Personal and family names; a popular monograph on the origin and history of the nomenclature of the present and former times

GE'NEAIOGY COLLECTION

ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 1833 00674 4830

Personal and Family

Names

A Popular Monogra'ph on the Origin and History of the
Xomenclature of the Present and Former Times

HARRY ALFRED LONG

Glasf/o^i' School Board

"Names?" Could I unfold the influence of names, which are the most
important of all clothings, T were a se(?ond Trismegistus : "— Carlylk.

LONDON: HAMILTON, ADAMS & CO.

GLASGOW: THOMAS D. MORISON

EDINBURGH: JOHN MENZIES & CO.

1883

REPUBLISHED BY GALE RESEARCH COMPANY, BOOK TOWER, DETROIT, 1968

Library of Congress Catalog Card
Number 68-26584

1474561

pcDicatcii

THE TEACHERS OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS

AND SPECIALLY TO

THOSE UNDER THE GLASGOW SCHOOL BOARD

BV A

F EL L O W W O R K ER .

THE A UTHOR

PKEFACE.

About the year 185G my attention was specially directed to
the study of personal names, and circumstances at that time
led me to concentrate attention upon this field of literature.
Having laboured therein for the period of about fourteen 3'C'ars,
the result was produced in a work entitled " The Names We
Bear." So little did I expect my book to take the market
that it was brought out privately. Howbeit, the edition of
two thousand copies was not long in the hands of readers
when a succession of complimentary critiques and encouraging
notices began to flow in from both sides of the Atlantic.
Frequent applications for the work from far and near induced
me to put forth extra exertions to produce a work yet more
worthy of the subject and of our times. After thirteen years
additional labour thereat, I venture to come before the public
again as an author and to ask the patronage of the general
community. This may be regarded as an entirely new work,
being rewritten throughout, and in extent exceeding the pre-
vious volume by about one-half.

Much study is but an effort to make the past present.
What else does the Historian, whether in ordinary prose or in
epic poem? the Geologist, when unfolding the stony pages of
primary deposits ? the Dramatist, if presenting the lives and
actions of the heroic dead, than revivify past ages, or rather,
re-present the illustrious departed, whose memory man trea-
sures ? Educated men cannot rest while the past remains
unveiled. My book is a tiny eftbrt to reproduce the great
actors of past generations in greater numbers than history
can take cognisance of. Much of this work refers to periods
when as yet the history of nations, passed under review, was
unwritten. Even when national life and action found a re-
corder, that historian only chronicled in broad outlines the

G PREFACE.

facts brought out in the growth of an empire or the clash of
battle. History makes known what patriarchal clansman
founded a kingdom, but not who marched to the tented field,
not those who shared with him the perils involved in rearing
an infant nationality. In this book will be found the names
of hundreds of the rank and file who fought in the battle
of Hastings.

Nor should the bearing of this study upon a more thorough
understanding of the nomenclature of geography be lost sight
of. Thereby will be seen evidences in physical and political
geography that the designations of countries, mountains, rivers,
districts, towns, villages, hamlets, are associated with the names
of persons whom we daily meet, suggesting to the thoughtful
mind most interesting topics regarding the histories of families
and places.

And further, like all other products of the earth, language
is variable, transitory, and subject to loss. In this study of
words, readers will recover archaic forms of speech, obsolete
expressions, and colloquially lost words will reproduce them-
selves in unlocked for and refreshing forms.

One of the many difficulties in composing a work of this
type is overcoming dryness, which, if unconquered, however
meritorious the book may otherwise be, its utmost attainment
is to be shelved for reference. In view of this fact the
author has constantly had before his mind the desirableness
of presenting a work, on the one hand readable by reason
of explanations being presented in a popular form, and yet,
on the other, scholarly.

The writer hopes that the verdict passed upon his second
effort will be as encouraging as that kindly accorded to his
previous work.

Glasgow, July, 1883.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Preface --.----.-. 5

CHAPTER I.

The Philosophy of Personal Names - - - . 9

CHAPTER II.

The Origin and Formation of Words — vr - - - 13

CHAPTER III.

Personal Names - - - - - - - - 27

CHAPTER IV.

Biblical Names—???*, of.h, oni, and i - - - - - 49

CHAPTER Y.

BiuTii Names --------- 80

CHAPTER VI.

Names of Women - - - - - - - - 100

CHAPTER VII.

Local Names - - - - - - - - . 119

CHAPTER VIII.

Patronyms on Gentile Names - - - - 154

CHAPTER IX.

German Mytholo(;ical Names 164

8 CONTENTS.

chaptp:r X. PAGE

HiERONYMS — Names Mythological . . . . 181

CHAPTER XI.

Names derived from Animals - - - - - 197

CHAPTER XII.

War Names --------- 212

CHAPTER XIII.

Names derived from Trades ok Titles - - - 231

CHAPTER XIV.

Patronymics --------- 268

Superaddenda --------- 307

Index ---------- 309

PERSONAL AND FAMILY

NAMES

PERSONAL AND FAMILY

NAMES.

CHAPTER I.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF PERSONAL NAMES.

The subject of the following work is a branch of nomenclature
known as the study of personal names. An objection to atten-
tion thereto in this utilitarian age is the vis inertice which
this preface is written to overcome. " Cwi bono ?" cries the
objector, " what end is answered thereby other than the satis-
faction of barren curiosity?" Such objection must be fairly
met, which is readily done in the following words.

By this study we obtain a more accurate view of the con-
struction and power of our language. A new tield of thought
is entered upon. Besides by it many words are prevented
from being lost which are links necessary to unite the verna-
cular of to-day with obsolete forms of speech. For, through
ignorance of this branch of education, we, though having the
same words, yet, being unaware of their meaning and force,
would virtually be without them, inasmuch as we should be
in the position of one looking upon cuneiform writings not
having the cipher whereby to interpret them. Belshazzar saw
the mysterious words on the plaster, but they were inanimate
signs until Belteshazzar inspired them with a life of meaning.
This study throws much light upon British hi^ory. If the
literature of Britain were to perish, and only our names re-
mained, very many of the mighty deeds which have made this
country what it is might be fairly elaborated therefrom. It
lifts the historic veil higher than the ordinary historian can.
He records the births and deaths of kings, sieges fought and
battles won ; but it minutely details the precious things of
home, love, worship, and the social condition of the toiling
million, of which matters history takes little heed. The pen
of the historian is a jet of flame, dazzling at day-dawn ; the
science of names is many sparklets at the noon of night. But
2

10 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

apart from such considerations, we cannot allow that the desire
to know why I am named as I am is vain curiosity, any more
than it is vain to ask whence I came. The extreme utilitarian
might as justly say, " What boots it whence you came ? The
true questions are : What you are, and what you will be." This
is only two-thirds true, inasmuch as the / am of to-day is
built equally with the luill he of to-morrow upon the tvas of
yesterday. Can it be a matter of indifference what a human
being is called, seeing that Infinite Wisdom named, before
birth, Ishmael, Isaac, Josiah, Cyrus, John, and Jesus, — not to
mention those changed by God after birth ? If, then, the
name, involving its meaning and surroundings, was, if it be
lawful so to say, a subject of Divine consideration, on what
defensible principle should the meaning of my name be to me
a matter of indifference ? The Providence which counts hairs
has more to do with names than the unthinking multitude
suspect. Many acts of highest heroism and historic interest
found as lowly an origin as that of the suggestion afforded by
a name. Of such cases several illustrations are given in the
body of this work. No word appeals so powerfully to the
spirit within us as our proper name. The Rabbi of Galilee
stood at the grave of His friend whom He called from Hades
by name, though had He said, " Man, come forth," the j^ower
would have been the same, but the love manifested would not.
In like manner, when a sorrowing disciple yearned for a glance
at the body which had so lately passed through its bitter bap-
tism, she was called to recognition of Him as related to her,
not by saying, " Woman," but " Mary." As illustrating the
affection involved in knowing by name, nothing can be more
appropriate than the negative evidence of the four biographers
of Jesus. They represent Him as not addressing Judas once
by name. So, in like manner, God makes no mention of the
name of either Laban or Balaam, when revealing their respec-
tive messages to them. The passage where it says, " Judas,
betrayest thou the Son of Man with a kiss," upon the autho-
rity of that king of critics, Tischendorf, should be given,
" Friend, betrayest," &C.; agreeing with the mode in which the
king addressed the man not having on a wedding garment —
" Friend, how camest thou," &c. Nor was it by chance, but
on the principle under consideration, that, in the three lists of
the Apostles, Judas is the last mentioned. There is no more
certain proof of the favour of God than the reduplication of
the name of the person addressed, whether by Jehovah in the
Old Testament, or Immanuel in the New. It begins at Gen.
xxii. 11, "Abraham, Abraham," and concludes at Acts ix. 4,
" Saul, Saul." Only one woman had this high distinction con-
ferred upon her, " Martha, Martha." This view of names allies

THE PHILOSOPHY OF PERSONAL NAMES. 11

them more closely to persons, giving all pertaining to their
use an air of grandeur and soleumity. Some think the name
of a man is to be viewed in the same light as street names or
the numbers of houses, simply as a distinction given on busi-
ness principles. Not so. However common-place or even
comic the appellation of a hunian being may now be, from the
very fact of union with one who is the offspring of God it is
dear to the bearer and those who love him; yea, even sacred,
by reason of relationship to a deathless being. There are fallen
names as well as fallen persons, but not the less is each of high,
nay. Divine origin. I was deeply affected in reading the expe-
rience of an educated convict as to the pang suffered when,
instead of being called Charles, a name endeared by associa-
tions of home, religion, and love, he was roughly called No.
44. It is the Chridian name, not the surname, which appeals
to profounder emotions. The private soldier on the battle-
field and the common sailor on the perilous flood are commanded
by surnames, but it is the dear one in the arm chair by the
fireside that is addressed by his Christian name.

" Peace to these pangs ! Mother ! put forth
Thine elder, hoUer claim ;
And the first word I hear in heaven
May be — my Christian name."

He who knew nature thoroughly — what was in man — did
not say, Peter, lovest thou Me ? but, " Simon, son of Jonas,
lovest thou Me ?" Take the compound appellation Simon
Peter, and Simon would be what we term the Christian name.
Being imposed by parents in circumcision, it would be familiar
and sacred. Jesus brought out the family relationship more
strongly by saying, " Son of Jonas." The surname tells of
ancestry, business, struggle, dignity, heroism, office, it is our
world name — but the Christian name speaks of father, mother,
home, love., familiarity, heaven, God. And yet in this work
they are not distinguished, forasmuch as the surname of one
is the Christian name of another ; but this in no way weakens
the charm of it to its possessor. Whatever it hiay be, it is the
most personal and precious part of the entire appellation.
Should he have many Christian names — a sentimental mistake
■ — that one by which he is most generally addressed will con-
tain the talismanic power. Pride will, at the baptismal font,
select many names. Nature, at home, elects one, and that is
the Christian name. This phrase originally meant that name
which was given to the recipient when he became a Christian.
Our missionary records teem with illustrations of my meaning.
Surname is a form of Supernomen, above the name — as John
Williams — where Williams, being given to the person over and

]2 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

above John, is termed his surname. Some authors are of
opinion that sur, above, is to be taken in its most literal sense,

inasmuch as the surname was formerly written 1^},^

Observe. — The arithmetical sign for equality ( = ) will be
used to indicate that two or more names are synonymous or
nearly so, as Herschell = Kouli Khan, i.e., that the former
name was originally used in a similar sense to that which was
primarily given to the latter. Con. stands for connected with,
Ab. for abbreviated, Pats, for patronymics, Dhn. for diminu-
tive. Names under explanation will be given in large type as
DUPANLOUP. A colon (:) will be placed to signify " means," as
Balloon : (means) great ball. When a name is followed by a
word or words within a parenthesis, the word or words are
added to suggest some well known instance of its use as Land-
seer (painter). It is not professed that meanings herein given
are infallibly correct. The basis of this book being etymolo-
gical analysis and comparative nomenclature, the value of any
statement of the meaning of a name is to be measured by inter-
nal and external evidence in respect thereto, as well as by
authority. Britain being placed between northern ice floes
and southern fruit fields, birds and fishes make for our island
in their migration to and fro as to a half way house. Hence
we possess a more varied fauna than any other spot on the
globe of equal dimensions. Just so with regard to nations —
Gaels, Romans, Saxons, Danes, Norsemen, Normans and Jews-
led by ambition, driven by necessity, or urged by hope, have
made for our Island. The consequence is our nomenclature is
the fullest and most mixed of any known. This in the order
of Providence is needful for this land was destined to supply
the United States and our fifty colonies with names. Yet for
this reason the analysis of a directory is very difficult, and in
giving the meanings of so great a number, it is hardly possible
there should be no mistake.

( 1^> )

CHAPTER TI.

THE ORIGIN AND FOliMATION OF WORDS.

UR.

Before the study of names can profit, it is necessary to be
acquainted with the way in which words are formed. This
preliminary chapter Avill, therefore, be devoted to elucidating
that subject. But lest our reader should think he is being-
invited to seat himself in standard four, the motto of this
chapter shall be a fragment of Plato in Cratylo, by Taylor,
upon the assumption that to study a subject which engaged
the close attention of that immortal founder of the Academy
cannot be unworthy of a scholar, "Do you know on what account
Fur was so called ? Consider whether this is not of barbaric
origin — for it is by no means easy to adapt this to the Greek
tongue ; and it is manifest that the Phrygians thus denominate
fire, with a certain trifling deviation." We read in the earliest
recorded history extant, that Abram migrated from Ur of the
Chaldees. The Chaldees, among whom he dwelt, worshipped
fire, the symbol of the Invisible God, who is Light. These
ancient pyrolatrians correspond to the Guebers of the current
time. A change of religion is of rare occurrence in the
history of nations. Forms of government have been held as
very convertible : dynasties have been changed like garments ;
even languages yield to the action of time, but religion is
nearly as inelastic as rock. The Reformation was a moral
miracle, without parallel in all the ages of the past. Yet in
^ome unrecorded manner, and for reasons wholly unknown,
the Chaldees passed from being fire-worshippers to the grosser
form of made image-worship, while, on the other hand, the
aboriginal Persians became pyrolatrians. Plence, in the time
of Daniel, they are found worshipping gigantic idols, and
punishing recusants by casting them into fire, and that in no
less than five cases, viz., Zedekiah, Ahab, Shadrach, Meschech,
and Abednego. Now, no fire-worshipper would pollute, accord-
ing to his notions, fire with flesh. So, then, when Daniel was
to suffer as a criminal, it was in a den of lions. In those ages,
when the sun received special honours in any locality, such
centre of heliolatria was named from the fact, as Bethshemesh :
house of the sun ; Bethshan : house of the shiner ; Heliopolis
(On): city of the sun = Luxembourg, and, nearer home,
Greenock : sun hill ; Tinto : fir-e hill, which coincides as nearly

14 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

as possible with Dunedin : hill (of) fire. These all formerly
being sun-worship centres.

Ur (of the Chaldees) : light, brightness, burning, primarily
spelled Aiur, gives

Ur (Gaelic) : fresh, new as though just out of the fire, as we
say " bran new " for burn new. From the Chaldee Ur we
have

Urijah : (whose) light (is) Jehovah, ah. to Uriah (Hittite).
Uriel : (whose) light (is) God.

" The Archangel Uriel, one of the seven
Who in God's presence, nearest the throne."

Jair : he (will) enlighten. Probably given to a child in the
hope he would be the light of the house = Ecolampadius.

Jair gives Jairus. In some cases Jair: a river =r Brooks,
as in Jordan : river of Tflowing from) Dan. Of course,
these Jairs, though spelled alike, are different words like our
corn : fruit of e'arth (con. kernel), and corn : horn like.

HoRUS (Egyptian Apollo) : the light, whence Orosius : son
of Horus, protected by that god.

Aaron : great light (of household) = Hausschein, takes
form Haroun, as in Haroun al Raschid : Aaron the just.

Areli (m) : lights of God, born at appearance of stars.

From Aiur comes the old Persian adjective Arta: great,
applicable to the sun, then to altar flame. As Artabanus :
having charge of altar flame, temple servant == Abdul Medjid.

Artaphernes : great shepherd, con. Holofernes : head
shepherd, chief commander.

Artaxerxes : great king = Maharajah. From Arta in its,
connection with light we have

Artemis : Diana, Selene ; the shiner, the moon giving
Artemesia (Carian) : daughter of Diana.

Artemis is usually given as perfect, but this is preferable.

Aridatha : great by birth, of noble descents Burns,
Childers. Also from Arta, the Punic favourite we have

Hamilcar : great melech, king. It is also the root of the
Latin, Arduus : lofty, through the Celtic Ard ; Airt : quarter,
whence wind ; AiRD. From the same we obtain

Ardeo : to shine, to burn, to glitter. Allied is the Celtic

Aodh : fire, ardour, whence Edui : men burning for the
fight, also —

Aidan (St.) : fiery one, ready for battle = Brown, whence,
nominally, another saint, viz. —

Hayes, and Hay, the latter being identical with High and
Arta. Originally —

High : the towering of the altar flame. This Aodh gives —

Hugh, the most prolific and ancient of British names,.

THE ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF WORDS. 15

being a pet with Gaels, Irish, and Cymri. It is thoroughly
aboriginal, being common in the Highlands, Ireland, and
Wales long before the dawn of authentic history. It simply
means heat for tight, battle ardour.

Hugh is followed through its ramifications in chapter on
Patronymics.

Ard, AiHD, Ardeo, Arduus, Dunedin, and the ancient name
Arthur are forms of Arta, which primitive word gives the
endings —

Art, Ard in such words as WiSHART : of a wise nature.

Ballard : of a bold nature ; Maynard : of a manly nature.
In such cases a flavour of highness, greatness, superiority is
generally supposed. This ending, for the two are truly one,
gathered diverse meanings as it passed into diflerent nations,
places, and languages, but they all fairly find their germ in
arta. This is corroborated by observation upon —

Hamilcar (Carthiginian general), which in the Punic is a
form of

Ha-Melk-Art (Sidonian Hercules) : the great king, in
which melk for melech. It looks unreasonable to say that
the affix in Wishart and Hamilcar are identical, but
philology shows such to be the case. Without violence to
accuracy, we may say that arta is equivalent to the better
known

Augustus : sublime, co7i. altar service from Auruspex (from
avis specio), who told events by condition of bird-victims.

Guzman is formed on Augustus, as though august man.

Arthur is identical with those ancient Milesian names —

(M')Artney, (M')Arthv, M'Carthy, and (O)Hart. This
origin is corroborated by comparing these from Arta : great,
with the old Amalekite name from Ag, a primeval Semetic
word for fire, and root of Ignis, whence

Ignatius (martyr): son of fire^ fiery, choleric ( = Banna-
tyne), con. —

Agni, the Hindoo god of fire. Now, this Ag doubled gives

Agag : fire ! fire ! ! alluding to the pyramidal altar flame
destroying the victim and soaring aluft. Thus it was Balaam
was made to say : " His King shall be higher than Agag."
Self-sacrifice shall overtop the slaughter of others, as resur-
rection triumphs over death.

Agag is the only Amalekite name known, but, nominally,
he had cousins, as —

Og (Bashan) : high, tall. Had his royal highness lived now
he might have been called

Lum : tall as a chimney, for Low : a flame, gives

Lum : a chimney, up which the low goes. We might pro-
bably claim

IG PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Ogyges (aboriginal Greek k'ng) : tall, or using it figura-
tively, exaltado, a magnate. The chief gate of Thebes was —

Ogy-gia : lofty, which was also the name of an island, and
so = our Hoy: high, out of the water. Plutarch calls Ireland
by this name Ogygia. The Hibernian

HoGAN, Hagan are probably of og, ag origin in the sense of
exalted, the son = EGAN, which consult.

Guzzi (Father) is an Italian diminutive formed on Hugo
from Hugh.

Huguenot: little Hugh, a commonplace fellow daring to teach
religion, and —

HocHE (general) = Alt, Alter, Ullman, all men of high
standing comes very near to the Arta idea.

The Chaldee Aiur also gives the beautiful word Mar-garites :
a pearl, whence —

Margaret, similar to Peninnah : pearl or coral, and
Achates (fidus) : the agate. Ispah : jasper, fair as. The
original form is —

Mervarid : child of light. By a charming fiction the
oyster was supposed to come up from the dark sea bottom to
worship the moon, and when doing so it received a drop of
congealed dew, which formed the pearl. Some derive the
word from Mergret : grit of the sea. From it —

Margaredon ;" bastard "), in the sense of pearl of knights.
Many other derivatives from Margaret will be presented in
their order. From Aiur we have —

Urim (and Thummim : perfections) : lights, shining from
the precious stones on the pectoral of the consulted priest.
Also, from Aiur —

Seraph : to burn, wlience Saraphim : burning ones (snakes),
Seraphim : burning ones (with love), ardors.

Ardor : a seraph, con. Aiur, Arta —

" From among
Thousantl celestial ardors, where be stood
Veil'd with his gorgeous wings, up springing light
Flew through the midst of heaven."

From Aiur is also derived the name of an inferior order of
angels.

Orphanim, much spoken of among Jews, almost unmentioned
by us, " Seraphim, cherubim, orphanim, hallelujah !"

Ner : a lamp, a lightgiver, from Aiur, whence the well-
known

Abner : father of Ner, probably like him. " They buried
Abner in Hebron." Aiur tends to form Or, as Orfah, the
Turkish name of the town and district of which Abram was a
native. Also gives

Orion: son of fire = Zoroaster, Pyrosporus : seed of the

THE ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF WORDS. 17

fire. One of the Persian titles of tlie sun is Arsa : burner,
from Aiur, whence

Ai:si:s (Persian king) : burner, destroyer = Agag, Apollyon.

Orion was Nimrod's title after deification, as was

Alorus : god of fire = Agni. From Aiur, also the beautiful
name —

HouRl : flashing-eyes = Lapidoth : lamps, eyes like. The
Greeks transferred Ur into their languages in the form of

Pur : fire. Note Aiur, Ur has a tendency to take on the
consonants p, h, f, v. These are cognates (born together), pro-
duced by the same organs, the lips, and hence termed labials.
Pur gives

Pyrrhus (Epiriote king) : red headed, or ruddy = Roy,
Redmond and Flan.

Pyramus : inflamed (with love of Thisbe). " First Pyramus
must draw his sword to kill himself; which the ladies cannot
abide." By change of a vowel we have

Perseus : lightning, burner = Barca (also from Ur) and
Arses.

Barca, the Carthaginian gave name to Barcelona. The
name is cognate with

Barak (Deborah): whose spear glittered like lightning =
Llewellyn, and dagger from day.

Alborak (Koranic angel) : who went like lightning.

Pyrois (one of mares of the sun) : daughter of fire, quick
mover.

Pyre : the funeral pile, —

" For nine long nights, through all the dusky air,
The pyres, thick flaming, shot a dismal fire."

Pyrites : fire stones; Lithos : a stone, to lites, then ites.

Empyrean: the ethereal heaven = Ouranos : burning like
the lambent flame of the Aurora Borealis, heaven, whence

Urania : heavenly (muse), in which the root Ur becomes
prominent. Ouranos, Air, Aur are formations upon Aiur, as
is Ether for Aither, from the old verb Aitho « I burn. In
Porphj^'os, purple is reduplicated as though written pur, pur,
OS : son of a very fiery colour, at least that is its literal meaning.
Hence the anti-christian philosopher —

Porphyry: dressed in purple = Peploe : clad in peplum.
The word is also applied to red granite. " Within the which
(labyrinth) a number of columns and statues there be, all of
'porpyrit, or red marble." Hence the title of Byzantine
Emperors —

Porphyrogenetl^s : born in imperial purple, or in the
porphyry palace, the Alhambra of the Greeks.

ZoPYRUS : fire of Zeus, destroying like lightning = Barak,

18 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Perseus. The Greeks had yet another word for redness, pro-
bably traceable to the patriarchal Aiur, Ur, viz., Erythros,
whence —

Erythras (son of Perseus): flaming = Astrafiammanta :
flaming star.

Erytheia (also from it) : ruddyish, from which Hercules
took the oxen of Geryoneus,

Erythean Sea was the name the sons of Javan gave to the
Red Sea. From same source —

Erythematous: inflamed, reddened by disease. Aiur, Ur
varied to Er gives

Thermos : heat, whence Thermopylie : hotgate, pass at
which were warm springs. Warm is identical with Therm-os,
so that —

Thermopylae = Warmbrunn, in Silesia. A Persian district
is known as

Gurmsir : warm region. Therm, Warm, Gurm are essentially
one. Again Aiur, Ur to Er gives

Erinnys (eris nous) : fur^j of the mind, ire of the soul.

ERis = Fury, from Euro, from Pur, from Aiur, Ur. The
Latin for anger is

Ira, whence Ire, is undoubtedly from Ur. Ira = Hatred,
from Hate, from Heat. In like manner the Cornish Forkhan
means both fire and hatred, being as to first syllable a form of
Pur. In corroboration, it may be observed that a title of
Odin is

Brown : burning (for the fight) = Erinnys (of course
literally). Also from Pur —

Pyrosporus: seed of the fire = Zoroaster (archimagus).
The former alludes to the birth of Bacchus, the latter to fire
worship, and each is literally = Orion : fire son.

Zoroaster, con. Zero : semen ; Zemindar (dominus) : seed
lord, a Hindoo farmer. " May not the name of the Nereid
Mara (Od. xi. 32G) express the phosphoric flashing of the
surface of the sea, as Maira expresses the sparkling of the
dogstar Sirius ?" If so, Mara and Maira are claimable as of
the seed of Ur. Again Pur gives

Parsee : ^ pyrolatrian. These Pai-sees are called Guebers,
Giours, by the Mahometans. Some claim as of this source

Fars, giving Faristan : land of the Parsees.

Aurum: gold, the shining metal is from Aiur; whence also —

Aurora (rosy fingered) : golden hours, con. Horologe : hour
discoverer = Clock : that which clicks. It is highly probable
that Fire is from Pur, It is called Vuur by the Danes. The
Swedes call it Rod. In New Guinea it is For. Of

That, Pur, Vuur, For and Fire are in essence one word
ramified, there seems little doubt. Focus : the hearth, gives

THE ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF WORDS. If)

Fuego : fire, (Spanish) Terra - del - Fuego : land of fires,
volcanic.

Curfew : cover fire ; Fuel : (good for the) fire. After Feu :
fire, of the French v^e have the Italian Fuoco : fire. Pur gives
Purus : cleansed by fire ; our Pure : cleansed.

Puritan : a catharite, who keeps to the 2>ure word without
notes or comment.

Purgo : I cleanse ; when by adding s Spurge : a medicinal
plant, whence

Spurge : an herbalist. Purus gives Puer : a boy. Varro
says : " So called because free from vices acquired by imita-
tion." Puer takes the dim. Puella : a girl ; and Pupilus : a
little boy, one under tuition, as boys ought to be.

Orbius Pupillus (Grammatist of Beneventum) : little
orphan boy. Pupil when applied to eye is so called because
one seems to see a little boy therein. Pupil exactly answers to

Lad : one led, giving La (dde) ss = Pais Paidos : one led.

Pedagogue : a child leader. That Pure is identical with
Puer by no chance coincidence is made probable by analogy, as
seen in the language of nature. " In the Delaware language,
a youth is called Pilape, a word compounded from the first
part of Pilsit : innocent ; and the latter of Lenape : a man,
which, therefore, means innocent man."

Purgatory : place of purgation, and many other derivatives
from Purgo.

Uro : I burn, almost traces itself to Aiur, Ur, whence LTrn :
receptacle of human ashes.

Inure : to burn into, to make used to. The smith's hand is
inured to labour by handling hot iron.

Adure : to burn up. " A degree of heat which doth neither
melt, nor scorch, doth mellow and not adure."

Urtica : a nettle (needle), so called from its inflammatory
quality.

Combustible : that which may be burned, from Ustus,
from Uro, from Ur. The Com is a form of Cum : with, while
b is formative. Ustus gives

Locust (locus ustus) : burnt place. Loc\ists leave the
country in a condition like to that of its being burnt. " A
fire devoureth before them ; and behind them a flame burneth."

LOCUSTA (poisoner) : woman living in marshes, bare places.
Allied to Ustus we have the Italian names —

FoscARO, FoscANi : dark coloured, swarthy = Swartz.
Hence too —

Obfuscous: a dun brown (an old Oxonian colour). Ur also
gives

Areo : to be dry, on which is formed Torreo : to be parched,
torrid (zone).

20 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Torrent : a water course subject to drouth = Ghau ; though
some give it from Terra : earth, a land flood.

ToERANCE (when not from Turra: a tower) ; Torrentius =
Waters, Borromeo (bore) : persons living near such.

Areo : to be dry, gives Arena : sand, where gladiators fought,
sand being thrown to absorb blood, and prevent slipping.

Area : a court-yard, an open space where corn was dried.
Aiur gives Ardeo : to burn, whence Ardent : inflamed, and

" Arson ab ardendo," is the malicious and wilful burning of
the house or outhouse of another man. From Areo, also

Arunda : a reed, a dry plant, whence Aruu : reedy, sedgy
stream, whence

Arundel (ian Marbles) : a settler thereon. This is some-
times given from

Hirondelle : a swallow, but similitude has inveigled the
guesser.

Ferveo : to boil, to seethe, to make hot, is also from Pur.

Fervent : zealous ; Ferment : to effervesce. Fever is clearly
from Ferveo, meaning in a fervid state of body.

Febrifuge : herb to make fever flee. Fever is a zymotic dis-
ease, a fermentation of the system.

" A feuer it (jealousie) is cotidian
Which every daie wol come aboute
Where so a man be in or cute."

Pruriency : itching heat through feverish state of blood is
from Pur by transposition. Burke, in an oration against Pitt,
told that statesman, " He had a 'pruriency of taxation that
seemed to infect his blood." Changing p into its cognate / and
reduplicating Pur, we have —

Furfur : bran, brown, so called from colour. To it, too, we
trace

Fornax : a furnace, an archway like a furnace roof.

FoRNARius (Italian) : f urnaceman, a baker ; and giving

Fornication : the act of frequenting the habitations of har-
lots, which, in Rome, were under archways. Milton, in his
" Reason of Church Government," says : " She gives up her
body to mercenary whoredom under the fornicated archways
which she calls God's house."

Forceps : a flre-rake, a fire-comb, now shears. Capio : I take,
to Ceps and Pecten : a comb, to fex. Ur transposed gives

Ruber : red ; Rubus : a bramble, producing red berries.

Ruby : red (coloured gem) ; Rubric : red (letter service).

RuTiLius (consul) : carroty-pated = Pyruhus. Rutilent : of
a red colour. " Parchments coloured with this rutilant mixture."

RuFUS, RuFFiNUS, BuRRHUS (Pretorian guardsman) = Red-
head =Redmoxd, Flan.

THE ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF WORDS. 21

Biretta, is con. herewith, being so called in respect to colour,
as Alb : white. Purus gives Puto : I judge, prune, dress vines,
think. Hence —

Amputation : the act of cutting round about, ambiputo.
Here it is pertinent to trace the rise of ideas, as well as the
formation of words. Pur : fire, is observed to cleanse ; hence
Purus leads to consider a quality of fire, cleansing. Puro gives
Puto, con. the purgation of vines. Now, to purge trees involves
thought, whence by another abstraction we have Puto : I think,
giving Compute to reckon, which contracts to Count : to ex-
pect through reckoning. What a gulf between yire: and expec-
tation— yea, between Aiur and Count, yet both are bridged
by these processes. Pur turns up again in the German —

Purpuroth : red as purple, in wdiich there is a triplication
from the root Ur.

Feursbrunt : empyrosis, conflagration it is duplicated. The
words con.

Roth : red, are many in English, as Penrith : red hill, gravel
hill =

Radcliffe, Rawcliffe. Rotherhithe : red hyde, harbour.
Rutland : red land, sandy soil = Damascus.

Ridley : red field = Rowley, Riley, Rothacker. With the
French Ur becomes

Rouge: red; Leeoux: the red (headed) = BuRRHUS. Through
the French and Italian we get the following names applied to
iiorid complexion or redness of hair : —

Rouse (bravo !), Rous, Rousseau (Jean Jacques), Rossi,

Rossini (composer), Rossetti, Rust (bishop of Dromore).
Doubt attaches to

Rossi, Rossini, Rossetti, as they are derivable from Ross,
which consult.

Russell is from a Norman town, yet that town may be
named from some notable red headed person.

Rust (rubigo) : brown or red coloured oxide of iron, is clearly
of Ur descent.

" Whole provinces
Appear to our sight then, even leek
A russet-mole upon a lady's cheek."

To return to German offshoots of Ur, we have

Rothschild : red shield, a wounded crusader. In the Span-
ish we have

Rosso : red, as Cape Rosso : red cape. Also Braza : a burn-
ing coal, charcoal.

Brazier : pan containing burning coals. From this Braza we
have the name

Brazils, producing red coloured wood. The English

22 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Brazier: brass worker, has nothing to do with brazier,
except form.

Burra, Borrico, names given to mules from their being a
reddish brown colour. " The Burra plied her feet most nim-
bly, and shortly after nightfall brought me to a village about
two leagues from the river's bank." " I had the appearance
of a person between sixty and seventy years of age, and drove
before me a Borrico with a sack of Testaments lying across
its back." Burra, Borrico = French

Saure : yellowish brown colour, whence Sorrel, Sord, Saurin
(Miss) : auburn tressed =

Flavius and the Milesian Sorley (M'^) =: Xanthus and
Jacinta.

" For a roan-gelding, twelve hands liigh,
All spurr'd and switch'd, a lock on's hoof,
A sorrel mare."

Xantippe (wife of Socrates) : a sorrel mare. Sorrel found
in meadows, and eaten by boys, means sour plant. Burrel
Roan, Sorrel =

Hamor : a ruddy ass from Hamar : to be red, inflamed, from
which

Alhambra : the red, Arabic palace literally = Porphyry (built).
The man

Hamor w^as probably so called from the ass, that being, in
the East, a symbol of wisdom because of its strength and
patience. The judges of Israel rode on white asses to signify
wise judgment. So Jesus entered Jerusalem on an ass " where-
on never man sat." What He has He must have xoholly or it
cannot be holy. " The sepulchre that Abraham bought for a
sum of money of the sons of

Emmor, the father of Sychem." Hence Amorites : descend-
ants of Hamor, Emmor. In the Erse we have Aiur, Ur in
Lough Dearg: red lake = Ery thean (sea).

In Irish names Ur assumes the form Roo, as in

O'Connor Roo : the red headed eldest son of Connor, for
none but tirst-born sons were allowed the O. Similarly we meet
with

RouRKE (Teddy O'): the red = RuFUS. Roo and Rourke
form, in England —

Rook, Roe, Rowe, when not from Rue : a street. We have
many words in English directly, indirectly, or by combination
from Ur, as —

Roan: reddish brown = Burra. Rose, which simply means
red though it be white.

" Four yoked stedes full different of hewe,

The first was sord, with mane as reed as rose.'''

THE ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF WORDS. 23

Rose : a cultivator, a nobleman's gardener. Out Parch and
Burn are variations of Pur. Burn gives Brimstone : stone that
burns.

Burnish : to make bright as though burning. Burnish is
identical w^ith Furbish : to polish, w^hence the worthy —

Frobisher: a whitesmith, polisher of metal. " Furbish the
spears, put on the brigandines." The French Brun, and the
Brown, are forms of Burn. The Parisian —

Le Brun is only Brown of English borough ubiquity. So
the engineer

Brun ELL is but = Brownell, each being = Brunette: of a
brownish complexion. From the same prolific source we have
Borell, whence

Burwell : maker of borrell cloth ; also means wearing it,
humble conditioned. Chaucer says : —

" Had they themselves but light to see the ropes
And snares of Hell, which for their fate are dresst,
Because they pill and poll, because they wrest,
Because they covet more than barrel men."

Bruin, the Alpine bear, is a form of brown. Bronze is to
make metal brown.

Auburn hair is yellowish brown, being to ladies what Sorrel,
Sord, Roan, Brindle, are to horses and dogs.

Brindle : of a burned colour. Brand : a partly charred stick.
" A brand plucked from the burning" and grafted into the true
vine. Brindle, Burned = Ustus.

Bran-new, originally said of iron fresh from the fire.

" Armado is a most illustrious wight,
A man oifire new words, fashion's own knight."

Brent: the brand goose, neck having a black and white
mark round it as though it had been branded, burned. Gives
name to hunter of it.

Brent. Brand : to mark with charcoal. Brunt : where
fight rages hottest, as in " Brunt of the battle." Brandy :
burned wine, y for Vin. From Ur the Welsh get Rhudd : red,
whence Ruddle : red ochre.

RuDD = RouRKE. Ruthlan : red bricked temple = Alhambra,
con. Scanlan : old temple, church.

Ruddock : little red (bird) = Robin, also from Ur and uncon.
Robert. Hence, too —

Red : fire colour ; Ruddy, for rudly, for redly, for red like.
Hertford is a form of

Herudford : red ford = Sandyford and Radford. Raw,
Rear ; red, uncooked.

Roast : to redden. Some derive this from Rotir : to turn ;
but twisting the jack is accidental, reddening essential. Scorch

24 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

smells too strongly of fire for us to allow it any origin but an
igneous one.

Ordeal : purgation, ti-ial by fire. " A custom not difiering
much from these (in use among the Greeks) that was practised
in this island by our Saxon ancestors upon the same account,
and was therefore called the fire-ordeal, for ordeal in Saxon
means purgation. The manner of undergoing this test was
thus : the person accused passed blindfold, with bare feet, over
certain ploughshares made red hot, and placed at equal dis-
tances." A king of JNorway, named Magnus, came to Scotland
in his bo3'hood, and stayed here until he attained maturity.
Returning, his nobles denied his identity, which he proved by
ordeal, and was therefrom called Barefoot. Any so called
here do not trace their pedigree to Magnus: great, (Mc)
Manus, but their ancestors, being tried by ordeal. There is a
firm at Boston known as

DiscALZEADO, an Italian word meaning bare-foot, a dis-
calceated monk. The philosophy of .monastic bare feet is this:
Barefooted signifies p()or =

Lackland, Landless, Pair. " Now, this was the manner
in former times in Israel concerning redeeming (land) and
concerning changing (estates) for, to confirm all things ; a man
plucked ofi" his shoe, and gave it to his neighbour," thereby
intimating right to walk over it, else he would trespass. A
bye-law of the Temple forbade any to enter sandalled. All
must go barefooted to the All Possessor. " Put ofi" thy shoes."
Where God is manifest there is the Temple. " Put shoes on
his feet" = restore his landed property. Bare feet meant, in
the symbolism of religion, —

" No foot of land do I possess,
No cottages in this wilderness,
A poor wayfaring man."

Koh-i-noor : hill of light, shows our old friend Ur in Noor
in far ofi" India. Compare it with Ner : light ; and Kohistan :
the hill country.

Nureddin (favourite Arab name) : the light of religion,
suggesting : " Let your (religious) light so shine." The Mogul
Emperor,

Gehanguire : conqueror of the world, took to himself a
bride called

Mher-UL-Nica, a name indicating superiority. The former
part is con. Major : greater, and is seen to advantage in

Maharajah : great king. Of his uxorious gallantry he
changed her name to

Nourjehan : the light of the world. The former part of
his name is the latter part of hers, so that they were nominally

THE ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF WORDS. 25

as well as personally married. When she died he erected that
famous mausoleum to her memory known as
Taj Mahal : the crown of the harem, —

" With the Light of the Harem his young Nourmahal."

NouRMAHAL : great light, beauty = Olympia.

Taj con. Dagh : a mountain ; as Daghistan : hill country, so —

Stephen from Stephanos : a crown, allied to steep. As we
have already seen, the Gaelic received tribute from Ur, to
which we add as follows — -

Ruadh: red, as Ruadh-abhuinn (avon), contracts to the
better known

RuTHVEN : red river = Rio Colorado. Hence to Roy : red
(headed).

We now summarise whereby it is seen that from the
Chaldaic Aiur or Ur of the Hebrew, we obtain directly, in-
directly, or by combination with other roots, the following
words —

Hebrew : Ner, Areli, Abner, Alorus, Barak, Hamor, Beor,
Emmor, Urijah, Uriah, Uriel, Jair, Jairus, AarOxN, Urim,
Seraph, Saraphim, Orphanim.

Arabic : Nureddin, Nourmahal, Nourjehan, Koh-i-noor,
Alborak.

Egyptian : HoRUS.

Persian (ancient) : Artaphernes, Artaxerxes, Arta-
BANUS, Aridatha, Arses, arta, mervaid, arsa.

Persian (modern) : Gurmsir, Parsee, Ears, Faristan, houri.

Punic : Barca, Hamilcar, Ha-melk-art.

Turkish: Orfah.

Papuan : Eor.

Greek : Orion, Orosius, Artemis, Artemisia, Pyrrhus,
Pyrois, Pyramus, Perseus, Urania, Porphyry, Zopyrus,

PORPHYROGENETUS, ErYTHRA, ErINNYS, PyROSPORUS, MaRA,

Maira, Eris, Thermopylie, Erytheia, pyrites, ouranos, por-
phyros, erythros, thermos, pur, pyrolatria.

Latin: Aurora, Pupillus, Rutilius, Rufus, Ruffinus,
Burrhus, Edui, ardeo, arduus, furo, ira, aurum, fuscus, focus,
purus, purgo, puer, puella, pupilus, fornax, uro, urtica, ustus,
areo, torreo, arena, arson, russus, arunda, ferveo, febrifuge,
furfur, forceps, purpura, forfex, ruber, rubus, puto, rubigo.

Italian : Locusta, Foscari, Foscani, Fornarius, Rosetti.

Spanish : Brazils, rosso, braza, borra, boirico.

French : Leroux, Rous, Rufus, Rousseau, Saurin, Hugue-
not, rouge, saure.

German : Rothacker, Rothschild, purpuroth, feursbrunt.

Irish: (M')Artney, (M') Arthy, Hart, Sorley, Hugh,
Rourke, Roe, dearg, roo.
3

PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

British : Arthur, Rudd, Ruthlan, rhucld.

Cornish : Forkhan,

Danish : Vuur.

Gaehc : Aidan, Hayes, Hay, Ruthven, Roy, Hugh,
Dnnedin, ard, aird, rnadh.

English : Margaret, Margaredon, Spurge, Ballard,
WisHART, Brown, Brunelle, Burwell, Rose, Frobisher,
Arundel, Radcliffe, Rawcliffe, Rook, Rowe, Torrance
(Latinised) Torrentius, Ridley, Riley, Rudd, Arundel,
Penrith, Radcliffe, Rawcliffe, Rotherhithe, Hertford, Radford,
borell, bruin, auburn, brindle, biretta, brand, rose, parch, burn,
burnish, brimstone, sulphur, fervent, ferment, pruriency, com-
pute, count, rust, russet, sorrel, sord, roan, brent, brunt, ruddle,
ruddock, robin, raw, rear, scorch, ordeal, pyre, air. warm,
empyrean, erythematous, puritan, pupil, purge, spurge,
purgatory, urn, adure, inure, arson, ire, combustible, locust,
area, obfuscous, ardent, torrid, torrent, fever, fuel, fornication,
ruby, febrifuge, parch, rubric, rutilent, furbish, bran, brandy,
bran-new, purple, red, ruddy, curfew.

Truly, Ur is a patriarchal word, nor is here all his progeny.
There are few scholars who could not treble the presentation.
Howbeit, our object is to illustrate the formation of words
and genesis of ideas, to do which these may suffice. HoAvsuch
words passed from language to language is not here to be
considered farther than to say that probably in the early ages
it was entirely by word of mouth, in later times by oral inter-
course and by manuscript, but in the last days by word of
mouth, writing, printing, and wiring. Socrates and Plato dis-
cussed the origin of Pur in Athens when its ancestor Aiur,
Ur had been exercising an influence upon language for twenty'
centuries ; we are considering it twenty centuries later. Our
stand point is our superiority. They were giants standing on
a plain, we, men pedestalled on the accumulated experience of
four thousands of years. They knew not Abraham, and were
unacquainted with the science of language as now understood.

( 27 )

CHAPTER III.

PEESONAL NAMES

PRECEDE all others with respect to time. Adam was a personal
name. Not only does this kind claim priority as to order, bat
it could as to number up to the Christian era. Since then
local, trade, and war names have left personal appellations far
in the minority. Names of this type are, in the nature of
things, non-transferable. Thousands of persons might get
their name from the same locality (as Scott from Scotland),
but not even two could be called Jacob, Moses, Virgil, except
through a second-hand use of one of those names by adoption
or popular application. Of course this is the outcome of so
many personal names being obtained at birth and the nativity
of no two children being born in identical circumstances, not
even twins, as is seen tjy the remarkable case of Jacob and
Esau. This is a period when more knowledge is extant on
nearly every subject than in former ages ; yet in this we differ
from the ancients. Then, as a rule, every man knew the
meaning of his name ; now, as a rule, not a man in a thousand
knows whether his name is local, personal, ancient, or modern.
Of course, personal names are fairly divisible into three classes
— physical, mental, and moral : the latter having respect to
habits and manners. Howbeit, seeing that my reader can dis-
tinguish at once under what head to place any explained name,
and yet more because it is convenient for philological purposes
to link the three together, I have so done. Of those deemed
most important as to meaning or historic association, the
following is a typical selection.

Ada:m is the same word as Edom, and con. Dam : blood, as in
Aceldama : acre of blood. Rabbinical tradition assures us
that he was named from being made out of a sandy soil, like
that on which Damascus = Sandy (Beds.) and Pascovitch, was
built. It more probably means ruddy, like the Welsh
Griffith and the Irish name Corcoran : rosy, like Ruddiman
and the gallant Scarlett, but answers most accurately to
Rhodopis: rosy-cheeked, like Flann: ruddy, giving Flanigan:
young Flann, Flinx, Clancy, Glancy, M'acklin = Flanigan,
and Linn. Adam means generically man = anthropos, homo,
on, as male or female. Ondedieit: man of God, a religeuse =
Gother (bishop) : a good man. Eve, Eva is the English form
of Chavah : living, life giving. Ap.el : vanity, vapour, breath.
" Hchel, hehelim, all is hehel !" Cain: possession, "I havo

28 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

cainecl the man," the Lord " promised should bruise that cruel
serpent." " Jehovah cained me in the beginning." Abiel :
father of strength, strong = Amoz. " Ner, the father of Abner,
was the son of Abiel." Abialbon : the same with augmenta-
tive 071 " Ahialhon the Arbathite," man of Hebron. Gabriel :
strength of God, very strong, man of God, cor* to Gebbie, as
Michael to Mickie. Michael : who like God ; Carmichael :
dear to Michael, con. Carus : cherished one, whence Cherry,
Darling, Mavourneen.

Algebar : the strong (a title of the great hunter) "Nimrod
began to be great in the earth," varies to El Geber, Algebra,
and Gibberish: science to the ignorant. "Near the student
stood an antique bronze lamp, with strange figures carved
upon it. It was a magic lamp, which once belonged to
the Arabian astrologer El Geber." Tel-el-kebir : strong hill,
earthworks, con. Tellus : earth. Gibbar : manly = Andrew,
Wight. The Biblical names for a man are Ish (sexual),
Adam (generic), Enosh (sickly), Gebar (strong). " The
children of Gibbar (were) ninety and five." Akbar (Mogul
Sultan) = Nervus : strong, from Neuron : a bow string,
whence our nerve. Nero : strong ; Nervander : a nervous,
strong man. Hence also Nerva (emperor), MiNERVA (goddess) :
strong ones = Bias (one of seven wise) : full of vital energy,
con. Bios : life, whence Vis : force == Bree. Kraft (George
Wolfang) : strong, powerful, con. Kratos : power. Iphis :
strong, much used by Greek women, means strong as a python.
Iphigenia : strong born, or of pythonic descent, or daughter
of Iphis from Ophis : a serpent. Alcimus : strong.
" Alcimus commanded that the wall be pulled down." This
is con. Elk : strong (deei), Auk : strong (bird). But, observe,
some of these strong may be political. Alcman (lyric poet) :
strong minded. Craterus (general) : powerful = Kraft.
Adrastus (king) : powerful, co??. drastic and draiu. OuTRAM :
very strong, gives Tram, from one of that name invent-
ing tramways. Agasthenes (king of Elis) : very strong.
Lasthenes: stone strong, passive strength = Peter, con- lithos,
lapis. Leosthenes : strong as a lion, active, strength. Har-
POCRATES (Egyptian) : strong as a harpy. Hippocrates
(hippocras) : horse strong, Valens : strong through health.
Valentinian : healthy, strong, con. Convalescent : grow-
ing strong. Hales (judge): a hale man, whole = the
Milesian name Fallon and the English Merry : not jocund,
but joyous through exuberant health. Valentine is given by
some good writers as a form of Galentine, con. Galliardi
and Gay, all meaning happy through good health. The latter

'•'■ Ccr. for corrupted to, as Alexander cor. Sand}'.

PERSONAL NAMES. 29

becomes Jay (Bath). Waldo (Waldenses) : powerful, con.
Wield = ZuiNGLE, ZuiNGLiUS : he who sivays, rules, each is
a sceptre wielder, swerver, swayer.

Kerex-happuch: horn of stibium, beautiful eyed = ORPAH.
Keren gives Keras: a horn, whence Corona: a crown; Cervus:
a stag, whence Cervantes: swift as a deer = DEERFOOT. Cor-
nelius: son of a crowned man, powerful, of a dynasty. Horns
were symbols of royalty. " I will make the horn of David to
bud." The Cornelian gens was the most powerful in Rome,
hence names thereupon are widely spread. Thus Corneille
(dramatist), CoRNARO (Italian noble), Korniloff (killed at
Sebastopol) : son of Cornelius. CoSTA : ribbed, strong ;
CosTiGAN : son of. Compare Ironsides (Edmund with Costa),
Costa Rica : rich coast, the coast is a rib. Sforza (duke of
Milan) : man of force, con. Fortis : strong, whence Le Fort : the
strong. From Fear : vir, gebar, a strong man in the Celtic.
Fergus : man of strength, Forgie = Forbes {con. vis.), Forbie,
FoRDYCE : man of wisdom, though some gives this, man of
the south. Farquhar : a champion, a strong man. Forsyth :
man of peace = Sweeny con. Syth : peaceful. Kilsyth : his
cell. Ferrar, Ferrie : tall, strong man. Fearghal : a
strong man, gives (0) Ferrol. Tremfear: strong man, gives
the better known Trayner, and Trimble, which also means a
strong man, and probably is the source of Turnbull, Trumbel.
FORLONG: man of the sea. FiRGiL: a man of family = Gentil:
a gentleman, a man of gens. Fergus = Angus : one who is
strong. Carrickfergus : his rock. Fermanagh : the men of
Monagh. Fermoy: men of the lowlands. Stark : strong, brave,
con. Stirk, Starch, and = Bald: bold. Each mean stark-naLked,
hald of clothing, ready for fight. Bree (Dr.) : strong, so also
Breen, when not formed on Brian. Andrew: virtuous, manly,
a gymnast = Manly, gives Dandie (Dinmont) = Anderson,
whence dandy. Tetrander : a four square man, well-built
= Area : four. Periander (one of seven) : very manly =
Wight: strong, wight like, manly. Doughty: able to do,
formidable. Do gives deed, dead (do-ed), death (do-eth).

doughty, —

Lordynges, lysten, and you shall here,
You shall well heare of a knight
That was in warre full ivyght,
And doughtye of his dede."

Wight is con. weight and sway. Tom Doughty was Sir
Francis Drake's pet sailor, his Tom Bowling. Swithin (rain),
Sueno, Swaine : strong man, able to sway things or persons,
con. ZwiNGLE, s wither, swivel, and Swires (smith). Varro
(the learned) : a manly man, from Vir and = Wight.

Albinus (Governor of Britain): of a pallid countenance =

30 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Blake: bleached, when that is not Welch. Constantinus
Chlorus: Constantine the pale, as Donald Bane. Sullivan
(from Bain : white) : fair eyes. The Ban and Boyne were so
called from their bleaching properties, if not con. BoYD, which
consult. The Elbe and Albula, from their whiteness. Arge-
lander: white man = Le Blond: the fair, Blount, Blunt,
Blondin (rope), Blondell (harp), also therefrom. Guin :
white, Gowan : a daisy. Nell Gwynne (the Welch Venus) :
Ellen White. Gown : white garment. But Guinness (porter)
is formed on M'Gee Inness : M'Gee's island, about = Skerratt
(scar) : a rock : dweller on a rocky islet ; Sherries : rocky
isles. Ince, Innis : an islander. Flathinnis : island of the
brave. Innis gives Insula (Lat) Isola (It) : an island, whence
Isolated: lonely. Winne, Guin, Bianco, Banco, Snow,
BiANCHi, Blanc (Louis), Blanche, Blanchard : all fair as
a banshee. Mont Blanc = Snowdon = Mount Niphates, con.
NiPHEUS : very fair = CHiONE: snow white, con. Hiems,
Chiems : snow time = Winter: wind time. Gam (David)
Game, Cham (caricaturist) from Cam : crooked. Cameron :
crooked nose ; Cambell : wry mouthed, tortured into Campo
Bello : field of fight. Cam also gives Akimbo : arms at an
angle. Cam : river. Cam also Camera : a chamber, arched,
covered roof.

Ancus (Martins): crooked arm, con. anchor, Ancona :
built on an angle of the coast. Boyle (philosopher) is often
rendered, affected by boils, but is purely Milesian, meaning-
peril, probably born in a time of danger. Balloch, Brochie
(captain) : spotted = PiGOT : speckled = Pym, Plm (Hampden) :
pimpled. Sylla : " As to his figure, we have the whole of it
in his statues, except his eyes. They were of a lively hue :
fierce and menacing ; and the ferocity of his aspect was
heightened by his complexion, which was strong red inter-
spersed with sjwts of tvhite." An Athenian droll drew the
following jest upon his complexion, —

" Sylla's a mulberry strew'd o'er with meal."

SuLPicius : red-spotted face, gives Sulpice (St.) Varius,
Variolus (brain) : troubled with small-pox, marked with
variola. Nevius : birth-marked, or pustuled, from Novus :
new, —

" Was there no milder way but the small-pox,
The very filthiness of Pandora's box ?
So many spots like naeves on Venus' soil."

Neve: a nephew = Nepos, con. Neece : its fem. Nevins :
bighanded. Ronquillo : rough voice, from Raucus, whence
Rook = Belcher : bawlcher, con. Bull: that boos, makes
much noise = Grogan, Fogarty = Creek, Craick : war

PERSONAL NAMES. 31

whoopers, con. Cricket : noisy insect ; Crack : to make a
sharp noise ; Corncrake : noisy bird in corn. Gavazzi
(padre) : loud laugher. Sometimes Gelasius (pope), Gelee is
given as its correspondent, but it means servant of Jesus,
being identical with the Scotch Gillis.

NoBAH : loud voiced :" JS^obah went out and took Kenath,
and called it Nobah, after his own name." Purcell : little
mouth = BoccACio. Blcesus, gives Blois (house of), Blasius,
Blase (wool comber's St), Blas (Gil) : babblers, blabberers,
stammerers all = Balbus, Balboa (first European who descried
the Pacific). These = the Milesian Lalor : stammerer. Such
do not necessarily point to impediment in speech, but were
also applied to sorcerers using strange words in a muttering
way, and so answer to Hallosheth : enchanter, whisperer.
" Next unto them repaired Shallum, the son of Htdohesh, the
ruler of the half part of Jerusalem, he and his daughters."
Halohesh (identical with former) : a charmer, banner, for
ha,rm is to hurt by a charm. Ahenobarbus : brass or
copper -coloured beard = Barbarossa : red -beard, Thor-like,
Bareboxes: bonny beard. Pogonatus : bearded — Skegg:
shaggy beard. These answer to the Irish names Vesey,
VosE, VosEY. Bellus: beautiful, gives Baliol, belle, Bel-
LOTT (lieutenant) = Formosvis (Pope), well made = Frame. In
some cases. Frame : a stranger. Trebelli : very beautiful
= Bravura, Kali (goddess): black, beautiful, con. Kalos:
beautiful, and Coal : beautiful (mineral). Calcutta : Kalis
temple. Callisto (Lycaon's daughter): most beautiful. CosMO
(de Mcedici) : beautiful, adorned, con. Cosmos : beautiful order
of the universe. Cosmetic : beauty aider. Comb : hair beau-
tifier. EuTAXiA : she who decently arranged her garments,
con. Syntax: arrangement of sentences. Tactics: good arrange-
ments. PULCHERIA : fine skinned, con. PelHs : skin = Vashti
(Persian Venus). CcECUS : blind, Cecil, Cecilia : dim sighted
= Cecchi of the Italian and the Hibernian Keo, but not
Keogh: a horseman, con. Cochrane. Scipio : a staff", to his
blind father, con. Sceptre : staff", for a patriarch to lean on.
ZiscA (Bohemian patriot) : one eyed — Tuerto, con. Torso :
twisted. GUERCINO : one who squints = Strabo, whence stra-
bism ; but Schiller (poet), pften given as equivalent, is merely
a cottager, one dwelling in a shiel, hut, and so = Shields. Eu-
ROPA: big-eyed beauty = Boris, Glaucus,Glaukopis: grey-eyed
= Gray, Glass. Pekah: open-eyed. "Pekah went up to Jer-
usalem to war against it, but could not prevail." Cincinnatus
(dictator): hairy at birth, Crispus (orator), Crispin (St.) = Croly,
Curley (Dan.) : for curly, all having curly polls = Krollman.
NoTMAN (when not a neat herd): having the hair neatly cut, a
round head. Sherlock : sheared locks = Pollard : polled for

32 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

tonsure = KoRAH. Whitlock : white headed = Canutius,
Chanzy, in some cases = Vane (Sir Harry), Faine, Bain.
Petifer: iron footed, a hard kicker, assumes odd form of
POTIPHAR. Edipus (of Colonna) : swelled foot, PoDiO : little
footed, 02h of Patagon, Fuss. Vierfuss : four-footed, running
as swiftly as a four-footed animal. Plancus (consul) : splay-
footed. Splay for display. Pansa (and Hirtius): foot-spreader.
Pansa expanded his feet, Plancus displayed them. Dasipo-
Dius = Broadfoot. Scaurus: weak-ankled, or club-footed.
Necho (Pharaoh), Claudius (Caesar) : lame, shut in, enclosed,
Claudo : I shut, varies to Clodius, Claude (Lorraine), Glad-
use. Tamerlane (Tartar) : Timour the lame. Timour : iron,
constitution = Haran (& Co.) Zillai : iron of Jehovah, His truth
and invariability. This metal (lit. the ringer, singer, sounder)
was used by Hebrews to symbolise truth and firmness, reli-
ability ; we say " True as steel." Barzillai : son of Zillai.
" Now Barzillai was a very aged man, even four score years
old." Talhiran (king of Picts) ; iron forehead. Taliesin
(Pictish king) : brow shining like iron. These show hiran,
our iron, came in before historic times, and a good forehead
was regarded as an element in manly beauty. But we return
to our cripples. Cruickshanks (Bacchus) : bow-legged. Long-
shanks : much daylight under the crutch. Kortman : a short
man = Stunt, Paul, Pettit, Ninian, and Minghetti. Curt-
hose : short legs, con. Corti (count) = Short. Krupp (guns):
a cripple. Varus: straddle, prewM-icator, as though trying to
walk both sides of the way at once. Gracchus: gracile,
slender, hence Grouchy (marshal), Grucchio = Macros: long,
withered, emaciated, gives Almagro (and Pizarro) : the thin.
Caunt (champion) : gaunt, ge want, thin by hunger = the
French Laridan. Gourko (general): a cucumber, which,
being a long fruit, was applied to a long person. Perhaps con.
Ghirkin (gourdkin) : little gourd.

Awley : tall as a willow ; hence (Mc) AULAY, (Mc) AULIFFE,
suggesting Ornan. Hazzard, Hagger: haggared, hacked,
hagged, cut thin = Caunt. Labeo (lawyer) : thick-lipped, con.
Label : instructions attached to bottle-lip, gives Labienus : son
of Labeo. Silas (when not contracted from Sylvanus), Sil-
ENUS, Simon (when not Hebrew) : simioe-like, hemi, semi, half-
nosed = Harim : snub-nosed, bent upwards. " The children of
Harini a thousand and seventeen." Harumaph : flat-nosed.
" Next unto him repaired Jedaiah, the son of Harumaph."

Courtney (curt nez) : short-nose = Camoys : nez retroussd,
nasus retro = Simon.

" This wenclie thikke and well i-growen was,
With camoys nose and eyghen gray as glas."

PERSONAL NAMES. 33

Cappon, Grossteste (Lincoln bishop): Mazzixi (young Italy),
Chubb (lock), Fronto, co7i. Frond: that part of tree that pushes
to the front, and the Sclavonic Golawtscheff, each answer to
Broadhead, Greathead, the German Kopf (scoftee), and our
Tait (archbishop). Kean : head, Canmore, (Mc) Cann, Can-
tankerous : head full of fight. Dolgoruky (Russian noble),
Macrochier = LONGIMANUS ( Artaxerxes) : long-handed. Male-
BRANCHE : bad arm, failing in battle, the op. of Armstrong
Plato: broad-backed = Scltdmore, Skidmore. Clegg: big
built. Cleghorn = Benmore : great hill. Daft (cricketer)
deaf man = Absurd: answer from a deaf mun. Dee, Doo
Dow (Neal), Dove, Dibden (sea songs), Dunn, (Mc) Dougall
dark Gael, Dowall, Dugald, Doul, Dwyer (giving Diver)
wearing a black skirt, are variations played upon Dhu : dark
whence Darn : dark. Darnley (Mary) : a dark avised man
Tarn : dark water, deep pool. Roderick Dhu : Roderick the
dark, Duff, Duffy, (Mc) Haffy, which becomes Guffie : all

swarthy.

" These are Clan Alpine's warriors true,
And, Saxon — I am Eoderick Dhu."

Hence, too, Dour: one who scowls, looks black, con. Adour =
Blackwater, and Atreus: blackavised, whence Atrides: sons
of Atreus, con. Atramentum: ink.

Niger: black, gives Nigger, Nigritia = Caramania: country
of the blacks = Mauritania : the Morian's land, the op. of Kor-
dofan: the white man's land. NoiR (shot), Neri (Philip) : dark
visaged. Vallesneri : dark valley. From a botanist so
named the plant Vallesneria is so called. Foscoli, Fuseli,
Fuesli, Peleus (father of Achilles) = our Black when that is
not a form of Blake. Appeles (painter) : con. Peleus, very
dark, Pelops : black face, giving Peloponnesus : island of
Pelops, now Morea, for Romea : south Roman, from it, too,
Roumelia, Roumania, Erzeroum : land of the Rouman, from
Aretz : earth, con. Aro : to plough. RousTAN (politician
French) : Roum stan, or Rouman. tEsop : burnt face, an
iEthiop = Pelops, Cush, African = Terentius Afer : Terence
the African = Africaner of mission fame.* Cape colonists,
born of European parents, are termed Africanders. Schwartz
(Indian missions): swarthy, gipsy-like = Crone, Cron (Mc)
Crone. Ocyroe: quick runner = Light, Lightbody, Gal-
letly = Swift : strong runner. Ocyroe, con. Ocean : swift
flowing. But Truebody: a faithful messenger.

HiPPOTHOE, HiPPOTHOUN, HiPPOTHOUs : swift as a horse, con.
Nasithous : swift as a ship. " My days are passed away as
the swift ships." Althea (huntress) : the swift (in the chase).
Tachus (Egyptian king): quick (runner), tachydromus = Snell.
ASNAPPER : the swift, Assyrian title of the sun. " The nations

34 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

whom the great and noble Asnapper brought over." But the
Milesian Napper (Tandy) : baby taken by an ape to top of
Tralee church steeple, Tandy is Dandy, De Andy : son of
Andrew =^ Anderson. Parnach : nimble, leaper, runner =
Lapper, when not a trade name. " Elizahom, the son of Par-
nach," clearly is con. Pharnaces (Pontic king) : quick, active
= Wix, Wicks, Sprye, Thrale, Grady, Nym. Csesar's famous
dispatch, " Veni vidi, vici : I came, I saw, I conquered," was
saying, I was too nimble for the quick man. Pharper is Phar
phar : swift, swift, " Are not Abana and Pharpar rivers of
Damascus?" Abana: stony from Eben: a stone. Such names
differ little from our modern Allan, Snarey: the swift.

AURELIAN (gave name to Orleans) : golden-haired = Flavius,
which was to Roman knights what Chloe was to Greek
dames. Flavius gives Flavel, Favel, and is = Boyd, which,
conjoined with Hugh, gives (Mac)EvoY : yellow - haired
Hugh = SoRLEY and Saurin: sorrel headed. Flaccus: flap-
eared, whose ears are flaccid. But Flack : son of Lake.
Grant : great, grandee, magnate. Grandius (mathematician) :
full grown, bigman, the op. of Paulus. Mitchell : mickle,
from much, identical with Meikle = Groot, Grote (historian),
Grotius (Hugo), forms of great, as is Groat : great (piece of
money). Great, from Grow, whence Grass — Cress, from Cresco :
I grow. Big : that which is bigged out, built. Meikleham,
Meiklem : great house = Gresham, Cheese, House, Brian,
con. Chateaubriant : Bryant's Castle.

Grant, Mitchell, Meikle, Grote, Grotius, Moir, More,
Story, (M')Manus, Magnus, Muir : the sea; Moor: un-
cultivated land, all mean great. The puzzling name ACE =
House, while Audus : living in the old house.

Juvenal (satirist), Junius (critic), Junot (marshal), Jong,
Juncker, Yonge (Miss) = our Young. Vaughan, Petit
(Petticoat : little coat), Paulus, Paul, Minutius (killed at
Cannoe): minute person; Smee : small; Smickros, Kenyon :
a dwarf = Kort; Basset, Bisset: all = Little, Short; how-
beit, Mee : man of Meath. Names of this class are often
adjectives inverted and used as nouns, as in the case of
Long. " A young gentleman of the family of Preux, an
attendant on Lord Hungerford, being of remarkably tall
stature, acquired among his companions the sobriquet of
Long Harry, and became the founder of a family who bore
Long as a surname." The Romans had Longus, as is plain
from Longinus (on the sublime) : descended of LoNGUS, and
LoNGiUS (whom tradition says lanced the side of Jesus) : son
of LoNGUS. It assumes the form of Laing, Lang in Scot-
land, and in Germany Lange, but this in France is L'ange :
the angel (passion play), yet Long is used in the French, as

1474561

PERSONAL NAMES. 35

is seen in name of one of the unfortunate Jeannette crew,
Belong = LoNGius of the Latin, from which they received it.
In the Chinese Long : fortunate. In the Celtic Long : a
sailor. Forlong : man of the sea. Lochlong : ship lake.
So with Dun : a hill ; Dunum : a fortress ; we have Long-
dunum, Londinum, London : ship fortress, the fort up to
which ships come. As with Henry Long, so fared it with
John Little. Will Stukely loquitur, —

" This infant was called John Little (quoth he),
Which name shaU be changed anon ;
These words we'll transpose ; so wherever he goes
His name shall be called Little John."

LiTTLEJOHN = Pettitjean : very common across the Channel.
Hakketan : little. " Johanan, the son of HaJcketan, and with
him a hundred and ten males." JoKTAN is varied as to form,
but similar as to meaning : little born. " Unto Eber were
born two sons : the name of one was Peleg : for in his days
was the earth divided ; and his brother's name was Joktan."
Peleg : division, whence Pelagos, Pelagus : the sea, the land
divider. Archipelago : chief sea, containing most Greek
islands. Phalec is the Greek form of this name, as given in
Luke's genealogy. Joktan = Piccoli (giving Piccolinimi),
Cade, Nina (Cardinal), Ninion (brother of Jas. 2nd.) : a
daisy, a little dear = Ninion, con. Mignonette: little, little
plant ; all these come under head of what the Negroes call
piccaninnies, wee folk = MiNGHETTi and Ninian (St.)

Murphy, Morphey (chess) are sometimes given as meaning-
scrofulous = Gareb : scabby, scautty, leprous. " Gareb, an
Ithrite, Uriah the Hittite : thirty and seven in all," —

" Whose band-less bonnet vailes his o'ergrown chin,
And sullen rags bewray his morphew'd skin."

Whereas Murphy and Morphey are healthy Milesians, con.
Moriarty ; an admiral, from Muir : the sea, from Mor : great.
Morrisey : message from the sea ; Marmaduke : a sea leader,
captain. Leiper, in like manner, has been sacrificed to cant
(explaining names by sound) and made to mean a leper, but
means carrying Scottish banner, with leopard thereon, being
the exact correspondent of the Italian Leopardi (pessimist),
similar to Beresford : bear, bearer,

SiDELAS (Ptolemy) : silent, little speaker = Tacitus : taciturn
= Moody, Mudie : mute = Offa (Mercian king). " He was
dumb until twelve years old." El Mudo (Spanish painter).
" He was mute as a mackerel." Still (bishop) = the foregoing.
But Sidetes (Ptolemy) : a huntsman, con. Said : fortunate in
the chase ; Bethsaida : house of hunters, fishers. The follow-
ing express shining, brightness, glory, or fame. Glory is an

36 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

abstraction, but it was primarily a visible property — glare,
glory, shining. It manifests something admirable in the
physical nature (strength, speed in man, beauty in woman),
mental (intricate calculations, high poetic powers, or the inven-
tive faculty), or moral (always some form of self-sacrifice).
In religion, glory promised to believers is nothing foreign put
upon them, but moral character revealed. Glory is from
Clar-us : glare. The Greek idea of glory was being spoken
of in remote ages, fame (from Phemi : to speak), renown (i.e.,
being re-named). The sons of Abraham meant by glory, the
revelation of God. The difference between true and false glory
is elegantly illustrated by Milton in his description of Satan,
who, falling, was defigured from a star of high magnitude
into a faxed star, whose meteoric flash soon fades, —

" At last, as from a cloud, his fulgent head

And shape star bright appeared, or brighter clad
With what permissive glory since his fall
Was left him, or false glitter."

Lucifer (his well-known title) : light bringer, originates in
the analogy between angels and stars ; as the morning star.
Phosphorus: light bringer, exceeds other stars, so he the other
angels. Venus leads stars through the arch of heaven, so he
misled angels. Luke : shining, glorious, gives LiciNius,
Lycidas, Lucius, Lucretius, Lycias (when not a man of
Lycia), Lucan, Lucanus (if not men of Lucania), Lucipor :
Luke's boy, slave. The Romans called slaves after their
masters, by adding Puer : a boy, in the form of Por. In the
late Slave States slaves were called boys until aged, and then
were termed uncles. Lucania : grove country : C07i. Lyceum :
the grove (where philosophers met).

Lucy, when masculine as (Shepstone) signifies good at pike
catching. Helios : the sun, lit. shiner, entered the Cambro
British as Houl, whence Howell, Howlett, as exceeding in
glory, answering to Samson = Pharaoh : the sun, con. Pur :
fire, Phos: light. Also from Helios: shiner, we have charming
Helen: skin shining with health, radiant with beauty, giving
Helena, Eleanor, when not formed on Ellen, the fern, of
Allen. Slick (Sam) : sleek skinned, skin soft and shining.
Helen is given by some from Hellas : Greece, and so meaning
a Greek lady, N^'^mphas (Col. iv. 15) : a handsome fellow,
shining with beauty, fern. Nympha, whence Nymphs : beauties,
shiners, so pretty women were termed stars. Electra
(daughter of Atlas) : drawing (by beauty). Electron : amber,
from Elein: to draw. Phosphorus, Phcedrus, Photinas,
Nymphas : all more or less brilliant. Pasiph.'E : all shining,
the sun. Phcebus : light of life, the sun, fern. Phcebe : the
moon. The German Schon : beautiful, means shining, as

PERSONAL NAMES. 37

Sheen (Richmond): beautiful = WiNTHROP: winsome thorp =
Nain and Schomburg (died at the Boyne) = Gastox : beautiful
town. Cicero gives LuciNA as identical with Luna : the
moon, both from Luceo : I shine, so Selina (from Selene : the
moon) = Clara: shining, takes the Italian from Chiara.
Clarify : to make clear. Claret : clear wine. Clarinda :
fancy names herefrom.

Bert, Bertie, Bertha are Germanic synonymes to fore-
going, as seen in Adalbert (Hungarian apostle), Ethelbert
(king), Albert, Albrecht : noble and bright. Albert gives
Bert, from which Bertholet, Bertholon (chemist), Berti,
Bertoli : Italians, and our English names Bright and Burt.
Dagfin: fair as day = jEMiMAH gives Daffix, wrongly given
from David.

Hercules : glory of Hera, Juno, Ercole. From him forty
cities were named Heraclea, whence Heraclitus : native of
Heraclea. Heraclidoe : descendants of Hercules. The same
demi-god gives Herculaneum. Cleon (tanner) = famous,
glorious = Bright (John) = SHiMEi, from Shem: a name, one
whose name is often mentioned, Cleombrotos (king) : glory
of mortals. Ambrose (Milan) : not mortal. Ambrosia : food
of gods. Pericles (the Olympian) : very glorious. Olympus :
all shining, like the Olympian gods = Cleopas, Cleophas,
Clopas : all glory. Empedocles : whose glory remains, —

" He, who to be deem'd
A god, leap'd fondly into Etna's flames."

Perhaps his name was his ruin through ambition to realise
it. Damocles (sword): glory of Damon. Damox (tanner):
conqueror. " A certain Persian, whose mother was a widow,
was called by his neighbours, Nauari : he who has nothing.
The mother sees in her son germs of greatness, and to urge
him to its development, transposed two letters of his unwel-
come appellation, and called him Anuari : the brilliant, the
illustrious." He so signalised himself as to become worthy of
his latter name. A Turk named Nouri = Anuar, was im-
prisoned for helping to murder Abdul Aziz,

Ahmed, Mahomet, Marmoud : glorious. " He shall give
you another Paraclete : comforter," from Kaleo : I call, as
of Him who intercedeth, Mahometans give it from Kleos :
glory, claiming Paraclete : glorious one, as alluding to
Mahomet when foretold by Issu : Jesus, From this Arabian
sham we have the old English for an idol, Maumet. " Little
children, keep yourselves from Maumets." Stilpon (chief
Stoic) : shining, glorious = Japhia (king of Lachish) : illustrious.
Clytus (slain by Hector , Clitus : sons of renown,

Cleostratus, Herbert : glory of army, but Hubert

38 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

(O'Grady) : s^lorious Hugh. Sophocles : glory of Sophilus.
SoPHiLUS = Wiseman, Sophia : wise woman, con. Sophomore.
CUTHBERT (ken, couth as in uncouth) : bright, famous for
knowledge, cor. odd to say, to Cudd}': an ass. Cunard (line) :
ken hard, very cunning. Redpath (reed, rad, rath-bert bright,
pert) : famous adviser. Dyce (Sombre), Deas (lord) : wise,
Fordyce : man of wisdom = Froude : wise through age,
experienced. Frodobert, Flobert: famous for wisdom.
Clack, Clow also mean wise, and = Clever, common in the
south of England. Krishna (god), Carshena: illustrious,
shining. " The next unto the king was Carshena."

Nabal : a fool, he who fails, falls, is deceived. Bal is
identical with Fal in Fallo : I deceive. Fool : one beguiled.
From Guile : deceit, we get Gull, Guilty. " The serpent
beguiled me." Sottenville (con. Sot : who sits long drink-
ing) : fool in town = Verdant Green. Slav is the Russian and
Polish correspondent to Cleos. Greeks applied such names
generally, in infancy, Muscovites only in after life. Dobroslav
(Polish noble): good glory = Agathocles, if not glory of
Agathos : yet if not, still = Eucleos, whence Euclid (of
Megara) : son of Eucleos. Ladislaus, Wladislav : glorious
chief = Clearchus (retreating myriad). Jaroslav (Crimean
prince) : glorious George. BoLESLAUS, BoGOSLAV : the glory
of God = THEOCLES, Thecla. Suwarrow's famous dispatch to
Katharine clarifies the name, —

" Slava Boga ! slava vam ! Krepost Vzala yia tarn,
Glory to God ! glory to you ! Ismael is our's."

Eadoslav (Bosnian king) : glorious Conrad. Petroslav :
glorious Peter. Pauloslav : glorious Paul. Names given to
distinguished soldiers. Sclavons use Mir with a similar force,
though in a less exalted sense, as Cazimir (Polish king) :
good commander, con. Ukase : a command. Paulimir
(Radoslav's grandson) : Paul the prince, the good. Vladimir,
Waldemar : princely ruler. To come near home, we have
Leofrik : rich in love, fond, Leofingstan : most loved,
Livingstone (Africa) = Frithestan. Former con. love, latter
fi'iend.

LiEBiG (chemist) : loved = MuNGO (St.), from w^hich Strath-
bungo : valley of St. Mungo. Liebrood : lover of the cross,
con. Holyrood = Santa Cruz. Darwin : dearly loved, a nurse
name = Darling: little dear. In the IGth and 17th centuries
a mania came upon the learned to transmvite names so as to
make an exodus from vulgarity by changing their appellations
from the vernacular into classical equivalents. Thus Gerard :
firm spearman, thinking his name meant amicable, exchanged
it for Erasmus : amiable = Erato. Not content with one

PERSONAL NAMES. 39

after the fashion of plebians, he went in for a triplet, adding
Desidekius : desired, to be desiderated, takes diia. Diderot.
His name then stood Desiderius Gerard Erasmus. And he
rested. The fun and wonder is that the then best Greek
scholar in Europe could make such a fiasco. Gerard : a bold
spearman = Garnet (noth: bold) and Garibaldi. But as "A
prophet hath," &c. The unknown is winsome. Desiderius :
nearly = Cupid (Cupio : I desire), who causes cZe.sw'e.

Swartzerd : swarthy earth, peat soil = Adrian (Atra :
black) = Darnley, became Melancthon : of same meaning,
and con. Autocthones: sprung from the earth itself, so ancient.
SoLANDER (however) : one who hunts the soland goose.
Konigsberg : shot up into Regiomontnus = Villeroy, our
Kingston. Brooks (our Waters, Beck, Goole) became
Torrentius. Woodman disguised himself as Xylander =
FiDDAMAN. WHIT3IAN (our White) enlarged himself to Arge-
lander (astronomer). Reuchlin (con. auld Reekie : old
smok}'- = Rekiavick : vapour town) became Capnio. Haus-
SCHEIN : house shiner, light of family (beautiful name), was
learned fool enough to augment into Ecolampadius : house
lamp = the pretty but little known HousGO : house joy.

BoECE from Bois : a wood (dweller) followed suit in Scot-
land by becoming BoETHiUS. A French writer of the 17th
century, remarkable for his pompous style, was Gueuse : a
beggar : to assimilate his name to his gorgeous diction, he
assumed that of his estate, and is known to the world as
Balzac. Some idea of the troubles befalling men through
name changing may be gathered from the following distress-
ing narrative. " Some gentlemen of our nation travelling in
Italy, and passing through Florence, there in the next church
beholding the monument and epitaph of the renowned English
knight and most famous warrior of his time, there named
Joanne Acutus, have wondered what John Sharp this
might be, seeing in England they never heard of any such :
his name rightly written being indeed Sir John Hawkwood,
but omitting the H in Latin as frivolous, and the K and W
as unusual, he is here from Hawkwood turned into Acutus,
and from Acutus returned in English again unto Sharp."
Hawkwood : wood frequented by hawks, similar to Hapsburg
and Gladstone. Power, Poe (Edgar) from Le Poer : the
poor = Lackland : without estate == Poor, Puir, Landless,
living names originally used by monks going barefoot to inti-
mate poverty. Had the Prodigal Son come home shod, that
would have signified that he had not forfeited his estate.

Bellamy : fair friend (when not local), from Amicus : a
friend, from Amo : I love con. Cm : mother, and Amen : nour-
ishing faithfully. Bellamy becomes Lammie, when that is

40 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

not for Lambie = Dilk, nurse names. Beldam : fair lady, ulti-
mates in meaning a hag. It is common in England, and seems
to be a case of bar sinister. Philemon : kisser, affectionate,
fromPhilema: a kiss, from Philo : I love = PHiLO (JuD^US:
the Jew). " Salute one another with a holy philema."

OnEsimus : profitable, assisting. " I beseech thee for my
son Oneshnus, which in time past was to thee unprofitable, but
now profitable to me and to thee." Philetus: beloved, co%.
Philter : a love potion. Philologus : lover of the word,
nearly identical with Philologist. Philixna = Amanda : one
beloved. Diphilus (whence the proverb " Diphilo tardior") :
doubly loved. Triphilus : most beloved = Gold, Goudie, Pre-
cious : nursery names given by affectionate mothers. Three,
in many languages, is used with the force of a superlative, so
Triton : loud tone, high-sounding main, an allusion to his
buccinic conch and waves breaking on the shore.

" ^Yllat are the wild waves saying?"

Trebelli: very beautiful = Tryphos A: very shining, excell-
ing in beauty. Terpander : an out-and-out man. Tetrander :
four man, square built, like Hercules Farnese. Agapetus
(pope) : esteemed, loved. " These are spots in your agapoi."
Graine : loved, connected with the sun, in the sense of beauti-
ful, 80 = Helen, Olympa, Nympha, and other shining ones.
Caro (Italian poet), Carus, Carf:y (missions). Cherry, Cheery,
Caradoc, all mean cherished, beloved, last, Romanised into
Caractacus, cot. Cradock. Preu, for Preux : valiant. Play-
fair (speaker), a form of playfellow. Eligius (St.) : eligible,
princely, gives Eloysius, whence Loyson (Pere) : son of Eloy-
SIUS, Aloysius (patron St. of R. C. schoolmasters) : of the elect,
elite, from Lego : I choose, whence Legion : a thousand chosen
men, or thereby.

Pendergast, cor. Pendergrass: receiver of guest = Lieb-
guest, t'on. Prender: to take. Meagher, Meara: hospitable =
Polyxena, Xenophilus. Flattery : royal chief = Vortigern.
Coghlan: man wearing a cowl-HooD. Brady, (Joe): stupid,
it is not only = but identical with Brutii, from Brutus, con.
our Brute: stupid, in contrast with man. Driscoll : false
story, allusion unknown. Lucas : wages, from Cas : money
= Issacher. If a birth name, the Milesian and Hebrew
strangely coincide. Cassidy : treasurer, money holder =
Orders. Mulvaney, Feeny, from Fioun : vinum, tdne,
given to = BiBERius. Vans, Vance (from Uain, Erse for a
lamb, in the accusative Gin con. Ovis) : a lamb-like man =
Agnew (Andrew), but Lamb : carrier of flag emblazoned with
Lamb (of God ) = Christopher. From Uain, Gin: a lamb.
Vannan : a little lamb = LAMMiE. Frederick: peace rich.

PEB80NAL NAMES. 41

peaceful because no foe to kill, gives Fritz, Ferry (Jules).
Frizzle, Gratian (emperor): gracious person. Grenoble (Polls) •
city of Gratian. Commodus: obliging, acco??W7ioc?ating, courteous
= Curtis (gunpowder). Severus : harsh, severe = Sitwarrow
(general). The Roman and the Russian justified their names.
Titus: honourable, Tatian, Tate, Titian (painter), Titiens
(Madame), El Tato : the honourable = Hoxorius. Ethel:
noble. Athelstan : most noble, Huddlestone (locality from
man), the German form Adler : an aristocrat, Edlin and Udal,
come of Ethel, as does (Edgar) Atheling : of noble birth =
Childe (Harold) : the vt^ell bred. These suggest Ethelrida :
noble councillor,/^)?!., of Ethelred, gives (St.) Audrey, whence
Tawdry: vulgar fine. Aridatha (Esther ix. 8, con. Arta: great,
high) : of high birth = Tiridates (king) : nobly born, as Burns
and Baring: bairns, born ones of superior origin = Childers.
So, too, Childeric : ruling son, noble governor, Childebert :
glorious son, great by descent. These about = Brevvin (Grant) :
beloved ruler, re con. rex. And so Infanta: royal daughter,
Spanish princess, fern, of Infant : royal son, whence Infantry :
his soldiers. Fauntleroy (enfant le roy) : king's son, Rene (roy
natus) = Infante and like to Knight: a son (emphatic), {con.
Gnatus), an imp, a scion = Chitty. These are to be arranged
with such names as Upp, Hopps, Zoon, Ingo, Impey, Hemp,
KiDD, Ing, Ingle, Magot, Hogan, Maccus, all meaning son by
excellence, answering to O in Irish names, as O'Hara : eldest
son of Hara, his heir. Hence the Yankee puzzler, Mullhare:
bald. Hare or Hara. Seed was anciently used with the force
son, supreme, most noble ofispring. It is so used in the first
prophecy on record : " The seed of the woman," &c. And not
less so in

Zoroaster: seed of the fire = Pyrisporus: seed of the fire, but
yet more notably in (S) Porus (fought Alexander) : the seed,
con. "Spore: the productive substance of cryptogamic or flower-
less plants." Arsamenes (satrap) : strong minded = Eumenes :
remembering well, benevolent = Clement, con. mens : the
mind. Agamemnon (king of men) : remembering much —
(M) Nestor: rememberer, con. Mnemonics: science of memory,
Amnesty: not rememberings Man assah. Eumenides: daugh-
ters of Eumenes, Furies, but used through superstitious fear
in sense of benevolent goddesses. (M) Nemesis : avenging
remembrancer. Arsinoe (queen) : strong minded, con. Arsenic:
strong poison, and Nous : the mind.

Alcman (lyric poet) and Alcinous (host of Ulysses) : strong
minded. HuGiBERT (con. Hugo), Hubbard (mother) : mind
bright, clear thinker, gives Hobart (town), Hubert (wrote
on bees), about = Kenrick: keen, rich, learned. But Kendrick
(M') Hendrick formed on Hendry for Henry. Kenneth

42 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

(German savan) : learned, kenneth, one of cofjjno.scenti, a
gnostic in literality. Quaxt, Kant, Kunth, Cundle (when
not a war name) : all ken, are cunning. OcHUS (Darius) :
wise = Froude. Pindar (Theban poet) : man of head, con-
noisseur. CoNON (Athenian) : man of nous, noun, mind as
Arsinoe. Mentor : rich in mental endowments, a guide,
Hachmoni : very wise, a magus. White (in some cases) :
witty man, a Saxon M.P., one attending Wittanagemot ; meet-
ing of the witty.

Buddha (becomes Fo): learned = Milesian Lacey (Sir Evans
de). Botan : country of Buddha. This w^as not his name but
title of Sackya Mouni, who originated the Buddhist religion, now
vstagnant. Lepidus (triumvir) : witty. " Some elegant figures
and tropes of rhetorick frequently used by the best speakers,
and not seldom even by sacred writers, do lie very near upon
the confines of jocularity, are not easily differenced from those
sallies of wdt, wdierein the Icpid way doth consist." Dcedalus
(invented sails) : cunning. Lefroy : the cold, frigid, con.
Refresh : to make cool. Bengel (lexicographer) : timid.

AsYNCRiTUS : not to be judged with, incomparable, beyond
criticism, nonpareil. ^SCHYLUS (tragedian) : shame faced,
modest = ^schines (for the crown), though it is capable of
an opposite meaning, viz., baseness. Sophronicus (father of
Socrates) : of a wise mind, modest = Pudens : shame faced, and
Sempronius (consul) : sound minded. Aristogiton : best
neighbour = Beauvoisin, con. Vicinity, from Vicus : a village.
Many names imply moral or social goodness, as Agatho,
Phelim, Goode = Good. Gother, the Scotch Duguid = Greek
Euergetes, and the Latin Boniface. "The kings of the
Gentiles exercise lordship over them ; and they that exercise
authority over them are called benefactors." Was that an
allusion to Ptolemy Euergetes ? Maynard : of a man's nature,
manly, humane.

Agathos : good, from Ago : I drive. With the Greeks he
was good who drove avt^ay cattle from the enemy, as Caffres
yet do. So our Turnbull : turner of English cattle on to
Scottish pastures, if it be not a formation on Tremp.le,
which consult. Best is beatest, he who beats all. Beat,
beater (our better), beatest, contracted to best. Evander:
good man = Guzman: a monk, as our English Goodman.
EuPATOR (title of Mithridates) : good father, whence Eupatoria.
Trebonius (friend of Ciiesar) : very good. Bonus : good, gives
Boniface = Duguid, Bohn, Boning (son of Bohn), Bonnet,
Bonner (bon air): good manners == Debonnaire (Louis): of
good manners, polite = Urban, Townley. Lebon: the good =
Medoc, whence Madox. Probus : of probity, one approved.
Justus : who does right, Josselyn = Dice (Horce), Dicearcus

PERSONAL NAMES. 43

(Messinia) : just judge. Fry (Elizabeth) : free, kindly, affable,
gives Frew, con. Fraulein : free woman. These belonged to
the order, called a thousand years since, Frelungi.

Charles means whatever Carl, Churl formerly meant —
strong with a flavour of roughness which time has rubbed out.
We say Tom cat, Germans, Carl cat. Churlish does not
necessarily mean sour, dour, but rough, boorish, colonial.
Charlesworth : the carls dwelling = Boorhaave.

" The miller was a stout carl for the nones,
For bigge he was of brawn and eke of bones."

Karl Ritter : Charles Knight. Carloman = Charlier (vir),
Karolyi (count) Carolus, Caroll, Carolina : country of
Charles. Carlos (don) Harley, M' Arl = Carloving and
Carlowitz : son of Charles, Caroline, Charlotte, its ferns.
Charlemagne, Charles the magnificent. Clement (pope) :
man of clemency, gives Menzies, Menschikoff : Clement's
son = Mendelsohn.

Follett is no dim. of fool, but of Folley (sculptor) : a rock
= FoLi. Fell : rock dwellers, hillsmen. Packe : a deceiver
= CoSBl (slain by Phineas) : one who cozens = DoLON (slain
by Diomedes) gives Paxton. Spooner : enticer, allurer.
Spooney : easily gulled. GuLLiVER (De Foe) : one who
beguiles, gulls his audience ==Alazon. Varley (electrician) :
cautious, wary. Hilarius (bishop of Poictiers) : given to
hilarity. " Hilary term begins." Hilary = L' Allegro : the
cheerful, man of alacrity. Glarus is formed from Ecclesia and
Hilarius: church of Hilary, and gives Glares. Giocondo
(built bridge of Notre Dame) : jocund, jocose, jovial from Jove.
At first sight looks = Merryman, but that = Carloman, for the
merry is an outcome of rejoicing in strength. Merriment
comes of exuberant health manifesting itself in laughter,
singing, leaping. Gay (poet), Jay (Bath), Galliardi =
Hales : healthy, hearty. Letitia : frolicsome, joyous, Lettice.
Faustus (Doctor), Fraustulus (exposed twins) Faustina
(Antony's wife), Festus, Faust, Fust (printer): joyous through
favourable circumstances = the following well known names
Felix, Felicia : felicitous persons = Eumerus (Cyrenian) :
w^ell fated. Jamin (son of Simeon) : adroit, dexterous, lucky,
con. Benjamin, this about = Said, SADi,/em. Haidee : happy,
lucky in hunting, root of Sidetes : huntsman, is seen to
advantage in (Port) Said, Bethsaida : house of hunting.
EuTYCHUS, Tychius, Syntyche (last = Felicia): lucky Greeks.
Again Said = Ha yard, Harvard (they have, hap), Gluck,
Habo, Eddy, Luckie (and sometimes) Rae : all favoured by
Fortune, and so = Securius : cheerful, happy, w^ho puts care
(cura) aside (se). Secure abbreviates to Sure : free from

44 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

anxiety. CuRius (Dentatus) : a man full of cares, who meets
troubles half way. Sadd : heavy hearted, set countenance.
Sadness is settled grief. Pentheus (Theban) : who grieves,
whence Penthesilea : taking away sorrow by her charms, con.
Nepenthe: (herb): no grief. Tristam : of a tristful, gloomy
face = MoRNY (due) : mournful, melancholic. Some authors
give Tristam : a herald, con. tryst.

Shandy (gaff) : wild, uncontrollable, always in a shindy =
WiLDERSPiN : self-willed. Malateste : an Italian name cor-
responding with foregoing and Headdy, Pertinax : a man
of pertinacity, and such are usually impertinent. The early
Christians said " Vere Severus, vere Pertinax:" truly severe,
truly obstinate. Ignatius (St.) : fiery, whose wrath soon
kindles, gives Ignazio, Inigo (Jones). Ballantyne, Banna-
tyne : fiery child. Tyne for Tan : fire. Beltane : May : fire of
Baal.

Grig : fierce, Griggs, (M'')Gregor (uncon. Gregory), Angli-
cises to Grierson, where the Highlander doffs the garb of old
Gaul. Saad (Arabian favourite) : joy, through luck in hunt-
ing, is seen in this con. Mohammed Bex Hassax Saad
Eddin : Mahommed, the son of Hassan, the joy of religion.
So the great warrior, Saladix : goodness of religion. Aladdin
(lamp) : the religious. Futher Eddeex : glory of religion.
Fadladeex (Lalla Rookh) : the whiteness, purity of religion.
Names combining with Deen : religion, are in daily use among
Arabs.

Gatling (gun) for gadling : a gossip, who gads, goes from
house to house. Go gives gadfly, goat, Gadsby, guest, gate,
con. Ghaut : a pass. Eustace (Flemish count) : standing
well, firm, constant, gives EusTACHlUS : (eustachian tube) ==
Stitt, Stout, Steady, Constant : standing by one in
war or peace, /em. Constance. These = Eckhardt : oak hart,
figuratively, true = Amox, Amex, Ameexa (Bou). Coxstax-
TIXE : son of Constance, Constantinople : city of Constantino,
and CoxsEDiXE is a common name in England corrupted
therefrom.

Raymoxd, Raymext (rince mouth): pure mouth, truce keeper
= Verus: man of veracity. Drouix (de Lhuys) : truth win,
winning honourably. Al Seddek : the just. " He was also
termed Al Seddek, or the Testifier to the Truth, from having
maintained the verity of Mahomet's nocturnal journey."
Zadok (high priest), Sadoc (Sadducees) : just, are identical
with foregoing Arabic name. Zedekiah : justice of Jehovah.
" The king of Babylon made Mathaniah, his father's brother,
king in his stead, and changed his name to Zedekiah."
Expressing his opinion of the act by the name. Mathaxiah :
the gift of Jehovah. Mattax, Matthew, Matty (meddle-

PERSONAL NAMES. 45

some) : a gift, child given in answer to prayer. Lysimachus
(general) : loose strife = Puritan name, Makepeace, and German
Friedman. Lysander^ Freeman and Frew. Symmachus,
looks like fighting with, querulous, but signifies commilitis : a
fellow soldier. Hutin (Louis) : the quarrelsome. Irene
(empress), Ireneus (bishop) : peaceable = Solomon. " In the
Greek empire a certain otiScer had the title of Irenarch, nearly
corresponding to our Chief Justice of the Peace." Winifred
(well) : winning by peace. Ferdinand : venturesome, takes
form Hernand as in Hernandez or Fernandez (Juan), son
of Ferdinand.

