL 3

1 20 _ 30

There's a lot here for discussion. Obser\'e first that the
line numbers, instructions and punctuation (([uoies, semi-
colons and conmias) are not displayed when a progiam
is run. When you run a program, the computer performs
the Basic instructions; it does not repeat them.

Notice line ,^00. Tlie characters are enclosed in quo-
tation marks, Tht.s is called a "string." A string can include
numbers, puticiuation and special symljols — a string of
characters, literally. If you want such characters to be
printed out, they must he enclosed in quotation marks.

If you are performing operations with numbers, vou
do not need to enclose them in quotes. Look at the result
of line 310, and you will note that a space character
precedes the first digit. Even if the number is not negative,
space for a sign is always provided.

The first two jjrogram lines caused the results to be
placed i>n separate lines. You may sometimes want to list
several items side by side, on the same tine. In the above
program, lines 320-3,")0 accomplish this through the use
of semicolons and commas. Semicolons create a smaller
space between items, or fields, and commas create a larger
space, (In fact, the columns in lines 340 and SfiO are ten
characters wide, like ]3reset tabs on a typewriter,) If the
information doesn't lit within the ten spaces allowed,
then the next tab setting (multiples often spaces) would
be used.

You may mix and match amongst string literals, num-
bers, semicolons and commas, all on the same output
line. Add the following line to the progiam, then run it,

;UilJ PRINT 101) ; -Di-CRKKS C =" , 212 ; "PECIRLKS K"

A semicolon or comma at the end of a Print statement
line will suppress the normal carnage return, so the
output from the next Print statement will be shown on
the same line. .-Vdd the following lines to the program;
then run iliem,

370 PRINT - 40 ,

3H0 PRINT "DK(;R1CE.S !■ « " ,

390 I'RIN T - -10 ;

400 PRINT "DKGREKS C"

That's about it for the Print statement. I would en-
courage vou to try several examples of your own creation
before proceeding to the next topic. Understanding the
flexibility of the Print statement will allow you to make
your progi^am fiis|>lays look quite slick,

/ Plus 1 hi

Let's take a slight detour here, to review a few rules of
ariihmedc. Addition { + ) and subtraction (-) signs are
as expected, but the symbols for multiplication (*) and
division (/) differ from the usual convention.

Algebraic logic, where multiplication and division are
performed before addition and subtraction, applies. Pa-
rentheses are used to force operations to be done in a
specific order. The calculations are done in a left-toright
order, with operations in parentheses being performed
first.

Type NEW to clear the program memory, then enter
the lines below-.

:W0 PRINT • 1 + 1

1 -1^ 1

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:nii I'RiNi "M - xm =■' : I'l - x^m

:m) 1»RI\1 "L' ♦(; =" ;2 *(3

:i:iO I'RIN'l' ";i / 7 =■■ ;3(7

340 I'RINT "y + 3 • 6 = " ; 2 + 3 * e

350 PRINT "(2 + 3) » f) = ■■ ; (2 + 3) * (5

Observe ihi- tist- of" string literals in each line. That way,
both the iHoblctu and the answer will be printed out.

riif o[)fraiion j>ri()rity is dernonstraled in lines 340
and !i'i(). Try to nnfiersiand the toniptiier's answer before
yon protecd. Vou conk! have eiitiosed the 3 * 6 in pa-
rentheses {line ;M()), but it was ini necessary. Retype this
line with parentheses (and rnn it) to see for yourself. If
you're not sure which operation the computer will do
first, you arc free to add parentheses — no harm done.
And you're not limited in using a single pair. The com-
puter can handle many pairs, all nested widiin each other.
Don'i use [] or < >, as tlicy do not function as paren-
theses.

One last ])oini: In line 350, you could write "(2 + 3)6"
if thii were alj^ehra instead of Basic, However, you cannot
omii the nnilliphcalinn sign in liasic,

A Little Painless Algebra

Many people develop an aversion to algebra in high
school. This won't i>e all that painful, and I promise not
to use X for the imknown quamity. We can't do without
a little algebra in liasic. I'rograimuing involves problem
solving, so yon'll have to use symbols to represent quan-
tities thai you haven't yet determined. This is the role of
"variables" in Basic.

Yon can use single letters of the alphabet to represent
little compartments that can hold one number at a time.
This cell can represent a number value as large as 10 lo
the ;i8tli power (I followed by 38 zeroes) or as siuall as
1 divided by 10 lt> the 38th power, I'he nuiubers are
accmate to about nine thgit.s.

The values held in these compartments, or boxes, can
change. \'nu assign \aliies nsing Basic instructions. In fact,
there ate only three such instructions: Let, Input and
Read. Each has its benefits and drawbacks, so there's a
place for each in a program.

In previous examples, you knew the vahies in advance,
so no in [Hit set t ion of the program was re(|uired. You
also diiln't perform any calculations, hence tu) processing
section. Variables give you the power to do more useful
work with a program,

Ihe Let statement is used for both input of values and
processing, as in the example program:

too LET A = •!

1 to LET tt = H

200 LET {; = A " II

300 PRINT , "AUITIIMKTIC"

310 I'RIXT

320 PRINT "ANSWER IS" : C

The first line as.signs a box, labeled A, to hold a number.
The value 4 is pui there. Line 1 10 does the same for B,
storing "8" there. This coiujjletes the input phase, as you
have the necessary values for the calculation.

Line 200 represents the processing. Take the contents
of box A and nuiliiply by the c»)nients of box B, Create
a box C: to hold the answer. ;uid put that value in it. Note
that line 200 does not depend on numbers; it simply looks
in boxes A and B, takes whatever is there and uses it to
find what to put into box C. Hence the name "variable,"
as the answer c;in ixtfy, dejjending on what was found in
box A and box B.
1 2 / RUN si'KciAi. is.si;e lytiii

The output section has a title, followed by a blank line.
Line 320 is also independent of boxes A and ii, as it
reports only what was stored in box C.

Run the program to see the results. Only the final
answer is shown — the starting values and the calculation
are invisible to you. To .show the values used, you have
to write the program insiruciiun your-self. Add this line:

315 I'RINT A : ■IlMtS" : H

When you run it again, you will see the improvemenL
Once again, you've used the variable names, rather than
their values.

All this is leading up to the issue of generality. IK
program that nnihi plies -I by 8 is not very practical after
the first time through. If you could vary the starting values,
it would he more useful. Ht)w can this be done? Type in
a new liivc 100.

100 LET A = 3,l!Ii^<)

Run it again, and you'll see the effect Change line 100
to some other value for variable A, Do the same for B
in line 110. Don't forget to run each of the versions
you made.

Did you need to change any other lines in the progi-am
to make it come oiu rightr Why not? Because lines 200,
3ir) anti 320 refer lo the amictili ol box A, box B and box
C. If you change box A, box li, or both, then all the rest
is performed automatically, This is the essence of pro-
gramming: If you find a way to change the input values,
then ihe jirocessing and output stages survive without
aheraiion.

Try this exanijile:
100 LET FAIiRKNHF.1T = 212

200 i^T cei.sil:s = .-) ; ;) ■ (Fahrenheit - 32)

300 PRINT ^•■TE.MPER.-VIURE t;ONVERSION"

:tlll PRINT

320 PRINT "DEC".. F" , "DEtJ. C"

330 PRINT FAHRENIIEir , CEI51L'S

This one looks a shade more interesting. If line 100
defines a value for the variable I'AHRENHEIT, then line
200 can use this %'alue in its formula. Since this is the
correct fontuila for the conversion, the variable CELSIUS
will hold the Celsius e<[uivalent. Line 330 takes the con-
tents of the two boxes and flisplays them side by side.

Now change the Fahrenheit value in line 100 to -40,
You neechi't tnake any other changes to the program, as
the ctuivei'sion continues to be correct. Again, it should
be stressed that variables used in the processing and
output sections make this po.ssible.

With two precautions, you may use longer names,
rattler than single letters, for the variables, liasic reserves
certain wtu'ds for ils ((wn use, and a long name may tread
on one. For example, the following program would con-
tain Syntax errors,

100 LET FORD = Oii-lOS

110 LET CHFA'ROI.ET = L'i3303

120 LET C;HR\'SLF:R = 1(12-177

200 LEI lOtAL = FORD -f CHEVROLO" -t- CHRYSIJIR

300 I'RINT "TO !"AL CARS = " ; TOTAL

With your knowledge of Basic so far, you might notice
in line I U) the word l.KT (within CHliV'ROLET). Because
this is also a Basic keyword, the computer will interpret
it as such and give you a Syntax error. Also, FOR and
TO (embeddecl in FORD and TOTAL) are Basic keywords
and will cause troiibic.

The second caution in using longer variable names can
be demonstrated by the following.

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Features Tha( Won't Quit

With the SP-1000 your computer can now
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Most printers have a ribbon cartridge or a
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11)0 i.KT ai'1*i,e:s = 1

I H) LEV m'ACHVS » 4

120 LKT 1>EAR.H = 3

20(1 IKT KKrilSALAIl = APPLF,S + PEACHES + PEA.RS

300 I'RIM "lOlAl. KW'ITS = " : FRLITSALAD

l.ntcv and tun ttiis lo sec if yon can iindcrsiiUKl tlic
answer. H;isi( looks only at the first two c ha fa cuts of a
name to tiisiingnish ii. TKACUKS aiui tM'.ARS maicli, so
thie 120 ledefinfs variahk- PE, causing the value in line
110 lo !)e lost ibievei'.

Defining Variables Qttickly

The above twc) slioricoininjrs are addressed hy thelnjjiit
.stateiticnt. While iln" Ia*( staieineni has its i^laee, the Iii])Ut
statement may he used to advaiiiage in many ciiciim-
slaiices, 'IVy this program;

100 LV:\ RADltIS = 10

L'OO LEf C:ili(:i;MKEKl-;NCE = 3.1.tl59 * R,\DIL'S * 2

■iOO I'RtNT "II- RADIUS = " ; RAIIIUS

310 I'RINT ■CIRCliMrERENfX = ": CIRCUMFERENCE

Km) ii and ihen iliaiigc values for the radius. Clumsy,
isn't it? Nov%' make the following change lo the above.

100 IM'U! RADIU.S

Wlien nni, ilie program comes to a screeching halt,
yielding nothing hut a cryptic question mark and the
cursor hi inking away lu its right. The question mark is
meaningful — the program is waiting for you to siqjply a
value. I^rovidc a number (your choice), and after you have
hit the rc'iurn key, the action is completed. If you run it
again, you gel to clioose again, and so on.

The InptJi slatemem causes tlie value you give to be
assignetl to the variable box named RADIUS. Then ihe
contents of thai box are used by the rest of the program,
jiisl as before. Now the progratn does not depend on a
])icselerted value; the computer lets you supply one for
which you wish an ansvver.

Su[)])ose ycni or someone else uses this piogram at a
later elate; how will you know which value is expected?
Let's add another line lo prompt the forgetful or unin-
formed user of your program:
!)0 PRINT "ENTER THE RADIUS" ;

Now a helpful message, called a prompt, tells what to
supply. For a shorter, combined form, omit line 'JO and
retype this:
lot) INPUT "ENTER THE RADIUS"; R.AD1US

For some reason, you cannot leave a space after the
closing quotes (ht'fore the semicolon), though spaces are
almost always ignored by Basic.

The Goto Statement

Com[nuers can do repetitive tasks well. Pretend you
have a long list oi' radius values diat require cii'cn inference
answers. Add the following lines to the latest version.

320 l'Rl\r

-too (iO'I'O 100

Now run the program, and you'll see an endless loop
in action. F.very time you supply a value, you receive the
answer, aiui then another question! The stop key is in-
effective while ihe computer is waiting for an Input re-
sponse, lo exit the program, simultaneously press the
run/stop and restore keys.

The (".oto statemem must be followed by sonic line
number in the juograin. It is referred t() as .'i "branching"
) list rtici ion because it cliatiges the order in which the
1 4 / RUN Sl'tCIAl. LSSL't \m

lines are executed. In this case, the branch is unconditional,
since every time tlie program arrives at line 400, it is sent
to line 100.

Keep a copy of the final version of this program. We'll
refer to it later.

Enterittg Text

Variables are needed when leferring to text informa-
tion. Foi a tlll-in-the-blank form letter, trv ihe following
program.

100 PRINT -FORM LETTER"

111) PRINT

120 INPUT "DATE"; D$

i;iO INI'Ur "FIRST NAME": V$

I -10 INPUT "EAST NAME"; 14

l.f)0 INPLrT"C:Tl"V";(:f

lliO INPtlT "S'TATE"; S$

170 INPUT "KIDS' NAMES": KS

200 PRINT

210 PRINT , , DS

220 PRINT

230 PRIN'T "DEAR " ; F$\

2-10 PRINT

2r.O PRINT " HOW .■\RE IHE " ; L$ : "'S OF THE ";

200 PRIX T "(:R.-\ND old state of " ; SS ; " THIS YEAR ?"

270 PRINT

280 PRINT " THINGS .-\RE QUIF.T IN BARRIE. BUT 1 " ;

2'.)0 PRINT "BET \OV ARE BUSY IN " ; CS : "."

300 PRINT

310 PRINT " ANDREA AND MlCi-IAFX ARE FINE. " :

320 PRINT "liOW AUOtJT " ; KS ; "f"

330 PRINT

:M0 PRIN T " MERRY CHRISTMAS,"

liMt PRINT" THE HOOKS."

300 PRINT

When you rtm this, you'll be asked lo provide six items,
which can include alphabetic, tunnetic and speci;tl char-
acters. (Do not use comtuas, colons or douljle (pioles in
your response— they eotrfuse Basic, and you'll get strange
results.) The data you have typed will then be used in the
form letter. If the output had been directed to a priiUer,
you could have printed your letter. To generate another
letter to someone else, simply reissue the Run command
and input new data.

As with number vari;ibles. no other changes to the
jMogram ;ne recjuired. New siring infonniUion brings you
another luiished letter. If a variable is followed by S (lor
example, DS), you have a string variable. You cannot do
arithmetic with these.

String variables can contain up to 2.').'j characters. They
can be a.ssigned in Let statements, too:

100 LET AS = "COMMODORE,"

no LET BS = "LIKE"

IL'O I.EICS = "1"

:100 PRINT CS ; " " ; HS ; " " ; AS

'I'he tjuotation marks surrounding the string definition
are esseniial. Otherwise a Type Misui;Ucli error occurs.
The quotes make LIKE into a string literal — similar to
those u.seti in Print statements. Now a string oi characters
is assigned to ;i string variable. Note how strings are
s[);iceci when semicolon punctuation is used, Dro[} the
extra spaces in line 'iOO and see what happens.

Decisions, Decisions

We have had an example of a loo[) already, although
it was a clumsy one that needed unusual steps to abort.
Using the If.. .Then statements, you can stre;unline this
[uticess.

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Reload the copy of the radiusfcircumfmentc progi^arn
that you saved. Add the Ibllowing Hnes.

1 !() [F R.\DIUS = THKN 500
500 END

Thtt Ktiri statement tcrminatt's a piograiii. It is usually
optional, thoiij^h it is soniftiiiics retiLiired. To he on the
safe side, I suggest you always include ii in your jirograms.

List llie program, ,'\iler (he radius has heen input, you
are testing it to see i( a zero has heen entered. Ha zero
has been entered, making the test true, then the program
skips to line 500. The line number following THEN is
the destination if the test is true. Any other value lor the
radius allow,'; the ])r()gram to eontinue, jii.st as if no test
had been done. Tims, I he false resuh of the test points
al the next line nmnbcr.

The above example is a conditional branch, meaning
thai the branch is [ierlbnned only if the tesi succeeds. In
place of the Then statement, you may use Goto or THEN
GOTO.

The following two lines create a prompt tliat allows
you to stop the program.

(K) I'RiNf "F,ni'e-:r ■()■ lo .sror"

'.(5 I'RINT

Relational Operators

The line:
IF RADIUS = OTIIKN 500

is based on an "e([uals" condition. You can test for six
conditions in all:

> greater than

< = not greater lh;iii (less than or equal to)

< less than

> = not less than (({lealer th,in tn ecpial to)

< > not ci]u;il ID
= eijiial to

The svmbols are called relational operators because
they compare two relations. The expression on cither
side of the operaioi s can consist of constams and variables
(numeric comparisons) or string literals and variables
(string comparisons). The following ]jrogram uses both
ty[)es.

Ill) I'kiNT

100 PRINT , "MKNll"

110 PRINT

IL'O PRINT "1. — .START A NE\V' FILE"

r.W PRiN r '■'2, — ADD A NAMF."

I 10 PRINT "•?,. — QUIT

I.tO PRINT

ItiO INPUT "CntKJSF A NUMJSKR {X.'lov 3)"; NUMUICR

I(i5 PRINT

170 IF NUMliKR < 1 TIIF.N IfiO

IHO IFNUMBFR > :l IHKN 160

190 iF NUMBKR = I THEN 1000

200 IF NUMBER = 2 THEN 2000

210 ir NUMBER = IJTHEN mm

220 FND

1000 PttlNr ",S!AR r A FlUF. SECTION"

1010 PRINI

I '100 (icyrc) .'iooo

2000 i'RlN r "ADD A NAMF, SECTION"
2010 PRINT
2',>00 GOTO .5000

:iooti PRINT "QUI r sec:tion"

3SI00 EM)

fiOOO IN PIT "ARE YOU DONE (Y/N)"; ANSWERS

.-lOlO IF ANSWERS = "N"TIIENflO

16 / RUN SPKCUMSUK l«Sfi

5020 ie answers < > "v" ihen 5000
.^o:jo end

This program is typical of a '"menu" type that you have
probably used before. The choices are offered, and the
Input statement waits for a numeric response. Lines 170
atid 180 scntl you !)ack lo the tjttestion unless you give
an answer within the correct range. Theti yott are .sent
lo otie of three distinct sections, corresponding to the
menu selection.

If stnncone enters I.^ w another illegal value in line
100, liicn line 220 ends the [nogiam.

Otice you have arrived at the correct section, a message
is printed to signal what happened. If you choose to (jttit,
the I'.tid instruction terminates the progratn. Otherwise,
you may creaie or add to the Hie (not incltided here),
After that, you are sem to line .^lOOU, where you are asked
another tiuestion.

Here the response is aljahabetic, so a siring variable is
needed. An N sends you hack to the menu. A Y sends
yoit to line biVM). where the progratn ends. If you tlon't
answer Y in line .5020, llien the piogiam reunns to line
.WOO and asks you again whether you are clone.

In the exatnplc program, oitce the correct branch is
taken, you tnust isolate that section frotn the other.s.
Segments at lines 1 000, 2000 and !iOOO must never overlap.
You can bring the alternate pathways together after the
individual task is finished.

What About Data?

The third way of getting information into the computer
is through the Read atid Data statetnents. Data statements
mark the spot where some informalion is to be found.
Several items (numbers or strings) can appear on the
same line, separated by commas. These items just sit there,
wailing for the Read statemetil to pick them up as needed.
Thtts, l>aia slalemenlscan a[)peai atiywhere in a program,
even after an Knd siaiemeni, atid Read will still [mi\ them.
Data is read from left to right, from the lowest line number
containing data to the highest.

Let's look at an example:

11)0 PRIN r "NAME" ; TAB(H) I "AT BAT " ;

1 10 PRIN I "I Ill's" ; ■rAB(2!l) ; "AVERAOE"

120 READ NAMES

1:10 READ AIBAIS , HITS

2tl0 I. El .WiHAdE = HlTS/ATllATS

300 t'RlN 1 NAMES ;

310 i'RlN 1 rAB(14) ; ATBAIS :

320 I'RINT TABOl) ; HrrS ;

330 PRINT TAB(27) : AVERAGE

400 (;()T() 120

1000 DATA "Mt)I,l,lNlKS",2'l-l.MI

1010 lUTA "l()Rc;",ir)ii,.|i.i
1020 DATA "()I.1VER".70.21
1():)0 DATA "(;ARCI.A".441,!27
1040 DATA "BELL".404.1 I.t
1050 D.VTA "WHTiT',261,72
lOfiO D.'VTA "BI:RR0UGHS".151.4I
1070 DATA "FERNANDEZ'MiOT.W
Itmo DATA '!lARFI!:i.D",:ir!0.'.)I
1090 DATA "1!PS11AW",370,5(7
1100 DATA "MOSEilV",375,K0

Lines 100 and 110 conlaiti the Tab function, which lets
you use a numeric value for the placement of the next
field on ibe screen. If conuiia and semicolon punctuation
is inatle<|uate. you can use Tab values to set up the next
column position. Don't forget to enter the semicolon after

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The Read statements in the next two Hnes pick up the
tluce fields of information from the first Data statement.
'Die string variable. NAMES, gets the first item (MUL-
IJNIKS), and the nuinhfr variables get the next two data
items. Note thai ilic data intisi be organi/cd in the same
order as liie Read staiemeius. liasic doesn't know wliieh
data ffoe.s with which varialde— it just matches them as
they come up.

A variable, AVER.'\GE, is established to hold the result
of the calculation. Then ihe four variables are printed in
evenly spaced columns. Ihe Goto statement returns pro-
gram control to line 120,

Wlial happens next is significant. The mmt! Read state-
ment now reads nnu data, lensing the, i«m<' variable name,s.
Now liie NAMKS variable retrieves lORG, and his two
immbers go into ATBATS and HITS.

The process continues until there is no more data to
process, then it (]uits with an error message. You can make
it tidier by adding the lol lowing lines to the program:
Viri ]V NAMES = "DU.MMY" TiiKN 50(J
urn KM)
9099 I>A[A "DUMNfV'.O.r)

Now, every time another name is read into NAME$, a
check is done to see if it matches DUM.VIY, When it does,
die program stops reading data. Yon must remember to
include this special Data statement at die end of your
program. This name isn't processed; it is merely a trigger
to end the reading of data.

\\m could use Injnit in the above example by changing
the Read statements. Then you must type in the data for

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every player every time you run the example. On the
other hand, you would not want to use the Ixt command,
since you would have to change the program for every
player (e.g., LET NAMES$ = "MULLINIKS"). Read/Data
is the method ofclioicc in instances where the Data values
are known heCore the program is run and several cases
must be han<iled.

There is a way to reuse the same list of data. The Restore
statement resets the pointer, allowing the next Read state-
ment to read the data again, from the first item. Enter
the following program, xuithoul entering NEW first. Then
list it and get rid of any statements that don't belong.
This saves you the trouble of typing all the data again,
too INPUT "I'LAYKR fO KIND "; PI,$
no RPLSTORK
120 Rt:/\D NAMliS

130 IFNAMi;S = "DUMMY" THEN ."iOO
140 \MLAD .'VriiATS , I [ITS
200 IF NANftJ [*I.$THEN 120
210 LET .WKkAtiE = HITS ( ATBATS
300 CRtN T NAMf5 ; ATB.*\TS ; HI'I'S : AVERAGE
310 I'RINT
320 OOTO 100

500 PRINT "NAME NOT FOUND"
510 PRINT
520 GOTO 100

Now you are asked to give a player's name. If it is found
in the data, ihe batting average will be calculated and the
four fields will be fhsplaycd. The data will be exhausted
in the loop between line 120 and line 200. The Restore
statement in line 110 makes the whole list available for
the next inquiry.

REM Statements

The Remark, or REM, statement lets you provide in-
formation or briefly document sections of yom- program.
A REM statement can serve as a quick reminder of what
you were trying to accomplish in a given area. The state-
ments appear only wlien the program is listed. An ex-
ample of some initial REM statements follows.
10 RE.VI TAX PROCJRAM — VERSION 2.01
20 REM AS OF AUGUST 9. 1985
30 RE.M D. A. HOOK. BAKRJE. ONT, CANADA
.50 REM — LIS r OV VARIABLES —

To REM I INCt)ME

iiO REM r TAX DEUUtlTED

190 REM DISI'LAY MENU

Here, REM is used to identify the program, its version
number and the date of last revision. As you program,
you may end up with 17 versions of Blackjack, .spread all
over your tli.sk library. Whet) yon go on a housekeeping
blitz, this is a convenient way of keeping Hack of the most
receiu version, if you copied a program from a magazine,
include the author's name and where it came from. That
information will come in handy a year later, when you've
forgotten what a particular program dyes.

Perhaps the I wo most useful benefits of REM are iden-
tification of the names of important variables, since Basic
limits the length of variable names, ami the identification
of sections of the program (pmpose of a routine or
explanation of a clever trick).

For . . . Next Looping

You already know how to branch out of loops by using
a dummy value with the If. . .- Then statements. There
are, htjwever, many ca.ses where you know' the starting
and ending values ahead of time, and bow that value is
to change each time through. tJonsider:

1 H / RUN ,si'i:uAi, issuK law;

Cfrclu ^?3 on fteatJef Service card.

;l(ll) CKINT "COUNrnOWN..."

Hill H)R I = 10 [■{) KSTKl' -1

I HI [>RiNI I

4L'I) NKM I

'>()ii i'KiNi ■■blastoff:-

Tlie v;iri;0)lc I is an icidcx foiiiitci, (IcHiR'd to start at
iL'ii and (liiish at zero, coimiinfr backwards by 1. The end
ol' ihc l()()|) is marked by litii- 420, where ihc value of the
index contitcr i,s rheckctl. K ii has nol [lassed its tTidiiij;
vahic, evcrytliing between ihe FOR (line 400) and the
NEXT (line 420) is perfnnned ajrain. After all permissible
vahies of 1 have been handled, the loop exits at the bottom
ami isrocessiiiff continues with the next instrutlion.

Here is a delay loop that counts to .5001) wliile pro-
cess! nf^ oeciirs.

'Jdll FOR COUNT = ! TO iJflOO

'Jill Nf.Xr cot 'NT

Tltl RKM RHISU.MiL I'ROCiRAM AFTER l)H.AY

Here, COUNT is the index of the loop, and we want
ii lo jro from 1 to .5000. Since no .STKP is luentioned, we
will count upward by 1 each lime. There is notlut)[f
between ibc FOR ami NKXT lines, so llie com]>uler jusi
counts, til en exits. On the C-()'!, this [jroccss lakes about
H,■^ seconds. If you wish lo disjjlay something on the screen
lor a f^iven period, you can place this tiining loop after
the Print statements. The program will then resume its
activity after the loop finishes.

Von can use variables for the start, end and step vahteii.
This makes the loop extremely Ilexible. ileres anothei'
tem[>erature-conver.sit)n program:
100 l.FT LOW = -40
1 1(( l.FT HIGH = 100
I'M) LKl" CHANGE =10
iJOO I'UIN r "t)KG. F' , "DEC. C"
L'lO I'RINT

T20 KOU FASlRENHKrt = LOW TO HIGH STEP CHANGE
2;«) LFL CKl. SILLS = 5 J (I * (!-AHRF\Hia F -32)
2411 PRINT FAH KEN HFiT , L:E1.S1US
L'att NKXT FAHRENHEIT

Run this, and you will see a whole table of values. Since
tlie Let statenieius make things rather inflexible, change
these three lines:

nil) IM'L'I "S'l'ARrtFMl'. IN DEC. F"; LOW

1 10 INfirf "ENn •fEMl'. iN OEG. F"; HIGH

120 INl'trF ■STEi' SIZE"; CHANCIK

Now you're ready lo produce a table (or any range.

Well, I hope you have been insjiired lo try some Basic
programming on your own. Beyond these core instruc-
tions, remember to keep a Basic manual close at band.
I've also |>rovideci you with a list ol'somc books you might
fiiKl helpful. ^

Atlilms all author corwipondnife in Dmnil A. Hook, 215Antie
Si. A'orUi, lianie, Ontario, Canwia LfN fT^,

References

Armt'hfiit' tifi.iif by Annie I-V>x ^ H.^vid l'\i\, O.sboriic/McCivaw-Hill (198!i).
Sii|icrh imnniiulioii liir iiljsnliiti' bi'^iiim-is.

//(.HI ((. I'rvgrrim Vttur COMMODOItK (it—IIASIC Jiir ll/gimu^.i by Carl
Sbi|>iii;iti. HP Books (11)83). Extdlunl, tDiiiprclK.'iisivc book wrilten so
[lial orfliiiury pi^ople can uiick'istand.

ISASIC iinil Ihe Penunal Cornfmter by rboniu!* A. Dwycr & Margot Ci itch,
liild, .-Vddisoi)- Wesley (1978). Very go»(t, llumgli sli(;lnly more technical.

.-1 IM vf IIASir. I)y Thomas DwytT and Mar({ot fjrid lifidd. .-Xddison.
Wrslt'v ( 1 OHO). A revised iind r<mden\t'fl \'ersion ol ihe nbnve. with fewer
;i|]|]ltcati<>ii ]>r»^aiiis.

Play the new family trivia
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RUN SPEt;iAL ISSt'E 1386 / 1 9

C-64/C-128 Graphics

You Won't Believe Your Eyes!

ByLOmWAUACE

The C-128 and C-64 computers are
well-known as higli-powcred, low-cost
graphics systems, 'lliey share many
graphics features, such as modes, res-
olution, animal ion and others. How-
ever, they differ radically in how you
access these features from Basic. The
commands of the C-128's Basic 7.0
support most of the graphics features
of the C-128, while on (he C-64 those
same graphics capabilities must be
accessed by Peek and Poke com-
mands or machine language rou-
tines. This article will examine the
various graphics modes and compare
programming methods between the two computers.

Both tlie C-128 and C-64 have three major types of
graphics: text, bit-map and sprites, All of the C-64 graphics
(and most of the C-128's) are made possible by the VIC
(video interface controller) chip, Ttic C-128 also has a
second graphics chip, the 8563, which allows for a higher
resolution (80-column) display. This chip requires an RGB
monitor to display properly its 640 x 200 resolution
graphics, while those produced by the VIC chip can be
used with any composite monitor or television set. It is
al.so possible to use (lie 80-column output on a composite
monitor, but the resolution isn'i as clear, and the display
will feature monocolor, not 16 colors.

Text Modes

To begin, let's look at the normal Text mode of the
C.-fi4 and C]'12H, This is a 4()-cohnnn by 2."j-line display,
using u]j lo 251) characters in any of 16 colors. The screen,
20 / RUN SPECIAL ISSL'K \'M

WJien it comes to graphics,

both the C-64 and C-128

offer some superb features.

The trick is in accessing ■

these features. Using sample

programs, this article shows

you how, and helps you

better understand

Commodore graphics

programming.

or backgroimd, color can also be in-
dependently set to any of the 16
colors.

The C-64 and C-128 olTer two char-
actcr sets from which you may choose,
One is uppercase/graphics; the other is
uppercase/lowercase. These can be
toggled by simultaneously pressing the
Commodore key and the shift key. The
effect is apparent throughout the visi-
ble screen, and each character is
changed to its counterpart in the other
character set. You can also perform
this with the Basic Print command.

I'RINT CHRS(14) ■

will switch the display to lowercase.

I'RINT CHRSd'lL')

will switch the display to uppercase.

Many of the C-64's and C-128's text features can be
controlled by using the Print command. Examples are:

PRINT CIIR$(147) (ck-ars she text screen)

i'RlNT CliRSd'.l) (moves cursor to top-left of screen)

PRINT CHRS(2H) (changes text color to red)

When you use the Print command, lliese types of com-
mands can also be included inside the siring you wish to
print. You can also include cursor-key commands, reverse-
on or reverse-off and even INST/DEL. This can be very
useful if you need to position text at a specific location,
as the C-64 does not have any form of the Print .'\t
connnand for positioning yoiu' outjjut.

The CT28's Basic 7.0, however, does have just such a

/

■-i/

/

command— the CHAR command. Normally used for
printing text on the high-resolution bit-map display, the
CHAR command will also work in Text mode.

CHAR < color source >,x,y,string<, reverse nag>

Here the color source can be for background and 1 for
foregi-ound. The location to print at is given in the x
(columns 0-79) and y {rows 0-24) coordinates. The string
is any statement up to 255 characters, including color,
cursor keys, and so on, when you're in Text mode. The
reverse flag is optional, with meaning off and 1 being
reverse-on.

The C-128 also has a %'er>' powerful form of the Print
command, called Print Using. This allows the program-
mer to output numbers or strings in a fixed way, such as
having two decimal places for priming values in dollars'
and-cents form. On the C-64, formatting to two decimal
places would require;

10 A= 123.43678

20A = (lNT(A*iOO)(100)

30 PRINT "A = ";A

On the C-128, formatting to Basic would require two
lines:

10 A =123.45678

20 PRINT USING "###.##';A

Both programs would give A = 123.45, but the C-128
form is easier and more versatile.

There is more than one form of 40-column Text mode
on these computers. Both have Multicolor and Extended-
Color Text modes, which give you more flexibility in
determining the color of the characters and their back-
grounds. Before getting into those, however, it's impor-
tant to understand more about what exactly defines a
character to the computer.

Character graphics on the C-64 and C-128 are formed
by an 8 X 8 grid of dots. The dots are actually bits (J^ of
a byte) that are set (turned on) for display or unset (turned
off) to show backgi-ound color. Kight bytes are required
to define a character (eight rows of eight bits each).
Multiply that by the 256 characters in each character set,
and you'll see it takes 2048 (2K) bytes to define each
character set in memory.

When you Poke the screen memory with an ASCII value
from to 255, the computer looks up, in the character
ROM, the location of the proper eight bytes that contain
the definition and puts the pattern indicated into the
screen cell you Poked.

Multicolor Text

Multicolor Character mode is the second major Text
mode on the C-64 and C.128. Here the C.128 is not
supported by its Basic 7.0; instead, it, too, relies on the
Peek and Poke commands.

In Multicolor Text mode, you may have, in each char-
acter cell, up to three different colors, plus background
color. This allows for much more interesting-looking text.
However, it does have a liability in terms of character
resolution.

When you enter Multicolor mode, the number of dots
in a cell is cut in half, making the characters 4x8 and,
thus, somewhat coarser. Probably the most useful aspect
of Multicolor Text mode is in designing custom charac-
ters. In fact, many of the objects used in games are not
sprites at all; they're multicolor custom characters that
can be used by themselves or combined to become larger
screen objects.
22 / RUN SPECiy-lSSL'E !9S6

To enable Multicolor mode on the C-64, you set bit 4
of the VIC-II control register at 53270 (SD016) and Poke
the colors you want into the proper registers.

POKE 53270,PKEK(S3270) OR 16 ; REM Activate MC mode
POKE ."i3282.MCl : REM Muliicolnr 1
POKE r)3283,MC2 ; REM Muliicolor 2
Y'OKt: COLOR RAM,MC3 : REM Multicolor :?

To set Multicolor 3, Poke the proper color RAM byte
that corresponds to the screen location of the character
in which you're interested. RAM is from 55296 to 56295.

To exit Multicolor mode on the C-64, enter PORE 53270
and deactivate bit 4:
POKE 53270, PEK.K( 53270) AND 239

On the C-128, you must approach this process some-
what differently. The C-128 operating system is putting
data into several of the VIC-II's registers many times a
second.

The information is taken from special system locations
called shadow registers, which contain the information
about the current graphics condition. These locations are
216 and 217 (SD8-SD9) and 2604-2606 (S02AC-S02.AE).
If you Poke 255 into 216, this automatic mapping of data
is stopped, and you can control the VIC-II's registers as
in the C-64. You must be careful to maintain the proper
values in the other registers.

The following short program shows how to activate the
normal character set in Multicolor mode on the C-128.
Although most people won't use this, it is helpful to
programmers who wish to create multicolor keyboard
characters and custom characters. When it is run, you
will see a screen of fuzzy -looking, brightly colored char-
acters. This is the normal character set. However, since
they weren't designed as multicolor characters (four pix-
els by eight lines), they appear strange. Anything you type
wilt now be in Multicolor mode until you press the left-
arrow key.

10 REM CI 28 MULTICOLOR CHARACTERS DEMO

20 SCNCLR0

30 C$="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ01 2 3456789

0+-{LB. )"
40 POKE53280,0:POKE532ei ,0
50 REM CI 28 SHADOW REGISTERS
60 A=PEEK(216) :B=PEEK(217)
70 C=PEEK{ 2604 ) :D=PEEK( 2605)
80 E=PEEK{2606)
90 AT =53270: REM NORMAL VIC CONTROL REGISTE

R
100 B1=216:REM $08 GRAPHM = $0011
110 POKE53282,2: REM MULTICOLOR 1
120 POKE53283,7: REM MULTICOLOR 2
130 FORI=552 96T056295:POKEI,5:NEXT
140 FORI=0TO23:PRINTC$; :NEXT
150 POKE B1,255: REM DISABLE SHADOW REGISTE

RS
160 POKE A1 ,PEEK{A1 )0R16: REM TURN MULTICOL

OR ON
170 POKE 2604,C:POKE2605,D:POKE2606,E:POKE2

17,B: REM {3 SPACES} RESTORE VALUES
180 GETKEY A$

190 IF A$=" CLEFT ARROW] "THEN21
200 PRINTA$;:GOTO180
210 POKE A1 ,PEEK(A1 )AND 239 : P0KE21 6 , A:REM M

ULTICOLOR MODE OFF, VIC RESTORED
220 END

For C-64 multicolor characters, type in the next pro-
gram, which also fills the screen with multicolor charac-
ters. It allows you to vary their colors by pressing fl, f3
or r7. The fl key changes multicolor 1; f? changes mul-
ticolor 2; and f3 changes the color under the cursor. You

iiii

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SONGS IhlCLUDE

• Angels We Have Heard on High • Deck the Hall

• O Come All Ye Faithful • Away In a IWIanger

• The First Noel • God Rest You fWerry, Gentlemen

• Hark! The Herald Angels Sing • O Holy Night

• It Came Upon The Midnigtit Clear • Jingle Bells

• Little Town of Bethlehem • We Three Kings
of Orient Are
Jolly Old St. NictsaLa
Joy to the Worf
Christmas Tre
Silent Night
What Child Is This?
Up on the Hous etop ,

■ L«(ii9ihMgv«>dl*nai|l

An Actual Screen

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tan move the cursor with the normal cursor keys, leaving
a colored trail througli the characters. To exit, press the
left-arrow key.

10 REM C64 MULTICOLOR CHARACTER DEMO

20 C$="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ01 23456789

0+-(LB.)"
30 POKE53280,0:POKE53281 ,0:M3=8
40 S=55296: REM COLOR MEMORY
50 POKE 53270, PEEK(53270)OR16: REM MULTICOL

OR ON
60 POKE532a2,2:POKE53283,7:FORI=STOS+999;PO

KEI,5:MEXT; REM SET COLORS
70 FORI=0TO23:PRINTC$;:NEXT
80 GET A$
90 IFA$ = "{LEFT ARROW) "'rHENPOKE53270,PEEK( 53

270)AND239:END
100 IF A$="{FUNCT 31"THENM3=M3+1 :IFM3=16THE

NM3=0:A$=""
110 IF A$="(FUNCT 1 }"THENPOKE53282,M1 :M1=M1

+1 :IFM1 =1 6THEMM1 =0:A$=""
120 IF A$="{FUNCT 5) "THENPOKE53281 ,M0:M0=M0

+1 :IFM0=16THENM0=0tA5=""
130 IFA$="{FUNCT 7) "THENPOKE53283 ,M2 :M2=M2+

1 :IFM2=16THENM2=0:A$=""
140 IFA$="{CRSR DN}"THENS=S+40:IFS>56295THE

NS=S-1000:A$=""
150 IFA$="{CRSR UP)"THENS=S-40:IFS<55296THE

NS=S+V000:A$=""
160 IFA$="{CRSR RT)"THENS=S+1 :IFS>56295THEN

S=S-1000:A$=""
170 IFA$="(CRSR LF}"THENS=S-1 :IFS<55296THEN

S=S+1000:A$=""
180 POKES, M3
190 GOTO 80

Extended Background Color Mode

Another aspect of the Text mode is Extended Back-
ground Color mode, which provides one additional color
per cell, while retaining the same resolution as Standard
mode. However, here you're limited to only 64 characters
on the screen at any one time. To enter Extended Color
mode, type;

POKE 53265,PEEK(53265)OR64

To exit this mode, type:

POKE 532G5,PEEK(53265)AND191

The color information for each group of 64 characters
is held in registers 53281-53284. A Poke to one of them
will change the background color for its group.

80-Column Text

On the CI 28, there is one more Text mode — 80col-
umn. In this mode, you have an SOcharacter by 25line
display. This is available if you have an RGB or composite
monitor coiuiecied to the RGB video port by a specially
designed cable.

In SOcolumn mode, you have full access to the Com-
modore character set as well as 16 colors for characters
and background. It does not support sprites or Multicolor
or Extended Color modes. The print commands like
CHAR and I'rinl Using work as before on the regular 40-
column screen. Ihc Color command has forms for the
80-column character, border and backgi-ound colors.

On ihe C.]28 and C-64, it's also possible to create
custom character sets. By cai'eful jirogrammiiig, you can
replace the current set with your new definitions. It's
much easier to do with a character editor, of which there
are probably many in your local user's group's library.

High-Resolution Graphics

Most people 11 nd high -resolution graphics more inter-
24 / RUN SPECLM. ISSUE IS!B6

esting than text graphics, and it's here that the C-64 and
C-128 have earned their reputations. Both have the same
potential, but, due to the high level of Basic 7.0, the
C-I28 is far easier to use and more versatile because of
its added memory.

High-resolution graphics is also called bit-mapping,
because it involves turning on specific bits inside a byte.
There are two bit- map modes on the computers. One is
High-resolution mode, 320 X 200 dots, and the other is
Multicolor (bit-map) mode, 160 X 200 dots. Here, as in
Multicolor (character) mode, there's a 50 percent loss in
horizontal resolution. But here, too, you gain by having
four colors instead of two.

High-resolution graphics {320 x 200) allows for two
colors: foreground (plotting) and background. The in-
formation about color is put into whatever 1000-byte
section of memory you are using as screen, or lext, mem-
ory. If you were to Poke 3 into each of the 1000 bytes of
screen memory, you would have the color cyan for fore-
ground and black for background. The formula is fore-
ground color + (16 * background color). For red dots
on a white screen, you would calculate 2 + (I * 16). To
get the desired color when you plot a dot, you would
then Poke the answer, 18, into screen itiemory. By pulling
a different combination in each character cell, you can
get many different combinations on the same screen.

To use high-resoludon graphics on the C-64, you must
perform several steps. First you must turn on Bit-map
mode. Second, you must tell the compiuer which 8K (8000
bytes) of RAM are to be used as a bit-map screen.

There are several places available, but no standard
location. The Commodore 64 Programmer's Refermce Guide
uses locadon 8192 as its example, which is 6K above the
start of Basic. To safely use this, the start of Basic niust
be moved up above the screen area, which results in a
lossof 14K of Basic RAM.

A better, but mtu'e complex, option is to put the screen
under the Basic or Kernal ROM. The V'KMI chip can
utilize the RAM under the ROMs, so it's not too difficult
to use it as a screen for hi-res graphics, leaving your Basic
program space untouched. In fact, many progi-ams do
just that.

Displaying pictures under the ROMs from Basic is not
difficult, but you must use machine language to plot
graphics there. That's because the Kernal ROM nnist be
shut off while plotting your points, thereby disabling
Basic. Vou will have to use a machine language routine
for this plotting. If you put your screen in normal system
IL\M, a Basic algorithm can be used for plotting points,
but it will be painfully slow. Here is an example of such
a Basic subroutine:

1000 REM PASS X,Y AND BASE ADDRESS VIA GOSUB 1000

iniOCH = INT(X/8)

1020RO = INT(Y/8)

1030LN = Y.'\ND7

1040 BY = BASE + RO*320 -^ 8*CH + LN

1 050 Bl = 7 - (XAND7)

lOGO POKE liY,Pl-:EK(BY)OKC21IU)

1070 RETURN

To determine which video bank your screen is in, you

must set a bit in the proper register (56576). Before writing
to this register, you must first tell Data Port I that the
information is coming. Next, set the bank address. Fol-
lowing that, set the address of the lOOObytc screen you
wish to use for C(jlor memory. In tlu- case of a hit-map
screen at 8192 ($2000), die normal text screen (1024-

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2023) can be used for color information. Finally, set bit
5 of the VIC control register (53265).

100 POKE 56578,PEEK(56578)OR3:REM SET TO OUTPUT
llOPOKE 56376, (PEEK(56576)AND252)OR3:REM SET BANK TO 0-

16383
120 POKE 53272.PEF,K(r>3272)OR8:REM PUT BIT-MAP AT 8192
130 POKE :):i2(;:i,PEF.K(r)32!)r))(>R;i2:REM GO TO BIT-MAP MODE

To enter Multicolor mode requires a little more pro-
gramming. You must tell the computer to enter this mode
and specify what the new colors will be. Two of the colors
are stored in screen memory, as they were in High- res-
olution mode. A third color is stored in the background-
color register (53281), and the fourth is in normal color
memory (55296-5(i295).

100 POKE rj32ti5,PEEK(r)32fi.'i)C)R:i2:ttKM lUI-MAP MODE ON
1 10 POKE 53270,PEEK(53270)ORIti;RE.M MULTICOLOR

MODE ON
120 POKE 53272,PEEK(53272)OR8:REM PUT BIT-.MAP AT 8192
130 POKE 53281,0:REM BACKGROUND COLOR BLACK
HOFOR 1= 1024TO2023:POKE 1,18:NEXT:REM MCI IS WHITE,

.MC2 IS RED
1 50 FOR [ = 5ri2%TOr>62;»5:POKE I,6:NEXT:REM MC3 IS BLUE

To exit Multicolor mode:

200 POKE 53265,PEEK(.';326.i)AND223:REM BIT-MAP OFF

210 POKE 53270,PEEK(53270)AND239:REM MULTICOLOR
MODE OFF

That's quite a tot of work, and it's generally too difficult
for most people. Its complexity and lack of speed explain
why there arc so many Basic extensions for the C-64.
These make graphics programming much easier, but they
also create confusion when it comes time to use programs
or pictures made with the different extensions. A program
written with Simon's Basic uses a different syntax in its
graphics commands than one written with the Super
Expander, making conversion difficult from one to
another.

If you wish to make your Basic totally compatible on
every C-64, either use Basic 2.0 or write machine language
modules. Here is an example of a C-()4 Basic 2.0 graphics
program. It contains a plot, line and circle subroutine,
which you can use to plot high-resolution graphics. How-
ever, creating hi-res giaphics in Basic 2.0 is very slow.

10 REM 64 HIRES PLOT, LINE AND CIRCLE

20 POKE53265,PEEK( 53265 }OR32: REM BITMAP ON

30 POKE53272,PEEK{53272JOR8: REM BITMAP AT

8192
40 POKE53281 ,2:PQKE53280,2:BA=8192
50 FORI=1024TO2023:POKEI,18:NEXT:REM COLORS

RED AND WHITE
60 FORI=BA TO BA-f 7999 :POKEI,0: NEXT: REM CLEA

R BITMAP
70 X1=160:Y1=25:X2 = 295:Y2 = 100:GOSUB32f5
80 X1=295:Y1=100:X2=160:Y2=175:GOSUB320
90 X1=160:Y1=175:X2=25:Y2=100:GOSUB320
100 X1=25:Y1=100:X2=160:Y2=25:GOSUB320
110 REM CIRCLE ROUTINE
120 CX=160:CY=100:SC=1 . 1 6 :FL=0 :RD=20
130 FOR CR=0 TO 6.4 STEP.1
140 X=RD*COS(CR) :Y=RD*SIN(CR)
150 X2 = SC*X-fCX:Y2 = CY-Y
160 IFFL=1THEN180

170 X=X2:Y=Y2:GOSUB240:FL=1 :X1 =X2:Y1=Y2
180 GOSUB320:X1=X2:Y1=Y2
190 NEXT
200 GET KES:IFKE$=""THEN200

21 POKE53265,PEEK( 53265 )AND223 :PQKE53272, 2

1 :REM HIRES OFF

26 / RUN SPECLU ISSUE vm

X2,Y2
;Y=Y1 :GOSUB240:RE

220 PRINT" {SHFT CLR){CTHL 4}":REM CLEAR SCR

EEN
230 END

240 REM PLOT ROUTINE PASS X AND Y
250 CH=INT(X/8)
260 RO=INT{Y/8)
270 LN=YAND7

280 BY = BA+RO*320-(-8*CH-fLN
290 BI=7-(XAND7)

300 P0KEBY,PEEK{BY)0R<2{UP ARROW) HI)
310 RETURN

320 REM LINE ROUTINE PASS XI, Yl
330 X4={X1-X2):Y4=(Y1-Y2)
340 IF X4=0ANDY4=0THENX=X1

TURN
350 IF SGN(X4)=1THEN2X=-1
360 IF SGN( Y4)=1THENZY=-1
370 IF SGN( Y4)=-1THENZY=1
380 IF SGN(X41=-1THENZX=1
390 IFX4=0THENR=ABS(Y4):GOTO430
400 TA=Y4/'X4
41 TH=ATN(TA)
420 R=ABS(X4/C0S1TH) )
430 y4=ABS(V4)
440 X4=ABS(X4)
450 X3=X4/R*ZX:Y3=Y4/R*ZY
460 IFR=0THEN510
470 F0RL=1T0R

480 X=X1 :Y=Y1 :GOSUB240:REM PLOT X AND Y
490 X1=X1-fX3:Y1=Y1-fY3
500 NEXT
510 RETURN

C-128 Hi-Res Graphics Commands

On the C-128, however, all of this can be done easily,
cjuickly and in a standard manner, due to its built-in
graphics commands, which will be tl>e same from one
program to another. In fact, the C- 1 28's Basic 7,0 is capable
of handling all the high-resoiuuon graphics the VIC chip
supports.

For example, to go to High-resolution (320 X 200)
mode on the C-128, simply type:

GRAPHIC 1,1

The first 1 indicates High-resolution mode, and the sec-
ond 1 means clear the screen. When this order is given,
the screen inunediately goes to Bit-map mode and clears
the 8K of RAM, giving you a clean work area. If you had
typed

GR,APH1C 2,1

the screen would have gone to High-resolution mode and
cleared, but this time not all of the screen would be bit-
map. The bottom five lines would be in Text mode, giving
you A Split screen mode, similar to the Split-screen mode
on the .'\pple com[>uter. Unlike the .Aiiple, you can vary
the location of the split screen by adding a third optional
parameter:

GRAPHIC 2.1.12

The 12 indicates the split should be at row 12, making
everything above it bit-map and everything below it text.
You can vary vvherc the split tjccurs, from to 24.

Multicolor mode is just as easy to use. If the first
parameter in the Graphic command is 3 or 4, the screen
goes to nuilttcolor Bit-majj mode. Again, the optional
third parameter can be used to set the split screen's
location, if you want one.

You notice I didn't say anything about where in memory
the bit-map screen is. The C-128 has a standard location
for bit-ma]) R,'\M (8192) and lor color memories. N(j
registers need to be set; the system takes care of it all.

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The Graphic command is very useful, as it will switch
you easily between tlie C-128's six graphics modes. To
use, simply type GRAPHIC, followed by one of the six
parameters (0-5), and die job is done.

Mode Description

(I tll-LoUlltlll tCM

I SL:iiic]iircl bit-map graphics

S SliiiKiard bilnutp (split screen)

3 Multicolor bit- map graphics

4 Mullicolur bit-map graphics (split screen)

5 8CJ-coliiiTin text

The C'- 1 28 has many other useful high-resolution graph-
ics t'ominancLs. As mentioned earlier, there is the CHAR
coininand, which allows you to put text characters and
other syiuhols on the hit-map screen.

the Draw commaiid is a general-purpose line routine
you can use for drawing a point, line or several lines. Its
syntax is:

DRAW < color stiurcO-Xl."^'! <TO X2.V2> <TO X:i.V3> . . .

One of the nice features of the CI 28 is the use of optional
parameters, or parameters with default values. The color
source is one such paraineier, H Omitted, color source 1
(i'oreground color) is the default value, and, therefore,
the one that is used. If color source is 0, then background
color is u.sed, A 2 or 3 could be used in Multicolor mode
to access tho.se extra colors. If you are just [jlotting a dot,
only the ih'st X and V are required. Include X2 and Y2
to create a line, and X3 and VS to connect a second line,
and so on.

Colors can be selected with the Color command:

CX)1X)R sovircc iiuniher, color number

C^lor Source

U -illtohimn liackgrount]

1 -ll)-<oluinn foreground

2 Multicolor 1

3 Multicolor 2

4 -lll-cfihimn horder

5 Text chaiactcr color

n HO-coltjmii hack^ounci c(jior

You can change drawing colors in mid-program without
affecting tlio.se already on the screen (unless you replot
within the character cell area with a new color),

file Circle comniand gives yoti an easy way to malce
circles, of course, hut it can also be used for ellipses, arcs
and rotated versions of each. Its syntax is:

c;!R(:LI-;< color sourcc>,X,Y<,Xr> <.Yr><,sa> <,ea>
<, angle > ciiio

Color somce can be any of the four :;t)urces previously
Kientioned, and X and Y arc the screen cooidinates of
t!ie ceiHer of the circle. \r is the X radius and Yv is the
V radius, \'arying them gives different types of ellipses.
Sa is the starting arc in degrees (0-360), and ea is the
ending arc. Angle is the overall rotation to be applied to
[he ligitre, and inc is the nuinijer of" degrees between
.segments, liy changing the inc, you can draw polygons
instead of circles-
Here is an example program of circles on the C-128,
demon.stiating many features of its nexihilily;
10 REM CIRCLE COMMAND DEMO
20 COLOROfl :C0L0R4,1 :C0L0R1 ,6
30 GRAPHIC! ,1
40 C0L0R1 ,2
50 CHART ,0,9, "CIRCLE"

60 CIRCLE1 ,22,100,15,13 : REM CIRCLE
70 C0L0R1 ,3
80 CHAR! ,0,24, "ELLIPSE"

28 / RUN SI'KCI.y. ISSUE K%

90 CIRCLE! ,70,100,9,99 : REM ELLIPSE

100 COLOR! ,4

!10 CHAR! ,12, 3, "OCTAGON"

120 CIRCLE! ,124,52,20,18,,, ,45: REM OCT

130 COLOR! ,6

140 CHAR! ,13, 22, "DIAMOND"

150 CIRCLE! ,13! ,148,20,, , ,,90: REM DIAM

160 COLOR! ,7

170 CHAR! ,19,10, "TRIANGLE"

180 CIRCLE! ,184,108,20,18,, , ,120 :REM TRI

190 COLOR! ,8

200 CHAR! ,24, 20, "arc"

210 CIRCLEl ,90,100,160,99,55,125:REM ARC

220 COLOR! ,9

230 CHAR! ,31 ,3, "ARC WITH"

240 CHAR! , 33 , 1 , "LINE"

250 CIRCLE! ,275, 58, 20, 16, 90, 360 :REM STC

260 DRAW1,275,42 TO 275,58 TO 295,58

270 CIRCLEl ,280, 54, 20, 16,0, 90:REM STC

280 DRAW1,280,3B TO 260,54 TO 300,54

290 COLOR! ,13

300 CHAR1 ,32,22, "ROTATED"

310 CHAR! ,32, 23, "ELLIPSE"

320 FORI=0TO!80STEP20: CIRCLEl ,280,152,5,20,,,

I:NEXT
330 GETKEY A$
340 GRAPHICO
350 END

Another special drawing command is Box, which allows
you to draw a rectangle of any size, rotate it and fill it
with color,
BOX < color source- > ,X 1 ,Y1< ,Xii,Yli > < ,imf5le > < ,paiin >

X] and Yl are the coordinates of the lop-left corner;
X2 and Y2 are those of the bottom-right corner. If X2
and Y2 are omitted, ilie curreni pixel cursor is used. The
angle is the number of degrees of rotation you wish
(ciefault is 0), and the paint (0 or 1) indicates whether or
not you want the box painted.

The Box command used with the angle parameter can
be very effective atic! certainly unliox-likel

1 REM BOX DEMO

20 COLOR! ,3:COLOR0,1 ; COLOR 4,1 : GRAPHIC! ,1

30 CHAR! ,14,1 , "STANDARD BOX"

40 BOX! ,45,22,265,188

50 SLEEP3

60 C0L0R1 ,7

70 CHAR1 ,14, 22, "ROTATED BOXES"

80 FORI=0TO360STEP10:BOX1 ,90,72,220,1 28, 1:N

EXT
90 GETKEY A$
100 GRAPHIC0
1 1 END

The Paint command fills an area with the color you
specify,

PAI NT <col(>r source > ,X,\' < .mode >

X and Y indicate to the program the locations at which
to start painting. The mode parameter indicates die kind
of paint you wish. A mode of paints an area defined
by the color source. ,\ mode of 1 paints an area defined
by any non-hackgicnnid source.

file Scale comniand changes the scaling used for the
bit -map gra[)hics commands. You may increase the de-
fault values (320 x 200 in High-resolution mode and 1 00
X 200 in Multicohu- mode) up to a maximum of 32767.
This does not give you any extra resolution, but can be
very useful in work thai requires detailed calculation of
graphics data.

SC-VLE ii<,xmax.yiiiax>

The n signifies off or on (0 or 1); xniax and ymax set

tire iK'w upper viilucs lor die biMiiiii> scale yim want
to use.

The SCNCLR command allows you to selectively clear
your text, bit-map or multicolor screen without using the
Graph it' command.

One of the C-128's most unusual and potentially useful
graphics commands is SSI lAl'K, whicli lets you save areas
of the hit-map screen as siritig variables. You can then
restore them to the graphics screen with the CISIIAPE
command or store them as sprites with tlie SFRSAV com-
manfl. giving very powerful graphics capabilities.

SSHAl'K siring vanal>lc,Xl.Vl<,Xi!,V2>

'flu- Siring can be any siritijf variable, such as AS or
HS(1.W,()). XI and Yl are the uppei-lefl corner coordi-
nates, while X'2,Y1^ <ue the opposite, lowerrighlcorner
co()rdiTiates of the rectangle you want to save, A maximum
oi' 255 bytes can be stored in a string, so the size of the
rectangle is somewhat limited. Color information is also
saved with the bit-map.

The (iSH.-VI'K command will write the rectangle back
to the screen at the specified locations. Before doing so,
it can perform a number of operations on it, such as
inversion, reverse. AN Ding and XOR,

G.SHAl'i-; string v.-iriahle<XVX,[nc)de>

The X and Y can be omitted, and the pixel cursor will
be used for their values. The mode allows for reversing
and altering the rectangle area before writing it. Mere is
a short program that demonstrates (he SSIl.-VPE and
CiSI l.*\PE commands,

10 REM SSHAPE/GSHAPE DEMO

20 COLOR0,1 :C0L0R4,1 :C0L0R1 ,6

30 GRAPHIC1 ,1 :C=1

40 C0L0R1 ,13

50 CHART ,32, 23, "ROTATED"

60 CHAR! , 32 , 24 , "ELLIPSE"

70 FORI=0TO180STEP30: CIRCLE! ,15,15,4,15,,,I

:NEXT
80 SSHAPE C$,0,0,30,30
90 SCNCLRl

100 FORY=6T0183STEP37
110 FORX=15T0299STEP49

120 C = C-f1 :IFC>16THENC=2

121 C0L0R1 ,C

130 GSHAPE C$,X,Y
140 NEXT: NEXT
150 GETKEY A$
160 GRAPHIC0

Other useful C-128 connnands include BLOAD and
BSAVF., for restoring anil saving a screen to and from
disk. In fact, the CM 28 Basic 7.0 fully sup]wris all aspects
of (he high-iesolution graphics (hat the VICMt can
pcrl'orm.

There is one more type of bit-mapping possible on the
C-128— using the «Ocolunm (640 X 200) screen. Com-
modore claims 80cokmin graphics are possible, but Basic
7. (J doesn't have any keywords to support this. As with
the C-64, you will need special routines to use diis mode.
Once you access HO-columtt mode, howevei-, you are at
an advantage in that you can utilize the Kast command
without having (he screen become blank.

.Another very important commantl on the C-128 is the
.sprite command, SPRSAV, which can either store into a
string variable the contems of one of the sprite storage
areas or store iin<j (be spri(e storage area the data from
a String, If that string was created with the SSIIAPK
command, yon tan then very easily pick up and animaie

sections of the bii-miip as sprites! This opens new areas
of graphics applications on the C-128.

Sprites

It isn't possible to di.scuss gra])hics on the C-64 and
CM 28 without spending some time lalking about sprites,
or movable object blocks. Both com])uters have (his pow-
erful feat me, and both are ca])able of impressive ani-
mation. The C-128 uses keywords (o let you create and
manipulate sprite graphics in Us Basic 7.0, while C-64
owners must use Peek and Poke statements to do this.

Programmingsprites with the Peek and Poke statements
isn't as difficult as programming liit-map graphics with
them. In some respects, if you're talking about internal
animation, not external motion, sprite animation can be
fast enough from Basic using Peek and Poke stateiiienis.

Internal animation involves changing the pointers that
dellne where in memory the sprite image resides. With
a simple Poke, or setpience of Pokes, iliat image can
appear to give way to a highly animated figure, such as
a bird llajifiing its wings. Each frame ol the animation is
contained in memory in a separate sprite definition. By
Poking the correct values into the sprite-]3ointer regisier,
the image changes in se<|uence. In most cases, this is done
only a couple of times a second, a speed easily handled
by Basic.

External movement is a different matter. Here, you
nvcd machine language routines or Basic enhancements
to give the fast, smooili motion most sjirite ])rogrammers
reijuire. On llie CM 28, these connnands are a standard
feature, giving the programmer lull access to sprites with
a minimal effort. On the C-64, you must be a litde more
knowledgeable about the machine.

There are two types of sprites — standard and inulti-
coltn-, Mnllicolor gives only half the liorizotital resolution,
while adding more colors. Normal high-resolution sprites
are 24 pixels wide by 21 pixels long. They can each have
one color, which can differ for each of the eight s[>ri(es.
Muldcolor sprites are 12 pixels wide by 22 pixels long
and can have three colors per sprite. You may have eight
iri-colored sprites on screen at a time, but each sprite
must share two of (he .same colors. Also, on both the
Cf)-1 and the CM 28, you may combine the sprite modes,
simultaneously dis])laying some multicolor sprites and
some standard ones.

Let's fust talk about sprite programming on the C-64.
While the information is applicable to the C-128, it isn't
necessary, since you'll almost always use die C-128 sprite
commands.

Fourteen registers, or memory locations, allow sprites
to be deihied, located, moved, animated and enabled.
Most of the locations are in the VKMI chi]), and catr lie
used by Poking the proper value in memory. The sprite-
pointer registers arc not located in the VIC-Il area, but
in the last eight bytes of screen memory in the video bank
you arc using. When the computer is switched on, tbev
are at 2()4()^2(M7.

Let's go ihroiigh crcaling and animating a sprite on
the C^(ii; then we'll ccjinpare it to what is retjuired on
the C-128.

First, you must design the sfirite, Ihc Commodore 64
Programmer's Refermict' (hade and the user's manual provide
examples on bow to draw and calculate a sprite on paper.
Do it this way once, to see what it entails; then get yourself
a decent sprite editor, many of which are available from
your local user's group; they will make s])rite design tmich,

RUN Sl'tn.AL ISSUE I'J.Hfi t 29

tmi(!i ciisicr. Omc you li;ivf ycnir spiiie in the- foitn of"
I>at;t slateiucnis (usually dout- !)y tin- sprite editor), yoii
can begin progiai timing your sprite.

lb begin, you must dcfitic the sprite's characteristics,
such as color, mode, expansion and priorities. We'll work
with s]jrite 0, the first sprite.
10 REM C64 SPRITE DEMO

20 V=53248: REM START OF VIC REGISTERS
30 POKEV+39,2:REM SPRITE COLOR REGISTER (

2=RED)
40 POKEV+23,0:REM NO Y EXPANSION
50 POKEV+ 29,0: REM NO X EXPANSION
60 REM SPRIT12 CHARACTERISTICS DEFINED
70 REM READ SPRITE DATA
80 FORI=0TO62:READO:POKEe32+I,Q:NEXT
90 REM SET SPRITE POINTER
100 POKE2040J3:REM SPRITE POINTER VALUE =

832/64=13
110 POKEV+0,0:REM POSITION SPRITE AT X=0
120 POKE V+1,120:REM POSITION SPRITE AT Y

= 120
130 POKE V+16,PEEK(V+16)AND(255-1 ) :REM TURN

OFF MSB
140 REM TURN ON SPRITE
150 POKEV+21 ,PEEK(V+21 )0R1
160 REM MOVE SPRITE ACROSS SCREEN
170 FOR I = TO 335
180 IF I>255ThENPOKEV+16,PEEK(V+16)OR1 :X=I-

255
190 IF I<256THENPOKEV+16,PEEK(V+16)AND(255-

1 ):X=I
200 POKEV+0,X
21 NEXTI
220 POKEV+21 ,PEEK(V+21 )AND(2B5-1 ) :REM SPRIT

E OFF

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230 POKEV+0,0:REM POSITION SPRITE

240 POKEV.f16,PEEK(V-f16)AND(255-1 ):REM TURN

OFF MSB
250 GOTO140: REM LOOP AGAIN
260 REM SPRITE DATA

270 DATA 0,127,0,1,255,192,3,255,224,3,231,
224

280 DATA 7,217,240,7,223,240,7,217,240,3,23
1,224

290 DATA 3,255,224,3,255,224,2,255,160,1,12
7,64

300 DATA 1,62,64,0,156,128,0,156,128,0,73,0

,0,73,0
310 DATA 0,62,0,0,62,0,0,62,0,0,28,0

On iIr* C-(M, all of this is rojuircd to ddlnc one iiiiihi-
color s]iritc, jMisiiioti it, turn it on ;nitl move it horizoiit;illy
on ihc stirecn. VVbilf ihc code may svcm complex, it doe.s gel
easier with piaetice. .Alter ;i while, you fluci that it's not all
thai hard; it's just that e.xternal animation is slow. By succes-
sively changing the pointer register, you can achieve inier
nal animation thai is very fast (fhic for frame-by-rrame
animalioti). However, for fast sprite mot ion, you nuisl rely
on mac liiiie code or Basic etibaneemciits.

The etiuivaieut code on the (Mii8 is:

10 REM CI 28 SPRITE DEMO

20 FOR I = 0TO62:READS:POKE3584-Fl,S:NEXT: REM

LOAD SPRITE DATA
30 M0VSPR1 ,0,120: REM POSITION SPRITE
40 SPRITE 1 ,1 ,8,0, 0,0,0 :REM DEFINE AND TURN

ON
50 MOVSPR 1,90f!/15:REM AUTO ANIMATE SPRITE
60 GETKEY A$

70 M0VSPR1 ,90f!/0:REM TURN OFF ANIMATION
80 SPRITE 1,0: REM TURN SPRITE OFF
90 END

100 REM SPRITE DATA
110 DATA 0,127,0,1,255,192,3,255,224,3,231,

224
120 DATA 7,217,240,7,223,240,7,217,240,3,23

1 ,224
130 DATA 3,255,224,3,255,224,2,255,160,1,12

7,64
140 DATA 1,62,64,0,156,128,0,156,128,0,73,0

,0,73,0
150 DATA 0,62,0,0,62,0,0,62,0,0,28,0

As you can see, the same feat was accom))lished auieh
more easily and reijuired far less program code. This is
a good demonsiiation of the aiiioinU of work yrni save
by using a high-level language instead of a low-level lan-
guage (and Basic 2.0 is a low-level language as far as
grapliics are concerned). Add (he fact that a sprite ediun-
is resident in ilie (M28, and you can see why sprite
programming on the (lI'iH is so inii<:h I'asler and easier
than on the C-M. With the pi(>[}eretihaiicetneius. though,
much the same tan be done on the (>4.

As y(m can see, the gi-aphics modes on the C-6'1 and
C-I28 are very similar, and the C-fH has most of the same
capabilities as the 0-128. The differences He in the pro-
gram iner's ease of access when using Basic 7.0 and in the
additional mcinoiy of the (1128, This atlditional space
lets von store nianv graphits screens, while still retaining
huudieds oi' sprites as variables in memory.

In spite of the [nogi'amming differences, both the
C-()4 and C-128 have the VIC-ll chip, and both can pro-
duce exceptional graphics. E

Aildrrss all auliuir rtimsjionih'tia' to Limis Wallace, 6J2-IH
S\V I nil IHiia: GaimsviUi; Fl. 32607.

30 1 RUN si'KtLU issuK tysti

■

MtthnarilHilt^

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Circle 414 on Reader Service card.

Mr. Walker
^^ had never used a

computer when he read about Info
Designs' Negotiation Edge.'" He'd
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u ^=.^a,«««a^^-.>^«^^«.a«a«^»»»^.

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egy report is generated instructing
the salesman iti aspects of business
style and personality most likely to
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style of a given client.

The Negotiation Edge'"

Designed to help the user prepare,
develop, and suctessfully complete
any negotiation or bargain.

On the basis of information pro-
vided by the user about himself and
a specific counterpart, the program
produces a detailed negotiation
plan. The plan includes a step -by-
step blueprint for winning negotia-
tions in a variety of personal and
business situations.

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Advises the manager how to get
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After the manager agrees or disa-
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tively in meetings and conversa-
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The program presents a series of
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General Ledger

Get a customized chart of
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Makes it simple to maintain com-
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Uuild a master vendor file, includ-
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Provides automatic
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check with full remit-
tance information and
check register. (Interfaces
with General Ledger for
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Inventory

Perpetual inventory records for all
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Provides comprehensive reports,
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with full pay/deductions detail and
payroll journals. (Interfaces with
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WordPro III Plus'"

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M^r

Magic

Bj LOUIS K SANDER

hi this special issiie, we've prepared
a collection of 512 valuable hints
and lips for Commodore owners.
The following section contains all
the Magic tricks published during
1 985, plus over 200 new tricks pre-
pared especially for this issue.
Whether you're a new or experi-
enced Commodore computer owner,
a hardware or software devotee, a
dedicated hacker or a mice-a-year
comp'uterist, you'll find many tricks
here that will make your computing
more enjoyable and useful.

Table of Contents

Computer-Specific Tricks Software Tricks

1. tloinpiiteis — C-(34

2. Computers— CM 28

3. Cuiiiputers— Plus/4 and C-16

4. Computers — SX-64

5. Computers— VIC-20

Hardware Tricks

6. Cotuiectors and Cabling

7. Datassette Recording

8. Disk Directories

9. Disk Handling and Storage

10. Disk Operations

11. Hardware — General Hints & Tips

12. Joystick Port IVripherals

i;i. Keyboards and Keyboarding

14. Modems and Telecomnnmications

15. I'ower Supplies

16. Printer Paper and Ribbons

17. Priiuers and Printing

18. Video Displays and Loudspeakers

H). Kntering Progiains

20. Language.s — ^liasic

21. Languages — Machine Language

22. Languages — ^Other

23. Proj^ratnming Tips — Debugging

24. Programming Tips — General

25. Progrannning Tips — Matlieniatical
2f). Progrannning Tips — Screen Display

27. Programming Tips — Sound

28. Programs— Amusements and Delights

29. Programs — Commercial Software

30. Programs — Useful Appiicaiions
3L Programs — Utilities

32. WVnd Processing

Miscellaneous Tricks

33. Computer Room Hints

34. Magazines and Books

1. Computers— C-64

DOS wedge command summary — The accompa-
nying table lists all the important wedge commands. In
general, the @ can be followed by any conmiand string
recognized by the 1541 drive.

DOS 5.1 Wedge Commands

COt'Y A FILE

@t;:M(.'wnanit: = <)ldname

DIRECTORY

®S or @$: or ®S:filenar

m,\SK DIRECTORY FROM DISK

@N:i!iskiiaiilf

KORMAT A DISK

®N:tiiskiiunif.ID

IN! riAI.IZK DISK DRIVE

@l

LOAD A liASlC I'ROCRAM

fflteiiame

LOAD .t RUN A UASIC PROORAM

tlllfnaiiiL-

LOAD MACHINE LANC;L[A(.;E

% fllftlHUlt

QlJll HIE WEDOE PROGRAM

®t>

READ ERROR CHANNEL

@

RENAME A FILE

@R:[iewn2[nc = oldname

SAVE A B.ASlt: I'ROCRAM iXi DISK

— nietiame

SAVE Will I REPLACE (ttaiiKfrmis!)

^ ©Hllfiiiiuic

SCR Arc 1! A FILE

®S:tllcii.i[iic-'

SLI .urnVE DEVICE NUMBER

@#n

SPEED CHAN(;E— C-64 SPEED

®U1 +

SPEED Cf IANGE-VIC-20 SPEED

@UI-

VALIDATE DISK.

@V

Notes

1. En usiiijf tlif w«l)(t. tin- > syniboi in.iy always hv Mibstilulcd for
tlu' & synilud.

2. I'liii lalik- iisfs FILE lo refer to aiiytliiiij? iccorded od disk, wliether
it is a |>ri)gratii oj any type ot dalafile. Similarly, filename iiidkalcs the
Maine ul' a ]lro^ran1 or daialilo.

;i. In jieiicral. (lie patlcni inaidiiiij; (*) .itiil wilcitard (■) characters
can be used in rending illenanies, but not in writing tlitni.

4. The materiiil following I he @ or oilier special symbol may be
enclosed within ijuotes if desired. The (n«>ies can he heljilul when
lileti.iines inilmle leading .spaces tir other iimisit.il ehjir.-iilers.

."■i. II uiu ihsire, (I or I ran be inserieil. jiiM helore any colon, Ici
30 / RUN .Sl'KClAI. ISSUE UISO

indicate the drive number in a multitlrivc disk ujiil. Drive numbers are
never necessary with the 1541 disk unit.

6. Use of the Save widi Replace function is not recommended, since
it occasionally corrupts a disk,

Loui§ F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

DOS wedge improver— This program changes the
C-64'5 DOS 5.1 program so it can be easily saved onto
other disks. Here's bow to use it:

• Put ilic test/demo disk into your drive

• Ty]ie LOAD "DO.S 5.r',8,l {RKTURN}

• Type NEW {RETURN}

• Load and run this program

• Insert a formatted disk onto which yon want to save
DOS 5.1

• Type SYS .'>2224 {RETURN}

• Tyj)e SYS 524{)0 {RETURN}

DOS 5.1 will now be saved oiUo the disk in your drive, and
the C-64 will be reset. If you want lo save the DOS onto an-
other disk at this time, just put the new disk in the drive, and
re.sun-ect your wedge by entering the.se commands:

SYS .'■.2i."24 {REIURN}
®#H {RE'fURN}

'I'hcn save it by typing SYS 52400 {RETURN}. You can
repeat these steps a.s many times a.s you like; many people
put a copy of DOS 5.1 on every disk tbey own.

Once DOS 5.1 has been saved on a disk, you can also
save Test /Demo's Hasic loader, named C-()4 Wedge, if you
choose to. Since C.iyi Wedge is a liasic program, saving
it is a simple matter. When loading DOS into tnemory,
you d(ni't need the loader at all i( you type:

FOR

COMMODORE
128 AND
C64 OWNERS/
ONLY: /

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PI,,.. ''°ti^^.'Vt„. ypo, ,"i<ialu

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This is just a few
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We know you'll want this page, in its fufl
splendor, and the other pages overflowing with over
200 bargains in peripherals, software, and books that will
make your Commodore 128 or C-64 computer even nicer to live with.

So, if we missed sending you your very own copy within the last
few weeks, calf us at 1-800/227-9998, unfess you five in California.
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<415) 965-1735

LOAD "DOS 5. 1 ",8, 1 [RKCURN}
N1-;VV {kKlURN}
SYSsaaU'l {RETURN f

When you see the DOS 5.1 prompt, you'it- iti Ijusiness,
just ;ls if you'd used tlic loader.

Tlif best way In Icarti about the wedge is to read "Mysterie.s
of the Wedse Ucvealed" {RUN, ,Septem])cr 198-1).

10 REM (2 SPACES) DOS IMPROVER

2S) REMt2 SPACES) CREATED BY LOUIS F. SANDER
30 FORA= 1 T069 : READB : C=C+B : NEXT : RESTORE
40 IFC<>7162THENPRINT"DATA ERROR":STQP
50 F0RA=1 T032: READB :POKE52346+A,B: NEXT
60 F0RD=1TO37:READE:POKE52399+D,E:NEXT

91 DATA 141,068,079,093,032,053,046,049

92 DATA 032,045,032,083,039,083,032,053

93 DATA 050,052,048,048,032,084,079,032

94 DATA 083,065,086,069,141,000,000,000

95 DATA 169,008,170,160,255,032,186,255

96 DATA 169,007,162,124,160,204,032,189

97 DATA 255,169,000,133,034,169,204,133

98 DATA 035,169,034,162,090,160,207,032

99 DATA 216,255,076,226,252

I^uLs F. Sander
PitLsburgh, PA

DOS wedge loader — There are several ways you can im-
prove t!ie CMJ4 \\'cc!gc loader prtjgram. First, you am thaiigc
its name lo sotnethiug easy to load, like "!".

.And yon ran add ihc following line, which will aiiiomati-
tally prim the dii I'tiory eonuiiatid on screen, allowinjf you
(1) load the direetoiy just by pressing the return key,

2:^ PRINT "©S {.ICRSR l[']"

If you have two drives, you can change the following Hnc
to have your wedge sense the active drive and load tin-
DOS program from it.

lit IK .■\ = (( TMKN .■\= 1 t ljt).\n "DOS -) rM'KEK(l«fi).l

The change, of course, is to siibsiiluie FEr,K(lH(i) lor H.
Finally, if ytiii'd rather your screen cohns Ije something
other llian blue on bhie. you can add a line to change die
colors to your favorites.

David E. Cox
Richmond, VA

DOS wedge reactivation— .Alter a reset oi the @(,)
command has deanivaied ihe wedge, yon can leactivate
it by doing a SVS522;2-!, then entering @#.S. llie S^'S
reenables the machine language ]jrogi am, while the @#8
assigns it to drive 8,

Mary Ivy Bayard
Norristown, PA

In wedge jargon, that sixteenth character is called (he
volume identiller. If you save several Hies with the .same
volume ID, the wedge will let yon access them as a group.

If you're saving widiont the wedge, yon can manually
ptit a vohune identifier in the sixteetidi position of your
llletiamc, so you can use it later on.

To use the volume identifiei', yon must he rumiing the
weclge, and you can use any wedge command, including
©COPY, ©iiKNAMK, ©SCRAICII and esiiecially @S.

I lie wedge looks for the last character in each filenainc
when you specify a volume II) between the square brack-
ets. For exarujile, you cati save a file by entering:

{U:FI .\RRC)U(!K)l]I)[Nl(l.]

II will list in the directory as
IIOUUINI {H spiicfs} L

and can lie scratched with:
@S:H(>rt)]\t[I.l {rfttini}

lo get a directoiy of all files with %'olume identifier L, use:

@S:*[1.1 iifiutn}

You can sdalth all tlie files with volume identiller L
by using:

@Si»[!.I {rfluni}

Beware: I'he dark side of this magic is that the wedge
will report the sixteenth character of the filename as the
volume ID, whethc'r it is intendetl as such or not. Make
your IDs uni»iue (graphics characters, for instance) and
this sliould be no problem,

Matthew J. McCaffrey
Groton, CT

DOS wedge commands in programs— Wedge com-

mauds can be used frcmi within Basic jirograins, as long
as the ])ro])ei syntax i^ used, flu- @, >, t, '/? or up-arrow
svmbol must lie the llrsi character in tlie slalement, with
no ([notes around it. The r<'si of the command must be
enclosed in (pK)tes. The following roiuine, for example,
will ])ut a directory on the screen, read the error channel,
prim il message, then load a progratn.

20(1 (S' "S"

->l(l &

•Jlili i'RlN I "Wl/.ARnRY, INDKKD!"

2,'llJ ) -THV. J,ANl) OFOZ"

With norma! Program mode loads, you must be con-
cerned about program letigth; with this one, you don't.
The lechniijuc has worked with evci"y wedge command
we've tried it on.

Arnie Lee
Abacus Software

DOS wedge directory freezer— When yon use the
w^edge to list a directory to the screen, you can use the
space bar to frec/e the listing for your careful jjcrusal.
Pressing the space bar again will continue tlie listing.

William F. Sander
Mariella, OH

DOS wedge volume identifier— Co nun odo re's fa-
mous wedge program contains a notso-famons way of
(U'ganizing files on the disk. When using the wedge to
save, if you end your filename with a single character
encloseci in stjttare brackets, thai charactei' will magically
be moved to the .sixieenth position in the llleuame!

38 / RUN mUAL ISSUI^ I'JKli

Drive not ready— Some disk operations confuse the
1 54 1 disk drive, resuliing in a maddening Drive Not Ready
error. If you're using the wedge, iliis can be easily lem-
cdietl by iy])iiig ®U[. Il causes the diive to reset itself
and is an easy way out of most l.^-ll tpiiiks.

John Patrick
Bourbonnais, IL

Reset buttons— One feature that Commodore left off
the VIC and C-lvl was a reset switch. The reset line comes
out lo several coinicctors on both machines, ami, if you
rig a momentary switch to ground it, you'll have a reset
button.

CIicIb 420 on Reader Service cart)

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Use dozens of 123 features in the 64 mode:

• Numeric Key Pad

• Cursor Keys

• SO-Column RGB Output

• Many Other Special Function keys

One-Key Functions Include:

• 2 Megahertz "Fast Mode"

• One-Key Screen Dumps

• Full-Faatured DOS Utility Menu

ALSO AVAILABLE:

OmlTerm (19.75

Full-Feature Terminal at an Affordable Price!
Turtjo Calc/&4 S 1 7.9S

A great spreadsheet al an Unbelievable Price!
Tax Computation S 29.95

The friendliest tax package on the market.
Guitar Mjiiter S 49.95

A comprehensive musical Instruction package
Fiiit Boot! ! 14.95

Mike J, Henry's Fast Loader for t541IMSD
Thriller Collccllan S 24.9S

Seven Intricate tent adventures on one disk

Call or Write for Full Catalog !

Other Features Include:

• Fast Loading

• Fast Copy For The 1571!

• Relocatable In Memory

• 100% Transparent to BASIC

Available Now
For Only

59,95

CAD-GEM

Computer Assisted Design
Graphic Element MitnlpuJation

A Wire Frame CAD system for the C64 '

Input from Joystick. Track Sail. Light Peri or

Graphics Tablet

360 Degree Rotation In ,1 Degree Increments

Scaling on a 64K x 64K. 2048 Mega.BIt Virtual

Screen

Independent Manipulation of 400 Objects (Points

or Lines)

You'muit see CAO GEM to believe it!
Demo Disk Available for S3. 00

'89.95

MODEM MASTER

The Frtendlicit Commodore
BBS Available

Works with 1541 or MSD Dual Drive

300 I 1200 Baud Operation

New Punter File Transfer Protocol

5utj-Dlrector!cs for File Transfer

250 User Capacity

Accurate Clock I Calendar

Printer Output

Information Files

■'Old' EMall Deleted After One Week

Set Up In Only 10 Minutes I

Only *29.95

flquorion Software

P.O. Box 22)84
Portland, OR 97222

Total Software Development System

by Kevin Pickell
Now Available In the States 1

AisemblerJEdilor — fast load. get. log and loadat: adds 38 new commands: full macro Instructions;

allows 13-character labels: assembles to and from disk

Sprite Editor — 2S6 sprites In memory, view 64 at same time, works with keyboard, joystick or

trackball, animates sprites during design

Unaiiembler — create source code from any ML program

Sound Editor — create interrupt-drlven sound effects

Character Editor — edit all characters. Screens to 25Sx64. Hires 8 Multi-color Character Sets

TSIM automatically Includes sprites, characters, mattes and sound effects Into source codel

Only *39,95

128 Version Coming Soon !

Write

Add 3.00 S & H Per Order
(Add Additional S2.00 for COD)
Canadian Orders Add 10.00 S&H
Allow 3-4 Weeks For Delivery
or Call for Full Catalog — Dealer Inquiries Welcome I

To order. Call: (503) 654-2641
VISA & MasterCard Accepted

RUN si'«:i,\i,issi'K mill 'Mi

T!if [)r('rfrrfrl ajjpioacli is to wire the switrli to ;i
scpai;iic tniiiicctor iliut you plug into the machine as
uccdcti. The uiulesirable alternati%^e is to solder a switch
directly to the computer. This may make it difficult to
get re[>air service, should you ever need it.

Resetting either machine restarts it wiili the familiar
Byies Flee message you sec when you first turn on your
computer. Basic's pointcr.s are re.sei to iheir power-up
values, hut user meitiory isn't disturbed. .So. a reset gels
the com]nuer oiu of any bizarre states in which you've
put ii and gives you a chance to recover your program.
Here arc yotn^ three choices on connecting the switch:

1. On either machine, between pins 2 and (i of the
serial I/O [lori. This is a good choice, because ilie con-
nccior can lie inserted only one way and because this
port is available on ihe computer aKd on tlie disk drive,
if one is corniecled.

2. On either machine, between pins 1 and :) of the user
I/O port. This is less desirable, because some user port
connectors can be inserted upside down, wiring your
switch to an unintended, potentially disastrous place,

'\. Between [jins A and C of the C-64 expansion slot or
helwcen X and /. of the VIC expansion slot. Depending
on your conned or. this method may or may not share
the hazards of the one above.

People find many locations for installing reset switches,
such as inside a DIN connector or a defunct cartridge
(cut the traces from the unused contacis); the serial Inis
cable, between the red and green wires; or in a modem
or riihrr external device.

Tom Hoppe
Spokane, WA

Safer reset switch— When I installed a reset switch
on my ( :■()!, 1 wanled to be ceriain it would never be
accidentally pushed. 1 diereforc installed two jnish but-
tons in series; this recjuiies that both lie pushed at once
for a reset to occin\ I lt»cated them on the back of the
comjjuter, about 1 1 inches apart, so there's no danger of
pressing them both by mistake.

Charles Patterson
Tarrytown, NY

Resets on newer C-64s— The newer C:-6l compnlcrs
(matmlacluicd around (October 1984) will not reset widi
the usual serial jjiu I reset, because there was a chanf^e in
the reset circuit. You can go inside die computer, however,
to find a connection for your reset button. Near pin 8 ol"
chip ll'iO (#").")() (hi])) is capacitor CM, a 0.1 microfarad
unit. VVite a motueutaiy Sl'ST normally o[)eu fjushbiiiion
across this ca[)acitor, aiitl you'll iiave yotu' reset biutoii.
It has w<jrked well for me with no ill effects.

George M. Titus
Selden, NY

C-64 warmfcofd starts— There has been much con-
fusion Dvci ilic pro])erSYS calls to reset the Oommodore
(»4. While there may lie variations due to liifferences in
ROM versions, ihe following SYS calls perform as spec-
ified on niy own machine and those of friends.

SY,S (vl7.')9 acts the same as pressing sio]>/restore. It
resets ihe video colors and sound chip, clears the screen
and gives a Ready prompt. All programs remain un-
touched ill iiicuKiry.
40 /RUN SMCCiAi.issrt. iswi

SYS ()47;!8 simulates turinng the computer off then on,
but neither destroys memory from start ejf Basic (2048
decimal) upward nor resets the serial bus or its periph-
erals. It overwrites the cassette biifrer, dcstroving any
machine language programs there, it docs not destroy
Basic programs, but because all pointers arc reset, they
appear to be erased. (.An L'nnew program will recover
them.) If a cartridge is in place, ihis reset will restart it.

SYS (if7f)0 does not destroy the casseiie buffer or any-
thing above it, it docs not destroy Basic programs, but
because all pointers are reset, they appear to be erased.
(An Lbuiew program w-ill recover them.) This SYS call
disregatfis any cartridge that may be installed; initializes
I/O vectors and resets colors; gives the Bytes Free message
when finished; does not ciieck for ;ic;irtridge and bypasses
it iC it is installed; and works very fast.

SYS fvfVbS works as fj47(>(}, I>ut does n«)t reset I/O
vectors.

Berthold Trenkel
Coeppingen, West Germany

Reset tip— The C-fi4 Reset command SYS fi47:t8 will
not disturb most machine language programs in memory,
but it does seem lo wipe oitt anything in the cassette
buffer, locations 828-1019 decimal. Safe areas Ibr ma-
chine language programs are Basic RAM, 2048-40959,
a n d al 1 erna te R.\M , 49 1 52-3324 7,

Peter Heine Jorgensen
Aarhust Denmarlt

Poicepourri — f fere's a collection orC-64 Pokes that have
been sent to us over the years. .Mt hough we've briefly
tested each one, we can't guaranlee ihcm against unex-
pected side effects.

POKE Erfett

1 'Mk,

tiipui?^ v\itlii)ut i|tH'siiiiii iiinik

VJM

Rf^uitfs tliL- (^lK.■^UllIl iti.iik

22,;t.'>

Lists withmu litif niiiiil)i-rs (Svjit.ix l-iioi
iht-m)

restores

120,0

Mindless printiii); tii:iiliiiic

1!)N.(I

Clears kL-yboard tnilfer

1 m, 1

I'l iiils ill KVS iticidf

\'MM

Turns RVS i.ir

lill.X

(Uirsor ti) row X

liM.V:PRlNl

Cursiir to column Y

lillM)

l>isal)lfS Quoli; Miodf

(ilfi.X

Changes (■iiis<ir ('olf)i' (X = (l to l.'i)

G-19,()

Disables kcytioaid

fi49,lll

Enablus kfvbo.ud

lirio.d

Normal tL*|H'at

li.'iO.li-t

No keys repeal

li.'i(),IL.',H

.Ml keys repeat

ti.'iT.l

Disables sliilt/CoiiuiaHldie keys

ti.'iT.d

Enables shift/Cotmnodorc keys

774.tl

Lists only litie numbers

774.26

Resets the atmve

774.131:775,1114

I>)sables List

77t.2at"):775.252

I.isi jjives et>!c! st,m

77.'-). 1 118

r>is,ibles Lisl

77r..l'.)l

Disaliles Lisl

77.'-j.2()f)

Disables Lisl

77r).167

En;ibles List

7HH.5y:80H.2;59

Disables Stop

7 HH, 4 9:808,237

Enables Slop

792,19:1

Dis-iblcs Rtstiite

792.71

Eitiibles Restore

79:i29:<

Disables Kesujrc

898,127

Disables Ruti

Carries easily
as a suitcase!
Plugs into 115V outlet!

Sorry f we Ve not permitted to PRINT the famous brand-name.
BUT, we CAN "tell all" if you call us TOLL FREE: 1-800-328-06091

THE COMPUTER

Snap-oti corrputor keyboardl e4K RAM. 20K ROM. Full-

size typownter keyl)u;iril. Upper ami lower case
letlers. numerals, symbols, leverse characters. 2
cursor control keys, 4 function keys, programma-
ble to 8, Music synldfisizer wilh 3 intlependeiil
voices, eacti with 9 octave range, input /output potts
accommodate . . . user, serial. ROM cartridge, joy-
sticks, external monitor, piiono modem.

BulIMn lilsk drivel irteiiigent high speed unit witii
5'V' (loppy disl4 recorder 1 70K lormatted data stor-
age. 35 tracks. 16K ROM. Uses single sided, single
density disk. Serial interlace. Second serial port to

chain second drive or printer.

Built-in color monitor I Displays '10 columns x 25 lines

of text on 5" screen. High resolulion. 320 x200 pix-
els. 16 background, character colors.

Butlt-ln HDM csrtriiige porlllnsert ROM program car-
tridge Multitude ol subjects available in stores
across the nation'

Original List Price

$

>995.00

Liquidation
Priced

At Only

Imm H-81S-63631.0O Ship, handliny: SZO 00

388

THE PRINTER

Print rtiBlhoil: Di-dtrectfonal impact dot mairix,

CliaractEr matrix: 6 x 7 (lot matrix.

Cliaracters: Upper and lower case letters, numerals

and symbols All PET graphic characters.

Graphics: 7 vertical dots — maximum 480colunins.

Dot addressable.

Ctiarscter coiJes: CBM ASCII code.

Print spsed: 60 characlers per second.

Maximum columns: 3D columns.

Charactsr spacing: 10 characlers per inch.

Line teid spacing: 6 lines per inch in character mode

or 8 lines per inch selcctattle. 9 lines per inch in

graphics mode.

Line leed speed: 5 lines per second in character mode.

7.5 lines per second in graphics mode.

Paper (eed: Friction feed

Paper widlli: 4 5" to 8.5" width,

Multiple copies: Original plus maximumollwo copies.

Dtmensions; 13'W x 8'D x 3V."H. Wt.: 6"; lbs Power;

mvAcmnz

Original List Price: ^200.00

THE SOFTWARE

"Eas» Script" One of the most powerful word pro-
cessors at any price' Cut re-typing. create docu-
ments (rom standard paragraphs, do personalized
letters, see and change a document belore it is print-
ed. Instruction manual has extensive training sec-
tion that simplifies use . . . even tor someone who
has never used a computer or word processor before!

"Tlie Manager" A sophisticated database manager
(or business or home use. Business uses- accounts
payable/receivahle. inventory, appointments, task
manager Home uses: mailing lists, home inventory.
recipes, colleclion orgamzer. investment tracking,
checkdook Ijniancmg School uses: research arti-
cle index, giadetaok.

$24

Liquidation
Priced At . .

ni9

licm H-81 6-63831 00 Ship. handlJnii. S7 00

Compatible with above ComputerSystem (Not included in package price.)

_ _ _ _ _ _, #^Ai/ unnrHj (Factory New,,''Fir&t Quality)

JOYSTICKS (Set of 2) 64K MODEM Limit.iiVD.yF.dor,W.™ty

Mir. List: $59.90 pr. $10 Mfr. List: »124.95 SlQ
I V Dr. Liquidatiort Price I w

Liquidation Price

lteniH-816 636Z201 S

'pr.

: 54 00 pt.

Liquidation Price

hem t^.31 6-63646 00 S/

Mfr.Sug. Retail: ^73.98
Uquidation Price

Item Hai6 64011-03 Sli.p. handling: S3 00

BUY INDIVIDUAL UNITS OR

GET THIS ULTRA-FAMOUS

SYSTEM AT ONE LOW

PACKAGE PRICE!

TOTAL Personal ComputerSystem
available at FAR BELOW dealer cost!

Original List Price ^1^293.00

$

TOTAL
PACKAGE
PRICE

Item H-816-6401 1-02 Ship, liandlinS): S24,00

488

Cr«dit card msfnb«n cui ordvr by phontr,
Z4 hour} ■ tiMf. 7 diyi m wsak.

Toll-Free: 1-800-328-0609

Vour chack ti walcomof

Nd delays whan you P^Y by chnckl

C.O.M.B. DirecilWgifceiir^ Corp.
Authorized Liqufdator

14605 ZBthAVB.N. • IVIplt.. IVIN 55441-3397

SEtUD ME THE ITEIVIS I HAVE LISTED BELOW

Salea ouUad^ conbnental U.S. ;ire lubjecl lo special

condillons. P1eas« cAlt or WHI4 to inqujfe.

TOTAL

CO.M.B. Dirocl Marketing Corp. lieni H S16

14605 28tTi AvH, N.. -Minneapolis, MW 55441-3397
Send Ihu Jlpnii iiXliCdled at toll [M^nnnfL0lare&id«n1s»dd &%

MyctM'ckorrnunihvuiduriapnclutud 4Mui)tflftVlinprocDii.ing
affairs pant by cht^ch, Thnnkt lu TakiChi?ck )
CMjiryu ! Ma%HiiCajit, . VISA

Ar.ct, ^fo ■ — — BKft.

PLEASE PRIMT CLEARLY

Naine ^^^^^_^^.^^^^^^^.^^_^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^— ^—

Address ^— ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^-^^^^^^-^^^^^^^

City

Stsjii Hflro

RUN srecLU. lisi'EiitKti/41

808,234

808,225

H08,2:t9

816,157

816.165

818,131;8!<).lfi'l

81R,*2fi:HH(,2rr2

Hi,S,;l2

H 18,2:17

H19,2'll)

81 9,2! f)

819,245:818,32

ai9,215;81H.237

r).'i2li5. 1 1

53205,27

.5:i272.2)

5:t272.2:i

5;12HI),X

5328 1,X

5632,i,X

Disables Siop/KcMtortr/tist
Disables Stop/Rcsioir
Djs;il)!fs Slc)[i (Slop/Uc'sliHC ok)
DisalileN Load
Enablrs Load
Disahk'v Savt-
Savc j^ivt's ct>lri start
DisaliU's Suvt;
r.il;ilik's Save
Disalik's Save
Eiiiiblfs .Save
DivibL's Save
Enables .Save

Turns iilf s( reeii (C;oiii[)mt.'r i mis lastfi)
Tiiiiis oil sneeii (.Altniialive is StdpiKoslore)
.Swiicbes Ki (iraj^bit's intttk'
Swiubi's In IVxt mode
Border <olor (X = l) Ki 15)
Screen color (X = lo 15)
C'banges cursor speed {0 = last, 58 = normal,

255 = .slow)

Various Contrihulors
All Across the Land

Easy RUN— ,'\rc you tifcd oC ty[)ing R-UN ovt-r ;iik1
over again vvhiit; winkitig wiili Biisit? Eiiltr Pt)KF. .S](),'i2
and youi- weariness will vanish. Alicr iiiat Poke, ])tcssing
die sliified run/stop key will autoinatically run your pro-
gram! You can return lo normal Ijy POKE 81fi,Hi5 or by
liitiiiig till' .stop/rfstorr comiiinatioti.

Craig Jolinson
Juneau, AK

program's execution. Substiluif line uumlHTs for the Xs
or leave them oiU entirely.

100 I'OKE 768.17-1 ; I'OKi; 769,167 : UST XXXX-XXXX : I'OKE
768,139 : POKK 769.227

Randy Thompson
Eugene, OR

Simplest trace— Whenever die VA)4 executes a SYS
■(H,")7S, ii prinls die word IN and ilie line nuinljer in which
the command ii])pears. By including these S\'.S calls at
various points in yotir program, you can fmd what has
been executed and when. An even slicker method is to
set T = ■18578, and execute SYS'I" any time yon want to
trace.

Denniii J. Spranger
Eland, \VI

Error messages— Meinory location t,'>7 (S9I)) controls
whciher or not error messages and control messages will
he displayed on the .screen. In Direct mode, for instance.
Loading. Searching and Found mes.sages are displayed,
while ill I'rogram in(nie ihey are stijijiressed. all because
oi" different values Poked into localiou l,')7. You can
control the display yourself as follows:

I'OKE 157,0 — Su]>|Hi-ss all messages

POKE 157.64 — Enable error messages

I'OKE 157.128 — Enable loittrol mcssancs

I'OKK 157,! 92— Enable error anil control messages

Mike Tranchemontaigne
Nashua, NH

No-RUN fix — Occasiotiallv, wlien wtnkingwith machine
language or screen memory, your maciiine may give a
Syntax ernn- in response to a Run or oilier Direct mode
conimanti. POKE 2(H8,() usually cures ibe prot)k?in, 'Ibis
(juirk occurs in many versions of Basic and arises because
L^OiS is the Start of fext posiiion, which imist always
contain a 0,

Scott Farrar
Stockton, CA

C-64 uncrasher—When your keyboard locks up while
you are typing, iry typing {SHI'T 3}. The screen should
respond with "Pre.ss Play On fapc," and if you follow
those iiislruciion.s ihen press the stop key, you sbouki be
able to continue your work.

Douglas P. Oesterle
Agana, Guam

Calculated Goto command— On the C(H. yon can

use this one-liner it: jtunp to any calculated line number
within your program. Simply set the variable GI. to the
desiied line number, then enter (iOTO 1000.

1(100 I'OKE 785,188 : I'OKK 786,168 ; POKE t;t.,PEEK(Gl-) :
ta.-USK(0)

It niav not look like it, but believe nic, it works! [Yes, it
doe.s! Ed.J

Randy Thompson
Eugene, OR

Program! executable List— This lets yon use the i.isi

com m. Old within a (Mil program, without halting the
42 I RUN si'EClAI, issct: liitK

Closing files— The well-known SVS6551 1. often said to
close all files, really doesn't do tbat. It causes the computer
to forget its opened files, but does nol signal the periph-
erals lo close them. While some may call lliis a minor
difference in semantics, it can be disastrous when disk
(lies are involved. The following one-liner i.s the easiest
and most effective way I've found to close all open files
at t)nce, regarrlless of what files they are or when and
where they were opened.

X = !'!-:!-:K|152) : l-'OR.l= 1 I'O X : CLOSE PEEK(6()1) : NEXT

Location ir»2 contains the numljer of currently open
files. The ten-byte (|i!eue starting at (50 1 (otitaiirs their
file numbers aiifi works similarly to the keylioard buffer,
.'\s each file is citjsed, its entry is removeii, and the rest
are moved down one byte. If you enter the one-liner
exactly as sh(>wn, you'll successfully close all Mies.

Hy the way, POKE 152,0 yields the same results as
SYSf)5.^IL In fact, that is exactly what SYS(),">,5I I does,

Gharlcs Lavin
Coral Gables, FL

ROMwriter— It's often useful to write the C-64's ROM
programs tntt) the underlying RAM, usually by entering
something like:
to EOH | = -)(Wri(l to •19151 : POKEJ,l'EEK{J) : NEXT

fliis lakes over ,'^0 seconds lo accomplish, lint there's a
way to tlo it in less than a second, using Basic's own mass-
move routine, Icjcaied at 41910. Here's how:

10 POKE 95.0: POKE 90,160
20 POKE tin.O : POKE 91.192
:ill POKE 88.0 : POKE 8!1,192
■10 SVS 111.119

Clfcte 447 on Roador Service card

ATTENTION

Foreign Computer Stores
Magazine Dealers

You liuvL* a largf lecliniful audience thai speaks
Kiif^lisli imd is in need oi tin- Icind iil niinocDiDjni-
Ut iiiloittiaiifiii [li;ii {iW/l'i'icthoroiit^h provides.

I'tdvidi' von I aiidicnre with I he inag;i«iie ihey
need and make niimcy M the same lime.

V{)\ fictaiis (in selling 80 MICRO, inCider,
Hffl' CoO), RUN and AinigaWorld contact:

.SANDRA |(>sr.l'l I

\Vt)Kl.l> VVIDI'.MWJIA

386 PARK AVE,, SOUTH

NKWYORK.NY 1001 fi

t»HC)M-:(X'12)fi«tiirj2()

'IllLt^X— 620430

A REAL-TIME WW II
SUBMARINE
SIMULATION

As Commander of a World Woi ti ottock submoilne' the ptoyer must
outwit ttie enemy shipj wnose positions and actions are calculated by
tne computet. Wtiile mony factors such as fuel, torpedos. domoge. ond
locations ol enemy vesiels must be considered in planning o strategic
attack, ttie simulation Is easy to learn at ttie lovi«r dinicuHy levels
Features include:

* SUBCOM ossigned missions sucti ds 'seek and destroy" oDerations.
patrolling enemy seo lanes, rescue missions, or 'cloak ond dagger*
spy missions.

^ Computer generated speech simulotes actual radio tronsmissions.
Ihe player must decide wfiethet trie broodcost is o legllimote
assignment or a trap being set by the enemy

* Mu I itpte screens include: control panel ond periscope view, chort of
sub's patrolling oieo, rodor display, and domage sctiemotlc

^ Full color graphics with three dimensional object perspective

providing depth of Held.
^ Trigonometric transformations precisely plot eoch object in

real-time.
^ Computer olgorithms Ihink' for the enemy, ollowing tnem to hunt

and attack your submarine if detected.

C64 and C12B Disk of Cassetts $24.95

The Ultimate Party Game for 1-6 players
or teams ages 13 and otder

^ Over AQQQ Questions ar^d Answers
* Gome Mosier Controls trio P\a/
^' Double Of Lose II Bonus Que s lions
■?i^ Catch Up the Loser Seauenco
^ tlo Brookor Function
4:- Help ond Sove Feofurw^

CM and ClIS 1 Dllkl $36.«9

MASK OF THE FALCON

Z190WoslUruku, Suilol/?

Fort Collins, Colorodo 80526

(303) 2?6-1960

VISA MC. Monoy Ordor. Check

^^v^<-

Circf(;441 on Reader Service card.

THE Short Wave Listener for

RECEPTION OF MORSE CODE &
RADIO TELETYPE SIGNALS.

K^.

.^'

m

^XLEARN
MORSE CODE

^^%

o^

<0^ THE RIGHT WAY

l^^'

0":^^

.'^^^

o^.

a€

WITH THE

Morse Coach.

S4995

Plug the SWL cartridge into your Commodore "64" Expansion Port, connect a
shortwave radio and you'll be walching !ext readout from weather stations,
news services, stiips and HAM radio operators all over the wor(d. A whole
new use (or your fiome computer. The SWL contains both program in
ROM and radio interlace circuit to copy Morse code and all
speeds/shifts of radio teletype. Plus the on screen tuning
indicators mean you never have to take your eyes off the video
for perfect tuning. Housed in a small 3" x 2-1/2" x 7/8'
enclosure, with speaker in/out and practice hand key
jacks, it needs no other computer connection or j/'v'^
power supply, Un shift on space, word wrap j^c^
around, real time clock, and keyword of >- k\
manual printer control tor permanent /aO v
paper copy, so that you won't miss a j^'^r'^^

single bit of the action. For about y^f W^X A complete Morse code tutor in a conveni
the price of another "Pac-Zapper" xmlA X ^'^^ plug-in cartridge for your Commodore
game, you can tie into the yim^^^X '64.- The Morse Coach means business. It's

not a toy program or a simple random code gen-
erator. Originally developed jointly by Microlog and
several government agencies experienced in Morse in-
struction. Four years of extensive service prove it's the
quict<est way to Morse proficiency.The method works! You start from absolutely no
knowledge of Morse, progress through the alphanumeric symbols, and on to any speed
desired. The "alphabet" part of the program introduces new characters and plots the progress
a bar-chart. The speed/test section correlates the input, analyzes mistakes and provides a
printout of the analysis/test results on your Commodore screen or printer. As a bonus, it also boosts
typing skill. You've never seen any tape or program do that! In fact, there's never tieen a system so
thorough, so efficient and so effective as the Microlog IVIorse Coach.

exciting world of digital
communication with
the Microlog SWL,

^64

on

RUN ^I'KCIAl. IS.SrK l!l!«(*. / 43

l.iiH' 10 points to the slart of the code to be movc-cl, aiici
hut- 20 points to the byie one lotaiinti higher than its
cihI. Line 30 points to ihe byte one location liiglier tliim
the etui of its new position. (In this case, tlicse are 40960,
4Uirj2 and 41952, respectively.) The SYS initiates the
niovenieiit.

The same routine, with different poiiKers, of course,
can he used lo move other areas of memory, ilecaiise of
I he technitjites used, moves in a downward direction will
siiteeed tjniy if the source and destination areas do not
overlap.

James Pellcchi
Middle Island, NY

False autostart — This program will trick the computer
into thinking thai an autostart ROM eartri<ige is in place.
Whenever the restore key is pressed, the cotnpuier will
execute a machine language program pointed lo in
32770-32771.

100 RF.M I'Al.SK Al'TO.START-CURTIS NELSON

1 to FOR I = :lL'77i; 1() :VL*77(; : RE.\D K : POKEJ.K : NKXT

iL'O POKh ;5i;770.U : I'OKE 32771,192

130 I>ATA l9">,li>4.20ri,Qr)6,04S

Line ! !0 tricks the computer by putting the word C1BM80
starling at location 32772. Line 120, which you can change
to suit your machine language program, tells liie com-
ptiter that the target machine language is at ■191.')2.

Curtis Nelson
Tremonton, UT

Program password — I recently devised a security lock
system for my prograiTis. Now, perscms not knowing the
secret code are ])reveuted from using my j^rogranis. The
cotle is any inimber; where the ]irngram below- says "code,"
just plug in a mimber. The program should be inserted
before die main program,

1 I'OKK HOO.IOtl ; I'OKE HI 9.24;)

L' l,\'fL' I "{.SHrr C;i.R}ACCESS CODt:";A

3 IFA <> ctxtcTlIKN NEW

4 Coiitimu" itic progrnui here

Sean Fitzpa trick

St. John's, Newfoundland

Canada

C-64 cursor tricks — You can speed up your cursor
with POKF. .^)()341,1. You can slow it down with !H)KE
.56341,2.^)5. If you combine these tiicks widi rt)KK 050,
any value over 127, you'll discover some real fun.

Harry I. PapathcoFilopoulos
Perisleri, Greece

Screen gem — My junior high school students find it
greatly enlerlaining and inforniative to enter I'OKK
532()5,59 and then in type on the C-tvl keyboard. Pressing
die lun/siop and restore keys gets you out,

Katherine Prescott
Coos Bay, OR

Split SCrSOn — I'he following short routine, using what's
calletl a raster interrupt, splits the C- <)4 scieen into two
differeni-colored sections. Lines l-?> will detect typing
errors in your Dai a statements; you should tielele ihem
44 / RUN Sl'KtlAI. ISSLIK 1!(H6

when the program asks you to, tlien save the remaining
lines as your master routine. It will be compatible with
most Basic progiams, es)3ecially the ones not involving
machine language.

Delete lines 1-3 and run yoin- program. Any time after
doing this, you can split the screen by executing SYS
40800. The split will remain luiti! stop/restore cancels ii;
it can he recalled by repealing the S\S SOSflO.

You can change the top color liy changing the sixth
item (002) in line 21, or, after iimning the program, by
entering POKK 40877, c (where c is the number for the
color you want). You can change the bottom color by
changing the eighth item (007) in line IS or by POKE
40855, c. The screen s]jlit can be after any line, and its
location is controlled by the fifth item in line 13
((tlO = split occurs after tenth line). To change the split
location on an alieatiy-splii screen, enter POKE
408]2,n:SYS40800 (where n is the number of lines to
appear above the split).

REM SPLIT SCREEN - RICHARD RAPPACH

1 FORJ=1T089:READA;B=B+A:NEXT

2 IFB<>9955THENPRINT"DftTA ERROR": STOP

3 PRINT"DATA OK. DELETE LINES 1-3.": END
10 POKE56,lS9:POKE62,159

n FORJ=4080{)TO40888:READA:POKEJ,A:NEXT

12 DATA 120,169,127,141,313,220,169,001

13 DATA 141,026,208,169,010,042,042,042

14 DATA 105,050,141,095,159,141,016,208

15 DATA 169,027,141,017,208,169,137,141

16 DATA 020,003,169,159,141,021,003,088

17 DATA 096,173,018,208,205,095,159,208

18 DATA 021,169,000,141,013,208,169,007

19 DATA 141,033,208,169,001,141,025,208

20 DATA 104,168,104,170,104,064,173,095

21 DATA 159,141,018,208,169,002,141,033

22 DATA 208,169,001,141,025,208,076,049

23 DATA 23 4

Richard Rappach
Youngstown, OH

COL to tlie colors — 'Ihe following program makes it
easy to set your Cfrl's border, scieen and cursor colors.
Vou can always set them by Poking locations .53280, 53281
and 640, but, when you hit ihe rim/siop along with die
restore key, your hues become blues, atKi you have to
Poke again.

As printed, the program includes a checksum routine to
verify die correctness of your Data statements. Run it, and if
you get a Data EiTor message, check your typing. Wlieii
your Data statements are coifcct, you'll be asked to delete
lines 2-4. Do that, iheti save the resulting program.

When you run the tlataverilled program, it will ask for
the colors you prefer; unless you like the defaults I've
provided, you should res[M)nd wiih ihe Poke values of
yom' favtnite colois (see .-Vjipendix C; of the user's guide).
.■\fter that, anv time vou wish to set the colors, simply
type COL and press the return key. 'i'he run/stop and
restore keys will still give you the blues, but a COL will
brighten your screen and vour day. Unforttmately, COL
doesn't work from inside a progratn. You can insert your
own tlefault values by [)luggiiig them into the initial
statements of lines 30-70.

1 REM COL TO THE COLORS - ERIC BREAULT

2 FORJ=1T092 :READK:CS=CS+K:NEXT

3 IFCSO1051 2THENPRIHT"DATA ERROR" :END

4 PRINT"DELETE LINES 2-4":END

10 FORJ=49152TO492 30:READK:POKEJ,K:NEXT

Con I hi wd on p. 92.

His name is Chris Schmidt. His callsign is KAIMPL.
He's a new ham-radio operator.

He uses a micro at work every day.

He learned Morse Code and radio theory in
a mondi and took an FCC test.

For him, there's now more than hardware
and software for fun. Like knowing what
hams on bulletin boards really mean. Like
meeting on the air another one of his
400,000 fellow ops. Like being prepared to
help in an emergency.

Would you like to get started? We'll send you
the name of a ham in your area who'll help.

American Radio Reiay League

22.") Main St., liox CS, Newiiigiuii, Ci 0(H 1 1 (21W) WiG- 1 fil 1

I'tvientcdasapiiWicsfiTicebvRrN! ;in[l(!W(',iinimumf;iii(nii1'cin"ti(jioiij;h.

CirclG 432 on ReEsder Service card.

For the last two years, many software vendors have tried to make a disk
utility more revolutionary than DI-SECTOR V2.0.

Now someone finally has!

DI-SECTOR V3.0

Unprotected disk copier archives disks in 48 seconds with verify!
Protected disk backup archives the latest disks in only 1 minutel
All copiers work with one or two 1541 disk drives.

Ultra fast file copier will copy between 1541, MSD, SFD 1001, hard disk drives, etc.
Full featured sector editor allows modification of sectors in ASCII, HEX & Assembler,
Powerful machine language monitor allows debugging of drive & computer code!
Block identifier utility allows the viewing of half-tracking, density switching, etc.
DI-SECTOR diskette NOT PROTECTED for unlimited archival backups!!

* All these features, and more for only S 39.95!

WTten upOaltn^ tiy mail
(UPMTtS NOT ACCEPTtD WTTHOUT
THE RETURN Of MWTEH KSK)

* 15.00 * 4.03 sf)\

* SS.OD + 5 OO COO onlsns

* Sniwing Oisu cuimK U5A K.W

* CaM iKKieinssiMGK alsitax

* VISA or MastBTcan] i

WRITE OR PHONE

SJik^POmi SOFTWARE

122 S. Broadway

Yreka, CA95097

(916)942-6183

Wfwn orQBnng by msA

* {39 95 + 4 DO s/n

* U9.9S + a DO COD Omtfi

* SMpctng cosa outsKle USA KOO

* CM (endgnls sa 6% ma Ux

* V(SA a Uistaaiil acotolMl

RUN SPM.I.M.ISSUK IllSit/'irJ

CIrcIo 426 on Ruador Survico card

NEWFORC-64andC-128
THE KEEPER

Ravolullonaiy new technologf ana Dies virtual storage a\ 8192 bytes of nigh ipeed RAM
With wrilR prolact and inloul switches, ths KEEPER adds new dlmensiDns Id your
cpm puling capa&ilily. Designed for the Commodore C44 and C-12B

ONLY

>39

95

* Mah« Au1Q-St«rt Cartrldiges of Your Own Programs

* BuiihmS:>ltw3Te Mites Usfr EASY

* Copy BASIC or Machine Language Programs

* lrt9liin!ProgrAm Recall

* May BgU^&dOvar ana Over

* Guaranleed fot 1 Vcar

MASTER LOCK

Horn, nl lasl, lu a piogr«m Ihal wtll prolect youf soltwa'^ programs Irom unsuthonftfU
cJh^plicBllnQ. 1 10 1 million copies c&n ts prolectsd. fasi and easy

■ Specially designed for thci C-^A and 1541 Dish PfIvd.

■ Compleleiy encryptis and prelects your programs.

» Fully compatltJie wttli almost &i\ machine janguage and basic programs — can cvnn
support chained programs,

t Contains a special leaturs which protecis youf program from being broken.'

• Incorporares all Ihe latest techniques in program encrypJion and protection

• Each system haa been specialty prepared and Is unique Irom all olher syslems - onJy
you are ablu lo make y^o^k^ng duplicates ot your own proiected {jioflrarns.

• Simple and aa^y to use — entlrflly menu dnvn with prompi^.

• Will slop vtftually all ftOllViiare copiofs Uam dupitcal'ng your programs

• F,a5t and reliable protection routine does not take away any useable space from your
disk — ail 664 brocks are available lor use.

• Easy lo roitow i\ep by step mstrucltons are mcludedon tbe disk,

• A must for all programmers who do not want their programs to be in public domain'

Eveniheni&biers" can't copy them Mol even "Disk Maker. 'Mister Nrbbles. 'Copyti, 'Ultra
Byte or 'Fast Mackem The lime topTolect you disk is only &{(ivek seconds and each Masler
Lock maheft a diifereni proteot^on scheme Only

'Digk Makor'''^, Basix

■Mister N(bl3ies''^W. Full CJfCin

"Copy ll'I^M cenirai Point Software

■ijllra ByteTW ijura Byte

'Fasi Hackem^l^. Basement Boys Software

^29

95

TOOL BOX

This disk has over iOOroulinee, someoJ Itiem are routines for protection, smooth acrolling,
rnodem rouMnes. and sound and color roullnes. bootmaker, paddle and ^DysticK; read ler-
minsi, aulo dial, auto answer. They can easily be incorporated into all of your programs. Ft 1^
also luily documented, WItfi this dliak alone you could build your own program, Thisdis]<; has
a lot ol tricks thai am used 4n commercial software,

95

•19

SWIFTERM AND MODEM

This is the best package anywhere!

SWIFTERMi

IS absolutely the easiest terminal program available anywheie

• Auto dial (Attn auto rodialii

• ?9K storage bulfer

• Save lo disk

• Standard ASCII up^down roading

• 300^1200 Baud

< Works With the 1660, and Westridge Modem

• New printer and mjdwestefn pfolOCal

• Printer dump

• DOS commands aocass from menu

• Phone book
This is an excellent easy to use pfogfam for a very reasonable price.

THHMODEMt

Auto dial, auto answer. 3Q0 Baud modem that is iQO'/a compatible with Commadors 1650

modem, so all our software will run with it. C/> ^Qfl

ALL THIS FOn ONLY OO

So why buy tust anof^sf Wrmtnai progfom wfr^n you can get a moae/n. too!'^'

300/1200 BAUD

Modem for the C-64

Willi Swirttrm

'1 69

00

GRAPHIC LABEL MAKER

Give your labels Ihe professional touch With Hi H07 Graphics mnks your own de^i^n or ustf
bneour 60pfemade labels wilh easy to use on 3C(<?on editor, Voucan insorl up lo three lines
of lent then choose the picture you wan! to put on ths lelt hand side of the lubei Then you
can prini out as many labels as you want. This has gol to be the naatost label program out
there and iTs only <£^ j| Qg

$24^

am

[fed -:.':;:.;■•

i<>_^ f It," I

c^ ;"i'Li-:^' [ *- 1 ■■'•""

'Wortr ttforJks wtih Ptmt Sttop

'AfsonvailablB - tfi& k rsf^a Gf&pfttc fidck^go tor tft^ M dnd
youfpftnt shop Tf\ef9'$60Ht iRev f>tcrijf$$

'24

95

1541 M.A.S.H.

Now you oan service your own 1541 disk drive using 154t M.A.S H Save big bucks On repair
DiOs Rate th&perlormanceolyourdrive, Test and adjust RPM's. TeM andadjus] head align
ment. Step by step instructions that anyone can follow. Pays lor itsoll Ihe lirst lime you usf*
il to adjust 11 misbehaving drtve. No knowledge of electronics is necessary. All you noodr- ir, .i

screwdriver and ?0 minutes,

NOW ONLY

$1995

DISK TRACKER

Now you can log alb ot your disks Into a neal filing system. Automahcaliy record disk names
and program titles. Allows you to quictdy scan whal you've got. Sorts titles; prints jacket
covers; store up lo 16OO disk directories on one disk. Search quickly through your entire disk
collection lor a misplaced program Works with one drive or two Fast, easy operation This
program iS a must for averyune! a * f\tiR.

'19*

THE XXXXXXXXXX

X-RATED GRAPHICS LIBRARY

Your Print Show May Never Be The Samel

X-Rated Graphics guaranteed to spicc up your ispecial letterheads, greeting cards, signs and
banners! Everything from mild to look Out Nelly! 60 Erotic additions to heat up your pr>f>T
shop graphics library, plus 6 ribald Screen Magic addilionsi C/^ M QR

Prml Shop is a trademark of Broderbund

$24^

GRAPHICS & GAME DISK

X-Rated adv0r>iure like you have never seen before. Complete with graphic simuiationii

Pius: X-Rated Cartoons S2495

HAVE WE GOT A MESSAGE . . . FOR YOU!

Mesiagt...i&a unique graphics integral Ion package which afiows you to continuously display hirusoiuhonnnd multicolor tiles Uptol2lilos' may be stored In memory and displayed (rom 1 lofiS
seconds oacfi

Massage , , . can use Print S^op'ScreenMaglc'tlieaHFEexidraw files, Doodle!. Koala Painter, and morel MMMge . . . ei/en comes wit ha 'Screen Maker' program locreate your own meesAge files'
Use Mvasaga ... tor advertising displays, tillee for home videos, art shows, etc. . . . Masiagv . , .even plays background music 10 accompany displays and yOu can create your own music files with
Use 'Music fvTakef program,

Alio Included are 'Graphic Aids' utilfties for conversion of different fife types. Including conversion of Koala Pointer files lo Doodle! or Print Sr>op!

'Acii^a! number 0/ fries depentieni on ttie cQmple^tty

The price for aEI this? Just 1 51 including shipping and hand!

ing

46 / RUN si'Ll:l\L hSLt im

CI(Clo 426 on RoadBr SorvlcB card.

MAGNUM LOAD

MAGNUM LOAD is a new replacement KERNAL (operating syslem) ROM chip (or your Com-
modor 65 or ^23 codiputer that wili ipad and verify programs up to 6 I'mes fasler Ihan t^Qfore.
The tape routrnes have been rennovBd from tha oid chip and in their piace have tieen put a
higti-speed loadern high-speed verify, and disi^ driver np-deadTattie rouilne. Unlike tha cider
cartridge iael ioaders, no ports are tied up al the roar cl Ihe cornputer, the screen is ncl
bianked during loading and Itiere is no weaiand-taar on Ihe oioansion port. For maiimum
convenience and performance, tha chip is installed direclly in tha circuit beard. Generariy a
sockel has already been provided lo maxe Ihe operalion easy, but cccasionaliy some solder-
ing may be required. Now you t:an give yflur 1541 disi< drive ^'1571 speed,"

Ralher than give you more exageratsd clairris about how many limes faster our ROM cfiip is
compared to the aiowsr cartridge versions, a comparison chart is supplied listing
MEASURED loading limes.

PfQgrameti by Jim Drew

Program

PitsiooH

Music Shop

Hitchhiiiar'a Quids to th« Gaiaiy .,

OniiBid Football

EASY FiNANCBI

Stir-

DOB

7
7
7
7
7

Rag.

Load
1J4 sec.
105 sec.

70 sec,
149 sec,

58 see.

Mach
s

43 sec,
10S sec,*
70 sec*
Maoc
13 aac.

Faat
Load

41 sec,

105*
N.Q."
63 sac.
13 sac.

HAaNUH
LOAD
3t sac.
2f iac.
W tac.

MlK.

11 »tc.

$24

95

539

95

FoJ 1541 or MSD Version
"Will not last load ^daUulEed bdck torflgulaf load

for Combo Varslort

■ 'paired 10 load at all

D-CODER

> Translates any machine Unguagfl program Into eaayto-fftady English descrlptJons with
compiaie expUnatlons of aacti command

• Makes complete nolations of all important memory locerlona accaasBdi by thv program
(SID. VIC. MOS, KERNAL ale)

■ Gives you three ways ol acceasing programs:

1. WMI raad pnd li>L progmmB Irom DISK

2. Will rasd and list prDgramB Iroin MEMORY

3. DIrvct us4r Input (from magazlnfla, ate.)

• Can be used to iccate and e?(am<ne any machine language program^a protection
routines!

• Can be used to easily preak apari machJne language programs for study and
oxamlnaiion'

- Prlr>ter opHon lor complele hard copy JIatlngsi C j Q95

You no longar n**d to b* an EQQHEAD lo rflid Machlna Languagi.

'19*

N-CODER

THE PERFECT COMPANION PROGRAM TO D-CODER!

Allows you 10 ■Bvlly maks changaa in machine language programs . . . right on tha disk!

• Rewrile aOilily allows code to be altered and then rewritlen directly to Ihe disk!

< Faalures saclOf-Dysector sc^olllr^g aaaembly ranguage display of machine language
programs!

• NotaMon ol ASCII Lext aquJvalenls for easy Spotting of embedded text strings!

• Handy reference display ol all assembly language commands and Iheu ML numerical
egtJtvaFents!

• Byte spJItter for easy spNtting of decimal 3 H| O^^

addresses inio low byia-^high byte forrrratl I w

SOFTWARE PROTECTION HANDBOOK
Third Edition! Now Avaiiabie!

If you're llrad o( being naras&ed by prdltcttd aaltwara and too many copy programs, then
this is the book for you1 This 2^4 page manual covers the gamul fromleQalilies toprolection
meinoos to stepbystep back up procedures. Now you can learn boEh how to pfoltct and
unprotact soflwarel Tne iec^iniques covered mcludecopyfngcarlrldges to tapeor dJsk, tape
protection, and diskprotaclion. Oiskprotectioncoverserror nijmbers20, 2l,?2. Z3,2?and29
plus single track formatling, header modification, header swapping, half track reading and
writing, reading and mo<Jified bit densities, (ormatling illegal tracWsectors, sync writing and
mora! TTie ITiird edition txplalns. lells how to ditecl and how to wrtia them with incloded
set I ware.

C-64 Book Only .

05^

Book & Disk of aM Pro^ram^

Tiitt mMnualdo*M notcondona ptrtcf

M9
S29"

us

us

'ShiDping: S2 DO

'TRACK TRAP' The 1541 Disk Expander!
• Supplement to the Software Protection Handbook •

The most unusual and Innovative proteclion analysis lool for Ihe Commodore yoli — Not For
Baglnntra — TTiis system expands your 1&41 driveglvlngcapabllily otherwise only possible
fof p'rortailofiil disV duplication ecjuipment. Now you can create or analyse enotlc lorms of
disk protection "D.O.S, Kinfli" Take H^ttV — Entire tracks ol data can be read and written
without regard lo 'standard^ sync and format Vou are not lonpef limited to Sector by aeetor
searches. Whole track readouts reveal hidderidala even when all or most of the ^ector^ have
been erased. Uncovers and writes data under errors, pulse coded sync or data, hrdden data
and access codes, multiple track densitfes and more! TMs supplemental manual covers the
complete implementation ol the irac)^ irap system including necessary software and
nardware documentation,.

$095.

Track Trap drsk expanded manual .

Top Secret Stuff i and Top Secret Stuff li

Pfogram&d by Jim Orpw

Are both collactlona of 20 programs per dbketlellhat works out to about ^1.00 per program Ij
that help you explore and enhance your Commodore 54 and'or 12B and 1&4t disk drive, Now
you can unloc)< many secrets formerly known only to lop machine language programmers by
using these sophisticated "tools." II you have ever been curious about the inner workings ol
your computer system, now is your chance lo dig in and find answers with the help Of these
programs These collections of programs have gotten rave reviews from actual usefs. and
WD are sure thai you, too., will be pleased,

Tha programs Include on each dl»k*Ue *r* Haled below

TOP SECRET STUFF I

Thf DMh ivfew^epiif disk contents)
Syn^ Chaoiier (diskette)
Imbeddfld Track Number Crealor

US

OI»k Manlpulsllon System

3 Minute Copy ibackup program)

Olikatle Matcher (compare sectors}

Unscralch A File (recover fllal

View BAM [block aUocation map)

1M1 Read/Write Teal

V] Track neid«r

Header Reader fdi$play <Hak header)

Sync Maker

Device Number Charts* tdlsk drivel

Electronic Arts Qaekup

Drive Mon (diS", drive md monitor)

Dlshetta File Log islarlend address)

Write Protect Sensor Test

Repair A Track Crecover data]

Fast Format (ID seconds)

' J Jra.ck Fofmalter

TOP SECRET STUFF II

HAM TmI (lost CompuIBi RAM)

Copy tA0OO.»FFFF (unctei ROMS)

Dlipliir ac.R. (All sGclor data)

Un.Willi ProtiGt (diskellej

Unn«w f>rDgrim

Wadg* UOOO

Smoolh Scroll (fnossagea up scr^n)

Koili Dump |)^o^l« pi^ ictc&t\ Jumpl

DIflk Manipulation Syilvm

Dlak Ersisr i^O second clean wipa)

Spill Scratn lTV/0 screen colors)

Dlik ProlacMnn Syattm (stops coplBS)

Wrila Prottel (dijketle)

Boot Makar [autobook BASIC programs]

Wfdga . ICOOO

Dlahmalchtr II |h4gh spo«d versloni

No Driv* Raltia (on reading errors)

3 TImaa Disk Drix Hiad SpMd

Monitor Tvit jcheck video mcniior)

19

95

'19

95

WAR GAMES AUTODIALER

1, Auto Dial Will automatically dial a set of numbers you choose
7. Review Numberi will review numbers that were answered by a
computer

3. Save Number* will save numbers where a computer answered.

4. Hirdcopy of Numbers wiiii prmt out list Ol number^ where a com-
DuJer answered

5. LOAD Numbers will load In numbers to cont4nu« where It left off.
1 Continue will pick up 6\aUnQ where It w«a Iniarrupted.

'29

95

BBS

• 300i1 200 Band

• Remote accBSS for fiysop

• 2 levels o' security for uo and tJown load

• T rooms fread and write) with 4 ^ecunly feveis

• Secret highest level

• Open chalk board

■ Auto message cycling

■ Printer option

Piuft the only BBS with alt three (3| prof^cili X mt>dem,
new printer and midwest term, so anyone ten up^down
load

Don't be fooled by cheap imitatton^. This Is the mott
comprehensive system available anywhere. Now ai a
new Tow price

Enclose Cashiers Check, Money Order or
Personal Check. Allow 14 days for delivery.
2 to 7 days for phone orders. Canada orders
musl be in U.S. Dollars. VISA ~ MASTER
CARD - C.O.D.

Programs for C*4 J2.00S& Hon all orders
So(twar< Submlaalona Intlttd

Mg4

^)1

MegaSof t limited

P.O, Box 1080, Battle Ground, Washington 98604

Phone 800-541-1541 • BBS 206-687-5205. Ariof Moun Compuier to Compulsf OrOer.ng,

RUN Sl'tCIAL ISSUt )9«6 / 47

The Sound of
C-128 Music

Now, with the C-128's Basic 7.0,

anyone can take full advantage of

the sensational SID chip. Your

C-128 can become a one-man

band in no time.

Bj MATTHEW STERN

The Commodore 128 shares the
C-64's magnificent sound and music
capabilities. However, with the C-128
you can use them more quickly, more
easily and with less chance for error.

Both the CA'yi and C-12H contain
the sound inierface device, or SID,
chip. This so]jhisiicated three- voice
synthesizer is capable of creating
three-part harmony, a wide variety of
sound effects anrl even synthesized
human speech.

UnJbnunalfly, ihe liasic 2.0 pro-
gramniitig language used in the Com-
modore 64 has no special commands
for using the SID chip. Sounds must
be program nied by Poking values
into each memory location. This
makes prograinining snimd and mu-
sic tjn the Commodore i'yl a cumber-
some task.

In the C-128, in CM 28 mode, the
SID chip uses the extended Basic 7.0,
which adds six new coimnands exclu-

sively for c<jntrolling this chip. As
you will soon see, these commands
make it far easier for you to create
sophisticated music and sotmd ef-
fects for yoiu' [jrogranis.

lo begin, we'll lake a look at how
sound and music is created by the
SID chip, and then how you can use
Basic 7.0 to turn these sounds into
the music or effects you want.

Mailing Sotnids with Waves

Sounds are created by vibrations.
For example, to make musit on a
guitar, you pluck its strings, causing
them to vibrate. Your tJomrnodore
computer produces sound with elec-
trical waves, f he pitch of the sound
is determined by the frninciiry, or
speed, th;>t the waves move, or oscil-
Intc. 'fhe faster the frequency, the
higher the pitch.

Ihe type of sound is determined
by the shape of the wave, called the

48 / RUN SPtClAL ISSUE mf>

RUN It Right

('A2^

ltlii.\lritlif»i liy Dimid Hiiiwrd

waveform. Wlien the vvavcfnnii is
cliarijfed, so, tun, is tlic lyj^c (»r sound.
The (Commodore SID chip creates
four types of waveforms: triangle,
sawtooth, pulse and noise.

The sound can also he altered hy
changing the volume patterns of each
of the waves. Each sound goes through
four volume changes. The first jjhase
carries the sound from tlic lowest to
the highest volume. This i.s called the
attack Tate. From the highest volume,
the sound decreases to a middle level.
This rate of decrease is called decay.
StLUain is the middle volume in which
the note is played, 'fhe note then
decreases from the middle volume t<)
zero at the rate of release. The four
volume controls — attack, decay, sus-
tain and release — are called the
ADSR registers.

You create and control .soiuids on
the -SID chip hy inserting .specific
values into the appropriate memory
locations, or registers. With Com-
modore 64 Basic 2.0, you have to
insert numbers into each register
with Poke commands, Basic 7.0 does
ail that extra work for you.

No More Poking Aroimd

Volume is represemecl by the SID
chip with a value from to If), with
as no volume and 1,5 as the loudest.
To control vohmie in Basic 2.0, you
have to Poke it directly into the vol-
ume control register, like thi.s:
I'OKK, .'il'JTri.L'i

Basic 7,0's VOL command Pokes
the value into the register hn" you.
The command shown below per-
forms the same function as the above
ctmimand.

vot. If)

However, with the VOL conunand

you don't have to worry about re-
membering the right memory loca-
tion, and you can find potential bugs
a lot easier,

Basic 7,0 commands also perform
tasks that couldn't be done directly
in Basic 2.0, Vur examj^le, Basic 2.0
has no easy way to set the tempi), or
speed, of your song. Basic 7.0 lets you
use the Tempo command, which is
entered like this:
TEMf O ri

(n is a value from to 25b, with 255
being the fastest tempo,)

The advantages of Basic 7.0 be-
come even more apparent when you
try to create sounds. For example, if
you wanted to play a middle (] in
Basic 2.0, you had to program the
following:
50 / RUN SPKCIAl. ISSUE 1986

5 FORL=54272TO54296:POKEL,0:

NEXT: REM CLEARS REGISTERS
If) POKE54296,15:REM SETS THE

VOLUME AT HIGHEST RATE
20 POKE54277,V6:POKES4278,24

8: REM SETS ADSR
25 POKE54273,16:POKE54272,19

5: REM SETS FREQUENCY
30 POKE54276,17:REM SETS THE

WAVEFORM
35 FORN=1TO250: NEXT: REM THIS

LOOP DETERMINES DURATION
40 POKE54276,16:REM TURN OFF
NOTE

A real pain, isn't it? But Basic 7.0
has a command that does all that
programming with a single com-
mand, called Sound. Type the follow-
ing line and press the return key.
SOUND 1,429 1,25

As you can hear, it created a sound
at the same pitch as the program
above, but with six fewer lines.

The Sound Command

Three numbers were used in the
Sound command shown above. The
first value, I, selects one of the three
voices.

The .second value, 4291, Is the fre-
tjuency. It is the same frequency as
was Poked into the Basic 2.0 pro-
gi-am, except you can express it as
one value (instead of two) from to
65535.

The third number, 25, is the du-
ration of the note, which is measured
in (iOths of a second, 'Ibis note played
for 2,5/60 1 lis of a second, which is
about the satne duration as the
For... Next loop in line 35 in the
Basic 2.0 program.

What about the values for volume,
:-\DSR atid waveform? You needn't
enter iho.se values to play the sotind.
Basic 7,0 has certain set values, called
defaults, which, if you don't specify
any others, are used automatically.
You can change these default settings
to fit your needs. The Sound com-
mand has additional parameters you
ran use m create more interesting
sound effects.

The complete Sound command is
shown below. The parameters in
boldface are required to use the com-
mand. The parameters in regular
type are optional.
SODNU V, f, dur, (lir, inin, sv, wf, pw

You are already familiar with the
first three: v is for voice; f is for fre-
quency; and dur is for duration.

The middle three parameters —
dir, mill and sv — affect the sweep,
which changes the pitch during the
.soimd, .so you can make wailing

sounds like a siren, rising sounds like
a rocket taking o(f or falling sounds
like a bomb dropping.

The dir value controls the direc-
tion of the swee]i: makes the fre-
quency increase; 1 makes ihe
frequency deciease; atul 2 oscillates
the frequency up and down. The min
parameter is the miniinum fre-
quency {from to (.)5535) used in the
sweep; sv is the step value I hat ihe
frequency changes. If you enter for
direction and 10 for step value, then
the frec|iieiKy is increasetl by 10 each
step. Ihe greatei' the steps, the lastcr
the ]jilch changes.

The last two parameters, wf and
pw, let you set ihe waveform. For wf,
you enter a number from to 3,
representing the waveform.

= irianjflc

1 = SilWIOOlh

2 = puKt-
^ = imist-

If you enter pulse as a waveform,
you need to enter the width of the
pulse wave imder pw.

As an exam[)lc ol' how the Sound
comman<i works, type in the pro-
gram and run it:

10 FORN=1TO42000STEP50

20 VOL( 15-INT{N/3500) )

30 S0UND1 ,N, 1,0, 0,0,3,0

40 NEXT

50 V0L6

60 S0UND1 ,42000,420,1 ,0,75,0

,0
70 FORP=1TO250:NEXT
80 V0L15
90 S0UND1 ,1024,60,0,0,0,3,0

The first part of the program, lines
10-40, shows how you can use vari-
ables in the Sound and \^{)L com-
mands. The loop in lines 10 and 40
increases the frequency jjlaved in
line 30.

Line 20 decreases the volume as
the frequency increases. You can
change the volume ihroughoui the
program, as was also done in lines
■>() and SO.

Line 70 makes a slight pause be-
tween sounds. Notice that when you
use any of the optional parameters,
you must enter Os for the ones you
don't use.

77ie Play Command

With Basic 7.0's Play coimnand,
you don't need to Poke values into
memory locations. You just enter the
notes you want played. If yott can
read music, you caii ]>lay a song. For
example, type the following line and
press the return key.

PLAY "C D E F C A B"

Ytm don't need to set tlie wave-
form, ADSR, volume or even the
voice, duration and octave of tlie
notes. Those arc ail defaults. Of
course, you v^ani more control over
what you want played, so tlio I'lay
coimnaiid lets you etitei' addilional
control characters.

To Tinish our C scale, for example.
you want to play the C in the next
octave up. To do this, you enter an
elcmctu — O followed hy a miiriher
from to 6, represctitinj^ llie octave.
I'LAVt: [) K V c. A IS or. C"

Basic 7.0 also has a series of ele-
ments to represent the length of the
note:

W — whole note
H— half note
Q— quarter note
I — eighth note
S — sixteentli note
. — dotted note

.'\(fain, the duration elements pre-
cede the note played. All of the notes
after the duration element are played
at the same length until another du-
ration cotic appears, [-.nler tins line:
!'LAY"04 QC D E F C. A IV W Of, C"

Rests are played by enlerinf^ aii R.
Like a note, yt)u can precede it with
any of the duration elements.

Of course, Basic 7.0 lets yoti play
.sharps and flats. Sharps aie ])layed
l)v preceding the note with a numlier
sign {#), and flat notes are preceded
with a dollar sign ($). For example,
this line plays a D scale:
l'[,AV"()-l I) F, #F (i A ti #C (),-) n"

The Play coinmand has four other
contiol eiiaracters for playing music.
All of ihese controls are repieseuted
l)y a Setter followed hy a innnber.

Voice (V) lets you select which of
the three voices you want to play. For
harmony, you can use three voices in
a single Play command. Knvelo])e (V)
lets you select front ten preset instru-
ment sounds, numbered from to 9.
You can play one ])an of your song
with a flute by preceding the notes
with '['4, and you can play another
part with a trumpet by using T8. Vol-
ume (U) lets you change the volume
during a song. Like the VOL com-
mand, it uses a value from to \r>.
Filter (X) lets you turn the sound
chip's filter on (with a I) or off (with
a 0) to change sound quality. You can
further define the filler settings with
the Filter command (which I'll dis
cuss Utter).

The complete Play command looks
like Ibis:

PLAY"Vn OnTn Uti Xii imu-r

The notes include rests, sharps and
flats, and note-duration characters.
Since all of these elements are en-
closed in quotes, you can use them
as a character string. This allows you
to use variables and suing fimclions
widi the I'lay cotmuaiui.

As an examjjle of what you can do,
run the following program;

1 REM ODE TO JOY-BEETHOVEN

5 TEMP01

10 PLAY"V1 T7 U15 05 HE QF Q

G QG QF QE QD QC QC QD QE

QE QD HD"
20 PLAY "HE QF QG QG QF QE QD

QC QC QD QE QD QC HC M"
30 PLAY"U5 T4 QD QD QE QC QD

IE IF QE QC QD IE IF QE Q

D QC QD HG M"

40 PLAY"U15 T7 HE QF QG QG Q
F QE QD QC QC QD QE ,HD Q
C WC"

Envelope and Filter

The other two sound-control com-
mands in liasie 7.0 let yo\i further
define y<tur sound's tone and ([ualily.

The Fnvelope couunand roultols
the shape and the ADSR of the wave-
form, so you can create a variety of
sounds. You can select one of ten
preset souiuls. which can be further
defined by changing the .VDSR, wave-
form and ])ulse width.

The Knvelope cotnmand is entere<l
as follows, with the required param-
eters in boldface, die optional ones
in regular type;
1-:NV|-,1.<J1'1', e,;i,t!.s,r,wr,j)

iwMfWH'f'k'il'f

,,,Vi' i/J/l| >ll|f''

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E is one of the ten preset sounds
used in tlie I'lay commands: a, d, s
and r p;n;nneters are the attack, de-
cay, sustain and release rates. Each is
represented witli a value from to
[Ty, witli as the lowest level or rale
and 15 as ihe liij^licst. For wf, you
entcra nutiitier repre.sentiny the lyjie
of vvavefonii: for trianjrlc, 1 for
sawtofidi, 2 for [>ulse, 3 for vvaverorm.

If you enter 4, you are usinjr ring
modulation, a special form of har-
monics thai uses die pitch in otic
voice to modii'y the tone in another.
If you use the ])ulse waveform, you
need to enter die pulse width imder
p as a value from to 4095.

The Filter cotumand let.s you re-
fine your sounds with the SID chip's
filter. Ytni can i'llier through some
frequencies while deadening others.

By cuttinji; off the high freijiiencies
with the low-pass niter, you create a
muffied sound. Ihe band-pass, or
mid-range, filter allows only a narrow
band of frequencies to pass di rough,
creating a nasal sound. The high-pass
filter pel in its only high fret] tie ucies
to pass through, creating a tinny
sound.

You can also adjust the resonance,
which determines how much the fil-
ters affect the sound. The higher the
resonance, the sharper die sound.

The Filler command is entered in
this way:
FILTER cr.)iJ,bp.li|).rs

CF is the cutoff frequency, repre-
sented by a value from to '2047. The
Ip, bp and h[) parameters are the low-
pass, high-pass and band-pass fillers,
respectively. To turn them on you
enter a I in I hose posit ion.s; to itirn
them t)ii"yoii enter a (*. You can turn
on more than »me filter. RS is tlie
re-sonance, winch is entered as a
value from to 15. with 15 as rhe
greatest resonance. When you ii.se
this command, enter values for all
five paranteiers.

For More Information

This article is meant to he a brief
introduction to (be SID chip and the
C-128's liasic 7.0 commands used to
operate it. If you want more infor-
mation, read the Commodore 128 Per-
sonal Comjmtrr Sy.<item Guide (included
with yfiin' computer), Cmnnwiiorp 128
Progrmnvwr's Rijrrmce Guide and ('urn-
pleie Course in Basic (both available
this fall). E

Addresx all author correspondence to
Matthew Stern. 6-134 Amiga Ave., Reseda,
CA, 91335-6001.

52 / RUN Si-ECIAI. iSSLf. i'JSrt

Clrclfi 431 on Reader Service card.

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Get On-line!
Discover the World of
Telecommunications

B\ PEGGY HERRINGTON

II used to ])(' lliai inilitif ftuluisi-
asts wtMO pioCfSsioiials in (lit* com-
puter industry, Inil, now, liiindreds
ol' thousands of users have discov-
ered tlic (it'iiglits of telecom tnun icai-
itig. On L'veninf^s ;md weekends,
Uicy'rc just peo]>le having inn, chat-
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pi'ogianis — [H'0|)ie jnst like you.

Being oii-liiu' nicaus thai you're
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produced hy an iiuoniiiig call will ^^^^^^^^^^^
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telephone company for the numher to dial to temporarily
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leriniual |)iograms cltsable your coiupuiei's a!)ihty to
com [Mite. Wtnking with one is much lii<.e using a woicl
processtn — the piimary difference being that what you
type is sent to the modem instead of a priiUei".

A modem is a jjeripheial device that cotmects yom"
tcle])hoiu- and com]iuier — atiri, therefore, you — to the
outside world. It plugs into the RS-232 user port and is
so named hecatise it MODulaies the computer's digital
hit streams (zeros and ernes) into the analog signals tlial
phone lines cany, and DUModulates them back again.

Once on-line, you can participate in several atlivittcs,
most of which fall into one of the following categories.
Gathering facts and information

F.xletisive on-line databases contain current as well as
5-i /RUN si'HJAl issrt, ia«i

With a Commodore

computer and modem, you

am bring the exciting

world of telecommuni-

cadotis to your fingertips.

Ill is article introduces you

to tlutf xoorld, familiarizes

you with its terminology,

revieios Com m adore 's

modems and provides a list

of the major commercial

networks available.

reference maleiial. You can down-
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Upon being received by your com-
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ing to ho!>bv and ])r ofessioual to[)ics
is often enhanced by messages from
other nsers, to whom you can leave

^^^^^^^^^^ comments or (juesiions. Through
The Electronic University, lor ex-
ample, yon can even earn a college

degree without leaving home.

Downloading computer programs

One of the best reasons to get involved in telecommuni-
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can download and call your own, usually at no charge be-
yonti network connecttime fees. Tlie entire C'onimodore
Public Domain Series, which is available in retail outlets, for
instance, is now available on both CompuServe and
Quantnml.ink. Even that collection, however, is dwarfet! hy
the many qtiality [>rograms contributed hy users tluough
electronic bulletin hoards, networks and iLser's groups dur-
ing the ]jast two or three years.

Public domain programs are nevei' copy-protected. You
can study their struciure and progiannning techniques
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wired straigfit through (3 ft.) $19.95

KN-250-1-10 Standard RS-232 Interface cable

{25 pin D-sub to 25 pin D-sub

Male to Male straight (10 ft.) $29.95

* Call for complete list of cables for all computers

* All cables can be custom made to your specifications

* Each cable is HANDMADE and INDIVIDUALLY TESTED

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DISK WARE

Single Sided/Double Density
W/Tyvec Sleeves, Write Protects
Blank Labels, and the KNIGHT Warranty
$8.99 per ten pack

Double Sided/Double Density
W/Tyvec Sleeves, Write Protects,
Blank Labels, and the KNIGHT
Warranty $9.99 per ten pack

KNIGHT WARRANTY

^^^^ (lafHimrl ^^^^^^
KNIWir .SOrrWAHf. \n>. kIII ri-plafr .my

i1c((?(tivr KNKHIT ]»«Miii(l tin nny rcr^dri,
Inl I.IKi:. TliJl't KiKlllI KKt IJlt.nriirill mn
Miiir iluriiii. tlir lllr i>( tuijr K^JICIIT tiini

,ir ,Siir- l.p jrn .nikl^-rtl, KMf'III SOKi.
WAMr. I.I!). Hill Trptjii; llir (»r,ulu^l litr.
1<|«1 M-ii.! ii« l^r IrMUImiiij |ikcr4 ..I !li,'
^ii.rilikil.llk' WMiMiWfuti, jnd ihr kdjrt vltp
ti,(m pU.f ,.l puKhjte artd ^riHlucI will br
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KNKiHt m.l,VUlY A.NDOEPFMMB11ITV
(OR Utt

Si

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Central Village, CT
(203) 564-4982 (in CT)
(800) 531-5334

RUN si'tciu issut VM 1 55

Have fun!

"Talk" — in real time, by lypiiij; on your conipuu-r —
witli pcofjle from all river (he Western world. The hulk
oiihcm are from North America, hut I've chatted on-iine
with users iu K.nglaud. Frauce aud the Netherlands. On-
line couvt.-rsat ion comes, ill I wo modes: (uihlicand private.
In the former, whatever yoii type appears on the screen
of whoever happens to he in tfie .same area (sotnetime.s
called channel, or room), while, in the latter, what yoii
ty])e appears only to whom you have directed it.

Messages (text saved by the host .system) work the same
way — public or private — and can be made available to
evervonc who'.s interested, forwardet! to someone in a
dilteient area oi saved ioi- ;i sjH-cillc person muil he or
she lo)^s oiUo the system at another lime, A eotumaiid of
Ktiglisli and ty])injr skills are valuable assets, because tele-
eonuiumicatingoffers advantages to the quick and iiterate
(physical barriers, such as age and appearance, are broken
down).

I'orums. cliiiis aud s[>ecial-iiUerest gioiips (SIGs) help
users lintl others who share their interests. They also make
the possil)ilities for a network like (;oin]iuSen'e, with its
2.'>0,0()() stthscribers aufl dozens olSlC.s (each with its own
cotifertrnre, or talk area) almost inexhaustible.

For all kinds of computer.s, siaiulaixl telecommunica-
tions fare has long included SIGs, complete with programs
to download, SYSOPs (system operators) to help yoo with
eomjmter-related problems and even on-line program-
ming lessons.

As the user ba.se has broadened, so, too, have SIG
offerings. Many .SIGs now offer a variety of hobby and
professional areas, such as medieitu', religion, music and
liieiaiure. Also, there's the famous GB simulator, where
fantasy fs the order of the moment — an area on Compu-
.Scrve so popular it inspiretl the talk-oriented network,
l'eo|}IcI.iiik and others.

I'layiiig online games with jieople across the country
as easily as across town is fun. lint don'i be fooled: The
colorful giaphies on your screen aren't coming from the
host system; they are actually loaded from disks sent to
you when you join a ,ser\ice like I'layXet or QuantumLink.

\'iev\'troii, the ilrst luitiona! netw(u-k to offer on-line
gra]jhics to Gommodorc teleconi])Uters, uses NAPl.PS
ti'clmolog)' (North .■\merican Presenlation Ix-vel Protcicol
Syni;ix) to send gra])hies over telephone lines, a method
similar to A.SGIl (the /Vnu'rican Standard Code for In-
formation Interchange), which standardized numerical
values for letters, numbers and punctuation.

Purchase merchandise and services

You can buy almost anything on-line, including s()ft'
ware, comptiters and peripheral devices, televisions, ap-
pliances, radios, stercMis, telephones, eloibing, musical
instiiuiieius, recoid albums ami sheet nuisic, books, mag-
azines, iurniture and more. You can get astrological or
weather forecasts, .study commercial airline schedules or
file x'our own llight jilan. Von can even pay your bills
with online bankinjr.

With all this — and muclt, much more — as readily avail-
able to people in the boondocks as tlio.se living in major
nietmpolitan areas, it's no wonder many analysts see
telecoininunications as a soluiioti to the declining interest
in personal computing.

Instead of encouraging intuiel vision and inhibiting
human interaction (as .some have accused the computer
of <loiuj;), the cotnpiuer, through the mancls of tc'lecom-
."it) / RUN SPKCLM. IS.SL7. \m

munjcaiions, has become a gateway to the outside world.
It can broaden intellectual horizons while providing the
means lor relationships between people who otherwise
may have never met.

.Some analysts see the telecoimnunications-equipped
computer work station as the emergence t>f the long-
heralded home information and control center. This elec-
ironit resource is predictef! to (ooriiitiate a family's shop-
ping, enteitaitniietu, comnuttiications and financial
management within the comiTiunity iti which they live.

Telecom ntun ications Hosts

Iti general, there are three outlets fuv telecommuni-
caiiims. fhe first involves connecting your Gti-! <u" G-TiH
to a commert ial network. .Many of these same j)rinciples
are imjjlcmenied when you log-on to a mainfiame com-
puter operated by a business or university.

file second outlet, which is much less complex in ail
respects, is connecting your computer to a friend's. With
lelephones and the proper e{jni])iiieni on each end, your
computer can tlial the phone number and let the two of
you talk via the keyboard or exchange programs or text
files. 'I'll is is easiest tt) accomplish if yon both use the
same terniinal program.

The thiifl (unlet is bulletin board systems (BBSs). There
are thousands of privately operated BBSs across the coun-
try thai you can access for the [)iice of a l()ng-<listance
[)hone call — or for nothing, if tbev're located in your local
calling area. (I'ser's groups and computer stores nstially
have Bli.S phone numbers.) These systems are hosted by
person;il computers of all kinds and have message and
program libraries you can access.

Since ciunputers communicate with /VSGII for text, you
can participate in message areas on all l)iands of host
sysiems, tuit only Gommodore, with just about any ter-
minal program. However, to u|)load (seiul) or download
(receive) ])rograms and ensure ai cina<y of transmission,
your terminal program nuist offer the same method of
err<u'-checking employed by the host computer. Com-
modore computers use a slight variant of /VSCII (in which
the values ftu- upper- and lowercase letters are switched),
'fliis is atctunmodatcd by an error-checking method de-
veloped by Steve Punter.

When accessing a BBS hosted by a Commodiu-e com-
])ttter, the [jiotocol most often in use will be Punter;
nearly all other host systems use a set of rules or protocols
know as XuKidem.

Com mo do re 's Modems

Commodore Business Machines has produced four
asynchronous, direct-connect modems, allbough only the
two most leceiit models arc now being manufactured.

1600 VlCModem

Conunodore's First modem, the IfJOO VlG.Modem, was
introduced back in 1982 but is nonetheless entirely com-
jjatiblc' with the GT)4 and tM2K. fhe software provided
on tape with the KiOO VKlModem is a "dumb" terminal
for till' VK!-2(), meaning you can't njiload or download
files with it.

I'lie IfiOO itself is not capalile ol' dialing a phone (you
must do that yourself), nor will it answer an incoming
call. It can only be used with a modular tele[jhonc that
allows the dialing mechanism to remain within the system
once you've dialed the number, removed the headset and
maunallv plnj^gecl the t>hone cord into it. In other words,

Cdrcto 4^1 on Roador SorvJcocard.

Circio 444 on Ronder Servlcfl card

michQelsoft»

ACQ! TAGE INDUSTRY OF HOMf SPI/W SOFnVAHE

MikeKonshak

Introduces . . .

dfile 128

TM

designed specifically (or
COMMODORE C-128 COMPUTER

Good reputations are well-earned.
Time after time, their credibility must
be upheld, Mike Konshak has done
just thai by creating dFlle 128 on the
heels of his popular Datafile program,
published in Run Magazine.

This is a program designed
especially for the C128 taking
advantage of the new BASIC 7.0
commands and additional memory.

Here are some of dFrie 128's
capabilities . . .
A FULL FEATURED DATABASE FOR:

□ GENEALOGY STUDIES
D INVENTORIES
n MAILING LISTS
a FINANCIAL REPORTS
D SCIENTIFIC DATA ACQUISITION.
CALCULATIONS

GENERAL RECORD KEEPING FOR
HOME-OFFICE-EDUCATION.

• FAST MEMORY MANAGEMENT

• SINGLE OR MULTI-DISK DRIVES

• 80 COL RGB/40 COL MONITORS

• UNLIMITED FIELDS TO 255 CHRS

• MULTI-FIELD SEARCHES/SORTS

• 16 COL. HEP0RTS/4-UP LABLES

• UTILITY PGMS AVAILABLE

1995

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dfile 64 M

is a version for the C64 available
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ABBY'S SUPER SALE!

COMMODORE 128
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SOFTWARE ONLV ~ Prapald onlwi ow tW racain (na ihlpplng vl* UPS in conlliwiul U.S. Plaau add
«Z Drdan undtr HO. H«rdw«* «id ill ordin nqulrtng mhipmant via U.S. Pent Ofltca an *ub>*ct to addlttonal
tralghl chMvaa. Add *£ for COD onlan. VISA/MntwCard ordara undar >1S add 11 aanka charoa. Ohk> ratklonis
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Circio 434 on fieader Service card.

IS IT POSSIBLE TO MAKE THE BEST ANY BETTER?!

The IVIW-350 is getting better
with age because of these new
additions:

a Standard 4K Buffer

a Special Software Modes

a Supports more printers

• •••••••

• Opiion.-il Transparent Mode

• External switch selectable Commodore
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Universal Input/Output
Board for C-64& C-128

• 16 Channel B-bit A/D converter with 100
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• 1 0/A outpul

• 16 high wollage/high current
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• 1 EPROM socket

a Use multiple boards lor additional
channels up to 6 boards
MW.*I1 S225.00

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f'Clllfi

RUN si'Kc:i.M issLE \m 1 57

il is ()[HTaf)lc primarily with ,in oldfashiont'd niodnlin
desk plioiic.

However, oil ilic 1 ()()(), ;ill corninunicadons parameters
are adjustable ihrougli soitware control, including a traiis-
niission or baud rate arii]j to :i(J() lips (bits per second). With
a])|)ropriate!y upj^radcd lettiiiiial software (widely available
boili coiiitnercially arid li-oiii tlie [niblic domain), die UiOO
will operate on all ty])e.s ol liost systems and provide accu-
rale program transfer iti botli rlin'( lions.

1650 AutoModem

Commodore's second ollerint^, the 1650 AntoModeni,
includes all the hardware features of the 1600 VICModoin,
|)lus a switch tliat lets yon select full- or half-duplex and
the afjility to aiiiomatically dial and answer a iele[jh(nie
(the latter is a tiecessity lor using it on a liBS),

It is designed lo work with any type oi modular tele-
phone {including a Tritnliiie). The incomitig phone line
is plugged into the modem, and a phone wire, included
will) ihe unit, connects the IfifiO to the ba.se of tlie phone,
where ihe iiicumirig line woukl normally he. A data/
lelejihotie switch allows the plifjne to remain within the
system, regardless of whether or itut the !(i,")0 is in use.

Like the KiOO, the Ki.'tO is limited to a maximutTt of
300 Ijjuid, and fioih have a small red light that, when lit,
indicates the presence of the carrier signal from the host
system; it will go out if call-waiting service or some other
interruption "dumps" you.

A Basic terminal progr;nn for the C-64, called Term
(') 1, is [novided vvldi the 1 b.^)0, again on tape, iiy nioelifying
Term (ii's program listing, you may store up to ten phone
numbers, which can then be dialed autotnatically. Ihe
screeti colors are chatigeable, there is no resident buffer

circle 446 on Reader Service card.

^IIIIIIIIDIGITnL \7IMOnillllMI^

I

COMPUTEREYES

VIDEO IMAGES ON YOUR COMPUTER!

QtflfihKi atifiisyi COMPUTEftEYES " i\ jrs tnrvMMiw ucW'«;in devicf ftvH tor^
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[^ ^cqusi'ed in liess man nx setondi iintqut rnuiti-v^n modfs afso pffsvrtJe

rpaJisiec giey-ica^e images. Huncteds of apphcflnonv?

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in whit h in ca)jture itic(»mirig data and you cannot send
or receive ])rogi'am or text illes.

1660 Modem/300

I'he 1(500 VICModem was replaced by the more
sr>pltis!icated lb.">0 AutoModem, which was, in turn,
superseded by a thiiti Ciommodore motiem— the llJtiO
Modem/;U)0, Like its predecessor, the HJfiO tjperates at
300 baud anil has autiHiialic answer and dial capabilities,
but can be used vvitli rouchTone or rotary ]ihones atui
features a built-in speaker that lets you hear the call being
dialed or, more imfjortantly, a recording or busy signal.
It doesn't have a red indicator liglil.

,\ccompanying the lf)(iO is a disk coiitaiitittgHiggy'l'erm
(i4. litis mat bine language lerminal program can be used
with othei C^oimiKKiore modems and offers Hi program-
mable ftmciioii keys, memory for ten telephone immhers,
an on-screen clock, changeable display colors and a -lOK
capture buffer, the conients of which can be [printed or
saved to disk.

Ihere are ito upload/download error-checking [iroto-
cols incorporaiet-l in lliggy'ferm. .-Mtbough it is po.ssihle
(o capture a [>rogram llle in se(|uential form with the
Imffer, the file iiuist then be later translated liack ivtth a
separate utilit) progiani, which is not provided, fhis
method is error-protie and recommended only as an
exercise in fnisl ration.

1670 Modem/ 1200

Canmiiodore's most recent addition, the 1()70 Modetit/
\2(H). although noi available for review ai press lime,
promises to incorporate all ieatures of the new MiliO
Modeut/300 and to handle data at the rate of 1200 bps —
strikingly faster than any previous Commodore modem.
This will substantially reduce the time required to down-
load [>r<)grains and information, .■\hhough most com-
mercial nelwoiks increa.se connect-time charges for 1200
!>ps access, this increase will be offset by a savings on
long-distance charges, sine*- the transfer rales are so fast.
One situalion, however, won't be enhanced at 1200 bps
and diat's real-time conveisation. For this, the 1(570 can
be sw^itched fin command to 300 bps.

Enhanced Terminal Software

file modem controls functions such as maximurn tiaiis-
mission st>eed and aulomatic telephone answering/dial-
ing, liy and large, however, the terminal program
determines what you can and cannot do on-line. All
Commodore modems work with software from inde-
pendent third-party developcr.s, and, in the case of the
earlier three ttiodems, you'll need to obtain this additional
sofuvare to transier ])iogiams online.

Remember to match the error-checking protocol in your
pjograin wilb lliat wsvd by the host system you ])lan to access
(I'tinter for Conmiodoie BBSs, Xmodem for others; for
CompuServe, Xmodem with their "B" protocols).

VVlien you're ready to upgrade your terminal software,
here are some other important featmes tfi consider:

C.oMJmlihUit'^. Software won't give a modem laleius it
<ioesn't possess. I'oi instance, the HiOO \'K;Modem won't
dial a phone, although [jiograms with aulu-tlial/auto-ati-
swer will work with it. Overall, software compatibility
with Commodore modents isn't a problem, (It could be
with r)ther brattfls.)

Adjustable rommiiniailioii Ijarameters. Duplex, [jarity, hand
rale, word length aitd stop bits are software controllable
(Ml Ctminiodon- mod<-ms. Make sure the terminal [jto-

58 1 RUN m.a.M Lssii, vm

circle 4at on Readar Sofvico cafd

Learn to

PLAY GUITAR

IN ONE MONTH

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This fun program for your C~6A or
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CifClfl JBO on Reader Service card

TM

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The most highly acclaimed

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for the Commodore 64 & 128'

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An excsptional progfam that

outshines all others.

HUW Magazine, Nov. rS84

HOT ACCOUNTS'" leaches you bookdeeplng as
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no prior knowledge of accounting ■ Home or
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■ Cost less Itian 1 hour wilti a C.P.A.

•HOT ACCOUNTS'" Bookkeeping System on
Disk (or the M & 128 in 64 mode.

For RUSH delivery, send check or mdnay order
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Credit card orders, call toll-lree
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ClrcFo 4^ on Reader Servica card

BACKUP
PROTECTED SOFTWARE

tAST

with COPY II 64/128

Prom tlic roam wlio brought you COPY II PLUS {,\|i|ilc), COPY 11 PC
(IBM) and COPY II MAC (Macinto.'.h) comes a rcvolucionan- new copy
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• C^opics most* protected software — automnticalh.

• Copies even protected disks in just 2 minutes (single drive).

• Copies even protected disks in just 1 minute {dual drive),

• Maximum of four disk swaps on a single dri\e.

• Includes fast loader, 12 second format.

Riqittirs a Ctnummimx M or 128 computer wiih one or two 1541 or 1571 ilrivcs.

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This fmdttiJ is p-endtdfor tk ptrpcit ofmabh\^ ww tv maki anhnitl iif{iso enh

RUN SPECIAL issii: I'm / 59

grain will addiess each of" Ur-iti, since coniincicial net-
works ciilier (Voni one aiioiliei in [licir ie(]iiiicmeins.

Capture buffer. Unless you lake sleps to save on-line data
as it conies in, you'll never sec it again. Therefore, the
presence and si/e of a capture buffer is vital — nnless the
program offers virtual memory that sends <iata directly
to disk or primer. In that case, you can ^ei hy with a
smaller buffer.

Dhkdrivrdcms. You never know what goodies yon might
run across on-line, so make sure that, from vviihin your
lermina! program, you can format disks, scratch Hies, and
so on. You could, for instance, run across a fantastic game
and download it, only to discover it won't fit on your
current disk. If you can't foruuil through the ternnna!
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goes your game.

Cfifnb Aboard

Familiarizing yourself with a local hulletiii hoard system
is ail excellent iinrodnciion to telecoiiinnmica lions. .Al-
though the various systems, their cosis and the extent oi'
their offerings differ dramatically, the underlying |)riii-
ciples are the same. Whether you want to get the facts or
[he progiams, earn a oitlt-ge degri-e or meet the love of
your life, heconie a chess masiei or master programmer,
it's all there on-line just waititig for you. [Kl

Following is a list of major commercial networks tiiat you
can access. For an in-deplfi looli at these services, refer to
RUN 'i- monthly Telecommunications series, which started in
May 1985.

Address all millinr ainrsjmndi-ncr It) Prf^' iiemngton, 1032
Forri'slir Si. jVVV, AllnKpimjuc, MM 87 1 02.

CompuServe

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In Ohio, 614-457-8650
An H&R Block Company
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Dow Jones News/ Retrieval

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InNew Jersey, 609-452-1511

From The Wall Street Journal

PC Box 300

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The Electronic University

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In California, 800-44LEARN

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PlayNet

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Quantum Link

800-392-8200
In Virginia, 703-448-8700
Quantum Computer Services, Inc.
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The Source

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In Virginia, 703-734-7500

Subsidiary of The Reader's

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Some Historic Breakthroughs
DoNT Take As Much Explaining

As CompuServe.

But then, some historic break-
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C-128 Programmer's Aid

The C'128 is a programmer's delight

Its enhanced Basic features many

more programming aids than the

C-64, so you can take command of

your programming with ease.

Bj MORTON KEVELSON

Thf C(»niiiu)(iore 12H lias one of the most powerful
and coinprelieiisive Basics of any personal computer cur-
reiUly on ihe market. Nunieraus coiTuuanfls result in
direct access to the corn|)iiler's sound and j};ra[)hics ca-
paliililies, so you needn't I'eek and Poke your way around
(lie hardware.

Basic's direct mcincny connnands were originally in-
tended as a link to ntachitie language, fhis link permits
access lo liardware-depeiitieut feature.* that are heyond
the capabilities of Basic. The advent of the C-128 and
Basic 7.0 has greatly dintinished the need for this link.

However, having an exietided Basic also puts a greater
luirdeti on yon. the programtner. t«> learn tuitnerous ad-
ditional couutunids. "the syntax for many (»f these com-
tnands reflects the inliereiU complexity of (he tasks they
are de.*igned to do. Alsio, with more commands to enter,
the greater are your chances of making errors.

Fortunately, Basic 7.0 provides additional coininands
to ease the task of progratii composition and lo assist
you in extermitiatitig the imavoidahle hugs. Several
houseeleatiiug tommands will promote neater, more
structured programs.

Sitice these comiuarids relate to all aspects of Basic
programming, it is important to take a detailed look at
how each one works. It is to vour advantage lo become
familial with tliese commands so that ilieii use becomes
a mailer oi habit.

Automatic Line Nitmbcrs

Let's begin with line lumibers. Asitle from being a
convenient |)!acc to hang a tloto orGosul) statement, line

numbers have little to do with tlie logic of your program,
[n fact, there are languages that are speeillcally designed
to eliminate line numbers entirely. Pascal is an excellent
example.

Code written in Pascal has an elegance that would only
l)e hindered by the use of line numbers. Basic 7.0 has
adopted some of Pascal's program structure,";.

Think of how many keystrokes are devc>icd to line
numbers in an average Basic program. 'I'he CI 28 allows
for 160 characters (as you shall soon see), but the typical
Basic line is less than 40 characters long. Given an average
of three digits for a line luuuber. you'll s])end nearly eight
percent of voui ke\ strokes on line uumbering, I'he (M 2H
allows ytiu to do away with all this. Basic 7.0's Auto
command will automatically generate the line numbers
for you. The full syntax is

AUTO incrfiiicm

where the increment is the muuerical difference between

line numhers.

If you eiilei AL'TO 10. followed by a carriage return,
nothing noticeable happens until the next time you enter
a Basic program line. Then Basic 7.0 will aulomatically
display the next program line, incrementet! by 10,

To stop automatic line numbering without turning it
off, hit the lelurii key on an empty line mntiber. Later,
you can restart this funcdon simply by entering a line
with a new line nuitibcr. Or, if you prefer, you can change
the incremenl by reissuing the Auto command, fo turn
off this function comjjfeiely, simply entei it without a
line number.

An unexjjected benefit of the ,Auto command is the

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RUN si'tciAi. issuK \m 1 65

Missing Link Uncovered!

Here's a C-128 command that the

(j)m:modore engineers omit led — Basic

Append, lohich lets you link together Basic

program files.

Basic 7,0 has some very useful commands for creating
and ediiiujr programs, liul it lacks a ('(unmaiid for com-
bining Basic programs once lliey liavc been saved to disk.
This article will provide you witli a Basic Append com-
matui iliat vvii! it't you add prf)gram lines to the end of
any liasic program in menmry. (Do nol confuse this com-
mand widi the built-in Basic 7,0 Disk Append command,
which combines sequential I'lles.)

[b implement this command on the C-128, you need
only a i)asic understanding of how a program is stored
in memory.

On the (M28, Basic pri>grairi storage siarts at address
VlfiH iji RAM hank 0. Basic re<[iiircs tiuU the eonlent of
this address is always a zero. The next two bytes act as a
|>rHtiter, or link, to the star! of the next line of Basic.
1 Jiesc l>ytes are actually the start of tl)e Basic line. The
fbiirih and llfih hyies contain the Basic line number. The
last byte of the line is always a zero. Tliis pattern repeats
itself until (lie end of the jifogram, Basic reminds itself
w!icr<' the program ends by storing two zeroes as the last
line link.

As part of Basic's organization, the start and end of
program text are also stored in zero-page to help the
operating system keep track of data for its own various
[)nr])oses. You can take advaiUage of this knowledge to
fool Basic in regard lo where the program is stored in
meiiiory. A little cleverness on your part tan even cause
Basic to a p [lend the next program.

The only restriction to this p-rocess is that the appended
])rogram's line numbers imist be greater than the line
numbers of the program in memory. This is easily ac-
comj)li.s!!ed, since you can use the CM 28 Renumber com-
mand to give the existing piogram low line lumibers. Just
remember always to save your Basic program modules
with high line nuitdjers.

To append a program, you tmist change the contents
of memory locations 45 and 4f). Tins is where the pointer
to the start of the Basic program is kejjt, in low-byte, high-
byte formal. To calcidate the start address, you have to
nHilti])ly the contents ol"4(i by ^.'ifi anti add the result to
the cotuenis of -l.'i. In Basic, this can be easily done by:

I'RIM' t>K[-:K(lfi)*'A'>G-t- !>i:KK('t:>)

Changing the contents of locations 45 and 46 changes
tile start-of-Basic pointer. However, before you can do
this, ytni have to know just two more i>ytes of information,
involving where the program ends.

Memoiy addresses are stoied in a iwobyie format, since
a single byte can only coiitaiti values that range from to
2")."). I'o store any of the [)ossil)le (iB.'jUd addresses that the
850 1 microprocessor can look at, two bytes are required.

Ready to Append

On the C-128, the end of the Basic program is stored
in addresses 174 anr! 17.'j. You need only transfer this

information to locations 45 and 4fi and you can proceed
with the Basic Append command.

However, the address stored it) 174 and 175 actually
points to the location immediately after the two zero
bytes at the end of the Basic jirogiam. This is twt» bytes
finthe] than you want. You will have to be careful liow
you decrement this address. Remember, the address is
stored in twcj parts.

First check to see if the content of 174 is greater than
1. If it is, simply subtract 2 and I'oke the result into
address ITi, then i'oke the cotnents of 17,^) into address
'10. If 171 comains a or a 1, then ad<i 2r)0 before
subtracting two. You will also have to decrement the
contein of 175 by I before transferring it to 46.

The following Basic program will do the job for you:

1 irrKKK(l71)>1 rtlKN }'OKE4:..1'F;KK()7))-2:1'OKE4Ii.PF.EK(175);

i:t.sK !•( )Ki-. ).'..i'f-,t-;K(i 74) ■^ 2rifi - ^it'OKi: ni.i't'.f.Kt 1 7,'») - t

•> f.M)

Note how the program uses Basic 7.0's If. . .Then. . .Else
structure.

Run the program. When the Ready prompt appears,

just load iti the module you wish to ap]3end.

To complete this process, the start-of-Basic pointer in
locations 45 and 46 has to be restored to its original slate.
A simple

I'OKE ir),l;l>aKE 4ti,28

will restore the start of Basic to the deiaull values.

The si]n[>lesi way lo implement the Append command
is Ijy ])lacing the two-line progiani at the start ol your main
piogram. Whenever you wish If) append something to your
main program, load and run your main [irogram. Then
load the module you wish to add. Next, restore the start-
oC-Basic ]M)imers. (Always remetnber (o do this before add-
ing any other modules.) Also, be sure to keej) your program
liites in pioper order, using the Renuitiber command.

The following briefly outlines the sequence of com-
mands when appending programs.

I. t.C>Al) ;)iittKl!.\ Ari'ENDER
'J. tX)Al) ■MOD t",H
:t. l'()KE4ri.l:l'OK!-:4G.28

l. m'\

->. t,()Al) "MOD L''.8
(i. l't)Ktvir>.l!l'C)Ki-:46,28

7. RtiN

8. tOAll ■■.MOD :r,H

it. l'OKE4r.,l:POKK:ifi,2H

10. RtIN

I I. LOAD •■.\tOt) r.H

til. l'OKlv»ri,l:l'()KE'i(>,2H

If you list after steps 1, 4, 7 and 10 there will appear to
be no ])rogram in memoiry. If you enter RUN 10 after steps
;5, ti, i) and 12, the combined programs will execute.

60 / RUN SI'tUAI. IS,SI:K I'M.

virtual elimination of the newscrccnliiie syndrome. This
nrnirs wlit'ii you enter a line tiuii requires the entire
widih of the screen; the cursor llieii moves autoinalicaljy
to tlie beginning of the next line.

A weary progiammer will often type the tiexi line
n timber without hitting the return key. This enters the
second line as pari of ibe Insi. Kven the listed line may
not reveal the problem, as the screen display will usually
ap[)ear as two separate lines. Having the computer do
the runnhering is a sure way to avoid this particular
problem.

Calling for a Recount

Unless you're one of those rare individuals who possess
a flawless sense of logic, combined with the patieiue to
llowcbait every detail, yon' 11 sooti iind yourself iti the
Basic programmer's bind.

As a progi'am develojjs, additiotia! lines arc often in-
serted between existing line numljers. Before you know
it, you may exliaust the possibilities. This itivariably hap-
pens in the middle of :i long [jrogiam, making tnatmal
reniunbcring a tedious chore.

,'\t this point, the notorius Ooio .statemem comes into
play. In fact, it is this local shortage of available line
nnnibers that leads to the most horrible examples of
convoluted code. If you are like most programmers, you
will also find that the line you accessed with the Goto
statement soon succuml)s to a similar bind.

Basic 7.0 provides a way onl. 'I'be Renumber command
will auKjmatically resec]uence the eiUire program, starling
with line H) and incrementing by 10. fhe full syntax oi"
this command is

RKNt;MBF.R new number, iiiCTirment, cjld mimher

where "new number" is the new starting line number,
"increment" is the same as for automatic line munbering.
and "did rmmber" is the old line number at which in
stait renumbering.

This is a fully implemented renumbering, where pro])ei'
treatment is given to line numl>ers in Goto and Gosub
statements, fhls property of renumbering leads to a
hij^hly desirable side benefit of the Renumber connnand.

just think of how nuich tiebngging time is sperU on
resolving all those (»oto and Gosuh statements that no
lotiger refer to valid program lines. How about those
memory- wasting, iim otherwise imiocuous, line refer-
ences that remain after some routines are eliminateti.
.-Vside from the space they take up, these can be a real
nuisance when you're trying to analyze a progiam.

The Remnnfier command will flag these for you in all
Gosnb and (>oio stat^Muents that no hmger call existing
line uiunbtMS. They will cause the renumbering fund ion
to ab»nt will) an

HJNRKSOl.VlJl REFERENCE t:RR()K IN (lint; mimher)

message. This is an ideal way to head off these errors in
a single pass.

Of coiu'se, all this will work wonders when it comes to
opening up space in your program for additional code.
.Also, remember that you don't need (o reimmber the
entire ])rogiain. The old-mnuber ])arameter takes care of
ibal. liie only missing featme is ihe ability to renumber
a range of line numbers within a program.

Try It Out

II" you haven't already typed in a short program, 1
suggest you do so at this time, 'filings arc going to get a

little iiTore complicated, and being able to work aUmg
will be a great help. )usi go iiUo .Auto mode and iy])e in
some Print statemems separated by some Goto state-
ments, fry out the Renumber command until you get a
feel for it. When you're ready, read on.

The Function Keys

If you've been practicing, you may have found your-
self ty]jiiig the Auto and Reimmber commands several
times. It may have ticcurred to you that a lengthy
programming session could result in many repetitions
of these commands. Well, yon c.^n let the G-I28 do the
bulk of this work f(u- yon. 1 he Key command lets you
assign any siring, up to a total of 255 characters, lo ihe
function keys.

When the C-12H is first turned tm, the function keys
aie automatically assigned eigbi useful Basic phrases.
These can be viewed by entering KEY witliout any pa-
rameters. The contents of all eight function keys will be
listed to the screen. You may want to change the key
assignments when you are phuniing a lengthy program-
ming session. For example, by entering

Kt:v i."RKNi;MBER.!()o.in.i" + (:nRS(i;i)

you can renumber yoiu' entire progi-am in increments of
ten, starting with line 100. every time you hit fl.

Fxamine the contents (»f the other function keys and
comf>ate them with your jn'ogrannning habits. You
should be able to come up with suitable substinnions
ill a .siiort time.

It may turn out that you need different function key
patterns, depending on what you are doing, 'fhe Key
command works under [irogram control as well as in
hnmediate mode. Just save several sets of Key commands
(ill disk for your various computing needs.

Trace That Code

One of the more common jirogramming problems is
the bug that causes your keyboard to lock u]>. fhis is
usually due to some unforeseen Haw in the program's

logit-- ...

Lfnlike the jjcn'asive .Syntax error, there's no way for
the c«)niputer to warn you about fiaws in your logic.
Kx|)erienced programmers have learned to iiiseii. during
program development, mnnerous Prim statements, which
display the status of key variables at regular intervals.
With the C-128, before you execute the line, the 'frace
commands let you coniimiously monitor your program's
progress by automatically dis|)layiiig the current Basic
line number in square brackets. The disadvantage is tliat
this sometimes changes (he screen format. Nevertheless,
it is an invaluable aid. The syntax is siraightl'orwaid. just
execute 'fRO.N or f ROKf in Immeriiate mode.

While tracing a program, it's helpful to keep a reatly
finger hovering over the no-scroll key, located in the
center of the keyboartl's top row. A quick jab at aii op.
poriune moment will Iree/e [uograni execution. .A second
jail restarts program execuiion where it left olf. fhe no.
scroll key is afso very useful for pausing ]irogiam listings,
and the like.

Catch Those Bugs

fhe best thing to do wilii progiam bugs is trap them.
It's no wonder Basic 7.0 inchifles the Trap coimnand IVh'
that very purpose. Us use is straightforward, just include
it at <n" near the iieginiiing of your program.

RUN Si*tCI.\L ISSUE im I 67

IIr' IViip coiiiiiumd uses a line number as a paramt-tL-f,
When a Syntax error is {•luoiiiHered, ihe program
bratichtrs lo the Trap conniianci's line number and con-
tinues execution there. Add the following to your sample
propria m:

I tkAl' 1 (1(1(1

HKKi [\y.ir

loKi si.i;!-;i' Ti

Hiuo iu;suMK Nt'.xr

1 bis assumes that your last program line is less ibaii
milO. If it's not, just use a liighcr line number or the
K<'iiuinbe] connnand. lielbie rurniing this program, in-
clude an enor in one of ibe program lines. Try a print
I'omniand without quotes, like:

:l'UI.Nl llKt.t.()

Note the use of the colon as a separator.

Now run the program. When the eitor is encountered,
the progiani will branch to line lOOO. The Help statement
will dis])hiy the faulty statement wid) (he error higlilighted
in reverse (underlinefl on ihe 8{l>cohinni screen). Al line
1010. the computer will pause for live seconds, alter which
!( will resume execution with the line immediately fol-
lowing the error.

If you want to know more, add the following line:

1(1(1.1 I'RINT ■■i:RROR-:t.K;- ■■;1-,RRS(KR):"1N UNE";EL

This will add to the display the liasic 7,0 syntax error
number, the text of the corresponding error message and
the offending line number. Note that ER and Kl. are
reserved variables in Basic 7.0, so you should not use
ibi'm as variables in your program.

Also, KliRj is a function that requires one of Basic's
syntax error numbers as a jjarameter. You can use a simple
For. . .Next lot>]) to jiriut out all ihe eiror messages.

The Resume commaiid also itu'ludes built-in ilexibility.
A fnogram line innnbei' can replace the Next comtnand,
allowing a branch to a sijecilic line number. Both the
rra[) and Resume commands are properly identified by
the Renumber connnand.

As a final word on this tojiic, keep in mind the help
key at the top of the keyboard. You cati always use it
innnedialely after a Basic error to display the affected
line in Innnediaie tnode.

Cleaning Up

I've .saved the most destructive command for last. The
Delete command permits wholesale decimation of pro-
gram lines. It accepts (me or two line tumibers as parani-
eteis in (he same format as liie List connnand. tione are
thedaysof laboriously deleting program lines by emering
one line number al a time. Kinite ranges of lines will fall
])rey to the Delete connnand. .Saving Basic routines is
now a realitv.

One word of caution about using the Delete connnand:
Try listing the doomed lines Just to make sure they are
what you really do not want. This sinqite precaution may
save much frustration. I'he syntax is:
mvLl'Vil, #-#

The Full Screen Editor

The CM2S has all the screen-editing features found on
jirevious generations of <!ommodore computers. These
int hide lour-way curstn" einnrnl. with the ability to insert
or delete c baracters any place on the screen. In addition,

08 / RUN SPKCIAL ISSLT I'JiW

innnertms enhancements to the screen editor bring il
into the class of a full-featured word processor. As you
might expect, the enhanced editfn- goes a long way to-
wards easing the task of Basic program entry.

To begin with, the Basic input buffer will accept up to
IfJO screen characters for a single j>rogram line. This is
two full screen lines in 80-eohiiiin mode or four screen
lines in 40-column tnotle. There's ime catch. The .screen
linker does not know where to stop. It will continue to
link screen lines beyond the KiOcharacter limit.

Any attempt to enter this text results in a String Too
Long error. This may be a blessing in disgui.se compared
to. Ibr examjile, the Commodore ()■!. When faced with
this siliiati<m, it simply acts on ihe two most recent screen
lines, atul the results aren't always wh;u you would expect.

Il'you're not fatthliar wiili theconce[>t of linked screen
lines, don'l he overly concerned. It's a built-in feature of
the full-screen editor on all Coimnodore computers. The
line linker remembers the start of ilie Basic line that is
being entered on the screen. It lets )on write program
lines that are longer than Ihe width of the screen.

On the VlC:-'2(), up to four lines, or S8 characters, can
he linked. On the C-M, the limit is two lines, or 80
characters. The C- 1 2H allows the eiitii e screen to he linked.
However, only 160 characters will be accepted i>y the
Basic parser.

The most useful editor enhancements are in the form
of K.Sd-key command setjuences. Fach command is exe-
cuted by [jressing the FSC key, followed iiy the appro-
priate keyijoard character. The most [lopnlar enhance-
ments for Basic programmers are ihe Insert mode (FSt^
A), Insert Line (ESC I) and Delete Line (ESC D). "

The rtrs( of these inserts all text at the current cursor
position, while pushing the remainder of the screen
ahead. Note that the Insert command does ttot place th*;
editor in Quote mode. The Insert Line command opens
up a single screen line (40 or HO columns). The Delete
Line connnand removes an entire linked line, so use it
with care.

Other ESC key commands that will he popular with
Basic [jrogramiriers clear all or part of the screen or all
or ])arl of a linked line. Veteran Connnodore users will
defmiiely ap[)reciate the Chancel C2iioie Mode (FSC" O).

Last, but not least, the C-12H provides several ways for
you to write brief notes or reminders on the display.
Simply lypc your message on (me [>art of the screen atid
set up a window using the ESC I' (top-left corner) and
FSC B (bottom-right corner) commands. All subsequent
screen o]jerations will be restricted to the designated
window without disturbing the message area.

If you're h)rt(mate enough to have both a -lO- and 80-
coliunn monitor, or if you ;ire using tlie new Connnodtne
190'J inonitcH-, then one of the displays can be reserved
as a scratch pad while you use the other for progiam
entry. Screen output can be rapidly directed as desired
by using liie KSC X command.

l he C- 1 '28 is ec[uipped with separate 40- and 80-colutnn
video display chi[)s. Each of these has its own video RAM.
Thus, text (m one of the dis[)lays is not disturbed l)y video
;ictivily on the other.

Willi all of these features, yon will Find it hard to ask
for more. The C-128 is a delight. E

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RUN SPKCl.U LSSUt 19ii<i / 69

CP/M and the C-128

Here's an introduction to the wide

world of CP/M, along with a

discussion of its numerous

applications and software.

B]CHER}lPmRSON

Until tlic proliferation of MS-DOS computers, CP/M
(Control Program for Microconipiiters) was the largest-
selling computer operating sysieni available for non-
main fraiiie computers. Most of the earliest desktop, or
sniall-business-size, compulers could run flP/M.

Devt'lopeci by Cary Kildal! of Intel for ;i thrown-to-
gether collection of hardware, CP/M eventually became
the keystone of a multi-million-dollar corporation called
Digital Research,

Although Digital Research originally offered only a
plainvanilla version of C"P/M, Lifeboat Associates modi-
lleti it to run with rRS-80, Altair, Ileathkit and other
early 80B0 and Z-80 niicroprocessor-based computers.
Soon, other manufacturers started offering it with their
computers.

.Although Altos, Exidy, Vectt>r and Onyx all offered
CP/M with their computer systems, the most noteworthy
"bundler" was Osborne Computer Corp. By offering the
o[}t'rating system and useful software packages with the
Osborne 1 transportable ctnnpmcr, Osborne opetied the
door to true computing power for thousands of non-tech-
nical people who wanted to use a computer without first
having to earn a degree in computer science.

An interesting testimony to the popularity of CP/M is
the estimation that the largest family of CP/M compmers
in existence today are Apple lis. According to one in-
dustry expert, the most frctjiiently jjurchased add-on
product for an .Apple II is a CP/M card.