Carpo : fruitful as to offering = Eschol : grape cluster, big
family man. PoLYCARP (martyr) : much fruit. " Herein is
my Father glorified that 3^e bear karpon folun." Christian
fathers should have spiritual sons. Plus : one who has made
an atonement, gives Pio (Nono), BiOT, BiOTTi, Biagotti
(Italian dims.) Pious : fond of parents. " The pious Eneas."
Pasiteles, Praxitiles: all finished, accomplished, good all
round, Praxedes : active, business like, practical. Zao : I
live, gives ZoiLUS (critic), Zosimus (emperor), Zeno (philoso-
pher), Zenas (lawyer), Zeus (Jupiter): full of life = Wicks,
Sharp, Smart, Grady.

SaiART : brisk, active, who can smite quickly, out of army
sunk into meaning gay. Smart : sore, the result of being
smitten. Smart = Nym and Spry, sprightly. Zenobia (queen) :
life sustained by Zeus, con. Biology : science of life. Eneas :
praise = JuDAH = Laudius : who receives applause, gives Lo
(St.) Vasa (Gustavus) : keen, bold, originally Wass, whence
Wassing : son of Wass, giving Washington (Sussex) : town
of the descendants of Wass : bold, con. Vasa. Trypho (the
Jew) : Trophimus : one nourished, a foster child = Foster.
When from Phos : light, means very glorious, trebly bright.
Shelah : prolific = Carpo, Non, Eschol, Abraham : father of
a great multitude. Kirwan : dark avised=Dow, Dee, from
Dhu : dark, whence Donald : dark haired, Dundonald :
Donald's Castle, (Mac)DoNALD varies to (Mc)Whannell.

Peabody : handsome as a peacock, fine fellow, and conse-
quential. Hennesy (Pope) : impetuous, heady, irritable.
PuRDiE : proudie, little. Feely, Filshill : men of great
teethe Tooth (ritualist) and Mordaunt. Gates (Titus),
Oatts, are from eat, in the sense of gigantic, gluttonous =
Jute, Turnus, Jotun : giants with an absorbing appetite.
Oats (corn) means edible. Our eat and the Latin edo are
from Eo : to go. Eat is the going of the jaws, and jaw : that
which goes = Gueule. It is strange but true that jaw philolo-
gically = Janus : he on whom the year (gir, gyre, time circle)
goes, turns. Let us present the matter thus : eo, eat, oats.

46 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

edo, jaw, Janus, Gates, Oatts. In keeping with above glutfcons
we have Swageman : he who assauges at meals and begins
ac^ain. Tankey : pugnacious, quarrelsome. Bowditch in his
"Suftblk :Natnes," Boston, 1860, says that it is probably
connected with using the tankard. I knew a family oi this
name. It is good English, and is preserved in combination
with the Celtic for the head, viz., Can, in Cantankerous:
thraw, cussed, head full of quarrelling. Can varies to Kean :
head = KoPF (M') Cann : an Irish warrior given to cutting off
heads. Kanturk : the boar's head. KiNTOR : Hillhead.
Canmore:' great head = Chubb: chubby headed. Lento
(lenis : soft) : man of lenity, tender hearted, Lentulus :
descended from. Mansi (mansuetus, manus suesco, sequor) :
suave as to manners, kind, obliging = Bonner. Wordie : a
boaster, one of many words = Alazon.

SOBRIQUETS, NICKNAMES, AND INSEPARABLE SURNAMES.

Sobriquet from super : above, is applied to grotesque appella-
tions given to persons in addition to their proper name. Nick-
names are names given with a contemptuous nick of the head,
because of some peculiarity real or supposed in the appearance
or character of those to whom they are applied. Often such
are biographies crowded into a word. When attributed to
the members of a dynasty they play the part of an ordinal.
We say George the First, Second, Third, Fourth. No Greek
would tolerate this. He added the patronymical or descriptive
appellation to each wearer of the purple. Thus, Seleucus :
shining, brilliant, con. Selene : the moon, gives Seleucidce :
descendants of Seleucus, from him also Selucia (on the Orontes):
city of Seleucus. The following are some of the cognomens
fixed on members of that race of kings : — Epiphanes : the
illustrious, con. Epiphany : glorious appearing. The Jews
called him Epimanes : the maniac. Callinicus : splendid
conqueror, by irony, his reign being feeble. Ceraunus :
thunderbolt, by a sarcasm on his weakness. PoGON : bearded
= Barebones : beard bonny, and the Milesian Vesey. Gry-
PHUS : the griffin, griper, rapacious = Harpalyce : harpy wolf
= Cybiosactes : scullion, mean, avaricious. Of course Seleucus
is understood before each.

So with the Grreco-Egyptian dynasty of the Ptolemies.
Lagus: the hare, the timid = Zippor : a bird, gave name to
race called Lagide : sons of Lagus. Soter : saviour, preserver
= Hafiz, Hafid: given by Rhodians whom he helped.
Euergetes (eu): doer of good = DuGUlD, con. evangelist and
energy. He was so called by the Egyptians for rescuing their
Gods from Cambyses. Philopater : lover of father. He was
a parricide. Another of the dynasty was Philometer : lover of

PERSONAL NAMES. 47

mother. He hated her. Physcon : big bellied (con. Physics :
study of nature) = Wamba, avomba = Micklewaim. " The bairns
hae nae meal to put in their warae." Also answers to Panza
(Sancho) : paunchy = Hogarth (caricaturist) : hog girth, as
big round as a grass fed pig. But Pansy (flower) : thought,
Pensee from Pendeo : I hang. We naturally hang our head
when thinking, meditating, but hold it up when recollecting.
Pansy : pensive (flower). To the Hogarth class belong
Carnot and Carno (of the French) : flesh3^ con. Carnis : flesh
= Crassus and Grasselli. Lathyrus : pea nosed, wart upon it
= Cicero, from Cicer : a vetch. Lamyras : the buffoon, who
puffs out his cheeks, so making them big. Sidelas : the silent
= Mudie, Moodie, Still, Tacitus, Dumah. Sidetes : the
huntsman, con. Said, Bethsaida and Jagard. Poliorcetes
(Demetrius) : destroyer of cities, con. Police, Politics, Policy.
Nor were the Romans in the rear of the Greeks as to
nicknames. One of their witty hits was changing two
letters in Tiberius Nero and so making it Biberius Mero :
drinker of wine = BiBULUS (consul) and Feeny, Mulvany.
There is a flourishing name in Italy, BEViLACQUA = our Drink-
WATER, which some claim as a form of Derwentwater, howbeit
the name is teetotal not local = the German Lobwasser : love
water, and accurately answering to the great French Boileau
from Bibo : I drink, whence Bevor : drunk out of in battle.

Witty France produced a heavy crop of sobriquets. Each
Louis had his, as Begue: stammerer = Mutter: Lalor (Shiels),
though Lalor of the Greeks is a title of Apollo: eloquent.
Debonnaire : of good airs, manners = Bland, Curtis.
Such names are found scattered through all history, as Cato
Censorius : the critic, judge, censor, census taker : Mutius
(Scaevola) : the left-handed. Scaevus : unlucky, signs observed
to left hand of augurs, but afterwards applied to unlucky
words, as Mors : death, and then to improper language, whence
Obscene. Diodorus Siculus : the Sicilian. Sicily was called
Trinacria : three - cornered. Dionysius ExiGUUS (brought
reckoning from birth of our Lord, A.D., into use) : the thin,
spare = Caunt, Almagro, Macros, Long, Laridan. Eric Blu-
TAXT(Swedish king) : of the bloody axe, con. Blott,Haco. Har-
dicanute: Canute the bold, similar to Hardy (captain): bold.

Gaffer (Gray) : grandfather = Nana (Sahib) = Aves, Anax,
Laveau. Aves: aged, con. ^vum: an age, Co-eval: same age,
Ave ! age to you = Hail ! health to you, con. Hales : healthy =
Valens, giving Valentine, Valentinian, con. Vale : farewell,
i.e. may you be strong. From Avus, Avunculus : less by age,
giving uncle, aunt. So Nepos : a nephew, neipce, niece, and
Neff (Felix).

" Ho ! why dost thou shiver and shake, Gaffer Gray?"

48 FEB SON AL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Hugh Capet (founded Capetian dynasty) : the cap, kepi
wearer, the monk's cap used for covering tonsure. Heraclitus
Physicus : the naturalist, physician, watcher of growth, con.
Phuo : I grow, giving Phyllis : verdant, flourishing, and
Apphius, Appius (Claudius), Apphia : fruitful = Blastus : a
sprout = Chitty = Florus (Gessius), Flora, Florence: all
flourishing like verdure, suggesting Ramolini (Napoleon's
mother) : little branches, like Raimes, Ramage : branches,
one living where birds are heard singing in trees = FoULiS :
where the foulis do singe. Suggestive of Craib, Crabbe
(poet) : a branch, applied to a clan returning from battle with
branches in their helmets as a token of victory. Nomos : law,
gives Numitor : legislator, and NuMA Pompilius : Pompilius
the law-giver = the Greek Theseus. Pompilius : son of Pom-
PEY : fifth born, con. Penta. TuLLiUS HosTlLiUS : Tully the
warlike. The Irish TuLLY = Torrance and Flood, when not
meaning tower dweller. Ancus Martius : the warlike, Mars-
like, con. Martin = Ptolemy. Ancus : crooked-armed, sug-
gests Bossue : boss-shouldered. Ancus yet lives in the word
Ancona : city on sea bend = Reach in England, (Mc) Skimming
in Lowlands, and Coudereau in France, ours applies to bend
of stream. The word is also in Anchor : bent iron, angular
grappler. Genoa is con. Gonia : an angle, Gonu : a knee,
being at a bend of coast. Tarquinius Priscus : of the old stock
= Beith, Coll. Tarquinius Superbus : the proud, who held
himself above others.

Tarquin : the archon, ancient, ruler = Anax. Constantine
Paleologus : old stock speaker, having a brogue. Constantine
Copronymus : dung name, because when being baptized he
defiled his clothes, con. Copros : dung, Coprolite : dung stone.
Lalla Rookh : tulip-cheeked (Moore). Lorenzo de Medici :
Lawrence of the Medicean family, at Florence. Medici : phy-
sician, medical man. Medeor : to cure by Median herbs.
Michael de la Pole (chancellor) : Michael of the pool =
Pool, Pollock, Glasspole. La Belle Sauvage : forest
beauty, lady of the park, a form of Isabella Savage. Rob
Roy : red-headed Robert, similar to Redmond : red Edmond.
Caelum O'Glen : Galium of the glen, as 9 o'clock, 9 of the
clock. Maccallum More : the great M'Callum, Argyll.
Marco Polo (Venetian) : Mark Paul. Tam o' Shanter : Thorn
of the Shantie farm, broken down barns, old buildings. Clym
OF THE Clough : Clement of the clifl" (outlaw). From clifl, Clow,
Clive (India) = Folly, Fell = Du Halde : of the hold, usually
a rock = Sternhold : living in a stone hold, castle that could
not be burned.

( 49 )

CHAPTER IV.

BIBLICAL NAMES.

Our Scriptures supply names to nearly half of civilisation.
As well kick at Fate as at the Book. Eclectic, sceptic, agnos-
tic are alike indebted with believers thereto for names of
themselves or friends. In many cases these were indirectly
derived from that sacred source when the recipient was uncon-
scious of such origin and continues to be so life through. As
in ordinary affairs, it consists with wisdom that all actions
should be interpenetrated with religion rather than that cer-
tain acts should be viewed as secular and others as sacred, so
it seemed good to blend biblical names with common through
this book, consequently no exhaustive chapter will be devoted
thereto. Yet, on the other part, seeing it is of Divine appoint-
ment, founded on human nature, that one day should be mora
especially devoted to things sacred, so there seems a propriety
in setting apart one chapter entirely to this subject.

No people,of any age,combined God's name and attributes with
their name so much as did the Hebrews, Israelites, Jews. Take
Old Testament names and compare them with those now used
among Jews and two notable facts forthwith force themselves
upon the observer. They alone, as distinguished from " the
seventy nation," entwined the Divine name with their own in
combinations so varied that a Jerusalem directory of B.C. 700
would only be less valuable than the Bible. The Jews no
longer so act, presumably wholly or partially because some
organic change in respect to them and the Divine name has
taken place. That civilised nations could not now tolerate
names varied from the parental stock, that Cohen's sons and
daughters must be Cohens, does not cover the position, because,
as in the Church of Rome, there is the recognition of the reli-
gious as well as the civil name : in like manner were the Jews
anxious to act as they once did, no government in the world
could prevent them. Not only do they not now so use the
word Jehovah in conjunction with biographical changes, but
there is one name they avoid — Joshua, or, as we British term
it, Jesus. It is hard for the sceptic to account for this name
being disused after the first century of our era other than the
way Christianity accounts for it, viz., Jews looking upon it as
accursed, and consequently to be avoided, while most Chris-
tians view it as too sacred for application to even the best of
the sinful sons of Eve. Thus, between hatred and awe, the

50 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

name Jesus became the heritage of Him to whom, in the
highest sense, it can alone apply. We have shown that Jesus
is a formation upon the word Jehovah, which former has been
corrupted until it means hypocritical, as is seen in the too well
known words, Jesuitical and Jesuitique of our neighbours the
French. Yet, though the name Jehovah has been in use thous-
ands of years, it, like Him of whom it is the sacred sign, has
suffered no change. At one time Jove was thought to be a
formation therefrom, but scholars agree that as Dies : a day,
becomes Jour, so Dios : divine, becomes Jove, and Dios-pater :
father Jove, becomes Jupiter. And yet Theos : God, has been
arrogated by the basest of men, as Antiochus Theos : Antio-
chus the divine. So, too, Theos is applied to gods whose
feigned stories are best untold. Now, as no man ever took to
himself the title Jehovah, He who said : " Thou shalt not take
the name of Jehovah, thy God, in vain," must surely have
watched over it with jealous care through His love to man,
for if nothing unpolluted were left to us, whereof shall Jacob's
ladder be made ? how we travel the upward towards Him ?
Considering the vile uses to which the words Lord, God, Christ,
Jesus, have been applied, who can doubt that the peculiar name
has been preserved like the uncorrupted manna in the golden
pot in the ark of God. Jehovah : I am, i.e., unvaried by time
or conditions ; He to whom there is neither accession nor
diminution of knowledge, happiness, power, or love ; He who is
"without parallax or tropical shadow;" " He in whom is light
and no darkness at all." The sun has spots, diamonds have
flaws, creatures their foibles, Jehovah none. Whether this be
ideal or real no sceptic can conceive of a being comparable
thereto. One grander is not only impossible but unthinkable.
Nay, there is only One. The man who thinks sublimely lands
ultimately in the thought — God. The Hellenistic Jews called
this name Tetra-Gramviaton, because consisting of four letters.
It was unused by pious Jews in conversation, they substituting
El or Adonai therefor. Nor was this mere superstition, but
a high form of wisdom. Similarly through awe of the Divine,
inspired w^riters use the personal pronouns where we should
reckon them inelegant, but their defence is they feared to
mention His great name too often less familiarity should breed
undeserved contempt. I turn by the merest chance to Job
xxiii. where the weeper uses pronouns instead of the Divine
name twenty-seven times, but the word God only once, and
Almighty once. Much the same is seen in the book of Psalms,
as also in the New Testament. Illustrations of this awe
abound in all parts of it. Turn to 1 John ii. 25 to end.
"And this is the promise that he hath promised us, eternal
life. These things have I written unto you concerning them

BIBLICAL NAMES. 51

that seduce you. But the anointing which ye have received
of him, abideth in you, and ye need not that any man teach
you : but as the same anointing teacheth you of all things,
and is truth, and is no lie, and even as it hath taught you, ye
shall abide in him. And now, little children, abide in him :
that when he shall appear we may have confidence, and not
be ashamed before him at his coming. If ye know that he is
righteous, ye know that everyone that doeth righteousness is
born of him."

Theos was not corrupted so much because men are wicked or
given to change, as because changing it at all the meaning must
degrade. Thus Diabolis : accuser, slanderer, whence Diable,
Devil, starts existence with a low meaning, whereby it may
be raised. Thus we have devil, devilled, devilish, used in
anything but a bad sense, as " He (a horse) is a devil to go."
" He (a man) is a devilish (very) good fellow." The fact is as
Jehovah is the holy name any change must needs be down-
wards. Satan : adversary (of God and man) is much grander
in conception and use than Devil. One of the most blessed
titles applied to God is Despot : foot binder, he who governs
without consultation. Despots are divisible into good and bad.
Every father of a family, every captain of a ship, teacher of a
school, is a despot, as is the Empress of India over Hindoos.
Souls under the apocalyptic altar, cry, " How long, 0 Despot,
holy and true dost Thou not avenge our blood ? " But so ill
used has despot become, and in such ill savour is it that few
of us lind pleasure in applying it to God, although that aged
saint Simeon did, " 0 Despot, now thou lettest thy servant
depart in peace." Now I can go home and die.

The Hindoo for God is Ram, whence Ram-Bukah : the gift
of God == BoGDAN from Bog : God in the Sclavonic. When the
word Jehovah enters into composition with personal names it.
assumes the forms of jah, ah, a, and is used either as a prefix
or a postfix. The highest compliment ever paid to a woman
(if it be lawful to term things so sacred compliments) was
when the Almighty said, " As for Sarai thy wife, thou shalt
not call her name Sarai (princess, aristocratic woman), but
Sarah (" princess of Jehovah, greatest princess "). There the
Lord takes part of his name and adds it to that of His
nominee. Consult Israel. We find it again in combination
with the name of a woman, Ex. vi. 20. Jochabed (con.
ICHABOD : where is the glory ?) : Jehovah's glory, perhaps an
inspired promise of the Lord's power being manifested out of
weakness. After the manifestation of the Almighty in the
bush (God delights in paradoxes of speech and action) the
cases in which the Divine name combines with the names of
men become numerous, as Abijah, Abi : (whose) father (is)

52 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Jehovah = Joab. To me these are wonderful names. Nowhere
is it revealed in the Old Testament as lawful to call the
Eternal by so familiar an expression as Father. What prophet,
which psalmist so addresses Him ? Jesus was the first man
who taught men so to address God. Howbeit, He did not, as
our authorised version and revision lead us to suppose, teach
us to say " Our Father," which puts the second table of the
decalogue before the first, placed brotherhood before father-
hood. The Lord's prayer in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin places
Father before our, and should do so in English. However,
Father of us would now sound strange. Theology and reason
have been sacrificed on the altar of idiom. The Greek and
Latin churches have Fater emoon and Pater noster which is
true teaching. By such names as Abiah we know what the
Scriptures do not explicitly teach that pious Israelites
approached God with holy boldness, so that it is clear the
spirit of adoption whereby we cry Abba : Father, wrought,
though faintly, from Exodus to Pentecost.

Shixab (Admite king): shining of the father, glory of =
Cleopatra, which may mean glory of the country = Lambert.
Shin is essential with schon, shine, sheen, skin, sun, all mean-
ing that which shines, is beautiful. Abiel, Eliab : God (my)
father. Abibal (Hiram's father) : my father (is) Bael.
Abiathar : (whose) father (is) left. Father dying during
infancy of son. Nadab : liberal, benevolent = Giffard : of a
giving nature. But Amminadab (chariots of) : a willing
people, may be noble people = Aristodemus : best of the
people, and Protesilaus: first of the people. Nabal : rough,
boorish, churlish, dour, con. falls and fool. " The nahal shall
no more be called nadib." — Isa. xxxii. 8.

Abinadab : father of liberality, free with heart to feel and
purse to help. Abigail : (whose) father rejoiceth (at her
birth), con. Haggith. Abihu : (my) father (is) He = Elihu :
(my) God (is) He. Abimelech : (whose) father (is) king, of
royal descent = Fauntleroy (banker) : for Enfant le roy =
FiTZROY. But Faunt: a fount. Abram, Abiram : high
father, a patriarch. Abraham : father of a multitude, gives
Ibrahim (pacha),^ Braham (singer), Abbema (French), Bram-
well : Abraham's spring. Maberly (poor man's friend) :
Abraham's field. Tabraham, Tabram (de Abraham) : son of
Abraham. From Ab : father. Baboo (Hindoo title) = Sire,
Sir, and the Arabic Ali Baba (forty thieves) : the father.
Baboo applies to Hindoo gentleman in his civil capacity.
Sahib to distinguished natives of India and foreigners, 'if
military men.

Abishalom, Absalom : father of peace, born in quiet times
= Bishlam. Jehoshaphat, Shaphatiah y : Jehovah's j udge =

BIBLICAL NAMES. 53

Adoxijah, in the sense of God bringing out of trouble, con.
SUFFETES : Carthaginian judges. Adon becomes Dan : a judge,
whence Daniel: judge of God = Eliphal, Theocritus, used
passively with the force judged of God, helped by. Hence
Daniels, s formative. Amariah : (whom) Jehovah spoke (of),
promised, from Amar : to speak, whence Amiral (some tall) :
commander, becomes Admiral. From it the Arabic title
Emir-al-Omrah : commander of commanders, generalissimo =
Phicol (Philistine) : mouth (of) all, whom all obey, con. Pi-
hahiroth : mouth of Hiroth, pass so called. Omar Pasha is a
double title. We have Omar : a commander, word giver, Gen.
xxxvi. 11-15, the Mosque of Omar now in Jerusalem, and
lately had Omar Pasha, general of Abdul Medjid. Omriah,
Omri : commander of Jehovah, greatest general. Puah :
mouthy, wordy.

Uz, Amoz : strong = Hales : hale, strong by reason of
health. Uzziah, Amaziah y : strength (of) Jehovah, very
strong, con. Uzziel : strength of God. Amittai (Jonah's
father) : amen (of) Jehovah, God keeping faith. A common
name in Arabia still is Amoun (Ben) : amen (man) = Fidelius :
faith keeper. Ameen-edden : faithful in religion. Athaliah
(queen), Athlai (Bebai's son) ^ : whom Jehovah afflicted.
Ezer: help, gives Ezra, EsDRAS = Alexis when Alexius:
son of Alexis. Ebenezer : stone (of) help, con. Ben : a son.
Ebony : stone wood. AzARiAH, Joezer )> : helped of Jehovah,
that happening to the father about the time of son's birth,
Elazarus : helped of God = Azareel, Aziel, Azrael (death
angel of the Koran). Eliezer (Damascus) = the Arabic
Asrallah. Lazarus (form of Elazarus) gives Lazaroni :
beggars like Lazarus. Lazaretto : lazar house, instituted for
lepers and contagiously diseased. Lizars : medical attendant
on Lazaretto. Lazy : lying about like Lazarus. So ill and
idle are the same word.

Elisheba (Aaron's wife), con. Sabbath and meaning oath of
God, i.e., God remembering his oath to Abraham, hence
Elizabeth, Eliza, Elsie, Bet, Betty, Babington: town of
St. Elizabeth's church. Baruch : blessed = Beatus, fern.
Beatrice for Beatrix. Barachel (Elihu's father) : blessed
(of) God, by increase of family. Berachiah : blessed (of)
Jehovah. Ben : a stone, gives Banah : to build, whence
Benahiah : built (of) Jehovah, increased in family. " When
I prophesied Peltahiah, the son of Benahiah died." Bath :
daughter, eldest girl. Bathoni : daughter of my sorrow.
Bathiah : daughter (of) Jehovah, His worshipper. Bath-
SHEBA : seventh daughter. Pekah : open eyed = BOPIS : ox
eyed, the opposite of Myotis : lady shutting her eyes peep-
ingly, winsomely. Pekahiah : (whose) eyes Jehovah opened

54 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

(to see divine visions). " Pekahiah, the son of Menahem, but
Pekah, the son of Remaliah, a captain of his, conspired against
him." Remaliah : exalted (of) Jehovah, from Rama : high.

Elijah : God (is the) Lord, Elias, Ellis, Elliott, Elleston:
town of St. Elias. Joel : Jehovah (is) God, Elijah is a creed
in a name, and should be read by the light that lit on the
altar on Carmel. " How long hop ye between two opinions ?
if Jehovah be Elohim, follow Him." Elisha: God (is)
saviour, is like thereto, forming Eliseus. Hod : praise, glory,
t'on. Laudo and Plaudo, whence Explode : to make a loud noise
like may persons clapping hands. Ehud (judge) : one praised
= ^NEAS. Ep.exetus : praiseworthy. ISHOD : man, praised for
his beauty. Abihud: father (of) praise, worshipper = Theosehes.
HoDAViAH^ The Hebrew idea of glory

Hodijah > praise (of) Jehovah, is nearness to God, the
Hodevah 3 Greek fame, the Roman

applause. " Augustus, when dying, canvassed for the applause
of those who were round his bed."

J ■ known, loved, approved of by Jehovah.

" Depart from me, I never hneiv you."

Jedidiah : beloved (of) Jehovah, con. Dido, David, and =
Deocarus : cherished by God. Jehoikim : Jehovah appointed.
Eliakim : God appointed, con. Jachim : firm. No stranger to
Israel could know the difference between these two unless
under Hebrew teaching. A beautiful illustration of " I will
give him a new name," showing power over and interest in.
Jehoidah : knowledge (of) Jehovah, loved of God, cor. Jaddua
(high priest). Aram : high, becomes Ramah : brae top, be-
comes Aramathea, and Ram: man of dignity, "Then was
kindled the wrath of Elihu of the kindred of Ram."

Jehoram Joram: Jehovah exalted = Jeremiah : raised (of)
Jehovah, cor. Jerry. Adoniram (QGd) : the Lord (is) exalted,
Ahaz (dial of) : seen (by God). " I have seen, I have seen the
affliction of my people." Jehoahaz : beheld (of) Jehovah,
con. Ghazi (ghau) : valley of vision, beautiful dale. Micaiah :
who (as) Jehovah? Michael: who (as) God? "Who is
like unto Thee, 0 Jehovah among the elohim ?" From latter
Miguel (Don), Macclesfield: Michael's field. Carmichael :
dear to Michael, Mike, Micky, and Moke: a donkey. This is
a pet name with the Irish, who view it thus :— As Michael
conquered Satan, the first Protestant, and drove the rebel
angels from heaven, f-o the Pope conquered Luther and excom-
municated Protestants. Thus it means conqueror of heretics.

Nahum: a comforter. Noah : consolation (to parents) =
Menahem. Nehemiah : comforted (of) Jehovah. From same

BIBLICAL NAMES.

root Maxes: consolator, Maxichceus: son of Mani, whence
Manieheism. Elimelech : God (is) king, the Lord reigneth.
Elizur (conversely), Zuriel : God is a rock, unchangeable.
Pedahazur : rock of redemption, con. Padon : redeemed.
" Gamaliel, the son of a Pedahazur." Zurshaddai : rock
Almighty. From Zur: a rock, we get Soor, whence Syria:
country round Tyre, Sirocco : Syrian wind = Libecchio :
Libyan wind, Suristan: Syrian land. Ammishaddai : people
(of the) Almighty, covenant ones, those under the shedder, dis-
poser. Ammihud : (one of the) people who are praised, "Am-
miJmd, king of Geshur." Shemer: guarded, kept, gives
Samaria : hill of Shemer. Ishmerai : guarded (of) Jehovah =
Theophylact : God guarded, con. Phylactery : protection, sign
of God's keeping.

Tebah : confidence of parents = Greek Elpis : hope, and
Iinsh DiGXUM. " His concubine whose name was Keumah, she
bare Tebah." Reumah : lady, superior woman, exaltado, from
Ram : high. Jehovah-rophi : (the) Lord, (the) healer.
Raphael : healer (of) God, sent to heal, whence Raffles
(Sir Stamford) from whom the largest flower in the world is
called Rafilesia. Jehovah-nissi : (the) Lord (my) banner.
Jehovah-tzkixu : (the) Lord (our) righteousness, con. Sadoc :
just, gives Sadducees : disciples of Sadoc, identical with
Tunisian Bey, Sidik=Jasher (book of), con. the dim.
Jeshurux : little just one, darling because of goodness.
Zaccar: mindful. Zechariah : remembered (by the) Lord,
hence Zachary. Zeruiah (ye sons of) : balsam (from)
Jehovah, pleasure giving birth = Mordecai. When Ah for
Ach: brother, begins a name, it is generally used figuratively,
as Ahitub : good brother, worthy person, con. Tabeel : good-
ness (of) God. " Let us set a king in the midst of Jerusalem,
the son of TabeaV We, too, have Goodbrother.

Ahixoam : brother of pleasantness, good company = BUOXA-
PARTE, Ledru. Ahimelech : king's brother = Noble, for
notable, from Noto : I mark. Ahiam : mother's brother,
maternal uncle. When born like him. Ahab : father's
brother, paternal uncle = Brodersex : son of brother.

Ahimoth : "brother of death, sickly born, con. Mors, Mars,
Mavors. Ahitophel : brother of foolishness = Brutus : dull,
stupid. Hazelelopoxi : give shade, 0 thou who regardest
me, con. Zill Allah : shadow of the Almighty, Persian title.
" The name of their sister was Hazelelponi." Blessed name.
Bezaleel : (under) (the) shadow (of) God. " He that dwelleth
in the secret place of the Most High shall abide tender the
shadoiu of the Almighty," con. Zillah, Zalmox. Zalmuxna :
shelter forbidden, he who shows no quarter. Shalom, Salmon,
Selim : peace. Salaam : to bow, wishing peace. Shalmaxeser :

56 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

peaceful prince, con. Sar, Israel. Shemuliel : peace (of) God,
friend (of) God, as Abraham. Shelomi : peaceful man.
Shelomith : peaceful woman, nearly = Shulamite: peaceful,
filled with love, the bride, the Catholic Church. " Return,
return, 0 Shulamite ; return, return, that we may look upon
thee." Some derive Shiloh from this root and give it =
Pacifico = Shiloni : peacemaker. The Samaritans give the
famous prophecy of Jacob, " The sceptre shall not be taken
from Judah, nor a leader from his banners, until the Pacific
shall come." But Shiloh : sent (of God), identical with
Shiloah, Siloam : (water) sent (through strong arches).
Apostle : sent from (the Lord Jesus). Missionary : sent (by
the Church) = Envoy : sent (by Government).

Solomon : very peaceful, forms Suleyman (Pacha) in
Turkey, Slomax, Somax in England. From Salem also we
have Islam, Moslem, Mussulman. Istamboul : city of peace
(boul polls), the Arabic for Constantinople, and = Islambad :
city of the faith, Hindostan. Solomon = Pacificus : the
pacifier, and the Irish Sweeney : peaceful, but not Frederick :
peace rich, one who makes peace by putting enemy so that
they cannot fight. El : God, the strong one, Elohim : strong-
ones, first met with in composition in Mehujael (Lamech's
grandfather) : struck of God, greatly afilicted. " We did esteem
Him stricken of God and afflicted." Mahaleel : praise (to)
God, CO H. Hallelujah : praise Jah. HiLLlL : singer, he who
lilts. Lilt: to sing jerkingly and spontaneously. The two
great rabbis of Hebraism were Hillil and Shammai. Shammai :
named, famous = Inclytus, con. Shem; a name. Ad : one, solus.
Bedad : solitaire, lonely. Hadad : one, one, the sun god,
Sol : the sun, con. Solus : alone. " Hadad, the son of Bedad,
who smote Midian in the field of Moab." Beor : a torch =
Flambard : flaming sword, glittering like flame. " Balaam,
the son of Beor, hath said." Ammiel, conversely Eliam :
people of God. Balaam: a foreigner, not of the people =
Outremer: a stranger, one from beyond the sea. Calcol :
sustenance (of parents) = SciPio : sceptre, staflT of his blind
father. But Calcot, for Caldecot (English) : cold house,
open to winds = Balfour.

Darda : pearl (of) wisdom, wisest = Hachmoni : very wise.
Debir: an oracle. " Dehir, king of Eglon." He would be
good at advising, and so = Eubulus and Alfred. Deborah
(a bee, i.e., patient, industrious, others give) : eloquent woman
= Chrysostom : golden mouth, Chrysologus (St.) : golden
discourser = BiLSHAN: son (of the) tongue = Phuvah : mouth,
con. Phicol.

Phinehas (Cozbi) or Phineas : serpent-mouthed, persuading
to evil, as the worm did Eve, from Pi or Phi : mouth, and

BIBLICAL NAMES. 57

Nahash : a hisser, serpent. " Thy two sons, Hoplini and Phi-
neas, are dead." Tidal : who is feared = Aldred : whom all
dread, whence Mrs. Stowe's Deed. " Tidal king of nations/'
i.e., a mixed people, as Abyssinia : a mixture. Pamphylia: all
tribes intermixed. ZiZA : full-breasted, abundance (of milk),
whence Jaziz : he will bring abundance. " Over the flocks
was Jaziz, the Hagerite," Hagarene. What name could be
better for a shepherd ? Ardox : a fugitive, who flees to high
place, con. Arduus = Phygellus and Fleming. " Caleb had a
son named Ardon." Agee : a fugitive, con. Hagar. " Sham-
mah, the son of Agee." Arvad {con. Ardon) : place of fugi-
tives = Flanders : fleers = Servia : country of runaway serfs,
slaves. " The inhabitants of Zidon and Arvad were thy mari-
ners." Balak : licking up, destroying. " Now shall this
company lick up all that are round about us, as the ox licketh
up the grass." Ishmael : heard of God, had three sons, viz.,
MiSHMA : hearing, con. Ishmael, Simeon, Dumah : silence,
con. Dumb: silent, Massa: patience. The rabbis weld these
into a proverb — " Hear much, say little, bear much." Gama-
liel (at feet of) : reward from God. Birth name. " The fruit
of the womb is His reward." GoLlATH : an exile, an emigrant
= Gales : of the Gaels, strangers. Neal : new Gall. Metan-
aste (neuphonic) : city changer, con. Astyanax : city king.
HiNNOM : lamentation (of parents), born in bad times = Beriah,
con. Hinnio : I neigh, Hinny : bred of a horse. Whine : to
lament. " The border went up by the valley of the son of
Hinnorn." Ghau : a valley, and Hinnom gives Gehenna :
hell, con. Gehazi. Izhar : anointed = Messiah, Christ, Uxor :
a wife. The Romans anointed the door lintel under which the
newly arrived bride passed, whence from Unguo ; I anoint, we
have Unguent, Unction, Uxor, Uxorious : inordinately fond of
wife.

Jamin : dexterous, adroit, right-handed, strong = Stark,
Starkey (stark naked) : stripped for battle, made strong as
David was by throwing off armour. When men so did they
were called by the Saxons, Bold : bald. con. Yemen : the south,
to the right is Benjamin : son of my right hand, honour,
strength ; if not, Benjamim : son of my days. Lot : a veil, a
secret worker, artful, gives Lotan (duke). Lot con. lid, clot,
clod, cloud, lotto, lottery : all covers. " Behold, I have given
thy brother a thousand pieces of silver, he is to thee a lot to
thine eyes." NiMSHi : drawn out, elected, one of the elite =
Eligius, Aloysius, and con. Moses. Reuben : see ! a son,
from Reu : to see, whence Ruth : fascinating. Rehum : he who
looks pitifully, also from Reu, where it slides into the English
Ruth : she who rues, pities through seeing. Jerahimeel : (he
will obtain) mercy (of) God, i.e., God will look at him. Ikkesh
5

58 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

(son of Ira) : crooked = Crooks, Gam, Bossue. Probably used
figuratively for a deceiver = Svoo2iER and Hindoo Thug: a de-
ceiver. Packe (whence Paxtox : Packe's town) : a deceiver,
cheat, subtle scamp.

Sheba : an oath, sacred, rest-giving. " A man of Belial,
whose name was Sheba" Ashbea : I swear, adjure. "The
families of them that wrought fine linen of the house of
Ashbea." Amos: a burden, gives Amasa : burdensome one.
"Absalom made Amasa captain of the host instead of Joab."
Amasiah : burden (of) Jehovah, sustained by God. " Koll thy
burden on Jehovah, He will sustain thee." Thaddeus : who
praises = Pyat : a pious man, atoned for, exjnated. The French
have Thade, but Thady (Irish) : a poet. The Italians Tade-
ONI : great Thade. Habakkuk: a w-restler, embracer, he who
wrestles with God and embraces His promise. Zacchiah :
(the) Lord (is) pure, Zaccheus, con. Saddoc. " Zaccheus, make
haste and come down." The Romans rarely had the natives
of conquered counti-ies to be chief publicans, hence some
scholars attempt to derive Zaccheus from a Latin root, but in
vain, seeing he is " a son of Abi'aham." Chuza (Herod's
grieve) for Chuziah : (the) Lord seeth, con. Gehazi, also given
as meaning Seer : he who sees what is commonl}^ hidden.

Sosipater, Sopater (Berea) : father saver, who protected
him. Onesimus : beneficial, profitable — a runaway slave.
Onesiphorus : profit bringer — his master.

AsYNCRiTUS : not to be criticised with another, incomparable,
none such. Lysias (Claudius) : liberator, con. Analysis : loosen-
ing, separating. Liberius : one freed = Freeman, from Libero :
I loosen, gives Liberty. Lysimachus : looser of strife = the
Puritan name Makepeace. Penthesilea (Amazonian queen):
who by her charms takes avxiy grief. Aquila (Paul's fellow
weaver): an eagle = Herxe, twisted into Onkelos. Zohar,
Zerah, Zorah : dawn brightness, birth bringing hope. " If it
be your mind that I should bury my dead out of my sight ;
hear me, and entreat for me to Ephron, the son of Zohar."
Zorah, the Danite, had a descendant named Manoah, who had
a son whom he named from Shemesh : the sun. Samson (with
the augmentative on) : splendid sun, glorious man.

Zerahiah ) -r 1 , . +1, T 1 • T • 1 A " The

IZRAHIAH jJ^^l^ovah arises, the Lord is my Light, ^j^^^^

of the Lord is risen upon thee." Eutychus : lucky, fortunate,
gives through the French Toy = Gluck, Luckie, con. Syntyche
= Felicia, Edith : fortunate ladies. " There sat in the window
a certain young man named Eutychus." Sacar: hire = the
Irish name Luc AN : one hired, whence Issacher. Peulthai :
wages or reward of Jehovah. " Moreover, the sons of Obed —
Edom Sacar the fourth Issacher the seventh, Feidthai

BIBLICAL NAMES. 59

the eighth, for God blessed him (with many sons)." That Avas
a paying family. Parmenas: who remains with you in trouble
= Constance. Parmenion (Alexander's friend) : son of
Parmenas.

Amal : labourer = Bauer, and root of .^milus: a worker.
" The sons of his brother Helem (were) Zophah, and Imna, and
Shelesh, and Amal." Zophah : an early riser = our Early,
con. Zephon : great watcher. Aner : an exile, expatriated =
Goliath. " The men which went with me, Aner, Eschol, and
Mamre." Eschol : a cluster (of grapes), he who has many
children. " Thy wife shall be as a fruitful vine." Mamre :
rising, lifting up, wJio causes the rise of his clan. Lemuel
(king of Massa) : consecrated (to) God = Allgood. Bethuel :
virgin (of) God, pure man, con. Bethulia = Parthenope : maiden.
Enoch, Hanoch : dedicated, a devotee. " The sons of Midian
city (were) Ephah, and Epher and Hanoch." Helem : ham-
merer = Schmidt. "The sons of his brother Helem."

Iddo : long lived = PoLYBiUS, Macrobius. " Iddo the chief
at the place Casiphia." Iddo : timely, born when expected,
"Zechariah, the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo." Iddo:
loving, con. Dido and David, of the class Erastus : amiable,
Pbiletus : worthy of friendship, Philemon : beloved. " Of
the half tribe of Manasseh in Gilead, Iddo, the son of Zechariah."
Three different persons whose names are diverse in the original.
Jachin : He (will) establish (the covenant with us). " Of the
priests Jedaiah, and Jehoiarib and Jachin." Uzzah : strong,
like a goat butting, powerful in attack. AzAZ : strong, strong
= BoAZ. " He set up the right pillar, and called the name
thereof Jachin ; and he set up the left pillar and called the
name thereof Boaz."

Jehishai: grey headed = Chanzy, Canutius, Hoare : who
is hoary. Hoar : white, as hoar frost. JoKTAN : small (born)
= Cade. " Who hath despised the day of joktoM things."
Jural : joyful sound, giving Jubilo : I rejoice. Jubilee : time
of joy. " Juhal was the father of all such as handle the harp
and organ." Kallai : a runner = Curtius (Quintus), Snell,
Swift, Sharp, Podargus. Kedar: dark skinned = Tartan,
^SOP : an Ethiop. " Arise ye, go up to Kedar, and spoil the
men of the east," i.e., the descendants of Kedar. Kedemah
(son of Ishmael) : swarthy, man from the east=CADMUS
(alphabet). Lo-ammi : not my people, con. Ammon : my people.
Lo-RUHAMA: not looked on, without mercy. Names of mystical
children of Hosea.

Matri : a gaoler, watcher = Gaylor, Ward. " The family
of Matri was taken." A name of interest, as gaolers were few
among orientals, their punishments being awfully summary,
as cutting off" the hand for theft, etc. Madai : middle (land),

60 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

gives Media, Medes, probably Medius: the Middle, and Medeor :
to cure by Median herbs, whence Medicine : the healing art.
Isaiah {con. Hosea. His name was a sign to Israel) : salvation
of Jehovah, shamefully cor. to Easy (midshipman). Maphish
(son of Ishmael) : soul, active == Quick, Grady. Chavah : life,
living, our Eve, giving Eva.

Orex, Orxan : (tall like) an ash = PiNUS: pine tall =
Rowan, Tann : a pine, Longfellow. Peleth : swiftness, a
runner = Galletly, Trotter, Light, gives Pelathite. " Bena-
hiah was over the Cherathites and Pelathites," i.e., the slashers
and runners, light infantry. Pethuel : vision of God, he
whose eyes are opened so that he sees God. Penuel, in
the N. T. Phanuel : face of God, to whom He manifests
Himself much. " Balaam, the son of Beor, hath said, and the
man who had his eyes shut, but now opened." Poratha : lot
given, born on a lucky day, con. Purim : lots, Pur = FoRTTTNA
as though Sortuna : born according to Sors : lot. Fortunatus
from Sors : a lot, and Natus : born. " The Jews slew 500
men . . . and Poratha." And the odd thing was he should
be slain on a day chosen by Pur: lot. RiBAi: adversary,
antagonist = Satan. " Ittai, the son of Ribai." Seth : ap-
pointed, ordained to be progenitor of men, which Abel seems
not to have been. " God hath aiipointed to me another seed
instead of Abel." SiPPAi, Saph : doorkeeper, who stands on
the threshold = DuRWARD, Salmon, Usher, Lusher. "At
which time Sibbechai slew Sippai that was of the children of
the giants." Sibbechai : thicket man = Broglie, Forrest,
Woods, Savage. Tebaliah : immersed (of the) Lord,
baptized of God, consecrated for an otiice. " Tebaliah (was) the
third."

ZiCHRi, Zithri : remembered, illustrious = EuPHEMius : well
spoken of, con. Zechariah : remembered of Jehovah. " The
Lord remembered Noah." Melech : a king, a fighter who
drives pell mell, who maids. Melchiah (Pashur's father) :
(my) king (is the) Lord, varies to Melechias. Malchus : royal
= Ablmelech : of kingly fatherhood, noble descent = Aridatha
(co7?.Arta: great), Tiridates (king) = our Atheling.

Mithredath (treasurer) : gift of Mithras, in Greek, Mithri-
dates. Mithras : mother, like Cybele and Diana, applied to
the sun as producer. Adramelech (Syrian Apollo) : brilliant
king, the _ sun = Horus. Anamelech (Syrian Hercules) :
powerful king. The former worshipped under the form of a
peacock. The sun sees much, has many eyes. Anamelech was
worshipped as a horse. Compare with story of Argus {con.
Ergon : work) : sharp, acting quickly with his eves, as
Podargus: swift-footed (Hector's charioteer), Podarce =
Golightly. Moloch (dreadful king) : king (god of Moab).

BIBLICAL NAMES. 61

Melchizedek : righteous king, con. Sadoc : just = Justus:
who does right. Manasseh : amnesty, causing to forget,
" God hath made me forget all my toil." Neith : wisdom,
skill in weaving, the Egyptian Minerva, whence Asenath :
belonging to Neith, a wise person = Apollonius : son of
Apollo, wise. Zaphenath : who receives Neith, wisdom, is
inspired. Nitocris (Chaldee Queen) : Neith's victory, one
overcoming by wisdom. Paaxeah : who flies pollution, an
allusion to flight from Potiphar's wife. Joseph was not the
only man so called. It was applied to an Egyptian nobleman
150 years before.

PoTiPHAH : priest of the bull. Potipherah : priest of the
sun = HoPHRAH (Pharaoh). When Zaphenath married Asenath
it was like to like, wise to wise. Shaddai (El) : the almighty
shedder, disposer of life, judge of men, dividing unto them
severally, even as He will. The farther we go back in
language the nearer we approach a use of words common to
those who are now many nations. Who would think when
speaking of a water shed, or shedding of the hair (crease), that
he was using a word so near akin to a name of God ? "Man,
who made me a judge or a divider over you ?" Shaddai :
the shedder = Parce : apportioner, con. Upharsin : divided.

OF THE ENDINGS IM, OTH, ONI.

Little comes of telling what names mean unless hoiu they
come so to signify be made clear. This sub-Chapter on
" Scripture Names" is an effort to present the how in a pleasant
form. It will not be a formidable array of dry words culled
from the book of Chronicles, like ammonites from limestone,
but a lively presentation of the laws and ways by which words
in general and names in particular are formed.

The Hebrews used three numbers : — Singular, indicating one
thing ; Dual, for two of same kind ; Plural, to represent more
than two. The Greeks also had a dual, but its form was
fading when the Christian era began. Hence it is not met
with in New Testament proper names. Though the dual was
then obsolescent in Hebrew and Greek (for it was waning in
the former), it was active in others, as in the Sanscrit, the
sacred language of India. It is now wanting in all Indian
languages derived from the Sanscrit, as French, Spanish,
Italian, Portuguese are from Latin. The dual was common in
the Syriac of the first century, whereas now only two words
of that number are colloquial in Syria. William Von Hum-

62 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

boldt shows its use among the aboriginal Indians, extending
from Patagonia to the verge of the Arctic, where Esquimaux
converse by its aid. One European nation retains it, Lithuania.
Russia is discouraging its use ; hence it follows the dual will
soon cease to be used in Europe, where it only existed as an
exotic, never flourished as a native. Plural forms are less
likely to become obsolete. The dual is a grammatical conven-
tionalism, the plural an essential part of language. Howbeit,
time does not make it fade in all places. The Arabs have it
in vigour. The Arabic enjoys as wide a geographical range
as any on the earth, English only excepted. It is spoken with
variable purity over the vast regions of central and northern
Africa, Persia, Syria, Hindostan, the Indian Archipelago, and
that peninsula which has, for forty centuries, sheltered the
unconquered sons of Ishmael. Through the Moors, Arabic
tinged the Spanish and Portuguese. Even English is enriched
thereby, for thereto we owe the words Alcohol, Alcove, Algebra,
Chemistry, Crimson.

IM.

The Hebrew Im (Dual) was formed by adding im or aim
to the singular, as Pharah : to be fruitful, Ephraim : doubly
fruitful. Elegantly applied by Joseph to his son. Bethlehem
Ephratah : Bethlehem the fruitful, another being in Zebulun.
Euphrates : fructilier, whose water makes fruitful. Adah :
ornament, crown, Adithaim : twofold ornament. " Lamech
said unto his wives, Adah and Zillah, Hear my voice." Doth :
a well, Dothan for Dothaim : two wells. Dathan : well-owner
= Wells. Eglon : a fat calf = Galea, Medcalf. Eglaim :
two heifers. " Eglon was a very fat man," a John Bull.

HuR : a cave (dweller) = Cavour, Wemys, Hume : trog-
lodytes. Horonaim : double cavern. " Aaron and Hur stayed
up his hands." " From Zoar (they shall go) unto Horonaim,
as an heifer of three years old." Kir: dyke, wall, enclosed
dwellings. " Kir made bare the shield." Kirtan : double
city = Dupple (German) and Medina (Arabic). From Kir,
Carthage: walled, Castra : a camp, Caer, Cahir, Kerr, Iscariot.
Mar: bitter, Marath : to rebel. NiMROD : he who is very
bitter, a rebel. Merathaim : double rebellion. " Go up against
the land of Merathaim," Babylon. Nahar: a river = Rivers.
Naharaim : two rivers, Euphrates and Tigris, as Doab : be-
tween Ganges and Jumna, so Senegambia, Senegal and Gambia
rivers. Aram-naharaim : highlands between the two rivers.
" Eliezer took ten camels of his master, and departed ; and he
arose and went to Aram-naharaim." Septuagint calls it
Mesopotamia : midst of rivers, now called by Arabs Aljezireh :
the island, identical with Algiers. Mitzr : Egypt. Mizraim :

BIBLICAL NAMES. Q2

double Egypt, upper and lower. " The sons of Ham, Cush and
Mizraim."

Aph : the nose. Appaim : nostrils (nose thrills), two breathers.
Nahor : snorting, breathing hard, easily made angry, suggests
Stertinus (eighth wise man) : snorter, snorer = Nares and
Nasonius (Ovid): nosy, big nose. An irritable person is called
by orientals " a man of nose." " The sons of Nadab, Seled and
Airpaim." Shair : to separate, whence our sheer, share, shire,
shore. Shaaraim : double gates, to a town. " The wounded
of the Philistines fell down by the way to Shaaraim." Shahar :
to dawn, the separation of gloom, its dispersion. Shaharaim:
double dawn, joyous birth. "IShaharaim begat children in the
country of Moab." Mahanaim : two camps, hosts.

" Not that more glorious, when the angels met
Jacob in Mahanaim, where he saw
The field pavilion'd with his guardians bright."

Shunem : two resting places, good repose. " Elisha passed to
Shivnem, where was a great woman."

Hebrew differs from English not only in having a dual, but
two kinds of plural — -one masculine, the other feminine, dis-
tinguished by their endings. The masculine ending was irti.
It was exceedingly common, having a wide range as to time
and space. Hence the Saxon en, as house, housen — hose, hosen
— eye, een — shoe, shoon, " These men were bound in their
mantles, their hosen, and their caftans." Hozier (admiral) :
maker of leather buskins and leggings, same word as Chaucer.
So Chicken : fowls, plural of chick : a fowl, the modern s is
added. Chickens being now orthodox. New words are plural-
ised by s or es, unless they are frum classic languages, as
Chasm : a gaping, an opening, Chasmata : openings (between
stars). In two instances in the Bible, im is grafted upon
Greek words, as Allophim: gauyim, those of other tribes, con.
Pamphylia : all tribes. Sanhedrim : those sitting together, con.
Cathedral : seat (of a bishop). In Arabic, im varies to in, as
Bedowee : a desert dweller, llanero, karooman. Bedouin :
dwellers in the desert. " The only noise heard from time to
time in the city is the galloping of the steed of the desert : it
is the janissary who brings the head of the Bedowin, or w^ho
returns from plundering the unhappy Fellah." Here Bedouin
should be Bedowee. Fellah : a boor, labourer, takes the plural
Fellaheen. Here in, een, identical with our ine in swine, for
sowen, and en as shoon for shoe-en. " Put on yovir Sunday
shoon." Sometimes plurals are used intensitively, as Naib : a
noble. Nabob : nobles, very noble, as possessing the good quali-
ties of many nobles. The following are a few'^instructive cases
of its Biblical use : —

64 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Ail : strong. Elira : strong ones. " They removed from
Elim, and encamped by the Red Sea." Eloali : great ador-
able One. Elohim : the Triune Almighty. El : God., forms
Allah. " Hear, 0 Israel, Jehovah thy Elohim is one Jehovah."
Anak : long necked, tall. Anakim : descendants of Anak,
where hn is patronymical as ide in Lagide : sons of Lagus :
the hare. Ayah : to overturn, ruin = Abaddon. Avim : desert
dwellers, resident where they had destroyed all. '• The Avim
which dwelt in Hazerim, even unto Azzah, the CapJdorim,
which came forth out of Caphtor, destroying them., and dwell-
ing in their stead." Caphtor : a watch tower. " Have I not
brought the Philistines from Caphtor?" The Avim were de-
structive tribes wanting in skill ; so, then, they were bounded
by Azzah : a strong place. Boch : to weep. Bochim : tears,
weepers. " The people lifted up their voice and wept. And
they called the name of that place Bochim^ Charash : to cut.
Cherathites : slashers. Charashim : cutters, engravers. " Ser-
aiah begat Joab, the father of the valley of Charashim ; for
they were craftsmen." Chamar : to be black, con. Ham : hot,
black = NiGEK, prophetic of his dwelling, Africa. Chemarim :
black men, men clothed in black, neri ; the priests of God were
dressed in linen, pure and white. " Josiah put down the Che-
marim w^hom the kings of Judah had ordained to burn incense.
CUSH, CUSHAN : an ..'Ethiop = ^SOP: a negro, who has a burnt
face. Cushistan : Ethiopia. CusHi : dark skinned = DuFF.
" Zephaniah the son of Cushi." Cushim : Ethiopians. " He
shall lead Cushim captives, young and old, naked and bare-
foot."

Dedan : leading forward (to increase of family). Dodanim :
Dedanites, gives Rhodes : island of the Dodanim. " The sons
Javan, Elishah and Kittim, Tarshish, and Dodanim." From
Elishah comes Elis, a city of Greece, which country was called
Kittim by the Hebrews. Balaam said, " Ships shall come from
the coast of Kittim." Eber, Heber : beyond, hyper, super.
Ibri : from the other side = Hebrew: Euphrates-passer, an
emigrant. Ebronah : passage (of the Red Sea). Abarim :
passages, ghauts : passes, identical with gates. " Get thee up to
this mount Abarim and see the land." Hillel: who lilts to
God's praise. Hallelim : praises. "Abdon, the son of Hillel,
<lied and was buried in Pirathon." " Sing ye Hallelim."
Melek: a fighting king. Malluch : kingly descent = Cree
and Rene. Melakim : kings.

MoPH: anxiety, a weakling at birth. MuppiM : anxieties,
weaker than the other. Nathan: given (by God), a prayed'
for son. Nethinim : devotees, giving themselves without
reserve to God's service. " We certify you, that touching any
of the priests and Levites, singers, porters, Nethinim, or

BIBLICAL NAMES.

ministers of the house of God, it shall not be lawful to impose
toll, tribute, or custom upon them." Nephes : to stretch out,
to increase. Nephusim : expansions, spreadings, big family,
" The children of Nephusim returned from Babylon." Nimrah :
pure water. Nothing to do with Nimr : a leopard. Nimrira :
flowing waters. " The waters of Nimrim shall become
desolate."

Oreb : a raven, a dark one. Orbim : dark ones, Arabs.
" The ereh and the morning were the first day." Creation
begins with the evening, that redemption may end with the
resurrection morning." Erebus (from ereb), who married
Knox : night. " As dark as Erebus" " Orbim brought him
bread and flesh in the morning." Elijah fed by the Bedouin.

Kapha : a giant, transposes to Harapha (Samson Agonistes).
Rephaim : giants or descendants of Rapha. " Moza begat
Binea : Rapha was his son." " Chedorlaomer smote the
Raphaim in Asht&roth Karnaim, and the Zuzitn in Ham, and
the Emim in Shaveh Kirithaim." Five plurals and a dual.

Keren : cornu, a horn. Karnaim : two horns. Ashtaroth
Karnaim : two-horned moon, where Astarte was worshipped as
a moon in crescent. Chedorlaomer: Chedor, the servant of
Lahmi, the god of the Susanim. Satan : adversary, enemy.
Satanim : accusers. " Now, the Lord my God hath given me
sabbath on every side, so that there is neither satan nor evil
occurrent." Seir : rough, applied to rocky, scrubby districts =
Thrace, Trachonitis, Garrioch, Badenoch. Seorim : roughs,
barley, because of spicular form, said of satyrs, goats, demons,
and comets, the latter called by the Saxons faxed (hairy)
stars. " Thus dwelt Esau in mount Seir ; Esau is Edom."
When the Shepherd sends the goats to the Devil, it is rough
to rough. " Owls shall dwell there and seorim dance there,"
goats shall caper over fallen Babylon.

Sephar : a book, learned therein, gives Saphir (Adolphe) =
Booker, takes fern. Sapphira (not from the sapphire). Sephar
exactly corresponds to Surat (E. I.) : a book, place of pundits
Sepharvaim : books, scribes, place of learned men, a college.
Shaphat: a judge, skilful in counting = Richter : reckoner.
Shophetim : judges, sanhedrim = Sufletes : Carthaginian sen-
ators. " Where are the gods of Sepharvaim?" " Thou shalt
not revile the Shophetim." Seraph : burning (with love).
Seraphim : angels, ardors, burning ones. " Cherubim know
most. Seraphim love most." Saraph : burning (with thirst),
the dipsas. Saraphim : burning ones, serpents, inflamers.
" Moses made a saraph of copper, and put it on a pole." " Who
led thee through that great and terrible wilderness, wherein
were saraphmi and akrahhim',' scorpions. " The coast of the
Amorites, from the going up to Akrabbim, from Selah," the

PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

rock. Cherub : celestial, gives Cherubixi (friar). Cherubim:
heavenly ones. " John was a burning and a shining light/'
burned with love and shone with instruction, a combination of
seraph and cherub. Sheber : a breach, so named because
born when the men of Ai made a breach in the ranks of
Israel. Shebarim : breaches. " Maachah, Caleb's concubine,
bare Sheber." " For they (the men of Ai) chased them from
before the (city) gate even unto Shebarim," for there they
made breaches.

Shilhah : a missive weapon, con. Shiloh : sent, gives.
Salah : a dart. " Arphaxad begat Salah" Methuselah :
man of dart = DowD, DowDS. Shilim : armed men, place of.
But Sala (Augustine) identical with Hall and Salmon,
saloon, hallkeeper. " Lebaoth (lions) and Shilhim," cities of
Judah, and fighting ones too. Shittah : a thorn, the acacia.
Shittim : thorns. " I will plant in the wilderness, the cedar,
the Shittah." " They pitched by Jordan from Beth Jesimoth,
even unto the plains of Shittim," place of acacias. Sokh : a
shelter, a booth. Sukkim or Suckathites : tent dwellers.
" The people were innumerable that came with Shishak out of
Egypt : Lubim (Libyans), Sukkim and Cushim (NegroesJ."
The families of the scribes which dwelt at Jabez : Tirathites,
Shimeathites, and Suchathites." Zeeb : a wolf, a terrifier =
Guelph : 3^elper. Zeboim : place of wolves, or hyasnas. " Make
them as Oreb and Zeeb." " How shall I make thee as Admah ?
how shall I set thee as Zeboim ?"

Shupham : an adder, glider, coluber (con. labor) = Elops and
Gleed. Shuppim : serpents. " Shupimn also and Huppim,
the children of Ir." Zephath : a watch tower = Migdol, whence
Magdala, giving Magdalene. " They slew the Canaariites
that inhabited Zephath." Zophim : watch towers, con. Zephox
= ViGiLANTius. " Balak brought Balaam into the field of
Zophim."

The following are found in our authorised version only in
the phu'al : — Emim : terrors, very terrible. " The Emhn
dwelt therein in times past, a people great and many, as tall
as the Anakim." Gammadim : pygmies, dwarfs, wee folk like
Ghoorkas. " Gammadim were in thy towers " defending Tyre.
Gerizim : cutters, allusions to fruitfulness and what follows it,
reaping and pruning. " Thou shalt put the blessing upon
Mount Gerizim, and the curse upon Mount Ebal." Eb: a
stone, gives ben, ebony, Ebenezer, Abana : stony river, Ebal :
stony hill, " And some fell on stony ground." Blessing
and fruitfulness, curse and barrenness always conjoin. Gebim :
pits, caves, troglodytes = Horites. " The inhabitants of Gebim
gather themselves to flee."

Naphtallm : wrestlings of God, severe pangs in childbirth.

BIBLICAL NAMES. 67

" Of the tribe of Napldalim were selected twelve thousand."
Telaim : young lambs. " Saul gathered the people and
numbered them in Telaim." " He shall gather Telaim with
his arms." Zamzumim : ze, zu, zummers, noisy ones, like
Bos : an ox, booer, Moo-cow, Zebub : a fly, Tungri : old name
for Germans because they gave tongue when going into battle.
Compare such names as Belcher : bawlcher, Beli : bellower.
Creek : who cries as he goes at the foe. Croke, Croker,
giving Crockett, also means swashbucklerism. Grogax :
roarer, shouter. " Giants dwelt therein in old time, and the
Ammonites call them Zamzumim. So the Zulus get their
name from their war-cry : Usutu, howled in a style which
none but a Kaffir can. Their great organiser was ChaivA
(murdered 1828): the Ere brand = Flambard, Beor. He was
uncle to Cetewayo : doomed one. Zamzumim answers to Zulu
in a most remarkable manner, clearly illustrating how names
originate and tribes obtain their designations.

OTH.

The feminine ending otk had a more contracted range than
IM. Had is said, has might be, for we yet have it in many
Anglo-Saxon words as Moon, vias., Monath, fern., our Month.
The following examples illustrate its use in Biblical i)roper
names : —

Alam : hidden, a virgin, secluded in the harem, veiled, is
applied to unknown period, hidden time: "From olam to
olam thou art God." " The Earth with her bars was about me
for olam." Applied to eldest as Elajvi. Alamoth : virgins,
pure men, free from idol service. " Behold alam shall conceive
and bear a son and shall call His name Immanuel." Olam, he
whose years are hidden, was to come of alam. " For the sons
of Korah: a song upon Alamoth." Alam^PARTHEXOS: virgin,
goddess, Minerva, Parthenon : her temple. Parthexia = Vir-
ginia, Bethulia (female names). Parthexos (Sciote monk)
= ViRGixius, Bethuel; virgin of God = ExoCH. Immaxuel,
Emaxuel : God with us, disguised to Maxuell. Arabah :
desert plain, gives Arabia, Arboth : desert plains. " The
border went up to Beth-hoglah, and passed along by the north
of Beth-arabah."

Atarah : a crown — Adah : head ornament, a tiara,
Ataroth : crowns. " Jerhameel had also another wife whose
name was Atarah!' Ail : strong, Allox : an oak, robust
man, Elox : a terebinth. " Elon the Zebulonite judged Israel."
Elox = EcK. Elath : oak trees. " At that time Rezin, king
of Syria, recovered Elath." Chislox : Arm confidence (of
parents). Chisloth : confidences, bulwarks in which people
trust. " Elidad, the son of Chislon." " Unto the border of

68 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Chisloth-Tabor." Fortified city at foot of Tabor. Gath : a
wine press. Gittite : native of Gath. Gethsemane : wine press
valley. Gittitli : harps used by wine pressers when making
merry. " To the chief musician on Gittith."

Hazor (con. Az: strong): an enclosed village, Hazeroth :
villages. " The people journeyed from Kibroth-hataavah unto
Hazeroth." Kab : the grave, a cave, sepulchre, Kibroth :
graves (Hataavah : lusters). Aram : high, Jaram : to be high
= Augustus. Jerimoth: high places = Bamoth. Former
figurative for one in whom we trust, latter local. " Rehoboam
took him Mahalath, the daughter of Jerimoth, the son of
David, to be his wife."

Jerah : to tremble, to shake like a tent curtain, very shy.
Jerioth : tremblings. " Caleb begat children of Azubah, his
wife, and of Jerioth." Kedemah : eastward, beginning, where
the light dawns, Kedemoth : beginnings, co7?. Cadmus: an
eastern, as Sterling : son of eastern man. " Jetur, Naphish,
and Kedemah. These are the sons of Ishmael." " 1 sent
messengers out of the wilderness of Kedemoth unto Sihon."
Jetur : nomadic village built by men seeking pasture, hence
Tturea, nearly = Numidia : pasture or grazing land. Kir: a
wall, Caer, Castra, Kerr, Pinkerton from pen : a hill, caer : a
fortified place, ton : a town, meaning a strong city set on a
hill. Kirioth : walls, bulwarks = Gederoth. Iscariotes : (Ish) :
a man of Kirioth, as Ishod : a man of glory, fine made, now
IzoD.

Lib : a lion, from Leba : to roar, Lebaoth : lionesses =
Leontopolis : city haunted by lions. " Lehaoth and Shilhim
and Ain and Rimmon ; all these cities are twenty and nine."
Mar : bitter. Mare : the sea, bitter water, Marath : bitterness,
Meraioth, Maroth: bitternesses. "The son of Zadok, the
son of Meraioth." "The inhabitants of Maroth waited care-
fully for good." Mahar : to behold. Mehazioth : visions,
con. Gehazi: ghau of vision, beautiful valley = Belcombe.
" Mehazioth, the son of Heman."

Nain : pleasant, the opposite of Mar : bitter, Naioth :
pleasantnesses, opposite of Maroth. " He went into a city
called Nain." " Samuel and David dwelt at Naioth." Nain
= WiNTHROP : winsome thorp, dorf = Sheen. Nebo : budding,
fruitful. Naboth : f ruitf ulnesses = Ephraim. Nebaioth (moun-
tains): very fruitful. "I will give thee the vineyard of
Naboth." " The rams of Nebaioth shall minister unto thee."
Rabbah : great (city) = Mecklenburgh : Muckleborough. Rab-
bath : great cities. " Appoint a way that the sword may come
to Rabbath of the Ammonites." Rehob : open space, street
enlarged = Straduarius (violin), con. Rehabiah (grandson of
Moses) : enlarged of Jehovah, the Lord's freedman = Freeman.

BIBLICAL NAMES. 69

Rahab (harlot): free woman = JuNGFRAU : young free woman.
Rehoboam: who makes the people free = Publicola, Liberator
from Libero : I loosen, whence Liberal : bond breaker, or
socially, who loosens his purse strings. " David smote also
Hadadezer, the son of Rehob, king of Zobah." Rehoboth :
places, spaces. " Isaac called the name of the place Rehoboth,
and he said — ' For now the Lord hath made room for us.' "

Naamah : a fascinating woman = Belvidera, co7i. Nain,
Naomi. Naamoth : localities of amenity. " The sister (first
woman so tern^ed) of Tubal-Cain was N'aamah." Saba : a
host, con. Sabre : army weapon. Sepoy : swordsman, Sabaism :
worship of the host of heaven, sun, moon, and stars, Sabaoth :
armies, Jehovah Sabaoth : Lord of armies, infinite in reserves
and resources. Sokh : a booth. Succoth : tabernacles. " The
fifteenth day of this month shall be the feast of succoth." The
men of Babylon made Succoth - benoth : tabernacles of
daughters. Ben : a son, Benoth : daughters. The harlots of
Astarte, the Syrian Venus.

Shem : a name, one heard of = Cleox (the tanner), Inclytus.
Aram : to be high. Ram : exaltado, from former Syrians called
Aramaeans. Shemiramoth: most exalted, Semiramis (female
Napoleon). Tob : good, fertile soil = Aleppo. Tabbaoth :
goodnesses. " The children of Tabbaoth."

The following in the plural only : — Behemoth : beasts, great
beasts, plural used as an augmentative. " Behold, now, Behe-
moth, which I made." Megilloth : canticles, little songs, lilt-
ings. Mazzaroth : zodiacal signs, twelve constellations. " Canst
thou bring forth Mazzaroth in his season ?" Pi, Phi : mouth,
as Phicol : mouth all (obey). PuAH : mouth, an orator
when Tnas., chatterer when /em. These may be said to be
from the Hebrew P, which was shaped like a mouth. PuAH
a loquacious person of the /em. gender. Hur: a cave, Horonite
cave dweller. Pihahiroth : mouth of caverns. Shigionoth
many-stringed instruments. " Habakkuk, the prophet, upon
Shigionoth.'

ON, UN, ONI.

These endings do not refer to number but are suffixed to
nouns, verbs, or adjectives, as augmentatives. Thus from
Zabal : to dwell, Zebulun : a dwelling-place with an intensified
force, i.e., very fond of dwelling there. " Now will my hus-
band dwell with me." Ayal : a stag. Ajalon : a great stag.
Gibeah : a hill, curved ground, con. Gibbus : humped, like the
moon in crescent. Gibeon : a high hill. " Sun, stand thou
upon Gibeon ; and thou moon, in the valley of Ajalon." Ail :
strong, Allah : strong God. Helon : very strong. " Eliab,

70

PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

the son of Helon." Alam (as a verb) : to hide. Almon : hidden
(by trees).

Am: people, Anion (No): great (many) people = Puebla :
populous, but MiLCHOM : king of the people. Some have it
great king, for MiLCHiON, from Melech: a fighting king.
Ammon : (of) my people. Ammishaddai (Dan's son) : the
Almighty's people, one of. Ammon (David's first born): very
amen^faithful one. "Art thou better than No-Amon, that was
situate among the rivers ?" Nile branches.

En : a well, con. Een : eyes, ^non : much water, great many
streams. " And John also was baptising in jEnon, near to
Salim, because there was much water there." Ross (when ori-
ental) from Rosh: head, Rosconi: great head, leader = Cappon.

Azaz : to be strong, Azmon : very strong (fortifications).
" The border shall fetch a compass from Azmon unto the river
of Egypt." Bathar : to divide, Bethuel : separated to God,
a patriarchal Nazarite. Bithron : great division, hills and
dales. " Abner and his men walked all that night through
the plain, and passed through all Bithron." Kiydh : destruc-
tion. Chidon : great destruction. Nakhah : to smite, Nachon:
smiting very much = Thresher, Smith, "When they came
to Nachon s threshing floor of Chidon, Uzzah put forth his
hand." He was called Nachon because he owned a Nachon :
place of much smiting with the flail. That place was then
called Chidon because there Uzzah was destroyed. There is a
climax — touching, smiting, destruction. Kasal : to be firm,
Chesalon : firm confidence (of dwellers in its strength) =
Chisloth. " Mount Jearim, which is Chesalon." Oren : an ash,
as tall as, Ornan : an exalted personage, lit. a great ash =
Rowan. Kileah : to destroy, Chilion : consumption, destruc-
tion by disease. Maleah : to be diseased, con. Mails : bad,
Mahlon : great infirmity. "The name of his two sons Mahlon
and Chilion."

Dan : judgment. Madon : great contention, that which is
greatly striven for before the judge. Shamar : to guard,
Shimron : vigilantly guarded. " He sent to Jobab king of
Madon, and to the king of Shimron." Dag : a fish = NuN,
NoN : a fish, symbol of productiveness. One of the letters of
the Hebrew alphabet. " Non his son, Jehoshuah his son."
From Dag we have Tagus : prolific in fish = the African
stream. Great Fish river. Dagon : great fish = Grampus,
Rabba-dag. " Now, Jehovah had prepared rahha-dag to
swallow Jonah." Dum : to be silent, gives Dumah = Moody,
MuDiE. Dumb gives Dumps : time of muteness. Dimon :
place of undisturbed silence. " The waters of Dimon shall be
full of blood." As though the prophet said, It shall be no
more Dimon but Damon, from Dam: blood, lit. red, as

BIBLICAL NAMES. 71

Aceldama : acre of blood, Edom, Idumea, Adam, Damascus :
sandy soil = Sandy (Beds) : red gravelly earth = Pascovitch.

Eghel : a calf. Eglon : great fat calf = Galea, Medcalf.
Epher : a young hart, Ephron : great = Cervoni : great stag,
line deer (" Cervoni lies"). " Abraham weighed to Ephron
the silver." Ephron = our Buck and the German Bock.
Ezeb : to form, Ezbon : well framed, fine fellow = Ishod,
Brayo, Izod, and Arba: four, a square built man, like the
Hercules Farnese. " Sarah died in Kirjath-arba (city built by
him) which is Hebron." To the order of the fine made belonged
Esau : formed, made, finished. " The first came out red, all
over like an hairy garment ; and they called his name Esau."
Hair is only expected on the well grown. The moral of
Esau's superior make as compared with Jacob is : — The wicked
are best at first, worst at last. One apparently begins well,
the other truly ends well. " The sons of God Ziphion and
Haggi, Shuni and Hezhon." Zepha : to look out. Ziphion :
sharp sighted, good spy = Spiers. Zephon : a watcher,
guardian angel, —

" Ithurief and Zephon, with wing'd speed

Search through this garden ; leave unsearch'd no nook ;
But chiefly where those two fair creatures lodge,
Now laid perhaps asleep, secure of harm."

Zeeb : the golden wolf, terrifier, howler, Zibeon : great
wolf, rapacious man = AUT0LYCUS. "Esau took Aholibamah,
the daughter of Anak, the daughter of Ziheon, the Hivite."
Of a bad breed she. Haleb or Heleb : fat, fertile, Helbon :
very fertile, Aleppo : fat soil, Galba (emperor) : fat as a calf,
the Roman John Bu11 = Lippo (Memmi) thought to be formed
on Philip, but means a plump man = Turnus : a jotun, big eater.
" In the wine of Helbon and white wool." Geda : to cut down,
Gideon : a powerful feller. " The time would fail me to tell
of Gideon." Sheraesh : the sun, Samson : splendid sun. " Of
Barak and of Samson." Gen : a garden, Gennessaret (con.
Sarah) : princes garden, very fertile, Ginnethon : plant
protector = Jardine: gardener. Pi: mouth, Pison : great
mouthed, wide spreading river. " The name of the first is
Pison." Gihon : great breaking forth of waters = Swale
(Yorks) : swelling with rain.s. " The name of the second is
in Gihon."

Kedar : dark. Cedar : dark foliaged. Kedron : very dark =
Douglas, Blackwater. " Over the brook Kedron." Quosh :
a bow ; Kishon : bending, winding much = Meander : river of
Meonia, Crombie, Carron and Ilissus : helix .shaped, running
like a cork-screw = Serpentine. " That ancient river, the river
Kishon." Banan : to make a tremulous sound, like water run-
ning amongst stones, Arnon : loud soundins: = Rio Sonora.

72 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Hhakam : to be wise, Hachmoni : very wise, a magician.
" David's uncle was a counsellor, a wise man, and a scribe ; and
Jehiel, the son of Hachmoni, was with the king's sons."
Laban : white, a fair man = Blondin, Finigan, Bain, Lebanon :
very white (with snow). " His fruit shall be like Lebanon,"
much. The idea is the same as in Polycarp : much fruit, large
family = !N ON, Nun, Eschol. Pathah : to be open, like a
mouth, PiTHON : great enlargement, of territory. " The sons
of Micah were Pithon and Melech." Padhah : to redeem,
Padon : great redemption. " He returned from captivity. Pro-
bably received his name through parental belief in return."
Pim : to be perplexed, Pinon (duke) : distraction. Perhaps
born when parents were in sore distress, like Mary, Beriah.

Shamar: to guard, Shemer: a watchman = Ware and Ward,
Shimron : vigilant guardian = Zephon. " Job and Shwiron,
the sons of Isaacher." Aman : to support, nourish, be faithful
to = Foster, Truman (Hanbury, Buxton & Co.), the last con.
GoTTREU (Thohick) : one who trusts God. Amnon: very true,
Ammittai : the amen, said of Jehovah. "These things saith the
Amen," the faithful The underlying thought in Pater, Fader,
Father, Amen Am (mother), Emma : nurse, is one, viz., feeding,
sustaining, being as true as a good nurse to a baby. Cazab :
to deceive. COSBI (Phineas) : great deceiver, subtle, artful.
Gashan: to lay waste territory of enemy ; Shimon : great desert,
despopolado. " The sons of Shimon were Amnon and Reu-
mah." Shamah : to hear (Ishmael, Samuel), Simeon, Simon :
much heard, listened to with acceptance. " Because the Lord
heard she called his name Simeon." Simon gives a dim. in
the French SiMONOD, whence Monod. Simon when Greek, as
SiMONiDES : son of Simon, is from Hemi : semi, half, meaning
half nosed, con. Simioe : monkey kind, snub-nosed. Nasa : to
lift up, Sion : very lofty = Altamont. " Mount Sion which is
Hermon." Hor : hill, giving Oros : a mountain, whence Oron-
tes : a mountain stream = Torrens (terra) : a land flood. Her-
mon : lofty peak. Some con. Shemesh : the sun, with Sion :
much ^hone on, a hill having a sunny aspect. Tsayah : to be
dry, Zion : very dry = Durley : dry field, Dryden : dry valley.
" We wept when we remembered Zion." Sharah : to shine,
Sirion : great shiner, a metal cuirass, " Which Hermon the
Sidonians call Sirion, and the Amorites call it Shenir :" the
shiner, con. Schon : beautiful. Sheen (Richmond): shining,
beautiful, Skin : the shining part. But Schinner (cardinal)
is none other than our Skinner who takes off the pelt. Zill :
shadow (Zillah), Zalmon (captain) : great shadow, comfort.
Zalmunna. Salem : peace, Solomon : very peaceful = Salmoni.
Shar : to be smooth, Sharon : great plain, llano (loco piano),
savannah. " Who has not heard of the rose of Sharon ?"

BIBLICAL NAMES. 73

Jasher (book of) : righteous, Jeshurux : entirely righteous,
then used as of affection to a good child in the sense of darling.
From the Hebrew augmentative we have the Italian ONi, ONE,
the French on, illon, and the English ON, 00N = Celtic more.

" GiORGO (George) was called Giorgone, or great George,
from a certain grandeur conferred upon him by nature, no less
of mind than form." Carrion : great Charles. " Carrion had
a complete ovation in La Somnambula." Fabroni : great
Fabius. Italians affect descent from Roman aristocrats.
RlCCOBONi : great Richard. Tassoni (Rape of Bucket) : great
Tasso. Alberoni (cardinal) : great Albert. Lorenzo for
Lorenzoni : great Lawrence. Sacchoni (cardinal) : great
Isaac. Veneroni, for Vigneron : great vine, family man =
Eschol. Vignette (frontispiece : artistic piece in book front :
a little vine. Castiglione : great castle, dwelling in, the op.
Castriotto (George) : little castle, his true name and title
SCANDER Beg : Alexander the Bey. Pecci (cardinal) : eater,
paunchy = Pansa, Pacchioni (of Reggio) : great eater. Tam-
BRONI (Joseph) : big drummer. Borroni : great torrent, con.
"Bore, of the Ganges." Borromeo (St.) : living on banks of a
bore, torrent, that hears every thing before it = Torrentius.

Albis : fair, pale = Bain, Albon, Alboni : very pale, cor. to
the grotesque Allbones. The Italian queen of song being
corpulent, the Parisians said, " Alboni is an elephant that has
swallowed a nightingale." Pordenone (painter) : great gate-
keeper = Salmon, Portman: who had gate rights, a citizen.
Caput: the head, Cappon : great head = KEAN, Tait, Canmore.
Pectus : the breast, as in petto, Petion (bastile breaker) : big
chested. Taglioni (danseuse) : great cutter, slasher, pre-
historic war name, con. Tagliapietra : stone splitter, who
smashes stone helmet. Belongs to neolithic age. Sclater :
stone slitter = Latta: lath splitter. Tagliabue : buffalo
killer (bos) = Tuvee (vacca) : slayer of cow. These con.
Entaglio : art of cutting precious stones. The Latin nations
affect the o, as it makes words sonorous, hence oni is often
used formatively, mere verbal padding. Thus Lazaroni : lazy
ones, is formed on Lazarus. Macaroni : food foi^ the happy,
con. Mazarin: a pastry cook. Pellon: great Peter = English
Perowne, French Perillon. Perillon is thus analysed Per
(for Peter) il (for filius) on : son of great Peter. Crebillon
(French Eschylus) great Crib, which Crib: basket maker.
Masillon (divine) : great Thomas. Mabillon (benedictine) :
great Abraham. Philipon : great Philip, the French equivalent
for Phillimore, FiLMER, RousiLLiON: great Russell. Bibron:
great bibber, drinker, con. Bevilacqua (Italian) : water
drinker =:Drinkwater. " According to the naturalist, M.
6

74 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Bihron, the sand lizard," &c. Sandon : great Alexander,
Sandy. " A few years ago, Dr. Tardieu was blamed for the
facility with which he signed the certificate of insanity for
the unhappy advocate, Sandon."

Sands (George): sandelier, sandal maker = Gracy : brogue
maker. Tardieu : slow footed, tardigrade, the op. of
Podargus, Swift, Flett, —

" He to my tardy feet shall lend
The swiftness of the roe."

Dillon (when French) : great David (when Irish) : great
flood, born at time of. Our use of this augmentative may be
illustrated thus : Ballo : I throw, Bakena : a whale, the
thrower, Ball : a missile, with dim. becomes Bullet or Ballot:
little ball, but by assistance of our old friend oni, swells into
Balloon : great ball. So from Bouche : the mouth to BufF, we
have Buffoon : great cheeks, puffing them out in fun. Opera
Bouffe : buffbnic acting and bucolic music. Cartoon : great
card, chart = Magna Charta. Caisson: great chest, con. Cash:
metal money that goes in a box. Cash : caisson maker = Ark,
Arkwright : makes box for archives. = Lagoon : great lake,
con. Lagos : lake district of Africa = Lachlan : lake land=
Fermanagh : lake country. Gabion : great cave, hollow to be
filled, con. Cavour, Cave : troglodytes. Saloon, Salon : great
hall, con. Ingersoll, co7i. Entresol. Alp : a mountain. Alb :
Britain, Albanach : son of the mountain. Albion : great
Britain, Albany: north Britain. Patagon (Spanish) from
Planta : foot-sole, pad, means great footed, Patagonia, Broad-
foot (Bertha), Dasipodius, Oedipus (Colonna) : swelled foot,
the op. of PoDio : little foot, man with. The name Peed
(for pied de boeuf): slow footed, walking like a cow. The
French contrast it with PiEDLEU (pied de loiip): swift footed,
like a wolf. Peed forms Pay, whence Payson and also gives
the dim. Peddie : little Peed, so that in literality Payson =
Peddie. Vierfuss : f ourf ooted, flat = Piedleu. Proudfoot:
foot of the Pryd (hill). Pryd-hill = Beaumont : pretty hill.
The augmentative on with variations entered the (5reek.

Ergon : work, gives Urge : to move, to work, as goad to
an ox, George : earth worker, Argos : cultivated all round.
Argus : sharp, good worker. Energy : working actively. Ergo :
therefore, Organ : a work by excellence, Organon : great
work = Magnus Opus. Peri (very) was used by (Greeks to add
intensity of meaning, like on, oni. Peri and er : very manly,
con. Andrew = Fergus and Agenor (Phenician King) : agan-
aner, very much a man. Menander : a man indeed = Barron,
Mannus, Wight, Bravo. Pericles: very glorious, much

BIBLICAL NAMES. 75

spoken of = Semiramis. Perigonus : true son = Icilius,
Patrobas, Shixab, each of whom was sides up with his father.
The Greeks also used Bous : an ox, for big, as we do bull.
Bucephalus : great head, Bopis : big eyed. Bulimy : ox hunger,
hungry as a bull. The Celts, and from them the Saxons, used
More : great, as Canmore (Malcolm) : great head = Tate (when
•from the Normans), Chubb (locks), Mazzini (Joseph), great
mazzard. Oranmore (lord ) : great fountain = Lismore : great
leas, meadows, garden. CoXMiR : great dog, noble warrior.
Consult DoiG. MoRVEX (ben) : great mountain, Ben More =
Grammont. Brithmor : great Briton, as Franconi : great
Frank, a* magistrate. Cathmor : great in battle, con. Kath-
leen : battle eyed, eye sparkling like a warrior going into
combat. Whitmore : great man, from White : a man, Wight.
WiLLiMORE,WiLMER: great William. But LoNGWiLL = LoNGUE-
ville, Langton. Oberon : great elf, comes thus, Albis : white,
Alva (duke): white man. Elf : a fairy = Banshee : white
woman, from Bain : white. Oberon was a puck coming out
of hill side by moonlight to play tricks. Hence PuXLEY :
field haunted by fairies, and PooK : a fairy, very pretty, a
common name.

" This PucJc seems but a dreaming dolt,
Still walking like a ragged colt,
And oft out of a bush doth bolt

Of purpose to deceive us.

" And leaving us, makes us to stray,
Long winter nights out of the way ;
And when we stick in mire and clay,

He doth with laughter leave us.

" Do you amend it, then ; it lies in you :
Why should Titania cross her Oberon ?
I do but beg a little changling boy
To be my henchman."

Papillon (Norman knight) : campaigning with a great tent,
exactly = Pavilion. Certain sacred names we should never
expect to find in directories, on door plates, and public house
signs, are so found. In the New York Directory we have
several persons called Christ : anointed = Messiah, Uxor and
O. E. H(eland, and Gott : God, identical with Goth : good in
fighting. How comes this ? From the mediaeval passion plays.
Successful personators of any character as Virtue, Hope,
Faith, Scripture, or parties mentioned in the Bible often
took the name of the character as a surname. Thus in
Germany he who took the part of Satan was called Teufel,
TuFFiL : devil, or Manteufel : man devil, identical with
Mandeville, from which Maundrel: to tell absurd stories like

76 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Sir John. Amongst the French Satan wore wings and was
called Lange : L'ange, the angel. Doubtless if Joseph Muller
had played Christ as cleverly seven hundreds of years since
as he did last year at Oberammergau, instead of being known
as Muller he would be called Christ. Gott, God, Goode,
GoTHER enter largely into British names, so Gothrum : famous
Goth. King Alfred stood as godfather for him, having his
name changed to Godman : goodman = Evander, whence
Godmanchester : Goodman's camp. So Godalming (Surrey) :
almshouse of Goda in the field. Goda is /em. of Goode : man
of God, and Goda : godly woman. Godard : of a godly
nature, con. Godiva : God given. Gossip (God sib) : akin
through God, con. Sibbald : bold kinsman. Sebley : field of
a kinsman. Gossip is ecclesiastical as is Novello : one passing
his novitiate in a religious house — New, Newcomen : new
comers, NovATlAN (heretic) : lit. son of a novice.

Flowers : Easter born when flowers were scattered through
church = Flourens, Lorelias, as Llorente omits initial /.
These = Foster, though the last is heathen, having to do Math
the worship of the Saxon goddess corresponding to Astarte.
It is still in use. " The master of the ship, Robert Foster, was
drowned." Ecclesiasticism also gives Marnoc (St.) : devoted
to Mary, whence his cell Kilmarnock. MuRROCH (Mc) is equal
thereto. So (Mc)Ilvride for (Mac)GiLLiBRiDE : servant of
St. Bridget, to whom we owe Hebrides : islands of St. Bride,
from chapel on coast. Scotch fondness for gil is seen in
GiLKisoN for GiLKiNSON = Wilkinson, and M'Gill : son of
Gill or Gil.

But we have unconsciously glided from names Biblical into
names common through ecclesiasticism. Alas ! that this should
so often happen in actual life. We have been true to nature,
but she is faulty. We atone by concluding our chapter with an
essay upon the word God. The Greeks called Him Theos :
placer, arranger, systematizer, who brings cosmos (order) out
of chaos (confusion). Hence Thetis (mother of Achilles),
Theta (Sun's mother) = Mithras : mother of light. Theos in
combination with Doron : a gift,suppliesTHEODORUS,THEODORE,
Tudor, which get mixed with Gothic words from Theod :
people, whence Theoderic, Derrick, Dirk, which suffer more
confusion Avith the Celtic Darach, Darrach : son of an oak,
strong = Hf.lon, Eckius. Derringer: oaken spear, who
being famous for pistols suggests Pistol, which in the time of
Shakespeare meant pistolier = carbineer. Theos gave the
Romans Deus, whence the French Dieu, the Spanish Dios,
and the Italian Dio, and Deity to us. Goodbye : God be with
you = Adieu (Fr.) and Addio (It.): I commend you to the

BIBLICAL NAMES. 77

keeping of God. Before Christianity was introduced among
the Celts he was known as Baa-ul : life all, haa identical with
Bios : life and ul with all. When the Celts were Christianised
they called Him Dia, in the plural Dy. Seventy millions in
Europe know Him as Bog, whence Bogdan : gift of God =
Theodorus and Elnathan. Bogoslav: glory of God =
Theocles, Thecla, Hodijah. Bogatsky: city of God =
Allahabad : the habitation of God. By the time Bog reached
western Europe it sank into Bogey : a nursery terror. The
generic name amongst the Egyptians was Thoth : God. As a
rule the name of God in all languages is expressed by four
letters or less. It is so with Jehovah, Adonai, Allah, Theos,
Thoth in the original, while Zeus: living one, Gott, God,
Bog, Deus, Dio, Dia, Tin, Ti, Tu, Tuis (last four supposed to
be connected with Tuisco and the idea of earth born), As, Az
(these two mean strong), Ad (one) all divine names plainly
come under the rule of the Tetragrammaton : four letters.
Tewson, Tuson are common names in England, meaning of
divine descent = Dioscuri : sons of Dios, Jupiter. Either so
or they mean Tuesday born, sacred to Tuisco. Tew also is
in daily use. Seeing the name of God might have been ten
lettered as Omnipotent. But is four — Why ?

UM).

Eastern nations have yet another augmentative, and, if
brevity is the soul of wit, it is the wittiest used by man. We
have seen that the Hebrews have two forms of the plural, as
we have childre-n- horses, they have seraph-im (mas.) ashtaroiA,
gxiiith (fern,.). From im, by omission of m, they formed a
very complimentary intensitive ending, thus Bab : great,
Babba?! : very great, RABBONi(m) : a teacher equal to several
masters. Mary used it well when saluting her risen Lord as
" Rabboni ! " for His rising from the dead was an effective way
of teaching " I am the life." So IsHi(m) : a noble man =
many men = Nabob plu. of Naib : a noble one giving the word
of command. Sometimes ISHI : my man, i.e., husband. Arabi
(m) = many Arabs. The scamp j ustified his designation. When
it is Turkish, Arabi : driver of an arabah cart, and then =
Wagner. This augmentative has become common all over
civilisation, as is seen by such names as JosEPHi(m) : the best
of the Josephs, equal many of them. JACOBi(m) : superior to
any named Jacob. SiMEONi(m) : a better man than any called
Simeon. Every observer of men and manners can enlarge
this list of exaniples.

Reu : a shepherd, who looks after sheep. REi(m) : who
watches like many shepherds. Shem : a name, famous Shimei

78 PEESONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

(m) : much spoken of = Semiramis. " Nathan the prophet, and
Shimei and BeL" Ur : Hght, joy, URi(m) : great light (of
family) = Housego, Ecolampadius. " See, I have called by
name Bezaleel, the son of Uri" As Bezaleel : (under) the
shadow of God, these two may be said to be the light and
shade of Bible names. Ur : light. ARELi(ra) : the lights of
God, born when the stars appeared. SHUNi(m) : great
sleeper, long in bed and loud at it = Stertinus : great snorer.
Zephon : (his brother) : great watcher. Both sons of Gad.
Ah : brother. Ahi (m) : a brother indeed, or my dear brother.
He was grandson of Guni. Gen : a garden. GuNi (m) very
fruitful, great family man = EsCHOL, Polycarp. Carmi (m) :
vineyards, very prolific. A son of Eeuben. He bred in
Egypt like a fish (Nun). Carmel : the vineyard of God, a
very fruitful hill. ZiMRl (m).: vine with many branches =
Zethar : an olive. Family men. Az : strong. Uzzi (m) :
very strong. " Bukkie begat Uzzi." BuKKi (m) : dispersions,
scatterings, he who scatters the enemy. EzER, Ezra, Esdras :
strong helper. EzRl (in)== the help of many. Ben: a son.
Bani (m) : worth ten sons. " The children of Bani, 642."
Dad : dear. DoDAi (m) : very dear, con. Dido, David,
Jedidiah : dear to Jehovah. " Over the course of the second
month was Dodai."

Hush: quick. Hushai (m) : very swift = Podargus,
Galletly, Lightbody. " HusJiai the Archite came to meet
David with his coat rent." Hod : praise, JuDAH : who is
praised. HiDDAl (m) : who praises very much, great psalm
singer = HiLLEL.

Meribah : strife. Jeribai (m) : contentious, cantankerous,
querulous. Jerubbael : let Baal contend. Ribbai (m) : great
fighter = Polemox. Ittai (m) : fine strong man. " Ittai the
son of Bahhai, out of Gibeah." Naomi (m) : fair as many
daughters, con. Naaman, the handsome Syrian. Pi : mouth.
PuAH : talkative. Paarai (m) : an awful jabbler. Ziph : a
watch tower. Ziphon : very vigilant. Zephi (m) = manyon
guard. Shemer : a watchman. Shimri (m) : a very faithful
guardian. Salem : peace. Shalmai (m) : very peaceful =
Solomon.

Gemalli (m) : many camels, possessor of = Polymeles :
many sheep. Shilhi (m) : carrying many arrows in his
quiver, or darts, con. Shiloh : sent, con. Methuselah : man of
the dart. Not brave like swordsmen. Naphtali (m) : wrest-
lings of God. " Of the tribe of Nephthalim 12,000." Hachmoni
(m) : very wise man indeed. Quosh : a bow. Kishon : very
winding. KiSHi (m-dual) : the double bow, a bow in the
clouds appearing when he was born = Kushahiah. Elioeni

BIBLICAL NAMES. 79

(m-dual) : my eyes (een) are to God (El). He had seven sons,
and gave each a religious name. His last born was Anani (m) :
prophecyings, foretellings, given when His words were ful-
filled. Ghor : a valley. Gehazi (m) : valley of visions, where
one sees many things to please.

Laban : white = Bain. Libni (m) : very pale = ALBON,
Alboni, Chlorus. Sin : a bush. Sinai (m) : much bushy
undergrowth, the o^j*. of Penrod. Zacher, Zaccur : having a
good memory = Mnason (" an old disciple)." Zichori (m) :
exceedingly attentive. Zecharih : remembered of Jehovah.
RosH : head, leader. Rashi (m) = many captains, suggests
Rabboni (ra).

( 80 )

CHAPTER V.

BIETH NAMES

Are of high antiquity. Their age often prevents discovery of
the attendant circumstances in which such were given, so that
even when the meaning of a birth name is known, its appro-
priateness being unknown, our information receives no great
increase. Names of this class are generally souvenirs of faith,
hope, prayer, or gratitude, developed into expression by the
birth of an immortal whose destiny is veiled by a mystery
which time only can uprear. In the nature of things national
history could not take cognisance of all births, but if able,
unless we knew the circumstances under which a child
appeared, the mere name would be small gain. As it is impos-
sible that biography can be co-extensive with history, the mass
of mankind must pass away unrecorded. Clio cannot take
office as Registrar- Generaless. She tells, in some cases, the
gross amount, but never the digits which go to form it, informs
us that Napoleon marched on Moscow heading half a million
of men, but the historic Muse is silent as to who the rank and
file were. The million cannot reach the van and be visible to
all save by a combination of circumstances and possession of
faculties that meet only in a few persons. In other words, the
many cannot be known, must be anonymi. Hence, famous
names are to those unknown as one blade of grass to a wide
meadow. Yet those we have are samples of what we lack.
By them we know the principles employed in nomenclature by
all nations now civilised and in many yet savage. As it was
customary with parents to name children at birth as recorded
Gen. xxix., xxx., the probabilities are, that nearly all names
were originally of this class. Nor may we lose sight of the
pious Hebrew deferring that act until the eighth day, while
the classic Greek and law-abiding Roman conferred the appel-
lation on the ninth or tenth days. " Circumcised the eighth
day," because seven days complete the weekly circle, so that
the eighth day is the first portion of a new period of time.
The child was then pictorially regenerated, entering into rela-
tionship with the covenant people, before which it was on a
level with Gentiles. So Jesus rose from among the dead on
the eighth day, for first and eighth are identical, — the former
having respect to this week, the latter to last. He rose on the
first or eighth to begin a new life on a new day. So, also, as
to the number saved in the ark. Eight souls bedn a new

BIRTH NAMES. 81

world. Eighth new, in biblical symbolism. Few birth names
descend to our age, most being exchanged for names won. Our
nomenclature may be enriched as to number by birth names,
of whose meaning no man knoweth. If any such they fitted
periods when names were simple and descriptive, and, as a
rule, became obsolete at the death of their original possessor.
In case these won a great name, that given at birth lived by
adoption of admirers, but more a life of sound than of sense.
That nature urges to name at birth is seen in the case of our
great ancestress who, when she brought forth the first born of
many brethren, called him —

Cain : possession. " I have gotten the man from the Lord,"
him whom He promised." " Jehovah cained me in the begin-
ning of His way." Many of her daughters since named their
offspring with the same yearning hopefulness, like poor Eve,
to be distressed by blighted hopes. Her bitterness of disap-
pointment was indicated when she called her next born Abel,
Hebel : vanity. " All is hebel." Of the millions who fol-
lowed her example, the following illustrations may suffice : —
IsHMAEL, ISMAEL : God shall hear. " As for Ishmael I Jtave
heard thee." Samuel, Shemuel, Ellshama : heard of God,
gives ScHAMYL (Circassian) Smollett (Tobias) : little Sam-
uel, SiMNEL (Walter), Simson, Simpson, Sam, Samson (when
English), but not Sambo, from Zambo (Spanish) : bandy-
legged. Abenbrod (evening bread) : born at time of family
taking supper. Abendroth (evening red) : born at ruddy sun-
set. Anastasius : born at anastasis, resurrection, Easter, gives
Anstey (Chisholm), Stacey = Pascal (Blaise): passover time
born when pascal (suffering) lamb M^as eaten == Paschasius
(abbot of Corbie, 844, first to use the word Transubstantiation),
Paschino (Roman cobbler ; had shop near statue of gladiator,
to whom young fellows compared him : hence pasquinade),
Paraskeva (Russian lady) : born on Easter Sunday. Span-
iards called Easter-day Pascua Florida, as they then scattered
flowers on the church floors. Florida (U.^.) discovered on
Pascua Florida, a.d. 1518. Fleury (cardinal), from Flos, floris :
a flower. Llorente (inquisition), for Florente : flourishing =
Tantalus, Flourens (Gustave), all Easter- born save Tanta-
lus. Pace eggs are Pascal eggs. As the chicken comes out of
the egg, so Christ out of the sepulchre. Eoster : born when
the goddess Eoster (Astarte) received special honours. This
name is in common use in this form and also as Hester, and
is the ancient heathen correspondent to the foregiven. Theo-
PHANIUS : time of God's manifestation to magi by the star, cor.
Tiffany = Epiphanius : epiphany born, Jan. 6th. The Italians
cor. it to Befana, whence Bettana. These = Bertha : bright
born. The Eastern church calls that season theophany, which

82 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

the Western church terms epiphany. Tradition rnakes the
wise men, corresponding to Europe, Asia, and Africa, naming
them Gasper : the jasper stone, Balthazar : treasure master,
Melchior : kingly, royal. These are the three kings of Col-
ogne. The first gives the well known Gasparde. In the
Middle Ages children were often called from saints days on
which they were born.

ViGiLANTius: born at vigils. Salverte : born when the
" Salve Regina " was being chanted. Tolliday : on St.
Olave's day, gives Tully, when English, Tooley Street named
from St. Olave's church. Crouch, Cross : at crouch mass,
December 18th, con. crutch. Francia (dictator): born
September 17th, feast of St. Francis Stigmata. Loveday : on
da\' appointed for making up quarrels and grievances.
Haggai : feast of the Lord, born at, " Shimeah, his son
Haggiah, his son." From Hagh : a feast, Hadji : feast
keeper, pilgrim, a maji who went from feast to feast, so
Hagar : a stranger (Egyptian), con. Hegira : era of Ma-
homet's flight, July 16th, A.D. 622. Hagarenes : strangers,
gauyim. Haggith : parents rejoiced at his birth like those
keeping hagh. " Then Adonijah, the son of Haggith, exalted
himself, saying, I will be king."

Jerah, Jaroah: born at appearance of ivanderer, the moon,
so called because of its phases. Lebonah (from laban: white) :
at moon's appearing. Hodesh : a new moon = NuMENius. "He
begat of Hodesh, his wife, Johab and Zibi." "For this cause we
choose ]^u7nen'i us, son of Antiochus," con. Mene : numbered.
" Mene, Tekel, Upharsin." Moon : numberer. Almanack (all
moon ac) : giving all moons. So Kronos (Saturn), gives
Chronos : time, as that star told time. Meniscus : little moon,
lunette, glass. Menology : register of months. Mensis : a
month (moon-eth). Menstruum : solvent caused by the moon.
Mensuration : numei^ation of months. The Hebrew name for
the moon proper, Jerah : the wanderer, is supposed to give
Jericho : city where the moon received special religious
honours, as Greenock : from Graine : the sun. MooN = the
foregoing upon which is formed the baronial MoHUN : born at
appearance of the queen of night. Kushahiah : bow^ of the
Lord (from Quosh : a bow, whence Kishon : winding river =
Ilissus : helix river, and KiSH : bird snarer = our Snarey, for
snarer) : born when a rainbow was visible, which parents
accepted as an omen that the little stranger was connected
with the covenant. KiSHi (m) : double bow, born when a rain-
bow was seen.

Virgil (Publius Maro. Correctly Vergilius) : at appearing
of constellation Vergilice, from Ver : spring, con. Vergulta : a
rod which buds in spring, giving Verger : who carries rod.

BIRTH NAMES. 83

Hereby we are taken to the days of astrology. Maro's wife
suffers the hour of nature's need. He, husband and augur,
watches the starry host, eager for a prophetic index of the
child's future. The wished for message, " A man child is
born," comes, and at the same time the Vergilice rise above the
horizon, indicating fruitfulness and inciting hope. Maro
salutes his son with the omen Vergil ! Vergil ! ! This name =
Gad : a troop, cutting through, an eventual success, fortune.
The sun sets over the western wilderness, and the gloaming
slowly veiled the tents of Jacob. Zilpah labours, Leah watches.
A voice in the tent said, " I have gotten a son." The sky
searcher cries Gad ! Gad ! ! Areli (m) : born when the lights
of God appeared, the stars rose. This tribial designation =
Said, Felix, Fortunatus, Bonheur (Rosa) : good hour.
Bona VENTURA : well come, Festus, Luckie, Gluck : lucky
names. Long, when Chinese. From Gad Azgad : strong in
fortune. " The children of Azgad, 1222." Such names more
or less verge on astrology. Metternich (statesman) : at
middle of the night, con. Nachman : night watchman, and =
the well-known French Minuit. We also find in common use
MiTNACHT : born at night's noon.

Shema, Shimeon, Simeon, and Simon : heard (of God), gives
simony (Simon Magus), Symes, Symington (where church of
St. Simon), Simpson, Sims (Reeves), Ximenes (cardinal).
" Because the Lord heard that I was hated." These answer to
Aratus (con. Oro : I pray): prayed for = DESlDEHlLTS : much
desired. Shammuah : heard of the Lord = Samuel. Asher:
blessed, happy, assumes the modern form Asser = Beatus :
blessed, whence Beatrice. " Happy am I." But Ashet =
Zoppi : maker of pie dishes, and Varsari (George). Judah :
praise, one spoken well of = ^NEAS, gives Judas, Jude, Judith,
Judy, Judd, Judson, Judeus (Philo) : the Jew, Jewell
(bishop). Jukes, Judea, Jewry, Ghetto, but Juler: a jeweller,
a trade name, and JuLES : of the Julian gens, and Julian
(apostate) : son of Julius.

Baptista and Battista: June 24th. John the Baptist's day,
gives Batti, Babty, Battini, Zita (all in Don Juan), Baptist,
Gambetta for Gian Baptista. Noel, Nolan (captain), and
Naulet: December 25th, natal day of Jesus. Natal (Port)
discovered by Vasca de Gama, Christmas Day, 1497. Carna-
tion (Gypsy name) : at time of Incarnation. Annunciata
(Spanish lady) : March 25th, feast of Annunciation gives
Sunter. I have met with it in Yorks. Concetta and
Concha : December 8th, named in honour of Immaculate
Conception. Immaculato : unspotted, also born December
8th. Since decree of December, 1854, thousands of children
have been named Immaculato, the English of which is Affleck:

84 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

without flick. Dolores: in honour of seven dolours of Mary,
gives Lola (Montes). Ladyman : March 25th, Lady-day, con.
ToPLADY and Nostrodamus (astrologer) : Notre Dame, Nuestra
Senora, our lady = Mario : devotee to Mary. Ladybird : insect
having five spots upon wings, thought sacred to five wounds,
stigmata, of our Lord.

" Ladybird ! ladybird ! fly away home,
Tlae daisies have shut up their sleepy red eyes."

Marigold : her gold, sacred flower. Tobermory = Motherwell
and Lady well: spring sacred to B. V. M. Trmplemore: Mary-
kirk. The oath Marry ! means by Mary. Mary : bitter, born
at a time of bondage, hence Miriam, Miriamne (Herod's wife),
Maria, Mariana (Sp. Jesuit), Marat (French red), Moll,
Molly (Bourne), Mollison, Malkin : a cat. Marionette : little
Mary dancing. Marian (Maid), Mariott, Marry att (captain),
Maro (monk, whence Maronites), Mar, when it does not mean
illustrious, when it does, gives Merling : son of the illustrious
= Patrobas. Murroch (Mc) : a Maryite ^ (Mc) Marry, (Mc)
MuRCHiE, Murchison = Murtogh: dedicated to Mary, though
in some families it means an admiral, sea leader. To these add
Damian (John): son of the mother, devotee to B.V.M. Among
the Latin race thousands of men are named Mary. We have
all possible variations of her names and supposed titles applied
to a man child. Some Bourbons have twenty such inanities
instead of an honest healthy Christian name. Such is Gloriosa :
the glories of Mary. Pio Nono's name in English was John
Mary Thomas Smith. We now have the Infanta Mercedes :
mercy of the mother of God. " I was accompanied by my
aide-de-camp, Colonel Solis, and the Generals Cordova and
Alaminos. Don Enrique de Bourbon was accompanied on
the fatal morning by Don Frederico Bubio, Don Emigdio
Santamaria, and Don Andrez Ortiz." SoLis : a southerner,
from Sol : south, as Solano : hot south wind. RuBiO = RuFUS,
RuDD = Emigdio (amo Deus, Dio) : lover of God = Godfrey.
Santamaria : holy Mary. Andrez : son of Andrew = Ander-
son, born on St. Andrew's Day, November 30th. Who would
suppose that this religious company were on for a duel ? To
these we may yet add Marr (music) and Maris, besides others
too numerous to mention.

LoMAS, Lamas: loaf mass, Lammas, born August 1st, time
of offering first fruits. Middlemass is cor. from Michaelmass,
and cor. into the less distinguishable name of Middlemiss :
September 29th. Quartermass (local): living where four
seas meet. Midwinter: December 25th, the secular corres-
pondent to the ecclesiastical Noel, but before the former there
was in use Yule and Yuill : born when the yule log was

BIBTH NAMES. 85

burning in honour of Jul, at time of winter solstice. Genaro
(Naples) : January born. Eio Janeiro : riyer of St. Januarius,
discovered by Cabral in 1499. Whitgift (archbishop) : Whit
Sunday born (whit-for white, dressing in) = Pentecost : born
on seventh Sunday after Easter. Innocent : at Childermas,
December 28th, in commemoration of Herod's slaughter.
SUNTION is the old English Assumption : born August 15th.
Cream (for Careme, from Carnis : flesh, as Carnival : farewell
flesh) : lent born. TousSAiNT and Ognisanti : on November
1st, All Saints Day == Milcent (de mille Sanctis). Mortimer
and Mutimer : death of martyrs, day observed in memory of,
wrongfully given as Mortimer: dead sea, a pilgrim calling
thereat, this being a cant fancy, guess by sound. Faith : born
October 8th, St. Faith's Day. Hegel (Hegelian philosophy) :
born at time of hail-storm. Sabbathias (Zwi, Pretender to
Messiahship, A.D. 1641): Sabbath born, con. Sabbation : river
not running on Sabbath. Shabbathai : Sabbath born. " Shah-
hethai, the Levite, helped them." Pausius and Pausanius :
born on day folks j^ctused from labour, con. Paulus, Paul :
little, who has paused in growth, allied to Parvus, Pauper, and
our English Little: at birth = Pettit, Klein, Minnoch, and
Minion.

KuRiAKOS (Iconium), Cyriacus, Cyril (Jerusalem), and
Cyr (St.) : on Lord's day (kurios) = Dominic (dies dominicalis).
Domingo discovered on Lord's day by Columbus, 6th De-
cember, 1492, cor. to the English Downie. To these Spanish
writers add Mendez, whence Mendoza = Sontag (Madam) :
Sunday born. In the West Indies negroes name piccaninnies
from their birth day, thus, — Quashee : Sunday born, QuA-
sheba, if a girl. One Quashee discovered the virtue of a
medicinal plant, from him called Quassia. So common is
Quashee and Sambo that they are generic for any unknown
negro. Macready (tragedian) : Wednesday born, Mercredi :
Mercury's day, but M'Cready is a formation upon that prolific
name Reid. There is actually a Micklereid (much, muckle) :
greatest of the Eeids, the Reid, Lundy is of tfen given Monday
born, Luna dies, but is formed on London, and means a
Cockney. London (Robert) flourished in 1180. Proof that
then London was small. Freytag (Nuremburg) : Friday
born = Friday (my man) = Juba, Couba, negro names, giving
to the yellow girls JUBINA, CUBINA. Friday is the next most
sacred day after Sunday all over the world, save in Scotland,
where it is set apart for courtship and marriage, which is in
keeping with pre-Christian times, as the day was specially
sacred to the Norse Venus, Freya, Frigga. In many families
Free means Friday born, given by Freya ; but Freeman :
freedman = Frew, one of the Freelungi. Mittag : midday

86 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

born = Mesembria, con. Mesembryanthemum : flower bloom-
ing at midday. The above = Doubleday : born at a mid-
summer's noon. Noon, Nun (when English) : born at nones.
Laud (Archbishop) : at lauds, time of praise. Laudo from
Plaudo : to clap hands, whence explode : to make a noise like
hand clappers. Prime : at primes, first service. But Prim
(General) : first born. Mattens : born at matins, matutinal
service, morning worship. Mezzanotte (Italian) : midnight
born = Metternich, Cockshot: born when the cock shuts
the day. Sometimes a form of Cocksholt : wood frequented
by cocks. Holt becomes shot as Aldershot : alderholt, wood.
Photius : son of light, born when day is dawning. IvIanius :
born at mane: morning = the better known TiTUS Manlius:
son of the morning = Lucius : son of daylight (lux).
Morganroth : born when sky began to redden, good omen.
DoLLiNGER (theologian) : day-linger, born at tiviVight, betiveen
lights, i.e., of son and moon = Ahishahar : dawn brother =
Shaharaim : two dawns, mid-dawn = Zerah ' (Ethiopian),
Zarah : dispersion (of darkness). Dollinger is often met
with in the dearer form of Dallinger. Novelists would be
hard put to it to fancy names more poetical, so much does
fact outstrip fiction. Dago and Tagg (when German) :
born at daybreak, con. Dagger : flashing, glittering like the
day; in some cases = Alba, Alva : born when day whitens.
Dagobert : glorious as the day. Bertheim : when born the
brightness of the home = Housego. Mezzofanti (cardinal) :
half an infant, very small at birth = Paulus, Minnoch, and
con. Vent, Ventriss: little, infantile as to size. Moab : of
the father. Ammon : my people. Their issue was absorbed
or perished, but the Jew remains to the fore. Thomas : a
twin = DiDYMUS (con. dis bis) = Zwi : two. Gemmell {con.
Gemini). Twinn : one of twain. Thomas gives Tamassier
(Rose). Massena (Marshal), Masson, great Thomas, Mas-
SEY, Mace (when not mace bearer), Mastai (count), Tam
(O'Shanter : of the shanty farm, old buildings), combines
with Agnello, Anello : an angel, as in Massaxiello,
but Giotto (s O) is from Angliotto : little angel, a nurse
name. Thomasina as a /cm. is becoming common. In the
Gaelic we have Omish, as in M'Omish = Thompson, so
(M') Coomee, (M') Cumber = Tomson. The conventional mean-
ing of Thomas in the Middle Ages woukl be born on his day.
The following are actual family names = foregoing, viz., Twa,
Couples, Doubles. Vopiscus (Syracuse) : one who lives of
two = AHiMOTH: brother of death, twin brother died. Ham-
medatha : a twin. " Haman, the son of Hammedatha!'
AvENTiN (St.) for Adventinus : happy event, advent, welcome.
Bonaventura (St.) bonny advent.

BIRTH NAMES. 87

Dentatus: born with teeth, con. Indentures : indented parch-
ment. Fairbairn, Fairchilds, Faiers : like Moses, beauti-
ful from the womb = EsAU: perfect, well formed, hair upon
his body showed his perfection to which others grow. When
it is given Esau : hairy, the name is confused with Seir :
rough, goat-like, Seorim : satyrs, demons. Properjohn : John
wlio was a tine baby. But Littlejohn : small at birth =
Little of us, and Zuar of the Hebrews. " Oh, let me escape
thither (is it not a little one ?). Therefore the name of the
city was called Zoar." " The son of Zuai^ shall be captain."
Flann : ruddy at birth = Edom. Scarlett (heavy dragoon),
Rose, and the German Roth.

JoLiFFE : jolly child, from Liffe : son, one loved, life of
parents, liffe, life, love. Goodliffe : child devoted at baptism
— Hosius, Allgood : hallowed, so Cunliffe, Wickliffe.
KosKiuSKO (Poland): weak boned = Holbein (painter): hollow-
bones. Tola (judge) : a worm, weak, little. " I am a tola,
and no man." Gebar : strong (man) is its contrast, Gabriel :
the strength of God, very strong. TiCKEL (friend of Addison) :
feeble, trembling, made into Kittle : shaky, delicate, critical
in Scotland, as " It is a kittle point." So Tiddler (Tom's
ground) : all of a totter. Tottie : a little girl.

" 0 weake life ! That does leane

On things so tickle as th' unsteady ayre."

Aram (Eugene) : weakly born, feeble baby. But Aram
(Biblical) : high. Hagab : a grass hopper, locust, Agabus
(prophet) : little at birth. Amoz : strong, robust, from Az :
strength, probably applied to strong infant. Saul : asked for :
" Saul died and Baal-hanan reigned in his stead." Gen.
xxxvi. 38, The first place his worship is implied. Baal-
HANAN : born of the grace of Baal, con. Hannah : grace.
Achbor, Akbar : a mouse, small child = Musculus (reformer) :
a little mouse, identical with muscle. Symbolic meanings
were attached to mice, now lost, hence their mission to afflict
Philistines. Rats and cats are unmentioned in Bible. Dancer
(Daniel), Dauncy, Dancy : who is dauncy, nigh to death,
done, born more dead than alive. From do comes death
(doeth), dead (doed), dauncy, done.

Cade (Jack) : born little. Cad pig : least of litter. Cadet :
younger tjrother = puny, puisne, post natus. Puny gives Pony :
little (horse). Some give Cadet from Capdet from Caput : the
head. Cade. " We John Cade, so termed of our supposed
father, Dick. Or rather, of stealing a cade of herrings." Cask
is formed on cade and casket on it. Of all English names it
answers most closely to Paul : one whose growth has been
arrested, whence Paoli (Corsica), Palafox (Saragossa), .

88 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Pablo (Fanque), Pawley, Paley : Paul's field, dedicated to,
Polk (president), (Mc)Phail, Paulus (Sergius), Paulicians :
followers of Pauline epistles, ancient puritans. Semple : born
January 25th, feast of St. Paul's conversion. Agrippa : sharp
pains, <4ger, regrotat, acer. De las Penas: born of great pains,
is the Spanish equivalent. Jabez corresponds. " His mother
called his name Jabez, saying, ' Because I bare him with
sorrow.' " Tahrea : delaying cries, slowly born — " The sons
of Micah were Pithron, and Melech, and Tarea." Varies to
Terah whence Teraph : an image, Teraphim : household gods.
Some have Teraph a form of Seraph, as Tekel : weighed, is
identical with Shekel : a weight. Cordus, Corder (Maria
Martin), Cordelia : born slowly. Leah : wearied, fatigued
mother to give her birth. " The name of the elder was Leah."
= Cordelia. Bilhan (Ezer's son. Gen. 36) : terror, conster-
nation (of mother in labour). Bilhah is its fair fevi. Ahab :
father's brother, when born had features of his uncle = our
Farebrother : father's brother, born like him. IsHNi : like
his father, the born image of papa. Aharah (son of Benjamin):
after his brother, as Jacob after Esau. Another of the names
like Nun : a fish, breeding like one, telling how prolific the
Hebrews were in Egypt. Ulysses (named of Autolycus) :
anger with, odious to, annoyance at. Grandpa in ill skin.
Cadena (Sp. lady) : born August 1st, feast of Peter's chains,
from Catena : a chain, whence concatenation. Azmaveth :
strength of death, implies mother died = Todleben (Sebastopol):
dead alive, child lives, mother dies. "Over the king's treasures
was Azmaveth."

Ichabod : inglorious. " She named the child Ichahod, say-
ing. The glory is departed." Ishod: glorious man, fine shaped
male child, con. last and Judah, becomes Izod, Izett = Bravo.
Hophni : little fist = PYGME: the fist (size when born), con.
Pugno : I fight, Pugil : a champion, pugilist, Pygmalion
(Tyrian king) : son of Pygme. Trepoff (shot by Nihilist) : a
foundling discovered on tveppe : the steppe, moor, wilderness,
son of the steppe. Benoni : son of my sorrow. " It came to
pass as her soul was in departing (for she died), that he called
liis name Benoni." This being an evil omen Jacob made it
Benjamim : son of my days = Shanegan (Irish) : old man's son.
Benjamin : son of my right hand is con. Yemen : right hand,
south. To a man in Hebron looking due east Syria was
reckoned north (left hand) and Arabia south (right hand).
Gives Ben, Binney, Benson, howbeit Bendigo is a form of
Benedict.

Nephtalim, Naphtali : the wrestlings of God. " With the
ivrestlinys of God have I wrestled." Adding the Divine name
gives superlative force : Piver of God (Bog, Euphrates), Moun-

BIRTH NAMES. 89

tain of God (Benledi, Sinai). Hush : to hasten gives Hushai
(David's friend), Hushah (Hushathites) Hushim, (Dan's son),
HusHAM : all prematurely born. " When Jobab died, Husham,
of the land of the Temanites, reigned in his stead." The
Kaffirs name children on same principles. For example, a
child is sometimes called by the name of the day on which it
was born, as Robinson Crusoe called his servant Friday. If
a wild beast is heard to roar at the time the child is born, this
circumstance would be accepted as an omen, and the child
called by the name of the beast, or by a name representing its
cry. If the animal heard were the hyena, which is called
iynpisi, the name of the child might be either Umpisi, or
TJ-HUHU, an imitative sound representing the laugh-like cry
of the beast. A boy, whose father prided himself on the num-
ber of his stud, called his child Uso-Mahashe : father of
horses, as their number would be increased by the time he in-
herited them. A girl, whose mother had been presented with
a new hoe, was called Uno-ntsmbi : daughter of iron. Pandi
(Zulu king) got his name from impande, an esculent root in
use among the Kaffirs. Hyena : is from Hus : a sow, whence
Sw^, whence soiv, soiu-en, swine. The daughter's name con.
the hoe, compares well with Barzillai : son of iron.
" Barzillai, of Regelim, brought beds to David." Many
Biblical names are illuminated by being studied from the
Kaffir point of view.

AiAH : howler, hooter, schirler : a vulture, hawk, or kite =
U-HUHU. " But the king took the two sons of Rizpah, the
daughter of Aiah, whom she bore to Saul." The wife suffers
in her harem, her husband goes forth, and seeing a vulture
hovering, calls his newly born daughter Aiah. Thackombau
(Fiji king) : evil to Bau (the island). The Wesleyans craned
him up from a cannibal into a christian. Proculus (opposed
Probus) : born while father was procul, afar. Apicius (wrote
on pleasures of eating) : born out of the house, A'po oikos.
From Oikos : a house, OEcumenical Council : a council called
from wheresoever a house is. Astor (Astoria) : Thursday
born, dedicated to the Asir Thor = Donner and Toxner :
born on Thursday, and marked with his hammer. Tewson
(auctioneer) : son of Tuisco, Tuesday born. By a mythological
fiction, which was grafted on to Christianity, when a child
was born on a day connected with a god, if a male, he was
called the son of that god, all to the glory of the family.
Cesar (Julius) : from Cosdo : I cut, coesus : cut, born by in-
cision, whence that operation is called Coesarian. Nonxatus :
not born, before the death of his mother, "Raymond
Nonnatus was born at Portel, in the diocese of Urigel in
Catalonia." Nepumuk (St. John) : born at Pomuk, in Bohemia.
7

90 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Nevus, Nevius, Nevins (when not big fisted) : born with a
birth mark. Noevus, from Novus : new. Certain new arrivals
were named in the prosaic form of numeral adjectives, as
Protogexia (Deucalion's daughter) : first born girl — Prima
(Romulus's daughter) = Prim (Madrid) = Protus. These =
Lane (le ane, antiqus : old. When not Irish): eldest =
Maximus, Massimo : chief by birth, maximus natu. Frederick
7th being a great admirer of the Roman generals Fabius
Maximus and Scipio Einilianus compounded them calling
his son Maximilian : patient and valiant. In Psalm xc. 2 we
read, " From olam to olam thou art Elohim." 01am : hidden,
veiled, gives Alam : a virgin, one veiled. Jonah was in sheol
for olam as he lost count of time, it was veiled from him.
Applicable to hills whose duration is hidden, or to eternity.
It is then applied to anything old. Shem gave it to his eldest
son Elam : first born, Elymas : Persia, Elymais : capital of
Ulam: as above. " His sons were Ulam and Rakem.'' Jether
and Jethro : excellent, excelling in age. " He said unto
Jether, his first born, up and slay them." Reuben : Reu : see,
whence Ruth : desire of eyes, Ben : a son. " Reuben, thou
art my first born, my might, and the beginning of my strength,
the excellency of dignity, the excellency of power." Hence
Rubens (painter), Rubini (physician). Sonneborn : a son
born to parents who had previously, in despair, adopted a
son. Sir, Sire : father, Siret = Excellency : excelling by
years, and presumably by knowledge. Zelophehad : first
rupture = Bec;her : ripe early, giving^BECHORATH, BiCHRi : my
first born. " Becher is called Bered in Chronicles." " Zelophe-
had had no daughters." Secundus : second (born) from
Sequor: to follow, gives Secundinus : son of Secundus (St.
Patrick's companion) called by the Irish St. Sechnall, whence
Maolseachlan : bald to, disciple of Sechnall, tortured to
Malachi (of the golden collar) being supposed = the Hebrew
Malachi : messenger of the Lord.

Vashni (son of Samuel) : second born, probably a sister first.
Shilsha: third son. "The sons of Zopah. Shammuah and
Shilshea" = Tiers (French statesman) = Tertius, whence Ter-
tullus, its dim. which is foolishly given, in some works, very
earthy. Quartus : fourth (son) = Codrus (Athens) = Reba
(Moabite king), but as Reba is a transposition of Arba : four,
and that is applied to a square built, handsome man, Reba
may mean fine made. Tetricus (almost emperor) : fourth son.
QuiNTUS : fifth (son), gives St. QuENTiN, Quintillian : son of
Quintus, also Quinze (when French) : fifth birth. Pompey :
fifth (son) though given from Pompeii, said to have been founded
by Hercules with great pomp, con. Penta : five, Punjaub: five
river country. Punch: made of five ingredients, Pampeluna

BIRTH NAMES. 91

for Pompiopolis : city of Pompey. Caesar's rival had a son>
viz., Sextus : sixth, Xystus (pope), hence Sistine (chapel)-
The Roman = Hebrew Sheshai (son of Anak). Septimus:
seventh (son), con. September: seventh month = Barsabas :
seventh son, Bathsheba: seventh daughter. Octavius: eip^hth
(son), Otto when Italian, Otto (roses) eighth essence. From
Octo we get Ides : eight days after Nones. NoNUS, Ennius
(Calabrian poet) : ninth born, con. Noon : ninth (hour), from
which Luncheon for Nuncheon : noon-day repast. Decius
(patriotic devotee), Decimus : tenth child, con. Decade : ten
years. Quince (when Spanish) : fifteenth by birth. Imogen:
"last born — Telegonus and the Italian Sezzi = Posthumus
(postremus) : last. Our great Will took it to mean Posthu-
mous : born after father was in ground.

" What's his name and birth?
I cannot delve him to the root : his father
Was called Siciliiis, who did join his honour
Against the Romans, with Cassibelan ;
But had his titles by Tenantius, whom
He served with glory and admir'd success :
So gain'd the sur-addition, Leonatus :
And had, besides, this gentleman in question,
Two other sous, who, in the wars o' the time,
Died with their swords in hand, for wliich their father
(Then old and fond of issue) took such sorrow
Tliat he quit being ; and his gentle lady,
Big of this gentleman, our theme, deceas'd
As he was born : The king, he takes the babe
To his protection : calls him Postluimius Leonatus,
Breeds him and makes him of his bed-chamber."

SiClLlus is a form of IciLiUS : equal son, as good as his father
(cow. Isosceles : equal legs) = Pat ROB AS. Servius : preserved,
foundling = Geryon and Trepoff. In those ages infanticide
was not considered immoral. PlAZZA : a foundling discovered
in a portico. Leonatus : lion born, of warrior parentage.
Moses : drawn out = NiMSHi: chosen, elect, taken out of, sug-
gesting Hydrogenes : water begotten, Hydrogen : water pro-
ducer. Moses was his Egyptian name, his Hebrew appellation
is lost. The Rabbis say it is one of these :— Chabar, Jecothiel,
Jared, Ahizamach, Abisuco, Abigedur or Schemiaia. But
which ? In Arabic, and cognate languages, it varies to MusSA
(Pasha Silistria) or MoussA.

" The gleams miraculoiisly shed
O'er Moussas cheek when down the Mount he trod
All glowing from the presence of his God."

Hence Moyse, Moss, Moseley, Mowatt (when they do not
mean a little hill = KNOWLEs), Mozart (king of composers) but
Moss (local) = Petley : living on a peat field, whence Moss-
man, Mosscrop, Mossgrip = Petman : turf digger. In this

92 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

case MossMAN = Cespedes (Spanish), but sometimes stands for
a moss-trooper, moor robber, Bishlam: born in time of
peace, con. Salaam : to bow and wish peace. " In the days of
Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam." Galal : rolled (reproach from
parents, barrenness), con. Gall us : a cock, crows when darkness
is rolled away, Globus : any round thing. Beriah : calamity,
born in. " He called his name Beriah, because it was evil with
his house" = Mary from Mar : bitter = Harms (pastor) : born at
an evil time. Achilles (tendon) : without the lip, dry nursed
= Gallic (deputy), Lactantius (Latin father) : brought up on
milk. NoRRiss, Nurrish : one nursed, fostered = Foster, but
sometimes used actively for a nurse.

Giordano (Bruno), Jourdax (marshal), Jordan : baptised
with Jordan water = Santhague : holy water. Haldane :
half Dane, of Saxon mother and Danish father. Gollacher,
Gallagher : born of a strange woman, con. Gael. Gallyon :
son of an Englishman. Englishmen were called Gaels : stran-
gers, 700 years ago in Ireland, where the three last were
originally born. D'AuBiGNE (Reformation) : of an alien, be-
comes Dabney. Branchus : throat, con. Bronchitis : disease
of throat. Varro says — " The mother of Branchus being in
child, dreamed the sun entered into her mouth and passed
through her belly ; whence the child was called Branchus
from Bronchus : the throat." Archemorus : beginning with
death. His death foretold by Araphiarus as soon as he was
born. The Nemean games were solemnised in his memory.

Charilaus : people's joy = Demochares, so named of
Lycurgus. Desiderius (pope), Didier, Diderot : child greatly
desired = Brammante (architect), Samuel, Saul, and Aratus.
Macbeth : son of life, whose birth enlivens parents = Haggith.
Samborn and Winterborn are not nativity names, but mean
sandy 6i^r7i = GRiESBACH and winding 6urji = CR0MBiE. In
some cases Burns is not from Burn: a brook, and so =
Brooks, but con. bear, bairn, born, meaning emphatic bairn,
of noble descent = Tiridates and Gnatho : the son, con.
Knight, David : beloved, a pet, con. Jedidiah : beloved of
Jehovah, gave to Carthage Dido : beloved (woman) and to us
the fem. Vida, Davie (fought in war of independence), Davy
(Humphrey), Davies, Dawe (painter). Daffy (elixir), Davis,
Davitt (land leaguer), Taffy, applied to a Welshman from
St. David, as Sawney, a Scotchman from St. Andrew, and
Paddy, from St. Patrick, though some good authors insist on
having it from St. Palladius. Dakin, Dawson = Davidoff.
Dillon (M.P.), Dilkie, Dilk, Dilly : little David. The Arabs
have Salmah Eben Daoud : Solomon, the son of David, and
Schah Daoud : king David. "All Israel and Judah loved
David,"

BIRTH NAMES. 93

HOBAB : beloved. " Yea, He hohabed the people ; all his
saints are in thy hand." Wine: beloved. "My ivinsome
deary O ! " = Mungo (St.). Winnoc : little dear = Darling
and Winnie (the waif). These are nurse names, as Medad :
loved, Eldad : loved of God, greatly beloved, and Dad.
" There ran a young man, and told Moses, and said, Eldad and
Medad do prophesy." Such are Dearlove, Sweet, Angel,
Angliotto : little angel. Love, Baby, Burns, Enfant, Infant,
Petts, Precious, Pettee, Golding, Zeresh (Haman's wife):
golden, GoLDiE, Gowdie, Good, Goode, Goodchild,' Spes,
Hope, Elpis : whence Elpidias : son of hope, and the Milesian
name DiGNUM, which signifies hope (of parents). Zepho :
watched for (by parents), co7i. Zephon : watcher, guardian.
John (world known) is composed of Jehovah : I am, and
Hannah : grace. From latter Hanan : merciful, and Hanne-
THON: free gift. Hananiah, Ananias, Ananus: Jehovah's
grace (given by). Hanno : gracious, Hanun (shaved ambas-
sador). Hannibal (Carthage) : (born of the) grace of Baal.
Ann, Anne, Annville : Ann's town. Danville : of it. Anna-
polis: her city. Nannuci (Italian), and Nina: little Ann.
Shush : the lily (white), gives Shushan : the city of lilies,
planted round it ; compounding with Hannah, gives Susannah,
Susan : beautiful as the lily and gracious, Suke, Sue.

The awful word Jehovah: I am, unchanging, contracts to jah
and ah in composition. Thus Jah and Hannah: Jehovah's grace,
gives Johanna, Johannes, John, Jean, as St. Jean d'Acre : St.
John of Accho. Prujean : prudent John. Grossjean : great
John = Meiklejohn : John who thinks much of himself.
(M') Fadyan : long John, cor. to Faddan. Jockie, Jockey :
little John = Jacket, Jock, (M') Geoch : Jock in kilts.
Froissart tells that, — " Henry, Duke of Lancaster, on his
return to England, entered London in courte Jacques of cloth
of gold, a la fachion D'AUraayne." These Jacques, when
little, were called jacquette by the French and Jacket by us.
Jacket : properly means a retainer wearing one. Jack sug-
gests poverty, and servitude, or inferiority, as jackass, jack-
pudding : a buffoon, jackanapes, who travelled with bear and
monkey. Jack : instrument for roasting, formerly a boy
called a turn spit. In Italy (Don) Giovanni, Giannone :
great John, Giovanetti, Vanelli : little John = Jantje
(Dutch). The name John applying to beloved disciple, or the
Baptist, is in double favour, and was given to children born on
either of their days on the calendar. So fond are Italians of
it that they combine it with many names in the forms yian,
giam, as Giambianchi : white or fair John, becomes Zam-
bianchi (defended Rome in 1849). Giambatista : born June
24th. Gambetta, Tista, Tita. Sometimes patronymical,

94 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

GiAN- Antonio : John, son of Anthon3^ Gianfigliazzi : John,
son of Azzi. Giovanni, cor. to Gianna, forms Zanoni : great
John, which cor. to Zany : a merry andrew. Zan for John
wives Zampa (musician): John's father, Zanpere = Arabic Abri
Yahya. Zanchius (Jerome) : John's son (filius) = Zancoff.
The Mexicans call him Jontli. The Hungarians have Guy,
whence Guyon (Kars) : great John. Germany has Hans,
whence Heyne, Hanks, Hancock, Handley : John's field,
attached to his church, Hans-wurst: Jack sausage. The
Dutch say Jan, Jansen (spectacles) = Johnson. The Spaniard
prefers Juan, Don Juan : lord John Juanito : little John =
Vanelli. Bobo Juan : booby John. The Celts had Am,
Gin, Owen, Shane, Shan, the two latter formed on Ain as
though Shane : the John. Shane gives Shenkin, Shoneen :
Jackie, Johnnie, a boy. Strichen, Strahan : John's strath,
valley. Eussia has Ivan, Czentiyanny : St. John's (Cathedral,
Moscow). Wales rejoices in Evans, Jones, the latter being,
after Smith, the commonest name in Britain. The men of
Portugal delight in Joame, whence Gomez = Johnson. In
Persia it is Yohannan. The Greeks have Giannakes. In
India, through the Mahometans we find Jehan, as Jehansi =
our Johnstone: John's town, where his church. The following
all means son of John, Hannefan (enfant), Upjohn, Janzoon,
M'^Geoch, Hansom (cab), Ivanovitch, Ivanoff, Fitzjohn,
Bevan, Bowen, Zancoff (Bulgarian), Jannceus (of John
Hyrcanus), JuxoN (bishop), Jennings, Shenkin, Jenyns
(Soame), Jenkins (aged), Jankowitz, Jehanputra, Zanchius.
Who shall lay to the charge of John that he is Malthusian ?
The following mean John's town, Ainsworth (dictionary),
GoNViLLE (college), Hamburg, Van Amburg : of Hamburg,
Johannisburg (wine), Shenstone, Jambol (bol for Polls: a
city). Shajehanpore : king John's town. In its /em. form
we get Johannah, Jane, Jean, Jinnie, Janet, Jeanette,
Jenny, Joan, "Jeanette and Jeannot : little Jane and John."
So that John interpenetrates more than twenty languages.

Hafiz and Hafid : saviour = Soter (Ptolemy) = Salvator
(Rosa), con. Salvador (island). Hosea : saviour, whence
Hosanna : save thou, forms with Jehovah. Joshua : greatest
.saviour = Hafiz - Allah : saviour of God, whence Jesus
(Greek), IssA (Arabic), Jesus (English) : saviour of Jehovah, —

" Such the refined IntelHgence that flow'd

In Moussa's frame ; — and, thence descendincr, flow'd
Througli many a Prophet's breast ; in Issa shone,
And in Mohammed bm-n'd."

The letters I.H.S. do not stand for Jesus Hominum Salvator :
Jesus the saviour of mankind, but are an old Saxon abbrevia-

BIRTH NAMES. 95

tion of Jesus, whence Jesuit : of the society of Jesus, giving
Jesuitique : hypocritical.

" After that came his brother out, and his hand a-kahhed
Esau, and his name was called Jacob:" heeler. From Kabh :
heel, Kibes : chilblains, swellings caused by cold, blain, blown, —

Falstaff : — " Well, sirs, I am almost out at heels."
Pistol : — " Why, then, let hibes ensue."

" Esau said is he not rightly named Jacob ? for he hath suj)-
•planted me these two times." The figure is taken from
wrestling : Sub : under, Planta : sole of the foot. Supplant :
to place a foot under that of an antagonist, and so trip him,
taking his place, —

" He wonder'd but not long

Had leisure, wondering at himself now more ;

His visage drawn he felt to sharp and spare ;

His arms clung to his ribs, his legs intwining

Each other, till supplanted on his belly prone

Reluctant, but in vain."

Planta gives Patagon : great foot = Fuss, op. of PoDio (Italian) :
little foot, whence Patagonia : country of great footed people.
Lucto : I strive, struggle. Luctator (luttator) : a wrestler.
Reluctant : wrestling back, antagonising. Satan suffered a
greater grip than he could give.

Jacob is identical with Akkub: insidious. " Akkiib was a
porter, keeping the wards of the thresholds of the gates."
Same as Akabi (starved rabbi), Jaakobah (David's hero),
Dacobi (1 Esdras v. 28). Yakoub (Khan), Jacobus gives
Jacobin : one meeting in St. James' Monastery. Jacobite :
follower of James II. Hence, too, Cobb, Cobbett, Cobbin.
CoBELL, CoBOS, Copp, CoppiXG : SOU of Cob for Jacob = Cobez,
which corresponds to the name of the Russian general Skobe-
LOFF. Here we seize upon the latter part of name, but by taking
the former syllable we obtain the softer name James, whence
Jamie, Jemmy, Jamiesox = Gimsox. The Spaniards have
Diego, giving Diaz = Jamiesox, also Iago, as Santiago (city
of St. James) : our Jagg, Jaggard when not = Huxter. San-
tiago = Jagielski (s KoumissJ : town of St. James. The
Highlanders have it in the form of Hamish, In Ireland it is
Shamus (O'Brien). France has Jacques, as Jean Jacques
Rousseau: John James Russell, Jacquelixe, Jacquard (loom) :
identical with Jaggard. Giacomo prevails in Italy, and this
shared by Spain, as Compostella : Giacomo Apostolo : (city of)
James the Apostle. Como from Giacomo is common in Italy.
St. James has charge of all Spain.

" To thee fervent thanks Spain shall ever outpour ;
In thy name though she glories, she glories yet more
In thy thrice-hallowed corse, which the sanctuary claims
Of high Compostella, 0, blessed St. James."

96 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

English pilgrims were named Cockle from visiting this
shrine.

" He shows St. James' cockle shell ;
Of fair Montserrat, too, can tell."

Also to this prolific James we trace Jex, Jockell (when not
horse warrior = Emly), Lapide (Cornelius A.) = Jamieson,
SiPPELL, wherein there is only one letter for a philologist to
hold on by. As Sar : a prince, is root of Sarai : a princess,
and also of Israel ; prince with God, it follows that grand-
mother and grandson were allied by name as well as by blood.
Sar, Czar, Herr, Dar (Hindoo for lord), Mar (Syriac for
lord) all have an originally similar meaning, one who marshals,
puts men into line of battle, a military organiser. Now though
Jesus named Peter who afore was Simon, and therefore it is
not of nativity, yet it seems half a pity to dissever him from
his con-freres James and John, so we will say Peter : a stone,
a man firm yet moveable, one built in, but not built on, a
lively stone quickened by The Living Stone. Peter con. to
Pier: a jetty, a mole. Petrrea : rock (city) = Selah. Arabia
Petroea : Arabia the stony. Peter gives Petrulla, Petronius,
Perkin (Warbeck), Parkins, Parkin, Parkinson, Purkiss,
Parnell (obstruction). Parr (old), Pereira (Dr.), Piers
(Gaveston) Pierce, Perron (cardinal), Peroni (last two) :
great Peter. Pirrett : little Peter, Perry (when not a trade
name, one making liquor from pears), Pedro (don), Perez =
Pierson and Petronius, Pietro, Peruzzi, Perugino, from
Perugia from Peter, and Petrarch (poet). (St.) Petersburg:
Peter's city, Petro-paulski : city of Peter and Paul, Peterloo :
Peter's meadow, lovj lying. Its French form is Pierre, which
is patronymical, showing how high Peter stood in Gallic
favour. Eassompierre (general) : Bassom, son of Peter, Robes-
pierre (terror): Robert the son of Peter, Dampierre, Dampier:
Daniel, son of Peter. From last Damper : Australian bush meat.
" At the sixth attack, Dampierre, at the head of a picked de-
tachment, charged a redoubt."

Lkvi : joined, Levite : of Levi's tribe, Leviticus : law of
Levites, Leviathan : joined scales, crocodile of Egyptians, being
largest animal of the Nile applies to any big thing. " This
time will my husband be joined to me." Nathan : given (of
God), Nethinim : given ones, devotees, Nat, Nathaniel:
given of God = Jonathan : Lord given. Theodorus, Theodo-
sius, Theodotus = GoDiVA (Coventry) : God given. Mattan,
Matthew : a gift, son. " From the wilderness they went to
Mattanah. There the Lord gave luater." Mattaniah : (son
whom the) Lord gave. Matthew gives Madai (Florentine
confessors), Matys (Quintin), Mathwin, Maddison, Mac-
Math = Matthews for Matthewson, Maitland : glebe

BIRTH NAMES. 97

dedicated to St. Matthew, Maddox, Mattock (some claim last
two as forms of Welsh Madog : beneficent = Boniface). "Do
you know Matthew Mattocks?" Matthias, Matthiah: gift
of Jehovah. Zabad: a gift, as Elzabad : God gave = ZABDiEL
answers to Zebediah, Zebedee : gift of Jehovah = Zabdiah,
Zabdi : the Lord's gift. Issue in answer to prayer. IsAAC :
laughter, gives Hyke, Hicks, (M')Kissock, Nye, Nykix, Sacy
(French). Hicks, when Hibernian, means doctor, surgeon,
HiCKiiocKS : son of doctor = MacLay.

These Oriental demonstrations of joy correspond to our
Occidental Hauschein : a baby whose birth makes the house
to shine. This German name was Greecised into Ecolampa-
DIUS : lamp of the house =:Umbreit (job) : home brightness.
We English have one (London Directory) corresponding,
HouSEGO : house joy ; and the French have Bertheim :
brightness of home. These names, and such, supply the poetry
of onaraatology, name giving or knowing.

Thamah : laughing, joy of parents, welcome baby-girl. HuL-
DAH : a weasel, a little active girl. " So Hilkiah, the priest,
and Ahikam, and Achbor, and Shaj^haoi, and Asahiah, went
to Huldah the prophetess : (now she dwelt in Jerusalem in
the college) : and they communed with her." What a mena-
gerie met in the Jewish Girton: — Achbor : a mouse, Shaphan :
rabbit, Huldah : a weasel.

TiRAS : desire (of parents). Youngest son of Japhet, sup-
posed to give name to Troas. This is the first record of a long
line of yearners for offspring. It answers to WuNSCH : much
wish for, and such names as Sheal (son of Bani) : prayer, and
Shealtiel (Ezra's father) : asked of God = Samuel. Bass :
little (at birth), Bassetti : very little = Petty, Pettit. Ibri
(son of Merari): (born) beyond (the Red Sea). Bythesea
(commanded a man of war in 18G9): found by the sea =
WiTTON : son of the wood, foundling in some cases = Groves.
Parrish is also a foundling name, as is the Italian D'Ondes :
of the waves, found on shore, con. Unda : a wave, whence
Undine : a nereid, sea born, suggesting the widely known
Aphrodite: daughter of foam. Irish Protestants call their
sons William when born July 12th, while Irish Catholics call
theirs Patrick when born March I7th.

Taphath : a drop (of myrrh), applied to small infant girl,
then to short steps, then to a little girl making them, means
a regular little dear. " Which had TcqjJiatk, the daughter of
Solomon, to wife." Myrrh, from Mar: bitter, gives Myrtle,
Smyrna: (town amidst) myrrh plants. Pere-ET-Mere
(French): loved by father and mother, precious pet = DEAR-
LOVE : dearly beloved. " In the list of decorations in the
Moniteur cle I'Armee appears the name Pere-et-Mere. The

98 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

gallant bi-sexual receives the Legion of Honour for good
conduct during several campaigns." Ampere is same as above
in converse order, though it is given as identical with empire,
and applied to a man belonging to the German empire. To
him we trace the abbreviation, etc., called by English rustics
Hampersand, i.e., Ar)ipers and, so used in his shorthand.

CoPRONYMUS : dung name, con. Coprolite : dung stone, a
nickname given to son of Greek Emperor, because while being
baptised he defiled his baptismal robes. He was akin to
Palceologus : old style speaker, having a brogue. Not only
have we children named from birth-day, but also from birth-
month, as Lavrilliat: April born. Herbest, Harvest
(sermons) ; born at time of gathering in of herbs. Davoust
(marshal) : August born. May (in some cases) : May born.
The favourite month with the worshippers of Baal of old and
Mary now. Halliday {con. Halidom : holy dame, B.V.M.) :
born on a holy day. The notion that this was got by crying
Halli (holy) day ! when going on a raid is absurd as it implies
the Hallidays came to fighting age without a name, or that
this one took the place of their birth name. In the latter case
what was that ? Gentles, Gentleman : of a gens, clan, high
birth = Burns.

METRONYMICS.

Some few masculine names may be traced to mothers. These
though looked askance at by refined moderns took the place of
patronymics with the Lycians. From the maternal side we
have our Devlin, and the ancients had Vespasian : son of
Aspasia, indicating filial afltection. Aspasia : an amazon from
Asp : a horse. Ibbotson (of course our's) : son of Elizabeth.
Dyson : son of Dy for Diana, but is capable of being placed
with Dyball : one of a bold people, in which case = DoDDS.
Nelson may be son of Nell, Ellen, or from Neil. Let him
have the benefit of the doubt for the sake of the old sea lion.
Sue (Eugene) looking so like Susan means sweater, con.
Sudor from Hudor: sweat, water. Una (an Irish name of
soft sound) : born at time of famine, gives Unitt : son of
Una. Marriot, Marryatt (novelist) are from Mary, but
plead it is religiously, not socially. Vye is claimed as son of
Sophia, but pleads for its being a formation on Devizes.
M' Janet and M'Jannet: looking so like son of the girl.
Janet is of the gens John, meaning literally son of little John,
Jannet = Littlejohn. Talmage (Brooklyn) is nothing but
a name I met with in Toronto, Tallmadge : son of tall
Margaret, Madge, exactly = Margerison (soap manufacturer):
son of Marjory. De Witt is of Woods, son of a man so named,
but is capable of being local, and meaning of the wood.

BIBTH NAMES. 99

MoLLisoN : son of Mary in the vulgar form of Moll. Emmet
(Irish) is held to be of Emma. Centuries ago when as yet the
terrors of the Registrar-General had not set in, family lady
names were exchanged for those having no bar sinister.
Nations dwelling in small groups, as Tartars, Arabs, Indians,
often cherish names from a mother in preference to one of
paternal origin. Curiously, the Arabs reverse the laws of
onamatology by taking names from children. This applies
especially to birth of a first-born son. When an heir to tent
and camels is called Suleyman for Solomon, his father
becomes Abu-Suleyman : father of Suleyman, and his mother
Om-Suleyman : mother of. This Om is our better known
Ma, turned round as Ab is Pa, and is con. Eminia, Amen, all of
which may be rendered, faithful, nourisher. Fudle- Allah :
God's bounty given by, is the Arabic correspondent to
Nathaniel. Abu-Fudle-Allah : father of the daughter
given by God's grace. Zill Allah : the shadow of God, is a
title of the Shah. The former portion is absolutely identical
with ZiLLAH (Lamech's wife) except the/<?rrt. ending. Zillah:
woman shaded (by ringlets). Zalmon : great shade, protector,
comforter. How strange that a word used at the gate of Eden
should still be in daily use. But fashions change less on the
banks of the Euphrates than on those of the Seine. ZiLTHAl
for ZiLTHAiAH: shaded, protected of the Almighty. Ayub
said, " Let the day perish wherein I was born, and the night
in which it was said. There is a man-child conceived." Arab
wives being childless, call themselves by that name, they
would give a son if they had one, as Cm- Ayub : mother of
Job. Job, Ayub, Ayoub (Khan): sobber, weeper = Aj ax, an
imitation of the eh! ah! ! oh! ! ! of distress. This could only be
the proper name of the man of the land of Uz by chance
coincidence (which is most unlikely), by prophecy (as unlikely),
or is 2^ost mortem from his sighing and sobbing. The true
translation is Job : sobber. Then we must record the noble
Mahometan name Abu-Beker : father of the virgin, viz.,
Ayesha, suggesting Bethuel (father of Rebekah) : daughter
of God, a virgin = Parthenos, Virginius, a pure man, con.
Bethulia : daughter of God, a pure w^oman, applied to the
city besieged by Holof ernes, in the sense of not violated.
Abulfeda: father of reconciliation, peacemaker = the Puritan
Makepeace and the monastic Pacifico. Here Ab is figura-
tive, as in Abishalom : father of peace = Lysimachus : looser
of strife. Abu-Horeira : father of the cat, applied to a friend
of Mahomet's who was fond of cats = the Italian Gattina,
Gatty. Demon is a family name found in the United States,
and means son of a monk, whence Demonico, of the Broad-
way, N.Y.

( 100 )

CHAPTER VI.

NAMES OF WOMEN.

In remote ages when " one person, one name " was the rule,
the appellations of women were as varied and independent as
those of men. However, when mononysm fell out of use,
their place was generally supplied by appending a feminine
ending to masculine names. Christianity did much to lessen
the names peculiar to women. Obeying the spirit of its
teachings, the bride signifies dependence upon her husband by
renouncing her maiden name and adopting the name of him
who adopted her. This helped to consolidate family ties, but
resulted in the loss of designations peculiar to women. By
consequence, feminine names have so diminished, as to neces-
sitate the formation of new ones, which is effected thus : —
Victor gives Victoria, Augustus, Augusta, and we even
meet with Adam, Adamixa. Writers on physiology say that
woman is man modified, that man is the essence of humanity,
women the accident. They must answer for the truth and
gallantry of such averments ; yet their theory is corroborated
by this specialty of philology, — words expressing man, luoinan,
male, female, besides giving us proper names, more or less
express sexuality. The Hebrews said, Ish : a man, Isha : a
woman, a maness. From Ish the well known Iscariotes : man
of Kirioth, not far from Bethlehem, for Judas was the only
Jew proper among the apostles, the rest of the twelve being
Galilean. From Isha we have Eshton : uxorious, a woman
chaser. " FsJtton begat Beth-rapha." From Ish, Jeshishai :
descended from an aged man = Benjamim, Shanegan. Some
high authorities gives Isis (Eve, a goddess) : the woman. So
Baal : lord, master, Baalath : lady, mistress. The Greeks said
o anthropos : a man, e anthropos : a woman. Anthropos :
turning up the face, whereby man is differentiated from the
lower animals. No cow ever views the sky, no horse sees the
stars. In Latin we have Vir : a man, ViR-GO : a woman,
ViRGiNius : a pure man, Virginia : a pure woman. Hence
our virgin means more than maid, the latter applying to
females only, the former to either sex. " For they are virgins."
The Dutch say Boer : a man, Moer (ma, mater) : a woman.
Our Man : one of mind, con. mens, " Mene." Woman is
wifman, the man who weaves, in contrast with spearman. So
Pais (a boy) : one led, Paiduetics : science of leading, instruct-
ing, Pusa : a girl, Pusilla : a little girl. Pusillanimous : having

NAMES OF WOMEN. 101

soul of a little girl. Lad: one led, Lad-ess, Lass. Younker:
a young man. Younkster : a young woman. Former obsolete
in England, though used in the United States, while latter is
applied erroneously to a boy as a troublesome lad is called
vixen, properly pertaining to a girl. Mas. Fox, fern. Vixen.
In the Italian we have Zita : a girl, Zitella : a little girl =
Pusilla, —

" Gentle Zitella, whither away?
Love's ritomella, list while I play."

In the catalogue of Burns, Gates, & Co. we read, " Life of St.
Zita 3s."

Seeing the woman's rights section of the ladies are full
sail on the franchise, they should take action on being
merely nominal terminations of the rougher sex, so far as
names go. In like manner the titles of women are usually
formed upon those of men, as Dominus : a lord, Domixa : a
lady = Don, Donna, when aged Duenna. So our English
Lord : loaf afForder, Lady. So with the Tartars, Khan : a
lord, as Cawnpore : Khan's city, Kokhan : hill country of
Khan, Kanham : a lady. Rajah : a king, Rani : a queen,
as our Rex, Regina, Roy, Reine. In respect to kin, we have
Nephew, Neice, as though Nepos (Cornelius), Neipce. Nepos
gives Nepotism : favouring relatives. So also from Avus :
aged, a grandfather, in which sense Nepos is also used, con.
JSvum : an age. Coeval : living in same age. Avunculus : little
grandfather, ab. to Uncle, fern. Aunt. Avus gives Aves =
Gaffer (Gray) and Pappus, the former Latin, the latter Saxon,
the last Greek. 3Ias. Gaffer, /em. Gammer (Gurton): grand-
mother. Isha, pusa, pusilla, zita, zitella, domina, regina have
a final in common. The classical designation of the quarters
of the globe, and almost every country upon it so ends, as
Europa, Asia, Africa, Australia, America, Britannia, Caledonia,
Scotia, Cambria, &c. This ending is clearly derived from the
Biblical ah wherewith most recorded names of women in
Genesis end. Chavah : living (Hebrew form of Eve), Adah,
Zillah, Sarah, Milcah, Reumah, Maachah, Rebekah, Leah,
Bilhah, Zilpah, Deborah, Aholibama, Shuah. Feminine names
are rarely mentioned in the Bible. There are only five female
names to ninety-five of men in the Old Testament. In the
New Testament the proportion is more favourable to the
weaker, as though women were to be more active Christians
than matriarchs and Jewesses were in making known the
ancient form of worship. Who was Noah's wife. Lot's, Job's ?
It is an old platform joke to say Mrs. Noah ; an old Sunday
school puzzle, Who was David's mother ? We should naturally
suppose that in narratives such as those of Elijah and the

102 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Zarephath widow, Elisha and the Shunamite woman, whose
sons these prophets brought again from the dead, their names
would occur. Similarly we know the sons Mary bare to
Joseph, in the order of nature, were James, Joses, Juda, and
Simon, but who knows the names of His sisters ? Who were
the sisters of Abel and Cain ? As it is in the Bible, so it is in
every national history and in all genealogies. In the Scrip-
tures, because woman led the van of rebellion. In secular
history, because woman is the weaker, whereas history records
the deeds of the mighty. The following illustrations will fully
exemplify what is meant by the feminine ending being in ah,
a, or e. In doing so our motto will be the form used by a
Roman matron when first entering her lord's abode —

Ubi Caius ibi Caia : where you are Master I am Mistress.

Aba (Gothic for a man, as Abbs : head) gives Ebba (queen
of S.S.) : a woman. From her, Epsom : Ebba's home.

Andromachus : fighting man, Andromache (Hector's wife).

Andromedes : commander of men, Andromeda (rock).

Angel : a messenger, celestial, Angelica, Angelina. Dan-
gerous names to give a baby of the female persuasion, as the
woman might not fit.

Agathos (pope) : good = Goode, Agatha (St.), Aggie.

Amala : unspotted, virgin = Afflick, Immacolato.

^milius : a worker = Emily, Amelia, Mill.

Alethius : true = Ameena (Bou), Fidus, Alethia, Letty.

Alexander : helper of man, saving in battle, Alexandra,
Alexandrina.

Alfred : counselling like an elf, Elfreda = Sybella.

Athel : noble, Adela, Adelina (Patti), Adelaide (queen),
Ethel, Adelgonde : noble warrioress = Matilda, Brunhilda,
Bellona,

Athelgif: noble gift, royal bounty, Ethelgiva. But Elgiva,
elf gift, beautiful as a fairy. " At the coronation of Edwy,
the king retired from the revelry of the banqueting hall and
sought the society of his wife and her mother, having espoused
Elgiva, the daughter of Ethelgiva, a lady of royal descent.
Odo urged Dunstan to bring back the king." Elgiva accur-
ately answers to the Persian name Perizada : born of a peri,
beautiful at birth.

Appius (Claudius) : fruitful, having issue, Apphia (primitive
Christian).

Agrippa (Vipsanius) : who gave sharp (acer) pains. Agrip-
PINA (Nero's mother).

Augustus (Octavianus C?esar) : sublime, awful, majestic,
Augusta.

Bland : profoundly polite speaker, Blandina (martyr).

NAMES OF WOMEN. 103

Bravo : a fine man, Bravura : a splendid woman.

BuDD : victory, BoADiCEA (Iceni) : victrix = Victoria fern.
Victor.

Charles : strong man, Carolus (Latin), Carlos (Span.),
Charlotte, Carlotto, Lotta, Lottie, Caroline, Carry.
" Lotta intends to make the tour of Europe this season."

Cassander (Macedonian king): glorious man = CLEANDER
and Androcles, Cassandra (daughter of Herculea). This
cass is supposed to come from the Sanscrit verb, Kash : to
shine, whence Krishna : glorious. Castor (Jupiter's son) :
shining one. Hence, also, the beautiful name Cassiope
(Andromeda's mother): bright eyes = Lapidoth and HouRi.
The Castalian fount of Parnassus and Caspian (sea), are
thought to be from kash. The former gave out shining streams,
the latter phosphoric brilliancy. To kash we trace 6'asiteros :
tin, whence Cass/terides : islands producing shining metal.
Hence to Cassis : a helmet, a shining head-dress, from which
Cassius: helmeted, or glorious one. Probably the Scotch
Gass and the English Cash are also from this source, being
British equivalents to Krishna and Cassius. But Casca
(gave the first blow) : old = Priscus, not an aged person, but
of old stock.

Celestine (St.) : heavenly minded, Celestina = Himmelina.

The well known Cecilia (sacred music) is generally given as
fern, of Cecil (Burleigh), from Ccecus : a blind man, but it is
fern, of Caiquilius : son of Caiquil : lord of the land =
Tanaquil, from Stan : country, con. Thane : land (lord),
Thana : a lady. Tanagra : lady of the Greeks, daugliter of
vEolus. In "Juventus Mundi," Mr. Gladstone gives JEolus :
patterned, variegated, tartan plaid like, referring the meaning
of name rather to dress than variation of the wind. This
view throws light on the sale of Joseph. Ancient slaves wore
one colour, freemen two, lords three, etc. One meaning the
brothers of Joseph attached to his coat was, it meant he was
more highly bred than they, the sons of concubines, Bilhah
and Zilpah. By selling him for a slave they would get one
colour a head.

Christian : consecrated to Christ, Christina, Kirstie,
Christiern (Danish king) : christened when that was excep-
tional = OsiANDER, Allgood, CHRISTIANA : a christian woman,
Kersley : Christ's field, dedicated land. The European nations
to our north use Christian as the opposite of demoniac, we of
brute. In Alpine districts imbeciles are called Cretins : Chris-
tians, harmless ones. Diocletian had no objection to Nazar-
enes being termed Chrestians : followers of Chrestus (a
philosopher so called): liberal, gentle, kind, but made it a capital
offence to be termed Christian from Christ : anointed and

104 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

appointed of God. Thus war raged round a letter. Was it to
be e or i ? Never did so much hinge on so little. Jesus and
the Sadducees contended over one word (am, not was), Matt,
xxii. 32. Paul staked all on s, Gal. iii. 16 (seed not seeds).
Christos is still common in Greece, whence Christopulos :
Christ's servant = Gilchrist. From Christ w^e have Christie
(M.P.), Christy (minstrels). Ten years since the chief brigand
of Epirus was a wretch named Christ. There are thousands
of Germans named Christ, some of them American innkeepers;
in their case the name was originally obtained by playing the
part of our Lord in a Morality Play.

COUBA, JUBA (Negroes) : Friday born, CuBlNA, JuBiNA.

Creon (Corinthian king) : head, chief, prince, Creusa (wife
of Eneas).

Dan : a judge, Dinah (Jacobites both).

David : beloved = Mungo, Vida, Dido. Former modern.

Debor: an oracle = IIeid, Aristolbulus, Deborah (pro-
phetess) = Sybilla.

Dios, Divus : a god, divine, Diana, Diva (prima donna),
Dione, Juno.

Drusus : fruitful, as though watered with dew like Eden,
Drusilla (wife of Felix), often given as having an eye like a
dew drop, which is poetic but incorrect.

Erne : an eagle, Arnabella. Arnheim : home on mountain
frequented by eagles.

Ephron : a roebuck, Orpah (" kissed her") : deer-eyed =
Dorcas.

Ethelburg : noble protector, Ethelburga, a high favourite
with Saxon ladies.

Eusebius : a pious man, Sabina : a pious woman.

Faustus : lucky, prosperous, Faustina (wife of Antoninus).

Felix : fortunate, successful, Felicia (Hemans).

Feliculus: playful as a kitten, romper, Felicula (martyr).
Felicula differs little from Gattina : she cat. " An Italian
indictment of the Papacy by Petrucelli Delia Gattina, M.D.
of the Italian Parliament."

Flavius (Josephus) : yellow-haired = Boyd, Sorley, gives
Flavia, answering to Jacinta the /em. of Hyacinth.

" His fair large front and eye sublime, declared
Absolute rule ; and hyacintliine locks
Round from his parted forelock manly hung
Clust'ring but not beneath his shoulders broad."

Fulvius : foxy-haired = Rousseau, Fulvia.

Gaffer (Gray) : grandfather. Gammer (Gurton) : grand-
mother.

Georgius: earth worker, Georgina. Georgium Sidus: star
of Kincf Georo-e.

NAMES OF WOMEN. 105

Hermosus, for FoRMOSUS: well shaped, Hermosa = Pul-
CHERIA : good looking. The Latin/ is represented in Spanish
by h, hence from Ferrum we have Herrera : iron worker,
farrier.

Herod : son of a hero, Herodias for Herodiah.
IIludwig : a warrior who is loudly spoken of, Heloise.

Hugh: full of battle ardour, Hughina, like the Russian
fern, oivna.

Hupatos (from Upo : under, subordinate to the S. P. Q. K,
Acts. xiii. 7) : a deputy, Hypatia = Consuelia : the consul's
lady. Consul : a consulter, one who sits with, takes part in
a sederunt.

Idas : a son, Ida, Ouida : no body's daughter.

Iddo : loved (son), Jedidah : beloved (daughter).

James : heeler, becomes Jacques, and gives Jaqueli.ve.

John, Johannes : the grace of God, Jane, Johannah,.
Vanka.

Jehudi (Nethaniah's son): a Jew, Jehudijah (Mered's
wife; : a Jewess, Judith.

Lars : a lord, one of the lares {et penates), Lartia : a lady.

Lawrence : laurel crowned, Laura, Lauretta, Loretto
(Our Lady of).

Lord, Laird, Layard: loaf afForder, Lady.

Latimus : a man of Latium, a lowlander, Lavinia (young).

Lcetus : joyous, she who lilts, Letitia, Lettice, Lettie.

Louis (Hludwig) : famous victor, Louisa.

Lucretius: son of Luke, Lucretia, Lucrece, Lucetta,
Lucia, Lucy.

" Lucetta, as thou lov'st me, let me have
What thou think'st meet, and is most mannerly."

Mahlon, Malon, Mahli : sickly, invalid, Mahlah (Zelophe-
had's daughter). Probably to Mahli should be traced mains,
mal, malady, me (in Megrim : disease of the cranium), as the
primitive idea of badness would be weakness.

Mac : a son {con. Maggot: rapid breeder), Mab: a daughter,
Mable, Mabel, which some resolve into Ma-belle : my beauty.

Maoch : oppressed (with troubles), Maachah.

Mar : a lord {con. Maranatha : the Lord cometh), Martha :
a lady.

MoNiCHOS : a solitaire, dwelling alone, Monica (Augustine's
mother).

Naaman : handsome, NAAMAH = Ruth: fascinating.

Naarai : a youth, Naarah : a damsel = Puer, Puella.

Olympus : shining, glorious, like the Olympic gods,
Oly^mpia : majestic, Junonic.

Ophelius (ovis) : a shepherd, Ophelia : a shepherdess =
Patti, con. pastor.
8

106 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Peter : a rock, not easily moved, Petrulla.

Philip : lover of horses, good rider, Philippa, Felippa,
Philippova.

PoRCius : a swineherd = Howard : hog warden and Suarius,
PoRCiA (Cato's sister).

Priscus : of the old stock, aristocratic as to pedigree,
Priscilla.

Pi : a mouth, a good speaker (the Hebrew letter Q. Seen
to advantage in Pi- Hahiroth, mouth : mouth of caverns), PuAH :
a talkative woman. It is exactly = Bouch (Tay Bridge), con.
Rebuke : to shut the mouth.

Shepher : bright, handsome, Shiphrah = Hermosa, HELEN.
Pit AH and Shiphrah were midwives, and who can conceive of
a name more true to fact than for a midwife to be called
PuAH : a chatter box ? PuAH neatly contrasts with PuY-
parlier (sane lunatic) : little speaker = Tacitus (tacit),
DuMAH (dummy), Moody (mute), Mudie, and the English
bishop Still.

QuASHEE : Sunday born. Quasheba (con. Quassia).
Raham : merciful, Rehumah : compassionate lady = Ruth
(when English, from Rue : to pity).

Ram : high, dignified, Reumah : lofty dame, haughty woman.

Robert : famous counsellor, cor. to Robin, Robina.

Rosh : head, RosHEXA, Roxana (Alexander's Persian
princess).

Said (Port) : fortunate, happy, Haidee = Felicia, Faustina.

Sar : a military prince = Sahib, Sarai, Sara, Sarah.

Sepher : a book, learned = Booker, Bucer, Sapphira.

Theocles : glory of God (seen in gift of child), Thecla.

Theos : divine, deity, God, the placer, Theia, Thia (mother
of the sun), Theta, Thais : divine daughter.

Theron (and Asjxisia) : harvest man, Theresa (Nostra
Rex).

Thor : Asiric bull-god, ToRAGA : celestial cow adored by the
Hindoos, and Thora.

Wendell : of Vandal descent, a confirmed wanderer,
Wendoline.

WiLHELM : protected of Will, Wilhelmina, Minnie. Some-
times Minnie : a female minnie singer, who kept old times and
persons in mind.

Zabad : a gift, baby boy, Zebudah : a girl, Zebediah : given
of Jehovah.

ZiPPOR (King of Moab) : a bird, timid = Bird and Vogel,
ZiPPORAH : birdie, pretty and timid.

ZoRAH : whose birth is like sunrise, Dzohara (Arabian
Venus) = Helen.

The endings i, e, ie and a are identified with the Biblical

NAMES OF WOMEN. 107

ah. Those in e are rare compared with those in a. E was a
favourite Greek ending, bat a found favour with the Jews.
Alcithoeus: quick runner = Rhesus, Light, Galletly =
Alcithce.

Allan, Allayne : quick runner = Swift — Ellen, but
Helen : shining, glorious, shining skin through health =
Graine : glorious for beauty, con. Helios : the sun, is Greek,
whereas Ellen in English from the Goths.

Antiopus: against the face, antagonist, Antiope (Amazonian
queen). " I withstood him to the face, because he was to be
blamed."

Bernicius : bringing victory, born at time of conquest,
Bernice.

Blanch : white pale, blonde = Bain — Blanche = Banshee.

Harpalycus (Thracian king), compounded of Harpy :
ravisher, snatcher, and Lycus : a wolf ; who comes down on
foe like a wolf on a flock — Harpalyce (princess).

Merops (King of Cos): dim sighted = Cecil, and in some
families, the Irish Key, Kee — Merope (married Sisyphus).

PoDARGUS (ergon, urge, urgent) : swift footed (Hector's
charioteer) Podarce.

Leucippus (Daphne's lover) : a white horse, Leucippe.

Thessalonica (Philip's daughter) : born at time of victory
over the Thessalians. In her honour the city to which Paul
wrote was so called.

In addition to the Indo-Germanic feminine endings a, e, ie,
or y, mere tints and shades of ah, we also have the Biblical
ending eth, as shading off" of our old friend oth, the form of
the fern, plural. From this source our Saxon ancestors
obtained ath. They said, mas. Moon, fern. Monath. Ead :
happy = BoNHEUR — Edith = Haidee, Felicia. Edgar : lucky
spear, is from same, and con. with Allodial: fee-free farm, in
contrast with Feudal : subject to feu, fee. Hodder : an
allodial farmer. From ead also Eadie = Fortunatus, rather
than a nick-name formed from Adam, as Addie. Godfrey :
lover of God = Amedeus, Theophilus — Godfrith. Lind : a
serpent. Lilith (for Lind-ith) : graceful walker. " It is an
old Talmudical legend, mentioned among other writers by
Burton, in his ' Anatomy of Melancholy,' that a snake was
transformed into a wife for Adam at first, and named Lilith ;
that, because her offspring turned out snakes also, she was
superseded, and Chavah (Eve) created in her place ; and that
it was in jealousy that she resumed the serpent's form, and
tempted Eve to fall."

Reu (Hebrew) : to look upon, as Reuben : look ! a son —
Ruth : fascinating. Rue (English) : to pity, Ruth : a com-
passionate woman. The ith ending is very common in holy

108 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

writ, as — Haggai : born at feast time, exultation of parents,
Haggith (David's wife).

HiLLEL (rabbi) : praise, Mahalath (Esau's wife) : praise
singer, she who lilts, whose voice is like a stringed instrument.
This is con. with Zul : a musical instrument, whence ZULEIKA :
she whose voice is like a zul, silvery toned lady. DzOHARA,
ZuLEiKA, and Haidee, fern, of Said : lucky, are the three
favourite names for daughters and brides through all Persia,
Turkey, Arabia. Zuleika, Mahalath = Melpomene : whose
voice is sweet as song.

JuDAH: one who is praised = ^NEAS, Judith (Holof ernes).

Naarai: a youth = Junius, Yonge, Youngman, Naarath : a
rising city. " The border went down from Janohah to Ataroth,
and to Naarath, and came to Jericho, and went out at Jordan."

Shelomi: a peaceful man, Shelomith (Zerubbabel's daugh-
ter). Applied to church.

Shimei : famous = Cleon, Shimeath = Semiramis.

Shimri : a watchman, Shimrith : a female ward.

Charles : strong, Charlotte (Bronte), Carolus, Caroline.

Henry : home ruler, Henrietta (Carrachiola, of monastic
fame).

Antoinette is, literally, little Antoine. So Charlotte:
little Charles, Henrietta : little Henry ; applicable to sons,
daughters, or even wives of Antoine, Charles, Henry, as
they are all physically less than those from whom named,
when first so called. Harry (not a form of Henry) : one who
harries, plunders, Harriet.

Eliza for Elizabeth: the oath of God, she who is in
covenant with God, having the assurance of His oath, gives
Lizzy, Lisette, Ibbott, Gisella, Elsie, Isabella: beautiful
Eliza, whence Bella, Bel. Seizing on the last syllable of
Elizabeth we get Betty, Bessie, and Bet.

John: the grace of God, given by, Joan (pope), Jane, Janet,
Jinny, Jeanette : little John, Jeanot : little Jane, Juanita,
Anita (Garibaldi), Gill for Jill ("Every Jack has his Gill ").

Joseph : He (God) shall add (another child, viz., Benjamin),
con. Asaph (who sang with the cymbals) : gathering, gives
Joses (brother of James the less), Jose, or Josey, " Lopez,
wounded, was called to surrender, but refused ; then a cavalry
corporal, by name JosE Diablo : Joseph, the Devil, killed
him. Caballero was a little distance away, surrounded by the
Brazilians," etc. Joseph also gives Jessop, Jaaps, Jopson, Jebb
(Joshua), Beppo, the Italian for Joey, Epps (cocoa), Pepys
(diary), and the following ferns.: — Josephine (imperatrice),
Jessie, Jessica (violet bank), Finette, Guiseppe (the ItaHan
form of Joseph), gives Guiseppina.

Francis: an Italian speaking French, similar to Irish

NAMES OF WOMEN. 109

Griggs (when not from (Mc) Gregor) : learned in Greek, gives
(San) Francisco : city of St. Francis, Frances, Fanny = in the
Spanish Panchita. Hence Secchi (Jesuit astronomer) =
Francicello : little Francis.

The Celts, whether Bretons, Britons, Pictones, Picts, Gauls,
Gaels, Irish, Welsh, or Manx, had no names for women
formed on those of men, as Cassandra on Cassander. In-
stead of so forming them, they gave names of a highly
poetical, but natural cast, indicating striking peculiarities
of the lady as to person or manners. Such names faded
away as Christianity became a living power among the
Celts. A child being presented for baptism, the priest was
careful that a name should be given that would consort with
religious propriety. He then frowned down their beautiful
appellations, urging changes on Biblical or Calendar names
conveying no spark of meaning, whereby nationality and
the genius of their language was discouraged. In heathen
times there were as many names as women, now a score covers
one half used by British women. The Celtic style being true
to the heaven-implanted instincts of men, would have saved
us from absurdities so common that they escape unnoticed.
The idea of calling a girl Mary Robertso-n-, addressing a young
lady as Miss Hardman, or coolly terming a matron Mrs.
Properjohn ! Except such be accepted as elliptical expressions
they are ridiculous. Howbeit, we cannot enjoy the use of the
double name system without its drawbacks. The following is
a selection of female Celtic names used before the Christian
era. It is to be regretted that more have not come down to
our cold utilitarian age : —

SuiLGORUM : blue eyed, con. Sullivan, and Cairngorm : blue
mountain = Glaukopis (for a Greek lady) and Glaukus (killed
by Ajax) for a man = our Gray.

SuiLMALDA : meek-eyed. Suilaliun : beautiful eyed =
Dorcas, Zibiah, Cassiope. Lanshuil: full-eyed = Bopis
(bous ops) : ox-eyed.

CoULAVA : soft-handed, womanly, con. LifF, Loof : the hand.

Galava : milk white, con. Gala : milk. Galaxy = Via Lactea.
BoSMiNA: soft palm, similar to Mulier: a woman from Mollis:
soft.

OiCHOVA : tender virgin, compassionate maid = Ruth : who
rues for others.

Coalmin : soft haired, fine tresses = Zillah : shadow, made
by ringlets.

CooLAULiN: beautiful hair = Jacinta, Aurelia: gold tressed
women.

Malvina : smoothly browed ; similar to Talhiran : iron
browed.

110 PEESONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Flamina : softly mild = Lentula. Agandica: snow faced =
Chione, con. (C)Hiems: snow time, winter: also = the English
Snow, and Blank (Bristol), whence Blanket : a woollen cover
made by him, and sometimes = Blake : bleached.

EvmcHOMi (Ossian's wife) : the tender, merciful Evir.

RosGRANA (Fingal's first wife) : a sunbeam, con. Graine,
Greenock.

Gaolnandona : the love of men, she after whom men
search.

FiNELLA : white shouldered, con. Costorphine : fair Chris-
topher.

Strinadona : contention, she for whom men strive. Upon
a centigrade kalometer (beauty measurer) on which an aged
warrioress from the ranks of the king of Dahomey's body
guard would stand at zero and Venus at 100, Strinadona
would run the instrument up to 96.

Bridget : strong, con. Bkee : a braw man, gives Bride
(M') and Hebrides : islands so called from a religious house,
visible from the sea, dedicated to St. Bridget.

Colleen Bawn : fair maid = Britomartis. From Callan (t) :
a lad, we have Colleen, like lad, lad-ess Callan becomes
CULLEN = Haflin: half a man. The Bawn, con. Bane: white,
whence Bann and Boyne : brown streams that bleach linen.
So Bain: a bath from Bane white, because it makes white, —

" By the clear lakes of Killarney,

Walk'd a youth, one fine summer morn,
Who softly was whisp'ring blarney

To one whom he called Colleen Bawyi.'"

RowENA: white skirt, con. Gowan (daisy): white flower.

Geneveive (St.): wave-foam, whiteness of the sea = Aphro-
dite : froth of sea, con. Gwyn (Nell) : white, fair (the Welsh
Venus), con. Rowena.

Kathleen (erroneously taken as a form of Catharine) :
beautiful eyed, feni. to Kathlin : battle eyed, a man looking
at his foe. Cathlin gives Cattle, Catt, uncon. with Vacca
or Felis, as Codd uncon. the fish being from Cody for
MacOdy,—

" Kathleen Mavourneen ! the gi'ay dawn is breaking,
The horn of the hunter is heard on the hill ;
The lark from her light-wing the bright dew is shaking,
Kathleen Mavourneen, what ! slumbering still."

When translating grammatical feminine names, as dis-
tinguished from naturally feminine, we must refer them to their
proper masculine, or embarrassing absurdities may turn up.
Thus Ursula may not be made to mean a little she bear, nor
Feliculus : a little she cat, but they must be presented as

NAMES OF WOMEN. HI

the /ems. of Orson: a bear (hunter) = Su-agros, and Feli-
CULUS : a little cat, a wonder to climb. Probably the honour-
able Scotch name Etty is fashioned on Eadie, and that not
from Ady from Adam but from Ed, Ead : fortunate, whereas
Ettie may be taken from any of several feni. endings. Some
philologists claim Etty as con. Ithai (" Itthai, the son of
Ribai, of Gibeah"), or, which is the same, Ittai (" Ittai,the son
of Ribai, out of Gibeah") : living one, vigorous, distinguished.
Owing to the small choice of female appellations, high
flown dames are often at their wits' end to avoid such as are
trite, as Margaret, Janet, Jessie, Sarah, Mary. Hence the
array of Celestina's, Arabella's, Angelina's, Stella's, and a pro-
fusion of jingling inanities met with in fashionable circles.
Another device of the upper ten is to make family names
baptismal, as Wortley Montague, Dormer Stanhope, Bulwer
Lytton. This is better, as names become monumental of the
once departed but ever dear. If the dead were great, their
name is inspirational as well as monumental. Our deathless
Hood describes, as no one else can, the pangs of fashionabilities
when name-hunting, —

" Now to christen the infant Kilmansegg,
For days and days it was quite a plague,

To hunt the Hst in the Lexicon.

And scores were tried, hke coin, by the ring,

Ere names were found just the proper thing

For a minor rich as a Mexican.

Then the babe was cross'd and bless'd amain,
But instead of the Kate, or Ann, or Jane,

Which the humbler female endorses,
Instead of one name, as some people prefix,
Kihnansegg went at the tail of six,

Like a can-iage of state with its horses."

Absorption of maiden names by husbands is not yet accom-
plished in all civilised communities. In Borrow's charming
work, " The Bible in Spain," we read, " Drenched in perspira-
tion, which fell from my brows like rain, we arrived at the
door of Juan Lopez, the husband of Maria Diaz." These are
the commonest of Spanish proper names. Juan Lopez = John
LupsON, and Maria Diaz (received paternally as to Diaz) =
Mary Jamieson. Thus we have Le Lubez : the Lopez, there
being so many like VoN Robert : the Robert.

Husbands and wives have different names in the Azores.
The following are some of the best known lady names : —

LiNDE : either a serpent or a lime tree, eon. Lindsay : lime
tree island, a woman moving gracefully like lime branches
moved by wind, or a serpent, sinuously, fascinatingly. This
became so high a favourite with Germans as to become .syno-

112 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

nymous with maid, as Lintrude : maid of truth = Fidelia,
Emma : amen nurse, faithful to her charge.

Adelind : noble maid, con. Athelstan.

Fredelinda : peaceful maid, con. Frederick.

Rosalind : beautiful as to face, graceful as to form.

Belinda (bel linda) : beautiful maid.

Esmeralda : beautiful as the emerald (Spanish lady), pairs
with Margaret: a pearl, wave-born beauty = Aphrodite.

Zeenab, Zenobia : father's ornament = Cleopatra.

ACHSAH : an anklet, beautiful as. EuCHARiS: happy-grace,
winsome, graceful, con. Eucharist.

Euphemia : well spoken of, con. Polyphemus (cylop) : much
spoken of.

EuLALiA: good speaker, w^ho speaks charmingly =Zuleika.

Polyxena : much given to hospitality. " If she have lodged
xenoi."

Tryphena, Tryphosa : over nourished, pampered, cockered
(carefully cooked for), delicately brought up == Delilah,
Cocker, Cockerell.

Some writers give Tryphosa from Phos : light, and so thrice
brilliant = Trebelli : very beautiful.

Laodike : who obtains justice for the i^eople by intercession,
whence Laodicea, now Latikia (cigars).

Sophia (Santa) : wise woman, gives Vye, con. Sophist : pre-
tender to wisdom.

SoPHONiSBA : of a wise life, con. Biology : science of life.

Agnes: a maid, she who has begotten no child, chaste =
Jezebel : without cohabitation. Agnes takes the odd form
of Nest. In the R. C. church, Agnes is given as from Agnus :
a lamb, and stands allegorically for the triumph of innocence,
as Margaret for triumphing by faith.

Katharine, Catherine (giving the Irish pets Kate and
Katty) : pure, stands for intellectual devotion, while

Barbara : a stranger = Xeno, stands for artistic devotion.
Of these four by far the most prolific in supplying names is

Margaret, which some good writers give from mer grit :
grit of the sea, giving Marjory, Marjoribanks (the banks
and braes of Marjory Bruce), Meg, Madge (Wildfire), Maggie,
Goton, May, Moggy ; hence also Magpie for Margaretspie, the
German pet name Gretchen, and Peggy.

Tallmadge : tall Margaret, son so called from mother being
born out of wedlock, gives Talmage = MoLLisoN and Mar-
GERISON : son of Marjory.

Agnes = Parthenia, Virginia, Bethulia is identical with
Agno (nymph who nursed Jupiter) : a virgin, having for
its mas. correspondent the builder of Amphipolis, Agnon,
Virginius, Bethuel, Parthenos : men of pure life.

NAMES OF WOMEN. 113

LucRETiA: a spinster, for so say high authorities, but it
seems better to make it a fe7n. of Lucretius.

Penelope : a web. The former symbolises a maid, this a
wife.

SiNDONiA : a spinster, maker of fine linen, con. Sinde, the
best linen coming from India = Clotho and Woman for wif
man.

FiLATRiCE : a spinster, thread spinner, con. (rank and) file.

GissELDA : golden Hilda, precious maid of that goddess.

HiLDEGARVE : guarded of the Asir Hilda, con. Matilda :
Hilda's maid.

Olgar (Russian princess) : holy, consecrated, con. Hosius,

OSIANDER.

Emma : a nurse, one cherishing, germane with Amon, Amen,
mamma, and is credited with Emmet, but that is more ration-
a,lly derived from Emly (eoch miles) : a horse soldier.

Walpurgis (from Walburg, a fortified town) : guarded by
modesty.

Himmelina: heavenly = Celestina : celestial (maid).

HiMMELTRUDA : heavenly truth = EvANGELiNE.

Angelina : angel like = Cherubini : one of the cherubim.

Shakar-lab (Hindoo) : sweet kisser, lit sugar lip = our

Saccharissa, and con. Issacher: wages, sweetness. The
wages of the labourer is the sweetness of his toil. " Leah said,
God hath given me my hire ; and she called his name Issacher!'
Our words Saccharine and Sugar are from this source. Pliny
says —

" Saccharum Arabia fert, sed laudatius India,"

which in the grocer's language means : We can give a good
^article from Muscat, but this Calcutta sample is the best in
the market.

Clarinda, Clorinda, Clarissa, Clara : clear skinned,
hearts, blondes.

Clorinda is a compound, in some cases, of Clarus : clear,
and Lind : the lime, meaning fair and graceful. But Clara
has no connection with Clarence (duke of) that being from
Clare, Suffolk, latinised Clarentia, while Claridge means a
rig, ridge, hill cleared of timber = Clarendon (constitutions of).

Alicia, Alice : captivating = Rebekah : a rope with a
noose, a female lasso (which a lass might be), Rebecca, Becky :
fascinators cut short. These ladies may fairly be compared
with MiRABEAu, Bravo, Beauregard, Formosus, Arba,
Horace : handsome aspectable men whom we like to look at.

Evangel : gospel preacher, from Euangello : to tell good
news, gives

Evangeline : one who has believed = Vivian : revived,

114 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

regenerated Gospel : God's spell, charm, turning the cruel to
be kind.

Dam, Dame : mother. Former now limited to animals,
latter to aged persons.

Madam : my mother, being the correlative to Monsieur : my
sire, father.

Mademoiselle, Damsel : miss, little lady = the German.

Frau: a free woman, as Jungfrau : mountain where the
young woman perished.

Fraulein == Virginia, Parthenia, con. Freischutz : free
shooter.

Rosabella : beautiful as a rose, an artificial name, if not an
artificial flower.

RosAN : Annie, like a rose = Flora, Bloomer, Thalia : all
flourishing with youth and beauty, suggesting

MiRAFORA (countess) : sweet as a thousand flowers (mille
flora).

Rosamund (neither rose of the ivorld nor pure rose) :
defended by Rhoss.

Orabell, Arabella (not beautiful altar, but from Oro : I
pray): prayerful woman = the mas. names Bede, Gotobed,
Eusebius.

Annabella : beautiful Annie, often taken from Hannibal,
but no European, to say nothing of Christian, would name a
child after an African idolater.

Chloe : green herb, flourishingly juvenile, C07i. the imperial
Chloros (Constantine), of which it is a kind of fevi. (when
Cambrian).

Cordelia : Jewel of the sea, co7i. Lear (king) : sea king,
and Lloyd : extended, invading, as waves do the shore.

Eve (British) is from Aoifie, daughter of Lear, whence
Evelyn, from which Devlin : of ancient British royal stock,
whence also Evesham : .A.oifle's house, as likewise Effie
(Deans). Devlin is identical with Dublin by chance coinci-
dence.

Nanny, Nancy, are from the Asir Baldur's wife.

Nanna : daring, usually given as from Ann, Hannah.

Zibiah, Tabitha, Dorcas, Orpah, Orphah (Ur : fire) : all
Houris : had eyes like does, deers, gazelles, and moved grace-
fully. " In the seventh year of Jehu, Jehoash began to reign ;.
and forty years reigned he in Jerusalem, and his mother's
name was Zibiah of Beersheba."

Jael (Heber's wife) : a kid, a tender one, soft eyed. Similar
Syren : (she who) draws, answers to the foregoing, con.
Syringe : water drawer, Syrtes : quick (moving) sands draw-
ing in ships.

Amanda : one loved, amiable woman, like Amy.

NAMES OF WOMEN. 115

Edgiva : happy gift, con. Allodial, and = Samuel, and such.

Elgiva : elf given, fairy like, con. Alfred, Elfhida.

GoDivA (Coventry) : God given = Ueodanda, Dorothy.

Anonyma : woman without a name, a beauty without
breeding.

Incognita : unknown (to society), unintroduced.

Perdita is now used in the sense of a lost woman, a
charmer waltzing to 'perdition, though used by Shakespeare
in another sense. The last three are rather epithets of soiled
doves than names of women.

Eclecta: chosen one (2 John 1) = Nimshl Some maintain
that this is a name.

KuRiA, Cyria (a good fern, to Cyrus) : lady = Martha, who
is the only woman that had the honour of her name being
recorded in the Bible in a double form. " Martha ! Martha ! !
thou," etc. " The presbyter unto the elect lady."

Dame : lady, Damian (St. John) : son of our Lady = Nostro-

DAMUS.

Stratonice (wife of Antigonus) : victory of the army, born
at time of triumph.

Euodia : good journey, given by a father returning from a
perilous journey when a baby daughter was presented to him.
Eunice : good victory, con. Nicanor = Victor.
Lois : agreeable (to look at) = Ruth, when Hebrew.
Parthenia: a virgin = Ayesha, Agnes, Cora, Corinna (who
competed with Pindar) : con. Parthenon : temple of Minerva
the maid.

Miranda : admirable woman = Mira (star), con. mirror,
mirage, —

" Admired Miranda !
Indeed, the top of admiration ; worth
"What's dearest to the world ! Full many a lady
I have eyed with best regard ; and many a time
The harmony of their tongues hath unto bondage
Brought my too diligent ear : for several virtues
Have I like several women : never any
"With so full soul, but some defect in her
Did quarrel with the noblest grace she owed,
And put it to the full. But you, O you,
So perfect, and so peerless, are created
Of every creaturess, best."

We may compare the designation of the Kenite Jael : a kid,
to the Spanish Cabrera : a goat. " Divine service was per-
formed by a former Catholic priest named Cabrera." Of
course, con. Capri : goat island, Caprice : action without reason.
Aholibamah : tent on the high place, who dwells on high,
not poor. " Esau took wives. . . . Aholibamah, the
daughter of Anah." Anah : spring discoverer, its root being
En : a well, con. Een : eyes, circular wells are like eyes.

116 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

EizPAH : a live coal, glowing with love, seraphic.

ZiLPAH: drop of myrrh, pleasing as aroma does — MoRDECAl:
bruised myrrh.

Peninnah : coral, pearl, glittering with beauty, the Biblical
Margaret.

Zeruah : stricken (with leprosy). " Jeroboam, whose
mother's name was Zeruah, a widow woman."

Zeruiah : stricken of Jehovah, " Now Joab, the son of
Zeridah, perceived that the king's heart was towards Solomon."
As her husband is not alluded to though she is often referred
to, it is supposed he was, what rustics terra, no better than he
ought to have been. " The grey mare," etc.

NoADiAH : meeting with the Lord, one receiving revelations.
" He said unto Balak, Stand here by the burnt offering, while
I meet the Lord yonder." " My God, think on the prophetess
If'oadiah."

Zeresh : a star, splendid with beauty = Stella. " When
Haman came home, he sent and called for his friends, and
Zeresh his wife."

Shethar-Boznai : star of splendour = the Italian beauty.

AsTRiFiAMMANTE : flaming star, cometic in splendour.

Zethar (one of seven eunuchs of Vashti) : a star, identical
with Shethar.

Esther : a star, aster. Stars being all the rage in the court
of Ahasuerus, she took this Persian name in the place of
Hadassah (Hebrew) : a myrtle, conveying the same idea as
Mordecai.

AsTARTE : star goddess of the Syrians = Venus when morn-
ing star.

Vashti : beautiful = Pulcheria. "To bring Vashti, the
queen, before the king, with the crown royal, to show the
people and princes her beauty, for she was fair to look upon."

Pulcheria: fair skinned, from Pellis: the skin. Skin is
identical with Schon : beautiful (by brilliancy) and shine.
Beauty is either from the healthy shining of the skin or from
shape, as

Formosa : beautifully formed, like the Medicean Venus.

Venus : she who causes men to come (Venio : I come) =
Syren. Cupid : he who causes desire, con. cupidity: covetous-
ness.

Keziah : pleasant as the odour of cassia.

Keturah : pleasing like incense. A class of Eastern names
suggested by the fact that fragrance, odour, aroma are propor-
tionate to warmth of climate. The violet of Scotland is less
highly scented than that of England, and the English violet
less odorous than that of France.

Grace (Darling) : she who has found favour = Hannah.

NAMES OF WOMEN. 117

Patrocinio (Sor) : who has obtained grace through her
patron saint

Sor, Surr : sister. Sororcide : sister killer. Its correlative
is Fra (Paoli) = Friar (Tuck), Free (mason), Frater : brother.

Dolores : sacred to the dolours of the B.V.M.

AiMEE, Amy: amiable, beloved = Love, Dearlove. One of
the wild women of Cambridge was Amy Stockings. Stock-
ings : a stocking weaver, root stick, stitch.

Praxidice : doing justice, con. Praxiteles : finishing per-
fectly, con. practice, telos. The acquired name of the king of •
Greek sculptors.