Dining its short life, C'P/M has gone through changes
and improvements, Ijm has generally kept an upwardly
mobile structure. Its latest incarnatitm, CP/M Plus, can
rim most programs created with earlier versions of
CP/M. This means that the .soiiware base for CP/M com-
puters also just keeps growing.
70 / RUN SPECl-AL ISSUE im

Tliough it performs some functions of a programming
language, CP/M itself is not a language. Using a couple
of utilities that are frecjuently offered with CPIM (ED and
/VSM), it's possible to write machine language programs.
However, this typo of programing is beyond the novice
computer user,

,-\n o])erating system controls all communication be-
tween the different parts of a computer system: monitor,
drives, keyboard, serial port and all other input/output
ports. In early computer systems, input and computer
response were done via a series of switches and lights on
what was called a console. In some CP/M hooks, you may
still see the [irimary I/O devices ieferre<l to as the console.

Later, a lyjie writer- .style I/O interface was used. This
evolved itno the CRT and keyboards that today we use
and call terminals. Some CP/M software manuals refer to
terminal emulation in their specificatitms. Most software
that supports the Lear Siegler ADM3A or ADM31 ter-
minals should work fine with the Commodore 128.

One big advantage to using CP/M is the great amount
of software already available. The sales of mt)st new com-
puters suffer from an initial lack of useful programs. .And
since software developers are reluctant to program on
machines that don't have a large number of users, these
machines niay never gain the necessary software base.

.Another advantage is the existing user base. There are
hundred.s of CP/M-mac!nne-based u.ser's groups across
the country. If you run into a problem, someone from
your local group may be able to provide a solution. Local
user's groups are also good sources of purchasing rec-
ommendations. Other users may be aware of the perfect
software package to suit a particular need. User's group
newsletters frequently provide hints and tips on how to
get mcne use out of your computer.

^Ef?ERS OF EACH WORD" ' SO VOU\C ' HflUE T^"
AS "HE" TO DISTINGUISH IT FROM "KQRTh'

VOU ARE STANDING AT THE END OF A ROAD BE
BUILDIHG. AROUND VOU IS ft FOREST. A SMAL
or THE BUILDIH6 AND DOWN A GULLV.

I DON'T KHQU THAT WORD.

E

VOU ARE INSIDE A BUILDIHG, A UCLL HOUSE

THERE IS A SHINY BRASS LflHP NEftRBV.
THERE IS FOOD HERE.
'ERE IS fi BOTTLE OF MATER HERE.

R fii3 03

is a SaMple SuperCalc Worksheet

4 ASSETS

5 Acct.s Receiyable

6 Cash

7 Unsold Goods

11 LIABILITIES

12 Acct.s Payable

13 Storage Costs

14 Labor

15 Materials

1000,09 1050
300.00 50C
250.80 2G2

1900.80 916,

50.60

100.00 105.

59. B0 52,

laoi 1 17^1 es
18

19 NIBT 358.80 688.

20 Dep. Allowance 188.80 106.
< ftl TL Text='*This is a SaMgle Su
Width: 26 HeMora:26 Last Col/Row: 025

A fniMif domain ftrogram called ADVENTUR runs on the 128.
It is similar to tlie Zork scrii's of games from Inforom.

This is a sf/readsheel being viewed with SuperCalc. It shows
approximately half of the SO-cobtmv screen.

Local user's groups may also control a library of public-
domain programs thai arc both useful and inexpensive.
In Caii, most user's grouf)s ask liitle more than a copyiii^r
fee lliat covers tbe cost oCtbc disk and the lime it takes
sonu'onc to make ihc copy. Generally, the proceeds from
such sales are used to finance hardware purcliases needed
to keep the user's group working.

Because of its wide acceptance over the years, CP/M is
most useful to those with small-business applications such
as accounting, Financial modeling, word processing,
s|)ieadshee1s and databases. In general, it is most useful
in ap]>l Scat ions that u.sc words and numbers as o])[)o.scd
to pictures,

Unfonunaiely, few Ci'/M programs exist that nrake ex-
tensive use of graphics. Although packages can be written
and tailored to specific machines, graphics a|)plications
are difficuh to write and have a limited market. Since
there isn't any C-128 Cl'/M graphics software currently
available, business users who need charts an<l grapiis
niarle from (IIVM accounting, spreadsheet ur database
inl'onnation would be at a disadvantage running the 1 28.

Compatibility Problems

Tbe amount of compatibility depends on several fac-
tors. Standard (IPM as t)ffered by Digital Research must
be custom i/ed. de]iending on a system's disk drive. fJC-
ri[)lieral interlace and keyboard. .As mentioned earlier,
terminal emulation affects the appearance of data on the
screen. In the case of the 128, there arc unicjue chips that
must also be addressed.

.As the Commodore 6'! uses the Kernal tables to handle
most of the internal comnuinication, CF/M uses two tables
called BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) and BDOS (Ba-
sic Disk Operating System).

In order for a CP/M program to be easily transported
froin one machine to another, calls to these tables must
conform to a minimum standard. These routines may
have been altered (improved) to make the C-128 function
more efllciently, but such improvements can reduce com-
])atibi!ity. .'\s far as I've seen, however, the 128 is com-
patible with existing software.

Another incompatibility centers on the disk drive. The
track and sector information used for different CP/M
systems can vary widely, even within the product line of
a single company. When trans[)orting software between
machines, this can be the i)iggest headache. If incompat-
ible disk formats are used, then the main way to get
software into a new inaciiine is by using one of tile ports,
such as the serial port, with a modem. The other alter-
native is to rewrite the software specifically for the new
computer.

However, Commodore has done an admirable job in
designing the 1571 disk drive for maximum flexibility.
I'he 1571 will read CPjW disks that have been created
with a variety of machines.

Disks created u.sing the OCR format of the C-64 CP/M
cartridge are compatible. While this gives you more CP/M
programs to choose from, the OCR format won't prove
to be [lopubn^ with most 128 owners, since many com-
panies do not plan to offer their CP/M software in that
format. Several MFM-formatted products written for the
Osborne I computer will run on the C-128. (See Table
1.) For those who have public-domain programs or other
packages already in OCR format, it's comforting to know
that the C)ommodorc 128 will run those programs without
further modification.

Besides the OCR format, the 128 also reads the IBM
MFM format. Several computers, including the Epson

RUN SPKCLU tSSUE lyiWi / 7 1

flORTGAGE PAVBACK SCHEDULE CftLCULftTlOH

ENTER CASH WflLUE BEING FINANCED? 16080
ENTER NUMBER OF PAVMENTS PER VEAR? 12
ENTER NUMBER OF PAVMENTS TO TERM? 48
ENTER VEARLV INTEREST RATE? 14.5

THE PAVBftCK AMOUNT FOR THIS LOAN IS:
EACH PftVHEKT HILL BE: 5275.76

PftVMENT
$10,088.80
59,845.05
$9,688.23
$9,529.51
$9,368.88

;reak in 460

INTEREST
5128.83
5118.36
5117.07
5115.15
5113.21

PRINCIPLE
5154.95
515G.82
5158.72
5168.63
5162.58

R Ai5 00

This mortgage program is runniTig under Microsoft BASIC 5.0
Osburtie I format.

Program

Words I ar

S»i;ki(';iIc

.S|>cll);iiLir<l

'IheWf.iil I'lus
Puiiciiiaiion & Stvic
Crammutik
MBASIC

Manufacturer

Micropro
Sorcim
Sore i til
CoiiuK;(i|)iii
Oasis Syslvms
Oasis Systems
Aspen
Microsoft

Table 1. Osborne I MFM formatted software that rttns on the
C'l28.

tlic pusli of a ki-y. The 128's auio-load key is the ontoff
swiitli. Wlicn first attivalcd, the 128 clietks devict; num-
ber 8 U) sec if a C;i'/M disk is loaded [here. Ifso, il attempts
to load the operating system. IF not, it leaves the computer
at the 1'28-mode lieady prompt.

To load CP/M aCter you've turned on your computer
without first putiiiijf ii C;i'/M disk in the drive, you need
only insert a Cl'/M disk in drive 8 and type BOOT. For
regular ("P/M users, this command will be easy to remem-
ber, sinec loadiiTfj CP/M is usually called "booting the
svstem."

Since Commodore computers use Basic, their users are
accustomed to typing Load commands from the Ready
prompt. CP/M works a little differently. When CP/M has
ilnished loading, you'll see the A> prompt. This means
iliat the system is waiting h>r a command and that drive
A is active. While Commodore computers use device
numbers to designate drives, CP/M uses letters. Drive A
is set as device 8, drive B as device 9, drive C as device
10, and so on.

As with Commoflore computers, CP/M allows you to
run a [irogram that is not on the active drive by typing
in the drive identiiler. Unlike Commodore computers,
however. CP/M lets you change the active drive by typing
the letter of the drive and a colon and pressing the return
key. I'ln- instance, B:< return > would make the B drive
the active drive. Any commands typed would then affect
the B drive. Yon could still access a program <ni the A
drive by typing an A: in front of the name of the program.

Loading a progratti with CP/M is done by typing the pro-
gram's name, which is limited to eight characters. File-
names consist of the progiam name followed by the three-
character extender COM preceded by a period (for exam-
ple. 'L\'PER.COM). This is the standard format, whether
you're dealing with program files or dalafiles.

When first loaded. CP/M contains some useful com-
mands— STAT. DIR, 1 YPE. KRA, REN. SAVE and LOAD—
dial perform some of the functions of the DOS wedge
program distributed with Commf)dore disk diives.

QX-10, Kaypro 2, Kaypro 4 and both the Osborne 1 and
F.xeciitive, use this foiinat.

To date, I have tried over a do/en Osborne 1 software
[lackages thai worked straight (nit of the box. These iiv
chide Micropro's VV<u-dStar and MailMerge. Sorcim's
SuperCalc and Microsoft's MB.*\S1C. N'ewWoid, a Word-
Star clone that sells for SI 00, seemed to wtnk well.

1 have run three different spelling checkers (Electric
Webster, Spellguard and The Word Plus) and two g!-atn-
mar checkers (Punctuation & Style asid C.rannnatik). Also,
Iwoilatabase ]jrogratns, Filebaseand l-'ile-li.ran Ilawlessly.

Kaypro .software didn't fare as well. 1 iricfi WoniStar
and NewWord. .Although they loaded properly and
seemed to wtjrk, the .screen formatting was incorrect.
Evidently, the Kaypro icrmina! is not set to emulate the
,'\DM31, so the data coinains random cliaractcrs. In a
word processing Fde, the extra characters would drive
anyone batty. I understand that ati installation program
is available to change the terminal emulation; however,
since the tJsborne iormat rec]ujres no niodirication, it
seems wise to just stick with that.

Running CP/M

Most CP/M compuiers (including the 12K) will check
the default disk drive and load the operating systent with
72/ RUN si'txwi, ISSUE I'Wfi

With the vast library of
C-64 and CP/M software
available, the C-128 may
well have the broadest
software base of any
personal computer on the
market today.

ST.'Vi' gives the status of any device. DIR gives the
directory listing. fVPE j^rints a file to the screen. ER.A
erases a Ille. REN renames a File. The Save and Load
commands, although they work somewhat differently
than their Basic counter]iarts, do just what their names
iiiipK'.

Most beginning users won't need to use these com-
mands nearly as much as they'll need the Format, PIP
and Copy programs. Unlike Commodore software, which
is increasinfrly bcin^r copy-protcctc-d, CP/M software is
rarely under lock and key. In fact, most CP/M manuals
begin with instructions on how to make a backup copy
and the admonition to never use your distribution disks
for actual wnik.

The f'ormat and Co[>y programs work much like their
counterparts in a DOS wedge program. The Formal pro-
gram prepares the disk to receive programs and data;
Copy duplicates an entire disk; and PIP (peripheral in-
terchange [jrogram) is used to duplicate individual files.

To lormal tiisks, you imist enter the Format command.
The C-128 assumes you want ttt format using device 8, so
it checks to sec if device 8 is a 1541 or a 1571. If it's a
1 54 1, you have tlie o[)tions of formatting the disk using
Commodore ()4 or C-128 CP/M format. If the drive is a
1571, the choice of C-128 double-sided format is adcied.

Each format make.s available a different amount of disk
space. The C-iH foi'mat disk has 136K of data space
available; llie 128 format has 17()K; the double-sided for-
mat has ;i4()K.

To make your format selection, highlight it by using
the arrow keys. Next, hitting return displays the instruc-
tion to place the disk to be formatted in the A drive.
When fonnalling is complete, you'll be given the oppor-
tunity to formal another disk. That's all there is to it.

Using the t>opy and PIP programs can be bothersome
when operating only one disk drive. To emulate a double-
disk drive, designate drive K as the place to store the new
files, and liie program will prompt you to make disk
changes when necessary.

For those who have a 1541, though, there's an easier
way. Cut the trace to make your I5-iI device 9, and use
it as a B drive. Tlie second 1541 will be able to read and
write C-128 ftuiiuU disks, '^'ou can't use double-sided disks
widi the 1541, however, so you'll have to settle for 170K.

Another alternative is to use the DIP switches in the
1571 to make that the B drive and to use your 1541 as
the A drive. This has the advaiUage of not requiring any
hardware modillcations, since no traces need to be cut.
Using the DIP switches on the back of the 1571 will also
allow it to become drive C or D.

Therefore, if you have iwo 1541s set u[j as devices 8
and 9, you could easily just add the 1571 to them. 'Vou
won't, however, be able to take advantage of the 157rs
speed when loading die C]P/M system, since the system is
always loaded off the A drive.

Benefits Gaiore

The many benefits t«) having the CP/M cajiability of
the 1 28 are obvious to anyone familiar with CP/.VI. Besides
the vast library of Conuuodore ()4 software available, you
also have access to a wide variety of CP/M applications.
With the large number of programs available from the
pubhc domain and from electronic btdletin boards, the
C-128 may well have the broadest software base of any
[lersonal conrputer on the market Kxiay.

The CP/M capabilities of (he 128 make it an ideal ina-
chine, wliether t>r nt>t you're a programmer. HI

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RUN SI'KCIAI. ISSLE 198*5 / 73

How to Avoid
Computer Disaster

Whether you're a new C-128
computer owner or a long-time C-64

owner, you'll want to heed

these tips to prolong the life of your

computing system.

CompiiiL-rs arc (riistrating when
llu'v (ion'l uoik. So iiuitiy things ran
•ff\ winiifi ill ii i()tti])iiR'r systfin thai
ahimst all mmpiiter owners cxpcti-
L'luc ])i()bli*ins sooner or later,
VV 1 R-tl If r these problems are disasters
or mere annoyances depeiKls on liow
well yon take care of yonr {^finnno-
dore e(|ni[jnicnt.

Yon know lioni experience that
]ireventiv'e niainlenanre and good
(iiivini^ habits kce]j yonr car rnnninif
hnigei'. In the same way, laking care
ol' both hardware and software pro-
longs the life of ycmr sysiein cotn-
jjonenis. II yon form good compnier
liabils, s'our system will he more fun,
more reliable and less expensive.
Sliould your luck fail and your system
crash in spite of yonr care, the di-
saster is iisnallv limited to manage-
able proportions.

M()S! ineasuies that imprt)ve the
life of your Commodore system are
free or inexpensive. They are simple,
74 /RUN si'Kc:i.\i. LSSLH I'JSi)

Bj ANNETTE HINSHAW

common-sense operations that any-
one can do with only a little extra
care atul lime. In relnrn, you .save
money, avoid frustration and prevent
coujputer downtime.

This article covers both hardware
and software. We'll discuss the ene-
mies of hardware — heat, voltage
sjjikes and dirt — akmg with some
suggeslions for prevetning, itlentify-
ing and fixing problems. The things
that zap yonr software are damage if)
the nieial oxide surface of disks or
tapes, din andEMF (electromagnetic
fields).

Computers Like It Coal

When you're copying im[Hntain
tlisks, does your 1541 or 1571 disk
dri\e ever act strangely or lock up
due U) overheating?

Computer chips work tndy wiiliin
a certain temperature range. Wlien
ihey get too hoi, they take a siesta,
and the device cjnits talking to you.

If the chips get too hot fttr a long
period of time, they may hec:ome per-
manently damaged.

Fortnnateiy, overheating is easy to
control. Uon't hide your computer
in a closed space or crowd the parts
of your system together. Set u]) your
computer so air can flow aroumi it.
Never block vents on any oi' your
e(.|nipmenl.

If you must w(Mk in a conilned
s[>ace, place a fan so it moves aii over
yonr computer, printer and disk
drive as they operate. Some ccnn-
pnter accessory stores seU small fans
that sit on the disk drive and draw
out hot air throngli its veins. I made
a pa])er chimney IVoin ])osler Ijoard
and taped it over my disk drive's vent.
1 1 draws warm air up and a^vay from
the drive and doesn't cost a penny
to run.

When my family's equipment gets
past the warranty period, we cut out
a few of the crossbars in the vent grill

/that rat ion by Roger Uyonmtirk

Checklist for Many Happy Returns

Your Commodore computing system will last longer if you:

D Provide plenty of vcntilaLion for your computer and its
peripherals.

n Use a surge suppressor.

n Use a power strip.

D Turn on peripherals before poweriiigup computer.

n Keep your computer equipment clean.

D Don't smoke, eat or drink around your computer system.

□ Keep disk drive heads clean.

n Keep disks clean. Never place a dirty disk in a disk drive.

D Keep connector plugs clean.

D Keep disks away from magnetic sources, temperature
extremes and direct sunlight.

D Keep computer hardware away from windows to prevent
exposure to direct sunlight and weather elements.

n Make hackups of your software.

D Keep computer equipment covered when not in use.

n Never implug or turn the power strip off or on while the
computer or any peripheral is on.

D Turn off the computer before disconnecting peripherals.

D Un|>lug the power supply when you're not using
the computer.

to ])n)vide lukiitional ventilation,
rimt mars tlie apptaiancc of the case,
but wc have less coinpuler downtime.

Try U) phice yonr equipment so air
can How nndi'f it. F.lerirotiics stores
usiialh sell rubhejfeei you can aitach
1(1 the bouom ut equipment. We use
blocks of scrap wood or cut boles in
ihc desktop or shelf on which the
coin])uter or disk drive sits.

If you ])ut rubber feet or woodeit
blocks under your Commodore, pro-
vide sup])ort for your modem or any-
thing t'Ise tbal altacbes to the user
port to prevent strain on the con-
uectois. Don't prop up your com-
piUei equipment with metal, which
can {generate a niafrnctic field ihal
may destroy data or interfere with
yoiu' in;icbines,
7(> / RUN SI'hci.U. ISSUE 1986

Overheating thai doesn't immedi-
ately destroy a chip decreases its life.
In the meaiilime, mysterious, inter-
mittent jjroblems that cau.se yoin' sys-
tem lo lock ti[> may stop when you
iinjjrove vetitihition around your
ec]uit)inent.

Voltage Spikes Destroy Chips

I frive my sick Commodores to
Farrell Thrasher oi' Soft Corps in
I'ulsa, Oklahoma. He told me that
(be most common preventable prob-
lems he sees iti Commodore cc»m-
pitters all relate to vokage spikes. He
gave nie several recommendations.
^ Use a surge suppressor. This is a
eircuil buik into a single receptacle
or a jKiwer strip (box with several
receptacles and a power cord) that

you place between your equipment
and house power outlet. You can buy
otie for as tittle as SIO at electronics
or computer stores. It diverts line
voltage (house power) to ground
when the voltage gets too high.

Normal line voltage varies between
alxnii 110 and I'M) vohs. Almormal
conditions, such as a lightning storm,
can jump the voltage much higher.
We turn off all our computers during
storms as an extra precaution. Spikes
can happen to anyone. Why take a
chance?

^ Un])lug your [jower supply (the
black box that plugs into the wall).
The u.ser's titan ual advises unplug-
ging the main power supply to your
computer whenever the machine is
not in use. Thrasher lold me that the
most frequent power-siqjply prob-
lem be sees comes frtun not following
tbisadvice. Turning off the computer
does not turn off the supply. On
many Commodores, the power unii
fails alter a time if it is on continu-
ously. It stops regulating voltage,
which could cause one or more of the
com[)uter's major chips to burn out.
^ Use a power strip with its owti
switch and fuse to isolate your entire
system from the wall. This arrange-
ment also effectively unplugs your
power supply. Power- down proce-
dui e is to turn off die computer, then
the peripherals that are phiggetl into
the power strip, and finally the ]}ower
stri[) itself A'n/^rtmn off yotn- power
snip without Hrst turning off your
equipment.

Power-up reverses the process. Si-
niuhaneously powering up several
macbincs can cause a brief power
singe that, electronically speaking,
hammers on your machines. 1 lost a
C-(54 to this practice myself.

Surge suppressors and power con-
dititmcrs range in price from a few
dollars to very expensive. Unless you
can't be without your Comtiiodore,
title to business or stniie other activ-
iM', the eNpensive units are prol)ably
not cosi effective. .S[)ending SI 00 on
a power conditioner to protect a ma-
chine you repair for less than $100
is not econotnical. However, a $'i()
power strip with switch, fuse and
built-in surge suppression is cheap
insurance for reliable coinpiuing,
►■ Never unplug anydiing from the
expansion port (game cartridge port)
or the user port (modem port) while
your conqiuter is turned on. .Anangc
your power cords, cables and other
[}!ug-ins so you can't trip over (hem
and accidentally unplug the com-

piiter. (We killed our fust VIC by
atcttk-mally clisconnecting the nm-
(leiii wi(h the power on.) Don't plug
in a printer or disk drive, either at
tiie toinpuier or the peripheral,
ivliile the peripheral is turned on.
Yon tan [)lug into the Joysliek port
wiih the computer on.
►■ Make sure all phigs are 111 nil y
seated and have no pressure on the
pUijf. For example, the weight of" your
primer itnerface hanging from the
prinier stresses the plug. A plug that
is it) cniokcd may make pt)or eon-
tatt or cause a .shori (an unwarned
cuiineciion). Shorts are ahnt>st al-
ways disastrous.

(jood electrical practices sound
obvious, but Thrasher tells me he
regularly sees coinputcrs that died
because someone unplugged a car-
iri<ig<' with (he power on. The cliips
in youi' toinpuier use very lillie
power. That also means they are very
sensitive to relatively small changes
in jjower. Don't take chances.

Cleanlitieis Is Next to ReliabHity

Dirt is an enemy of both hardware

and soflware. On hardware, normal
dusi and tarnishing pievent good
coinacts and reliable operation on
plugs, cartridges and keys. Particles
of tobacco smoke or tiny (Vagtnenis
of metal oxide IVotii tapes and disks
can keep yoiu" drives from accmalely
loading and saving piogiams. Vou
can't build a "clean" room in your
home just to keep your Commodore
rimning, but you can take steps to
hold back the tide.

Don't keep your C-64 or C-128 in
I lie kitchen where greasy smoke and
steam can affect i(, IVe very careful if
you eat, drink or smoke around yoiu'
computer. Crumbs on the keyi>oard
can niter down and cause some of
your keys to operate erratically.
Spilled drinks can cause slioits in the
electronics. (Placing a sheet of Saran
\Vra]3 over your keys might he effec-
tive protection in keeping out for-
eign elements.)

[f you spill even plain water on a
disk, the disk is no longer reliable.
Never touch the magnetic surface on
a tape <n- disk. Totlay's thumbprint
can destroy tomorrow's data. To-
bacco smoke can leave particles on
the drive beads or on your disks and
cause problems that may not siu-face
for days.

Clean read/write heads occasion-
ally. Cleaning heads is usually more
important for tape drives than disk
drives, especially if you use inexpen-

sive tapes. I don't like bead-cleaning
cassettes because they are abrasive.
For less than S2, Radio Shack has
a cassette-head cleaning kit that in-
cludes an alcohol cleaner, a head lu-
bricant and some cotton swabs. If you
have a tape drive, it's the best bar-
gain ill town. Ask someone to show
you how 10 clean Uie heads il' you've
never done it. We clean tape heads
about every four hours of run lime
or when we get two Load or Verify
errors in a row.

Commodore disk beads are epox-
ied and don't need cleaning often
unless you use "flippies" (disks
notched and turned over to record
on the back) or a disk disintegrates.
Thrasher recommends takitig the
drive apart once in a while and gently
cleaning the bead with alcohol and
a cotton swab. l)am|>eu rather than
soak the swab. (For an exjilanalion
on how to clean yotu' drive head,
see "Keep II Clean," p. nO, RUN,
July 1985.)

If you are uncomfortable about
taking the machine apart, you can
buy a commercial disk-head cleaning
kit. I recommend a wet cleaner in-
stead of a dry one, because the latter
is abrasive. Radio Shack has <me for
$14.95. Follow the instructions and
use the Initialize disk command sev-
eral limes to run the head over ibe
cleaning disk.

1 prefer the kit from Norlrtmics
(8101 'fenth Avenue North, Minne-
apolis, MN 55427), but it costs $39.95.
It comes with software that gives you
step-by-step instructions, and it runs
the drive the right amount of time
to clean the heads thoroughly. It al.so
has rcHllable disk covers (or the
cleaning disks and comes packaged
in a nifty 15-disk storage box.

Clean the plugs in the expansion,
user and cassette ports with the
power off. The contacts on the con-
nectors tartiisb in time. Alcohol on
a swab works fine, lie sure you don't
leave particles of cotton behind, or
they'll luake new problems. Your car-
tridges and other plug- ins work bet-
ter without the corrosion. The con-
tacts on the keys are fairly easy to
clean, if you are confident enough
to lake the keylioard apart.

If you suddenly have trouiile load-
ing programs that have been work-
ing line, try cleaning the read/write
heads and connectors before you as-
sume you have an alignment problem.

Sojhvare Needs Special Handting

Physically, disks are fragile. While

tape is not cpnte so fragile, everything
I say about disks also applies to tape.
The metal oxide on the disk surface
reacts to electromagnetic signals; this
is how the disk saves iid'ormation. If
you damage the surface, the disk
won't read or write reliably in the
damaged area. Sometimes weeks go
by before yon di.scover a pro!>lem. If
you write t)n a disk with a ballpoint
pen, you may not suifer for your care-
le.ssness for quite a while. Cenerally,
anything that ]5itts pressure on the
disk surface may damage it.

ilie biggest enenn of your soft-
ware is uncontrolled radiation, es-
pecially electromagnetic radiation
(KMR) from a motor or TV tube.
Never store yom* disks, even for a
moment, near a motor. Keep them
away from refrigerators, stereos,
your disk <irive and the vacuum
cleaner. Avoid calhode-iay tubes.

Your I'V uY numiior can be lethal
to disks. Keep disks away from the
telephone; the ringer or the magnets
in the handsel can /aj) a disk to un-
readability with one ring. Metallic ob-
jects, such as screwtlrivers, can devel-
op enough magnetism to damage
software. Don't store them around
your computer work area. Small per-
tnanent magnets and coiled electric
cords are also dangerous. Don't leave
disks in the drive when yon turn the
power on or off.

Meat and light are also forms of
radiatitm that can harm yom' disks.
Don't Jeavc your magnetic media in
the sun or in the trunk of your car
on a hot day. Disks are .sensitive
to extremes of both heat and cold.
Enough heat might change informa-
tion stored on the disk. Cokl can
shrink the disk material enough to
change the location of data. If yom^
disks have been exposed to temper-
ature extremes, wait at least a day
before you use them, so they can
return to normal.

Store your disks upi iglit in mod-
erate temperatures, protected from
light and dusl. Store them away from
motors, electric cables and other
magnetic-field sources. Store your
backups somewhere removed from
your working disks.

S]ieakiiig of l)ackups, backing up
data aiKJ program disks is tiie single
most imptntant ])rotection against
disaster. C"an you afford to lie with-
out a program f<n- the time it takes
to replace it, [jossibly from the
manufactiner?

Develop a personal backup policy

and stick to it. You may not be able

RUN Sl'KClAi. IS,SLT. isw / 77

to copy-protect software, but you tan

choose (o buy programs that ran Ik-
lj;it:kc(i up or easily replaicti. Don'i
inke ;i cliante with data tiisks for ap-
])licaiions like word proccssitig,
s]ireadshccts or databases. Kach disk
represents hoius (»]' yoiir lime, even
il you eat) recover lliedala. 1 strongly
advise ibat you make I'requent
backup copies. You're really gam-
bling if you back up your tlata only
infrequently.

Idvntifying Problems

Sooriei or later, you will have
cotnpuier problems. They may !)c
small and irregulai', sucb as Load er-
rors, ]jroblcms in saving or reading
data and system lockups. Such prob-
lems may not be more than momen-
lary gliichcs from heal or dr<)|)s aod
rises in voltage. Your e(|ni[)ment may
be line.

On the sad day you decide you are
having regular problems, the first
thing to do is ideniifv the source. If
your Commodore doesn't come on
(the red power indicator will be out),
open the ca.se and check the i'uses. If
the lilameiit in a fuse is bioken, re-
])lace the l/j-amp fuse and see if
that cures the problem. Otherwise,
your computer will need profes-
sional help.

Deciding what's wrimg is not al-
ways easy, fhe same apparent symp-
lonis cat! happen because »)! bad
software, a misaligned {ht\'<' or a bad
chi|) in the computer. A good lust
step is to keep a diary of your prob-
lems. Record, as closely as you can,
the disk, the program, I lie time of
day, the date and exactly what you
did just before your problem oc-
curred. You may eventually find a
pattern. Record lockups of the com-
puier or disk drive, loading problems
and disk errors and system resets.
You will know if the system ha.s reset
if you see ihe initial display screen
and lose your ])i(>grajii.

fhe system reset is the easiest to
diagno.se; it occurs when power to
tile computer is inierni]iled, and you
lose whatever was in your compiiter.
It could result fVoni a momentary
lapse in your house power, (larbage
may be written to the disk, thus dam-
aging vour software. However, your
system a.s a whole is probably all
lighi, 11 this resel ha])]>eos regularly,
double-check to see that all your
])lugs are firmly connected. Also,
(Tieck to see that your house wiring
is sound. If the com|)uler resets sev-
eral times in a few miiuites. il has
78 / RUN .sfHc:i.\L issi'E i<)«i

lost its voltage regulation. I'urn it off
and take it aiui its power supplv to
a specialist.

Computer nialfunciions are due to
operator enor, software failure, hard-
ware failure or all of the jireceding.

Operator ei for ha])peu,s lo even
die most ex]ierience<l computerists.
Ctmiputer systems are so complex
that yt>u can easily hit the wrong se
riesof keysand lock up the computer.
Errors like unplugging cartridges at
the wrong time or removing a disk
when the tirive is rinuiing can harm
vour system. Inn hitting the v\-rong
keys shouldii'l damage anydiing.

fhe log 1 suggested will help you
inid what, if anything, you are doing
wrong. Find a user's group so you
can ask more exp<'ricnred people lot
help anil advicf. As you become
more act|uainled with your system,
problems caused by your mistakes
will decrease.

Software failure can result from
physical or electrical damage or wear
on a frequently used disk. Your prob-
lem log is the easiest way to identify
a bad disk or a bad |irogram, because
you only have ])robleins when you
use lliein. Ihraslier told me he often
gets drives in for repair that arc per-
fectlv all right; tfie problem lies in
the software.

If you sus|)ect software failure, try
a backup disk if you or a friend has
one. Also, try your disk in a frientrs
drive, fhe idea is to eliininaie the
varialiles. When [iroblems are con-
fined to a single jirogram, try saving
it to another part of (he disk, if you
can load it. IVo])le at a user's group
meeting may have other suggestions.
VVlien yoiu" problems occur only in
one routine of a particular progratn,
the software mav contain fnigs. Write
die manufacturer for help.

Identifying wliich piece of hard-
ware is in trouble works the same
way as swa[)piiig disks and disk
drives. If [lossifile, lake your whole
system to the home of someone
whose .system works, 'fry your drive
Willi his computer, your computer
with his drive, and so on, until you
tluplicale vour problem and find out
what hardware iieeils rejiair. Hard-
ware swapping is fairly safe, with one
execjition. If you suspect ibat your
]3ower su]3[)ly is bad, don't use il <in
a friend's svstem. A liad siqjply might
damage cliips in his computer.

l^t me say a word aljoui tii agnos-
tics. You can buy ]>rograins that check
the major chips and ports in yoiu"
coiiqjiiter or tlie aligmiieni on your

disk drive. For the acconipltslied do-
iiyoursell'er. these programs are val-
uable for alerting \ou to prr*h!enis,
hut they're not cost-effective unless
you ha\e a lot of technical skill.

When' lo Get Your System Fixed

'file best way to fliul reliable repair
.services is through the combined re-
sources of a user's group. Other users
share (heir experiences with repairs,
and savvy repairmen who work on
Commodores advertise in newslet-
ters and interact with user's gidups,
Ditn't givi- your conqjuier or disk
dt ive to [H'opic' who don't have Com-
morhne experience. Repair docu-
mentation from Commochn-e does
not always refiect changes in the
printed circuit board, and getting re-
pair [)arls is difilcull for anyme not
aireatiy working with the company,

II you can't lind a local technician,
call Commodore at '215i:Ui-120() to
iltid otit where vour local (Commo-
dore service center is located, or con-
sult ilie service center list in the July,
.'\ugust, .Se]iiember and November is-
sues of/«W.

When you damage conimercial
software, cheek the user's uianuai
that came with it. The manufacturer
mav replace a blown disk ffir much
less than the cost of brand new solt-
warc, fhe manufaciurer may also of
fer su])[Jon services to recover data
disks or remove bugs. .Always register
your sidiware, so the pulilislier can
find you if the company issues an
update or recalls buggv' programs.
One of the best and most self-inter-
ested reasons to avoid pirated soft-
ware is i\v,\\ von caii'l ask lor liel]) if
yciu iK-ed it.

PmtUcript

When cars first came out, dealing
with inevitable machine failures was
traumatic. .-Vfier decades of car use,
breakdowns are still a pain, but we've
leariie(l to control them and deal
with maintenance and repairs. Y(m
need only realize that compulers are
just another kind of niachinery and
set out to learn the rules of keeping
them limning, and many of the has-
sk-s of li\ tug in the conqjuter age will
drop away. SI

Adib'i'ss all till I liar a)rri'sj)iindr»a' lo
Aiiwltr lliiLsliaw. I'D Box 5.S0()J'>, Tidsa,

OK Jins.

y^ ..

%...

V"

k

THE X-1 POWERHOUSE *-
INTERFACES WITH YOUR COMMODORE
TO CONTROL YOUR HOME.. .FOR SECURITY,
COMFORT AND ENERGY SAVINGS.

This remarkable Interface lets you run your home through your
Commodore M or 128 and a keyboard or joystick.

When you're away, it makes your home look and sound lived in.
When you're home, it can turn off the TV at night and wake you
up to stereo and fresh brewed coffee in the morning. It can
even turn on your air conditioner and control your heating.

SPECIAL COLOR GRAPHICS MAKE PROGRAMMING A SNAP.

You simply pick a room from the display screen. Use your key-
board or joystick to position
graphics of lights or appli-
ances. Then follow on-
screen instructions to
program any light or appli-
ance to go on or off when-
ever you choose. You can
even control thermostats,
light intensity and more.

_ . . .J

THE WAY IT WORKS. The X-10 Powerhouse Interface is
cable- connected to the Commodore "User" port and
plugged into a standard 110V outlet. After it is programmed,
the Interface sends digitally encoded signals through your
home wiring to special X-10 Modules. To control a lamp or
appliance, you simply plug the eiectrical device into a Module

THE X-10

I

THE CAT.

I ' I

-i]i^

^^.; ,,
,>j^-*'

Model CPZ9D

Km"

and then plug the Module into an outlet.
The Interface can control up to 256 Mod-
ules throughout your home and won't
interfere with normal use of lights and
appliances.

There are plug-in Appliance Modules,
Lamp Modules, Wall Switch Replacement
Modules and Special 220V Modules for
heavy duty appliances such as water
beaters and room air conditioners. Plus Thermostat Controllers
for central heating and air conditioning. Telephone Responders
to control your home from any phone, and much more.

IT WON'T TIE UP YOUR COMPUTER. Use your computer only
for programming. When you're finished, disconnect the Inter-
face from the "User" or RS-232 port and keep it plugged into
any convenient power outlet in your home, It will operate as a
stand-alone controller with battery back-up and will run your
home automatically

SURPRISINGLY INEXPENSIVE. A Powerhouse System includ-
ing the Interface, software and connecting cables costs less
than SI 50. X-10 Modules are less than $20 each.

Forlhe Dealer Nearest You Call: 1-800 526-0027
or. write to: X-10 (USA) "" "J- (^otl m.970oi

185A Legrand Avenue

Northvale, N J 07647

X-10 POWERHOUSE

NUMBER ONE IN HOME CONTPOL
ComraodorB64 and Commodore 128 are rcgislered trademarks ol Commodore Int'l Ltd.
Circle 490 on Reader Service csrd.

ns

ations

C-64/C-128 Terms Explained

Bj MARGARET MORABFTO

Is your head spinning from trying to distinguish
between Basic 2.0 and Basic 7.0 commands^ Well, here's a
comprehensive list of C-64 and C-128 commands, state-
ments, functions and reserved variables that is
sure to set you straight. Also included
are examples of hoio you may iLse
them for programming.

The following gloss.kiy includes all
orihf (M28's liasic cotniiiiincls, state-
nients, fund ions and reserved vari-
ables. Among these are the Basic 2.0
commands from the fi4 mode and
ihe Basic 7.0 commands from the
128 mode.

Kach word is described and illus-
trated eilher with the actual syntax
(form to follow), an example (in Im-
metliaie mode or in Programming
mode) or both. Some parameters are
optional within the syntax of certain
terms. Optional parameters are
placed within brackets, [ ]. In places,
there arc two ways of entering the
same parameter. For instance, when
you see <(>N,>, you may either en-
ter ON or jiisi the comma. Ihese
parantelers always exist within in-
equality signs, < >.

If you're trying to learn Basic,
you'll find typing in the progratn-
mitig examples to be helpful. The
graphics commands, for example,
bold programming lines that can he
combined into a useful demo pro-
gram. An asterisk to the leftof a term
imlicates that it is only active in 12fi
mode, liach term is directly followed,
in brackets, by its abbreviation.

m I RUN SFKt;iAI. ISSUE I'JSO

ABS [A Shift B], This numeric func
tion returns the absolute value of a
runnber. All negative numbers are
translated into positive.

Syni.-!>LT ABS(X)

Example: I'RI NT ABS(- 3.587)
3,5H7

AND [A Shift N]. This logical oper-
ator lets the coitijuuer calculate the
truth of several logical expressions.
ii is also used to liirn oil selected bits.

txaniiile: IF X<r} AN'D X> H) lliEN
GOTO too

*A1*PF;ND [A Shift P], Ihis com
mand opens an existing setjuenlial
file on disk and sets the poiiucr at
the end of the file, so diat subset[uciH
Print* (write) statements will append
new data to the end of the old file.

Synux: Al'PtND ^Logical flic iiurabfr,"Fil(.-
Nainc"[.Ddrivc tiumber)[<ON,>Udevicc
number]

Kx-iiiijik-s: APPKND #8,"SAMP1.K KILK"

Tins prepares "Sample File" for
receiving new data.

.'VPi'KNii # i,".ANO"inFJi vnir.

D(),U9
111 is prepares "Another File" on
drive 0, device 'J, hn' receiving ad
ditional data.

ASC [A Shift S]. This uimu'ric fmu-
liitn relmits the (lommodore ;VSC;II
value (0-25.')) ol'ihe llrst character of
a string.
Syiiiax: .-VSCfNS)

Example: NS = "RUN"

PRINT ASC(N$)
H2

ATN [A Shift T]. This numeric func-
tion returns art angle (measured in
radians) that has ilie tangent (N).

Syntax: ATN(N)

Example: N = 9

PRINT ArN(N)
l.lfiOl.WI I

*AU'rO [A Shift U]. This command
turns on and oil automatic line num-
bering. After eiUering a line of Basic,
pre.ss the return key, and llie next
line innnber will be displayed.

Syiiux: AtlTO [I.irn:#]
F.x;iiiipl<-s: AUIC) 1(1

This sets the program's line num-
bers ii) increments of 10, starting at
the Hrst line number that you type
in for your program.

AUTO
Without a tuimber, ,'\irfO turns off
ibe hne-inunhering feature.

*BACKUP [BA Shift C]. Used witli a
dual disk drive, this command will
copy (he entire contents of" one disk
u» anoiher.

Syntax: BACKUP 1) Source drive TO I> Dcs-
liiiation (!rii'c( <()N,> Lkievicc]

KKiinijjIf:*: llACKlff HO to Dl

This copies all files from the disk
in drive onto the disk in drive I.
For use on dual drive unit 8.

lUCKUI' DO to D1,U9

Suiiie as atK>ve, but for use on dual
drive unit 9.

♦ BANK [B Shift A], This statement
desiffjiates one of 113 memory banks
Kit hill the C 128. The default bank
is 15. lype BANK N (0-15) from
within Basic to switch banks.

Syntax: IVANK number

*BEGIN/BEND [B Shift E/BE Shift

N]. I'liis is a cotulitioiial statemenl
that is structured lo allow for includ-
ing several progiamming statements.

Example: .") INPUT Y

1 IK Y = 5 THE.V BEGINrPRINT
"V IS .-.."

20 t'RlNf "EiKCAUSE V JS 5.
flit-: ST.VIKMKNTS IJNTIl.
BLM> Wll .t, RK KXhXIinTJ)."

:!(! BiL\D:i'RiNr "11 li-; hf.oin;

HEND STRUCIURE HAS
BEEN FULFILLED.":t;Or«
100
■II) PRIN1'"Y DID Nor I'lQUAL
,''1. SO THE PROC.RAM
HkANC:lIEt) AKOUM) lilE
01-X ;iN/l)END S TRUtriU Ri;."

:(;or() 10(1

100 PRINT'THE END OF THIS
SAVfPEF."

♦ BIX)AD [B Shift L]. This coimnaiid
loads a binary file (program or data)
iiHo a S|)eci('ied lix ation in memory.
The binary lile is a file that has been
[irevioiisly saved frorn the machine
language monitor or from within Ba-
sic using BS.AVE.

Syiil;ix: tll.( )AI)"Filcn;imc*'[,t)rlrivi' nuiiv-
l>er] [.Ddrvif r luiniljer] [,Bt);iiik iiiiiiitKTJ
[.I'Miirl il<UllLfKs]

Exiiuiplf: l»X)Al) "SPRllE".l)0,U9.lVI,PI(liMi

This loads the data for "Sprite"
from drive 0, unit 9, into bank 1 at
the starting location of 4096 in
memory.

♦ BOOT [B Shift O], I his command
loads and exfcntcs a machine lan-
guage prr>grain from <lisk, beginning
ai ihe [)redel1ned starting atldress.

SynUtN: li(>C>'r"Filenanie"[,DflrhT iminlicr]
[<ONi>t'(lc'S'ii"e niimbtfr]

Ex;im|)lf%: DOOf

I his will search for an executable

machine language program on drive
0, unit 8. Then it will load and run
that program automaiically,

BOOT "MUSIC SAMPI.K".rJl,U!)

This will load and run "Music Sam-
ple" from drive I on unit 9.

♦ BOX [none]. This graphics state-
[iient is used for drawing any sized
rectangle or a filled ptilygon.

Syntax: BOX[Color soiirCL-J.X l,Yl(.X;i,V21
[.Anffle] [.Paint]

C^olor source can be ()-,H (0 = back-
grounrl; 1 = foreground; 2 = iiiidti-
c()lor 1; y = multicolor 2).

XI and Yl are the top-left coordi-
nates; X2 and Y2 arc the bottom-right
coordinates; Angle is the amount of
the object's clockwise rotation in de-
grees (this is based on the center
point of the rectangle); Paint is u.scd
to designate whether to 1111 the sh;ipe
in (I) or leave it empty ((J),

Example; HXJRAPHIC 1,1

'20 BOX i,'i5,25,]m),]m

This draws an unfilled rectangle.

♦BSAVE [B Shift S]. This command
is similar to BLOAD, but it's used lor
saving binary files to disk. When iis>
ing BS.'WF,, you specify the starling
and ending addres.ses in memory.

Syntax: BSAVT,"Filenanie"[.Drlrive number]
[,U(levice number) [,Bbank numherl.l'starl
acUlres.slT^Pentling afjrire.ss

Example: BSAVE "SPRirE", B0,P:iri8-l 'IC)
P-ll)<)(i

♦BUMP [B Shift U]. This function
determitics which sprites liave col-
lided since the last check.

Syntax: UUMP (M

N is a number between and 7,
corresponding to sprites I llnt>ugli H.

♦ CATALOG [C Shift A]. Ihis com-
mand will read and display the disk
directory without disturbing any pro-
grams in mem<jry.

Syntax: CArAl.OCtDflrlve number] [< ON. >
Udevicc numlierJI.wikttarci striiij;]

Example: CATMfX:

(Dclaull drive ou device 8.)

♦ CHAR [CH Shift A]. This statement
displays a character on the screen,
whether in Bit-mapped mode or iti
Text mode.

Syntax: C;HAR[t:olor sfiiin-e).X,V[."STRIN(;"]
(.Rc-veisi- lla^l

Reverse flagtO^off/l =on

Fx,imp!c: 30 CHAR 0,2,20,"SAMPLF.
TEXTM

This will print the words "Sample
Text" at column 2, row 20, with a
reversed backgi't>uiid.

CHR$ [C Shift H). This siring ftinc-
tion returns the string chaiacter of a
(Commodore .-\S(J1I code number.

Syntax: CHRS(X)
Example: PRIM CHRS(7-1>
J

♦CIRCLE [C Shift I]. This statement
is tised for drawing circles, ellipses,
arcs, triangles, octagons and other
polygons.

Syniax: CIRCI.F[ Color siiuri:e],X,Y(,XRl [,YR]
[.SA][,F.A][...\nsl'=)(,luL]

See BOX for descri])tion of color
source, X,Y is the center point oi'lhe
circle; XR.YK are radii; SA is tlie start-
ing angle; ¥,A is the ending arc angle;
Angle is the rotation in degrees clock-
wise; Inc is the increment in degrees
between line segments,

Kxiimple: 40 ClRC;EEl.l.'^>(),lOO,.')r.,l()
.-)0 C:lR(;t.El,7,'-vl.'),'i.'V,18

CLOSE [CL Shift O]. This statement
closes a file that was openetl with
OPF.N or DOPKN.

l:xaniplc: CLOSEt fi

This closes flic number 15,
CLR [C Shift L], While leaving a pro-
gram untouched, this statement
clears the variables in memory.

Example: CI,R

CMD [C Shift M]. This coiiiinund re-
directs screen output to anoiher de-
vice, such as a disk drive or a printer.

Example: OPEN '1,4
f:Mn4:l.Isr
PR1NT#4
CLOSE4

This redirects oiitpui to the printer
while a program listing is l>eing made.

•COLLECT [COLL Shift E]. Ihis
command frees u[> disk space that
has been allocatetl lo impropt'rly
clo.sed files, [t also deletes references
to those files from the directory.

Syntax: COI.I.ECT [Ddrive number] [ <ON,>
l/tlevice]

Exaiu]jlt;: COLI^EtrP Di)

♦COLLISION [COL Shift L]. This
statement detects s]jrite collisions and
specifies an action to lie taken sub-
sequent to that collision, llsually, the
action is a branch to a predefined
subroutine.

Symax: t;<)l,l,tSION type[,M,ilement]

Types; 1 = sprite-lo-s])rite

2 = sprile-lo-display

3 = light pen (4()-ct>tumn

mode).
.Statement; The line mimber o( a
subroutine in Basic.

Kxamplt;: COLLISION l.^iOO

RUN Si'KClAl. ISSUE I'JM / 8)

*COLOR [COL Shift OJ. This stale
iiK'iii assif^ns colois to one of the
seven sereeii color areas on llie CM 2H.
Sixiecn different colors can be used.

.Sy tiliix: ( :< )1X)R Si Hire e immbcr, (^olor niiiuher

Souices are; = KJcolumn liack-
ground; ] = 40.cohimn foreground
(f^iajihirs); 2 = multicolor I;
3 = iiiiiltic()lar 2; -1 = 4()-coluinn !ior-
del (text or jrraphits); 5 = chanicter
cok>r in 40/80 columns (text); (3 = 80-
column backj^round.

Colors are I lo 16.

t;x;iui()lo: :> C01.CJK OJi

Ttds colors the backgitmnd liglu-
purple itt 4()-colinnn mode.

*CONCAT [C Shift O]. lb is com
mand merfres, or concatenates, two
.se(]ueniial dataliles that already exist
on disk.

Syntax: Ct IXCAI-.SfKind niel.IMrivt
Miiinlu'iiro "Fitil rtli'"[.IWrivc riiinibLTl
f<t>\.> Udcvitc luiiiibcr]
Example; C()NCAl"Fll.i- 2". DO TO "FILF.
1",D1

I bis will meifre files 1 and "2., j)lac-
irig FILK 2 at tbe end of 1-ILF. I , while
reiaitiiiiff ibe i'll.K I nanie.

CONT [64:C Shift 0/128:noneJ, This
coniiuand restarts program exccu-
li<«i after it has been halted by STOP
or KND, and resLime,s where llie
break occurred.

KsMiiipk-i COM

*COPY [CO Shift P]. This command
copies a single Hie t)r a!! files from
one disk [o another. It is also u.secl
in sinjfle-drive systems for making a
copy onto the satne disk, but under
:i different name.

.Syiiiax: (;OI'V[l>cliivc iiumlHT.]'SiHii(i- lili'
ILIII1I'" lO [l)<lri\'c' iiii[]ib<'i',] ''])cMUii:iiioii
lilfii;iiiic"[ <ON,> i;<lcviic iiuiiiIh:!]

l-:x;irnplf: VXW\ 1)0,"S()1;R(;E FILE" TO [)l.
"DF.SIIN.'VIION Kll.i-:"
This copies tbe Source file from tbe
disk in drive to the ciisk in drive 1
and als«) lenames the tile as Destina-
tion file.

COS [none]. Tins I'nnciion reiurns
the cosine for an angle specified in
radians.

Fx.im|)lf: I'RIN]' a)!J{N)

DATA [D Shift A]. This slatemenl de-
lines ilie d;ii;i tb;it is lo be in])ul inio
memory by a R<-ad statement. Num-
bers and w(n'ds can be placed in a
Data slalement. .All items must be
scf>araled by commas. Words nuisl
be [ilaced within ([uotation marks.

H2 I RUN SPKCIAl. IS.SL'K 1986

Data statements can be located any-
where in a Basic program. See
Restore.

Example: KtO D.\TA l2,"Ralph",0134.=5,"NY"

*DCLEAR [DCL Shift E], A com-
mand thai closes and clears all open
channels on a specific disk drive and
device nninber. Tins is similar lo

OPEN I ,'"1.8,1 .'■),"l()":CLOSEl.'i

Syiil;ix: I)C:i.EAR[IMl ivL- number] [<ON,>

tidi-vicc]

F.x;iiii|)li-: DCl.EAR DO

*DCLOSE [D Shift C]. Ibis com
mimd closes <nie or all files that are
open on a disk drive,

Syuiiix; I)(;i.()SE[#!,ogical file iiuiiiljcr]
[<ON',>lI()t-vi(:e number]

Examjik-: DOLOSE

*DEC [none]. This numeric function

(alculales tbe decimal value of a
liexatlecimal .string,

E)£:implf: 1»RINT DECrFKOU")

((.'■jL'HO

DEFFN [64:D Shift E/128:none]. This
is llie Dellne Ftinciion. It lets you
defme sjiecial-purposo formulas dial
will be used fVec]uently within a Basic
jjrogiani.

Syiiiiis: DEE EN naiin:(variablL') = cxprcssiim
Exani[ilt;: ,') DEE ENC (X) = 3.H159yti5*rt2

In this .sample, tlie name of the
iumiion is FN(1. X is a dmnmy nu-
mei ic" viuiable. The expression after
tbe eijuais sign is the formula for
calcul.iiing the area of a circle.

•DELETE [DE Shift L]. Ihis com-
mand deletes lines from a Basic
j)rograin.

.Sytii.ix: UEI.KTE[Eirsl line] [-l.asl line]
i-;>iam|)lc; DEt.l-llE l()-7(>

This deletes lines 10 through 70.
DIM [D Shift I], This Dimension
slalement reserves memory space lor
array variables. It also defines an ar-
ray as having otie or more dimen-
sions to il, .'\11 arrays having more
than 1 I items must be dimensioned
with DIM.

Exampk: IH.M X(2U)

This defines a one-dimensional ar-
ray named X to accommodate 21
items.

*DIREC1X)RY [DI Shift R], Ibc i:5

key on die CM 28 is [jietlcrmed lo
<iisplay the disk direciory for drive
U, ilevice 8, Any drive's directory can
be viewed u.sing ibis command.

Symax; DIRECfORVIDdi ivL- iimiibL-r] [ <ON, >

Udevicf tiiiniljfr ] [,"Wiklcar(r]
Kxam])lc; DIRECJORY DI.U'J

♦DLOAD [D Shift L]. A command

that loads a Basic ])rogiani from disk.

Syntax: D[.().\D"Fik'iiani(.-"[.Ddrive luimbtr]
[.Udcvice number]

K\;iin|>k-: D[,0.\D "MEMO"

*DO/LOOP/WHILE/UNTIL/EXIT
[none/LO Shift OW Shift H/U Shift
N/EX Shift I], rhe Do/Loop siaie-
iiieni is a loojnng technique similar
to FtjiVNext. All siaiements between
the DO and the LOOP in a program
are coniiniiously executed unless
WIIII.K, LJNTIl, or KXIT are en-
countered.

If the Exit statemeiil is eticoun-
lered, jjrograiii execuiicni jjasses to
the statement following tiie Loop
slalement. If the Until statement is
encountered, tbe program loojjs un-
til a condition is met. The While state-
ment is the ojjjiosite of L'lilil: The
program continues while a certain
coiulitifm is line. When the condi-
tion becomes false, program execu-
tion ])a,s,ses to the statement following
the Lotjj] statement.

F>:am|)lL': f) Y = 1;")

l() OO UN'III. Y = :l(>

If) Y = Y-f I; PUINI y

20 U)01*

:{() PRINT "iuLS LOOP f:nded

V\'ltEN' Y »1-:CAME 30."

* DO PEN [O Shift O]. This command
o])ens a tiisk file (.secjuential. relative
or random access) for reading and/
or writing.

Svniax: DOPEN#l.ii(;ical Ilk- mimhcr, "Kilf-
tiatMt-[,<S/I'> ] 'l,I.rt-i-ur(i l(-iig!h][,D(irlv(.'
lUimbcr^l <ON, > U device number] {,\V]

S = Sequential file; P = Program
file; I, = Record length in a relative
nic; W = Write operation.
Example: DOPEN** l,"{:tli:(:K.S"

I'his ojjeiis a setjucntial file num-
ber 1, named Checks, for read access,

*DRAW [D Shift R]. This graphics
slalement is used for drawing dots,
lines and other shapes on screen,

Hvmax: l>RAVV[(:<ilcit Mmri-f),X I,V1 [TO

X';,Y'J], . .

XI andVI are starting cotndinates
from (1,0 to 320,220, and X2 and Y2
are ending coordinates.

Kxam]Jk-: (it) DR..UV 1,12(1.120 TO 30(1,120

DS and DS$ [none/none]. Ibese sys-
tem variables are used for reading
the disk drive command channel
after an errtu' has occurred. DS re-
turns the status of the drive's com-
mand cbatniel tt) find the cause of
an error. DSS tleinies tbe error in
words.

Example: I-RINT DSS

♦DSAVE [D Shift S]. This coniiiKitvd
stives ;i Basic piojrratn to disk, [•'unc-
tion key 5 activates this command.

Syntax: DSAVF.'"Prugr;itii iiame"[,Dtirivc

nimiljLTjl <C)N,>ljflt;vk(.' number]
F.xinnplc: nSAVK"MV I'ROtlKAM"
*DVERIFY [D Shift V], Tliis com-
niarui cliccks a [nograin on a spcci-
ficti (hsk drive affair isi a projriatn in
memory.

Sytuax: t)VKRlKY"Fi!en;urK>"[.n(irivL' nuni-
her][ <()N,>UdcviCL' mnnlici)

Example: DVKRII-V "My Program"

*EL [nonej. This system varial)h- is
used [or ciror trappinj^, F.L will iden-
tify tlie hue in vvliirh ;in erroi has
occiuTcd.

END [64:E Shift N/128:none]. fhis
statenierU slops a [nojriam's execu-
tion ami relnrns the computer to litr
mcdinle mode.

♦ENVELOPE [E Shift N]. This siaie-
ment is used to defnie a musical in-
strument by setting the envelope
nu[nher(N), attack rate(A), dec;iy
rale(n), susiaiiiCS), release(R), wave-
rorm(WK) ami pulse width{PVV).

Sviilax: KNVKLOPE .\'[.A][,l)]l,S)(.R)
(AVKlt.HW)

N = ()-9/A = 0- hi/n = 0- 1 5/S = 0- 1 .-)/
R = ()- 1 r)AVF:0 = triangle;
1 = s;iwiooth:2 = variable pulse
(se|uare): '.'> = noise;-} = ring
moilulatton/PW = 0-1095.
*ER [none]. This ,sy,steni variable
used in erroi-trappiiijr holds the def-
inition of the most recent error
encountered.

*ERR$ [E Shift R]. This function is
used lor reading an en or message
from an error encountered in a liasic
program.

Kxiiinplf: I'RINT ERKS (Kk)

*EXIT. (See DO/LC)C)PAVH ILK/UN-
TIL/EX IT).

EXP [E Shift X], This numeric func-
tion CLilculales the tnaihettiatical con-
stant e CJ.7IH28i:i) to an indicated
power of N.

Syntax: KX!'(N)

*FAST [none]. Tliis cf»mmand [)ms
the C-128 into 2 MH/ mode i>f op-
eration lor speedier o[)eraiion.s. 'I'his
liu'ns olT the lO-colinnn screen unlil
the Slovv (onnnand is given.

*FErCH [F Shift E]. This statement
is used for getting data from the RAM
e.xpansion module on the C-128.

Syni:!x: KK If.ti #Hyt<-s, Start ul Hosl RAM.
Kx|>aiisJiin l!;iiik. !ii;ni ol KxpaiiNiuu RAM.

*FILTER [F Shift I]. A music state-
men I for programming the SID
chip's various 11 Iters.

.S)-nia-\: Ktl TF.R [Krcqiicnc y] [.Low PassJ.Raud
I^ssJ[,l lij;[i Passj[,RcsoiiatiLe]

FN. (See DEF FN).
FOR/TO/STEP/NEXT [F Shift O/
none/ST Shift E/N Shift E]. A loojjing
statement slruciure that is used to
comn the number of times a portion
of a Basic propi-ani is executed.

Exampif; 10 FOR T= 1 JXJ [00 STEP T)

in PRiNt [■
:)i) NEXf ■[■

FRE [F Shift R]. This numeric func-
tion computes the rutctiber of free
bytes available f<n- Basic progiams
(N = 0) and Basic variable storage
CN=1).

Exiuiipic.-; PRINT FRF,((t)

GET [G Shift E]. A programming
statement that seiuls one character at
a time from the keyboard to memory
whenever a key is pressed. If a key is
not piessed, then the program will
cotninue execotitjii automaiically.

fOETKEY [GETK Shift E]. I'his stale-
nienl receives in])in data from the
keyboard one eliaracter at a lime. It
waits for the user to type a character
beftne letting the program continue
excculitjn,

Ex:niiplc; |(K;F,TKF.V NS

GET# [none]. 'I'his siaiemeiit re-
tjuests data, one characier ai a time,
from a tape, disk or the iiS-2;V2 port.
A Hie has to have been opened.
Example: II) GIi:r#15.N$

GO [none]. This dununy statemetn
is always used with TO. GO and I'O
are usually combined into a (me-
w<nd siaiemem; CJOTO. (See t;{)T(.).)

*G064 [none]. Thi.s command is
used for accessing (>4 mode from 128
mode on the C128.

Exmiipic; (;C)li4 <RI-;iUK\>
Arc yon surt'^

GOSUB/RETURN [CO Shift S/RE
Shift T]. Fhis stateinenl calls lor ex-
ecution of a subiouiine that appears
in another location within a Basic
progiam. Once the subroutine has
been completed, program execuiitm
retm lis to the line following the (io-
sub statement.

F.xaiiiple: 10 OOSUB SOO

20 PRINT "'nils IS WriKRE
THE PR()(;Ry\M CON'l'lN-
UE.S AFIER THE CiOSUJi
ROm-lNE HAS FINISHED"
.HO :

40 END
:*()() PRINT'llEREISTilF. Sim-
R()ti|INE.":RF.TlJRN

GOTO [G Shift O], This statement
transfers program execution to the
line number specilTed.

Example: 10 IF X= I If I F.N GOTO fit)
♦GRAPHIC [G Shift R]. I'his slate
ment puts the tM28 into <Jne of six
graphics modes.

Syncix: CRAPIIK; McKle[,Clear][,S] (jt
GRAPHIC CLR

The six graphics modes are: = 40-
coUimn text; 1= standard bii-
ma|)ped; 2 = standaici bil-ma[jj»ed
sijlii-screcn; 3 = intilticolor bit-
mapped; 4 = muhicolor hii-map|)ed
split-screen; .^> = HO-column text.
Clear can be set to 1 for clearing the
screen. S indicates the starting line
number it> Split-screen mode.

Exaitipk-: lOClRAPIIIC 1,1

This activates ihe standard bit-
mapped gra[)ln(s mode and clears
the .screen.

*GSHAPE (See SSIIAPE).
*HEADER [HE Shift A|. This com-
mand is for formalling a disk.

SynMx; MF.AI)FR'I)hkil;nnc"[.Ii.d.iinnil)i'i J
[.Diiiivf miinlK-i][<C>N.>U<l<'vi(C
innnlicr]

*HELP [none]. This command is
available for use when a Basic pro-
granuning errtn- lias occurred. HKI.P
will list the erred line and higlilight
the hnc segment where the error
ha])[>em'd.

*HEX$ [H Shift E]. This function
displays a four character hexadeci-
mal number from a decimal number.

Syni:ix: nF.X${N)

*IFn'HEN/ELSE ( none/none/none].

This statement evaluates a Basic ex-
pression and takes one of two actions.
When the If expression is true, the
Then statement is executed. When
the If expression is false, liien pro-
gram execution f;ill.s lo the next line
number, unless an Flse clause is [ires-
en I. When an Else clause is present
on ihe same line as the If/Tlien, it is
exectUed when the If expression is
false.

RUN SPECIAL ISSUE 1986 / 83

Syntax: ll' <cx5)rt>si(m> IHKN <slati'-
incut >:[ELSK claiiw]

Exampk-: 5 INPUT Y

10 IF Y = 3 IHEN GOTO 20:

EI^E GOTO 5
liO PRINT "Y IS 5."

INPUT [none]. This statement asks
llic user to type iti ,s])eeinf iiiCoriiia-
tioii, llie program displays a (]iies-
tioii mark on sciceii, then wails for
the user to enter a response and jiress
the return key.

f:xaiti|iU': 5 INPUT "CJUKSS A NUMKEK
BETWEEN I ANf) 10,";N

U) IFN = :n'll!-X PRINI-VOU
Gt'ESSEH ][!":GOn) 20

15 PRINT" NO. TRV .AGAIN":
GOTO T)

20 END

INPUT#. This In[)in statemeiii j^eis
its iniormatioii from a disk or tape
(lie i;uhei- than (rom the user. Tlie
inCtHniaiion is ilieti nscd in a Basic
proffram.

Ejcamtilcf: 5 OPEN IS.K.lri

10 FOR r= 1 VO 25
21) INPUTS ir).A$,X,BS
30 NEXT V
40 CLOSE 15

*INSTR [IN Shift S]. ■['hi.'; fiinninn
will search for the location of a strinff
within another stritiff and display ihe
nnmeric value of its starting position.

Exaiii|)lL-: PRINT INS rR("\VIIERt IS Ii:-"."1S")
7

INT [none]. This numeric [tuuTion
ct)nverls a lutmeric es]>rcssion to ihe
nearest whole mimher, which is less
than or equal to (he expression. l\f
displays the integer value.

Exaiiipk-; PRINT INI'aiSG)

*JOY [J Shift O]. I'his functitm dis-
plays the position of a joystick and
the status of the Hrebutton.

Exatri|)U-:,[OY(2)= 129

«KEY [K Shift E]. 'I'his statemeiU is
useci to define the purposes of the
eight limciion keys,
Synta>L; KEV [kt-y uuiiibci.sii ing]
Example; KEY l,"01*EN'(,'!:CMD.l:US'l" +
CHRStn)

This defines Fl to list to the printer
the current Basic progiam in memory.

LEFT$ [LE Shift F]. U-ft string is a
function diat returns a specified utiin-
ber of the leftmost characters of a

string.

Exanipk'; 10 XS = "WH.Vr IS !T?"
20 PRINT I.EFr$(XS,i)
RUN
WH.AT

LEN [none]. *fhis functitm deter-
mines ihe length of a string.

Example: XS = "RUN MAG.AZINE"
PRINT LEN(X$)
12

LET [L Shift Ej. This is an ojiiional
statement used for defining a variable.
Exam pie: l.ErX= 100

Tliis couid be written X= 100,

UST [L Shift I], fhis command will
display on the screen all of the state-
ments in a Basic program t)r those
specified by the user.

Sytilax: LIST [Kirsl liiii-][ - I.;isi linL-]
Exaniplc: l.i.st 10-10

LOAD [L Shift O]. This command is
used for loading programs froin ei-
ther tape or disk.

Syntax: IXJAD "Pii>(;rain"[,l')cvict.' niimlicT]
[.RtUtcatf llasl

Exlttuples; LOAD "DISK PROGRAM",H
IjOAD "TAPE PROGRAM"

♦LOCATE X,Y [LO Shift C]. A graph
ies command (hai lets the user place
the |)ixel cursor anywhere on a liigh-
resoluiion screen. X and Y coordi-
nates can range from 0,0 to ;i20,200,

Kxainplc: IXJCATE HMt.tOO

LOG [none]. This function returns
the natural logarithm of a positive
number.

Syntitx: LO{;(X)

LOOP. (See DO/LOOPWHU.f.fUN-

TIl./KXff)

MID$ [M Shift I]. MID String is a
funciitjn that h)catcs a substring
within a larger siring by specifying
its starting position and length.

l-xaiiiiilc; XS = "Rl;N IT RIGHT"
PR! NT .\lll)S(X$..'j,2)
IT

*MONITOR [MO Shift N]. This com-
mand is used for entering the C- ! 28's
built-in machine language monitor.

Syntax: MONTTOR

*MOVSPR [M Shift O]. .V siaieinent
used lor positioning oi nujving a
s]>rile on screen.

Example: .MOVSPR I.! 00,1 00

This will position sprite #1 at
screen location I()0,K)().

NEW [none]. This command eriises
a Basic progiain irom tnemory and
clears all variables.
NEXT (See FORrfOfSTEP/Nf.XT)

NOT [N shift O]. An operatt>r that
calculates the logical NOT of an
ext>ression. It results in negative 1
miinis the original value.

ON [none]. This conditional state-
meiU is used with GOTO and C.OSUli
to luanch to a specified line lumiber
when a certain condition is met, ON
allows program execution to branch
to the line tHnnliers listed, depending
on the value t>f the expression fol-
lowing ON.

If the expiession is valued at I,
then the program branches to llie
first line number; if the expression
is 2, then the program branches to
the second line tunnber; and so forth.
0N.,,G0T0K;0SUB is actually a
method lor using several W condi
tions in one prt)giam liiic.

Example: 10 INPUT K%

20 ONKSGOSUB I()0,2(IO,;iOO,400

OPEN [O Shift P]. This statement is
used for opening a disk, lajjc, jsrinter
or screen for lilc inpnl in' onl]jut.

Examjdt': OPEN 1,^8,15

The logical lile number is 15, the
cievice numher is 8 (disk drive), and
ihe secondary address is 15.

OR [none]. A logical operator that
calculates ctmditions as true or false.

*PAINT [P Shift A]. A grai>hics state-
ment used for filling an area with a
specified color.

Syntax: PAINT[(:<il<ii Souice],X,YI,M<nIe)

See RCLR for discussion of Color
Source. Modes: = defineil by ct:>!or
source; 1= defined by luju-back-
ground source. X,Y is the starling
coordinate from 0,0 to .'520,200.

Example: 70 PAINT 1.14(1,101,0

This will fill in a circular shape
built with the BOX, CHAR. CIRCLE.
t:OLt)R and DRAW exam])les iii this
gtos.sary.

PEEK [64:P Shift E/128:PE Shift £].
This numeric function returns the
contents of a specified memory
location.

Ex.iinple: PRIN 1 PEEK (5 3280)

♦PEN [P Shift E]. This function re-
veals the coordinates of a light pen.

*PI [pi symbol, tt]. This variable re-
turns the value of pi (3. 11 L5926.')).

*PLAY [P Shift L], This musical state-
ment lets ytut select the voice, octave,
envelope, vtjhnne and notes lliat you
want |)layed within a Basic program.

Syiit;ix: P1..\V "Viiicf, Octave, Tittle Eiive-
Uipe, Volume, Eiltci. Eleiiieiit!)"

84 / RUN SHtlJAI. ISSEK I'JSS

♦ POINTER, riiis function is used for

iliuling the address of a spedllc
varialile.

Kxaiufjlc: X = I'OIN IKUfV)

POKE [64:P Shift 0/128;PO Shift K].

'lliis statement LhaujjL's ilic value of
any memory location iit RAM.

Kximi[)lL-: POKK itAim.]

This places 1 in memory location
53280.

POS [none], lliis ftniction is used for
fmcling the curreui cursor cokuiui
position within a flelined window.

Kxaniplc; PRINT l'(>S(X)

*POT [P Shift O]. This function can
tell l>oth the direction of a game pad-
dle and whether the flrc-button has
hc'cn pressed.

r.xaiti|)l!*: I'KINT f'()l(N)

PRINT [?]. A commonly used stale-
nient that outpuis words and num-
bers to the screen.

I-Aaiiiplc: PRINT "tlilS IS THE.SPECI.AL

[ssLi:;*

PRINT* [P Shift R]. 1 hi,s statement
oiupius information to periphenil.'i
such as [>riuiers, disk drives and cas-
sette players.

Example: OPEN4,4: CMI)4

PRINT#-!,"nKRH IT IS"
C[.O.St-;-l

*PRINT USING [? US Shift I]. This
statement defines the iormal of
words and mimht'rs for priming to
I he screen, ])rinter or other device.

Symax: fRINT I^Filfimtiiber] LLSIXG 'Tor.
mal":list tn he [iriiucd

•PUDEF [P Shift UE]. This statement
allows ledelltiilioti of any of foin-
symhols used in a Print Using staie-
meut: blanks, conunas, decimal points
and dollar signs.

Example: PUDEF "*■'

This places an asterisk where anv
blank occurs.

*RCLR [R Shift C]. [his function

gives the specific color of any re-

(] nested color source.

Syntax: RCLR(X)

X is the color source ()~6.

Example: PRIM RC:[.R(ll)

This would priiU the color (1-1 fi)
of a background in •JO-cohnnn mode.

The color somce luunbers are as
follows:

t) 4(J-cf>lurTiii b^^'k^rcniiui

1 tiil-tiiapped foreground

2 multicolor 1
','• iiRillkolor 2

'1 -Jircohinin border

Ti lOWII (.oluniii cliarjKtiTs

1} HIJ riitumn batk^riiimil

*RDOT [R Shift D]. This function is
used to locate a [jixel cin-sor on a
high-resolution screen and to tell its
etjlor.

.Symax; RDOT(X)

(I = X niKTilinatL-, 1 = Y c<)i>riUnate, 2 = color

soiirtf

F.xaiiiplf. PRIM RDOT tU)

READ [64rR Shift E/128: RE Shift A].
This statement reads the numbers
and text held within a Basic pro-
gram's Data statements.

Ex.Mii|ilf: n READ X

It) PRINT X

15 1EX = .'VTHEN END

20 (iOTt) -t

2U UAT.\ l,2,.^,4,.T

40 END

♦RECORD [R Shift E]. This is used
with relative files. I'or leading or writ-
ing data, it positions a relative file
pointer at any s])etilie(i byte of dala
wilhin a record.

Syntax: RF.CORD#I.oj;kal Ilk' num-

hcr.Retord iiuiiibL-r [.ilylt number]
Exampk: RECORD#a,22,4

REM [none]. This slaiemeiU is used
with a Basic program for [jersoual
commtMUary about il. .\ll the RKM
statements are ignorctl by the com-
puter and are never executed.

Example; If) REM PRCKIRAM WRTITEN
BY MARY DOT.

♦ RENAME [RE Shift N]. This com-
mand is used for changing the name
of a iile on disk.

.Synlax: RENAME [.Ddrivt nmnber] "Old
name" To "New naim.-"[,Ufievk:e number]

♦RENUMBER [REN Shift U]. This
couunaiKi renumbers the lines of a
Basic program.

Syntax: RENUMUER (New s[;iii)(,liiLreiiifm|
[.Old line]

RESTORE [RE Shift S]. I'his state-
ment resets the Read pointer so that
previously read data can be read
again,

Symax: RE.S TORE [linf nuiiibci]
Example: RtLSTORK 1 0(1

This resets the pointer to line 100,
where old Data .statements will be
reread.

♦RESUME [RES Shift U]. Ibis is an
aid to prograumiers when an eriin-
has been encouiueied within a Basic
|>rogram. This statement tells the
computer where to continue pro-
gram execution after an error has
been trapped.

Syntax: RF..Si;.\tE [Line number/NEX TJ
Example: RESU.ME IfJ

RETURN [RE Shift T], This is u.sed
with a (losiib statement and returns
program execution to the next state-
ment after the occurrence of the
Cltrsub.

Example: 10 CKISUH .'■)l)ll; PRINT'LIACK

At; A in:-"

20 END
500 INITT-PKESS ANY KEY TO
tXJM lNt'T7;XS:RE TL:rN

*RGR [R Shift G]. This function tells
which graphics mode the comjjuter
is in.

Example: PRINT R(;R(())
RIGHT$ [R Shift I]. This string fmu'-
tioti elects the rightmost set of char-
acters within a [uedefmed siring
variable.

Example: XS = "SPEtllAI. TSSUE"
i'RINT RI(;!TTS(XS.:i)
.Sl'E

RND [R Shift N]. This function is
u.sed lo generate a random number
between and I.

Example: X = INT (RNIK I )"'>)+ 1

X will be a whole number between
I aiul 5.

*RSPCOLOR [RSP Shift C]. This
(miction iden lilies llie color values
of a multicolored sprite.

.Syntax: RSPCOEOR iRttjisW'r 1 or 2)

*RSPPOS [R Shift S]. This function
ifleniifles the sjieed ;tnd ]iosition of
a s[nitc.

.Syntax: itSPPOS Spi ite#.PosiiionKpc-ed

*RSPRITE [RSP Shift R], This func-
tion identifies the six characteristics
of a sprite. These characteristics will
have been previously s])ecified in the
Sprite commatui.

Example: t> FOR X = (I TO :>

10 PRINT RSPRTTE(1,X)

20 NKXT X

RUN [R Shift U]. This command ex-
ecutes a Basic program in memory.
It can be used with a line mimher to
begin execution at that line. It can
also be used to load and execute a
Basic program from disk.

Syntax: RUN [Line number]

Rt^N "Ei!enaine"[,D(bive number]
[.Idetice number]

Fv.miple: RUN 'MV PRO£;RAM"

♦RWINDOW [R Shift W], Ihis func-
tion identifies the size of a screen
wiiulow. The number of lines (0),
rows (1) and whetlirr the display is
)() or 80 columns (2) are returned.
Sviuax: RVVlND(nV (X).

where X is 0, I , or 2.
SAVE [S Shift A]. This command is
RUN Sl'KtilAl. ISSLT \<.m t Hi>

used for sioriiig progiains on disk or
tapL', Without a s|x-ti(led filenaint.',
SAVE automatically ti ics to store ilie
program to tape.

Synlax: SAVE ["["ilcii^uiic'1l,(lcvico tuiinhcr]
[,KOr Hag]

A device miiiibt-r of I is ia[Hn 8 is
a disk drive. If'KOT is 1. tlieii tlie tmd
of tape flag is set.

Example: SAVE "M^' ['R()C,!t-\M",8
SAVE -M^' PRdGitAM"

*SCALE [SC Shift A]. This statetncnt
changes the scaling of hit-mapped
images in Multicolor and High Res-
olution modes.

Sjiiiax: SCALE N[,X ina*:,V iii;ix]

Example: SCALE i Turns nn scaling.
SCALK t) "liirn«i off scaling.

*SCNCLR [S Shift C]. This staicmcnl
clears the screen in the graphics
mode sj)ecifled.

Syntax: SCNCLR Mode- H (()-,-))

♦SCRATCH [SC Shift R], I his disk
command erases a tile from disk and
deletes its reference from the disk
directory.

Syiu.!.*;: SCR,VrCl i "Kilfnanie"[,Ilcirivi' niiiii-
ber][.Udevice number]

Kx[tin])li:: SCRATCH "RUNFILE",D1

In a dual disk drive system, this
deletes the file "Rmiille" from the
disk in drive #1.

SGN [S Shift G]. This function iden-
tlHes the sign (])ositi\e, negative or
7.ero) of a number.
Example: PRINT SC.N(X)

SIN [S Shift I]. This function iden-
tifies the sine of a number mea.sured
in radians.
t';Naniplc: fRIN't SIN(X)

♦SLEEP [S Shift L]. This statement
delays program execution for a spec-
illed number of seconds (0 to 65535).
Syntax: SLICEP N

*SLOW [none]. This stateinenl re-
turns the computer to 1 MHz speed
of operation after the Fast command.

♦SOUND [S Shift O], This statement
is used for creating sounds anci music
on the C-I28. Seven parameters can
he defined with this statement.

.Symax; SODNll V.F.I)[.I)1K][.M1(.S](.\V][,P]

V = voice; F = fretpieticy; D = dura-
lion; DIR = stop direction; M =
tuinimum frequency; S = step value;
\V = waveform; F = jjulse width:

SPG [54:S Shift P/128:none]. This
function is used for the S]>acing of
cliaiacters within I'rint and Pritit^
statements.

8f ) / RUN SPKCiA!. ISStlK \m

Kxainplf: PRINT "Hr;SI'C(l«);"THOU':"

♦SPRCOLOR [SPR Shift C]. Ihis
statement is used for setting multi-
color 1 and/or 2 for sprites.

Example: SPRCOLOR b.B
sets multicolor 1 to jnirple and mul-
ticolor '2 tt> green for all sprites
within a Basic progiam.

♦SPRDEF [SPR Shift D]. Ihis coin
mand is used to emer the C-128's
built-in sprite editor,

•SPRITE [S Shift P]. This statemetit
aiiivales and deactivates sprites'
colors, expands sjiriies and sets the
screen priorities for any of eight
sprites.

Syniax: SPRITEF <#>[. On(l)/Omf))]

[, Koregroimd color (l-lti))[,!'riority (0 — in
from c)l screen (ilijects/1 — in back
o(')][.Hi)ri/(mla1 ex])iiiisioii (1 — on/0 — t>{i)]
[. Verlical expan.sion (1 — orWO— fill)]
[, Mdde (0— standard/1— nnillicoliir)]

Kxaiiiplf: SPRITE 'J.l .H.O.O.l.O

♦SPRSAV [SPR Shift S]. I'his state-
ment transfers 63 bytes of sprite data
from a text string variable into a stor-
age area in memory, A sprite image
can be stored as a string variable; the
ilata within a string variable c;iri he
transferred intc) a s]jrite; and one
s])rite's data can be dtiplicated in a
second sprite.

Syii[ax:SPR.SAV<OriK!ii>.< Destination >

SQR [S Shift Q], Tliis fiinction iden-
tifies the sqiiaie root of a number.

Exnmple: X = 8I

PRINT SQK (X)

9

♦SSHAPE/GSHAPE [S Shift S/G Shift

S], l be.se two statetnents are used for
saving and loading rectangular areas
of high-resolutioti/nmlticolor screens
to and from Basic string variables.
After you've drawn a figure on the
screen, you use SSH APE to save its bit-
ma p]K.'d itnagc and location.

Synlax: .SSMAPK Variable, X,Y conicr
cc)i)idiiiates[,X2,Y2 <>]>p()site crnner
cotirdinates]

Synlax: C.Sl I.'\PK Variat>le[X.V ciirner coor-
dinates^, Replacement mode (0— pLice as
was saved; 1 — invci t sbnpc: *i — OR shape
wiili the area: 3 — .-WD shape with the
area; 4 — XCiR shape]

ST [none]. This system varialde de-
fines the status of the system after
an input/output operation has
occutTcd.

♦STASH [S Shift T]. This statement
is used ^vith the RAM mcmoi^ ex-
])ander. It moves the contents of
memory into the expansion RAM.

♦STEP (See FOR/TO/NEXT/STEP)
STOP [64:S Shift T/128:ST Shift O].

This statement stops execution of a
Basic program and displays on
screen a Break message, identifying
the line number where the stop
occurred.

Example: HI X = X -^ 1
2(1 PRINT X

:«) irx = 2.1 THEN sroi'

■111 t.OTO 10

STR$ [ST Shift R], This string func-
tiim converts a nintil>er into ;i string
so that the number could be editeti
for output.

Example: .I X = 2,')5.1

10 PRINT"r;STRS(X>-^"(l"

This will display the number X as
S225.1() rather than as S22.5.1

♦SWAP [S Shift W], This statement
is used with the RAM memory ex-
paufier. Il swaps (he contents of in-
ternal RAM with the contents of ilie
external RAM expander.

Svntax: S\V.-\P #Bytes, Starting address of
hc.M RAM (ll-6.i.i:)S). fi-iK RAM expansion
bank * (()-:!). Starting address of RAM ex.

pansioii (()-(jriri;\."j).

SYS [S Shift Y]. This statement calls
anfl executes a machine language
subroutuie fr(nn within a liasic pro-
giam or from Immediate mode.

Syntax: SYS .Address

or SYS Address [,A][.X1[,Y1(,SI

A is accumulator, X, Y and Status

are registers.

TAB [T Shift A], A staiemeiu u.sed
in Print and Print# statements for
j^lacing an expression at a specific
horizontal position on screen.

Example; PRINT lAIM.'iV.'THK.SE WORDS
ARE INDENTED FIVE Sl'ACiUS"

TAN [none]. This numeric function
identifies the tangent of an angle in
radians.

Example: PRINT 'rAN{X)
♦TEMPO [T Shift E]. A musical state-
men i that defines the speed of a song
to be played.
Syntax: TEMPO X
where X is 0-235.

TI and TI$ [none/none], Ihese are
system variables used for reading the
24-hour real-time clock built into the
computer. TI is the curreni tuitneric
value o( the clock in '/,,„ seconds. TIS
is the string thai reads TI as a 24-
bour clock.

Example: Tl$ = " 121005"

This is 12:10 PM and 5 seconds.
TO (See FORrrO/STEP/NEXT)

♦TRAP [T Shift R]. lliis stalement
is an error deicctof widiiii a running
Basic program. When a bug is dis-
covered, program execution is trans-
ferred to a prc-speciflcd line numtjer.
Tile EL varialilc will identify the line
in wliicli the error occurred; ER will
specify the error condition; and
ERRS will actually <lisplay the error
message.

*TROFF [TRO Shift F], This state-
ment turns ofllracing mode.
•TRON [TR Shift O]. Tins statement
Imiis on Tracing mode for use when
debugging Basic f)rograrns, VVlicn ac-
tivated and a program is running, the
line numbers of the program are dis-
piaved before each line is executed,
so thai the programtner can easily
see where an error occurs.

UNTIL (See DO/LOOPfWII ILK/UN-
■nUEXIT)

USR [U Shift S]. This function trans-
fers program exetinion from Basic
to a machine language program.
Variables can be passed between Ba-
sic and luachine language using this
function.

VAL [none]. This (unction translates
into a number a string that's holding
numbers. It speciilcs the numeric
value of the string by searching for
numbers from left to right. Upon en-
countering an invalid character, it
halts.

Example: XS = '!.''jM11.ES"

PRtN't \'A1,(X$>
15

VERIFY [V Shift E]. This command
verifies tliat a program in memory is
the same program as the one on disk
or tape. This is a safety feature that
lets you ensure that the program you
saved has really Ijeen saved in its
entirety. For tape users, the Verify
command is used for determining
the free space on tape for the next
program to be saved.

Sj'iil;i3v: V't^RIFV "I'roj^iitin name"

t,I)cvict' nunibfiK.RfliicaK.' Hag (0 Uiads
lo the start of lJ;»sic; 1 loads to uhere the
program was ()riHiiially saved from)]

*VOL [V Shift O]. A musical state-
ment that defines the volume of
sounds produced w'ith the Sound and
Play statements. Volume can be set
from to 15,

WAIT [W Shift A], 'fhis stalement
pauses program execution while the
computer monitors the status of the

[npm/Oiiiput registers searching for
a particular value. The Wait com-
mand is used wiieri performing cer-
tain I/O operations.
Syinax: WAIT < Location >,< Mask 1>
I.<Mask2>]

WHILE (See DO/l.OOF/WUILE/UN-

IIL/KXIT)

♦WIDTH [WI Shift D]. This state-
ment determines the w-idth of the
pixel cursor used for drawing lines
with the graphics commands.

Syntax; VVIIVl'U 1 sets a single width.
Wit) 11 i 2 sets a di>iilik- width.

*WINDOW [W Shift I]. This state-
ment is used for identifying a screen

window in 40- or 80-column Text
mode. Coordinates range from
0-39/0-79 horizontally, and from
0-24 vertically.

Syntax: WlNI>OW top-lelt column, t(i])-lefl
row, liotloni-right column, liottoin-right
row[,t;lf;>r (1 to clear the wiii[low)l

Example: WINDOW 30.1l),7l),L'().l

Defines and clears a window whose
top-left point is .50,10 and w^hose bot-
tom-right point is 70,20 (in 80-col-
umn mode).

*XOR [X Shift O], A function that
presides the exclusive OR of two
specified argmnent values.

Symax:XOR {X1,X2)

X ! and X2 range from 0-65535. H

Circle 424 on Reader Smvlce card.

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RUNsi'n;iAi.issL.'t:i'.i8i;/91

From p. 44.

20 FORJ=828TO840:READK:POKEJ,K:NEXT

PRINT"C0LOR POKES FOR COL COMMAND; {CRSR
DN)"

PRINT"(RETURN GIVES GREY/BLU/GRN ) { CRSR Z
N)"

B=1 2 :INPUT"BORDER" ;B:POKE491 74,B
S= 6 : INPUT" SCREEN" ; S : POKE49 1 79 , S
C=13:INPUT"CURSOR";C:POKE49184,C
SYS828:PRINT"NOW TYPE COL <RETURH>"
DATA 17 3,000,002,2!!(1 ,067,208,030,173
DATA 001 ,002,201 ,079,208,023,173,002
DATA 002,201 ,07 6,208,016,169,012,141
DATA 032,208,169,006,141 ,033,208,169
DATA 013,076,04 8,19 2,234,230,12 2,208
DATA 003,07 6,119,000,076,121 ,000,096
DATA 141, 134, 002, 169, 000, 162, 007, 157
DATA 255, 001, 202, 240, 004, 076, 055,192
DATA 23 4, 096, 234, 234, 096, 000, 251, 000
DATA 251 ,000,251 ,000,251 ,000,251 ,169
DATA 076,133,115,169,000,133,116,169
DATA 192,133,117,096

30
40

50
60
70
80
81
82
83
84
85
66
87
86
89
90
91
92

Eric Breault
Pawtucket, RI

Screen rewersei— [lie accompanying C:-G1 program
lets yon reverse the cMnirc screen by executing a simple
SYS command. Cliaracters in normal video are ciiatigcd
1(3 reverse video, and ihose in reverse arc clianged to
normal. Because of tJie speed of macliine lan(ruaj.;e, die
cliange is instatnaneous.

lo ii.se tiie feat me in a program, just execute lines 30-
;M one time, tlien execute SYS r)2992 wlienever you want
to reverse die screen. Some uses might be a fiasliing .screen
as a reward in an educational program, a flashing .ircade
game screen or even a Hashing sign. Use your imagination
and have fun!

1 FQRY=1T027:READZ:CS=CS+Z:NEXT

2 IPCS<>4345THENPRINT"DATA ERROR" : STOP

3 PRINT"CHECKSUM OK. DELETE LINES 1-4,"

4 PRINT"™eN save THE PROGRAM. ": END
10 REM SCREEN REVERSER - RICHARD MIU
20 REM SYS52992 REVERSES TiiE SCREEN

30 FORJ=52992TO5301 8 :READK: POKEJ,K:NEXT

31 DATA 169,000,133,251,169,004,133,252

32 DATA 162,004,160,000,177,251,073,128

33 DATA 145,251,200,208,247,230,252,202

34 DATA 208,240,096

Richard Miu
Man.sfield, OH

Supersound — fhis is a continuous sound effect that
goes on in the background while you program or do
anything else with your computer. You can shiU it off by
pressing the run/sutp and restore keys or by I'oking off
voices I and 3. You can change the sound dramatically
by using different values for the variables in lines HO-
MO. Use the values indicated in the REM statements.

10 F0RJ=1T09:READK:CS=CS+K:NEXT

20 IFCS=1 1 25THENPRINT" (CRSR DN)DATA OK,

SE LINES 10-40, THEN SAVE.":EHD
30 PRINT" [CRSR DN)DATA STATEMENT ERROR!

OP
40 :

100 REM SUPERSOUND - MILIND S. PANDIT
110
120
130
140
150

92 / RUN Sl'ECIAl. ISSUK \<-m

ERA

;ST

SF=:1 5 :REM FINE SPEED
SC= :REM COARSE SPEED. BEST.
V1=17 :REM VOICE 1: 17, 33, OR 129
V3=33 :REM VOICE 3: 17, 33, OR 129
FORJ=1T024 : POKE54272+J,0:NEXT

160 POKE54296,15:POKE54286,SF:POKE5428?,SC:

POKE54 277,0:POKE54273,255
170 POKE54290,V3:POKE54276,V1
180 F0RJ=1T09:READK:P0KE491 51 +J,K:NEXT
190 POKE56333,127:POKE788,0:POKE789,192:POK

E56333,129
200 DATA173,027,212,141 ,001, 212, 076, 049
210 DATA23 4

Miiind S. Pandit
Houghton, MI

Beeper — Here's a clean, non-clicky beep routine that
can be used in Basic, compiled Basic and machine lan-
guage progiams. Include this loader subroutine in your
program, and call ihe bee]3 with a simjjlc SYS "lOOOO. The
resulting sound is a cro.ss between a bee]) ami a !>ell, and
it's really pleasing to the ear.

20

30

40

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

F0RJ=1 T082 :READK: CS=CS+K: NEXT
IFCS=10822THENPRINT"{CRSR DN } DATA OK. ER
ASE LINES 10-40, THEN SAVE.": END
PRINT" (CRSR DNIDATA STATEMENT ERROR !": ST
OP

REM BEEPER - BRUCE JAEGER
FORJ=50000TOJ+81 :READA:POKEJ
DATA032,133,195,169,009,141 ,
DATA169,030,141 ,015,212,169,
DATA001 ,212, 169, 015, 141, 02 4,
DATA040,141 ,004,212,169,007,
DATA19 5,032, 14 5,1 95,169,031 ,
DATA212,169,020,141 ,163,195,
DATA1 95, 032, 133, 195, 096, 162,
DATA1 57, 000, 21 2, 232, 224, 024,
DATA096,165,162,02 4,109,163,
DATA! 62, 195, 165, 162, 205, 162,
DATA24 9,096

,A:NEXT
005,212
130,141
21 2,169
141,163
141 ,004
032,145
000,138
208,248
195,141
195,208

Bruce Jaeger
St. Paul, MN

Line bell — Here's a typing aid for you. It pioduces a
typewriter-like bell sound when your cursor reaches the
75th column, tt can warn you when you're ready to fall
out of a line while programming,

10 FORJ = lT054:READK:CS = CS-fK:NEXT

20 IFCS=5908THENPRINT"{CRSR DNIDATA OK. ERA
SE LINES 10-40, THEN SAVE.": END

30 PRINT" {CRSR DN } DATA STATEMENT ERROR !": ST
OP

40 :

100 REM LINE BELL - J. VAN DE PEPPEL

11 FORJ = 0TO53:READK:POKE49152■^J,K:NEXT
120 SYS49193

130 DATA169,009,141 ,005, 212, 141, 006, 212
140 DATA169, 11 0,141 ,001, 21 2, 169, 015, 141
150 DATA024,21 2,169,01 7,1 41 ,004,212,169
160 DATA016,141 , 004 , 21 2 , 096 , 1 65 , 21 1 , 201
170 DATA07 5, 208, 003, 032, 000, 192, 07 6, 049
180 DATA234,1 20,169,029, 141 ,020,003,169
190 DATA192, 141 ,021 ,003,086,096

Jurgen van de Peppel
£de, Holland

Basic UNNEW for the C-64— fhis program creates
a single Basic line with an Unnew program embedded in
a REM siaiemeni. Add the line tfi any other jjrograni,
and you can resurrect a mistakenly erased program by
entering SYS 2065.