Dora : a gift, a baby girl born when issue was much desired,
sometimes used in sense of gifted, con. Polydor (Virgil) :
much gifted, like Polyhistor : very learned.

Pandora : all gifts, the mythic name for " gifted Eve." Dora
oddly enough corrupts to —

Dolly.

" Dolly Dobson, how do you do ?
Nicely, thank you, how are you ?"

FuLViA: brown haired, auburn tressed, another shade of
Flavia, Roman ladies.

Phenissa (Dido) : (Syro) Phoenician woman. That land was
so called from Phoinix : a palm tree, whence the mythic bird
which, growing old, took a brand from the altar and lighting
its pyre, composed of aromatic plants, was burnt to ashes,
when a young phcenix arose from its ashes, to live, like its
mother, for a hundred years, when it would pass through the
same process of acquiring immortality by centuries. This ideal
bird is elegantly used as a sign for fire insurance associations,
which guarantee that your house being burnt a new one shall
arise from its char. The myth originated in young palms
growing round the decaying stock of the parent plant, bird
and plant having an identical or similar name, Phoinix or
Phoenix.

Violet: little sweet (flower). Violin: sweet (music), Violet
= the fashionable Ioanthe : violet flower.

MiGNONNETTE : little little (dear), con. Minion : a favourite,
a pet, little one, one who mmisters to another's pleasure, iden-
tical with NiNiAN (St.).

Sybel, Sybella (Theosboule : giving divine counsel = Theo-
BULUS, of which Sybella is a fair /em.

Medina : lady medium, who goes in for the golden mean.

Una : one, truth, as truth makes unity = Truman, but better
yet Ameena : an amen man. The Bou in the case of the Tuni-
sian Kroumir Bou Ameena is a form of Bey for Bashaw, for
Pasha : king's foot.

DuESSA : double-minded, contrasts with Una.

118 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Elissa : deficiency, imhospitable, con. Ellipsis : a want, a
contrast to Polyxena.

Florimel : honey flower, sweet as both = Mirafora. Here
we have fancy names oricjinated by Spenser and found in his
" Fairy Queen," When Una is pure Irish, it has the sad mean-
ing of born in famine.

NoRAH (the pride of Kildare) : of honourable birth = Honor,

HONORA.

DULCINEA : sweet one, con. Dulcimer : sweet (music).

DuLCiBELLA : sweet and fair, good-tempered belle.

FiLOMENA (filia) : daughter of the moon, fair as, child of
light =

Selena, con. Selenite : sparry gypsum.

Philomela : love of song, applied to the nightingale. Some-
times a name is elaborated from a letter, as —

Peggy from Margaret (g), Nina from Ann (n), Dick from
Richard, (d), Ulick : little William (1), the ick from ig, from
egan from Eoghan : young, son.

AzLTBAH (queen) : forsaken, what would be called in Glas-
gow a grass widow, an expression taken from the Church
granting divorces by grace, the husband yet living.

Hephzibah (queen) : my delight is in her, Epsy.

NiTOCRis: Neith the victorious, Wisdom victrix. The Baby-
lonian queen was named from the same goddess as Joseph's
wife.

Schole: dilettante idleness, gives School: place of idlers, for
so scholars were thought by muscular labourers.

ScHOLASTicus : an idle, stupid fellow, Scholastica (nun's
name) : a humble unconceited woman.

11!

CHAPTER VII.

LOCAL NAMES.

" In ford, in ham, in ley and ton,
The most of Englisli surnames nm."

Enchorial or local names are more frequent amongst the
moderns and western people than amongst the ancients and,
especiall}^ the orientals. Names derived from places were
rarely used by Greeks, less by Hebrews, least of all by Arabs.
They are common in France, more so in Germany, most so in
England. There is scarcely one city, town, village, or hamlet
in all England, if built before a.d. 1200, which has not sup-
plied proper names to several families. This simple method
of naming individuals from localities was esteemed too prosaic
to be fashionable with the polished Greek and the trope-loving
oriental. Such appellations tell nothing of the man as sage,
worshipper, or warrior ; individuality is swallowed up in
locality, personality in place, in a place common to noble and
mean. When society was consolidating in Europe many
personal names were derived from estates, which brought in
the aristocratic or, at least, the laird element. Such names
with an attachment as De, Du, Van, Von, or " of that ilk" in
the sense " of that same " — person or place — as Buchanan of
that ilk : Buchanan of the place so-called, M'Leod of that
ilk : M'Leod of the M'Leod clan, generally indicate names
originating in landed property. Yet proper names of local
origin were descriptive to a certain extent, and for a short
time. In cases where they did not die with the first bearer,
they merged into family names. Names, however simple as to
origin, may be ennobled. Hampden is inseparably associated
with love of liberty, combined with a sacred regard for con-
stitutional rights, and yet it means only a valley dwelling =
HovEDEN (chronicler) for Howden. And Tresham (Nov. 5)
simply means a gentleman having three houses, similar to the
less known Tooby (twa) : two dwellings.

Local names may become lofty landmarks in a nation's
history. The world will not forget Milton and Pitt any more
than Homer and Pericles. The mention of Milton calls forth,
as with the touch of a fairy wand, all known of the scholar,
statesman, poet. Augustus does no more. Number men like
street houses or cavalry horses, and some numbers rise to being
symbolic equivalents for the most revered names recorded on
the scroll of fame. On the other hand, let each of us bear an
appellation equal to the grandest known to the most powerful

120 FEB SON AL AND FAMILY NAMES.

nations, nearly all will be consigned to oblivion directly their
late wearers are consigned to the tomb. When imperial
Rome, and its vast empire, was in its decadence, such titles as
Panhypersebaste : above all named Augustus, and AuGUS-
TULUS : most august, were flourishing. Such bombastic
appellations suflfer total eclipses when bracketed with Moses
or Plato. Proper names are variable exponents whose value
changes with the life of its owner. No grandiloquent title
merging into a name can ennoble the native little. No im-
personal or unpoetic cognomen dooms the naturally great to
take a lower grade than their actions assign them. Cicero com-
plained of being known only through himself, not ancestry.
Possibly had he been known by pedigree he would have been
known onl}"- thereby, in wdiich case his ancestors would have
been known rather than he, and the world would have been
his orations the poorer. A Roman " Lord Dundreary " would
hardly reach A.D. 1883. No dandy is immortal. Men joke
about him for three generations.

In this chapter, indeed throughout my work, localities giving
names to persons are rarely identified, as many, e.g., Milton,
Newton, Walton, Fordham, Brooks, etc., are common to scores
of places. To determine from which of these a family took
its name is the business of the biographer or genealogist, not
of the etymologian. If the translation of a Post-Office
Directory teaches anything, undeniably it teaches this —
primitive Europe was an aflfair of woods and forests. Indeed,
the observation is extensible to the world as we shall soon
show. The coming catalogue of names connected with trees
and their undergrowth does not contain one tithe of those
arrangeable under that head. Howbeit, we are necessitated to
lead oft' with water rather than wood for reasons that will
forthwith be obvious.

We have a name Beck : a small stream, taking the diminu-
tive of Beckett: a smaller stream, Aborn: at the burn.
This name Beckett had in the middle ages and some families,
the prefix At, shortened to a, thus A'Beckett (Thomas) meant
Thomas living at the little Isrook. This at and attan, when
plural, and a will be found to have attached themselves to
trees and streams most parasitically, thus — Attwood : living
at the wood. And even Attree. This at preserved names :
it was a philological mordant. Poor men during the Wars of
the Roses had one name. Say John. He resided in respect
to a village in his vicinity at the wood, whereupon villagers
spoke of him as Joh7i at the ivood, which by lingual shrinkage
became John Atwood. A similar process took place in France
in relation to Jean Dubois = John Woods. Thus we have
Akaster : at the camp. So Addenbrooks ('s hospital) : at the

LOCAL NAMES. 121

brook = A'Beckett. Adden for atten. Nash for Attanash.
Bias, Tash : at the ash = Dormer (Stanhope) : of the ash =
Dashwood — Nattrass: at the ash, and the Desormeaux
(historian), and the odd sounding AsnBASH = Ashwood and
Tash WOOD. So Nelmes for Attanelms : at the chns, as Napps :
at the aspen (poplar) tree, Burnap : trees running by poplars.
That litigious fellow John Noakes is John at the oaks, written
NoKES, as Nock : at the oak = Biask and Attack (Samuel) :
con. Lilac: lilyoak. Similarly Byack : dwelling by an oak.
So we have Amor for at the moor = MLTTR, Moor. The Ger-
mans have Siebeneicher= the English Snooks : seven oaks.
The Hebrew Oren: an ash, gives the Latin Ornus : an ash,
whence the French Orme.

It is not always clear whether a name is from Orme : an ash,
or from Orm (worm) : the serpent of Asiric mythology. Thus
Ormeston : town of Ormes. Orm : tree or god. Araunah :
a large ash, stout tall raan = PiNUS, whence Pixelli. Ornan :
great ash. " Rear an altar unto the Lord in the threshing
floor of Araunah the Jebusite." " Lo, David gave Oman for
the place 600 shekels of gold." Both names to one man who
was of lofty porfe= Rowan, with which Ornan is identical,
gives RouNTREE and Rounsiwell : a spring among rowans.
AsHBY, AsBY : dwelling among ash trees. Ashby - de - la -
ZoucH : the Ashby family, living near the stock of a
notable tree = Stock (Simon) and Tronchet : a trunk, con.
Truncheon : great trunk. Fraxinus : the ash, gives through
form frene, Freville = Ashton. Dufresnoy, Dufraine :
Defraine : of the ash tree. A Mr. Fiveash died 1859.
AscHAM (Roger) : ash tree home, suggesting Occam (Dr.),
YocuM: oak home = the Polish Dombrowsky (general) Van
Neck : of the oak, Eekhout : oak wood. Ackman = Dryan-
DER. Delle Rovere (Julius II.): of the oak (robur). Asplen,
for Aspling : son of the asp tree, timorous, trembling like pop-
lar leaves. " Trembling like an asp" leaf. Apps : an ash.
Napps = Nash. Aspinwall : ash field, Avith a fountain there-
in. Apsley (Pellat) : ash field. Eddaic mythology, teaching
that Adam was made out of an ash, that tree of renown be-
came a favourite apart from its use or beauty. Thus ^SCIN-
gas : sons of the ash, and Ashman: of ancient lineage = Priscus.
BusHNELL (Horace) : mansion in a wood = PYBUS, Bosom.
Chatterton (Bristol boy) : cottages in a wood = Boycot (ted).
BOSCAWEN (admiral) : house surrounded by alders, suggesting
Trim (corporal) : elder. Elder : tree growing to a great age.
Dauney : an alder. But BosTWiCK, looking so like a home in
a wood : house near a creek. Edgewood (Miss) : living at
edge of Epping forest as gypsies yet do = Edge and Outhout:
having an outer edge of wood in a hut. Edgecombe : first
9

122 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

house in the valley, suggesting Indicott : last house in the
village. Ellwood, Ellenwood : elm wood, sacred grove.
Sacred among Saxons as they held Eve was made of elm.
This gleams side-light on the Israelites worshipping in groves.
Sometimes Ellwood is a contraction of Ethelwood for Ethel-
WALD : noble defender. In Switzerland Edgewood is Unter-
walden: under the forest = Underwood : under protection of
a forest, from blast. Wedgewood (Etruria) : frequented by
widgeons. Scrope is scrub, whence Scruby : dwelling among
scrubs, shrup = Scroggie : scrubby. ScROGGS (Giles) = Stubbs,
Stobo : living where the trees have been stubbed. Broglie :
a thicket. So Bavey : low copse wood, whence bavins, faggots
were got = Busembaum (Jesuit) : tree among scrub, under-
growth, nut tree = CopSEY : living in a copse = CuTBUSH. From
Kopto : I cut, wood cut at intervals. These = the Milesian
Money : scrub land, Moneymore : great heather and shrub
land. Drinan : a blackthorn. But Cork = Marsh, Marston.
The city of Cork was built on marshy soil. Cork, Marsh =
Venn : a fen man = FENNER (when it does not mean hunter) =
Fenian, Fenimore (Cooper) : a fenman. Heenan is synony-
mous with Money and Marsh. Quagenbosh : a wood on a
bog, con. Quagmire. Wodton, Yoddam, Besom, Bosom (bois
ham) : town in a wood = Kirjath- Jearim : Carthage in a forest.
Walton for Wald-town = Walworth (mayor) and Walz,
VoLTZ = Woods, Wadrapp : wood raven, Wallenstein :
wood covered hill. These = the Polish Osinski : city among
trees = Wolski (waldski). Ski or sky : a town, gives Marian-
ski : town of the B. V.M = Maravilla (cocoa). Jablonowsky
(prince): town among hazel = Calton, con. Dunkeld : hazel
hill = Luz, con. Lusitania. Dembinski : town among oaks =
Acton. Bogatsky (divine) : city of God=Theopolis, and
Baltimore : city of the great god. Bog the Sclavonic for God
gives our nursery terror, Bogie ; hence also the name of the
river Bug, the Sclavic Euphrates. Bogoslav : the glory of
God = Theocles, Thecla. Bogdan : the gift of God = Theo-
dore.

But we must away from the Poles and back to the trees.
CoYLE, con. Gael and Caledonia (Kill in composition). Few,
Waltz, Walters (in some cases), Frith (" Frith and fell : "
wood and hill) = Greenwood, Witt, Witty, Widdows, or
Wette (de), Whit, White (in some cases), With, also answer
closely to Greenwood : a plantation. " Bind me with seven
green withs," hazel, or ash. With wrong: a winding wood.
Beckwith: brook running through a wood = Wedderburn.
The Scotch prettily render " He who is born to be drowned
will never be hanged," by " The water will nae wrang the
widdie." The widdie was a with twisted into a halter

LOCAL NAMES. 123

WiDMORE : a great wood = Guyyon, which gives Thynne.
Whidden : wooded valley = \Vhitcomre, Whiteside: living
side of wood. Weatherhead : at woodhead = Woodhead.
Weatherby: dwelling in a wood = Woods, Boddam, Busked,
DuGUiD, Ittem, Whittem, Holtum, Holsted, (M')Quiddy.
May not Galloway be from Gallovia : great forest of the
Gaels ? Dust (Forest, Horst, Hurst, Hust) : of the wood.
Miss Deeks marries Mr. Dust against her father's advice.
Being ill used she came to the old house at home at two
o'clock A.M. with a thud at its door. Old Mr. Deeks pro-
truded his head from bedroom window, and replying to
entreaty for entry, said, " No, no. Go back to your husband.
Dust thou art, and to Dust shalt thou return." Our word
Basket is from the Britons who called it Basged, of which
ged = whid, wood. Kitt is not from Christopher, being pre-
historic, and means wood-dweller = Kelt. Foskett : dyke
wood. Applequest is applewood, and Appleton = Jablonsky :
town among apple trees. Ledwith : a wood in which there
is a laid, a wear, regulating water supply. Laid is obsolete,
but gives Ladle : liquid regulator. Laidlaw : a hill on which
is a laid, reserve of water. Hence that grotesque looking name,
Shakelady : shaggy, bushy ground where there is a laid.
Hence the name Lade (Bulloch & Co.): one resident near a dam.
One of the reasons we have so many names from trees
is that they were objects of worship on this island till A.D.
400. Perhaps this would account for such names as BoM =
Tree. The odd looking Fitts = Woods. Carurthen : camp
wood = Cashow (shaw). Whitherow : a vagrant who sleeps
in woods and preys on farm yards. Sometimes simple wood-
land names assume absurd forms as CoCKSWOLD : a wood
frequented by cocks, becomes Cuckold, Guiteau (Garfield),
Vidocque, Guy, Tanguye : pine wood, Guido : wood dwellers
con. Balguy = WiTHHAM WooTON, Guiox (line) : great Guy.
Balquidder: town in a woodland district. Such = Groves,
Fiddiman, Fiddes = Woodal\n. Wittikix : baby found in a
wood. Torfid : Thor's wood, where the Asir hero was
worshipped, becomes Trufit. Groves, the French corre-
spondent of which is Aubusson : at the grove, may not be
simply local, as sometimes it signifies grovekeeper to a god.
Sometimes Nimmo (nemus) = Groves. In Germany we have
Luther's great battle ground Wittenberg : wooden fortress =
Tyrwhitt, originally like those made by the Britons of newly
felled trees. There lived Cranach (Lucas) exactly = the Irish
Crannage and Crannatch, each meaning son of a tree. These
are aboriginal names, suggestive of the Stone Age, when men
dwelt here on artificial islands, each known as a cranage,
because built of wood on piles.

124 PEESONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

In England we have Witney : wood island. Askwith :
ash wood. Wither (George, poet) : wood dweller. In the
Sanscrit Vid : know, Rigveda : ruling knowledge (con. Rego :
I direct), is the most ancient sacred book of India. This is
our wit and wood ; it entered the Greek in Ideo : I see,
whence Idea : seen mentally. Ideo entered the Latin with
the V, Video : I see. The other form of its meaning gave Ida,
whereon Paris judged Venus, Juno, and Minerva ; Ida simply
meaning woody (mountain), nearly = Sinai : bushy, covered
with undergrowth and Wallenstein. Vid is probably the
root of Vetus : old and wise, aged as a tree, and learned as
those who studied in nature's oldest library — the pathless
woods. Connected herewith is Liber, the inner bark of a tree,
and Liber : a book, bark made = Boc : the beech from which
our Book was made, both word and thing, gives Pharnam-
BUCY : a ferney field in which are beech trees. Wittanagemot :
witty men's meeting, oddly corresponds to Eisteddfod : the
wood setters, Welsh forest parliament. Wittan being next
derivative from Wid, Vid : wood. Vedder = Woodman.
How strange a thing is life ! knowledge is still from the tree
though evil is inseparable therefrom. But the curse was taken
away by that other Tree, so that now man shall have the
knowledge without the evil. Fid, fod, vid, wood, ket in
basket are one, con. Fiddle : instrument made of wood. The
f in Scot is identical with d in wood, meaning wood dweller =
Greek names Hylas, Hylgeus, Hyllus : son of the wood =
Crannage, Cranach. Withcraft : a tree progagator, and
WiTCRAFT : learned in timber. Gwyet, Guit, Quid, Guy,
Guion, Gyot, Guido, Vetus, Veda, Ida, Fid, Fod, Vid, Witt,
Hout, With, all have to do with wood. Hepwith (hips) =
Hedges. Gwyder : a druid, learned in Celtic, the letters of
which are taken from trees. Here we have the true idea of
Druid : leader, head of the learned, from dre tvid. Pliny was
the first to derive Druid from Drus : an oak, probably misled
by the word Hamadryad : living with an oak, as long as.
Philological bellwetherism caused him to be followed until
scholars asked how would Celts name their learned from
Greeks ? Druid as nearly corresponds to our D.D. as the
diflference of circumstances can be conceived to allow.

Wit : wood gives Widness : wood island = Witney, and the
preposition With, as " You will go with me," united to. Also
Withers : that part of a horse where shoulder and body unite,
suggesting Withers = Widdows. Coyle : a wood, gives
QuiLTY = Woods, and Kells when not from Cell of a saint.
KiLLiGREW : eagle's wood, Kilburn : brook running by a
wood. Bois : a wood, gives Boisson : great wood = Matto
Grosso: primeval forest of the Amazon = Chacemore, Widmor,

LOCAL NAMES. 125

GuYON. BusHELL (bois ville) = Wooton. Trenton : town
among trees. Bushel : a wooden measure in contrast with
Peck : a poke, a bag. Ambush, Ambuscade : lying wait in a
wood. Bosjesman: bush dweller = BussMAN. Buoy : wooden
float. Boz, Baum, Tkee, Boos, Bosh (Ten), Busiinell (Horace),
Beza, Dubois, Kells, Quilty, Busby, Boyle, Bysshe (Shelley),
De Witt = Van Houten, Withers, Widdows, Guy, Balguy,
GuiDO, ViDOCQUE, are all of the woods. But Woods may be
as local as Atwood, or may be = Gwyder, Druid. If modern
the former, if ancient the latter, and greater. Bosdet, Bost,
Boscowen, Bosquet (general): a little wood. Grafton: grove
town. Bosquet is Bouquet : now flowers, formerly evergreens,
a buss, con. Boscobel : beautiful wood, con. Burbush (burg),
Burbage, Boswell, Beville (when not beau ville) = Bambek
(beamber) = Wooton, Pybus. Foulis, Foules : living where
the foulys do sing, as the German Vogelsang, though some
prefer it from Folium: a leaf, living among = Ramage, Raimes,
from Ramis : a branch, con. Ramolini (mother of Napoleon) :
little branches. These lived near groves frequented by the
songsters of the wood. Sylph : a wood nymph = Silvanus,
which abbreviates to Silas. Silvis : a wood, gives Savage
(when not Irish), Sage, Savigny, Saville, all men of the
woods unless Sage, when from Sagus : wise, as in Le Sage :
the man of sa^rctcity. Lignum : a wood, usually applied to
undergrowth, gives LiGXY and De Ligny = Atwood. Free-
house is met with, meaning house near a notable tree = Baum :
a tree, whence beam, gives Bamfylde (Moore Carew) : tree
field = WooDLEY. Baumgarten : an orchard, Bombarson :
son of Baumgarten, Bumpstead : place of trees. Baumtree
and Attree are living names. Shaw {con. Shade); a little
wood. Crayshaw : wood frequented by crows. Fanshaw :
haunted by fawns, deer. Enshaw, Ensor, Hinshaw : by
herns, herons. Herne (the hunter) : heron taker, if not an
eagle. Harwood : hare wood. Scrimshaw (screen) : shaw
sheltering a village, similar to Hinton (Jack) : behind (a hill)
town.

Gladstone (W. E.) for Gladstein, from Gleed : the glider,
a hawk = Gliddon (geologist) and Falkenstein : a hill fre-
quented by hawks, as Gladsmuir = Falkland : moor haunted
by kites, gleeds, hawks. Rubenstein (composer) : hill visited
by ravens, Arnsteen: by eagles. Falk (laws) = Hap: a hawk,
Hapsburg : hawk tower, frequented by. Forest is from Foris:
abroad, meaning outside of city, woods are far from busy
haunts, —

*' In somer when the sJiawes be sheyne,
And leves be large and long,
Hit is fulle merry in (eyre foreste
To hear the fouly's song."

126 FEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Forest abbreviates to hurst, as Lyndhust (lord) : lime tree
wood = Leibnitz and Poniatowski (prince) : dwelling in a
Forest, Hurst, generally applied to gamekeepers = Ranger.
Bradhurst = Bradspiaw, but not Braidwood, for brad applies
to that part of a stream which overflows, so becoming brad,
broad. Bradford : where folks fare, ford, the brad, Bradley.
Bradlaugh (Charles): flelds subject to flooding = Nugent,.
NoA, con. No: I swim, swampy, con. Noyades : drownings.
Walkinshaw : wood through which a path runs. Broad-
hurst nearly answers to Brocklehurst : wood by a brook.
Braddon (Miss) : hill, fort near a brad. Dewhurst : wood
frequented by deer = Fanshaw. Ringwood (New Forest) :
king's wood. Soho (shaw haugh) : a wood in a valley.
Lennox : elm growing district. Holt, Olt : a wood, a hold,
place defensible = HouT = Woods, whence Hood (when not a
cowl wearer), and Vanhouten : of the wood. Hollinshed :
living near head of holly grove, as Aikenhead : at head of
oak grove = Pencoit : head of wood = Weatherhead. Aiken-
siDE (Mark): side of oak grove = Whitside, Whiteside,
Woodside, and likewise Side, j^er se : hillsider. These range
with Walton, Bamberger, and Woodstock when Bamberger
is not forest hill (living on), or a forest shepherd. BuXTON
(Fowell) : town among beaches = BuxTORF (lexicographer).
Similar in meaning is Delafaye, Dufailly, Dufoy (de fagus),
and Debl^ke, who cling to the beach. Broglie (general) : a
coppice = Tallis : wood often cut. Talboys : wood cutter, as
Telfer : iron cutter, helmet cleaver, at full length it stands
Talliafero, and cor. to Tolvie.

Hope : a narrow vale formed by the bases of hills
almost meeting, leaving but a small level, gives Hope
(John), whence " Band of Hope," not of hope. Hapgood,
HoPGOOD : fruitful valley = Buncombe, Gehazi : ghor of
vision, one we like to look at. Hopley (Susan) : field in a
hope. Stanhope: stony dell = Standen. Hoppet (when
not from Hob for Robert) : little hope. Lothrop : low lying
valley. Hyslop, Haslop, Hlslop : hazel-dell. Dunoyer : of
the nut tree. Kirkhope, Kirkup: church on the hope =
HoBKiRK, and the Welch Landells : temple or church in a
dell, con. Scanlan : old church. Trollhope : a hope wherein
is a hollow inside of a hill. When Trollop : slattern, from
trail ; one who trails her dress. Tudhope : fruitful valley =
HoPGOOD, Coneyhope : valley haunted by rabbits. Wallop :
a hope with a well, spring in it = SpRiNGDALE. Wauchope : a
hope through which a wall, dyke, vallum, is carried, becomes
Walkup, Waccup. Hopeton, Hopetown =: Dalton. H aslam :
hazel home = Easterhazy (prince), originally Estord Derhazy:
eastern hazel home = the Spanish Avelanno, the French

LOCAL NAMES. 127

CowDRAY and our Hazlewood = Luz. Haswell : spring
among hazel bushes. Hazlitt : hazel lot. Haslam : home
among hazel trees. From Ail : strong, Allon : an oak, strong
wood, giving Allonville = Aoworth. Worth is a defended
place. HoLDSWORTH : a fortified place in a wood, from Wear,
whence Ware, Ward.

From Quercus : an oak, literally a fine tree, we have
Chene : an oak. Oak is from Eke : to grow, to increase,
so that it means a tree that grows (as to age) above others.
Duchesne (actress), Duquesne (admiral) : of the oak =
Vanneque, and Della Rovere (pope), con. Eck, Eckius:
son of oak (or of Eck)r=DARRACH. Glans meaning either
fruit of tree (acorn, oakcorn), or the tree itself, gives
Glanville: town among oaks = GLENFiELD (starch): oak
field. Glean : to gather corn, meant gathering acorns.
Gland : an organ shaped like an acorn. Glanders : a corn
gatherer for cattle. Glenfield = Oakley, but Hockley :
high field = AiRD, con. Airt: quarter whence wind blows.
Holyoak (George Jacob) : an oak growing in a monastery,
the same as Hollyhock Ach = Ogg : an oak, Hogben :
oak hill, Ogburn : brook running among oaks. Holms
(M.P.) : from holm oak, a formation on holy. In some cases
Holm : a river island, con. Chisholm : gravel river island.
Braddock (general) : broad oak, or one growing near a brad.
DiMMOCK : little oak. Aitken, Aiken : robust, oaken, strong.
EiCHORN (German savan) : oak hill. Akroyd : oak ridden,
oaks stubbed up, gives Dacroy : son of Akroyd. Shorrocks
(captain) : shorn of oaks, exactly = Radax : rid of oaks.
SouTHACK: south oak, Nock : at oak = Attack, but Knock,
Knox = Hills, Tell (William), Knell. Snooks: seven oaks,
Kent, becomes Senex = Siebeneicher. Chenevix (French),
cor. to Chennecks (chene vicus) = Acton: oak town. Cheney
(bishop), Chiniquy (Father). Dara, Adair (when not from
Alasdair, Alexander) : an oak. Kildare : oak grove. Saron
(king), Sharon (Turner), Sarony: an oak. Darroch,
Darrach : son of an oak = Saronidas : a dryad = Ackman,
Dryander. De Lolme (historian) : of the holm oak.
Cassagnac : place of oaks. Trelawney : oak grove town.
Higgins, Higginbottom : a dale where the mountain ash
grows. Shoebottom (Shaw) : a wood in a dale. Auckland :
oak land.

Dumas (novelist) : of the mast, beech. Dufailly (general),
DuFOY : of the beech. Layfayette : little beech. Fagus :
the beech, from Phago : eat = Mast con. masticate. Beechy
(captain), for beechley : beech field. Bacon : one feeding pigs
on beech mast. But Beach (Hicks) from the bee. Treffry
(Eternal Sonship) : three beeches. Quarterfages (naturalist) :

128 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

four beeches. Cinqualbre : five peach trees. Beechenhaugh,
BiCHENO: haugh of beech trees, con. SoHO (shaw haugh).
Haugh gives Hawes (when not from Hal, Harry) = Denman :
valley dweller. Deguignes : of the vines = Vignoles, con.
Vignette : a little vine, a frontispiece of vine leaves. DuNOis
("Partant pour la Syrie"): of the nut tree, gives Noise.
CoRYLUS (shepherd): a filbert tree. Figaro: a fig tree =
Olynthus (Gregory). Dupin : of the pine = Von der Tann,
Tangye = Fichte. Pinelli, Spinoli (Spanish general), Spinoza
(pantheist Jew), con. Spina : a thorn, and signifies dwellers in
a spinny, answering to such names as Stobo, Scroggie, Bade-
NOCH : overgrown with bushes. To these add TuRNHAM (for
Thorn home): dwelling among bushes = DoRNER, suggesting
Thorney, Cambs. But we have such living names as Thornes
and Spinner. Curzon : a vine stem, vine dresser.

LiNN^us (Swede) : a lime tree, so called from Lind : a
serpent, because it waves like it. Lindsay : lime tree island.
Tilly (when not a weaver from Tela : a web) : a lime. Tillot
(archbishop) : little Tilly, or a growing lime. Tilroyd : cleared
of limes. " This unfortunate man was named Morgan Tilroyd,
and was by trade a jeweller." Laura (Bridgman) : a bay, a
laurel = Daphne, takes the dim. Loretto (Our Lady of):
little laurel grove. More (sometimes) : a mulberry tree, a
dark fruit con. Amaurosis : dimness, darkness of the eyes,
con. Mauritania : the Morian's land = Soudan, Karamania,
Nigritia. Morosini (amoroso) : dim sighted = Cecil. Tamar :
a palm, literally straight, applied to a majestic woman, gives
Tamarind — ind for India, as in Indigo : plant from India.
" One daughter whose name was Tamar." Ithamar (son of
Aaron) : land of the palm, born among palms. Vernet
(Horace) : an alder = Dauney.

WiLLOUGHBY : dwelling place among willows = Salignac
(salix, sauch) and De Saulcy, con. Aulay : tall as a willow,
Sauchiehall : house in an osiery. These con. Sales (Francis
de : though some give his name as a form of cells, cloisters),
Sayle (governor), Sarsfield (Aughrim), Saumarez, Soult
(marshal), when not from Solvo: I loose, and so = Freeman :
freed : all dwellers among the osiers. Osier : water plant,
con. Ooze and Ouse. Willow gives Wily : river with willows
on banks, whence Wilton, which gives Wiltshire, wherefrom
Wilsher (cricketer). Wycherley (William): witcii elm,
used by witches in their incantations. Birch (favourite Celtic
tree, giving h of their savage alphabet) : may not mean simply
a tree, but a man of ancient stock. Birchenhaugh . birch
dale, gives Brisco. Aube : white wood. Vanloo : of the
wood, sometimes = Vanderveld (painter) : of the field.
Dougherty, DocHARTY: high dwelling among oaks= Vanneque.

LOCAL NAMES. 129

We must cease planting and commence hewing. As
European emigrants clear Minnesota and Manitoba, so were
our primeval woods cleared by continental emigrants passing
the Channel in coracles, or later invaders of the aborigines.
Field is simply felled, so Fold, Fauld(.s) : an enclosure. When
the Saxon felled trees he enclosed his land therewith. Field
= RoDEN : land ridden of timber = Thwaites, for so Norsemen
called their clearings. Littlethwaite : small clearing, gives
LiLYWHiTE (batter).

Applethwaite : clearing planted with apples, giving Heb-
BLEWHITE. MiCKLETHWAiTE : great clearing, Holroyd :
cleared of holt, w^ood = Grubb : trees grubbed up = Stubbs,
wrongously fathered on Stephen. Olcott (colonel) : cot in
a hott. Blumenroden: blooming field, flowery mead =
Bloomfield (" farmer's boy "). Rodney : field through which
a brook runs = Burnley. Penrod (ben rid): hill cleared of
timber. Nesselrode (diplomatist) : cleared of nettles =
Thistlethwaite, or Swaite = Ducardonnet : of the thistle
field and Chardon. Joelah : removing of oaks, a man so strong
he can remove oaks. "Joelah and Zebadiah, the sons of
Jehoram." So the French Purlieu : purus locus. " In Henry
III.'s time, the Charter de Foresta was established : so that
there was much land disafforested, which has been called
'purlieus ever since." Purlieu = Clarendon : a hill cleared =
Claridge, Penrod. Coleridge (Samuel) : cold hill = Balfour:
cold town, exposed to winds = Coldham, Collop : cold hope.
But Winthrop, that one might be excused for supposing it
means windy dwelling, and so = Trewent : wandy dwelling,
con. Pennygant : windy hill (Throp, a transposition of Thorp,
Dorf, as Apthorp : the abbot's dwelling) : winsome, beautiful
dwelling = Sheen, Nain, etc., Balfour pairs with Fordyce :
cold south, one dw^elling where there is southern aspect, yet
cold. Purlieu, the oj-x of Ronge (holy coat), Ranke (his-
torian). Range : rank with timber. Lumm : a clump of trees.
Lumsden (provost) : a valley in which trees are in clumps,
groups, nearly = Walden : woody valley. Parley (Peter):
Peter's field = Peterloo, suburb of Manchester half a century
since, like Vanloo, Waterloo. Woodley = Bousfield (bois).
Hatfield: heathfield = Hedderw^ck : dwelHng among heather
= Hatherley = Garfield (president): gorse, furze, fern field,
con. Farnworth = Brackenbury. Claverhouse (Dundee) :
clover field house = Fetcham : home among fitches. Clover,
from Cleave : to divide. Clover = Fraise : strawberry, from
f rango, fraga, f rasa. Fraser : strawberry planter. Cres-
SINGHAM (betrayer) : home in a cressfield. But Gresham
(merchant prince): gross home = Meikleham : big house =
Casaboni, Casaubon: bonny house = Brian (O), whence

130 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Chateaubriand : palatial castle. Bryant (Araer. poet) and
Barney (thought to be from Barnabas) are therefrom ; Brad-
bury and Ingersoll (con. Entresol: entry of hall, saloon)
also applied to palatial residences, dwellers therein. As also
House : the chief house, which assumes the form Ace, Audus :
old house. Tetley : fruitful field, con. Tudhope, and o/x of
Barley: bare, barren field. Felton : town in a field. Fulton :
foul town, dirty roads = Foulmire (Cambs.), and ojx Clinton:
clean town. Felton = Townley, Leighton, Kempton and
Burleigh, from bury, though this last may mean a judge,
from Byrlaw : laws made by neighbours (near boors), whence
Bylaws : local regulations.

To these English may be added the French red, Fonyeille
(Ulric), con. Foin, Fon, Foenum : fodder hay, whence Fen-
nel, supposed favourite food of serpents. Mead = Lee,
Leith. Cluny, Clunie, con. Clones = Meadows. Penny-
CUIK: cuckoo's hill. Carlyle (Thomas): man of Carlisle:
camp (Roman) beside the trench. Witherspoon : grazing
place on spur of a mountain. Champollion (Egyptologist) :
field of a man named Pollion : great Paul. Chantraine (con.
Banunculus : little flower flourishing on wet soil where frogs
delight to dwell) : living where the chant of frogs is heard. I
have been in such a place and am slow to forget it. This sug-
gests Canteloup (lord) : living where the howling of wolves
can be heard. Danger : of Angers, France. Faulds : land
enfolded. Sandyfaulds : grave! fields. Enclos (Madam de) :
enclosed = Close, con. Cloisters : college enclosures. Strangely
indeed this = the Roman Cohort from Cohors : a fold enclosing
sheep. Men were put together for war like sheep in hurdles.
This throws a gleam of light on Shepherd Kings : Xerxes
numbered his soldiers by the cohort arrangement, placing them
by turns in an enclosure as did Cetewayo his Zulu warriors.
Stranger, Cohort is our word Court (when not meaning short):
a castle, a place enclosed and defended as in Harcourt (Sir
William): castle of Hariald in Normandy. Court = Worth
(man milliner): a place wared, warded, defended = Guise : a
fortified position, originally with felled trees. These suggest
Pallavicini: living in the vicinity of ijcJcs, palings, enclosures,
as in the English Pale in Ireland. So also Stack : living in a
stocado, place staked = Stockwell (ville). Stocks, Stokes,
Stocker, Stoke, Stowell (Hugh) for Stowville, abbreviates
to Steele (Richard). Bostock (bois) = Walthamstow [wald
ham stow). Stowe (David) : a place staked out. Comstock :
dwelling in a valley. Steak (beef) : carried on a stick. Cope-
stakes : staked out for cheap, cope, market. Though Copper-
field (David): field w^here coppice, scrub, is regularly cut =
CopsEY. CoppERTHORN = CuTBUSH and Cowperthwaite. Such

LOCAL NAMES. 131

project our thoughts to an age when England was a place
of shanties, settlements, and log huts, as the name Settle
= Seidlitz (powder) : where an emigrant settles ; so also
SiEGEL, SiGEL clearly show. Barton : strong place to
receive the produce of the land, what it did bear. Barton
Worth, Ton, Town, Fold, Fauld, Burg, Stowe, Close, and Cot,
all mean enclosures in some form. Invaders and emigrants
first seized, then enclosed. Byre for cows may be added, as it
is from Beorgan : to protect, whence Burgh, whence Burglary :
breaking into a protected place. Enclosure underlies the idea
of property whether landed or personal. Byars and Bouverie
(Kilmarnock) = Cotton : cow enclosure, a byre, owner of one.
CoEVELT (Flemish painter): cow field = Clontarf. Argos (the
mother of Greek civilisation) : a clearing, thwaite, ridden, sohl,
settlement. From Ergon : a work, con. Argo (ship), Argus
(100 eyes), Arge (huntress) : sharp, active^ quick = PoDARGUS :
swift footed. Con. Argives : Greeks, organ, organon : works
in music or literature. Energy : putting work in. Ego: I, the
doer, worker. Ergo : therefore. Argentum : silver, made
white by work. Argil : potter's white clay. George : earth
worker, Georgics : science of working the earth. Neighbour:
near boor, is doing good work as a surname and forms a fine
contrast to Malyoisine (bishop of Glasgow) : bad neighbour,
best out of the vicinity, con. Pallayicini. We also meet with
HousENEAR and Nigh. Ton: an enclosure is germane with
Ten and Tun, the former allied to number of fingers closing,
the latter encloses liquids. Hundred : hand reed, red, con.
Ratio : reason, Reid : a counsellor, it gives the reason on the
hand. Ton is found in a vast number of local names, as Smea-
TON (engineer) : smith's town = Goyan = ZiNZENDORF (count) :
tinsmith's dorf, thorp, town, Smee : small = Bassett, Bass.
But Mee : a Meath man, (Mac) Namee : warrior of Meath.
So (Mac) NULTY : an Ulster man. Larpent : the arpent, place
to be ploughed, con. Aro : I ear, plough.

From that ancient word La : low lying, we have Lateo : to lie
hid, Latent : lying hid. Whence Latro : one who lies hid to
rob, Ladrones: isle of thieves, Larceny: theftuous act, Latoxa:
concealed goddess, Lagos : a hare because it lies close to the
ground, hidden, Latium : low lying country, gives Latins :
lowlanders = Girgashites : dwellers on clay land. Latinus :
lowland king, and our Lee, Loo, Lea, Leigh, Laugh
(Laughton = Felton), Lewes, Leslie, Lisburn, Lismore,
Logan, (Mc) Lagan, Lowther, Leith, Lothian, Louder,
Low, and that American puzzle Lo, are all persons re-
sident on depressed meadow land, or under shelter of hills =
Foote, Peden, Orispus, Platt, Flat, Poggio : living on the
flat = Campobasso and the Hebrew Maachah : depressed, ap-

132 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

plicable literally to one living on low ground, figuratively to
any one in low spirits, and to either sex ; hence we find it in
some cases a man's name, in others a woman's. In the literal
force it corresponds to Cavagnac : dwelling in a hollow =r
Cavan, Holland: hollow land, and Hollow: hole low. Van-
loo is the Dutch for Meadows (Kenny), and Pratt (Orson),
con. prado, paradise, prairie. Peden (Scottish worthy) : a
clear plat, an open space = Paddock, which abbreviates to
Park. Konigsfeldt: king's field = Kingsley (Charles). But
Rawley, Raleigh (Sir Waiter) : roe field, land frequented by
roes. Roe : rough deer. Roebuck : rough buck. And DuR-
ley (looking so like deer field) : dry field, the op. of Softley :
bog land = the cacophonic Bugg, whence Bugbee : bog dweller
= MosHEiM: home on the moss = Marsh. Noa (chess) =
Nugent : swampy ground, from No : I swim. Bugbee is
positively cor. to Bugbed.

Basilewsky: king's town. "A grand marriage is on the
horison of the French aristocratic world, between M. le
Comte de Galve, brother of the Duke d'Alba, and cousin
to the Empress, and the charming Madame Bravura, daughter
of 3Ir. Basilewski, who is famed in St. Peterburgh as being
some twenty-five times over a millionaire." No name better
illustrates the vanity and fastness of that time when Eugenie
was queen of the fashions. Bravura : finely clad lady.
" The Lord will take away their bravery." Bravura applies
to a brilliant style of singing, but as a secondary application
of the word, which belongs to the eye — Bravo! Bravo!!:
Fine ! Fine!! Now finery is to look upon. Rio Bravo : fine
river. Bravo : a handsome man, Bravura : a beautiful
woman.

Vanderkemp (African missions) : of the field. Kempen-
FELT : an open country, champaign. A'Kempis (Thomas) : at
the field = Atmor, cor. Amor. Campion : a fighter in an open
field.

" His sword was in his sheath, his fingers held the pen,
When KemjJenfelt went down, with twice four hundred men."

Astley : east field, Audley : old land, grass land lately
ploughed. But Allen : a hound, then means swift, some-
times applied to a stream, when to a man = Podargus, Light-
body, Galletly: its fern, is Ellen. Berkley, Barclay
(brought by Normans) : birch field. Brimley, Brinkley :
fields on the brim, brink of the sea = CosTLEY: coast leioh =
the great Orellana : meadow reaching from mountain top to
river mouth, con. Oros : a mountain, and Llano for Loco piano:
flat country. Nearly corresponding to the Gaelic Urquhart,
Urket: margin, long coast, and the Gallic Larrieux,

LOCAL NAMES. 133

Larrive : Ripuarians, bank dwellers = the Saxon Rivers,
Currant, and the Spanish Ribas. These suggest Sorby
(Sheffield): dwelling on the shore = Sands, when local.
Windsor : winding shore. Merton (and Sandford) : town on
a mere or sea = Seaton, Balmerino. Hartley : deer field.
Hurley, Harley (when English) : hare field, but Harley
(Mc)Arly (Irish) : a form of Charley. Lesley, Leslie (leesley) :
meadow land = Leland (antiquary) = Hoyle,Cowan,Cavanagh
(Bernard), all = Cavagnac : living on cavernous land, con.
Cavour : cave dweller. Meadows, Mead = Pritty, from Mow,
mead, meadow : land that is mowed. Seen to advantage in
" Barley?7iou'." Mow gives the comparative more, and the
superlative most, as though moiv, moiuer, iiioest. Lee, Leith,
Loo, Fogg, Fogo, and Pratt, from Pratum : a meadow, whence
Prado, fashionable promenade at Madrid — Dupre : of the
meadow = Green, from grow, Muspratt : meadow on a moor.
Delafield (brewery) : of the field = Vanderkemp. Bancroft
(historian) : bean croft, Croft : cultivated with craft, skill.
Tofts : small farmer. " Ne toft, ne croft have I."

Calcraft (carnifex) : kale croft, some claim it as a trade
name, meaning maker of caltrops, to prevent advance of
cavalry. In former case Calcraft = Wortley : a cabbage
garden. Wort gives Wurtzel. Softley^ : living on bogland
= Noa, Nassau, Marsh, Marston, Moneypenny: at head
(pen) of bog where peats are cut. Denovan (dunavon) :
hill by side of stream, identical with the Irish Donovan
(Rossa). Gar VON (Garrough) : rapid stream. Dundee :
hill by the Tay, Dee. Wynn : white = Finn. Wentworth :
white dwelling made of pealed willows = Casabianca, con.
Decazes : of the cottages, houses = Van Buren : of the Iboor's
(houses). Casa : a house. Cheese, Chasuble : dress covering
wearer, as cottage does a dweller. Cot is identical with
coat : a cover, hence Coates : dwelling at cottages. Peti-
COTE : little cottage = HuTT, Pycot : cottager (by). Cotswold
(hills) : shepherds' huts on the wold = Shillinglaw, from
Wald: a forest, as the wolds were wood covered = Ida.
Garth : an enclosure (small), con. girth, girdle, garter, garden,
yard, the last being the length of the king's girdle. Gart-
shore : part of foreshore enclosed. Garscadden : enclosures
used as cow pastures. Applegarth : an orchard = Baum-
garten : beam garden. Hyde : as much as a yoke of oxen
could plough in one season, called so because hidden by hedge
rows. Malherb (poet) : bad pastures, op. Bonpland (com-
panion to Humboldt): good land = DE la Vega : of the
flourishing land, con. vege-table, from Vigere : to flourish.
These = Lynch and Slade, —

134 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

" It had been better for William a' Trent
To have been abed with sorrow,
Than to be that day in the greenwood slade
To meet with little John's arrow."

Though Lynch applies more accurately to meadow byastream>
as the " Links of Forth." Compare William a'Trent with
Thomas a'Becket. Sorrow for soreness of body.

Many surnames are derived from those who originally bore
them dwelling on mounds, hills, or mountains, or living in or be-
longing to castles which were generally built upon such places.
These carry the mind back to a time of baronial grandeur,
when castles were too often centres of tyranny, but became
the nuclei of civilization, around which the villain reared his
thatched hut and the boor tilled his garth, while constitution-
alism was dawning in our cities. Illustrative of such facts we
have Altamont, Montalto, Mow at, Moet (and Chandon) :
high mountain, Grammoxt, Montmagny : great mountain =
MoRVEN, MoNTFORT (Simon de) : strong mountain, Tel-el-
Kebir = Monte fixo, whence Muschet. Hohenzollern
(Prussia) : high toll hill, whence black mail was levied from
travellers. Similarly ToLAND (deist), a form of Tolan, Nor-
mandy : applied to land over which if men passed they
were tolled. Montague (mount acute) : sharp mountain =
Spitzbergen = Egremont, and strangely inverted in Argument,
a directory name, —

" Confessing that he himself was a Montacute,
And bare the arms that I dyd quarter on my scute."

MoNCUR, MoNCURE (curt) : truncated hill=RAFTOR. Dunlop
(Colin) : hill at bend of stream = Barskimning, Skimming =
Reach, Engstrom : living at bend of stream. Dundas :
fallow deer hill. Winslow : battle tumulus = Barrow, Cairns.
Lamont : the fortress, a baron. Montes (Lola) : living in a
fort, a castle = Terence (Latin and Irish) and Tyrell (Sir
Walter), which latter becomes Traill. Carey : castle dweller,
but Carus : loved, cherished. Montejo (Countess de) : little
mountain, small fortress. Eugenie is also styled Countess de
Teba. Teba from Tebanus : a hill. Teba translates Montejo.
Montanus = Mountain = (Mc)Bean, gives the following dims.
MoNTUCCio (Chinese dictionary), Mundella (M.P.), Mott.
Delamotte : of the hill = Emmons : home on a mount.
Montrey : royal mountain = Montreal. Dymond for dumont :
of the mountain = De Monti. Battle of the Diamond, 1795.
Diamond = Orontes : a mountain stream, con. Orestes: a
mountaineer. Diamond is from the river, and is therefore
uncon. Diamond : a form of adamant : unconquerable (as to
hardness). Helmont (chemist) : spiral mountain, con. Ilissus :
helix river. Montfaucon : mount or castle frequented by

LOCAL NAMES. 135

hawks = Hapsburg,Hap = Hawke. SoFalkenstein = Gliddon
and Gladstone. Moncrieff: frequented by crows = CrifFel :
crow fell. MoNTEiTH: fortress on the Teith. Montefiore
(Sir Moses): flowery mountain = Blumenstein, and nearly
answering to Oregon. Monteagle (lord) : hill haunted by
eagles. Evremond : mountain frequented by bears. Mont-
joy, MouNTJOY is simply a mound topped by a guide-post, or
aught indicating the whereabouts to a French traveller. As
the hill from which crusaders descried Jerusalem was a mount-
joy, the word passed into an expression for a pilgrim who had
succeeded in visiting the city of David. Langridge, Lang-
horne, Longomontanus : long hill. Ticklepenny: living
where a hill overhangs, Scoresby : dwelling on a scar. We
have the name Score : a hill, a scar = Tallage, Scaredevil :
villa on a scar, Marmont (marshal) : martyr's mount.
Chiarmonte (pope) : clear mount = Clermont, Monte Video
and Belvidere: beautiful view. But Belvidere, an Italian
beauty, similar to Beauregard : fair to look upon.

From the Erse for old, viz., Sean, Scean, Shan, we have
Shand (lord), for Shandon (dun) = Oldcastle, Shantie : old
tumble down places, Tam O'Shanter : Thom of the shanties,
Shanigan (eoghan) : old man's son = Benjamin, Scanlan,
Hanlon (oarsman), Hanlan : old church, con. Llanbryd : St,
Bride's Church. Some Irish authorities make Hanlan : a
champion. Sanquhar: old fortress = Shand. Sankey (and
Moody) : a chronicler, he who records old tunes = Vieuxtemps
(violinist). Seachlan (St.) : little old man. Carrick, Craig
= Fell : a rock. Crackstone (looking like craggy hill, is
very ancient) : splitter of rock helmet, Carrigheen (moss) :
little rock. Melrose: projecting hill, Culross: back of a
hill, rear of a wood = Hinton (Jack) : town behind a hill,

Roslin : projecting point in a pool. Vanderbilt (con. bill
of a bird) : living on a spit of land = Spite, con. Spithead,
These differ little from (Mc) Nee, Ness, (Mc) Nish, Nest:
living on a promontory, a peninsula, or an island near main-
land, con, Nesos : an island, whence also the odd name Nast.
Neasham : home on an island, Garioch : the rough district
= Badenoch and Trachonites, Thrace. Garry, Garone : rough
river, from Car : angular, whence Carron : very crooked, and
therefore rough. These con. Yare, Yarmouth, Yair = Garry,
giving Yarrell (naturalist). Yare also applies to a stream
dammed in various parts so as to catch tish, Wemyss: a
troglodite, cave dweller = Cavour (count), Lavotte : the vault
= Cave. Wemyss becomes Hume, which becomes Home,
Ham, whence Hamlet (Danish king). Our home was once,
though not originally, a cave. These ancient names, out-
reaching the chronicles of our country = Hor, Hur of the

136 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Hebrews. " The Horites in their mount Seir. ' Seir : rough
with bushes, like Sin (wilderness of) and Sinai. The Horites
in Seir would be living like Wemyss and Hume in Badenoch
and Garioch. Carvosso : a castle. ToRUOS (marshal), Tor-
RiCELLi (barometer), Castriotto (George) = Tyrell : little
castle, turret = Turretin, Tyrwhitt : wood castle. Carew
(castra eau) : castle on water. Turracremata (cardinal),
Torquemada (inquisitor) : burnt castle, incremated towers.
Quemadero : the place for burning heretics, Madrid.

Castelar (orator): a native of Castile. Eatican: head of the
rath. Rat: a castle dweller. Rafflin: red rath. Castlereaqh
(rath): king's castle. New Castile, Neufchatel = Newcastle.
Old Castile, Torres Vedras = Oldcastle. Towers = Terence :
castle king, a baron. Roche (con. rock) : a manor house,
place approaching in strength to a baronial hall. Rochefort
(Lanterne): fortified manor house = Mainwaring, Duroc, De la
Roche : of the manor = Durocque. Lemas, Dumesnil : manse
dwellers, con. Maison : a house, messuage. Holder: living in
a stronghold. Sternhold: stonecastle. Holden (holt): wooded
valley = CoMSTOCK gives Bolden (ap): son of Holden. Wilber-
FORCE (emancipator) : Wilburg's foss, the trench of Williams-
town. Loyola (Ignatius) and Xavier are named from Spanish
castles. Xavier is Moorish for glorious = Cleon. Trench
(Chenevix) : living near an entrenchment = Dykes, the Dutch
Vandyke: of the dyke, vallum, wall, and Dieckmann.
DiGBY : dyke dwelling. Thirlwall (con. drill, thrill) : where
the Roman wall was broken through. Wallsend : where the
wall of Adrian ended. Brand (when local) : a steep brae.
Banks = Hills, " Ye banks and braes o' bonnie Doon." But
Bankier : a banker, one exchanging at a bench = Ducange :
of change. Bankrupt : ruptured bench. Branton : town on
a steep = Van Brunt. Brltnton : Brown's town. Findlater
(temptingly, likei^in; the end, de : of, la: the, ter : land =
Finnisterre) : the white slope, con. Finella : fair Irish lady,
Corstorphine : fair Christopher. Blair : cleared of timber,
plain in a hollow = Roden, Field, Thwaites. Vass (when
local) : a valley. Consult Vasa. Vaux : valleys, dalesmen.
Duns (Scotus), Penn (Pennsylvania): Penn's wood, (Mc)Bean,
CoLLis, ToRR, Tell, Knee, Knock, Knaggs, Knowles
(knolls), Knollys, Fell, Fall, Tulloch, Tallow, Ragg,
TuLLY, Teba, Montejo, Orestes, Montero (con. Montana),
Mott, Peck, Peak, Airde, Law, Dunn, Barr, Howe, Toe,
Tawse (bailie), Rigg, Rudge (Barnaby), Stein, Steinitz (chess),
Hoche (general). Hook (Theodore), Hoorn, Horn (gives Cape) :
hill dwellers, or named in connection with heights, Bigelow
(papers), = Benmore. Winslow (syrup) : furze hill. Tor : a
hill, con. Taurini : hill dwellers, whence Turin : city on a hill.

LOCAL NAMES. 137

Taurini = Helvetii : hillsmen, whence Helvetius : a Swiss.
Sniveldy : snow hill. Dunbar : fort ou a hill = Hardcastle.
SiDDONS (Mrs.) : south hill = Sidlaw. Utteridge (atridge) :
living at the hill. Montmorency {con. Sierra Morenos):
dweller on the brown (ling) hill, cor. to Mummery. Duncan :
hillhead, gives (Mc)Donnac:hie, which becomes (Mc)Connachie.
Doddridge (Dr.) : hill. Shadlaw (shedlaw) : a hill dividing
districts = Shierlaw. Breckenridge : bracken hill, con.
BRACKENBURY = Fernese Braes. Sherbourne; a brook divid-
ing two parishes. So Sherwood : boundary forest. Hinshaw:
sheltered behind a wood = Hinton. W.vlkinsh aw (quoits) : wood
through which is a path. Shillinglaw: a hill whereon are huts,
con. Shiel : a hut, Schiller (poet) : a cottier. South Shields :
huts to south. Wardlaw (Ralph) : a hill on which watch is
kept = Beaconsfield (betoken, from teach) = Flamestead.
Laughton (sometimes) : town on a hill = Knowlton (pamphlet)
= Hugtenburgh (painter), Hilton, Felsberg, Hammond (ham
mound) : exactly = Emmons. Colville, Dunville, Dumville,
all living in towns on hills. Toogood (torr) : a fruitful hill.
Colville becomes Coville, Hackenberger : dweller on a
hill covered with hedges, con. Hague : hedge dweller = Hedges
= Headland: a boor dwelling near a hedge at top of field.
Lambshead : head of the land. Head of land or wood, but
sometimes physical. Hochheim, Higham (Ferrers), Hyam :
home on high ground. Yelverton (major) : town where yaiuls
come in, small harbour = Skiffingtox = Shipton (mother):
when not sheeptown. Schaffhausen : ship houses, a portage.

Every variation of hill seems to be discoverable in the
London Directory. We might almost call it British geography.
Thus Horsfall: a hill for horse grazing. Knox, Knee,
Nee, Needham: home on a hill = Scaredevil, Scoresby
(captain), Emmons, Steeper. Needles = Hills. Pinhorne (Sir
John) = Hillhead and con. Pencoit, but Penclutha : Clyde-
head. Clutha: lady of the Clyde. Crumpecker : round
hill, con. Grumble for Crumble (crom peel) : circular tower.
Hardacre : field on a hilltop = Inkpen (Ing : a meadow).
Hartshorn: hill frequented by deer. Harlo'w : high hill.
Pigfat (peak) = Langhorn. Pigfat con. Fadyan : long John.
Lightstone : bright hill, noted for beautiful sunsets. Ragg
gives RiGBY: hill dweller = Sheldon. Torr, Toe: a hill,
TowELL, Tawell (quaker) : little hill. HoGGPEN : high hill
= Altamont. After the following names town is understood.
Aston, Easton: east. Wesson, Weston: west, con. Vast:
the ocean west of the European continent. But Westley
(Charles), not west field, being a form of Wellesley (Arthur)
= Springfield. Waistcot: west cottage. Norton = Nor-
BURY. Sutton: south == Sudbury. Dalton: dale = THAL-
10

138 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

BERG = CoMPTON, CoMSTOCK : in a comb. TiTCOMB (bishop) :
little valley. Fancombe : frequented by fawns. Francombe
(frenum) : ash tree valley. Duncombe : hill in a valley.
Batterscomb : Batteur's dale. Batteur = Thresher. Combe,
Coombe, Coombes : a valley, forms cuTnb, as Cumberland :
land of valleys. A poet of that county says, —

" There's Cumwitton, Cumwhinton, Cumranton,
Cumrangen, Cumi'ew, Cumcatch,
And mony mair Cums i' the county,
But nin wi' Cumdurock can match."

Welcombe : valley where is notable spring. Buncombe (bon)
= HoPGOOD, Gehazi : valley of visions, beautiful sights,
gives Bunkum, whence the Americanism, Bunkum : brag.
Slocum (Podgers) : slough coombe, mud vale. Podgers :
poddy, big in the body = Hogarth. Commisky (looking
like a Pole, is Irish): watered valley = Dallas (esk), con-
versely, Escombe. Isdale : dale through which a burn flows.
Fallas: a hill w^ell watered. Randall, Handle : round valley.
Featherstonhaugh (longest English name) : town of
Frithestan, in the valley. Frithestan : most free, generous,
liberal. Maxwell : St. Maccusville = Maxton. Maccus : the
Mac : son, i.e., first born son. Howland : hill land = Kohistan.
Dalhousie (esk) : field at corner of water. Bushton, Eishton:
town among rushes = Rushbury. Rushout (hut) : a cottage
among sedge. Kerse : a rush, living among. "I don't care a
curse off a common." Denman : valley dweller. Eaton,
Heaton, Hatton: on a heath, though sometimes Eaton =
Waterston, at others a Hessian.

Twistleton (twa) : near boundaries of England and Scotland
= Borthwick, Borwick, Marwick (march) : border villages,
con. Vicus : a village, giving Wicks : a villain, villager, when
not local, means active, lively = Quigg. Marquis : who has
charge of the marches, con. Marchioness.

Murcia (Spain), Mercia (England), Mersey : bounding river
= Orr, whence Orum : home on the boundary river. Mar-
wooD: boundary wood = Sherwood : dividing forest. Mar-
comanni : men defending the marches, Bismarck (prince) :
end of bishop's jurisdiction, as Gravesend : where the SheriflT
of London ceases to have jurisdiction, and Denmark : Dane's
boundary. Margrave: the march greve, con. Reeves, Graves,
BiSLAND : bishop's glebe. Twiss : wearing a twisted sash,
ornamental belt, a warrior with his loins girded, prepared
unto battle. Twi (birth name) : a twin, con. Twiss and twice.
z becomes t, as Weiner Zeitung : Vienna Tidings, the Austrian
Times. Seen, too, in Zwibrucken: two bridges = Deux Ponts.
Caxton (printer) : Cage's town. Granton : town on a green.

LOCAL NAMES. 139

great, or Grant's town. If the first = Felton, Grenville ; if
second, Granville, Mecklenburgh : raickle borough. Bigham:
humble dwelling, home in a bigging = HuTTON.

Langton, Langham, Longueville, Longwill!: straggling,
lengthy town. Newton (Isaac),ViLLENEUVE (admiral), Neville,
Newell, Newsham, Newsom, Newstead, Novgorod, Naples all
mean new city, town or habitation. Alton (Locke) : old town
= Utica. Konigsberg, Regiomontanus, Cunningham, Ville-
ROY, Kingston : royal residences, the last sometimes meaning
king's stone (Scone), where the coronation was held. Turton :
near a tower = Wicks. Wollaston (chemist): east town on
a wold. WoOLFiELD : wold field. But Woolard : wearing a
hair shirt. " The naked truth of it is, 1 have no shirt, I go
woolward for penance." Woolnoth : bold as a wolf. Wolcot
(Peter Pindar) : cot in a wood. Panton : town approached by a
bridge = Bridgeton. Chatterton (the noble boy) : Cedda's
town. Warton : dwelling among rank vegetation, con. Wort
as in Wortzel, and = Ranke. Wordie : cultivating a little gar-
den = Tofts, sometimes means a boaster. Milton (John, when
not from mill), Middleton, Mittendorf : dwelling in the
middle of the town. Townsend : living at end = DuL0NG : of
far away up. Burke, Broughs, Berry, Berri, in some fami-
lies DuBARRY, Dewberry (du or de burgh) : burgesses to a man

= ClTTIDINI, BORGHESE, BORGIA, BURGESS, BrOUGH, BrUFF,

Burrows : persons having civic rights. But Borrows : a
pledge, hostage = Homer. Ur]5AN, Urbane (itfifem.), Townley :
refined, cultured, civic, not rustic. And Drybrough, Dryfruff:
waterless town = Drayton. Civilise : to make into a citizen.
Polite : city bred, not rustic as to gait or manners. Astu : a
city = Stead, gives Astute : cunning.

Metanaste : who changes cities, an emigrant. Astyanax :
defender of city by intellect, its king, con. Senex: aged. Bury : a
city,from Beorgan: to protect,co7i.Perga,Burgos, Pergamos,from
last. Parchment. Burglar: who commits larceny on a protected
place. Polls : a city, from Polus : many. Police : 'city wardens.
Burdett (Francis) = Velpelt, Lyttleton (lord) : small towns.
Guttenburg (printer) : good town. Whybrow ( Wyeborough) :
on the Wye. Swedenborg (Emanuel) : town of the Swedes =
SwEABORG. Sturton (when not on the Stour : muddy river,
stirred up), for stor town, great = Meikleham, Gresha^i.
Large (when Irish) : dweller on a hill side = Side (when Nor-
man), for De Glarges. Bellamy, from Belesme, Normandy,
is given as fair friend. Death : for De Ath : of Ath, Nor-
mandy. Death is from Do and means done — it is do-eth, death.
So some say, " I'll do for you." Ath = Ford, Athey : ford of
Ae, Hugh, there slain. Atherton = Fordham = Overton,
OvERBURY, Overend (and Gurney) : part of town near ferry

140 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Ford from Faran : to go, whence Ferry. Athol : rockford.
Arrol : high rock. Burford : ford to town famed for beer,
over the Windrush. Crawford (Caerford) : castle ford, mis-
taken for crow ford. Stafford : stream passed by help of a
leaping pole. Stratford (strait) : narrow ford. Disbury
from Diss, Norfolk. Beccles (bishop) : beck, brook running
through leas = Brooklands. Cajetan (cardinal) : from Cajeta,
now Gaeta. Cataline (conspirator) : Catillon, on Tiber.
Janeway ('s tokens) : man of Genoa. Lubbock (Sir John) : of
Lubeck. Liguori (St.) : of Liguria. Braby, Brabner, Bra-
bender : men of Brabant. Napoleon : of Naples. Salmasius
(op. of Milton), Seymour : of Semur, for St. Maure in French
Flanders. Some have Semur (sine muros) : without walls, and
get Seymour from sew, whence seamer, seamstress, semmit.
Semmet, a trade name. One may be from the place and an-
other from trade, only pedigree can decide. Somers: man of St,
Omers. " There is not a town in Normandy which has not
given name to some English family."

Persons were named after their residences by non-residents.
Lumner: Londoner, used a century since by Yorkshire
dalesmen to indicate one of their number who had visited
the metropolis. What would it signify in Whitechapel !
Lumner = LuNDiE (traitor), written in old charters de Lundie ;
a Londonderry name, though its ill odour there has expelled
it therefrom. Bordelay from Bordeaux. Marsigli (writer
on Hydrostatics) : from Marseilles. Marseillaise (hymn) :
sung by deputies from Marseilles. Bridges (algebra) :
Bruges, con. our Brigton and Briggs. Jervis (admiral) :
Gervaise in France, gives Jarvey : a coachman. Some families
insist in deriving from Gar : a spear, and Fuss : impetuosity,
but Gervaise may be that and give name to place. Toletus
(Spanish ecclesiastic) from Toledo. Balbi (Spanish-Jewish) i
man of Babylon, son of the captivity = Zerubbabel : seed of
Babylon, hence Balboa (navigator). Wurmser (general) : of
Worms = De Worms (Greenwich). Parrhasius (alchemist),
Parris : of Paris. But Paris (Ida) : under the protection of
Isis (goddess). Celsus (sceptic) : high, lofty, may be local or
social, Paracelsus (alcohol) : very high, Danvers is De An-
vers : of Antwerp, and Antwerp : at wharf. Lucchesi (sculp-
tor) : Lucca. Pisano : Pisa. Gournay, Normandy, gives
GuRNEY, meaning sometimes Spear new. Brimer (Toronto) :
braes of Mar, a disguised M'Gregor. Coriolanus : man of
Corioli.

" Therefore be it known,
As to us, to all the world, that Caius Marius
Wears this war's garland : in token of which
My noble steed, known to the camp, I give him,

LOCAL NAMES. 141

With all his train belonging : and fi'om this time,
For what he did before Corioli, call him,
With all the applause and clamour of the host,
Caius Marius Coriolanus."

Ilium, Troy's citadel, gives the great name lULUS (puer),
whence Julius. " Julius, a magno demissum nomen Iwlo."
Therefrom we have Castra Julia : camp of Julius, gives
Trogilium, better known as Truxillo. Julian (apostate) : son
of Julius = C(ESARI0N. Juliodumun : fort of Julius, gives
Loudon (Poitou), suggesting Chilham (Kent) : home of Julius,
nearly = Frejur for Frejus, for Frejules, for Forum Julii :
market town of Julius. Hence also Julien (operatic king),
Jules (Favre), the month July, island Jersey, Gilly : flower
blooming in July, suggesting Genitans : June eating's (apples),
Julia ending with Jill (Jack and). From Csesar we have
Xeres, in Spain, whence Sherry, Troilus (and Cressida) : a
thorough Trojan, compounded of Troy and Ilium, city and
citadel, so a Trojan of the Trojans. Caiapha, at the foot of
Carmel, taken by the Crusaders A.D, 1215, gave Caiaphas
(Joseph). " High Priest for that year." Migdol : a watch
tower, gives Magdala in the Decapolis, and the acropolis of
Theodore of Abyssinia, whence Magdalen (Mary). Kir : a
wall, Kirioth : walls, fortified, Iscariot : man of Kirioth, only
apostle not a Galilean. Magdalen gives Maudlin (college).
Maudlin : wersh and whining cant, Magdalena (river),
Maudsley : field dedicated to Mary Magdalen, but Maud
(queen) from Matilda : maid of Hilda. Jebus : place trodden
down = Maachah = the Scotch Peden, the English Bottom
(beat), the Italian Imola and Campobasso. Jebus and Salem :
peace, give Jerusalem. " The man would not tarry that night,
but he rose up and departed, and came over against Jebus,
which is Jerusalem." Sometimes tortured into Hierosolyma :
holy peace, at expense of history and languages. Maule :
Thor's hammer man, applied to priest who broke the spine of
a human victim with a hammer on a blood stone (altar),
shortens to Male, giving Melville : town of' Male, and that
may mean dwelling of Thor's priest. In some cases Male : a
painter.

The Savona river gives the martyric name Savonarola. Sav-
ona con. Savanna : a meadow, the river bank being luxuriant
= the illustrious Scotch preacher's name Irving : a stream hav-
ing verdant banks. Cairney, Kearney (Kate, the pride of
Killarney) : a river running by a notable cairn. Cairngorm :
blue mountain, cairn shaped. " The blue mountains glow in
the sun's golden light." From Cairn the French Carnac :
place of cairns, but the Hibernian Carnegie is warlike, mean-
ing victorious. Yet Pitcairn (Gaelic) : cairn near a quarry

142 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

= Pitt = Manby (captain) : dwelling near a mine. Cameron
vibrates between local and personal. If the former: curved
projection on a river, if latter: crooked nose. Cam : crooked
(river), whence Cambridge, and Camel, another crooked
stream. Cam also gives Akimbo (arms). Camera: a
chamber, curved roof, whence Camerarius = Chamberlain
Crom : curved, gives Cromby : crooked stream = Kishon : bow
shaped. Abercromby (Sir Ralph) : mouth of the Crombie.
Crom, Crum (Ewing), Cramb : stones placed in a curvilinear
form for the worship of Baal, Crom, or Ti-mor : great god.
Of this origin Crumlish, Crumly : Crom's field. Crum =
Dura, plains of. Douglas : dark gray (stream), con. Glass
applicable to a grey-eyed man or to a stream. Kinglass :
head of river = Penclutha, Penfound(t), and Pengelly.
Glashan (Mc) = Becket, Brooks. Kinglass, con. Kinroy:
red head. Water and the eye are connected physically,
ideally, and as to language. En : a well, also means an
eye. " Tamar put her widow's garments from her, and cov-
ered her with a veil, and wrapped herself, and set in
eynim :" the place of eyen, where men cast amorous
glances, sheep's eyes. Our letter O is con. Eau : water.
The eye is Ain (Heb.), Ops (Gr.), Oculus (La.), Occhio (It.),
Ojo (Sp.), Oeil (Fr.), Oin (Celtic, identical with Hebrew).
Hence Og : to look. Ogle : to look boldly, which adding go
gives Goggles : eyes on the go, rolling. Goggle is an actual
family name. Compare Oeil and Well. Now Eye, Eau, and
0 are philologically one, and Well differs therefrom but little,
Gve hundreds of years since it was spelled Oeil. As we get
G from the camels head and neck, hieroglyphically, Camel,
Gimel, so we may have O from the well. Notice : No punster
is allowed after reading the afore written to say 0 ! He may
say aye ! But Ocella : a man with little eyes, —

" Loe yonder doth Erie Douglas come,
His men in armour bright,
Full twenty hundred Scottish speres

All marching in our sight :
All men of pleasant Tivydale
Fast by the river Tweede.
' Then cease your sports,' Erie Percy said,
'And take your bows with spede.' "

DuFFUS: dark stream = Blagkwater and Donovan, when
the don is not a form of Dun. Dufferin (lord) : dark third,
a portioner of bog land. Glass may mean grey, water, a
stream. Glass : man living near it, ice, glass or grey-eyed,
whence Glasspole (pool). Ruthven: red river {co7i. Den-
ovan) = Rubicon, Rio Colorado. "Lord Ruthven, pale and
haggard from recent illness, and like a corpse in armour.

LOCAL NAMES. 143

followed Darnley." Riou, Ribas = Rivers. Rialto : deep
river. Fontarive : rapid flowing spring = Fontarabia.

" Brave hearts ! to Britain's pride
Once so faithful and so true,
On the deck of fame that died
With the gallant good Riou.'*

Carruthers : red castle, or fort = Rafflin. Cathcart : strait
of the Cart, where it runs between narrow banks = Detroit.
Kyle : living at straits, con. Calais: town on the kyles of Dover.
Dalziel, beautiful meadow = Beaupre, Beauly. Dalrymple
(Kate) : meadow by the winding pool. De Winton : of
Winchester.

Percy (earl) : from the Perche valley, it assumes the forms
Pearse, Pierce. But the story of his being named from
pushing a spear into a man's eye is all — but that's vulgar.
He, or his ancestors, was called Percy before Alnwick Castle
was founded. Chisholm : river island formed of gravel,
living on. Roderic de Triana (first Spaniard that descried
America) : Roderic of Trajan's town. Florence gives Fian-
zuoLA (painter) : a Florentine. Dacre, thought to mean St.
Jean d'Acre: St. John of Accho, is a Cumberland name, Deacre
= Ager, Ages, Cluny, i.e., of the field, like Delafield.
Hague : hedge. The Dutch Hague was the hunting ground
of the Flemish nobles. It is con. Haag (Carl), De la Hay:
of the hedge, boulevards. Haynau (Austrian hyasna) : new
hedge = Quigley : a field surrounded by a quick. Hay is
identical with High, and so is applicable to person or place,
as is Barr and Celsus. Hence Hoy : island, high above the
sea.= Ogygia, an old name of Ireland, from which also Ormond :
east Munster, Desmond : west Munster. Deal : to divide,
gives Dale : a division of the land ; in German, Thal. Thus
Dalby, Dolby = Dalton. (chemist), Thalberg. Swanthaler
(sculptor) : dale haunted of swans. Saverthal (songstress) :
Savannah dale, meadow valley, con. Savonarola. Dalry :
dale of the Rye —

" Comin' through the Rye."

Rye : a run of water. Hence Rye (Miss). Lilienthal : lily
dale, con. Lilac: lily oak. Schonthal : beautiful valley =
Vauban (bon) = Gehazi, Hopgood = Jolivau : pretty valley.
Odell : dale of the Ouse. Sudden : south valley. Duval
(Claude): of the valley = Delaval. Dalkeith (Buccleuch) :
narrow dale. But Keith: one of Catti, con. Caithness. Catti:
warlike, con. Cadogan. Glendinning : sheltered glen. Dol-
liner : a dalesman. Norval usually given as northern vale =
NoRDEN, but Norman's vale —

My name is Norval ; on the Grampian hills," etc.

144 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Grundy Grund : living on low ground = Maachah, Loo,
Thurlow : Thor's valley. Shufflepottom : shaw field dale,
a wood in a field in a bottom. Ramsbottom : a dale in
which a kind of onion flourished that was called rhom,
whence the name Ram. Winterbottom, Winterbotham :
winding dale = Valletort, Shoebottom : small wood in a
valley. Twisden : double dale, tiua, twice, ttvis. Winterborn:
winding burn = CARR0N and Winterbach. Bottom differs
little from Foote and Orispus : living at foot of hills =
LowTHER and Moffat. Foothead: head of the valley =
Percy, Percival. Bowden (booth den) : dwelling in a valley,
con. Booth (general, S.A.), Beth, Bed, Abode, Abad, Bowers
and Bothwell : abode of Gaels, strangers = Ballingall.
Gallows : the Gaul's or strangers' haugh. Hadden : haugh
den = Bowden, Swinehoe : haugh frequented by swine =
SwiNFEN : hog bog. Marsden : marshy valley = Bugden
("Mrs. Bugden's will"): boggy dale = Softley : where the
ground sucks in = BuGG, NoA, Nassau. Tilden : lime tree dale,
Tillinghast : lime tree wood. Eaden, Eden, Denny (eau) :
valley through which a stream flows = Rodney, Isdale, Com-
misky. But the Bible Eden : pleasure, gives Adonis and
Aden on Red Sea. The foregoing contrast with Dryden.
Howden : haugh den. Ho : a haugh. Sugden = Swindell :
valleys frequented by swine. Denman (lord) : a dalesman =
Thal, Deane. But Adean: at the dale. Camden (anti-
quary) : where a camp has been. Lagden : low lying valley
= Logan, Lagan. Walden : forest in a valley. Den, Din
gives Dingle : little den, —

" In dingles deep and mountains hoar,
Oft with the bearded spear,
They combatted the tuskj^ boar
And slew the angry bear."

Such a huntsman a thousand years ago was called Chaceporc,
Mahon, Maughan, or Mahoney. Selden (antiquary) : spacious
valley = Strathmore. Cobden (corn) = Percival : head of the
valley. Vanner : a valesman = Vaux, Thal, Denman. Bro-
die (sometimes) : house in a plain, a lowlander = Platt, Peden
(at others) : an embroiderer, a subtle weaver : if Milesian,
spelled Brody : opulent = Jesse (of Bethlehem), A man might
be forgiven for supposing Blane to be local con. Dumblane
("Jessie the flower of") and = Clarendon : blank of trees, but
it is contracted from Bel Agneau (Franco-Culdee) : beautiful
lamb (Jesus), con. Lamb who carried lamb standard, whence
Lammie. In some cases these are nurse names of endearment.
Bellarmine (theologian) : of the order of knights of the ermine,
compounded with Bell ; beautiful. Lundt, Landt, Lund, Lan-
DOR (Savage), Lowndes are forms of lands. Thwaites,

LOCAL NAMES. 145

SwAiTE and Brooklyn : broken land = Newland : newly culti-
vated, the op. of AuDLEY. Our Den : a valley is formed on
Stan : a country, as Belochistan : poor country, barren. Peris-
tan : fairyland, peris. Palestine : country of shepherds, Philis-
tines. Syria is Suristan : country of Soor, Tyre, and Tyre : a
rock, Zur as Zurshaddai : whose rock is the Almighty. Tan-
Sein (Stan Since) : a Chinaman. " That which grows over the
musician Tan-Sein." Tanagra (daughter of Eolus), for Stan
Graii : Greek land, Helenistic lady. Thana-Lartia (Venus):
lady owning the country. Lartia fern, of Lars : a landlord,
whence Byron's hero Lara, and " Lares et lemures." Tingi-
tania : country about Tangiers. Lusitania (Portugal) : land of
luz. Luz : the hazel. Suggests Calton : hazelnut town, Dun-
keld : hill of hazel bushes = Luz where Jacob dreamed. Thane :
stan (land) holder, con. Thanet. Firdusi (Persian poet) : para-
dise. " Firdusi, although his own name was taken from j^ara-
dise, usually employs for it only the word behhischt" Paradise:
w^atered garden, co7i. Pre, Pratt, Pritty, Prairie, Dupre.

Let us take to water again. Torraxce (when neither from
Tor: hill, nor Turra : a tower) a torrent, a land flood, con. Terra :
earth, land, country = Borromeo (St. Charles): living at the
bore = Currant. Storar : great waters = Piso7i, coii. Story :
great. Storm : great rhime. Storthing : great gathering of
thinkers, for think and thing is the same thing. Tyndale
{translator), Tyndall (scientist): dale of the Tyne. Tweddle :
Tweed dale. Waddell, Waddle: Wear dale (Yorks). Wear,
Weir, Ware: a waterfall, that ivards, guards the river from
floods, nearly like Lade, Laidlaw. Sometimes Ware, and its
variations from De Vere, when a war name : defender, warrior
who protects = Muntz. But Waddle: to walk from side to
side, is from Wade : to pass through water, and that from
Weed : long grass, passing through. Drouin de Lhuys
(diplomatist Fr.) : Drouin of the sluice. Similar to Sluse
and Gush. Drouin : true win, fair conqueror. So Deles-
CLUSE (exclusa) : of the sluice, that which excludes, shuts out
water. Surtees : upon the Tees. Aufidus, a river of south
Italy, gives Aufidius.

" See liim pluck Aufidius down by the hair:
As children from a bear, the Voices shunning him."

Sul : the south, from Sol : the sun, as Puerta del Sul = South-
gate, gives Sole, Solano (Lopez) : a southron = Southey
(laureate). South = Surr, Sothern (Dundreary), Temanite
(from Teman, Yemen : the south, con. Benjamin). Deccan :
south (India). Soldene : southern lady. Plimsol (M.P.) :
south of Plym. The wind Solano, not from Sol : the sun.
Winds are named by the people from their observed direction,

146 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

and not by philosophers observmg their origin. Solano corre-
sponds to Libecchio : Libyan wind = Africus, and means the
south wind. Sul also gives Soul, Soule = Deas, all southrons
= SuTHER (bishop). Sutherland : south of Norway. Newsky
(Russian) : town on the Neva. Sudanowsky : south of the
Danube.

" A multitude like wbich the populous north

Pour'd never from her frozen loins, to pass

The Ehene or Danaiv."

Tober, Tiber (in the Celtic) : a spring, well, or stream
flowing therefrom. Thus Tobermory : well of B. V. Mary =
Motherwell. Tiber : a stream, a river, which was also called
Albula = Elbe, from its whiteness, and Rii ma, because of cattle
ruminatiiig on its banks, in which Ruma = Buchan, the Scotch
corresponding well with Italy, Vitulii, suggestive of cattle,
and much the same as Beotia, Boii. Tiber personified gives
Tiberius (uios) : son of the god Tiber, whence Tiberias : city
named in honour of the emperor which gave name to lake.
From RuMA the twins Remus and Romulus, the latter being
the dim. he probably was the smaller baby. We may trans-
late their names sons of Riiraa. The imperial word Rome :
city on the Ruma (as certainly as Cambridge from the Cam)
gives Roumania, Roumelia, Morea (for Romea), Erzeroum :
land of the Roman, Romaic (modern Greek), Rommany
(Gypsy language), Romance (language of southern France).
RouSTAN : of the Roman country.

Burns (in some families) : small streams, rivulets. Barnet
(battle of), Burnet (bishop), Beckett (A'Becket). Barnwell :
a spring where the bairns (young men) met for gymnastic
exercises. But Barnum (showman) : home near a barn, a
field labourer. Coburn, Cockburn (some authors give
CocKBURN, Coburn as forms of Colbrand), Brockle,
Glashan, Donny brook (fair). Beck, Bach, Backie : brook,
stream or streamlet. In America we meet with Back.
Vanderbeckex : of the brook = the Irish Tully and Flood,
similar to Borromeo : living where the water occasionally
rushes in, as we speak of the Bore of the Ganges. Bicker-
steth (Tatler) : station at a brook. Hepburn : hedge burn,
similar to Brocklehurst : brook passing through a wood.
Bachman = Brooks = Beck, last combining to form Clutter-
buck : clear brook, the op. of Stour : stirred up, muddy, Stur-
TON : (town on) the Stour. The Germans have Bach as Gries-
bach (biblical critic), for Grossbach = Fulbrooke. Storar :
great water. Achenbach : brook flowing by oaks = Wald-
brook. " Herr Achenbach has produced Mendelsohn's St.
Paul in a dramatic form at Dusseldorf." Meerbach : a brook
running into the sea. Bolingbroke (sceptic) : small wood

LOCAL NAMES. 147

(bois) near a brook. Blumenbach (musical composer) : brook
iiowinfT through blooming meads = English, FoTHERGiLL,
GiLFATHER, GiLFEATHER : watcr running through fodder,
cattle food, con. Blum, Bloomer (costume) : living in bloom =
Mead, Mede, Meadows : that which is mowed. Rusubrook :
brook among sedge, reeds, like Riddle, Riddal : reed, rush
dale = Reidvale. Reuss (professor): rushing burn, RuYS-
dale = Isdale, Risely: brookfield, Commisky (esk). Offen-
bach (operatic writer): rapidly running brook = Fontarive.
Schwarbach (swarthy) : dark water brook = Douglas. Beck-
ford (millionaire): ford of brook = Fordham. Overton :
ferry town. OvERiNG : son of Over. I knew a family so
named. Over : a ferry (man), hence Hanover.

BiRKBECK (mechanics' institute) : birch tree brook = the fatal
Berezina : birch river. Birkett (hout) : birch grove. BiRKS,
Birch : of an aboriginal stock = the Saxon Ashman. Risely :
field through which water rushes = Reuss, Ruysdale. Syke : a
run of water less than a beck, so called because it svxks in
water from the hills, gives Sykes (Bill). Tichborne
(claimant) : de Itchen bourn : of the Itchen brook, Hants.
Brook : that breaks out of the earth, Brooks. Bourn, in the
French Borne : a boundary. Labonde : at the boundary,
brave = Lamarck (evolutionist) : at the marches, these may be
called Marcommanni : men defending the coast line. " That
bourn from which no traveller returns." Burnham : home on
a stream. Burns (when local) = Mersey, Orr, Ure : bounding
stream, con. Horos : a boundary, whence Horizon, boundary
of vision.

Oros : a mountain, district divider. Some give the rivers
Orr and Eure : cold and so con. Balfour : cold dwelling.
Orontes : a mountain stream. Orispus (American politician) :
living at mountain foot. BoRD (pianos): living at border =
BoRWiCK. MiCHAL : a little stream, joy giver. " The name
of the younger was Michal." One of the Erse w^ords for
water is Gill, giving Gully (game chicken) : a water course.
GooL, the British for a canal or channel, Pickersgill (painter):
pike stream. Pike : spike nosed. Cargill : camp, fort, hill
by water = Crawford or thereby. Gill gives Gull, whence
Cull, Golland, Yoland, Gilliland: well watered fields.
MuNCASTER (Greek brigands, taken by) : mound caster, castle on
a hill = Gordon : goat fortress, not to be confused with Mon-
caster : monk's fortress, now^ Newcastle. Goulburn (bishop) :
a combination of goal and burn: a dividing stream. Tregelles
(commentator) : town on a stream. Pengelly (Kent's cave) :
head of stream. Pencoit : head of wood. Penclutha : Clyde
head, con. Pennygant : hill of winds = Schrekhorn : shrieking
mountain. Stream in Norse words assumes the form of

148 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Strom, as Stromness : stream island, projection into bore =
Spithead. Maelstrom: mill stream. Stromier = Rivers,
EiBAS, Reis, con. Race: where waters rush. Ankarstrom
(assassin): stream in which ships anchor. Goldenstrom:
gold flowing = Chrysorhoas. Stockenstrom (" Brave, if justly
brave ") : a stoke (place s;.aked out) near a stream. Engstrom :
angle of stream. Pembroke (pen) : a hill with brook at foot,
con. Pennant: head of valley = Percival. Desaix (aqua):
of waters = Waters, con. Aix-la-Ghapelle : waters of the
chapel. (Mc)Lachlan, (O)Lochlin, Lachland: lake land
dwellers, sometimes applied to the natives of Norway. Lewis
(when local): lake land (island). Sutherland: land south
of Norway : north way, road to pole. Stamford, Stanford :
stony ford, stones placed to aid in fording. Stanback : a
stony brook = Abana, from Eben: a stone. Rutherford:
ford of the Ruther, tribe of Tweed, so called from gravel colour-
ing =Sandford (and Merton). Stratford (le bow): street
ford, old Roman road. Stafford : stream forded by leaping
with a pole.

" Pemhrolce and Stafford, you in our behalf,
Go, levy men and make prepare for war."

Ford = Wade, con. Invade : to go into. Finney (American
divine): fen waters = Marsh, Marsham. Weller (Sam): a
gulf where the water wells, boils up. Whalley (M.P.) : held
with a spring in it. Wellhausen (critic) : a spring of water
supplying houses = Pagan, con. Welcombe, Wallop. In
vulgar fact these were village pumps, persons living near.
Pege : a fountain {Pedao ex ge : leaping out of the earth),
gives Pegasus : winged horse of the Muses whose heel by a
kick laid open a spring. When Christianity was making way
in the cities and great centres of population, rustics still stood
by the old superstition which therethrough was called Paganism
from Pagani : villagers, from Pege : a well, those who gathered
round the village pump. Heathen : ethnoi, nations not Jews,
gauyim, strangers. Pagan assumes the forms Payne, con.
Paganism and Paine (Tom). Cholmondeley : cold mount
fiekl, cor. to Chumly = Collop: cold hope = Caldicott and
Balfour,

By : a place, as Bye-laws : local regulations, gives Kirby
(naturalist) : kirk village. Crossby (arithmetician) : dwelling
near a cross. Derby (generally pronounced Darby, as in
Darby M'Guire) : dwelling on the Derwent. Crossley,
Grutchley : field where a cross is erected to do stations hy,
con. Cruciger (reformer) : cross bearer, a crusader. " Luther
was accompanied by Melancthon, Cruciger, and Jonas."
Harlech (men of) : long stone. Leckie : stoney. Auchin-
LECK : stony field, gives Affleck, when Affleck is Saxon :

LOCAL NAMES. 149

immaculate, unspotted, without a flick. Stanley (Penrhyn) :
stone field = the great French ' La Peyroux : the stony.
Penrhyn : head of promontory = Spithead. Steen, Stein : a
hill, rock, stone. Arnstein : eagle hill. But Stone (some-
times) : blood stone, sacrificial altar. Einstein : one stone
(boundary). Alston : old -boundary. Frankenstein : rock
fortress of the Franks. Vandersteen : of the hill = Hills.
Folly, Foli, Fell, Foly : of the rock. Falshaav = Rockwood.
RoKESBY : dwelling on the rocks = Duhalde : of the strong-
hold. Vandeman (island) : of the mine, con. Manchester :
camp quarry. Vallenstein : rocky valley = Stanhope.
Standish (Miles) : rock surrounded by water (esk), dwelling
on. Avallano : hazel valley. Leichtenstein : light stone.
Weisenstein : white hill = Whitelaw. Staines : stones,
living at boundary = Lamarck. Vanhouten : of the wood =
BuiST, De la Bost. Vandeveer: at the ferry = Over.
Vanduzee : dwelling by the shore = Sands when it is local.
Eekhout = Oakwood and Boyack.

Wink, Winks, Winkle : field corner, land gushet, living at
corner house = Engels. Rip Van Winkle : Rip of the corner.
Rip (from Ripa : a bank. Ripurarian (Franks) : living on
Rhine banks. Arrive : to reach the bank by swinmiing or
sailing). Banks : bank dweller. Bentham (Jeremy) : bent
home, dry grass stalks. Bentley (lexicographer) : bent field,
living in. Langham, Langton (Steven) : long straggling
village.

Marsham (Mrs.) : home in a marsh = Mosheim (historian and
the op. of Drayton (Polyolbion) : without wells. Polyolbion:
much about Britain. Drayton answers to Dryburgh :
ill supplied with water. Mossman = Petman, Petley, Moss
(when not formed on Moses) : residing on turf land. Moss-
crop, MossCRiP : turf cutter, Muspratt : meadow on a moss.
Moss trooper : galloper over the moss. Moss = Heenan, Cork
(and sometimes) Ross, Bugg : bog brothers. Divorty : living
in a turf thatched hut. Cespedes (Spanish General) : resident
on uncultivated ground = the foregoing, and such as Ferney,
Farnie, Farnworth: fortified place on fern land. Furnival:
ferney valley. Heath, Ling, Broom, Broomhead = Muirhead
and Hedderwick: heather dwelling. Booth, Bowtell (in
some families) Battle: dwelling place, bothie, con. Bethlehem:
house of bread, Dalbeth : dwelling in a dale, Bothwell =
Ballingall, Allahabad : God's dwelling, Khorsabad : Cyrus'
dwelling, Bedstead : place of. Correggio (painter) : king's
house (casa), con. Canova (sculptor) = Newhaus. Lachaise
(pere): the house = House, common in England. Malthus
(Malthusian) : malt house. Bacchus (if local) : bake house,
born in, or there dwelling. Duffus: pigeon cot. House forms

150 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Hustings: little house, Hussy: house wife. House = Lach-
AiSE, Maison. Housego : house joy. Wic for Vicus : a
dwelling place, gives Fenwick : village in the fens = MAiiSHAM,
Venn, Marston, con. Berwick for Aberwick : village at Tweed
mouth.

York (captain) Yorrick (poor) : Urewick, on the Ure, and
Ure : bounding stream = Orr as Orwell : dividing brook.
Orum : home on the Orr. Bevil (beau), when not from bois
= Bristol : bright stow = Winthrop, Sheen, Nain. Wads-
worth : among wad, where lead ore is found. Waddy
(Samuel): wad field. Wordsworth (Excursion): among rank
vegetation = Warton (M.P.) and Wordie, when not a boaster.
Thorp : a village where roads intersect, whereat a cross was
erected, con. Thwaites : a clearing, Twysden : double dale,
and Carfax : four roads. In German, Dorf. Sibthorp
(colonel): Sigbertsthorp. Sigbert: glorious conqueror. Cal-
thorp: cold dwelling = the Highland Balfour and Collop.
Apthorp : abbot's house = Tabbey : at the abbey. Newdorf
= Newton. Zinzendorf (count): tin smith's town. Tischen-
DORF (" Codex Sinaiticus ") : carpenter's village. Faircloth :
beautiful clough, pine glen = Hopgood. Clough forms Clow,
The Dutch form is Kloof, as Bloomenkloof : flowery glen,
con. Blumenstein. Milton, Middleton = Mitdorf, Midden :
a dungstead, means middle of property wherein was deposited
what was useless in the house=Trivial (tres via): three cross
roads where scraps were flung.

Hamilton (haugh mill town) : a town having a mill in a
haugh. Haugh gives Ho, Hawes = Denman. Soho : shaw
haugh. Hawley : field in a haugh. We meet with Haugh
for Hague, Haag. Hedges = La Haye, but Hayman : a hedger
and ditcher. The Hibernian Cinnamon : old turf dwelling on
a moor = Divorty. Muirhead = Panmure and Bromhead,
con. Pencoit : woodhead. Lambshead for lands-head. Head-
land, cor. Headlam : head of land, ploughed, applied to a
squatter who pitched his hut at the hedgerow at field top.
Moffat (Bosjesmans) : moor foot. Morpeth : path across the
moors. Morley: moor field = Hatherly, Hedderwick =
Landells, when not from Lann: a church, temple, enclosure
= Lanyon: little enclosure = Closet, co7i. Landes, on French
coast. Amor : at the moor. Mulholland : mill of the little
wood. Lloyd : grey or extended sea, living near = Morgan,
Vanduzee, and Von Eeaumer, and Bythesea: a shore
foundling. Bat Shore (Jane), con. sewer, seneschal: high
servant. Saumarez : salt marsh. Shiels (Lalor) : huts
where persons are shielded. Greenshields : huts among
trees = Shelton, Sheldon, Hutton (algebraist): living in a
village of huts = Coats and Van Buben. Hammond, Emmons :

LOCAL NAMES. 151

home on a hill, artificial. Chisuolm : gravel island, in a river.
On a sea island, Skerrat, con. Scar, Skerries, Skerryvore
(more) : great rock, Hebrides. Score, Scokesp.y : rock
dweller. Barry (sometimes) : bare island, but usually a hill,
C071. Bar : a son, Chaldee, exalted. Sometimes Barry : bare,
barren hill = Risk, con. Rise = Brae. Barry (eau) : head of
stream = Pengelly, co7i. Pool : a stream. Castlebar : castle
on the hill = HARDCASTLE (aird). Barry (Welsh): son of
Harry = Parry, Harrigan. Barry gives Barrow : funeral
mound. Enters France as Bar-le-Duc : the Duke's citadel.
DuBARRY, Dewberry : of the castle. Barrie : castle dweller
= Terence. Styles: at a style, Penn : a hill, gives
Pennant : living at hill foot, or head of the valley = the odd
FooTHEAD. (Mc)Bean (Sawney) : dweller on a ben = Slevin,
Alpin (clan), con. Albyn, Albion, Alps. It is Americanised
out of sorts into Halpin,

QuiNCY (when local): quince tree plot = Plumstead and
Plum for plum grower. I know persons thus named. Car-
stairs : lands attached to a caer, car, castle, con. De Chair
(middy): of the castle = Akaster. Acquaviva (general of
Jesuits: running water = Currant, Prideaux, Waters. An-
STRUTHER : stream passing through a strath. Latter part gives
Struthers = Dale, con. Strabane : white strath. Summer-
LEE : field sown with spring wheat. Trelawny (Cornish) :
vale grove town, Trevannion : house in a hollow = Ho yle =
Cayour C071. Cavan, germane with Cavus : hollow, and the
old verb Caw : to which, arch, curve, giving Corb : a chariot,
Corve : a cawed up basket, (M')Caw: war charioteer, Cormac:
son of a chariot = Antiochus : swift as a chariot = Podargus :
swift footed = Light, Lightfoot, Lightbody : a swift messen-
ger. CuRRAN : a reaping hook, a scimitar, a scythe. Cavanagh
(Bernard) : round hills. Cave, Volta : vault dweller =
Wemyss, Hume, Home : troglodytes all. So France supplies
Cavaignac : dweller in a hollow, " depression de terrain" =
Maachah and Campobasso. Isbister : dwelling among ice.
Ootterell : feudal villein, holding land by paying a fee =
Van Meter, Tennant. Haviland : land on which oats are
sown. Haversack : bag for oats, forage. Knapsack : carried
by Knapp : the knave, servant. Castra : a camp, square forti-
fications, gives Chester in Saxon counties, Cester in Danish,
Caer in Welsh, and Cahir in Irish, abbreviating to Carr, Kerr
in Scotland, con. Kir (" Made bare the shield") of Palestine.
Kerridge : camp hill = Muncaster. Pinkerton: town on a
fortified hill. Locus : a place, bye, and Plana : flat, give Llano:
a flat place, strath, whence Landes, Lannes (marshal), com-
bining with Oros : a mountain we have Orellana (eponyme
of the greatest river known) : possessing a mountain side reach

152 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

ing to the edge of the sea = BRiMLEY, Eveleth, Costley,
SoRBY : shore dwellers = Vanduzee. From Llano and Magnus,
Magellan (magellanie clouds) : great plane. Phao : I shine,
gives Pharos : a light house, shiner, whence Ferrol, Fairhead:
headland where there is a light house, born near. Meers,
Merrick (mere wick) : village near mere or sea = BALMERiNO,
Seaton, Say : sea near. When Say is French : maker of
armour padding, con. Sole : silk. Ditchen : of the Itchen
(river) = Tichbourne (claimant). Pool, Pallas, Glasspole :
living on land watered by pools. Barras : living at edge of
wood, at a barrier = Edgewood. In some cases Barras = Ber-
ryer : man at barriers taking toll = Delaporte : of the gate,
con. LocKPORTE : who had charge of a city gate, and Dela-
place : a freeman, having gate liberty.

Seidlitz (powders), Siegel (mother) : a settler, squatter,
newly arrived emigrant = Neal. Ingersoll (colonel) : palatial
abode having a portico entry, con. Entre-sol = GRESHAM, House,
Lachaise : the house. Some names assume almost a comic
aspect, as Peasoop, which is nothing more than a ho2)e in which
peas are cultivated. So Essip (ais, e.sk), which becomes Esop :
a hope through which water runs. Peticote : little cottage.
Pycot : a hut. Pad : living at or near a rath, to which belong
the names Rat, Ratter, Ratto: rath, castle dwellers = Carey.
Eatican : head of the rath = Kexealy. Raffin : white rath.
Eyno, Rynn: spit of land running into sea = Spite. Shil-
lingsworth : fortified huts (shiel) on a meadow.

TJttermare: coming from beyond the sea. From Ecclesias :
a church, we derive Eaglesham = Kirkham, Eccles, Eagles,
Eggleston, Eggs, and Eels. Fancy Eagles, Eggs, and Eels
meaning a church! Inches, the parent of many a joke =
Innis, Ince : an islander. Bugbee is only bog dwelling (by).
Yett is one living near a park gate. Fane (not from Fanum :
a temple) = Bain : fair, giving Faneuil (hall): little Fane.
Maxum = Maxwell : the abode of Mack: the son. Long-
worthy, Langtry (Mrs.), Longstreet : long straggling dwell-
ings. GooDENOUGH (haugh) = Thoroughgood (thal-er):
fruitful valley. FoGO, Fogg = Meadows, Pratt, Grgenevelt :
green field.

As already seen, Normandy suppHes England with a large
proportion of names, as Dangerfield, cor. from D'Angerfield.
Anger: man of Anjou. Homer is from St. Omers, as is
SoMERs. Blois gives Bliss (burnt). Baskerville (Norman
Irish) for Bacqueville : town on a stream, co7i. Beck: a
brook, whence Beckett, cor. to Pickett. Bews (when not
from Hugh) is from Bayeaux. Bellew: beautiful waters,
gives Bellows. Boyle (philosopher), Bullis (bois ville) =
Wootton. Devine (Norman Irish) is from William Devin :

LOCAL NAMES. 153

of the vines = ViGNOLES. Varden (Dolly), Farthing (ver dun):
Greenhill, Vermont, Valdeloge : strong dwelling, cor. to
FuLLALOVE, and con. with lodger. Irons (Joseph) from Airan,
in Normandy = our Govan : smiths' town. KiRK (when not
Scotch) : living near an oak (quercus). Million is from Melin,
Normandy. Moneypenny (magnepeine): living on land taking
great pains to cultivate. Moton (M.P.) : town on a mound,
cor. to Motion.

Peto: man of Poitou, whence also Pointer. Portwine,
from Poitevin. Warboys (verbois) = Greenwood. Stagno
=:PoND, cor. to Stanhow, while Pond contorts to Pounds.
ToLER : tower dweller = Rat, Carey. Hussey is a directory
name from House: living in the principal house = Ace,
Auge (aqua, eu) = Waters, as Bellew : beautiful waters,
cor. to Bellows, and contracts to BLb;w, whence Bleuett.
Cardwell (cardon ville) : thistleton = Chardon. Eccles :
a church, DiGGLES. Dixie ("I wish I Avas in Dixie") is
Normanised from Diss and = DiSBURY. Wesleyan ministers
think the Norfolk people poor and hard. A standing con-
ference joke when a young preacher is appointed to the
Diss circuit is, "He is cZisappointed." Tarrant, Tarry, Tarr :
living near a tarn, deep dark lake on a hill. Casa : a house,
gives Caznoye, Canova: near house. Cheese = Meiklem:
great house, one living in the house of that village = House.
A lady named Cheese was presented to her Majesty at a
levee, and was voted one of the creme la crerae. Rowell
Troad well) : living on road to a sacred spring. Mirrilees :
miry fields. The great Melancthon : black earth = Peats, its
latter part, con. THON = our Clay, Fields. The family name
Balnaves, from Ben Nevis : mountain snow. Radstock :
1 idden of trees and staked for culture. This Rad con. Rath :
a fort, a place cleared of trees, with which it was fortified.
(Consult Tyrrwhitt. Fowne (s gloves) : living amidst grass
land. Foenum : fodder.

In this work there is no chapter on human names derived
from flowers, such not being comprehended in the less poetic
one on locality or that on trades. Had we one on flowers
it would have been headed by Djuleep (Singh) : the rose.
Singh : a lion. He was fair to friends, but dreadful to foes.

Flowers have but lately, in the world's histor}^ been a
[towerful factor in refining men, and therefore supply few
names.

11

( 154 )

CHAPTER VIII.

PATRONYMS OR GENTILE NAMES.

Propriety suggests our making an addendum to local names
by illustrating personal designations on the wider scale of
nations, whereby light is not only reflected upon individual
origin, but that of a people, and, at the same time, side lights
are thrown upon the geographical expression by which
countries are known where such nations are located, and thus
new interest attaches to the study of geography, and its con-
nection with history is seen more clearly. A woman may
marry her name away, a man may change his by law, or dis-
guise it through caprice, but nations are not subject to such
vicissitudes. Witness the world honoured name Britain : in
all probability given thereto by Phenician sailors. The
learned generally hold that when the Tyrians were trading
for tin with Cornwall and the Cassiterides, they termed the
country Brittistan : the stan, country, of the Britti, whence
our Britannia. On our copper coinage we have Victoria D.G.
Britt. Reg. F.D. Not Brit. The t is doubled to indicate the
implied plural form of our great empire. So also we have
Lusitania for Luzistan : hazel land, from the same brave
seamen. (Gen. xxviii. 19.) So, too, Phenicia : land of the
Phoenix: palm tree = Palmyra. Buckowina = Buckingham :
beech tree country. Grenada : pomegranate land. Pome-
granate : grained apple-grain, becomes gren. No such nation
as the Lusi was known, and a king so named is purely
mythical. Neither invasion by Roman, Saxon, nor Norman
has driven the proud old name of Britain from national
nomenclature. Nay, in the Tyrian ages Brittistan covered but
a fringe of our south coast, now the name Britain covers a
congeries of nations unified under one tri-colour.

The names of persons derived from countries are termed
Patronyms, from Patria : fatherland. The following is a
selection of the more instructive and better known : —

AusoNius (tutor to Gratian) : an Italian = Vitalian.

Brett : a Breton, native of Brittany = Bris (St.) In respect
thereto our country is called Great Britain.

Briton : pretty, fine made = PRYD (Welsh), Area (Hebrew),
Olympas (Greek), Bravo (Italian), Prettyman = foregoing.
Hermosus, Formosus = IsHOD : man of glory, fine made,
becomes IzoD and Izett, generally rendered fair. But Prittv
(pratum), from the Normans and = Meadows.

PATBONYMS OR GENTILE NAMES. 155

BuRGOYNE (general), Burgtn : a Burgundian. The Bur-
gundians were named from their weapons, as were many
other nations. Their name is con. Bore : to pierce, an allusion
to their lances, and Gon : war, as Gondemar : glorious warrior.
So then,

Burgundians : war piercers, those who break through the
ranks of their enemy with lances = L'Ouverture (Dominican
warrior) : the opener = Talleyrand (diplomatist) : who cuts
through ranks.

Barbara: of Berber descent, a stranger = Gershom, and
L'EsTRANGE, but Strange is a French form of the Scotch
Strang, as though Le Strang.

Lamoriciere, Maurice, Morriss: of Moorish descent.
From Maurice the isle Mauritius.

Mauritania : stan of the Moors, dark people = Nigritia :
Negro land, Soudan of the Arabs = Caramania (con. Caracal:
dark eared wild beast) = Hindostan, Hind, Sind, Sindbad (the
sailor) : a native of India, con. Allahabad : the abode of Allah.
From Moor con Amaurois : darkening of eyes, and gives
Mohair, as also the Morian's land, Murillo (painter) : little
Moor.

Numidia : land of nomads, graziers. Nomad : one who
seeks Nome : pasture.

Palestine : stan of the Philistines, .shepherds. Pales :
wanderers =

Gael, Gaul : forest dweller, con. Coyle : a wood, whence
CuLYER = Savage, Congal : brave stranger, lit. dog Gaul.
Neal, Neil, were originally Nageal, Nageil, n answering to
new, seen better in Nagle, Nigell : new Gael, i.e., an emi-
grant =Newcome : a stranger. Hy Nial (nine hostages) =
O'Neil. Neil assumes the odd form of Nile. Dhu : dark,
whence Dun : dark ; Dee, dark river, giving Donkey : dun
coloured, DuFFUS : dark water, in combination with Gael,
gives DuGALL, DuGALD, DowELL, DoUL : dark Gael. Galyon:
.son of a Gael, an Englishman. Half a millennium since the
Irish called us Gaels: strangers, thus Gallocher: half Gael,
half Sassenach. Fingal (prince of Mo wen): fair Gael. Ogal:
young Gael, whence Ogilvie : Ogal's by, dwelling. Hence,
too, Gales, Gault, Galt, Gall (phrenologist) Gallie, Wale,
Wallace (Elderslie) : a form of Gallois. Cornwallis : com-
pounded of Kern : a foot soldier, and Gallois. Galloglasses :
blue Gaels. " The Galloglass succeedeth the horseman, and he
is commonly armed with a scull: shirt of mail, and a Galloglass
axe. The Irish do make great account of them." To the
Gaels we owe Galloway, Argyle : high places of the Gaels,
con. Arch, high. Bothwell : their bothie, dwelling = Bal-
lingall. Wales (Pays de Galle): Cornwall: promontory of

156 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

the Gaels. Waloons : continental Gaels or Gauls, Caledonia
for Galedonia, Deucaledonian sea: black sea of the Gaels,.
from vessels being wrecked there. So the Turks call Pontus
Euxinus, the Black Sea. Ortegal = Argyle : cape of Gaels.
Sinigaglia, f rom the Galli Senones. Galatia, for Gallo-Grecia:
inhabited by Gauls and Greeks. Gallant (accent on first
syllable) : brave as a Gaul, though some have it a form of
Gallant, which is also claimed as the source of Valentine,
Gallant (accent on second syllable): polite as a Gaul. Golosh:
sabot worn by the Gauls. So Cravat from the Croats, whence
also Kratts : a native of Croatia. Gala and Galoon are also-
Gallic, telling of display, characteristic of that nation. Wal-
nut : foreign nut. Wallflower : foreign flower. As Coyle,
Coile : a wood, gives Gael, so we derive therefrom Celt.
Kelt : a wood dweller. But Kelt : an arrow head, a flint axe,
is from Celtis (Latin) : a chisel. Coyle properly means cover.
Forests were that to men as they yet are to beasts. Kilt : a
cover = Quilt. Hence Celtibri : Celts on the Ebro.

Franks : free, not subjected to the Roman yoke. Ripuarian
Franks : dwelling on ripe : Rhine hanks. Rip (Van Winkle)
was a ripuarian, where boats arrive. Frank gives Franconia,
Frankfort, France = Liberia. Enfranchise: to make free, to
put among the Frelungi. Feringees : Turkish for Europeans
not of their faith. Francis : an Italian speaking French.

Gascoigne (judge) : a native of Gascony, becomes Gaskin.
From the Vascones we have Vasquez : son of a Gascon. Vasco
(de Gama) : a Gascon, a Basque, one living near the Bay of
Biscay. Bay, Bas-que, Vas-co, Gas-con, are essentially one:
But our Bascome : a wooded combe, valley. Gasconade : a
boast, suggesting Rodomont (con. Rota and Mons) : mountain
mover, our Italian boaster's appellation, whence Rodomontade
= Gasconade. Gascon also forms the well known Gaston.
We abbreviate gasconade to gas. " That is all gas."

Goth is identical with the words God, Gott, Good (fighter)
as pugilists say, " He's a good man ; can punish heavily." Geta
(son of Severus), Gcethe (poet) : a Goth. Hidalgo is Filius :
son, De : of, Al : the. Go : Goth ; a Spanish nobleman. Massa-
gcete : great Goths, or Scythians. Gothland = Catalonia for
Gotholonia. Moeso-Goths: Goths of Mcesia. Ostrogoths: east-
ern Goths. Visigoths : western Goths, to whom we owe the
word and name Bigot, whence, sometimes, Pigott. They
were unitarian and gave neither heed nor quarter to the ortho-
dox. France owes them Cagot (canis Goth) : a dog of a Goth,
a hypocrite. We use Goth for spoliator, ignorant, unappre-
ciative of art. The Gothic order of architecture was an imita-
tion of their shady forest dwelling in the Caucasus.

Helvetius (Physician) : a Swiss, a native of the hilLs. Hel-

PATBONYMS OB GENTILE NAMES. 157

vetia (so called by dwellers on lower parts of Rhine) : hill coun-
try. Helvetii, Aliobroges, Hernici, Taurini : highlanders, Swiss :
sweaters = Labrador : country needing great iahour ; so called
by trappers and fur dealers.

Huns : hounds, like Cagot. So termed by the people whose
lands they invaded because of their hound-like looks and
•actions. They call themselves Magyars. Humboldt (cosmos):
bold as a Hun. Hunniades (conquered Amurath) : son of a
Hun. Hence, too, Hungary.

Erigena : native of Erin, Irish born. Erin = Hesperia :
western, and (M')Iniernie : man from west, and con. Hibernia,
Juverna.

ScoTUS (Duns) : a Scotchman = Scott (Sir Walter). Duns :
a hillsman, gives Dunce = (by irony) Duns Scotus.

GiRALDUs Cambrensis : Gerald the Welshman = Walsh :
welch.

Inglis, Englisch (chess) = Langley, Laxglois: the English-
man.

Jarman, Jermyn, Lallemand : a German, spearman.

Holland: of the hollow land = Hole, Hoyle. Hollow: hole
low, Neath : low, Netheuby : dwelling on low ground = Leith,
Latham. Olander (Dr) : a Dutchman.

FiAMiNGO, Fleming, Flanders : of the Flemings, so called
from their tleeing after some prehistoric battle.

Hatto : a Hessian, and Pruce : a Prussian.

Denmark : boundary of the Danes. Denchfield : Dane's
field. Denforth : living on the Dane's road. Danby : Dane's
dwelling. Dagmar (princess) : glory of the Danes, though it
looks = Dzohara : glorious as the daybreak. Dagbrod : power
of the Danes. Haldane : half-bred Dane. Danskin : of
Danish origin. Dent (Strand), Denton : Dane's town.
CIruden (concordance) : slaughter of the Danes. Dana (Am.
poet) : a Dane. The force of the word dane or den is not
easily given. One view is, it is ultimately derived from

Dagh : a hill, Daghistan : hill country, as it is supposed that
when lirst known to civilised men they were called

Daci, Dacians : hillsmen, uncivilised mountaineers. Under
this name they fought their way from the Caucasus to the
North Sea. When they settled in the Cimbrian Chersonesus,
the land lying low, it was called

Den : down, Denmark : low lying marches.

POLIGNAC (cardinal) : a Pole. Poland : a plain. Cossacks :
go&t people, climbers.

Frisby : man of Friesland.

Braby, Brabazon, Brabender : man of Brabant.

Lombard : long battle-axe, con. Halbert, Halberdiers. " The
balberts hewe on bed, the browne billes bruise the bones."

158 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Brisbane : bone bruiser, brown bill man, Halbert : stone
broad (axe), pre-historic. From Lombard (pawn shops) the
word Lumber : timber, anything in the way.

PiCTS : pike men, PiCTON : great pike man. Pictones :
Gaulish pike men. Puy-de-dome : peak of dome-shaped hill.
Poictiers and Picardy are also con. therewith. PiCHARD (ard) :
piked height = Egremont, Montague. Sometimes Pichaud ;
a beggar, from Peto : I seek, petition. Sometimes the name
of Peto : a seeker after bread. Picard : native Picardy.
But Picador (bull fighter) : gilded pike. Pict has been given :
painted, stained with wood. Tatooing was resorted to (1) for
protection from gnats, (2) adornment, (3) distinction of clans,
and classes, as plaids afterwards, (4) to terrify in battle, (5)
to honour the gods by their symbols, so when God, assuring
the daughter of Zion of his love, says, "I have engraven
thee on the palms of my hands." As nearly all ancient nations
tatooed, so doing would not strike legionaries as distinctive in
the Picts. Their pikes might. We had Picts or Picti insular
and Pictones continental. So Britons on this island, and
Bretons on the continent, arguing a community of language
and origin — parts of the great Celtic family.

Fife : a Pict, autocthonal to Scotland.

Vandals : wanderers, con. Baino : to go, wend, wind, w^ent^
wand-er, wond-er (mental wandering). Vado : to go, invasion
= anabasis, Wendell (Philips): Vandalic, of an old stock, all
more or less involve to and froism, or at least motion. Anda-
lusia for Vandalusia.

Suevi : swayers, going to and fro(m). Sway implies a forth-
put of power in wielding weapons, and is allied to swing,
swim, swift: manifestations of strength. It is con. Zwingle,
Zuinglius (latinised), Sueno, Swayne, Swain, Swing, Swisher^
Swift, (St.) Swithin : forthputters of strength, vSwither : to
sway mentall3^ Swivel : a hinge. Swap : to change hands.
From the Suevi we get Suabia, Sweden.

Rossi (the) obtained their appellation from the Sclavonic
word Rossica : scattering, dispersion, nearly = Sparta : scattered
village, and Diaspora : Jews dispersed like seed among the
Gentiles. "Will He go to the diaspora?" The Rossic
manner of life was similar to their nomadic neighbours, the
Tartars. Of course Russia is from the Rossi, while Prussia i.s^
Bo-Rossi : near the Rossi.

Turk, Turcoman : wanderers. From Turk, Dragoman : an
interpreter.

Pelasgi : wanderers, con. Planaomi : to wander, whence
Planets : wandering (stars). Pales : a shepherd, lit. a wanderer,
gives Palestine: stan of the Pales, Philistine. Pales also gives
Palatine (hill) : settlement of the Pales. Hence Palace : build-

PATRONYMS OB GENTILE NAMES. 150

ing on the Palatine. Palestrina (composer) : from island
settled by the Pales, of the old stock = Priscus (Mc)All.

D'Oyle, Doyle, Oil : speaking the language of Provence
(the province), as distinguished from one speaking after the
manner of Languedoc (lingua de oc). The former speech was
Attic, the latter Doric.

Wallachia : shepherd country, wanderers = Palestina, gives
Wallach, con. Gaul, Walls : a pilgrim, Wallet : pilgrim
carrying a scrip : scrapbag therefrom termed a wallet.

Bulgaria from Vulgarii, tribe from the Volga.

Servia : slave country. Fugitives from Roman slavery.

Saracens : descendants of the matriarch Sarah, hence
Sarcenet : made by them. Of course, in this, as in many
cases else herein, the reader must take the article, as do
merchants, at their own risk.

Hagarenes : of Hagar. " The tabernacles of Edom, and the
Ishmaelites ; of Moab, and the Hagarenes."

Sabeans from Sheba : a captive, a caitiff. " And the Sabeans
fell upon them."

Allimans : all men, each a man emphatic, gives AUmayne,
Allemand. So, too,

Illinois (American Indians) : men, par excellence. Similarly

Guanches (unique aborigines of the Canary Isles) : men =
Muysa, a nation of Central America, on Humboldt's authority.
There is a tribe of Negroes calling themselves

Bubees : men, which our sailors render Boobies. There was
a primitive people located near the Caspian called

Mardii : men, whence Mardonius (brother-in-law to Xerxes).
Not far therefrom was Hyrcania, whence the surname of the
Maccabean hero John Hyrcanl'S, from his victories over the
Hyrcanians, as SciPio

Africanus : conqueror of Africa, victor at Zama. The
great convert

Africaner, and the more classical Terentius Afer :
Terence, the African, are also therefrom. Europeans having
offspring in South Africa, those so born are called Africanders.

Andrew (Greek) : a man emphatically = Dring, Whyte
(English). The legislators

Menu (India), Minos, Mannus (Asir), con. Mens : mind, and
mean men mentally.

Man was formerly a title of honour, as was woman among
the Hebrews. " Woman ! behold thy son." " In French law,
haron and femme denote the sa.me a.ii vir and femina. And
in the laws of the Salians, AUemans, and Ripuarians, baro, or
varus et femina occur for a man and a icornan." Hence
our name and title

Baron : a superior man. Baron, Vir, Boar, Bear : strong.

160 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

virile. From boar, tlio verb Farrow : to bring forth a litter of
pigs.

Queen : a woman of political power, Quean : of bodily, a
virago,

Ish : a man, Isha : a woman, Isis (goddess) : the woman,
Eve deified.

Marconianni : march men, similar to Ukraine Cossacks :
border guards, as

Margrave : border sherifi". Marquis : charge of marches,
Marchioness, its fern.

Bismarck : bishop's boundary. Markham : home on the
march, Merton.

Jutland : land of the Jutes, giants, great eaters, as all giants
were thought to be.

Tedesco (eon. Theod, Teuton) : Italian for an Austro-
German.

Austria (our brother) : eastern realm, but Australia for
Austral (southern) Asia.

Strauss ("Leben Jesu"): an Austrian, in some cases, or
con. Struthio : an ostrich.

Pamphylia : all tribes, a mixture of different clans.

Triphylia : three tribes, viz., Epeans, Eleans, and Arcadians.

Tribe is from Trees : three, it is Oscan, Etruscan, and
Roman clans welded.

Abyssinia: a mixture, so called by Arabs, who claim being
of one blood.

Falashas is the name its natives own. This word answers
to Hebrews : emigrants. Hebrew, Falasha, Nigel, Nu (actual)
convey the same idea.

Ghez, or Itopia (for Ethiopia : burnt face) is what the
Abyssinians call their country.

CusH: swarthy, black-a-vised = iEs0P: a Cushite, ^-Ethiop.
" Can the Cushite change his skin ?"

Soor, Zur : a rock, gives Syria, Suristan : the country round
Tyre, for Soor, Zur, Tyre, are one word.

Ephrem Syrus : Ephraim the Syrian, Tyrian, as

Duns Scotus: Duns the Scotchman. This Duns gives
dunce, as folks called a fool Duns in irony.

Sicambri: strong for victory, co7i. Sig: victory, as SiGlSMUND:
victorious defender.

Heruli : men of the Here : army, warriors. Zeuss and
Grimm say

Cherusci : swordsmen = Saxones and Cherithites : slashers.

Teutons : numerous, con. Theod people, Germans who were;
also called

Tungri : men who gave tongue, uttered loud war cries when
encfao:incr =

PATBONMYS OB GENTILE NAMES. 161

Zamzumiin and Zulus, who both do or did swasli-buckler
work.

Belgii : populous, the many, con. Vulgus : the common people.

Dutch : from the great Asir Tuisco. Deutsch, cor. Deitch,
does not mean Dutch, but Tuesday born, dedicated to Tuisco.
DiTTMAiisn : ])utch boundary, Dittmar : glorious as Tuisco.

Mexico: from worship of Mexetla, the American Mars, and
so

Mexican = Mammertine: son of Mayors, Mars, co2i. Mors:
death.

Parthians : horsemen = Achaians, con. Eaciirax : a horse-
man. From Asp, Persian for a horse, Aspimirtas : lover of
horses, good rider = Philip.

Ispahan : place of horses, as Spain from Span (Phenician) :
a rabbit, and so : overrun with rabbits as certain parts of
Australia are. Spain gives Hispaniola : little Spain, Spaniel :
dog of Hispaniola. The Phenicians gave names to Mauritania,
Tingitania (Tangiers) Lusitania, Spain and Britain.

Italy : cattle country, con. Vitulus : a calf, con. Veal. So the

Boii : men of cattle and Beotia : land of oxen = Clontarf
(taurus) : bull meadow = Oxley, Huxley (scientist).

Norman : north man, native of Norway: north way, Norval:
Norman's dale.

Sclavi: glorious = Hellenes. Conquered by the Genoese they
gave us the word Slave.

Slovacten (Junius, 1809): a Sclav, speaker of their language.

Helenes : shining ones, whom we call Greeks, which name
they repudiate, as the natives of our western principality do
being called

Welsh, Walsh : stranger. Hence W^elcher, who losing
makes himself strange.

Cimbri, whence Cambria, con. Sicambri, is what they prefer
being called.

Denmark was formerly the Cimbrian Chersonesus: peninsula
of the Cimbri.

Chersonesus : golden island, having advantages of an island
yet with a continental connection.

Scythians and Scoti primarily : woodmen, forest dwellers,
and secondarily wanderers. " The Scythians were divided
into several nations or tribes ; they had no cities, but con-
tinually changed their habitations." Some of them made a
raid upon Palestine, where taking Bethshan : house of the
sun, the Grecised neighbours called it Scythopolis.

" How came the Gypsies into Spain ?
Wliy look j-ou :
They came with Hercules from Palestine,
And hence are thieves and va.cjabonds, Sir Alcalde,
As tlie Simoniacs from Simon Majnis."

1G2 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Early in the fourteenth century certain unknown wanderers
appeared in Europe. Separated from the people, upon whose
lands they intruded, by language and habits the learned and
ignorant were equally at a loss to know whence they were.
An opinion arose that Egypt was the cradle of these anonymous
refugees. This theory receiving general acceptance, they were
called

Gypsies (Gypsey is an actual family name) : emigrants from
Egypt. They called themselves

Zincali or Zingari, words identical to a philologist. It was
observed that in stood for India, as ind does in

Dindon (DTnd) : of India, a Turkey cock. So Indigo :
Indian plant, as

Indicopleustes : who had sailed to India. The z proved to
be a formation upon d, while the terminal syllable is of similar
force to er, as in slater, swimmer. Now call is just kaliy
identical with coally, con. Kalos : beautiful. Kali : black
goddess, Hindoo beauty. So then

Zingari : coally men of India. Further investigation brought
to light that Gypsies were fragments of Hindoo tribes driven
from the peninsula by the chronic wars about the time of
Genghis Khan. They are yet termed

Zingari in Turkey and Persia, Zingani in Russia, Zinguener
in Germany, and Zincali in Spain. The well known

Gadsby : dwelling place near which Gypsies, gadders,
encamp. Nations were generally named in relation to war.
Countries, when not called from their people, usually derived
their appellations from their products or appearance. Many
communities were designated after the manner of our regi-
ments, from the pet weapon used. As we have

Fusileers from the fusil, musket ; Grenadiers from the hand
grenade, so

Hernicia from Hern : a sword = Sicarii : sabreurs. Thus, too,

Quirites : spearmen = Dorians. The old Scotch Spiers : a
quirite, a spearman. This is not philological ly con. with Qui-
rinal : oak hill, as Viminal : osier hill. So likewise

Samnites: dart men. We might say Dowds : a Samnite,
Spiers : a Quirite. We have seen that the favourite weapon
of the

Burgundians was the lance. May not Lauxce (and his dog) :
a Burgundian ?

Lancelot : little Lance, or son of a Lance, or son of a sol-
dier =

WiCKLiFFE, but not meaning little lance, as usually given.
Barbarian mobility is shown in the following names : —

Numidians, Vandals, Berbers (shepherds, gave name to Bar-
bary), Walloons, Scoti, Celti, Turcomans (or mani). Pales, Suevi,

PATBONMYS OB GENTILE NAMES. 163

Wends, Wallachs, Scythians, Falaslias, Hebrews, Pelasi^i; and
to the wanderers by land we may add the sea rovers (robbers),
Vikings and Walmer, the former signifying sons of the fiord,
ford; the latter: wanderer of the main. We should commit
shipwreck on the rock Similarity by saying

Barbarian : a native of Barbary, as Bowditch does in his
work on names when he has Dalby : doll of a boy. The
Greeks termed those barbarians who spoke a language un-
known to them, however humane they were. " The barbarous
people showed us no little kindness." Foreigners seemed to
Greeks to say bar-bar, mere babbling. Thus the Dutch called
an African tribe

Bosjesmans : bush men, Hottentots, for they seemed to con-
tinually say hot and tot. After a similar type the Arabs stig-
matised certain Africans as

Kaffirs, Caffres : infidels, miscreants, not Mussulmen.

Catia (in the Crimea) : city of infidels, Giaours, Feringees.

Gueber = Parsee : a fire worshipper, non-Moslem. Gueber
is root of Giaour. Compare

Caffa with Istamboul (islam polls) : city of the faith.

Kaffiristan (N. E. of Afghanistan) : country of infidels.

Tyre corresponds to Soor : a rock = Selah.

Petrea, Selah : rock built city. From Said : a hunting
station. Sidon (aug.) : great Said, and also Zidon, whence

Zidonians : dwellers round the fishing and hunting station.
We have the Spanish historic name Sidonia (de Medina) : a
crusading man. The Tyrians called the country round Tan-
giers

Tingistan, which the Romans softened into Tingitania, as the
Latins delighted in the terminal a.

Oberdank (Irridenta): an upper Danubian.

Onderdonk (contractor) : man of the lower Danube.

164 )

CHAPTER IX.

GERMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES.

vVhen as yet Celts roamed the wide plains of Europe, before
the heroic ages of Greece had passed away, Providence cradled
mighty nations in the Caucasian mountains that were des-
tined to overflow into the fruitful fields of the west, and
possess lands then held by effete or infirm aboriginal races.
These were the Ases, ancestors of the great Anglo-Saxons,
who, on account of traditionary prowess and wisdom, were
deified by their warlike and politic descendants. In the
language of the East, Koh means a hill, whence Kohistan : the
hill country = Montana. Koh and Ases gives Caucasus: hill
of the Ases. Not only do they give name to that mountain
barrier, but to the fairest region of the earth, viz., Asia: land
of the Ases. Certain of their tribes were known to the
Hebrews, Greeks, but most to the Romans, as Scythians. Thus
we have Sarsechem : Scythian prince, Scythopolis : Scythian
city, previously called Bethshan : sun house = Heliopolis. One
of the earliest Asiric leaders was SiGGA: victorious, con. Seco: I
cut, he cut in, was a slasher — Slagg. Sigga enters into the com-
position of many personal and national names indicative of the
warlike propensities of its bearer, or if not from the warrior
Sigga, yet from the same root whence his name sprung. Such
names are Sigbert, Sigbrand, Sigismund, which consult.
The Ases descended from the sides of the Caucasus and in-
vaded Asia and Europe thousands of years since, as hundreds
of years ago Highland clans made raids on the lowlands, and
the Circassians devastated Russia from the same stronghold.
It was the Asirs who fought ancient Persia before the
victorious scimetar had been wrested from Elam by the
brilliant Greek. The great name Chosroes means warrior
of the Ases. Though they failed in their Persian invasion,
lasting proofs of virtue were left on the field of fight. That
the Ases were a primeval race is evident from the following
considerations. In the Hebrew, Persian, and Arabic languages,
az or as means strong. Thus Amoz : robust = Andrew, Azaz,
strong, strong = Stally : strong as steel. " And Bela, the son
of Azaz." BoAZ: in strength, never breaking down, not faint-
ing. " Solomon set up the left pillar, and called the name
thereof Boaz." Uzzl\h : the strength of the Lord, gracious
strength (is given). UzzAH (Peres) : strong person. Perhaps
his strength occasioned his death, he thinking a man could

GEBMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 165

hold up, if strong, the ark of God. It is seen to advantage
in Gaza: a fort, strong place, sometimes Gaza: a goat, strong
at butting. May there not be a deeply inlaid allusion thereto
in these words : " But the Philistines brought him down to
Gaza," the strong man caged in a strong place ? In the Hebrew
this az passes into ezer, ozar: help, for strength is the sole
source of help. Abiezer : father of help, bringer of assistance.
"There was also a lot for the children of Abiezer." AzuR:
a helper. "Hananiah, the son of Aziiv, the prophet," varies to
Ezra, Esdras with unchanged meaning, but shines most in
Ebenezer : stone of help. Now, from this az, as strong, we
have Ases : strong ones, probably the Persian for a horse
Asp : strong one, and the better known Amazon : woman,
.strong, very, from Am, Om : mother, woman, az : strong,
and on, an augmentative common to most languages, ancient
or modern, as seen in Pison from Pi : mouth, and means river
with a wide mouth, debouchement, and Salon : great hall.
So that Amazon : very strong woman. The story told me at
school, " They were called amazons from a : alpha privative,
and maza : the breast, because these women cut off their right
breast the better to draw the bow," was indeed drawing the
long bow. Salverte gives Az : strong, in the Persian as
derived from As of this people, but the converse is true, as
Az for strength was one of the first used by men. Long after
Greece had run through its splendid career in politics, war,
and philosophy, the wives, sisters, and daughters of the Ases
met their husbands, brothers, and sons in full retreat before
the superior discipline of the iron-clad Roman legions, led by
the dread Marius. Instead of receiving them to their home
encampment with tears, these amazons drove them back to
battle with slings and spears. Strabo in his seventh book on
geography, speaks of the J.spungi living on the shores of
Pal us Mceotis, sea of Azof. That lake was probably so called
from the Asir race. What if Azof : sons of Ases, its shore
dwellers ? Their country was Aspungitani : Asir land. The
tani from stan, as Beloochistan : poor country, ill to cultivate.
One Asiric clan was called Aspasii from Asp: a horse =
Parthian. From it Hystaspes (Darius): possessing horses =
ASPIRMYRTAS : rich in horses. Pharnaspes : commander of
horses, or chief horseman ^Archippus, Marshall. Thus
Aspasii may mean Ases on horseback, and Aspasia : an
amazon, whence Vespasian from his mother. Some centuries
before the dawn of the Christian era they gathered their forces
from the Asiatic slopes of the Caucasus, and moved west as
far as the Tanais : the Don, which seems to have been their
Kubicon. Tanais (probably) : Tan Ases. Asir land, telling of
its waters shutting in their country. This they passed about

166 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

200 B.C., slowly fighting their way t.hrough the Celts until
they reached the Elbe A.D. 90, and the Isle of Thanet a.d.
449. While some of the Asir nations broke up the Roman
empire, purifying the corrupted southern lands, others fulfilled
their destiny by invading Britain and founding an empire
combining that liberty with bravery and stern superiority
which characterise the old Caucasian stock. They reached
America a.d. 1490, for the crew\s of the three ships which
ploughed the virgin waves of the western seas were the sons
of Visigoths and Lombards of Asiric blood. One section of
the Teutons won Sadowa in that annus mirahilis, a.d. 1866,
another cabled the stormy Atlantic, so that between their
nations there should be no more sea. Their last sublime act
was to make an iron road from the Atlantic to that greater
sea men call the Pacific, A.D. 1869. They are now about to
mingle the waters of the two oceans by a ship canal. The
Asir will play Colossus with a continent for his foot hold.
When at the beginning of the Christian era the Caucasian
braves arrived at the storm beaten shores of the Northern sea
they did not blanch thereat, though the sight of ocean was
ijuite new, but forthwith built war ships and became kings of
the sea, as they had been of the land, Vikings : sons of fiords.
The Gael, too, had ventured upon the perilous Deucaledonian
v5ea but in a tiny coracle, and rarely beyond a distance covered
at starting by the eye. What can more forcibly illustrate
their reckless nature than the fact that their HofF: temple,
was on an island in the bosom of the black north sea called
by them Fosetisland, but by Christians since, Heligoland : holy
land. Imagine the Israelites, into whose tremulous souls Hit-
tites struck terrors, had they had their (the) temple placed in
such a sea ! Here the ancestors of Blakes, Cooks, and Nelsons,
and the long line of our sea lions, braved ocean's fury, not of
necessity, but battle gladness and the wild excitement of
gamblers who love risk. Their Hoff was uncovered, as they
esteemed it unlawful to worship their Asiric ancestors under
raen-built-roofs. Here their priest called Hoffman, Blott,
Blood, sacrificed victims conquered in battle and rowed from
the mainland. " The many blood-stones scattered over the
continent and isles of Europe are blott's altars." Of their
gods, Odin was first and oldest, governing all things : and
though the rest of the gods were powerful, yet they served
him as children serve their father.

Odin : one = Hadad. Sometimes he was called
Woden : from Wod : mad, furious, inspiring men with
warlike fury. He was represented completely armed, and
with a drawn sword. His worship here is manifested by sucli
names as

GERMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 167

Wansborough : Woden's town, VVanstead : Woden's place.

WoNFOR : Woden's ford. His favourite temple was called

WiSBY : holy dwelling, often mistaken for Ouseby : dwelling
■on the Onse. Woden was also called Gautr, whence

Gautrey : his worshipper. Sometimes he was known as

Grimr : strong, terrible. Grim death is strong death, re-
minding us of one of David's heroes, Azmaveth : strong as
<leath, con. Mors. To this name of Woden's attribute is to be
traced

Grimm (Jacob), Gr^me (Grim's dyke), Graham and

Grimbald : bold as Grimr, whence Grimaldi (Joey),

Grimstone (snuff) : altar of Grimr, besides

Grimmond : protected by Grimr. But in the Celtic

Graham : sullen, morose, gloomy. Another of his titles was

Brown : fiery, impetuous, burning for the fight. He also
had the titles Bulmer and Bruce, whence

BuLAVER (Lytton) and Bruce (Bannockburn). Odin is also
known as

Julvatter : Jul's father, in whose honour the Yule log was
burned.

YuiLLE : born while the Yule log was burning. One of his
sons was

Tuisco : earth born, gigantic, ancient, heroic. Some claim
Tuisco as identical with Theos, Deus, Dieu : divine. To hira
w^e owe the word Tuesday : Tuisco's day. On the third day
human victims were sacrificed in his honour. From him the
people of Holland are called Dutch.

Hertha, our Earth, was his daughter, and the hearthstone
was his family altar. From her we have

Hardwidge and Hardwicke: Hertha's dwelling, her temple.
On each shoulder of Odin sat a raven, one being termed

HuGiN : forethought, provident, whence

Hogg : thoughtful, wise, as also Hugo, Huyghens (astrono-
mer), Ugo (Bassi), Ugolini, Eugene (Aram) and Eugenie
(Imperatrice). The other raven was

MuNNiN : memory, afterthought, whence MuNNS when not
a form of Edmond. The raven on Odin's shoulder was stamped
on the Danish standard. Woden, Frey, and Thor constituted
the Asiric triad, answering to the Hindoo Trimutri and Bibli-
cal Trinity, tri unity. The Danes rendered to Odin the hyper-
dulia of their service, the Norwegians gave highest honours
to Thor, while the Swedes gave their supreme worship to
Freya. This last was an hermaphrodite, adored as Freyer
mas., Freya, /em. To him or her we owe our word Friday, as
Wednesday is due to Woden. Connected with such worship is

Freytag (Pictures of German Life, 2 vols.) : Friday born.
The tag or dag, for day, is con. Dagger : flashing like day, used
swiftly.

168 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Tagg (when not a trade name : maker of metal tags previ-
ous to use of pins) : a daggerman = Dudgeon : great dagger.

Dagobert : bright as day, very glorious.

Freya : loved one, formed from Freon : to love, whence
Friend.

Freymuth : having the spirit of Freya, amative, a lady
killer.

Frigga : goddess of love and marriage, the Norse Venus,
from same root as is

Godfrey : lover of God, Geoffrey, Jeffry, in Ireland
Sherry.

Freyvvood : grove where Freya received divine honours.

Freymont, Freemont (president) : protected by Freya.
Some claim these as meaning hill frequented by fairies. The
fays, in this case, were made out of the sound of the name of
the goddess

Freyer : lover, according to Asir lore slew the demi-god

Beli : bawler, whence Beales, co7i. Belcher for bawlcher.
The sacred book of this Norse mythology was called Edda :
old, ancient, which gives a description of the Eddaic Pantheon,
wherein Thor sat at its centre, higher than the other deified
Ases, having on his left hand seven stars. Thor's chariot was
drawn by two goats, and the rattle of his chariot wheels on
the welkin caused thunre, thunder, Thor's noise. From him
we have the name

Thurso (Caithness) : Thor's dwelling. He presided in the air
generating wind, showers, or fine weather. From him Thursday,
when his blood (priest) honoured the god with the blood of
men. Sometimes he was represented with a hammer, instead
of a sceptre, accompanied by a Wolf and a Bear, which were
deified through connection with him. Newly born children were
dipped in running streams and marked on the forehead with
his hammer. How strange that pious Hebrews should receive
a similar mark, our T, for Torah : the law, of which the letter
n represents the word Torah, meaning : this man keeps the
law. " He called to the man clothed with linen, having the
writer's inkhorn by his side : and Jehovah said unto him, Go
through the midst of Jerusalem, and set a n (tau) T upon the
foreheads of the men that sigh and that cry for all the
abominations that be done in the midst thereof." How
supremely strange that every year millions of children are
signed with the sign of the cross that they may be gospel
observers. Thor's hammer was called

MiOLNER : the miller, crusher, whence MiLNER.

Maccabeus (Judas), Mace (Jem), Maule (Justice), con.
mallet, Martel (Charles), Schlegel, all mean hammer wielder.
flavoured by Thorine vim rather than as the peaceful smith.

GERMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 169

In all likelihood the name of this god means strong, and is the
root of Taurus : a bull, whence

ToRO : bull tamer. As to the god himself we may say

Thor : Asir bull. From his name we have

ToRAGA : celestial cow, adored by Hindoos, it is a fern, of
Thor. " Le toit du temple du Toraga est orne de quatre
taureaux dor(^s." Compare these four gilded bulls on the roof
of her temple with the winged bulls in the portico of the
Assyrian temple at Khorsabad. Compare Toxa^-ga from Thor
with Yir-go from Vir. These names are mementoes of pre-
historic times. Many personal appellations are allied to bull
worship, as

Knatchbull : son of the bull, forms Kxobel, con. Knight,
con. Gnatus : born =

Apion (opposed Josephus) : son of Apis, the Egyptian bull-
god. Thor was our bull-god and Brahm that of Hindoos.

Serapis : Apis hidden, the constellation Taurus, Thor : the
bull-god, below the horizon of the Nile.

Serapion : son of Serapis, of divine genealogy.

Apis, Thor, Brahm, the human-headed bull of Assyria,
and the Sinaitic calf are various embodiments of one idea.
Divine strength manifested through creaturehood. Thor and
Theos differ in this, the former became the symbol of brute
strength, the latter was essentially connected with holiness in
Himself, justice towards His creatures. There are few
languages of the old world not supplying their quota of taurine
personal names. Howbeit, personal names are more deceptive
than ordinary words, and so the name-hunter sometimes fancies
he has bagged a genuine bull of Thor descent, whereas it may
be only local. Such is the modern Roman

Basvecchi (Pietro), teasingly like Vacca : a cow, yet means
living near old foundations of Roman wall, con. Civita
Vecchia : old city, and also con.

Basetti : a dwarf, near the base, earth. The names

Coe (captain) : a cow, Cowie, Bullen, Boleyn (not from
Boulogne), are mysteriously con. with this ancient symbolic
worship — serving the sign instead of the Thing signified.

Thorold : protected of Thor's power, becomes Thurtell,
Tyrell (Sir Walter), and has for its first form Thorwald,
whence

Thorwaldsen (sculptor) : son of Thorwald.

Thurkettle, Kettle : having charge of Thor's kettle used
in divination for incanting by weird women as in Macbeth.

Toner : of Thor, born on Thursday, or during thunder.

Thorburn, Thoburn : Thor's bear, con. Bernstein : hill
frequented by bears.

Thurlow : Thor's sport, good at throwing Thor's hammer.
12

170 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Thorgar : Thor's spear, a good shot. Torsleff : loved of
Thor, brave fighter.

Thurstan : the stone vt^hereon human victims were slain on
Thursday, a priest, takes forms, Tunstan, Dunstan (St.),

DUXSTONE.

ToRQUiL : Thor's pledge to fight, con. guild.
Trufitt (fid. wid.) : Thor's wood, priest presiding over his
grove = Groves when not local.

AsTOR (library): Asir Thor, the divine Thor. Thursday
born. In the symbolism of the Valhalla, Thorine, strength and
fire (active principle), were intimated by placing a fiint on a
pedestal. In later ages, " The Flindt god was formed lyke the
image of death (grim) ; and naked save only a sheet about
him. In his right hand he held a torch, or as they termed it,
a fyre blase. On his head a lion rested his two fore feet,
standing with one of his hinder feet upon his left shoulder,
and with the other in his hand, which to supporte, he lifted
up as high as his shoulder."

Flindt, Flint : priests of that god. The Asir of judgment
was Forceti, whence

Fawcett, no connection with hawks. There was also a
Frissian goddess, Foseta, from whom is derived

FoziER : priest of Foseta. She it was who gave the primi-
tive name of Heligoland : holy island, viz., Fosetisland : sacred
to Foseta. Anotlier member of the Caucasian Olympus was
Baldur, the Apollo of the Asirs.

Baldur : white, beautiful = Flinn, Bain, Blake.
Belisarius : white prince (date oboli).
Baldwin : loved of Baldur, wise. A delusive guess makes
it bold victor.

Baldred: counselling like Baldur, con. Alfred: counselling
like an elf.

Baldrey : ruling like Baldur, a wise monarch. Usually
given by canting, as hold king, or soldier girded with baldricl:
It is sometimes hard to tell whether certain names are from
Bald : bold, stripped for battle, or from Baldur. Weland was
the Asiric Vulcan, whence

Wayland: priest of Weland. Of the great Asir, called Will,
we know little, his worship being confined to the prehistoric
period, but we do know to him is due the world wide name,

William : beloved of Will, con. overwhelm, and Helmet : a
head covering. The name is often given as a form of Gild-
helm : a Teuton, who, slaying a legionary, received, medal
fashion, a gilded helmet. That guess came of the Romans
having no ^v, so that, when the name is Latinised, it stood
Guellimus, suggesting gold, but the old Germans went in for
isen (iron).

GERMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. I7l

William varies to Willis, Wiles, UllixX (lord), Guillotin
(whence Guillotine), Wilkes (democrat), Will, Willet,
WiLLiMOT, WooLCOCK, WiLHELMiNA, whence Mtnie (rifle),
Minnie (Gray), Mina, Willox, Willocks: little Will = the
Irish dim. Ulric.

Willing is a name now in use meaning son of Will, heroic,
courageous.

WiLLFRlTH : loved of Will, bold.

Wilfred (patron of Ripon) : counselling like Will, advising
to fight, and showing how.

WiLLARD (tracts) : of Will's nature, brave.

WiLLiMAR, WiLMER : famous as Will. From him we also
have ViLLAR, Weller (when not local), and Villiers. Then
there was a demi-Asir, like Hercules, known as

Mannus : the man, by excellence. He had three sons —
Ingo, Isco, Hermino, w^hence the Ingoevones, Iscoevones, and
Hermiones, ancient German tribes.

Ingo : the son, first born = Elam, gives

Ingram : Ing's raven, Danish standard bearer.

Ingle : priest of Ingo, being quite unconnected with Ignis :
fire.

Isco : the ash, son of the first man, of the old stock.

Hermino : man of heer, her, army, warrior = Herman.

Irman : man of battle fire = Brown : burning to be at it.
Irman was the German's marching god, receiving special
honours when the braves began their line of march. To him
we owe the name Erming (Street). Nor may we forget the
terrible Asir known as Loki. He agrees in certain attributes
with

Apollyon, Siva: destroyer, and Satan: adversary. To
him was committed the caverns of Mount Caucasus, where
those who died of age, disease, or had fainted in battle, or were
wounded behind, were confined. With him was associated
dread

Hela: coverer, who cast perjurers and cowards into caverns
where snakes ever spurted cold poison. Hence our word hell,
and the noble name

Elgin (marbles), for Helgyn, for Hela given. Loki teased
gods and men. He was a combination of Mercury and " Jack
the giant killer," which latter hero is none other than an
embodiment of Lokian exploits made readable. From him we
have LoxTON, Lockston : town of Loki, where was his temple.

LocKHART : Lok or Loki's nature. The legend of Douglas
taking Bruce's heai^t locked in a casket is as true as that

Guthrie is gut three (fishes), or Naismith is nail smith, or
equally wrong nae smith ava.

LocKMAN is not lock maker, but very fierce.

172 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Havelock : had in the care of Lok. In him the old Asiric
fire burned in full heroic glow. Had the Hindoos worshipped
Asirs instead of Punch and Judy gods, Victoria would not be
Empress of India. The Asir Neptune was CEgir, who had
charge of wind and tide, as had the sea-god of the Gaels,
Neithe, whence

Abernethy : mouth of Neithe's river. The Oder or Eider :
(Egir's door, where the Asiric Neptune let the sea into the
land. Of men receiving names from (Egir we have

Egar, Egbert : bright as OEgir, vikings, seamen brave.
Hence, too, Ogre : CEgir : like, Egg : to drive on as waves do
wood to the shore. Nor were the Asirs wanting in ladies.
Besides our old friends Freya, Frigga, Foseta, and Hela,
true amazons, they had a Norse Bellona called Hilda, a
sublimated Semiramis, Boadicea, or Joan of Arc. To her is
due the well known name

Matilda : maid of Hilda, becomes Maud when that is not
from Magdalen. Then we have the notable

Hildebrand (pope) : sword of Hilda, becomes Aldrovando
and cor. to Heldenbrand and Hellbrand, Besides which we
have the Visigothic

Ildefonsa, Alfonso, Alonzo : rich in war instruments,
spears, arrows, swords, Hilda's fund.

Clothilda : celebrated as Hilda, called as much as Hilda.

Childebert : bright^ glorious as Hilda.

HiLDEMAR: glory of Hilda = Hercules : glory of Juno,
Hera. Hilda was so common as to become synonymous with
girl, as

Brunhilda : clothed in armour, a Teutonic Boadicea, con.

Bruno : mail clad, from this name the famous dynasty

Brunswick : Bruno's dwelling.

Swanhilda : swan-necked girl. To this favourite amazon
we owe

Hildyard : guarded by Hilda. In addition to these god-
desses the Teutons believed in a kind of battle angels known as

Valkiriers : fallen electors, selecters of the fallen. They
flew about deserted battlefields, swan winged, picking out the
heroic dead for the Valhalla : hall of the fallen, shield roofed,
next Vingolfa : the Asir palace, their Pantheon. But the
Valkiriers left on the battlefield any wounded in the back, or
whose red right hand did not still grip the blood-stained spear,
for Hela and Lokl Besides these greater gods they had less
known as

JoTUNS: giants, from the root eat. The Greek notion of
giant is earth born from Ge : the earth, but the Norse idea
was great eater, as is illustrated in the case of the giants Jack
killed. From eat we have

GERMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 173

Oatts, Oattman : eaters, giants, con. Oats : that which may
be eaten, edible. The same is seen only in a more gluttonous
form in

SwAGEMAN : one who assuages at meals that he may start
again. From Jotun we have

JoTURNUS (king of the Rutuli) : who appears in Virgil as

TuRNUS. From Jotuns, Jute, whence Jutland : country of,
and

Gettings : son of a Jute, born of a giant. One of the
grotesque Asirs was

Hross : horse god, with three legs, whose priest was known
as Dreyfuss : three feet, being in peril of passing for a Manx
man. Hence in some cases

Eoss, whence Rouse (bravo !), Rossini, Rosetti, and

Rosamond (fair) : Hross protected, Fair rose and rose of the
ivorld are sheer cant, guesses by sound. These Jotuns corre-
spond to Theseus, the Cyclops, and heroes known to the
infancy of all nations. Whether their biographies are purely
historic, mythic, or exaggerations of traditions, founded upon
facts, who shall, in all cases, tell ? Probably Asirs and Jotuns
were men like Hengist and Horsa, who signalised themselves
in imchronicled wars about the roots of the Caucasus. Their
OEgir was an Axine (Black Sea) or Caspian pirate idealised
into a god by the time they had fought their way to the
Baltic. This seems the more rational, as the Germans used
Anar in the sense of ancestor, whence

Hansard (reports) : Anar natured = Patrobas : walking in
his father's steps. A current M.P., 1883, is Septirtius (Han-
sard) : seventh born.

Anson : son of his Anar, as we say son of his father, chip
of the old block = Patrobas, Icilius.

Anlaf : left of his ancestors to fill their place in the battle
array, or as Paul would say, " Baptized for the dead," to take
the place of.

Olaf is a form of Anlaf, whence Olave (St.), giving

TiRAULAY : land dedicated to St. Olave.

ToLLiDAY : born on St. Olave's day, con. Tooley (street).

Angott (Madam de) : of divine descent, good son of his
Anar = Osgoode.

Some names are derivable from Ases in the gross, as

Askew (Ann) : Asir descent, giving Huskisson (railway),
son of Askew. Probably the Highland (M'; Aslan, Auslan,
AusLAND : son of an Asir, one of heroic descent.

Anselm and Anselmo : helmeted, protected by Ases.

Aasbiorn (Danish) : divine bear, whence the more common

OsBORN, which neither means Ouse hum, nor house horn
(serf).

174 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Oswald : shielded by Ases, under their protection.

Antliff : loved of the Ases, for bravery.

OsBEORT: glory of the Ases for her beauty. The Wolf,
Bear, Bull, Fox, and Raven being sacred to Woden or Thor,
their names are frequently used Vi^ith an Asiric force, but taken
in common animal sense. As we have seen Taurus is from
Thor, so Foxes receive their name from that Asir from Fries-
land to Spain. The Spaniards called it Thorra, which has
passed into Zorra. It seems to have taken name from Thor
because of colour, he being red-headed and having a foxy
beard, besides, as to character, being crafty. From the Wolf-
god we have a liberal supply, of which it is not easy to allo-
cate fairly between the ancient god and the vulgaj;- wolf. Per-
haps we had better put gods and wolves into one pack, and
leave some bold hand the responsibility of dividing them into
divine and common.

Wolfgang (Goethe) : whom the wolf god gangs with for
protection, conversely gives

GiNGOULPH is gang wolf (god), cor. into cockney oath " By
Jingo " : by St. Gingoulph.

Rudolf and Rodolf : famous wolf, much talked of warrior.

MoNTGOLFiER (balloon) : mountain frequented by wolves.

Canteloup (chant de loup) : a settler who, from his dwell-
ing, can hear the wolves howl. Common both in the Old
World and America.

Kenwolf : made keen by the wolf-god, inspired of him.

Ulphilas (Msesogothic bishop) : little wolf, short of stature =

FiLLAN (St.) whence Gilfillan and M'Phelan.

Lycidas : son of a wolf, but capable of meaning son of Luke.

Guelph (Victoria Alexandrina) : a wolf, a howler, yeller,

WoLFSTAN (archbishop) : greatest wolf, chief warrior.

Love, from Lupus : a wolf, Lupson = Lopez (Spanish) : son of

LoBOS : a wolf, whence also Lope as Lope de Vega : Lope of
the champagne.

Vega : a meadow, from Vigeo : I flourish, as grass does.

Lycaon : son of Lycus, and as

Lycus : a wolf, Lycaon may be the Greek answering to
Lopez, for Lycus might be a man so called as our Wolfe (gen-
eral).

Lycaonia may be the kingdom of Lycaon, or from river

Lycus : white = Elbe, from Albis white, but Lycus may mean
wolf (river) as

Zab : river where wolves drank, it is con. Zeeb : a wolf, a
hysena, so called from the noise made. Thousands of men have
been named Zab. Xenophon in his Anabasis mentions the Zab.

Louvre (palace) : she wolf, killed when foundation was being
laid.

GERMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 175

WoLSEY (cardinal) : wolf's island, near Winchester, where
the Welsh paid tribute in wolves' heads, Woolsey = Ulva, as

Shippey : sheep island, and Ramsay (Allan) : ram's island =
Faroe : island of sheep.

DUPANLOUP (bishop) : of the wolfs head, carried on shield.

PiNCELOUP : wolf snarer, trapper, catcher, con. Pincers, from
Prehendo : to take hold of.

WooLNOTH : bold wolf, warrior. Notman (sometimes) :
bold man.

Louvois (statesman) : wolf's wood, forest haunted by.

AsTOLPH : hasty wolf, raging for fight or prey, whence our

Hastings (Warren). Lupus, Love, takes a dim.,

LovELL (lord) = Ulphilas, Phelan : little wolf.

" He was beloved by all, and most of all by the children ;
For he told them of the Loup-garou iu the forest,
And the goblin, that came in the night to water the horses."

Loup-garou is the remnant of a superstition that prevailed
throughout Europe for three thousands of years. An old
writer says, " Were-wolves (the English of Loup-garou) are
certayne sorcerors, who having annoynted their bodies with
an oynment which they make by the instinct of the Diuell,
and putting on a certayne inchanted girdle, does not only unto
the view of others, seeme as Wolues, in worrying and killing
and most of humane creatures." This is what the Greeks
meant by

Lycanthropy : a man becoming like a wolf. Thus Perian-
der's son,

Lycophron : wolf-minded, and notably

Lycambes (father of Neobule) : wolf-life, animated by a
wolf.

" Thy currish spirit
Govern'd a wolf, who, hang'd for human slaughter
Even from the gallows did his fell soul fleet,
And whilst thou lay'st in thy unhallow'd dam,
Infused itself in thee."

Lycopheon, Lycambes of the Greeks, accurately answer to
WoLFMUTH (Michael) of the Germans. Each of three may be
interpreted wolf-inspired.

These names and words are relics of belief in transmigration,
a doctrine yet held by the major part of Adam's race. That
many Jews held it is manifest from IVIatt. xvi. 14. " Some say
thou art John the Baptist ; some Elijah : and others Jeremiah."
Now, of these, two were known to be dead, John and Jere-
miah. The same is plain from John ix. 2, " Did this man sin
that he was born blind ?" All unconverted Jews hold it, as
do the Chinese and Hindoos. The latter eschew beefsteaks
lest they should be dining off a grandfather.

170 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

LUPA: she wolf = Louve. By her help we unlock the myth
of the twa bairns put out to be wet-nursed by Mrs. Wolf. In
Virgil we have her equivalent in

Flavia Lycorias : auburn-tressed Lupa. This last gives
Lupercal, where the twins were suckled, or because there
the Lycian Pan received adoration.

"May we do so?
You know it is the feast of Lupercal."

GuNDULPH : war- wolf, whence Godolphin (lord).

AuTOLYCUS : a wolf itself, rapacious, great robber.

BiDDULPH: commanding wolf = Lycomedes (king), gives
Botolfstown, contracts to Boston.

Bardolph : bear wolf, attendant on Thor, standing by the
man named from them in battle as they stood close to Thor,
contracts to Balfe (composer).

Randolph : shielded by wolf-god (Ran : a shield round),
gives Ralph, Roff, Rawlings, Ralston : Ralph's town.

Lycurgus (Spartan): wolf-guard = BERGER: flock protector,
early designations for shepherds, con. Lycopolis (Egypt) : wolf
city, exactly answers to our Whelpton (pills) and Lupinof
(actor).

WoLFSRUNA (St.): runes, counsels, like a wolf = Wolfrad,
con. Runnymede : council meadow, Wolverhampton is from
Wolfsruna.

Maidulph (cantingly given as maid heljjer) : mead wolf =

Lyulph (ly for lea), neither haunting mountain nor wood,
gives Maidulphsbury, whence Malmesbury (wine).

WoLSELEY (Garnet) : wolf's field, place frequented by
wolves.

WoFFENDALE: valley frequented by wolves. Wolves were
at large in England till A.D. 1300. January was called "Wolf-
monat, to wit, Wolfs-month, because people are M^ont always
in that month to be more in danger to be devoured of wolves
than in any season els of the yeare ; for that, through the
extremity of cold and snow, the ravenous creatures could not
find of other beastes sufficient to feed upon." In Scotland,
where they never were numerous, though there they had
better cover, the last was slain by Sir Ewen Cameron, far on
in the seventeenth century. Rory Currah was Ireland's great
wolf-slayer. The last was killed in the Wicklow mountains
A.D. 1770. There are few Celtic personal names con. the
wild dog, for so the Celts called the wolf. We have

Madden : dog, fox, or wolf.

Skene : a dagger, a clansman, so called for killing wolf
therewith. The M^orship of the wolf-god never took amongst
the Gaels, so that any names having to do with the wolf must

GEBMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 177

be disassociated from the god if met with in Scotland and of
Highland origin. The king of France kept a Louvetier : wolf
hound master, whence Lovet (lord).

TuRPiN (Turi-lupin) : wolf of Turin, a heretic. Papists so
named the followers of Claude, Bishop of Turin, as he favoured
the doctrines of the Vaudois. Lupin : wolf plant, earth
devourer. Wolf's bane: wolf-killer, Wolf, Vulp(es), Yelp,
Guelph, Golpe (O. French for a fox, made obsolete by Renard :
hard judge), are one word given to the animal for the skirl it
makes.

Waddilove, Wadlow (truly innocent looking) are wolves
in sheep's clothing, being formed on Vado and Lupus — invad-
ing wolves, warriors good at a raid across the marches. Then

FiDLER (note, not Fiddler) is fashioned on Vis de lou : visage
of a wolf, hairy and scowling =

Hun : face like a hound. The German Jews revel in proper
names taken from animals, as

HiRSCH = our Hart, Bock, Deer, yet it is far from correct
that all their names are taken from the animal world.

Galpin (Cassels) = Fox. The names Lupus, Love, Lupa,
LoBOs, Lycus, Lycorias, Guelph, Ulph, Jelf, Zeeb, and
HiRPUS = Wolfe, Hirpus, signifying literally snatcher =

Harpy : ravisher, whence Harpagus (general) and

Harpalycus : harpy wolf, ravishing wolf, ravenous robber.
These names show how wide the range of the wolf has been ;
but we will make from wolves to gods. Teutons worshipped
more by libations than did the Celts. Every bred English
labourer will, when he has finished drinking his pint of beer,
invert the pot so that its drainings and foam fall on to the
earth. I have noticed many Irish and Scotch labourers drink-
ing, but never saw one so do. The residuum let fall was once
a libation to the Ases. From drinking religiously to the Asiric
divinities we owe our drinking healths. An old Saxon would
lift up his bowl of ale and say, " Here's to Thor's min ": to the
minding of Thor, then he would pour out the remainder as
though it would be licked by Thor's bear and wolf. Through
this form of worship the Germans and English drink more
than most people in the world. Hindoos and Mahometans
worshipping on the dry principle are more sober. The Eddaic
mythology taught the immortality of all men. But those who
have wounds in the front of their bodies received in combat
enter Valhalla, answering to the Celtic

Flathinnis : island of the brave, where companionising with
Ases they drink ale or metheglen from the skulls of conquered
foes. When fou they fell into attitude and fought unto death,
sleeping during the night to awaken next morning and pass
through the same happy scenes. Valhalla was called Ham :

178 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

home, and a dying warrior was said to be going home. The
Teutonic Peter who kept the gate of Valhalla was called

Henry (ham ric, ry) : home ruler. The antiquity of this
name may be inferred from the number of its derivations, viz.,
Hendry, Henderson, Henrietta, Hendrick, Handricks,
howbeit Harry, Harris, Harrison, Hal, Harriet, Hawes,
Herries, Herrick, Halley, Halsey are not from Henry,
but an independent word, viz.,

Harry : one who harries, plunders, man of war having a
weakness for expropriation = Merode: marauder. Our ancestors
also believed in a water demon who like Hross had three legs.
Him they called

Nick, whence Nixon : son of Nick, spiteful, giving the
metal Nickel. When the miners first discovered it they
naturally thought it was silver, but finding it to be far
inferior thereto, thought old Nick had changed its nature, and
so they termed it Nickel. This name has been generally mis-
guessed from Nicolas. The ancient Germans worshipped
neither Muses nor Graces. Greeks sought the good and adored
the beautiful, becoming like the gods they adored. Teutonic
service of the gods was often limited to bravery, whereby the
Germans became as indomitable as the Ases. Howbeit, they
were characterised by a love of freedom equal to that of their
fondness for war. In the nature of things braves cannot be
slaves. They cherished a strange fondness for home quite
contrastive with that of the Red Indians. In their march
from the Black Sea to the Baltic, unlike Greeks, Romans, or
British on the line of march, they took their home with them,
household requisites and family. Hence the Germanic stock
care much for fireside enjoyment and home pleasure more
than the Romance nations do. They take kindly to civilisation
by reason of training to labour in encampments and marches
for a thousand years. Hence they colonise with success which
no purely Celtic race does. We must not part company with
this grand old stock without adding that amongst their demi-
gods was

Bill : the moon, whence our Bill = Mohun, and

Billings (Josh) : son of Bill = BiLS0N. Now, as every one
knows, this name is generally given as a form of Will, but
suum cuique. Bilsland : was land whereon was the hofif:
temple of Bill. Asiric tradition teaches that at a destined
period our earth will be destroyed by fire, which will be done
by

Surtur : the black one, sooty, who sits at the end of the
earth holding a flaming sword. Hence

Sutter (Califomian captain). Till the world ends Loki
remains fettered in his Caucasian cave. A new world is to

GERMAN MYTHOLOGICAL NAMES. 179

emerge from the ruined old, wherein the good, i.e., the valiant,
will be happy. Then the .A.ses sit in judgment condemning
all cowards to dreary habitations. From the mythologies of
Celt, Greek, German, and Roman, a third part of Biblical his-
tory, doctrines, and prophecies may be inferred. These nations
must have had a primitive religion in common, of which their
mythologies are the debris. The Teutonic Valhalla was an
exaggerated memory of hunting and fighting amidst the pri-
meval forests which the Muscovites cut down when unearth-
ing the Circassians a few years ago. They were a remnant
of the old Asir stock. From that Caucasian Olympus of the
Asirs we have our love of liberty, our fortitude, our aptitude
for labour, and scorn of danger. Our native mountains are
loftier by far than Ossa and Pelion as, though foreshadowing
days when we Anglo-Saxons would by as much excel the
Greeks. Our Bible knows Baal, Milchom, Moloch, Dagon,
Astarte, Jupiter, Mars, Apollo, Diana, but is ignorant of Odin,
Thor, Hilda, because the cradle of our race and their western
route all lay far north of Palestine. Biblical silence as to the
Asirs and their warlike sons is indirect proof that Asiric wor-
ship, like Druidic, was not in the habitat of prophets and
inspired penmen. Yet Paul says: "Where there is neither
barbarian, Scythian, bond nor free." The apostle of the Gen-
tiles had heard of our fighting ancestors. So, in the book of
Maccabees we read : " Ptolemee taking the king aside into a
certain gallery, as it were, to take the air, brought him to be
of another mind, insomuch that he discharged Menelaus from
the accusations, who, notwithstanding, was the cause of all the
mischief ; and those . poor men, who, if they had told their
cause — yea, before the Scythians, should have been judged in-
nocent, them he condemned to death." Though the Germans had
only so faint a connection with the Hebrews, their knowledge
of facts and doctrines clearly stated in the scriptures, is truly
wonderful. According to them the first man was

JEsc : an ash tree, being made therefrom.

Embla : the elm, was first woman. The sons of Hengist,
who reigned hundreds of years in Kent, were called

^sciNGAS : sons of the ash, of the aboriginal stock = Isce-
vones of Germany. There is a true and deep connection be-
teen xylomancy, telling fortunes by trees (the Greeks called it
rhabdomancy : rod divination), and the marriage of Adam and
Eve. A thousand years ago, when a Saxon was smitten of
Cupid he went to

AsHCONNER : who kenned all about the ash tree branches,
and consulted him as to his bride and outcome of union. Her-
rick refers to this old custom when he says : —

180 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

" Of ash-beaps by tbe which ye see
Husbands and wives by streaTcs to cbuse,
Of crackling laurel, which fire-sounds,
A plenteous harvest to your grounds."

Choosing a wife by ash streaks, was a form of consulting Adam
as to which of his daughters should be chosen. Who fails to
see a connection between this and the streaks Jacob made in
poplar, hazel, and chesnut rods ? Boys now read the low
(root of lum), glour in the fire to see things to come, but men
did it thousands of years since, only the boy's fire is of sea-
coal, but our ancestors' fire was charcoal of ash or flaming
laurels. Strange to tell, men took to the ash (Adam), but
women to the elm (Eve, like to like) : hence we have Witch
Elm, and the famous name

Wycherley (William) : his cognomen being from a field in
which such trees grew. Tree worship was not unknown to
the Celt as

(Mc)CoLL: the hazel, and Beith: the birch; not dwelling near,
made of, but original. The German word Gott now applied
solely to God was originally applied to any Asir in the sense
of good (fighter), just as a pugilist terms that person a good
man who can hit hard and is a glutton at punishment. It is
now a common directory name.

Gott gives Gottin : goddesses, as Hilda, Hela, Frigga,
hence Gottingen (university) : abode of the Asir goddesses =
Hildersheim : Hilda's home, suggesting Thoresby, Thurso :
Thor's home, and giving the provincial English name

HiLDERSHAM.

AsHCONNER C071. Elcorn, Oldcorn (& Garnet), forms of
aleconner : an exciseman, a afuaser.

( 181 )

CHAPTER X.

HIERONYMS— NAMES MYTHOLOGICAL.

This title is con. Hieronymus : called after a god, a holy-
name, giving Jerome, Giralamo, Geronimo. These be they
which in earlier ages were not only names but powers, mighty
powers too, and much for evil. No man now trembles at the
mention of Jove, Baal, Pluto, Thor, or Dis — gods supernal or
infernal — nevertheless, records of their supposed being and
doing are fraught with instruction, and may not be lightly
lost sight of. So antiquaries and geologists search on and
under the earth to win information for historians, despising
neither coins, barely legible, nor the rude looking stone.
Such skilful toil unveiled Herculaneum, laying bare the inner
social life of patrician and plebian as the current of life flowed
in the days of the elder Pliny. Such names tell the thoughts
and intents of heathendom when as yet it was, in its appointed
way, preparing our place on the great stage of history. The
mind Divine encompasses past, present, and to come, blending
all in one eternal Now. Man is likest God in intellect when
apprehending, to the extent of his limited powers, the history
of the past, the laws governing multiform being, whereby he
is able, though in small measure, to forecast in economics and
physics. Such being the case, what field of thought is despic-
able to a thinker ? Even though, by reason of past study, his
mind be so richly stored with literary lore that novelty of in-
formation be impossible, still he despises not a suggestion,
knowing it may prove the means of linking thought to thought,
in the order of cause and consequence, whereby he may per-
fect knowledge already realised, but lacking this finishing
touch. Our chapter will be in much part, mythological, a
study as needful to the divine as alchemy to the chemist. As
light flowed by command from anterior darkness, cosmos from
chaos, so science was based on previous error. Not the less
has that error a beauty, a charm wholly its own. There was
a system, a glamour of beauty, about myths and gods to
which cultured minds ever render the tribute of admiration.
Those ancients adored their gods, we moderns admire them.
The spell that bound a son of Hellas gazing on Olympus may
be gauged by the fascination, yet hovering over his literature,
architecture, and statuary. No such beauty adorns the
grotesque gods of the East Indies and the South Sea Islands.
They lack the mystic grandeur, the harmonious adaptation of

182 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

gods to men characterising the mythology of Homeric and
Virgilian lands. What comparison can there be between the
six armed Siva cutting off the fifth head of Brahma and
Apollo striking the lyre in the Temple of the Muses ? The
Greeks and their imitators the Romans divide gods into
celestial, terrestial, and infernal. When praying to the last,
they pointed earthwards or stamped upon the ground. Infernal
is con. Infra : beneath, In-hera : in the earth. The di-gamma,
/being used formatively.

Hera: earth, gives the telluric deities, earth-born gods,
Ares (Mars), Her-mes (Mercury), Her-a (Juno).

Areopagus : Mars' hill, Arion (poet) : son of Ares, Aretas
(king) : martial, war-like = Martin, Aretino (Guy) : warrior,
Arethusa : virtuous, valiant, Aristos : best, most like Mars
= Best (beat, beater, beatest, best : who beats all).

Hera (Juno, earth-born goddess) gives Hercules : Juno's
glory, Ercole (Itn. form), Herodotus (father of history) :
Juno's gift, Heraclea : city of Hercules. In the system of
Berosus, the sun is called Arsa : burner, whence Arses (son of
Ochus) : son of the sun, destroyer, con. Ur. Therein the earth
is called Aretz, whence Erzeroum : Rouman land.

Eros : love, is from Hera : earth. " The cosmogenic Eros
of Hesoid is appai-ently a personification of the principle of
attraction, on which the coherence of the material world
depends." Simonides assigned him Aphrrodite : foam spring,
and Ares : earth, for parents ; a mythical way of saying Eros
was child of Earth and Sea.

Epaphras : foam sprung, may be viewed as the masculine
of Aphrodite. " Epahras, a servant of Christ, saluteth you."

Eros : love, con. Erasmus, Erato (presides over love songs,
lyric poetry),

Eratosthenes (geographer) : strength of Erato. Her-o :
earth sprung =

Gyges : a giant. Giant from Ge : earth, whence Gaius
(mine host), Caius, Kay (Shuttleworth), when not from Hugh,
Key as in Key's College. The Greek idea of giant is earth
born, the German notion great eater. Consult Jute, Turnus,
Jotun, Oatts. Besides Hera, Ge, Terra meaning earth, we
have Ops and Tellus of similar meaning, whence

Oppius (C;esar's friend): son of the earth, Oppidius =
Tuisco : earth born, autocthon.

Oppidium : an enclosed earth work, a city = Turra from
Terra : earth which in its turn is = Tel-el-Kebir : strong earth
work = Purgos, from Ge : earth.

TuLLius, TuLLY, TuLLiAN, Tertullus (orator), Tertullian
(father) : earth born, indigenous, very (ter) ancient. Hera is
the root of Aro : I plough, Sero : I sow, and Erian : to plough.

HIE RONYMS— NAMES MYTHOLOGICAL. 183

Demetek (Ceres) : ge meter, mother earth. Demetrius,
DiMiTRi : worshipper of Ceres.

Ceres: increaser, con. Creseo: I grow, whence Cress =
Grass : that which grows. Ceremony : worship of Ceres, as
Veneration : adoration of Venus. That Ceres is to be under-
stood of the earth is manifest from the myth making Plutus
(god of riches), the son of Ceres, and Pluto (god of hell), son
of Saturn : sower, and Ops : earth.

Plutus, Pluto, formations on Polus : much, many, meaning
rich by crops, or metals got from the earth, Polus gives Poll :
university degrees, Plus : more, plu in plu-perfect, full and
poly as Polynesia : many islands.

Plutarch (biographer): chief in riches = Polymeles (his-
torian): many sheep, opulent (ovis) = GEMALLi: rich in camels.
Dis for Dios : divine, other name of Pluto, is root of Dives :
riches got by spade, plough, or pick.

Hera also gives Germanic goddess, Hertha = Demeter.
From Ops : earth, we have Opici : aborigines of Campania,
Opaque : earthy, not to be seen through. Corroborating above,
Homo: a man, from Humus: ground, whence Humilis :
low. Humility, the opposite of Hauteur: highmindedness,
Humidus: moist, low lying, Humanity: becoming mankind.
Homo forms Hon in French, as

Prudhon (communist) for Prudhomme (" Le Journal") :
prudent man, following odd fashions, antiquated. Hon forms
One : a person, as : " One hardly knows what to say." To
summarise, we have gods, men, principles, and common names
traced to a telluric source, as Ares, Hermes, Hera, Eros,
Ceres, Ops, Demeter, Hertha, Hero, Gaius, Caius, Tulsco,
TuLLiLTS, Tully, Opici, giant, aro, sero, erian, homo, hon, one :
all of the earth earthy.

Dios (Jupiter) : divine, gives Dioclea : Jupiter's glory, city
where his temple is, like Heraclea : where temple of Hercules,
giving Heraclitus, so former gives DioCLETiAN (emperor) :
from Dioclea in Dalmatia. He is also called

Zeus : living, in the superior sense of life giving, eon. Zoon :
an animal, a living thing.

Zephyr : life bringer. Zopyrus (maimed his nose to take
Babylon): the fire of Zeus, lightning = Barca, Llewellyn.

Zeus: living, gives Dios, Dis, Divus: a god, fern. Diva
(Patti) : a prima donna, Divine: god like, Divination : reveal-
ing mind of god as to future. DiON (Cassius) : divine,
DiONYSius (Bacchus) : dug out of Dios, gives (St.) Dennis,
which some contract to Sidney, but this is local, meaning
south water.

Diogenes (snarler) : begotten of Dios. Diotrephes (pre-
eminence) : nourished of Dios, his protege.

184 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Dios : divine, gives the ferns. Dione, Diana. Hence, too,
Dioscuri : divine twins, Castor and Pollux. " A ship of
Alexandria, whose sign (figure head) was Dioskourois."

DiOSCORlDES (physician to Anthony) : son of divine twins,
their worshipper. Dios also forms Jovis, and Jovispater :
Jupiter : father Jove, and the fern, of Jove is Juno, whence
also Jovial : merry, like Jupiter or Olympus at a banquet,
hence, too, Jocundis, Joke : witticisms at feast of gods. Dios
forms Dii : gods, whence dies : a day, the portions of time
being named from gods, as Vendredi : Venus' day, Friday, as
Thursday from Thor. Dies gives Diurnal, Journal, etc.

Hermes and Aphrodite give Hermaphrodite : Mercury and
Venus in one, androgyne, John and Joan.

Mercury (medius curro) : middle runner, courier between
earth and skies. Though some give it as con. Merx : mer-
chandise, Merceo : to sell, whence Mercenary : a hireling.
Alchemists applied it to Quicksilver : living, moving silver.
So lead was called Saturn, and copper Mars. Phos : light,
gives

Hephestus (Vulcan): fire god^AoNi, called from Mulceo:
I soothe, soften, from Mollis : soft, Mulciber : metal softener.
Vulcan gives Volcano : workshop of the fire god. Vulcanise :
to make metallic looking.

" Nor was bis name unheal*' cl and unadorned
In ancient Greece ; and in the Ausonian land
Men called him Mulciber : and how he fell
From heaven they fabled, thrown by angry Jove
Sheer o'er the crystal battlements ; from morn
To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve,
A summer's day ; and with the setting sun
Dropt from the zenith like a fallen star
On Lemnos, th' Mgean isle."

EsTiA, Vesta (the zenith) star. " The altar of the deity was
in the centre of the house, and sacrifices commenced with her,
because, as Plato says in Timoeus, she was the oldest of all the
gods ; or rather the pivot on which they all turned." She was
also worshipped under the form of the crescent moon. Horace
calls her " Siderum regina bicornis : " the two horned queen
of the stars.

AsTARTE : star goddess, Astrifiammante : flaming star,
queen of night. Hester, Esther, Eoster, Asteria, Estelle,
Stella : stars, risers, shiners.

AsTEROPE : star faced, glorious. Astrophile (and Stella) :
lover of star lady, Asterion : son of a star, con. ^stus : the
tide, rising waters, whence Estuary : tide way. East : point
of sun rising. Austria \ east kingdom. Yeast : barm, which
makes to rise. Eoster is identical with Easter : when
special honours were paid to the Saxon Astarte.

HIERONYMS— NAMES MYTHOLOGICAL. 185

Hester (when male name) : Easter born, fortunate.

Typhon (con. Typhoon : wind spindrifting the sea like
smoke) : son of smoke, volcanic agency personified.

Pallas : brandisher, spear vibrator, con. Ballo : I throw.
Palladium: an aerolite, said to be statue of Pallas fallen from
heaven, upon which Trojan safely depended. Trial by jury is
the palladiiiin of Britisli liberty. Luke says, " Ye men of
Ephesus, what man is there who knoweth not how that the
city of the Ephesians is temple-keeper of the great Diana and
of the (aerolite) which fell down from heaven." This aeorlite
was the pedestal of Artemis. To this hour there is one served in
the Medjid (Temple) at Mecca, called Kaaba, which the Arabs
say was white when it was the footstool of God at the time
He visited Adam in Paradise, but turned black when he sinned.
Thousands of hadjis will kiss it this year.

Pallas when an English name is formed on pool and esk,

Artemisia (Carian queen) : daughter of Diana, Artemis.

Minerva : strong, nervous, con. Nero, Nerva : men of
nerve and verve.

Janus is a form of Eanus, from Eo: I go, alluding to change
of seasons. He was Bifrons : two faced, one looking to old
year, other to new, Memory and Hope, like Hugin and

MUNNIN.

Janus, con. Janua : a gate, from Eo : I go, exactly = Gate,
from Go, which gives gad, Gadsby — gadfly, goat, guest, Pren-
DERGAST, Ghaut : the mountain gate. Janitor: gate-keeper =
Yates, Gates. January : gate of the year.

Artemis (Diana) : whole, pure, virgin = Agnes, Jezebel,
Parthenos (Sciote monk). A man may be a virgin, only a
woman can be a maid. " These (144,000) are they which have
not defiled themselves with women (been guilty of spiritual
adultery, idolatry) : for they are virgins." Parthenos = ViR-
GiNius. Hence Artemus (Ward).

Apollo (sun, whence sunstroke) : destroyer = Arsa (Persian).
Apollyon : son of destroyer = Abaddon (symbolic king of
locusts) = Balaam. Apollos : dedicated to Apollo. Apollo-
DORUS (the illustrious) : gift of Apollo = Mithridates. Phce-
Bus : life light (the sun) Phcebe (moon) fern. Diana. Him
they armed with golden arrows, rays, her with silver.

" Queen and huntress, chaste and fair,

Now the sun is laid to sleep ;
Seated in thy silver chair,

State in wonted manner keep,
Hesperus intreats thy light

Goddess excellently bright !

" Lay thy bow of pearl apart,

And thy crystal shining quiver ;
13

186 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Ard give niito the flying hart,

Space to breathe, how short so ever ;
Thou that mak'st day of night,

Goddess excellently bright I

Hesperus is a short form of Eospervis : light scatterer, the
gloaming, gives Hesperia, Italy, so called by Greeks, the Ro-
mans said the same of Spain. It is the op. of Anatolia : sun-
rise country, the Levant, Hesperides (three) : daughters of
Hesperxhs. Vespers : evening worship, the evening star being
in the west. Vespertilio (bat) : evening bird. West is a form
of vast, applied to the Atlantic, wherein the sun seemed to set
to old worlders.

Atlas : bearing much, mountains of N. A. personified. As
the clouds rested on them they seemed to bear up the sky, the
world,

Atlantiades : daughters of Atlas, Atlantic islands. That
ocean is named from washing roots of Atlas mountains.

Cybele : cube like, perfect, a cube being symbolic of per-
fection.

Pan : all, all the principles and powers of nature personified,
gives

Faunus (son of Picus) : a satyr, hence Fawn : young deer,
Fauna : animals of a country.

"In shadier bower
More sacred and sequester'd, though but feign'd
Pan or Sylvanus never slept, nor Nymph
Nor Faunus haunted."

Sylvanus, Silas : son of the wood = Savage : wood-dweller.
Pan gets the credit of teaching the aborigines of Italy to make
bread, whence called Panis, giving Panniers: bread baskets.
After baking he took to building, and erected the first temple
from which any temple is called Fanum, giving Profane :
before the temple, unclean, excommunicatee. After cookery
and architecture he began his military career as a lieutenant
under General Bacchus, whom he served in his Indian cam-
paign. He won no star-medal but scared the enemy, whence
Panic : fright caused by Pan. He was worshipped at the
Phials of the Jordan, where a city was built to his honour,
called Paneas or Banias : son of Pan. Pandora : all gifts.
The Graces were

Aglaia: splendid, Thalia: flourishing, Euphrosyne: merry
girl, making of a joyful mind, nearly = Euphrates and Phryne:
rich in mental endowments. The Hours were

Eunomia : good law, Dice : justice, Irene : peace.

" Universal Pan
Knit with the Graces and the Hours in dance,
Led on th' eternal spring."

HIE BONYMS— NAMES MYTHOLOGICAL. 187

Clotho (the Fates): cloth worker, spinster = Filatrice :
thread spinner.

Atropos : not to be turned, inexorable, unmoved by prayers,

Lachesis : allotter, who give mortals their lot. When hap-
piness was to be a man's portion, they span a white thread,
but black if his undertakings were to be disastrous. Clotho
held the distaff, Lachesis spun the thread, Atropos cut it.

Fates from Fari : to speak = Weird (Sisters), from Word.
The Muses were

Calliope (1) -. beautiful voiced, con. Kali : beautiful, and
Zuleika : music voiced. -

Clio (2) : proclaimer, caller out, con. Clytus : renowned =
Polyphemus : much spoken about. Clesides (painter): son of
Clio, famous man. Clisthenes (invented ostracism) : strength
of Clio, illustrious.

Melpomene (3) : cantatrice, songstress, co7i. Philomela :
lover of song, giving Filomel. Melodious : pleasing as song,
Melodeon : giver of melody,

Euterpe (4) : turning well, moving gracefully, con. Trophy
victorious turning-point in battle. Tropics : sun's turning-
point, Eutropius (historian) : Euterpe's son, polished man.

Erato (5) : amiable, con Eratosthenes (librarian) : Erato's
strength, an admirable man.

Terpsichore (G) : turning gracefully in the dance, fascinating
danseuse. Choir was anciently dancers. Choragus : dance
leader = Corypheus.

Urama (7): heavenly muse = CELESTiXA, Himmelina, con.
Uranus : distant planet,

Thalia (8) : blooming with youth and beauty. May take
it as fern, of Thales (of seven wise men) and = Bloomer,
Florence, Flora and Flora : the vegetation of a country.
Thales = Florus. Thalpius (Helen's" suitor): Thalia's son,
handsome fellow, p formative = Tantalus (Lydian king), gives
Tantalise : to tease.

" They ferry over this Lethean sound
Both to and fro, their sorrow to augment,
And wish and struggle, as they pass, to reach,
The tempting stream, with one small drop to lose
In sweet forgetfulness all pain and woe,
All ill a moment, and so near the hrink ;
But Fate withstands, and to oppose th' attempt
INIedusa with Gorgonian terror guards
The ford, and of itself the water flies
All taste of living wight, as once it fled
The lips of Tantalus."

Polymnia : full of hymns, tuneful, con. POLYBIUS (Corinthian
king): long lived, patriarchal = Geryon : aged, who governs.

188 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Museum : temple of the Muses. Musa : a song, Music : the
science of song. Amuse : to sing to. Muses : singers.

Antiope (Amazonian queen) : beholder, large eyed, con.
Optics: science of vision = Europa : ox eyed (bull's back).
From her we are supposed to have the word Europe : landing-
place of Europa. These names are the ojo. of Myotis : she
who shuts her eyes in a pretty playful manner.

Amphitrite (ocean personified as a woman) : rolling round.

Brontes : thunderer , hammersmen = Thor. Cyclops (forms
CocLES, Horatius) : whirler of forehammer, alluding to sledge
hammers, describing segments of circles, con. Encyclical :
circular letter, sent all round. Briareus : strong = Forbes.
CoTTUS (Titan) : smiter = Smith, and giving Cotta (Aurelius).

Britomartis (Cretan goddess): sweet maid. Cranaus (of
Athens): head, chief, con. Cranium: the head, Creon, fern.
Creusa, Crcesus (rich) : governor, Cressida : royal daughter.

ScYLLA : rockhead, identical with Scull : hard part of head.

Calypso (Oceanide) : hidden, covered, con. Apocalypse :
uncovered, as

Latona, Leto : latent ones, being maids they were Alamoth :
hidden in harems, or by veils.

Cacus (robber) : bad, con. Cacodemon : fiend, devil. Demons,
like other spirits, were good or bad.

GoRGOX : terrible. Demogorgox : terrible demon. Des-
DEMONA : demon bound, afraid of ghosts, superstitious.

"And the cannibals, that each other eat,
The Anthropophagi, and men whose heads
Do grow bensath their shouklers. These things to hear
Would Desdemona seriously incline."

Stheno (Gorgon 1) : strong one, as Sthexelaus (Mycenian
king) : strength of the people = Demosthenes, Folkhardt.

EuRYALE (2) : wide sea, con. Euripus (strait) : wide flowing,
whence Euripides (tragedian) : son of Euripus, changing like
its tide, fickle. Eurynome (mother of Graces) : wide ruling.
Nomos : law.

Medusa (3) : cornmandress. This and Medea (sorceress)
may be taken as ferns, of Medon : commander.

^OLUS : variable, as the wind, ^olian lyre : harp played
by the wind.

Esculapius (Egyptian god) : man dog, man of wisdom, dog
for vigilance.

Galatea (thea) : milk-white goddess, con. Galaxy: milky way.

Gallio (deputy) : brought up on milk by hand = Achilles :
without the lip.

Lactantius (apologist) : son of milk, con. Via lactea : milky
way = Foster.

HIEBONYMS-NAMES MYTHOLOGICAL. 189

Leucothea : white goddess, the dawn personified.

" Meanwhile,
To re-salute the world with sacred light,
Leucothea waked, and with fresh dews emhalm'd
The Earth."

Hebe : youth, Ganymede : joy commanding, con. Oregon :
mountain joy, that covers the hills with flowers.

Eden, Aden: pleasure, gives Adonis: pleasure giver.
" Adorns symbolised the quickly fading flower of youth — of
all that flourishes luxuriantly and perishes rapidly ; and the
festivals which bore his name, the celebration of which was
accompanied by the lamentations of women, were amongst
those in which the ancients had reference to the decay of
nature." The Syrians called Adonis,

Thammuz : hidden, not to be found = Calypso, L axon a,
Leto, —

" Tliammuz came next behind,
Whose annual wound in Lebanon allured
The Syrian damsels to lament his fate
In amorous ditties all a summer's day ;
While smooth Adonis from his native rock
Ran purple to the sea, supposed with blood
Of Tliammuz yearly wounded."

Adonis (the river) : red, con. Adam : red earth, Edom : red-
bodied, so called from carrying down sand and red ochre after
heavy rains. Adonis was favourite of Venus, who mourned
his loss when he was fatally wounded by a boar.

Venus from Venio : I come, that which brings, love by
which comes life, Ventus : wind, which comes and goes,
Veneor : to hunt, come after.

Tkis (rainbow) : uniter, link of beauty between earth and
sky, con.

Irene (empress) : peacemaker. Iridescent : coloured like a
rainbow.

Ireneus (father) : peaceful = Pacificus (frater), Solomon.

Iris was daughter of Thaumas : wonder, admiration, con.

Thaumaturgus : miracle worker, and Electra : brightness,
con. Electricity : light from amber.

Meleager: land lover. Morpheus: shaper, former, con.
Formosa. A god who prevented sleep being monotonous by
varying it with dissolving views, commonly called dreams.
Milton, with a charm all his own, describes his industry, but
calls him Fancy for Phantasy, from Phainomai : to appear.
It is to be distinguished from Imagination : the act of making
mental imagery, —

" In the soul
Are many lesser faculties, that sei-ve
Eeason as chief, among these Fancy next

190 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Her office holds. Of all external things
Which the five watchful senses represent,
The forms, imaginations, aery shapes
■Which Reason joining or disjoining, frames
All what we affirm, or what deny, and call
Our knowledge or opinion ; then retires
Into her private cell when Nature rests.
Oft in her absence mimic Fancy makes
To imitate her ; but by joining shapes
Wild work produces oft, and most in dreams."

MoRPHE, also con. Morphia : sleep producing drug, Forma :
shape, gives

FiRMius(conqueredbyAurelian): well framed = Beauregard,
Area, Tetrander.

Nemesis (goddess of vengeance) : distributor, retribution
bringer, con. Nomos : law. Anti-nomian : law opposer.

Omphale (Lydian queen) : the navel, con. Umbo, Umbilical,
a name of mystic meaning, con. worship, derived from Egypt,
and =

Delphi : the womb (of the world), con. Adelphos : a brother,
one from the same womb.

Neptune : washer (of the shore). Posideon : footbinder,
salt waters difficult to walk in.

Pelops : dark faced, swarthy visaged = Swartz, .^sop,
Dee, Duff, Darnley, con. Apelles = Phin : fair.

Peleus : black -a-vised, giving Pelopidas (Theban) : son of
Pelops, Peloponnesus : island of Pelops, now Morea for Romea :
Rouman territory.

Sisyphus : very wise, con. Sophia : wise woman. Sophist :
having semblance of wisdom.

NiOBE (daughter of Tantalus) : new life, con. Biography :
life description.

Bias (of seven) : full of life = Wicks. The rivers of Hell
were

Lethe : forgetfulness. con. Leto : hidden, as drinking of it
hid former life.

Phlegethon : burning, con. Phlegon : fiery temper. Phlo-
giston : burning gas, phlegm : viscid matter from infiam-
mation.

Acheron : ache run, flowing with pain, con. Achan : troubler.

Cocytus : wailing.

Ulysses : anger (of his grandfather). Odyssey : ode of
Ulysses, song of his wanderings.

Osiris : much eye, the Sun, Egyptian Apollo.

Isis : the eye, the Moon, the Egyptian Diana. Some ex-
cellent writers give

Isis as formed upon Isha : a woman. Eve deified.