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RUN Sl'KClAL l,SSt;K liJKC. / 9'^

[ Jiic must be a RKM, one quotu, exactly Gfi characters
ol iiiiy sort, tlien a tlosiiij^ (juote, \\ catiiiot contain extra
spaces. If you get an error when rnnniiig the ])rograin,
something is wrong witli your Data statements. If all is
weil, the prrjgram will list a tiansfignretl line 0, phis the
niimhers I l-2;i, with the cursor on the 1 1. i'lessiiig the
reliirii key 13 limes will delete all lines bin 0.

Save line for liitiire use; you can add it to any program
by using a merge or append utility, or by typing the f)thcr
program after this one is in memory. This line can be
renumbered, but it must always he the fu'sl line in your
program.

REM" 66 CHARACTERS - SEE TEXT"

10 FORJ=1T066:READK:L=L+K:NEXT:RESTORE

11 IFL<>69 39THENPRINT"DATA ERROR": STOP

12 FORJ=1T066:READK: POKE2054+J ,K:NEXT

13 PRINT" {SHFT CLR)(4 CRSR DNs } " : FORJ= 1 0TO2
3:PRINTJ:NEXT

14 PRINT"{HOME}"; :LIST-1

15 DATA 085, 078, 078, 069, 087, 050, 048, 054

16 DATA 053,058,160,003,200,177,043,208

17 DATA 251,200,200,152,172,187,255,145

18 DATA 043,165,044,200,145,043,133,060

19 DATA 172,187,255,132,069,174,187,255

20 DATA 200,208,002,230,060,177,059,208

21 DATA 244,232,224,003,208,242,200,208

22 DATA 002,230,060,132,045,164,060,132

23 DATA 046,096

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

Emergency UNNEW— Under tuc.st condiiinns, the fol-
lowing C-6'1 Direct mode line will recover a Basic [>rograni
so it can be listed on die screen or printer. This will, I
hope, give you enough informalion to enter it again.

POK!-; 2050.1 : SYS 422HI

Do not try to edit a program thus resinrected; tioing so
can result in lui muecoverable crash. Vou must use the
New eummand witli the resurrecteti jjrogram, then reen-
ter it from scratch. If the program is short etiough to list
on a single screen, you can list it, use New again, then
use your cursor and relnrn keys to reenter each line.

Mike Oehrtman
Stillwater, OK

Filename finder— On the CAVl SYS t)'2!H;i displays the
name of the currently active file. Did yon ever load a pro-
gram or open a disk file, then later forget its name? Or have
you saved someliiing, then wonde-red what you called it? Ti^y
this magic SYS call, and the forgotten lik'name will ma-
li'iiali/e iM'fore yom- eyes! Usable in l)irc( I or I'lograni
mode, it displays the filename at the current i uisor ])osition,
JSR .'Sl-'.f>(;i is the machine language vcrsioti.

Rick Crone
Jackson, TN

Autostart programs for the C-64— lleie's a simple
routine that adds the autostart feature to Basic programs
on ta[ie or disk. E ype it in and iiin it, and if yom' Data
st;ucments are conect, you'll be asked to delete lines 1 1-
13. Delete them, then .save the jirogram.

Now, when you want to save an aiito.start version of a
program, just run .Autostart and follow the instruct ion.s
on the SCI ecu. Oiu e it is saved, a Syntax eiioi message
will a[)])earon the screen; disregard it. At this point, your
0! / RUN SPKCI.U. tSSt'F, \m

computer is in an altered state, .so you must reset it or
turn it off then back on.

I'rograms saved in tliis manner must be loaded using
the form:

I.OAirilluii;ime",H.I

They will run as soon as they are loaded, with no further
action from you. Because the autostart [)rocess pitts char-
acters onto the scieen. it's helpful if the saved program
clears the s<reen as one of its fust operations. (If you're
using tape, change the 8 to a I in the Load statement
and in the screen message in line 80.)

10 REM AUTOSTART - BILL GIEL

11 F0RX=1 T048: READY :CS=CS-t-Y:NEXT

12 IFCS<>5991THENPRINT"DATA ERROR": STOP

13 PRINT"DELETE LINES 11-13":END

20 FORA=67 9T0726:READB:POKEA,B:NEXT

30 Q$=CHRS( 34) :PRINTCHR$(147)CHRS(18)"TO MA

KE AN AUTOSTART COPY OF A PROGRAM:"
40 PRINT: PRINT"L0AD YOUR PROGRAM, CLEAR THE

SCREEt^l,"
50 PR1NT"AND MOVE THE CURSOR TO THE BOTTOM

LINE. ":PRIKT
60 PRINT"TtiEN ENTER THIS AS A SINGLE COMMAN

D:";PRINT:PRINT"POKE43,166:";
70 PRINT"POKE44,2:POKE770,167:POKE771 ,2:SAV

E"Q$"FILENAME"Q$" ,8"
80 PRINT:PRINTCHR$(18}"** YOU MUST ALWAYS L

0AD"Q$"FILENAME"Q$",8,1 **

90 DATA 169,147,032,210,255,169,082,032

91 DATA 210,255,169,085,032,210,255,169

92 DATA 078,032,210,255,169,019,032,210

93 DATA 255,169,131,141,002,003,169,164

94 DATA 141,003,003,169,001,141,198,000

95 DATA 169,013,141,119,002,076,131,164

BUI Giel
Yonkers, NY

C-64 List freezer— 11)e fo]]o\ving lines will I'oke a
machine language roinine into empty memory locations
at (i7<i-(i8H, then .set die vector IQi'l.OI' at 774-775 (o
point to the start of the routine. Once that has been done,
you can temporarily halt a progratu listing by pressing
the CTRL, Commodore, shift or shift-lock keys. The fea-
(tne will stay aittve intlil you reset your computer.

Ill I'OR [ = (>7!n() ()8H ; RKAI) K : t'OKl'; [,K : NKXT

'M i'OKK 771,Hi7 : I'OKK 77.fi,L' : N'i.VV

HI) D.'VIA (172.1 7:l. I 1 1 .(M)2,2(IH.2,''i 1 . 1 ()-1,l)7ri.()2(i. I(i7

If you wish, you can add these lines to the Basic part of
the C-B4 wetlge program. That way, this useful feature
will he enabled along with the wedge.

John P. Valengavich
New Britain, CT

Compatible color RAM— Dilferent versions of the
C-()'f behave differently when you Poke characters to the
screen, and often you must Poke the color as well as the
character. Below is a Basic loader for a machine language
suhroiuine. It clears the screen and instantly fills color
RAM with the cursor color. It eliminates all those extra
Pokes and makes your [irogram usable on all versions of
the C-()-l.

.'\s an added botnis, it can be used to change the color
of all characters without clearing the screen. Vou can
tnake it a part of your main program or run it separately,
then have the main piogram use it. The loader lines will
put the machine language into memtny, ready to use until
the com|iuler is turned off.

After running the lo;»der lines, SYS 828 will ck-ar the
screen and set your color memory to the current cursor
color. To chaujre the colors of all characters on the screen
without cleariiijr the screen, use SYS 828 + 5. The com-
mands work either in Direct mode or in a progiam.

The machine language can be relocated to any place
yon have 2H bytes oCCree memory. You neetl only change
the value oi AU in line 10 and leplace the 828s, mentioned
above, wiili the new value ot AH.

in AH = «aS : R)R J = AB TO Ali + i!7 : RI:AD K : I'OKK J.K : NKXf
20 D/VCA I m. 1 47,():12,'2 1 0, 255, 17 3, IS 4, 002, IJI i ,01 5,162,000,1 ,^1 7,000
30 llA'I A 2 1 (i, 1 57,000,2 17,1 57,000,2 18,1 57,000,2 1 0,2;i2,2OK,2'l 1 ,0'JIJ

C.J. Mohler
Walnut Creek, CA

2. Computers— C-1 28

C-64 to C-1 28 conversions— Many Basic progiams
written for the C.S4 will work in CM 28 mode as well.
When evaluating a program'.s chances f'oi' siicces.s, ycm
should pay jjarticnlar atlention to these keywords, which
behave dilleremly in the two modes. 1 he 128 m«)de's
special fealures are mentioned:

I''kl''. — The argument is tio longer a dnnnny. It deter-
mines the memory bank to be reporlcc! on.

LIST — A program-mode List does not terminate pro-
gram execution.

RKS'l'ORE — This can rcposititm die Data ]>ointer to
the beginning of a specified line.

SY.S — Kegistei-s can he loaded with values separated
from SY.S by conmias.

I'KEK — The Bank statement affects Peek. In addition,
most C-128 memory locations have been changed.

I'OKK — Same considerations as Peek,

Also, since Basic 7.11 has many more keywords than the
previous versions, there's a chance dial some stalemenls,
previously perfectly legal, will now contain embedded
keywords.

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

C-128 monochrome monitor— Ibe manual doesn't
say so. imi it's e.isy to use a moriochrome moniitn' on ihe
C)-t28's beauiiful, 8()-c<)lumn omjiui. The signal is avail-
able on the computer's rear-panel ROBl connector, which
mates with any male DB-9 plug, such as die Radio Sback
27{il .");57, Conned the center wire of ytjur monitor's video
cable to pin 7 of the DB-9, and coiuicct the shield to pin
1 or 2.

If you put the appropriate connectors on your monitor
cables and cm diem lo the proper leiiglh, you can faciliiaie
switching your monitor between die 80- and 'lO-column
outputs {m the 128.

Margaret Ittel
Los Angeles, CA

0-128 display width Peek— Location 2ir> decimal
(S1J7 hex) is a disjilaywidth flag. When PEEK{2 1 ,5) = (), your
computer is in lOcohimn mode. When PEEK(215)= 128. it's
in 80-column.

If you use a 1902, or other monitor that must be
switched from -lO' to 80-cohmin mode, you can use the
flag (o hel[) you sel the switch. For example:

100 IK l'KKK(21.f|)= 128 1 HHN I'RlNr ".SVVilt;ii IXJ 4(1 C;OI.UMNS"
: tlRAl'HlCO

If you're in 4()-coluum mode when this line is exeeuteci,
nothing will happen. If, however, you're in 80-cohmm
mode, the message will print to your screen, and your
computer will switch to 4()cokimn text mode {(iraphicO).
Seeing the message, you'll n)anually switch the monitor.

Kenneth Hottes
Dan bury, CT

Easy program load — It's easy to load any program
shown on a C- 1 28 <liieciory display.Jusl move your cin'sor
(o die line coniaining the program, then type DLOAD,
Press the tab key three limes lo put your cursor on the
PRC indiialor, then bold down your space bar until the
PRCi is obliterated. When you press the return key, your
progiam will be loaded from clisk.

Mary Martinez-Haver
Squirrel Hill, PA

Safe and easy scratches— W'hen making multiple

scratches on the CM 28, the following teclinic]ue can save
you time ;ind [lotential anguish. If you think you want to
scratch all programs whose filenames start with "ABC,"
for c.xample, do this:

ni {siirr r} "abc*" {rkitjrn}

This will give you a directory listing of every file whose
name starts with .ABC. Check the listing carefully to ensure
it floesn't cimtain something you want to keep.

When you're salisfled, move your cursor up to the line
you originally entered and change the DI to S(]. Press
the return key, and the files you examined will be im-
nu'diately erased.

Hashafisti Scratchi
Tokyo, Japan

Non-destructive reset— If. while pressing the C-lSR's

reset button, you hold down the run/slop key and keep
ii depressed uniil the reset is finished, you'll get a reset
I bill doesn't disrupt Basic's pointers or lose your Basic
[)rogram. When liiis ly])e of reset is linished, the computer
comes u]j in ils Vhicbine Language Monitor mode. To
return lo Basic, just type X and pre.5S die return key, and
your program will be awaiting you.

Mary the Juggler
Pitt-sbui^h, PA

40/80 display switching— Aliliough it's not men-

tioiietl in die manual, the 4(W8()-display key is read when-
ever the stop and resKne keys are pres.sed. So, to switch
from one mode to the other, just set the display key, then
tap the SI up and restore keys.

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

F-keys for data — The accompanying program makes
it easv to enier Daia statements on the C-128. Run it, then
execute the .-^uto command that appears on the screen.
(If you wani some other increment between your Data
statements, soljstiiute it for the 10 in the Auto command.)
Type the line number of your first Data siaiement, then
use ihe riinciion keys for the following: f 1 lyjjes the word

RUN Sl'tCIAL ISSDK I'JSIJ / 95

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will help ycxj create everything from an essay or
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Programs That Get Results

Does your mind paint a picture faster than you
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■ ' CW und C-128 are legiStiiecl trademarKs ot CommoOMo Busnoss Mochinoa,
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You can even create, save, load, and print color-
ful screens with three easy-to-use programs:
"Screen Maker," "Screen Viewer," and "Screen
Booter"!

Have you been dreaming up an interesting ap-
proach to a term paper or feature article, but the
pieces just won't fall together? Then you'll love
"Brainstorming," a thought-processing program
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Or. if music is your specialty, you'll enjoy "Ivlake
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Programs with Variety

And that's just the beginning! ReRUN's Winter

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Of course, every ReRUN cassette and disk is in
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Why not start bringing your great ideas to life to-
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DATA, f'S tir l'5 types a comma and f7 is cqiiivalciii lo
prc'ssiii(4 I lit- icnirri key. The Auto comtiiand takrs care
of thf line tuuiiliers on subsequent lines.

50000 REM F-KEYS FOR DATA - FRED HUNT
50010 FOR L=1 TO 8 : KEYL,"" : NEXT
50020 KEY1 ,"DATA"
50030 KEY3,","
50040 KEY5,","
50050 KEY7,CHR$(13)

50060 PRINT" {SHFT CLR } { 3 CRSR DNs I AUTOl {HO
ME)"

Fred Hunt
Albany, GA

Hexadecimal keypad— Most C-128 owueis ap]Meciaie

llie Mkey nnuuMic keypad. Many also enjoy iisiii}^ ilie
built-in inacliine language monitor. Wouldn't it be nice
lo be able lo enter hexadecimal numbers from the keypad?
Well, it's easy. Just redefine the function keys as the
letters .'\ through ('.. .Since you have eight key values and
only six letiei's, you can use the otlier values for eoniinon
symbols such as $ and #, The following little progiani
makes everyiliing juitomatic.

10 FOR A- 1 TO « : RK.\n AS : KKY A,A$ : .S'KXl
20 DATA A.E.B,F.c;,Si>,#

Tim Shea
Burlington, VT

Sprite shower— This one-liner for die Commodore 12K
gives a da/./ling and animated depiction of sprites atid
how they move. Not only is it fun to waicli, i)ul ii's also
a u.sefnl tutorial on C-128 sprites and how they arc
controlled.

Ill FOR J = :lr.K.1 \0 409.1 ; POKE J,204 ; NKXT : FOR K = 1 IC) H :
Sl'RlTF. K,I.K : MOVSl'R K..'-)n*K#K r NF.XT

Mary Leo McCafferty
Butler, PA

Sprite insurance—Somciiincs yom- sprites will fly into
never-never land, behaving erratically or refusing lo obey
your coininands. A reiial)le way to return their feet to die
ground is

FOR ) = ! TO 8 : MOVSPR J,(l#n : NKXT

Thi.s inunediaiely britigs them to their senses.

P.W. Herman
Hollywood, CA

SPRDEF in Program mode— It's not mentioned in

ihe manual, but you can use the SlMIDKi'' command within
a program. When you exit tlie editor, your j>rograin
will c*inlinue at the statcmenl following the SlMiDI^F,
(Sl'RI)Kl'' tratislers icmirol to the ll^K's l>iiill-iri sprite
ediior. You exii I he editor by pri'ssing iIk' retmii key in
response to the Sprite Number [nompt.)

Douglas Johnson
Seminole, FL

Exiting Quote mode— The C-IL'S's keyboard ofTers a
handy way to escape from Quote mode — press the KSC
key, then press C. To make this even easier, just redefine
the fl kev:

KFVl.{;HRS^^7)■^"c■"

Bruce Jaeger
St. Paul, MN

iVIore to print^We're all familiar with embedding cur-
sor controls and color changes in.side Basic Prim state-
ments. As you ij.se the 128, don't forget that now you can
also print the bell sound (Cl'Rl. C). lAB (die tal) key or
CTRL I), and. in Sflcolumn mode, Ihiderlirie (C'lRI. B)
and Flash (CTRL ()). C;HR.S(i:iO) turns off underlining,
while cnRS(143) inrns off Hashing.

Sue Dohnim
Otherna, ME

Spritestorm — Here is an upgraded version of the above
otu-liiiei. I his one features multicolor sprites that change
as they move about. Some of the changes are a sight to
behold.

10 FOR I.= 1 TO '>v,r-, : FOR) = ,1,-iH4 TO 40!)-) : I'OKKJ.!. : XFXT :
FOR K= i TO 8 ; SPRITE K.l.K.l, 1,1,1 : MOVSPR k,50*K#K :
NKX'F : NF.XT

For another variation, add STF,P2 after the 409,5.

Mary Lee McCafferty
Butler, PA

Sprites and function keys—Memory location 409()
(SlOOtJ hex) is used by the C-I28's function key routines.
One commtni way of loading sprites will inadvertentlv
and unnecessarily ovcnsrile this location, thus clobbering
vour function keys. Beware.

.Although s]jriie definitions are only 63 bytes long, we're
accustomed to .saving them in 64-byte chunks, fhe exlni
byte is generally unused, but it's convenient to include it
when Poking the sprite data. But for sprite #7, that tilth
byte is memory location 4096. Be sure you don't Poke it
there; you'll lia\'e no more function keys.

Bruce Jaeger
St. Paul, MN

PRINT (gi in disguise— While the main use described

foi- the C ri.S's f:il.\R kcywoid i.s to piiin text on the
graphics SI reens, the keyword can also be used to position
the cursor in Text mode. Just make its Ilrst parameter a
0, atid you have a ready-made I'RINT®:

100 CHAR l),l(),m"THLS I.S AT POSH ION lO.L'O"

Loura Grantham
Blucgrass, KY

Doodle and tiie 128— if you have ihe popular Doodle
[jrogiam. it is extremely easy to load its pictures into the
CM 28, Just do this in Direct mode:

<;RAPH1C l ; HtX)AD "doudleriLiuie". PTlCiM

Bruce Jaeger
St. Paul, MN

C*128 sound box — llen^'s an amazingly useful pro-
gram for exercising the I'lay siatemein. .-Vfiei- you run it,
whatever key you press will be "■played." If it's a note,
you'll hear it. If it's something else, like the element for
a half note or a sharp, you'll hear its effect w4ieri die next
note is sounded. If you press an illegal key. you'll gel an
fiioi- message.

RUN .SI'KCIAl. ISSUE HIHfi / 97

Sincf ir works m (juickly and simply, the program is
idfiil for fxploriiig the diflerences between the various
notes, lengths, octiives, tone envelopes and fiher and
volume settings. IC yon want to hecome a music expert,
mil it as you study pp. 276-277 of the Commodore 12H
Systrm (itti(U'.

]U KKM V2H SOUND 1K)X— U)U1S K SANDER
20 TBAl*;^r»:t'.KIKf-:YAS;i'l,AV'"N(" + ASiC ;0'1(>2()
an IVV.R = :101IIENK\1):KLSK1'R!N 1 "^^-iRESUMEaO

Louis F, Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

Multi-voice bug avoidance— Sometimes the seiond
or iliird voire on llie C-l'JH gets "lost," esjietialiy alter
(jlhei- programs have usefl the voice registers, 'lo ensure
that yotn' machine will make mttsic or sound with all thiee
voiees, early in yonr program set each voice's volume and
filter IndividLially, like this:

10 HJW "Vl U15 XO"
'iO l'I..\Y "VJ Vlf) XO"
:ii) vi ..'W "v:* u i s xo"

Jerry Kozak
KayeU, MN

Using C-64 utilities— IT you have someC-64 program-

iiR't's iitiliiy piogiams. many of their features may he
usable on progiains written (or the (M28. just save the
C-1^8 [program, llien go to C-64 mode and activate your
utility. Next, load the 12H program and operate on it in
the usual way. Be careful, because the two computers
handle some keyw<n-ds differently, and the 64 list and
screen editor routines don't know what to du with the
new C-12H keywords,

Mary Haver

Wood Islands, PEI

Canada

Renumber bug — The Retmmber command accurately
h.mille\ all ('■olo statements and other references within
program lines, except one. If your prt»gram contains a
List connnand with line numhcrs after it, Renumher will
miss it entirely, f here's no error message and no re inn n-
hering, either,

Lucy S. Terrier
Alton, IL

3. Computers— Plus/4 and C-16

Plus/4 and C-16 organ— Here's a rudimentary organ
])r(jgrain lin tlu: new Basic 'ASi.

10 vol. N ; A = l'EKK(l!IH) : IK A = fi-i fl h;N 10 : EI-SK A = A* 15 :
S<)IINI> l.A,2ll ; .SOUND 'J.A,:;i) ; <;OIt> 10

Jerry W. Jarvis
Spokane, WA

Plus/4 and C-16 Super Palette— This progr-am el-

egaiuly disjilays all the Basic :i5 colors, at all luminance
levels. Instructions appear in lines 3 and 4. When entering
98 / RUN SFKCIAl. [SSUK t!W6

CS in line MM), hold down the control (CTRL) key, then
[iress each inimher kc) from 1-8. Release the control key
and hold down the Commodore key, then press 1-W again.
You should end up with 16 reverse-field characters be-
tween the t J notes.

1 RK.\I .SUl'KK I'AI.Klit-LOUIS F.SANDER
a REM

3 REM COLOR KKV'S CHANGE BKOn COljOR
■! REM NlfMBER.S 0-7 CHANCiE BKfiD l.L'.M

r> I

nill {;S = " - SEE TEXT - ":NS = "U1234:>67"
11(1 C = ^;(;RAP1 IIC:5, 1 ;TRAP2.=;0

1 ?i) ( :c )i .oiio.t ::t :oi t )K;i,i :C(Ji,OR:i,C:t:oLOR!,(.:

i:i(i iu)X:!,(i.o,iii,*2:i,(j.i

I ill (:ik(:i,EL;,.i,io.:),K:fAiNi;i, + o.-t- 1

l.fill SSJIAl'EAS,M.().l(l,2;i

nil) l(H{X = 0'rOl,->:KORV = 0r()7:{:OI.OR2,X+ 1.7 -V

1 711 <;SHAI'EA$,(X*IO),(Y*'i4),tl

I H(l N KXI :N' EXT:i'AINT;l, 1 30, 1 99

I9il (iEIKEA'AS

'J(iO lt)KJ = t lOHi

•J ni ti-.^stuAS) = .'V.s(;(Mii:»$(f:s..|))rHENt: = j

U2U NEXt:EOR) = IIOH

'J:)U I!-AS = Min$(NS.J,!)'t HE\t, = VAI,(.>\$>

LM(I NEXt:(:Ol.OR;i,f;.I.:r.Ot.OR4,C.l.:GOTOl90

'*-iU (:oix)K(i,2:(:ol()ri.1i(;raphic:o

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

Piusf4 word processor tip — I use a non -Commodore
primcj witl) inv I'lus/I, and I often want to use one of its
special ty])elaces with the Plus/4's built-in wonl process(M-.
Utifortunately, the word processor lias tndy limited built-
in means of accessing printer-special rcaiurcs, and my
[jriiner ret|uires a complicated comniaiid string.

1 solve the ])rohleni i>y executing the tollowing simple
[>rogram before entering the word processor.

IIJ OPEN l.-t 1 CMtJ-l

20 I'RIN'I' (I'titilfi's iddt; lor atressiiij; spftiul typflacL')

30 PRIN 1#! ; CLOSE-!

The printer does not reset when the computer eiUers the
word processor, so when I print out my document, it
comes out in the typeface I selected above,

Chris Edguworth
Jasper, TX

Plus/4 tab clear— To clear a single tab in the l'lus/4"s
built-in word processor, you put your cursor at the po-
sition in t|ucstion. then sinuiltaneously press the Ci'RI.
and = keys to clear only that tab. Because of an eiior in
the mantial, it took me six weeks of struggle to iind this
little secret.

Judy H. Maxwell
Leawood, KS

Plus/4 and C-16 easy saves- Make your first jiro-

gtam line

I REM {.SPACE} |)i(iKi;iniiiLitne

■[hen yon tan save it by listing that line, putting the cursor

on the 1 luid pressing the f5 key. DS/Wt" will overwrite

the 1 REM {SPACE} and pressing the return key will save

the program.

G. Bradford Tiffany
Needham, MA

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RUN Si'^CLM. ISSUt; !!}8tl / 99

Plus/4 slow lister— You can slow down all listing and
priiuing on ihis inarhinc by pressing; KSC A before listing;
your program. Tlii.s automatically puts the niacliiiie into In-
sert mode, which causes it to execute the Insert routine be-
fore it prints a line to the screen. Rcttiembcr (hat ESC docs
)U)t work like shift and C TRL — you press and release the es-
cape key, then press A or whatever diameter follows it.

Randy Thompson
Eugene, OR

Plus/4 and C-16 tips— To disable the stop key. enter
I'OKK 806,1():J. Return to normal by entering POKli
806,1 01 . Unlike (lie 64, all keys repeat on llie new ma-
chiiies. To enuilate the 64, with otily cmsor keys, insert/
delete and space repeating, enter I'OKK Ki't4,(). Return
to living text by entering FOKK 1311, 128.

Empty the keyboard buffer with POKE 239,0. (The
keyboard buffei" is from 1319 to 1,328.) Keypresses arc
delected at memory location 2038. nutcli as ttiey are in
the C-64 and VlCi in location 197. Ihe values reiurned
aie generally the same as those lor the 64. Run the
[ollnwiug program and press some keys.

Ill (;ETK£V AS : I'RIM A$

20 PRINT PEEKfiO-lH) : C'.OTO 10

Wayne Amett
Chandler, AZ

C-16 tips— The Warm Start ecnmnand is SYS 32768.
This is similar to SYS 64738 on the CMi-l and SYS 64802
on the VIC, When using the Else command, you must
precede it with ;i colon. All in all, the Commodore 16 is
a very nice little machine.

Bob Underdown
Fayette ville, AR

new Phis/4, screen memory starts at 3072, and color mem-

or\' starts at 2048. When converting C-fi4 programs to
work on die Pius/4, just add 2048 to C-64 screen Poke
locations and subtract 53248 from the C-64 color Poke
locations. For example, on the C-64,

I'OKE I52-},1 (Icllf! 'A' in cciittT screen)
I'OKE 55796.2 (ttuikcs it rod)

would convert to this on the PIus/4:

f{JRE ;i.572,i (3572 = 152't + 2018)
I'OiiE 2548.2 (2548 = .55796 - 53248)

The screen map for the C-64 is on page 382 of the
C.ommodim' 64 Progmmmpr'!, Refermce Guide. The map for
the Plus/4 is on page 199 of the user's iuanual that comes
with die compiuer. [The Phis/4's hnninance feature may
make it tiecessary also to change the value Poked to color
memorv. Ed.]

Kenneth H. Hottes
D anbury, CT

Pius/4 calculated Goto— Jmnp to any calculated line
iisijig this one-liner, fo use it, set variable GL to the
ilesired line mitnber, then execute the following line.
Please note that the routine changes the Data pointer.

100(1 POKE 1281.10-) : I'OKE 1282,141 : RESTORE t;L :

(;l= iJSR(t;i.)

Randy Thompson
Eugene, OR

4. Computers— SX-64

Plus/4 and C-16 graphics— These machines have
some vv'onderful graphics modes that have to be used to be
believed, .\ minor iticonvenience is that sometimes you get
hung up in a nontext mode, with no obvious way out. I
avoid the (iroblem by using another wondertii! liasic 'M^
feaune — the easily progiammabU' fuiK tion keys. When I
start to progiam wiib graphics, I just type KKY 1 ."GRAPHIC!
0" + CHR$(13) {return}. From then on, pressing the fl key
returns me to full Text mode.

Scott Burg
Phoenix, AZ

Plus/4 and C-16 screen titles— With this trick, yoti
can print your ])rograrn title at the to[> of the screen and
forget about it. It will stay there until you remove it with
a SYS 55432 or by pressing the ESC key followed by the
N key.

1(1 .SYS 55432 : REM CI.KAR SCREEN fc SET NORMAL WINDOW

211 I'RINT '■Yiiur tiOt- j;i<,'\ lien '

:HI SYS 5ti92ti : REM .SKI S* KhLN WINDOW 1JEU)W TITLE

Jerry W, Jarvis
Spokane, WA

Plus/4 screen Pokes— On the C-64, .screen memory
starts at 1024, and color memory starts at 55296. On the
1 00 / RUN SPECIAL ISSUE 1986

SX-64 screen magnifier— Stationery stores carry an
8- X 10-inch Fresnel magnifying Sens that is a wonderful
magnifier for the SXt)4's tiny screen. I mount mine on
the clips of a Radio Shack #64-2093 Helping Hands de-
vice, using a cardboard strip to protect ihe plastic. By
adjusting the stand ami clips, 1 obtain an enlarged screen
to make compuiing with tlie SX-64 easier.

Edward S. Wozniak
Oceanside, CA

SX-64 video modulator— You can modify a Texas
Insirinnents miidulator, available at many Radio Shack
stores, to work with the SX-64 and your television .set.
just open it up and replace R6 with a jumper. You may
liavc to fmc-tune it a little by adjusting the tuning capac-
itor. A little goes a long way when tuning it. To operate,
the TI modulalo) reijuires + 5 volts, which is available
from several ports on the SX-64. See tiie primer-interface
tricks for some suggestions.

Normand Daoust
Address unknown

SX-64 TV display— The SX-64 lacks a bink-in RF mod
ulator. To display its videt) signal on a TV, you can avoid
an external modulator if you have a video cassette re-
corder. Just plug the video output of the SX into the

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*:>

C-128 USERS

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D.L, Jassby
Princeton, NJ

SX-64 printer interface — As most owners know, the
SX()! lias no cassette port froiii which to pick up +5
volts (or the popular Cardco +G printer interface. Not
so many people know that on most printers with a Cen-
tronics interface, pin 18 of the printer connector is a
source of + 5 volts. That is the case on my Panasonic KX-
P1091 printer, and I took advantage of it by making an
easy modification to my Cardco.

I opened up the Cardco + G, cut the 5- volt power wire
that went to the ca.s.sette connector and resoldered it to
pin 18 of the printer connector. If you make this change,
be careful. The power wire is white between the computer
and the disk drive, but there it is often connected with a
diffcTCtit colored wire to the interface. When you open
the Cardco, the wire you want is connected to die +
(ermina! of the capacitor. Mine vvas blue.

Also, be careful in locating pin 18. When you are facing
the underside of the board, with the ribbon cable facing
downward, pin 18 is the second one up on the second
row iVom the left.

This arrangement has worked for over .six months with-
out any sort of problem. My Cardco warranty is probably
void, but at least I'm able to use my printer.

T.V. Dinsmore
Knoxville, TN

SX-64 printer interface #2— Vou can also pick up
+ .*> volts from pin 7 of the joystick port, but that precludes
using a donglc or joystick with your program. My ideal
solution is to strip an old cartridge by cutting out every-
thing except the connections to pins 2 and 3. iioth diese
pins are connected to -I- 5 volts inside the compiuer, and
they make an ideal source of power for my interface.

Edward J. Pearce
Peru, NY

SX-64 disk tip— Since a siiifted run/stop oti the SX-ti4
loads the first progiam on disk, I start each disk with the
Menu progiani from Coinniodore's Disk Bonus Pack. That
way, a single keypress gives me a complete list of programs
on the disk.

Tony Grice
Queensland, Australia

SX-64 dual drives — You can use an external 1541 or
similar drive with your SX-64. The external drive must
be configured as device #9, which can be done by making
a simple internal hardware change. You can al.so change
the device number through software, as described in the
1 541 manual, but you must use a slightly magic technique.
First, connect the external drive and change the device
numbers on both drives to 9. Then, without powering it
down, di.sctmnect the external drive from the serial bus
and change the internal drive back to device 8. Reconnect
the external drive, and you're all set for dual-drive
operation.

David L. Hanna
Winchester, KY
1 02 / RUN SPEtML ISSUE Wffi

5. Computers— VIC-20

VIC survival icit — When Commodore discontinued the
VIC-2(), 1 stocked up on merchandise offered at low prices
and ended up with a very useful, fuUy equipped system.
Most of these items are still available new or used, and
I'd encourage you to get them;

• A disk drive or a cassette deck with VIC Rabbit from

Eastern House.

• The VIC Super Expander.

• A printer and a good word processor.

• 8K or 16K memory expansion.

• An expansion module to plug in more than one

cartridge.

• An assembler and a machine language monitor.

• A joystick.

• A large selecdon of inexpensive cartridges.

Jim Goldfarb
Poughkeepsic, NY

New life for the VIC — Here's a good way to use some
of your VIC cartridges on your C-64, in a manner of
speaking. The VIC-20 Programmer's Aid cartridge has
some excellent utilities on it, the Renumber utility being
one of the most u.seful. After writing a Basic program on
the C-(>'!, save it to disk or tape as you usually do. Now
load ihe ])rogram irUo the VIC. (You may need extra
memory if the program is a long one.) Next, activate the
Programmer's Aid cartridge. You can use all its features,
as long as you don't run the C-64 program on the VIC.
When your editing is finished, resave the program and
move it back to your C-64.
Try this trick with VICMON, too.

Murray Stockill
Seattle, WA

VIC extra memory— The VIC has 512 extra nybbles
of memory that you may not have noticed, and that may
come in handy from time to lime. There are enough color
RAM locJUions (1024) for two text screens, even diough
few programs use more than one. Ttiere are 512 locations,
from 37888 to .S8399, that a program can use for storing
information with Peeks and Pokes. But watch out, for
they are only nybbles, not full bytes, and the four high-
order bits contain ever-changing garbage.

You can only Poke numbers from 0-13, and, when you
Peek them, yon must add AND 15 to remove the garbage.
Vou should also know that if you move the screen to a
different place in memory or plug in an expansion car-
tridge, the computer may use these nybbles for character
colors. In that case, the nybbles normally used for char-
acter colors will be free for you lo use.

Brent Dubach
Green Mountain Falls, CO

VIC Super Expander disable— Due to its many

added commands, this popular plug-in restricts the vari-
able names you can use in your programs. Moreover,
progiams that use the function keys will not run properly,
if at all. Vou can deactivate the Super Expander's extra
features, leaving its 3K of RAM expansion intact, by

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RUN SPECIAL ISSUt 19Sfi / 103

eiULTing SYS()4S18 after a reset or after tiirnintr on llie
computer. The ieclirik|UL' also works if a()<iitioiial RAM
expansion has been installed, but, of course, the 3K is
not then available to Basic.

Daniel L. Scheftner
Iwakuni, Japan

VIC Super Expander disable #2— A semi-pentia'

nent way to turn a Super Kx pander cartridge into a
normal 3K memory cartridge is to use a piece of tliin
tape to insulate one of the connector pins. Hold the
cartridge with the connector facing you. lop si<le tij), and
tape over the Uiih pin ftirm the right. Ihis disaiiles iilcx k-
five signals, which contain the Super Expander ROM.

Tim Shea
Burlington, VT

6. Connectors and Cabling

Connector overview— When connecting external de-
vices to your computer, you need special cables, which
you can often make yourself if you have tlie right con-
ned ors. This lri< k tiescribes the connectors used on (lorn-
modote machines and gives specific infounalion on
finding them in stores.

The round connectors used for power, video and disk/
printer hookups are often callcci DIN connectors, after the
Gennan standards org-anization responsible for iheir de-
sign. Radio Shack carries most of tlic DIN coiinectors you
will neeti for your Commodore. Other possible sources are
audio stores and distributors of electronic parts.

Your coturol pruts, used for joy.siicks and similar de-
vices, and the CT28 RGBl video port require a standard
connector known as the DB-l), made by many maiuifac-
turers. Radio Shack stocks the male and female versions
of this connector, plus tuany associated accessories.

The television connector requires a very common plug
known as a phono, or RCA plug, which is available in
many variations at Radio Shack.

Your cassette and user ports requite printed circuit-
board edge connectors. Kdge connectors are made in a
huge variety of si;ices and grades, so finding the right one
is like looking for a needle in a haystack. The ones for
your Cotumodore are for '^i-inch■^hick PC boards, with
coiUacis on .l.'jhiuch centers. The user port takes a 12-
]>osiiion dualsi<ied cotiiiecun; while the cas.seite port
takes a fi-position single- or dual-sided one.

Neither of these are j)anicularly common coidlgura-
tioos, so they may be difficult to find, .-^ny good parts
house will be able to get them h>r you, however. They
come in a variety of types, ct>sting anywhere from $2 to
over SIO (the cheaper ones are fine for youi' pnrpo.ses).
You'll probably want the kind with solder lugs ralher than
wire-wrap [)ins or other sjiecial leiininals.

!f possible, get polarizing keys for each connector to
keep each one from being inserted upside down. The key
fits into the slots cut between certain fingers on the PC
board. If you can't find the exact ctmnectors you need,
you can ofien buy larger ones and cut them down with
a hacksaw— messy, but it works!

Connectors for the expansion port are not readily
1 04 / RUN SHKCIAl, ISSUE \m

available in stores, and usually must be custom-made from
I'C-board stock. Many ])eople get exj^ansion port con-
nectfu's by canniiiali/ing defunct cartridges.

Victor H. Pitre
Pittsburgh, PA

DIN defined — Commodore's audio/video and serial ports
use the well-known DIN connectors, but do you know what
niN stands for? Deutsches Institut fur Normung is tlie Ger-
man Instilitte for Standards, which sets industrial equip-
ment specification.s, some of which have been adopted by
consuttier electronics inaiiuf;icturers.

Frank Biondi
Mount Lebanon, PA

DIN connectors — fhere are two points of caution
when making up caliles with DIN connectors.

First, the standard DIN pin numbers are not what you
might imagine, for example, depending on the number
of |)ins in the connectfsr, pin I may or may not be next
to j)in 2. The situation is so confusing that pulilished
tliagrams are sometimes incorrect. (The tines in Cioni-
niodore publications are all right. Look closely at them
to see what we're talking about.)

The second coidusing poiiu is thai published pinouts
often don't say which end of which sex connector they
are illustrating, so it's again unclear whicli pin is which.
The Commodore manuals illustrate the solder terminal
end of the male totmecior.

'f iny pin numbers are always molded into the insulator
on the connector, so if your eyes are good and you're
careful, you shouldn't have any trouble.

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

Power supply connector— If you have a defective
round power connector, it can easily be replaced. Switch-
crafi part #1.")GM7M will do the job for both the 4- and
7-pin connectois, and it's usually available through elec-
tronics distributors. Here arc the proper connections:

I'iu '2 Vflluw Wirt! -5 volis di

I'iu 5 Red Wire + ."i volLs dt

I'in (i lihiik Wilt- i) vol is .-\c

fill 7 WhiiL- VVii f 9 volis ac

Jerry Schauss
Newburgh, IN

Serial bus extenders— Radio Shack sells all the parts
needed to make extension cords for the Commodore
serial bus. 'I'he cables you make can be male-male or male-
female, depending on whether you want to use them by
themselves or add length to existing cables. The male
connector is #274-()2(). and the in-line female is #274-021.
'I'hey sell for about $1 each.

The wire for your cables can he cannibalized from the
#27l>- 1 <)7K Joystick Kxiension Cord, available for under $:■>.
Remove the D-sub connectors from either end, and you're
left with ten feet of thin, flexible nine-conductor cable.

When you make up your cables, be meticulously careful
that you conned ]mii I to pin 1, pin 2 to pin 2, and so
hirdi. It's easy to become confused, so I always double-
check the tiny numbers molded into the body of the
counecior.

The joystick wire is not shielded, so your cables may in-
crease the RF iiilerfcreiice from your computer. There's also
a chance that exna-loog ca!>les will cause liming problems
on the bus. I've used two long, unshielded cables for several
months, however, and 1 haven't had any problems.

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

User port connector— Having trouble finding a
12/24-pin 0.15tJinch spacing card-edge connector for your
user port? Tliis oddball si/e can be hard to find and
expensive. A cheap substitute is to use a standard 22/44-
piu connector, available for about $1 from most surplus
oil I lets.

Use a hacksaw to cut it in half after the 13th pin. {You
need to leave an extra ])in so the 12th one won't fall oiT.)
Remove the redundant 13th pin, and you have a nice
•connector all reatly to use. If y{)u llnd it difficult to re-
move from the user poii, glue some plastic handles onto
the ends.

As an added bonus, you can cut a six-pin cassette ]Jort
ctinncclfU' IVons the piece yon sawed off the 22/44.

Rama Viswanathan
Beloit, WI

Connector protector — ir you make a cable for your
user port, the 2-1 ex[jo.scd pins on its edge connector can
be easily shorted by metal objects sitting behind the
computer. If you don't like to give disaster a chance to
strike, cover the bare pins witli the backshell from a 37-
pin, D-style connector, .^riy backshell to which the con-
nector attaches by screws, such as the Cannon DC 51214-
1, should work. The cover not only protects the pins, but
it provides a handle for inserting and removing the user-
port connector.

Joel R. Robertson
Bonaire, GA

Edge connector protector— ll' you don't use the cas-

selle or user port lonneciots in the rear of your computer,
there's du- danger of something tuuching them and short-
ing them oul. 1 protect mine with a piece of plastic spine
from a clear report cover, readily available in stationery
stores.

Cut the spine slightly narrower than the opening in
the cfnnpuier's case, so it won't slide sideways once in
place. To remove the protective cover, press in on one
end, and the other will pivot out,

Robert Lewis
Decatur, IL

Disaster prevention — if yciu'rc charged with static
electricity and touch one of the joystick ports, you can
destroy an important chip inside. Since your video screen
is poweiTully charged with static, there's a disaster just
waiting to hajjpen.

If you put a piece of black electrical tape over the
Joystick ports, you will insulate them against all but the
strongest static charges. The tape is undetectable, won't
gum up tin- ports and can ea.sily be removed when you
need to ])lug in a joystick. It's an excellent safeguard for

your computer and your wallet, and I had to learn it the
iiard way.

Kenny Sum rail
Sumrall, MS

Making connections— There are many sockets on the
rear [jaiiei oi'any Cfimmodore computer, and if you move
your machine very often, you must continually luatch the
cables with the proper sockets, while everything is out of
sight behind the machine. The video and serial bus DIN
connectors are very similar in appearance, which makes
it difficult to distinguish between them.

I've used tape and u fell-tip marker to put connector
ident ideation labels on the top surface of my machine,
just above the hack panel. Now I can see where the cables
belong, by just looking at the labels. With that information
at hand, I can Cfmncct my cables by feel, without looking
at the back panel, and with no fear of making a shocking
mistake.

Kay Belle Joyner
Fitz, IN

7. Datassette Recording

Tape care tip — When you get a new cassette, you
should u.se the fasi'forward and rewind keys to run it
through your recorder from end to end. This will lessen
the chance that your tape will jam and/or stretch when
you are using it for something important.

Nicholas Ashworth
Manchester, MI

Timesaving saves — Vou can make multiple copies oi
programs without having to babysit tlie cotriputer. Just
do somediing like this:

FOR J = 1 TO 3 : SAVE "programname" : NEXT

You can use the san)e trick to verify the programs you
have siived. If you'd like, you can put a simple soimd
rouline after the NICXT, so your computer will tell you
when it's finished.

Robert Korpowski
Voorhees, NJ

Loading from tape— When your tape pauses after the
Fountl message, you can end the pau.se by pressing the
CTRL, Commodore or space keys. If you have a joystick
plugged into port 1, you can do the same thing by pressing
the fire-button.

Luis Daniel Martinez Calcano
Caracas, Venezuela

Selective load and run on tape— To use the shifted
run/stop key on a named program, type four spaces, then
your program name in quotes. Move your cursor back to
the start of the line, using cursor-lefts or a shifted return
plus a cius(n--up. When you press the shifted run/stop
key, the selected program will automatically load and run.

Steve Hedemann
Richfield, MN

RUN SPECtAL ISSUE I'JHfi / 1 05

Datassette audio— if your C-64 or C-128 video mon-
itor has sound capability, yoit can use it to listen to your
Datassette tapes. Such listening is most iniormativc and
often helps diagnose diffkulties with the tape system. To
do the magic, enter POKE fj-liiOfiJS then turn your vol-
ume up to max. When you load, save or verily, you .should
hear the tape loud and clear,

Dan Kennedy
Gearhart, OR

Finding files on tape— You can use an audio tape
player to locate programs and datatlles on your cassettes.
Just listen lor thf spaces hetween files and for the ten-
second leader uine that sijrnals the start of a new record-
ing. If your player has the popular cue and review feature,
you can use fast- forward and rewind to <iuicktv locate
the.se points.

Lon O'Bannon, III
Address unknown

Cassette directory— You ran get a printed directory
of all the programs on your tape hy doing this:

OPEN 4.4 : CMD 4
I.OA!)"XXXXX"

If there is no file named XXXXX, the tape will run from
end to end, with each file being listed to die printer as
it is found.

Of eomsc, you can use the same trick to get a listing on die
screen— just eliminate the OPEN and CMD statements.

Danny Macpherson

Medley, Alberta

Canada

Finding load addresses^'Ib find the start and end
addresses of a program loaded from tape, print the fol-
lowing Peeks:

Stan ..Vddrcss: PEEK (H29) -t- 256*PEEK (830)
End Address: PEEK (831) + 2. "if) •PEEK (832)

To find the program name, do this:

yOR J = H:)3 IO J + 1.-. : I'RINI' CHR$(PEEK(N)); i NEXT

For the C-128, use the same techniques, hul instead of
Peeking from 829 upward, start at 2817. For the C-16 and
PlusM, start at 821 [untestedj.

Stefan Linnenbank
's-Hertogenbosch
The Netherlands

program by first loading or verifying any program on the
tape. That puts your tape at the start of the next program,
whose norma! starting number is the key to the trick.
Let's call that number the current program's normal start-
ing number, or CNSN. If your counter showed that num-
ber right now, you wouldn't have a probteni. I'o get to
the desired program, move your tape to the counter
number determined by this formula, where DNSN is the
desired program's normal .starting number:

Desired Counter Readiiit; = Present Reading+ (DNSN -CNSN)

If the number happens to be negative, add 1000 to it. If
it's over 1000, subtract 100(J.

Norman K. Creter
Cleveland, OH

Controlling tape errors — If you're working on a pro-
gram and save it to tape several times with the same name,
you couid be asking for trouble. When you try to load it,
the computer might find an old cut-off version under the
same name and give you a Load eiror. You can usually
find the "lost" beginning of yoin- program, luil it will take
you several attempts. .'\ lietler solution is to use a different
name each time you save a version of the program.

Julie Rhodes
Columbus, OH

Bad cassette fix— If you have a cassette that suddenly
refuses to load, check the fell pressure pad inside the
cassette that pushes the tape against the read head. As
the adhesive ages, the pad can slip out of place, even
while sitting in its box.

If your pressure pad is okay, you should clean and
demagnetize your record/play head. Diny or magneti?.ed
heads are by far the most common cause of unsatisfactory
Datassette performance.

Ted He ring
Redding, CA

Tape jam cure — if your tape gets jammed, there's a
chance you can salvage it. Radio Shack sells cassette repair
kits that include an enijity cassette shell and instructions
for loading it with your fouled tape. If the tape is not
severely twisted, everything may be okay,

Charles Brogdon
Dalton, GA

Direct tape reading— When a prognun using cassette

files is troubled with errors, it often helps to see what is

recorded on the tape. This routine will display the data:

10 OPEN 1

20 CF.T#1,AS

30 PRINT A3; : GOTO20

To verify what is being w-ritien on the tape, use OPEN
1,3,1 instead of OI'KN 1,1,1. This will output the data to
the screen instead of the cassette. In either case, use (he
CTRL key to slow down the listing.

Max W. Kuypers
Haugesund, Norway

Loading problem cassettes — Sometimes a cassette
program just won't load. Perha]>s it was recorded com-
mercially or on a friend's system, and the head alignments
on the two recorders don't match.

When this happens to me, I patch two good-quality
audio decks together and make a copy of the offending
tape. While sometimes I have to experiment with volume
levels, I've never yet failed to make a new tape thai loads
all right. Once it loads, of course, 1 make a new copy on
my own Datassette.

Bruce Jaeger
St. Paul, MN

Tape counter trickery — If your tape counter gets out Better power takeoff— I'o enhance yom- Datassette
of sync with youi' tape, y()u can easily locate your desired plug, open it up with a screwdriver and clip the ground
UK) /RUN Si'H:iAl.lSSUKl<J8fi

braid as short as possible. Use the space gained to install
a trimnifd-down suhmini phone jack (Radio Shack 274-
292) in the upper shell. Connect the tip terminal of the
jack to wire B-2 and leave the shaft terminal unconnected.
You can then draw power for your printer interface w^ith
a suhmini [)liig such as Radio Shack's 274-291.

Albert W. Kuhfeld
Minneapolis, MN

8. Disk Directories

Selective directories — If you want to get a directory
of all files of a certain type, you can use one of the
following commands.

IX)AD"$* - P",S— loads PRG files only
UMn"5* = S",8— loads SKQ files only
U)AD"$* = R",8— loads RF.I, fdes only
1jOAD"$* = U",H— loads USR fdes only

David Lim
Pasadena, CA

Multi*selective directory— It's well known thai you
can load a selective directory by using something like
SO:AB*, which wiii load a directory of all disk files whose
names begin with AB. It's less well-known that you can
U.SC $0;.*\B*,CD* to get all tliose fdes whose names start
with AB or CD.

You can make up to live selections at one time, and
the trick works with or without the wedge. The entries
for the different selections are not separated on your
screen, but appear intermingled in the order in which
they appear on the directory as a whole.

Lowell K. Unger

Wynyard, Saskatchewan

Canada

Harmless disk directory— Using the command
Load"S",8 loads the 1541 disk directory into memory,
overwriting any program that may already ije there. You
can avoid the ovenvriting by using these Direct mode
commands for the C-64 or VIC:

I>OKK44.l'KKK<46)-fl

LCMD "S",H
U.%1

When you want to return to your Basic program, just
type;

POKE 46, PEEK('li)- 1: POKJ- 44,8

Karen Guzowski
South Burlington, VT

Directory trouble— l forgot to enter NEW after loading
a disk directory, and after spending an hour typing in a
program, 1 found 1 was in trouble. When the program
was listed, the directory lines were interspersed v^-ith the
program lines. Since the directory line "inmihers," really
the numbers of sectors, etc., were not in numerical se-
([uence, they wouldn't erase in the usual way.

I solved the problem by reiumibering the few program
lines that were mixed in with the directory numbers and
erasing the original progiam lines. When I relisted the
prograrti, all the directory lines appeared at the begin-
ning, where they could easily be deleted by typing their
tumibcrs.

Richard L. Mitchell
Lafayette, LA

Directory printer — This program loads and prints a
disk directory, with no keyboard input from you.

11)0 PRINf " {SHIFT CLR}{.<? CRSR DNs} LOAD" CHRSp4) "S"

CHR$(34) ".S"
I to PRINT " (4 CRSR DNs} OPEN4.4:CMD4:I.ISr'
130 PRINT "PRINT #-l;CI.OSF.4 (HOME}"
l;iO POKi; 198,5 : FORJ = 1 TO 5 : POKE 630-*- J, 13 : NEXT : END

fhe above is for the C-64 and VIC only. For the C-128,
change line 1.^0 to read

1:H) POKE20S,5: for I=. l to b: POKE 841 -hJ.Ci ; NEXT : END

For the Plus/4 and C-16, change line 130 to

VM) POKE asg,.") r FORJ = 1 TO fj : POKE i:«8-t-J,13 : NEXT : END

Alan Sperling, Esq,
Mount luebanon, PA

Printed disk directories— if you set your printer on
condensed pitch with a small line leed, the printed di-
rectories will be [)hysically co!n[:)aci. These small printouts
can be taped to the disk sleeve or put into a binder. On
my Gemini printer, I do this:

LO.<yD"S".8

OPEN 4.4 : CMD4

I'RiNT (::iiKS(15) CHRS(27) CHR$(48)

[.LSI

i'KlNT#4 : CU)SE4

On the Commodore 152(5 or MPS-802, you can get a
similar effect by entering:

OPEN 6,4,fi : PRINT#6,C-HR3(a2) : f^IXXSEfi

l.()AD"$".H

OPEN 4,4 : CMIM : LIS T

PHINr#4 : c;!j:xse4

The characters won't he any smaller than normal, but the
line spacing will be very tight.

George Hu
Renton, WA

Directories on non<^BM printers— Users of non-Cotn-
niodore jjrimers may have trouble printing directory list-
ings, since the reverse-field characters in die first line can be
interpreted as printercomrol character,s. The way around
the problem is to remove the reverse-field characters.

Loading the directory, then pressing zero and the re-
turn key will delete the problem line. But your listing will
have no disk name. Allernalively, leave line in tlie direc-
lory, but replace both quotes with apostrophes or some

RUN SPECIVL 1.S.SUE 1986 / 107

(Jtlifi cliaracter, and then hit the rt-turn key. Your priiiU'cl di-
recinty should turii out all ri^hi. If prolilcms ])crsis!. vou can
retype line (J without the quotes or levi-i se field, \uu\ tiiter
the coiTcctcd line by pressing the return key.

Gary Fields
Asheville, NC

Disk names — When naming disks, irnhidf the curreni
diiie in ihe disk n;nne. li will help yon icll, hir exiuiiplc,
when yon lasi rlid a backup,

Michael D. Daniels
Broomfield, CO

Disk names #2 — I'm your own name or initials in tlie
disk name, and it will always be easy lo tell who owns it,

Tom Hartwig
Address unknown

Disk names #3 — Photo stores sell small, numbered
adhesive dots tor marking .^.'imm slides. They make good
ID nmtiher labels for yoin- disks and also provide good
insurance against duplicate ninnlvers.

Charles A. Wood
Kemah, TX

Disk names #4 — One way to get unique disk IDs with-
riui having lo remember titles or write them down is to
code the II) m (be date. Ising inniibers and letters, let
the Ursi letiet be ilu- month, Irom 1 for Jamiary to for
October lo H for Decembei^. I,et the second be the date,
using a similar code from I through T. If yon format anv
reasiniablc number of disks in a year, you won't be trou-
bled wiib duplicate IDs.

Edward T. Tanton
Marietta, GA

Disk names #5 — .Some veiy odd lesulls can be
achieved Ijy using shifted or Commodore-key characters
in disk IDs. Many oi them translate itiio liasic keywords.

Dennis C. Davis
Gray, TN

Renaming disks — 1 he 1511 .\ew command is eapalile
ol nioie than most people think. The command

completely formats a disk, giving it the name iliskmime
and ihe ID id. If you use the ahbrevialed (onnnand

on a previously formatted disk named disk)uimi\ you eiase
all files in die direcnny widiout doing the time-consuming
complete reformatting process. But if you use the
conunand

mv.itniulurnmne

yttii'll also rename the disk anotfumtimi: It will still have its
original ID. but it most surely will have a braiul-new name.

Charles Lavin
Coral Gables, FL

Naming programs — 1 use a standard meihod for nam-
ing piogr.niis dial involve a loader program. (I'liese tend
to l>e machine language programs thai have a Basic loader

1 OH /RUN SI'K(:l.AI.ISSfK|i!H6

or Basic program.s where' one part is loaded by another.)
If I have a twopari chess game, I name the tirsl part
"CUKSS" and the second part "' CMESS". Note the space
before the C in the second program name.

This way, it's easy to see which programs go together
wheti viewing the disk menu or copying programs, .As an
added benelh, the second progiam name doesn't list on
ihe CtH.MKNL! jirogram that is included on many Coni'
modore disks.

Dave Brown

Wandering River, Alberta

Canada

Sllifted spaces in filenames— Things would be eas-
ier if alt disk Hies had short names — -like Ml instead of
.MONll ( )R. }1)I52, for example. But bow <i»i you r<'niiTn-
ber the meaning olM I? If you save or rename a file using
a shifted space inside the name, you can use its left porti<in
(before that shifted space) as a normal name, while the
rest of it may he treated as a comment. If you save a
program as

"M ! (stiirt s)>.iti'}MONITOR,49l,')2"

the directory will list it as

'■Ml"MO\iTOIi.-l!1ir)2

From then on, you will be able to load ii as "Ml", atid to per-
fonri all other disk operations using that abbreviated name.
Ifyou forget, just list the directory and see the whole name.
Incidenlally. ilie D( ).S siill considers ibe entire tuune, so
diesc two files can coexist with no problems:

•■Ml"MONIT()R.t!nr>'J
■Mf.VHlM tOR.rfllll

"I'his is not any convenience, how^ever, since any command
aimed at "Ml" will affect onlv the one thai appears lirst
in the directory.

Carlos A.G. de Figuciredo
Sao Paulo, Brazil

Easy load filenames — Ifyou load programs by typing
on top (if a diiecloi y listed to the screen, the easy ])ari
is typing tlie word i.O.AD on top of the number oi blocks
to the left of the (llename. It's somewhat harder to move
the cursor past the Olename in order to type ,H, 1 or .8:
(either the ,1 oi' (he colon removes the need to erase
the I'RC).

It is generally known that messages may be emhechied
to the right of the filename, just past the second cjueslion
mark, by renaming the file and using a shifted space to
separate the lllename from the message. If we could ])u(
a ,8,1 message in (he filename like (ha(, we'd make il a
lot easier lo load (be [jrogram fniin its directory lisiing.
Unfortunately, ihe drive will not accept a comma when
it renames a (ile.

But there is a way lo put a comma there. Iiisiead of
using a comma, use a Commodore-D, the lillle block
character that the D key makes when pressed with the
C<im(nodore key. The disk drive will accept this character,
and the new directory will print it out as a coimnal

I'oi' example, l<i em!)ed ibe phrase ,8,1 after the liiename
MERLIN, just type the following.

OPEN l,5.8,l,i> , ■*R:MKRl.IN{shir[ space} {COMD D}8{COMD I)}
I = MERLIN" : CLOSK l.^i

To put a colon in the filename, use the shifted @.

Doug Ferguson
Klida, OH

Encrypted filenames— Vou ran make it dirficuli for

(xla-rs to load your sctrt-i pro^niins by iisin]^ iinonhodox
tlitmiiiv thaiaciers to stan ilieir naiiirs. Ii doesn't matter
ul)ich characters you use, and you don't even liave to
lemeiiiher them, since your loading method will decrypt
them automatically.

What's importani is to use the same nutuiu'i of diinuny
cliaract<Ms eacli time — perhaps somi-ihinj;; io the range
olli-fi. The best characters to use are those in ihe ranges
CHkS(O) to C:HRS(:K) and CHUS(128) lo ClHRKlf)')). Also
try C;i!R$('20), the delete character, which really confuses
directory listings. A good example is:
SAVE CHRSdi:*) + C! IHSCJO) + "RE/VL NAM1':".H

The secret to loatUng such progiams is to tisc the
(juestiot) mark wildcard character. II you use foiu' dum.
mies in naming the file, use four tjuestion marks in
loading it. If you used three, use three, and so on. In our
example, you would tise:
LOAD "K-RKAl, NAMK".H

Cornelius Vanderbilt
New York, NY

Program load lock — if you save a jM-ogram to disk

using

SAVE "ptu(>r;imn;mic" + CHR$(;M),8

ii will a])]H'ar in the direttory like any other ])rograrn
named "jirogramtiame.'" Ilowever, it can'l be loatleti mi-
less you use the "programname" + (lHR$('t4) formal.
The result— noiiody but you can load ii!

Gary WUson
Anthon, lA

Comma files on disk— When experiuR-ntin^ wiih disk
files, sim])l(' piogram eitcns olleo (ause dilllculiies with
Illenames. Sometimes, a (lie uanu'd "," ])o|)s n|), wliich
resists all efforts to be killed oi- renamed. When this
happens, just search your directory for any other files
with single-character names, then give tbeni longer ones.
When the connna llle is ihe only singlecharacli'r name
on the disk, it can be scratched or renamed i)y using the
lllename "?". fbe wildcartl character (the ?) will match
the comma and allow you to do as you wish. After the
comma (lie has been disposed of, you can give the others
their oiiginal one-character names.

Craig Brookes
Joondanna, Western Australia

9. Disk Handling and Storage

Disk-handling tip— Kvervone knows it's a bad idea to
tcni(h the suilace of .i floppv disk or lo allow it to become
contaniinaied in any way. Bui not evei^one reali/es that tbe
botlvm of the disk is the side that's actually written on.

So. if you spill coffee on a disk, you might not have
any [uoblems. Bin if you lay it on a wet ur dirty desktop,
you may he asking for trouble.

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

Magnetic fields— We've ail heard about the daiif^er of
stoiing your disks close to the monitor or I'V. Possible
magnetism could wijje out your whole library. If you
worrv about this sort of ihing. place a small magnetic
coinpass between tlie set and the proposed location of
[he disk box. If the magnetic field is dangerous to the
disks, the needle will swing whenever ifs in the field.

Jim Stephens
Nashville, TN

Dry disk storage— High humidity can cause loading
pi-ol)lems when (he fell inside your disk becomes slightly
dam]). You tan reduce the problem by sun ing your disks
with a desiccani capsule, such as those jjaeked with vita-
min pills. If you don'i use vitamins, ask your druggist lo
give you a desiccani ca[isule.

Judith C Fiorc
Cleveland Heights, OH

But not too dry— Verv low humidity can also !)e a
problem, because it may jHomote static electricity, which
can attract dust and even rearrange data on a disk. If low
lunnidity is a pioblfm, you can install a liumidiCiei'. [Hut
see Beware o( 1 lumidifiers, in the Computer Room Minis
section. — I'.d,]

Ray Berg
Calumet Cily, IL

Disk carrier— flu- Rubbermaid \o. 3871 five-cup S(|nare
Ser\ in' .Savei; available in most discount stores, makes an ex-
cellent storage box for disks. It is water- and dust-tight and
will lioki up to '2.'> disks. I Iioughl mine for 99 cents,

Marty Amorin
Iowa City, LA

Disk archives — A compulsory part of anyone's disk
iibraiy is the file of backup disks. For my own liackup
llle, I used biaiidnew disks, approjiriately named and
w^rite-proiected and sealetl in /iplock sandwich bags lo
guard againsi tisi.si and moisture. These are then put in
a j)laslic disk box and stored in a linen cupboard. Car
away from magiielic fields of any sort.

Jim Lynch
Antigua, West Indies

Disk labels — To give my disks individuality and char-
at lc"i, 1 remove lire rrrarnrfaclirrer's label frorrr lire rrp(rer'-
lefl corner, llieii hunt through maga/ines anil nllicr lii-
erature for suitable material to cut out and ])aste in its
]>lace. It's ainai'.iiig what can be found to make your disks
distinctive and easy to find in a file.

Ken Williams

Wahroonga, N.SW

Australia

Disk labels ff2 — For easy identification of disks, use
colored strips of electrical tape. Use different colors for
each type: bhte = games, red = utilities, and so on.

David Barrownian

St. John's, Newf<iundland

Canada

RUN SPKCIAL ISSUE I'JSO / 109

Disk labels #3— Color-coded filcfoldfr labL-ls work
well ;is disk la!»c'ls, but art hard to rcinovL-. To make
lemoval easier, applj- a 'l-intli Icnglh of Seoteli Magic
MeiuiiiiK Tape to the disk, then apply ihe fde-folder label

lo tile lape.

Stanley Beck
Chalmettc, LA

Disk labels #4—1 use sticky-back shelf paper, available
in a vaiic'iy of colors. The shiny ones accept priming
from my Okimate printer.

David F. Hiestad
Seattle, WA

Disk labels #S— fo label my disks, I use llic silver or
gold markers available in oitice supply stores lor about
S2. The ink is like paint, and I write directly onto the
disk jacket.

David J. Todcschini
Richmond Hill, NY

Disk labels #6— To more readily ideiiiify different
caiej^ories of disks, place the labels in diflererU positions
across the top of the di.sk. This help.s you organize and
llnd ihein.

lllbere's noi enough room on the label, jsui another
label on the hack of die disk. That's where 1 record sjiecia!
iustruciicjiis such as printer and interface settings,

Karl Thurber
Millbrook, AL

Inexpensive disk mailers— 'fo make my own disk

mailers, 1 cut two squares of corrugated cariiboard slightly
larger than a disk and its envelope, Tlien 1 ])nt the <iisk
between them, making sure the corrugaiion.s on ilie two
pieces run at right angles to each other. When I lape t!ie
four corners, the resulting sandwich is stnmg, light and
compact, and can be mailed in any envelo])e large enough
to boh! it. I'hotographers have used this mrlhui! lor years,
and I heir valuable prints are sehloni damaged in the mails.

Alan Sperling, Esq.
Mount Lebanon, PA

Disk mailer — l-laving trouble with disks getting bent in
the mail? tJel a six-inch square of styrofoain insulation
about one inch tlnck. put your disk on top of it and wrap
ii in luiiwu pa])er. Ihe package is bendiesistani beyoiul
belief, and ihe styroldaiu is so light that it doesn't atld tu
the cost ol' the postage,

Brian Caspcrich
Houghton, MI

10. Disk Operations

run a [>rograni from disk with the fewest typing strokes.
Just type;

{CLR}{1 ,StV\CKs} ■■|ik-tiat)ie".H: ilIOME}{SHFT RL'N/SIOP}

The program comes up rinining,

John K. Newell
San Antonio, TX

Loading "*"-Wben you enter LOAD"*",8 with ycmr
Connnodore disk drive, you don't alvvays get the first
program on the disk. Usually, in fact, you get the last
program you've accessed. Tu fix this, just insert a colon
in front of the asteiisk:

IX)AD":*",8

This gives you the first [irogram every time.

Brian Kennedy
Colorado Springs, CO

Estimating program lines— It's useful to be able to

estimate ihe number fti lines in a program when you
have to priiu out a listing. Depending on a program's
compactness, each disk block holds about K-IO lijies.
I'herefore, a [irogram that occu])ies 30 disk blocks prol)-
ably has 24()-'i()() lines, or about five pages.

Peter T. Crosby
Claremont, NH

Disk copying tip — When makinga copy ofdisks, using
the piograms tiiai re([uire switching source atul desti-
nation disks, it is a good idea to put a write-proiect ta!)
over the window of the source disk. It provides extra
protection against accidental erasing of the soin'ce
material.

X-arry Thomas
Hooks, TX

Disk-save command quirks— If you type
savf."PRO(.;ram"„h

you will get "PR()(;RAM" PR(; in the disk directory. If

you type

SAVK"PRtK;RAN!.S",K

the directory will show "I'ROCIRAM" -SKQ, and the ])tn-
gram woiv't load unless you enter L{).'\.D"PR()(;r.'\M,S".
If you save it as "PROGR.'\M,U", it will similarly show up
as''PROGR.A.\I" I SR in the directory, and must be loaded
as "PROGRAM.U".

You can use these (juirks in several ways. II", for instance,
you save a program whose name ends in ",S", you give it
a tnodest amount of sec mil y fr()m being loaded by others.
Only those in the know would think of trying to load
what appears to be a .SKQ file. Or, if you make it a habit
to end machine language program names with ",U", the
USR in the directory will be your clue that they must be
loaded with ,8,1 or iu.OAl) on ilie C-128. The clue is a
good one, since Radio .Sback and some other ctnn]juteis
reserve the USR tlesignation Cor machine language files.

Eddie Lyons
Bronxviile, NY

Appending to files— f here is a command ibai can be
Disk load and run — If your shifted run/siop key loads used on the l.">n di.sk diive to add data onto an exi.sting
and runs progiams from ta]3e. here's a way to load and sequential file.
110/ RUN SI'KCIAI. ISSft vm

200 OPEN 3.8,»."(I:FILKNAME^.'^"

'llie A stands (or ajipcnd; for sottif icasoii, this command

is not in the owner's m;inual tor the 134],

Keith Marshall
San Juan, Trinidad

Commodore 1571 caveat— l he new 1:)71 disk drive
lias many maj-velons feattn-es, not the least of which is its
ahihty to write on lifith sides of the disk. But if yt>n'vo
tjceii notching your tloppies for two-sided recnrditiff on
a sinfrle-sided drive, he careful. When you use the 1571
to reformat those disks (or any others), it will aiitomali-
eally rcfonnai lioih sides, even if ymi've wriic-proteeled
yonr extra nouh. If yon aren't aware of ihat aspeet ol"
douhle-sided recording, y<jn conhl Liiiexpectedly wipe oni
a nip side.

William W. Weaver
Saxton, PA

2040/4040 disk drives— If yon uac one of these
nniis, yon niav ha\e tronhle loading; software written (or
iSie ir>41, even ihoui^h the disk formats are compatible.
It sometimes helps if you put the 1,'tII disk in drive
and put another formatted disk in drive 1. If the program
slill doesn't load, it's because the manufacturer used a
protectitm scheme that depends on ihe fVaillies of the
I.fj.ll drive.

Bruce Jaeger
St. Paul, MN

Disk doctor— Do you have a di.sk that absolutely will
not formal profjcrlyr fry erasing it with a bulk eraser of
ihe kind used to erase magnetic tapes. I have used this
irick to reclaim several disks of the bargain variety.

During this process, be sure lo keep the disk in iis
])roteciive enveloj>e to lessen the possibility of coniami-
nating il. Don't wony — the magnetit tu-ld will go right
through tile protective envelope.

Scott Bou.slog
Muncie, IN

11. Hardware— General Hints & Tips

Equipment turn-on sequence— Much has been writ-

U*n about the [>roper order in which to turn your com-
puter and peripherals on and off All sons of disk hangups
and prititer probleuis are involved, and it's diffitiill lo
(hid the best turn-on .sequence for every situation.

I snuggled with ihese problems ior years before disrov-
Cling thai i( a leset bntloii is cotmeileti to the serial bus,
turn-on sequence doesn't matter. If you turn everything on,
then press yonr reset button, the problems magically dis-
appear. Apjiarcntly, the reset liutton cau.ses the serial bus to
normalize all the peripherals, regardless of wiien they have
been Uirned on. ihis interesting ex])eneiK:e represents one
more reason to install a reset button on your ctmipuier.

Karl T. Thurher. Jr.
Mill brook, AL

Disk error light— If your disk drive's red light starts
blinking, some sort of disk error has occurred. If you
have a C-l'iH, Plus/1 or CM(i, tyjie PRINT D.SS{ return}.
If you have liie weilge in luennHy, lype @ {return} to
luid out wtiai lyjie of error occurred. (.)ilR'rwise, enter
and run the (bl lowing line.

ID OPEN 15.8.15 ; INP1IT#15.AS,BS,(;S43S ; I'kINT .^S,BS,CS,D$ :
CJIXJSE 15 : END

You cannot enter this in Direct mode, because the luput#
statement is only valid in a [>rogram. Yon tan use any
line number you want, atid there's no reason to destroy
an) program you already have in memory. Merely enter
the line with an unused number XXX, then type RUN
XXX {return}. Delete XXX after it's done its work.

The message ycni get will consist of an error code, erior
name and lire track and secujr on which the error oc-
curred. Ofiet) the error name is enough to tell what
liap[x-ned, but the en*or code can be hel])ful, too. Your
1511 operator's inaimal includes a most informative list-
ing of error coiles,

Mark Blayney

Darwin, Northwest Territory

Australia

Disk hang-up fix — Sometimes tlisk drives, especially

the older ones, seem to disregard your commands fnmi
the keyboard. When this hajipetis, iry simulianeinisly
[jiessing the rini/stop and resttnc keys. Chances are, ihe
liangup will end immediately.

Erie Haver
Pittsburgh, PA

Travel tips— When you travel with your computer, al-
ways take along a good extension (otd and a three prong
adapter for the ac wall socket. It's nut a bad idea to take
a multi-sockei (lower strip, either, just in case yon run
out of outlets.

R.W.P. Patterson
Stone Mountain, GA

Burning in — A fact of life in modern electronics is tliat
if a newly a.s.sembled piece oi ['quijiiiii'm is going lo fail,
it will likely do so very early in its o[>eraiing life. .'V
common practice lo ensure I'ulnre reliabilit)' is to "bmti
in" new equipment — that is. to leave it poivered uji for
scnne period afier initial assembly and lesiing and lo
check wbeibi-r it continues to fuiu lion normally.

Whenever you gel a nev%' ]iiece of e(|uipment, it's a good
[>iaciice lo burn it in yonr.self Leave it energized around
the clock for the (list week or so that you own il. It doesn'i
have to lie doing anvtiiing; it just necfis to be tinned on.
Of course, you should use it from time to time, just to
be sure it'.s still functioning correctly. If something is
going to fail, il will likely fail during this burn-in period.
lUnning-in has three main advantages to yon.

first, you will have put on enough hours dining the
warranty period to dec rease the likelihood of later laihiie.
Second, you will have done so soon enough after purchase
that you can lake your unit back to the retailer, rather
than sending it to Commodore or a senice center. Third,
you will have a reasonable degree of confidence in the
reliability of your computer.

Greg Kundert
Detroit Lakes, MN

RUN .SPECLU ISSL'K I'Mi /III

Contact cleaning— Have you ever had a train set

where the iraiii jroes dead in the middle ()r a piece of
tracli? 'I'raiti liobbyists know tliai'.s an indication the track
needs cleaning.

Similar proljletns occur with computers that use plug-
in cartridges and other peripherals. Usually wliat needs
cleaning i.s the iirass fingers on the printed rurcnit board
that phigs into the (cinaie edge connector. (The (cniale
edge connecKns ibem.selves arc made to he seU-cleaning
and highly reliable. They are also very delicate, so you
should keep your fingers out of them.)

A pencil eraser is a very good tool for cleaning diese
brass or solder-covered fingers.

Tim Thompson
Boston, MA

you can fix it yourself. Just open it up and make sure all
the connections are sound and that everything is lined
up mechanically. It's surprising how often you can see
and fix the problem.

Joe Buckshaw
Holbrook, NY

Cable repairs— If your Atari 2600 joystick cable is
defective, you can buy a replacement for less than the
cost of a new joystick. You can replace it yourself if you
keep careful notes on which colored wire goes where. Be
careful not to lose the fire-button spring,

Jim Smith
Bowling Green, KY

Keyboard maintenance — I ended up with some or-
ange juice in my C.64 keyhoard, and the keys stuck down
like they were glued. Since I bad been playing adventure
games (theieby building courage, character and other
powerful aitrihutes), I decided to clean it u|) niysell". h
was easy.

Three screws gel you into ilu- 64. To remove the top
assembly, you nutst unplug two connectors — one to the
LED power light and the other to the keyboard. Just pay
attention to which end is which and work wish a gende
touch, and you'll have no trouble taking them off or
putting them back on.

fake out all ilu' little screws, and the keylioard assembly
will come off. You need to tlesolder or cut one wire to
the shift-lock key. You can .solder it back on when you're
done, or just live without shift lock in tbe future.

Use alcohol and a paper towel to gently wipe off the
printed curcuit board inside the keyboard. Be careful not
to put too much pressure on liie membrane that the keys
touch. 1 put tbe keyboard in the sink and wa.shed it with
soap and water, then dried it with a hair ilrier set on
low heat.

When you're finished cleaning your keyboard, reverse
the disas,sembly process, antl everything should be as good
as new.

James Roberts
Central Valley, CA

12. Joystick Port Peripherals

Non-Commodore joysticks— Atari or Coleco joy-
sticks will work just fine with yourCIommodore computer,
as will matiy other brands. 11 in doubt, try liicni out,

William Saunoris
Mokena, H.

Joystick identifiers— The cords on my two joysticks
are always get ting tangled, .so I dtm't know which otie is
which. 1 solved the problem by putting two pieces of
tnasking ta[K' on tine of the joystick cables — one at the
connector ciu\ and tbe other up near the joystick.

Mick Barrowman

St. John's, Newfoundland

Canada

i-ix stix — When your joystick stops workitig, it's likely

Hi;/ RUN Sl'KCIAl. ISSUE 1986

Fire>button fix — H your joystick's lire-button is ready for
the big arcade in the sky, you might he able to give it a new
lease on life. Try replacing the fire-button spring with a sec-
tion of spring frou) an itiexpensive ballj)oint pen.

Phil Dictz
Omaha, NE

ijeft-lianded joysticks— The standard Atari joystick
has its fire-button on the left side, making it inconvenient
lor lefthanders to reach. By making some easy wiring
changes, you can make the joy.stick suitable for lefties.

Remove the screws I'roni the botioni o( your joystick
and ob.serve the six wires attached to the imit by remov-
able connectors. The original wiring follows the order:
browti, white, black, blue, green, orange. To get the "lefty"
modification, rearrange the order as f()Hows: !)lue, brown,
black, green, white, orange. Notice that the connectors
are very easy lo change and that you have to move only
four wires.

When you've made the changes and screwed thejoystick
shut, just turn the lefty joystick so the tire-button is on
[he right side.

Al Degutis
Chicago, IL

Whicll port? — By adding this subroutine to your G-64
progtams, you will be able to use yoiu' joystick in either
port. Pressing the fire-button will tell the computer which
port the joystick is using.

10 I'RlXr -PRKSS MRKlUriTtW TO SIART. .."

L'o IF {I'i-:f.k {r>6;t'!ii) and iti)< > m THt:N i'0 = 56320 : Gonx) so
:(() IK {I'l'-.i'-.K (r>t;:)2i) and Mix > ifi then ro«.^632l : goto 50
-to c;or<) L'o

60 Rf.vt of program starts liere

Alexei Gilchrist
Roturua, New Zealand

Reading the Joystick— Some hooks do not give dear
examples of how to read a joystick. 'I'bey provide a long
program to do a difficult job that you care nothing aliout
for the time beitig. Alter a lot of frustration, I wrote this
sim])le program for reading a joystick in port 2. To read
port 1. set PO = 5(>;V21 instead of .56320.

11)0 l'O = fif3320

no n = ({1'ki-;k(1'0)anij'1) = o) - ({pkkk(i'o)AN!38) =o)

1 2IJ V = (d'tlEKtPOJANn 1 ) = 0) - ((l't:KK(FO)AND2) = 0)

tilting continwd,

1 m li = ((!'KKK(l'0)ANn 1 6) = 0)

140 IK 11 = 1 THEN PRINT "RKJHT'

150 IF H= - 1 THKN PKIN'T "LEFI"

160 IF V= I THEN PRINT "DOWN"

170 IF V = - 1 THEN PRINT "UP"

180 IF B THEN PRINT "BANC!"

190 caro 100

Terry Zcmbrzuski
Address unknown

Paddle improwementB— When using paddles from
the Atari 2fi00 game system, it is possible to reduce jitter
and optimize liie range of the paddle by connecting a 1
megohm trimmer (Radio Shack #271-229) in parallel with
the paddle potentiometer.

Using the program below, with the paddles iti port 1,
turn the paddie clockwise until it stops, then atijusi the
trimmer so the value on the screen ih 254. Repeal for the
second paddle.

10 PRINT "{SHFT CLR}";PEEK(!i4297).PEEk(54298) ; tiOTO 10

C.F.
Throop, PA

Lazy light pens — lieibre yon give up on your light
pet), try cleaning youiTV screen with an antistatic cloth.
it keeps dust from collecting on the screen and keeps the
screen from zapping your pen. My light pen improved
dramatically after this treatment.

Unknown contributor

Light pen checkout — Some inexpetisivc light pens
give inadetjuaie resolution along the X-axis of the .screen
display. The program below Peeks the contents of die
light pen registers. Even though the pen may be perfectly
still on (he screen, some pens show a variation of as many
as live units in successive .sami^les of the X position.

To tesi yom" own light pen, plug it into port I. Run the
]>rogram and try to read the Xs with your pen.

10 PRINT l'li£K(53267),PEEK(.';S2f>H), "X.X.X.X.X.X.X.X.X"
20 FOR J = 1 TO 500 : NEXT : GO'IO 10

Fred Jestaedt
Mitchellville, MD

Better paddle Peeking — -There is a inisconception
that paddles cannot he reliably read from Basic on the
C-64. But it's easy to do, if you disable the keyboard while
you're reading them. This line will do the trick for paddles
plugged into port I. For port 2, change the 64 lo 128,

10 POKE .'-)6.'i34,0 : POKE .=i6S20,64 : X = PEF.K(.-)425)7) :
V = PEEK(5429S) i POKE 56334.1

Andrew Bedno
Chicago, IL

KoalaPad tip — If you have the KoalaPainter, you've
probably discovered that you can't save both screens.
However, you can load both screen.^. Mere's how.

Load one screen normally, then use the Svvaj) opticm.
Load again using any other picture. Now both pictures
are in place, and the push of a button will swap (he
screens back and forth. This is handy for comparisons
and should work on any Koala cartridge that has the Swap
command.

L.K. Simmons
Riverside, CA

KoalaPad programming— Many people have the

KoalaPad, but never ii.se it except tar drawing pictures.
This fine peripheral can hv used for tnaiiy other pm'[)oscs
and looks like a game padfile when plugged inio the
computer. I'o read the X-Y cotndinates of the styhis when
your pad is in port 1, simply Peck locations 54297 and
54298.

Marvin Green
Corvallis, OR

KoalaPad buttons— By IVekiog meuKn-y locatitm 197
on the C(>4, you can tell if the Koalal'ad's butU)ns have
been pressed. The result will be 59 when the right button
is down and 50 when the left button is down. Other
numbers mean no Koala button is down.

Randy Batt
Haysville, KS

13. Keyboards and Keyboarding

Read the key labels— The labels on your keys will
tell you what they do. I'be so-called CLR/Home key moves
the cursor home when unshifted, but clears the screen
when shifted. The clue to that fact is that Home is below
CU.R on the keybutton label. Other keys work similarly,
for example run/stop and IN\ST/DEL. By liie wav, the
proper name for that key is hisertlDeleie, iwl Instant/
Delete.

Louis F, Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

Special keys — Everyone is familiar with the shift key

on a typewriter — it shifts the mechanism only while it is
depressed. The idea is to push shift before pressing any
other keys, and to "release it only when you're finished
with it. On your computer, the SHII-T, C^TRI, (or Control)
and Commodore Logo keys all work in just that way. Be
sure they arc pressed before and during your activity
with the other keys involved.

If your comt)tuer has an ESC (or escape) key, you should
be aware that it does not work in the same way. You must
press mid n'lccLse ESCJ before pressing the other key or keys
involved,

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

Touch assistance— Touch- typists sometimes have dif-
ricuhy placing the lingers on the home keys without
looking at the keylioaixl, I have foimd that [jutting small
]iieie,s of cellojjhane !a])e tm the F and | keys makes it
very easy to 11 nd them. Others have used clear nail polish
or Elmer's glue. The idea is to find .something that makes
the key feel slightly different, but that can be easily re-
moved in the future.

Mark Bcrsalona
Philadelphia, PA

RUN si'ttiiAL issut iy«fi / 1 1 3

Keyboard overlays— When usitig comptex programs
like Kiisy .Strijjt and Simons' iiask, llie liiiRlinii keys, and
usually others, have many liardia-remeinlier pinpose.s.
C^ardhnard overlays for your keyboard can make it easier
to use diese progiams.

Get pieces of thin cardboard from a stationery store
or .shirt laundry, then niea.stirc the dimensions of your
( imipuier and its keyboard area. Cut the t;ir(iboard lo (It
your eortipiiter, then eut out places for the keyboard areas.
When you put the overlay in place, your keys will be
surrounded by cardboard on which you can write the
instructions appropriate to your program. If you own
several coin[>Iex programs, it's easy to make an overlay
for each.

Mary D. Brigito
Old Forge, NY

lonjf as it's on the same screen line as |)ari of what you're
eiUerinjr, you can [jre.ss the return key, »\u\ your line will
be etiteied perfectly, fiy it — it work.s!

R.V. Taylor
Little Rock, AR

Editing In color — When editing a listing on the screen,

ii makes things e;isier if you change the color of your
cursor before tuakitig your edits. If the listing is in blue
em blue, for example, press CTRL 2 to change the cursor
to white, then inakc your corrections. The changes will
stand out on the .screen, luakiiig it easy to sec the results
of your work.

Meredith Jone.s Frummcr
Riverdale, NY

Better overlays— I use Scotch Post-It notes to label my
function keys. 1 he 3%- X 5-inch size is best, but several
sizes are available, IF you prefer cardboard overlays with
cutouts, try the oinnipreseiu 3- X Sinch index cards.

Jerry Rush
Address unknown

Basic abbreviations— You can Tit many statements
onto one ])rngiaui line by usitig the abbreviations in tlie ap-
t»endix to youi" user's manual. When the line is listed, the
keywords ate printed «nit in (iill, .so your piogram line might
take up more th;in the usual number of .screen lines.

This is no problem, but if you try to edit the lung line,
yoiu- computer will cut it down to normal program line
size. So use abbreviations to pack the statements into a
line, but be very careful when e<iiting it later.

.And speaking of abbreviations, please rcrtnember that
you cannot use a (juesiion mark in abbreviating the I'iinl#
conmiand. The coirect abbie\ialion lor l'rint# is l'{shir(
R), which Basic store.i as token number 152.

If you try to abbreviate PRINTS as ?#, it will be token-
ired as 153 (the token foi Priiu), followed by 35 (the token
for #), That will give ytm a Syntax error instead of a
Prim#.

Debbie Billcter
Phoenixville, PA

Direct mode colons — In Direct mode, colons can be
used in entering several commands on one line. It saves
time, as you don't have to wait for the execution of
individual coiiiinancis. For examjile:

t)HEN lr.,H.l.-> : I'RINT* 1.5 : "SfJXST" : (:U)SE l.") : 1X)AI) ■'$",« : UST

This one line tells the computer U) open the disk ctjm-
mand channel, scratch the file named "TES'l"', load the
directory, then list it. You can save even more time by
abbreviating the keywords.

Pat Fcnceroy
Dallas, TX

Type it anywhere — When using cormnatids such as
RUN, LIST and CON'f iti the Direct mode, it is not
necessary to type them starting in the left-most margin.
They can be entered anywhere on a line by themselves.
In fact, any line can be entered in that way. Not only
that, but ihi' cmsor's position doesn't mattei, either. As
114 / RUN sm:iAI. ISSUE lii8fi

Quote mode — ComttK>dore computers go into the so-
called Quote mode whenever an odd number of quotation
marks have been typed. In Quote mode, cursor and cokn-
keys tlo not have llieir normal effect, but instead print
reverselleld characters tti the screen. When included in
Print statements, those reverse-field characters translate
back into tlie keystrokes that creatCfS them. It'.s all very
useful; if you don't understand it too well, experiment
until you do.

I'heie's another way to get into Quote mode: When
the insert key is used to cjpen up spaces in a line, those
spaces liehave as ihough they are in Quote mode. That
knowledge is u.seful if, for exaiuple, you need to irrsert a
cursor control inio an existing Prim siaietneiu.

It's often desirable to get out of Quote mode, but the
means to do so are not ahvays obvious, ^'ou can try the
loll owing.

• Type another (|untation mark. (You can then delete it,
if you'd like.) This doesn't always work on inserted spaces.

• Press the returti key. This, of course, ettlers your line into
the computer, which may or ttiay not be what you want.

• I'rcss the stiiti and return keys together. This does not
enter your line into the computer.

• Use an escape sequence, On the C-12H, use ESC C. On
the Plus/l and (Mb, use KSC O.

• I'ln insetted spates only, use yoin' space bar to move
over the inserted spaces.

Cindy de Roulhac
Pittsburgh, PA

Disaster relief — l-lave you ever typed over a program
line by mislakc, theti changed yottr mind before entering
it? If so, you're familiar with the jianic that sets in when
you try to remember what the line looked like before you
ruined it.

In this case, relief is spelled s-h-i-f-t-e-d r-e-t-ur-n. Si-
miiliaticously jircss the shift and return keys, then list the
line again. You'll see it in its original furtn.

Mike Whittingham
Fanwood, NJ

Reclaiming erased programs— if yon accidentally

erase a prograni from memory when using the New cojii-
mand, iliere's an easy way to reenter it without retyping,
t/ihe ))rogram is still listed on the screen. Just move your
cursin- tmto any part of tlie lust line, then press the relurn
key. Repeat the process for the other lines on the screen

(except for NEW), and your program will be reclaimed

(prove the fact Ijy listing; the prngram). The trick works
well fur the short programs that beginners practice on,
since many of them can be listed in less than a whole
screen.

DouglaN Shepherd
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Combining two lines — it's easy to combine two pro-
gram lines into one, ii they're both short enough, and if
you know the magic. Here it is:

1. List the highei-nitnil»ere(l line onto the screen.

2, t ype spaces over its line number, then insert spaces
until the text stops moving.

'i. Press shifted retuni, then move the cursor up to your
original List cotnmand.

4. Change the line lumiber in the program listing to
the number of the oilier line you're interested in (the
lower-numbered of the two).

5. Fre.ss the rctiu-n key la list the line. The two lines
will now be togethet, with spaces between them.

6. Delete these extra spaces, and put a colon between
the two former lines.

7. Press the return key to enter your new line.

8. Delete the former second line, which is, of course,
still in memory.

This trick will only work if the total length ol the two
lines is less than the [naximimi length allowed by your
computer's screen editor (80, 88 or l()0, dejjending on
your computer). Some space can be gained by abbrevi-
ating commands on the bottom line before listing the
top line.

Richard D. Stueven
Lincoln, N£

, Escape literature—Many printers require the ASCII
escape character, CMR$(27), to be sent as part of various
control sequences. Some Commodore comjjuters don't
have an escape key, atui there's nothing in the documen-
tation to show how one can be rigged. Fortunately, the
matter is easily resolved, since pressing {CrfRL : } gen-
erates an escape character.

If the computer is in Quote mode, a reverse-field left
bracket will come up on the screen, and when that char-
acter is printed, the escape code will be sent. If your
]>rinter is open to Hie #4, an escape can be sent to it by
entering:

I'UINf #4,"{(:'rRi. : }'*

Of {our.se, {C TRL :} means to hold down the control key,
then hit the colon,

Mrs. Deane Maddocks
Glenwood, LA

Generating CTRL characters—Sometimes, cspe-
( ially when working with piinters or telccoimmmications,
it is required to geneiaie a CTRL S or other similar
character. While the ("I'RL characters are very common
in the computer world. Commodore computerists don't
sec them too often.

The CTRL characters are CHRS(O) through CHRS(3I).
and in the standard non-Clommodore .-\SC:il nomencla-
ture, each one has a name, albeit a cryptic one. On non-

Commodore computers, these characters are generated

by pressing CTRL and another key.

Many Commodore computers can generate these char-
acters in the same way, as illu.strated in the table below.
Several of the characters have their own Commodore
meanings; some can also be generated by other keys and
some caimot be generated as shown, depending on which
tionnnodoie machine you're using. However, by and
large, the table Is accurate for Connnodore use, and you
should try it when vnu need to send a CTRL character.

NA.MK

NUl.

SOU

SIX

KTX

EOT

ENQ

.ACK

BEI.

US

nr

t.F
Vf
I'"!'

c;r
so

SI

lll.E
DC I

Dt;'2

IKM

NAK

SYN

ElU

CA,\

EM

SUB

RS
US
RS
US

Kt.\'
CTRt. @
C'fRI. A
CiRI. B
CTRI.C
CIRL I)
CTRl- F.
CriiL F
C I RL G
CTRL H
C t'RL I
CIRI.j
CfRt.K
CfRL L

cri HL M

t; I'RL .\
CI RL O
CTRL P

c:trl Q

cnRl.K
CTRLS
CTRL T
CTRL U
tMRL V
CTRL W
CrRI. X
CTRL 1'
CI RL /.
CIRI. :

criRL :i

t:i RL ;
GIRL 6
tjrRL 7

c;hrs

HEX

t)

$00

1

$01

?

S02

:i

S03

■!

304

5

505

tj

S06

7

507

H

SOS

<)

$09

10

SOA

11

$0B

VI

SOC

Vi

SOD

Li

SOE

I.-i

SOF

!('>

SIO

17

511

IH

SI2

19

$l:l

20

$14

ai

$Lt

22

$l(i

23

317

24

$18

25

SI9

26

SIA

27

SIB

28

sk:

29

SID

;!()

SIE

yi

$1F

Tim Johnson

Houston, TX

CTRL character tips — Sometimes when a program
has finished, the shift/Coimnodore keys are still disabled,
so you can't change character sets. The easy way to enable
them again is to type C TRL L This is a shorthand way of
printitig CHRS(9), which enables character set changes.
Also, instead of using CTRL RVS, try using CTRL R.
ll has the same effect and is a lot easier to reach.

Stephen Shapiro
Portland, ME

Program indentation—If you've ever tried to indent
your program lines to clarify program structures like
For,,. Next, you've seen that liasic removes all leading
.■iliaces. You can override this by entering POKF 129,1,
Thai little Poke causes the C]-(i4 or VIC to remove
CnRS(l)'s instead of spaces!

The trick works in Program mode, but it affects Direct
mode, too, because it prevents you from using spaces
inside your com m amis. If you use them, you'll get a Syntax
error. To return things lo normal, enter POKK Vl'-i,'A2.

You can have more fiui with this by Poking other

RUN SPECIAL ISStJK maii / 1 1 5

ctiaracter strings into 129. If N is the number Poked, iht-
Kiinpuit'i will r\v\vw any (:HRS(N) you try to l-uIvi in ;i
jjrogiain or IJirtrct mode line.

Gustavo A. Tolosa A.
Mexico City, Mexico

Vanishing variables—Shi ft your computer into Low-
ercase modf, then type in the following proj^iam (yon'll
have to sliii't lo get the uppercase letters).

in DATA XYZeiul

21) N = j

■Ml RF.AD NS ; I'RINT N,N$

Now run the program and ohserve that die compuier
igoures it completely. List tlie jjrogram, and notice that
not nuich of il remains. The ni<«'al i.s in be cainioiis when
typing in Lowercase mode, since your computer ignores
sliiftcd letters unle.s.s they are in (]iiotes. Use only unshiftcd
letters for connnands and vari aides, or some very strange
bugs may appear.