Baal, some give as lord, others derive from Orel : serpent

HIEBONYMS— NAMES MYTHOLOGICAL. 191

of God, greatest, con. Ophis : a serpent, whence Ophiusa :
serpent isle.

Ophiucha : Serpentarius : serpent holder. Ophion : great
serpent = Obel.

Python : stretcher, great expander, said to have sprung
from the slime of the Deucalian (Noachian ?) flood, being slain
by Apollo, the Pythian games were instituted in commemora-
tion.

" Dreadful was the din
Of hissing through the hall, thick swarming now
With complicated monsters, head and tail,
Scorpion, and Asp, and Amphisboena dire,
Cerastes horn'd, Hydra, and Elops drear,
And Dipsas (not so thick swarm'd once the soil
Bedrop't with blood of Gorgon, or the isle
Ophiusa) ; but still greatest he the midst,
Now Dragon grown, larger than whom the sun
Engendered in the Pythian vale on slime.
Huge Python. .....

And fabled how the Serpent, whom they call'd
Ophion with Eurynome, the wide
Encroaching, Eve perhaps."

Scorpion : scatterer (of poison). Asp : a shield. Amphis-
boena : going either way.

Ceraste : horned. Hydra : water snake. Elops : glider.

Dipsas : thirst (producer), con. Dipsomania : madness for
drink. "As we went to prayer a certain damsel possessed
with a pythonic spirit met us." Pythonised men inflated them-
selves as though receiving an ajjiatus (consult Flamen) from
the deity, which was like serpent swelling, or leather bottles
tilling. That the Jews were guilty of ophiolatria is plain
from their use of the word Ophel, identical with Obel : the
serpent of God = Ophion. " Manasseh compassed Ophel, and
raised it up a very great height." The Medians were serpent
worshippers also, as their names show.

AsTYAGES : dragon, flying serpent, Dejoces : biting snake.
No civilised people, free from ophiolatria, would take names
for great men from reptiles. Obel forms

Baal, Bel, is the root of Lars : lord, Lara (Byron), Lares,
household gods, Lartius : son of a lord = Herring.

" With these came they, who from the bord'ring flood
Of old Euphrates to the brook that parts
Egypt fi'om Syrian ground, had general names
Oi Baalim and Ashtaroth ; those male,
These feminine ; for spirits when they please
Can either sex assume."

Baal gives Belus : son of Baal, Belial : useless. This is
one of the most expressive in the entire Bible. It implies that
a wicked man can do no good, must be useless, for " without

192 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAME'S.

me ye can do nothing." Baal answers to Apollo, Mithras,
Arsa, Hadad, names under which the sun was worshipped,
while AsTARTE, Venus, Diana, Urania corresponds to worship
of star or moon.

AsHBEL : august, fire of Baah " The sons of Benjamin were
Belah, Becker, and Ashbel."

Baladan (Baal adon): Baal is lord, the opponent of Adonijah :
Jehovah is Lord.

Belshazzar: Bel most glorious. Belteshazzar : Bel's
prince, the ruler Bel favours, nearly = Hannibal. That name
must have been an abomination to the great slave Daniel.
Gabriel does not say, O Belteshazzar ! but " O Daniel."

Eshbaal is identical with Ashbel. " Saul begat Eshhaal."
He was also called

Ish-bosheth : man of shame = iEsCHYLUS. Bosheth : shame,
confusion of face, is from Baal, whose worship brought shame.
Some hold that Baal gives Balah : to destroy, to ruin, whence

Balaam : destroyer of people (am), but Baalam : of a strange
people, a foreigner.

Mephibosheth : exterminating Baal. Merib-baal : con-
tending against Baal. Saul mig-ht have named these his sons
in a spirit of antagonism to his w^orship, but as Hebrews w^ere
forbidden to mention gods, it would have looked healthier had
there been no allusion to Baal in the names of the royal family.

Jerubaal : let Baal plead. A surname of Gideon, " But the
name clave not to him."

Balthazar : king protected by Baal. Baal gave name to
Baalbec and Arbela, cities wherein his sacrificial flame was
kept burning. Beyrout is Baalberith : lord of the covenant.
There are several places mentioned in the Old Testament from
this god, as Baal-gad : lord of fortune, Baal-hamon : lord of
the people, Baal-hazor : lord of Hazor. " Absalom had sheep-
shearers in Baal-hazor." Baal so commonly combined with
the names of localities that it came to mean simply a place, as

Baal-perazim : place of breaches. Baal-tamar : place of
palms. It takes two forms, ferti., to wit, Baalah, Baalath.
" The border was drawn to Baalah, which is Kirjath-jearim."
Solomon built Baalath and Tadmor in the wilderness." Phil-
istia served

Baalzebub, Baalzebul : fly lord = Jupiter Muscarius : the
fly-dispelling Jove. In course of time this deified " Papier
Moure" came into use with a contemptuous force, so that in
apostolic times it was synonymous with Satan. Zebub : a fly
= Tetze, S. African bull slayer, from Ze : noise made = Musca,
from muzzing, for Muzca. Our Fly : that flees. Zebub, Tetze,
Musca = Buz : to drone.

Baal-Peor, Baal-Phegor: lord of the dead. Jesus con-

HIERONYMS— NAMES MYTHOLOGICAL. 193

trasts Jehovah with it. "Jehovah is not a god of the dead,
but (God) of the living." " They joined themselves unto Baal-
Peor, and ate the sacrifices of the dead," i.e., of the lord of the
dead.

Adherbal (slain by Jugurtha) : greatness of Baal. Asdru-
BAL (son of Hamilcar) : of the seed of Baal, con. Zoroaster : fire
seed, begotten of the fire god.

Hamilcar is from the Sidonian Hercules, written in Punic,
Ha-Melk-Art : the great king, con. Artaphernes : great shep-
herd, leader.

Hannibal (Alps) = Baal-hanan : grace of Baal, born by.
Latter very ancient.

Belephantes : Baal's priest. When Alexander entered
Babylon he foretold his visit would be fatal.

Methumballes (Carthaginian noble) : man of Baal, con.
Methuselah : man of the dart.

Cassivelaunus is the Roman form of Cassibelan, from the
Cassi tribe in composition with Bel.

" He was carried
From off our coast, twice beaten : and liis shipping
(Poor ignorant baubles) on our terrible seas,
Like egg-shells mov'd upon their surges crack'd
As easily against our rocks For joy whereof
The famed Cassibelan, who was once at point
(O, giglot fortune !) to master Caesar's sword,
Made Lud's town with rejoicing fires bright,
And Britons strut with courage."

May was called by the aboriginal British Beltaen : the fire of
Baal, as then the sacred fire was renewed on his altar in hon-
our of the sun beginning to put forth power. The old custom
of maying and dancing round the maypole is con. therewith.
The dance symbolised the sun god circling through the sky.
Baal was worshipped conjointly with Nebo, the star god. " Bel
boweth, Nebo stoopeth."

Nebo : interpreter, foreteller, con. Naib, Nebi : a prophet =
Weird : who speaks the word. Nebo was the Chaldean
Mercury, by whose passage through the sky seasons were
forecasted. So

Kronos (Saturn) for Chronos : time, time being measured
thereby.

Nebushasban: worshipper of Nebo = Hermodulus : servant
of Mercury.

Nebuchadnezzar : Nebo is the god of fire. Nebuzar-adan :
Nebo's lord or leader = Hermianax. " JS'ebwchadnezzar, king
of Babylon, gave charge concerning Jeremiah to Nehuzaradcin,
the captain of the guard."

Nabopolassar : a compound of Nebo and Asar, a form of

194 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Asshur, the progenitor of the Assyrians, and to whom they
owe their national designation. In return they deified him. So

TiGLATHPiLESER is composed of Tarkat (mother of gods =
Ops) and Asar of Asshur.

EsARHADDOX (Asar adon) : lord of Assur, a name so accurately
describing his office that it deserves being called a title. Assur
combines with local names, as Telassar : hill of Assar, the
mound where was his altai'. " We do sacrifice unto God since
the days of Esarhaddon, king of Assur."

" Eden stretched her line
From Auran eastward to the ro_yal towers
Of great Seleucia, built, by Grecian kings,
Or where the sons of Eden long before
Dwelt in Telassar."

Tel : a hill, mound, earthwork, runs through many languages.

Sharezer : prince of fire, con. Sarah. Nergal-Sharezer :
Nergal is prince of fire.

Nergal : rolling light, revolving star, con. Galilee, applied
to a cock which crows at returning light. " The word of the
Lord came unto Zechariah, when they had sent into the house
of God Sharezer and Regem-Melech and their men, to pray
before the Lord." Parallel to the cruelty of naming Daniel
Belteshazzar was that of calling Zerubbabel

Sheshbazzar : fire worshipper. " All these did Sheshbazzar
bring up with the captivity, they were brought up from
Babylon to Jerusalem."

Zerubbabel : seed of Babylon, con. Zoroaster and answer
to

Balbi, Balboa (Spanish Jews) : man from Babylon.

Asenath: belonging to Neith, the Egyptian Minerva, a
wise person.

Zaphexath : he who receives Neith, wisdom, is divinely
taught.

NiTOCRLS (Babylonian queen) : victory of Neith, wisdom
wins.

Paaneah : he who flies pollution, an allusion to Joseph from
his mistress.

PoTiPHAH and PoTiPHERAH differ as Joses and Joseph, each
meaning priest of the suu^Heliophaxtes and the mad
emperor

Heliogabalus, whose original name was Gabalus, from
the Gabellus, tributary to the Po, which was changed when
he became priest to the sun in Phoenicia.

Ram : ("of the kindred of"): high, gives RiMMOX : very
high, applied to the pomegranate in a mystical sense, —

" Bimmon, whose delightful seat
Was fair Damascus on the fertile banks
Of Abana and Pharpar, lucid streams."

niEEONYAIS— NAMES MYTHOLOGICAL. 195

Tabkimmon : Rimmon's goodness. Tobiah: goodness of
Jeliovah, gives Tobias, Toby (uncle). Tooby (usually given
from it) : double dwelling, big house. Tob : good fertile soil
= Aleppo : fat. " The elders of Gilead went to fetch Jephthah
out of the land of Tob."

Hadad for Ad ad : one one, the one, most eminent, double
first, applied to the sun.

Benhadad : son of the sun = Onion (temple of) from On:
the sun.

Hadadezer : whose help is Hadad. " David smote also
Hddadezer."

Dagon : great fish, literally = grampus, megalicthus, the
emblem of fecundity from Dag : a fish, whence Tagus : fish
river — Great Fish River of South Africa.

Nun, Non : a fish, the letter J, he who is prolific. " The
children of Israel were fruitful, and increased like fishes."
Dagon was a merman, —

" Then came one
"Who mourn'd in earnest, when the captive ark
Maim'd his bri:te iruage, head and hands lopp'd off
In his own temple, on the ground edge
Where he fell fiat, and sham'd his worshippers :
Dagon his name, sea-monster, upward man
And downward fish."

DoEG (the Edomite) : a fisherman. But DoiG (Scotch) : a
dog, a gallant fighter.

Thoth (Egyptian god) : divine, con. Theos, Ti, Tu in
Tuisco, gives

Thothmethes : Thoth 's man, con. Methuselah. Accord-
ing to some authorities he was worshipped by the Teutons
under the name of Tot, whence

Tottenham : home of Tot, built upon a site sacred to Tot.
" Tottenham in his boots." This sobriquet was acquired by
Charles Tottenham, Esq. of Wexford, and a member of the
Irish Parliament. Tot became Dodd, giving

Doddridge (divine) : hill where Tot received divine
honours = Tuttle for Tot's hill. The Egyptians were
Caucasian, and in the pre-historic period swarmed from that
hive of nations, the valleys of the Caucasus, long before the
Teutons started for the Dofrafields. Hence German and
Egyptians had bull and serpent worship in common ; besides
words, ideas, and objects of adoration. The Egyptian for
God is

Teut, nearly identical with the Asir, TiEU, whence Tues-
day : God's day, literally.

Teucer (progenitor of Trojans) : a divine man, son of a
god.

196 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Sibyl (theosboule) : giving the counsel of God = FABius,
from Fari : to speak, con. Fable.

Nabi : who gives the word of God, con. Naboth (garden) =
Theophrastus : who speaks the words of God.

Timor (Tieu and More : great) : great god, whence name,
title, and place,

Baltimore : city of the great good. Timor, Bael, and
Crom were the aboriginal tri-mutri of Britain.

Crom, Crum : curved, the moon in crescent. Cromwell :
spring where Crom was worshipped =

(S)Caldwell : fountain where scalds sang to gods. Bal :
a town or village, as in Balmerino = Seaton. Baltimore =
Theopolis =

BoGATSKY : city of God. The Welsh had a god who came
across the sea on a pig's back. Him they called

Coll : the hazel, probably he used the sacred wand to guide
his porcine charger, whence

Cole (old king) and Gall (St.). We have seen that Shem :
a name, and Aram : high, whence Arimathea = Hyam, gives

Semiramis : exalted name, famous, whence Semiramide
daughter of Semiramis, but savans say it also gives

Semele (mother of Bacchus). " In the festival of the wine-
press, the torch-bearer cried out to the people Kaleite Theou:"
call ye upon God, and they answered " Semele laache plouto
dota." As Semele admits of no grammatical construction in
this sentence, and is connected with the Hebrew Jah, Dr.
Hales deems that it denotes the Hebrew Shemali : hearken to
me, as in Lev. xxvi. 21. This would give consistency to the
popular response, as it would signify " Hearken to me, 0 Jah,
thou giver of wealth." Forgetting, if ever knowing, the
meaning of Shemali : hearken to me, the Greeks metamor-
phosed it into a woman,

Semele, supposed to have expired at the sight of Jove
arrayed in all the terrors of his glory, as the people feared
they would at Sinai. This origin contradicts the Greek
tradition that lacchus was the son of Ceres and Proserpine.
Yet this conjecture is supported by the fact that a number of
Hebrew words and phrases were used in the ceremony of the
Grecian festivals.

Jesse : wealthy = Gemalli : camel possessor is from Jah, as
also is

lacche, which with Bar : a son, supplies us with Bacchus :
son of Jah, the wealth giver, if so Jesse and Bacchus are,
nominally, near a kin. Yea or nay, Bacchus gives

Debauch : to make in a bacchanalian state. Shem varies to

Semi(ramis), Sem(ele), Sim(eonj, Ishma(el), Shimei(m).

( 107 )

CHAPTER XI.

NAMES DERIVED FEOM ANIMALS.

No few personal names are referable to animal origin. Those
that are ancient generally originate in the fact that the persons
so designated displayed some qualities of the animal from
which they obtain their name. Others, more ancient, are
traced to mystic connections between the original nominee and
idolatry, he adopting or receiving the name of and symbolising
the god he worshipped in such animal. A large proportion of
more recent names are mementoes of the Crusades being ob-
tained by persons who bore representations of animals on their
shield. Such as are allied to worship must be looked at from
the altar standpoint, being thereby clothed with august value.
In the worship of God, humble birds were offered, whence
there was a scape sparrow (Levi. xiv. 53) as well as a scape
goat. To this Jesus possibly alludes when saying, " Not a
sparrow falls to the ground without the will of your Father."
Moses records minute details of Judaic ritual, but other
religions, gay or cruel, older than it, have left few memorials
of existence besides stones and names. In view of such facts
we regard

Sparrow not necessarily as a sparrow-catcher, breeder, bird-
seller, as sparrows as well as doves were sacred to Venus, as
swans were to Juno. In olden times people clothed animals
with imagined attributes as boys now do robins, calling each
God's bird. We lose sight of symbolism in these utilitarian
days, the outcome of ancient communion with the glorious
East. Religious considerations throw mystic light over many
names, investing them with the charm of antiquity more
pleasing than accurate knowledge of common-place matters.
Thus it was men reverenced the great name,

Augustus, from Augur : who foretold by avispection, look-
ing into birds offered sacrificially. Avis : a bird, Specio : I see.

August: awful, sublime, grand. "My august master, the
emperor." Hence August : the month so called in compliment
to Augustus Csesar. Hence, too, Augustine, Austix, Agostixo,
AuGUSTULUS (last Roman emperor) : most august =

Sebaste : worshipful, honourable, whence Sebastopol =
Augsburg. From Sebaste,

(St.) Sebastian : son of Sebaste, Bastien (germs). English
would be impoverished by the loss of Augustus; but such
name could only be had through worship, true or false. The un-
known always affects more deeply than the known. Augustus

198 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

corresponds to the Persian Arta : the sacrificial flame of the
fire worshippers, as seen in Artabanus. Each answers to the
Celtic

Boyd : fulvous headed, auburn tressed, Thorine haired. The
tint cannot be exactly given, as it means hair coloured like
the altar fire, which varied from bright yellow to a ruddy
glow. Akin to it,

Bowie : for whom a propitiation has been made, the Gaelic
for

Pius, Pio. Happy the Celtic mother or German matron
who had a son with hair of this sort, as she had ocular proof
the gods favoured her. We look at heads either aesthetically
or phrenologically, considering whether they are winsome or
promise ability, whereas the ancients looked at them in relation
to the gods. Knowing history casts awe over even stones, and
dignifies what the ignorant think common into sublimity.
Augustus is synonymous with the German

Werter (sorrows of), from the root luorth upon which we
form worship. The following are a selection of personal names
illustrating the foregone views : —

Rachel : a sheep, one fondly tended.

Brebisson : great sheep. " In a work upon the useful
grasses M. de Brebisson, that botanist says," etc.

Ovid : little sheep, darling, nurse name = Lamb,

OviEDO (Spanish historian). Ovation : triumph when a
sheep was offered.

Wedders : a weather sheep,

Cheran : a lamb. "The sons of Dishon, (were) Amram,
Eshbon, Ithran, and Cheran." Cheran from Kar : a lamb,
giving Karnos, dropping the initial Arnos, whence

Arnobius (African) : lamb lived, exactly = our Agnew =

Seely : silly, sheep like. A silly sheep means an innocent
one, does not butt ram-like. These =

Dilke (Sir C.) : a sucking lamb, a little dear = LAMMiE.

Alectryox (watched Apollo by order of Mars, a myth,
meaning soldiers should be watchful till SM.7i-rise) : a cock,
literally means not bed — the Hebrew,

Nergal : a cock, lit. rolling light, con. Gal : rolling. Galeed :
heap of witness, they rolled stones to it. Doubled in Gilgal :
rolling away completely. " This day have I gilgal-ed the
reproach of Egypt." Gal gives Globus : any round thing.
Globe : that may be rolled. Golal : a tombstone. Mark xvi.
3, From same source Golgotha, Galilee. " The men of Cush
(Ethiopians) made Nergal," designation of Mars,

Nergal- Sharezer : prince helped by Mars, con. Sarah and
Ebenezer.

Bernard (Dr.) : of a bear's nature, strong to fight, varies

NAMES DERIVED FROM ANIMALS. 199

to Bernhardt, Barnard, Barend, Bernadotte (kini^),
Nadaud, Barentz (navigator). Ursa : the bear, from Ur !
Ur ! : grunter, gives

Orson, Orsino, Orsini, the fern. Ursula and Horsenail ! !

Bass, Vass : a bear, Basham : home, whence bears can be
seen. Wolves were extirpated from Britain long before bears
were, as they kept more out of our way. Tradition says bruin
put in an occasional appearance up to two centuries since when
the last of his race was knocked out of time on a Leicester-
shire hill called therefrom Bardon =

Barlow (Billy) : bear law. Sometimes Barlow for barr law,
hill top. Bears appear never to have flourished in Scotland,
although they had more cover than in England. The only
Celtic names con. this brute are supposed to be

Mather, (Mc)Mahon (marshal), Mahoney, Maughan, which
are probably =

SUAGROS: bear hunter. But MacMath = De Mattos and
Mathwin, all sons of Matthew. The Greeks called the Bear
Su, the Romans Ur-sa, both from noise made by it. So the
former called a Sow, the same word, (H)us, but in a converse
order, which gave the Latins Sus (like Hudor : water into
Sudor : sweat) and us Hyoena : the bristler. SUAGROS, con.
SuiDAS : son of, and Agrestes : a huntsman = Said, Sidetes,
Hunt, Hunter, and con. Onager : a wild ass. " Ishmael shall
be an onager." Mathers assumes the form of

Mayors, or Mayor, but the Roman

Mayors, Mars, Mors : death, con. Morgue : place of dead.
Bulls are, nominally, as proliflc as bears. Hence

Turnbull, Trumbull, Tremble : said to be given to one
Ruel, because he turned a bull which was threatening to gore
Robert Bruce in Stirling Park. But the name is older than
that period and simply means good at driving the cattle of
England into Scotland, Kaffir style. Agathos : good, is from
Ago : I drive, and means first-rate cattle thief. From the
same animal we also have

Boleyn, Bullen. a Saxon thane who rode a bull when
going to confer with William the Conqueror was called

Bullstrode : bull straddler.

Painbceuf (French soldier) : bull's head on shield.

Torelli = Bullock. Thor gives Taurus, whence

Torrero, Torreador : Spanish bull fighters.

Coldetor: bull necked, strong = Bull, con. Colporteur:
carrier on neck. " Here also w^e find the celebrated group
known as the Toro Farnese : or Farnese Bull."

Metcalfe, Medcalf : meadow calf, heifer = Sturrocks
(steer, stirk).

Budd = foregoing three. A butt of leather is the hide of a
Budd.

200 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

MoscHUS (Syracusan poet): a calf = Vitellius, co7i. veal.

Galea : fat calf = Eglox, con. Aleppo, Haleb : fat soil, giving

LiPPO (Menimi) : a stoutly built man.

Leporella : a little hare leveret, one v^ery timid.

Damaris : a heifer = Eglah. "The sixth Ithream, by
Eylah David's wife." " A woman named Damaris."

Damaris : broken into the yoke, con. Domitian, con. the
Persian,

Damaspia : horse breaker. " If ye had not ploughed with
my heifer."

ViTALiAN (emperor) from Vitulus : a calf, con. Italus.

Italia : the country producing kine, as

Achaia : horse producing country,

Spain : rabbits, and = Beotia and Bohemia : home of the
Boii : cattle tenders. Italy, Beotia, Bohemia fairly answer to
Buchanan.

Ravens were to Norsemen what eagles were to the Romans.
To them death under the dusky wing of the raven insured
entrance into Valhalla.

Braxdubh (king of Leinster) : raven black, con. Dublin =
Black pool.

Rapp (general), Rapix (historian) : a raven.

Bertram, Bertrand : bright raven, brilliant fighter.

WiGRAM : victorious raven, con. Wigmore : great conqueror
= Megamces, and con. Wigan : place of victory

Raby : carrier of the Dane's raven standard = CoRAX.

RoYSTOX : hooded crow (corvus cornix). Corvus, corax,
crow, forms of Craw! noise made.

CoRBETT, CoRBYN : a crow. CoRBETT and Riddle are the
oldest Scottish surnames.

Valerius Corvus : Valerius who was helped by a crow in
fight with a Gaul.

Sterx : a raven = Ravex = Hirpus, Harpy : snatcher, rav-
isher.

Crow is ancient, but whether con. war, religion, or nature
it is too late to say.

Crawford (looking so like crow ford) : camp ford.

Croylaxd (abbey): frequented by crows, agricultural. Next
are of war.

Brexxus (Gallic king) : a raven, as Braxd giving Braxdax
(St.), Braxigax : son of Brand or of the raven. Hence, too,
Braix, (M')Brayxe. As ravens eat the dead, they sjanbolised
complete victory.

Oreb (Midian) : a raven, con. Erebus : dark as the raven's
wing. Orbim : dark ones. Bedouin. " And the orhiin brought
him bread and flesh in the morning." Eagles had admirers,
but not to the same extent, for the obvious reason they were
less known.

NAMES DERIVED FROM ANIMALS. 201

^TION (^father of Andromache) : great eagle = Nisii0CH.

NiNUS (whence INineveh), Carcas (chamberlain), ^tius
(stabbed Valentinian),

Narses (fought the Goths) all = AQUiLA (Priscilla) : an eagle.
Aqnila is a form of Acuila, from acus, whence Acute : sharp,
meaning sharp flier, literally = swift (bird). Swift (dean) : who
runs swiftly. Aquilone : wind rushing like an eagle = Boreas :
wind from the Thracian mountains, from Oros : a mountain.
Aquiline : shaped like an eagle's beak. Some give

Ajax : an eagle, but it is = Job : weeper.

Orl (Russian) : an eagle, Orloff (count) : son of Orl.

Erne, Herne : an eagle, Ernest (king) = Fiacre : an eagle.
Cabs taking persons to St. Fiacre's church, Paris, came to be
called Fiacre : a hackney coach. From this source Arnot :
son of Erne^Orlofl".

Arnold, Arnaud (marshal) : eagle power. St. Arnold, cor.
to Sternhold (and Hopkins), if not stone hold.

Arnhilda : Hilda's eagle, Valkirier name.

KiRCKULE : church haunted by owls, becomes Churchill
(poet) =

Hapsburg (house of) : hawks tower, born in. Hap : a hawk,
which haves, grips. Havock : to slay men as hawks do spar-
rows.

HiERAX (Antiochus) : the hawk, gripper, grabber, robber.

HowLET may be little owl, but most likely is dim. of Howe,
or even of Howell.

EuLE : an owl. EuLENBURG : town frequented by owls =
Hapsburg.

KoRE : a partridge, it is qi^a, the noise it makes, like saws
wanting grease. Enkakore : the vjell of him who cried, with a
dry throat. " Kore of the sons of Asaph." This Hebrew name
exactly answers the Italian

Quaglia, as that is quacklia : noise of bird. " The holy
father was accompanied by Cardinals Quaglia and Panebi-

ANCO."

Panebianco = Whitbread : eating white bread, others eat-
ing coarse brown, and so well bred.

HoGLAH (daughter of Zelophehad) : a partridge, one plump
and pretty.

BuFFON (naturalist) : great owl, with mystic significance.

Racine (dramatist) : carrying on shield rat and siuan (rat
cygne).

Swan, from Wan : pale, gives Swann, Asiric and heraldic.

Genseric (Vandal) : wild gander, passing from land to land.

Gans, Goes, Goschen : a goose, a wanderer, Gosling : son
of Goes.

Coote, Coot : water fowl, like a moor hen,
14

202 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

LUN (Sally) : great northern diver. LuNHUNTER : sea bird
catcher.

LiVERMORE from a bird called Liver which frequented vieres
and pools, vrhence by some Liverpool : marsh lands frequented
by the Liver.

PoussiN (painter) : a cock, gives the Franco-Irish name
PossiNET : young Poussin. Huss (reformer) : a goose. Hag-
GAR, Haggis : untrained hawks, wild. Milvius, Nisas (Eury-
alus) : hawks both.

Jonah, Jonas, Jemima (Job's daughter), Livia: doves all,
though some give Jemima : handsome as the day, the sight of
her being as dawn to the benighted. Similarly, from Turtur :
a dove, tur, tur : cooer, we have

Tovey, Turtle, Tortola (Spanish lady). " Thou art fair,
thou hast doves' eyes."

Tabitha, Dorcas : gazelle-eyed = Lapidoth: lamps.

Storks (recorder) from the Stork : natural affection, for
which the bird was noted.

Columbus : a dove or pigeon, one dear = PoMBAL (premier),
for Palumba. Columbia (Hail !) = Fredonia: the confederated
S. of A. Icolmkill (Inch Columba) : island in which is cell of
Columbus.

Columbine is a kind of fern, to Columbus, and so lady-dove
for lady-love = Tortola.

Callum(M'): a dove. Maccallummore : the great Maccallum.

Knotte, from a bird called after King Canute. Crane :
aged (bird) because lives to a great age, gives

Crane, who bore one on shield. Crane identical with
Geron and Geryon =

Seneca : aged, in these cases as in the English nanies Earl
(from Ere : before), Auld, Presbyter, is not to be taken in the
sense of having simply scored so many years. Age giving
experience, the first kings were patriarchs, whose sceptre was
their walking-stick. Thus

Anax : a king is con. Senex : aged, and our well-known

Alderman is literally an elderly man though he may be in
his prime. So, then, Geron, Geryon, Seneca, are flavoured
with authority, and are to be honoured as governors. In keep-
ing herewith it is famous that Major : greater, and Minor : less,
are applied to age. " He is in his minority." " Not having
attained to his majority." So, too, the titles

Seignior and Excellency, simply mean older, excelling by
years. " With the ancient is wisdom, and in length of da\ s
understanding." Consult Gaffer, Gammer, Aves, Laveau,
Maximus.

Cranmer (martyr) : lake frequented by cranes, Cranston:
town.

NAMES DERIVED FROM ANIMALS. 203

LocHElL (chief): bird lake = LlVERMORE.

Merle (Aubigne): a blackbird. Pinnock: little feathers =
Sparrow though Sparrow : speaker, chatterer, chirper.

Spink, Pink, Finch : all chaffinches, being imitation of note
Fink! Fink!!

Sheldrick : shiel-drake, water bird.

Stritthers: an ostrich, soldier of high renown. "Amongst
the far fetched conceits of the middle ages, many devices may-
be found more obscure and fantastical than an ostrich feather,
assumed in allusion to the bearer's appetite for, or mastery
over, iron and steel." In the German it stands as

Strauss (rationalist), which anciently signified " a fight, a
combat or a scuffle," though now obsolete in that sense. Hence
" Ich dien," with feathers, mean I serve as a soldier, having an
appetite for cold steel as the ostrich is supposed to have. In
some cases Strauss means an Austrian, and the Scotch
Struthers is local, con. Strath.

Hengist (hertogh) : a stallion. Horsa : the mare, devotees
to Hross.

Henchman: mounted servant, Encke (comet), Hengler: a
horseman.

JoKELL : horse warrior. The Saxons engraved a horse in
the green sward of the Valley of the White Horse, where their
descendants will renew it this summer. Hippus (flying feet) :
a horse.

GULIPPUS : gold coloured horse. Gul is gold, d formative.

Xantippus: sorrel coloured horse = Bayard (knight) : bay-
horse rider, fern., Xantippe (scold). " The chariots in Homer
were drawn, for the most part, by two horses coupled ; that of
Achilles liad no more — the names of his horses being Xanthus
and Balius."

Xanthus : sord, sorrel, bay, applied to men through colour
of hair.

Balius : thrower out of legs, galloper, con. Balena: a whale
that throws up water, from Ballo : I throw, whence Balearic
(isles) : place of slingers, DiABOLOS : who cas^s fiery darts of
accusations, DiAVOLO (Fra).

Flamsteed (astronomer): flame coloured horse = Xantippus.
Some have it from Flamstead : place of beacon fire =

Beaconsfield : Beacon for betoken, and token from teach.

HiPPONAX: chief horseman = Pharnaspes : commander of
horse =

Marshall (mare schall) = Archippus. Melanippus : black
horse, rider of a.

Evippus : good horseman = Horseman and Philip.

HiPPOLYTUS (and his times): horse leader, looser = Groom.

Hippocrates (whence Hippocras: wine mingled after his

204 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

recipe;: haviui^- power over a horse = Hippodamus : liwrse
breaker, tamer.

Hotspur: swift rider, as was he , who rode Bucephalus:
bull-headed horse.

D'Orsey (count) is given by some as De horsey, but is from
Theodosius.

Philip (Macedon) whence Philippi (city) and Philippic: dis-
course full of invective : horse lover, good seat, whence Phipps,
Phelps, Philpot : little Philip = Filkix, Phillimore, Filmore,
FiLMER : great Philip. The Italians shape it Ippofilo, whence
Lepsius and Sippel. Lipton : Philip's town.

MacKillop : son of Philip. Asp : the horse was sacred in
Persia. Either the king or high priest rode forth at daybreak
in a chariot drawn by horses dedicated to

Mithras : mother of light, whence Mithridates : sun gift =
Apollodorus. Tiridates : gift of Mercury. This king
fought Rome.

AsHPENAZ : horse nose, he who snorts, easily rages = Appaim.
" The king spake unto Ashpenaz, the master of the eunuchs."

Aspatha (son of Haman) : strength of a horse, horse tamer
= HiPPODAMUS. The Hebrews were not supposed to keep
horses, hence it does not say, " Thou shalt not covet thy neigh-
bour's horse." So, too, we account for no Jew being named in
connection with a horse, except it be

Rechab (Rechabites) : a charioteer = (Mc)Ara, (Mc)Caw,
When the Jews were brought under the Chaklees and Persians,
whose strength lie in cavalry, the sacred books forthwith show
it by the names of their masters. An undesigned coincidence
confirming a student's faith in the veracity of the Scriptures.
Saul was not on horseback when the Lord met him on the
way. Asp (in the Greek) : a serpent, from Aspis : a shield,
like to which is the coil of a snake.

Chrysaspis : golden shield, princely warrior. Horse and
bull are used by us in the sense of great, rough, strong.
Horse-r'adish : strong root. Horseplay : romping. Bulwarks
(boulevards) : strong works, giving

BoLLAND (BoUandists) : land near fortifications, boulevards =

Wark : living near the bulwarks, outskirts of a town.

Bulrush : rush growing strong and quickly. Bullfinch : strong

finch. Wolves, bears, ravens, hawks, and horses must make

way for the king of the wilderness,

Leo (pope), Leon (Arragon), Lyon : lions three.
Leon IDAS (Thermopyloe): son of alion,oro£Leon = LEONATUS.
Leonric: lion king = Learchus : lion chief = Arslan Bey :
the lion like Pasha.

Leander (Hero) : lion man = Cceur de Lion : lion-hearted,
or, who tore out the lion's heart, Samson fashion.

NAMES DERIVED FROM ANIMALS. 205

" Befoi'e Angiers well met, brave Austria,
Arthur, that great fore-runner of thy blood,
Eichard, that robb'd the lion of his heart,
And fought the holy wars in Palestine."

LowE: a lion. LococK : little Lowe, or little lion = Lobel,
whence lobelia. The microscopists name Leuwenhock also
= LococK.

Leonard, Leonardo, Leotard (acrobat) : lion natured,
Lennie : little Leonard.

Brancaleone (blank) : white lion. There are persons named

Blanklion, the English equivalent to the Italian name.

Colleone : lion necked, locks hanging round the neck like
a mane.

Timoleon : lion souled.

" High o'er the rest Epaminoudas stood :
Timoleon, glorious in his brother's blood."

The nations amongst whom the foregoing leonine names
were current knew lions rather by history, heraldry, or tradi-
tion than by personal conflict, though the king of the wilder-
ness was driven out of Europe in the historic period. The
royal beast was common in Thessaly B.C. 600. The following
designations are nearer his present habitat : —

Arioch (from Ar : a lion) : great lion = Leoni, a mystical
name of Jerusalem, also applied to a tune 'that has been sung
3000 years. "Arioch brought in Daniel before the king."

Areli : son of a lion, probably one seen about time of his
birth. " Of Areli the family of the Arelites."

Ariel: lion of God, greatest lion, figurative for Jerusalem,
whose altar destroyed more sheep than did the lions = AsSAD
Allah : the first standard-bearer of Islam. Assodnagur :
lion's fort. E, I. " Woe to Ariel, the city where David dwelt."

Othniel : lion of God, great warrior. " Caleb said, he that
smiteth Kirjath-sepher, and taketh it, to him will I give
Achsah, my daughter, to wife. And Othniel, the son of Kenaz,
took it."

Lib : a lion, as Lib Judah gives Lebbceus (apostle) : son of
a lion.

Laish : an old lion. " But Saul had given Michal to Phalti,
the son of Laish." It compares with Leosthenes : strong as
a lion.

Singh: a lion, amongst Hindoos, as Singapore: lion's city =
Leontupolis. Ceylon, termed Taprobana by Ptolemy, is known
to the natives as Cinghala : lion's home, and their language is
Cinghalese.

RUiNJEET Singh (rajah) : Runjeet the lion.

Ajviarasinha : immortal lion, the Hindoo Achille.s. "The

206 PEB80NAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

palm Borassus flabelli forniis (characteristically termed by
Aviavasinha, a king of grasses) is," etc. Compare it with
Ainaritza : well of immortality, the Sikh Zemzem, and Ama-
ranth : immortal flower, and with Mors : death. Etymologi-
cally, much of the Indo Germanic language, of which these
words are fragments, is what it was when the cotton clad
troops of King Porus received the shock of battle from the
brass armoured phalanx of Alexander on the banks of the
Indus. The Turks have

Alp-Arslan : valiant lion, con. Ariel. Dandelion : lion's
tooth. Chameleon : ground lion. We thus see that many
nations adopted the royal beast as an eponyme for their
bravest. It has been fashionable to do so from the reign of
Arioch, king of Ellasar to now. The less taking Aper: a boar,
gives

Heber (bishop), Oberlin (papa), Perrin, Parran and
Pkrry, when not from Peter. These =

Verres (enemy to Cicero) : a boar pig, a pig sticker.
Compare Vir and Verres, each mean strong. Hence also

Very and Every : strong as a boar. Names that have
posed many.

EvERARD, EwART (Gladstone) : of the nature of a boar,
strong fighter.

Everett : little Heber. The Celtic for a boar is Cullach,
whence

(M') CuLLOCH : boar (slayer) = the Irish (M') Turk. Can-
turk (town) : boar's head.

Olivant, Oliphant : elephant on shield ; though some give
it from Oliver.

Cassels : castle bearer. So also PuL : an elephant,
" Menahem gave Pul a thousand talents."

Sardanapalus : Sardan, son of Pul, con. Sar: a prince,
Sardan : prince judge.

Barrus (proud of his beauty) : an elephant, from Baros :
weight. Barometer ; weight measurer.

C^SAR : an elephant in the Punic by mere chance coinci-
dence. Some say he was so called through some of the gens.
Julii keeping an elephant.

Shual: a fox, a crafty man. " The sons of Zophah, Suah,
and Harnepha, and Shual." " Go and tell that fox Herod."

Todd : the slayer, killer, applicable to warrior or poultry
worrier.

ToDHUNTER (algebra): fox hunter. VuLPius, Ulpian,
Voss, Voce, Foucue (detective), Fusch (whence Fuschia),
Galpin, Guppy (Mrs), and Zorra are all foxes or their sons.
Penaud (wine): not therefrom, but from Reynard: stern
judge, applied to fox judging what fowl he will take. Golpe :
yelper, is his correct French designation = GuELPH.

NAMES DERIVED FROM ANIMALS. 207

Alopex : a fox, Alopecia : baldness, like a mangy fox losing
his coat.

VOLPICELLI, Valpv (gramniatist), ZoRiLLA (Ruiz) : a little
fox.

Draco: a dragon, sharp sighted, Draconian: severe like
Draco.

Uther Pendragon : Uther of the dragon's head, Uther the
dragoon carrying standard emblazoned with dragon's head,
con.

Pindar (poet). Pundit: men of head. Penny, Pinney:
head of, chief.

Pennefather : head father, patriarch, sept head, uncon.
with money. But

Pindar : cattle pounder, puts them in a pen.

Pengelly (Kent's cavern): head of stream = Kinear, King-
lass, con. Penryhn : head of spit land running into the sea.

Griffen : griffon carrier on shield. Griffon : great grips,
gripers, claws. The hold that serpent worship (ophiolatria)
had upon nations, and, for the matter of that, yet has, is clear
from the study of personal names : though a portion of such
names must be allowed for symbolism falling short of worship,
as when a serpent is used to signify renewal of life and health,
as the snake sloughing, or as a sign of eternity when it forms
a circle.

N AH ASH (Ammonite) : a serpent, a hisser, giving Naashon:
ophiomant, diviner by snakes.

Saraph (same as Seraph) : burning, causing inflammation
by bite = Dipsas : thirst producer. " Saraph had dominion
ov'er Moab." " And Jehovah sent sarapim among the people."

AcHAN : a serpent, changed to Achar : troubler, pain or
ache giver. " Achan, the son of Carmi, took of the anathe-
matised thing." " The son of Carmi, the troubler of Israel
who transgressed in the thing accursed." Con. Achos : pain,
whence Ache : to suffer pain. Acheron : ache run, flowing
with pain, —

" Sad Acheron of sorrow, black and deep."

Shephuphan, Shupham : serpent called by Greeks Cerastes
(keras, cornu) : horned snake. " Dan shall be shephiphon by
the way, an adder in the path." " Gera and Shephuphan."
" Of Shujyham, the family of the Shuphamites."

Pithon : stretcher, large serpent. Here is our Python, from
tlie killing of which Phoebus became the Pythian Apollo.

Python was a common Greek name. " A certain damsel
possessed with a pythonic spirit," a pythoness. " The sons of
Micah were Fithon and Melech."

Dejoces : a snake. Astyages (Median) : biting snake, a

208 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

dragon. The Medees were ophiolatrians. One of the generic
words for a serpent is ob, oub, ouph, iph, Ophis : that which
blows out its body, like the Puff-adder, con. Obh : a bottle,
Oboth : bottles. " They departed from Pimon and pitched in
Oboth." The rainy season came on and the bottles of heaven
were opened.

Obi : Negro ogre, whence Obeah : a charm. The inspired
or pythonised person was inflated like a leather bottle when
full.

Iphicrates : strong as a python, snake killer.

Iphidamus : serpent master, snake charmer.

Iphinous (one of Centaurs), /em-. Iphinoe : serpent minded,
subtle.

Iphigenia : daughter of Iphis, serpent born, oflTspring of the
Pythian Apollo.

Iphis : a serpent, one so named king of Argos. The ancient
Germans worshipped

Orm, our worm, —

" 0 Eve ! in evil hour thou did'st give ear
To that false ivotm.''

Ormsby : Orms dwelling, where worshipped, sometimes
from Orm : an elm, at others from Orne : an ash.

GuTHRAM is Goth-Orm : serpent god of the Goths, changes
into

Goodman. But the widely known name

Guthrie : Goth ruler, in Irish it means king's voice, one
used to obedience. Another generic word used by Germans
for a serpent was

LiND (Jenny), referring only to motion of, and so con. Lind :
a lime tree, con. Lithe : bending freely. Unterlinden : under
limes. Leipsic : dwelling among limes. Supplies many lady
names because suggestive of graceful motion.

Adelinde (athel) : noble as to birth, graceful as to manner,
becomes Adeline.

Rosalind : beautiful as a rose, graceful as a serpent.

Belinda : graceful walker. Thus Lind came to mean simply
lady, as

LiNTRUDE : lady true, woman keeping troth. From Lind,

Lindsay : lime tree island. After being entangled so as
hardly able to tell a serpent from a lime tree or a lady, we
make for

Arod : onager: a wild ass, a man who is fleet and untam cable.
" Of Arod the family of the Arodites." Takes form of Arad.

Irad : the braying onager, nearly = PiRAM : swift wild ass.
" Pirani king of Jarmuth."

Tasso (Jerusalem): taxus : badger, hard biter, fighter —

NAMES DERIVED FROM ANIMALS. 209

Brock: bone breaker, and Grey: a huntsman. Greyhound:
dog-hunting Gre : the badger. But Gray : glass, grey-eyed.
" By and bye, came the cry of the dogs, and the tall grekoiiiid
of Wales merging from the bosky dells."

Gray is claimed as De Croy : of Croy, by those desirous of
being accounted of Norman descent, but it means as given.

Philomela: lover of vieludy, the nightingale = Rossignol.

ZiBiAH : female gazelle, beautiful eyes = Tabitha, becomes

Tabby, and ultimately applied to a cat.

Roebuck : rough buck, a huntsman. Some derive it from
Babeck : rough brook.

DisHON, DiSHAN : a wild goat, good climber. " Dishon, and
Ezer, and Dishan : they are the dukes of the Horites." Horite
dukes : mountaineer leaders. Very appropriate.

Jael : wild goat's kid, little runaway. " Howbeit, Sisera
fled away on his feet to the tent of Jael."

Sisera : crane and crow, symbols of vigilance and perspe-
cuity.

Aran : w^ild goat, high climber, con. Heron : high fl^'ing bird,
con. Hay and Hoy, which see. " The children of Dishon are
these : Uz and Aran." What a wild family !

Aran is con. Hor : a mountain, whence the Greek Oros,
giving

Oregon : mountain joy, plant there found. Ganos : joy.

Ganymede (Olympic cup bearer): joy commanding.

Uz : strong, also applied to a goat, very appropriate for a
highlander. Caper : a goat is from Carpo : I crop, gives Cap-
rera, Caprea,

Cabral (Spanish) = Cheevers, ^geus (last king of Athens),
who is said to have given name to the ^Egean Sea.

Egis : shield of Minerva, made of goat's skin. yEgeade :
Greeks, sons of -<3j]geus, not goat people. Daniel symbolises
the Greeks by a goat. Kid : young goat, but

KiDD : son, by pre-eminence, gives KiDSTON (Ferniegair) :
town of Kidd.

Azazel : goat that went from God, the esfeape goat, from
Gnes : a goat, Azal : to go, first written Gnazazel. It is con.
Gaza: strong city. Elegantly applied by Milton to the stand-
ard-bearer of the apostate angels. He was too scholarly to
have Azazel in heaven.

" Then straight commands, that at the warhke sound
Of trumpets loud and clarions be uprear'd
His mightj' standard ; that proud honour claim'd
Azazel as his right, a cherub tall."

^GON : a goat, sheep and goatherd in love with
Melibceus: care of oxen = Bowman when it means taking
care of cattle.

210 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Gordon : goat's fort, to which only a goat couM cliiub =

MiNTo(r): kid's hill. (M')GuiRE, Gower: goat-like climbers,
mountaineers = Aran, Dishan. (M')Gourlay : Gower's field,
living in. KiLGOUR : goat's wood, frequented by.

Goat is from go, and means animal that goes about, not sub-
ject to the human will. It is not gregarious like the sheep.
Figuratively used for the wicked, the self-willed, the unsocial.
Goat is identical with gad in gadfly.

Vespucci (Amerigo) : a little wasp, irritable = the Irish

Brogan : son of a broc, badger : snappy = Cynic : snarler,
from Cuon : a dog. It is hardly to be expected that fishes
should give names to men, yet we have

Phocas (emperor) : a seal = Morse (telegraphist) from Mere:
the sea, and Horse, and thus nearly = Walrus : whale horse,
evidently meaning seal fisher. But Amer : a form of Amor :
at moor. Some good authors derive from Phocis : a seal, the
next, but it is local.

Phocas : Phocian man, and gives Phocion : son of Phocas.

Delfino (doge) : a dolphin, swift swimmer.

MoucH (spy on Huguenots) : a fly, con. Mosquito : little fly,
philologically identical with the firearm known as Musket,
which was light as a fly compared with the ponderous arque-
buse which it superseded. From that man MouCH the French
derive their word for a spy, Mouchard.

HoGSMOUTH was the name of a cleric elected A.D. 844, to
wear the Tiara. Now as that was not a taking name to call
the head of the church, he changed it to Sergius, and was called
Sergius II. From thence it became a rule to change the name
of any elected to the pontificate, they exchanging their proper
designation for that of some preceding pope. I have met with
a man belonging to a family named

Heifer = SturrocivS. Have: to possess, is the etymon of
the word. As goods and chattels : good things and cattle, so
Heifer is put for part of your havers: possessions. Cattle,
chattels, is from Capitalia: heads of cattle. Caput. Thus from
Pecus : cattle, Peculium : your own cattle, as compared with a
neighbour's feeding on the same common, whence Peculiar :
all my own, Pecunia : money, metal stamped with the image
of the animal it would buy.

Knatchbull: servant of Thor, the bull god, cor. to Knobell.

Havers : foolish talk, speaking like lawyers in court, who
keep repeating technicalities mixed with the word havers.

BuCHAN : land whereon cattle are fed = Italia, Bohemia,

Buchanan : such land as above through which a stream
flows, con. Annan : quiet river = Arar, the Saone.

Cocks, which might be thought co7i. the fowl, is a form of

Cox : a soldier wearing cuishes.

NAMES DERIVED FROM ANIMALS. 211

Harenc : the herring is a true name. Perhaps = PoiSSON :
fisli (catcher).

The science of names, onamatology, constructs a second
Noah's ark, a huge menagerie wherein are animals clean and
unclean, especially the unclean. Menagerie is from Menage :
a family. The ark contained a menage and a menagerie. It
seems pitiful that the family of man is so menagerie like,
containing an unclean majority, but that it does the study of
names clearly shows. My reader will wonder I have not
welcomed man's faithful companion the dog into our menagerie.
Strange to say, all names derived from dogs connect them-
selves with war, and will therefore be presented under the
head includincr such as have to do with fiofhtinof.

2i:

CHAPTER XII.

WAR NAMES,

The study of personal names corroborates an idea poets delight
to dwell upon — that in the primeval age there was no war.
In the records of the two first millennia we meet with only
one name of a warrior cast : — Methuselah : man of the dart,
missile, the latter being con. Shiloh, Siloam : sent. However,
after reading the chronicles of the Flood, we forthwith find
NiMROD : rebel, con. Mar : bitter, indicating bitterness of
spirit towards ruler. Then follows narrative of confusion
(Babel), striving of herdsmen, battles of kings, seizing captives,
and pursuit of retreating raiders, whereby was brought into
human history for better or worse two sciences — war and
politics. From that era personal and national appellations
accurately reflect the altered condition of society. Even
Melchizedeck : righteous king, also king of Salem : peace(f ul
city), argues such name or title was exceptional, to urge nothing
as to Melech : a fighter, who mauls, drives (pell) mell. The
aborigines of Hellas, who founded cities and taught sciences,
had few war names, but in the succeeding heroic age a freshet
of them is lead off" by Bellerophon : murderer of Beller,
Hercules : glory of Hera, Juno, giving that Italian favourite
Ercole, who were the forerunners of the " Argonantic expedi-
tion" and the " Trojan war." By the latter era, war names
formed a heavy percentage of all in use among the Greeks.
Roman, French, and English names contrast with the Ante-
diluvians and Greeks in this respect,— these latter histories
begin with records of doughty warriors whose names indicate
prowess like those of the Greeks flourishing in the heroic age.
And these things are so for this obvious reason, the three
modern nations were composite, the outcome of many national
wars, entering upon the historic stage after Mars and Mors
had wielded their sceptres for ages. Of all known nations the
Jewish possess a nomenclature freest from war names. In
their history, extending from the Abrahamic age till the
current, they have produced a race of braves only on three
occasions, — the time of Joshua, David's reign, and the Macca-
bean leadership. Israel yet sends forth statesmen, artificers,
savans, and men rich in whatever refines or adorns humanity,
but marshals or admirals seldom come of the Abrahamic
stock. A Jew soldier is just thinkable. In the late Russo-
Tarkish war a battalion entirely consisting of Jews were

WAB NAMES. 213

present at the siege of Plevna, being the first body of Jews
organised for fighting purposes since Titus besieged Jerusalem.
But who can imagine a Blake or Nelson, of the stock of
Israel ? Such a people could truly say, when entering
Palestine, " Not unto us." " He giveth us the victory."
" Judas, the eldest son of Mattathias, succeeded his father in
command of the army (B.C. 163), in which he was assisted by
his four brothers, especially by Simon, the eldest of them, who
was a man of remarkable prudence. The motto of his
standard was Exodus xvi. ii., " Who is like unto Thee among
the Gods, O Jehovah ?" The Hebrew being Ml Camoka
Baalim Jehovah. From these initials was derived the word
Macoabee, which became the surname of the Asmonean
family. The same thought is involved in Michael : who
like God, and MiCAH for MiCAiAH : who like Jehovah. But
the best authorities give Maccabee : hammerer = Martel,
Mace, Maul, with greater probability of correctness, as the
former origin is too cabalistic to be practicable.

Most likely the first weapons would be missive — dart, spear,
arrow : where skill in throwing took the place of pluck and
muscle. The first known so to have done w^as, as given,
Methuselah: man of the dart = the Milesian name Dowds.
Saxon families were divided into spear and sjnndle sides, hoys
belonging to former, girls to latter. The spear was with our
forefathers what the assegai is with Caffres, their reliable
weapon. Swords took the place of spears after many ages.
Spears were originally stone tipped. Saxum : a rock, gives
Seco : I cut (with prepared flint), whence Seax : a sword,
giving Saxones : swordsmen, sabreurs = Sicarii : dagger
carriers, poignard men, skene armed. Hence we have

Saxe (marshal) : a Saxon, or swordsman. Undoubtedly of
the stone period we have

Halgier, Algar, Elger (brave earl) : stone spear, old spear,
giving

Algernon (Sidney), Hallavard, Allard : stone guard.

Geirstein (Anne of) : stone spear. Anscar, Anscharius :
divine spear, Ans for Ases, char for gar.

Garyey (wig to vey) : war spear. Ancient names carrying
the mind into neolithic periods when Europeans were roaming
savages.

Gar: a spear, gives War : spear fighting, as Spit: a spear, does

Spite : spit fighting. Hence, too, the French Guerre : gar
combat, whence

Daguerre (daguerreotype) : the soldier, spearman, as also
the French

Tiger, from Theod : people. Gar : a spear, spear of the
people, their defender =

214 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

NoRDENSKJOLD (arctic) : northern shield, he who protects
the north.

Garribaldi (Guiseppe) : spear bold, brave spear man, in-
verted to

BoLGER : bold spear, which two = these two, Garbett (bold).
Garnet (Noth : bold). Gar also gives the progenitor of many
a Cockney joke, Vinegar, Winegar (Win : love) : friendly
spear, who comes to help of Garlic : good at spear practice.

To this class belongs the animal like name

Badger : strong javelin = Falstaff : full staff, big, and so
needing a strong wielder.

German : spearman = Garcilasso, Gerard, Giradin, Gar-
RATT, Gerold, Jerrold, Giraldi : all shook the glittering
spear or launched the fatal lance.

Edgar, Odgers : happy spear, good spear man, con. Al-
lorfial.

Ledger (leod gar) : spear of the people =: Tiger.

Gorman (major 0): spear man = Hasty, Gore (house) =
Speirs. a bull gores like a warrior going at his foe with gar.
He acts hastily who does as the Hasta : spear, moves.

Qttirinus, Cyrenius: spear man, whence Quirites = Ger-
mans.

Gerram, Jerram, Jerome (Prague) : spear raven. These
suggest Will

Shakespeare = Pallas : she who brandishes the spear, con.
Ball =

Gertrl^de : spear maiden, an amazon. These correspond to
Wagstaff (wag con. wage, in wage war), Bickerstaff
(" Tattler ") who bickers, fights spear armed.

Breakspear (Adrian IV.): breaker of enemy's staff. Spike
gives pike, whence

PiCTON (general) : great pike = Falstaff, Pike : spike
nosed fish. The Picts here and the Pictones across the sea
giving name to Picard and Poictiers = Germans. But Pike =
Speirs.

Rocket: spear blunted for jousting, as lancer's ball does
lances when off duty. " We shall be at Saynt Ingylbertes, in
the marches of Calays, the twenty day of the moneth of May
next commyng, and there contynewe thirty dayes complete,
the Fridayes onely excepte, and to deliuer all manner of
Knightes and squyers, gentlemen, strangers of any manner of
nacyon. whatsoever they be, that wyll come thyder, for the
breakynge of fyve speares, outher rockettes, or sharp, at their
pleasure."

Rocket = Spon (Jacob) for Espon, a form of Espadon : great
sword, claymore, con.

Spada : swordsman, giving EsPiE or Espee, con. Spade (at

WAR NAMES. 215

cards), originally a sword. Rocket (fireworks), so called from
gliding through the air like a spear.

Rocket: stone-tipped spear = Axe, from Saxuin : a rock, like
Hack, Haco (king) : stone axe bearer = Halbardier : carrier of
broad rock axe.

Spon = Pickles : little pike. Add to this great company of
spearmen

RUDIGER : famous spearman = Doryclus : glorious spearman ,
gives RuGGiERO, Rodger, Rogers, and by a Saxonic twist,
Hodge, Hodges: a countryman, as Rodger: a fiddler.

Beranger (poet) : hearing gar, spearman, Berengarius =
Spike, Pike (Early Piety). '

Athelgar, Adelgar, Aug£REAU : noble spear, who uses it
cleverly = Garlic.

Leodigarius: people's spear man = Tiger, gives Leger (St.)
and con. (Mc)Leod.

WiGHTGAR : strong spear man = Wagstaff and Falstaff.

WiSGAR, Whisker, Whiskix : wise at spear, wielding it
scientifically.

Singer (sewing) for Isengar : iron spear, as Isembard : iron
sword, as

ISENMANN : iron man, worker. Names pointing to introduc-
tion of metal. But

Sangster (umbrella): a singer, chorister, correctly applied
to a woman.

WiTGAR (Wid : wood) : using a wooden spear charred to
harden it.

Sprott, Spratt, Sprout are formed on spear, and mean
spearmen,

Argar : brass spear, transitional between stone and iron.

Hastifraga: spear breaker = Breakspear (Nicolas). By
some

Pilate: man of pila, dart = DowDS. Shave, to make
smooth, gives Shaft : shaven.

Shafto (Adair) : who fights with a polished spear, a Paris
carpet knight.

Shaftesbury: town of Shafto, Gar: a spear, gives Gorse :
prickly plant. Gooseberry is gorseberry. Garlic : spear onion
(leek). War, then, meant with Germans, French, Spanish, and
Italians fighting with the spear ; what was its Greek meaning ?
its Roman ?

Polemos : war, is from Palame : the hand, our palm, a tree
was so called because its leaves were hand-shaped, while its
fruit was called Date: the finger. Polemos was a hand-to-hand
combat, a line of pugilistic encounters =

Bellum for Duellum, from Duo : two, simultaneous duels
along the line, all.

216 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Palemon, Polemon (teetotaller), Ptolemy : warriors all,
polemical men in a non-theological sense.

Hanlon (Irish): champion =:Campiox, Kemper: fighters on
the champagne.

Thomas A'Kempis : Thomas of the field.

Neoptolemos (son of Achilles) : recruit, tyro, new soldier =
Cadogan, Sigourney (Mrs.), con. Sigga, ney for new. No
two words can more accurately answer to each other than
Neoptolemos (Neos : new) of the Greeks and Sigourney of
the Germans. Cadogan for Cath: war, and Eogan: son, young,
new. These — Inchbald: bold son, and Ingrey (Ing: son, Heer,
Her : army) : son of the army, a brave warrior.

Bellona: bellatrix, amazon = Hilda, Nanni, Tora, fern, of
Thor.

Bash (con. push), Pashler, Brash (con. bray) : strikers
with such force as to break to pieces =

Osman (pacha), Othman, Ottoman (empire), Osmanli
(troops) =

Ossifrage and Osprey : birds breaking the bones =

Brisbane: bruise bones, crusher, a Saxon foot- soldier, con.
Avith Milesian,

(O)Brislaine: sw^ord breaker (Briseur = PASH, Bash, con.
debris), con.

(O)Laine, Laney : an Irish swordsman. Lanista : a fencing
master, who drills gladiators. " Stands colossus-wise, weaving
his beam upon the pashecl corses." " Bray a fool in a mortar."
Bread : brayed between stones. From Here : a band of above
thirty-five, we derive names of places and persons, as

Hereward (last of Saxons) : army guard. Hereford :
army ford. Harwick : army station.

Herman, Harmer (vir) : army man, gives Arminius : a
soldier.

Otter : army terror. Luders (general) : army famous,
talk of the camp.

Walter : pow^erful w^arrior, becomes Voltaire, Gualterio,
Wat, Watts, (Mc)Ouat.

Renier, Rayner {con. rego) : army ruler = Horrox,
HoRROCKS (cotton).

Herimar : glory of the army, answering to the Greek w^ar
name Stratocles.

Heriot : furniture provider for army. Hargraves : army
steward, commissary.

Harold (herewald) : generalissimo = Phicol, Archimedes.

Arioyistus : army prince, con. Herring : fish going in
armies, shoals, schools.

Punchion (Rev.) : a swordsman, con. Poignard, but some-
times a form of

WAB NAMES. 217

PuNSHON : living at or near sign of pvunchion, barrel.

Chrysaor (ChiiTKBra's father) : golden sword, wearing an
ornamented = Brandaur.

Dudgeon: large dagger = Claymore (glaive mor), great
offence, one easily huffed.

SoFUK (Persian): a swordsman = Clinging, con. sabre,
sepoy, sabaoth. '• He threw himself upon Soful:, and clinging
to his neck covered his cheek and beard with kisses."

Meek : a swordsman, con. Mece : a sword, con. Machomai :
I fight, varies to

Mechi (model farm), Meeking : son of Meek, M'Micking:
son of Meeking.

Meton (metonic cycle) : a swordsman = COLGAN. In some
families

Brand : a sword, then applied to user, from it, Brandish :
to flash as though burning. In this sense Brand = Dagger :
flashing like day. In some cases

Brand : a brander of herring barrels.

Sword : a swordsman = Sefi, Sigga : sabreur.

Martel (Charles) : a hammer, breaker through ranks of foes =

Louverture (Toussaint) : the opener = Maccabeus (Judas),
Hele.ai, Maule. " The sons of his brother Helem."

Talleyrand (diplomatist) : who cuts through ranks of the
enemy.

Cox : cuish wearer, thigh armour, con. Quixote (Don).
But Box : box maker, —

" I saw young Harry with his beaver on,
His cuisses on his thighs, gallantly armed."

Yeoman : yew bowman, Yemans, Hemans (Felicia),

EiMMINGS.

Larcher: the archer = (Mc)Iver and Shadbolt: who sheds
arrows from a cross bow.

Bolt : an arrow, from Ballo : I throw. Bolt upright, straight
as an arrow.

.A.LABASTER (arcu balister) : throws arrows by a machine,
bow, medieval artillery man. This cor. to Bolster.

Artillery from Arcus : a bow, arc shaped, Telum : a dart,
from Tele: distant. "Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad."

Telemachus : fighting at a distance, unlike Nelson, who
gave signal for close action.

Benbow (admiral) looks hendboiu==Toxi crate: powerful at
bow = Strongbow, but is Italian, being

Bembo (bene) = Boniface : well doing, beneficent = Duguid
the op. of

Malvolio : evil visaged, malevolent. Sometimes the name
is local when
15

218 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Bembo (pen, ben) : peaks of hills where cows are grazed.

Saker : an artillerist working a gun called saker from a
bird of the hawk kind.

Laurence: laurel crowned = Bays, Lorenzo, Rienzi (last
tribune), Renzoni (great), (Mc)Laren, Maclaurin, Larkins,
Larry, Lawrie, Loretto (little). Lawrence =

Stephen, Stephanus : a crown, primarily a hill top, con.
Steep : a brae. Step : by which we surmount. Steeple : a
spire hill high. So Arabic Tag, Dagh means either a crown
or a hill top. Daghistan : hill country, con. Dacian, Dane. In
French names Bre answers to our Bray, Brae as in Brebceuf
(missioner) : cattle hill, suggesting HoRSFALL.

Tag Mahal : crown of the harem, queen of beauty. Stephen
gives Esteban, Stevens, Stepney : Stephenshithe, hide,
harbour where .ships hide from storms = Hoff, HafF.

Kron, Crone, Crantz : crowned, Rosencrantz : rose
crowned, —

*' Welcome, dear Rosencrantz and Guildenstern !
Moreover that we much did long to see you,
The need we have to use you did provoke
Our hasty sending."

Guildenstern : golden star, a crusader carrying on his
shield a star in memory of the Bethlehem one appearing to
wise men. But

Oxenstiern : carrying a bulUs head and raven on shield.

Stern : a raven, con. Stare : to look closely. Starling :
staring (bird).

Oliver : crowned with olive, Olympic victor, one of cales-
ej^hanoL By some this gives Olivant, Oliphant.

Olivarez : son of Oliveif = Bolivar (Ben Oliver), whence
Bolivia, S. A. These =

Bell (when not Norman from La Bel : the handsome) : who
carries off' the bell, prize. This bell figures largely on sign-
boards. Many rustic signs are copies of armorial bearings
whose reason for being lies in the inability of the masses to
read. A lion on a shield meant : / fought like a lion in the
holy ivars ; a cross : / bore arms as a crusader.

Rothschild: red shield: I was ^uounded. So public house
signs, a horse: travellers accommodated ivith stabling ; a bunch
of grapes : Here ive sell ivine. Some can read writing, more
can read printing, all can read painting.

Rand, Randle, Range (con. round) : a shield — -Vander-
CHiLD: of the shield = Childs for Shields.

BoRD (when English): big shield bearer, co'^-. broad = Skey,
con. Sky : a cover.

ToRQUATUS (Manlius) : wearing torque, allied to contortion,
it was wreath work for the neck.

WAR NAMES. 219

Lysander (admiral): loosed man = Freeman = Priam (Troy):
I'ansomed = Liberius (pope).

Ransom (plough) : sum rendered for a captive, con. Rent :
rendered for place hired =

Padon: redeemed, bong-ht back {d euphonic). "The children
of Padon were Nethinim."

Hassan (favourite in Arabia, Persia, Turkey) : slasher,
slaughter, con. Assassinate : to slay in fight, now means
murder = Slagg, Slogg.

Roadman (Ruad : noised, of whom a row, noise is made) :
a glorious man = Oleander and Ludovio.

Roland for Hruodland : the country's glory, becomes
Orlando, as

Orlando Furioso : Roland the raging. Its English is

Rowland. "A Roland for his Oliver" = " Tit for tat."
Roland = Patroclus, Cleopatra.

Lambert (Simnel) : land brightness, country's hope.

Christopher : Christ carrier, not as Ignatius was surnamed

Theophorus : God bringer, subjectively, but bearer of
standard emblazoned with image of Christ. It gives CosTOR-
phine, Chrystie, Chrystal, Cristoval, Stoffel, Stofflet,
Tuff, Tuffil (when not from Teufel), Kit (tanner),- Kitts
(St.), Keats (poet), Kitto, unless that dates to the Phenician
times (tin), meaning cassia seller.

Vane (when not from Bane) (Sir Harry): a standard
bearer = Alighieri (Dante) and

Alafiepi (poet) : bearer of standard with lulng on it, Ala
gero = a]a fero.

Bannerman : a warrior under a ban, curse, if he forsook his
standard, sacramentum.

Pennant (when not local) : pennon bearer, Pendo : I hang.
Pennon : a steamer.

Pantaleone is a terrific name, the Pan as in Panther : very
wild beast (pan in sense of perl), and so means very lion like.
There is a church in Rome dedicated to >S'^. Pantaleone. It is
given as lion planter, a Venetian soldier carrying the standard
of St. Mark, but the name is far older than the republic of
San Marco. An actor in a pantomime is called the

Pantaloon from wearing a caricature of the breeks of the
saint or the soldier, —

" Bring out his mallard, and eft-soons
Beshake bis shaggy jja7i^aZoo?is."

From this word the Yankees call each lady wearing the
Bloomer costume o, pantalunatic.

Der.mot (Mc), Diarmid (Mc), Dermid : a troop, then troop-
leader = Gad.

220 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

GuNN : war, a man of war, gives Gonzales (salus) : saved
in combat, Gunter, Gonzalo, but Gun is a form of engine, and
GUNTON, cor. form of Gunn-stein : war stone, jewel of a
fighter. But

Brimstone is a form of Bernstein : a mountain frequented
by bears, living on.

CiTNDEL : war bold. Gumprecht, Gompertz : war bright
= Cleomachus: glorious fighter. And the odd name Gumboil
is formed on Gumbold : bold in war. Hence, too, Gundy : a
man of war = Chatto, Hatto, Hatt, co7i. Chad, Oath : war as
in Cathie, Cathlin and Cadogan, soldiers three. Cadell,
Cattle : war-like.

Casswallawn : defence of tribe, in Latinised form Casi-
VELAUNUS. The Romans had a harmless habit of softening
hard names.

Cathlin : war eyed, sparkling eyed, Cahill, Kathleen
(mavourneen).

Stitt, Stead, Steady, Stott, Stout : steady in battle
array, unmoved by the foe charging.

NoTH : bold, audacious, Nutt (commodore), Nutter,
warriors both.

WooLNOTH : bold wolf, courageous Saxon warrior.
Hegistratus, StRxVtegus : army leader = Hertogh, con.
Stratagem : plan to lead an arrny out of a difficulty.

Duke, Duce, Duck, Douce : a leader, Duckett : young
Duke or leader. Ducat : ducal money.

Satrap (Persian), this name or title from Chatrapa : um-
brella lord, shade of state. The cha for shah.

" Leotychides, being desired by a Samian to wage war against
the Persians, enquired his name : the Samian replied that it
was Hegistratus.' Then Leotychides answered, ' I embrace
the omen of Hegistratus.'" This is a species of fortune telling-
called Onomantia : finding the future by names. It was common
throughout Greece and the East (and still is in the latter)
where a chance spoken name decided deliberations. " The
historian Ferishta relates that Homaypon, being one day on a
hunting party, told several of his nobles that he was uneasy
in his mind regarding Hindostan. One of those who were in
favour of the enterjorise (renewal of invasion) observed that
there was an old method of divination, by sending a person
forward who should ask the names of three individuals whom
he first met, by which a conclusion, good or bad, might be
drawn. The king being naturally superstitious, humoured the
fancy, and sent three horsemen in front with directions to
come back and communicate to him the answers they should
receive. The first horseman who returned said he met a
traveller named

WAR NAMES. 221

DowLAT : empire; the second met a man who called himself

MooRAD : good fortune ; and the third was saluted by a
villager who bore the no less encouraging appellation of

Saadut : the object of desire. Thus cheered by Fate,
Homayoon assembled his forces, which amounted to no less
than 15,000 horse, and being immediately joined by large
numbers of the inhabitants of the Punjaub, he carried every-
thing before him."

Leotychides : son of Leotychus : con. Eutychus, and
means one who has the luck of a lion, i.e., gets his prey.

Ferishta for Faristan : a native of Fars.

MooRAD is better known by Murad, Murat, Amurath =
Said, Gluck, Jamin, Gad, Eutychus, Felix, Long (when
Chinese) and Fortunatus.

Murat (in some cases) : who won a mural crown made of
grass of a city besieged.

" Sefi, king of Persia, was unfortunate in all his undertakings;
his country suffered from pestilence, treading on the heels of
famine. His mollahs thought it advisable to counsel a change
of name from

Sefi : a sabre, to that of Solyman. He was then crowned
as though Sefi was dead, which royal fiction was carried out
by destroying all seals and deeds of ofhce in the name of the
late king."

Solyman : peaceful = Salem (Bey), with a traditional flavour
of the glory of Solomon. To retreat from east to west, Cath,
Cad : war, gives

Cattanach : a warrior, Calgach : fierce warrior, Latinised
Galgacus.

Cadwaladyr: glory of the army = Stratocles,Cleostratus.

Cateran : a robber, harrier, as Harry, Merode, Katrine
Loch : lake frequented by robbers = Axine.

Cat, Casey (corporal) are from Cath, and mean a soldier.

A.LPHEUS : a leader, strong as a bull, from A, Greek, whence
alphabet, A B, and Elephant : first animal as to size.

Beith : the birch, b of the Celtic alphabet.

Coll : the hazel, c of Celts.

Labda (daughter of Amphion) : from A of Greeks, she bore

Cypselus : a chest, cun. Apocalypse : uncovering the ark.
So called because hidden in a chest from assassins.

Nun, Non from the Hebrew :, whose sign was a fish, sym-
bolising fruitfulness.

PUAH, /em. of S : a mouth, awfully talkative woman; the
Greek is n, from the Hebrew.

Posh, in Hebrew "i (our r), in Greek P, the dog's letter,
means a head, gives Pashi (rabbi), and in geography Posetta :
capital of Delta, Pas : a cape. Its fern, is the beautiful

222 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

RoxANA, RosHENA (bride of Alexander) : Sara, Martha,
Creusa, "O Goo-, rosh of Meschech and Tubal." From Caph (3),
Egyptian and Hebrew, K of the Greek, our K, the symbol of
power, represented by an arm (" To whom is the arm of the
Lord revealed"), gives

Cepheus (king of Ethiopia) : powerful. Such names all
mean of high antiquity, of an ancient and presumably hon-
ourable stock, as the old Erse.

(St.) Elmo, from the elm answering to our A, being spelled
ailm.

GwYDER : wooder, learned in Celtic, taken from trees. We
now leave letters to come back to soldiers.

Agesilaus : people's leader = MEx\elaus : people's strength =
the deathless,

Demosthenes, Folkhart : hardness of the folk = the Roman
stump orator,

Publicola: cultivator of piJjlic good. Aristodemus : an
aristocY&t, best of the people.

Demas (sometimes viewed as a cor. of Demetrius) : a ple-
bian = Folks, Dodds, Ladds, Vokes.

Lewis (British) from Llew : lux, light-giving.

Llewel : who uses his sword like lightning, whence Llew-
ellyn (kmg).

Chlodowig, Ludovic : famous victor, literal meaning, hmd
about his victories, gives Louis, Louisa, Clovis, Lots, Loyson
(Pere Hyacinth) : son of Louis, or from Eligius. Chlodowig
also gives Luther, Lothario (the gay), Clotaire, Lorraine :
kingdom of Lotharius.

Casimir (king): celebrated warrior. Engelman= young
warrior = Cadogan.

Archibald, usually taken to mean hold archer, is a form of
ERfJHENBOLD : free, open, sincere, fearless.

SiGBRAND (seco) : conquering sword, Sibbald : conquering
prince.

SiCKMAN : victorious man in a combat.

Gildan : to pay dues, Guildhall : where paid, gives

Giles (when not a goat): a pledged warrior = Gage, Wager,
Wages : engaged to fight. The Scandinavian pledge being in
silver, he who gave it was called

SiLVERSiDE or Whiteside (white money), to this class add
Handyside.

Gilbert : glorious warrior, whence Gilpin (John), Gibbon
(great), GiPP ('s land).

Sturmer, Starmer : who storms, violently attacks =

Gervas (gar fuss) : eager to fight, Jervis, Jarvey. Fuss
meant impetuosity.

Scrymgeour : skirmisher, good in a scrimmage

WAR NAMES. 223

Alexander : man helper, saving in battle = Soter, Sozo-
MON : saviour, gives Alick, Alley (Sloper), Alisox (M')Alis-
TER, Callister, Sanderson (last four : son of Alexander),
Hallack, Alasdair, Adair when not an oak) Saunders,
Sandy, Scanderbeg : bey Alexander, Iskaxder, Alessandro
(Gavazzi).

Alexis : a helper, Alexius : son of Alexis, Russo-Greek,
suggests

Epicurus (epicurean) : a helper = Bcethius (Consolations of
Philosophy).

Onosander: man helper = Sosthenes : strong saviour =

Socrates : a strong one saving another as he did Aleibiades.

Raymond, Rayment (con. Rince : to cleanse) Muntz (M.P.) :
pure, protector.

CoNCOBHAR, Connor (ancient Irish) : helping warriors.

Edmund : happy defender, Edmonds, Muxcy, Munns.

Bermuda (islands) for Bermuxda: pure protector = Ray-
MOXD. Ber corresponds to Greek Peri and Latin Verus : true.

Ahiezer : brother of help, aid bringer, Ezra, Esdras : helper.

Merode (Fr. statesman): a marauder, invader, raider =
Harry, whence Harrigax : young Harry.

Herapath (Here : an army, and pad, as though padded for
fight) : mailed.

Albemarle, Aumale: white mail, contrasts with Black
Prince, who wore dark.

" Now, God be praised, the day is ours ! Mayenne hath turn'd his rein,
D' Aumale hatli cried for quarter, the Flemish count is slain."

(Mack)Harxess (bishop) : harness wearer, armour, from
Orno : I adorn. " Let not him that putteth on the harness
boast." Hence " harnish plaid."

Beauharxois (Josephine) : beautiful armour wearer.

Aldhelm : old helmet, veteran. Brighthelm : burnished
helmet, young soldier, gives Brighthelmstone (town), Brighton.

Croxhelm : crested helmet. Helm : to cover. Helmet : a
covering. Overwhelm : to cover completely. Collard : high
helmet.

Leucaspis : white shield, silver buckler. Rothschild : red
shield. Though this is a German Jewish name, the Jew, as
such, knows no such appellation. Such names were adopted to
veil origin and evade persecution. Thus

MoRTARA (Edgar, boy) : polony maker, from Morta : dead
flesh. No Jew ever worked thereat. The word polony is
from Bologna.

Pevexsey (Norman chief) : little shield (parvis), hence bold,
taking little shelter.

Skioldixg, Scoldixg : son of a shield, brave defender.
When the aboriginal warriors went into action they smote

224 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

their 'shield with their sword and cried aloud. This was
scolding. If not followed by bravery was called swash-
bucklering. So Skey {co7i. Sky : that covers) : a shield.

^GIDIUS : son of the goatskin shield of Minerva, under her
protection.

FoRTESCUE: strong shield. SCUDAMORE : shield of love =
Alexander, Connor.

Squires, Esquire : scutifer, shield bearer to a knight.

Bernicius, Bernice : bringing victory = NiCEPHORUS : who
coming up the battle is won.

SoPHRONiCUS : conquering by generalship. Sophonisba : of
a wise life.

Sophia (St.), Sofy : wisdom. Philosophy : love of wisdom,
con.

Sophron, Sempronius : sound minded, con. EuphrosynEj
Phryne, phrensy.

Eunice, fern, of Eunicius: good victory = Goodwin, God-
win (sands).

NicocLES, Cleonicus : glorious victory, great and un-
expected = SiGBERT.

Almanzor : the victorious, Anicetus : invincible = Unwin :
not to be won. The pythoness at Delphi said to Alexander,
" Ei anicetus : " thou art unconquerable.

NioiAS : victorious = Sigga, Victor (Hugo), Alcuin (taught
Charlemagne): all win, PoLYNiCES: many victories, Eupolemos :
good fighter.

Edwin {con. ocl in allodial) : happy victor, giving Gudin
(conjurer), GuDiNOT (general) : little Edwin.

Edward : happy guard, successful defender, becomes Edart,
Ned, Neddy: an ass, Ted, Yeddie, Peddie (Dick, when not
formed on Peed). Duarte (king) and Edouart (Exeter Hall
fame), these =

SiGiSMUND, SiMMONDS, SlSMEY : victorious defender, wrong-
fully given victorious mouth, i.e., persuading in council =
Pythagoras.

Vincent, Vincenzio, Chune, Nicanor, Sigga, Sickman :
victorious. Sycamore (more : great) : great conqueror.

Thrasonicus : bold conqueror, who shouts and fights, hence
Thrasonical : boastful.

Ball (John, mad priest), Balls, Thraseus, Hard, Hardy :
bold, a variation of Bald : stripped for battle.

Hardtmuth: high spirited, of a bold nature = Archibald.

Hardicanute: Canute the bold. Ballard: of a bold
nature.

Mustard (Betsy) : of a strong constitution, a game fighter,
con. May : power : Must.

Leopold (leod) : bold people ; so Dyball, Rumbold : famous
for bravery (rumour).

WAB NAMES. 225

Meroveus (mer, mor and veus for wig) : great conqueror.

Thrasymachus (pupil of Plato): bold fighter = Barnacle.

Nicolas, Nicholas: conqueror of the people, gives Nico-
laitanes : followers of Nicolas of Antioch, Cole, Colet,
Collette (when not acolyte), Colenzo, Nicot (Nicotin :
one so named introduced tobacco into France), NiX (bishop of
Norwich;, from it, while the following are his sons — CoULSON,
Collings, Clausewitz. To these we may add the children's
pet,

Santa Klaus : saint Nicholas, if not Klaus : enclosed, a
hermit. And add we must the Dutchman, Mynheer Closh.

Nicodemus : conqueror of the people. Laos and Demos
differ in, the latter implying the confederation of the people,
from Deo : I bind, whereas Laos is people without reference
to politics, giving Lay, Laity : non clerics, Lewd : vulgar.

Caligula (emperor) : buskin wearer = Ledderhose : leather
leggings, con.

Maclehose : much, muckle hose, baggy leggings. Gallipoli :
Caligula's city.

Caracalla (casa). " The caracalla was a long garment
like the habit of a modern monk, sometimes with and some-
times without a cowl." Suggests

Patch : wearing party coloured clothing = Motley (historian).
" Patch was the court name of a fool kept by Cardinal Wolsey.
He has had the honour of transmitting his name to a numerous
body of descendants, he being a notable fool in his time."

Peploe : wearing the j^ejdain as of divine or royal descent
= Porphyry. Peplomania : madness for dress. But we must
get nearer war ; so then the following mean chevalier, trooper,
or knight, viz. : —

Hotspur: rough rider. Spohr (Hail, smiling morn): spur
user =

HoRSMAN: But HiPPiAS: charioteer, though, literally, son
of a horse.

Cheval, Capel (when not from chapel), Philip: good rider.

Encke (comet) Henchman : riding servant, Hengler, con.
Hengtst : a stallion, stall horse, from Hang : to depend.
HoRSA, a mare.

Eachran, Eghmily: horse soldier (miles), gives Emly =

JOCKELL.

ACHAIUS : son of a horse, good rider (each), Achaia : horse
country, as Italy : cattle country, Spain : rabbit country.

Caballero (Brazilian general), Epeus (Trojan horse maker),
Boss (when not local).

Butter, Byder, Buyter (De), Bitter (Carl): riders all.
Bechab (Bechabites) : a charioteer = Cormack : son of the
chariot, Caw, who with

22G PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

(0) Hara and (M') Ara were British chariot drivers, Essedi :
sitters in chariot. Beveridge : a knight, so termed from
wearing Beaver, so called from Bibo : I drink, as horsemen in
the heat of battle drank thereout.

Rembrandt Van Rhyn : Rembrandt of the Rhine.

Rembrandt: king's sword, royal champion = Kemp, Cam-
pion.

Eupolemos: good warrior = Calimachus : beautiful fighter,
handling weapons scientifically.

Andromachus (burnt by Samaritans): a man in fight, /em.,
Andromache (Hector's wife).

Androcles : Andrew's glory, Andrew : a man of heroic
mould, giving Andy, Anderson, and:=MANNUS, Bravo, Beau-
regard, Wight, Izod, Arba, Ishi.

Harbonah (eunuch) : warlike = Martin : Mars-like, gives

LAM:\rARTiNE, Martyn, as also Martinico, Martinique: islands
so called.

Lahmi : a warrior, con. Cherdolaomer : servant of Lahmi
the war god of the Susanim. " Elhanan slew Lahmi the
brother of Goliath,"

DoLABELLA (consul) : battle axe bearer = Haco, Hacke,
Hacking : son of either.

Medon: a commander, /ein., Medusa (head).

Pal.vmedes (invented dice) : old commander, veteran leader.

Dio:medes : Jupiter's commander, best generalissimo.

EuDES (count) : binding well (deo), thoroughly conquering
= Binder.

Victor : who binds, from Vieo : I bind. Victim : one bound,
Vimen : a with, Mons. Viminalis : osier hill, at Rome. From
EuDEs, Odo (bishops), Odillon : great, Ody, Otho, Otto
(when not from octo), Odette, Othello : little, Otho, son of.

HuDiBRAS (con. brace) : conquering arm. Flambard
(bishop) : a firebrand, flaming sword = Beor and Chaka,

Flugel (lexicographer) : leader of wing of an army =
Ahala, con. ala,

Alighieri : wing bearer, con. Aisle : of a church,

DuMNORix (iEduan) : possessor of many hills {con. dun).

Orgetorix (Helvetian) : ruler of a hundred hills (con.
rego).

HoGAN, Hagan (0): high protection, God guarded, but
though so given they seem to come of Eogan in the sense of
high bred, a son.

Oscar : bounding warrior, leaping to the fight, gives
(Mc)Cusker.

Labouchere (and Bradlaugh) : the butcher. Norman title
of a general who slew his thousands.

Boucher (Maid of Kent), Butcher : a warrior from beat.

WAB NAMES. 227

bat, a slasher, slayer = Hassan. The trade word conveys a
modernised sense of it. Butcher, Bottom, each from beat.

Dhu : black, dark, gives Duncan : dark head, brown haired,
the same as the Hibernian.

(The 0)Donaghue, Dunphy, Donovan (Rossa) : black
white (brain) former, hair latter skin, also Dunn, Duff, Dove
Dee, Duffy, (Mc)Haffie, Dougan : young Dnu, or Dow.

DuGALD : dark Gael, ojj. of FiNGAL : fair Gael or stranger.

Kean: head chief = RosH. Canmore (Malcolm): great
head, bodily. Kenny (Meadows : head of the island).

(Mc)Cann : head, an Irish hero who did by his late foe
what David did to Goliath. Cantankerous : head full of light.

(Mc)KiNNON, Cannon : fair haired = Flavius, Sorley,
Saurin.

Kenmare (nun) : sea head, Kinealy : head of wall fort.
Can tyre : head land = Ras.

KiNLOCH: LocHHEAD. KiNNAiRD : Hillhead, may mean
chief commander =Phicol.

Kenneth : head of sept, varies to Kennedy, (Mc)Kenzie,
KiNCAiD : rock head.

Kentigern : head chief, as Vortigern (mor) : great chief.

Ratican : living at Rathhead = Kinealy.

Kinglass : head of stream, con. Glasse, Glassford = Pen-
gelly.

Fatican == Longhead, con. Fadyan : long John. The
tendency to corrupt names can scarcely be better illustrated
than in the case of

Radbet [con. Ruad : famous (row) and Bid : to send] : a
first class messenger, scout, becoming Rabbits.

SiGVALLADUR : Conquering power.

GuRNEY (which some make from Gourney) : gar new, going
into battle fresh with his spear, con. Sigourney,

Chilperic (a great name) is helj) rich, able to sustain an
ally.

Frederick : peace rich, who by complete conquest of foe
gives a long rest to his country.

Manfred (may main) : powerful peace, long peace bringer
by punishing foe so that he cannot rally.

Kriga: war maker = Creek, Crick : the war whoop giver,
who cries as he enters battle = Grogan. Cricket proper is of
the current century, and hence many have been posed as to
how it could supply the widely spread names. Cricket,
Crickett, Crickitt. The solution is, these are formations on
Creek, and mean either son of Creek, or son of war, i.e., a
brave. But Cricket (on the hearth) : creaking insect.

Crickmore, Crickmer: great at making war, planning a
campaign, cleverly.

228 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

FiNiGUERRA (French) : finished warrior, perfect soldier.

Sly, Sliman : who slays his enemy when off guard, and yet
not unfairly, Ulyssian type, con., slay, slit, slot, Slight: to hurt
one's feelings.

Mills (when not local) : a medieval title from Miles : a
soldier, from Mille : a thousand. The minimum Roman army
was a thousand men, the Teutonic was thirty-five and upwards.
The former tells of tactics, the latter of pluck.

Miles : one of the thousand. From Mille our Mile : a
thousand paces of the legionary soldier.

ScALiGER (Joseph) : ladder bearer, who scaled the enemy's
battlements.

MURAT (cavalry king) : mural crown receiver. The first
who entered a besieged place was crowned with plaited grass
that had grown therein while beleagured ; after the campaign
with a gold crown wall-shaped.

An astonishing number of warriors derive their names
from the dog. Now, as the dog is the symbol of contempt
with us, the fact of its being in high repute formerly
deserves special attention. The aborigines of many coun-
tries were greatly aided by dogs in clearing the primeval
woods of wild animals ; evidently the dog was one of the
first creatures subjected to the human will. Had Abel a
collie ? Those early nations observing the pluck of a dog
in attacking wild beasts when encouraged by the voice of its
master, and admiring its bottom in keeping up the fight against
killing odds, generally applied the term dog to their most
valiant heroes. The Celts termed it cu, con, col, the Hebrews
Caleb, the Greeks cuon, the Latins canis, the French chein.
Hence we have

CuMARA : sea dog, heroic sailor, a regular Blake. So like-
wise

Con (of 100 battles) : a dog, whence hundreds of honourable
names with a currish look, as

Connel (O), Coilean, Congan, Cunnian, Channing,
Canning, Cunliffe, Conon, Cuillean (king), shortened to
Cullen (cardinal), Colin (Campbell), Colquhoun, Calhoun,
Conan, primarily meant son of dog, i.e., of warlike descent,
and so = Herring, Finguerola, Wickliffe, Herod, Scolding.
" Blow for blow, as Conan said to the Devil." Hence, too,

CooLEY, Colly (when Irish), Cowley : Ulster warrior, dog
of Ulster, con.

NuLTY (Mac): an Ulster man. Concobhar, Connor:
helping warriors. Collie (shepherd's mate) is just Doggie.
Con. col also gives

Quain (anatomy), identical with Cuon : a dog, hence QuiN,
and

WAR NAMES. 229

CoNROY : redheaded Con, like Redmond : red Edmond.
CowiE, Covey : meadow hound, reminding of Lyulph :
meadow wolf.

Queen (Mc), Quinlivan : young Quin, Mulqueen : bald
headed Con, con.

MuLYON : son of bald head. To this breed add (Mac)ONiE :
son of a dog.

CoNNEL forms Conville, which is in peril of being entangled
with the ville gentry.

CoNNAL (Glasgow, S.B.) is Highland, meaning shoresman,
one living where roaring waves, polyphloisbon, great noise of
the sea, comes.

CuCHULLiN (Ossian's hero) : dog of Ulster = CooLEY, CoLLY,
CowLEY. Hence, too,

CusiN for Cu Sionna : hound of the Shannon, bravest on
the river.

The successor of Joshua ben Nun is generally translated
man of heart, lion like, as though the Co?ur de Lion of the
Bible, because it was thought intolerable to associate a He-
brew leader with the despicable dog, so it was crowded out of
Lib : a lion, whence

Lebbeus : lion like, but David called his son by about the
.same. " His second (son) was Chileab, of Abigail," and he
would not degrade a member of his family by calling him
after a mere dog.

Chileab: howler, a dog = Caleb = Cato (noble Roman): a
whelp, howler, whence

Catulus : son of a dog, warrior born = Canning. Cane
(Venetian doge) : a dog =

Cheyne (Mc), which with many similar names usually given
as connected with the oak signify a primitive warrior who
fought gamely against odds, as dogs do against wild beasts.

Cagnola (canicula) exactly corresponds to Catulus, which
means young and brave.

DuRANT, Durante : lasting in the fight, game to the last.
So the Norman

Talbot, the Scotch Doig, and the English Doggett (coat
and badge) : who gave a dogged resistance to the foe. Thorough
John Bull names.

Doggart : of a dog's nature, plucky, determinate, take no
denial.

Dodge is also a form of dog, meaning game fighter.

TOKE: raging for fight like a tyke, dog held back. Con. the
last is the great

Tycho (Brahe) : a dog, generally given as con. Tuck : a
cloth worker, but it is a war name.

230 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Cynosura (Jupiter's nurse) : dog's tail she was changed to
a star in the constellation Cuon, Sailors accurately observed
it, whence one attracting attention is called a Cynosure. The
dog days are when the dogstar is above the horizon of the
Nile.

Borrows (Bible in Spain) Borrowman : a hostage, bor-
rowed by the enemy, a pledge to be returned = Homer.

MoNSABRE (Pere), a name we might be pardoned for sup-
posing meant my sivord, i.e., a soldier, he who lives by his
sabre, really means living on a saluhrioas mount, healthy
hill.

Let our rear be brought up by a Russian poet : — Pushkin :
an artillery man = Alabaster, taken from noise guns make
when going off, similar to Tic-tick-boo : a gun, so called by
Polynesians. Thus we call a man a tinker from the tinkling
he makes.

( 231 )

CHAPTER XIII.

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES.

Many personal names, especially in modern civilised com-
munities, are traceable to some craft, profession, or official title
of the first persons who bore them. No few trades supplying
.such names have ceased to be followed, hence the names pre-
serving the knowledge of them have historic value, as they
give a clearer insight into the past. Moderns are emphasised,
because the ancients took ill to trade-names, not through want
of appreciating the dignity of labour on the part of Greek or
Jew, but because they were unwilling to change a name
suggesting family honours, sacred relationships, or glorious
deeds, for one that only levelled them with a workman.
Moreover, they were affected by the obvious fact that trade
names are indefinite. Only one man could literally be called
Jacob, while millions might be named Smith. As might be
expected, appellatives of this kind are more prevalent amongst
western nations, where utilitarianism prevails, than with the
imaginative sons of the east. Hence trade-names are com-
mon in countries peopled by the Germanic stock, but rare
among Arabs, Persians, and Jews. Besides, the original one-
name system was unfavourable to the introduction of trade-
names, as each man had his name before working at a craft.
When the primitive usage failed by reason of popular increase,
the two-name system came in like a flood. This occurred in
our country mostly in the 13th and 14th centuries, being
introduced thus. A boy received his name when christened,
and this distinguished him from neighbouring boys ; but
nearing manhood, he came into contact with a wide circle of
fellow mortals, of whom several had the same name as himself.
His name getting inconveinently mixed with others, in order
to distinguish him from them, a trade name was added. Say
the boy was called John, which would be distinctive round
the door ; as he nears manhood, he meets with others rejoicing
in the same designation, and his neighbours, knowing he is
apprenticed to make clothes, call him John the Tailor, but as
vulgarity is generally laconic, he has to content himself with
John Taylor, whereby he is distinguished from a neighbour's
son also named John ; but he being employed in healing
(covering) houses, is known as John Hulyer : John the
slater.

232 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

A Greek infant, when nine days old, was called Aristocles :
the glory of Aristos. He growing in years, his back grew in
breadth to an unusual degree, and he was called Plato: broad
(backed), nearly = the French Petion : broad chested. Plato,
con. 'pled, fiat, jylatane (trees).

Amongst the ancients the second name rarely existed with
the first, but took its place. " Call me not Naomi (pleasant to
look upon, con. Nain : pleasantly situated) : call me Mary "
(bitter, born amidst bitter trials, same as Miriam, Maria, and
the great Miriamne). Observe, she was not called Naomi
Mara, nor he Aristocles Plato, whereas our trade names were
parasitical upon what is termed Christian names. The follow-
ing names are a selection of those, the exposition of which
may be found instructive and interesting.

Agricola (who first sailed round Britain) : a ploughman,
from Ager : a field, an acre, and Colo : I cultivate, whence
culture, cloivn, colony, colonel, colonial. Acre, con. J.ceWama
(acre of blood, field bought by blood money). Acres (Bob) :
living in a field. LiXACRE : flax farmer. Agericus : a field-
man, anglicised to Airy (astronomer), and Ager, a well known
English name. Any of these = Hickman, Airman, Ackerman
and WiNKLEMAN for Swinklelman : who sweats through toil
= Sue (Eugene) from Sudor : sweat, from Hudor : water, as
our sweat is formed on wet. Switzerland : land of sweaters,
labourers = Labrador. Hoffman : a field labourer, whence
Hovey. Vanderhoff : of the farm, a labourer.

Peace (Charles), which has so peaceful a look, means a
landholder, a farmer. It was originally Piece, an elliptical
expression for a piece of land. It is so found in documents
granting land and charters dating back to the eighth century.
Butters : a farmer cultivating meadow land, yielding butter.
The Irish for a farmer is Scully, as Scullabogue : a barn, the
farmer's building. Bowman sometimes means an archer, at
others, is a form of Boorman : who bores the earth. Boor =
Clown, for colone from colo, whence Colon (Christopher) : a
cu/-tivator. Thence also Bowers, Bauer, Niebuhr (historian)
= Neighbour : near boor, so Burly : like a boor. Borland :
town land belonging to boors = Burleigh (loixl).

Van Buren: of the cottages = Coates and Cotby. Bord-
MAN : cottier farmer. Sul : a plough, in the Saxon, gives
SiLLiMAN : a ploughman = (Mc)Greagh = Tillman : who toils,
tills. Haeckel (evolutionist) : a field labourer who howks
and harrows = Harrower. Plews : he who ploughs = Lam-
plough : land plougher. Farmer is con-j^rm-arius : confirmed
in his holding by title. Farm is common. Franklin : a free-
hold farmer = Freyhoffer (spectrum analysis). Bond is of
Swedish origin, and synonymous with Lanfranc : the free of

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 233

the land = Freeman : freed man, enfranchised = Colbert for
con. libertus, who attamed liberty with another = Hodder
(and Staughton) : a farmer holding allof/ial land. Fremantle
(frumentum): a corn growing farmer, not a grazier. Travil:
a labourer working with travail. Travel : to journey on bad
roads. Carabceuf : who drives a bullock cart = the classic
Bootes : ox driver. Hind, Hine, Day : day labourers. Hynd-
MAN = Travil. Hinson: son of Hind, but Hinton (Jack):
town behind a hill. From Amal : work, the historic ^Emilius:
a worker, giving Amelia and Emily (not Emma), but Amery
(Pott & N. Y.), Emery and Amerigo (Vespucci) are from Amal-
RICH : exalted ruler (ric), as also Imrie, its abbreviated
form. When Imrie is Gaelic it means butter, supplying king
therewith. Granger : grain grower. Changarnier (general)
for champgarnier: raising grain on champagne land. Garner:
grain storer, granery keeper becomes garner. Drable ((be-
arable) = Fremantle, Metarius, Myers, one who metes fields,
land surveyor = Landseer = Rarer from Rap: rope, as in
Stirrup : rope to rise by, one measuring land with a cord.
But Roper : rober, and Wardrop : who had charge of the
king's wardrobe. Metayer (anarchist) is the continent corre-
spondent to Myers. Lepailleur (Little Sisters of Poor) :
straw seller. Pallet : a straw bed. Hardman : earth man,
soil worker = Gardiner, Gardner, Jardine, though the root
idea in these is Gird, whence yard, girdle, garter, garth. Gars-
cube, Garscadden. Jardine = Hortensius,'Hortense (Reine),
Orton : town among gardens = Orville (awful Gardiner).
Ortolan : a garden bird, but Ortolan : a gardener = GiNNE-
THON. " Daniel, Glnnethon, Baruch," were sealed. From
Gen : a garden, whence also En-gannim : garden well, fountain.
Genesareth : prince's garden, very fruitful. Similarly the
Irish Garry : a garden, as Garryowen : Owen's garden, like
Tyrone : Owen's land. Androgeos, Ageso, George : worker
in earth = Hardman. " I am the vine, and my Father is the
georgos." Hence Georgics : rural poems. Joury (Crimean
prince), JouRiSEN : son of George, GiORGONE (Italian), are
formations on George.

Husband : house bond, a farmer, who in the Lothians had a
farm of fixed dimensions. Service or Fairservice is a farmer
holding land for a service rendered to the king. Wife : a weaver.
Spinster: daughter who spun. Wife is a living family name, of
course means a weaver. The name and title Baron : a strong
man, then husband, gives BiRON (marshal), Byron (poet),
Baronius (historian), son of Barop. Spurius : a sower, wha
scatters. Sporades : scattered isles, Sparta : scattered town, not
built in streets. Serranus, Serrano (Spanish): a sower, allied
to Serene : weather favourable for sowing, whence serenade.
16

234 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Singing does not go off well in a storm. Sereno: a watchman
who calls out serene weather. Saturn (agricultural god
whence Saturnalia: rustic festival): a sower = Seji, w^hence
Sejanus (favourite of Tiberius). Cyamitas : bean-planter.
Cicero from Cicer : a vetch, field-pea, is generally given as =
Fitch or Vetch. " Doth not he cast abroad the Jitches ?" But
the orator was named from having a pea-like excrescence,
wart, on his nose as had Oliver Cromwell. Batteur : corn
beater = Thresher and Tasker, giving Batterscomb :
Batteur's dale, from a Norman family. Faucheur : hay
maker, working with a falk : scythe, con. Falchion : a great
sword = Claymore : great glaive. Curran (orator) : a reaping
hook which an Irishman quickly improvises into a scimitar.
Alder, Elder, Anax, Alderman = Seignor: seniors, senators,
elderly men. Aldric : aged ruler, whence Aldersgate. But
Aldo (Aldine press) : audax, audacious, bold. Aldric =
Archon from Arche : chief by seniority, gives Tarquin (king).
Olric, Ulric, Alaric are forms of Athelric : noble ruler =
Reginmar, Reimer, Raumer, Reimarus : famous ruler.
Eric (king of Norway) : aye ric, ever king. Ric con. Rego :
I rule. Rajah, Marajah (magnus rex) : great king = Arta-
xerxes from Xerxes : a fighting king. Ric is cognate with
Ree : a king, as in Rene (roy natus) : of royal birth, and
Imrie. So Macree (widow) : son of a king. Rice, Reece,
Richard (richard) : stern ruler, giving Rickett, Ricardo,
Riccarton: Richard's town, Clanricarde, Ritchie, Dick,
Dixon : son of Dick, Dickens, Deeks, Pritchard : son of
Richard, as Brice or Bryce and Price : son of Rice. Rego
also gives Regulus (ambassador to Carthage) : little king, as
also Rule, Wren (Christopher) and Wren, the little king of
birds. As Kingfisher : king of fishers, because of its beauty,
the wren was reckoned king of birds from its prettiness and
littleness.

King, Konig, and Conger : men who ken, know, are cun-
ning. Conger-eel : king of eels. Rex gives Raikes (Sabbath
School) : a ruler, and Roy gives Royle, Ryle (Liverpool).
KoNiGSBERG = Kingston. But Leroy : head of a corporation,
while the too well known Lefroy : the cool, frigid. Vor-
tigern : excellent chief = Sapor (Persian king) for shah-poor:
great king. Pasha, Bashaw: king's foot.' Officers of the
Shah named from his members as Vizier, called his eye. From
Shah, Sheik: petty king. Chess, Check: king. Check-mate:
dead king. Chess: game of kings. Ric conjoined with Theod :
people, gives the dread Theoderic: ruler of the people, whence
Thiery, Terry, Derrick, Diack. Dyball : of a bold people,
brave. But Roderick : famous ruler, giving Rory (of the
hills), Cuidad Roderigo : city of Roderic. These must not

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 235

be confused with Theodosius : ^-ift of God, whence Theodore
and Tudor (house of), as also D'Orsey (Count).

Theodosius transposed gives Dorothy, Dolly (Dobson).
Theodorus, Dorothy, Theox>osia, Theodotus, Deodanda,
apply to children earnestly desired, and so = Desiderius :
desiderated = Samuel : asked of God, Saul : asked (of God).
Theod : people, gives Theobald : of a bold people, ah. to
Dyball, which cor. to Dibble. Tidyman, Tidy: of the people
= Folks, Ffoulkes, Fouche, forms of vulgus, and allied to
Belgii : populous, giving Belgium. Publius: son of the people.
PuBLicoLA: who cultWsite& the good will of the people. Theod
also gives Teuton or Teutones : multitudinous = Eelgii. DoDD,
DoDDS, DiETZ (Ella): one of the Theod. Doddrell : Dodd
of the hill. Doddington : town of his descendants. Diet :
popular assembly. So the Danish (Mc)Leod : one of the
people. Leatherhead (which has puzzled thousands) is from
Leod : people, and Rede : council, being a thousand years since
a popular consultation spot like Wittanagemot : witty man's
meeting. Reginald : the power of judgment, giving Rey-
nolds, Renolf, Ronald, Clanranald, Rennie. From
Kratos : power, Kraft : powerful. Craft : ability to follow a
trade.

Despotes: foot binder, having power to put in fetters,
governing without consulting governed, a despot. PosiDEON
(Neptune) : same reversed, as sea water binds the feet,
impedes motion. Despotes = KuRios : lord, from Kir : a
city, meaning city king. From Kurios we have Kirk :
house (oikos) of the Lord. Selkirk : great church =
Templemore. Kirke: living near a church, or having charge
of one = Iglesias (& Montero) our Eccles. Cyrus : lord,
Cyria : a lady (ii John 1.) CiD (Spanish) : lord of city.
Caliph: an Aleph : first man = Alpheus = Prince: princeps,
primus capio, Avho takes first place. Bretwald : wide ruling,
wielding = Eurynome. Basileus: basis of the laity, founda-
tion of the people, a king, Basil (St.), and Basle (city) are
contractions of it. Basilisk = Regulus : little king, crowned
snake, whence Fascinate : to catch the eye as serpents do.
Basilicon : royal house, cathedral. Tyrannus (a castle
governor, con. Turra) : a king. Tyrant and Despot now used
only in a bad sense, but not so originally. " Disputing daily
in the school of one r^7'a7inus" = discussing in Mr. King's
school-room. (Luke ii. 29) : " Despot, now Thou lettest Thy
servant depart in peace." Lister, List : preparer of lists, —

" Be Mowbray's sins so heavy in his bosom
That they may break his foaming courser's back,
And throw the rider headlong in the listsJ"

236 PEESONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

But LiTSTER : a dyer, who puts clothes in ley, lith. Buttress,
Butt (Isaac) : setters up of butts, targets. Butt : hide of a
budd. SoURBUTTS : who scars the butts with his arrow, a
good archer. Target : a shield, from Tergum : a hide, from
Tego : I cover. Budd = Metcalf, Medcalf : meadow calf =
Sturrocks, from steer, stirk. Verstegan : keeper of a strong-
hold = Holder, Holden. Holding : son of Holder, Bolden :
son of Holden. Ark (con. Archives: documents kept in an
ark like the decalogue). Arkwright: chestmaker = KiSTNER:
chestner, made meal chests. Byng (admiral) : bing maker.
Thrower: thread maker = Limeweaver, Thread: throwed in
making. Bacon (Roger) = Beecher: fed hogs on beech nuts,
Glander did on acorns = Lardner,Porcher. The latter uncon-
nected with Poacher : game pocketer. Pocket : a little poke.
Pucker : to make pokes. Peck : a bag. But Peck, Peek :
living on a hill = AiRD and Pickwith (peak vicus) = Hilton :
town on a hill. Hayward, Howard are forms of Hogwarden :
charge of all hogs in a forest. Howard becomes Hoad, as in
Hoadly (bishop) : Howard's field, living in. Porcher =
PoRCius (Festus) and Suarius : sow keeper, Suarez : his
son. The original Porcher was probably swineherd in the
New Forest, while the first Porcius possibly kept hogs in the
Pontine Marshes. Fern. Porcia (Cato's sister, who perished
by swallowing burning coals). Swain : swineherd, as Suarius.
SwAiNLAND : frequented by swine. Swindell : swine dale =
Sugden : frequented by sows. Buckland : beech-tree land
= Buckowina (Austria).

CoPELAND : a quay, fair, where merchants deposit wares =
Copestakes : land staked out for merchandise. Copenhagen :
merchants' haven. These con. cheap, whence Chepstow :
market place, Chap : a fellow, a hawker = Chapman : a huck-
ster = DicKERMAN, Chaff, Chaffey, Coffin, Kaufman
(general). But Chaffie : baldheaded = Moule, and con.
Chauvin. Cleveland: cliff land = GARiocH and Folly
from Fell : a rock, as in Goatsfell. So Raglan : rough land,
the opposite of Smithfield : smooth field = Snodgrass :
smoothly cut grass. Snodgrass compares well with Snyder :
cutter, tailor, and Snap : to cut oft' short. Falkland : fre-
quented by hawks. Croyland : by crows. Strickland
(Agnes) : stirk, sturrock land = Cowmeadow = Clontarf,
and Huxley for Oxley. " They go into college stirks,
and come out asses." Backler : a janitor = Dorman
and OsTORius : a door keeper, cor. to Usher, whence
Lusher (le usher) and Lush. Lushington : the town of
the son of Lush. Durward (Quintin) : door ward, tyler =
K'osTER (Lawrence), Coster, Custance : door custodian.
Yates, Gates, Yett : gate keeper. Hatch : had charge of a

NAMES DERIVED FBOM TRADES OR TITLES. 237

gate for deer, not going with hinge, but taken off by a hitch.
Salmon : saloon keeper, hall door. Calman (caul man), ladies'
hairdresser. (Is. iii. 13.) Gaylor is a form of jailer. Gush-
man : cowman, cheese maker. Barbour : beard trimmer, con.
Barebones : beard bonny, fine bearded. Kepler (astronomer) :
tanner working kipjjs = Pelletan : skin tanner. Pellissier
(marshal) : furrier. Barker : who works in bark tan =
Tanner (faster), —

" What craftsman art thou, said the king,
I pray thee tell me, trowe?
I am a barJier, sir, to my trade ;
Now tell me what art thou '? "

Bayle, Bailly, Bailey : a bailiff, meant a protector, from
Beorgan : to protect, whence Burgh : a walled town, con. bed
in such names as Balmerino : town on the sea = Seton. Out
on bail is out under court protection. Hausman (Baron) :
house bailiff = Voght. Baines, Bannister (Jack) : charge of
a bath. Having its root in Bain : white, a bath makes white,
so Ban, Boyne, —

" No more I do my murthis fayne,
But in gladness I swym and baine.'^

The ending ster denotes fern. gen. Trades to which it is
affixed were divided into branches, at the lighter of which
women worked. When through the progress of refinement
men took their place such branches retained old designations.
Baker : batch cooker. Baxter : female baker = Cracknell :
cake baker. " Take with thee ten loaves and cracknels."
Flanner: pastry baker = Wateau. Mazarin (cardinal) is
con. Macaroni, and means the same as Wateau and Vatel.
Coke (lawyer). Cock, Koch (Paul de) : a cook, whence
Cocker (arithmetician) : one pampered by delicate cookery.
(Mc)Dade: kneader. Baker = the Roman Pistorius (Joseph),
Italian Fornarius : man of the furnace, and the Normans
had' BuLLiNGER (Reformer) : a baker, whence Pullinger.
Brewer: con. brose, broth, hreweth, gives Brewster =
M'Grouther : the king's brewer to a Celtic king. Chaloner :
woollen weaver, con. Chalons-sur-Marne. Weaver, Weber
(Der Freischutz). Webb give Webster (Daniel) : weaver of
light goods. Whib, Whipps, Whipperman : a weaver, luhips
the shuttle from side to side. Whibley : the weavers' field.
There being no heavy department to spinning, we have no
man named Spinner, and as surnames of women are absorbed
in those of their husband's, no woman can be named Spinster,
that being generic for a maid, but we have Clotho (Fates) :
spinner, con. cloth ; and Wife is a family name. In the Irish
we find Sheddy, Shedden : silk weavers. The same ancient

238 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

language supplies us with Coghill : net weaver. Sleeman
(Thugs) : slaie maker = Reedman : weaver's reed maker.
LiNGARD (D.D.) : worker of lingerie, napery, linen. Lanyer :
wool worker, con. Lanimer Fair. Tilley : a first rate weaver,
con. Subtile : cleverly done under the loom. Blacker
(Stewart): bleacher = Whitster : who makes white. Beckner
(Volney), Bucer (reformer), Booker : writer on beechwood,
learned, a book worm = ScRiBONius, Scrivener, Schrevalius:
scribes. Saphir (Rev.) : man of books. Sepharvaim : city of
books. We not only have Booker but Bookless. The
less in this name is con. Lacy : learned, so that, instead
of meaning minus books, Bookless : book learned ; but
librarian. Orders : who hoards, a treasurer = Hoard and
as Boc : a beech, Bookless strangely answers to Gwyder :
learned in wood. Consult Gwyder. Bochart : book herd,
Kammerer. Porteous : made manuals, books portable by
hand. Paternoster (common in Bedfordshire) : made
rosaries, rows of beads on which they bid the Lord's prayer.
The trade was formerly strong in Paternoster Row. Biddle,
Boodle, Bedell : prayer men who told their beads often.
Bede (venerable). Badman, Monboddo : men of beads. Bid
now means to command, then to pray, Badman, Bonomi,
Bon HAM (bonus homo) = GoTHER (bishop), Goodman, Goth-
man, HoLYBAD, and Goodchild. But Horatio, Horace,
often given as meaning prayerful, from Oro : I pray, whence
Adore : to kiss, as adoration was putting mouth to object
of worship, is from Oratos : aspectable, men to whom we
look as having marks of superiority, like Beauregard, Mira-
BEAU. Yet Arabella is undoubtedly a form of Orabella:
a female religeuse. The poet Horace had a mistress whom
he called Glycera (con. Glycerine) : sweet one = Saccha-
RISSA. Bidwell : sacred spring where prayer was wont to
be made — (S)Caldwell : fountains wfiere the Scalds sang to
gods on harps, the memory of which passing away with the
inbringing of Christianity, folk guessed the word meant cold
spring. Caldwell assumes the forms Colwell and the
better known Caudle. (S)Caldwell of the Druidical period
= Holywell of the Medieval. Got( )BED : worshipper of God
= Theosebes. Badman = Eusebes : worshipping well, very
religious, whence EuSEBlUS (historian) : son of Eusebes, of
pious ancestry = De Sanctis, De Santos: of the saints = De
Foe : of the faith = Rasselas : of apostolic descent.

Hosius (president) : holy, dedicated = Enoch. The Glasgow
St. Enoch is from Thenaw, the mother of St. Kentigern.
OsiANDER: holy man, devotee = Allgood : hallowed, baptised
and blessed when that was rare. Male, Mahlmann : a
painter = PiNTO of the Spanish. Pargiter : a painter or

NAMES DEBIVED FROM TBADES OR TITLES. 239

plasterer. " Fifty and six pargits." EsiLMAN : an ass driver
= AsiNius. Easel : the painter's ass, bearing his arm as an
ass does its burden,

Bugan: to bend gives Buxom: bending, yielding, and BoGUE:
bow bender, archer, BiGGAR, BiGGS : bower builder, edifier in
the wattle and dab style, like hurdles filled in with clay.
BoGUE gives the vulgar sounding BuGG. Howbeit Boig is a
form of Bog (dweller) = Marsh, Moss, as Doig is formed from
Dog. Big: artificially large. Great (from grow): naturally
large. Big house, great tree. Dodman, Dadman : dud seller,
old clothes' man. " He is a dude," i.e., a dressy man.

Blinkhorn (blend corn) : farrago seller, he mixed wheat
with rye. Pepper Corn : a Saxon farmer paying a pepper
corn, nominal rent = Penny : farmer of poor soil, called
penny land. Jews said, " A grain of mustard seed" for some-
thing small, but Saxons, " A pepper corn." Now Pepper
(patent ghost) : grocer, spice seller, of which pepper was one.
It is = Spicer : epicier. " Within Coneyhope Lane standeth
the Grocer's Hall, which company was of old called pepperers."
Fromant: corn salesman (frumentum), con. frumenti/, which
our country cousins persist in calling fruramerty, con. Fre-
MANTLE. Fomentara (island) : fruitful in corn = Java.

BuBiER,BooTES,BouRBON : cattle driver or dealer,neat herd =
NoTMAN. BouvERiE : an ox stall, cow byre = Cotton (admiral) :
cow town, enclosure for kine. CoE (captain) : cow. Cowley
(when English) : cow field = Coevelt. Coward = Stoddart :
stott herd = (Mc)CuLLOCH : cattle tender. Coward : one who
cowers, stoops to escape a blow, similar to Craven : one who
beaten craved his life. Hyrde, Hurd, Hurdis : herdsman
each. Coward = BuBULCUS and Boukolos, whence Bucolics :
pastoral poetry. In some cases Bowman : stock keeper.
Whyman : having charge of kye, cows. Egon : goat herd,
con. JEgis : shield of Minerva covered with goatskin, and =
Cabrera, con. Caprera : goat island. Phernes : a shepherd,
gives Artaphernes : great shepherd, men ruler, Holofernes
(Judith) : chief shepherd. From Far : a sheep, Faroe : sheep
island, and Farrar (canon) : a shepherd.

Pharnaspes : commander of horse = Hipparchus (astro-
nomer). Cheffer, Chaffer, Schaffer, Shaffer : a shepherd,
con. Shapfells, sheep hills. Small, Smallman : who saw
after lambs and kids : " Thou hast brought me no small cattle
of thy burnt ofi:ering." Twentyman : having charge of tivo
winter cattle. Calvert : having charge of calves. Some-
times Calvert : a fish curer. Human : an experienced
shepherd having care of ewes. Polymeles (historian) : many
sheep. Meleager : active with sheep, folding quickly, con.
acer. Melibceus : charge of sheep and cattle. Patti (diva) :

240 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAAIES.

shepherdess, con. Pastor : a feeder. Patti answers well to
Ophelia, from Ovis : a sheep, whence ovation.

Kidder : a travelling Huckster : carrying goods for sale on
his hocks, provincially applied to shoulders = Colporteur : collar
porter. Kidman = Chap]vian : man selling cheap, a cheap
Jack, Cheapside : near market. Chipping Norton : market
at the north town. Huckster is a form of Hockster, and
Hawker is its brief form. Kauffman (Turkestan), Coffin
(Tom) = CowPER : who coiqjs, sells: proper spelling, Couper,
and sometimes cor. to Cooper.

Dobler (Herr) : dish maker = Tischenmaker, and Turenne:
tureen maker, who made earthen vessels, Terra = Arthman.
Kiss (sculptor) : cushion maker. Handel (oratorio) : seller by
hand. Bodger : cooper, co7i. boat, boot, bottom (of land or hemp),
implying hollowness. Buttman : butt maker, formerly wrought
in budd's hides, as Hogshead = ox hide. Butler: charge of
butts or bottles. Bottle : little butt, as Pottle : a little pot.
Butler = Kellerman (marshal) : cellar man.

Hooper (judicious). Cooper (novelist), Cuvier (naturalist):
who caves wood = Tupper (poet) : tubber. The great Italian
name Zoppi is simply soup plate maker = Turenne and Chopin
of the French. These made wooden goods, amongst others,
sabots, trenchers, bowls, corresponding to Coghie : cog maker
of the Scotch. But Cooper (Astley and that kith) : a form of
CoPARlUS: cup bearer to king of France. Cadman: maker of
cades, casks. Caddy : a little cade. Casket : a little cask.
Tupman: sheep (tups) breeder. Pott, Potter, Topfer, Euler
(mathematician) : potters all. The last seen to advantage in 011a
Podrida: pot of putrid things, a miscellany. 011a: a pot, from
Olere : to grow, whence redolent, adolescence, means a kale pot.
Vasari (Giorgo) : earthen vessel maker. Croker, Croke : crock
maker, whence Crockery: pots. Kruger (boer), Krogg: keep-
ing a roadside public house where beer was sold out of a crock
= Schenke, and Inman (liner). So our Aylward and Win-
ship : ale and wine shop. Most (editor): wine maker, brewed
must.

Potts : living near a well, spring = Twells : at the wells =:
Pagan, from Pege: a fountain, springing out of the (ge)
earth, con. Pegasus. Pagan was applied to those who used the
same village pump. Citizens receiving Christianity before
rustics, those living in villages were termed Pagani, which
became synonymous with Heathen, Gauyim : not of the Jewish
religion. Takes the diminutive form Paganini (violinist) and
gives Paine : a villain, a villager, one of the paynim. Payson
for Paysan : a peasant becomes Pheasant. Civic superiority
is farther illustrated by Urban (pope). Urbane : astute,
polite = TowNLY : town like = Curtis (gunpowder): courteous.

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 241

To return to wells. Atwell = Delafontatne : of the fountain
= Fauxt and Spring (Tom). Pozzo = Vandeput and Potts,
con. Puteoli : wells stinking (through sulphur) = Fontenoy:
noxious fountain. Pitt : living near a quarry. Pitman
(phonographer) : miner, quarry worker = Quarrier: stone
squarer, becomes Wharrie. Some have Quarrier : warrior.
I take it to be a trade name. Quarles (emblems): shot game
with a square headed arrow, Pitt = Moliere (play-wright) :
millstone quarry. Bottom (weaver) : when not local means
worker at bottom of pit shaft, when local = Dellar : dale er,
living in. Shanks: pit shanker, sinker of shaft, if local,
living on projection of a hill = Spite, con. Spithead. Now
for more pots. Pottinger (of Indian fame): pot maker = Tass,
Tassy, Tasman (whence Tasmania) : cup maker. Pottinger,
also old name for Druggist : dried herb seller. Burrage :
gathered borrage to mix with wine. Spurge : gathered herbs
to 2^urge wine, hence Spurgeon (C. H.) : son of Spurge.
Balmer (Berwick): herbalist selling balsam, balm. Pargiter:
a plasterer or painter, —

" Gold was the parget : and the seeling bright
Did shine all scaly with great plates of gold."

Cambyses (Persian) : sacerdotal bard = Baird (Scotch), Scald
(Norse), Keen (Irish). Mourning for dead is known as keen-
ing, C071. Kinnor : a harp, con. Cinneroth : wailing sounds
made by wind, reeds, and water. The orthodox Irish for a
poet is Thady, giving Teague = Pat, from St. Patrick, and
Taddy. Vignoles : a vine dresser = Carmi. Carmel : vine-
yard of God, very fruitful. " Achan, the son of Carmi, took
of the anathematized thing." Lambruschini (pope) : a wild
vine, unmanageable.

Carpenter: car maker = Cartwright, now generically
applied to wood worker. Carioli (Italian) = Charette
(French): car driver. Carabceuf: bullock cart driver = Arabi
(when Turkish). Fabrictus : fabric maker, an ouvrir, opera-
tive, gives Faber, Favre (Jules), Lefebvre (marshal) Lefevre,
Lefever : workmen all. Sloper (Ally) : slop maker = Smoker:
smock-frock maker. Paton: maker of ^^fti^oiis, clogs. Pattern:
like a 'p^^d of the foot, a vestige. Wright : ivrought at any
trade in wood, as Cartwright, Ploughwright, Wainwright:
waggon maker, vehicle for the way, road. Wheeler: branch
of last making only, wheels. Zimmerman (on solitude) : tim-
ber man, materialist, i.e., worker in matter, timber. Matter
from Mater : mother, it being mother of all, formed thereof.
Madeira (isle) : of timber. Matto Grosso : gross with timber,
primeval forest of the Amazons ; about = BuissoN (French
savan) : great wood, and Chacemore. Stuhlman : stool

242 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

maker. Tigellinus (Nero's friend) : beam fixer, tabernacle
maker = the German Shuemer, Schirmann: tent, umbrella, or
shadow maker = Tell WRIGHT: tilt manufacturer = Copernicus:
cover maker, hut builder. This Danish name = our Franco
England Maison, Mason : messuage builder, mansion erecter.
Bracciolini (Poggio) : worker in breccia stone. Ponce (de
Leon) : pumice stone worker. Jenner (vaccination): a joiner.
Tischendorf (Constantine) : joiner's village. Carter: a car-
man = Charron (French author = Wagner (German) =
Harmodius : charioteer, drove yoked horses = Hippias. But
Wayman: wain man, so Wenman, Whigmore (Ely, 16G0).
"From a word, vjliiggam, used in driving their horses; all that
drove were called whiggamors, and shorter, whigs." Whig, con.
wide, for quick, living, active. Quick (Rev. R. H.), Wicks,
Grady (O), Vivian, Vial, Vitalis, Vitus (St.), each mean
quick, active, Gradgrind: quick grinder. But Vivian (Gray)
means more than physical vitality, properly meaning one
revived, and so = the Puritan name, Renovata : renewed,
implies one regenerated, entering a higher life.

Waitman : huntsman, who waits, watches game. Case : cot-
tage builder, con. Chez: at the house of; Chiese, Cheese, and
Ace (Jessie) : the house. Casino, Cassino (Boston) : small
house near a theatre. Chasuble: house-like garment = Coat :
covering like a cottage. Coates : living at the cottages =
Van Buren. Casabianca (gallant boy) : white house =
Wentworth, con. Gwen : white, as in Nell Gwyne : Ellen
White, and Cenwin : white head, Whitehead. Casanova,
Canova = Newhaus. Cazvine (Zakaria): vine clad cottage.
Catchpoll : catch pooler. " In mining, the ore is passed from
reservoir to reservoir, each constructed to retain portions of
metal. He who had charge of a pool where metal was so
caught was thus called." Also nickname for bailiff who
carried a staff, profanely styled by the vulgar a pole. Names
identical as to form, but differing as to sense, originate at
divers periods and under different circumstances. Thus
Turner: wood worker. Turner (terra noir) : black castle =
Schwartzenburg (cardinal). Turner: one who took place
of an absentee at a tourna,Yaent, an attorney, who engaged for
another = Wager. Gage (whence greengage): engaged to
fight, pledged to an ordeal.

' TURNARELLI (of the wreath) = ToRRiCELLl (barometer): little
castle. Poole : near a pool, its dim. in some cases Pollock, in
others it is dim. of Paul. Walpole (wald pool) : wood near
water, Glasspole : water running into a pool. Dabbs = Dubbs:
decorator, dabs on ornaments. Chancellor : who cancelled
government debts = Kanzler (general). Cange (Du) : money
banker, of change. Drudge : fi.sherman, whose work was

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 243

drudgery, dragging his net = DAKG: pitman working by darg,
what is dragged along and up. Chabot : fisher off the French
coast, whence Cabot (Sebastian) : Poissoxier, Fisher, Fisk,
Hooker, Langelier, Pitchers (peeheur), Doeg (Edomite) :
fishermen every one. DoEG comes from Dag : a fish, whence
Dagon : great fish (god), con. Tagus = Fish River. Geddes
(stool): pike fisher. PoiSSON (mathematician): French fisher-
man. Froschammer : frog fisher. Pride : pryde catcher,
river fish like lampreys. Conder, Condor : conductor of
Cornish fishermen, who watched on a rock top, signalling the
whereabouts of shoals (schools) of fishes.

Delcambre, Chambers, Chalmers, Chamberlain (from
Cam: crooked, arched roof): charge of king's chamV)er = eunuch
sometimes means treasurer. "Erastus the chamberlain (econo-
mist) of the city, saluteth you." Eunuch had charge of bed,
Chamberlain of room, Economist of house. Steward (stowe
ward) : charge of a stowe, whence stowed, stead, steady: keeping
in one place. Bedstead : place of bed. Stuart is its form in
France, there being no lu in French. Stowe (David) : an en-
closed place. Bumpstead: place of beams, a wood = BAMPTON
(lectures). The name Baum is cor. to Bumm.

Nussbaum : walnut tree. Chandler : candle seller. Coke
(upon Lyttleton) : a cook. Cocker (according to) : to cook
up for, to pamper, to bring up delicately = Tyrphena, Try-
PHOSA : nourished = Delilah : delicate, tender. Cocker takes
the dim. Cockerell. Todhunter (algebra) : fox hunter.
Purchase: living _2Jer chase, by hunting = Jager, Fenian,
Berners, Barnes, Venua, Venard, Venantius, Ventris:
men of venery, who took venison. To these add the Hindoo
name Vedah, con. Veddas: wooders, the aborigines of Ceylon.
This word vedda is identical with the name of the sacred book
of the Goths, Edda: old, it is literally a w^-eran book. Vedda,
Edda, vet-US (old) : wid, wit, Ida (mount), are variations of one
ancient word used in Sanscrit, Greek, Latin, English, etc. In
another aspect Vedah = Coyle. Gael, Kelt : woodmen three.
Grosvenor : great hunter, Duke of Normandy's head hunts-
man, con. venison, and Berners (Street). Cynegirus (brother
of ^schylus) : dog driver = Hunt, Hunter: hound (driver).
Hun (wdience Hungary) : a dog. That nation migrated from
the border of China, and having Tartar like, dog like faces, the
people of invaded countries called them Huns: hounds. How-
beit they call themselves Magyars. Similarly Cagot (canis
Goth) : a dog of a Goth, a hypocrite. To the above huntsmen
add Jagg (when not from Jago : James), Jaggard, and Shil-
LACKER, the two former being Germans, the third a Gael ; as
also the Spanish Montero : a mountain hunter.

The following are veritable sons of Crispin, viz. : Chau-

244 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

CHARD, Chaucer (father of English poetry), Hosier, formed
on last. Hosen is now woven, but half a millennium since
was leather, as gaiters, leggings, buskins. Gracv: brogue
maker. Sands (George) : sandal maker. Savaton : sabot
maker. Schummacker, Souter (sutor) : shoemakers a(w)ll.
SouTER = Seymour : a seamer, sower, con. Semmet : sowed
garment. Sometimes Seymour is from St. Maur, Normandy,
which is said to be a form of Sine muros : without walls.
Clark, Clerk : learned, one of clerical order. During the
middle ages, only the clergy possessed the means of studying
books, and so they alone could be learned. In certain criminal
cases a convict had the Psalter placed before him with a re-
quest that he would read the king of the penitential psalms
(li.) to signify his sorrow and claim the immunity known as
benefit of clergy. If he read " Have mercy upon me, O God,
according to thy loving kindness : according to the multitude
of thy tender mercies, blot out my transgressions" in a toler-
able style, the court officer cried, " He reads like a clerk," and
he was released.

Beauclerk (Henry) : beautiful scholar, translated iEsop's
Fables. Leclerc : the learned = Grammaticus (Saxo) : the
grammarian = Sepher, Saphir : book man, fern. Sapphira.
Lacy (Evans de) is the Irish for learned, from which language
we have Sankey: a chronicler. The Hindoo correspondent is
SuRAT = Sephervaim : place of books. The Druidical corre-
spondent is GwYDER : wooder, learned by study of Celtic, the
letters of which were taken from trees. B for Beith: the birch.
C for Coll : the hazel. Calton : town built where hazels grew.
McAll for MacColl : son of the hazel, one of an old stock =
Priscus, fern. Priscilla, not meaning old personally, but of
noble descent. Hazel rods were used in divination, rhabdo-
mancy, and so may be termed a religious plant, like hyssop
and misletoe. Colkittoch : left-handed Coll.

TozER: Hax comber, from Tow: to pull, whence teeth, team,
tame, tough, teasel (used to card wool), and Tassel: head of the
teasel. Teazle (Mrs) : worker with teasels, —

" By stinking nettles, pricking teasels.
Raising blisters like the meazels."

Tozer = ScoTCHER : scutcher (scart, scratch) with a heckle
= Flaxman (sculptor) : worker in flax = Kemp, fern. Kempster,
but Kames (Lord) : local, Kemp : a field, campus, whence
Campion, Kemper: champions fighting in the open cham-
pagne,—

" His wife sat near him teasing matted wool,
While from the twin cards, tooth'd with glittering wire,
He fed the spindle of his youngest child."

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 245

This card from Carduus : a thistle, but other card from
Charta : paper. Teasels and thistles are parents to the com-
plicated machinery of our cotton mills. Caird : an artificer,
apphed to a tinker = Calderon. Tooth (ritualist) : is some-
times given as iron tooth maker, but is personal, a man of
prominent teeth, being = Mordaunt, which was originally
Mordent : great teeth. Cohen : a priest. All Cohens claim
descent from Aaron. Cohen, cor. to Chon. Laocoon :
people's priest = Blott, Blood (colonel, stole crown jewels):
shed blood of victims. November was called Blotmonat,
because cattle were then slaughtered and salted. Goodblood :
noble priest. Hoffman (sometimes) : man of the hoff, temple.
Saggars, Haggart, Haggarty, Taggart (sogarth aroon) :
druidical priests, since applied to Christian. Flaminius (con-
sul) : the flamen who received the afiatiis of the god, his
inspiration.

Priest (for Prestare) : who stands before others by reason of
superiority = Antistes : pre-excellent. Fabius (Roman heathen
priest) : who spoke (fari) the divine mind. Priestly (oxygen):
glebe land. Canon (when not from (M')Kinnon) : a priest
from canonicus. Preston : priest's town. Temple (Palmer-
ston) : a druidical crom turned into a church. Templemore :
great church = Selkirk. Camillus (delivered Rome) : a form
of Casmillus, servant of the temple, gives Camille (Desmou-
lins) = Hoffman and Artabanus : great sacrificer. Abdul-
Medjid : servant of the temple. The original Camillus would
likely serve in Etruria, Hoffman in Heligoland, and Abul-
Medjid at Medina. Passavant (pursuivant) : a follower, re-
tainer, servant. Parsons : pre-eminent person of parish, gives
(M')Pherson. Cosser: horse flesh dealer, a knacker, con.
corpse, corse. RuNCiMAN : a horsemonger. Colman, charcoal
burner. Charcoal so called to distinguish it from pit-coal.
CoLLEY (Cibber) : dark a-vised man, what a spaewife would
call a spade, nickname for swarthy person. The German
Kohler = Collier: coalworker. Comte (positivism): count,
king's companion, whence Contarina (Fleming) : cognate
with Constable : companion of the stable = Marshall (from
mare), Mareschalk: king's servant over cavalry = Pharnaspes.
CoMYN (Rev.), Gumming : a count ; but Conde : living near
a confluence = Coblentz : confluence, whence Condillac, Con-
dorcet, also local French names. Visconti : vice count as
Vicero}'- : instead of a king, con. Vicarious : for another.

Buoncompagne, Bonaparte (It.): good companion = Ledru
(Rollin) : gay companion = our Goodfellow (Robin). It is
instructive to see the literal meaning of words implying com-
panionship. They are Comes (cum : with, eo : I go) : one tuho
goes luitli you. Sodalis (whence sodality) from sedeo : I sit :

246 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

one who sits with you. Contubernalis, cum : with,,taberna :
a tavern, one who frequents the smne tavern. Socius (whence
sociable, society) from sun : with and oikos : a house, living in
the same house. Consort, cum : with, sors : a lot, sharing lot
luith. Crony, from chronos : time, con. crone, croon : to sing
like an old nurse, one knoiun of a long time. Chum, con.
camera : a chamber, cemetry : a sleeping-place, means sleeping
in the same room. Mate : one who often meets you. Com-
panion, is from cum : \vith and panis : bread : a messmate, one
who eats bread ivith you.

Benedict, Bexoit, Benet : cleric giving benediction. Since
clergy were forbidden to marry it came, in course of time,
to signify a bachelor, and so = Bachelor and Fellows.
Capel (monsignor), Chaplin (M.R), Keppell (de capella):
chaplains all, chapel men. Saedou (Paris politician) is a form
of Sacerdos : a priest. Proctor, for Procurator (procuratorcy,
proxy) : having charge for another, a locum tenens, con.
CuRius (Dentatus): full of cares. Courvoisier (corium osier):
made coracles of hides and withs==the Gaelic (M')CuRRiCH,
which, in some cases, gives Curry. From Corium : a hide
Currier: hide dresser. Cortina, Curtain : bulls' hides hang-
ing, a defence as used in the siege of Gibraltar. But (M') CuR-
rie, Corry, Cory, whence Corigan : young Cory, mean a
deep hollow in the side of a mountain, a ravine. Hence
CORYDON (Irish) : corrie dweller. Now CoRYDON (Virgilian) :
a lark ; while Courier : a runner = Massinger (Philip) : run-
ning footman = Trotter, Body : one ticWen. Lightbody :
quick-footed messenger, an old English Mercury. So Sande-
man : man sent = Sands (George) when not local. These =
Foote (when not for foot of hill), Leggat : sent on a legaXion
To such add Bowd, Botte (Peter), Truebody: trusty mes-
senger, Golightly, which in Scotland gets disguised into
Galletly. Truebody suggests the beautiful Liptrot (lippen
true) ; one in whom we may truly lippen, trust.

Cresset: carried signal fire on night marches in shape
of a cross. Cleaver (clavier) : key-bearer, Peter's two =
Crosskey : carried papal banner emblazoned with crosskeys.
The verb cross is from Corsian : to imprecate with the sign of
the cross, whence curse. Crossan : little cross, carrying one
on shield in crusades. Crib: sieve maker = Sieber: siever,
Crebillon : great Crib. Croker (Allen) : crocus planter,
saffron grower. Fraser : strawberry planter, con. Fragrant :
odour like a strawberry plant, con. Frango : I break, alluding
to fractures of leaves. ZucCA : gourd planter, lit. sweet, con.
IssACHER, which consult. " Among his figures Zucca usually
placed one with a common gourd at his wrist, in allusion to
his name." Damon, Damo: ruler, irovernor = Roy when that

NAMES DERIVED FBOM TRADES OB TITLES. 247

does not mean red (headed). Rigg (Irish) : a king, whence
Regan: son of a king, or young Rigg. When local RiGG =
Hills. Domitian : conqueror, tamer. Damaris : a heifer, one
broke into the yoke, a wife. " If ye had not ploughed with
my heifer." "A woman named Bamaris believed." From
Damao : I subdue, Adamant or diamond : indomitable stone.
Dempster: who cZeems, judges = Terris : territovial judge =
Day : a daysman, he who appointed a day on which he would
deliver judgment after taking the case avizandum. Some-
times Day: a day labourer = journeyman. Richter (Jean
Paul) : who recks, thinks. Reckless : thoughtless. Reckon :
to think carefully.

" But little he'll recli, if they let him sleep on,
In the grave where a Briton has laid him."

Crito (Socrates' disciple) : judge, critic = Shaphat, whence
SufFetes : Carthaginian judges. Descartes (cartesian philo-
sophy) : having charge of governmental charts = Panchard :
all charts. "John Bouchet, in the third part of his Annels of
Aquitaine, marulleth at an old ^Jtm chart, or record, which he
had seen." Charteris : of the Charter House, Carthusian
monastery. LASCELLEg : charge of state seals. Its Milesian
correspondent is the well known Shelly.

Maund and Maundrell (traveller) : made maunds, willow
baskets, especially used for dispensing charity on Maunday
Thursday. Lipman : a basket maker. " Moses wa^ preserved
in a leep of segg:" sedge basket. We also meet with the family
name Bauskett: a willow worker. Espartero (general) : broom
maker, ex spar turn. Spartum : scattered plant, spread like
heather, con. Sparta, Sporades. This sonorous Spaniard only
= the English Ling: ling broom maker, Broom: heather broom
maker, or Fern. But Plantagenet (planta genista: plant
reaching to Genu : the knee) : wearing broom in helmet as
penance. Genu, con. Genoa: knee bend of Italian coast =
Ancona : crooked spot of coast, co7i. Angus (Martius) = Crook:
walking with a stoop, and Anchor : crooked iron gripper.

Dominus: a lord, a judge from Dan, from Adon, though some
derive it from Domus : a house, and so make it = Henry,
Heinerich : home ruler. Dominus ab. to Dom and Don in
Spain, Don Pedro : lord Peter, Don Juan : lord John.
Hence, too, Donizetti, Donatello: lordlings. Adon, Dan,
enter Hindoo names as Dar, thus Zemindar : seed lord
(semen), a farmer. From that and Hai : howler, the tiger,
we get Hyder Ali: Ali the tiger lord (slayer). So the military
titles Jeminclar, JuWmclar. From Here : an army, Herr : a
lord. Herring (painter) : son of a lord, son of a soldier, war-
like. Mynheer : my lord = Monsieur : my sire, father.
Before the Norman invasion we had no title Duke (dux) :

248 TEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

leader, its place being occupied by Earl, from Ere : before,
whence Early : before, superior by age = Maximus, Massimo.
Early : before (daybreak). Earl gives Arlotte (family). We
also had Hertogh (tug), Herzog: army leader, whence Herze-
govina: formerly a dukedom or duchy. DuKE gives Duckett,
Douce, Duce, as also the title Doge and the coin Ducat: money
issued by a duke. Hence, too, we actually have the family
name Duck and Dux : head of class.

Herr : he who arranges the here. Here : an army, Here-
ford : ford of the army, Hermax, Harman, Arminius (armi-
nian) : a soldier, answering to Hindoo title Sahib : sabre man,
sir, lord, from Sab : an army, Sabaoth armies. Jehovah
Sabaoth: lord of armies, Sabaism: worship of host of heaven.
Sabre : the army weapon. From May : power, whence might
and main. May : strong man (sometimes May-born), Mayor :
powerful officially. Le Maire (straits) : from le maire dw
palais. The Teutons had a magistrate styled Mord-dame :
murder judge (deem). Mord, con. mors, mortal, Mai's, mat (in
matador), mate (in chess), murrain, and with the Hebrew Mav:
death, as Ishmaveth : man of death, doomed, Jesus on the
crucifixion morn. Doomsday (till): judgment day, but Dooms-
day Book is from Domus Dei : house of God, Winchester
Cathedral, where it was kept. Pharamond: travelled pro-
tector, of which Don Quixote was the caricature. Farraxt,
Farrex, Farrar, Farr (when last two do not mean shepherd):
one who fares from place to place. We meet with Seafart :
one who goes to sea, a sailor. Faran : to go, gives fear,
which makes one go, fare, fieldfare (bird), ferr}^ ford, he-fore,
/(Xr-ther, fir -si, /or -est: wood far from town, Fardel : a
travelling pack. " Who would fardels bear?'' Fear accurately
corresponds to Metus: motion to get out of danger. Farragut
(admiral): one who has heen far agate, travelled much. For-
rest, Forrester, Forster De Warrexxe: charge of forest =
WooDGRAVE, con. Graff, Graeffe, Graves: governors all.
BoscHER (bois) : had charge of wood, game = Parker, Park,
from Paddock, Parrock. Savage : wood dweller, game
keeper, from Sylvis : a wood, whence Transylvania : beyond
the forest. The following are also wood dwellers : SiLVAXUS,
Silas, Satyrus, Satyr : sylvan god. The Doric form of
Satyrus is Tityrus (Virgil). Isabella Savage is transformed
into La Belle Sauvage : the forest beauty. Walker, Wat,
Watts, from Wald : a wood, Avhence Waldegrave becomes
WooDRUFFE, WooDROVi/', VoDREY ("Dublin Directory ") =
Woodward, Musgrave : charge of the raeivs, stables and
hawks. But Foster, Foister : foodster, nourished, adopted.

" And in gret reverence and charitee
Hire olde powere fader /osierecZ shee."

NAMES DERIVED FBOM TRADES OR TITLES. 24D

Fader and fostered both find their root in feed. Father : he
who feeds. NoRRiS : a nurse, nourisher, sometimes formation
on NoRROY (heraldry) : north king, as Surry : south king,
PoMEKOY : head king. But Surrey : south of river (Thames),
though some have it south kingdom, corresponding to Sussex :
south Saxons. Falconer (shipwreck) : hawk tamer, man of
the mews. Gerfalcon : hawk flying in gyres. Fletcher :
arrow maker. Stringer : string the bow, but Astringer :
great hawk keeper. Arrowsmith : made the iron point. "The
Jietcher draweth a feather when he hath but one swappe
(sweep) at it with his knife, and then playneth it a little with
rubbing it over his knife." Cognate with fleet, flit, flutter,
Fletcher = Harrower. Sometimes Bows: bow maker =
BowYER (Dundalk).

Frobisher : furbisher, polisher of metal. " Furbish the
spears, put on the brigandines." Fuller: who thickens
and whitens cloth. " His raiment became shining, ex-
ceeding white, as snow, so that no fuller on earth can white
them." Fuljambe : thick leg. Fuller = White, whence
Whitster : laundress, blancheuse = Lavender, Lander
(Africa), from Lavo : I wash, lave, lavish. The plant lavender
was so called because used in baths. " Robert Bruce stopped
his army when on the march, in circumstances of pressing
difficulty in the Ulster campaign, because a poor lavendere
was taken with pains of childbirth, and must have been left,
had they proceeded, to the mercy of the Kerns." Tredget :
who trudges, a traveller. " Marry, as I told you before, John,
and Robert, be ready hard by in the brewhouse, and when I
suddenly call you, come forth, and take this basket on your
shoulders ; that done, trudge with it in all haste and carry it
among the ivhitsters in Datchet mead." Trudge = drudge,
from drag, see Dredge. Walker : cloth cleaner, from
Welcian : to wallow, con. Whale : sea wallower, Wheel : that
which rolls. Wheel = the Hebrew Golal : a tomb stone.
"Who shall roll us away the stone?" Con. nergal, Galilee,
globus. Welkin : the circle of the heavens. Ghirlandis
(Italian poet) : GiRLiNG : garland maker, con. Gyrus : a circle.
Gerfalcon and Gyr : provincial Scotch for a hoop, which is
identical with Year : a circle of time.

Krummacher (Elijah) : crown maker. Pulvermacher :
powder maker. Schleirmacher (theologian) : veil maker,
Schepler : chaplet maker. Halmoneus : seaman, as are
the following names, Pelagius, Morgan, Pontius (son of
Pontus : the sea). Halcyon (son of the sea), Flatman (man of
fleet), Abijam (father of the sea), M'Naimara (son of the sea),
Carrachioli (sailing in a carrack), Long (when Celtic),
FoRLONG (fear, vir), Pleione : {con. Indicopleustes : he who
17

250 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

sailed to India), Rumbelow (old English for a sailor, like
Tally Ho ! for a huntsman), Marner, Morgan, and Pelagius:
mariners every one. Pelagianism : system of Pelagius. Gla-
morgan : Morgan's country, or near the sea = Pomerania,
Attica (shore lands) = Pontus. Halys: salt river = Rio Salado.
Halcyon : king fisher, supposed to hatch near the sea in calms.
Halcyon days: quiet times. Halle : place of saltmines. Mor
in MoRGAX, C071. Mar : bitter, whence Mare : bitter waters,
the undrinkable sea. Connemara : indentations of the sea.
Loch Long : ship lake, con. London, which is Longdon or
Latinised Londunum : ship fort. Skipper : skitt" sailer.
Schaffhausen : .skiff, ship houses where boats taken out of
Rhine to avoid falls, portages. To these add Seamans,
SiEMANS, Seafart : sailor's all. Khan (con. canoe and Cane :
hollow reed) : a boatman = Bateman, Batesj when latter not
from Bartholomew, and Boatman.

KiNCH, Kink : bleachfield worker, con. Kink : to run into
knots. Harridelle : dealer in rough ponies. Holzman,
HoLMAN (Hunt) : holt, woodman, dweller in, or worker in
= Xylander, which it translates as Pelagius does Morgan.
HoLTUM : home in a wood. Talboys : wood cutter = Bavister
(Jack) : bavin gatherer, a woman's trade. " Then took he
certain bavins, or small faggots of brushwood." BoscH (Ten):
wood dweller = HoLTUM, whence Bosh : the waste of wood, as
we call bad ipersons faggots, and I have heard negroes in South
Carolina calling folks they disliked trash, from Trencher : to
cut, applied to useless parts of sugar cane to be cut off.
Horner (little Jack) : spoon, cup, and comb maker of horn.
Common trade before this iron age set in. Horn (Cape) : a
hill. Schreckhorn : shrieking mountain, where gales howl =
our Penny gant: windy hill. Caughie: Highland cooper made
cogs, plates and bowls for supping porridge as Chopin = Zoppi :
souppy, soup plate maker, but more closely answering to the
English Knuckler: maker of noggins. Hurai: linen worker
= LiNGARD. " Hurai of the brooks of Gaash."

Scrine: charge of shrine =: Sexton : sacristan, charge of sacred
things = Dewar and Deuchar. Challis : charge of calyx,
sacramental cup, chalice = Calixtlts (pope). Mesmer (mes-
merism) : had charge of vessels used in celebrating mass.
CvHANTREY (sculptor) : of that part of chapel where chanting
was practised. Sangster: a chorister, applied to a lady
singer. GiNGLE (general) : a man singer. Kircher (father) :
charge of whole kirk, Iglesias, Kirk, Churchman. Latimer
(martyr) : latiner, an interpreter between English and Welsh.
Tlien all unknown languages were called Latin. But Latner:
latten maker, a compound of copper and lead. Latten (the
word) is from lead. Leadbetter : lead beater. Churches and

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 251

castles were supplied with sheets of lead beaten by hammers
before rolling by machinery came in. Francis : an Italian
speaking French. So the Irish Grigg (Murtagh) : learned in
Greek. Xexophon (Attic bee) : knowing the voice, language,
of strangers, con. Telephone : distant voice, sound. Drago-
man : an interpreter = MuFTi, from Moftah : a key. " Ye have
taken away the key of knowledge." " Pity you were not
dragomicnsit Bahel." Lavoisier (chemist): osier worker =
Maund, Spurina: basket maker = Bauskett. " They took
up of the broken meat that was left seven baskets (spuridas)
full." " The ides are at last come, Spurina." Spiridion
(Greek hermit) = Saussure (Genevese savan) : osier seller,
basket maker. Ouseley : osier field, ground much under
water. Before metals came into use osier was in high demand.
The Britons made willow gods, boats, and gates (wickets).
Charon's boat is a coracle if he has not, since the days of Eneas,
invested spiritual oboli, got by ferrying souls over Styx, in a
a more Searle-like craft.

Hoxeyman: bee-keeper, aparian = Abelard (Heloise), Beach
(Hicks), and Beeman: all bee keepers. Bebee, Beby: dwelling
among bees. Before sugar was introduced, honey was in great
demand. Leech, Leach, (Mc)Lay, Hicks (Irish), Hickie,
Hickman : medical doctors. The lirst three attend the Litch :
body, that which lies. Litchfield: field of dead bodies, old
battle ground. HiCKHOCK is a form of HiCKOG : son of the
doctor, answering with precision to MacLay. Guericke,
Guerrero, Heloise (Abelard), Holland (Saxon for Christ) :
healer = Jason. "The Jews assaulted the house of Jason."
Medici (Venus de) : a physician. As the great Florentine
family did a little in the money lending line as well as the
medical, they killed two birds with one stone by hoisting
three golden pills or balls, whence pawnbroking insignia.
Lemon (Mark), Lemoine, Leman : dwelling alone, a monk.
Sometimes Leman : love man. These = Monichos, fcm.
Monica (Augustine's mother). Delmonico (N.Y.) : son of the
monk. Munchausen (baron) : monks' houses. Olshausen
(commentator) : houses in the wood, in contrast with Stin-
TON = Stonehouse. Ecclesiastics married till we reach the
year 1000. Had clericals always been celibates, such names
as foregoing and following would not be. Lempriere (myth-
ologian): the prior, some make it descended illegitimately
from the emperor, but it is = PRYOR, Foreman, the latter for-
merly restricted to religious houses. Cousins, though literally
consanguineous, related by blood, was applied to monk or nun.
Newcomen (engineer), Newcome, Newman, New (African
missionary).

NovATiAN (heretic) : novice, new arrival in a religious

252 PEESONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

house, in some cases newly arrived emigrants = Neal. But
Newcombe: newly cultivated valley. Convers, Conyers :
medieval Jewish converts. Abba: father, Abbott (Jacob).
From it the Hindoo Baba : a gentleman (non military) = Sire,
Sir, Sorr, Surr. (Mc)Nab, a form of Abbot. (A)Bushire:
father city. We say Metropolis: mother city. Waters, Watters,
if not local = Vatta, Pater. LAVATER(savan) : the father. From
Vatta we have Atta, whence Attila (the Hun). Feed, food,
fodder, fat, fader, fother, vatta. Father: he who feeds.
Father assumes form of Fare, as Farebrother (father's
brother) : an uncle. Pater : father, from Pasco : I feed,
Patti: sheep feeder. Padre, Patron. Lav ater = Biblical
Abi : my father. Pope : a father. All bishops were once so
called except the bishop of Rome. Pepin, Popp, Pappius,
Pare (I met with one in Toronto), Pappa (Demetrius) : each
mean father. So, too, Patrick, Patrician, Papirius (consul):
father's conscript. Sometimes Pat and Paddy, not from
Patrick but Palladius (St.) : son of Pallas, defended by the
Palladium: shield of god. This is met with in the bare form St.
Paddy. Battersea: Patrick's island. SiRE: father, applied to
crowned head. Monsieur: my sire. Monsignore: my senior,
lord = Mynheer. Madam : my dame, mother. DAMiAN:son
of the dame, B.V.M.

BiscoB : bishop, episcopos. = Rammer, old Scotch, alluding
to the crosier he carried, con. Raimes, Ramage, Ramus: a branch.
Gillespie : bishop's servant. Bismarck (prince) : bishop's
mark, boundary of jurisdiction. Bisland : bishop's glebe.
Gravesend : where sheriff of London ceased to have juris-
diction. So Denmark : Dane's boundary. Marwick : border
village = BoRTHWiCK, Borwick. Lorimer : thong cutter,
bridle maker. Menage : steward, manager. Menage is
also Glasgow provincialism for a saving club. Mercator,
Mercier, Mercer: men of commerce, merchants. Chater:
caterer, he purveyed for a nobleman's family = Spencer,
Spens : dispenser, and Purvis for purveyor, in some cases.
Metellus (conquered Jugurtha) : mercenary soldier, fighting
for pay, viisthos. Metzler : received mill fees, took grist,
emolitment = M\JTEB., Muterer: a mutterer, receiving mill toll,
but Mutter : he who stutters. Grist : grindest. Muller
(Bristol), MoLiNOS, Miller, Mullen, (Mc^Millen were men
of the mill. Semy (simila) : miller making very fine flour.
MoLYNEUX : mill on water (Seine) = Muhlwasser : mill water
= Maelstrom: whirlpool like a mill stream. Molindinar
(burn): mill on the brook = Millbrook (George Barmvell).
Desmoulins : of the mill. All akin to Mola: a mill. Molars:
grinders. Immolate : to sprinkle meal and sacrifice. Emolu-
ment (ex mola): gain from mill. Mollis: soft as meal.

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 253

Mollusca, mulier (a woman), mole, mullet: all mean soft
bodied.

MiLO (athlete): crusher = MiLNER : wielding Thor's hammer,
crushing hammer = Froissard (chronicler) : crusher, who
frizzled up his enemy =: Brisbane, Osman : bone breakers.
Gradgrind (hard times) : quick grinder, co7i. Grady. Farina
(Jean Maria) : maker of farinaceous food, a miller. Napier
(logarithms) : Scottish king's officer providing table cloth
(nappa) and other napery. Common folk had no table cloth,
thus our phrase, " Bed and board," eaten off a. " Meal time : "
time for eating meal, porridge, pottage. Mappa : cloth used
in starting horse races, gives Map : cloth picture of a country,
Napkin : little cloth, (N)apron : cloth hung in front of a
person. Napery : lingerie, house linen. Wardrop : had
charge of royal wardrope. Vogel, Ogle: bird catcher =
Fowler, Bird and Jokshan, "She bare him Zimram and
JoJcshan." KiSH (asses) : bird snarer (con. Kishon : very
crooked) = Lowrie: bird allurer. Tripp Trippner, Trippen-
MAKER : maker of jackets and shorgons (short gowns). Par-
menter : apparelmenter, clothes preparer = Roper : a rober.

Pfeiffer (Ida) = Piper, Fife: who puffs. Sometimes Fyfe:
native of Fife. In old times pipers were called whifflers, as in
Italy, pifferari. Tytler : tootler, who toots. HoRNE (Tooke):
horn player. " Sir William Littlebury, alias Home (for so
King Edward IV. surnamed him because he was a most ex-
cellent blower in a horn); he was a slater by craft." Auletes
(Ptolemy) : Flute player, from Aula : a pipe, Hydraulics :
water pipes. Van Tromp (admiral) : the trumpeter. Cyth-
(ERON : guitar, gittern, lyre player = Zittau (oath). Hence
Cytheris (courtezan of Antony) : she who allures with lyre
and voice, a syren. Bard = Harper. Harpertzoon (Martin) :
harper's son. Musical name his : Martin Harpertzoon Van
Tromp. Crowther (black bishop), Crowder : cruth, or croud
player, like a fiddle :

" The pipe, the tabor, and the trembling croud,
The satvtry, pipe and hautboy's noisey band."

Sautree (Rev.) : psaltry player. LuTZ (savan) : lute player
and Spielman : musician. The Highland correspondent for
these fiddlers three is ('M')Greusich. Waits : watchman
playing at Christide, waiting for Christmas. Minstrel :
minnie singer who kept the heroic dead in mincl.

PoiNTON, Tagg: tag maker, fastenings for dresses before the
invention of pins. Tag from Tug : which tows, pulls together.
In families of German descent, Tagg : born at day break.
Pont : a bridge, one taking pontage = Bridges, Briggs when
these are not local. Pontiff and Po>;tifex : bridge maker.

254 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

ViPEND (vetus pons) : old bridge, usually ViPOXD : resident
near old brig. Manto (con. maniac) : a prophet, a seer.
" Blind Tiresias was led up and down by his daughter Manto."
Seer : one who sees things veiled to others. Diophantus
(algebraist): shower of divine things. Hierophantus: showed
sacred things = ScRiNE and Bedell. From Pellis : a skin, we
have PoLLio (Roman) = Skinner. Peel, Sloss: castle partly
defended by bull's hides, as Gibraltar was against the combined
fleets of France and Spain.

" The frightened flocks and herds were spent
Beneath the peeVs rude hattlement."

Pilcher: great coat maker from skins. "After heat cometh
cold. No man casteth his pylch away." Pellis : skin, also
gives Pilis : hair growing on skin, velvet, feel, Pileus : a hairy
cap. Mons Pilatus: mountain ca/>j9e(? (with clouds). "Yonder
Pilatus soars with its dark brow up towards the sk}', and with
its cap of clouds looks gloomy enough to be in keeping with
the idle tradition of the place, that hither the governor of
Judea was banished, a conscience stricken wanderer through
these desolate regions, where he put an end to his existence
by plunging into the lake at its summit." Pilate : hairy
skinned = Canutius (Antony's enemy): white haired = the
French Chanzy. Cossus : rough hairy man = Seir takes fern.,
CossuTiA (Caesar's wife), and gives Kossuth (Louis). Seir
answers well to HiRTiUS (consul) : hirsute, goat like. " The
first came out red all over, like a goatskin garment." Edom
red, con. Dam : blood, Adam: of red earth, sandy soil. Pills
a hair, likewise gives Capillary : hair sized tubes, Vilis, vile
of no value, not worth a hair. Beaupoil (Louis) : beautiful
hair = Harfager (Harold): hair fair. "He made a vow to
his mistress to neglect his precious curls till he had completed
the conquest of Norway." Colfax (president) : coal coloured
hair = BLAc:KLOCK. Fairfax: fair hair, but Carfax, four
roads, as Carbarns : four barns.

Rabshakeh : great cup bearer = Bechman : carried beaker
to king. Beaker : bowl made of beech wood. PtABBi {con.
former): great (teacher). Reid, Reddie (M') Credie, Read,
Ratte, Radetzky (marshal) Rato : counsellors all, who ren-
dered ratio, reason. Con. Reichs-rath, and Hundred for hand
rede. The Scandinavians called Rath (an assembly where you
rendered your reasons) a Thing (meeting where what you
think is told) : a sort of primitive M.P., a member of the thing
= the French Parlor, Parlior: speakers, those who parleyed.
Hence Tingay : who addressed the thing, an orator = Pale-
ARIUS (Aonius) : who spoke to the parliament. Storthing :
great as.sembly, con. Storm: great rime.

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 255

Conrad (ken rail) : knowing- counsellor = Alfred. Lamour
(Irish) : an orator. Eubulus : good counsellor. Tancred (thank
rede) : counsel received with thanks. Thankerton : Tancred's
town. Leatherhead : people's counsel. Ethelred : noble
counsellor. Rhadegund (Gon : war) : who advises to fight.
Alfred (elf rede): counsels like a fairy. Elf: albis: white =
Banshee, from Bain : white. Bain : a bath, that makes white.
Alfred forms Alford (dean) and Alva (butcher), whence
Alvarez : son of Alfred. Robert (rath bert) : bright in
council ==Radbert. Robert gives Rupert, Rupertino, Can-
ROBERT (general) for Vonrobert : the Robert, Hobbs (hoby-
de-hoy : a hafflin : half grown man), HoBSON ('s choice), Bob,
Rob, Rab, Robb, Robin (Adair), Dobbie : little Robert, 1)obyn,
Dobbin : an ass, Probart : son of Robert = Robertson. Some-
times Robert is cantingly given as meaning red beard =
Barbarossa (pirate). Canting is being guided by sound, as
Lockhart : heart locked in casquet and carried into battle,
then applied to mythic bearer. So, too, Cuthbert : cut
beard, whereas this name means famous for knowledge, being
con. Uncouth : not knowing. From Cuthbert we have Cuddy
= Dobbin — Neddy, so that we have three terms for an
ass respectively from the names Cuthbert, Robert, Edward.
Metiche : he who moots, brings a question before a mr^e^ing.
Witenagemote : meeting of wits, folk rath.

Aristobulus : best counsellor. Plsistratus : persuader of
the army. Pythagoras : persuader of the assembly = Eu-
phrastus : good speaker, who j^hrases well, and con. Theo-
phrastus : who j^krased divinely. " It is the voice of a god."
These = Chrysostom (John): golden mouth, Chrysologus :
golden discourser. Uz (land of) and JEL"Z(son of Shaharaim):
a counsellor. Remigius (gave names to Rheims) : a rower,
galley slave, con. Regatta : a rowing match, gives Remey
(pisiculturist). Remington : town of Remey 's descendants,
resident in. SiiCKER : sawyer. Sedge : cutting plant. Section:
part cut off. Bretschneider : board cutter = Secker (arch-
bishop). Bret, board, broad are identical. (Mc)Sporran :
maker of pouch, purse, pocket.

Sparrman : sparr, rafter, cutter = Latto : lathmaker, lattice
manufacturer. Sayers : assa3^er, metal prover. Salinator,
Salter, Salt : meat preservers. Calvert (sometimes) : fish
pickler. Calvered salmon is pickled. Seward: sea guard =
Nearchus: ship chief = Halocrates : sea power, admiral =
Murtough (Milesian), Murdoch (Gaelic) becomes Muddocks
in England, and gives MURCHISON, but MuRCH : mischievous.
Sell, Sellars, Sellers = Sadlier: a saddler. See: seat (of
a bishop). Saddle : horse seat, abbreviates to Sell, —

256 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

" Yet was the force so furious and fell,
That horse and man it made to reele asyde ;
Nath'lesse the prince would not forsake his sell,
For well of yore he had learned to ryde."

Sizar : scholar whose rations of bread and butter were cut of
a fixed size. So for Cambridge but Oxford has Batell :
baited in college. Bate from bite = morsel from Mordeo : I
bite, mordant. Battle : from Battle, Sussex, and that from
Booth (bothie): a dwelling of a lowly type. Tascher (Rose),
Tasker (poet) : gathered ecclesiastical first fruits. Taylor :
(cloth) cutter = Schroeter (astronomer), Schrader, Schnei-
der (danseuse). To these add Tuck (friar), and likewise
Tucker (Dan) : cloth workers, con. Tuck : sacred to milliners.
Sharman, Sherman : who shears cloth = Shearer. Cozier :
man who sewed cloth which Taylor or Schneider had cut
out, he stitched only. Tavernier : tavern keeper = Caffa-
RELLI : cafe keeper, where coffee was first sold. The two last
are two of our latest names. Hulyer: slater, house healer =
Slater, Sclater. Heal : to cover. " I was naked and ye
healed me not." Tegularius = Tyler (Wat), Teck. Tegula :
a tile, from Tego : I cover, whence Tectus : a roof, -protection,
Texas is so called from decked boats navigating its rivers.
Tego gives Deck : ship cover, without which an open boat.
Tuileries : tile kiln. Wat, Tyler : Walter the thatcher, paid
his poll tax on the poll of the collector with thatching
hammer. Deck, Decker : thatcher. Tego, deck, thack,
thatcher, Thackeray : thatched rath. Rath : Danish fort in
Ireland. Cape Wrath : headland with rath upon it. Castle-
reagh (premier) : castle rath. Ratsey : rath on an island.
Sheridan : commanding six raths, holding land of. Some
give it as living on a hill frequented by fairies. Rattray :
smooth rath. Rattican : living at rath head. Tintoretto
(Venetian) = Dyer or Litster : female dyer working in ley,
lith. Tent: coloured (wine). Tench: coloured (fish). Taint:
to discolour and so render impure. But Tinto : fire (mount),
though sometimes given for Tintock : misty hill. It is con.
Beltane : May fire of Bel, Baal, as sacrificial fires were burned
thereon. Toller, Tollner = tol 1 collector = Berruyer (French
Jesuit): toll taker at barriers = Southgate : receive custom
as south gate, so Norgate (and Williams). These = Abiasaph :
father of gathering, Gabbai : tribute collector. " After him
Gabbed, Sallai, 928." Zollverein : united as to toll. Hohen-
ZOLLERN (house of) : high toll, castle on hill top from which
black mail was enforced from travellers.

Tyehman (Luke) : maker of ornaments for head, tires,
tiaras = Calman (caul): ladies' hairdresser. "Jezebel tired
(attired) her head, and looked out of a window" (wind-door).

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 257

Con. Tiara: fillet keeping hair out of eyes = Diadein : bound
round (head). These became ensigns of royalty. " His eyes
as a flash of fire, and on His head many diadems." Crozier :
charge of bishop's stafi", like shepherd's crook = Rodman :
carried rood. Holyrood : sacred cross. Cope (Johnny) : cope
wearer, having charge of one amongst resi^ments in vestry.
Verger (virgulta) : man carrying a rod. " The same day was
a goodly procession, in which the lord abbot went with his
mitre and crosier, and a great number of copses of gold, with
the vergers." Vickers, Vicars (Hedley) : a vicar, co7i. vice
in Viceroy : instead of a king. But Vickery : living in a
vicarage, manse. Vinter (for vintner) : wine seller, becomes
Winters = Fenner for vinour. In some cases Fenner: a
huntsman = Fenian and Berners : man of venery. Berner's
Street, Oxford Street. But in some famihes Fenner = Venn
(Richard): fen man, living among bogs = Money. Summer,
Summers, Sumpter : ostlers, —

" Return with her?
Persuade me rather to be a slave and sumj^ter
To this detested groome."

In certain cases Summers = Sumner : summoner, sheriflf and
officer. Groom : servant. Bridegroom : servant of the bride.
Ostler was no menial in medieval times. It is a form of
Hospitaller : a host over a religious house who showed
hospitality, part of which was taking care of horses of guests.
We have remainders and reminders thereof in Hospital giving
Hotel, and in Oastler (M.P.) : hospitaller. Spittle : settled
on the Knights Hospitaller's land when they lost them by
papal bull. Xeno : a guest, or an enemy = Hostis : a stranger,
a gau, who might be an enemy, whence hostile. GuEST : he
who goes while we stay. From Go also Gang : that go
together. Xenos takes the fern. Xenia (pet princess of the
Russians). Polyxena : hospitable, who takes in many
strangers = LlEBGAST : love guest = Xenophilus : fond of
strangers. " Be not forgetful to be 2:)hiloxenists." " When
saw we thee xenon!' Euxine : good for strangers, safe to sail
on, first called Axine : not for strangers (because of pirates),
now Black Sea, so named by Turks because Russians, wrecks
and North winds come thereby. Frangipani (scent maker) :
bread breaker = Lord : loaf aflfbrder, bread giver, whence
Laird, Layard (Nineveh). When Lord is French it is
applied to a heavy, slow person. In the Irish Toy : a lord,
and Toole : lordly, aristocratic. Warner (warrener) : charge
of rabbit cover. Warren (Hastings) : living on a Conybeare
for conygare : where the conies go. Spelman (antiquary) : a
labourer who works by spells = Ind and Hyndman. Some-

258 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

times Spellman: hall keeper = Salmox. Spillman : spindle
maker.

Graves (for ge reves, as ge leap gives gallop, and ge win
gain): a sheriff. Gravesend : sheriffs' end, cessation of juris-
diction. Reves, Revell, from root Reave : to tear, to take
by violence, whence robber, rover, rogue : all rapacious
animals. Palgrave : palace steward. But Palfrey : having
charge of a little horse. Coxgreve (matches) : cunning
steward, like him in parable who was commended for clever-
ness by his lord. MusGRAVE : over mews. Cextgrave :
magistrates over a canton, centum, hundred. Chaucer looked
on a reve preaching as reasonable as a cobbler turning sailor
or doctor, —

" The Devil made a reve for to preche,
Or of a souter, a shipman, or a leche."

Revely : the reve's field. Mullgrave : reve having charge
of mills as to grist, fees to be paid for grinding. Stadholder
(stead): place defender = Graves, Steward: stowe ward =
Bye, as in Bylaws : local laws. Glashier (observatory) :
glass worker, a glazier. Cori. Glacies : ice. Arbuckle : brass
buckler maker. Buckler : buckled on the arm. .iVrmour :
form of armourer, —

" From whence came Smith, all he he knight or squire,
But from the smith that forgeth at the fire ? "

Smiths are numerous. From 1838 to 1854, '28G,037 of that
name were recorded by the Registrar-General as having been
born, died, or married. 1 knew a family so named living on
a fiat with a Smith straight below, and another directly above.
The floor Smith was so tormented with messages, parcels, letters,
that he fled, flitted in self-defence. Smythe, Smith : he who
smoothes metal by smiting, he who smiteth. Nearly synony-
mous with FoRGEUR : forger, feigner, fashioner, who makes
like to by fire. Smiths are numerous because generic, covering-
all branches of hammer work. We have no Blacksmith, it
being covered by Smith, but we have Whitesmith : who
polished his worker and so nearly = Frobisher : furbisher.
Sixs:\iiTH : sickle maker, giving Sickles, i.r., maker of.
Arrowsmith : made iron part.

Arsmith : brass smiter, or moulder = Brassey (Peto).
Brazier : brass worker. Ar : brass, con. Es, eris : brass,
whence Arma : arms, which were originally brazen. '• He had
greaves of brass on his legs." Browxsmith : brown bill
maker. Used by Saxons at Hastings. Browxbill (common
in Lancashire): a Saxon foot soldier = Brisbaxe. Field-
smith ; sharpened picks for the field, pit, mine. Goldsmid,
GoLDSCHMiD, Orfever, Orfevre (faber) = our Goldsmith

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 259

(Oliver). Kaltschmid : cold smith, wrought metal without
lire. Calderon (Spaniard) : a tinker, mended kettles and
caldrons = Caird. Tinker: one who tinks, tinks with his
hammer. Chalcas (priest of Apollo), Chalcus (governed
Cyzicus) : brass or copper worker. The Greeks used brass
before discovering iron. They called it Chalkos. When iron
superseded the old metal, tradesmen in the harder material
were still termed Chalcus, though literally a blacksmith
should have been called Chalyheus or Sidericus. " Alexander
the Chalcus, did me much harm." Chalcedon (whence Chalce-
dony : stone there discovered) : so named from its metals, now
Scutari.

Mes.ser, Messerschmid : cutler = Whittle (Harvey): who
whets, sharpens metals. Naylor: nail maker. Schmidbrecht
= Whitesmith : who polishes his work. Dacier (F., savan) :
pairs with Whittle, being from Acuo : I sharpen, make acute
= Coutts (Burdett) : army cutler, weapon sharpener. STxVHL
(George), Stael (Madame de), Steele, Stilicho (general) :
steel armed, cuirassiers (corium), armed cap-a-pie (from head
to foot), all human iron clads^ISENMAN : iron man. In some
cases last = next, Stahlman : steel worker. But Stallyman,
Stally : strong as steel. Stallybrass : steel arm = Arm-
strong. Brass, here, con. brace in Embrace : to take in arms.
Fairbrass : iron arm (ferrum). Hltdibras : victorious arm.
In Wales Mr. Smith figures as Gough (lord) or GoFF. In
Scotland he becomes Gow, (Mc)Gowax, (Mc)Gown, Cowan.
But Gowan (a daisy): white (flower) from Gwyn : white,
whence Gown: white dress. GovAN: smiths' town. In Corn-
wall Smith becomes Angowe. Celts, whether Highland or
Hibernian, took ill to trade names, preferring personal, local,
or patronymical designations, still we have (Mc)Intyre,
(Mc)Teer: a carpenter. In Wallachia KovACS : a smith.
Smith put in an early appearance, whence we have " The sons
of Dedan were Ashurim, Letiishhn, and Leummim." Letus-
him : hammersmen. It is supposed that the hammer head
was used a thousand years before the haft was invented.

To the above add Locker, Lockyer (when not Asiric) :
locksmith. Ferracino (Bartholomew), Ferand (Gonsalvo),
Ferrari (Milan), Ferrars (Higham), Ferretti (Pio Nono) :
iron workers, farriers. From this prolific Ferrum : iron, we
also have Farie : iron worker. A family so named has oeen
located in Rutherglen (near Glasgow) for full six hundred
years, as hinted at in this rhyme, —

" Nae man can tell, nae man has seen
When the Fairies haena in Euglen been."

To this great company of ironworkers we may fairly add

260 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Cloud (St.) : nail (maker), con. Clef (clavis) : a key. The old
key was a mere nail. Cloud would be = Naismith if it meant
nail smith, but it does not. Telfer, Talford (judge) : iron
cutter, who cleaves an iron helmet. Telfer con. Talboys :
wood cutter. Minister (from Minus : less) : correlative of
Masters from Magnus : great, sometimes written Marsters
and Maisters (de), whence Magnus (king of Norway), whence
(Mc)Manus. Masters = Lemaitre. Magnus: great gives
Magister : greater (than other), presumably by age, and so
able to teach. Maximus, Maximin (emperor), Massimo :
oldest, greatest. Rabbi : great (teacher). Rabboni : greatest
(teacher). This title only given to seven of Hebrew in-
structors.

Brutus : a fugitive slave = Phygellus, con. Fugio : I flee,
whence refugee = Flemming, Fleming from root flee. Tradi-
tion says the Flemish ran from some pre-historic battle field.
Brutus is sometimes given as stupid, brute like, but the
balance of evidence is unfavourable thereto, it means a fugi-
tive slave. Origen (Adamantus) ; home born slave = Verna,
Vernet (Horace), con. Vernaculus : impudent, giving back-
talk as slaves to masters. Vernacular : demotic, language of
the untaught people, " Not answering again." Some give
Vernet = Delaunnay : of the alder plantation ; similar to
Layboulaye : of the birchgrove = Birkett.

Abednego : servant of Nebo, Abdallah, Abdiel, Abdeel
= GoTTESCHALCUS (sacraments) : God's servant. " The king
commanded Shelemiah, the son of Abdeel, to take Jeremiah."

" Servant of God, well clone ; well hast thou fought
The better fight, who single hast maintain'd
Against revolted multitudes, the cause
Of truth, in word mightier than they in arms,"

GoTTESCHALCUS assumes the grotesque forms Godsell and
Godshall. Abdastartus (Tyrian prince) : of Astarte.
Abdalrahman (king of Moors) : of the mercy of God.
Abdul- Aziz : of the precious One, one of the 99 titles of
God. Abdul-Kader (Arab chief): of the Kadi, judge.
Abdolonymus (Sidonian king) : of the name (of God),
Hieronymus: holy name, becomes Jerome, Girolamo,
Geronimo.

ABDi(el) : servant (of God). "Kish the son of Abdi."
Here a form of Ebed : servant, slave. " The son of Ebed
said, who is Abimelech that we should ebed him ? " Zebul
(who thrust out Gaal) : a fly, buzzer, a component part of
Baalzebul, Belzebub : the fly dispeller. Ebedmelch (Ethi-
opian) : king's servant = Gilderoy, Omri, Omriah : who
obeys the command of God, con. Emir: who gives word.
Emir-al-Omri : commander of commanders = Phicol : mouth

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 201

of all, whose mouth all obey, Almiral, Admiral : the com-
mander. Obed is the participial form of Abdon, whence
Obed-Edom : Edom's servant. " Edom is slave (obed) under
tribute." Obediah (Puritan favourite) : of Jehovah, cor. to
Nobbs. Its Hindoo correspondent is Dhas Dasa : a coolie,
servant, slave, coming into English as Dass, Gangadasa :
servant of the river god Ganga, from whom we get the name
of his son Ganges = Tiberius : son of the river God Tiber.

Kali (goddess) : coally, black beauty, co7i. Kalos : beautiful.
Our coal is philologically identical with Kali and kalos, each
meaning beautiful. Kalidasa : servant of Kali, a thug.
Cutta(ck): a temple, Calcutta: temple of Kali, the Hindoo
Venus. " Kalidasa, the celebrated author of Sacontala, repre-
sents with a master hand the influence which the aspect of
nature exercises on the minds and feelings of lovers."
GossALADASA : servant of Gossala, an avatar (incarnation) of
Krishna. Agnidasa : servant of the fire god Agnl, con. ignis
and Agag, which consult. The names of the well known
Brahmin convert, Narayan Sheshadri, are analysed thus.
Narayan : he that treadeth the waters, the Hindoo Neptune,
devoted to. Sheshadri, is from Shesh : the great serpent,
which, in the cosmogony of the Hindoos, bears the world,
and Adri : safe (therefrom) in a mountain. Brahmin : born
of Brahm, the first person in the Hindoo Trimutri.

DuiLius (consul) : servant, slave — Dulia et latria : service
and worship. Knight, usually given as meaning servant,
knitted, attached, really means offspring, son of high degree,
hence con. Gnatus : born. Vavasour : vassal, thane of in-
ferior order, con. Volvo : I roll, boundaries being termed in
medieval Latin Valvas : doors (of the kingdom) which the
vavasour had to defend, similarly to a Marquess : marcli
defender. It was originally written Valvasour, which makes
the valves plainer.

Esquire, Squires (scutifer) Armiger : shield bearer, knight's
servant. Scudamore : shield of love, one saving another =
Alexander, Socrates, Fortescue: strong shield, powerful
escutcheon. Egede (Hans) : goatskin shield bearer, con.
^gis. Egedesmind (Greenland) : built in memory (mind) of
the apostle of Greenlanders. Giles (sometimes): a goat =
Cheevers. Kmety (Austrian) : a serf. Lackey is from Lag :
to remain behind, as servants do after master. Lachman
(Mc) Latchie (con. lackey) : servants to a lord,

Serjeant is form of servant = Servetus : one who received
quarter in battle, ipreserved as a slave to his victor, binder.
Ancell : a servant, con. ancillary = Helfmann (Nihilist) :
man helper = Skeels, con. Scald : servant of the gods, served
them by song. Godsal (lieutenant), Gotteschalcus : servant

2G2 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

of God. Knapp: seYvsint = Knave. "I Paul, the knave of
Jesus Christ." Knapsack : bag carried by a servant. We
meet with Belkxap : honest, good servant. Ancell : con. the
Gaelic word Gill : servant or boy, whence Gillie (Queen's) :
servant, used not only of servitude, but patronymically, as
Bain : white, fair (M') Ilwain : Bain's servant or son. So
Dhu, Dow, Duff, Dove, Dee : swarthy, dark a-vised.
M'Indoe: Dhu's Dow's Duff's or Dove's boy. Roy: red
(headed) : gives (W) Ilroy : Roy's lad. Gilmore, Gilmer :
great servant = Seneschall (con. senior and scald), becomes
also GiLMOUR. But GiLMAiR: B. V. Mary's servant, as Kirrie-
muir: Mary's kirk. GiLROY : Roy's lad, ab. to (M') Ilroy.
GiLDEROY : servant of the kirk. Culdee : servant of God.
GiLLis, Gelasius (pope), Gillies, Gildas (historian) : servant
of Jesus = the Arabic Abdalissu, Abyssinian Barca-Yassous:
slave of Jesus. So Gilchrist : servant of, devoted to,
Christ.

GiLFiLLAN (George): of St. Fillan = (M') Clellan, whence
Cleland, Gildart: of Arthur. Gillander: of St. Andrew.
GiLLiBREu, Gillevroy, Gillebred : of St. Bride, Bridget.
Gillebred applied to a coast bird. From Bride, Hebrides :
island whereon was church of St. Bridget. But Gilbert :
bright, glorious warrior. GiLES: pledged to a ordeal = Wager
(captain), con. Guild: a pledged confraternity, and Guild: a
member of it = Frater. Gilbert answers to Gumprecht :
war bright. M'Lean is a form of Macgillian : son of John's
servant. GiLLOX, Gillan (Gill Gin) : servant of John.
M'LuRE, ah. form of MacGill Cabhair : son of the servant of
the book (Bible or breviary), clerk's son, Galbraith (con.
Brehon) : judge's son, judicious, discreet.

Many Celtic names are formed of Maol : bald (by tonsure),
shaving away hair to commemorate our Lord wearing thorn
crown. Hair so cut was dedicated to some saint whose name
the devotee adopted. Anciently slaves were forbidden long
hair as prisoners now. Part of Gaul was called Gallia
Comata : the long-haired Gauls. Short hair or bald head
become a symbol of servitude. " This is the priest all shaven
and shorn, that married the man all tattei-ed and torn." As
masters of old made slaves uncover in their presence to show
they were their inferiors, we lift our hat to a superior and
enter the house of God uncovered. As wearing shoe or sandal
in the East signified right to walk over land, and therefore
landowner, Ruth iv. 8., every son of the Orient enters God's
house barefoot to signify poverty before the all possessing
King. In the case of the wasteful son, " Put shoes on his
feet," meant restore to him his forfeited patrimony. Malloch :
bald to Luke. Eglismaol Luach : church of bald Luke,

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 2G3

Lanarkshire. " The original name of the poet was Malloch,
which, after his removal to London and his intimacy with
the great, he changed to Mallet. He wrote 'William and
Mary,'—

" 'Twas at the silent, solemn hour,
When night and morning met ;
In glided Margaret's grimly ghost,
And stood at William's feet."

Maltse : bald to Jesus = GiLLis. Milligan (Scotch) : servant
of Luke, but Mulligan : son of the bald headed man.
Malcolm : bald to St. Columb. Malachy (king of Meath) :
bald to Maodhog, first bishop of Ferns. Often confused with
Malachi : my messenger, angel, but one is Milesian, the other
Hebrew. Mullen (made Oin) : bald to John = McLean,
GiLLON. MiLROY : ecclesiastical servant to king, as GiLDEROY
was king's civil servant. Maol also gives MouLE = Calvin,
Chauvin, Korah (Dathan and Abiram) : all bald heads.
Thence also Moult, which gives Mews : aviary for hawks.
Meuse Lane. Mull of Cantyre : bare rocks of Cantyre : head
land. The severe climate of Russia suggested a compromise
between razor and curling tongs. Instead of shaving, the
Muscovites cut their hair crosswise, using this prayer : " Give
thy blessing to this thy servant who is now to offer these his
first fruits, the tonsure of his head. The servant of God is
shorn in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the
Holy Ghost, now and for ever, even unto the ages of ages.
Amen." If his hair is dedicated to no particular saint he is
simply called IsCHiN : a servant, but if to one, that saint's
name becomes his with ischiri affixed. Thus Russia has the
sneezing names, Matuiischen : servant of Matthew, Sents-
CHISCHIN : of Simeon. Compare such cases with the jjer
contra one of Samson and the Nazarite vow. The English
name Callow (from Calvus) and the Welsh Voyle also mean
bald. The Tartar word for servant! is Kouli, as Kouli Khan :
khan's slave, lord's coolie. Cawnpore : khan's city. Coolie :
serf, slave. " By the last advice from China we learn that
500 Coolies, who had been entrapped into a factory at Macao
under false pretences, broke down the door, and in spite of
their keepers, effected their escape." Herschell (herr schall)
of the German corresponds to Kouli Khan. Swain {con.
sway, involving the idea of strength) : a young man, a servant.
Boatswain : boat servant. Garcon : a boy, a servant, con.
Goss, GossETT, GosPATRiCK, CosPATRiCK : boy, servant of
Patrick. Page : a servant, now restricted to boy menials,
gives the well-known Paget (Dr.) Pageant : grand display of
servants. Paxton : Page's town. But Paxman : one driving

264 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

a pack horse. Guiscard, Wishart, Wiseman : a conjuror,
lit. a wise nature. Drew : a conjuror, druid, whence Druiff :
son of Drew = Drugan. Mago (Carthagmian, from whom
Mahon in Minorca), Magus (Simon) : a magician, one prac-
tising magic = Persis, Elymas: of Elymais, from Elam: Persian:
from Olam, Ulam : first-born The Persians came next the
Chaldees in the art of divination. These = Hachmoni: very
M^se. " He (Pharaoh) sent and called for the hachmonim of
Egypt." Trismegistus (Mercury): threefold magician, greatest
trickster. Mega: great, as Omega: great 0, gives Magus :
great (man) = Rabbi, whence Magister, Magnate, Magistrate.
From Per: through: Ager : a field, acre, we have Pilgrim,
Pell, Pringle, Peregrix (Pickle): all Pilgrims. Hop
Pringle : son of the pilgrim.

PiLLSBURY, Pelham, Petty : pilgrims' dwellings. The first
martyr to Christianity in Rome was burned, and is referred
to by Lucian in his Dialogues, was Peregino. Pellett : little
Pel gives the well known Paley : Pell's field. Rome, Romeo
(and Juliet), Romaixe (Rev.), Romero: pilgrims to Rome.
Saintey : been to Saint Terre : holy land, whence Saunter :
to wander like pilgrims, Santa Croce (admiral) : holy cross,
whose ancestors had the credit of bringing Vera Cruz : the
true cross to Europe. Ermete (Dr.) = Bedowee : desert
dweller, solitaire. Walls, Waller, Wallach (when not
Wallachia) : pilgrims, con. Gael, a stranger. Wallet : pro-
vision bag carried by pilgrim = Scrip : for holding scraps.
Wantman, Want: wenders, goers about. Rainey (principal):
who ran through divers lands. In some families this means
sea rover = Walmer : marine wanderer, viking. CoCKLE :
pilgrim who had crossed the sea to shrine of St. James Com-
postella, and so wore a cockle shell cap.

" How sliould I your true love know
From another one ?
By Lis cockle bat and staff.

And his sandal shoon."

This staflf was made crutch-wise, and called hourdonne, whence
Burden ami Cross: pilgrims twain. His sandals suggest
Disc;alzeado (Boston firm) : discalceated friar, bare feet,
meaning poverty. Friar, Eraser, Frere (Bartle), Fra-
(Diavolo) and Free in freemason, all mean brother. DiS-
CALZEADO = Barefoot, which consult. Balmer : brought
palm branch from Holy Land, whence Palmerston : town
frequented by pilgrims = Pelham : home of. The French
have La Paume : the pilgrim. In Snodland church-yard,
Kent, is the following epitaph in memory of one Palmer of
Oxford, —

NAMES DERIVED FBOM TRADES OR TITLES. 265

" Palmers all our Faders were,
I a Palmer lingered here,
And trauyl'd still, till worn with age,
I ended this world's pilgrimage
On the blyst Assention day.
In the cheerful month of May,
A thousand with four hundred seuen
And took my journey liense to Heuen."

Much of the beauty of this lies in the distinction that palmer
differed from other pilgrims, such ceasing to be pilgrims after
visiting places they had vowed to worship at, whereas once a
palmer always a palmer. To these add Wands : who wends
his way from land to land. The Germans simply call pilgrims
wanderers. The generic word in the East for a pilgrim is
Had.ja.1, con. Hagar. From Gur, Gar, or Gau, the Hebrew
for a stranger, a pilgrim, as " I am the son of gur, an Amala-
kite;" hence Gauyim: strangers, aliens, foreigners. Gentiles, as
in the clearest prophecy uttered as to the restoration of the
Jews. " For Jehovah will have mercy on Jacob, and will yet
choose Israel, and set them in their own land, and gauyim
shall be joined with them." Agee: a fugitive, answers to Phy-
GELLUS. Agur ("The words of "): a stranger, a pilgrim. Un-
likely as it may seem, there is an English equivalent to this.
Sojourner (Charleston), one who tarries with you for a day.
Gershom {om for Am: people): a strange people. For he said,
" I have been a stranger in a strange land." The idea is nearly
that of Ottemare (ultra): beyond the sea, con. Lammeirmoor :
moor reaching to the sea. Gera (a Benjamite, a man left
handed) : a stranger = L'Estrange. From Shem : name,
famous, Shamgar (" the son of Anath ") : an aristocratic
stranger. In the New Testament we meet with Gergesenes =
Gauyim : foreigners, non Abrahamic people. Let a German
bring up the rear in this array of pilgrims, WuNDER : he who
wends, wanders = Wands.

We also meet with the Italian Bezancio, Besant (Annie) :
a crusading pilgrim, who, visiting Bysantium, brought there-
from circular pieces of bullion without any impression, called
from the city, bezants. By Shakespeare's time bezant became
tantamount to valueless.

BucKMASTER: master of buck hounds, but Buck, Box:
bucks, gay fellows. " Box and Cox." Cox : cuish maker,
thigh plate. Cramer : stall keeper. Bullar : stamper in a
stannary office, con. Bulla : papal seal, which, stamping a
document, became a Imll. Stanners, Stannery: worker in a
tin mine, a tinsmith. Rose : rose grower = Rosbaum : rose
tree grower, sometimes means rosy, ruddy = RuDD, and sug-
gesting Rhoda, con. Rhododendron : rose tree, literally =
Rosbaum. Moss (when not formed on Moses) : dwelling on a
18

266 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

moor, muir, bogland = Irish names MooxEY, Money, as in
MoNEYMORE : great bog. MosscROP, Mosscrip : turf digger,
labourer on a moor. Crop, that which is gathered, con. Creep:
to gather, a worm gathers itself to creep. So crop of a bird
consists in what it has gathered. Con. this root, Krupp
(guns) : a cripple, one who creeps along.

Nachmann: night watcher. The French have Munzer:
money maker, printer. Scales and Klinkscales : medieval
nicknames for salesmen, which in Hindostan is Wallah, to
which add Seller, when not meaning Saddler. Brazier :
brass worker answers to the medieval Persian Soffar, from
whom the dynasty Soffarides, who reigned over Khorassan
(873-907). Khorassan : sun country, sunny land, with which
some connect Cyrus (Koreish) : the sun — Samson, from
Shemesh : the sun, but the balance of probability favours
Cyrus: kurios, lord. The French Delaport: of the gate,
Delaplace : of the city, Delarue : of the street, were some-
times applied to tollmen = Southgate : toll taker there, but
at others meant burgesses, freemen ; allied to Rue : a row,
street, Perez de la Rua (he gave name to Peru) : Pierson
of the street, i.e., main street. Gregory (Gregorian chant,
calendar) : a watchman, gives Gory, Goy, Gor (ham), con.
Lycurgus (king) : wolf watcher, a shepherd = Berger.

Lacordaire : wearing cord of St. Francis, sometimes peace-
maker, who gets people into accord. Ardgour : Goat hill —
Gordon. Kilgour (coyle): wood frequented by goats.
CoYLE : a wood, Kelvin (avon) : wooded river. Halley,
guarded hall = RocHEFORT. Aube: white wood. Oltramare,
DouTREMER : a foreigner from beyond the sea. Painvin :
holding land for which homage is rendered in bread and luine.
Annan (avon, of which an is dim.): rivulet. Annandale =
COMMISKY (combe esk). Clive (India) : Clee : living among
cliffs; Cleveland = Folly, Foli, and Du Halde. But Cling
for Kling : a sword(sman). Heller : sea cave entered by
tide, aboriginal troglodyte = Wemyss, Cave. Connal (S.B.G.) :
raging flood = Sorbey : shore dAveller. The royal name
Brunswick : Bruno's cattle shed = Byars, Bouverie, sug-
gesting Bembo (pen) : cattle hill.

Seidlitz (powders) : is our Settle : living on a clearing, an
emigrant. MuRiLLO (painter): little walled town = Lyttleton,
Velpeu, Burdett, con. Murat. Shee (O) : living where
fairies meet. De Soto : of the Grove = Groves. Travel :
to go beyond (trans) the wall (vallum), a traveller. Witley
(Liverpool): white meadow — Whitefield. From Pre: before,
Eo : to go, we get Pretorius : a magistrate, one who takes
the precedency. " And the soldiers led Him away into the
hall called Prystorium."