Marion Maddnck.s
Glenwoud, lA

Easy RUN — When typing RUN to start a program, you
need not move yom' cursor to a blank line, and you need
not clear your screen. Just type a colon after the RUN,
then press ihe i el urn key.

Robert Train
Patchogue, NY

Easier RUN^ — When there's a ]3rogram in memory and
the Ready fuompt is on the screen, just put your cursor
on the Ready and press shifted inii/stop. It will aniomat-
ically run yom iiiogiam. Ihe teclmitjue wniks with any
non-executable text line on the screen, .so if you don't
have a Readv prompt, just type some garbage, then press
shifted run/st«>]).

John Schroeder
Westville, NJ

Easiest RUN — You can run a program just by siimil-
taneoitsly ])iessing the .shift key, sjiace bar ami (jitestion
mark key. All three arc clustered togetlier and can easily
be pressed with one hand.

Tim Harris
Fox Point, WI

RUNDY-llave von ever typed in RUN cner RKADY? If
you have, the cnmpmer probably [jrinted the familiar
Undefd .Statement error. But, (Hi many Commodore
niodeis. if voin" [>rogram starts with line number zero, it
will run no matter what follows RUN on the screen.

Tim Bnigman
Fullerton, CA

Reset curiosity — When powering up or resetting, hil-
ling the restore kev will biing the svstem to a halt. 1 Ise
computer wont be able to continue, as evidenced !>y tlie
shrunken border that persists until you reset the .system
again.

Craig Johnson
Juneau, AK
1 IG / RUN m.cm. issiT. \m

14. Modems and Telecommunications

Telecommunications library— A world of informa-
tion on tins fascinating field is available at your local
Radio Shack. Three excellent books cover the subject as
well as you're likely to want.

VndnsUtmUng Telephone FAfrtronks explains all a.spects
of the telephone network, from telephones to transmis-
sion lines to central office equij)nient; UnA»-s landing Data
Communimtions tells, in easy-to-read technical detail, how
data is transmitted over that network; and Installing Your
(him TfU'phime gives the nuts and l)oUs of residential tele-
phone installation, including step-by-step instructions.

.Ml three books are inexpensive and easy to understand.
Buy them, reati them, then donate them to your local
public library.

Mary Lee McCafferty
Butler, PA

Reliability aid— When a Commodore 1600 or similar
modem is plugge«i into the user port, it doesn't rest solidly
on the desk behind the computer. When pressure is
applied uiuier these conditions, the modem moves
slightly, ami connections are momentarily broken, lead-
ing to loss of communication. If you put a pencil or
similar object imder the modem, you'll eliminate the
])roblem.

Leonard R. Faucett, Jr.
Denver, CO

Phoneiess modem— The manna! for the Commodore
16.^)(J modem implies that you need a modular telejihone to
use the U!.")0, But all you really need is access to a modular
phone line— you can get by without the telephone!

Jusi use the 1650's autodial feature to make your calls,
and be sure tf) move the T-D switch to T when the modem
isn't in use. If you forget to move it to T, die phone will re-
main off the hook, tying up your line until you discover it.

Reginald E. Darby
Buffalo, NY

Easy modem upgrade — I have an easy way to improve
the opeiaiion of the 1600 or any other modem that
connects to the handset cord. 1 get a two-way modular
adapter plug and a $5 electronic phone. (The cheap ones
don't have modular handset cords.) The adapter plug
plugs iiUo the wall, and, in tinii, the electronic phone
and my desk phone (with modular handset cord) plug
into it. Ihe desk phone stays constantly plugged into the
modem, with its handset (unconnected) on the hook-
switcb, keeping the line dead. The electronic phone, of
coiu.se, also remains offline.

When the time comes to telecommunicate, I pick up
the electronic phtme and use it to make the call. When
t hear the carrier, I lift the handset from the desk phone
and hang u]) the electrcmic one.

Til is lowct)si system lets me get on-line with a minimum
of hassle and without having to plug and unplug a hand-
set cord.

Daniel R. Zoll
Brookline, MA

Multi-line modem— Business users usually dedicate a
special single line for telecommunications, because few
business phones are equipped with modular jacks. But
Radio Shack's 43-233 Modular Multi-Line Controller lets
you connect your modem to most t'lve- or ten-button
telephones.

It provides a nKxiuiar jack for your modem, plus but-
tons to switch it to any one of five lines. The unit connects
between the halves of your telephone's Amphenol con-
nector and can be installed in less than five minutes.

James F, Ritterbusch

Missisauga, Ontario

Canada

Don't auto-dial — if you have an auto-dial modem, the
auto-dial feature is often more trouble than it's worth,
since it takes so long to dial, then waits forever to hang
up if the line is busy. To save time, dial with the phone
plugged into the modem. If the line is busy when you
call, you can hang up iuunediaicly. And if your telephone
has ihc re-dial feature, you can use it when you place the
call again.

Tim McVeigh
Lockport, NY

Modem intercom— This little trick has helped solve
many modem proi>lcms. If you have two computers and two
modems, you can get them to talk to. each other over two
phones on one line in your home. With both ends of the link
in one building, troubleshooting becomes a snap.

Simply pick up the phone and wait for the loud beeping
to stop. It will take a minute or two, but it wi!! eventually
stop. Plug that phone into your modem (or switch from
T to D if you have a 16,50). Then pick up an extension
phone and do the same for that. You should now be able
to converse between two computers on a single line!

Mike Mann
New Smyrna Beach, FL

mode, and the other in Answer mode.) Once you are in
conununication, this system completely eliminates phone-
line problems. And having both terminals in the same
rooiu gives wonderful feedback to the operator, since
keyboard entries on one can be viewed immediately as
they are received and displayed on the second.

Chuck McGaffin
Ballston Lake, NY

Call waiting — If you have the call-waiting feature on
your telephone, incoming calls can disrupt cominunica-
lions over your modem. Here's a simple way to disable
this feature while you're computing. Prior to going on-
line, just dial a 9 on your telephone, push the liaiig-up
button once, as you would if answering a call- waiting
signal, then dial the number for your computer call.
Anyone trying to call you will simply get a busy signal
undl you complete your computing session, and the
phone will re.sume its normal status when you log off
your system.

W.L. Cochran
Green Cove Springs, FL

More on call-waiting — Call-waiting is implemented
differently by different telephone companies, and no one
method wiil work in all parts of the country.

Here in southern Wisconsin, you dial *70, wait for the
tlial tone, then dial your own nuinber. ,'^nyone trying to
call you then gets a busy signal until you complete your
call. As soon as you hang up, the *70 is disabled, and you
have the normal call-waiting feature available again.

If you need information on this subject, the best thing
to do is call your local telephone company. If you ask to
speak to a switching foreman or a repair foreman, the
chances are you'!! lind somebody who can help you. But,
if at First you don't succeed, try, try again.

Wah Grosch
Milwaukee, WI

Modem intercom revisited— If you tried the above

trick, but the dial tone never went away, you have an
older switchboard on your local telephone network. Di-
aling the first digit of your own telephone number should
get rid of the dial tone for you.

These old systems also cause a lot of errors while
telecommunicating. If you ask your operator to make
your call for you, chances are good that you'll gel a belter
connection,

Mike Handy
Middle town, OH

Dummy modem — If you're trying to correct modem
problems, learning to telecommunicate or debugging your
own terminal software, there's an easy, low-cost way to go
on-line. Get a friend to bring his computer and modem
over, then connect your modems directly together, com-
pletely bypassing the telephone system. You can use any
modular extension cord for this purpose, including the one
that connects your own telephone to the wall.

You'll have to ensure originate/answer compatibility
between the two modems, but that can be as simple as
flipping a switch. (One modem must be in Originate

Ciieap terminal program — The following one-liner
will serve as a terminal program for any RS-2'52-compat-
ible Commodore computer.

I (J OI'F.N 2,2,0.CHRS(6):I-OR r = O'TO 1 STEP0:GF.T#2,A$:PRINTA$;:
GF.TB3:imiNTBS;:PRINT#2,.'\S;:XEXT

CHR$(6) sets the modem to 300 baud, eight-bit word
length, one stop bit, no parity, and three-line handshake.
(Consult yooi- Commodore fy) Proipammer's Reference Guide
for other .settings.

The program will allow excellent communications be-
tween Commodore machines, but, since there is no ASCII
conversion, you may have trouble with some characters
on other systems. .^Iso, there is no cursor to indicate
where you will type next. If every key prints two characters
instead of one, delete the PRINTBS statement. When you
use the program, of course, one modem must be in
Originate mode and one in Answer mode.

Todd and Troy Andrews
Wilder, VT

Better translation tables — Terminal emulatcn' users
may want to make the following changes in their keyboard
translation tables. They work with the Smart (54 Terminal

RUN SPECL\L tSSL'E 1986 / 1 1 7

+ 2 and should work with most others unless the keys are
assigned a special function by the program. In our table,
C > A means that the Commodore ASCII value C is
translated to the standard ASCII value A for transmission,
C < A means thai the received standard ASCII value A
is translated to the Commodore ASCII value C.

29 > 19 makes the un shifted cursor-right key send a
CTRI.S to stop host iryusmission. (An unshifted cursor-
down key already sends CTRI. Q to cause the host to
resume.)

147 < 12 converts the host's form-feed to a clear screen
command.

141 < !() converts incotniiigline feeds to shifted returns,
giving double-spaced copy if the host send.s line feeds.

20 > 1 27 makes i!ie delete key seiid a true delete, rather
than a CTRL H.

14.^> > 123 and 157 > 125 make the shifted cursor keys
send left and right curly brackets.

123 > 123 and 125 > 125 cau.se left and right curly
brackets to be displayed on screen as a cross and a vertical
bar, respectively. Your computer can't display braces di-
rectly, but they will l»e printed normally if you use a
standard .VsCII printer.

Fred Burch
Gainesville, FL

15. Power Supplies

Hot power supplies — Kven when your computer is
turned off, your power supply draws enough current to
keep itself unnecessarily warm, which i.s a condition lead-
ing to early failure. Prevent the problem by plugging your
computer and all its peripherals into a switched multiple
omlet strip. Then use the outlet strip's switch to turn
your .system on and off,

Joseph Bober
Brooklyn, NY

Spike protection simplified— instead of buying
spike protectors for each of your computer units or buy-
ing an ex[)ensive surge-protected power strip, plug a small
voltage spike protector between your present outlet strip
and its source of ac power. The widely available GE VSP-
91D is rated at 15 amps, which is more than enough for
a large Commodore installation and can be bought for
about $6.

R.E. Duderstadt
Cincinnati, OH

On overheating — A common symptom of an over-
heated power supply is a .screen full of crazy characters.
This symptom often arises just before a power supply
failure. If you experience this problem, temporarily sub-
stitute a borrowed power su[>ply for your own. If the
]5roblem goes away, your power supply is probably
defective.

Joseph H. Toy
Jackson, TN

Heat sinits — My power supply got hot on the ends. To
Ilx it, 1 used Duco liquid solder to glue tivo aluminum
118/ RUN SPECL/^L ISSUE 1986

heat sinks to each end. Radio Shack 276-1363 heat sinks
are less than a dollar each, and they cured my overheating.

Gar old R. Stone
Annapolis Junction, MD

Fuses^There are two glass fuses in most Commodore
computers, and if your power supply seems dead, you
ought to check them out. The first one is inside the
computer and can be easily seen when you open up the
machine. The second is inside the power supply. To reach
it, use a screwdriver and hammer to remove the bottom
of the power supply itself The fuse is soldered into place,
so repairing it is best left to .someone experienced in
electronics. Make sure you un))hig the imit before trying
to open the case — high-voltage connections will be ex-
posed inside.

Robert Croswell
Trappe, MD

Power supply repairs — Commodore power supplies
are subject to self destruction, because of a weakness in
the 3052P voltage regulator inside. Not only is it unreli-
able, but the 3052P isn't available in the United States.
If your power supply fails, chances are that the problem
is the S052P. But you're in luck if your power supply is
of the type that can be opened for servicing, because
there's a widely available replacement regulator.

Many electronics dealers handle tlie IXXi line of re-
placement K's, and ECG makes an exact, pin fbr-pin re-
placement for the :i052P. The part number is ECG- 1934,
and it costs about $7. If your ECG dealer doesn't stock
the part, he should be glad to order it for you.

Bob Wingerter
Raceland, KY

Power supply repairs #2— if you can't locate an ECG-
1934, you can try a lower-rated regulator, the more widely
available ECG-7805. [Equivalent to the Radio Shack 276-
1770. Ed.] It will be overloaded, but could work for you
in a pinch.

The pin configuradons of the two units are different,
as illustrated belt)w. I soldered a heavy wire onto pin 3
of tlie new regulator, then inserted the assembly into the
3052P socket, sliding die 7805 one hole to the right to
line up the "in" and "gnd" pins with the original wiring.
Then I soldered the 7805' s new wire to the left hole of
the 3052P socket.

ot;T

2 3

GND OUT

Marty Irons
Goshen, NY

Doad Datassette — if your Datassette suddenly stops
operating, but everything else works line, the cliaiices are
good that part of your power supply has blown. The
power supply provides both 5 volts dc and 9 volts ac,
with the latter used for the tape deck. You can use a Radio
Shack 273-1515 transformer, 18 volts ccnter-ta]>pcd, to
bypass a defective 9-vo!t supply. Unless ycm're tjualificd
in electronics, you should get a knowledgeable friend to
help you.

Strip the round power supply cord and identify the
red and blue wires, plus two black ones. Cut the black
wires and connect them to the 9-volt ac froin your new
transformer, and you should be back in business. If you
want, you can attach the new transformer to the top of
the ohl power su]>ply; it's not too fancy, but it's delinitely
functional.

John Long
Clarkston, GA

16. Printer Paper and Ribbons

Easier paper loading— When loading fanfold paper
into the printer, it's often difficult to force the ihmsy
sheets through the mechanism. I get around that by dou-
bling the paper hack on il.self at the Hrst fanfold crease,
then feeding the double-thick piece into the printer.

Dan McCarthy
Glendale, CA

Easier paper loading #2— Here's another way. As
the printer is running out of paper, be sure to leave the
last sheet in the machine. Carefully align the leading edge
of the new sheet with the trailing edge of the old one,
and tape the two togedier. The old sheet will pull the
new one into place,

David G. Ennis
Ridgecrest, CA

Using plain paper — If your printer doesn't have fric-
tion-feed capability, you can stilt use un|>erfora(ed leiter-
head and other paper. If you're careful, you can tape the
unperforated sheet to a perforated one, using the latter
to carry the former through the machine.

A small piece of tape in each corner will hold the
stationery in place, with perhaps another at the center
top, to keep it from catching on the printer mechanisni.
The forms' diickness-control can be adjusted slightly if
nece.ssary.

Gwen Pelletier
North Eastham, MA

Tliermal paper — If you're not happy with the way your
thermal transfer printer works with standard comjiuier pa-
per, be aware that Mammermill makes fanfold jjaper (ilcm
#19!)00-0) specifically for thermal transfer technology. The
paper contains micro perforations and is very smooth on
one side. The results are excellent, and the price is compa-
rable to standard computer paper.

Doug Mladzinski
Canandaigua, NY

Single«slieet printing tips— Many printers have a
paper alarm that discontinues printing when the paper
runs out or breaks. The details of these alarm systems
vary, but they work on the same general principles. On
Commodore's 1.52fi, foi' example, normal-feeding paper
closes a micro.switch placed inconspicuously in its path.
When a paper outage opens the switch, the printer stops
and [he paper-advance button Hashes as a warning.

I'he paper-alarm feature can be a tuiisancc when print-
ing single sheets, especially when it activates partway
down your printed page. Here are some ways to avoic)
this inconvenience,

• Tape a second sheei to the bottom of your page, avoid-
ing the pa[H'r-out condition.

• If tape is too much trouble, wait until printing stops,
ttiesi feed another sheet behind the first one. Just push
il in until the printer mechanism stops it, and there's a
good chance it will clear the alarm. Sometimes you must
al.so press a switch to resume printing. On the 1326, you
fjress the flashing paper-advance button,

• Use a DIP switch on the prituer lo deactivate the paper
alarm. On the Ck-mini lOX, switch #1 on tlie back .serves
(his ])urpose. If your printer has DIP switches, see if one
of them does the same.

B. Franklin
Philadelphia, PA

Printing on envelopes — I u.se my printer for atldress-
log envelopes, but sometimes the envelope slides around
as it moves out of the range of the friction-feed device. I
solve the problem by inserting a full-size sheet of paper
under the envelope's flap, then feeding the envelope-
paper combination into the printer.

Also, if your printer lias a thickness lever, it's a good
idea to set it to "thick" while printing on envelopes.

Alfred Lusher III
Cold Spring, KY

Making envelopes — In a pinch, you can make very
sei viceablc cnveU)pes from fanfold ])aper. Print the mail-
ing address in the center of a fanfold sheet, then remove
the sheet from the primer. Do not remove die peiforated
side strips. Fold the letter ihat is lo go inside the envelope,
then iold this sheet around it. Tape or glue the perforated
sides and the flap, and there you have it.

Robert C. Lane
Danville, VA

Printing stencils— Doi-matrix printers strike hard
enough to cut a mimeograph stencil, I've used Dtmble-
slrike mode to get the best copies and have been well-
pleased with the results of my word processor/computer
printer combination.

Ed Schutz
Utica, MI

Making spirit masters^Spirit masters are used on
the so-called "ditto" machines, found in countless schools,
cluiis and churches. Use your printer to make the master,
and you've got a very low-cost, timeefficienl tluplicating
system. You'll have to make a few trial runs to optimize
rejjroductioii quality, since the printer must strike the

RUN Sl'ECiy. ISSUE 1986 / 1 1 9

p;i[)LT witli fiiDUgh force to tnmsfer the spirit ink onto
the master.

Other printers rnay produce (iifferetit resuhs, btit my
Gcitiini I OX works best in F,mpli;isi;c,c moric; Double-strike
mode transfers loo much ink, wliich results in filled- in
letters. After printing, each of tny maslers makes about
75 copies. If I need more, I just print mure masters!

Ed Schutz
Utica, MI

Two-Up labols — n yom- labels are tivo-up (two across
live pajTc), l)iit your proj^raiti will only print one-up, never
tear. Run throogli the whole box c>f labels using only the
ones on the leii side. I'lieii (li[) t!ie stack right over left
arui insert it in the printer. The labels that were on the
right will now be on the left, where you can use them to
vour heart's content.

Linda R. Lang
Tucson, AZ

Pin-faed prestidigitation—To ease the repositiotiiog

of your pinfeed or tractor mechanisms, [jvii an arrow-
shaped piece of colored tape on each movable part, then
put marks or other arrows where they can he lined up
with liie movable ones. Put these index inarLs at your
chosen positions for standard jiaper, labels, narrow paper,
atul so on.

John \V. Petty

Augsburg, West Germany

Paper saver— You can save paper by saving your old
prog] am lisiings. When you need (o print .something for
your own use, use the reverse side of these discarded
jisiing.s. Ihi.s has worked well fbi" me, especially with the
higher-quality paper.

Mary Brigito
Old Forge, NY

Tractor-feed fodder— Some printers, like the 152.'5 and
Mi'S-801, waste a sbeel of paper every time they are set to
t<ip of form. Keep a clipboard handy, and, as you remove
your printout from the printer, tear ofT that first blank sheet
and add it to the clipboard. Clean, full-si/e sheets have
pleiuy of uses aroiuid the house.

Phillip D, Deem
Indianapolis, IN

Visible perforations — My piinier's smoke-gray cover
makes it hard lo see the paper perforations, and, eonse-
tjuenlly, 1 found it difficult to align the [)rit)t))ead and
llie top of the sheet. I solved the problem by running a
dark, feli-ti[» marking pen over the points of all fonr
corners of the folded paper. The ink soaks through the
pa[>er and makes it easy to .see the perforations. Since
they appear only on the outer edge of the paper, which
is iinri ofi and discarded, the ink marks have no effect
on my final documents.

John B. Boningcr
Rock Island, IL

I'iO I RUN Si'tClALlSSLT 1986

Paper alarm — It's a good idea lo ink a big cross on the
third-tolast sheet ofpaper in the tray. This gives you a timely
warn! tig of imntinent paper exhaustion.

Ian Haynes
Wcstville, South Africa

RlllbOfl replacements — If you don't have a source of
inexpensive libbons for your printer, take a woni-sntt
ribbon to Radio Shack. Some of their ribbons are exact
re])laccmenis for the Commodore 1523/MPS-80I and for
other printets as well. If Radio Shack doesn't have what
you need, try other local sources of ribljons. The key lo
succe.ss is letling them see your sample ribbon — many
[)rinters use identical ribbons, and most piililished cross-
refeience lists are incomplete.

Steven J, Guenthcr
Wa.shington, DC

Ribbon re-inking— The I.^)'2.fj/MrS-801 and other prim-
ers have reinkal>le cloth ribbons, and you can save money
by re-inking them your.self. If yoiu' ribbon has a removable
ink cartridge, the job isn't even very messy.

He sure to use printer ribbon ink, since other inks may jam
or abrade yom' [)rint head. This ink is available from re-inker
companies that advertise in RU.\'. Another possible source is
the commercial ribbon rc-inking companies that are found
in most large cities. You may have to beg them to let you have
some ink, but thev're usually vei-y undei standing.

It's helpful tc> put a few drops of ink directly on the
re-inking wick. The wick sometimes gets clogged with
paper dust, in which case soaking it in solvent can help.

Bob Ingav
Victor, NY

Ribbon rejuvenation— A simple way to extend the life
of your fabric ribbon is to spray ii with a little WD-fO
oil, available at any hardware store. The oil thins the ink
and lets it flow into die firint area. Use the WD-40 spar-
ingly, and you'll probably have very good results. Don't
forget lo wa.sh your hands.

Alan Heifers
Chatham, IL

17. Printers and Printing

Printer stands— Many common items can serve double-
duty as pi inter stands, especially when you turn ihetn
upside down. l.t)ok through the housewares department
in your local discount store, and you're certain to lint!
something you can use,

:'\nothcr s(»urce of printer stands is the office supjjly
department. I use an inverted $2 stacking ille, which fits
my MI'S-H() I perfectly. It's the #982 from Steriing Plastics,
and it's found in discount stores everywhere.

Frank Knorowski
Berwick, PA

Space saver — Unless you have a custom computer
desk, it's always a problem (niding room for your printer
pa|)ei. I keep my pa])er in a cardboard tray made from
the top of tile carton it came in, l>ut there's not much

room i'ur il between my priiilei iitid the wall. Also, no
matter where I put my paper, it tends to tear on the
cables at the rear of the printer.

My solution is in prop the tray against the wall at a
4.">-7.'V degree anjrk-. Tiiis lets ine move the [irintcr closer
to die wall and om of my way on the desk. 1 put a large
empty can or cardboard tube between the printer and
tlie tray, aiu! the f)aper never touches the cables.

Barry L. Cohen
New York, NY

1520 plotter SUpplies—Coimnodore's IfiSO plotter
has the same methaiiism as Radio Shack's CCU'llf) and
uses the same supplies, whicli are available at any Radio
Shack store. Tlie [laper is #2(i-M28. Black pens are #26-
1480, and colored ones are #26-1481. As always, the price
is right, and if your store doesn't stock these items, the
manager can order tliem for you.

Richard Fader
Fort Lee, NJ

Plotter as printer— Commodore's slick little plotter
can double as an 80-coIumn word processing printer.
Before loading yonr word processor, run the following
drivci' [irogram.

100 Ol'KN 6.5,6 1 PRIN'r#6.1 : REM UI'I'KR^t.OWt-KtlASE
•im (M'EX ■^fi:i ■. I'R1NT#3,0 : rem ho t:[tAR/i.lNK
300 OPEN 'J/..2 : I'KIN I #L',() : REM Hi.AC.K INK

You must then set your word processor to send its text
to device #6, rather than the usual 4 or 5. If you have
Paperclip, run the MFRGF. PRTFIL-D program and
merge l'aperCli]> with the I."i2r)-1'ALF printer file. Then
run the TRIN TEK SKIUI'-D program and sei I he ]Mituei
device to #0. Save this newly motlined PaperClip program.
When you run it. your printer device will automatically
be set to (i.

Wc like to use the 1520 as a portable printer, and its
small size more ihan makes up for its liny little letters.

Thomas F. Trocco
New York, NY

relate to the Commodore plotter, hut the service manual
is very useful. It costs about S8, once you convince the
store manager to order it from Texas.

By the way, don't forget that the pens and paper for die
Radio Shack unit are direcdy compatible with the 1520.

Dave English
Orange, CA

1525/MPS»801 paper alignment— Here's how to

ensure thai this popular printer doesn't print a line on
the perlorations between sheets. Advance a sheet of paper
until the tear line is exactiy even with the to[} of the print
head. Then advance the paper ihree double clicks. This
.sets the [laper so that, regardless of ihe number of pages
printed, all of the print lines will be on either side of the
tear line.

No name
Address unknown

1525/MPS-801 paper-jam fix— 1 always had to
watch my jirinter to make sure the jjajjer exited properly,
without jamming. Sometimes the perforated edge would
get caught on the paper entering the printer from the
rear. To fix the problem, I glued two pieces of stiff plastic
to the plastic guide behind the carriage. 'I'lu;y extend
about two inches behind the printer and are completely
effective.

John V. Gilmour III
Florence, SC

1525fMPS-801 carriage return— The carriage

median i sin an these printers has a lemiency I o slow tiown
as die ])!inier ages, i'lie solulion is lo clean and lightly
oil the iwo nietal bars that guide the print head down
and back. If thai is not sufficient, try boosting the carriage
return spring by shorlening it or by paralleling it witli a
rubber band.

James F. Ryan
Winthrop, MA

1520 disk directories— The 1520 plotter's smalle.'^i
character set can be very valuable in making disk direc-
tories. First, select a color with the color-change button.
Then do this:

OPEN :l.(i.:i ; FRlNT#:i."0" : Cl£»SE 3

L(RD"S".H

01>EN -l,li,0 : flMD) : HSV

l'RINl#-l I CWHii: l

You will get a readable directory that is small enough to
be taped to the disk jacket.

Robert Gruskiewicz
Wyoming, PA

Servicing the 1520 plotter— 'Ihc Radio Shack CGP-
11,") primer-ploiler is very similar to Commodore's own
1520. In fact, the paper transport, die pen transport and
the electromechanical printing mechanism are identical
on the two devices. F.ven though Radio Shack has discon-
tinued the CGP-lir>, its operation and senire manuals
are still available, both unfier llie same catalog number
as the hardware, 2(J1 H)2. The operation manual doesn't

1525/IVIPS-801 underlining— You can underline
with this ])ri titer by using a graphics line character on
the line below the one you want to underline. Of course,
no other characters can be printed in the same spaces as
ihc grafihic underline.s, so when you underline, you
should also double space. Here's the techuitjue for
underlining:

HI OPKN' 4,-t

-m PRlN"r#4."lJND!£RLINING WITH THE MPS.80r';CllRSClH);

"{1>0 sp-icfsH" CMDT}"
:«1 CIX^SE 4

David Bushko
Address unknown

1525/MPS-801 and labels— Some models of this
printer can take a minimum of 4 '/s inch paper. Before buy-
ing labels to use with it, carefully check their width, since
many are only 4 'A inches wide and cannot be used with the
MP,S'801.

James Llanos

Ketchikan, AK

RUN SPECIAL ISSUK 1986/121

1526IMPS-802 secrats— 'I'hc mcchimism in this
primer is the same as that in ihu Mannesmann Tally 185
Spiril-80; Spirir-80 ribbons work perfectly in the 1526.
The- lever at the light of the platen is to adjust for paper
thickness. Normal (josition is toward the platen; if you
are doing envelopes or three-part forms, or if your print
is smudging, move it toward (he front of the machine.

Quinze Vingtetsix
West Chester, PA

1526/MPS-802 underlining— There's a rumor going
around that the l.Vie won't underline. But CHR$(141)
gives you a carriage return without a line feed, allowing
you to overprint (he line from the beginning. Try this
for a demonstration:

10 Ol'KN 4,4

20 l'RINT#4, "THIS IS A COM\fODORi- PRINTER"CHR$(141)"{10

.SPA(;i:S}{9COMD ®}"
30 CI.OSK4

Marion Deland
New York, NY

1526/MPS-802 print sizes— Since primer manuals
are hard for begiiniers to understand, many owners of
Commodore's 1526 may not bo aware that there are
actually four sizes oi print available. There is the regular
size, plus three horizontally expanded fonts. The program
below illustrate.s them very nicely.

2 AS = CHRS(14)

4 OPEN4.4

6 PR[\ 1#4."TH!S IS REGULAR PRINT"

8 l'RI\'r#4,CHRS(l:l)

10 PRINr#4,.'\$;"THlS IS ENHANCED PRINT"

12 i'RiNr#4.(:nRS(i:i)

14 l'UINT#4.AS;A$;"C;KTnNG BIGGER"
16 PRINT#4,CHRS{1H)
18 PRINT#4..\S;.AS;.\S;"LARGI-3ir'
20 PRINT#4,CHRSn:l)

22 <;;l<jsk4

Sonic MPS'8()2s, and possibly some 152()s, will print a
fourth enlargement, giving five si/.es of print. You can
test your own iinii by repeating line 18 as line 21.

Gregory L. Bues
Milford, CT

1526/MPS-802 listings— litis printer has a little-

imder.sioud paging mode that allows it to skip over the
perforations beiween sheets of paper. With very little
effoit, you can use this feature to gel nice top and bottom
margins on youi" muUipage listings.

To try it out, put a long Basic program in memory —
one that takes more than a page to list ()n the printer.
Align the paper iti your printer so the top of the sheet
isJLi.st barely under the two black rollers on the movable
paper bail, and cmer the following line in Direct mode.
The heading can be anything at all and, if ytm'd like, can
be omitted.

OPEN4,4 : CMD4,'{SI III-T CLR}ulli;" i LIST

Then watch as your printer makes a professional-quality
tisiing. When the listing stops, don't advance the paper
by hand. Instead, enter, in Direct mode:

PRIN'l#4,"{HOME}" : t:LOSE4
1 22 / RUN SFECLM. ISSUE 1986

You'll see the paper advance so the bottom perforation
is rigJii at the tear-off point on the silver bar that covers
the platen.

You can add the following lines to any program, and
a GO'fO 10000 will get you a simitar listing, but with a
customized heading for the date or anything else you'd
like. When the listing is finished, your cursor will be
positioned so you can feed your sheet just by pressing
the return key.

lOOOO REM ♦• LIST ON 1.^26 PRINTER ■ I'ERFS AT ROU.ERS

lOOIO INPLT"HEADIN(;":AS

10020 PRINI "{SHIFT t:i.R}{CRSR DN}PRINTCHRS(19J ; :

PRINI#!:CLOSi-;4|2 CRSR UPs)":t)PEN4.

■):C.MlM;PRINT'{SHIFr CI.R)"Ai:LIS r

Remember, a question mark cannot be used in abbrevi-
ating the Print# statement.

Louis F. Sander
Pittsbui^h, PA

PaperCiip and the DPS-1 101— Commodore's nice

daisywheel printer can easily be used with the PaperCiip
word processor, if you Itnow the secret. First, you mtist
switch DIP switch #3 on the long bank of switches. Then
use the (i400-A-NTF printer file. 'I'his will handle .5-pitch,
10-pilch, 12-pitch, ISpitch, boldface, underline and sub/
superscripts.

If you want to use shadow printing as well, you must
run the printer setup program. When it asks you to load
your previous file, load the 64()0-ANLF file. For "italics
on," use codes 27, then 87. For "italics off," use 27, then
38, Please realize that you can't get italics with a daisy-
wheel — you get shadow printing instead.

Thomas F. Trocco
New York, NY

Okimate programs — if you use your Okimate 10 to
print pictures made vvith the popular Doodle! program,
the manual says you need a Learn to Print disk plus your
Doodle! file. Since Ijearn to Print has only 21 blocks free,
the Doodle! file has to be on a separate disk, and you waste
a lot of time in swapping disks.

I've learned that you don't need all the Learn to Print
files. The ones you need leave over 500 blocks free on
the disk, and you can use those blocits to store picture
data and printer routines. These are the files you need:
COLOR, N, W, S, U. V, T and AA. Use a file copy program
to put them onto a disk, then fill the remaining space
with yottr artwork.

Colin Crawford
Grafton, OH

Paper for the Okimate lO—This tittle printer will
do wonderful blackon-wbite printing without a ribbon,
if you use the right kind of thermal paper. The thermal
paper for the IBM PC Junior is widely available and comes
in rolls, fanfold and single sheets. It gives belter print
quality than you can get with a ribbon or with Okidata's
special smooth paper.

William R. Alsing
St. Louis, MO

Paper for the Okimate 10 #2— When you are using
a ribbon witli iliis printc-r, regular computer paper gives
very unsatisfaclory copy. The special paper is expensive
and sometimes hard to obtain. Believe it or not, incx-
[jensive newspriiU-like paper ffives wonderful results! I
hiiy cheap scribbling paper ai my school supply store,
and i save my stock of the special paper for important
letters and reports.

Dale Leibensperger
Gang Mills, NY

Easy Script Oki-magiC — If you have u.<icd the Oki-
mate 10 wiib Kasy Script, you may have been dismayed
to find that the ga]>s foi page-skipping arc twice as wide
as they should be and that the error increases with every
printed page. The trouble is that both Okimate and Easy
Script have an automatic page-skip feature. The solution
is to disable the Okiitiate's automatic perf-skip by exe-
cuting the following line before loading Easy Script.

OPKN l.-(.(J: PRINT* l.C;ilRS(a7);"H"

Charles L. Baker
Topeka, KS

Olivetti PR2300 ink— Tliousands of Commodore
owners al.so own this [Jiiiucr, and most of them have run
out of dry ink ampules. I searched for ampules for almost
a year and finally gave up trying to find ihern. Out of
desperation, I tried refilling my old ones with various
types of pencil lead. /\fter much testing, I've learned that
Staediler/Mars Duralar K3 gives excellent results. A single
.'Sinch piece is enough to refill an ampule ten times, at
a cost of five cents per filling.

Jim R. Williamson
Carrollton, TX

Olivetti PR2300 Ink #2— DAK Industries, the company
that sold .so many of these printers at closeout prices, still
slocks ibe ampules. You can call them at 1 ■800-42H-2866.

Gary Leonhardt
Roscoe, IL

Printer special lealures— Many non-Commodore
printers have wonderful special features that can be used
with commercial progiams. 'lb enable these features, one
must often send several commands to the printer prior
to loading ilie pr()gratn. A good way to handle this without
having to remember the connnands is to include them
in a small loader program that sends them, then loads
the main program using dynamic keyboard techniques,
as described in the "Programming Tips-General" section.
For example. I use the following progi-ain to set my Kpson
to Douliic-sirikc mode with a five-line .skip over perfora-
tions, after which it loads the PractiCalc program.

to QS = C:itRS(;lt) : OPKN' -l.-t

yO PRfNr#4,CURS(27)-C;"

;i(> PKlNr#4,CHRS(27)"N"C;HRS(5)

1(1 PRlXf

.'in PKlNf'LO.Jin" QS "PR.ItrnCAU:" QS ■',«.! {2 CRSR UPs}";

(id POKK lilil.lli : POKE lilH.I : P,NI>

Donald D. Pick
Muscatine, lA

Printer cable hang«up— Some sophisticated pro-
grams, especially those involving the disk drive, seem to
be sensitive to the presence of other peripheral devices.
I found several fast-copy programs that hung up the
computer whenever a printer cable was connected. Dis-
abling the printer didn't help — I had to physically remove
the printer cable from the serial bus. If you have a similar
]Moblcin, try removing the printer cable first, then look
lo the other pons for possible remedies; cassette port,
user port, cartridge slot and, perhaps, even the joystick
ports.

Karl Thurber
Mill brook, AL

Printer lockup fix— if a program locks up while it is
trying to communicate with the printer, don't panic. Turn
the printer off, then back on, and you'll probably clear
the lockup.

Michael P. Rogalski
Monrovia, CA

18. Video Displays and Loudspeakers

Eyesaver — It's not so obvious to everybody: Use your
TV's contrast, brightness and other controls to optimize
your program.s's display. Often the best setting for text
is quite different from the best setting for games and
other programs.

Mark Emilio
Address unknown

Glaring nerdhood — Don'i have a glare screen for your
monitor-' Just wear polari/.ed sunglasses whenever you're
compiuing. Your family may think you're withdrawing
further into the lube, but you're really just saving money.

Mike Rogalski
Monrovia, CA

Soap opera computing— VVacching a blank screen
timing long cassette loads becomes very boring. If you
are using a fV as a monitor, ytni can solve this problem
by flipping the TV/computer switch and watching some
television. Switch back when the cassette drive stops, and
your computer program will Ije waiting.

Steven J. Walsh
Seaford, NY

Tip lor teachers — If your class is large, think about
using a projection TV set for a monitor. Such equipment,
though expensive, makes it a lot easier for the students
to see the screen and react to what is fin it.

Frank Piazza
Address unknown

Commodore and the VCR— if you have a VCR and

a 1702 or similar monitor, you can watch TV on your
computer screen. Using the front panel connections on
the 1702, patch ihc VCR's audio-out to the monitor's
audioin. Then connect the VCR's video-out to the mon-

RUN SFKCLAl. ISSUE 1986 / 123

itoi'svideoin. Make sure the 1 702's rear-panel slide swiich use this setup lo record C-64 sound onto a cassette or

is sei for ilic from connections, then lean back and relax, tcel-to-reel tape.

Reed Huish Stephen M. Zapytowski, Sr.

Mesa, AZ Beaverton, OR

Screen layout aids— A l^-inch nexible steel ruler, of
ih<' lype made by Hates inid sold in off He supply stores,
makes a superb screen layout tool. Use die metric scale
to measure t^RT distances, and hi-res positioning will be
easier than you've ever imagined.

To simplify the counting of text lines, draw a dot at
the start of every fifth line on your screen, about I nun
into I he border. 1 use a Sharpie brand marker for per-
manence, and I make the clots as tiny as possible, to keep
iheni from jxiUuiing the display.

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

Vklea audio — Many TVs have an atnioying speaker
bu// even when the sound is turned to its lowest setting.
If you're using such a TV for a monitor, just plug a
headphone into its headphone jack, and the hua should
disap])car. Sometimes you can use just a plug, with noth-
ing c<jnnectcd, and achieve the same effect.

Fred Lacey
Corvallis, OR

Monitor cables— If your 1702 cable has eight pins, but
your computer's video jack has only five, then get out
your needle- nose pliers. Use them to remove pins i\ 7
and S on the cable.

Reed Huish
Mesa, AZ

TV set SWitehes— If you have a computer and a video
game machine, vou know how frustrating it is to con-
standy be connecting and reconnecting the switch boxes.
My suggestion is to connect all the switch tioxes to the
TV set, leaving each external device coniiecteti to its own
box. When you want to use a component, just switch its
box to the computer position, leaving all the others in
the r\' position. When you want tcj change components,
just turn the first one to TV and the second one to
computer.

Michael Peterman
Lebanon, OR

Video monitor tips— My monitor is a green mono-
chrome without a speaker, which is little help when a
program involves color, sound, or both. But since the
green monitor is plugged into the video connector on
the hack of my (i4, the TV connector is vacant. I nni a
long cable from the TV connector to the switchbox on
the back of tny color TV. When a commercial comes on,
1 cat) do my color work without interrupting the family's
viewing. The 64 can simultaneously drive both the mon-
itor atrd the TV.

Of course, the cal>le connecting my green screen to the
coin])uter has a separate auriio line. I jiatch it into my
stereo receiver, so I can play ihe (i4's sound. I frequently
1 24 / RUN SPECIAL ISSUE 1986

Wavy video — If your power supply is physically close
to your monitor, it can cause a slow, side-to-side waving
in the video display. If you see such interference, try
moving your power supply.

Sechzig Hertz
Storung, Germany

ComputerfTV Interference— If you use a slide switch

on your 1 V anletnia wire, it's possible that the video
output f)om die computer can cause interference on
other sets connected to the same antenna or cable. The
problem is that the antenna lead coming into your switch-
box is not terminated when the switch is in the computer
position. Udder that condition, the radio fretjueiicy from
the computer can leak into the common antenna/cable
system.

To solve this problem, install a TV- interference filter,
as sold in most electronics stores. The proper place for
it is at the connection between your antenna and switch-
bos. Putting it between the switchbox and TV won't help,
because the interference arises inside ihe swiichbox.

David J. Todeschini
Queens, NY

Ground your switchbox— Connecting the TV/com-
puter switclihox to a good ground can dramatically reduce
inierference. In liouses with three-wire electrical sockets,
the screw on an outlet cover is usually very well-grounded.

Carl R. Wilcox
Dayton, OH

Toroid love story- Ferrite loops about two inches in
diameter are very good interference traps. Wrap your
computerto-TV cable through one about three limes, and
you'll see what 1 mean,

John Cappuccilli
Fairview, NJ

Foiling interference— Try putting a cookie sheet or a
large piece of aluminum foil under your computer. It
can do wonders in reducing television interference.

Jim Barzydlo
Lincoln, NE

For high-quality monitors only— Some high-quality

uinuochiome mcuiitors have such good resolution that
they show the individual dots that make up the characters.
This can be visually annoying, and, if you have that
trouble, there's a simple solution available. Connect a
.0047 microfarad mylar capacitor between pins I and 4
of your video output cable. It dampens the sharp rise
and fall of the video signal, smearing the dots and making
them more coniiiuious.

Jim Stephens
Nashville, TN

19. Entering Programs

Saving keystrokes — If you aren't imerestcd in the
tonitriis of (he RP'M statements in your [jrogram, don't
c-litninaie t!u- RKM line entirely—just type [he line num-
bei ;i(i(l tlic word kl'.M, This saves keystrokes and avoids
poletiiial ])rol>letns it tile line is the destinatioti ofa Goto
or Gosub statement.

Sue Harder
Chicago, IL

Audiovisual typing— Have a fViend read tlie ]>T()}^ran7
line while von ivfie it in or prool'read it, If no suitable
friend is available, use a tape recorder and read the lines
to yourself.

Kathleen Mead
Westerville, OH

Typing in programs—To lessen the wear and tear on
my precious copies of RUN, i use a copy machine to
re|>rodiice any programs I intend to lyj^e into the coiTi-
puter. As [ type, I can mark, cut, spindle or mutilate the
copy to my heart's content, with no chance of mutilating
my inaga/.ine.

If ilie program doesn't run properly, it is much easier
to compare a listing with the copy than to work with the
whole magazine.

Geneva Hamilton
Fortuna, CA

Blow it up — If your copy machine has a setting that
enlaiges material, use that setting to copy yotn" magazine
lisliiigs. It tnake.s them nmch easier to read as you type
thein in.

James Volk
Bellmore, NY

Musical stitchery typing tip— As an aid in typing
prtigranis, mv husband and 1 ha\'e rumhined e([uipmeni
from two other hobbies, music and ctossstitch. A music
stand allows us to easily adjust the height of our material.
To keej] our place while typing, we use the metai sheet and
magnetized .strif)s that are sold as place holders for cross-
stitch [latieins. With the meial sheet behind the page we're
working on, wc slide the magtu-iized strip under the lines
being typed. One word of warning; The magnetized strips
can be disastrous to disks and ta])es, so keep them away
from your magnetic media.

Barbara Eberly
Cullowhee, NC

Magazine magnifier — I went to a store where nee-
dlepoint and embruidery notions arc sold, and I bought
a line iiiagnider, made for use with sewing instructions.
It works (iiiite nicely in magnifying the program lines as
I type in goodies from RUN.

Mildred Carroll
Ro.sedale, NY

Placekeeping tip— Before starting to type a long pro.
giani. 1 use a marker to highlight every other line. 1( gives
a deiuiite reference point to which I may return after
looking away from the page.

Chris Markiewlcz
Windsor, CT

Placekeeping tip #2— When typing in kmg programs,
use a hi-liter marker to record your progress. These mark-
ers are available in transparent pastel colors in any sta-
tionery department. Every five lines or so, cross off the
ccmipleted material w'itli your riiarker. This is also a good
method to use when checking for typing mistakes.

Ellen Pekar
Florence, MA

Placekeeping tip #3— Ever lose your place while typ-
ing a program fr(uti a magazine? Try cutting a piece of
colored ceIlo])liane (approximately 9 inches long and 2
inches wifle). Rub ii on the page with the program, to
build up static electricity, and it will slick to tlie page
anywhere you slide itl Now use your magic cell()]3hane to
keep track of yotn place on the page. If it starts to slide
off, just give it another rub.

Wake Lankard
Kenner, LA

Placekeeping tip #4—1 u.se Scotch Post-It notes. These

self St irking sheets are easv to move aroimd on the
page, and ibey have many other uses around the com-
puter room.

David Chang
Millbrae, CA

Placekeeping tip #5 — I made a place marker by gluing
a narrow' strip o[ light cardboard to a clothes pin. 'The
strip is long enough to go completely across the page,
since most ]M-ograms are printed in two columns.

Bro. Joseph M. Walsh
El Paso, TX

Typing Data statements— \Mien typing a .series of
Data num be IS. I place my fingers over the number keys,
using them as the home row. Instead of inserting commas
between the numbers. I u.se my thumb to enter spaces.
Then, after entering the line, I go back to the beginning,
this time proofreading my work and using the ctnnma
and cursoi-.tighi keys lo put the commas where they
belong.

I have found that I can enter data much faster this way,
because of the modified touch .system of typing and the
accuracy that comes from the overall process.

K.W. McFall
Connersville, IN

Easydata — 'This (;fi4 program makes it easier lo type
Data statements by assigning new values to the back-arrow,
@ and asterisk keys. After you run it, the back-arrow
prints the sliortttand abbreviation of Data, the @ key
prints a comma and the asterisk executes a carriage re-
turn. These reassignments mean ihat your fingers never

RUN si'KCiAi. issi;k vim I 1 2.5

leave the top row of keys when entering long listings of
nuiiicrica! Data statements. The run/stop/icstore combi-
naiioii will restore the keys to their nortiial functions,
while SYS900 will reactivate the Easydata feature.

As always with Magic's machine lan^^iagc programs, we
liave iiiclutied a checksum rout i tie to make sure you enter
your tlaia items correcily. "I'he first litne you nui the pro-
giaiu, you'll be informed if you made a typing error or that
eveiythiug's all right. If all is well, delete lines I-'}, then save
the program in the usual way.

1 FORY=1T083:READ2:CS=CS+Z:NEXT

2 1FCS<>9260THENPRINT"DATA ERROR": STOP

3 PRINT"CHECKSUM OK. DELETE LINES 1-4,"

4 PRINT"THEN SAVE THE PROGRAM. ": END

10 REM EASYDATA - MARK GRANZOW

11 DATA 120,162,145,160,003,142,020,003

12 DATA 140,021,003,088,096,072,165,215

13 DATA 201,095,208,021,169,157,141,119

14 DATA 002,169,068,141,120,002,169,097

15 DATA 141,121,002,169,003,133,198,240

16 DATA 038,201,064,208,016,169,157,141

17 DATA 119,002,169,044,141,120,002,169

18 DATA 002,133,198,240,018,201,042,208

19 DATA 014,169,020,141,119,002,169,013

20 DATA 141,120,002,169,002,133,198,104

21 DATA 076,191 ,234

30 M=PEEK( 55 )+256*PEEK( 56 ) :A$=CHR$( 17 )

40 PRINT"WORKING":FORJ=900TO982:READK

50 IFK=191ANDM>32768THEHPOKEJ,49:NEXT

60 POKEJ,K:NEXT:PRINTCHR$(147)

70 PRINT"SYS900 REASSIGNS THESE KEYS:"

80 PRINTA$"{LEFT ARROW) =DATA @=COMMA *=RETU

RN"
90 PR INTAS" STOP /RESTORE KILLS THEM."
100 SYS900;NEW

Mark Granzow
Carol Stream, IL

Computer-assisted proofreading— When proof-
reading a program, it's helpful to scroll the screen up
Litnil the line to be read is at the very lop of the screen.
When looking back and forth from page to screen, this
makes it much easier to locate the correct line. Once the
line has been checked, use the cursor-down key to move
the next line into position.

Rob Landeros
Olynipia, WA

Proofreading tip — After you've typed in a program
from a maga/.ioe, it's often necessary to proofread your
work. This job can be made easier by listing your program
onto the printer, then proofreading the printout against
the original copy. Compared to reading the screen, read-
ing the printout is easy on the eyes, and it's much easier
to fitul errors. This method is also timesaving, since you
don't have to keep listing to the screen.

Roberta Roberts
Chesapeake, VA

20. Languages— Basic

Keyword tolcens— All the commands, keywords and
lumlions ihai we use in Basic aie converted to so-called
tokens before being stored in memory. 'I'hat is, the com-

12(3 / RUN Sl'KCIAl. ISSL'E 19S6

piiier replaces each of these words with a single number
between I2H an<l '20'2, then stores that luimber instead of
the full word. I'he principle is the same on every CJonv
modore machine. You can check this for yourself by
entering this program:
100 I'klN ! L

110 PRINT ■liVlKS FREE = ";FRK(n)-f 2111)

(If you have somelhiiig oiher than a C-()4, delete the
+ 21 Hi.) Run the ])rogram to see how much free memory
you have.

Then, after the colon in line 100, add another keyword
of some sort (i'RlN'f, RKS'fORE or REM will w(H-k fine).
Run I he piogiam again and observe that yom^ adtlitional
keyword used oidy one byte of memory. Welcome to the
world of advanced computer science!

To sec all the C^'fi-fs tokens and (heir associated key-
words, run the foUowirig program. It prints the keywords
directly from their locations in ROM memory.
10 REM C-64 TOKENS - DION HOUSTON
20 T=127;PRINT: F0RI=41 1 1 8T041 373 :M=- ( PEEK(

I ) -1 26> ) : PRINTCHR$ ( PEEK( I ) -M*1 28 ) ;
30 IFMT!IENT = T-kM:PRINTTAB{7) ;T
40 NEXT

Dion Houston
Bellcvue, WA

CLR clarified— The manuals tell you that CI.R gets rid
of all vai ial>les. arrays and user-defined functions. It closes
all files antl clears the stack, which wijies out any Oosuh
statements and For, . . Next loops presently in effect. What
the manual dt)esn't say is that a Restore is also called,
setting the data pointer back to the beginning.

Brad Leypold
Colorado Springs, CO

Data statement bug— If you use shifted characu>rs in
a string in a Data statement, they will list improperly and
disappear or give erratic results when read. The solution
is to enclose the string in quotation marks.

David Martin
Little Rock, AR

DEF FN wizardry — C:ommodore Basic only allows one
argument in user-defined functions, but this limit should
not be taken seriously. 1 use functions with no arguments
or with multiple arguments.

For example, when using the Read siaiement, it's useful
to know from which line on the C-M the data are being
read. The line can be h)und by entering:

J'EF.K(t)3) + 2!-)f)*Pt:EK(i)4)

If I'm using that specific Peek a lot, I add the following
line eaily in my program.

100 DKK t*NP(X) = l'FXK(63)-l-256*PF.F.K(64)

Then, whenever 1 want this information, I just type

PRIM FNP(X)

where X is a dummy argument.

If I want to read bit B from memory location M, I u.se
DF.F FN with multiple arguments as follows.

2(1(1 DKF FNR(li) = (!'1-;I-;K(M) AND 2111) ; (2IB)

To use ii to read bit :i of memory location 32768, enter:

•I'M) M = '.Kim : P lit NT FNR(;))

Other examples aix- numerous. Jusi remember tlie key:
Any complex, often-used aritluneiic expression eun he
abbreviaU'd in this fashion.

Dan Reisberg
Brooklyn, NY

Defining variables— It is sometimes desirable to deflne
H.isii variables in a certain order, particularly where execu-
tion speed is critical, and we want frec[uently u.sed variables
to be at the top of the heap.

To accomplish this, it is not necessary to assign a value
to each vai iable, as most programs do. Commodore liasic
allows you 10 establish variables in {n-der, each with a
value of 0, by using the DIM statement:

DIM X,Y.Z.A,IM,P2

Although the manuals make no reference to iJiis use, the DIM
command is not restricted just to array variables.

I. Adam

Vancouver, BC

Canada

For... Next statements — These iniualize the loop
variable before ihey compute the loop's end. You can u.se
this to your i)enefit, especially if you're working in Direct
mode, i'ake, for instance, the clearing of C-6'1 color mem-
ory, where it's common to remetnber the si art as

[■OR 1= I O'J'I + .rj-l'^Tli TO \U'2'l + -A2T2+ !()21 : i'OKl". l,J'r.t;K(r>4li)
: NEXT

can be shortened to

R)R t = 11)24 i- .'i4272 ■TO 1 i- 1024 : POKE l.PEEKfMf.) : NEXT

CurtU Sicbcr
Somerville, AL

Better For. . .Next delay loops— The following line
is otten used to wait until a key is pressed or a certain
tittle has passeti.

100 R)H ■[ = I 10 2(ino : V.Y.J AS : IF AS = ■'" THEN NEXT
] 10 (^{giitinuaiion ot pivigraiii

The above method usually works fine, but it includes a
poteiilially fatal bug, since it can exit the I'ur. . . Next lo(jp
withoul executing the Next. When such an exit is made,
the computer's stack pointer is not restored to its proper
value, and the chance of an Out of Memory error is gi*eatly
increased. It is better to use something like this:

too FOR 1= I RJ ."iriO : T = T -t- <500 - T>* l'EtK( 1 9») : NEXT :

I'OK!-. HIM,(I
l|0 Ctintiiiuaiion ol pi'o^aui

Location 198 contains the number of entries in the kcy-

Ijnarc! buffer. When no key is pressed, the loop sets T = T,
then increments T: it finishes as soon as T = 500. As soon
as a key is pressed. PKKK{198)= 1, setting T = 500. The
loop is satisfied without corrupting the stack pointer.

If yon begin line 100 with I'OKK 19H,0 you will clear
any previous k»'V|)t esses before starting the delay loop. If
you waru lo have the loop exit only when a certain key
is pres.sed. yon can do this:

Hill FOR i = 1 to ,->lK) : T = T - (500 - T)*{PEEK(197) = X) : NEX't :

POKE HW,0
I til Coniiiniiitioii (il |)r());ram

In this tine, X wouki e(|uat (be value for the desired key as de-

tennined by the keyboard matrix table. You can find the
value for the key you want by rninnng this;

! t'RlNT PE£K(]y7) : GOTO 1

When you press the key of interest, its matrix value will
appear on the screen. "This is the value yon should sub-
stitute for X.

Katherine Myers
Fresno, CA

GET this straight!— Executing a Get statement will
turn off any current C^MD conmiand in effect. This un-
suspected effect can lie the soiuce of stiysterious hexes
in :i [jrograiii.

Mr. Smouse
Address unknown

Simple cursor for GET— The various methods of es-
tablishing a flashing cursor to use with tlie (<et statement
are sometimes im.satisfactory for reasons of complexity
or their tendency to leave white squares on the screen.
This easy wav uses a iionblinking curstn- and is perfectly
line for my purposes. Perhaps you will like it, too.

ion PRINT -{RVS ON} {.SPACE} {RV.S t)EE}{CRSR l.F}";

110 GET AS : IF AS = "" THEN HO

120 IF A$ = CHRS(i;i) rHEN I'RIN'l" " {.SPACE}"; (:[IRS(20) :

c'.oro l.iO
i:i() J'RlN'f AS;

140 t;o'io 100

I'jO Resi <if" progrsini fjocs licri'

Osp Viggosdotlir
Reykjavik, Iceland

GET# improved— Here's an incredit>le C-fi4 trick that
works the same as the {;Kr# statement, bin is about five
times faster. The edittu's tried it on a directory-reading
program that contained a lot ol GET# statements, and
execution time was cut in half.

There's a routine in the operating system that works
like CMD, hut in the opposite direction— it defines a
cert;un file as the input channel, rather than the output
clianrsel. To call tlie loutinc from liiisit, Poke ibe file-
luiinber into location 7HI, then execiile a SYS f).^>478.
Once that's done, you can u.se the normal CA"T statemeiU
to read a character from tlie file. When you're through
reading from the file, you must clear the input channel
with SYS 65484.

Those procedures are for the (l-fil. ;md may have to
be modilletl for other machines. (i.l-J/H is tlie kernal
CMKIN routine, while f).-)48-! is the kernal's OLRCH.N.
The Poke to 781 causes the filenumber to be placed in
the X-register before CHKIX is called.

Tlie trick speeds things uj) because Basic is relieved
from constantlv switching its input channel between the
keyboard and the file. .Although we've only tested it on
disk, it should work with cassette Hies, too.

Tim Gerchmez
Bcllcvue, WA

Calculated GOTO— This routine for the C-64 and VIC
lets you go to a fine number that is calculated within your
])rograin. To use it, just set variable GI. equal to the line
number to be execuied, ihen enter (tO'PO (I'iOOO, Tlie

RUN sraiu ISSUE im ! 127

rotiiiiio can bv jnit in any three consecLttive lines, [iro-
viclc'd the third line is typed exactly ;is shown here, with
no spaces between any of the characters.

R300() Cl,S = SrRS(C;L) : I.N' = LEX(C;LS)-

l : C.LS = RK'.HTSC'OfJOU" + R[GHTS(GLS,LN),3)

63f)lfl FOR Dl = 1T05 : BY{DI) = /VSC(M1DS{GLS,DI.1)) i NKX'I' DI

630;ln AD = PKEK(fi2)*2.W ^ PtEK{fi I );FORI)l =

nXjr.:l'(.)KF_AI) + .■>! + l)!,iiV(Dt):XKX-|-:GOTO0(K)(W

The roiiiine works by Poi^itig memory to chanj^e the last
chanvcters of the third line. Yuu can test the routine by
setting GL, then executing it, then listing it. In the listing,
the 00000 should be replaced by the value ui' GL.

DouglaK Johnson
Evesham, England

If... Then. ..Else — Unfortunately, Commodore Basic
doesn't iiave this usei'u! construction, which allows yoit
to redirect the prtjgrain if the ff statement fails. You can
use the ON. . .GOTO statement to give a similar effetl,
as in this example:

4{)() V,¥.T AS ; IF AS = "" IHFN KHl

500 ON([A$ = "V) + 2) GOTO fiUO : ON ((AS = "N") + 2) GO If > 7(10 :

GO'lO lOCI
(iOO PRIiNT "YKS" ; KND
700 PRIN T "NO" : KND

Note how the two tests have been put on tlie same pro-
gram line,

Mike Sokolewicz
San Francisco, CA

No-question-mark Input — Here's an easy way to
get it:

10 POKF ('i:il,ir.l : POKE l!)H.I : INPUT'PROMFT {GIRI, 7}": INS

The {GTRl, 7} changes the print color to dark blue, s(.>
the ([uestion tnark, though pritited, is invisible. The two
Pokes put a light-blue character into the keyboard buffer,
so your response to the prompt will be visible. If you
aren't using these screen and print colors, change the
{GTRl, 7} and the CHRS(154) to the appropriate values,
found in your user's manual.

The Pokes given here are for the C-fJ4 and VIG. To use
this icchnitjue with other inachine.s, snbslitine ibe pr()per
values in place of fi;U and !9ti. You can iuui iheni in the
Dynamic Keyboard I rick in the "Progiannning Tips-Gen-
eral" seciitni.

Steve Freedkin
East Lan.sing, MI

Input with default — Input parameters are often
known in atlvant e, but someiiines you may want to niakc
a change. If the Input statement itself contains the most-
used jiaia meter, you can select it just by pressing the
return key. If another parameter is desired, yon merely
type it in ibe usual way. Here's a simple example:

INE't; r "IIFVICK NUMKKR{2 siJLiCL's}8{;i CRSR I.Fs} ";i>

The inimber H will appear tnider the cursor and can be
selected by hitting the return key.

E. Dam Ravn
Olstykke, Denmark

integers. For example, when input ling the number of
items in an inventory, you must make sure there are no
negative numbers or fractions.

Of course, the programmer's sacred duty in these cases
is to trap erroneous input responses before they can cause
problems. Here's an elegant input filter that excludes
both fractions and negative numbers. Notice how simple
it is and how it does its job without resoi ting to Boolean
operators,

10 INPUT "ItOW MASY RABBITS IN "iliF [i.-\l-;N
20 1F1NT(AFIS(N))<>N THEN JO
'M) Rcsi Cti progrnni ^ocs here.

Thomas Henry
N. Mankato, MN

Improving on INT— 'Ibc Basic function INT(X) is very
ii.seful, but sornetimes you want the integer closest to X,
(INT works by a kind of truncation, not by rounding off.)
The simplest way to get the rounded value is by the
fornujla INT{X -naS),

This works f<n- both positive and negative immbers,
but a piobleni still remains, since

INT( + 3.S + 0.5) = 4 and INT( - 3,5 -^ 0.5) = - 3

You can cure this by defining and using a function such as

f)EF FNI(X) = .SGN(X)''1NT(SGN(XPX.H0.5)

Jerry Bridgman
Madison, WI

Loading overlays — When the Load command is used
in Program mode, the loaded program must be shorter
than the one that loads it. As soon as it loads, the .second
program is automatically executed, and any variables set
by the fir.si piogram retain their values.

For string variable.s, however, tlntigs are not so simple.
Their values will be lost unless the first program has
concatenated them to something. If AS = "TEXT", just ti.se
AS = "TEXT" + "", and the necessary ctmdition will have
been met.

Reinhard Ruscher
Szekesfehcrvar, Hungary

Load in Program mode— It is well-known that if you

load one piogrum from another, ibe variables I'lom the
first ]jrogram remain intact and are immediately acces-
sible to the second one. It's also well-known that the
second program must be shorter than the first, or the
com) inter will bectjme confused.

It's noi so well-known tliat similar ])roblcms arise when
the .second [>i'f)gram, after beitig loaded from the first, is
saved \n disk or tape. What happens is ihat ihe Save
rcnitine thinks the second jjrograni is now as lotig as the
first, so it saves much more than is required. At the time,
this is usually unnoticed by the operator, but it can cause
futiue [iroiilems and erratic operation.

So, if you tieed to make changes to your seccmd pro-
gram, you must execute a New statement, then Uiad it
from Direct mode. Make your changes, then resave it,

H.K, Hirashima
Billerica, MA

Easy Input filter— Many real-world problems only Loading machine language— I'hc common way to

make sense if the it)put data is made up of non-negafive load a machine language program from disk is:

128 / RUN si't.i;UL IS,SUK IM.

IX>AD ■■rilenjiinf",8,l

II isn't widely known !h;it any odtl number can bf used
instead ol' ibe 1. 1 iiiitl ii easier to use:

1X)A1) ■'Hlcnanu-".H,!l

since I he !! is right next t() the H on llie keybomcl,

Eric llif Juggler
Squirrel lUU, PA

MIDS documentation error— rhe bcmk erroneously
say.s that MlDS's numeiie paraiucicrs can range (Voni (\-
255. Bui iC either une lias a value ol' 0, ail error innne-
diately occurs. I'^oiewarned is forearmed.

J, Paul Keller
Springfield, VA

Open command glitch — .'\ny time the open com-
mand is nsed with device timnber 2, all variables ami
arrays are cleared. Device number 2 is resen'ed for RS-

2.'i2 fieviccs, and activating it makes some internal ( hanges
to ])repare ior KS-2!)2. Wliethei or not you have an kS-
2;<2 device connected, t)l'K\x,2,y will i lear all your vari-
ables. Therefore, be very careful about using device num-
ber 2 at any time. If you're writing a program involving
ail RS-232 device, be sure to open your ciianncl iiclore
setting any critical variables.

Heather Albright
Ventura, CA

Printing quotes — If you want to prim quotation marks,
you'll soon discfiver that you can't ]Mit them inside a I'riru
statement. The solution is to Prim Ct !R$(;)I).

Andrew Apnld
Panama Canal Zone

Printing quotes #2— VVben you jirim a quoi.ition
mark, yoin' machine gt)e.s into Quote motic, which may
be comiary to your wishes, Vou call avoid the ptubk-m
by using:

I'RlNTCUKSCii) t:iiR$(i;(i) <:nKiS(:J-t)

rnv. (;HR$(2()) is :i Delete, which wijM'S om your (Irst
quote. The second cpiote then overwrites it and t;ikes tlu-
machine out of Quote mode.

Bruce Romncy
Suffern, NY

Printing the bottom line— You've ])iobably h:id the
madtiening experience o!'])riniing something on ihi' boi-
toiii line of die screen, only to see everything .scroll up a
line. To prevent this, press the cursor-up key twice as the
last characters of the line.

William W. liraiiii
Arnold, MO

Shifted BEMS— Il'yoii put a shilted letter inside a RKM
staiemem, thectunpuier will iiiteipiel ii as :i Basil keyword
when it is listed. (The same is true of the giaphtcs charac-
ters created by the Commodore key.)

A shijied L in any RKM staienient will cause a Syntax
eiTor i( (he toiiipuicr tries to list ii. RFM followcfl b\' an

alteriMting series of shifted Vs and unshif'ied s]>aces will
commemorate nylon siocking.s, the Olympics and an
e(|ually famous roimiain of knowledge. Replacing the
shifted Vs with shifted Ss will show what you do with the
latter.

When shifted or Commodore key characters follow a
«{iioi:ilion mark, they list as themselves rather than as
U.tsic keywords. So, if you mw,v( use shifted chinacters in
your RKM statements, precede them by a quotation mark.

Ellen Pekar
Florence, MA

Uses for REMa— Rl-:.\1 statements are much morehelp-
Inl ili,ni just dcs( ribing ;i subroutine or givinir credit to
the ])ii)gr;im originiUor. I use them at the begitming of
each jjrogram to list the source and location of the pro-
gram, plus any .special instructions that may be required
ill using it. It saves me from having to dig through stacks
ormaga/iiies trying to find liie article. R>r exanqjle:

t(l RE.M l-lfE H.\.M)I,1-;R— RLN KKIl Hi M(.;E IH

I'd RKM i;SK S1VU:F. UAR 1(1 SKIM I'W.IS. VSE RtltRN tO SKIM

caiaixk;.

Howard VanDover
Trenton, MI

C-64 selective Restore— Do you ever need to restore
the data pointer to a specific line in your program? (H!us/
■1 and Ci-12S ownets are lucky — their Restore coiumand
will accept a line number as an argument.)

Oil llu' C-fil, you can use this str.iiigelooking [irogram
to have the same effect, Just set variable RL to the number
of tlie desired line, then enter GOSUB 1000.

I mm ('OKI-; 7H.-),l*;i2:in)K[-: 7afj,7:l'OK£ 2Uy,*232:POK£ 210,7:POKE

•jii.iiji'oKt; 2i:i:.i'.i
101(1 t'RiM "i.si'At:i;},s{(;tRi. !)S&.S{<;tri. n}{(:oMr> *!{r"lRi- »}
iiiMciRi. ojjsnirt AijciRt. 't|s{c:t Rt. ii)
{sitti t st'A(:i:}{(:iRi. '.i!ii{(:iRi.()){siiiii n|

{SEItFf .St'A(:l-,i":l'OKl-. Rl.,l't:t:K(RL);RL= t;SR(Rl,):Rl-:illRN

I've said it before, and I'll say it again. It may not look
like it, bui it winks!

Randy Thompson
Eugene, OR

Random numbers— The general Ibrmula for produc-
ing a rantlom numlier lu'tween A and B is:

N = RNI)((>)*{B-A) + A

II you wanted to clioo.se Ns between .'50 and 40, for
(■xainple, yon would use:

N - RM>(ii)*M(i-:t(i) -(■:{()

\'on could combine ihc numheis inside the parentheses,
ol (oiirse, ;uKi if you wanted only imegers as N, vou could
use the IN T iunctiim to gel it or use N% rather than N.
'lb correct for the downward rounding in these cases, the
qu;intity inside parentheses must l>e changed to
(l-fB-A),

Mary D. Brigito
Old Forge, NY

STOP and CONT^ — rhese two commands can be used
as valuable debugging tools. CON'l' will restart a program
that has been h:dted by the stop key, or by an F.nd or
,Sto]) statement, Kxecution will continue from the state-
men I Ibllowing whatever caused the bah.

RUN SI'KCI.Al. ISSUE I'Jfif. / 1 29

You ran put STOP iiilo your ])rn(frani a( variims U'sl
points, VVhfii the program cncounit'ts a Sirjp coinniatui,
the nuiiihcr oi the last line exetiitecl will be sliuvvti oti
the screen, proving that the piogiatn reat'lied the line hi
question. While the pi'ogtatn is halted, yoii (an t heck the
value of vaiiahles, and can eveti change them ii you'd
like, A Direct mode (lON'l will, oC course, resume pi'o-
gt'am execution.

Charles Brogclon
Daiton, GA

Tab magic — 1 he intmijer used in a ial) statetncm can
bcaslaigeas^.">."»; thiscanhe\n\ ht-lptul when loitnatiing
a screen. IMilNI r.\lt(li-l(l) is nnuh easier than five Print
Slate me I Its, yet both give ilic same result.

Randy Thompson
Eugene, OR

Verifying machine language— 1 he Verily command
winks with machine language as well as Basic, A progiam
saved ,»nd loaded with the ,8,1 sufllx (an beverined using:

VERIFV ■■iitfiijiiiL",a,t

Charles Lavin
Coral Gables, FL

WAIT for keypresses— A good way to pause uniil a
key has been pressed is this:

too W.\tt tUH.t : GlilAS : RiM t;til .\Nt) VJC
too VV.^if '239,] : GEl'AS : KlriM Vl.USli .VNI) CMtJ
1 (10 WAIT 2(JH. I : GETAJ : REM C- 1 2K

It's simpler than a loop using (.'•h'.'V and can be put irU*)
a line with other siatetnenis.

Unknown contributor
Unknown address

WAIT for special keys— You can use the Wait state-
nieiit to pause nruil the shiit, Clomniodore or (iotitrol
keys are pressed. I'lie coininaud is of the lorm:

VV>\n KI..N

where FL depends on yoin machine as

li.'x'J f<ii ihL- C-ei't and VICJ
11547 for Ihf I'hisM and C-lfi
211 fiirthcCM-iH

and N depends on the key yi)u're waiting lor

I 1(11 1 1 II' •■liitl key

li tdt eIk' (^oEiiiiKuloif kt^y

t lilt file uiiidiil (Ct Rl.) kt-y

Kenneth H. Hottes
Danburj', CT

21. Languages— Machine Language

machine language, it must be translated by an assembler,

.Source listing— a ])rintont of a program's source code,
usually incliHiiiig lomments that make it easier tor iiu-
mans to follow.

Object code — fully numeric commands, usually cx-
]jressed in hexade( imal formal, which tlie microprocessor
diredly utulersiamis. Harfl foi humans to program in
atul K) nndersiand,

.Assembler — A program thai accepts written word com-
mands (source code) ami converts them t(.) fully numeric
form (object code).

Disassembler— A program that translates object code
(numeric) back inti) source code (word commands). Sucii
source code lacks the comments that make the original
sourie listing so \aliiable.

Mimitoi— a [irogr.un thai leis you directly examine tlie
lOjUents of spec i lied memory areas. Usually allows you
to alicr these contents as well. Many monitors also include
simple assemblers anil disassemblers.

Mary Brigito
Old Forge, NY

Machine language lesson — .Many readers are totally
in the d.nk when it comes to machine language. It may
shed a little ligbl ifWe exjilain the various sections of an
assembly listing.

I'his machine hntguage program creates an imiisual
t(»!or dis])lay on the C-64's screen. We have provided a
llasi( piogram to Poke it into memory, beginning at H28
dedmal (S();l!SC; bi'X). 1 ype it in, lun it and obsei\e some
psychedelic magic.

I FORX = ()rcV,):tiKAr)A:i'f)KK838 + X.A:NEXT:D.\rA12().206,33.

y()s.*j()(i.;i:i.L;o.s,7i),t>l,:i:SYibH2s

You can regain control of your machine by simultaneously
pressing die run/stop and restore keys. Here's an assembly
listing of the program, along witl) ati explanation.

SKI

nKC SI 102!

i)W; sr)02i

JMT HKiMi

• Kach line in the listing describes a single machine
langtiage iiislnictioii,

• 'file (lisi (i)lumn indicates the memory locatiim, in
hexadedmal forma!, of the first byte in the instruction.

• The next three columns show, in hex, tiie byte or bytes
that make up the instruction. A complete instruction can
be one, two (ir three bytes in length.

• The final cohnnns show the mnemonic represeiUation
of the insirui. tioti.

In I he llrsi line of the sample piogram, you can see that
memiuy loiatioti S0:i3(: holds a $78, and that the $78 is
t!ie hex foriti ol a Si-'l instruction. (SEI sets the iiueirupt
mask. You don't have to know any machine language to
see the value rjf the mnemonic,)

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

(i;«(: 7H

tmn t:E 21 iw

(1340 Ct; 21 l)(l

o:i-i:i 4C :m m

Machine language memory locations— lor pro

grammers, Basic automatically allocates memory as
Machine language definitions— The following may needed, so you never have to concern yourself with mem-
hel|) vou understand tlie m\steries of tnachine language, ory matters. Machine language, however, requires you to
Sourte code -word commands like l.I).\ .nidJMP. F.asy choose eveiy memory location used by y(nM- program,
to ])i()gram in and easy (ot knowledgeable Innuans to l.ocatioiis from 0-2."f.") are particularly useful, since ma-
undeislantl. hn die micro] iroccsscir lo understand it as i hine language's zero-page instructions can access them

1,'iO / RUN smiva. issit: \m\

/

in miraculous ways. Tliey an- also particularly scarce,
sitnf ihc computtT and its opifraiiri}^ system makf heavy
use (if'iliem. in tlie C-fH, the following /eio-pajrc ItJtations
arc available for user programs.

]H2 and 217-254— Available if the RS.232 channel is
no] being used,

2r)l-2")'l — Always available for user progianis.

If you ate not using the Datassetie lerorder, several
other zero-page loeatioiis may be safely available. For
clues as to vvliete they are, consult the memory map in
your Commodore 64 Programmer's Rtjcrma' (htvk.

Many other locations in C-04 memory are also available
for matbiru- language progratns, and dicy may or may
not be iiilerlcrcd with by Hasic or tlie Dalasseite. Follow-
ing arc sottic commonly used ones,

fj79-7r)7— -fiuised bv C-fil

H20-S27— IJiuised by C-64

828-1019 — Cassette buffer. Used if you use the Datas-
setlf. Othcnvise, untouched,

H)2(»-l()2;{— Unused by C-()4. (Notice lliat locations on
eithei side ol the cassette buffer are available for nuichine
language use.)

2()IH— 10959 — liasic program .space. 1' bis area is used
by lia.sic progiaiii.s. If you know how t(» iidjiist the Basic
poituers in locations 43-56, you can [protect parts of this
area from alteration by Basic's aciivities.

49ir>2-.'>:r247 — Unused by C-fi4. This is the largest and
most coiiuiionly used area in which to load machine
language programs.

On othei (ompulers. similai locations will be available
lor your use. To lind them, study yoiu memory map.

Many contributors
All across the land

Machine language in tape buffer— On the C-64,

it's easy to ke<'|) any machine language routine in the
casseite buffer, even while loatling or saving; just type
POKf. 179,4 before your (ape activity. 'I'he comjuner will
theji use screen memory for its tape activities, leaving
your machine language intact in 828-1019. If you don't
like the resulling screen disruption, choose another lo-
cation and Poke it into 178 and 179.

Michael L. Smith
Pacific, MO

Magic ML poker — Machine language programs are
usual K (and conveniently) listed as hexadecimal memory
<htm]is, with an address and eight hex bytes jin each line.
In many cases, we convert those bytes to decimal form,
then type Miem itUo Data statements, where a Basic pro-
gram can read ihcni and Poke thetn into memory. Un-
fortiniatety. this process often introduces errors, and since
the Dala siateinems bear [itiie resemblance to the original
Ml, listing, the errors can be vfnj hard to find.

The accompanying C-64 program avoids these troubles,
letting the original hex dump be used verbatim in the
Dala siatenieuts. It cliiuiiiaies the use of conunas and
allows [nooiVeading of Data statements against ihe oiig-
inal .\1L dum]j. lanes I(K)-170 are the program itself; the
others are a test routine that Pokes .some tetters onto a
Cfi'l screen.

lo use the main progratu on yoiu" own ML, just delete
the extra lines, then do this;

• In line I M). .set viiriabfe BA to the decimal value of the
MI.'s beginning address.

• .-\dd your Data statements, each consisting of a line
number, the word DA'l'.'V and the data item as described
below.

• liach Data item nnisi consist of a four-hex-digit address,
followed by any number of hex bytes (usually eight or
fewer), all separated by single spaces. There must be no
punctuation marks or other cliaractcrs on the line. (Most
l>ex listings are very close to this form alieady.)

• Add a llnal Data statement, of I ewer than six characters,
to mark the end of your Ml,. I'be number 999 works fine.

• Run the program. As it reads each Data statement, it
igntnes the four-character address, then checks that each
other item is a valid hex byte. (If you type an I for a one,
the poker will catch it, showing you the defective entry
and the number of ihe line it's in, Hallehijahl) Finally, it
converts the bytes to decimal and Pokes them into the
proper locations.

ICi REM (2 SPACES} MAGIC ML POKER

20 POKE53281 ,1 :PRINT"(SHFT CLR} " : POKE53281 ,

6
30 :

100 REM (2 SPACES JFiAGIC ML POKER
105 REM (2 SPACES) CREATED BY LOUIS F. SANDER
1 1 BA=1024 :READHD$:[iD$ = MID$(ilD$,6) :IPHD$ = "

"THEN17{i
1 20 F0RP = 1 TOLEtq ( HD$ )STEP3 : BY$ = MID$ ( HD$ , P , 2 )
1 30 HN=ASC(BY$) -48:HN = HN-f7*(HN>9) : IPHN<0ORH

Nn5THEN160
140 LN=ASC( RIGHTS (BY$,1 ) ) -48 : LN = LN-(-7* ( LN>9 )

:IFLN<filORLN>15TUEN160
1 5 POKEBA + Q,LN-t-1 C *11N : 0=Q-t-1 :NEXT:GOT01 10
160 PR1NT"ERR0R IN"PEEK( 63 )-(-256*PEEK( 64 ) " :

"BY$:END
170 PRINT"DONE!":END

1000 :

1001 DATA 0400 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

1002 DATA 0408 09 0A 0B 0C

1003 DATA 999

Louis F, Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

Machine language saves— This short sequence will

save a machine language |nogram to disk wilfioiU upset-
ting any \\,\<w pointers. S.A is the starting address o!' the
material to be saved, and \L\ is its ending address + I.

foKK 1 7:i.i-:.\(;ir)ii

I'OKt-; 1 7-i.K.-\ - 'iriCi'l'KKKf 1 lb)

POKE. I04,S,-\

POKE 19:!.,SA - 2i>f>*I'EKK( 194)

oi'EN ir.,8.!ri."nicii,itii("

C:!.O.SK If)

Wallace Fini
San Diego, CA

Loading Ihe registers— On the C-64 and V1C.20,
inem*uy locations 7S0-78;i are used to save and reload
registeis between SYS calls. Values placed in these loca-
tions are placefi iti the cotTcsponding registers before
the S^'S is executed. When the program returns lo Basic,
the then-current register values will be put in these
locations.

You may exam i tie (hem from Basic to determine the
results of the called routine. The locatiotis and their
contents are;

RUN spEciAi. issut: nm / i;u

7H() — ace iiniu laEii r

781— X register
782— Y register
7HS — status register

Logo, yoii can gfi iiiLiliiple blank spaces by putting them
iiisitie aposliophes.

Valerie Ann Brown
Brownsburg, Quebec
G.R. Davies Canada

Los Altos, CA

Waiting for shift — Von can tise lltLs I'ontine to patise
yoiir [tiognuii il the C!-()-l's sliitt key is (iejncsscti. (Il also
works with the (yiRl. and Contmotlore keys.) I he shiit-
lock key wiU hold the pause indeiliiitely.

CI DO LDAS028D
C103 UNF. SCIOO

Roy B. Graff
Sheridan, WY

22. Languages— Other

Comal sprites — Comal is a grcal language that makes
pt(»j;iatii!iiing sprites especially eiisy. The only problem
is that since the VICMI chi]) can only "see" 16K ai a [imc,
the (Gonial sprite eomniands pnl the spi itcs on the graph-
ics screen. As it turns out, liowever, we tjnly need to
replace two of the commands to juit sprites on the text
screen, Tiy snhs^illllill^; these iwo [)ioce<!incs for die
Gonial connnands Dellnf and IdeniilV. (Noiice diat l-LINC
lUlOK is called by IDF.N'llFVl X PkOC. Comal ±0 has
lil lOR built-in.)

I'ROC I>Kl-[NK'[X(l.\l.«;t:#.DKKIN'nitJNS) c;tjOStX)

FOR l: = ()TO Ii3 Y>0
I'OKK 1 ■fIMAC;K#*li!.C)RUUJUhNiriONS(l+ )))

KNDFOR 1
KNDl'ROC t)r.i-"lNK'IX

I'Rot; inKNrifV"rx(S!'Rn'K#,iMA( ;!•:#) closkd

I'OK!-; SfRlTE^-i- l?l)!().lMA(;i;#
I'OKK r>J2Uy,liI]OK(l'KKK(j;i'Jti',i>,2ISl'KMi-;#l
FNDPROC IDENTIFVIX

FiNC niroR(N'UM.M.-\sK) {:;i.<)SKn
I'OKK. L'()'j4. 1 fill ;m .r).\# N t • M
I'OKK 2H2f>,Nl.'M II
lH)Kl-.'2IV2n.[t tHiK..\H MA.SK

i'OKi; 'joL'T.M-vsK /;

PORK liOUH.Ml II SKA W:V2

I'OKi-: 'J()2;),240 II

I'OKK 'J(W0.7 //

I'OKK ■J():i 1.96 //RTS
SVS UDL'I

RKKL RN !'KKK(20;*2)
UNDFUNC lilTOR

The syncax is the same: The .s])) ite mnnber. image nnmlier
and dellnilion siring are ii.sed die same way. file only
difference is that only iniaj^e n timbers Kl, 14. l.'> and IHU
are safe to use, and SKfliRAl'l UC is not needed!

A. Han.^oii Kappehnan
Pittsburgh, PA

Logo tips — When tistng [he Logo language on the Ct»4,
you can use the run/slo|> key to get out ot the Editor.
Outside the Editor, you can repeat a line continuously by
pressing the up-arrow key. If you find that votii lines or
color.s overlap, sint[>ly use ibe Doulilecdloi innde rather
than the .Singlecolor mode. .And fmally. in words and lists

i;)2/RUNs!"[:aAKissi:Ki«H)i

Logo program — This will print a decorated tree. Type
CfREK 40 fin die best result or cnRKK 10 lo check your
typing.

TO {TRKK 1.

TRKK :L

I h;k

KM)

Ko 1 k;k
I'c: 1.1

RK IHO Kl) 4(1 Kl i.M) Fl) *J0 liK 40
i-:ND
KO KRFIE

H f kl:i.i^(;rek.\'

itt^ I)

PC I + RANDOM I.-.
IF ±<h SIOI'

KT 4n

Va :L

I RK:K :I.*(),7.')

BK :1,

LK iH)

Kl) :1.

I rk;k: ;t.-o.7r.

BK : I.
RK 45
IREE -.W'
KND

D.A. Barrows
Ccnierville, MA

Logo tool— In C:oinmodure Logo, ty(nng CjOODBVE
will erase all \(»ui work from memory, lo ensine that
you've saveti it to exiernal storage, add this procedure:

KO (;i)

i'R [IK-U'K VOf S.W'KI) VOIR WORK!-]

.MAKE "A-NSUKR RKQt'KM

IF ;ANS\VhK^[Vl I HK.N i;00UBVE

END

Now, instead of tvping GOOnBYL, always type GB. If
you answer the prompt with anything titlier than Y. you'll
have a second chance to save your work.

Alan L. Brown

Islington, Ontario

Canada

Logo autostart— I o make your Logo program run au-
tomatically after you've read it in, add this to the program
before you save it:
.\tAKKl "S l.\R 111' {suining pHHetlurc}

In pLice iii ihf weirds ■■starting procedure." sulistilute the
name ol tlie [jrocedure you want to start with.

Alan L. Brown

Islington, Ontario

Canada

23. Programming Tips— Debugging

Tips lor beginners— I've Icanied that must iiuviLc
progiamnicrs have simihir prohlcms in figuring out what
lo (in wlu-n an t-rroi nicssajff prcst-nts iiselT. I always (five
lliuni tht' following iht-cklisl, whith should uxposf thf
inajoriiy ol' problems:

1. Read the error message and make sure you under-
stand it. If necessary, eotisuh your user's guide.

2, List the line mcniioued in [he error message and
read it over for obvious errors. You should he able to
sfiot most Syntax errors iCyou read carefully, reniemher-
tug thiit Basic often chokes on anytliing thai looks like a
keyword.

:i. Prim out the value of each variable on tlie offending
line and write down its vidue. This will help you fuid
errors like a bad array index or a bad argumetu to a
siring function.

■1, 11 possible, execute in success ion each separate Basic
statement on the line. You might be able lo icll which
statemeni killed the program.

5. If these steps fail or ex[)ijse a problem that you don't
know how to fix, then you juobably don't understand
how your program works. In this ease, you should read
over it, tracing oul bow it executes until you understand
the problem.

(i. ,-\s a last resort, seek lielp. Ibis is last because you
need to learn how lo solve yoiu' own problems if yon
ever reallv want to know what you're doing.

Andrew M. Fregly
Greenbelt, MD

Error finder — If you're having trouble debugging a pro-
gram, wait until just before ibe error is executed, tlieii
[jress tiie stop key. ^'ou shoidd get a Break error in a
certain line number, which usually gives you a g(»od idea
of the location ol your !)ug.

Steve Myers
Monroe, MI

Test it — To test small pans of a program without dis-
lurbing anydiing ah'eady in metuory, give your program
ftagmi'ut a high linc' number and run with thai munber.
l-'or example, if you're not certain whether the square
root function is called by .SQR oi JSQRf. do this:

jOODII I'RINT SQRT ('i-'K (RKTL'R.N'}
RUN 5tM)0l) {RETURN}

R.R Mayor
Swampscott, MA

Follow the cursor— W ben debugging a program, list
lire lines of interest, then use your cursor to f()llow the
line while vou read or review the program. It wcn^ks great
when someone else reads to you, and you can both cel-
ebrate when the offending bug is killed. It works even
better if you change cursor color,

R. Ferdnian
Riviera, AZ

Use Stop— 'lb help in debugging, I list the offending line
and insert Stoj) comnrands between two of the line's state-
iiieirts. Tiien whenever the program stops, I gel a Break er-
r-or-. If the break lrap[jens before the bug asset Is itself, I know
the enor is somewhere after the Stop. If the bug comes up
ilrst, I know the opjwisite. I can conlirrue the program after
it has stopped by executing CO XT in Direct rrrode.

Paul L. Biggs
OgalaUa, NE

Crowder probe— This debugging tool is named after
its inventor, my friend Kevin Crowder. It has saved us
days of (iebugging time, at very little cost. To use it, insert
this subrtuitine al the end of your program:

■MWm POKt; -i:tliH(),l'l«1BF. : FORJ = 1 It) HHIO : NE^V :

fROHi: = t'Rotii:-t- 1 : Ri':ruttN
Kach lime it is called, it changes the bor'der color and
pau.ses brieily so you can see where you are.

Now put GosuIj statements to access the Probe .subrou-
tine at im[>ortarit points in your program. When the
program executes them, the border cohu' will change.

Jim Von Ehr
Piano, TX

Data debugging — Sometimes when using a checksum
prograrrr to assist in the coiTect entry of Data statements,
you continue to get cheiksum eritns even though the
data items seem to be correct. In ilio.se ca.ses. yoit probably
have a punctuation error in your Data statements, such
as a period instead of a comma, or' an extra comma that
adds a .spurious zero to your data.

Marie E. Coon
BolhcII, WA

Check the checksum— Much can be learned by ex-
amining the value of the checksum number. If it has a
decimal point in it, there's an unwarned period in your
Data statements.

,'\lso, by comparing its vahrc with tire known "good"
value, you can learn sorrrethiitg al)out the si/e of the
discrepancy in your program. If it's off by a lot, you're
reading too few or too many Data stateinetrts. If it's off
by just a little, maybe you've mistyped a number. If it's
off by 34, you know to look for some sort of error that
involves that number.

Larry W. Self
Shelby, NC

Debugging tip — Debugging a routine that follows sev-
eral Input siatemerits carr be the ultimate irr tedium, since
you must make ail the inputs each time you run the
program. Avoid this u.seless repetition by lemjjorarily
changing (he Input statements to Read statements, and
providirrg data foi ilrem to read. Ftrr example, instead of

too ]\PV[' A.h,(.:
1 1 a Resi of pri>(^;iirr

you can temiiorarily use

100 REM INt'Lif .X.It.C

U)2 Ui:.-VI} .A.IV.C r IMTA lL'.:it.r)tJ

1 10 Rfsl 111' |)ri>j;[;iiii

RUN SPKCIAI. ISSUE 1986 / 133

1 (lis wilt (|uickiygft you iuin ilu- iiioil- iroublesome parts [jiinti'i's buffer. Give it sdniethirif; unimportant to prim,

of your [jrnjrrani. .unl ilic lm(fi-r wil! clear itself.

Peter L, Rasco, Jr. Beldare Lecoiie

Address unknown Remulac, France

Examining arrays— Kvcry tiow and then you have to
litid .1 bu^ ill a liujre array. Vou ((Hild wear out yoiu'
finders doing ii one eteiucnt at a time. Yet, if you write
a roiUine to examine the elements, lypinf^ the line num-
bers will destroy them. The soluiion? I'he following Direct
mode eonnnand lets you look at a new element every
lime you pre.s.s a key. Use a repeating key to 7-ip through
ibem <juickly.

!(Hi]-(J It) '.l'.)'.(<l : PRINT 1,AS(,|) : VVAll I'.IM.I : I'OKK I98,IJ :
\K\ I

If your array is something other than A$( ), of course,
you'll use the proper name in ibis line. Each screen line wil!
comain a. subscript number and the contents of that element
in the array. As soon as you exceed the size of die array, a Bad
Subscript eiror will get you oul of your loop,

Alan P. Davenport
Salem, OR

Debugging hint — Wbeti debugging a program with a
lot of variables, I find it helplul to "echo prim" the
\aiiables. fliis is done by pulling a Print statement in
the [jrograni eacli time a variable is defmeti oi' ufHlated.
For example, to ech<» print ilic variable A, I enter:

hill ,'\ = 1NI"{KND(())*1(I) I PRINT A

When debugging a program like this, it's easy to find
w here a variable is going astray, sitiee each value is printed
as I he program is run.

James Ryan
Winthrop, MA

Line tacl( — When you're delnigging a program and get a
Syntax eri(»r in a line that ajjjx-ars corteet, m listing the line
by itself. (Example: LIST 120.) If you get two lines instead of
one. you lune wlial I call Ihw twk. It's caused when you ly[>e
a line exactly !() characters long, then ty])e another line be-
low it, wiUionl Ihst pressing the return key.

The eoniputer inierpreis this as one long line and
executes it correctly until it encouiuers the second line
tnimber, which causes the error. The cure is to type both
lines again, being careful to press the return key at the
end of tile first one. If you're skillful with the .screen
editor, vou can list the olfendirig line twice, then edit
both listings lo .ichieve the di'siied etlert.

Rickey Bartlett
Plumerville, AR

Line feed fix — ("omtiiodorrcominiters are subject to an
iHiasional but niadtiening malady, where the cursor refuses
lo line feed when die retiirii key is [ircssed. It will jump to the
end < )f tile cuiient litie, hut wil! refuse lo go any further. The
piobk-m iisuall) arises when liaid(nj>y priming is aborted
bv ibe stop key or some otlier nonstandard means.

Pressing the shift key along with the return key will
move the cursor to the start of the next screen line. Then,
tv])ing a letter or two and pressing the return key will
( ause a Svtitax error, which will \:m\ the line ieed problem.

At I his point, there is probably s(»me garbage in your
13-1 /RUN si'Kcuiissi'Kigsii

Tough to see— When using I'RINT TAB(x), you may
gel a Mad Subscript eiror. for example;

10(1 i'RlNTAB (25);"HEM1PTKRA"

Rli\

:- BAD SLliSCRll'T liRROR l.N lUIJ

Since there are no subscripts in line 100, you might think
something has gone haywire, lint the real reason is thai
a "I " was lefl out, making die coni])uter print the value
of .MiCi.'))! This error is hard lo find, because you'd nor-
mally expect a Syntax error. Oi course, it the numljer in
parentheses is less than 1 1, you won't get any error mes-
sage at all. Instead, you'll gel a on the screen.

Charles Brogdon
Dalton, GA

24. Programming Tips— General

Automatic line numbering— Ibis Direct mode line

[JUls ten line numbers on the screen. By moving your
cursor to the proper position on the screen line, then
typing a program line, you can use ihem as line numbers,
KOR A= tCflO 10(1 SrKl' 1(1 : I'RIN I A : N'F.Xl
'f be nuniher values, ofcourse, can be changed to anything
you'd like. If you're typing in Data slalemenis, change the
line to read;

lOR A= 10 to too SrEI- 10 : I'RIN 1 A;"nAIA" : NEXT
You then only have to enter the data items themselves.

Lum Kin Leon
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Program subsets— if you want to extract a few lines
from a program (for example, a sound or scoring sub-
tdiiline), there's an easier way than by deleting all the
imwanied lines, l he method is to load ihe piogtani. list
the tlesii«'<i lines on the screen, dii-n enter NEW. Move
yotn- cmstu' onto each of the lines you warn to save, and
pre.ss the return key. This will put the lines into memory
as a new progiam, which can easily he saved. The method
can be used to save lines that are not cimiiguous, as well.
If you want to extract more lines than can be listed nit
die screen at one time, jusl go through the procedure
more than once, saving each segment with a differeni
name. I hen merge all the segments together, using the
following procedure.

• Load and List segment #1.

• Load seginent #2.

• I'm y(Hii cursor on each of the listed lines from segmeni
#1, pressing the return key on each line.

• Save Ihe combined segments, and rc'peat as necessary-

Ian Hayes
Wcstville, South Africa

Programming trick—While ])iogramming, if you are
not sure wheiliera line must he deleted, just insert a REM
siaieniem at tire beginning of that line. 1 his way, ihe line

will not be uxucuietl if you run ymir program, and you'll
be able to know if you liave to keep u in. If you do have
to retain the original line, just delete the RKM statement
and press the return key.

Alain Niquct

Alma, Quebec

Canada

Easy GO testing — When testing a program that uses
On... Go cnnmiands, or perhaps computed Goto's, it's
useful to establish dummy lines as the targets for tluLSe
commands, so you can get easy ]>roof llial ibe progiam
is going wliere you wani it to. Once you bave that proof,
you can replace the duniniies with more intcresilng set-
lions of code.

■["he ideal dummy line would be easy lo type in, easy
to replicate with various line numbers and would be self-
doctnnenting when executed. Afier years of looking. I
finally foiuid it:

1200 STOP:RETURN

When executed, this line will cause a llreak in XXX mes-
sage, wbere XXX is whatever line number vou've given it.
When you then enter ClONT, tbe piogram will reuun honi
the subroutine. Of course, if'you've used a Goio rather dian
a Gosub command, you don't need the Return command in
your dummy line.

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

Programming tip — When developing a program, you
can save time by making the lasi step a List rather diau
an Knd. "fhen wbcn the piogiani is run, you can see the
results and easily make any needed changes. When the
progiam is lighi, jusi change List to End, then save it.

John P. Oprca
Kirkland, WA

Dynamic keyboard explained— It's easy to make a

program simulate key]>resses, with truly magical effect.
The technique has been around at least since 1978 and
is conuuoniy called dynamic Iwybtmrd. Ihe basic idea is lo
have your progiam I'oke tbe GltU.S values of one or more
characters into the knbmrd buffer area of nicmcry. When
the program is finished, the computer will print the Ready
prompt, then act like you've lypi'd tiie Poked characters.

Ihe keyboard buffer occupies the ten memoiy local ions
from (i,'Sl-610 decimal. It works in conjunction with lo-
cation 198, which must always hold a count of the char-
acters Poked into the buffer. For tbe IMus/t and C-lfj, the
buffer runs Ironi 13I!)-i:i28, and the comiter is in TM.l
Foi- the C-\m. these locations are 842-8.'! 1 and 208.
Run this Hide progiam to see tbe principle in action:
10 FOR 1 = 1 TO in : POfCE (■>:)() + I,ei5 : NI-:XT : POKK 198,10 ; END

The I'lus/4 version is:
1(1 FORl = ri01(l:l>()KK l:M)« + I,6)J:NEXT:POKK 231),10:END

The C-128 yeision is;
10 FOR 1=1 TO ll):l'OKFH.!l + I,65:NEX'I:FOK£20H,10:END

You should get tfie Ready prompt, followed by a series
of ten .-Vs ((;HRS(e:j) is A). Change the 6:") ui 6-i-+-I, and
you'll get the first teti characters of the al[)habel. Change
the lOs to smaller numbeis, and you'll gel fewer letters.

Dynamic keyboaid's rt<d tnagic comes when yoiu* pxu-

gram prims an pxecina!)le statement on tbe screen, then
makes the Ready protujH appeal' on the line above it. If
the buffer holds a 13, it's just like [Hitting the cursor on
that statement atid hitting the return key; your computer
will do w-haiever the statement lells it to.

Clever progranuuers can print up to ten Direct mode
lines, with proper spacing between them, then put
CliRS(13)s into llic iuiffer, causing all those lines to be
executed, l he key to success is careful ]jlacement of the
screen conunands and careful positioning of the cursor
at the momcm the program ends.

R.E. Peat
Pittsburgh, PA

Programmable Run key— cilRSfL^l) is equivalent

It) the shifted run/stop key. fbai is, it automatically loads
and runs a program. Unfortunately, you cannot print
CHRS(l.^l) and expect this result, but you can Poke it
into the keyboard buffer as follows:

II) l»OKK ();H,1:H : i'OKF. 11»H,1 ; END : RUM CM asul VIC

10 POKF l.il<).l:l! : I'OKE L':i<M : END : REM PLUS -1 M\d C-lli

10 POKEHlLMlil : I'tlKE :>IWJ : END : K!M C-ISS

When the line is executed, it will ]irim the combination de-
scribed above. If you're reasonably skilled at positioning on
the screen, you can combine this ;md the previous trick to
m;ike a programmable load and run. L'nlike a load exe-
cuted from Program nicjde, this has no restrictions on prO'
gram si?.e,

Mark DuRusscI
Midland, MI

Using illegal direct keywords~C 64 and \ IC mem-

ory locations 57 and 58 hold the line number of the liasic
statement currently being executed. When no numbered
statement is being executed, location .')8 contains a 2'yTi.

In Direct mode, if ihe start of your line Pokes .^)8 with
anything less than '2')3, you can use a Basic keyword in
the rest of your line. Some keywords are otherwise illegal
in Direct mode: Input, Inputs. Cei, Get# and DEF FN.

One practical irse for this is determining the result of
a defined formula before placing it in the piogiam. An-
other is reading the disk error channel with Inputs.

Richard Shackelton
Chatham, NY

Why disable run/stop?— There are several ways to
dis;ible the rini/siop key, but few explanations (tf why you
would want to do it. One such circumstance arises when
writing illes to disk. Any interruption at that lime could
i-esull in daia being lost or the llle being im]M-operly
closed.

Devaun Ferguson
Aniwa, WI

Timekeeper— l-Vn- an easy way lo keep track t>f time
while progiammiiig, iry this: .-Vs soon as you lurn on your
conqjuter, lype the foliowiug in Direct iuode:
TIS = "hhiiiinss"

where hhmmss is the correct time in hours, minutes ;ind
.sectmds. Then, w henever y()u want to know^ the time, just
type PRINT TI$, and your built-in clock will tell you, Voti
should note that tbe clock isn't extremely accurate and

RUN sm:i.\i. isstt \m 1 135

will l)f slowfci down by tape operations, hiit it's gtnul
cnougii lor must purposes.

Darren Atwater

Delta, British Columbia

Canada

Time format — TIr- IIS variable is somewhat (.onrusiiiff,
siiue ii iiulii(i(.-s hours, minutes and secoiuls with no
se]>arators. Since Tl$ is a string variable, the strinjj ma-
nipiilation commands can be used to add a colon and
drop off the seconds.

100 I'RINI' U-;nS( I IS.'J) ":■■ M[DS(T1S.;W)

Mark Dobic
Mons, Belgium

Program dolays — To bah your program mnil a key is
pressed, try tbis:

to I'RIN T "I'Rl^SS AN^' KK'i' lO (X)M INUE"
'M I'OKJi liiM.O : WAir liW.hl'OKJC 1!(8,0
:iO Program cotvtinues ht-ve

On the CMCi and I'lusM, use TM) instead of I9S. Oti the
C- ] 28, use WS.

Andres Rios
Montevideo, Uruguay

Named subroutines— 'I'bey arc easy. Just do (bis:

1 110 (fOSUIl l(K)(l,SUliROU'nNf. NAMi: ; Kt'sl of Mik' ^(H-s hen:

It works because, wlien llasic reUntis from ilu' subroutine,
it looks for the next colon or line number, ignoring the
subroutine name. It's useful because it lets you put a
remark inside a prot^ram line, while eliminating the need
for the REM statement.

Richard Murray

Red Deer, Alberta

Canada

Deek — (M>nmiodore machines store addresses in a low-
byte, high-byte formal, wiiich means that to conven the
address to decimal lorm, you must enter a statement
simitar to

2(1 SV = I'KKK(1.M + 'im\ * l'ty.K(-H\)

to get the value of the low byte plus the high byte mul-
tiplied by 2r)(),

If your progiam does many such conversions, it may
be convenietU to set up a user'defincd I'unciion to tio
them, Oi'it'u the funiliim is named DEKK {a nuiemonic
tor Dcjublc plJ'.K). Here it is:

10 DKP i-N l)KKK(A) = r'l-KK(A) + liJCi " HEEK(A -f I)

When you want to find a two-byte address whose low byte

is at NN, you enter

21) SV = F\ DKl-.K (NN)

Notice tli;it the dunnny \ariai)le name used in the l)l'".l''
FN statement need not he used when you call the funciion
itself.

William Keith Prusac^yk
Athens, GA

Lost variables — Kver wonder wby y()u lost all yoin-
variables wiilioui typing CLR or RUN? Tlu-y all go into
I 'M\ I RUN Sl'KCIAi. ISSUE VM>

never-never land when you type in a new line or make
any changes to an existing one. Even deleting a non-
e.xistetu line will wipe out all vour variables.

t>n the C-12iS, tbis situation bas lieen changed. Vou can
do anything at all with your program lines, and your
variables stay just as they were. Only CLR and RUN can
change thetn. It's a wondeiful aid in debugging.

Robert Spandau
Palm Desert, CA

Protected variables— Did you ever need a variable

whose valiii' is unchanged by CLR or other variable'
desiioying activities? A good technitpie is to Poke the
mnnhx'r into an nmised metnory location, then Peek it
later when you need it. If your number is greater iban
25."). you'l! have to use more than one location.

1 also use this technique when I need a new variable
and can't remember what names have already been used.

Mike Maynard
Boiisier City, LA

Redimensioning arrays— Here's a technique you can

use to free up memory space and red i mens ion arrays
witbotit getting a fatal Redim'd .^rray error On all ma-
chines but the CI 28, it resets the array pointer, clearing
the array space widiout clearing other variables. To use
it, simply insert the following line before the computer
encounters another DIM statement.

I'OKl', •l'.l,l't-;i:K(17) : I'OKf. .-lO.t'f.KKHH)

The C-128 version is:

BANKfi : POKt.Tl. 1'F.F.K(49) : i'OKE52, PEEKl&O) : BANK !.->

Jim Knarr
N. Manchester, IN

Detecting peripherals— VVheti a i^rogram is ruiming,
you can determine whether a specific device is on-line
bv executing ilie ffillowing, where DX is the device num-
ber in question.

■to Oi'KN I .">.» N, 1 .'lit: I -OSE I .'>

->() l)tS = "OK":tl'.SI < >()'IHt-:Nn[S = "{)ft-' LINK"

(i(( PRtNlUN :U1S

The key is to access die periplieral tbrougli chatuiel 15,

then read the status variable ST. If it has a non-zero value,

tlie peripheral is off-line,

Fred Roberts
Charlotte, NC

Terminating games— Manv computer games end with
tbe [jlayer's man, android m spaceship being blasted or
otherwise put to death. Unlike tbe real -wo rid variety, tbis
death is generally reversible, often by pressing a key.
Vigorous pursuer.s of realism will appreciate (be routine
below, which is ;i rail android killei. Lxecutitig the ap-
propriate version bhtcks oni ibe streeii, tlisables all keys
and sounds, and thoroughly corrujMs any Basic program
in memorv. There is no way to recover. The first routine
is for the C-ti4, ilie second is for tbe VIC-20. Kor the I2K,
it's simple— just G064!

moil KKM ** K11.1.KR FOR VAU **

Ii I III !■( )KK.S(W.22r>;l'( )KK,iH2HII.0:IH)KKri:t2lir.,l t :l'<)KKIi-l(l,ll

Ii I'JII n>R\ = .■.I27l» l( )r>.12tHi:l't)KKX.0:NKXl ^

titling <:m\timied,

Mm K)RX = L'll tH IOI'KKK(t)l ) + 'I'^W* n:\KiiV2)

Sli:i'7:l"OKKX,HKKK(-j(i:421) ;NKX 1 :WAI IX,U
2(K){)0 RF.M •• KII.UER l-OR VIC'H) **

2m 1 l'RINTCnRS( 1 47):!'()KE8fm.l 27;POK!-:a6879.8:l>ORFXv!<J.()
2002(1 KORX = :ftiH74TO;ltiH7H:i'C)K>:X,0:NKX[
2003(1 KORX = KtOIVI Oi'i-;i-:K(61) + 2ri(i*l>Kl':K((i2}STKI'7:
1'0KK.X,I'1:EK( J (ii;):NEXl:VVAirX,()

Lx>uis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

25. Programming Tips— Mathematical

Normal distribution— TIil- bellslMpt'd nomial distrt-
hLitioii furvt- is a useful tool in .stalistits and tjiiality
control. [f'MK is the mean of the distribution, and SD is
llie siandai'd (ieviatioii, this line will jirodiitc Xs that art
randomly distributed.

\m x = ME + sn«((-2'i.{:)t;{RNU((t))){up ARROW{.ri*cos(2*{i'i}

*RNI)((»))

I'm the line in a I'oi'. . .Next loop, and it will jicneiaie as
many nmnbeis as you'd like. IN'r(X) toiild be used to
generate integeis, if that's your pleasure.

Frank Biondi
Pittsburgh, PA

Speedy execution— Ihete are two ways of fuitting
polynomial cakiilaiions into a Basic progi-ani. One closely
duplicates ibe normal algebraic notation, while the other
uses ijareoUu'ses and looks somewhat unusual. The un-
usual-looking uictiiod is illustrated below, along with
proof lliat it is nmch tiiore rapidly exectited than the
standard method.

10 A = 2 : II = :< 1 <: = 4 : I) = .'■> : X = 2..') : f = 11

20 KOk 1= I iO 100

30 Y = A*X ■•■ B*XI2 + C*XI3 + D*XU

40 NEXI

50 PR IN r "Tl.ME = "TE - IV ANSWER «= "Y

(iO T= II : EUR 1 = 1 rO 100

70 Y = (((n*x + (:rx-i-ft)'X-t-A)»x

MO NEXI

1)0 fRlNI IIMK^ n- l,-AN.S\VER = "y

Dennis P. Dykstra
Vienna, Austria

Toggling — II you need to toggle lielween two values in
a [jrogiam, set the toggle variable to one of the values,
then u.se:

rG = [.siin) of [he (wi> valin-s] -Via

For instance, il the two values were i and 7, you'd execute
TG= ll)-T(i each time you needed lo toggle the value.
There's also a tptick way of toggling between three or
more values, as long as there's a regulai' relationship
between them. Without going into the details, the I'oi inula
lor values of I, 2 and W is;

!(;= rt;+ I +(Tt. = :i)*3

With a little cflori, the fVjrmula can he adapted to work
with any regular setiuenee of value.'i.

Clay Carr
Westerville, OH

To float or not to float— Does a floating-point variable
or integer variable use less memoiy"' Each side has it.s
advocates, hut the real answer asks another qiiesiion f'nst —
bow is the mimber used? As a single variable, such as a
siiTipIe countet, using I is shorter than 1% by the one byte
needed to ty]je the %. Otherwise, they use exactly the same
amomit of memory. However, if you use an integer array,
ihen lSi(J) will use much le.ss memory than st(.^rillg the
same niimijeis in array 1(]) iiecause the cotuputer stores
integer arrays more compactly.

Marilyn SaUee
Alliance, N£

Random numbers, all different— Ih is romine gen-
erates a series of random inimbers, of which no two are
the same. It is perfect for programs involving decks of
cards or for lotiery-tytjc programs where the iestric:tions
do not allow for duplication. The number of elements to
he selected from is A; lo cIkjosc tiumhers ranging from

I to '10, set A = 40. The number of selections to make is
B: to draw six inimbers. set B = fj.

20 N = 1 : DIM l'(A)

2.') X = 1NT(RND(0)*A+ 1) : IF i\> 1 THEN 200

:tO P(\) = X : PRINT P(N') : N = N + 1

:tr> IF N = B + t THEN END

200 EOlt M = 1 \0 N : IK X = P(,\I) 1 HEN tTi

210 NEXT .\I : (;OIO :iO

Gene Majcwsk!
Schiller Park, IL

Decimal flags — Here's an easy way to put six flags in one
integer variai)le. It uses the first six prime numbers (2, !i, ri, 7,

I I and 13) as flags for six condiiions. Multiply together the
prime nmnhers coi-resp(m(!iiig to ea<h "ON" coiKlition, and
put the result in .m inieget vjtriable. for example, il coudi-
lions ;i, -I and fi are ON, the number is ,")X 7 X 13 = 4."),'). Set
X% = ^\bb, and you can use statements like

101 IF X7ca = IN r(X%;2) then i'rint -cuNDrnox i is on"

102 IE X'Mi = I \T(X %(.'!) MIEN PRINT "CONDITION 2 IS ON"
ID.'l IE \<:',:ir, = INT(X%(S) THEN PRINf "CONDITION 3 IS ON"
104 Eti,

to determine which conditions are ON. I'his works l>e-
cause X% is evenly divisible by each of'the pi ime numbers
that weie mtillijjlied logeiher to get X% in the first ])lace,
but is not evenly divisible fjy any other prime. The tech-
nique fails if X% =0.

David Hall

Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

Canada

Binary flags — Often when reading abotit program-
ming, you see references to setting or clearing a certain
bit (turning it on or off). Doing this is not dillicult at all,
once you know the magic. If the eight bits in a byte arc
iHimberi'd from (lowordei bit) iluough 7 (Itighoider
bit), )(>n can clear a single bit in mc'inory location X ijy
entering:

POKE X.PEEK(X) AND (2r)r>-2l bliiviiniber)

You can set a bit in location X by entering:

I'OKi; X.PEEK(X) OR (21 liitmimlicr)

Robert Rovinsky
Duluth, MN

RUN sPtCLvi. issl;f. ism / 1 37

26. Programming Tips— Screen Display

Improved reverse characters— After typing CTRL

9, type in some words and look closely at tlieni. The
uppercase characters are not completely surniunded by
reverse video, so they look cut off at the top, They will
take on a more professional look if you put a row of
unreversed COMI)@ characters, CHRS(164), just above
the reverse characters needing the improvement.

Perfectly Clear
Honolulu, HI

Quote mode tip— When a quotation mark is printed to
die screen, the value of nicnioiy ItJcaiion 212 (Cfyi and VIC)
is changed from iis normal 0, and the compucer goes into
Quote mode. In Quote nuide, of course, cursor controls and
other coniroi characters print as reverse-field giaphics sym-
bols. If you print the tjuote [uark from within a program, but
waiu (o avoid going iiiioQuoicniode,justcnterl'OKE212,0
after [jiiiuiog the c[Uf nation mark.

For the C-'!28, execute POKE 244.0. For the P!us/4 and
C-16. the proper version is POKE 203,0.

Joseph R. Chametski
Dallas, PA

Tricky screen formatting— If you use horiMmtal
lines to divide your screen, thi.s routine will lei you print
them in most unusual ways. Use COSUB 1210 to print a
line that starts in the center and moves simultaneously
toward boili ends. Use COSUB 1220 to pritit a line from
both ends converging toward the center. You cati shorten
the lines by adding to X in line 1220 or Y in line 1210.
F.acli number added will shorten the line by two spaces.

12(H) REM* + |O.SEPll R. CHAHNl-LlSKf*

1210 X = l(i : V = 1 : Z= - 1 : GOTO VS.W : RKM KROM CENTER

1220 X = I : V = 19 : Z= 1 : REM FROM BOTH KNDS

12;i« FOR i = X TO Y STE"? Z : PRINT rAB(J)"{SHIFr C}";

12-1() PRINI lAB(:i9-jr'{SHlFrC}{(:RSR Ul'}"

12r)(> NEXT : PRINT : RETLRN

Joseph R. Charnetski
Dallas, PA

Centered printing — You can center AS on the screen
as follows,

lIKl llEF FN(:(X) = 2n-(LEN(A$)/2)

no More program lines, if denired

120 Eic.

700 AS = "i'RES nnK;iT.\TK)\" : PRINT TAH(FNC(X»;AS

710 AS = "IS" : PRINI T..VB(FNC(X)):AS

720 AS = "PI.F,.\SURABLE!" : PRINT TAR(FNC(X));A$

The X is a dunuuy argimient, not used, but required to
avoid a Syntax error. For the VIC, use 1 1 rather than 20
in line 100.

Carol A. Sowle
Fort Wayne, IN

Vertical tabbing— You can easily have a vertical tab func-
tion, similar to Commodore's horizontal TAB, by using;

ll)[) 1>I\[ VIABS(2r)) : AS = "{HOME}" : VTAHS{(1) = AS

138 / RUN sj'F.au issue \m

11(1 FORJ= 1 TO 2ti : .■\S = AS + "{CRSR DN}" :
V'lAflStJ) = A$ : NEXT

Then, if you enter PRINT VTABS(n), the cursor will move
to the start of screen line n, in the same way that PRINT
TAB(n) moves it to column n, .\s usual, the first line and
column are numbereil 0, rather than 1.

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

PRINT* to the screen— By using variables for device
number and secondary address in your Open statement,
you can easily send your output to the printer or to die
screen. You need only change the values of the variables.
Printer device numbers are usually 4 or 5, with various
.secondary addresses. The screen uses device number 3
and secondary address 1 . (The C-64 User's Guide mistakenly
shows it as device number 0.) Here is an example for the
MPS-8()1 printer in Upper/Lowercase mode:

100 iNPL'T "WANT PRINTED COPY aVN)";AS

1 1 DV = 4 : SA » 7 : IF .AS = "X" THEN DV = 3 : SA = 1

120 OPEN l,DV.SA

1:10 PRlNI#l."TillS IS THEOirrpUT"

110 CLOSE !

C.G. Sperling
Greenville, SC

Screen layout aid — Wlien I design a hires screen, 1
take an overhead projector transparency [len and draw
on my vi<ico monitor a picture of how I want the screen
to look. Then 1 take my graphics jirogram and plot dots
underneath my pen lines. If 1 make a mistake or want to
change something, 1 simply take a wet ti.ssue and wipe
off the lines on the screen. If you adopt this method of
layout, be sure you use transparency pens, not permanent
markers. A popular transparency pen made by Vi.s-aVis
can be found in most bookstores.

Scott Eldridge
Lima, OH

Graphics memory map— Here's a listing of all the
memory locations used with the VIC-II chip. In the style
of many memory maps, the lower memory locations are
lower on the page. The Lal^el column contains the names
often given to these locations in Commodore literature.
For ease in finding tlie locations that control the sprites,
we've printed them in all capital letters. To gain an in-
depth understanding of the function of each memory
location, consult the Cnmmudore 6'l Programmer's Hcfermrc
Guide or any good book on Commodore graphics.

Hex Offset Dec I^hfl Fuiitlion

SD02E V + 4li 53294 SP7t.:ol, SPRITE 7 COLOR

SD02D V + 4-5 53293 SPOCOL SPRITE (> COLOR

ED02C V-i-44 53292 SP3COL .SPRITE. .7 COLOR

SD02B V-(-43 53291 SP4COL SPRITE 4 COLOR

SU02A V ^- 42 532<J(( SP3C(JL SPRITE .) (.:01.0R

SD029 V + 41 53289 SP2(X)1, SPRITE U COLOR

SI)028 V-^-iO 5328H SP1<X)L SPRITE 1 COLOR

SD02T \* + :19 532H7 SPOCOL SPRITE COLOR

S»02fi V + :48 5328(5 SPMCl 2N'D MLUTI-COLOR

SPRITE COLOR

SD025 V + 37 53285 SPMCO 1ST .MLT.TICOLOR

SPRH E COLOR

SD024 V-t-3fi 53284 BGCOL3 Backgrnuiid Color 3

SDOa.*} \' + S.") 53283 BGCOL2 B;utkgr<jmiii Ccilcir 2

S»02a V + ;14 53282 BGCOLI Background Color 1

SU()2I

V + S.h

".;t2H 1

BCCOLd

UiiikHiDiinti Cdloi

SDoyil

v + :«

53:2KI)

Kxrcoi,

litinlfi Ciiilii!

$1)01 K

v + :(i

S;i27<)

SPBCiCl.

mis K)RSPR(1K«ACK-
CIKOUND COLLISION

nETKtrr

SUfHK

V + 3()

53278

SPSPCI.

BUS 1-OR SPKIIhSi'RirK
COLLISION DKllxri"

SDdll)

V + 29

5:iL>77

XXl'ANl)

mis H)K SPRIIK EIORI-
/ONTAl. EXPANSION

Sdok;

V + '>»

5;t27r)

.SPMC

BllS R)R SPRIIK MLLiI
COLOR LNAULL

SIXHU

V + '27

53275

SPBGI'K

BITS K)R SPRll LBACK
GKOUMD PRIOR] lY

SDOIA

V + 2iJ

53'J7I

IRQMSK

lnt(friiij)[ Mask Rt'j^]Mt:r'

SIX) Id

v + 'Jr.

5:rj7:(

VlCIRy

liili'iiupl Stall!-. Rt'j^iMcr

$I1()IK

V + 'J-l

r):i272

VMCSll

Memory Coiiiiol Rcj^isu-r

SIKH"

v + ii:i

r.;«7 1

YXl'AM)

lillS [OR SPRJIL VKRII
CAI. LXPAN'SION

$[)()! ti

V + li'J

5:i'J7(l

SCROl.X

ConLiol Regiitci

$[)ijir>

V + ^>l

5a'J(i!l

SPEXA

1311 S lOR Si'RUI. DIS
PIj\Y ENABLK

SIMIM

V + 20

5;)2(iH

[.PKNV

Li^hl Pfii Y ['ositidii

SDdl.i

V+ti)

■):i'2(>7

t.PKNX

Li^hl Pen X l'«si(itiii

SDdl'J

\' + 1 H

ri:s;if>ii

RAs I i;r

Rasit'i KL'(;isrci

$1)1111

V + 1 7

:):52(iri

SCROI.V

CdiitKil RttgtstiT

SDUIO

V+ Id

532G.)

Msu;x

BUS roR SPRIIK X POSI
liON MOSi SKIMII-
CAN )■ BIT

SDODI"

V+ 15

ri3'2(>:i

SP7Y

SPRli'E 7 Y POSI riON

SDlIDh

V + 1 4

5:J262

SP7X

SPRIIK 7 X Pt)Sl HUN

SIHIOI)

v+ i:t

■jli'itil

SP6V

SPRMK fi Y POSI I lOX

$ii()()c:

V + 1 a

5:i2(ir)

.SPfiX

.SPRIIK IS X I'OSIitON

Sixioli

V + 1 1

.wjrji)

.SP5Y

SPRIIK 5 Y POSI I ION

SDDDA

V+ 10

5:t'J5M

.SP5X

SPRIIK 5 X I'OSIIION

$Di)m

V + 9

53257

SP4V

SPRIIK! Y POSI I ION

$1)008

V + H

53251)

SP4X

SPRITE •! X POSniON

SI)(Hi7

V + 7

53255

SP3Y

SPRITE 3 Y POSITION

SDOdIi

V + fi

53254

SP3X

SPRITE 3 X POSITJON

suoor.

v + r.

53253

SI'2V

.SPRTTK2'i'POSIIION

$l)f)()4

v+.i

■53252

SP'2X

.SPRTI-K2 X POSNION

$[)iii);!

V + 3

fjlWSl

SIMV

SPRITE 1 Y POSITION

SI)(II)L>

V + 'i

5325(i

SPIX

SPRIIK 1 X POSITION

SL>(H)I

V+l

5324!)

SPOY

SPRTI K 1) Y POSITION

$I)()()()

V

5324M

SPOX

SPRITE OX POSNION

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

Sprite troubles — Wiici) cin'cking ('(ir spriiL' tollisiojjs
on SOUK' in;itl)ii)es, you find u colliding spiTtc ll);it sud-
diTily di.s;(|)[)f;irs. 11) esc arc tailed sparkles, and the best
way to avt)id Uieni is lo check each location twice. If you
detect a collision o!) the fir.st cl)eck Iiui ))oi on ll)c second,
your colli?! ion was rcallv a sp,ii kic.

Steven Davis
Address unknown

Magic flasher— This .sub)-outine can )nake al! or part
of your screen prompt flash on and off. [t adds a little
class and pi/azz, with very litllc elTon.

500 RE.\i •♦ MAt;lC; II..VSHER **

511) PRIN T ■■PRKS.S RE:I URN {t;TRL RVS Oli} TO

CtJNTlNlIE"
5211 PRIN T "[2 CRSR t'l\}' : !!•■ l'EEK(I(i2)AND32 THKN PRIN I

"{CIRI. RVSf:
530 GET AS IF .\S = "" NIE.N 510
54(1 PRINT -[CTRL RVS OIL}" : RETURN

A C;osub FMU will pni ihe p]on)pi on the sciecn. will) the
tlrsi two wortls flashinf^. The )iiie of flash is set by Peeking
a hit in the real time i Ini k, for a faster rale, teplace (he

:-52 in lirie ,'V20 with a 1, '2, 4, 8 <n- 10. Vor a slower )-a(e.
use ()4 or 128. Moving the R\'S OFK character in line 510
will change the amount of ihe pron]pt that Hashes. Once
any key is pressed, the subroutine lettirns with AS equal
to the clunacle)' that was entered.

Frank C. Gutow.ski
Chcswick, PA

Fade In, fade out— Have you ever thought of having
ihe tide of youi ])rog)"an) fade in, then out, on a black
soecn? Ifs a nice effect, and it's actually (|uile simple,
tlommodore machines have H5 colors, three of which a)e
diffeicnt shades of gray, with black and while at either
Old, iuid you can use iliem in your fading pi'ocess. The
iollowing piograu) siim]))arizes ii. 1 lave fun!

Id POKE 532.Sd.O : I'OKE .')32K1.0

2d .\S(1) = "{CTRL 2|" : .^Sf2) = "jCOMl) 8}" : AS{3) = "{COMD 5}" ;

AS(4) = "jCOMn ij" ■ AS<5) = "{CTRL ij"
3d JNPIJJ "{SHIFT Cl.R} MESSA(;E":MKS
4(1 PRINT "{.SilllT Cl.R}" TOR J = 5 TO I .STEP - 1 : PRINT

"{HOME} '^AStJj^MKS : R)R K = 1 TO '15 : NEXT : NEXT
5d I'ORJ = I TO 5 : PRIN I "{HOMK|";A?([);MKS : KOR K= I TO W',

: NKXT : NT;X T ; PRINT AS( I )

Line 10 sets the C(il and CM 28 screen and border
coitus lo black. Ii you have a diffox-nt machine, replace
that line with o!)e of yotii' own.

Greg Burns
Address unknown

Answer screen — You can use the following line to
ackno\\ ledge ctu rect responses in educational programs.
iTo scjueezc it into one line, you nuist abb)eviate every
Basic keyword.) ll Hashes the wo)-d "RIGH'I!" in the center
of a blank screen.

5(11) PRIN l"{SHFT Cl.R}"KORX= ITt)12:PRlN rTAB(17)
"{1(1 CRSK nNs|KH;HT!":K()RV= ITOnthNEXTiPRINT
"JSMKI (;l.Ri":l'ORZ= rTC)Hd:NKXT;NKX'T

ll vvould be easy lo mse the line in a siibroiiti))e or to
change the word it pri))ts.

Marlene Dunn
Miami, FL

Customized Ready prompt— We have changed the
C-6'1 (tperatitjg system, so thai instead of die Ready
pro]))pt. a custon)t/ed message will appear, lo rlo this,
lines 10-20 iransfei- the basic operating system to RAM,
Line ;i() causes the Ready p)-on)pi to be looked for at
men)0)y location 828 rather than its usual place. Lines
•IO-(iO put the new prompt into locations H2.S on u[).

Id TOR [ - ld!)f;o TO 4dl5t : POKKI,PKEK(j) : NEXT

2(1 POKK LPKKK{l)ANl)2.-.4

3d POKK 12 10 1. (id : POKE 42103.3

41) FOR J = TO 33 : RL..\L) K : POKE J + H28,K : NEXT

.50 DATA ()I3,dI0.dH7,()72,0(i5,dH!,(l32,083

1)0 DATA (172. 1)70, dM5,(!7lj.0(JH.d32.073.032

70 DA I A d(iH.d7!l,(l32,d7«.()7!l,dM7.()!4,032

«(> DAI A ()77.0t,5,UH3.()a4,()t>l),()«2,dl)3,(>l3

'.id DAI A Old.Odd

11 you put this routine at the beginning of some of
your [>rogram.s, you can liave a lol of fin). Line 10 lakes
some lime to do its work, but tlie )esult.s are worth it.

Those who know about (;i-|R.S codes can construct their
own message by changing the Data statements shown
here. The fijst iwo and the lasi three must always l>e as
shown, hilt yon can put any I'easonable )i(iinber of char-

RUN si'KCiAi. lsslt; [m> 1 1 :i9

acters in between, 'I'lic possilMliiics arc limitless, and a mi' ['OKEr>4277,l<i*A + l) : I'OKE 5.1'i78,l(i*S + K
lot of action can In- had liom very little work. where A = attack, 1) = decay. S = su<itaiii and R = release.

Brian Axford The values must be between and 1 5,
Petawawa, Ontario Sergio Daniel Freue

Buenos Aires, Argentina

Canada

Customized and optimized— Von can tnodify the
above [nogram to let you pick yoin'owii prutiipt message,
[ust delete lines 4U-90, then replace them with these:

■10 INPUf "I'ROMl'l' rEXT";P$

hi) I'OKF. H'.'S.ia : I'OKK 829.10

till FOR j= I to LKN(I'S) : POKK 8'J9 + )./\SC(MIDS(l'S.J,l)) : NEXT

71) POKK J, I ;l : POKKJ+ l.tO : I'OKKJ + L'.O

Since the I'cikes iti line H) take quite a wliile to ctdiiplete,
yoLi might warn to use machine language to .speed them
tij). Check out the ROMwriter trick in this issue's C-()l
section.

K.M. Bridwell
Address unknown

instrument Pokes — in die chart below arc some set-
tings to simulate musical instruments.

Attack/

Sustain/

InstrumenI

Waveform

Decuj'

Release

Pulse Rate

Ftiilf

17

■Hi

(1

N(A

Truiiipi'l

33

tlli

N(A

t'iitiio

(n>

(1

1,11 2.".'.. Hi t)

[ hii |)!>iilii)i'(l

33

i|

N7A

At KllflioTl

17

nil.'

N7:\

Oi^.m

17

(1

21(1

NfA

Xyldjiluine

17

i(

1)

N/A

Cnllii>[>e

17

2.H1

N/A

Chris Brogdon

Dalton, GA

27. Programming Tips— Sound

Froggy — This i.s one of those accidents ibat makes a
leali.stic sound effect that couldn't he predicted. Give ii
a try, and remember thai frogs eat bugs.

100 HEM FROGGY - JAMES A. LISOWSKI

1 1 D=1 6 : A=54272 : POKEA+24 , 1 5 : POKEA+6 , : POKE

A+1 ,100;POKEA+5,2
120 IF ( PEEK( 1 62 ) ANDD ) =DTHENP0KEA+4 , 33
130 POKEA+4,0tGOTO120

James A. Lisowski
S. Milwaukee, WF

Drum sounds — The SII> chip's noise waveform can be
used for moie than gunshots. By varying tbe pitch, illter
and ADSk. vou can create some useiul percussion sounds.
This program give.s you a .sample of some of them, ihe
fusi group can be used a.s drum sounds, while the nest
!M simulate cMubals, As numbers are Poked into the
coarse-fretiuency register, they are also disjilaved on tlie
screen.

Once you've cbo.sen a sound, you can fineluiie it by
adding ilie filter and varying the filter type, cutoff fre-
(]uency and resonance. For a basic rock heal, set uji two
click sounds followed by a cymbal crash with twice each
click's duration.

100 REM DRUM SOUNDS - TOM JEFFRIES

1 1 S=54272 :FORL = STOS + 24 : POKEL, :NEXT: POKES

+24,15:POKES+5,17:REM SET SID
120 FORF = 0TO5?>: POKES + 1 , F: PRINTF: POKES + 4 , 1 29

:FQRT=1 TO30 :NEXT : POKES + 4 , 128
130 FQRT=1TO300:NEXT:NEXT:IFA=0THENA=1 -.POKE
S+5 , 37 : POKES+6, 1 36 :G0T01 20

Tom Jeffries
Oakland. CA

Easier ADSR — To get good ADSR settings, you don't
need to go lo the manuai and spend all afternoon adding
minibers imiil you get a sound yon like. Instead of that,
vott can do tins (for voice #1):
1 ■!() / RUN Si'l.CLU isSfK \m

Speech synthesis— If vou have a speech synthesizer,
it can make Data siaieineni debugging much easier. For
example, here's how your program might read data:
1 l-( )R T = (I TO 1)2 : RE.'\D Q : POKK 83'2 + T,Q : NEXT

"file speech synthesiser will ])ronouncc the nnmiiers in
your Data sialemems if you ( baiigc this statement to:

1(1 FOR r = l) TO (i'i : REAll yS : Ft)R 1) = I lO ".(H) : NKXl :

spi:ak = qs: next
All you have tfi do is follow along in the progiam listing,
noting crr<irs when ihey appear. When you've finished
debugging, of course, change your program line back to
its original form.

Bryan Jacques

Lyn, Ontario

Canada

28. Programs— Amusements and Delights

Special effect— 'I'his one-liner for the C-64 and Cd28
will blow vour socks off. Walch it run for a while, then
press and hold down the space bar. Vou need a color
display to see the full effect.

1 FOll X = 1) to 1 S FEP II : POKE .Ma80.3 : POKE 532H().(i ; NKXT
.\fter replacing your socks, yon can try repkicing the .'i
and die (> with different numbers.

Mark Mankin.s
Malvern, OH

Special effect improved— The only problem with
the above nick is tliai you can't use it in a program
bec;nise it's an inllniic loo)). In use ii in a program,
change it to look like ibis:
IM lOR X= 1 lO .-.(111 : POKE ri328l),:i : POKE r.:l;;KII,(i : XEXT

Unknown contributor
Unknown location

Magic color cKange— l Ik- tollowing short subroutine
will dis])lav what you ivpe in green, excejjt for letters of

tliL- ;il[>liab(.'t, wliich will appciir in red, CotntiiotiDix' fi4
users might watii to eiia-r POKK 3;)281,1 Cirst, U) gel a
while screen. (12^ useri execute COLOR 0,2.)

10 GhT A$: ii-' AJ( = ""THEN 10

20 PRINT CUR$<2H - 2*(.ASCU\S) < 65) OR (.-VSCt^) > 9()))A$::Garo 10

Marilyn Sailee
Alliance, NE

Character codes — To get some experience with lIku-
actcr codes on the C-fJ4 or CM 28, tiy this recipe for
Feminist's Delijfht:

5 I'tJKK .'V:52HI.!):l'RI.\J CUKS) l!l)t:HRS(r))

10 X-X+ l:PRIN [ t:HRS(lH)t:J!RSl(i'.l)t;HHS(a2){::HR$(0,-.)

cnR$(H(>)c:iiRS(:«);:ii'' x<2H) c.oro 10
ao cjoro ao

Elizabeth Oman
Lindsborg, KS

Klawretaw— We dou'i know who sent this, but it's well
wordi keying in. Can ycni icll what it docs before run-
ning it?

10 REM KLAWRETAW - UNKNOWN MAGICIAN
20 A$="KLAWRETAW":F0RA=9T05STEP-1 :B$=B$+MID

$(AS,A,1 } :NEXT:B$=B5+B$+B$+BS
30 F0RA=4T01STEP-1 :C$=C$+MID$ ( A$ , A, 1 ) : NEXT
40 PRINTCHn$(147)CHR$( 1 7 ) B$B$ :F0RJ=1 T035 : PR

1NTCHR$ { 1 9 )TAB ( J ) C$ ; : F0RK=1 T05
50 PRINTCHR$(157}:NEXT:PRINTTAB(J-1 )CHR${1^

5 > " " : F0RL=1 TO! 00 :NEXT:NEXT:GOTO40

Mystery Magician
Secret City

Scintillating screenwork^lhi.s gives an especially
inieiesting pattern on 'K)-coknnn screens;
10 Gl'.l A$ : I'RlNr AS" sc-..- u-m ": ■ tiOrOlO

Between the quotes, type the sbijied letters DDCtlFRF

CCDDEE. Notice theii" nice grouping on the keyhoard.
Put your niacin no in tJra]jhics mode, then run the pro-
gram. You can change colors by pressing the Commodore
key with one of the miini)er keys.

Other interesting paiierns can be made with these
.shilled letters, atid {t:OMI) Y} and (COM!) V] can add
to the Tun. My best results came Irom strings IS, 14 or

19 characters long.

Eric Haver
Squirrel HiU, PA

Summertime sounds --'['his will j^roduce the .soimd
oi rolling vsa\e.s on yota coinputei'.

10 RK.U .SL\M.\ft.RtlM£ S0L:NI)S - DANIKI, WOCJDIE

20 V = .i-1271i:l'(>Kt:V + i3,24(l:l'()Kj;V + 4. l2<):POKfc:V + 1 .;M:P<>KEV.7r.
•M) t<)RA= 1 iOI.^;t'()KKV-fi'l.A;('ORl)= 1 I O:.0:Nl-.X ID-Nl-.XJ A

\{) R)RB= l.-itOlhlKP- l:Pt)KhV + lil.l{:H>RD= IK )2(K):

Nl-;Xr[):M-Xlli
•til H)klJ= I 101100+ I20(CRNI)(0>:NKXTI):GOT()L>()

1 Icjc are versions hn the newer machines,

10 RK.\[ PLUSM & Cl(i St'MMKRTIMl-, SOt.KDS— l.KS

UO ^ = 720-^20•R^•U(1):FOR\' - ll(>8;\'01.\':SOL'ND;l.S,V + 2:

NKXIA-
30 K()RV = H101S1KP- l:VOI,V:iOUNn;i.S,7*(8-V):Ni;xrV
40 SOI NlJ^.S.ariO.KORD - rroi.'iOO*RNI)(l):NEXTD;SOlJNO.S.S.O;

t.OlO20

Id Rl-:\fl2K SUMMERTIME SOUNDS— [.KS

20 l-\\'i-J.OPi::l,IO,l:(,r..l2,H:VlH.! ">: rEMPOa*RND(0) -(■ 4

30 P1..-\V- nVV + t;HR$(G5-f 7'RND(0)) -h "M"!SUiJ-.P;fRNI)(0):RUN

Daniel Woodie
Annapolis, MD

Rick*rack — D») yon need someiliing to dress u}j a diUl
screen in a program? This routine will give you a colorful
rick- rack trim. After rnmiing it, you can erase the Ready
prompt, then fit your jirinting tnito the screen without
using the return key, Ihis will hel[) you plan an ae.sthetic
format.

10 REM {2 SPACES) RICK-RACK BY ELIZABETH OMAN

20 GOTO40

30 FORX=1TO20:PRINT"{CTRL 8}{CTRL 9}IC0MD *

){SHFT LB.} {CTRL 0) " ; :NEXT: F0RX=1 TO20 : PR

INT"{COMD *1{SHFT LB. )"; :NEXT: PRINT" (COM

D 7] { HOME }": RETURN
40 PRINT'MSHFT CLR) " :GOSUB30 :F0RX=1 TO20 :PRI

NT:NEXT:GOSUB30

Elizabeth Oman
Lindsburg, KS

Flagrant cKauvlnism — The accompanying C-64 pro
gram shows the colors on your video display. \'exil!olo*
gisi.s will love the picture, in spite of the Haw in the
canton.

10 REM ♦* FLAGRANT CHAUVINISM **

15 A$="{4 SPACES}" tCHR$( 18)

20 B$=CHR$(146)

25 C$ = "{16 SHFT SPACEs) " :CS = C$-fC$

30 D$=" *++**♦*"

35 E$="{H0ME}{3 CRSR DNs ) "

40 FS=A$+C$

45 G$ = A$-fB$-i-C$

50 ll$ = A$-fRIGHT$(D$,13)+B$

55 J$=A$-t-LEFT$(DS, 1 3 }-fB$

60 POKE53265,91 :POKE53280 , : POKE532ai ,0

65 POKE53282,1 :POKE53283 , 6 : POKE53284 , 2

70 PRINT" tSHFT CLR } { CTRL 2}"E$

75 FORX=1T06:PRINTF$CHR$(141 )G$:NEXT

80 PRINTF$E$

85 PRINTH$,,,JS,,,H$,,,J$,,,H$,,,J$,, ,h$

90 GOTO90

Kevin D. Skorupa
Biloxi, MS

Designs! — Heie arc tw(t shoit programs (hat will give
you a swatch of fabric, wallpaper, gift-wrapjjing ]iaper or
a rack of Clhristnias neckties. Tliry work on the C-tvl or
CM 28. Run program #1. and you'll get an interesting
repetitive pattern, chosen at random. Press any key except
S, and you'll get a totally dilierent one. Press S. and you'll
get a lahlc of numbers that are characteristic of that
design, Run [u-ogram #2 and enter those ninnbers, and
you'll see the design rejieaied.

The possibilities in this are endless, and some ol the
designs are .stiiking to behold, 'Ihe odds are '2„">H).0l(l to
I against .seeing the same one twice.

100 REM DESIGNS! in - ELIZABETH OMAN

110 REM PRESS 'S' TO SEE SPECS

120 REM PRESS OTHER KEY TO SEE DESIGNS

130 B-INT(RND(0)*1O) : S= INT( RND{ ) * 39 ) +2

140 CH=INT( RND( 0)*^O6}

150 CC = INT(RND(0}*1G):IF CC=B THEN1J0 *-

RUN sFtCWI. h,MF. 19Si / 141

Listing cBntinuni.

160 POKE53280,B:POKE53281 ,D:PRINT"{S[1PT CLR

}"
M0 FOR L=-l TO 1000 STEP S
180 POKE1024+L,CH:POKE55296+L,CC
190 NEXT

200 GETA$:IF A$="" THEN 200
210 IF A$="S" THEN 230
220 GOTO 130
230 PRINT'MCTRL 1 } " ; : IFD = 0THENPRINT" [CTRL 2

J";

240 PRiNT"BACKGROUND="B

250 PRINT"S'rEP="S:PRINT"CHARACTER = "CH

260 PRINT"CHARACTER COLOR="CC : GOTO200

300 REM DESIGNS! ^2 ~ ELIZABETH OMAN

310 INPUT"BACKGROUND (0-15)";B

320 INPUT" (6 SPACES) STEP (1-41 )";S

330 INPUT"CHARACTER (0-255) ";CH

340 INPUT"CHAR COLOR (0-15)";CC

350 PQKE53280,B:POKE53281 ,B: PRINT" (SHPT CLR

1"
360 FOR L=-1 TO 1000 STEP S
370 POKE1024+L,CH : POKE55296-t-L,CC
380 NEXT

390 GETA$:IFA$=""THEN390
400 POKE53281 ,6:PRINT"{SHFT CLR) {CTRL 2]";E

ND

Elizabeth Oiiiun
Lind.sborg, KS

PET Emulator— Once upon a liiuc, most Cotniiiodorc
soil ware was written i'or the faimms I'E'I" i!im])utcr. It)
tliose (oiKi atui Ijyj^oiie days, a jiowertui projiraiii cullod
PET Emulator iiuide the software-poor C-64 eoinpatiblc
with the eMeiisive lihiaiy of FK'r-l)ased projrranis. The
emulation idea was a dojr, hut it gave you somediiiig to
do until better software appeared.

The amusing program below is much less powerful,
hill iniKii more friendly, lldoes faillifully emulate a plug-
compaiihle Couuuodore VVA\ and ii w(yrks on a!! V.inn-
modore machines, ituluding the{M'2H. ryjie it iu right
now and stand hy for a pleasant surprise. Don't overlook
the numerous spaces that are imbedded in the graphics
strings; they appear as extra wide gaps adjacent to the
curly brackets.

100 REM PET EMULATOR - LOUIS F. SANDER
110 DIMA5(20) :A$=" {CTRL 9} " : A$( 1 5 ) =" {CTRL

3} {CTRL 0) ."
120 A$(16}="{SHFT LB.) {COMD * } " : A$( 1 7 ) =" {C

OMD Gl {COMD Ml": PRINT CHRS(142)
130 AS(18)="{CTRL 0HCRSR LP) (COMD C}(CTRL

9} {COMD GHSHFT W){COMD M){CTRL 0){COMD
V)":A$(19)=A$( 17}
140 AS (20) ="{3 COMD Is} {CTRL 1 } " : A$ ( ) =" {SH

FT CLR)":BS="(SHFT J}"
150 CS = BS + "{2 COMD IsHSHFT QHCRSR DN}{4 C

RSR LFs) {COMD V){COMD C} {CRSR UP)":D$

=" {CRSR DN){CRSR LF) (CRSR UP}"
160 E$="{HOME} [19 CRSR DNs ) "
170 FS=E$+"{13 CRSR RTs] " :G$=" {SHFT U}"
180 POKE53280,1 :POKE53281 ,1 :FORJ=0TO20
190 PRINTSPC( 1 6)A$AS( J) : NEXT: PRINTE$C$
200 FORJ=1TO13:FORK=1TO200:NEXT
210 C$=DS+C$:PRINTE$C$:NEXT:FORJ=1TO10
220 F0RK=1T072:NEXT:PRINTF$G$
230 F0RK=1 T068 : NEXTK : PRINTFS ; BS :NEXT

Loui.s F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

ESP program— Ihis little prognun gives ihe impression
thai your computei- has KSP, oi- extrasensory perception.

My/RUNsi'hnAi.iSSUKiWi

Vou tell your friends that your computer "knows" you and
will not cooperate with anyone else, [hen vou load KSP, type
RUN' and press the leiuru key. The progiam runs i'lne. (It
also disables List, to protect om' little joke.)

The fust listing is Ibr the (Mil, and the second is for the
0-128. The C-128 version does not disable List,

The fun starts when vou ask soineoiK- to riu) the ]jro-
gram. Vour friend types RL.S and presses the reiurii key,
bu! (he computer refuses to obey anfl instead flisaliles
the keyboard! You miraculoirsiy enable it again and lun
the program effortlessly; anyone else who tries it will fail.
The computer appears to respond only to your mystical
]jresence.

Here's how it works. After typing RUN, you hold your
linger on the return key a little longer than normal (line
;i() checks for this). When vour friends (ail to do this,
lines 80-110 cause an apparent crash. I'i> enable the
keyboard, you discreetly press the back-arrow key, which
gets you out of the loop.

If your friends susjiect your slow action with the return
key, mislead them by pressing it norm.dly and iuutiedi-
ateiy holding down the N key. This is easy, because you
just had your linger on it from typing ihe word RUN.
When they have been mystified long enough, you press
tlie back-arrow key while the progiain is running, and
last is re-enabled.

'fhis I'.SP trick is easy to perform, atrd, with a little
practice and showmans!ii[>. yt)u can hafiU' even the most
knowle«igi'abie coni])merisis.

10 REM ESP - DON THORPE

20 PaKE808,234:FORJ=1TO250:NEXT

30 IFPEEK(197) < > 1 ANDPEEK( 1 97 ) <> 39THEN80

40 POKE808,237:POKE775,200

50 PRINT"HELLO, FRIEND. {2 SPACEs}SEE ME RUN

!"
60 IFPEEK( 197)=57THENPOKE775,167
70 GOTO 50
60 PRINT:PRINT

90 PRINT"BEGONE! I DO NOT KNOW YOU."
1 00 PRINT: PRINT"READY . " : PQKE204 ,
110 IFPEEK(197}<>57THEN110
120 WAIT207,1 ,1 :PRINT"{3 CRSR UPs ) "
130 POKE808, 237 :PCKE1 98,0

10 REM ESP FOR C-128 - LOUIS F. SANDER

20 TRAP 30 : POKE2594 , 0:FORJ=1 TO250 :NEXT

30 IFPEEK(213)<>1ANDPEEK( 213 1 <>39THEN80

40 TRAP

50 PRINT"HELLO, FRIEND. {2 SPACEslSEE ME RUN

i"
60 REM
70 GOTOS0
80 PRINT: PRINT

90 PRINT"BEGONE! I DO NOT KNOW YOU."
1 00 PRINT: PR INT"READY . " : POKE2599 ,
110 IFPEEK(213}<>57THEN110
120 WAIT2598,1 ,1 :PRINT"{3 CRSR UPs)"
130 TRAP:POKE208,0

Don Thorpe
Glenutiga, South Australia

Fortune cookie — This generates some imeresting mes-
sages, which may be tiseful iu predicting the future, in
tests against lea leaves and an out-of-round crystal ball,
its outptit w-as consistently e(|uivocal. Anyway, it's a highly
amusing ])rogram. I'or nonsto|>eiUertairuiient, put a delay
at die end, ihcn skip a line and loo]) back to 7:11).

700 REM FORTUNE COOKIE - MARCO BALAGUER

71 F0RN = 1T01 0:READA$(N) , B$ (N ) , C5 ( N ) , D$ ( N } :

NEXT:S$=CHR$( 32)
720 DEFFNA(X)=INT(RND(0)'^10 + 1 )
730 A=FNA(X) :B=FNA(X) :C=FNA(X) :D=FNA(X)
74 PRINTSSA$(A)S$B$(B)S$C$(C)S$D$(D)
750 DATA THEY, WILL, FIND, HER, HE, WON'T, EXPOSE

, PLANS
76«l DATA RIVAL,DID,IGNORE,CONSEQUENCES,STRA

NGER,MIGilT,I,nVE,YOU
770 DATA SHE, MIGHTN'T, ADMIRE, ANOTHER, YOU, DI

DM 'T, KNOW, THEM
780 DATA FAMILY,CAN'T, PROTECT, US, WE, CAN, DEN

Y,IT
790 DATA CHILD, MAY, DESPISE, MONEY, SUPERIOR, C

OULD, ACCEPT, HIM

Marco BaUij(iier
Brooklyn^ NY

Sui generis — (Tht'Sf words arc Laiin for '"iti a class by
itselJ"; ttiey tlo ik-scrilic this trkk.) Trick $KK {RUi\\ ()c-
tnlK-r 1*J84) [mrports to translate Kti>f|isii ititti Pij^ Latin.
In true Iranslation, vvordn hcf^ininn^ with vowels do not
ll;ivc tlic initial Ictlci trans])<)s(:<i to tlic enil; instead, the
.syllahlc "-way" is ap[)cndcd. .Also, pine porcine philolojry
moves initia! ctmsonant clusters to tlie end of the word
as a grottp. The English "speak," therefore, i.s pro[)erIy
transialed "cak-spay," rather than "jjeak-say." as iians-
laicd hy Iritk SKK. The accompanying piograni will pet
fectly translate any English wotd into Swine. Quod erat
dcinoiisiratidtiiii.

100 REM {2 spaces) PIG LATIN - ANNE ABBATE

110 PRINT

120 INPUT"ENGLISH";A$

130 L$ = LEFT$(A$,1 }

1 40 IFL$="A"0RL$="E"0RL$="I"0RL$="0"0RL$="U

"THENB$ = A$ : A$ = "-WAY" ;G0T021
150 N=2:IFL$="Q"THEN N=3:GOTO200
160 M$ = MID$(A$,N,1 )
170 IFM$="A"0RM$="E"0RM$="I"0RM$="0"0RM$="U

"THEN200
180 N=N+1 :IFN>LEN(A$)THEN11
190 GOTO160
200 B$=RIGHT$(AS,LEN(A$)-(N-1 )) :A$="-"+LEFT

${A$,N-1 )+"AY"
210 PRINT: PRINT" {2 SPACEs)SWINE: ";B$;A$
220 GQTOn0

Anne Abbate
Northport, NY

Kditoi's note: The phrase "sui generis" ton Id also be used
in the liarnyard, to sunnnon a hog ininied (Veneris, 1 hat
makes it. then, in the truest sense of the woid, I'ig Latin.

My valentine — Listed, these Hues Tack logic. Run.
thcyie redolent with sentiment. Together, they make a
valentine that must be seen to be believed. So type tlieni
in for ytmr sweetheart — you won't be disapjxiinted.

As listed, (lie pfograin works on a VIC: or Cti'L If you
have a (M2K, siibstitnie the s[>ecial line 20'i.

1 he valentine is besi ex].)erieiiced on a well-adjusted
(olor dis]jlay with the sound tinned up to max. Tlie moK
you know about expooential nutation, the beUer yoii'T
get the message.

IT you gel a Typing Error message, double i heck your
typing on line 2(>l. IT you gel an Overllow Eirin- message.

ihe program is wcirking perfectly. See the Krroi Messages
section in your user's manual.

100 REM MAGIC VALENTINE WITH SOUND
110 REM CREATED BY LOUIS F. SANDER
200 PRINT"{SHFT CLR}" : S=54296 :IFPEEK( 21 3 ) =2

1THENS=36878
202 POKE53281 ,1 : POKEl 98 , 4 : POKE631 ,2S:POKE63

2,211 :POKE633,157:POKE634,5
204 A$ = "MFU!NF!DPV0U!UIF!XBE;T;IPX!EP!J IMPWF

!UIFP@":P$ = "(HOME} {2 SPACEsHC CRSR DNs

}"
206 FORI=1T041 : J= ( -1 +ASC(MID$( A$ , I ) ) ) :K=K+J

:B$=B$-i-CHR$(J) :NEXT
208 IFK<>2756THENPRINT"TyPING ERROR IN A$" :

STOP
210 A$=MID$(B$,23) :B$=LEFT$(B$,22): PRINT" {C

RSR DN} "A$: PRINT" (CRSR DN}"B$
212 FORI=1TO33:GOSUB216:FORJ^1TO300-I{UP AR

ROW)! .8:NEXT:NEXT
214 I=2.1*I:GOSUB216:GOT021 4
21 6 POKES, 1 5 : POKES, 0:PRINTPSI: RETURN

2i52 POKE53281 ,1 : POKE208 , 4 : POKE84 2 , 28 : POKE84
3,211 :POKE844,157:POKE84 5,5:REM C-128

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

April Fool's program— When iie's not looking, rim
this on a friend's \1(: or i'A'yi. 'Then get him to type a
hue Of two, and watch the ftm as he setamhles for his
warraiUy.

Ill l'OKK;ill7,l):t'()K!:20t,ll:VVAtIl'.lH.I;t;[.t.\SJ'RINI

■■{CtlU. RVS ()KKJ"(:illiS(ASt:(A$)+ l.t'HND(()));:t;tnu 10

Don'i forget the semicolon alter the T'l int siaiemem. Add
to the Tun by enlering F()REfi()iS,'2ii."i (Ten the VR;.
I'tJKEHIIH.lOO) behne yon run the jirogiam. (It disables
the St<)]>, Rest<ne and List eoininands.)

I'eopie have become Tamoiis hy riiniiiiig this [irogiam
ai school or on machines di.splayed in stoies.

Here is a version for the (M'28.

Ill IKAl'IO : l'()Ki:L'r)9tl,ll:l'nKl-:2.-)<W,(l:WAii:i(«,t:(.;i-,tAS:I'Kl.M

■'{irnu. kvs <)iK}--(;nK.'S{A.sc{AS)+ i.i*rnu(()))

Larson E. Kapp
NewingUjn, CI'

Halloween disk devilment— Eoi a real nick or neat,

[)rep;iti' a disk with a number uT inlet esting pmgiams on it,
aiul tell a triend jou're going to give ii to biin ,ts a Halloween
treat. Make sure it contains the following one line piogi.im,
named "DO NOT RUN ME."

Ill uri-.N l.'i.S. i:i.-\l):l WARNED VOt MS" : CI.OSl.l.'i

'The trick cotiie.s when he runs the Tot bidden ptogiam,
which erases everything on the disk!

Bertram Schulman
Valley Stream, NY

Magic sprite demonstrator- Ibis piogi.nn. m vet

sions Toi the (lli-l and (M2S. .illows you to see spi ites in
niotitm im the screen. I (you like a s[)rite it demonsii ales,
vriii can include thai sprite in incne sojjhi^tii ;ued pro-
gi.nns of your own.

To be used with the clcino [uogiani, spiites arc- pie-
setited as Data stateinc'ius. llie following tricks present

RLINsi'KL:i.VLISMtiaKiW 1-13

sonif interesting sprites, wliich you can evalii;i[f Ijy iisiu^r
iliis ]MX>grani.

Try sending your own best sprite lo Magic. I'ut il in
our siandaicl form — as Data statements numbered Irnm
91-99, willi iine 91 containing a REM describing the
sprite. In your Data items, please use leading zeroes Ki
make eacli entry tinec cliaracters long. ( lliey are easier
to ty])e tliai way). Inclucie a descriptitm ol your spiite,
but don'i include Poking or animalion routines,

1 i) REM SPKITEDEMO C-64 - LOUIS F. SANDER
2eS POKE53281 ,6:PRINT"{SHFT CLRKCOMD 71(4 C

RSR DNS)"
30 FORS=832T0894 :READT : POKES ,T:NEXT
40 V=53248:POKE2040,13:REM SPRITE AREA
50 POKEV+21 ,1 :REM DISPLAY SPRITE
60 POKEV+39,1 :REM COLOR IT WHITE
70 POKEV+1 ,60:REM Y POSITION
60 FORJ=1T025 5:POKEV,J:NEXTJ:REM X PCS
90 LIST

10 REM SPRITEDEMO 128 - LOUIS F. SANDER
20 PRINT" (SHFT CLRH4 CRSR DNS 1 "
30 COLOR0,12:COLOR4,l4:PRINTCfrRS( 153)
4 FORS=3584T03647 :READT: POKES, T:NEXT
50 SPRITE1 , 1 ,2:HEM DISPLAY WHITE SPRITE
60 M0VSPR1 ,0#0:REM STOP ALL MOVEMENT
70 F0RJ=1TO255:M0VSPR1 , J, 60: NEXT
80 LIST

90 REM SPRITE DATA FOLLOWS:

LouiN F. Sander
PitUhurgh, I'A

That which flieS^Tbese Data stalenients contaiti a
sprite that can be deirntnstrated tiy the progiam above.
It has a lot if» d(j with Magic, and witli my own personal
interests.

91 REM THAT WHICH FLIES - SAMUEL SEWAI,L

92 DATA 000,000,000,000,064,000,000,064

93 DATA 000,000,096,000,000,096,000,003

94 DATA 252,000,000,240,000,000,096,001

95 DATA 255,225,204,063,255,112,124,240

96 DATA 192,248,251,000,112,252,000,225

97 DATA 246,000,001,252,000,003,102,000

98 DATA 028,099,000,120,097,192,248,096

99 DATA 000,176,112,000,032,000,000,000

Samuel Sewall
Salem, MA

That which flies not— if you liked Judge Sewall's
flying sprite, you're sure to like this one. which is olien
seen in tiie same season.

91 REM THAT WHICH FLIES NOT - L. SANDER

92 DATA 000,000,000,005,000,000,042,160

93 DATA 000,085,080,000,042,168,000,085

94 DATA 080,000,170,168,000,085,240,000

95 DATA 175,252,014,095,255,223,047,255

96 DATA 253,095,255,249,039,255,248,003

97 13ATA 255,248,001,255,224,003,127,128

98 DATA 001,130,000,000,227,192,000,000

99 DATA 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

Season's spritlngs — Ihese sprites add festive finery
tf) all your ( Ibri.slmas gieeueiy. l hough brilliant in iheir
way, I heir strong points are form and symiuetry. I'hig
144 / RUN SfKCIAl. ISSUK l!)»ii

them into our display progi'ams or put them on the screen

yourself.

81 REM CHRISTMAS SPRITE #1 - L. SANDER

82 DATA 000,126,000,003,255,192,015,255

83 DATA 240,031,255,248,063,255,252,063

84 DATA 255,252,127,255,254,127,255,254

85 DATA 127,255,254,127,255,254,127,255

86 DATA 254,063,255,252,063,255,252,031

87 DATA 255,248,015,255,240,003,255,192

88 DATA 000,126,000,000,000,000,000,000

89 DATA 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,013

91 REM CHRISTMAS SPRITE ^2 - L. SANDER

92 DATA 000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

93 DATA 000,000,024,000,000,024,000,000

94 DATA 060,000,000,060,000,000,126,000

95 DATA 063,255,252,015,255,240,003,255

96 DATA 192,000,255,000,001,255,128,001

97 DATA 231,128,003,195,192,003,000,192

98 DATA 006,000,096,000,000,000,000,000

99 DATA 000,000,000,000,000,000,000r^99

Loui.s F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

12>day calculator— I'his totals the numlier of gifts in
the famous (ihrisimas stmg. By following its logic, you
can learn about nested loops.

100 RE.\I 12 D.WS OFCllRISTMA-S-KRINGLK

Ml) R>R I>AY= 1 TO 13

lUd l-OR l'Rl.S!-:Nr = l>AY H) I SI J-:!' - 1

J:II) I'itlN I l'W-S!;Nf;

141) N't:Mlll'.R = Nl!.\lllt';R + t'RFSllNt

ir>(l Nli.Vf t'RtlSKNf

Kit) I'RINT

171) NF.Xl DAY

IHI) PRINI "lOIAl. l'RE51'.NrS = " NUMBER

Kris Kringle
Santa Claus, IN

Word trrcks—li's well-known that shifted characters in
RKM siaiemems can List in imusual ways. Having con-
sidered this quirk at length, we've created a brand-new
literary form. If ynu run the progiams beUnv, you'll see
just what we mean.

When iy])ing ibem, be extremely careful with the char-
acters in the answers; a single error can ruin the entire
line. In the an sivei' lines, we've spelled out every character
Inllowitig the colons, since that is the most critical area.
.'\s you type, don't pin spaces where they're not called
lor. anfl carefully watc h youi' shift anti Ciommodore keys.
In ilie answers, all the spaces and a few of the letters are
un>hifii!l.

.Afic) l\])ing a program, you should save it first, then run
it and follow the instructions. The tjiioies to be deleted are
those ai the beginning ni ibe answer lines.

100 LIST

I HI KKM ** COMIT I i R MAt;iC Ji.- IRIVIA «*

\W REM

i;t() Ki-.M itHXK (>!■ yom an,s\vi:r,s,

IK) Rl-.M IIH.N' JlFIMK III!-. QtJOIF.S

ir.(l REM AND Rtvl.l.Sf [MV. fRtJCUAM.

\m RF.M

1711 REM Q: WHY DID niK COWAttDLV LION

18(1 ri-:m VISIT THE wizard of oz?

I'.lO REM ■• A: {2 SI'ACl-,S}{(;OMI> @}{SI'AC:E}{SIHFT X}{SPACE}
{SlllhT E}{COMD A J

•JOII REM
*JI(i ui:,\i

WHO KXI'OSED TlIK WIZARD?

IMtirig continued,

^20 RK.M " A: {2 SPA(;?:.SH£X)MD @}(C:{)M1) @}

2.tO RKM

'>l» RKM Q: WHAT DID lUE WIZ SAY nHKN?

2')() REM ■■ A: {2 SfACKS}{COMD [.1V| {SPACi-:! {CX)MD @]

;SPACK}{SHIH K}
2C<n RKM

y7(J RKM q: WHAT t:AN A (lOOl) VV1 ICM in)
2m RKM WITH A SPORIS BROOMS

201) RKM" A: {2 .SPA(;E;!i}{(X)MD - j {SPACK^iSilUT -}

{SI'ACE}A{SPACK}{Sll!rr R} K.

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

Word tricks #2—

111 RKM Q: WHAT nil) MRS. KLIMSltlS'K

21) RKM SAV WHKN rilK IIRK WKM UUn

30 REM •■ A: {2 SPA{:RSHt:(lM[) V.}1}. {SE'ACK} {SHIFT K}

{sPACE}{coMn K}{.sPA(:t.) A {spac:e}{comdc}

40 RKM

50 RKM Q: WHY DO LEONARD AM) VAI.KRIK

60 REM c;KT A'S IN COMI'l.'I'ER CLASS?

70 RKM ■■ A; {2 Si'A(:KS}{SHlKr (:}{SPA(:E1 {ClOMD f'Hsl'ACK}

{sniKi K}{sPAt:E!{siiiKi s}isi'At:i;}SsnM r V}

Scott Shepard
HoUy Hill, PA

Word tricks #3—

10 LIST

2(1 RKM Q: now PAR LS LI KROM IT IE I'OP

21 RKM OK HIE KMPIRE SIAIK

22 RKM HDILDINC lO I ilK liOI lOM?

M) REM "A: {2 SPACESK-SHIR -} {K}{SPAr;KJ {SHIFT

I.H,}{HHlKr 1}
40 RKM Q: WHAi' TAKES IWO (10 BINARY)?
no REM " A: {2 SPACKS}{COMIJ @}{S]'A{:K}{SHIKr *}{SH1FE K}
(U) REM Q: WHAI' DID THE HKOKKN (ILU'IAR
131 RKM SAY lO ITS niSTRAlICm OWNKR?
70 RKM ■■ A: {2 SPACES }{ COM 1) I.H.} {SPACE} { COM!) @}

{SPACE} {COMD U}{r}

Gary Forney
Oelwein, LA

Word tricks #4 — Tlufi is piinu'd here as a tribute to

profrraminiiig ingenuity, tio maun how iiiisdirfticd.

10 LIST

20 KVM Q: WI iAE'S AN APPLECOSTA?

30 REM " A: {2 SPACES} {COMD VJ

{TJ {SPACE} {A} {SPACE} {SHn-TR}{E}

Mike Leherr

Startxen University

Puget Sound, WV

Bad spelling^

•M)U REM q: NAME DOROTHY'S CAPirAI.

:)MJ REM ■■ A: {2 SPACI--S}{COMl) @}{SHin B} A

Leonard Pinth-Garnell
New York, NY

Word trick game — Here's a difTerent approach lo us-
ing shifted characters in REM statetnciHs, Tht object is
to (riit'ss a number between 1 atul iO. 'i'lie answer and
some ehtes are tiidden in the RKM statements. First, type
ill llie program and save il Un iuture use. Then, to guess

a nunibcr, remove the quotes from the line having tlie
number you've guessed. When yon list the program, you'll
.see whether you've guessed conecily. If not, you'll get a
clue or some moral support.

LIST 1 -

1 RKM "Jl {COMDJ}{SPACE}{COMD Q} {SPACE} {Slill"!' Q}
{SPACE} A (SPACE) {SHIM E} UE {SPACE} {COM 11 E}
{SHlKr -} E

2 REM "{CXJMD £} {SPACE} {SHIEI' 1}

;i REM "{COMD £HSP.«:E}{C:0MD ®} O {SPACE} {SHUT
SPAtT-,}

■1 REM "WR {smri -} G

5 REM "{CXJMll jC}{SP.'VCE}{CO.MD @} (SPAC:E}{C0MD U} T
f*. REM "{COMD K; TING {SPACE} {SUNT SPACE)
7 REM "JCOMD l)}{COMi) D} S {SHlEr li{Ct)MI) »}(COMD D)
H REM "H {(;OMnj){SP.ACE}{COMUQ}{SI'ACE}{SMIFr B}

js]>.\(:e}{(:omd s}

1) REM T)0 {SP.-VCE}{C0MD jE}{SP.\CE}{CO.\in - KSP.-\CE}

(COMD Q} {SPACE} {SHIFE K}{SP.ACEHSHin M} {SPACE} IT
10 REM "H {COMr)J}{SPACE}{COMDQn^l'.-'^':i-!{SHlFTQ}

{SPACE} A {SPAf^E} {SHIFT E} UK {SPACE} (COM!) W}

{SHIFT R} E

Randy Thompson
Eugene, OR

29. Programs— Commercial Software

IMakirtg tables — If yovi need a lahle (ot a teitn [jajjer
or business re]jori and are having trouble using a word
processor to set it up, try using a spreadsheet program.
I'he s])readsheet's features will greatly sim]ilify tbe me-
chanies of spacing and tabulation,

Elizabeth Oman
Lindsborg, KS

Address tlOOks— Ifyou wish to have a neat, up-to-date
and eorteciable address and telephone book, there's
an available framework in Piaciicale or any similar
spreadsheet.

Using the spreadsheet columns, you can enter, in any
order, natnes. phone numbers and jieisonal tletails. The
columns can then be .sorted alphabetically or numerically
by ['ia(ti<ak-, and changes or coneetions can be handled
with ease.

Ian Haynes
Westville, South Africa

Database Deluxe improved— 11 yon love the Data

base l)elii\e iiiogram printerl in AT'.V (K-biuatv 1981)
and kelU'N, but wisli l!ie jirinioul wete single spaced
raihei dian double, make the following changes in ihe
Vie; version (C-b4 owners should make the same changes
to lines 740 and 790):

Line 7'1— Delete the CHRS(IO) and change 1.1.= LI, + 2

10 LL=LL-H 1

Line 79~Alter ihe paging statement to read II'' LL>,'i,')

11 ll'.N R)U NL = LL TO G7: {rcsi of line is okay)

The last line printed on page 1 is BFt, and b7 is the first
line jjrinted on page 2. The difference between the.se two
nimihers determines the depth of ihe io[> and bottom
m;ngins. Twelve gives a nice one-inch margin.

Lorraine Richards-May
Leesburg, IN

RUN SmiM. ISSLT I9.Sti / 14,")

Doodle files from Print Shop- M you own tlusc
exiollutit ))H)g[;itiis, you might likt- to put souk- i'rint
Shop k-ttorinj;; on ilic screen, then decorate iht di.sphiy
witli Doodle's superior drawing options. If you hnve a
niacliine liinguiige inonitoi'. vou (.at) do it witli <'ase Lei's
say you wioie something with Piittt Shciji arid saved it as
TEXI. Jusi enter your monitor ;md do this;

.1. "IKXI'.OH (Itiitd 111. 1)1 iiiiiiutcir)

.J KKIII rii;il- lilKJO (iiaiisfci I'liinShop stret-ii In Dixjille .iic.i)

,1' r.CIII) "iKl-.T (11 (aild loliii; lil;uk)

.S "1)1)1 KX I ■■,()H.rj( :iU),7F:lK (save. adciiiiH ■■l)l)"j

Then, from Doodle, load TEXT and doodle lo yom heart's
lontfiii, Orcmit'se, you can substitute any name loi Ti^XT,
as loii^f as yoii add the DD whei) saving it as a Doodle file,

Erik Francois
Vienne, France

Print Shop files from Doodle— If you under.stood
the trick ahovc, you ran also tonveri in the opposite
tiireeiion. I'o coDveri a Dooille file named DDI-"I!,K into
a I'lint Shop file nanied I'SFILK. just:

.1, "DDKILK'.OH
.T 6(1110 7V:W -lOOd

Now yiu ran create custom backgt'ounds for your Print
Sho]) lext.

Emilio Jose Espinosa III
Baldwin Park, CA

Koala files from Print Shop- -Ix-Cs say you have a Print
Shop Srieeii Magic file called PSFII.L. To change it to a file
you can load and embellish on your KoalaPaiiiter, enter
your mat bine laiigtiage monitor and do this:
.1. ■*i'SHl.L".(l8

. [ 10(111 '>VM- tHIDO

.K 7HII H7I)!' 01

,S "{(.lOMt)! }PlCltrni(--iiaiiif".08,Hn00.H7t 1

In tlie last line. Ilr stands for anv letter between A and
(). and filename stands ior any name you rhoose. 'i he
total numbci of e!)aracters between the <]uote,s, iiulu<ling
llie ClOMDl ehaiacter, must etjual [5. If your chosen
Ulenanie doesti'i do this, you must pati it out with spaces.

The result itij.! ille ran be loaded into Koalai'aititcr.
1 here may be sonie supei'fluous dots of (oloi, but you
can easily cbange theni to the background coloi by using
the (iolor Exchange featuie.

Why not save the entire rhaiarter set of your favorite
typef are? Then you ran use Koalal'aintei'sSwuj) and Copy
features to put them into your [lictures.

Steven Scllorti

Saint John, New Brunswick

Canada

Disabling Epyx Fast Load— I'iiis popular cartridge
someiimes itiieiieres with the loading or riimiing of other
programs. Vou tan disable it by enteiing:

I'OKK 77(1. l:n : i'UKh 771.1(j!

This will re-enable it:
I'OKK 77(1. 1 (Hi : i'OKl- 771.'J2H

Greg B. LaPortc
Blaeksburg, VA

I'KWRUNspt.ci.M lssi;t:iM

Fast Load re-enable— Documentation for the popular
l'.])yx Fast Load cai ti idge says that once it is disabled, the
only way to reenable the tarti idgc is to leset the com-
puter. I've found a second way to leeiiable JLjust enter
SVS 57194

Bryan K. Davidson
Clovis, NM

Ghostbusters buster— [f you like the Ghostbusters
game for the Ci-f34, but don't Uiiuk SIO.OOO is enough lo
get started with. I've got some good news.

When you're asked lor youi name at the beginning of
the game, type OWKN, When the computer asks if you
liave an acrouut, answer Yes. Wiieii asked lor youi account
number, simply type l.lS'f. The vehicle selection soeeii
will appear, and you'll start the game with $720.0(Hf

Russel Swift
Address unknown

Ghostfreezors — In Art {vision's Clhostbustcrs game,
one srieen leiiuires you to n)anenver a ghost into a trap
using laser beams. A siuipler way is to align youi men so
they totally overlap one another, appearing to be only
one man. When the ghost flies over you, press the fire-
button, and the ghosi will sio]). Press it again and he's
history.

Maurice Arkinstall

Houston, British Columbia

Canada

Jumpman jiminy- liimpin.m is one of the (^64's best

rommertial games, with gieat sound and rliallenging
multilevel streens. Uidortunately, a lot of us never get
to see the higher level screens because we always run out
of jumpmen. Here's a wav to avoid running out.

Load the game boot and run it. Kxactl) 9,'> .seconds after
hitting the rettirn key. simultaneously press the run/su>p
and restore key.s, whith will reset your machine. Your .screen
will he blue, and the cuisor will be flashing. Now eiiler;

I'DKE 240 1. -1.17:1 : I'UKE •i42'.)(i,l,'i ; SVH i(*.l()t)(i
If all is well, the Oplitins screen should tome on. Proceed
noi inally. playing the game as usual but wiih one exciting
difference; You'll never run out {if jum(jiiien: VVl)eii one
of your n)en is killed, a new one appeals, while the number
you have left lemains at seven,

Tim Tan

Winnipeg, Manitoba

Canada

Jumpman jiminy revisited- .A.nothci way to never
tun out of jimipiuen is to m.seii yoin disk, then:

t.t)At) ■■lNtRO'-,8.l

I'OKK 'i4lll:),17;^ : I'OKK r>i'i9fi. I :'i SVS :M)8l)4

11 you want tf> prartire a pariirular screen, take a backup
copy ofjurnpnian and rename Ille PLFdl to something easy
lo renieiiiher (PI .FOl is the ilrsi screen, PL1''02 is the second,
and soon). I ben rename yum seleried srreen, say PL1''!7, as
PI. FOl. When you load and iim Jumpmaii, the Fust screen
will say "Fa.sy Does It," hut. trust iiic, you'll get those awful

cliifkens to deal witli. When you I'liuilly get past them, the
ff;uiic will go to screen 18, rather than to 2.

Marty and Dave White
Colorado Springs, CO

Making Simon simpler—If you iiavt- Situons' Basic,

usiii^ I lie Key luutiioti ran save unicli lime wliile dcvci-
opiiiff a piograui. Saving ilu- key selu[> routine onto tape
or disk can provide adclitionai savings. Just detlne your
keys, enter DISPLAY and insert a line number before
each key definition. After each line niuuber is inserted,
prrss the return key to add your new line to the program
ui memory. Then save this key-dennition siihromine for
future use. I have several siieJi rouiint-s — «nie for program
di'vrlopmeni, another (or nnuiing piograiiis, and su on.
Here arc a few key Hnes to illusit"aic the principle:

.'-,8000 KEY). "LIST" + CHRS(13)

r.mnii kkvi^.-r-^use an-' + CHRSd."*)

hmyzn KEVS.-RKNUMilER" + f:HRS( 1 3)

Susan Morrell
Lancaster, CA

Disk backup improvement— I he Commodore pro
gram Single Disk Backup \'l,n, by .Michael Schaff, is great,
but slow. If you add a sound subroutine, the prograui
can iiolilV vou each time you ncvd to intervene, and \ou
can do other things while yoiu' disk is being copied, .\titi
I lie following lines.

KJDO [■t>R l. = M2T2 to 51296 : POKE L,() : NEXT

I (J 10 I'tJKE 5ia!)(i.i5 : POKE h-V>77.\2H ; POKE 5a278,128 : POKE

."ilL'7(i,;i:i
lO'JO POKE 51273,50 : POKE 5427'ifin

io:ui FOR 1 = I TO \rm -. next : poke 512713.16 : for t- i ro

100 : NEXT
lOIII lOR l. = r>4272 TO ;'j|'J!H) : POKE L.IJ ; N'EXT
10.^(1 Rl;lt.'RN

If you insert GOSUli lOOOs in lines 465, 540, 700, 720,
72."), .Slij. 89IJ and 980, the progiam will signal you at the
appropriaie times. Start the program, tvirn up the volume
and go about your bushicss.

The preceding changes give you only one beep as a
n'lnindei. if you ]]reiei something thai t:outinucs until
you pre.s.s a key, add this;
i(i:ir. (;ei- as : ir as = ihen inio

Ginger Scalet
Brooking.s, SD

Star Trek tip— T his Sega game for (he C-M has a small
bug that you can use to your advaniagt-. T he M key puts
you into warp drive, which speeci.s ytm up and protects
you from all enemies. When you lose warp drive energy,
(jl'cour.se, you can no longer move faster, but that's where
iIh" luig comes in. As long as yon bold down the M key,
your iiivirn iliiliiy persists. Von can siill use your pha.scrs,
photon tor])edoes and iKui-war]) engine power. Death to
the Ircacberoits Klingons!

David Bloyd
Reedley, CA

the sjjace bar simulianeoirsly. This should stop most of
ibe ngbleis in their tracks and cause the rest 10 move in
a straight line. Repeat the procedure, and all fighters
should stop, Now, w'ith die enemy ciisablcd, kill his forces
ofj" an{i you should appear at ibc trench.

Jared Groth
Detroit, MI

Wolf enzauberei— When your Beyond Castle Wolfen-
siein man is killed, the computer asks you to press the space
bar to restart the game. If you temove the disk iieforc press-
ing the space bar, what follows is sheer magic (in German,
/.aiilur); the game will restart in the posisiou right before
vou died or got caught. .Afier restarting, reinsert the disk
and resume where you left off,

Darius Hatami
Mystic Islands, NJ

30. Programs— Useful Applications

Loan payments — I his simple program will calculate
monthly ]jayments for various sorts of loans. EvervThing
is lined up iuiti I'ounded off", so the eliect is verv polished.
Beiore coimting yoiu- money, though, get confirmtng
ligures from yonr banker.

1 00 REM LOAN PAYMENTS - LEE MCEWSN

105 PRINT

110 INPUT" {4 SPACES} AMOUNT OF THE LOAN";P

120 IMPUT"{4 SPACES }(i( MONTHLY PAYMENTS" ;N

130 INPUT"ANNUAL PERCENTAGE RATE";R

140 R=R/12/100

150 P=INT(100+P*R/(1-1/(1+R) lUP ARR0W>N)+.5

)/100
155 P=P+,0001 :P=INT(P/.01 + .5)*. 01
160 PR INT" YOUR MONTHLY PAYMENT IS";P

Lee McEwen
Pensacola, FL

Day of week routine— fbis routine has its origins in
home compuier anliipiily, since a similar program ap-
peared in I'J-"r User Noks, way back in 1978. It will print
the day of the week for any date from March 1, 1900
through February 28, 2000. It does not destrov the date
and tnav be used as a subrouline after the WDS arrav is
initiali/ed. When you iujKil the dale. [>lease use the nu-
meric idrm of the month, day and year, using two digits
for each and sejjaraiing iIk-iu with connnas.

10 REM DAY OF WEEK ROUTINE

20 DATA SUN,MON,TUE,WED,TI!U,FRI,SAT

30 FORJ=0TO6:READWDS( J} :NEXT

40 IN PUT" MONTH , DAY , YEAR" ; MN , DY , YR

50 CY=YR:M=MN-2:IFM<1T1IENM=M+1 2 :CY=CY-1

60 y=CY-INT{CY/100)*100

70 WD=Y-i-INT(Y/4) + 1+DY + INT(2.6 + M-.1999)

80 WD=WD-INT( WD/7 } *7 : PRINTWD$ ( WD )

R.E. Peat
Pittsburgh, PA

Star Wars trickery— if yon own Star Wars the Arcade Days between dates— Sometimes, sucli as when tiaily
(lame lor the C-01. and woukl like a fast way to the death inieit-st i.iies are quoied. ii is useful to know the luuuber
sun, try ibis: Start the game and press die restore key and of days beiween two dales. Ihis little program can cal-

RUN SI'KCIAl. ISSLT. l!18fi / 1 47

culaic il lor ymi, iitid wf'vc lu'vt'r .si'oii it iiiakc an ciioi.
Clivf il a (ly.

100 REM DAYS BETWEEN DATES - W, DRISCOLL
110 ir^PUT"{CRSR DN}1ST DATE (MM, DD , YYYY ) " ;H

D Y
120 GOSUB170:C1=C
130 INPUT" {CRSR DN}2MD DATE (MM, DD, YYYY ) " ;M

,D,Y
140 GOSULJ170:C2=C
150 PR1NT:PRINT"THERE ARE" ; C2-C1 ; "DAYS BETW

EEN TliEM."
160 END

170 IFM>2'I'HENN = 0:GOTO230
190 Y1=INT( Y/100)
190 Y2=Y-Y1*I00

200 rFY2<>0ANDY2/4 = INT( Y2/4)THENN=.l :GOTU2J0
210 TEY2=0ANDlNT(yl/4)=Y1/4THENN=1 :GOTO230
220 N=2

230 C=INT(36B.25*Y)4-INT{ 30.56*M)^DtN
240 RETURN

William A, Driscoll
St. ^ul, MN

Jumbles — l lils program will lu:lp you imstniinhk' ihc
)iiitii>lr.>, .mafrtauih ilial aic [jiitjlishcci in main papfis. It's
also liatuly for otiicr anagramciiatiLal tasks.

100 REM JUMBLES - FRANK PANTALEO

110 INPUT" [SUFT CLRKCRSR DN ) WHAT ' S THE JUM

BLE";JS
120 LJ=LEN(J$) :U1MD{LJ) ,J$(LJ)
130 PRTNT"{CRSR DNJHOLD DOWN THE SPACE BAR.

. . {CRSR DNJ"
140 GETA$:lfA$=""THEN140
150 F0RA=1T0LJ

160 J$(A)=MID$( J$,A,1 ):B(A)=A
170 NEXT
180 C^LJ

190 D=INT{RND{0)+C+1 )
200 E=B(D):B(D)=D(C}
210 C=C-1
220 PRINTJ$(E);
230 IFCTnEN190

240 PRINT, :IF(POS{0)<1 )ORLJ > 1 5THENPRINT
250 GETA$:IFAS=""THEN250
260 GOTO150

Frank Paritalco
El 111 wood Park, IL

Pushup timer— i lerc's a short C(J4 and C: 128 program
iliai SI' IS I Ik- U'tiipo Ibr doing pushups. It also juakL-s
usfliil aiUiilations and offcis moral sii])|>ori.

100 REM PUSHUP TIMER - ROBERT MUFFLY

110 INPUT" (SUFT CLR]{CRSR DN ) HOW MANY PUSH

UPS TODAY {2 spaces! 1014 CRSR I,Fs)";N
120 INPUT" {CRSR DN} SPEED (1-9) (2 SPACES } 5 (

3 CRSR LFs)";S
130 T=TI: PRINT" {CRSR DN} YOU HAVE 5 SECONDS

TO GET READY. .. (CRSR DN } "
140 IF(TI-T) <300THEN140
150 GOSUB210 :P=P+1 :PRINTP;
160 FORDE=1TO400'^(11-S} :NEXT
170 IFP<NTHEN150
180 ET=INT{ (TI-T)/60f-S:X=ET/N:SP=lNT{X/0.1

+0.5)*0.1
190 PRINT: print" {CRSR DN ) YOU MADE IT IN";E

T;"SECONDS, TIGER!"
200 PRINT" {CRSR DN} THAT ' S" ; SP ;" SECONDS PER
PUSHUP. {2 CRSR DNs)":PRINT"YOU": PRINT"

ARE (CRSR UP}":END
21 POKE54272 , 50 : POKE54273 , 60
220 POKE54276 , 1 7 : POKE54278 , 24 5
MS /RUN Sl'KCIAl.lSSl'HMiSt

230 POKE54296,15

240 FORK=1TO100;NEXT:POKE54276,0

250 RETURN

Robert Muffly
Wcnatchee, WA

Thermometer— lliis is (or those who have spent so
mm:h tnuiiey on their compiilcrs [hat they ean't afford a
tlieiruometer. It relies (m ilie folklore that eiiekcts chirj)
ai a rate closely determined liy thi- U-ttijie ratine. Although
the tblkkne may nol he science, il M a stieniilfc fact tfiat
crickets are not hugs. tJive the progiam a try.

100 REM THERMOMETER - CHARLES HOTCHKISS

110 PRINT" I SH FT CLR)(CRSR DN}THIS TELLS THE

OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE"
120 PRINT" {CRSR DN)FROM THE NUMBER OF CHIRP

S A CRICKET"
130 PRINT" (CRSR DN]MAKES IN 15 SECONDS."
140 PRINT" (2 CRSR DNs ) YOU DO THE COUNTING,

I DO THE COMPUTING."
150 PRINT" {CRSR DN) PRESS ANY KEY WHEN YOU H

EAR THE"
160 PRINT" {CRSR DN)FIRST CHIRP..."
170 GETA$:IFA$=""THEN170
180 PRINT"{CRSR DN}(CTRL 9} START COUNTING.

II

190 T=TI

200 IF(TI-T) >899THEN220

210 GOTO200

220 PRINT" (CRSR DN)(CTRL 9} STOP!!! "

230 FORJ=1TQ15:POKE54 2 96,1 5 :F0RK=1 T03 :NEXT:

POKE54296,0:FORL=1TO3: NEXT: NEXT
240 INPUT" (CRSR DN 1 HOW MANY CHIRPS" ;C
250 C=C*4:F=( (C-40)/4 ) +60: PRINT" (CRSR DN } IT
IS" ;F; "DEGREES FAHRENHEIT."

Charles Hotchkiss
Cincinnati, OH

Printing practice— I have a I'lveycarold son who is
just learning lo form his al|)hahet on special lined paper.
You may rememher ii from your own school days, with
its widely spaced lines for the tops and bottoms of the
capitals aiKl iis dotted line in hetween for the tops of the
lowercase letters.

Instead of huyiug this paper, 1 wrote a shot I ]nogram to
have my printer form the lines, just like the [Jtaetice sheets,
atxi to ])rint uiy son's name a! the top of the page. 1 he list-
ing below shows a version for Coitunodore ]>ri liters, where
(:iiR$(]t15) is the hori/onial line cones]M»nding to shifted
C. iinfl(;HRS(4')) is tlie minus sign, or dash.

If vou have a different primer, it shouldn't lie hard to
nnike it print siniilai cliaracters wilh the line spacing
apprttpriate to your needs.

100 REM PRINTING PRACTICE - D. BORKIN

110 TS="PRACTICE FOR MATTHEW"

120 F0RJ=1T079:SLS=SLS+CHRS( 195) :NEXT

130 FORK=lT079:DL$=DL$+CHR$(45} :NEXT

140 OPEN4,4

1 50 PRINT#4,SPC( 40-LEN{T$) /2 ) ;T5

160 F0RJ=1T09

170 PRINT#4:PRINT|i;4,SLS

180 PRINT#4 :PRINT//t4,DLS

190 PRINTA!4:PRINT^4,SL$

200 NEXT

210 CL0SE4

David Borkin, Jr.
Dearborn, MI

31. Programs— Utilities

Automatic UNNEW— After a Basic program has been
ktlk-d by a New or a Reset, you can use a niachitie language
Uiniew program to resurrect it. The liasic program beh)w
creates a iriost uruisual Uiitiew — one lliat does hs magic
wilSimit being nni. If you iiave a C.i'vi or VIC-'JO, phis a
C Commodore disk drive, you can use it to pm (he Unnew
program on any disk you choose.

The ilrsi time you run the printed piogram, verify tliat
CS = 8620; if it doesn't, you've made a mistake. Once
r.S = 8(j;i(), delete hues 1 and 2, dien save the result,
naming il Automatic UNNKW. VVIien you run Automatic
UN>fEW, it will generate and save a program named
UNNEVV.AUTO. Once that program is on your disk, you
can resurrect any NKVVed piogram iiy entering:

l,OAD"LlNNKW. AUTO-.8, J

As soon as the load is finished, yom' lost program will
reappear, imaci; there's no need to lyjje RUN or SYS.

1 FORJ=1T068:READX:CS=CS+X:NEXT

2 PRINT"CS="CS" (SHOULD BE 8620)":STOP
10 REM AUTOMATIC UI^NEW - ERIC HAVER
20 OPEN2,8,2,"UNNEW.AUTO,P,W"

30 PRINT#2,CHR$(128) jCHR$(1 ) ;

40 READA

50 IFA0 234THEN PRlNT)!/2 ,CHRS( A} | :GOTO40

60 FOR J = 1 TO 70:PRINT/y2,CHR$(2); :NEXT

70 PRINT#2,CHR$(A) ; :READ A:IFA>0THEN 70

80 CLOSE 2

DATA 160,003,200,17 7,04 3,208,251 ,200
DATA 200,162,160,000,145,043,165,044
DATA 200,14 5,043,13 3,060,160,000,132
DATA 059,16 2,000,200,208,002,230,050
DATA 177,059,208,24 5,232,22 4,003,208
DATA 242,200,208,002,230,060,132,045
DATA 164,060,132,046,032,089,166,032
DATA 05 1,165, 076, 11 6, 164, 234, 234, 234

91
92
93
94
95
96
97
99
99

DATA 076,128,001 ,

Eric Haver
Pittsburgh, PA

Load addross findar- — i'hls shon jirogram llnd.s the
load address for any program saved on di.sk and is useful
for investigating machine language files. It gives the load
address plus ihe low byte and high byte of that address —
all in decimal form. Since many machine language pro-
grams are e.vecuted by a SYS command to their first byte,
knowing the load address is often the .same as knowing
the enabling SYS.

10 REM LOAD ADDR - M. TRANCHEMONTAIGNE

20 INPUT "{7 SPACEs)FILENAME" ;F$

30 OPEN2,8,2,F$+",P,R"

40 GET)^2,L0$ : LO$=LO$ + CHR$ ( 0)

50 GET#2,HI5 : iiI$ = HI$ + CHRS{ )

60 CL0SE2 : LA=ASC(LO$)+255*ASC(HI$)

70 PRINT"L0AD ADDRESS IS:" LA

80 PRINT" (4 SPACES} LOW DYTE IS:" ASC(LO$)

90 PRINT"(3 SPACEslHIGtt BYTE IS:" ASC(III$)

Mike Tranchemontaignc
Nashua, NH

End address finder — You can find the ending address of
a ( Mil or VH : program on disk or tape by using Verify, then

Pecking the pointer at 174-175. 'fo find the highest address
into which tile program loads, verify it, then enter:

EA = l'f:f.K(17!) + li5(i*PKl-:K{I75)- Li'RINT EA

If you also know the load address, you can find the length
of the program by:

LA-iif{lli= 1 +Ktiil .■\iiilri'Ss-l.<i;ic] .•Address

Douglas Marshall
Bell, CA

Automatic appender^Use this program to append
other ones, with no Direct mode Poke.s to fool around
wilh. 1 lere is a version for tile C;*)! and VIC. and another
for the (M^H.

.Make smx- your disk has a copy of your main [jiogram
ami the programs you wish to apjjend. Run this program,
entering the name of your main program in respon.se to
the first prompt. (The first line numlier in the main
program must lie higher than fi.) Tben etuer the device
mimher of the drive your disk is in.

fo ap[>end to the main ])rogram, run the automatic
appentler again, this time an.sweritig the first prompt with
the name of the next program to append. Its line numbers
must all be higher than the last line numlier in liie main
program. You may continue to append as many programs
as you wish, provided their line numbers are all liigher
than those in the progiam cinrently in memory.

When you've (Inished, remove lines l-(i, then save your
combined programs,

1 INPUT"PROGRAM TO APPEND" ;A5 : INPUT" { 5 SPAC
Es) DRIVE 8 OR 9";U: REM C-64 & VIC- 20

2 A=PEEK(44) :PRINT"ISHFT CLR) { 3 CRSR DNs}LO
AD";CHRS(34) ;A$;CHR$(34) ;CHRS(44);U

3 PRINT"{4 CRSR DNs) POKE43 , 1 :POKE44 , " ; A; " [H
OME}"

4 POKE632, 1 3 :POKE633 , 1 3 : POKE634 , 1 3 :P0KE1 98 ,
3

5 IFPEEK( 45 ) <2THENPOKE43,PEEK( 45 ) -2+255:POK
E44,PEEK(46)-1 :EMD

6 POKE4 3,PEEK(45)--2:POKE44,PEEK( 46): END

1 INPUT"PROGRAH TO APPEND" ; A$ : INPUT" { 5 SPAC
ES}DRIVE 8 OR 9";U: REM C-128 VERSION

2 A=PEEK(46) :PRINT"{SI-JFT CLR } { 3 CRSR DNs}LO
AD" ;CHR$( 34 ) ;A$;CHR$( 34 ) ;C1!R$( 44 } ;U

3 PRINT"(4 CRSR Di^s 1 POKE45 , 1 : POKE46 , " ; A ; " ( H
OME}"

4 POKE842 , 1 3 : POKE84 3 ,13: POKE84 4,13: POKE20e ,
3

5 IFPEEK( 4524) <2THENPOKE45,PEEK{ 4624 1-2+255
:POKE46, PEEK (462 5)-! :END

6 POKE45,PEEK(4624)-2:POKE46,PEEK(4625) :END

Alan Lcish
Address unknown

Trace Utility^ — The accompanying program traces the
e.\ecution of any Basic program, a procedure iliat can
drama ticaih case debugging. .As printed. Trace t.s for the
C-M. Tor the VIC, cbiinge 189 to 221 in line 840. After
you've typed in the program, enter in Direct mode:

F{)K .\ = 1 TO 51 : READ Y : /. = Z + V : NliXT : I'RINT 7.

The computer should print 6341 for the C-64 version;
6373 f<n- the VIC. Any other number means there's an
error in your Data statements. Once the proper number
is printed, save 'I'race on disk or tape.

Running 'I'race puis a machine language progi^ara into
memory, and displays its controlling SYS comtnands on

RUN Bi'inM LssuK \m 1 149

ihc sLix-i-n. You should ixcord these commands for futurt-
refcrciiLe. 1 ypc SYSxxx{iciurn}, wlu'ie xxx is the ap-
propriatL' number iioni the screen dis|5lay, i<> either en-
able or disable the tracing function. Wliile enabled, Trace
will prim the line ti umber of each Basic statement as it
is execmed. I'o trace a program, first load and ritii Trace.
Then load a Basic jjrograin, enable Trace, and run the
Basic. Tracing the I'ollowing test program will give you a
good Luiderslandiiig ol Trace's workirij^s.

Ul ['Rl.\r ".'V : PRINT "B" : X = ri : Y = 6
21) PRINT "C" : PRINT "IV : Z = 7

Notice how four statements aie traced in line 10, phis
three in line 20.

I'o get a harti copy of what you'ie tracing, add this line
at the start oT the progi'am being traced:

.5 Ol'KN 4.1 : C:MD4

Yoti can tnake Trace's SYS calls a part of the traced
program, to limit tracing to those parts where it i.s needed,
■fry enabling/disabling Trace before/after one of the Print
statenieiil.s in the test program, and you'll see how tliis
feaiine can be used.

As printed, 'Trace's machine language resides in the
cassette buKer, where an\ ta])e activity will overwrite it.
But the itiachine language is completely relocatable; to
put it in a protected area at the top of memory, add;

1 1'l POKK rili.l'KEKl.rjti) - I : CLR r S = 5 + PKKK(,=i(;)*2:.l)

125 A = IM (Sffifi):B = S - (A*25li):I'()KE S + .'iH.Aii'OKK S + :13,B

100 PRINT" tSHFT CLR) TRACE UTILITY - MAGIC {C

RSR DN)"

110 S=828: REM RELOCATABLE START ADDR

120 FORX=S TO S+53:READ Y:POKEX, Y ;NEXT

125 A=INT(S/256) :B=S- ( A*256 ) :POKES+38 , A:POK

ES+33,B

1 30 PRINT"SYS" ; S+22 ; "ENABLES , "

140 PRINT"SYS";S+43 ;"KILLS."

826 DATA 165,058,201,255,240,013

834 DATA 169,060,032,210,255,032

840 DATA 201,189,169,062,032,210

846 DATA 265,108,251,000,173,008

852 DATA 003,133,251,173,009,003

858 DATA 133,252,169,060,141,008

864 DATA 003,169,003,141,009,003

870 DATA 096,165,251,141,008,003

876 DATA 165,252,141,009,003,096

Stanley Tobojka
New Bedford, MA

Memory Scope^The accompanying program will dis-
play one page of memory at the top of your computer's
screen. L'lrlike a niacliine lai)guaj;e monitor, the Memory
.Scope display changes along with tlie contents of memory,
letting you see what happens as keys are pressed or Basic
statements are executed.

The main listing below is a Memory Scope for the
C-04. If you use a Plus/4, Cl() or VIC:-20, you should type
in the C-64 version, then add the changed lines as shown.
If you have a C I'iH, type in the entire CM28 version.

A memory page is a ^Sfsbyte block of memory, and pages
start at integral multiples of 25(1. 'The pages with low nutn-
bers and those with high munbers are the most interesting
to explore; there arc no pages numbei ed greater than 2.5.'j.
To find the page numherof any address, divide it by 256 and
drop everything after the decimal point.

In the display, the characiets have their screen Poke
values: @ = 0, A- 1, !i = 2, and so on. .A complete listing
;i]jpcars under Screen Display Codes in the back of your
1 'A) ! RUN SPFx:iAL IssiiK 19!16

user's manual. If your cursor disappears while using Mem-
ory Scope, it's pro!)al)ly hiding behind the display. Cur-
soring down will bring it back into view.

Memory Scope is a simple but powerful tool for un-
derstanding your computer's operation.

1 REM MEMORY SCOPK LOUTS F. SANDKK

2 REM C-64 V1-:rSI0N

3 DATA 12^,169,145,141 ,02H,0ti3,l ti'J, 003

4 DATA 141 ,021 ,003,088,096,173, 130,002

5 DATA 141,158,003,162,000,189,04)0,000

6 DATA 157,000,004,202,208,247,162,000

7 DATA 173,134,002,157,000,216,202,208

8 DATA 250,076,049,234,4764

1 FOR J = 1 T04 4 : READK : CS=CS-t-K : NEXT : REAIJCK
20 RESTORE: 1 PCS<>CKTHENPRtNT"BAD! " :STOP
30 FORJ=900TO94 3:RKADKtPaKKJ,K:NEXT

40 V$ = "(SH1'T CLR) {6 CRSR DNs ) " : W$ = " (CRSR UN

)":XS = "RESTORi;"
50 PRINTVSTABI 18)"POKE923,N - SYS900"W$
60 PRINT"POKE923 ,N TO SEE MEMORY PAGE N
70 PR1NT"(CRSR DN } TO KILL 'I'HE DISPLAY, PRES

S
80 PRINTXS" WHILE PRESSING (CTRL 9)ST0P(CTB

1, 0}
90 PRINT

100 PRiNT"TO REACTIVATE, UO A SYS900
110 SYS900: PRINT: PRINT

2 REM PLUS/ 4 & C-16 CHANGES

4 DATA 141,021,003,088,096,173,052,005

7 DATA 173,059,005,157,000,008,202,208

8 DA'fA 250,076,014,206,4350

40 V$ = "{SHFT CLR){6 CRSR DNs } " : WS=Ci!R$ ( 1 4 1

+ CHR$(27} + "T"-fC[lR$( 19}:X$ = "RESET"
90 PR1NT"THEN TYPE X (RETURN >": PRINT

2 REM VIC- 20 CHANGES

40 POKE937, PEEK ( 244 )-1 :POKE942,191

50 PRINT"{SHFT CLR ) { 1 2 CRSR DNs ) *'

60 PRINT"PGKF923,N SHOWS PAGE N"

70 PR I NT" STOP/ RESTORE KILLS"

80 PRINT" (CRSR DNlSYa900 REACTIVATES"

90 SYS900:END

1 REM MEMORY SCOPE - LOUIS F. SANDER

2 REM C-128 VERSION

3 DATA 78,A9,1 9,8D,1 4 ,03 ,A9,0B

4 DATA 8D,15,03,58,60,A2,00,DD

5 DATA 00,00,9D,00,04,CA,D0,F7

6 DATA A2,00,AD,F1 ,00,9D,00,D8

7 DATA CA,D0,FA,4C,9B,F9,00,0&

10 FORJ = 1TO40:READK$:L=DEC(K$) : CS = CS-t-L ;NEXT

: RESTORE: IFCSo 42 65THENSTOP
20 FORJ=2828T02867:READKS:POKEJ,DEC{K$J:NEX

T
30 PRINT" {SHFT CLR) {6 CRSR DNs } "TAB ( 1 8 ) " POK

E2845,N - SYS2828"CHR$(141 )-i^CHRS(27)-i^"T"

+CHRS(19)
40 PRINT"POKE284 5,N TO SEE MEMORY PAGE N
50 PRINT" (CRSR DN)TO KILL THE DISPLAY, PRES

S
60 PR1NT"REST0RE WHILE PRESSING {CTRL 9 } STO

P{CTRL 0}
70 PRINT" {CRSR DN ] TO REACTIVATE, DO A SYS28

28
80 SYS2828:PRINT:PRINT

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

Screen Poke finder— When you're Poking characters
to the C-64 or CM 28 scii'en, determining i!ie Poke ad-
dresses is tiol [)art oT the fun. Tliat's why I created the
Poke finder [irograin. Type the appropriate listing in

:)ii<i tim ii, and if ynur Daia stait:ini.-ms are perfcci, you'll
sfi- iIk' insinictitjiis. Otiicrwisc. Unci your typing error
aiui torrctl it.

Note iiic instructions. Tlicii N'KVV the proj^ram. Then
yon'if fii'f to program or to cursor aroiurcl the screen,
leaving, if you're skillfnl, a trail olliittli and beauty. To
find tile nietnory locaiiotis for any screen position, just
tnove yoiM' cursor tlu'te and press tJie f'l key. Like magic,
tile tumibers will materialix.c on screen! And since Poke
I'inder doesn't interf'eie with tlasic, you can use its services
while writing other programs. Simultaneously pressing
the run/sto|j and restore keys kills I'oke Finder, while
enteiing the proper SYS resurrects it,

10 REM 64 SCREEN POKE FINDER - C.CONLEE

n PRINT"ISHFT CLRH2 CRSR Dt^s } WORKING..."

1 2 FORJ=1TO180:READK:CS=CS+K:WEXT

13 IPCS <> 256 44THENPRINT"DATA ERROR": STOP

1 4 RESTORE :FORJ= 491 52T0493 31 :READK: POKEJ,K:
NEXT

15 PRINT" {SiiFT CLR}{2 CRSR DNs}USE THE F1 K
EY TO FIND TtlE SCREEN AND"

16 PRINT"COLOR POKE LOCATIONS FOR THE CURRE
NT"

17 PRINT"CURSOR POSITION,"

18 PR INT" {CRSR DN} STOP/RESTORE KILLS THE FE
ATURE,"

19 PRINT"SYS49152 RESURRECTS IT. {CRSR DN}"

20 SYS49152

21 DATA 120,169,013,141,020,003,169,192

22 DATA 141,021,003,088,090,072,138,072

23 DATA 152,072,165,215,201,133,240,003

24 DATA 076,172,192,056,032,240,255,140

25 DATA 130,192,142,181,192,169,000,141

26 DATA 132,192,169,004,141,133,192,224

27 DATA 000,240,020,024,169,040,109,182

28 DATA 192,141,182,192,169,000,109,183

29 DATA 192,141,183,192,202,208,236,024

30 DATA 173,180,192,109,132,192,141,182

31 DATA 192,169,000,109,133,192,141,183

32 DATA 192,024,173,182,192,105,000,141

33 DATA 184,192,173,133,192,105,212,141

34 DATA 185,192,024,162,000,160,024,032

35 DATA 240,255,169,083,032,210,255,169

36 DATA 061,032,210,255,174,182,192,173

37 DATA 183,192,032,205,189,169,044,032

38 DATA 210,255,159,032,032,210,255,169

39 DATA 057,032,210,255,169,061,032,210

40 DATA 255,17^,184,192,173,135,192,032

41 DATA 205,189,024,174,181,192,172,180

42 DATA 192,032,240,255,104,168,104,170

43 DATA 104,076,049,234

50 REM 128 SCREEN POKE FINDER - L.SANDER
60 PRINT" fSHFT CLR}{2 CRSR DNS } WORKING..."

70 F0RJ=1T0134 :READKS : L=DEC( K$ I :CS=CS+L:NEX

T : RESTORE : IFCS <> 21 4 5 1 TSiENSTOP
80 PORJ=2816TO2999;READK$:P0KEJ,DEC{KS) :NEX

T
90 PRINT" fSHFT CLR((2 CRSR DNslUSE THE F1 K

EY TO FIND THE SCREEN AND"
100 PRINT"C0LOR POKE LOCATIONS FOR THE CURR

ENT"
110 PRINT"CURSOR POSITION."
120 PRINT" (CRSR DN) STOP/ RESTORE KILLS THE F

EATURE,"
130 PRINT"SYS281 6 RE-ENABLES IT. {CRSR DN}"
140 KEYl ,CHRS(133}:SYS2816
150 DATA 78,A9,0D,8D,14,03,A9,0B
160 DATA 8D, 15, 03, 58, 60, 48, 8A, 48
170 DATA 98,48,A5,F0,cg,85,F0,03
180 DATA 4C,AC,0B,38,20,F0,FF,8C
190 DATA B4,0B,8E,B5,0D,A9,00,8D

200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
29
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370

DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA

86, 0B,
00, F0,
0B,8D,
0B,8D,
AD,B4,
0B,A9,
0B,13,
B8,0B,
B9,0B,
F0,FF,
3D, 20,
B7,0B,
D2,FF,
43,20,
FF,AE,
F6,8D,
013,20,
68, 4C,

A9,04

14,18
B6,0B
B7,0B
0B,6D
00,60
AD,D6
AD,B7
18, A2
A9,53
D2,FF
20, F6
A9,20
D2,FF
B8,0B
ie,AE
F0,FF
9B,F9

,8D,
,A9,
,A9,
,CA,
,B6,
,B7,
,0B,
,0B,
M,
,20,
,AE,
,8D,
,20,
,A9,
,AD,
,B5,
,68,
,00,

B7,0B,E0
28,6D,D6
00,6D,B7
D0 , EC , 1 8
0B,8D,B6
0B,3D,B7
69, 00, 3D
69,D4,SD
A0,1O,20
D2,FF,A9
B6,0U,AD
A9,2C,20
D2,FF,A9
3D,20,D2
B9,0B,20
0B,AC,B4
A8,63,AA
00,00,00

Cliris Conlee
Moro, OR

Sort subroutine — You tan use (he accompanying sub-
roiuine lo soil ihe items in any onedimeu.sional array.
When called, it will sort siring array S().S( ) into ascending
inder. ISefore calling it, you itiust make entries into SOS{ ),
then set variable SI equal to the highest sub.script of the
entries you've made. SOS( ) can he <iimeusi(>ncd to any
si/e. but only items SOS(l) through SOSfSl) will be sorted.
S(fS(()) is not sorted, nor i.s it counted in SI.

:i!i!i;)9 Rt:M •• .vucuc sort si.hroiti i\k *o
•\mm .s'i = si

■tdMllI ,S'J = tM(S'!fl') : IF .SL> = () IHEN" 4(1001)

■toiiirj .s:i= I ; S4 = .si -s'j
-KiiM);) .s.-) = s:i

•1000-1 Sli = ,S.-, + S2 : IF S0${S5)<S0S(S()) I'lIKN lOOO?

4000.') ,S7S = .S0$(Sri) : SOS(S.i) = S0,'5{Sf)) : H(IS(,Sli) = S7S : S& = S5-

.S2 : tr.S.'K I TliKN 10007
•loooii (;c>T() ■looO't

•10007 s:t = s:5+ i : if s;i>.si ihkn -loooi
•toooH cano -1000:1

•lOOlW RETURN

For your protection, the subroutine uses varialites with
unusual names; avoid using iliem in the rest of vour
program, and you'll avoifl irUerferetice with the sort.

lo son into descending order, change the "less than"
symbol in line 40004 lo a "gieater than" symbol. To sort
an anay other than SOSf ), change all ihe' SOs in -10004
and ■!()()()."» lo the name of the new array, lb sort a nutnerie
array Sl»( ), tlelete all the dollar signs in lines 40004 and
40005.

You can use the following program to test your
subroutine.

10 FOR I = 0Il>ll:RKAD.S05(l):l'Rl\ll;S0S(l):\l-:Xl:l'RlNr

liO Sl=0:(;c)SUB400l)0]FORl = 0rO0:l'RINll;S0S(l):\hXr:E.NU

.to DAtA /.[■".RO.II.A.l.C.D.K.C.F.K

Titania Queen
Staten Island, NfY

Disk de-banger — When using co|)yprotecte(i pro-
grams, the copy-protection scheme can create a lot of
disk-head Innnping, as evidenced by the l.'il I's machine-
gun somitl effects. Ihe liangiug tends to knock drives out
of aligmneni or to kill them before their lime.

If \»)u run the following program before loading any
DOS-protected software, most of the banging will stop.
10 t>l'i-:N I. 1.8, 1".
20 l'Kl.Vl#l.VM-\V":CHRS(lOfi}C;HRS(0)<:nKS(i)t:i!HSll:W)

:io cLosr. i.^'i

RUN M'KCLAL ISSUE lySG / 1 5 1

[lie dc hiuij^LT will s!ay iji clTcct iiniil tlic diivc is pinv-
vrvd down.

Gilbert D. Helland
Scott AFB, IL

Disk ID changers—A disk's twoilKir^icuT in is iv-

t oidt'd i)iu f ill I hi" direclory ;iiid oritc on c;u li disk sL'ct<)r.
11" yim havf iiiadvoiemly given (wo disks (he smut' ID,
yoii cini use ilic lolldwing roiiiinc [o cliaiigc tlif diii't tory,
whicli will avoid most of tlie pioblfiiis o\ dupliiiiic IDs.
Use sf>a(:cs where they are shown in the Prinl# stateijsents,
and don't forget the semicolon at the end oi'line :")().

Id OI'KN iri.K,irj,"l(I" r OI'KX ^,8,'i,"#"
lill INiTf "NiCW [1)";1D$

:!() i'RiNr#irj."iii:i' o iH n"

■to l'RIN!#iri,"H-P:2 lf>2"

5(1 l'RINI#'J,inS;

(id l'RIM*(i:i,"H-I':L> 0"

7(1 l'RIM#IJ."L'y:L' 1« iV

m i'RiN'i#i:i.-'H)"
■HI (:i,c),sF.2 :(;i,()SKtr>

liv aflfttng these Hues, the progr;mi tan he channel! to
restore ilie disk's original ID. .Note (he new line 20.

2n t'RiNl#!,V-M-lt"(:liUS(l«}CHRS(n)r,HRS(2)

2'> (;i-:i#iri.AS.ns : ii)S = as + bs

Mark Niggemann
Ames, lA

Write-protect detector— This routitie detect;; if'yonr
disk has its write protect notch covered, h reads hit 4 (>!
a port at SKIOO on the disk controller; if the hit is set.
the wt itepiotect notcli is open.

id (>n-;.\ {.■p.H,i.-j

'/(> I'RIMlKI.-p. "M-R"t:HRS((»(:ilKS(2H)
•M> (;t.l#tr..AS : A = ,VSi;(.-\S + (:HKS(d)l AM) Hi
-K) II' A = (! UIKN I'RINT "WRI IK HROrKClKlV
.'ill CUJSF. 15

Mark Niggemann
AmeSt lA

Sequential file reader— I he lol lowing progratn lets

yon examine the contents oT sequendal files on disk,
making ii very oscfnl in dehngging. Before enletiog the
name of the file yon want to inspect, he sure that that
file is on tiie disk in your drive, 'fhen enter its n;uire and
watch the screen as the program steps thrmigh your file.
U.se the space bar to advance through the flic. I'tess
anv inher key to tei iiiinate ihe ptdgranr When von reach
the end of the Ille, the ])rograni terminates aiKomatically.
100 REM SEQ FILE READER-LOUIS F. SANDKR
110 OPEN15,8,15
120 PRINT: INPUT" {SHFT CLRJFILENAME TO READ"

" F$
1 30 OPEN2,B,2,FS + ",S,R" :PRINT:GOSUB280
140 PRINT" (CRSR DNIHIT SPACE TO SEE NE.XT BY

TE,"
150 PRINT" MIT ANY OTHER KEY TO QUIT."
160 PRINT" {CRSR DN H CTRL g)BYTE/M2 CRSR RTs

}CHR$(CRSR RTIASCII"
170 J=J+1

180 GET^2,A$:A$=LEFTS(A$+CHR$(0),1 )
190 A=ASC(A$}:B$=A$

200 lFA$cCHR$( 32) THEN B$^"( CRSR LFJN/A"
210 IFA$>CIIR$( 127)THENIFA$<CHR$( 160)THENB$=

"(CRSR LF}N/A"

152 / RUN sm:iAi. issi:t: iwi

220 PRINTTAB{3)|J;TAB(7) ;A;TAB{ M ) ;B$

230 IFST> 19T11EN260

240 GETCS:IFCS=""THEN240

250 IFC3=CHRS( 32)THEN170

260 CLQSE2:CLOSE15:END

270 REM ** DISK ERROR CHECK

280 INPUT#15,EN,EMS,ET,ES
IFEN=0THENRETURN
PRINTEN ; EMS ; ET ; ES :GOTO260

290
3

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

32. Word Processing

Magic word processor— Ik-re's a riiditnetuai y hut
elegant woici processor lor any (lomnmdore machine. It
loads in a Hash and lets yon type and edit single lines,
which then list to the printer whenever you press tlie
rctnrn key. This uliraconveniem jirograin works well with
ni\ I3i*(i printer, even rejjioducing (he Cionnnodore key
graptiics symhols.

To use this mini word processor, y«»u (list custoniize it
lor your own machine !>y adding the proper line 20 (see
lines ] 00-120). When you nni the progiam and select
your margin scttini^s, you'll see an SO-column print line,
with margin areas highlighted hy crosshatching. "1 ype
whatever you want, ttsing the delete key (o make correc-
tions. Y()U can iy])e [lasl ihe right margin a( any time,
and you can use flu' delete key as a leltiiiargin release.

Nolice thai all keys rejjeal, and ihal cursor controls and
other non-printing keys are disahled. lb print your line
of text, press the return key, then hegin typing the next
line, I'o skip a line, press the return key again. To exit
the jjiograni. press the stop key. If you exit by mistake,
type CONT < return >, and continue where you left off

Here are some line points on working with the pro-
gram: Line 15 sets the colors, which you can easily change
to suit your taste. PS is tlie ])rompt coloi'. while CS is the
character color. Screen and hortier colors arc set in the
usual way.

If you don't have a Oommodore ]>riiiter, you may have
to customize litte '.If). Set it up so your printer prints TS
in upper- ami lowercase. It yon have a C-128, I'lusM or
CMf), your lunction keys can he used to iy])e words or
[>hrases. Use the Key command lo set them up.

[•'inally, a few cautions. Avoid asking for margins outside
the 0-80 range, or f<n- left margins higher than right ones,
hecaused(Mngso will confuse the program. Also he careful
if you save the prograiii from otie computer model and
load it into anolher. since the process may change some
keywords, esjiccialty the Ciohir in line 420.

10 PRINT" {SHFT CLRIMAGIC WP - LOUIS F. SAND

ER"
15 POKE36879,104:POKE53280,14:POKE53281 ,6:C

$="CCTRL 2)":P$="{CTRL 5 1 " : SS=" ( CRSR UP}

":PRINTCIiRS( 1 4)
20 REM*** {2 SPACEs)SEE LINES 100- {2 SPACEs)

** *

25 IPPEEK(0) = 76TIIENS$=CIiR$(141 ) + "{4 CRSR UP

s)

30 INPUT" LEFT MARGIN (3 SPACEs)5{3 CRSR LFs

}";LM
35 INPUT"RIGHT MARGIN {3 SPACES }75{ 4 CRSR LF

s}";RM
40 TS="":PRINTPS:IFRM>80THEN30
4 5 F0RJ=1T0LM:T$=T$+" ": PRINT" (COMD LB.)";:

NEXT

Listing cmtlinued.

50 F0RJ=JT0RM-1 : PRINT" (COHD @) " ; :NEXT:FORJ=

JT08^: PRINT" {COMD LB. } " ; :NEXT : PRINTCS" (C

RSR UP}";S$;TAB(LM)
55 POKEQF,0:PRINTC$;"{COMD @}(CRSR LF}";
60 GETA$:IFA$=""THEN60
65 IFA$=CHRS(13)THENPRINTP$;"{C0MD @ } " ; : GOT

095
70 IFAS=CHR$(20}ANDLEN(T$)THEN90
75 IFA$<CHR$(32)TiiEN55

80 IFA$>CHR$( 1 27 )ANDA$<CEIR$( 1 60)THEN55
65 T$=T$+A$:PRINTAS; :GOT055
90 T$=LEFT$(T$,LEN(TS)-1 ) :PRINTP$;"{COMD @(

{2 CRSR LFs}";:GOT055
95 OPEN4,4,7:PRINTi¥4 ,T$ :CL0SE4 :GOTO40
100 :

110 REM LINE 20 FOR VARIOUS MACHIKES:
120 QF=212:POKE650,128:REM C-64 S VIC
220 QF=244(12 SPACES} :REM C-128 40 COL
320 QF=244:S$=""[6 SPACEs):REM C-128 80 COL
420 QF=203:COLOR0,7,0 :REM PLUS4 & C-16

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

Automatic settips^Oftcti there are setup steps you
ncL'd [<) take hcloif loading your word processor. ry))ita!
are locking the interface Lind cxecming a nohead-knock
rontine. Ifyonr wind processor is one of the large numher
that use a short Basic loader progracu to boot in the main
machine language code, take heart. You can usually
change the hooi progiaui to include lliese initial setii])
activities.

ir your word ]3rocess<n- doesn'l use a boot, just make
one up yoLuseir, Have it do yoin setups before it loatls
and runs the main program.

Karl D. Laun
Wichita, KS

word processor for a while, you'll find yourself repeatedly
using the same grou[) of features, usually with idemical
setti[igs. Make u[) a tile that inclufles (miy these com-
mands, then save it with a dcstripiive tllename such as
Setup, Then, when beginning a new document, just load
Setup and append your new material.

Andrew Rogosin
Queens Village, NY

Text centering tip— When using a word processor, it's
sometimes desirable to center a !>loek of text as a tmit,
rather than line i>y line. l'"or instance, if yon wanted to
center:

Fioiu: J. Ivee

Riverside, CA
To: Alexander Papaiheophllus

Greece

you'd want to do i< as shown, with "I'rain" directly above
"To" and ihe first letters of the names and addresses
lined up.

littt with most wend ])roccssors, each line would be
individually centered, and the residts would be chaotic.
A solution is at hand if your woid processor. recognizes
what is called a hard space. (In PaperCiip and others, you
get a hard space by typing a shifted space.)

If you turn on centering, but usv hard spaces for the lead-
ing and irailings])aces, liie whole block will be centered as a
miii. In ihe .ibove example, when typing the last line, you'd
use bard spaces from under the T in To lo the G in Greece
and from ihe last letter in Greece tintll you were under the
last letter of Al's last name.

Jerry W. Lee
Riverside, CA

Printer setup tip — .Most word processors have settip
routines to configiue themselves lor the type of primer
being used. If you're using a Gardco or other parallel
primer imerface, be very careful in answering the setup
c|uestions. If your interface plugs into the computei's
serial interface, tell the word pnnx'ssor that yon have a
xnial ])r inter.

Kven though the primer itself is a parallel primer, the
computer h communicating with ilie interface, whicli is
a serial device.

Bruce Sides
Florence, AL

DIP switcll tip- Most DIP switches select the printer
features thai will be enabb-d at ])ower-iip. If yom- word
processor recjiiires dilferent features than you usually
have enabled, there's no need to change the switches
when you run it. Almost invariably, software commands
are available to ( hange the settings away from their [)ower-
u|) values. Reading yom printer manual will generally
reveal them, and leading ycntr software manual will gen-
eially tell how to send them.

Bertram Schuhnan
Valley Stream, NY

Indenting outlines— When typing an outline oi other
document wiili several levels of indentation, keeping the
indentation straiglit is mentally and visually conliising.
Hence, a trick to help.

Instead of indentingas you (y])e. use muisual character
strings. When you're finished iy])ing, use your Search and
Replace option to replace these strings with the [jropcr
innnber of sjnices. for the unusual c baracters, 1 use sym-
tiofs tike ##, %%, @@, and so on.

G. Scott Wright
Albany, NY

Word processor glossary— Dedicated office word

processors olien ])r(ivide a glo.ssary bnution that allows
Ireiiuenily used words and plnasc's to be recalled by a two-
letter code. I'his function can be approximated on any
word processcnthat offers the Search and Replace feature,
.'\s the document is typed, use a two- ar three-letter acro-
nym. Then go back atid search and replace every acrcniyni
%vitli the desired phrases. For example, I used MRC in a
report wheie I tiecded lo use the phrase "Microctjmputer
Resource Cenier" miinerons times,

Jo Ann Strohn
Dublin, OH

Setup files— Mtist word processors have features by Wordpro parentheses— With many printers, you get
which you can pick out certain prim formats, display mcne readable' copy if y()u use sjjaces to separate paren-
modes, special keys, etc. After you've been using your theses fiom the matc'rial they enclose. But sometimes that

RUN SIWIM LSSUF. I!!tifi / 1 .'JS

leaves you will) a (i;ingliiig pareiilliesis (one tliat sits liy
i I. self at i1h- f)i-f>ir)tiiiig or cud ol'a [)iituc(i lint-), 'lb avoid
tile [jr()l)lcm, try using sliiited sjjaccs to separate your
parentheses. With VVordpro, and perhaps with other word
processors, (he conipiiLer treats the shifted space as ati
iiivisil)le lelier aod will not l)r('ak a hue on it.

You caij also use tliis irii k lo uiake the line break occur
where you waul it in the priiiKuit. Just he sure you doii'i
iy]>e too lonjT a line ol" words and sliifted spaces. li' the
coniliioation won't fit on a single line, you'll abort print-
ing and get an error signal.

Sarah Kniittt
Bethesda, MD

Address filOS — I keep a disk lilled wiili address files
in the formal ol" my word processor. Kacli time I type a
letter, I start by trying to load the llle for my addressee.
If it'.s there, it loads. If it isn't, 1 type the address, then
save it using the save-range leatnre.

lly keeping all the addresses on tine disk, I can use the
disk as an address book that's ctimpatible with my word
])rocess<n\ When I want to make printouts of selected
addresses, 1 apjiend them one Ijy one, then save and ])rin(
the resulting file.

Mike Randcll

Vernon, British Columbia

Canada

Easy Script tip — Since this program uses the left-arrow
kev for cursor control, it's not readily apparent what to
do if you want to put a left arrow character in your text,
(jontrol 7 will do the job.

Michael A. Packer

Washington, WV

Easy Script directories— lo get hard copies of .i
group of disk directories, load Easy Script, then go to
Disk mode l>y pressing f4. Put llie first disk in the drive
and type +.§<), which will piil its diieenn-y into liie lexi
section, for ihe next disk, move ilie cmsor to the bottom
of the first listing, ihen repeat the above steps, tanilinue
until all tlirectories liave been added to the text section,
then print them out just as yon would any document.

With this method, all of Easy .Scrijit's editing and for-
malting commands are available lor your use. .Also, for
the benelit of those who.se primers can't handle that
mode, llie disk headers are not jirinted in rever.se Held.

R.S, Miehaelis
Marietta, OH

Easy Script and interfaces— Many primer inter-
laces re(|uiie setup comniands to be sent to special sec-
ondar) addresses. I'.asy Scii[)t has .i feaiure that does this
with ease, [ust exec tite a Formal commaiul of the form

(i;!}s;i.N,l),ll,n, ,,<utiiMi>

{f'l} means lo press the 1'3 key, which prints on the
screen as a reverse field asterisk. The letters "sa" are the
c<jmmand, and X is the number of the secondary address
in (juesiion. f he Ds. of which there may be as many as
20, repri'sent the (IMRS values t)i' characters to be sent
lo ihe secondary address,
1 .M / RUN SPECIAL issri; [m

lb send the string "ABC" to seetmdai y address 23, for
example, you would execute

{f:t}sa.2:j.6.'i,W;,(;7 < iL-iurii>

Ronald J. Keating, Jr.
Laplace, LJ\

Easy Script and printer codes— 1 he 1 1 and nu-
meric keys can be used to send sjjecial codes to the printer.
For exam])le, ymi can make fl/I send a CHRS(l*i) by
executing the Formal command i;i/l = l-I. (Don't type the
slashes — they're only used as separators.) For details, see
the Special Characters seelitm of your manual.

1 keep a special-codes file on disk, which contains the
Formal commands lo sei up kevs 1-0 lo control mv print-
er's special tealures. Fach command iiK-lndes a connneiil
that del'ines the key's function in F.nglish. For easy re-
membering, llie keyboard is set up so that the keys en-
abling and disabling a feaiure are next to each other,

Glenn Fo.ster
Murray, KY

Easy Script and daisy wheels— Commodore's DPS-

! 101. like most daisywheel printers, responds to difCerem
control characters than the dottnairix printers. Because
of this, Easy Script's printer-control codes don't work as
published, aii<l the jjiinted character set differs slightly
from that on the keyboard.

.'\fter leading the ])rinter's instruction uiamial, I dis-
coveretl how to control its s]>ecial feamres from Fasy
Script. Most require escape sequences to turn them on
and ofi. ,Aii escape sequence consists of the esca])e cliar-
actcr, (;i-lRS(27), followed In- one or more other charac-
ters. To send Fscajje from F.asy Scrijii, press fl, iheii the
up-arrow key, (It will appear on screen as a reverse-neld
F.) Ihen just type the character or characters re(|uired
by the feaiure with which you're working. Somelimes iliey
musi be shifted— read vour manual carefully, then do
some creative eX])eriiiientation.

The DPS-1101 cannot print the left-arrow symbtjl; it
prims a backslash insceacl. Also, to prim lefi and right
cvirly iirackets, use the shifted ])lus and miiuis keys,
respectively,

Jacob M, Chacko
Staten Island, NY

Easy Script and SEQ files— F.;)sy Script saves its Files as
unconqilicaled SEQ Files, This feature makes it easy for you
lo read non-Easy Script setjiiemial Files of many types, jnsl
load Ihe desired lile as though it were an Easy Script tlocu-
ment, ,huI t bailees are good ycni'll be able to read it.

J.T. Todd
Suffolk, VA

Easy Script and listings— if you haven't read ihe
back ]jages of the Easy Script manual, you are missing
out on ihis otherwise undocumenied gem. Basic programs
can be saved in Easy Script-readable form with just these
commands:

LOAD ■■nk-iiiHiii-",H

OPEN 8.8,H,"n:ivrwnU-natnc-.S.VV" : t:MI)H : LIS L

I'RiM/l/H : CLOSL K

Ol course, yon must a.ssign a new name lo the llle when

il is saved in iliis w;iy. VVlifii you load this tlli- into Kasy
Script, (■vcryilnnf^ will lie in lowercase. 'IVi loiucrt it to
uppercase, u.si- llic {f 1}U couittiaiid, whicli Hips the case
of all text characters followjufr the cursor.

This [c-chnicjue introduces some spurious Ready
prom pis ituo [lie file, and ii doesn't handle reverse-field
eharaciers. such as those used loi cursor control. \'ou can
fix these Haws liy using Kasy Script to edit die (ile.

James A. Lisowi>ki
S. Milwaukee, WI

Easy Script music— On my husband's version of Easy
Script, pressing f I and CilRl, '.i causes the computer to
[)l;iy I'omp .itul (jrcutnstance through the monitor'.!;
speaker. My own version ol the [nograiii. an older one,
d()esn't have this feature at all. So, if you've heaid of the
Easy Script/foinp and Circumstance connection, hut can't
make it w(nk on your own machine, maybe you have an
older version of the program.

Karen Rhodes
Orange Park, FL

Junkyard computing— Kvery CIM car contains lengths
of plaslic wire tuhing, split lengthwise and used for har-
nessing cables. Tliis material is exccUeni for wra[)ping
the many loose wires coming out of your computer and
is readily available in any automobile junkyard. There
are two sizes of tuhing in most cars; the larger one is best
foi most applications. I bought ."id tents worth, and tlie
aiea Ix'hind tnv (omputer is cleanei and better looking
I ban I thought it ever would be.

Patrick Kiser
Silver Lake, IN

Neater wiring — A solution to your computer room's
rat's nesi of vviifs and cables can be found in yotir loral
garden shop. Double-sided sti i])s of Vekro intended for
use as plant ties i:an be cut to any lengtli to buiulle up
those runaway wires. The strips can be easily tiioved,
unvvoiind, loosened, tightened and reused, giving greater
flexibility than elertrical ties provide.

Donna A, Trefry
Scarborough, ME

Paperclip tip— In the Paperclip word jjrocessor.
embedded coitiniands are preceded by the check mark
symbol, wliicli is made by pressing the poinid-sign key
{£). If you want to edit these symbols for purjioses of
using the files with non-l'aper(Jlip activities, you have a
[noljlem: In the .Search and Replace mode, the [jound-
sigii key |)io<luces jjoiuifl signs, not check marks.

*lhc soiuiion is simple. Wlieii searching and replacing,
use the shifted @ key to get your clieck mark.

Thomas F. Trocco
New York, NY

Quicic Brown Fox colors- It's not dociiinented, but
you can tasih change the eolors on your screen. From
initial start u[), press the space bar to get the QliF menu.
Belbre making a selection, press the shifted lessihan,
greater-than or ([uestion-mark keys to get, respectively,
red, green ;ind blue characters.

F,A. Frost
Altamonte ,Springs, FL

33. Computer Room Hints

Cheap desk— Wlven my computer system outgrew my
desk, 1 moved everything (tein|iorarily) to our large din-
ingroom table. There, I could see exactly how mucli
(lesktop space was needed (in my case, about Sl>X-18
inc hes). 1 called linnber yaifls until I fottntt otU' iftat would
cut a piece ol y|iiicb [)lyw(njd to thai size: then I bought
the piece (or .Sl'i.

I varnish-siained the plywood, taped its edges with %■
inch decorative plastic tape aird set it on my fonnerly
too-small desk. Now I have a classy looking <lesk with
ample loom for every piece of equipment.

Joseph P, Green
Gays Mills, WI

Cord control — My computer cords and cables no longer
are a mess. 1 fold them inside discarded toilet tissue rolls.

John Wedding
Corning, NY

Cable dressing— Radio .Shack sells several varieties of
inexpensive cable lies and hold-downs, wliich can be used
to keep your coini)uier area from looking like a wiring
rat's nest. I use the self-sticking, ijiiick-relcase type, which
allows me to remove all ttiy cables when I need to trans[>ort
my compuler. They're mtich better than the permanent
wire stajjles I formerly used.

Darin Benart
Alta Loma, CA

Ponytail computing— Little girls, and some big ones,
use a simple device to hold their ])oiiytails. It's an elastic
band with a ])lastic maible at each end, and it's available
wherever barret les atid (jiher such items are sc»ld, 1 use
ihe.se devices to bundle my cables and cords, and I find
tlictn the ideal solution to the rat's nest problem.

Ken Schultz
Vermilion, OH

Get a watch— Buy a S2 stick-on clock-calendar at your
local discount store, and stick it to your computer or
monitor. That way, you'll i>e aivaie of how much time you
spend computing.

Mike H.
Paramount, CA

Disk holder — office supply stores sell an inex|jensive
item that is perleci for temporary w<nking storage of
computer disks and cartiidges. Designed for sorting eii-
velo|)es or holding telephone messages, it has a plastic
liase with eight vertical separators, dividing it inio seven
open-ended compartments. The one I use is a Mighty
Stnter, made by W. T. Rogers Coittfiany. and it fits very
nicely on top of in\ disk drive.

RUN muM issi'K \mn 55

Using this sorter, I can keep about ten disks and i;ii-
tridj^cs ()rfrani?:cd on top of my dt-sk, willi no innnt'diiUe
need to return tlicni lo their envelopes or storage Ijoxes.
It really conies in handy when I'm copying disks or other-
wise swapping them in and ont of the drive.

M argot Pol oka
Scwicklcy, PA

Cartridge labels — Use embossed ta[je to label your
cartridges lor easy visibility when plugged into a cartridge-
port extension unit. I tape the top edge with the cartridge
name, the block or address it occn[)ies, the bytes free or
bytes used and the SYS call, if ap|)licable.

Gary L. Rczeau
Address unknown

Marking your manuals—Have you ever searched
through a manual looking for a certain item, only to end
up looking I h rough every page in the Ijook? Well, here's
a Sittlc lip for you.

Cio lo an office supply store and buy some colored
paper clips. Put the blue clips on the [lages dealing with
sooud, reel for graphics, yellow for niemciry uuqjs, and
so on. You'll find this to be very helpful.

Brian Cross
Coral Springs, FL

Flip files — If you kee]) your reference data on ','ixa
cards, try keeping your cards in a replacement leaf — the
kind used in firp-type picture albmns. These pages cost
about 51.50 and can hold 20 cards, 'fbe cards lit into
transparent sleeves that are staggereti from tt)p to bottom,
riiis arrangemetn allows you to label the bottom of each
card for easy reference,

Doug Curtis
Waukesha, WI

Recordkeeping hint— 1 keep track of all my machine
language' ]>rograms iji a pocketsi/.ed looseleaf notebook
;nailal)le at most department stores. The pages are
3X"x()7,", which is large enough lo hold what 1 ncfii. yet
small enough to fit in a coiiier of my desk chawer. flie
program name goes on the top line of each sheet, followed
by h>ading information, SYS calls, and so forth. 1 ui>e both
sides of the lined slieels, so I never run out of room. I
use tnasking-tape talis to divide the book into meaiiing-
ful se( tious, and the looseleaf system keeps everything
.safety together, while enabling me to move pages when
iieces!>aiy.

Since Basic programs can be listed on the screen, with
niunerous RKMs to ex]jlain them, 1 seldom entei- one in
my book. But for all tliose unlistable machine language
programs, with all their versions, SYS calls and options.
I wouhhi't be wiibout mv little hook,

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

depend cm evapfualion aiul leave the minerals behind
in the tank, these new ones physically spray the water-
minerals and all— imo the air. Distilled or specially fil-
tered water is one solution to the problem.

Tom Grayczyk
Chicago, IL

Hex conversion aid— Radio Shack's #1)5-990 Program-
mer's Hexadecimal Calculator has been a wonderful ad-
dition to my computer room. It converts hex to decimal
and vice versa, more smoothly and with less effort than
any unit r\'e seen. It includes a clock and calendar, so
it's useful even when sitting on tlie desk. At $21 .9.'V, it's a
vvorJhwbile tool for any programmer.

Oberon King
Staten Island, NY

Batteries excluded— If you're tempted to buy re-
chargeable ni cads for all those battery-powered items
aroun<i the computer loom, you might want i(» think
again. While they're great for powering toys, and so on,
nicads don't hold a charge very long, which makes them
a liability in seldom-used items like fiashlights. Ami they
have a disturbing tendency to fail completely after a year
or .so, leaving you with an incomplete set of liatteries.
Did you ever try to bnv one .A.A'si/e nicad?

Louis F. Sander
Pittsburgh, PA

Short-wave computing — Hams and SWI.s can find a
Commodore User's Net on Saturdays at I.">On Kastern
Time on 7.228 Ml!/, lower sidel)and. All licensed hams
are invited to participate.

Warren Flynn, WB4ZOJ
Temple, GA

School days— Have you tried to teach youi jiarents
how to use the ccnnputer, only lo have them walk away
furious? Well, here are some of the do's and don'ls of
teaching them.

Don't tell thcnj they're dutub or slow or how fast you
learned to use llie cou>puter.

Don't expect them to remembei long commands, tjivc
them one command at a time.

Don'l hog the coturols, trying to show off. Ihey know
you can use the computer or they wotildn'i be llu-re.

Do show them applications they're inleresied it), like
word jirocessing.

Do keep I hem going If they seem interested in a specific
program or concept.

Do be patient with them. You weren't a computer whiz
in ten minutes, either.

L'se your knowledge wisely,

Nick Luggerio
Kingwood, TX

BeUfare of humidifiers — The new ultra.so[iic humid-
ifiers can be hazardous lo your computer's health. Some
of the mamifaciuT ers are including a small warning that
they may de[)osit harmfiil mineral films on disks and
c<mi]mter etpjipment. Unlike other humidifiers, which
1 56 / RUN si'i:ci\L ISSIE 1986

34. Magazines and Books

Magazine indexes— Some of the most useful iiif<n--
mation in ihe computer field is found iu the back issues

(if mii^aziiics, A woiKlcrful tool lor fiiuliii}^ il is tin- Mi
cKitdiiiputtn liuicx ('i'Hi4 El Ciiiniiio Real, S;mia Clara,
LA 9->05[; fOS 98M0<J7). ll's also available online
tliiongh the Dialog infonnaiion service (HOO 227-1 9'i7).
Many liliraiies siibst i ibf to iliis treasure trove of (oiii
piiteriaiia. anil some will sc-arch Dialog lor you.

t lie index tategoii/es artieles, [)vo^iani> and reviews
from do/t.'iis ol coiiipntet [inbliiations, an<i a ty])ical issue
eotuains over 700 etUrie.s.

Onte you've detenuuied where a piece was published.
ask for it ai die library or ordei the back issue from the
piil)lisher. li all else (ails, try to j^et a niiciofUm, from
whi( Il a hard copy can easily be made. University Micio-
iilms CiOO N, /eeb Road. Ann Arboi. Ml 4HI()(3; a0O521-
DtilK)) ])t<jvides this type ol service.

Frank Biondi
Pittsburgh, FA

Outside reading—//'.'/^'/': Spnhiim, the monthly publi-
cation of i!ii- Insiiiuii- of i'.lcctitial and Klectroni( s l-lti
ginccrs, is a seiiiitcclinical join nal of interest to all sorts
of electrical enguiceis. Its March l*)8."i issue coiuained a
superb tenpaj^e article on the design history of the Ciom-
niodtne b4. It inehitles. among other things, the real
cx|)lanalion (sf "sparkle" on the early (54s and tells why
the l.'»41 disk drive is so slow. If you know an IKf.K
member, ask to sec that coj>y,

Louis F. Sander
I'ittsburgh, PA

Page tabs— The writeproteci tabs that tome in each
box of disks make dandy markers foi- iinporiant pages in
your refefeiite books. Just fold them in hallOu the desii ed
pages, letting them stick out a bit, and inlormation will
l)c miRh easier to init!.

Jack Ryan
El Dorado, AR

Magazine work -1\ very comtMUer magaz-iiie has its
tnvn system ol listing programs, and there's little standard-
i/ation in the .symbols they use for cursor and othets])etial
chaiacier.s. \'ou can m.ike yoni lile easier by copving the
"how to type in listings" sections from each of your
favorite magai^iues, then pasting them alt onto an H'A- x
1 1 intli card, If you keep the card close by, you can use
il as a handv' leleieiKc when typing in ))t(ig)ams.

Deb Sullivan
PitL-ineld, MA

Computerese— fn some computer publications, the
space charactei is signified by ^iy—,\ lowercase b with a
slash tbiough it. It's easier to see and couiU than an empty
s|)a('e, atxl the b is a intit'iiioni( lor blank.

Riila Lenska
New York, NY

Magazine hacking— Whenever my iiuiga/.ines arrive,
1 go through each with a colored marker in hand, usually
a li.uislnceni yellow one. 1 circle small items of spei ial

interest Hi me, such as interesting Magic tricks. 1 scan
each article briefly, and if it ap])eais to be of interest, I
circle its listing in the lahle <.)f (Contents. For advertising.
I circle items I'm interested in. ibeti put a line through
theii listings on tlie advertiser's ])age in the l)ack. I also
circle the mnnber on the page of the ad itself so it stands
out wficn f flip tlirough. l.ater, 1 make up a card file on
ai tides, and so on. When my disk dt ive operates pi-o[K'rly,
1 will sfl up disk tiles III replace ihe cards.

D.G. Munoz
Dania, FL

Saving valuable articles -Like most jx'ople, f have

a Luge tolleciKiii ol [ilioto(.o[)ied maga/ine articles (ui
various computer subjects. One day 1 arranged them iu
llie order 1 desired and had tlicin hound at a local ])rinl
shop. It cost me S2 to have ihein ])laced in a jalastic ring
binder like tluu on the Progiammer's Refeience tluide,

Craig Gihleon
VVaterfoo. lA

Book work— After working with my system for several
monihs. f foumi myself returning again and again to the
same tew pages and tables in my compii let's reference
guide, lo make' things easier, 1 copied my iiiost fietiuently
used ])agcs and glued them to different colored sheets of
conMinciiou pa[>er. Now 1 haxe fi series of easytofriid
coloi coded releience tartis with all the s[>iiie inlurma
titm. AS(.;n codes and other functional charts as needeti.
What a time saver it has been ftn- me!

Mrs. Ruth A. Hicks
Oak Run, CA

Take notes -Whenever 1 see an article that meniions
a new I'oke or Peek, f write it in my memoiy map Ijook
for future reference.

Also, whenever I use a meuiorv locaticui listed ill the
meiiKuy map, i highlight thai loiaiiori in llie book, ll's
suipiising how often I need that location ag.iin. and the
higblighiing makes it easy to Hiid,

Don Griffln
Los Angeles, CA

C-64 User's Manual error— in Appendix F {ASCU
and CURS codes), codes \4\}-\'t't are wrong. I'hey should
l)e: brown (149). It. ted {I'M), grey 1 (It)]), grey '2 (l;Vi),
it. green (133). It. bhie (1,5-1) and grey 3 (1.").")).

Ernesto Andrade
San Diego, CA

C-64 User's Manual error #2 II vou coukhri gei

-Micli.iel lo lou die bo.il ashore when you tried lo run
the sound [nogram oil p. HH. it niight be due to a ty[)o
that appearetl iu some versions. Line f.i() should read as
follows:

till JHJKt. HK.!I ; I'OKl-: L.F.L : I'OkE W.lia

Wally Morris
Science Hill, KV

RUN m.ciM. is.st;K iM 1 157

Magic Index

Computer-Specific
Tricks

i. Computers — C-64

DOS wcdp' cnminaiul summary , , , .30

l)t)S wi'ilgc improver 3fi

DOS wedge louder 38

DOS wt.'i!j»e rf;Ktiv;itinn 38

DOS wedge direttory freezer 38

DOS wedge volume irleiitificr 38

DOS wedge commands in programs 38

Drive not ready 38

Reset billions 38

Siller reset switeh 40

Resets (in newer CG'l's .10

CM)'! warm/cold starts 40

Reset tip 40

Pokeptmrri 40

K;isv RUN .....42

No.'rUN Ox 42

{ ;.f)4 tmernslicf 42

ClalciiUited (".oto coumiLind 42

I'nigram executable List 42

Sini])le,st tniee 42

Krror messages .42

(Closing files 42

RO.Mwriter 42

False auiosiari 44

i'rograni password 44

C-64 cursor tricks 44

Screen gem 44

S))lit screen 44

COL to tlie colors 44

Sireen reverser 92

Supersound 92

Beeiier 92

Line bell 92

[iasic LN.NLW tor tlie (:fi4 92

I-.mergency LNNKW 94

I'ileuaiue finder 94

Autostart programs lor die C.(i'! ... .94

V.M List lice/er 94

(:<iiTi[)alil)le color RAM 94

2. Computers— C-128

C-64 to Cd28 conversions 9,")

(M28 monochrome monitor 9.")

40/80 display swiicliing 9,")

C-128 display width I'eek 95

Easy program load 95

Safe and easy scratches 9.")

Non-dcsiructive reset 9r»

I'-kcys for data 9.')

Hexadei inial key])ad 97

S])iitc shower 97

Spritesiorni 97

Sprites and function keys 97

Sprite insurance 97

SPRDEF in l'rogr;rm miidc 97

Exiting Quote mode 97

More to print 97

PRIN I @ in disguise . 97

Di.udle and llie 128 97

C-128 sound box 97

Multi-voice bug avoidanec 98

Using C.64 utilities 98

Renumber bug 98

3. Computers— Plus/4 and C-16

Plus/4 and C-16 organ .98

lMus/4 and C-Ki Super Palette 98

Phis/4 word processm tip . 98

PlusH tab clear 98

PlusM and CMfi e;isy saves . . .il8

Plus/4 slow lister 100

lMiis/4 and C-U) tips 100

C16 tips ■ .10(1

Plus/4 and C-l(> graphics Kid

Plus/4 and C-16 screen tides 100

Plus/4 screen Pokes . . . 100

Pltis/4 calculated (.Joto 100

4. Computers— SX-64

SX-64 screen magnifier ■ ■ ■ 100

SX-t)4 video modulator 100

SX-G4 TV display 100

SX-64 printer interface

SX-61 ]ninU'r interface #2 . . . ,

SX-t)-! disk li|)

SX-64 dual drives

VIC Sujjer Expander disable 102

VIC Super Kxpander disable #2 ... 104

Hardware Tricks

6. Connectors and Cabling

Connector overview 104

niX defined 101

DIN connet tors 1 01

Power su()])ly connector 104

Serial bus extenders 104

User port connector 105

Connector protector 105

Edge ctninector proleclor 105

Disaster prevention . 105

.Making connectiims UI5

7. Datassette Recording

Tape care lip 10;)

I'imesaving saves 10:>

Loading from tape . , H).'i

Selective load and run <ni tajie .... 105

Datassette audio 106

Finding files on ta])e 106

t:assette directory 106

Finding load addresses 106

Direct [a[>e reading 106

Tape counler trickery 106

tionitolling ta))e errors. 106

Had cassette fix 106

lape jam inie . 106

Loading problem cassettes 106

lietter [jnwer takeofl 106

8. Disk Directories

Selective directories 107

Multi-selective directory 107

Harmless disk directoiy 107

Directorv trouble 107

102
1 02
1 02

102

5. Computers— VIC-20

107
,107
.107
, 108
. 108
,108
.108
Disk names #5 108

Directory printer

Printed ilisk directories

Directoi ies on non-tlH.M printers

Disk names

Disk names ^

Disk names #3

Disk names #4

VIC survival kit 102

New life for ihe VIC 502

Vie: extra meniory 102

I,f)8/RUNsi'i;(:L\l.lSSi:Kl!iflti

Rfti;iiiiiii(4 <tisks lOK

N';uiiin)i |iin^;iit» lOH

Stnttfd spaces in flleiumu's lOS

K;isy Uim\ illeiiimu^s 108

Eutrj'[)tL'il filen.inu's 109

Pnit^ram load link I OK

tiotntnn Tiles on disk 10!)

9. Disk Handling and Storage

Disk handling tifi .109

Miit;nc[i< ticlds , 109

Dry disk •.iorugf 109

Bill lun tun dry 109

l)i.tk liinier 109

Disk iirtliive.s H19

Disk 1;iIk-Is 109

Disk lahcls #'1 109

Disk hiliels #;i IHI

Di.sk lab(.-ls#4 110

Disk 1.iIk-U#5 IHI

Disk l.ihcis tfit 1!0

lncx[)t'nsivi' disk tiiaik'ts. . 110

Disk iiKiik'v no

10. Disk Operations

Disk Iliad .iiid i ui) 110

l.daditiH ■'*■' .110

KsttrnatitiK projiiani lines 110

Disk Mifjying lip ,.,..,., 110

Disk save unnniand ijuirks ........ 1 10

Appciidiiig lo Filfs 110

(luinniodore 1571 caveat Ill

20'IO/.H)40 disk drives Ill

Disk I'lrin lif'hi Ill

Disk liaiiji up lix Ill

Disk diKioi ill

11. Hardware — General
Hints & Tips

Etjiiipnicril tnrnoii seijiicncc

Tnivd lips

!{urni[ig in

Cnni.Hi ( Ieaninj5

Kevljoaid iTiaiiiti'jiann-

12. Joystick Port Peripherals

Nonlidiiiinodiirc jnysticks

Jdysiitk identifit'rs

KiK siix

Cable repairs

Kin- Iniiimi fix

l/'li li.tnded juystiLk

VVIiii h ])cirtr

Reading the jnystick

I*a<ldle itnprovfnicms ....
HctlL-T |)add!f i'ccking. . . .

Kmdal'acl tip

Knalal'ad piogrannning .

Koalal'ad hutiniis

l.a^y lij^iii pens

Liglil pen ( liet kuiit ,

13. Keyboards and
Keyooarding

Read I lie key labels

Spetial keys

'loiiih assistatue

Keyboard overlays

lliitei overlays

ltasl( abbic'viatioiis

Diri'i I mode toloiis

I'vpt- ii .invwlu're

Kdiliiiy; in i iilur

Quote mode .

Disaster leliel

Reclaiming (.'rased pro(rr.i]iis

C^onibiiiiiig uvo lines

I'.sfape liteiatute

Generating CIRI, characters

Cn'Rl, (liaratiei tips

Program indentation

Vanishing variables

Easv RV\

Kasier Rt."N

Kasiest RUN

RUNDV,.

Reset tiniosiiy

14. Modems and
Telecommunications

reletoiiniiiuH( aiions library

Reliability aid

Plioncless modem

F.asv modem upgrade ... -

Mnlli line modem

Don't aiitii'dial

Modem iuii'rioiii

Modem iutcrioiii revisited

Dummy modem

(.'all wailing

,\Ioie on (all waiting

Cheap terminal program .
Bettet iranslalion tables . .

i;t
i;i
l:}
i:i
i;)

in
i:i
I'l
M
II
II
\'i
1-1

14

I )

14
14

If

17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17

I'i

15. Power Supplies

1 lot power stipplies I IH

S])ike [)rotetti<ni simplified 1 KS

On overbeatiiig 1 IH

Heal sinks 1 IH

Fuses 1 IH

Power su]>ply re[)airs 1 IH

Power supply re[)airs #2 118

Dead Datassette 119

16. Printer Paper
And Ribbons

L'siirg plain papei I HI

'1 benrial f)apei ..119

Single sheel firinting tifis 119

Priming on envelopes I 19

Makiii],; envelopes 119

Printing stencils I 19

Making spiiil niasteis 119

Two up labels I 'JO

Pinleetl jji estidigitation I'iO

Paper saver I'Jd

Tractor4eed lodder 120

\'isib[e peitoiations V20

Paper alai in ]2t)

Ribbon leplaietiients 1*20

Ribbon re inking 121)

Ribbim reiiivenation 120

17. Printers and Printing

Printer stantl.s 120

.S)>acc .saver 120

l.'>20 plotter sut)[)lieH 121

Ploitei as prinlei 121

1,")20 disk directories 121

Servicing tlie iri20 plotter 121

1525/.\IPS 801 paper alignment .... 121

l.'i2.")/MPS 801 |)a[)er jam fix 121

l.')2-)/MPS 801 carriage lelurn 121

l.Viri/MPSHDl luiderliiiiiig 121

hVi'i/MPS 81)1 and laiiels 121

If)2lj/.\IPS-8I)2 seciets 122

l:V2tj;.\IP.S802 underlining 122

l')2ti;MPb;-S()2 print sizes 122

ir>2()/MPS-H02 listings 122

Paperclip and the DPSllOl 122

Okimate pioj^viinis 122

Paper (or tbe Okiinate 10 122

Papci foi the Okimate 10 #2 iT.\

Easy Script Okt magic I2H

Olivetti PR2:ll)l) ink [T.i

Olivetti PR2:i01) ink #2 12:i

I' rimer s])ecial (uatiues I2;i

Printer cable hang np I2;i

Printer lockup fix ,12;-!

18. Video and Audio Devices

Eyesaver , 12H

Cilaring neidbood 123

Soap o]ieia (onipniilig 12.'i

ri[> tor te,n heis 123

Cominodoic and ibc V(iR , . , )2H

Screen layout aids , , 124

Video audio 124

Monitor cables . 124

TV set switches 124

Video mcniiioi lips 124

Wavy video I2i

Coinpntein A' inteileieni e 124

Ciinnid )oiii switi hbo\ 124

I'oroid love stotv 124

Foiling intcrtcience IL' I

For high (|iialitv nionitois only 124

Kasier papei loading . . .
Kasier j^ajier lojuling #2

1 19

RUN M'KI I.Al. ISSLh liHti / I 59

Software Tricks

19. Entering Programs

Saving keystiokcs I'Jf)

Audiovisual typing 12;")

i y})iag in prnpiams It'")

Blow it up 123

Musicalstitchei-y typing tip Vi'x

Magazine inagiiiluT 125

Placekeeping tip .125

IMacekccping tip #2 . . 12r)

Placekeeping tij) #;t 125

i'laceket'piiig tip #4 125

I'laLckwpiiig lip #5 125

Typing Dat^ stalcnii-nts 125

Easydata 125

Computer-assisted proofreading . . . 121)
I'roofiuadiug lip 12()

20. Languages — Basic

Keyword tokens 12fi

CLR clarified 12(i

Data statement bug 12()

DPT FN wii'.ardiy 12()

Defining variables 127

I'Vn". . .Next staienR'uts 127

Ik'tier For. . .Next delay loops 127

GET this straiglit! 127

Simple cursor for GET 127

GEr# improved 127

Calculated GOTO 127

ir... Then... Else 12K

No-questioa-niark Input . , 128

ln])ii( with (iefaidt 12H

Easy Input filter. 12H

Improving on INT 12H

Loading overlays 12H

Load in Progrant mode 128

Loading machiiu' language 128

MIDS doctmienianon error 12!)

t)[)cn command glitch 129

Printing qtiotcs 120

Printing quotes #2 , 1 29

Printing the bottom line 129

Shifted REMs 129

Uses for REMs 129

C.()4 selective Restore 129

Random numbers , 129

Slop andCONT. . , 12*1

Lab magic Ltd

Verifying machine language ....... LiO

WAIT for keypresses 130

WAIT for special keys VM\

21. Languages — Machine
Language

Machine language dellnhions ..... ^'M)

Machine language lesson \'M)

Machine lanpiage niemoiy locations LM)
Miichine language in tajie bufler. . . Uil

Magic Ml. poker lai

Machine language saves . LU

Lo;iding the registers 131

Wailing for shift 132

22. Languages — Other

G(nnal sprites . . I:i2

Logo lips Li2

Logo program Li2

Logo tool 132

Logo autostart 132

23. Programming Tips —
Debugging

Tips for beginners LW

Error finder 1 33

Test it 1 33

Follow the cursor 133

Use Stop 133

Crowder [)robe 1 33

Data debugging 133

(Mu'ck ilie cliccksutn 133

Debugging lip 1 33

Examitiing arrays 131

Debugging hint 131

Line tack 13 !

Line feed fix L3 1

'Ibugii to see 131

24. Programming Tips —
General

Automatic line niiinhcring 13!

Program subsets 13-!

Pr<igiamming trick 131

Easy (;( ) ti'siing 1 35

Programming ti}) 135

Dynamic keyboard explaineil 135

Programmable Run key 135

Usitig illegal ditcct keyworils 135

Why disable run/stop? 135

Timekeeper 1 35

Time format 131)

Program delays 13(1

Named subroutines 13(1

Deek 13fi

Lost variables I-IC)

E'rniected variables VM'i

kedimensioning ,urays 13))

Detecting ])ei ipherals I3l)

Terniiiiaiing games 13(1

25. Programming Tips —
Mathematical

Normal distribution 137

Sfteedy execution 137

Toggling 137

To fioat or not to fioal 137

Random numbers, all different .... 137

Decimal flags 137

liinary flags 137

26. Programming Tips —
Screen Display

Improved reverse characters 138

Quote mode tip 138

'If icky screen formatting 138

Centered printing . 138

Veriical tabbing 138

PR1N"1# to the screen 138

Screen layout aid 138

Graphics memory map 138

Sprite troubles 139

Magic flasher 139

I'atle in, fade oin 139

Answer screen 1 39

Gusiomi/ed Ready protn])! 139

tiustomi/ed ami o))timi/ed 1!()

27, Programming Tips —
Sound

. 140
.140
,140
.140
.140

'■'■"ggy

Drtim scmnds . . . .

Easier A DSR

lirstrument Pokes.
Sjieech synthesis .

28. Programs — Amusements
& Delights

Special eflet 1 140

Special effect improved 140

Magic color chatigc 140

Character codes I'll

Klawretaw 141

S( intillating screenwork 141

Simnnenime sounds 14 1

Rick-rack 141

Flagtant chauvinism 141

Designs! 1 H

PET Emulator 142

ESI' program 142

Fortune cookie 142

.Sui generis 143

My valentine 143

,\pril lutul's progiam 143

Halloween disk devilment . 143

Magic sprite demonsuaior 143

iliai which files 144

riiai which Hies not 144

Season's sprilings 144

12-day calculator 144

Word' tricks 144

Woid tricks #2 145

Word tricks #3 • • 145

lOO/RUNsPHClAflSSUnaM

\V(jid iticks #4 ,.,.,.. 145

Bad spfllinji 145

Word trick giinie 145

29. Programs — ^Commercial
Software

Making tables I4fi

Address hooks t!()

Database Dduxe improved 14t)

Doodle flics iVom Print Siiop 146

Print Shop illfs iVoni Doodle 146

Koala files iVoni Print Shop 146

Disal)lin)r l-.pyx I'ast Load 14fi

Fast I.iiad rcciiahle 14fi

Ghoslbu.sters Iju.slev . ,,,,,., (.„ . 14(5

Ghostfreei^ers 146

Jumpniaii jimiiiy 146

Jumpiiian jiiiiinv revisited 1-lfj

Making Simon simpler 117

Disk backup improvement 147

Star Trek tij) 1 17

Star Wars trickery , 147

Wotfeiizaiiberci . 147

30. Programs — Useful
Applications

Loan paymenis .147

Day of week roiniise 11 7

Days between dales 147

Jumbles 148

Piishnp timer 148

Therrnoinetcr 148

Printing ])i;i(li(e 148

31. Programs — Utilities

Atitoniatit I'Wl-AV |.!9

Load adtliess Under 149

End address nndcr 1 49

Automalir a])]iender 149

'I'laee utiiily 149

Mcntoiy Stojie IftO

Screen Poke (htder . ITiO

Sort subroutine 151

Disk debangcr 151

Disk ID changers 1 52

Write-protecl delector 152

Sequeniial I'lie reader !r)2

32. Word Processing

Magic word processor 1 52

Automatic setups 153

Printer st'Hi|) tip L53

DIP switch lip 153

Setup files 153

Text centering lip 15;i

Indentinfi uiillines 153

Word processor glossaiy 153

Wordpro parenllieses 153

Address files 151

Kasy Script tip ir)4

F.asy Script directories 151

Easy Script and interfaces 15 !

Easy S(ript and piinler codes ..... 1,51

Easy Script and daisyivlieels li>4

Easy Script and SLQ files . 154

Easy Scri])i and listings 154

Easy S( I ipi musit 155

PajjcrtUip tip 1 55

Quick Brown I'ox colors 155

Miscellaneous
Tricks

33. Computer Room Hints

t:liea]) desk L^fi

[unkyartl computing 155

Neater wiring 155

Ctwti conirol ] 55

Cable dressing 1 55

Ponytail comptitin;; 155

Get a watch ]5r>

Disk holder 155

tlati ridge labels I5fi

.Marking your manuals 15(5

Flip tiles . 156

Recordkeeping him 1 50

Beware of humidifiers 156

Hex conversion aid I5(i

Batteries exchided 156

Short-wave coni]niliiig I5()

School days 156

34. Magazines and Books

Magazine indexes 1 56

Otnsitie reading 1 57

Magazine storage 157

I'age tabs |57

find those anicles 157

.Magazine work ] 57

Coniputerese 1 57

Magazine hacking 157

Saving valuable articles )57

Book work 157

'fake lunes 1 57

C'64 User's Manual error 157

C()4 User's Manual ein>r#2 157

CIrcfe 443 on Reader Eofvico card.

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Than wish a snow in May's
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But like of each thing
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RUN SM;i.\i. issi'i; I'.iBii / Itji

Commod

A user's group can be a rich source

of information about your computer. This comprehensive

list of Commodore clubs and user's groups

will help you find the one nearest you.

Alabama

VALLEY COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

'.115 WAV [ ItKl I UK WOO OS SW
DKCAITH. ,\1.3(io:f

n.WII) XILSON

HUNTS VILLE AL
COMMODORE COMPUTER
SOCIETY

)'() BOX 1 (Mr>i.

IILNISVIMK. .\l :tWI^

COMMODORE CLUB OF
MOBILE

;tH(iJ<-ll Rt.'KMAISON
MOiill.K.AL 30608

■iip-i-:ii:i-ii7K

ITGER BYTE .UABAMA
CBM 64

MID WAV l'L\/„\
Oi'KLlKA, AI. MH(H

SHOALS COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

■JIIM lAktMfOKl IIRIVK

N t LSri .1- s 1 1 1 ),\ I .s . A 1- ;VMi(i I

COMMODORE CLUB
SOUTH

I'D luix :ai
I'l.sxi.s. Ai.irit'jfi

HII.I I KC.I MAV

RIVKRCHASE
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

tilTf.KOVKST.
niKMINCHAM. AI,:!r.L>0!>

HUN'TSVILLE PKI' USER'S
CIX'B

•KJIPL' lil-.R( l.\IK KUAU
MUNrSVll.l.K.AI. :)')«»'.'

WIREGRASS

MICROCOMPUTER

SOCIETY

IIJ'.P KtA' HKM" KOAI>
KS I KHPRISL. A[. .^liSSII
2(iri3'l7"56l

Alaska

SITKA COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

I'O Ht)X 'I'liW
St I K,\. AK •(■:i.H:!ri
'.HI ;■%(',-;! 2 7 5

i)K\Nrs 1j\siiam

FIRST CITY USER'S
GROUP

iu>x ma-i

KhlCHltiAS'. AK <Wl(il
|AMh-S LL.VNOS

ALASKA 64 COMPUTER
CLUB

I'O iinx iioi;(
ANCiioKAC.i-:. AK mwi

COMPOOH-T

HOX US

01.1J 1 TARfiOR, AK '.m'yV^

907-28G;;2i:f

ANCHORAGE
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

I'n nox liMGIfi
am;hora(;k. AK wiTiMi

(>ll7-7.W421fi
DAVID ROWE

Arizona

THUNDER Ml N.
COMMODORE USERS
GROUP

I'O BOX 1796

SIKRRA \'ISIA. AZ Nr.IWi;

PRESCOTT AREA
COMMODORE CLUB

I'o nox 'inw.vi

i'R!-.sc.ori VAi.i.i-v. A/, wi;!];;

COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP OF ARIZONA

y:(:t s. aixjrn
reMi't;, AZ MS'JHi
iMi'i-^na 11)71

MARI^VRlll FiKRK

ARIZONA VIC/64 USER'S
CLUB

I'O nux:;7'.>(H
itMi'i.. AZ Mfiaaa

XAM V COODMAN

WEST MESA VIC

l!,'ir>l S, SJASIIAOK

MicsA, A/, mmi

VIC USER'S GROUP

2V,Vi K. t:OVINA
MK.SA. AZMr.aja

CENTRAL ARIZONA PET
PEOPLE

HI'.' VV. CAl.l.KDl-.l.XORlK
CilANni.K.K. AZ HML.M

CATALINA COMMODORE
COMPUTER CLUB

'Jill ■\VI\ll)A(.;il[.l./KKMO
ri'CSIJN. AZ MSTKI

COMMODORE USER
GROUP

inoo K. M'Fhim'AV

NuriK );i

rUCLSON. A/.HS7II'

MJ 1 RO i:t)Ml'L' TKR S lOKK

FOUR CORNERS USER'S
GROUP

nox I'.H')

CiiiNi.K, AZH(ir>i):i
r>()L'ii7'i.;i-!i!i
cANV ni;<:!iKi.i.v

Arkansas

SO. WEST ARK,\NSAS
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

41)1 S. CKKKMXC; ST.
IKU'l, AK 7IH(J1
rii)|.777'NII«

VIC CLUB

liox i;io
HArh[i;i.l>, AR 71HIS

'iiii :w.H>ir>i

HAIHl-.I.ll I'llil.lCStnoOl

COMMODORE PET USER'S
CLUB

CON WAV MlilUl.K. SCHOOL
L)A\'IS SI.
t:ONWAY. AR 72(132

SIIXJAM COMMODORE
COMPUTER CLUB

l'( > IH >X HH

Sll.OAM SI'RINC.S. AR 7U"lil

riOi-r>2-rriiiLM

ARKANSAS RIVER VALLEY
COMMODORE USERS

4IJ1 S. ARLINI.ION URIVh
Rl SSKl.t.Vll.LK, AR72WH

ftfM-<M;7-IHI>M

BOONEVILLE 64 CLUB

mi w. -iiii SI'.
llnoMAII.I.l-., AR 72!l*J7

COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

I'O HOX tilMIO SOUTH STATIOS
Fl. SMIIH. AR 72WM)

RIVER CITY COMMODORE
CLUB

I'l ) W )\ T.'i.W

NOKIM 111 111- R(K;K, AR 7:'ll(i

(;ARV SMI I II

California

20/64 GROUP

217ri W. It ROADWAY C.V-'il
ANAUhlM.f.A 'i-MM
(RAU; HARMS

CIVIC64 USER GROUP

I'O iii»x '>'ir.'
OXSARl). CA ;i:i(wi

K05-'.wri.Mirio

1 62 / RUN sftCLU issut )m

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Clubs

NAPA VALLEY
COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

i'O BOX 2324
NAl'A, CA M-tBS

PLUSM USER'S GROUP

I'd IIOX KMH
MONt'KRKV, CA 939.I0

MONTEREY PENINSULA
COMMODORE GROUP

PO !«)X 2103

siiAsiDE. c-\ ya'.tss

■KIH.i; Hl.KiM
KICllAltl) ItOI.SII-.K

LHJRASCOPE COMPUTER
CLUB

«:!;( S( >NORA A\'K.
<;l.KNl)Al_K. CLA<I1201

64 KOMMANDORKS

:))',( WEST IlKl I \l HV A^ 1(11 V IMP.

liMK:.)

i()\(; WvVcii.cA iMffliu

'.>i;(-t:trM;i;w

CKACI KIKKHAM

FORTH INTEREST CROUP

I'O HON 8231

sANjusK. uvy:.ir.j

4lr.(H'i2Wilt3

FRESNO 64 USER'S GROUP

tiSLP Wis I' SA\ lA ANA »HI2
CLOVIS, t:A!13(J12

(;kk(; kd wards
COMMODORE 64 CLUB

IHIIl N. [)lINDl-.i-,
!ll(;MI.ANn. CA 923lli
"llSii-IU'.W
(:AK1.(,,\K!)KNAS

PASADENA COMMODORE
COMPUTER CLUB

I'D IIOX lltW

AiiCADiA. CA Himii;

slN.;piH-00iJ7
KKNIK MCDOXAI.I)

COMMODORE OWNERS
OF PETALUMA

377 GR.-\M AVK,
TELVLLMA. CA HWJ''
707.7fi2.«:«l8
nWK MKOtUl

HUMEIOLDT
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

PO Kox t;r>wi
EUREK.^. fj\ i»r.-.oi
DONALD ORKMl'S

SUCCESS

301 V1.R()NK:A IlklVE
I'ASO kOllI.KS, CA !I3-M()

WAYNE WEICMEI.

FRESNO COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP
'Mi WES r '.I in #2(13
i;ix)vis, (:A'i;(iii2

CBEC; KDWAKD-i

AUBURN COMMODORE
COMPUTER CLUB

:■!;« RACK'l'KACK ST.

AUBURN. (.:a '.mm

DAN WOJDAC

SAN DIEGO COMMODORE
(PET) USER GROUP
BOX s(;.-,:ti

SAN DIKJO. (:\"«I3H

Gl'J.'i7-.72l-t

.)ANE CAMPIIKII.

SAN LUIS OBISPO
COMMODORE CLUB

ncifi'.nii ST.

I.O.S OSOS, CA 1(31(12

805r)2H3371

|0\S RIM IIAHI

NO. AMERICAN PROGRAM
EXCH. USER GROUP 64

382(1 BRAVi; AVl\.
BAKKRSFIKI.I), ( :A !i;W(l!l

CAL POLY COMMODORE
USER'S CROUP

mil/ % ROMON.A BLVD.
B/VLinVlN i'ARK. C\ 917(16
SltKHiOKHMi
DAVIIV 1)11 I7,EI.

COMMODORE 64 WEST
USER'S GROUP

I'O BOX t(Hi

KAMA MONICA, CA •MlWf,

ABACUS

!*OHOX3llr.
(lAkER,Sm-.U), iA <r.VM',
GENE SMITH

COMMODORE USER
GROUP OF SANTA CRUZ

l'( ) B( )X 8(108

SAM A CKU/, VA 95(161

4()H»3.^>-2(I82

VIC-TORIE

PSC *1. BOX 23!()7

AP( > SAN I-KANCISCO, CA 9(12,3(1

VIC SOFTWARE EXHANGE

M).->3() SKV tllRCLE
(iRA.SS V.AI.I.KY. CA 9,">H'ir.

VACUUM

277 EAST Kira AVE,
CIIICO, C/V9:.92ti
!ll(i-M91 H(I8.">

SACRAMENTO
COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP

812(1 SI 'NUANCE DRIVE
ORANCLVILLK, KA 9,'>l)f)2

|)ii>'Sf;^(-2(i2.'<

AMATEURS Sc ARTESIANS
COMPUTING

l'( ) Bl JX (".M2
( .( urn. ( :A 954215

SANTA ROSA
COMMODORE 64 USER'S
GROUP

31(3 h.^SI ROBl.E.S A\'E.
,SANTA ROSA, CA '.».V1()7
7(i7-,W4-7(HI9

LINCOLN
COMPUTER CLUB

ITME. VOSE.MllE
MANTEC..\. CA !»s:iM

MANTECV VIC USER'S
ORGANIZATION

429 N, MAIN SI,

MANTECA, CA 9.'i33(;

20/64

PC) BOX 18473
SAN JOSE, CA Ml.W
40S-978-()r>-16

SOUTH BAY COMMODORE
6-( USER'S GROUP
Poi«JX:t|iw

SAN VSINIIRO, CA 95(173

PUG OF SILICON VALLEY

223.-.5 Rj\Nt:!IO VENllJKA ROAD
CUPKRIINO. [:.\ 9.-|OI I

LOGIKS COMMODORE
COMPUTER CLUB

(i2(l I)H.(;ANAI)() ROAD
SAN RAE\EI,. CA yi9t>3
41.^i.-179m2fi

BAY AREA COMPUTER
ASSOCIATION

1332 PINE SI

WALNUT CREi'.K. CA 91598

•115 932,5447

WALNUT CREEK PET
USER'S CLUB

1815 V(;n.\ck) vai.i.kv road
wai.m.-i creek, ca 945116

PALS LIVERMORE
SOCIETY

8K(j SOU II I k
LIVERMORK, ( A (.M.MO

RUN smm. ISSUE 1986 / 163

FAIRFIELD VIC CLUB

i:):t(; McKiM.hvsi.

l-AmillvLl). CA ittfiHS

707-127-(ll-i;s

SPHI>fX

'J2(WI VorNC AVK.

{'ASI RO VAE.l.KV. l.A ;it.'i-1f)

■itrir)27'.e«i)

DIABLO VALLEY
COMMODORE USER
CROUP

7liL' kUIH DKIVK
I'l.KASANT ll!LI.. CA 'Mr,1:\

•)i:pfi7i-(iiiri
PET ON AIR

SAX i RA\(:|S(:<>. CA '.I|l:i2

SAN FRANCISCO
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

27K'J7TII AVK. //hi:!

SAN I-KANCISCU, t;A '.HIL'l

■nr.M7.(»2'ir»

VIC CLUB

OE SAN FRANCISCO

t:.(p:!A doijORI-S

SAN tKANClSCO. CA 'H I HI

PENINSULA COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

;iKI Ol.ll Cdl N I V KOAI)
SAN (j\KII)S. CA '.Ml>7li
4!:.r.!«7«H17

SOFTWARE 64

sri:i cAi.iFOKMA DKivf.

Hl.'RLl\t:AMK. CA'MdlO

•ti>:(io-7iir.

COMPUTER IIARN
COMPUI ER Cl.UH

:i 111 MAIN SI., sum;'.'
SAl.i\.-vs, «:a \am}

SIXTY FOURUM

\'0 WIX ItilKIH
KRKSNO, CA 'J.\~:i\}

ANTEIXIPE VALLEY
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

I'O BOX Ai'M'-t
UWCASIKR. CA mhV.l
Sl)>'l(2'2t-Wli

COMMODORE USER'S
CLUB

Kit I L'OXKNVVtJDDS DRIVl',
SANTA MAKIA. CA HMfiri

C-frJ WEST ORANGE
COUNTY USER'S GROUP

i'{) BOX i-i:.7

HlMlNtllOX BKACM.CA H2fit7
7II-Hr„M1Mt

C-TUG ORANGE COUNTY

i>(( iiox wcii

ORANdK, CAilL'ltlil

JURUPA WIZARDS

S71HI t^ALKXA S I .
RIVKRSIDF. CA '.»2fil>'l

COMMODORE INTEREST
ASSOCIATION

NlHiil l,A I'A/. DRIVE

VK:juRVii.i,t;,(:AU2;w?

aO COMl'lJ IKR IWTA

SAN DIEGO EAST COUNTY
64 USER GROUP

liiC.S L\ki Al'OI'KA I'l.VCK
SAN IHKCO. CA 'J^ll'.l

(iiiiii;m7HH

SOUTHERN C-AL EDISON
COMMODORE CLUB

I'O iiox mil

KOSI-AIKAl), (:A'.M77u

DIAMOND BAR ROP
USER'S CLUB

ai!) AMIKIADO

liA( :IKN1JA UKUM 11 S. CV 't! 7 IS

CA AREA COMMODORE
TERMINAL USER SOCIETY

I'c) uox i;:77

Atll'A l,()MA. CA tll7(ll

VALLEY COMPUTER CLUB

;>IHP(, M ACM 11. 1 A IIJ.VI).
HITKHANK. I A yiWJti

SAN FERNANDO VALLEY
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

\['Mi UMIUCI.IH' RDAII

UKUs.wn DAKS. c.\ 'ji;ii;ii

SIG

ll:r. COROSKl AVK.
I'ASADhNA. CA iJl KI-
TH E EXCHANGE

l:'() IU)\ IIIN'.I

i.osc nr.Acii. CA HfiHio
ai:tr>'irii77i

VIC sorrwARE

EXCHANGE

TlHiil Wb.SI KRN .\VK.
BCl-.NA I'ARK. CA '.tijtyit

SOUTH BAY COMMODtJRE
USER'S GROUP

I 102 \V, 'J I S I I i S I .
lORRANCl'. I A !Hi:i(ll

SO UI HERN (l\UFORNIA
PEL USER'S GROUP

S;«.". IIRCSIONK BLVD.

UOWNKV, c:a wi'iii
2i:vit2;Mt:itii

VIC USER'S GROUP

27ill MCllRIIII- LAST. *l',!l
S.WIA RUS.\.(.A ll.■l^(ll

Colorado

VV. COLLINS C3

wri i.v\ \i\\\\\. ROAD

V I. COI.I.INS, CO W)."p2fi
\V\W DIIUA.VCTISCO

VICDORE USER'S GROUP

:i2(i T.MKRV i)R]Vh

LoN(;M()\t, CO Miirioi

;ii):i-772-L*K2i

COLORADO COMMODORE
CLUB

2IH7.S. C;()l.nKN (Xil'KT

i>t;\vkr. c:(> myril

VICKIMPET USER'S
GROUP

1 \V.\RIXC l.WK

<;ktkn\v<.)oi) vii.j„\<;t:

UITLtTON. CO KOI^'l

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

h(ix:i77
.\STf.N, CO Nil, 12

AURORA MARKET USER'S
GROUP

\V>m v.. HIT! AVI'..

ACRORA, <:OMIlllil

:iiM.;iTi7'ii<.ioi

Rl )( .TR ( lllKRlUKa

COLORADO COMMODORE
COMPU lER CLUB

lil .\1CU.'\TA1.\" SIIAIXIWS Lj\N'E

c:astlt roc;k, CO W)MH

:((p:i(;KK-Hi(i4

RAI.SANiJUTRC

UNCOMPAHGRE VALLEY
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

T( > BUX TH24

MON TROSK. CO MI 1(12

Connecticut

CAPirAL R COMPUTER
CLUB

•IS DDIAVOOl) ROAt)
■|OLL_\Nl>. CI lir.lWl

JOHN GARBARINO

skitklant:

masons island
Mvsnt:. i:\ (m>:v>:p

THE COMMODORE EAST
USER'S GROUP

Kiri B SOL 111 lllCT.l.OW ROAD
HAMTION. CTilii217
2ii:i-4.'>ri-(iKis

COMMODORE USER CLUB

111 woi.coi riiii.i.KoAD

\Vi:THTUS!nTIl>, CTOCIOi)

WEIHERSIIELD HIGH
SCHOOL VIC USER'S CLUB

22 ILNIS ROAD

WEST HARI TORI). CI OlilOJ

CONNECTICUT
COMPUTER SOCIETY

IHll BUlOMFIT.I.n AVK.
IIARITORI). t;T()Cil(iri

2(i:i-2:t:i-,'i:i7:s

CAPITAL REGION
COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

.-^17 CAin KR imiVL
lOLLANI). CT()i;oKI

NEW LONDON COUNTY
COMMODORE CLUB

DOOl.ll ILL ROAD

TRTSION. CI OiiKlid

FAIRFIELD COUNTY
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

I'O BOX 212

DANBLKV, CI ipi.HIo

COMMODORE frl USER
GROUP OE STRATFORD

i'O BOX I2l:!
S'TRATIORD. CT()f)4'J7

2():1':i77.h;s7:i

MUG-64

NSKCO IKAININC HLlKi.
I'OUOX I2H
WATKRTORl>. CI oliWf,
y(W-ll-llH3l
TOM IIAHVKV

S'TAMFORD COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

I'O BOX l;!:i7

M \MTI>RD, (.1 oi;',ioi

Delaware

LOWER DELAWARE
COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

T( ) III IX ,HK2

KTHOBOIH Bl.VCil. DK I'.iy"!

FIRST STATE
COMMODORE CLUB

I'O HOX IHl:t
DOVLK, DK 1WI03
SCSAN IRCM'T

DIAMOND STATE USER'S
GROUP

ItOX H'P2. Rl) #2
l-ELTOX, DK Itl'.m
:lt)2 2HlTT.I.'.

TRLSTATE USER'S GROUP

aaH'CARTKNIKK ROAD
WII.MINCION, DK i*miit

NEWARK C.OMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

2 HP DLRSO DU1\ T
\T.WAKK. DT l'.P7ll

:i!P2-7:i7.|iiK)i

Dislnct (if Columbia
USO CLUB

21 P7 BLVIR ROAD
SWliSOOlHRT.ACll CTMl.k

w.\siiiNcioN.DC2(i:):«

Florida

SUN COAST MS

TO BOX r,li2N
o/,OSA. Tl. :M2(i,"p
BOB DTK. TV

LjVKELAND VIC USER'S
GROUP

2 ir>i> .SIIADV M.HVS DBIVK
MCLBKRRV. TLlW;il9

Uv! /RUNSTKCIALISSUKIM

MANASOTA COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

Dili l.-VSI Mill .-WtXL'EURIVl;
tlKADKS" ION. FL 3:J508

Hi:i.;i7-i7Hi

IIOH IlKONSON'

MIAMI 20/64

If'.Hl SW IHIII ST,
MIAMI, FLa:!!"?!
MMaCi-l IHr.

64 EDU&\TOR'S USER'S
CROUP SOUTH

'iL'L'd SW :i2ND tkrr,u;e
MIAMI, n.saiuj
a(jr>i'7.i-3:^i)

THE ULTIMATE 64
EXPERIENCE

."(II SW .-itil M IKKkACK

.MIAMI, IL :!:n-!:i

SOUTH FLORIDA PET
USER'S GROUP

7170 SW II III

WKsr iioi.i.vwDoi). Fi, :i3f)L>:i

.'l(),^i<IK7.(i!W'.;

EL SHIFT OH

I'lJ BOX TAtt

<:()(;< )A. ti. T'iir^

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

r. I'l I . I'ARK A\'!';.. AIT '1
■lAI.L.MIASSKK, FI.MUdl
!K)'l--il!'I-0;;ffi

COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

CO ii<i\ (ioriM

[ACKSONVII.I.i'^FL ;W2.1fi
DW.WNt MAYS

SUN COAST Vies

I'O liOX 11(1^

INDIAN ROCKS BF^VCH. FL $3M5

6-4 USER'S GROUP

I'oiiox .■rtiiiwi

MIAMI. V\. :«I:Vi

RICHARD PRISTIEN

(U7K .SW 1 1 1 1 1 SI.
MIAMI. FLXtUl

PETS AND FRIENDS

I^^l NF niH ST.
\1I,\MI. II. :t:(l:i7

COMMODORE 64/VIC
USER GROUP

I'O liOX .jK:(7. .Ml' M'i

( mi ANDo. n. Mai.i

GAINESVILLE
COMMODORE USERS

:)fioi.;;(iA sw ;!isr orivk
(;.\iNi-.s\'iiLt., H. lyiwn

BAY COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

'.•11 ,■<. IVNDAI.I.l'ARKW.-W

l)0\li-,fl.-i

I'AN.VMA CirV, FL:Vi4(II

'ill I 7,Hri li 1 M

cvu- <:o;\sr cxj.MruTER

KXCIIANCF.

JACKSONVILLE AREA PET
SOCIETl'

■in I MONL'MFN T RO.\D #177

j.Ar.Ksowi! i.t;. H. y>'jti\

COMMODORE
imOOKSVILLE USER'S
GROUP

I'O 1(()\ l^lil

im<)<)Ksvii,i,F, Fi, x\:>\'i

;)(I(-7!I'.I-.">2',I2

BRANDON USER'S GROUP
Sl:t VAU,i:V HILL DRIVE
BRANDON, FL.W.-ilI

BROWARD COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP
l'( ) IK )X 'Jri7!i I
iAM\K.\(.'. F! ;in;i'.>i)

CITRUS COMMODORE
USER'S GROUT

I'O BOX IHM
l.S'VFRNFSS. FI.:iL>(i5I

iMM.:t.i-t."j7!i:i

THE COMMODORE
ADVANTAGE

I'O BOX I MUMP
I'KNSAC;OL.A. FL .'(332S

'.Mii..jrrfi.(i,-,rit

HFjVNNA OWENS

RAM ROM 84 COMPUTER
USER'S GROUP

I'O BUS iliiiil

FN(;i.Kwoo!), FI, :ttst,")

I,AKE SUMTER
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

I'D BOX III!
iiisBiKi;, fl;i'.'7im

6-1 SOCIETY

■11171 MX.FWAIKK IIRIVK
OR I. AS no. FL.'KMIH

CHIPS

l;.\ik box imtyj
AVON I'AKK. Fi.:t;iMar.

VIC:/64 HEARTLAND
USER'S GROUP

IL'Lill llMUtOW KOAI) «i'j:(
I„\KFLAN1) FL:):«(iI

COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

I'O BOX 211,'IM

SI. I'LJFRSBl.'RC. FI. Mil'i

HI3-.'i»2-ri-I7

TAMPA BAY COMMODORE
COMPUTER CLUB

KKOH N, 30TH ST.
lAMl'A, FLH.%ia
HI. 1.977-1)877

CLEARWATER
COMMODORE CLUB

I'O BOX II'JI I
CI.FjVRWAIER.FL. ■53318

n". WALIXJN BEACH
COMMODORE USER
CROUP

I'O BOX :i
SliAI.IMAR. FL:i257a

B(J'Miril-:)7:i7

.[AMF.S MOORF

COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP OF PENSACOLA

I'O BOX :h;i:!

I'F:NSAt.;01.A, FL :iL!'.!(i

1.101 ..(.jj-riSfM

DFBIllK lOHNSION

PUBLIC DOM/UN USER'S
GROUP

l'( » B( )X 1 1 12

oRAXi;F I'ARK. FL;VJ(Hi7

\VI 1,1.1 AM ROCFKS

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP AT TALLAHASSEE

I'O BOX MOI.T

rAi.i.AHASSFF.. FI. :K:ti()

D/WF FANC;

COMMODORE STUFF

Slif.O 17111 SI.

VKRO BF.V(:h, FL T2S2II

3<).'K.<ii'u;-i:.
wai)F(;it;(.;in5

Georgia

COMMODORE CRAZE
INTERNATIONAL

i'.'h'i i.vnn iirivf
vv,\^'(:ross, v.a hidoi

ATHENS CO\fMODORE
ENllIUSLVSTS

i:<llSI,.IA,\Ii;S DRiVF

Ai HFNS. (;a :*imiih-.
■i(»i-:.i:i.-i:.ii

STAN ION KOBFRISON

SAVANNAH COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

MKl VIHCiMA .\Vt.
SAVANNAH. (;a lUlO!
SlIS-aWi-IBWl

i>ai.f rfacan

COMMODORE COMPU I ER
CLUH OF COLUMBUS

UtilM FOXIIALF DRIVE
COl.lMBt S. V,\ i\9>}7
■tClt-,W:iOK2S
NO.SIISKIHNA

VIC educ:a'ix>r's user's

GROUP

no ACADFMV ST.

CAMON, (;a :toiM

IIIFROKFF COl.NI V SCHOOLS

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP OF ATLANTA

(ISIICI.AIKMONI CIRCLE
DrcAFl'K, (iA MiirM

iiiFii:u-Hm>:t

Hawaii

20/64 HAWAII

I'O itox 2;i2tio
KAIHIA. HI '.mH'>2

MAKAl COMMODORE
USER GROUP

I'O BOX ii:wi
HONOLl'LL, HI yBNlK
KOK.42:l-I."iO.!

COMMODORE HAWAII
USER'S GROUP

I'O BOX lil,''i!i,S

iios'oi.ri.Li. HI mMTi
Idaho

POC/\TELI>0
COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP

.H2 MOfNFAIN DRIVE
I'0( AI n FO. ID s:12l)l

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

;H0 FMKKAl.D DRIVE
KI.I.IOl-.C, IDSSa*!?

20N"Kl.H7,'iI

64 BUG

I'O B( >X 27(i
itOISF, ID HS-OI
2<I^-H'I'I'1>,'{II2

SRHS COMPUTER CLUB

SALMON RIVER HIGH S(.;iiOOL

RIotJiNS. ID Hitr.iy

CHS COMPUTER CLUB

OKI son 1 1 DM.

(;r..\n(;fvii.i.f. iD,H;t:V!(i

(MlANOFVILLl: IIICH SCHOOL

EAGLE ROCK
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

OOOS. EMERSON
IDAHO lAI I.S, ID k:H01

COMMODORE USERS

r.lM F <TMFR
I'OCAIEEIXJ, II)M32«I

COMMODORE-CO EUR
D'ALENE COMPUTER
CLUB

riijii luncfford lane

COEIIR D'ALKNK. Ill NIWM
2(m.7ori:)H():i

USER'S GROUP
OF LOWER IDAHO

HI. •!, BOX 07
RLI'ER I . ID s;i:(-)0

20f!i:i(;-tLWi

COMMODORE CORPS OF
COEUR D'ALENE

I'O Itox (107
H..\RRISON, ID HWXi

■lOM NELSON

CARIBOU COMMODORE
CLUB

ri ) tit )X "p:!.'.
SODASI'RlNtiS. IDh:I27i;

2(m..'i.i7.|in

BLACKFOOT USER'S
GROUP

■117 SOirni 1*20(1 VVKSr

i'1N(;ri.i.. id HT2ii2

CLKTIS S.MITH

RUN ,si>h:i,.\i. is.Sl'E 1!M / \i\5

Illinois

SPRINGFIELD PET USER
GROUP

:(llii ( OM OKI)
Sl'KlXCHH.I). Il.ii:>-<ll

'ilT-T'illUMKt

TRl COUN'iY
COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP

I'O JlOX .'itH
KRIK. II. lil'i.W

COMM EUISON
EM1>IX)YEF,S COMMODORE
USER GROUP

(i*i:ii. u it.kkAci'. DRIVK

IIM.l V I'ARK l!.ti(H77
■\Vd I..".! IKiil
jDHS MCDOWELL

JACKSONVILLE .4REA
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

l'(.i My\ i:i.j

Mii|utAVVit.i.r., luufiiis
'ii7H«:,'Mm

CRIKSIMI'^ON

50. ILLINOLS
COMMODORE USER
CROUP

•lOM WKM < OIJJNS
(.imhVll.l.t. Il.hi!!tt'.l

R,\NKAKE;E HACKERS

lilt *l. IH)\ ii'^l

51. AN\b., ll.WIWrl

Hi:i!»:t:i 11(17

COMMODORE 64 USER'S
CLUB

IIH SUSAN LANK
{iAkllKVll.l.l-.. Il.li'J'.IIH

lilN-'IH,". 1710

ML VERNON
COMMODORE USERS

I'O itox .'pI;;

Ml. V|-J(Nt)N. !1. ll-.>!k.l

WIPUG

K 1 .'i, »< )\ 7r!
yt.LSi(.v. ii.iw:wi

■.!l7iMip:tii7l

PEORIA AREA PET USER'S
GROUP

(i Am.l-; I KKl; LANK
K.WI I'KOKIA, I Mi I til I

:ii»iiti7;niii:ir)

ILLINOIS VALLEY
COM.MODORE USER
GROUP

••XW 121 H SI
I'KKl'. Il.lii:i.'t4
HI.WiS-fiHI

COMCOE

L'l'IH Mll'KMA\ Mi:.
I'.VANSION.II.iiOL'OI

VICffi4 USER'S SUPPORr

111 s Cl-AKK.SI
I'ANA. II. iy.'!.'i7

^n^.-iti^'i'iiiH

CENTRAL ILLINOIS PET
USERS

(i;i.j MAI'I.I-.

Ml. /.1()\. II. ta.MH

ai7-stiiMa)

COMMODORE USER'S
CLUB

17117 l-ASr MAIN SI.
OI.NhV. M. (i?.|"ill

ASM/TED USER CROUP

aoi) S. CK.'^TIJRV
RANHHH,. II. lilHWi

WESTERN ILLINOIS
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

'.KM. VVI^S I (VI H AVU
MilNMOl'lH, II.dllM

roukki coku.

PEORIA AREA PET USER'S
GROUP

HIHI S\V ll.l-l'KRSON ST.
I'KORIA, IMillilta

.W.Mi7'l-r)WW

C-64 USER'S GROUP

I'O HOX Hilii-l

LINCOLN WOOD. II. Wlilli

MI'i.'iNti-IOlM

SCOTT COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

I'O isox Mil

SCOI I AMI. II. i>\>T2t>

iiiN7Up'j":w

GII.IILRI HKI.1.\.NI)

FOX VALLEY 64 USER'S
GROUP

!'0 ll()\ 2H

N AllROKA. II. IMTy\2

:ii'jN;i«.277'.i

i- RANK CHRIS! KNHKN

COMMODORE SIC CACHE

IIOX t 17ti. :i)l'S S. KR,V.\KUN #801
CIIKIUJO. Il.tiOGOli

;(riiitt.'i-(»'.t9-t

lltRllSUANSON

SPRINGFIELD AREA VIC
ENTHUSIASTS

I'O HON 'mn

SI'KINIJI-IKI.I), Il.li'.'TOS

■J 1 7-r<-i'2--27m

MIKK SIOIM

SURVIVORS OF 64 USER'S
GROUP

VVKM LRN II. IJNIV VVI.SL
l.NSim TL
MAIiOMIVII.Iil'l.')^
:t(in h:i7 .^.:l7s
MAt KV MtlKF.K

MCHENRY COUNTY
COMMODORE CLUB

i>'i7 b.AM n-.RKA COITA .-WE.

<;rvsiai. i.AKi;. ii.iHiiiii

NI,''.l.-pr..H!l-ta
JOHN KAIKUS

ALION COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

:uo:i{:1j\YST.

AI.ION.II.Ii'JIloa
()IH.41)2.71M

SAUK VALLEY COMPUTER
CLUB

UOX 7tr2
SILRI.INti. M.riKIKI

MIDWEST C-64 USER'S
GROUP

I'd BOX I'JI

WKsi MON r, ii.(iir>.'>'.i
iti^wirj-iri'jii
I'ii'KRi: i:ai.li;r()s

GATEWAY COMPUTER
CLUB

I'd HOX 207
IlKl.l.t.Vll.l.i:. il. IV.'2'i2
RICH HSIILK

C/\N IX)N AREA
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

HK # I . .SFOON RIVr.R COLLEGE
CAN ION, 11. lil.'i^'o
;io'.i.ii.(7.liit.'>

ROCKFORD AREA
COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

ar)07 I'lJ.l.LKIIAM ROAD
ROCKIORIL II i;il(J7
KAIHI lll-VKK

SHELLY WERNIKOFF

■i7;il N, MII.W,-\LKLK.UL.

CHK JUit). 11. wmn

VIC CHICAGO CLUB

:S.HL'2 N. Ili:i.l. .-WL
ClIIC^CU}. II. IMHH

CHICAGO COMMODORE

64 USERS

I'O iiox l.L.':i;t
cnicAco, ii.iiiHiM

OAK IJWN COMMODORE
USERS

110(11 S CICLRO AVf,.
OAK l.,\\VN. ILiiol.W
(30 CXLVtl'l" 1>.R SIORE

EAST SIDE COMPUTER
CLUB

:ii(i:u.i.Ay SL.

ALION, IL(i^(l(lL'
(ilH-lli'i-7H(;

CHAMPAIGN-URBANA
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

■JIKKi ( IKl'.SCKN I DKIVIi
CIlA.Mi'AION. II. (ilM^I

ai7;t.v.>wwi

DECATUR COMMODORE
COMPUTER CLUB

LiiiK \S'. R1\LRVILVV
DE<^\IUR. lL(i2a21
JIM roNis

Itidiana

COMPU I FR USERS OF
EVANSVILLF

I'O iiox L':si)rp

i;VANS\'ll,!.h, IN -177 l-l

M12'l7li-UI(l7

iSKAU ClfVLlAHAN

WESTERN INDIANA
COMMODORE USERS

PO IK)X 1W.I.S

ILRBK HAf 11. IN 17«(m

COMMODORE OWNERS
OF l-AFAYE'n E

I'O IIOX ."i7(i:t

LAF.'WKI Ih. IN 'ITWi;!

COMMODORE 64 USER'S
GROUP

<iV2 SOUl M IIROWN AVl'„
TERRL [l.\L'lt„ IN 4780:f

HIL!.*J:M-."i(Wi

SEYMOUR PEEKERS

UIH N CHI.MM 1
SI.V.VIOLR, IN ■1717-1
CfO IWI.CAMLKA SIIOI'

VIC/64 USER'S GROUP

?-tiii coi.t'Miu:s .-wi-;,

ANDERSON. IN KMIi-l
3l737««)l(i

NATIONAL VIC PROGRAM
EXCHANGE

ua iiickokv (,;(»iiR'i

i'OHII.AND. IN 17:171
2l9-72IV42(ia

EAST CENTRAL INDLANA
VIC USERS

RR#2

l'OKIU\ND. IN 17:171

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

KI'iOMICIIlOAN ,-\VL.

u)(;ansi'c)ri. in i(Wi7
CHUG

1211)1 MK\nOW L-\NK
OAK LAN DON. IN ■Mi'.':ni

NO. INDIANA

COMMODORE

ENTHUSIASTS

927 S I'lilH SI.

SOL' I II IlKMl. IN KHil'i

NATIONAL SCIENCE
CLUBS COMMODORE
USERS

I'O BOX I0(i2l
MIRRll.Vll.l.L. IN Kill I

COMPUTER WOiytSHOP
VIC/64

2H2 S* )l,r LI I tiOll WEST
IIEHRON, IN lti:MI

2i','-'.tMH-r.:irp
CARDINAL SALES

(1225 COEI-MAN ROAD
INDlANAI'tH.IS. IN Ui2.'<(>

:ii7.2w;tii.'po

PET/64 USERS

uii:iip E. itiiiii SI.
INtUANAI'OI.IS. IN Wnm

VIC INDY CLUB

I'O IIOX M:p1:1

INDIAN AI'OEIS, IN .(liUOl

3l7-:*:.7.(i'.IHti

1G6 / RUN si'ECiAi.is.suF wm

TRI-STATE COMMODORE
USERS

tM()() t:KN'ri-:i( M\)i.\: wjad
nkwburc;h, in -iTtinu
MI'J-*<5;i-l':t::l4
JERR^' SCHAl'SS

THE COLUMBUS
COMMODORE CLUB

■Huii U-\i'A1'KI'l>; AVK,
WAl.I' liLi-IKW

COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

hA'ASSVILI.!., IN 1771 I
JACK MARTIN

Iowa

COMMOHAWK
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

r.KDAR RAI'IIiS, I A TieiOli

COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP OF CLINTON

l't> BOX 7^:l
t:u.MOS'. lA yj'iK
Kiy-^i.viiM'j
II-RRV voss

COMMODORE COMPUTER
USERS OF IOWA

\U)S. :iH(i

i)K-SMO!\i-:s, lA -JiiToa
:iis:?87-i37M

NEWTON COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

yiit u'. 'UN s'l. SOI' in
MAVioN, lA r.o'jos
:)ir.7fiiosii

PEC COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

:i:!;i |<n' iikiVK

WATKRLOt), IAr.(l7(II
AI.SOkKN'SKN'

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

'Hi:. sh:om) m

MARION. lA :>-l-M-2

SIOUXLAND
COMMODORE CLUB

L'70IJ.SiIi;kII)AN SI.
MOl'K (IIV. tA .'ilKII

7i:i2r)H7<i():t

COMMODORE USER
CROUP

II I MIH Si.
AMKS. I A 50(111)

QUAD CniES
COMMODORE CLUB

i'< > lu )X .'t'l't I

IJAVl-Nl'ltKI. lA -i^.HIW

Hiy:Wil:ii;i7

CRjWFORD COUNTY
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

r.i'.iN. liriH s'l.
i»i'.Nisn.\. I A r.iim
7li;i!(i:Mji.'"i
kknnkhi m.wdon

Kansas

'IX5PERA COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

7!);H1 S. lOPEK^V liLVI), #:t<)
WAKARISA, K.S tllirillj
R( >iii:r I V..\VM\S

WALNUT VALLEY
COMMODORE USER
CROUP

lOICl S. SKCONI) .ST.
ARKANS^VS CITY. KS t;7(l(ir)

LAWRENCE COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP
I'ci iiox rioi

L.UVRKSCK. KStililMfi

DODGE CITY
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

I nil jc liv Riss :.ii

DUDtiEClIT. KSti'Snl
IRWIN NOYF.S

WICHITA AREA PET
USERS

J:':)I BUI.I.INNC.KK

\vi(:iii!A,K.s ti^^^^H

COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP

lill'in SOUTH IHIIRM SI. V/fSr

vioi.A, K,st;7i-i;i

KANSAS COMMODORE
COMPUTER CLUB

nil S. BURCM
01,.\THK, KS (Ittliil

SALT CITY COMMODORE
CLUB

I'o HON ^fiii

lUICillNSON. KS(17-i(tl
JOIi.N lll.H\/.ARU

Kentucky

LOUISVILLE USERS OF
COMMODORE KY

WM\ l>i;SHI.t;R DRIVK

loi'isvii.i.i-;. KV nan

.'ii>:''jrp|-:;iiipi'i

l.AKkV IIIISBS

BOWUNG GREEN
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

Rl. II.CkKl'lKSIDi:. Al'l.li

Hovvi.iM; i;ki-i V. kv r.'i'ii

GOLD CITY USERS
GROUP

lli(i ChCJLlAN.NA DKIVl.
I'.I.I/.^BKTHTOWN. KV liiTIJI
'lil'J 7:i7-'.l(>l)7

I'.vr w.vntksoN

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP OF CENTRAL KY

I7:t t-oRHsr A\'K

I I'NiNtvroN. KV ■iiir.im

|()iiN ri;a

LOGAN COUNTY
COMMODORE USER'S
CLUB

I'o Bo.x 'im

l.KVVISBURC.;. KV 422Mi

5ui>.7.'ir) '.'in«

|j\RRV MITIOWELL

VIC CONNECTION

H.11'1 S. KI.M
HKNDlvRSO.N. KV tii'l'JO

C*BUG

I'O It()\ Ifi.l
HAkDSIOWN. KY-1IMHI1
,vr^:tiH.(i:tMO

Louixiaiia

LAKE CHARLES (il USER'S
GROUP

CO HON ;;a>

Ij\K!-: charu.s. l\ imvvi

.MARK »II.I.Oi)t„VL\

COMMODOREE M USER'S
GROUP OF BAliON ROUGE

ro ho\ 1 i:"j

iiAioN k(>U(;K. lA ;(jN'ii

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP OF OACHITA

I'O BOX I7j

SWAkIC, I,\ 7I^HI

:iiN.:M:^Hii'i-t

ARKLA-TEX
COMMODORE (>4 CLUB

tW INDIA DklVK
SilRKVKI'ORT. LV7ni-j
:II.S7ll7-'.l7(iy

VIC USER'S GROUP

MM) I HOIIOU'N Sr.

marri;ko, i.A -mm

FRANKLIN PARISH
COMPUTER CLUB

#;< I'.Mk .\\T-;.

VVINNISIiOkO. LA7iyM

M CLUB

l*o HON n;!ii

IIAION RUU(;K. Ij\ 70821

,')(ll'.e.MH7l)

SOUTHWEST LOUISIANA
USER'S GROUP

Rl. I, IIO.X l.').'i|A

DKQIIINCV. I.A 70(i:s:)
SIKVK HKKSON

COMMODORE PET USER
GROUP

lilt; nia(;aha circi.k

CIRI-.INA, Ij\ 7005:!
E(t.l.:ii)-l-t<l28
MAN I'AI'K

Maine

SOUTHERN MAINE
COMMODORE

t'O HON III)

StJVRBOLIROUCU, Mi. 01(171
i>(l7-7i;i.hC(i
STKVI;SJIAI>IkO

COMPUMANIA

SI Ncmiii SI.

SACO, Ml-'. ()'l07a
'J(17-'.>Kl;.7'1 1 8

SO. AROOSTOOK
COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP

I'OBON I Til
IIOUMON, Mi; 047311

a(i7-r):t2ii'j«7

Rt)HKRl' RKtCll-.

COASTAL COMMODORE
CLUB

WALDOItORO V1LI-\i;K., Al'l. '.1
WAI.DOIiORO, MK (HfiTL'

NORTIIWOODS
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

7 HP MAIN SI.

\'A\ BURKN. ME (11785

COMVICS

KH) #1, HON •lim\
IIIUkON, MK l).Hi:«

'i07!Hi(i-:ili-l I

YOUR COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

B(JX tii I

WHLS I BkOOK. MF DiWI

^(i7-.s.-ii.ir)7'.p

Maryland

CUM-BACC

I'O HON I7<P

RF.ISI T.RS TOWN. .\IU 21 i:{li

ANNAPOLIS COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

I'O HON ;t:i;hM

ANNAl'OI.IS, Ml)l>110;i

;!(i I ■yriii':t't.''iN

COMPUCATS

COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

i;s(P U'. HI: I.. AIR .,\VK.

Aiti;RiiKi-;N,Mi)yi(ioi

:i(ll.L'7i!l)l7L'

COMMODORE 64 USER'S
GROUP

ll^lP'.t lACK HOLSECtiURf
I'OIO.M.AC. Ml) '.'osrit

:ioi-'.!s:i.Kio!i

IIAGERS'roWN USER'S
CROUP

■.':U :o\T-.N I KV l.ANK
HAt.ERSIOWN, MI) ;> 1 7 10

:«Pl-i.t7y!P7'.'H

HOUSE

OF COMMODORE

HH:ir. SAIVR k( >.\u
HAI:lIMOR^, Mi>2iL':ti

BLUE TUSK

"00 IAS I JOITA HOAl)

HAi:riMORE, md lml'im

LONG LINES COMPUTER
CLUB

323 N i;iIAkl.KS SI

ROOM 21PI

BAl IIMORH, MH^I'JOl

RUN sPHiM. issi'f; md! 167

FREDERICK
FUNCTION EERS

S31i! VKI.H IW SI' KINGS ROAD
rK£I)KKH:K. MI}^I7()I
301-fiy5-65lil
SCOI (iAKDNKK

ASSN. OF PERSONAL
COMPUTER USERS

■illl'l kOIIMAS HOAU
IlKTHLSDA. Mil-JOdlU

VICLIQUE

lll.iA C( JMH ! I" S I".
ANNAMOl.IS. ME) 21401

:iiii-2ri:(-M">iiti

MONTGOMERY COUNTY
COMMODORE COMPUTER
SOCIETY

I'O BOX 2(^U

Sll.VHR SI'RINC:, MD 20902

3IH-77(lti778
r)A\K Ml NAKI B

CAiniERSBURCH C-M
USER'S GROUP

12*07 I'ICKl-.RISC; DRIVK
(IKRMAMOWN. MD IVA'i
;l()i-rjK.:i:rjs

ROCKVILLE VIC/64 USER'S
GROUP

'iii^ i>ARKi.AWN iKKim:!'; #10:1

KOCKVIl.l.l-.. MU i.'0H-i2

:uii ••v ~k:^

THE BOYDS CONNECTION

•iioou (;i.\RK.siniRc: road

BOVDS, MD aW4 1
.W1-4S!8-3171

EDISON COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

i;m 1 oxi oRi) DRivt;

SIII1„\SD. MD2074(i

HYATISVILLE C-64 USER'S
GROUP

Timt DARIMOl'IH AVK.
COIlKlih I'AKK, MI) 2I»7MI
3(J!-77yH:HJ!l

SO. MARYLAND
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

mm ku.LVRNi'.v sr.

CUN TON. Ml) ■.'l)7,'i,T

afji-soH-ii.viii

WICOMICO C-64 CLUB

l;)fMi iiAMIl:lo\ ST,
sAiJsmiRv, Ml) •2imn
SAM SLi 1.1.1 VAN-
JUMPERS '64
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

7I'.>S\0\VIK)N L.\NK

<;i.i;n iirKNii., md ^loiii

:i()i.<j(i!i.(;()t!s

AIj\S KNI.ITKR

BAY cue

■1005 VOC. 1 .\VK.
JIALIIMORI-. MD'il2()fi

WESTINGHOUSE BWI
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

HO BOX UW.i
BALTIMORE. MD 2 1'JUS

Massachusetts

MIT LINCOLN
LABORAIORY COMPUTER
CLUB

^44 WOOD SI,
l.KXINGTO.V. MA 112 17H

BOSTON COMPUTER
SOCIETY

IHRKK CI.NIKR I'1j\/A
ItOSIDN.MA 1)21()H

THE COMMODORE
CONNECTION

IH2 NORTH RlDCih RO.Al)
Wt-SIHKI.D. MA (11085
4i;i;.ljS.2i;28

I'AIJI.JKNNKV

FOXBORO AREA
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

!'0 BO.\ 4'.)4
.MANSFIELD, MA 02048

CAPE COD 64 USER'S
GROUP

:t"pK FORRl-S I RtJAl)

S. VARMOl'!!!. MA oaKi-l

H(ni-22:i"i:vi

EM 20/64 USER'S GROUP

21 corrAOK SI.

.STONllHAM, MA (KIHO
iil7-43K-7l:i:l

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

2IW I.ISCOI.N SI
WORIXSIKR. MA llllHiri
BUST Bl'SlNKSS V.QVIP.

BERKSHIRE HOME FOR
UTTLE PET USERS

401 i'O.MhROV AVL

PI nstTt:i.D, MA 01 a) I

PIONEER VALLEY
COMMODORE CLUB

1j\UR1-:L 1 1'.RRACl-.
WIlSITIELD. .via 1)108-)
HS-5tii! 1027

MASSPET COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

i'< ) IVOX :i(i7

KASl lAUNION', MA (12718

VIC USER'S GROUP

l'J3G.\RDEN SI.
NEEDHAM. .VIA iriWi

EASTERN

MASSACHUSETTS VIC
USER GROUI'

7 l'l-\ (;<.'. ROAD
MARl.BOKO. \iA 02173

RAYTHEON COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

llARTWl.Li.KOAl)

(IRAfi

BEDHORI). MA 01730

COMMODORE 6-1 USER'S

GROUP

OF THE BERKSHIRES

lH-1 HIGHL,^M» AVE.
HI nSFlELD. MA 01201

COMMODORE USER'S
CLUB

SlOUllllION HIGH SCHOOL
SlODCiJllON, .MA 02072

VIC INTERFACE CLUB

48 VA.\ CLIFF AVL
BROCK ION. MA 02401

Michigan

KALAMAZOO VALLEY
HOME USERS GROUP

i'C) iiox ;)OH.'i
kaij\mazo(). Ml .niooa

CO.VLMODORE USER'S
GROUP OF DURAND

i'O HOX IHH
LLNNUN. Ml -IKHi)
MAMA ROMINK

VAN BUREN USER'S
GROUP

5Uy»4 33 Vi ,S 1.
MAPLE LAKE
I'.WV PAW, Ml -tSI070
KOliLRI'loMI'SLIT

DELTON AREA USER
CROUP

ILSUti I.Lrt:ilF5 1.\NK
DKI.ION, .MI 4H(Hr.
Al. 1M1.L!K.\S

COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB OF MONROE

1*0 BOX .".MO
MOXKOE. Ml miiil

3i:i-:w!»-22',ti

noil TRIMBLE

DOWNRIVER
COMMODORE GROUP

17029 KhHl'F.N
ALLEN HARK, Ml 4N101
3I3'274'2riH<i
RON MARSllAl.l.

QUORUM OF 64

21-1 W. .S'lATESI.
CL^RE, Ml 4SIJ17
r)l7.3Sfi'22r)l
D.AMDJENSI.N

EDWARDSBURG
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

40ii BKIISII ROAD
Nll.l'.S. Ml 411120
tillitili3 27U2
nOL'G S IRlNtlFElXOW

W. MICHIGAN
COMMODORES

I'l.VJ CLEVLl.ANII AVE, SVV
VVVOMING. .Ml VMm

('illi-45!!-'.l72l

DEBUG

HO BOX IVHi

BURRJEN SHRINCS. .MI 4<II(13

6I0-17MMK2

DAB COMPUTER CLUB

I'O llOX.'^t42

WAFER V LIE T, Ml -PiO'.W

t)!fi-4fa-.i4,i7

SEM64

2!M)1 five mile #3
REDFORl). .Ml 48239

3I3.".37-4U;3

ANN ARBOR
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

ANN .\RBOR. Ml IHUKt
:il3W4 47:il

COMP

iHii mk:hi(;an ,\ve,

MARYS VILLI-;, Ml -IH040
313-3ti4-()aO-l

MICHIGAN'S
COMMODORE 64 USER'S
GROUP

I'O BOX M!!

E. DF.l ROir, Ml 4H02I

313-773(1302

JACKSON COMMODORE
COMPUTER CLUB

201 ,S. GRlNStlLl.SL
[ACKSON, .Ml ■111203

TRI-CITIES USER'S GROUP

HO BOX 45

ItAV Cll Y. .Ml 'l87(Ki

W. MICHIGAN VIC/64
USERS

1311 i'ORTL.\Nl) NL

GRAND RAI'IDS. -MI -lO.IO.^

VIC FOR BUSINESS

(1(127 ORCHARD ( OIKI
!j\NSING. mi IM'tlo

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

1010 SnCERVILLE HICHWAY
F„-VrON HAHIDS, Ml 1WS27

COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

ILDOW MICH SCHOOL, ROOM

#22(»

MIDLAND, Ml lH(i40

.'.17-83.1-5130

DAVID LIEM

I i3iii warwk:k sr.

DFlkOII. Ml -18223

SOUTH COMPUTER CLUB

4'.2()l OWEN
BFLl.lA'Il.l.E, Ml (Kill
sol IH )K. FIIGH SCHOOL

VIC USER'S CLUB

L'NIV. Mlt:HlC;AN SCHOOL
OF HCBI.IC HI-.ALIH
ANN AUtSOR. Ml -ISIOd

COMMODORE USER CLUB

32303 COLCMBLS DKIVF
WAKHt.N, Ml l,'<NO:l

VIC/64/PET USER'S GROUP

843'.t ARLIS kOAI)
UNK.IN 1j\KF„ Ml 4WW5

168 / RUN SPECIAL ISSUE \m

COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP

mn w rvvE-xvKMiLJ?; road

BKKKI.KV. Mi 4W)7y

SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN
PET USERS

lUsX '.'1-1
KARMINtilON, MI IMI)21

TRI-COUNTY COMPUTER
CLUB

Ml K- !X>OMlS

LUD[\c'.roN. M[ 4y(:i)
Minnesota

METRO AREA
COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

BOX M

MHNIKJTA, MN rCilSO

6\27i<M)232

CENTRAL MN COMPUTER
USER'S GROUP

217 HIVI KSlDh AVi;. SOUIli
SAKtHJ.. MN' Ma77
UAVItt HUNl

BRAINERD AREA
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

|-JI'.> SK 11 TH SI,
IVRAINKKI). MN r.liiOl

SMCUG

lllil^ I'lAL' ST.
MANKAK), MN «HMH
.i()7li'.>.'.«i<M'2

HEARTLAND AREA

COMPUTER

COOPERATIVE

Rl. t. iiox :;(M

1.1 ri I.t. 1-Al.LS, MN :jtj:tl5

timca'JMii

LAKE SUPERIOR
COMMODORE

V.m> LAWN .ST.
DUIX: 111, MN TifiHIL'

MINNESOTA
COMMODORE USER'S
ASSOCIATION

i>o H()\ ;c2i9

HRllJlT.V. MN5:.i:(l'

TWIN citif:s

COMMODORE CLUB

(ii.i!:! i\T.s I. A si:

MAl'll CROVl,, MS r.Muy

til--' i:'t2i*.'r.

MINNECOMM 64

I'o mix J47S1

MISNJ-„\1'01-IS, MS r.:.i24
in^i V2XTMH
ClOW.l AfCllKV

CLUB G4

2*>l. Ililll ST SK
tnVAlOSNA. MN S.^WiO
Li<)7 I.-jIOISM
S'lU'HhX KNLinil-.S

MUPET

I'O lUlX 171)

A \ N A S I ) A LK, M .V r.Moa

Mississippi

COMMODORE BIIjOXI
USER GROUP

•MUK HH'.mVAY 'JO KASr
OCt^-XN .Sl'RJN(;s, MS M'lfrl
601-875 117:1

COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

so. SIAIION BOX I()(I7C.
HAIT IKSHL'RC, MS liMSdl
«)1.2(i8-7585

Missouri

HEARTLAND USER'S
GROUP

I'o iiox i-j'ii

t:Al'K t;iRAKDI-j\U, MO (13701
31433,1 HI HI
HY.MAN lANNER

C/VRTHAGE COMMODORE
COMPUTER CLUB

I'O nox HI2
(:\riiia<;k, mo tiiHse
4i7:t.'iH-;,'ii;7

GARY ItAIRI)

SALEM COMMODORE
USER'S CLUB

PO H( )X 73
SAl.t.M, .MUii^.WK
KARL DiriMAN

KCPUG

;V>II lll.lii: HJDCK m.vi).

K.\SSA.S CI IV. MO tthVii

PET SET CLUB
OF ST. LOUIS

lj;13 ISl-NI OAK DRIVK

i.\K(- SI i.oi;is, MO ii;t»i)"

COMMODORE USER CLUB
OF THE OZARKS

'ill N. .AURORA
ELDUN. MO 6JU'2li
3M:iy2 IL'4S

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP OF ST. LOUIS

mix CiiiM

SI i.ons. MtMHiy.-.

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP OF
WARRENSBURG

fo BOX H!i:t

WARRKSSIIURC. Mo tiWm

SIl>747-2'IIHi

BUCK SOMMKRKAMI'

MID MISSOURI
COMMODORE CLUB

1 8(11 VANUIVER DRlVt
COLUMBIA, MO (i521ll

COMPUTERS OF THE
BOOTH EEL USER GROUP

I<I2-) IKIASUKK DRIVL
RKNNl'.l r. MOlKtH.W
MKlHALl.JKrr

Montana

POWDER RIVER
COMPUTER CLUB

HOWDLK RIVKR HIGH SCHOOL

BROADi's. Mr,-.;);u7

MISSOULA COMMODORE
USERS

:Ui!HI!l ,S'L

STEVLNSVILLIC, MT ,'>',)H70
10l>-777:tH7<l
JOil.V VLKIU'RC

CASCADE COUNTY USER'S
GROUP

I'O iiox 7;i!t

(.RKAI hAI.LS. M I .wm")
4l)<iT'>>i llllti
.JKRKV SI'DKBl-.CK

COMMODORE USER CLUB

not) \M_SI I1HO.ADWA1-

III n K, Ml VJ701

Nebraska

LINCOLN COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

ro B(.)X :t(i(ki-.

LlXCtH.N, NK (iSJOa
SKCRI-.rAR\'

GREATER OMAHA
COMMODORE 64 USER
GROUP

«05 CUNNV AVK., AI'L 21
1SELL>;VI!L. .NLIiSUO.I
RICHARD MKVfR

PATHFINDERS 64

2i:i:iCI.AKMAKSI.
i--R£MO.S I , NL 0«02ri
402-72 lllllli
KK:N1 IKIKLS

THE COMPUTER POWER
UNLIMllED

!ItSN.271H
LINCOLN. NE 68503

■l02-47ri-WJNI
ROIIKR 1 I [( )WARD

ALLIANCE COMMODORE
COMPUTER CLUB

Hi2y IIOISL
ALLL-VNCI-,, NK (iu;U)l

Nevada

COMMODORE RENO
USER'S NETWORK

I'O BOX Mfili
RENO, NV Ny5U7
7U2 97'i3H(ll
mCK COOKE

SILVER STATE COMPUTER
USER'S GROUP

I'O HON .«lll)7r)

U-VS VKCA.S. NV HyiHO

KAKhN l)CJUt;bV.S

SOC COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

101 1 \V. CHARIJ-SION BLVD.
LfVS VEGfVS. N\' 89201

702-646..'i(irii;

I.IXSCHKAM

CATFUN USER'S CLUB

ro BOX 2i.'i:i
HAUjC'W. NV Mwum

COMPU CLUB 64

- 1 22 1 J S . .M A It Y L A S D I'A R K WAY
HLDC. B

IAS VhG.«. NV mioy

702.369-73M

LAS VEGAS PET USERS

r.LlOK. CilAKI.LSION BLVD.

SUITE 3 313

1.AS VE(.;,-«. NV8yi2L>

New Hampshire

MONADNOCK USER
GROUP FOR
COMMODORE OWNERS

1 35 LIBER I Y L^NE
KEENF, Nil 03131
003 352-5HIB
t'. KIRHFAIKICK

AMOSKEAG C-64 USER
GROUP

(.1 I'Rosi'i.ci SI.

MANCHESl KR. Nil 03101
01l3.tifiy-ii277

BKAD & NASI :Y MAYKK

NORTHERN NEW
ENGLAND COMPU'lER
SOCIEIV

I'O BOX l»ii
BERLIN, NH 0357(1

64 USERS

I'O BOX M7S
ROCHESTER. NH 03WG7

New Jersey

INFO-64

10 ridgkwoou ave.
vidko dvna.mics
kii)(;kwooi>. nj 07-150

201-447^422

PLASMA PHYSICS LAB
USER GROUP

ritLSCEION LIS IV.

I'O BOX -r.i

I'HlNCtirON. NJ 0H.M4

CUMBERLAND COUNTY
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

lOTii SORIH I.VSI ,-\VK.

VISl-.L-XM), .SJ 0K3(iO

ooy-iiy2-i.i3i;(i

JERSEY SHORE
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

NySIKAIKOKI) KOAD
UN ION tAI.LS, SJ 07724
201 .■>122I13
BOii MCKISl! V. [K

BORDEN lOWN AREA C-64
USER'S GROUP

I'O BOX 3NI

BORDKN rows. NJ O850.'V
JOE GRI.\'ER

RUN ,si'H:iAi. is,si;[: I'jsii / 109

rancocjvs valley uskr

GROUP

I'll 11( )\ TM

PARSIPPANY COMPUTER
CROUP

r>l Hi-RXCI.IhK KOAl)
MOUms fl JOIN'S. .S| ((TO.'.O

•.>in-*.'(i7-r>a;ii

SO. JERSEY C:OMMODORE
USER'S CLUB

■UiH MONKOI- I'AIH
MAl'I.KSIIADK, NldBflM

t;(>iimi7-<)7riH

COMMODORE FRIENDLY
USER GROUP

■lillliKsniv KOAl)

WAVNK. .\J 07 17U
20HHMi-8043

SOMERSET USER'S CLUB

Hi MAKCV SI.
HOVIlkSKI, NJ(PH«:t

VICTIM ES

■11. WAVXK.S'I.

i-:i)iS(iv, Nj o«si7
ACCNJ PET/VIC/CBM

■Ml KI\1H\ II W II ItK.M.l

hi-,i,i.i:mkai), nj i («•>(«

VIC SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT CLUB

7 i-oMAi.HAi'i Avi;.
si'Avia.L, N| imm

EDUCATOR'S ADVISORY

I'll HU\ INti
MKHKimi), XJONOriS

(illll/ttrviaiO

VIC USER GROUP

li7 mSILKR AVI.

\V. CAI.IIVVH.I., SjdTUOC

^iii''2s-t--jiai
TBI I VIC-NICS

s A I. I'M, \| tm(i7;i

AMATEUR COMPUTER
GROUP

IN Al.i'lNK DRIVK
VVAWi;. NJ I17I7II

MORRIS AREA
C(>MMODt)RE USER'S
GROUP

111 I AKI.V -SI.
MOUIUS"H.)\VN, \J (i7'Jf>(t
L'lil L!ri7..'i(iNS

HUDSON COUNTY
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

51 m I'Al.tSADK ,vvi:.
CMUN cm. vjii70N:i

L!(ii-:t;iiiH;u7

New Mexico

AIAMOGORDO
COMMODORE USER'S
fJROUP

I'O luJX -J:!!

\l AMUl.llKIKJ, X.\( Wild

1 70 / RUN sPKau-issLT. ]m

lAOS AREA COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

I'd HdX :>(iwi

TAtJS. \MM7.i7l

50fi-7."iH-)-i.i«

n.-wiiiiiuLi.

NEW MEXICO
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

I'o iiox ;i7it*7

Al.liryUKRQl'l:., NM N717C.

:i(i,>ss-i';t77«

.St IS AN I'AI.MKR

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP OF ROSWELL

MU 1 COIMKV ( 11 II KUAl>
RDSWt.l.l.. SM hKU\

rim (a:i-i:i7ij

tIKORtiK liARRV

SO. NEW MEXICO
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

I'O IKIX I!:i7, l!M\'. PARK
(VRASCH

uvs (:kL(.:t:s, nm nKtiiii

Sd.'i .'>'."i.7tffi'i

D.-WIKSKl.WVN

New York
SCUG

CANAl.HQUARK
SCllt.NKdAltV. .NY laSO")

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP OF MASSENA

M.ASSKNA COMI'lllKR CENTKK
ilARIK H.WKN l'L\/.A
M.ViSKNA. NV KtlKH

MICRO-HUT USER'S
GROUP

li'j p:\sj .MAIN SI.

ll.W SHORK. NV lITtMi

:jHii'.iiti.7siis

JOSI I'll .MOON III

CAVE

CO linX III

IIOK OMli. NV 1 IlliSI

"niii.'w-Cirj',")

RAINBOW

IN TERN.A'nONAL C-64

USER GROUP

■M7 llAWm.SON .AVK.
NIA(.AKA IAI.I.S, NV 1430.')
ROIURI IIIMMINC.S

BRONX-64 USER'S GROUP

i'O \M>\ 17. COHNl.l.l, SI. VI ION
IlKONX. N^' I017:t
IIAVI RIVKHA

FOLKLIFE TERMINAL
CLUB

iiox :,ru([w ( :o.oi' cirv staiion

HRON.S. NV 11117.'.

BROOKLYN COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

I7:tr. KA-ST l:VI-H Si:, Al'T. 7N
BRO(JKl.V\, NV \\'22'J
71H:t7r.,'>'i7N

MAU;oM (;onivSMA.N

SIMONS' BASIC USER
CROUP

6 iiUlll.KHKM I'lACh
POL(;HkKl:TSli:. \V 121X13
ROHKRI WEC;l.INSKl

CLUB.64

ir.-'iCOAIKS AVK
HOI IlKOOK, NV 11711

,'ii(i.'.;H!i'iv;7i

CHRIS I lIKUDORi:

CENTRAL NEW YORK
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

N[i;i7 MORCiAN ROAD
I.IVKKl'OOl.. NV IMmtt

:u."iii*.'L'-:i'.ii:t
cvKi iiiriKi.

PLAirSBURGII
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

lil rvslMAlNSI.

MORRISON VI I. t.K, -NV I'JilfW

SIlA'l: NU1..\N

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP OF ROCHESTER

l>0 IU)\ 'iljjll
RtMillKSlhR. NV 1 lt|-Jli
"Uirill fi'i.il

CHAUTAUQUA COUNTY
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

l'iL!t I A.SI MAIN SI
U'i:SIKIi:l.U. NV M7H7

MARK mNlA!'

ELIIE GROUP

:t'.iip; IINIIROKCK AVK.
HRUNN.NV l(H(i*l
RICH A HI) hAil.iV

VIC USER GROUP

KODAK I'ARK. I'Al'lR DIVISION
ROCHKSIKR, NV I 111 1 7

OSWEGO 64 USERS

L'lm I'ARK liAI.I . DH'I.
IMUSIRIAI.ARIS

nswwjo, NV uiiai
;ii.'.--iir:«ii(i

POUCHKEEPSIE VIC USER
GROUP

2 IIROOKI.ANDS lARM HOAl)
l'OI'OllKKi;l'Slh. NV ll'lidl

'.n I Hi-i i."pis

COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

nil sU'AV.ARi AVI-:.

BUllIl'ALiH. NV 11711

.iii>.'>7r>!t,".'is

HELU) CENTRAL

7i^i;;:i.vrii AVt.

j.ACKSON IlKKUIIS. NV I1:17'J
MANHATTAN 64

M-KJ I'RI'.I-.I'OIM I.OOi-
liRUOKI.VN, N\' iii>;w
'>[2i',i7-l-Xti

ROCKLAND COUNTY
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

I'O BOX -.73

NAN 1 1 Kr, NY lOWifi

NEW YORK 64 USER'S
GROUP

L'-JL! IHO.Ml'SON HI.
NKW YORK. NV IlKJl'J
«lL>ri73.7'Jll

VIC/64 USER'S GROUP

VVA\'1,R1.\ l*l.Al I.
NliVV YORK. NV l(KlIi:l

L'ia.;(r.N-.-ii.'..'i

ADIRONDACK CM USER'S
CROUP

**lt.'i wool >l .AWN AVI-..
SARAHKIA Si'RINCS. NV l^Hliti
"ilB-'iMt-H'ltiK

L&M COMPUTER CLUB

4 CI.IMON s r.

■rui.i,v. NY MSimt

SI.'itj!in-HiMH

OVPITAL DISTRICT 64/VIC
USER'S GROUP

3(i;l IIA.MIIMON sr,
ALBANY, NV IwjK
.=)!«• 13li- 1 1'.KJ

VIC USER'S CLUB

;t;(!t i'..\nK AVI-'..

HAHVUIN.NY ll"tl'.'
Slfitili'l'lI'Jti

CHENANGO COUNTY
COMMODORE HELPERS
AND USERS GROUP

I'U IIO.X 4M7

NORWICH, NY \:w\r>

(il>7.33li-3!tlW

VIC USER GROUP

I'jrid oci_\N AVI..

BROOKLYN, N\ I1V!;W

yi'^Hr.<i':t(W(i
LIVE

17 I'UlADKU.V ROAK
t.RKAI NKCK, N\' HUM

ROCKLAND COUNTY
COMMODORE

14 HIl.LSll)Kt:()t Rl
SL rH-.RN, NV Hlitlil

SPUG

l7Kii ItOSION I'OM ROAD
I'l rilAM. NV Kwiil

PET USER CLUB

1>0 III IX l!JHIl

Will II I'l.AiNs. NV mill):;

WES rCH ESTER COUNTY
VIC USER'S GROUP

I'O BUS Mil

fi-.i.HAM. NV iij:.:>'J
VIC USER'S CLUB

7li RAinoRUSI

SlAll-.N ISLAND. NV 10314

COMMODORE MASTERS

•ifiCROlON Wl

SlAll.N ISLAND, NY 11)3(11

SEC'HJR ONE COMPUTER

ht'JI h/VM MAIN SI.
VVt.SIKIKI.I). NV H7N7
7!li.:Kli)-!7i,l

COMMODORE BUFFALO
USER'S CROUP

m> DAi.K. i)HI\>
InNAVVANDA, \V IllfiO

7iti(>:u :iii:i'j

MOHAWK VALLEY
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

i'{) Hox :ti:s

IKIIIKS mil., NV I '.'177

COMMODORE 64 USER'S
CROUP

t>7 I'i HAKKOWSI.

roKKsi mi.i.s. -Vi' ii:i7.'i

SrATEN ISLAND
COMMODORE USER
CROUP

:177(J KiCllMOM) AVK.
.SIAIKN ISLAND, NV KWIi!

NEW YORK CITY VIC/C64
USER CROUP

•)3() KASr li'lClI SI.
NKW VORK, NV 11)11'.' I

North Carolina

UNIFOUR COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

CO i«)x <i.w-i

HICKOKV, \V. -Mm
JANKl NtOHkIS

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

HI l.liOX :1I'.IB
.SAl.lSHl'KV, MI'iMIII
tlHARLl-.S l!l HhMAN

TRYON COMMODORE 64
CLUB

I'u liox III It)

IKVON, NC L'M7Ha

7(j4.Nri!(ii:H(i

DOWN EAST
COMMODORES

:W2 lua.LKivvN hdad

HAVKI.UCK, NCiiMSaa

!t!ll..M7 ■!.'.;«

RALEIGH VIC/64 USER'S
CROUP

I 111 II OKI lA COl.iKI

yni-itw:isr>:>

WILMINGTON
COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP

lll'i KI. HONtVl.ni HKiV'K

«ii..Mi,\(,i().\. St. \it(im

'.Uil-7'iy-.W4l

HAROLD WINKLE

;i:w7 {;li;.svv.\s a\'i-..
<:iN<:[\NAii. ON i:.:;ii.-,

CAM AREA USER'S CROUP

:i:tl PAIKVIKW SK

NOR in CANION, OH 11720

Iritj.'1i(i1-7!IW)
l.nKt.N HINES

SOUTHWESTERN OHIO
COMMODORE USER
CROUP

vu iiu\ nia4i

CISCIWAI 1, t)H 4,V246

YOUNCSTOWN C-64
USER'S GROUP

VilW.NOKIM I'LARL
COl.UMllIANA, OH IHOH

CMAHI.t.S Lo.VfMlOl lOM

UCOM-64

:t10 TANCKMAN L' CENTER
MAIL Lot; iAB
CINCINNATI, OH 45221

NORTHEAST OHIO
COMMODORE USER
CROUP

I'O IIDX 71K
MKNIOR. OH 440(i1

COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB OF TOLEDO

I'O KOXHWW

roi.KDo, OH 4;i(j2:i
4i'.i47r.'.iii;!i

|IM CVCIII.FK

COMMODORE USERS IN
AKRON

fO HON 9'i4:{
AKRCN, OH +1305

COMMODORE CLUB OF
CENTRAL OHIO

rt ) III )X 2ri2:t;)2

COLLNMHL^S, OH 4322*)

AKRON AREA C-64 USER'S
GROUP

2 ir.:i .sKccxsij ST.
c.:uvaho<.;a fai.i,s, oh 14221
2it;H2:w:wii

i'AUL HAKDV

COMMODORE 64 USER'S
GROUP

7(11' I'ARK AVK. NW

NLW l'H1L\Ui:Li'lllA, OH 44fifi:i

COMMODORE USERS OF
BLUE CHIP

Nil. i!i;i:(:iiKRST.

t;iNC1SNAl 1. oil 4r>20(i

.'ii:i'.iiiiii.-pH2

CPU CONNECTION

I'O ho\ 4'.'ii;w

liKOOK I'ARK, OH 4M24

CINCINNATI

COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

i'O HOX l.'ii)
OW^NSVII.LK, OH 15160

ril:1.7,'Wij.'>72
WALLVJO.NLS

SE CLEVELAND
COMMODORE CRiVZIES

IHULI HAK1,\N nRl\ K
MAI't.i. HUdHlS, OH 411:17

2111 wi :vnm

Oklahoma

GREATER OKL/\IIOMA
COMMODORE CLUB

FO HOX •tli7.'.l
(.IKLAHOMACllV, OK 7:^1 4:1

STILLWATER Cfrl USER'S
CROUP

:t124 N l.LS(:o1..S
snUAVAIKR. OK74()7,''i

40.i.:<72 LlltN

TULSA AREA
COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP

7WH N. 1 17111 AVK.
OIV.VSSO. OK 7-1(155
'.J1H272(17.'.5

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

2112 -S. 12 1H Si:

.ml'.sko(;kl, ok 7 i iiti

MCSKOtiKl'. COMl'irrLk SOCILI V

COMMODORE
OKl^HOMA USER'S CLUB

401)0 SVV 14111 SI'.

()i;l.\homa cirv, OK 7:tii)7

405-0-l:tL-i70

COMMODORE USERS

H(.)X 2tJS

OKLAHOMA i:ilV, OK 7:11111

COMMODORE USERS OF
NORMAN

2OU HRl )( IKWOOO

NOisii. OK 7:!ih;h

COMMODORE USERS OF
BARTLESVILLE

1704 ,S, OSAACK
UARTl.l-.SVU.l.E, OK 7-11 HIS

uiH:t:it>i)2:i:i

IKM) .MA^T.S

Oregon

SOUTHERN OREGON VIC/
64 USER'S GROUP

:i(i0l) MADkONA l.A.NL
MLUIOKI), ORW.'-.lll

;"i(i:i 77o-7ii:ti

SPRINGFIELD
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

4400 KRANKl.lN AVr,., SIK. # 1 44:1
EUGENE. OR O740S

r)(l5"4 1 2.'i2'>

I-ANE COUNTY C-64
USER'S CROUP

I'OiiOX ILilii
KLU;KNi'„ OR ;i7!40
503-720-2 l:U

JEFFERSON STATE
COMPUTER USER'S
CROUP

M> HOX i:i:i.-i
MLDIORl). OR Ii7,'i0l

SPRINGFIELD
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

r):t24 B si:

Sl'KINCHKLl), OK II717K

.10:1 74 1 -".'.v,';!

MARKJOhKl.l-k

COMPUTER USERS

Ki):n:t ik-\NKLiN hlvd.
t:i:(;i-:xi^:, or 1171115

.W3-72f)-M10ll

US COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP

I'O isox 2:110

ROSEDUW;, OR 1(7470

.'illSti72~ri'.ll

CAVEMAN COMMODORE
COMPUTER CLUB

■iH-Mi LOWER RlVLk ROAD

1;RANTS i'ASS, OR ;l7.52t;

rio:i.47i)-7ioii

KEN CROUSK

Pennsylvania

NOR 111 COAST
COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP

I'O HOX 11117
ERIE, ['A 10512

BEAVER COUNTY ARFjV
COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP

1I2SI'R1 CK DRIVE
.\IONA{.V. I 'A ITiOtil

4i*,;.77-|.;io80

H.j. HEMER

BLUE JUNIATA
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

11)7 W.VilIlN(;iO\ AVE.
LEWIS I OWN. 1"A 17044
CLIKIOX HELL, JR.

ABC C-64 CHIPS
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

;U5!I MIllDLErOWN ROAD
HEIHLEIIKM.I'A 1S017
THOMAS DIEE

LOWER BUCKS USER'S
GROUP

'252 MAKEEIELI) kOAD
.MORK1.SV1L1.E, I 'A i*IOIi7
DON MOVER

MAIN LINE COMMODORE
USER'S CROUP

HM(i C:ENEkAL ALLEN E.\NE

WES r c:i ULSTER. PA m:w2

215:iHH-i,-iHI

E.Mii. volc:he(;k

CENTRAL PA USER
CROUP FOR
COMMODORE

HOX 102

SA1X).\A. V.\ 17707
71 7-7'2l. 45154
JOSEPH c;OEE.\IA.\

RUN .SPHllAL ISSUE m(i / 1 7 1

WEST URANCII
COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP

Pt) HON <J'.lj

WILI.IAMSCOKI. i'A 17703
717-;J2;*-7'.HJI

(;knk idvujVM)
COMPUSTARS

111 I M.VM.VUW SI,

I'orisiunvx. I'A vmm

VIC PROGRAMMKRS, INC.

lis oil) SI'KIN4i K(>AI>

(,OArK-S\il.1.K. I'A iys2it

PACS COMMODORE
USER'S CLUB

ami \M> (H.Niiv SIS

I'HII.APKI.I'HIA. I'A I'll II
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NADC COMMODORK
USER'S CLUB

L'^tN OAKItAt.i; AVK.
IIOKSHAM. I'A hHJ'lt

PET USER GROUP

I'o iin\ .171

\i()M(;()MKusA'iLi.t, I'A mm

WESTMORELAND
COMMODORE USER'S
CLUB

I'O Hox:*!*:!!

(JRKKNSIlL'Ki;, I'A LViUl

y\'C

2I>\:> (.AKHICK imiVK

Pin Sill kcii, I'A ir.'Jiir.

41*2-;171-2Hffl

CRC USER CLUB

■Mm vvMiriKX Hoi.unv road

MW Kl\St\(;H)N. I'A IMHiH

GIC COMPUTER OWNER'S
GROUP

I'd BOX 1 1'.m

Hi ADINC. I'A lltlHI"

■i I r-i-ii:-, L'CfMt

COMPSTARS

Mill hI.liKIKAI.«;iK«:i.K
Ai'iH'HnN. I'A i!mi:i

BOElNt; EMPU>YKES
PERSONAL COMPUTER
CLUB

i'O liOX lliSfiH
l'Hll,\l)H.l'HIA. I'A I'.H I'J

VIC SOnWARE
DEVELOPMKNI' CLUB

tm w. skihi\vr:k, Ai't. Al

l'Hll.\t)l-.l.l*HlA, CA lllliy

airi-HiiuwM
BITS & BYTES

Mli:, DAI I- RllAIV
SHIANh, I'A I'.KMH

L')'.riM.w7:i

CLIFrON HEIGHTS USER'S
GROUP

ru liox \>Mi

(ii.iriox HKicii IS. i'a i;hhk

COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP

7m I DiCK AVK.
WARMINSIKR, I'A IS974

SOUTH CENTRAL PENN
COMMODORE CLUB

'jlllKI't CKDAK Rr.\ imiVK
CAMl'Hll.l., I'A 17011

7i7.7ii:i r.'hi

C.4CC CENTER AREA
COMMODORE COXfPUTER
CLUB

•211 COMHTTER BUILDING
l'NI\'KHSI l^' I'ARK. I'A \ima

COMMODORE USER'S
CLUB OF SE PENN

'2-m7 l'KN'NS\'l,VANIA AVK.

WF,';'!' \liFFI.I\, PA lr^V2'2

WORLDWIDE
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

I'D ii<)x:w7

IU.l'F ISl-,l.l., PA lfi'i2L>

WYOMING VALLEY
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

:Kj I KAST ORIOLE DRIVE
L\RKS\1LLE, ['A IH7y4

7l7l!MS7^H<t

SCRANTON COMMODORE
USER'S CROUP

I'O [JOX 2 1 1

c:l\rksslmmii. pa ifiin

MIDATI^NTIC REGIONAL

COMMODORE

/ASSOCIATION

P( ) in )X 7ti

Ml. HOI-I.V SPRINC-.S. I'A 171ia">

;i7-iKr,-M7-!

BELLWOOD-ALTOONA
SWAPPERS IN
COMMODORE

r)i.'-> K. 2(i"in AVK.

ALI'OONA. I'A Kilidl
8M-!M2-!)."p(;."i

CASTLE COMMODORE
COMPUTER CLUB

RU #1, KOX 'JIOA

KiiiNm.:Ri;., pa iiiiifi
1 1 L;pir.:':i:!.vj

EPA COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

171^ .\int\ LAIR ROAD

imnsLKK. PA iwi'jr.

KDWARD rOllKX

Rhode Island

NEWPORI COMPUTER
CLUB

po iiox ii:tip

NKVVPORI. R[ (l^filli
DKNMS Rl ni.R

NARRAGANSEIT
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

I'D BOX M7II7
CIRANS ION. Rl wz'rits
•ml '.i I'J ."it 111

KKNX'Kri! C.VSPAR

NEWPORT VlC/64 USERS

1(J MAIILANI* t:OL!RT
MAVI'ORI. Rl ()2MI0

VI\-V.V\.'2(iM

IRVING SILVERMAN, CPA

If.O LM^MON" AVI,

F, PROVIDKVCF, Rl li'.".i|l

COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP

'.t7M I io(,;l'k avic.

COVKNI RV, Rl (KHlli

■loi-WM'.'Wr)

RHODE ISLAND
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

■! MOU'RV AVK
JOHNS inN. Rl l)i.".tht

-ii)iL!:!i-;ir):i7

]{)F OSIIOHXF

COMMODORE
CONNECTION USER'S
CROUP

I'O ilOX \v2\i
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South Carolina

COMPUTER USER
SOCIETY OF GREENVILLE

^Al S. I'LFASAX 1 in RU DRIVE
CREENVILI.F, .S(:'JiHKI7

m:v2Mri:i'22

SPARTANBURG
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

PO 1K)X :u;t

.SPARIWNIU'RC. SC 2<n()1

COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB OF COLUMBIA

I'O llOX L>77ri

C lAVCavWESI ( :( )l 1 1 M HI A , S( 1 L".! 1 7 1

BEAUFORD TECHNICAL
COLLEGE

IflO .S. RIBAirr ROAD

HE. M TORI ),s( ;'«»(»'.'

CHARLESTON COMPUTER
SOCIETY

l'( > h( )X '>L'ti I

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HIW-7-!7li:(HI

COMMODORE KIDS OF
AMERICA USER GROUP

REM. BOX 2WI
SIMIFR. S{;'-".II.W

M(i:t,'ll>il'SHIi1

South Dakota

VIC/64 USER'S CLUB

'2<a E. SKH.'X AVE,
PIKRHE, SI) 575(11
H0r>-22'l"IKti3

PORT ()4 USER GROUP

<.l*.".i I.KM.MON Si:
KAPIDCIIV.SD 577(11
t>(l5-:V!i|.4<t().'i
ROXANN PAPI'.\S

PET USER'S GROUP

.'il.'i SOI' in Dl IF
MUCllEl.L. .SD r.7:i(li
()(('> (Iti(i>l277

Tennessee

CLARKSVILLE
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

I'O BOX Ii7
(:L.\RKSVIL!.K, IN ;17(H(I

GREEN EVILLE COMPUTER
HOME USER GROUP

RE. 8. BOX ia«-r

GRCT-NEVILLE, TN .'5774,'i

(iirif);w-n»ni

IIARRV I'ORIKR

COMMODORE ASSN.
SOUTH EAST

PO BOX ii();w<i

NASHVILLE. IN .17211

B15 a:i4 ri(J7'.)

ROBFKI" SMI 111

TRICITIES COMMODORE
CLUB

11 I SPRINCllKOOR DRIVE
l'l•ERI,LSS{;^MER

(otiNsuN CI rv. IN :i7<i*)i

V!C:KIE DAVIS

OLD HICKORY
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

2S COAIES COVE
JACKS! )N. IN .mil).^.
U((l-42-14t)Kll

c:harle.s mercer

SPRINGFIELD
COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

IfF. Ill, HO\ Hid
Sl'RlNCEIEl.D. IN :!7172
(iE5.:iH4-t()'i(l
I'AIII. HELL

COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

PC) BOX siti

LSI ILL SPRINf.^. IN STiSn

l>\'<i\i'.>-<'.>i>'2

MAKIV t.ARNER

METROKNOXVILLE
COMMODORE USER CLUB

7^50 OXMOOR R(JAD
KNOXVIl.LE. 'lN37»3i

i'ii5W(S';i77;i

MEMPHIS COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

•JI7ii REDEVKS ,.\VE
ME.Ml'llIS. IN :W127

;t(ii 'iriH W2:i

ET 64 USER'S GROUP

I'O B( )X PJS
KXOxvii.LE. r\ :i7>)i)i

l72/RUNs?K(:i.\Lissi!KI!(H(i

COMMODORE USER CLUB

twill 1)\\ H)\ KI.VIJ.

MM Kl> CUMl'LlhR CKN 1 KK

CIt.M r.\N()()(;A. IX :i74(IS

NASHVILLE COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

I'o mix 1J12S-J

NA.S1IVIM,K. IS-:S7i.Mii

JOK hi:ri[i;Ri.iNc;
Texas

MIDLAND COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

I'O i«)\ 7;i.'..=i

.MI1>L\S», IS 7U708

'.ll'ifiNltH'I'.IM
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EL PASO COMMODORE
USER GROLT

MM, Ul'.AN MAk'lIN DRIVL
Kl. l'<VSO. IX 7;iU30

JK.SSK Nt( )( IKK

COMMODORE BRAZOS
USER'S GROUP

I'O IIOX WiT^

ixn.l.EV.V. SJAl ION, iX 77«.')i(

BILL COMPUTER CLUB

t'o Hox ri'.u

ADKINS. 1\ "HID I

SAIUKDAV MORNING
USER'S GROUP

I'D mix 7^i:5ri7

coKi'is CHRIS 1 1, rx 7K-I71;

■ii:;n;Vi-.ii:.ip

JJM (IttfAR

TRI STATE COMMODORE
USER GROUP

I'O HOX »'.t71
AMAKII.l.O, IX 7i)ll!

H(ifi-:j7:(.i:i;s(i

i;ari. hliki.inga.vik

HOT CHUG

I'd ItOX '^1711
WAl .( ). I X 7(i71l2
hl7'77li'IIIMI
JAMtS IM)M!-:\c:LL'X

ABILFNE CURSOR
CONTROL

I'd »OX tCiJl
Altll.KNI':. IX7fflM8
ROMAN KF.VNOI,r)S

CORPUS CHRISTI
C;OMM01)OKE USERS

;tti:!ii loi't.kA SI.
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COMMODORE COMPUTER
USERS OF TEXAS

iiHii \ 111 r,. sriii- L'lii
Al SllX. rx 7S72L.'

r.i:.' I'li'js'ji

LARRV WILLIAMS

I'O in)X lirii!

SAN AN lONIO, T\ TiJL'M

SOUTHEAST HOUSTON
VIC

1M?;| KIKK VAIJ.KY DR]\'K
llorSION.IX 77II8'.1

CHUG

N7:ts wiinroRRsj-

lUlfMON. TX 770Sa

7v.v<.>\>'.>--m:<j<i

PET USERS

','0(11 IlKVAN TOWER

M!rrK;iw)o

DAM^Vi. •IX732U1

64 USERS

'jKi Mii)Ni(;jii' [:ir{:le

I'LANO. I X 75075

SCOPE

I'O liox :toii3
KKJIARnsON.TX 75083

U>NGVIEW USER'S
GRf)UP

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LONCVIKW, IX 73t>(l«
:ill-7M.3-15'.)
MARSHA BA(;VVKI.l.

c:rossroads
commodore user's

GROUP

117 IRMA IIRIVK
VICKIRIA. l"X77au!

5);; ■>7r>(wi2

rt.RRV GLFY

COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP OF ODESSA

ro Hox I'Jiiii

ODESSA, IX 7B7fiH

IRVING COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

I'D iiOX l(i30S4
1R\)M;, TX75U16
UHnSCjVNT'U

NASACOM 64
COMMODORE CLUB

lilo IIAVKIIK;!-. HOAl)
LA I'ORIK. TX 77571

7i:M7i-<i(i'j;;

ROIU.RI GIJIXN

COMMODORE
ADVENTURERS

nijri7 l)H R Kl N

MACNoi.iA, rx 77:i5r)
scon KiNt;

Utah

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER
SOCIETY

I'd UO\ 1154
SANHV. UT H407I
H0|.,-i7MiHi;i

PAVSON AREA
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

I'O Ht)X 525

SAi.KM. inmr,-.:!

wii-t(iri-i;i2l

I.ARRV MIHl-SIKIN

UINTAH BASIN
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

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R(K)SKvia:r, ur M-ioeii

THE COMMODORE USER'S
CLUB

712 1 AV 1.(.)R AVE.
<J(,I)KN. TT H4404

UTAH PUG

22;i(i \vAsiiiNc;TON hi.vn.
o(;i)KN.ri 8-140I

VIC USERS

;(24 N()K'i4l :)(I0 Wl'Ki'

SMrMiiTTLn. i!T843;ir>

NORTHERN UTAH
VIC & C-64

I'D UOX 5:i3

{:ari.\N[>. n H4:fi2

THE COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP

052 \'.'K,S I 71)0 NORIil
CI.KAKb-'lKLD. LT K4015

Wi-77(i-;ty:iO

UTAH VALLEY
COMPUTER SOCIETY

330 Si. CANAI.DKIVK

UNDoN, 11 r nmvd

mi-lH'yhlfil
'IF.RR^' rOWKRS

Wv\SATCH COMMODORE
64 USER'S GROUP

ro l)OX4ll2R
(RUJKN, t.n HI 102
MIKK MIIRI'HY

Vermont

DARLENE COLBURN

KR #1, llOX S242
RI'TIjVMI. \'I (15701
H(l2-77.5r.32l

GREEN MOUNTAIN
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

ro hox ii()K7

RlJll.ANI), VI 03701

BURLINGTON AREA
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

li MAVI MR

sol! I! lil'Hl.lMliOX. V! 05041

Virginia

NORTHERN VA PET
USERS

2(145 KAKINS COIIRI'
Rl'.S'lON, VA 220>J1
»03'St>(l'tl! It)

TRACE

•2<:)i><> 1'INl.niJRSI ROAll
KK:HMnNll. \'A J322S

Htll-aiO- 133(1

HM. RKXkOra. IR.

DALE CITV COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

l'< > IK »X 2205

UA1.1-. CI I V. VA 2l;IV«

SHENANDOAH VALLEY
COMMODORE USER'S
CROUP

701 lil. i 1-KR AVL

vvin(;hi-.s4t:r. VA 22r.tji

7034iti7-:t;):>4
MARY i lADKCKilR

COM M ONW EA LTI I 20/64

1773 WAINVVKKUrr DKJVT-:
KKS4 0N. VA 22(l<JO

FREDERICKSBURG
COMPUTER CLUB

313 WILLIAM ST
KKKDKRICKSHLRt.. VA 221(1)

j03Ni|Mi;3l2
CKOHCl WAl.KKR

FRANCONIA
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

taO!) ROSK HII4, r>RIVK
AI.KXANDKIA, VA ■J231(l
7(l3.U71v5021

ULTIMATE 64 EXPERIENCE

7(101 SAI I.VI ROAII
TALKS CIR Rt;lt. VA2'J(li:i
SANDV CLUO

HENRY COUNTY
COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

RL N, HOX (17

MAR'14NSV1LLK. VA2II12
KKN COFFKLI

C-G4 USER'S GROUP OF
RICHMOND

1'( ) it( >X '.1078
klCHMOXn, VA 23225
ROU1-RI ARMS I K( INC

COMMODORE HILLIOP
USER CROUP

RL 3. HOX 301 II
C;T.LIAk IllllKK, VA 2Ili(W
7(J3-9I54-()3(I4

noucsriiTNER

RACE COMPUTER USER'S
GROUP

47l!(i IIOKSLMAS IIRIVK
ROANOKl.. VA 240 1 'I

7(l3-3i;2 3'.iiiO

COMMODORE USERS OF
FRANKUN

1201 N FIK.H S L
FRANKLIN, VA 23Sr.l
H04.5tl2(M:t

NASA Vie: USER CIROUI"

713 YORK U'ARVVICK URIVL
YORK' I OWN, VA 23 (5! 12

NORFOLK USERS GROUP

1030 W IIRIJ SI. in
NORKll.K, VA 2350K

VIC USER'S GROUP

Rl 2. IIOX ISO
NORIOI.K, VA 23.50M

TIDEWATER COMMODORE
USERS

to 1 7 \\T.S'IC,R0\'1'; ROAD

V I R ( ; 1 M A ii K A (.; H , V.\ 234 ,'^.5

RUN SfECLU ISSL'E \m I 1 73

VIC USER'S GROUP

i:i()2 ll.\K\ \Kl) KDAl)
RICHMOND, \ A 2:l'iaj

FEDERATION OF
COMMODORE USER
SOCIETY

■l:101 COll'MlilA rtKK #li()
ARMNliTON. VA 2'2ii(l4

ARI-ING'TON VICTIMS

i.'.oi ari.inc:ton blvd.

AKl.lNLilON. VA222M

COMMODORE USERS OF
RICHMOND

l?(i:ill loKISIIK COllRl
RlCIIMOSl), VA L>:«27

DALE CITY COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

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llALi: t:IlV. VA'.>211W

7ii;i i'iSo.'jL'7(>

PENINSUIj\ COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

I'O iiox 1,

IIAMC'IOS. VA '2:)ma

CAPITAL AREA

COMMODORE

ENTHUSIASTS

LMIL' iA\<U,l', VAl.K

\'||-;nna. VA •2'>\m

7fi;v.t:i.H.iMi:)

WASHINGTON /\JlEr\
C-64 USER GROUP
(BURKE)

i'( > it( )x ',i:i

Ml VI.RNOX, VA ^21 'J I

7o;t ;iCp<Mi74',l

PEN'I'AF

■iiP12 COIONV KOAI)
|-AIR|-AX. VA 22030

7(i:j.27:t-i:«7

\V,\SHINGTON AREjS.
C-6t USERS GROUP

712(1 I 1 DDRAIXl M
M( l.l-.AN, VA21.'IJI2
70:Vri'i:l IWl'i

Wash ittglon

TACOMA AREA
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

iiiir. s. I'lARi, nrii

lACOMA, WA'.WIO"

UNIVERSITY 64 USER
GROUP

rNiVKRsrrv of w.^smw.ros

I'AlJIOl.OCVDKi'T.

SlAril.l. WAIWI'IS
Al I 1 \ (U)\VN. M.I).

WORLD WIDE
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

i:(io iii'M am:.

HK.IIIAM). WA 'J<I3:.2

PACIFIC NORTHWF^T
COMMODORE CLUB

172M3RD AVE. St;
ItOIHKl.L. WA'»012

COMMODORE UWER'S
CLUB

s, iiiifi CRANi) AVI-",. #ao

I'UI.l.MAN, WA !liHli:i

:io>i':t52-(i2:ii>

OLYMPIA COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

i'O HON I HOI

( )L'i\i}'[A. WA 9M507

R( li.KR MCGUIRE

TRI-CITIES COMMODORE
COMPUTER CLUB

lOUli I'INKSI.
RICHI.AM), WA y935H
.'i(l(HW:!-47.'i4
JACK GARVIN

COMPUTER CLUB

ri:iiaMllI,Slini.i AVi„ NW
sMiii-i-:. WAyHio7

2IM1 7M'.)2(HHI

ARr Umt.CK: KXr HII2

UNIVERSITY PL.VCE
COMMODORE HOME
USER GROUP

7722 SHTM ST. Wt3T
lACXJMA, WA 9H1(i7
2(l(;-.';i54-74'!l'i

WHIDBEY ISLAND
COMMODORE CLUB

i'ii \\U\ I 171

( )AK HARBOR. \VA ';*S277

2ori-iiT.>-fl7Rfi

mi(;hah.(.:i.ark

SPOKANE COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

ro KOX 13201
SMOKANK, VVA0H2r:.i
r.l)0-32S-14t'i4

CBM USER'S GROUP

M03 Kl'CUli W'.AV

t;KNi RAi.iA. WA '.wr):n
a<Hi-7:i(;niHr>

BUNCH A BYTES

t'.IIO I'JiSl l'I.A(.:h NI-.
MAKVSVIl-t.f:, WA yH27(l

C-64 DIVERSITY USER'S
GROUP

IH204 ti7'm AVi';.

ARI.INCJ'ON. WA '.1K223

BLUE MOUNTAIN
COMMODORE USERS

lii;; (.;anar\ imi\ i

WAt.lA WA1.1_A, WA y0362

■■>m<>'27>-M52

CENTRAL W.\SHING'niN
USER'S GROUP

1222 fi. I-IRST HI".
^'AKIMA, WA '.m002

VIC COMPUTER CLUB

M7 N. IVL'RROUOHS A\ I-;.
(.>AK HARBOR. \V"A 0,''227

NW PET USER'S GROUP

'IWir, DKX IKR \. •■1203
Sr.AJ"!!.!:. WA '.WKI'.t

PET USER'S GROUP

IHIIO l.Wt.OR -\Vl . N UI2
Sl-IAITLE. WAOSMRi

West Virginia

KANAWHA VALLEY
COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

I'D IU)X2ri2
IH'NIIAR. WV2r>(IO.l
3 04 ■343-7 130
(■'IWYD STEELE

TRJ- STATE COMMODORE
USERS

73 r!Ni:nii.i.t-.siATi-:s

KI;N0\'A. WV 2f)530

»oi-)53aia-)

COMMODORE HOME
USER'S GROUP

SI I.YNWQOD j\VE.
WHtTXING. WV 20003
304-242-afiOft

PERSONAL COMPUTER

CLUB

I'O Ho\ i:tiii
CHARl.PXrON. WV 2.W2;>

Wisconsin

EAU CLAIRE CBM frt
USER'S CROUP

Kf.h. IIOX I7HA

I'JVU CltAlRE, Wl .M7II3

715.K74-r.il72

MENOMONIE AREA
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

.jll) 12 in Si".
MKNOMONU:. Wl -r\7:<\

71.''.-2:t,'"i-40H7

MADISON AREA
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

3(534 SWOrsoBA ROAl)

VERONA, Wl .n3:>y:i

CUSSH

3(:,it sovfRiu.N imi\K

RAC.l.VK. Wl .-i34llti

4i4-.".rii()ir.()

VIC/C-64 USER GROUP

.f.22 WEST BERGEN DRiVK
MILWAUKEE, Wl ^,^217
4MI7(i-K12.'.

MACE

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GRI'INDAI.K, W! .-.312y

SWITCH

W. Lit) N. KH34 I'lHiRIM ROAD
MENL1MONIE FA14.S. Wl .->3oril
411-25r.-704t

COMMODORE (il
SOFFWAR E EXCI ) A NCiE

I'O BOX 224

oRi-GON. Wl r.3ri7'i

MONROE COMPUTER
USER'S GROUP

2'.I15 lEFH .\VK
MONRO!. Wl -i3.'jfili
ANHRKW I.KICKHEN

SEWPUS

I'O BOX aiHfil
MILWAUKEE. W I r.:122l

WAUKESHA AREA
COMMODORE

'Bd'i- W. BROAIIWAY'
WAUKESHA, Wl f.:tlHi.
■1llfc17-y3UI

COMMODORE USER
GROUP

1130 ELM (.kOVK.Sl.
ELM GROVE. Wl r.3122

CLUB 64

(ii.w i)oi'(;i..\s ,\VE.

G\l.Ei)ON!A. Wl .'■i3l(iH
4llH3ri KvlTi

COMAL USER'S GROUP

riSOl GROVELAM) 1 KKRACE

MADISON. Wl -13710
0()S-322-443a

2001 64 & VIC USER'S
CROUP

31ly N. Ml USE
.MILWAL-KEE. Wl .'■|32l(i
114^-13-2117

WISCONSIN ASSN. VIC/64
ENTHUSIASTS

PO BOX()41

WAUKF.SI-IA. Wl .■,3!K7
4H.771-7I1IO

CHIPS

I'O »OX lOdfi

WF.ST BENIJ, Wl ,'.:to;ij

4i4-r.2M8:H

TT:RRy WESTER It EKE

FOND DU LAC AREA
COMMODORE USER
GROUP

]'M .SIIEI,1.E\' (OUR I

NOKFll I'ONI) UV LAG, Wl .'^^4'.!3r)

DICK I.KNDl.

KB TRIPLE C

RI". I.BON !:i3
DKNM.\HK. Wl .M2(m
GRAIG HKLI EM VN\

COMM-BAY 64

I'O BOX I l.-t2
tiREKN ll.^V. Wl ril30.'"i
-!14-33ri-3H.->f,
RICHARD LUX ION

COULEE COUNTRY
COMMODORE CLUB

■lOiv sr, CLOUD SI.

l.-\ CRO.SSE. Wl J4till3
E.ARl.MGGR VIII. [R

Wyoming

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

(",7<i N. THIRD #11
LARAMIE, WV N2II7(J

307-72 1-,-iyow

1 74 / RUN SPKClAt. ISSUE 1U»

Art^entina

GRUPO USR [f)4]
CORDOBA

CAi I.K MON'TKVinKO UHlll'ISO -jl

I PI 'in it

rnfiiil ( OKDUHA

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Australia

LISMORE C-64 USER'S
CROUP

KU:l!\K)M> HILI, K(Ul)
I. IS MORI; 2-m>. NEW sou 111

U'AI.IS

Al'MHAMA
IH'il'i'2 I 'J'.VJit

GEKIX>NG COMMODORE
COMPUTER CLUB

an i.-i jACAKAMU I'l.Act;,

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VIC/CBM 61 USERS

II l.l.FM.AKIir 11KI\'I
HOKKAI I'ARKIidll
V4.AISIRA1.1A

GRIFFITH COMPUTER
SOCIETY

I'D HON i;;ri

(IKIl't'TIII 'Mm

At'SIKAI.i.V
m'lHti'^'ii*"'
KON IIAITI

COMMODORE COMPUTER
USERS GROUP

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lOWNSVlI.I.K-tSUI
AUSIUAI.IA

II77'7'JIp4.'|'I

A nstria

COMMODORE USER'S
CLUB

l'nsi>At:H .-iieii

Al'SIRIA

(ni'2-;!:i'-> .'■.:('.» I

Canada

FUNOY c-64 USER'S
GROUP

[■Mi ST.JA.Ml'S SI'.

Sr. JOHN. NI-AV ItRL^NSWKlK

CANAIIA l-iil, IVH

liUIAN DICKINSON

NOVA SCOITA
COMMODORE USERS

tiij i.AM)it.\(.i'. {:ki,sc;i;\I'

DAKIMOllH, NOVA SCIOIIA
(:.\.S \1>A lllIW '2W

NOVA SCOITA
COMMODORE USER'S

ASSN.

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HAI.IKAX, NOVAhCOllA
t:\NAii.\ »:t| :!ji

FUNDY C-64 USER'S
GROUP

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yi.iisi'AM.sis. niav nuiiNswicK

CANADA HK; :!\V(1
ANSI' MACKi:

C-64 USER'S GROUP OF
CANADA

SNOWDON I'ODOX 1205
MONIKKM., ^)^Kll^X;

(.:a\ai>a ii:!x :!v:t
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COMVIC

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SI. l.AlKhM
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CANADA 1 Ml. tZ-i

BADEN COMPUTER CLUB

i*<) 111 i.\ \2i\t, ci'i'o r>();')(i

lU.l.l.KVII.I.K, OMARIO
CANAIIA KOK :IH0
H,-\.SH> IN CKRMANV

ST. CATHARINES C-64
JUNIOR GROUP

■yi KILHOIRNK

SI. CAIIIAKI.VI-S. ONTARIO

<;anai)A i.'i.M :iKi

■IKvWj.f.lirii!
KOK m-Ricii

NIAGARA COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

IfiA NKIl.SON ,\VK
SI. CVniARlNK.S
ONIARIO
C:ANA11A L'-'M .i\'9
■IMKWHd'KW

FLEDGING BARRIE USER
GROUP

-.NSiht.i. SI.

HARRIK, ON lARU)
<;ANAD.\ L4M '.'Kit

HAMILTON COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

■l(J IIARNKSDAI.K N.
HAMII.rON, ONIARK)
C/WADA l,KI, liRK

■iiiir>4r> ir>4i.»

r<)N\ VM.KRl

TORONTO PET USER'S
GROUP

Mil'J A. AVKNl.'K ROAD, SIK. #1
I ORONIO. ONIARK)
CANADA M.'.M I A I

■i](i-7HawtiHi

.ST. TIIOMXS USER'S
COMPUTER CLUB

.W (J\VV[SSA SI.

ST. Tm).\L\3. ONTARIO

(i\NAI)A N,->l' 111

rpi'.iiwi'jai:)

PET EDUCA'1X}R GROUP

CO fW)X I.M, SIAUON A
WINIKSOR. ON lARlO
(1\NADA NBA 6L7

COMMODORE USER'S
CLUB OF SUDBURY

!H!H ItROOKI-IKI.II .UK.
SUniiURV, ONIARK)
CANADA l';tA IKI

WPUG

'.t:H"l l-NMSKIl.l.KN AYh.
WTNNJI'KG. MANMOIIA
CANADA R2V0HSI

MANHXJBA USER'S
GROUP

7(1 INKSIhK HI. VI).
VVINNII'KC, .\!ANrmi!.A
(JVNADA R2W 1)1.1

i;o iriHy L';i:vi
«;hris iiAxrKR

Circle 4&5on Reader Service card

IT'S TAX TIME the program

YOU ALREADY KNOW HOW TO RUN

Jim l.().\D iiiid RUN. The program will proiiijit jiju fur all INi'L'T-.. ihtii cuiiipuif voiii
i.i\i« iir ifliiiul. Ii will I'KtN' [■ clircttlv im tin- IRS liiriii or LLS T lo tin.' Mrit-ii. Ilii.' piogr.tiii
3". ilioiitu^hk [c-vtc-tl .lilt) iva^ riilcti laslot .iiul civicsi m use of .six iiiosi jiopukir i;ix nroj^ranis.
TVn (Mil III C: I'JM, sii[i[iini>, 1."iL''j fiiiuLui^rl |irimi-i>. disk ur l.i|n-.

SAVK VOUR.SICU-- TIMK AND MONKV, ORDKR TOD.W

1040 with A&li $25

1040 with A,B,C,l),l-:.C,SE,W,4562 $45

Cahfornia 540 wilh A&B $15

V'tarly Update J 1

add S4 slli})|)iitg, send to:

L.J. Fischer, H797 .Midford Avi-., Kfdwni>d Cily, CA 94061

Phoiii-41.'i-;i(>S-79.')0

PRINCE ALBERT
COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP

I'O BOX ^liil

PRINC.F. AI.HKRI. SASKATCIHKWAN

CANADA SfiV 7(;:t

SASKATOON
COM.MODORE USER'S
GROUP

ro BOX I '.til

S..VSK.\ i ( )< )N . SiLSKA rCHtA\'AN

c;an.\da s7iv 3sri

VKRA HKINZ

BONNVVILLE VIC
CURSORS

BOX L.*ir)0

HONN^A'II.I.K. Al.BKRIA
CiVNADA l(l.\ (11,11

HTNTON COMPUTER
CI.U15

i»)x -jiin

HIN ION. Al 111 HIA
CANADA I OK 11,11
K. BARIJ.Ki I

CAUJARY COMMMODORE
USER'S GROUP

810 (;ankiki i> w.w .svv

CALCJAR^-, .M.Bl'.RIA
CANADA \2W IKI

CANADIAN COMMODORE
CLUB

47 i:o.\c!nvooD i'i.vck

C\Lt;AkV. A I 111- Rl A
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BEAVER VALLEY
COMMODORE CLUE

BOX 111.')

MONIROSK, IIRIIISH COl.rMlilA

CANADA \'IIC ll'll

VIC-TIMS

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TR.\I!„ BRll ISH COLU.MBLI

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KKKOWNA. IIKI IISII t:()I.l!.MBIA

t:.\NADA \'1X lll:t

COMMODORE COMPUTER
CLUB

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vv. v.\nci)1'vi:r
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CANADA V7V' :iNB

MiciiAKi.ynci.KV
c-64 USER'S GROUP

■V> KI.ONDIKK ROAD
WIMIKHOKSK. VIKON
CANADA VIA AMI

4u;W"iliK.7177
WARWICK HKADKK

England

N. lX)NDON HOBBY
COMPUTER CLUB

1!01.].()W,\V ROAD

LONDON

KNC;l.\Nl»

RUN si'KCiAL ISSUE im 1 1 75

CROYDON
MICROCOMPUTER CLUB

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Sia.HURSI. LONDON
KN(;l.ANl>SK2Ml.H

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Finland

VIC CLUB IN IIF.I,SINKI

t.lNNUSlA JANk I '^Jl?
SKDL'iMO KSl'OO 111
KIN1.AN15

Greece

OLYMPIAN COMPUTER
CLUB

ItUX 1277

Ai'o Nt:\v vokK, N'v D'.i'i^:!

I'AUL MUl.LKNS

Iceland
SYNTAX

I'O HOX V>»

Mil ii()R(;arsks

II|{>RGV1N BJARNASfJN

Ireland

CLUB64

i:i'rt;K iiriimconkra koad
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IREMND

Italy

COMMODORE 64 CLUB

V. AVICl.lANA \:il\

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ITALV

II. in SI HDSHAN

SAN VITO COMMODORE
USER'S CROUP

HON i.lW

AI'O ^'^AV YORK, NV (IIIL'lll

IHS DIVISION USERS

VIA llOkCONUOVO ly

Mll.ANO
IIAI.V

Japan

COMMODORE USER'S
CLUB OF YOKOSUKA

COMNAVhORj (N.:i-1)
BOX la

Fl'O SiJVlTLK. WA 'JSHYl
DKNNIS VICKl.ANl)

Korea

COMMODORE USER'S
CLUB

KS'O llO>i l-t37
SKOUI.

kori:a
Mexico

ASOCIACIONDE USARIOS
COMMODORE

ark(;hk;a jioikkin

I74(i I'lSO
MKXICO IHll.F.
MKXICO

CLUB DE USARIOS
COMMODORE

SUJMA I)KI. NOKIi
MOl. l)i;i. \'AI I.1-.

LOCAL -It
MLMCO (ifWW

COMMODORE 54 USER'S
GROUP

AI'MO Mr. CAl.l.K /AR/VOO/.A -111
I'L'LRIO \',\L1.\RI A JALISCO

MKX[i:o AKum

New Zealand

NELSON VIC USER'S
GROUP

I'O liOX Hl)ll

NKUStJN"

NK\\ /KALWD

Norway

VIC CLUB OF NORWAY

Ni;i)RLltANKK(n Id
I7:.0 HALIH-.N
NORWAY

Peru

LIMA COMMODORE CLUB

MON IK L.KAMIK Wl iSTiIlK

LIMA M

PKRL)

Puerto Rico

COMMODORE USER'S
GROUP OF PUERTO RICO

c:allk i(i .wa4 villa carollsa
IjXRolina, pukrto ru:o

t'R OflGLiO
Nn!i.7)i'J 2K2

West Germany

KEITENBERG 24

1> :>«H(» l.L'KDKN St:HLll)
WF-ST r.ERMAXY

FVIFEI, COMMODORE
USER'S GROUP
MVVR IHVISION

AI'O NLw YORK. \v m\:vi

(it(ir>i"iiir.!i77

DON tnllNSON

SOFTWARE SWAPPER
EXTRAORDINAIRE

IIQ 7IH MKDCOM llO\ I
AI'O NLW YORK, NV llltHK

INTERFACE COMPUTER
CLUB

lIlMlKNllL'RtlSIR. tlM
l)-','li;iM.UKNF,BL'R<.;
WLSI (;Lli.\L^NV

West Indies

TRINIDAD ASSN. OF
COMMODORE OWNERS

■n (.HLRRY(;Rt-S(.LSI
VVF-S 1 M< H lRINt;S
{.ARFNA(;h. IRINIDAl)
VVF-Sl INUIJLS
S0!ll>37'H<l9l

List of Advertisers

Reader Service

P»Be

■444 Abby's Software 57

•416 Academy Software — ... .91

474 Acorn of Indiana , , .101

• AproteK 13,89

420 Aquarian Communfcatjons 39

407 B.E.S.T. 25

411 Cardco.lnc CHI

433 Cardlnat Sottwua 101

480 C E,Q S9

450 Contraf Point 58

419 CMS Soltwato Syslems, Inc. 15

443 C.S.M. Sollwate, Inc 27

• G.O.M.a 41

• Commodore Business Machinas CiV

477 Computer Answers 101

443 Computer Ffionds , .151

445 Computur Place , 91

413 CompuSofvo Infofmallon Ssrvices 61

462 OataSlroam ....103

406 Digital Solutions T

446 Digital Visions. Inc 58

481 D J, Sottware , . .S9

448 Ergo Systems, Inc 59

449 Federal Hill Soltwara 30

484 Free Spitit Soltware 103

439 H.B.H. Sales Company 93

459 Hughes Associates 99

403 Info Designs 32, 33

421 Information Associates 46

479 I.H.T. Software 99

436 tntegraiod Software Systems 60

464 Iowa City Computer Consultants 53

462 Jameco Electronics BS

' Jofin Henry Software 23

431 Kingswood Soltware Assoc 53

4C© Knight f^rsonal Software .,...,,., ..55

422 Lance Hatfnor Games 69

465 LJ. Fischer 175

414 Load'NGOt Soflwire 31

447 Mark of the Falcon 43

476 Master Software 101

488 Megagom 103

17(W RUN si'K(;!Ai.is.sui: 1986

Reader Service ^ge

425 Megasoft Ltd 2, 3

4JS Megasoft Ltd 46, 47

461 "

485

441

434

428

401

402

Mictiaol Konsfial! 57

Micro Doclor 103

Mlcroiog Corpoiaiion 43

Micro World Computers, Inc., , . .67

Micfo W.D.t 93

Mimic Systems 17

Mindscape .,.,...,.,, 1

Navaione Industries 88

454 Nibble Notcfi Comp. Products 89

463 N.P.S. Inc 103

429 Omnltronix 101

486 On the Spot Graphics .103

410 Protossionni Soflware , Cll

456 Quinsept 65

442 R.J, Soltstiop 99

' RUN

Foreign Dealer. .,...,.. 91.43

Jesse Jones Box Corp 91

ReRUN Library . . , , 90

RsRUN Winter Edition 96

KM Subscriptions 64

Special Issue .69

Subscription Probclms , . ., .103

University Micrafilms 103

415 Skyles Electric. 37

435 Soflwaro Daslgn flS

440 Software Dimensions 52

423 Sound Sollwaro 19

47S St, Mara Systems 99

432 Starpoint Software 46

430 Stol Soft , - 93

475 TCO Software 101

417 T&O Electronics 73

406 TImeworks .11

427 trans com, inc. , .,.,,. ,93

418 Tri Micro 51

' Ullrabylo IB

483 Unlkool 85

489 Vat ti at a Soltware 103

424 Votroi 87

Reader Service Page

453 West Coast Commodore Assoc 53

455 Wrianta Ans 99

400 X-10 Powertiouse 79

451 Xetoc, Inc 65

For further infoniialion from our advertiseR. circle

the corrcsjxJiKlitty Rtader Senire nuitil>cr tin the

Reiidtfr Seri ice card.

♦TIlis advertiser prefers to be
contacted directly.

Advertising Sitlcs;
Steve kohbins; Ken Bbkenmn;

.Nancy Potter
(6n3)-924-7138 or (800)-l 1 1 -1103;

West Coast Sales Oflice:

Giorgio Saluti

(4 1 !iym-'M70 or (aO())-'2y7H:iti,'')

hi Cm\: (800>344-4B(i

This index is provided as an additional
,«;rvicc, 'Hie pnblislier does not assume any
liability for errors or omissions.

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