NAMES DERIVED FROM TRADES OR TITLES. 267

Of recent names are Penman Quillman, Schreibeii, Scribe
= the classic Schrevalius. Satchell: a little sack, means a
bag maker = (M') Sporran. Costard (whence Custard: the
-outcome of cream and good cookery, was originally baked
apples) : an apple grower, then seller, whence the well known
Costermonger : costard, apple, salesman. Braschi (Pope Pius
VI.) : cauliflower planter, market gardener. Button (Billy) :
is a button maker. Wasserbohr : a well borer, and Wasser-
man: waterman, travelling by, but WasS: bold, con. Vasa and
Washington.

Bachelor: staft' winner, the last man of the poll won a
wooden spoon. So also Bell: who carried off the bell.
Bachelor, con. Imbecile : leaning on a staff, feeble. Alconer,
Elkorn, Oldcorn (G. P.): ale Conner, an exciseman who ken-
ned, examined ale. Arliss : one bound by arles, i.e., earnest
money to serve a year. Aries is from year, and that from
gyre, gur. Halfhead (puzzled many) : a poor farmer, one
having but half a. hide of land to cultivate, a hyde being what
a yoke of bullocks could plough in one season. It was called
a hide from being hedged, hidden. The name is cor. from
Halfhyde, which is rare compared with Hyde. A yet more
comic contortion is Onybrains from Onibyrne : John Bran or
Braine. PARDON(er) : a priest, but PuRDON (for pure dun) :
a hill cleared of trees = Clarendon, Claridge, suggesting
Orridge : farm on a hill, and Orby (Shipley) : dwelling on a
farm. Or or Orr : an enclosure, boundary, usually a water.
HoARE (formerly Oore) : ore raiser = Pitman, suggesting Ireton:
iron town, place where iron ore is dug. Anser (a form of
answer, for and swear) : a scale maker, as the goods and
weights had to answer, balance each other. Brogger is the
medieval English form of broker = Broker. Coult£;r (con.,
Colo : I cultivate) : a smith who made iron part of plough =
Plowvv'right. Prudence (same word as Providence: Ho
who pro-vides : sees and prepares before hand) : a morality
play character, then a Puritan name. Draper (con., Drap :
■cloth. Trap : to adorn with cloth. Drab : a , colour) : a cloth
salesman.

( 268 )

CHAPTER XIV.

PATRONYMICS.

It was formerly customary to receive names from ancestors
by compounding their name with a word indicating filial re-
lationship. Names so compounded were termed patronyinics,
from Pater : father, and Onoma : a name — father being used
in the sense of ancestor. When personal names merged into
family appellations, patronymics became obsolete ; or, more
correctly, ceased to be formed. Before this change was
effected, in case a man was called Dennis : born on the
day of St. Dennis, sometimes his eldest son would be called
Dennison, which, in some cases, became Tennyson, and a
man from a village in which was a church dedicated to
St. Dennis was called Dennistoun. After the period in
which descriptive names flourished, each of his children,
whether male or female, would be called Dennis, so that this
became literally a patronymic, inasmuch as it was a name
received from a father. Howbeit, only those names that were
taken from a parent when such was not the rule are called
patronymics. Personal names lead the van as to all others, and
are the basis of half their successors. Long after personal
names were almost as widely diffused as persons, we find
patronymics coming into use — the offspring of necessity arising
out of multiplicity. The hero of the valley of Elah is known
as David, the son of Jesse, whence we infer there were others
named David. This is the more probable, because David :
beloved, is a nurse name, and had doubtless often been given
by fond mothers to newly born boys previously to B.C. 1085.
Had he lived in the first or second millennium of history, he
would simply have been called David. Names follow a regular
progression parallel to history, beginning with a single personal
appellation, and pass on to patronymical, and then to two,
three, four, or more names being used, the final stage being
the stereotyping of names as they are all over Christendom, and
have been, at least, from the era of the Reformation. Nothing
we know of Onamatology : the science of names, a branch of
philology, favours the idea of man's antiquity stretching back
into ten times the period recognised by the Usherian chronology.
Had man inhabited this globe 100,000 years since, single names
would not have been in use so lately as the days of Adam.
As in the Old Testament we have David, the son of Jesse, so
in the era of the New Testament we meet with Caiaphas,

PATRONYMICS. 269

Joseph : Caiaphas, the son of Joseph, which easily becomes
Joseph Caiaphas. Yet earher we have John Hyrcanus :,who
conquered the Hyrcanians, dwellers near the sea now known
as the Caspian. Such names approach very nearly to our pre-
sent nomenclature, which is not a result of chance, but the
natural outcome of human language, which is the outcome of
human nature, which is the offspring of God. The first name
looking like a patronymic is antediluvian, viz., Tubal-Cain :
flowing out from Cain, as though O'Cain, given to intimate
pride in relationship to Cain. During the Israelitish theo-
cracy, Gentile patronymics were in common use, as Hittites
from Heth, but those personal came in later. As soon, how-
ever, as the New Testament opens we meet with Bar-Jonah,
Bar-Abbas, names received from fathers in the conventional
patronymical sense. It is, therefore, manifest that the chron-
ology of patronymics, the period of their formation, lies about
midway between the primitive ages and time current.

The Saxon Patronymic

was formed by adding ing to ancestor's name, as

^Elfreding : Alfred's son, plu. ^Elfredingas : Alfredites, like
Frelungi (second order of Saxon society) : sons of the free,
con. Frew, Jungfrau : young free. Freeman = Liberius,
Eleutherius (popes) and Lysander ; men loosened.

Beorming: descendants of Beorm, Birmingham: home of
his sons.

Brummagem (a name applied to inferior goods made in Bir-
mingham) is an actual family name. A member of the
Beormingham family who emigrated to Ireland was named
Pierce, which was Hibernianised into Macioris, which became
Macjore, which assumed the form of

Macgeorge, a fact that should make men thankful they
are not living in Irish medieval times.

Another Saxon chief was named Fother : feeder, provider,
father, from him,

Fotheringham : home of the descendants of Fother, con.
Fotheringay and Fothergill.

Watling for Watlingas : the sons of Wetla. Watling Street,
through their settlement.

Wetla : he of the sharp sword, C07i. Whet: to sharpen,
Whittle (Harvey). The Goths supplied the Saxons with this
form, hence the dynastic patronymics,

Merovingians : descendants of Meroveus, Carlovingians : of
Carloman.

Carling (from him Carlingford) : son of Charles = M'Arle.
The Danes were called

270 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Skioldungians : of Skiold (Sigge's fifth son) : a shield, good
at using it, like

ToRDENSKiOLD : thunder shield, thundering on shield of
enemy.

NoRDENSKJOLD (navigator) : shield of the North. Skioli>
= Milesian Skey, con. Sky: a cover, Skidmore: shield of love.

Skiolding : son of a shield, brave, cor. to Scolding : noise
made by sword on shield, now by one tongue on another.
" How are the mighty fallen."

Wellington : town of descendants of Weale. So from
Wass : keen, bold, we have

Washington. As also Ware : a defender = Epamnon, gives

Warrington (from Ware, Herts). Wade : he who invades,
bold at attack.

Wading : son of W^ade, whence Wadington. Bann, from
Bana : a slayer, con. Henbane : hay poison, wolfsbane, we get

Banham : Bann's home. Sometimes a form of Bonhomme :
a monk.

Gosling (bona fide) : of Goss, but Gosling: little goose.

Gunning : son of a warrior = Wickliffe, from Gunn : war, as
Gonfalon : war standard, Gunter : the warrior of the army.

Seekings: son of Sack. Sack: one given to plunder =
Merode, Harry.

Meeking : son of Mece. Mece : a sword, he who uses it.
Meek, Mechi (model farm).

Klinging : son of a sword, sabreur, from Kling : a blade,
he who uses, con. Clang : to make a noise.

Gettings : son of a Jute, giant. Behring (straits). Baring:
son of Thor's bear, good lighter.

Merling : son of the illustrious ; Mar : famous = Shem.

Manning (cardinal) : son of the Asir Mannus. Mannering
(Guy) : of Manners, Herman inverted.

Gumming, Comyn : son of a count, con. Comes : a companion.

Atheling (Edgar) : of noble descent, gives Edlin, con.
Adler: a German aristocrat. This patronymical ending is
met with in names of the most frequent occurrence, as

Jennings : of John, Stubbings : of Stephen, Rawlings :
Ralph, Ralston : Ralph's town.

Copping: Jacob. Collings: Nichols. Framing: son, we
have ing : little, thus

Darling (Darlington: Darling's town): son of Dear, or
little dear,

Carracci (Carus : dear) answers to latter. Fatling : little
fat (animal), Gosling : little goose, are dims, of pats., as most
dims. are.

Whiting (nothing to do with fish) : son of White. White :
a man, emphatic, but

PATRONYMICS. 271

Whitworth : white dwelling = Wentvvorth, Casabianca.

Chiese from Casa : a house, is now domesticated in Eng-
land. Had Chiese invaded our coast five hundred years since
he would have turned to Cheese.

Wiggin(g)s (weather prophet): son of war, a soldier = the
better known Wickliffe.

When ing is neither a dim. nor a pa^. its used in the sense
of contempt as witling, lordling, where, of course, it means
little. The Saxon jycit. was less common among our ancestors
than

The English Patronymic,

which is exceedingly common with ourselves. It is indicated
by affixing son to the name of a progenitor, and is incapable
of being used in a plural form or in the generic sense. The
examples are so numerous and so well understood that one is
embarrassed in making a selection fit for the occasion.

Addison : son of Ady, for Adam. Edison (electric) : of
Eadie, of Ed.

Anderson: Andrew = Andrez. Harris (when not local),
for Harrison = Harrigan, Barry, Parry.

Anson (commander): John = BEVAN. Alison : Alic for
Alexander = Sanderson.

Maddison, Madison : of Matthew = MacMath, De Mattos,
sometimes becomes Dyson.

CouLSON : Cole for Nicholas. ToLSON : Bartholomew.

Gibson : Gibbs, for Gilbert. Gilson : Giles, or Gill, in
latter case = MacGill.

GiMSON : of James = Jamieson : of Jamie : little James.

Hinson : Hind, which becomes Hines, Ind (and Cope).
Hodgson : of Hodge for Roger.

HoBSON ('s choice, this or none) : Hob, for Robert = Robert-
son, DoBsoN, Robinson, Probart, Robson.

Hodgson : Hodge, for Roger. Hudson : Hood. Hood : a
monk wearing one. ^

Huskisson (Board of Trade) : Askew. Lupson : Love :
lupus: a wolf = Lopez, Lubez.

Ives : an archer = Yeamans (Hemans) : Yeoman, con. yew
(tree), IsoN = MacIver.

MuNSON : Munns, for Edmund. Nelson : Nell (Ellen) or
Neal, when = MAcNEiL, Neligan.

Mackanelly, from MacNeil. Pearson : of Peter = Pedrez.
PiLSON of Pell : a Pilgrim = Hop Pringle.

PORSON (Cambridge) and PoLSON (flour) ; Paul = MacPhail.

Patterson: of Patrick = Gospatrick(co%. garcon). Ritson:
Rider, Ritter = DE Ruyter.

272 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Sampson : Samuel. Simson, Simpson : Simms = MacShimes :
of Simon, Monad from Simon, as

Stimpson, Stimson, Stevens : Stephen. Tonson : of Tony
for Antony = De Antonio, Danton.

Watson : Wat for Walter = MacOuat, Mac Walter. Nill-
SON (madame) from Corneille.

It is more easy than desirable to enlarge, this catalogue.
We, therefore, pass to the germane subject of

Diminutives.

The following are the most prevalent forms in our language :
— ullus, ucci, je, ie, ing, in, kin, ot, otte, otti, ell, elk, enne, et,
ette, etti, etto, ach, och, eogan, egan, an, een, ad, un, ig, cock, and y.
Before considering the part played by diminutives, we should
premise that, as a rule, final s in personal names makes no
difference as to meaning, being generally only phonetic or
formative. Thus Hawkin, con. Hal for Harry, tends to
Hawkins, as Edward glides into Edwards. Some hold 8 in
such words as Edwards to be a genetive form as though
Edwards : son of Edward, but it is mostly formative. Yet in
some cases the terminal s does indicate son, and so may be
termed a patronymical form. Is a man called George Peter ?
The ear is unsatisfied until that becomes George Peters. On
this principle Will assumes the forms Willis, Wiles. — In the
subscribed examples understand either son or little after the
original name.

LucuLLUS (conquered Tigranes) : Luke = Lucian, if that
does not mean born at daybreak.

Lltke : man of Lucania, south Italy, given, also, as shining,
brilliant.

Marcellus (slew Viridoraarus) : Mark. Faustulus (shep-
herd) : Faustus (Dr.), Festus : lucky.

Verucci: Verus: true = Truman, Liprot, and Amen.
But Veron, Verron : man of Verona, Veronica : true image
(of Christ).

Brammetje: little Abraham = Mabbot. Epje : Joseph, cow.
Jaap, Jebb.

Jantje: John = SHONEEN, Atkins: Arthur. Dakins,
Dawkins, Deakins, Davitt : for David.

DoNKiN, Donaldson, English for MacDonald, the Irish for
it being Donegan, and the Lowland MacWhannell.

Ekin is derivable from Edward, Edmund, Edgar, or Eadie.
Hankin : Hans : John = Hansom (son).

JiFKiN: little Joseph = Epje, former English, latter Dutch,
each =: JowETT (professor).

PATRONYMICS. 273

Fergus gives Forgie, as Ronald does Rennie, and Gabriel
gives Gebbie.

Just: born on St. Just's day, gives Joscelin, Josselyn.
Lawrence gives Lakin, Larkins, Larry, Lawrie, Lawson.

Oliver supplies NoLL, Nollekins. Isaac becomes Nye,
Nykin = Mackissock, also giving Ike.

Rankin is of Randall, while from Simon we derive Simpkins,
SiMKiNS, SiMCOX. As Simkins shapes into Simpkins, so Sim-
cox grows to SiMPCox.

Gloucester : " What's thine own name ?
SiMPCox : Saunder Simpcox, an' if it please you, master.

Gloucester : Then Saunder, sit there, the lyingest knave in
Christendom."

QuAGLiENNE : little Quaglia, which consult. Adcock, Ady
(Joseph) : from Adam. Thousands of children have been
named from Adam, in the belief such would attain to a great
age. " Old as Adam." The Jews viewing him as the first
rebel, and he being no Jew, name no child after him.

Alcock from Hal, for Harry. Arnot from Arnold. BiR-
KETT from Burke (from Bury), when not birch vjood. *

Badcock is from Bartholomew, whence also Bartlett, and
Batty (equestrian); but Bad : good, from Bid : to pray.

Pius (Pio : I atone for) : who has made an atonement, a
religeuse, Pyat (red), Biot, Bioti, Biagotti..

BuoN for Bon : good, from Bonus, gives the great name
BuoNAROTTi = Goody, con. with

BuoNAFEDE (wrote "Political Chronology"): truce observer,
faith keeper, identical with bonajicle = A'M0N, Amnon : amen,
men. These answer to

Fidelia: keeping her tryst;=BEAUFOY : good faith. Bos-
suet (the learned), BossUE : boss shouldered, gibbous.

Paget (M.D.) may mean little page, or son of Page, con.
Pageantry : great show of many servants.

Buffet (corps legislatif) : waiter on the buffet, sideboard.
Beefeater (Tower) : buffetier = Page.

Barrell, Barrett, from Barry or Barrie ,f rom Barr : a
hill, or Barry : bare island.

Lawcock : little hill = Knowles, or little Law : a hill. In
keeping with former view.

Braes : living on a hill, con. Brant : living on a steep.
Branton = Hilton, con.

Tannahill (Paisley) : a hill whether heather perishes from
heat, con. Beltane, but

Tannock for Tannerock : young Tanner (faster) : worker
in oak tan = Barker.

Bernadotte (Sweden), N adaud : from Bernard. Burnet
(bishop) from Brown or Burn : a boundary =

274 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Beckett: little beck, con. Beccles (bishop): brook runninoj
through meadow (lees). But Beckey from Rebecca.

Corbet from Corvus : a crow (on shield), one of the oldest
surnames in Scotland.

Cobbet (Preston), Coppock, Cob (father) : from Jacob.
Diderot (cyclopedist) from Desiderius : desiderated.

DoRRiT (little), Dolly: from Dorothy. Elliott, from
Ellis, for Elias, for Elijah.

Fontinelle from Fontaine = Fountain = Tiber (father),
Spring.

GuizoT (statesman), Why ATT, Giotto (O) from Guy. Gillot
(pens) : Giles or Gill.

Wilmet, Guilmette, Guillotin, Willimott, Wilmot,
WooLcocK, Willie (We have missed you), Wilkie, Ullin
(lord). Ullick : young or little William.

Grocock from Gregory, whence Gorham : where is church
of St. Gregory.

HiGGS : a wild ash, gives Higgins, Higgot, Hignet. Her-
belot (orientalist), formed on Herbert.

QuiN^T: from Jacques, for James, and so = Jamie, Jimmy.
Hancock : Hans : John = Van Hahn.

Hitchcock (geology and religion) : from Richard. Glass :
a stream, as Glassford ; Glasscock = MacGlashan.

Brogan: little badger, biter. Crossan : little cross (on
shield). Hoppet, Hopkins : Hob for Robert.

Hewitt, Hewett, Hewson (old), Huessen, Huie : sons of
Hugh, or little Hughs.

Ivett from Ives. Jewett, Jewell: from Jew: from Judah.
Morell (H. M. I.) : from Moor or More : dark, con. Morison.

Marcet (Mrs.), MuRCUTT, from Mark = MARCELLUS, whence
Marcellinus (pope).

Martinet (disciplinarian) : from Martin. NicoT (tobacco) :
Nicholas.

Othello, Odette : Otho. Pellatt (Apsle}^) : from Pell :
Pilgrim. Tippet : from Theobald.

Perkins (and Barclay), Parkin, Parnell (Land League),
Perucci, Petrucchio (and Catherine), Perrott, Pirrie, Pirie,
Pirret, Perry (when not trade name : maker of perry from
pear), Pierotti, Parrott : are all formations on Peter the
apostle, prolific of names.

Donizetti: formed on Dominus: a lord, and so = Toole :
of lordly descent.

Timkins : from Timothy. Tonkin, Tony, Antonelli (non-
possumus) : formed on Anthony.

Thomasseau, Thomassen (son) = Tommy and Thomson.

Moloch and Molloch are living family names from Maol,
Mul : bald, and each means little baldheaded man.

PATRONYMICS. 275

De and Mac.

From the Latin De : of, we get a patronymical sign common
to French, Italian, and even German names. Thus

Deluc: of Luke. De Mattos: of Matthew = MacMath,
M ADDISON, Madison.

Dearle : of Earl. De Ruyter : son of a knight = Ritson,
MacKnight.

DwiGHT (theologian) : of Wight. Danton (red, very) : of
Antoine = Dante (poet),

Durante : lasting (as to fame) is given as its source, but
Durante, Durant: lasting (in fight) = Constant.

Dando (English), Dandy (Scotch), Tandy (Napper) =
Danton (French), Dante (Italian) on Andrew.

D'IsRAELi : of Israel = Scobeloff (general) : son of Jacob,
con. KopiNSKi : James' town, and Scobie.

De Santos : of the saints, from Sanctus : holy. Sang,
Sancho (Pansa). Sanctus: holy, from Sanguis: blood (of
sacrificial victim), hence Sanction. D'Eremao (Dr.): of a
hermit.

De Foe : of the faith. Delmonico (hotel) : of the monk.
When local, la is added, as

De la Croix : of the cross = Crosby : dwelling near a cross.
Crossley, Crutchly : cross field.

De la Rue : of the row, streets Rows, and Italian, Stradu-
ARius (violins). In German, Stross, whence Strossmayer
(bold bishop): street mayor, burgh officer. The South American
town Callao: the street = Main Street, High Street.

De la Marche: of the border, as Bondy = Delawar (whence
Delaware), Dewar : of the ward, part guarded. From the
Latin ending acius, the French derive ac, used* locally or
patronymically, as

PoLiGNAC (cardinal) : of Poligny, and that from a Pole.

Balzac (author) : of Bale, for Basil, from Basileus : a
king.

LussAC (Guy): of Luke = Deluc. Martignac : of Mar-
tigny : Martin's dwelling.

EsPAGNAC (general) : of Spain. Ravaillac (Henry 4th) :
of Ravius : son of Rapp : a raven.

Coligny (admiral) : for Colignac : of the hill district =
CoLLis, Hills.

Fitz.

The more general patronymic indulged in by our Gallic
neighbours is fits for Filius : a son, received through the
Normans. " Robert, son of King Henry 1st, having proposed

276 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

marriage to Osbeorht, daughter of Baron Fitz Hamon, she
politely declined, for said she, —

" It were to me a great shame
To have a lord withouten his twa name."

His father came to the rescue, and made him eligible for
husbandship by styling his pet " Robert Fitzroy :" son of a
king = (En)FAUNTLEROY : king's infant = Cree for MacRee,
Basilowitz and Rene (roy natus). Her name Osbeorht :
glory, brightness, of the Ases (for her beauty). One name,
and that monosyllabic, or, at most, of two syllables, was the
rule for the poor and slaves in Greece, Rome, England, and
America. To marry a one-named man then would forfeit
aristocratic position. Demosthenes, in his imperishable
oration, " The Crown" accuses -^schines of violating that law.
" He is not such a man as you may meet every day, but one of
those execrable to the people. For lately — lately, did I say ?
— ay, yesterday, and no longer ago, he became at once a citizen
and orator, and adding two syllables to his father's name, he
changed it from Tromes to Atrometus." In giving the word
of command a long name is harder to be uttered than one that
is short. Hence Oppian advises that dogs have short names, —

" Lest at the huntsman's call they trace in vain.
And run with open cry confus'dly o'er the plain."

In Sweden the poor still have but one name, and that a short
one. Second names are useful in fixing a first. Before the
Reformation men changed names as expeditiously as jail birds
yet do. Then persons were often baptized in one name,
married in a second, and buried with a third, as then a
Registrar-General and a Postman were unthought of. So
lately as 1760 the Poles passed from one name to another at
a bound. Priests named an entire estate of serfs Peter, and
another, under a different noble, John. Their surname alone
prevented confusion. To return to^/i^c oryiims. This became
jfitt in certain families, as Parfitt: good son. Sometimes
Jilius assumes the form if as Druiff = Drugan : son of Drew.

Van, Von.

Corresponding more or less closely with de, etc, is the Dutch
vmi, usually applied with the force of the, as Vandersteen :
of the stone, hill = FoLLi, Fell, Knox. Van Osterzee
(divine) : of the eastern sea, living on the Baltic shore. Baltic:
belted, land locked = Mediterranean, which does not mean
in the middle of the earth. So Zuyder Zee : south sea,
Zealand : sea land, island. South from Seethe : to boil, to be

PATRONYMICS. 277

hot = Ham: a temanite, southron, man of liot climate. Van-
DELEUR : of the Eure valley, a Norman name. Vandervelde
(painter) : of the field = Vanloo. Van Meter (Rome) : living
on hired land, carefully measured, paying a feu, the op. of
Tennant and Hodder (and Stoughton): holding allocZial
land = Franklin : free from feus. Vandeveer: of the ferry
= OvEREND = Overton : town where people pass over: Over-
newtown: the new town at the ferry. Partick : a portage,a ferry.
Van Buren : of the cottages, boors' houses. Sometimes Van
slips into position as a veritable patronymic as Van Hahn =
Johnson. It passes into von with an emphatic force, as Von-
ROBERT: the Robert, becomes Canrobert (Crimea). Von der
Tann (general) : of the pines = Du Pin and con. Tangye : pine
wood. " Von Reaumer : of the sea, a shoresman = Connal.
A living leading politician in Belgium is Vandenpeereboom:
of the pear tree.

The Welsh Patronymic

is a form of the Celtic nuic, which the Cambrian people made
onab or maj:), and shortening it to a letter h, p, or its cognate
/, gave it work to do as a patronymical prefix, thus :

Probart: son of Robert. Probyn, Provan: of Robin.
Blake (mighty) : Lake.

Barry, Parry (captain) : Harry. Bevan: of Evan: John,
varies to

Biffin (Miss), Baffin ('s Bay). Bowen : Owen. Boyu
(when not Gaelic) : Lloyd.

Bethel (attorney-general) : of Ithell, an ancient Welsh
name. Bews, Pugh,"Pue, Pye : of Hugh.

Price : Rheese, or Rice : king (rex), ruler, so that it =
Machree and Cressidas.

Priddle : Riddle. Pritchard : Richard, Powell, Bowell,
BowELLS: Howell = Mac Hale. In old English Powell is a
form of Paul. So Chaucer speaks of the words, " Of Christ,
John and Poivell."

Progers: Rogers. Prigg : Rigg = KNOWLES, Knolls,
Knolys, Hills. Prowse (Jeffray) : Rouse.

Fluellen : Lewellyn : "Captain Fluellen, you must come
presently to the mines : the Duke of Gloster would speak
with you."

Fowell (Buxton) : Howell. Flack, Black : Lake = Blake.
When, however.

Black is not Welsh it means dark = Niger, Ham. Few
(when not local) : son of Hugh. The Welsh are ridiculed for
their much use of ap for mah in pedigrees. Beaufoy says,
cheese is ''Adam's own cousin-german by its birth, ap Curds.

278 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

ap Milk, ap Cow, ap Grass, ap Earth." From the ancient
family of Eynion : just = SADOC, we have

Onion, whence the immortal dreamer Bunyan : Mab Onion.
At one period of English history it seemed probable that viah
would become as common throughout Britain as mac in the
Highlands, in the form of ho}^, for ap, for mab ; thus

Hop Pringle : son of the pilgrim. Hop Cornell ; son of
Cornwall. The popular vote put the veto on hoj) as a patrony-
mical sign soon after the Reformation, but left us

Apps, Upp, Hopps : beloved son, only son = Maccus (from
whom Maxwell, the spring of St. Maccus), Mack (general).
Idas, Iff, Faunt, Egan, Goss, Kidd, Kyd, Ingo (whence
Ingle), Zoon, Enfant, Mapps (Oxonian professor), and
Mappin (of razor fame) : all son par excellence. Sometimes
loved one is used in the sense of son, as

Wickliffe (wig : war, LifFe : life, loved one) : son of war, a
warrior = Cadogan, After analysis of the Cambrian ancestral
sign we reach the

Milesian Patronymic.

" By Mac and O you'll surely know
True Irishmen, they say:
But, if they lack both " O" and " Mac,"
No Irishmen are they."

A free rendering this of

" Per 0, atque Mac, veras cognoscis Hibernos;
His duobus demptis, nuUus Hibernus adest."

Favour, reader, by being sceptical hereabout as more than
half the orthodox Irish names have neither Mac nor 0. The
Highlanders, Irish, and Welsh hold mac in common, but, as
we have seen, the Cambro Britons delight to have it in the
forms mah, map, ap, hop, h, p, f. In Irish names onac tends
towards mag, ma, and c. Howbeit, Hibernia did not take to
rtiac as lovingly as did Caledonia. The Milesians found a
greater charm in Eoghan : a son, forming na,, and that used as
O in the sense of eldest son, for he only was allowed to use it.
The Irish developed a patronymic out of their Erse treasury
more elastic and poetic than the Gaelic mac. The Celtic for
young, oftspring son, is, as above given, eoghan, whence

Egan (Pierce) for Hugh, eoghan : son of IIugh = BEWs, Pye,
PuGH, Few, Ewing, Huessen, Hewson. This eoghan, abbre-
viated to a, is then used as a patronymical affix, thus, Ach :
a horse, Achaia : horse producing country = Parthia.

EcHEGAN : son of a horse = HoRSMAN, Philip, answering
closely to Hippias. B}^ prefixing mac changed to mag, to the
foregiven we have

PATRONYMICS. 279

MAGEOGHEfjAN (historian) : son of Echegan. Congan : son
of a dog, great tighter.

DoNEGAN, DuGGAN : son o£ DuNN : brown haired = Mac-
Donald.

Flanegan : son of Flan : ruddy, whence Lynn (when not
local from Lin : a lake),

Flanegan = Macklin. Finigan (M.R): fair young man,
con. Fingal ('s cave).

Harrigan: Harry = Barry, Parry. Mulligan: son of
the miller.

Gilligan: Gill = MAcGiLL, Gilson. Costigan : Costa
(leader) : Koster : doorkeeper.

Talligan : little hill, is the exact Hibernian equivalent for
TuLLOCH. Sometimes og only was used in name-making, as

HiCKOG : doctor's son, becomes HiCKHOCK, suggesting when
we said, —

" Hie, licec, hoc : lay him on the block,
Dives : riches : pull down his breeches.
Qui, que, quod : lay on the rod."

Crannage (N.Y. Dr.) : son of Crann : a tree = Woodhouse,
Bamber (beam burg), living in a log hut, resident on an
artificial island of wood, a lake dweller. These names are more
than 3000 years old, antedating Irish history. Sometimes the
last part of eor/han, an, was used patronymically or as a
diminutive, as

Cashan : little Cash, or son of Cash. Cash is a directory
name, uncon. money.

Adamnan (St.) : little Adam. Crossan, Crosson : a small
cross. In theology the cross removes the curse, but, sad to say,
in philology, it is its root. From cross we derive the Saxon verb
Corsian : to curse by reversal of cross, hence Curse : to im-
precate.

COBHAN : little Jacob. Granahan : little Graine. Now
Graine (con. the sun): light, joy, loved one = HAUSSCHEi\,
gives Greene, to be distinguished from Green : living on a =
Fields and Dupree.

OssiAN : a little deer, a fawn, graceful as Apollo Belvidere.

CuNNiAN : son of a dog, a bold warrior = Canning, Chan-
NING, which consult.

Clanahan : formed from Lean by riiac before, and eoghan
behind ^ MacLean, Lennie.

Gallyon : son of the Gall, stranger. Englishmen were so
called by the Irish seven centuries since. This an frequently
changes to on, oon, but raoi^e usually to een, in which forms it
supplies a good dim. to our language.

" Kathleen, mavourneen, the grey dawn is breaking."

280 PEESONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

AvouRNEEN : little dear, darling. Mavourneen : my dar-
ling =

Carrachioli: little cherished one = Jeshurun. M,ma,mo,
signify 'niy in half a dozen languages.

Carrigan, carigheen (moss) : little rock, con. Carrick, crag,
Shoneen : little Shane, rude boy =

Gossoon (garcon) : little Goss, con. Cospatrick : son or
servant of Patrick. Squireen = Squeers : little squire.

R.USKIN (art critic) : little wood, from Ross : a wood, giving
RossA (Donovan) = Woods, Quiddy is

Killeen : little wood, formed on Coyle : a wood. Our
college for ladies,

GuRTON (Gammer: grandmother) is Celtic, being Gorteen :
little meadow =

Cluny' (MacPherson), con. Clontarf : bull meadow =
Huxley: OxLEY = Butt Green = Geshur, from gor, ghor, ghau,
and Shur : an ox. In such favour is een with Milesians that
they intermingle it with English names, marrying their words,
as they do their girls, to the hated Saxon. Hence

Smithereens : smitten to small pieces.

Potcheen: pot stilled whiskey. Shebeen: small wayside inn.

Camptine : little camp becomes Cantine = CAMPALETTO.

Velveteen: small quantity of velvet. Gombeen : small money
lender. Poreen : small path. Ballyporeen : road.

Buttereen, etc. Besides eoghan, they used mac, gos, cos,
and gil, so that Irishman have no grievance as to lack of
patronjmiics. A Fenian would say : " Small thanks to the
Crown for that. And sure we got them from our own tongue."
Here it seems proper to trace a name through some of its multi-
tudinous ramifications, a word originative with the Celts, but
used half over Christendom. Aodh, the Celtic for fire, con.
the Persian Arta : high, the sacrificial flame, and Ara, (an
altar) : that which flames,

Hugh : ardent, fiery, easily incensed, ready tor battle,
whence Hughes,

HuGGiNS, Mogue : my Hugh = Hughie. Guzzi is its Italian
dim. Hugh becomes Kay, which, in non Celtic names, is a
form of

Caius for Gaius (Kay Shuttleworth), M'Kay, Euing, Ewixg.

Hewitt: little Hugh = Whewell (Trin. Coll., Cam.). Found
without aspirate we have the less known

EwELL. Houston : Hugh's town. Hugh varies to Hutchan
(eoghan) : son of Hugh = Thus we get

Hutcheson, Hutchings, Hutcheon. Philologically, Hous-
ton = Hutchesontown.

Mackay, Mackie, Egan, Euing, Ewing, Pugh, Bews, Few,
Pye, are some few of its varied forms, as are

PATRONYMICS. 281

Macgee (MacHugh), Gee, Mahew (London poor), Hewson,
HuTCHAX; and the well known Glasgow names

HuTCHESON, AiTCHisoN": sons of Hugh, and, crowning all,
the double patronymic M'Hutcheson.

GuiNXESS (Dublin) st^-nds for M'Geeinnis : M'Gee's islan'l,a
native ot".

(M') EvoY is compounded of Hugh and Boyd : fair-haired
Hugh. This supplies high proof of the great antiquity of the
name. Moreover, half his offspring is not here presented. By
the study of Hugh our mind is carried back to, at least, when
Samuel slew Agag.

The Gallic Patronmyic

is mac: a son, used as a prefix, nick: a daughter, now obsolete,
and 0 from eoghan, for a first, born son. Mac, mah, mag (for
they are one) is con., Maggot : breeder, meaning one who is
bred of another, a son, offspring. It is an actual name. Mab
(queen) is dream breeder. Probably to this source is to be
traced Midge : (insect) breeder. The Gaels also had a patro-
nymical affix derived from eoghan, viz., ach, och, the source of
our ock, as seen in Hillock: little hill = i^e^^oc^. All dims.
were first pafe. This corresponds to the Hebrew i, for im, as
Moabira : one of the people of Moab, the Greek idas, the
English ite and the Irish egan. Thus MuRROCH : a Maryite,
devotee to the B. V. M. = Murison when not a form of
MoRisoN, nor of Mum. Tosh : a leader = Hanlon, gives
TosHACH : son of Tosh = MacIntosh : son of the leader.
Wall: a pilgrim, gives Wallach = Hop Pringle ; son of the
pilgrim Skeach: son of Sky. Stoach: of Story. Cattanach
{con., Cath : war) : son of a warrior, then a marauder.

FiNACH : son of the fair man = the Irish FiNNIGAN.
Darroch : son of Drew, or of an oak, robust.

Greig : rough, uncouth, Gregalach (l formative) M'Gregor:
a Gregorite, where ach — ite and mac, —

"The moon's on the lake, and tlie mist's on the brae,
And the clan has a name that is nameless by day;
Om- signal for fight, which from monarchs we drew.
Must be heard but my night in our vengeful halloo —

Then halloo, halloo, halloo, Gregalach !
If they rob us of name, and pursue us with beagles,
Give their roofs to the flames and their flesh to the eagles,

Then gather, gather, gather!
While there's leaves in the forest, and foam on the river,
Macgregor, despite them, shall flourish for ever."

DOMHNUALLOCH : a MacDonaldite, or if Lowland, a Mac-
Whannellite.

Albanach : a Highlander, son of the mountain = Mac Alpine:
19

282 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

son of Albyn, con. Albion. The McAlpines are almost as
aboriginal as heather; hence the proverb: "Evils and hills
and the McAlpines." They pair well with Lamont : a hills-
man, highlander, or castle man.

EiRiNEACH: a son of Erin, an Erinite = the soft sounding
Erigena : Irish born. From that ancient root Caw : to turn,
to curve, we have Curvus : crooked, Cavus : hollow, Cavan=:
Holland : hollow land = Logan and Hole : From Caw we
have Corve : a basket (hollowed), Cawb.

Caw : a chariot (whose wheels caw), a charioteer = McAra.
Hence, too,

CoRMAC : son of a chariot, swift as the scythed war chariot
=: Antiochus giving Antioch. In this and similar names avtl
is used with the force instead of, as Antipas (" my martyr"),
Antipater : in his father's place, nearly answering to Bar-

ABBAS, PATROBAS, IcILIUS.

OcHUS (Darius) : moving like a chariot. The double
patronymic

McCoRMACK arose wdien the meaning of CoRMAC began to
be lost sight of.

Cawliffe : son of a chariot, identical with Cormac, some-
times son of Caw, his life, his love.

TosHACH = to an inversion of McTosH, ToSH : first, leader.
Macintosh : son of the leader. In few national names arc
political and social changes more deeply engraven than in those
of the Celts. Some proscribed clansman disguised Gaelic
origin by letting fall their characteristic mac, doffed their
kilt, and gave the body of their name a lowland twist. Such
happened when certain of the McGregor's left their country
for their country's good, over the Colquhoun business, and
found an asylum in Ireland. Once there they became

Griers, Greers, Griggs, or took the name of their native
place, as

Bri.mer, from the braes of Mar. So the Graemes or
Grahams made for Wales, and there gave name Groomsport :
harbour of Graham.

Grimes is a Cambrianised form of Graham, which name
hunters tangle with those from the Asir Grimr. The
McKinnon's emigrated from the Isle of Skye to that of Saints,
becoming

McCannon, or naked Cannon, under which designation
their descendants are thei'e found.

M'Kinnon is formed upon Finn on a famous saint. FiNNON
{on for an from eoghan) : son of the fair, a blonde = Bain,
FiNGAL, Blake when that means bleached.

McNab : son of the abbot, was absorbed into the unrecognis-
able names

PATBONYMICS. 283

McNeice, Nenres, Munnis, Monies. Many a cognomen has
been disguised through servility as Malloch to Mallet.
Others have been barbarised through the Sassanach being
ignorant of Gaelic, and so transcribing by ear the copy bear-
ing so faint a resemblance to its original that there was little
enough to swear by, as

McEachran into Cochrane, McDougall, McDowell into
Dole, M'Arthur, into Arter.

Yet the Celt has no more to grumble about than the Sas-
senach and the German, when Oestman, Sterling : man from
the east = KEDEMAH, CaDxMUS is distorted into Oysterman and
Ostrich, which is actually the case.

MacAllister into Callister, while the Irishman Macody
collapses to Cody.

MacEochall : son of a horseman = De Ruyter, shrunk into
Keogh. So that Cochrane precisely = Keogh. Then we have

Machree (widow) : king's son, into Cree. MacWade
becomes Quj*.id (Mick Mac). In such cases mac shrivels to a
letter ?>i, c, or k. Thus

McCrobie : son of Robert, where c belongs to mac. So
Anders : Andrew's son, becomes

Manders (menagerie) as Kendrick ; from Hendry, for
Henry, becomes McKendrick = Henderson.

McKinlay forms on Finlay. Now Finlay : fair hair =
Harfager (Harold), so that

Finlayson exactly corresponds to M'Kinlay, The popular
names

McOmish, McTavish, McTause, McComb (giving McCum-
ber) are contortions of tlie Biblical Thomas, and so =

Thomson, Thompson, Combkin. Rae : prosperous = Luckie,
Gluck, Felix, Long (when Chinese).

BoNHEUR (Rosa) : good hour, born when some such star as
Jupiter was rising, gives

Raith, MTlraith {il for gil, but mere phonetic padding),
and Macrae, which becomes

McCraw (Jock), thought to be origin of the Irish McGrath.

Caelum, for Columba: a dove, gives (Mc)Callam, Calmon,
Colman (O'Lochlin).

Maccallummore : the great Macallum (Argyll). Some
Celts make

CuLLOCH: folder of cattle = Stoddart, Coward, others
have it boar slayer, gives

MacCulloch : son of. McHarg : red (headed) son = Roy,
and con. Dearg Lough.

McIlrov, looks as though Roy's servant, but il is added to
prevent its becoming McRoy, which colloquially glides into
Croy. So that

284 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

McIlroy : son of Roy = Kogan, Regan (Roy eoghan). When
Norman,

Roy : a king == Conig, whence Conigsby : king's dwelling =^
Cunningham. The late author of the novel Coningsby, wrote
LoTHAiR, con. Luther, as it was to do anti- papal work.

Roy takes the forms Ree, Rae, but Raeside : living at rath
side. We are pretty safe in allocating names in RoY as red
headed.

Roe is the form it came out in among the Irish, as O'Connor
Roe : eldest son of red headed Connor.

RowE is its Eno^lish form, which tans^les with those from
Rue : a street.

" King James the First, Roy of this Regioun,
Said David was ane sair sanct to the crown."

The change of a letter or two gives a new look to a name, as

Drood (Edwin), for Druid = Drew. So we have Adjai for
Hadji: a pilgrim, as "The Right Rev, Samuel Adjai Crowther,
the black bishop."

So Smallback (beck) = Burnet : little brook. Mira
becomes Myra ; Gaunt (ge want, waned): thus, Caunt ;
Moller is but Miller, and Egen is Egan : son of Hugh. So
corresponding words puzzle from other countries, as the Ger-
man Kl KIN = Short; Ziegler = Tyler; Zahn = Tooth.

Madge (Wildfire), Matty (meddlesome), formed on Margaret.
So again,

Yeddie and Peddie upon Neddie for Edward. Vokes,
upon Ffoulks : for folks : vulgus, demos = Demas: a demotic
person, vulgarite. Such names, coming of artifice rather than
spontaniety, suggest

Caliban (Shakespeare), a formation upon Cannibal : a
Carib (bean sea). This reading names backward after the
anagram style, which is somewhat Hebraic, supplies many a
nom de plwme : pen name, disguising an author's true desig-
nation. Thus the father of Voltaire was Arouet, a dAm. of
Aroux, formed from Arnulf (heerulph wulph) : army wolf,
i.e., slashing fighter. Of course Voltaire was Arouet junior,
in French Arouet le jeune, and as u and v were interchangable,
as were i and j, the great deist anagrammatised it into
Voltaire. Some give that as a form of Walter.

MacNair : son of heir (of estate) becomes Macaire. English
equivalents are

Eyre, Ayre. But. the well known

Hair is a form of (0') Hara. Bane, Bain: white, fair, gives

Vane (O Sir Harry), and Sullivan: fair eyed, blue eyed.
Vv'e should not say

Mac Vain : son of the white (man), as that held good only
once, i.e., when borne by its first wearer, but shuuld say

PATRONYMICS. 28r

Mac Vain : son of Vain. Bane «= White, though in some
Ceases White for Wight: a strong man, but in sense here given
it supphes

Whiting for Whitting, (as): sons of White, then Whitting-
TON (Dick) : town of, etc. Dhu : dark, as Roderick Dhu :
Roderick the swarthy, gives

Duff (Dr.), Duffy, which, bisected, give Fie, MacPhee,
Macfie,

MAcDuFF = the Muscovite name, Karakoff : son of dark
(man), con., Caracal : black eared (wild beast). Karadagh
the Russian, confor., Montenegro.

Karatheodory : swarthy Theodore. From Darn : dark.
Tarn : dark waters (by reason of depth). Tarnish : to darken.

Darncombe : dark valley = Valesneri : shaded by trees
and hills.

Darnley : dark visaged. Duffy gives, by Milesian variation,

M'Haffie, M'Guffie, and, oddly enough, Cuffe, changing
to Coffee (king).

" Sinful Macduff,
They were all struck down for thee ! naught that I am,
Not for their own demerits, but for mine
Fell slaughter on their souls ! Heaven rest them now."

(M') GowAN, (M') Gavin : a smith. Govan : smith's town.
Gavigan : young smith = Gowanlock = Macgowan, which cor.
to MGoun.

MacShimmes, M'Immey, M'Kim = Simson, Simpson. John
gives

MacInnes (when local, from Innis : an island = Lisles),
MacOwen,

MacShane, MacGeoch, MacKean (when not from Kean :
head) = Johnson.

MacFadyan: son of tall John, which becomes Fadden,
Some authorities give

MacInnes as a form of Angus. The Highland nomenclature
supplies few trade names. Of those few the most prominent are

(M') Intyre : the carpenter, shades off to (M') Tear (dia-
monds), which bereft of mac stands bare Teer, (M') Growther:
brewer (to king) = Brewster. The Celts had neither public
brewer nor baker, as the Saxons had. Their nearest approach
was (M') Dade: kneader = Baxter.

(M') Naughtan (Pictish king) : a bull, strong as, perhaps
con. worship of Thor. Naughtan abbreviates to Neat : a
bullock, as " Neat's foot oil." Hence

Natman: neat herd = CuLLOCH, and Notman when Not is
not from NoTH : bold, audacious, then Notman : brave, man
of audacity. By an intolerable Gaelic twist M'Naughtan
becomes

286 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

M'Crackex, whom he resembles as young Adam would an
aged clansman.

M'Naught, which any poor Saxon might be pardoned for
thinking it to be a form of

M'Naughtan, is a modification of M'KNiGHTr=RiTSON. Such
Gaelic eccentricities are paralleled by M'DoUGALL, forming

M'DowALL, Dole, M'Houl, and M'Owl. Variation of "this
type are due to Gaels living in non Celtic localities, where the
unskilled natives fell upon Highlanders by lip and pen till
they hardly knew their own address.

M'GuiRE disfigures in some families into M'Quarry, and
that goes into Wharry.

MacFarlane is from Parlane, for Bartholomew. (M') Tosh
= Alph(EUS.

(Mc)Intosh : the first (of his clan). Fin : fair, gives

FiNNACH, FiNIGAN, FiNGAL,

(Mc)Phin, (Mc)Phun : who were what ladies call blondes,
and fortune tellers, hearts.

Finella : fair Irish lady = Welsh Venus, Nel Gwyn : Ellen
White.

(Mc)Kellar may easily be taken as akin to Kellarman :
cellar man, a butber, but is formed on cell, Jcil, as Kilpatrick :
Patrick's cell or church, so Kellar : superior of monastery =
Foreman, Pryor.

Kelloch : son of the cell, hermit, forms McKilloch, unco7i.
McKiLLOP : son of Philip.

Lewis (when local), from island, literally meaning land of
lakes, shades into McLisE (David) and Leece. Worthy mem-
bers of the sans culotte nationality, when reading the Book of
Maccabees, viz., " For Ptolemeus, that was called Macron,
choosing rather to do justice unto the Jews for the wrong he
had done unto them, endeavoured to continue peace with
them," straightway pushed their macs almost into the Bible,
in the belief that Maccabees, Macron, were members of the
Tnac sodahty. Such is not quite the case.

Ptolemeus Macron : Ptolemy the tall, similar to Edward
LoNGSHANKS, suggesting

Sheepshanks (picture collector) : thin legged, quick footed,
the op. of FuLJAMBE, Tardieu. Macron is met with as a
Christian name in the fcjrm of

Macro, but shines best in Almaoro (conquistador) : the
thin, spare = Longman (bookseller), Longfellow.

PizARRO (his fellow soldier) = Slater, Sclater, Latta,
Hulyer.

MacKissack : son of Isaac. Certain Highlanders aflirm
Hebrew is misspelled Gaelic.

MacGauley is the Irish form of Macaulay (Babington) :

PATRONYMICS. 287

son of Aulay, varies to McGarlie. The original Aulay was
the Earl ol: Lennox's son, who flourished in the 14th century.

Cahill, Caddle, Cattle, Cathal : battle eye, gives
McGaul or MacAll, which latter transmutes into Almack(s)
of terpsichorian fame.

From Lind : a lime tree (sometimes a snake), Lindsay : lime
tree island, gallicised into

McLintock (Arctic voyager). Some conception may be
formed of variations by misspelling from the fact that

Main WARING : a strong built manor house, is spelled in 130
different ways.

(Mc)MuRROCH (Hibernian): sea commander, becomes
(Mc)MoRRAN, Morrow.

McQuillan = Wilson, is from Will of Asiric celebrity, but
(Mc)QuiLKiN is a form of Wilkins, and so = MacQuilkin =
Wilkinson. Highlanders having no iv are in the fix fastened
on Italians by the Cockneys. " They can't spell tvaggon."
Whenever Celtic names begin with w we know they are Saxon
corruptions, as

McVVee, a form of McVey, a case deserving the attention of
Captain McAll. The same observation applies to McQuade,
formed on Mac Wade.

McQuaker is not a friend once in drab who has taken to
kilts, but a form of McVicar= McPherson.

MacLarty (Mrs), MacLaren (Edinburgh) are from Laurence,
and = Larkins.

Mackenzie, MacKinney, MacMinn are from Kenneth
(Pictish king).

MacLymont is a form of the almost indigenous Lamont :
the mountaineer = (Mc)Bean, (Mc)Vean (from Ben). Lamont
is credited with giving name Lomond to Loch and Ben.

(Mc)Lerie is the Milesian synonym for Clerk. The same
nation stands accused of distorting good looking Duncan into
the unrecognisable

(Mc)Connachie, so that MacConnacbie = Duncanson. If
possible, the Irish did worse — actually made McLeod into
MacElligot. But their conviction did not tarry. A learned
Highlander brought it pat home to Pat.

(Mc)Inally is also Hibernian, meaning a teacher, a doctor
of learning. Each or Ach : a horse, gives the widely spread

(Mc)Eachrain : a horseman, whence McKechnie, the /c of
which is the c of mac. Probably we find the root of Auriga :
a charioteer, in

(Mc)Ara : a footman, charioteer = Cor, thoroughly British
of an age when the essede (war chariot) was used in battle on
this island, Ara and CoR would leap off, fight, jump on again,
retire. From (Mc)Ara, Hair, and (O')Hara we get also

288 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

McKerrow. Though the next three names be not macs,
they are too thoroughly Albanach to be torn from their con-
freres.

LocHiEL (head of Camerons) : bird lake, living near a loch
frequented by migratory birds ==

Cranmer : mere frequented by cranes, con. Cranston :
crane's town.

LoCHABER, LocHiNVAR : living at confluence of lochs, loch
mouth, con. Kinloch, —

" There was mounting 'mong Graemes of the Netherby clan,
Forsters, Fenwicks, and Musgraves, they rode and they ran ;
There was racing and chasing on Canobie Lea,
But the lost bride of Netherby ne'er did they see.
So daring in love, and so dauntless in war,
Have ye e'er heard of gallant like young Lochinvar ? "

Kinloch : head of lake, as Kenmuir : head of moor. But
Balloch : a gap, pass = Hindoo Ghaut, and Hebrew Abar (im),
and the English Slapp.

Glengarry : rough glen, con. Garrioch : rough district =
Badenoch.

Fenwick : dwelling place on a moor, fen = Morton, when
that does not mean great town = Granton.

Panmure (pen): hill on a moor, con. Pengelly, and =

DUNMl^RE.

" I saw our chief come o'er the hill
Wi' Drummond and Glengarry,
And through the pass came brave Lochiel,
Famnure, and gallant Murray.
Macdonald's men, Clanronald's men,
Mackenzie's men, Macgilvray's men,
0' Callendar, and Airley."

Ben: a hill, mountain (Mc)Bean : a hillsman, gives
(Mc)Vean, (Mc)Ve*y.

Pen : a hill, Pender : oak hills, Pinkerton (caer) : fortified
town on a hill.

(Mc)Sween is formed on Sweyn (Danish king), the
McSweens claim high northern descent.

(Mc)Gibbon is Sassenach in " the garb of old Gaul." We
have seen

Gilbert : pledged to fight in an ordeal, giving Gibbs, Gibb,
Gibbon : great Gilbert, in the garb of old Gaul it stands

MacGibbon = Gibson (Milner). We have also shown that
Geoch is Jock, so then

MacGeachy = Jackson. Nine Englishmen out of ten would
say

McOuAT as a form of McWat: son of Walter, Watty =
Watson, but that would be McQuat. McOuat is formed on

PATRONYMICS. 289

McHowiT, and Howit is = TuLLOCH : a little hill, probably
con. the Biblical Tell : a hill, as Tell-abib : hill of corn = Corn-
hill. Tel-el-Kebir : strong hill = Montfort. " Then I came
to them of the captivity at Tell-Ahib, that dwelt by the river
Chebar."

Howe (John), from which McOuat is formed : a hill = Fell,
whence Felton, when not from field —

Hilton = Craig : man living on a crag. Howe also =
Knowe, whence

Knolls, Knollys, Knowles, Knox, and Knee. From the
man Howe we have the patronymical diminutive Howie, like
Dix, Dixie. " I wish I was in Dixie" = Dixon, Dickson,—

" Gae briog my gude anld harp ance rnair,

Gae bring it free and fast ;
For I maun sing anither sang,

Ere a' my glee be past,
And trow ye as I sing, my lads.

The burden o't shall be,
Auld Scotland's Jiowes, and Scotland's hnowes,

And Scotland's hills for me !
I'll drink a cup to Scotland yet,

Wi' a' the honours three."

Adam takes the dim. Ennan (Adam eoghan) : little Adam,
giving

(Mc)Lennan (L phonetic), cor. to (Mc)Lennand, which
becomes Cleland (Burns).

(Mc)Grory is formed on (Mc)Rory, from Koderic. In like
manner

(Mc)Farland (N.Y. fame) is a form of McFarlane of
Pare AN, of Paul.

Zetland is by some given as a form of Shetland, by others
from Yet for Gate, and so land enclosed and entered only by a
gate, and yet others demand its being con. Zee for Sea, as
Zealand: sea land = Attica, Pontus, Pomerania : foreshcae
countries.

ToRQUlL, TORMAID (famous Scottish names) are formations
on our esteemed friend Thor. ToRMAlD is the Gaelic equi-
valent for

Norman : north man, whence Norval, Normandy, Norway :
way to the north.

ToRQUiL gives the Highland (Mc)Corckle, whence(Mc)CoEK-
indale. We have seen that the Gaels compared with tiie
Germans have few trade names of those.

(Mc)Creach: a ploughman = Plews.

An account of the awful results forth-flowing from High-
landers doffing their kilts comes from the United States, to
which one McLean had emigrated. By some unpatriotic freak
he dropped his lawful Mac, and put in his appearance on the

290 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

pages of the "Boston Directory" as bare Lean. His punish-
ment soon overtook him. A bookwright giving an account of
proper names exhibited him as Lean, the opposite of fat.

The Spa^n^ish and Portuguese Patronymic

is formed by az or ez affixed. The two are variations of the
tail of Filius : a son, as

Alvarez : son of Alva : pale, from Albis : white, answer-
ing to Vane for Bain.

Diaz (Bartholomew) : of Diego, for Jago, from James, and

SO = FlTZJAMES.

Perez (as in Perez de la Rua, who gave name to Peru) :
Peter = Pearson.

Enriquez: of Henry = Hendricks, from Hendry, for
Henry.

Gomez (C^-rlist general) : of Jo am, for John = Gamgee, Gange,
con. Gambetta, Jantjee, which consult.

Juarez (Mexican) : Juan, for John = our Johnson.

Lopez (Paraguayan dictator) : Lobos = Wolf, so that Lopez
= LuPSON. The commonest of all names amongst the Spanish
speaking race are Lopez and Diaz, like our Smith and Jones.

Mendez : Clement, which through Spanish love of the
sonorous o becomes Mendoza, —

" AnJ bow he had storm'd, and treated her ill,
Because she refused to go down to a mill,
She didn't know where, but remember'd still,
That the miller's name was Mendoza."

Melendez, however, means of the ^milian gens., Roman
descent.

Lainez (Jesuit general) : of Lane : last born.

Barthez (" History of Savans"): Bartholomew = MacFar-
lane.

Narvaez (premier) : of Nervius, which is also a j^t. mean-
ing son of Nerva. Italian and Spanish families affect deriva-
tion from Romans.

Vasquez : Gascon, Basque, whence Gasconade : a boast.
• Velasquez (painter) : Velasco. Dominiquez : Dominic,
" Desperdicios, or DomAniguez, the famous torreador, lies
dying, having been frightfully wounded by a bull in the
ring of Puerto de Santa Maria, in the presence of ten thousand
spectators."

Desperdicios : desperate (fellow) : a Madrid nickname, of
which Perdita may be termed a fern.

Valdez : son of Valens, who gave name to Valentia. The
d formative.

Ruiz : of Ru, from Roderisfo for Roderick.

PATRONYMICS. 291

CoBEZ : Jacobs our Jacobs, when s is patronyinical = Ben
Yacoub. In South America names in az or ez change to iz.
Though many names ending in az, ez, or iz are j)afe., yet some
so ending are the mere outcome of Spanish fondness for z,
whereby words ending in « or j; blend into z or ez without
patronymical force. Thus

JuEZ : for Judex : a judge = Dempster, Day: and the lady
name

Inez for Agnes ; as also Luz for Lux : light. So Cortez
(discovered California) for Cortes, our

Court: a courtier, well bred = Curtis: courteous, Townly :
town like.

Hoffman : court man. Hoff is identical with Haft', Have,
Haven = Hithe, Hyde: where ships hide from storm. Havre
de Grace: harbour of grace. FrischhatF: fresh water haven.
HofF: a temple, court, farm, harbour : these all have one
underlying sense, protection. Hoff gives

HovEY : a farmer, Hofrichter : court judge, a judicial
title. The Spanish patronymical sign was got by the
Spaniards from the Goths, previously to whose arrival they
used HiJO, from Filius : a son, a name to be numbered by
thousands, and maybe formulated as = Hopps, Ingo. Hence
we derive the grand title and well known name

Hidalgo (filius de al Goth) : son of the Goth. Filius gave
hijo and ez to the Peninsula, fitz to Normandy, v^fc/i to Russia,
ii to Hungary, figli and li to Italy, but nothing of that nature
to England, Lopez being like our Smith, Jones, Robinson, one
of that name termed himself.

Le Lubez : the Lopez, as the Irish have The O'Donaghue.

SuARius : a swine herd, gives Suarez (Jesuit author).

The Italian Patronymic

was sometimes formed by placing the name of a son before
that of a his father, as

Galileo Galilei : Galileo, the son of Galilei : a crusading-
name.

Galileo, con. Galilee, one distinguishing himself there =
our well known

Crosskey : who in the crusades carried the Papal standard,
Peter's two keys.

Speron Speroni : Speron, the son of Speroni. Speron :
hopeful, con. Nil desperandum.

Masatonio : Thomas, the son of Antony.

Giancarlo : John, son of Charles. This mode of expressing
filial relationship was adopted from the Greeks, who have a
class of names similarly formed, as

292 PEBSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Dion Cassius : Dion, son of Cassius. It is used in Muscovy, as

Paulina Petrowna : Pauline, daughter of Peter. And also

Paul-Petrowich : Paul, son of Peter. This is a more exact

expression, sonship, than ours, and so may be termed the

definite patronymic. Contrast it with

Wilson : son of Will, which ? If we said Tam Will :
Thomas, son of William, we should be more exact. Now, this
is done in the Yorkshire dales.

GlANFiGLlAZZi : John, the son of Azi. Then Azi : strong,
con. Ases. The French also form patronymics after this
pattern.

Bassompierre (marshal) : Bassom, the son of Peter, And
the original

Bassom : short, con. Base : the foundation, Bassi (Ugo), and
our

BissET : a dwarf = CuRCi : curt = Bass (ale), Short, Pettet,
Klein. Consult

Basvecchi, capable of meaning little old man = SEACHLAN.
Vecchi : old = AuLD, is in common use all through Italy.
But our

Veitch is from De Vesci (vetus civitas) : of the old town =
Oldham.

Robespierre : Robert, son of Peter. Italians often use <li
for de, as

Andreuccio di Pietro: Andreuccio, the son of Peter.
Andreuccio : little Andrew. Occasionally jilius, jigli ter-
minates a name, as

Macchiavelli : Michael's son = MAcMiCKiNG. Napoleon
said, " Macchiavel is the only author really worth reading."

Benedetto il Ferondi : Benedict (il for filius) son of
Ferondi.

Ferondi {con. /erocious) : stern = Severus, Suwarrow.
Filius forms yi in certain Spanish names, as

FiGUEROLA (senor) : son of GUEROLA : great warrior. Guerre:
war. Italy is given over to a passion for the sonorous o, as
Serb : a native of Servia, is formed into Servoni. So her
genius is illustrated in the last of these names: — Ecolampadius
(Greek) : house lamp, Hausschein (German) : house shine,
HousEGO (English) : house joy, Humbert (king), Umberto
(Italian) : house brightness : birth names. Coccapiella (con.
our cock : of a gun and Pello : I drive) is the Italian name
answering to Arcuballister : arrow thrower. Alabaster
(ballo).

Here it becomes me to acknowledge my indebtedness to
Padre Gavazzi, who, in 1858, gave me valuable information on
the patronymics of his charming Italian language.

PATRONYMICS. 293

The Russian Patronymic

is itch for a son, of, ef, or if for a grandson or descendant.
The latter is called a papponymic, similar to the Celtic O.
This of, ef, if iorms owna, ova, or ina for wife or daughter,
as the Celtic O forms ua: a daughter.

RoMANOViTCH JouRiFF : son of Romain, grandson of Joury.

JoURY, Jury: George. The name Iff: a grandson, one of
good descent = Atheling. Names in ski are generally local,
that meaning city, as

KoPiNSKi : the town of St. James, con. Jacob, Coppock.

Tobolsk: ski on the Tobol river. Okotsk : ski on the
Okota.

Peteropaulski : city of Peter and Paul, saints or czars.
Muscovites are as fond of ski as Spaniards of ez, and so use it
as verbal padding. Thus two Russian nobles took the names

Nevvsky and Sudanowsky, the former for Swedes on the
Neva, the latter for Turks on the south bank of the Danau,
Danube, con. Onderdonk.

Czarina: wife of the Czar. Klawina: daughter of
Nicholas.

Alex andrina (our. own) : daughter of Alexander. Kath-
AROWNA: of Catherine, one of the rare instances of a daughter
named from her mother.

IvANOWNA: daughter of John. Nicholaljewitch =
Nicholson.

Philippova (Nihilist leader) : daughter of Philip, nearly =
our Philippa (queen).

Paskievitch (prince of Poland) : born at passover time.

Langiewitz (patriotic Pole): son of Lange, the German
form of Long.

Stojanovits = Stevenson. Basilowitz, Vassilovitch :
son of a king =

Rajahputra, Fitzroy, Cree, Rene. Czarowitz: Czar's
son = the old Greek Cressidas.

Czar is not from Caesar, but from the ancient Sar : a
military prince, con. Sarai : princess.

Feodorovitch : of Theodorus = Dorokoff. " General
Dorokoff captured a whole regiment of Westphalians."

Romanoff (dynasty) : descended from Romain : son of
Rome.

Ivanoff = Johnson. Korniloff (admiral) : of Cornelius.

Mouravieff (prince) : of Moravian ancestry.

Menschikoff (Alma) : of little, less {con. Minus), given by
empress Katharine.

YoussuPOFF (diplomatist) : of Joseph. Orloff (count) : of
Orlow. Ignatieff (diplomatist) : of Ignatius.

294 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Orlow: an eagle = Aquila, Ninus, from whom Nineveh.

Trepoff (shot by Nihilist) : son of the steppe, a foundling.

ScoBELOFF (Plevna) : Jacob's son = FitzJames. Popoff
(admiral) : of a priest = MacPherson.

Melikoff (governor of St. Petersburg) : son of Meles, an
Armenian river, near which the original Melikoff dwelt.

Melikoff (Loris) answers closely, and yet by chance coin-
cidence, to

Melesigines : son of Meles, a river near Smyrna, which gave
Homer one of his poetic bye names, suggesting

NiLOGENES : son of the Nile, Moses. The name of the
father of epic poetry.

Homer : a hostage = Borrows, Borrowman : one borrowed
from the foe to be given back.

Arsniew : descended from a lion, con. Alp Arslan : the
lion. The Russians took it from the Turks, having the same
right to their names as to their lands, —

" Though led by Arsnieiv, that great son of slaughter."

Ojf becomes etu, and when needed jew.

Gregorjew : descended from Gregory. Apart from the
difficulty of deciphering Sclavonic words, we have to contend
with a difficulty hardly less when trying to identify familiar
names in a Muscovite uniform. Who but a Russian could see
Simson in

Sentsch, or Elizabeth in Elze, Abraham in Obrys, or the
classical Euphrosyne in Phrouzka ? It is is said that Russian
children do not speak Sclavonic till months later than those
born at the same time in sunny Hesperia can freely speak
Italian. That says something for the taste of babies seeing
light under the shadow of the Bear, —

" How shall I spell the name of each Cossaque
Who were immortal, coukl one tell their story ?
Alas I what to their memory can lack ?
Achilles' self was not more grim and gory
Than thousands of this new and polished nation,
Whose names want nothing — but pronunciation.

And Tschitsshakoff, and Roguennoff, Chokenoff,
And others of twelve consonants apiece
Ending with ' ischskin,' ' ousckin,' ' iffshcchy,' ' ouski,'
Of whom we can msert but Rousamouski."

Demidoff (prince) : descended from Demetrius.

DiERKOFF : descendant of Theodoric. Ladlslaus, Wladis-
LAW : glorious chief or ruler = Clearchus (retreating myriad).

Jaroslav (Crimean prince) : glorious George. Radoslav
(king of the Bosnians) : glorious Conrad.

PATRONYMICS. 29i

Petroslav : olorious Peter. Boleslaus, Bogoslav : the
glory of God. Certain of the above are obviously not patrony-
mical, yet connection justifies this grouping. Howbeit, we
will part company with our newly acquired friends by giving
a genuine pat. in oiu for o/f, viz. :

Suwarrow (crossed Alps) : son of Severus, a severe man.

The Modern Greek Patronymic
assumes the forms pulos, oula, as in the names

NicoLOPULOS : son of Nicholas = CoLLiNGS. Stasoula : of
Anastasius.

Karageorgeopulos : son of Black George: Pappadopulos:
of a priest = PoPOFF : of a father.

Theophilopoula : of Theophilus. And, strange to add,

Christopulos (Otho's premier) : son of Christ = Christie.

Christos: our Christ, is common in the Athens of 1883, and
is often given to brigands and other pests of civilisation.

The German, Dutch, Swedish, and Lapland Patronymics.

are sohn, sen, sen, son, zoon and dotter, as

Mendelssohn (musical composer): son of Mendel, for
Clement = Mendez, whence Mendoza.

Heinzen : of John = Van Hahn, Anson, Johnson, con.
Heyne.

Harpertzoon: of Harper. Claussen, Kolsen: of Nicholas
= CouLSON. Tonsen : of Antony.

HuESSEN: of Hugh. Deitrichessen (almanack): of Theo-
doric.

Thorwaldsen : of Thorwald: ivklder of Thor's hammer,
powerful.

Larsdotter : son of Lars, and Lars, a form of Lawrence.
" Christina Catharina Larsdotter, the Lapland giantess, stands
seven feet two inches, was born at Brennas. Her parents are
of diminutive stature, not exceeding four feet in height." No
terror should be exhibited at a girl being called

Larsdotter : son of Lars, as no Laplander would be terrified
at hearing of Mary Wilson. Dotter means offspring, con.
DoDDS, without respect of sex, then it is limited to a son,
although philologically identical with

Thugater (giving Thyatira, so called in honour of a royal
daughter being born), and Daughter.

Hansdotter is the Laplandic for Johnson, Dotter gives

Tot, the pet name for a little girl. Hertzen (Alexander) =
MacArthur.

Dirk Willemzoon : Theodoric Williamson. " Amongst the

PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

persecuted people was a poor protesfcant named Birk Willem-
zoon, who was condemned to death by the Bh^od Council."

ZoON, by itself, is common among the northern nations =
our

Kyd, Young (which does not mean juvenile but first born
son) =

Hiji, Hopps, Ingo, Juvenal, Idas, Maggot, etc.
Brodersen: brother's son, like his uncle = Nepos (Cornelius).

The Lithuanian Patronymic.

Those ancient people, the Lithuanians, though rapidly losing
their characteristics in the absorbing militarian action of
Russia, liad a language and literature all their own. Their
patronymic, still used, the monument of a lost nationality, is
a it is, ait, or at, used as an affix thus : —

Adomaitis: son of Adam = B ADAMS. Jokubaitis: Jacob =
Cobbet.

Tammasait: Thomas = MacOmish. Jurgaitis: of George =
Jorgez and Jouresex.

Obrigakat: Abraham = Tabraham. These suffice to illus-
trate the truth that names looking horridly strange are only
foreign modification of household words, as Negroes, Chinese,
and Lapps, are but variations of Adam : man.

The Hindostanee Patronymic
is putra added as an affix, as

Brahmaputra (river god): son of Bram, Brahma = Tiberius:
son of Tiber, con. Tobermory.

Ra.iaputra : king's son = Tyrannion : of Tyrannus : a king.

ViSHNAPUTRA (very common) : of Vishnu, of the Hindoo
Tri-mutri.

Indraputra: of Indra, mythically applied to Delhi. Indra,
the god of heaven, the Indian Jove. The Maharatta's use
jee, as

Shahjee : king's son = Machree, Regan, Price, Fitzroy.

SiVAJEE (founder of*»Maharatta confederation) : of the god
Siva.

Siva : destroyer = Apollyon, Agag, Beor. Add to these

Jamsetjee (well known Bombay merchant) : son of a man
named Jamset as Gamgee (prof essor) = Jantjee.

The Chinese Patronymic

is tse or se used as an affix, as in the name of the Chinese
Socrates,

KuNG-FUT-SE : Kung, the son of Fo, for Buddha, whence
Confucius.

PATRONYMICS. 297

BuDDHA: wise, giving Botan for Buddha Stan: country of Fo.

Tao-tse : son of the sickle, applied to a farmer, answers
surprisingly to CuRRAN.

HoANG-TSE : son of Augustus, Hoang being the Chinese for it.

Yang-tse-Kiang : river, son of the ocean, very large river.

The majority of Chinese personal names are drawn from a
sacred poem written by the emperor Tao, which does not con-
tain more than 408 choice names, but by permutation they
suffice the vast population of Sinim. The popular Christian
names in Britain are not more than 20, while those for women
are even fewer, but these would allow of every human being
bearing a* different appellation. We have seen how unrecog-
nisable the Cossacks made well known names, but the pigtail
man exceeds the worst Muscovite in such baseness. Who
would identify Jeremiah in Pekin where he is called Jale-
MEIOHANG ? This is no translation, merely a pure (?) transfer.
Sinalogues (learned in Chinese) surely suffer occasional puzzle-
ment ! Our commonest name is Smith, of those in the flowery
Empire, Chang = Rivers, Stromier, Ribas, in the sense of
living in or near a stream. On that great river, the river St.
Lawrence, notable for its rapids, the most noteworthy is La
Chine : the Chinese. The early navigators thought that was
the way to China, as Columbus thought India could be reached
by sailing west. When passing along the streets of Montreal,
in 1880, I saw a laundry, the sign of which was Sing Long.
My name being Long, I entered and parleyed with a Mongolian
featured man, having eyes like button holes cut upside down,
and a skin coloured like cod liver oil. He was washing a shirt
in a basin a few sizes larger than what we use for sugar. I
was anxious to learn something of my name in Chinese. Alas 1
the man seemed a negative quantity, knowing, apparently, a
trifle less than nothing. I walked away in disgust, and the
impression made by the circumstances gradually began to fade.
Three months after I was strolling down a street in New York
when I saw on a sign board " Sing Long, Chinese Laundry."
Of course, the impression made at Montreal was deepened, and
I was doubly puzzled. Howbeit, that was little to this: — The
next day, while passing through a street in Brooklyn another
Chinese laundry thrust itself upon my notice, this time kept
by one Sam Long. Now, as my late father was named
Samuel Long, and fifty years before I had heard familiar
friends call him Sam Long, my surprise was inexpressible.
Flesh and blood could endure no more. Learning that not far
from Dr. Talmage's Tabernacle was the Brooklyn Young Men's
Christian Association, whereat was held a Chinese Sunday
school, I made therefor. One part of the instruction was in
Cantonese, the other in English. When hearing the grotes que
20

298 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

sons of the Flowery Land sing- our hymns, and seeing them
chalk on the black board portions of our holy faith, 1 was
forcibly reminded of Isa. xlix. 12, " Behold these shall come
from far: and, look, these from the land of Sinim :" the Sinoe,
which gives Sindon : fine linen, the product of Chinese looms,
as Calico from Calcutta, the work of the Indian weaver. Rev.
xviii. 12. I seemed to hear One saying, " This day is this
scripture fulfilled in your ears." At the close of the address I
spoke to the sinalogue and learned, " What you took for names
were mere signs posted there partly as horse-shoes are nailed
over doors to keep away witches." As the Greeks and
Romans concealed city names, in fact, gave them two names,
one true and secret, the other sham and popular, lest enemies
should get hold of its designation, and by incantations bring
calamities upon the city, so these Chinese hide their names.
When Balak desired Balaam to curse God's people, he gave
their precise name, or else the sorcerer would have had nothing
to work upon : " Come, curse me Jacob, and come, defy Israel."
Though he had that material he goes to work with this
result : " Surely no enchantment against Jacob, neither any
divination against Israel." In China, Long : fortunate,
-successful, lucky. SiXG Long : much luck, elliptical for " I
hope I shall have much luck." Sam Long: great success (I
hope to have). So Rev. ii. 17, " I will give him a new name
written, which no man hnoweth saving he that receiveth it,"
i.e.. No one shall hurt him, and he shall prosper. I then saw
that Sing Long of Montreal had deceived H. A. Long of
Glasgow. He was no negative quantity. I was. Neverthe-
less, as I had learned something of the Chinese customs in
spite of China men, in gratitude I sent my linen to a Chinese
laundryman, who passed it through his bason, sending it home
like a snow drift, accompanied b}^ semi-invisible paper covered
with tea-chest oddities, b}^ which two dollars fifty cents, was
laid to my charge. As we have seen, Charm is the root of
Harm, whence Harmer : a wizard, a drew, a magus.

The Latin Patronymic

is ilius, originally idius, from the Greek idas. Thus

HosTiLius : son of Hostis, originally written Hostidius.

HosTis : a stranger, ger, alien = Xeno, Agur, Lestrange,
Gall, Balaam, L'Hoste.

HosTiLius: son of a stranger, exactly = Gallyon, Gallagher.

POMPILIUS (for Pompidius) : of Pompey. PoPiLlUS : of the
people, becomes

PuBLius. IciLius (Icidius) : equal son (to his father in
fame) =

PATRONYMICS. 299

Patrobas. " Icilius her lover boldly opposed the decrees,
and obliged Claudius," etc.

Manlius (Manilius, Manidius): son of the morning, morning
born, suggesting

Phosphorus : Lucifer : light bringer. Spurius : of Spura.

Spura : a sower, con. spores. Aquilius : of an eagle, swift
footed. In later times, enus, inus, anus, ianus, onius pre-
vailed, probably finding an origin in the Greek patronymical
sign uion, uios, on. Thus we have Labienus, Rufinus, Te-
banus, Hadrianus, Vipsianus, Sidonius, etc.

Labienus (Titus): son of Labeo. Labko: thick lipped,
slow speaker = Chilo, con. Achilles.

Hadrianus : of Adrian, from Ater : black (soil) = Swart-
ZERD. Hence Adriatic : sea of Adria (n) and Adrianople :
Hadrian's city. Of the above patronymical signs, ianus per-
tains to adoption, as

Emilianus : the adopted son of ^milian ; Sejanus : Sejii.

Seji : sower = Spura, early agricultural names. When
ianus applied to daughters it became iana, as

PuDENTiANA (St.) : adopted daughter of Pudens. And

PuDENS : shame faced, modest. But the usual patronymic
form for daughter was eja, as

CiCEREJA: Cicero's daughter. Parallel with Celtic ni, nic, as

Caitrin NIC Seain : Catherine, daughter of John, and the
well known

Maible ni Neill : Mable, daughter of Neil. Of course the
Highland form is the more definite, but both forms are
obsolete.

Mable: merry, joyous, Mab like = LETiTiA, whence Lettice.
We owe the word name to the Latins, it being a form of
nomen, for notamen, from Noto : I mark, denote, from Nosco:
I know, recogmse. The Romans said, — " Nomen et omen : " a
name is a sign, ominous. With Roman names were not only
to be won, but, in later years, told of gens (clan), or familict,
a subdivision of gens. Familiar means of the same family.
Defective names argued ignoble descent. Gentleman : man
of gens, noble origin. Cicero complained that he was only
known through himself, i.e., his name was not famous until
he made it so. When children were named, a feast was
observed called nominalia, kept on the eighth day after birth,
if a female, but the ninth day when a male. After single
names fell into disuse a second name was added, which,
ceasing to satisfy, a third was appropriated, and, in some cases,
a fourth, termed Agnomen : to the name. Those of later
periods are divided under three heads.

Praenomen : fore name, answering to our Christian name.

Nomen : the name, indicating descent, or place of birth.

300 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Cognomen : with the name, added through a family being
distinguished. Thus

Marcus Junius Brutus. Marcus is the prainonien, like our
Mark, and means polished, urbane,

Junius, the nomen, describes his age, juniority.

Brutus, the cognomen, intimates he was of the gens Brutii.

Brutus : a fugitive slave = Phyg-ellus (con. Fugio : I flee),
was descriptive of the original applying to Marcus Junius
genealogically. His name, stripped of appendages, was Junius.
No pei-son can have more than one name save by a figure.
Our Prince of Wales is named Edward Albert Guelph. If
crowned, he would be Edward VII. His name is one, Guelph :
Wolf. The possession of three names was the sole privilege
of free Romans. Thus: " Habet tria nomina:" he has three
names, came to signify he is a free citizen. Such names were
to dwellers on the Tiber what long names were to dwellers on
the Ilissus in the age of Pericles, and what two names were
on the banks of the Thames in the reign of King Richard.
No slave dare have a prasnomen, so that its absence was fatal
to a man's admission into good society. Hence the force of
the line —

" Gauclent prtenoraiue mollis auriculae : "

delicate ears love the prsenomen. Much of this ceased after
A.D. 212, when Caracalla enfranchised most of the Roman
provinces, upon which myriads of the one named at once
availed themselves of the ability to take as many names as
fancy dictated, to the confusion of society of the time being.

The Greek Patronymics

is idas, modified to ida, ides, id, i, od. Also, but not so widely
spread through classic Greek, we have ion, on, one, and an
(like the Celtic an, from eoghan) from Uios : a son. Like-
wise genes and goni, formations on Geno : I beget. To idas
we owe ite, so familiar in such words as

Ammonite : a descendant of Amnion. A Celt would say
O'Ammon or MacAmmon; the Russians would have Ammonotf;
Hebrews would say Ammoni, like Gibeoni: a Gibeonite. The
following is a selection of best known examples of its use.

Aristides : son of Ariston = Betson : son of Best.

Aristos : most like Ares, Mars. Best for beatest, who
beats all, con. Aristogiton : best neighbour = Neighbour.

SiRACHiDES (Jesus) : son of Sirach.

AscELPlADES (Bythinian physician): of Esculapius, figurative
for a clever medical man.

Basilides (father of Herodotus) — Tyranion (Csesar's

PATRONYMICS. 301

friend) : son of a king, of royal descent = Ahimelech,
Machree.

Crcesus (king) : a governor, Cressidas : son of a king,
Cressida : royal daughter = Rene,

Pylades (and Orestes): of Pyleus, Pyleus: son of Pyle, and

Pvle: a gate, having charge of city gate = our Southgate,
con. Pylorus : gate keeper, Hecatompylaj : hundred gates,
Thebes, Thermopylne : gate of hot springs.

Pelopidas: of Pelops. Pelops: dark face = Duff, Swartz.

Epamixondas (" who at Leuctra bled ") : of Epamnon.

Epamnon: a defender = Hector, Weir, Ware, Bailey.

Leonidas : of Leon. Leon : a lion. The rqyal beast was
common in Greece up to the time of the Persian invasion,

Lycidas : son of Luke. Herod (the Idumean) for Heroidas,
Herodias : son of a hero.

Herodias for Herodiah, like Elias for Elijah, is its/e>?2, form,

ToLMiDES : descendants of Ptolemy, here dynastic as

HeraclidE: of Hercules. Epigoni: sons of the seven (epta)
who came from the siege of Troy.

Theogonls : begotten of a god, Polygonus : one of many
children.

Telegoxus: last born^^LAXE, Imogen, con. Telephone.

Erigoxe (the constellation of Virgo) : Eris (strife) born,
born at the time of battle, op. of Shallum, Irene: time of peace.

EuMENiDES : daughters of Eumenes and Eumenes : of a
good mind, genial — a propitiatory name applied to the Furies
through fear of them. Some say daughters of memory, remorse.

SiMONiDES (poet) : of Simon. Simon, from Semi : half,
half nosed, simioe like.

Hesperides : daughters of the west = Atlantiades, con.

Nereides : daughters of Nereus. Nereus : sparkling sea,
phosphorescent waves.

Hyperides : of Hyperion. Hyperion (uper, super) : of
above, the sun.

Sarronide : of Sarron fa Celtic king, the Solomon of his
age), applied to a philosopher. But

Saroxidas: son of an oak, robust = Bexhail, Darroch,
Echius.

Sarony : an oak = EcK, or Eyck. Oak from Eke: to grow.
Eke out: to prolong.

Meoxides (Homer) : son or Meonia, Asia Minor, whence
Meander : Meonian river. One of the few^ cases where a
country gives name to a river as Indus from India.

Melesigixes (Homer): of Meles, a river near Smyrna =
Melikoff,

Hyades (stars so called) : daughters of rain, bring wet
weather, con. Hudor : water, whence Sudor : sweat, i.e., wet.

302 FEB SON AL AND FAMILY NAMES.

Triones: three daup^liters. Ahcturus : son of the bear, —

" Hie oanit errantem Lunam, Solisque labores ;
Untie hominum genus, et pecudes ; unde imber, et iprtes :
Arcturuui, pluviasque Hyades, geminosque Triones."

Theosebius : of Theosebes. Theosebes : worshipper of
God in opposition to polytheism = Gotobed, Gotobedde.

EusEBius (historian): good worshipper, devotee = Godfrey.

AcTEON (and dogs) : of sea shore, dweller on, con. Attica :
coast line = Costa (Rica: rich): coast. Costigax : young
Costa.

Euripides (tragedy) : of Euiipus, born near it. Aristotle
is said to have drowned himself therein because he could not
discover reason for its ebb and flow. Now called Negropont :
black bridge, from one connecting island with mainland.

Marcion (heresiarch) : of Mark = MARCELLUS.

C^SARION (child of Cleopatra by) : of C^SAR. MiLTO :
beautiful, gives

MiLTiADES (Cimon's son) : of Milto. Marsyas (flayed) : son
of Mars = ARius (Arianism) of Ares.

Palladius : of Pallas. EuCLiD (of Megara) : of Eucleos.

EucLEOS : good glory, famous = Marr, Bright, Shem.

Apollos (" may plant") : of Apollo, eloquent. Apollyox :
of Apollo, destroyer, slaying like sunstroke.

Hormisdas (pope) : of the god Ormuzd, the antagonist of
Arimanes.

Diogexes (tub): god begotten, of divine ancestry = Theo-
GONis. ^OLAS : variegated, tatooed, a warrior, con. j^olus
(king of winds) : variable, as the winds are.

AiOLiD : soldier bred = Herring, Herod, Wickliffe.

AsTERiON : of a star. Alexius : of Alexis. Alexis : a
helper, con. elixir.

ASCANIUS (puer) : of the old stock, of iEsc: the ash, the Asir
Adam. Su: bear hunter, for Suagros, con. Ursa: grunter,
gives

Suidas (grammatist) : son of Su, or son of the bearhunter.

Lapide (Cornelius a) : of James == our Jamiesox.

Rasselas (Johnson) : of an apostle, walker in the true
faith = De Foe and De Santos.

When the 7>a^. is /em. it softens from ulos to eis, on becomes
one, while genes become (jenia, and idas forms ida.

Chryseis : daughter of Chryses, while Chryses : golden
haired = Flavius.

Bryseis : daughter of Bryses, and Bryses : strong, athletic.

Pyrois (one of the mares of the sun) : daughter of fire,
swift as lightning.

DiONE (mother of Venus) : divine daughter = Bethulia.

PATRONYMICS. 30.^

Hermione (wife of Cadmus) : daughter of Mercury = Her-

MOGENES.

Themisto (t formative) : daughter of Themis, and Themis :
right, justice.

Themistocles : glory of Themis, Ouida : no one's daughter,
orphanee. On passes into the gentile yat. ian, as Arabia?!,
Wallach?'a7i; also into ine, as Philisti7ie.

Endymion (enthymion, from Thumis : animus, mens) : son
of mind, intellectual —originally applied to an observer of
heavenly bodies, like son of harmony for a musician. This
j)at. form uios, us, an enables us to analyse names which else
might seem uncompounded. Thus

Tyrann-os is from Turra, Turris : a tower, from Terra :
earth, an earth-work., giving

TuRANN : son of a tower, its governor; now he who governed
it was called its king, in keeping with what children say, " I'm
king of the castle," hence we have

Tyrannos : royal, kingly bred, castle born, ultimately giving
Tyrant. So

Duncan: head of the fort = TiERNY (in which t, r, n are
identical with consonants in Turann): castle king, earth work
lord = Kenealy, con., Healy : a rampart or rath.

TiGHEARNA : son of a king or lord. Thus from Domus : a
house, we derive

DoMiNUS : a house lord. So Kir : a wall, a walled city,
giving Carthage, gives

KuRios: son of the city, its governor = AsTYANAX : king of
the city, con. Senex.

Cyrus : city king, is a form of Kurios. So the name of the
Cilician

Oppian : not son of Ops, nor yet earth born, i.e., autoch-
thonal, but son of earth work builder, tower maker = Tyrannos
TiGHEARNA, DoMiNUS (domus inos), Kurios, Cyrus, and
Oppian may all be viewed as ^^((^s., similar to

O'Brian : son of the great house, castle, palace : all being like

Porphyrogenetus : palace born. There can be no doubt the
Latin

Terence and the Iri.sh Terence are identical, and not by
chance, but identity of origin, each signifying a tower lord,
the raiser of an earth work, and ~

Carey, when not from Carus : dear. Castles were the foci
of civilization from Greece to Ireland.

Purgos : a tower, con. Pergamos, whence jxirchment is from
Ge : earth. Burglar was one who dug through a dried mud
wall. The g in Purgos, Geometry, and Burglar, is the same.

Onion (Alexandrian temple) : son of On : the sun, divinely
born = Diogenes and Dioscorides.

304 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

The Hebrew Patronymic

proper is ben from Eben : a stone, from Banah : to build.
Sons build families as stones do houses. When John said,
"God, is able of these stones to raise up sons unto Abraham,"
probably he meant such act was as easy to God as it was for a
scribe to make ehen, by omitting the tittle, into ben. The
Jews adopted Bar : a son, from the Babylonians. The Chaldees
used Bar in the sense of lofty, elevated, superior, which was
primarily applied to an eminence, and is identical with our
Barr, as

Barskimming : the hill at the bend of the river. Hence
Skimming, whence M'Skimmixg. Barrhead = Hillhead. It
was first said of eminent places and then of eminent persons,
in contrast with captives, slaves, and servants : " Kiss the
Bar lest He be angry," i.e., obey Him who is the Lofty One,
the Uplifted.

Naib : a prophet, a seer, gives Nebo : the god whose oracles
told futurity. The god was worshipped on Mount Nebo.

Barnaib : son of a prophet, whence Barnabas : of consola-
tion, as a good son is a great consolation =

SciPio : a staff (to his father), con. Sceptre : leant upon,
patriarchal staff. Thence our Barnaby (Rudge) and Barnardo
(cardinal), and Bernardo (orphans), if not from Bernard.

Rudge: a hill, con. rig, ridge = Barr : one dwelling on a
hill = Hills. But Longridge: big farm.

Barzillai : of Zillai, and Zillai : blacksmith. Zillai : iron,
the sounding metal. This is the first use of iron in the Bible,
" Which took a wife of Barzillai^ the Gileadite."

Barkos (nethinim) : son after his father = Barabbas : of his
father = IciLius, Patrobas, Papias. "Now Barabbas was a
robber." Assumes form of Barkas.

Bar Jesus: of Joshua (Jehovah Hosea). Berosus (historian):
of Hosea, and Hosea : saviour = Soter, Hafiz, as

Hafiz-Allah = Joshua : saviour of Jehovah. Calmet says.
Diet. p. 152,

Bar-Jona, should be Bar Johanna: son of John = Van
Hahn and Gamgee, usually given

Bar-Jona : of Jonah. As Jonah : a dove, and Livy : a
dove = ToRTOLA (tur, tur), Tovey (from dove), we cannot be
far wrong by saying that literally Barjona = Livius.

Bartholomew : of Tolmai, gives Bartlemy : born Aug.
24th, at St. Bartholomew's mass, Bartlemy Fair. Bartlett,
Batt, Bates (when not boatman). Batty (equestrian), Barth
(African explorer), Bartle (Sir), Barletta, Badcock, accord-
ing to some authors it corrupts in Spain to Balthazar (wise-
man). Bauthez: son of Baitholomew.

PATRONYMICS. 305

ToLMAi : a furrow, tall as = Longfellow, Aulay.

Bartimeus: of Tiraeus. Timeus: honourable = Timon (of
Athens), TiTUS, which some make into Tate, whence

Tatius = Tatlock : little Tate, or son of Titus, which differ
little from Bartimeus. But the Spanish

Tato: the tacit, silent = Tacitus, Mudo, Mudie, Moodie,
Still. About the time Israel was waiting her Messiah, an
impostor arose, calling himself

Barchocab : son of a star = Asterion. " There shall come
a star out of Jacob." Facts falsifying his promises, he was
called

Barcosba : son of a lie, con. CosBi (slain by dart) : ensnarer,
deceiver, not greatly differing from the better known

Rebecca: a snare, a fascinating woman = Spooner, Pack,
Thug, and Dolon.

Barsabas (Joseph) : seventh son, as Bathsheba : seventh
daughter. The use of the Ohaldee ]Jat. bar is but a paren-
thesis in Hebrew onamatology. Their hen was used long
before it, and is now in use after bay' has become obsolete.
That hen was used early is plain from

Ben-ammi : son of my people = Ammon : my people, as also

Reuben : see ! a son. Benjamin : son of my right hand,
Benoni : son of my sorrow. That it is still in use is manifest
from the following modern names.

Bolivar (gave name to Bolivia), for Ben Oliver = Olivarez.

Badams is Ben Adam = MacAdam, whence Macadamise : to
pave after his recipe. Odams is a form of Adams forming
Ody : little Adams. The Jews call those of their blood born
in Egypt

Beni Masr : sons of Mizraim. Beni for benim. Hence i, a
gentile pat, as

Beni Shem : children of Syria, Beni Franza : sons of
France, applied by Turkish Jews to all western foreigners.
Let us get back to our Bible, where we have

Benhail: son of strength, strong born, about = Meikle-
WEAN : big baby, as

Meiklehead : much head = Testa, Meiklereid : great
man of the Reid's. " In the third year of Jehosaphat's reign,
he sent to his princes, even to Benhail."

Benhanan : son of compassion, pitiful, con. Ananus, whom
John calls, xviii. 13, Annas : gracious, merciful.

ZoHETH : (who is) taken away, born when parents changed
residence.

Ben-zoheth : son of removal, who emigrates against
parental advice. " The sons of IsHi were Zoheth and Ben-
zoheth."

306 PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

IsHi (from Ish: a man) for Ishim : men = to many men =
Periander, Mann us.

Bene-barak : sons of lightning, whose spears and swords
flash and glitter. They were Danites. Dagger is from Dag :
day, because it Hashes like day light, Barak (and Deborah) :
lightnings Llewellyn.

Boanerges : thunder bolts (James and John). We meet
with

Ben-Geber: son of the strong, exactly = the Saxon Whiting.
Certain Hebrew names intimate relationship to God as father,
•SO)?, daughter, brother. Those of the first are professions of
faith and claims to sonship that surprise us the more they are
studied. Nowhere in the Old Testament are men invited so
to do, nor is permission to do so even intimated. The others
seem to intimate holiness, godliness, as

Ahimelech: king's brother, i.e., kingly, magnificent =
Regulus, Royle, Ryle, Cortereal {con. cort, curt, roy), fine
fellows all.

Eliah : God my father— Abiel. " Kish the son of Ahiel."

Joab : Jehovah father = Abijah. " Joab, son of Zeruiah."

Bariah : son of Jehovah = Benahiah. " Benahiah, son of
Jehoidah.

Bethuel : daughter of God, a pure person = BiTHiAH : of
Jehovah. " These are the sons of Bithiah, the daughter of
Pharaoh." She being of Egypt, her husband, Mered, is sup-
posed to have dropt her Coptic designation and called her
thus, signifying she was to be a pure worshipper of Jehovah.

Ahiah : brother of Jehovah, his servant = JoAH. " Joah, the
son of Asaph, the recorder." Bold strange names, any of which
I should be unwilling to bear.

Abital (David's wife) : (whose) father (is as) dew ; he gave
one who refreshed, consoled.

Ben - Joseph corresponds to the latinised Greek form
Josephus (uios) : son of Joseph.

:;:"':;: Some onlj of the above are patrouymical, but all are given as
illustrations of our main subject.

( 307 )

SUPERADDENDA.

WiNDTHORST (opposition) : winding wood, allied by original
position to the following queer folk, viz. : Question, Quiddy,
Quilt, Quittacus ; wood dwellers all, con. With, Wid, Quid :
a wood. Tartuffe : a truffle eater, living luxuriously, and
yet pulling a long visage. Tithonus : narrow chested like a
locust, the oj). of Petiox and = Agabus. Martyr (Justin) : one
who witnessed for the truth by blood. Marble: worker in.
Marvel (Andrew). Tanz is a form of Athanasius (creed):
deathless == Ambroise, formed on Ambrose : not mortal.
PouLiN (current French Canadian) : a foal, con. palfrey and
= Colt (revolver): wild a wee. Pangborn (pen burn): brook
head = Pengelly, Kinglass. Ariel : aery, fairy like. Gossip
(chess): God sib: related through God by baptism, a godfather.
As people focussing the baby babble somewhat, Gossip became
a verb, gossip: to chatter inanities about neighbours. Amongst
the few biblical trade names is Heresh: a carpenter ("Heresh
and Galal"). Ullathorne : a settler among elm trees and
thorn bushes = Brackenbury.

Gau (Nubia), Hebrew for a stranger. Xenos, Greek, whence
Euxine: good (safe) for strangers, Hostis, L'Hoste = Gau,
HosPiTALis : stranger receiver = Prendergast and Liebgast,
answers to the Scoto English Frame : frae far, co7i., from a
distance. Punch : tunbodied = Punshox, Pansa, Wamba,
MiCKLEWAiM, Hogarth, which consult. Bohn (s library):
bean planter = Cyamitas, giving the grotesque Bones, Bone.
ZuKERTORT (lit., sugav tart): a pastry baker = Mazarix.
Tanhauser: pine wood dweller = Tanguye. Strombi (Gui-
seppe) : trumpet- voiced = Trumpf, Trump (uncon., trump at
card.s) =^ Belcher. Stromboli: mountain making a rumbling-
noise like a trumpet. Osteravald (commentator) answers to
our Eastwood. Probably twenty per cent, of all known names
are corrupted thrice, twice or once, generally through the igno-
rance of the corrupter as to the form or meaning of the name
subjected to violence. It is usually done on the principle of
the Irish preacher's, " Putting what sinse he could into this
text." Thus Snaefell : snow hill, where snow remained the
year round was tortured into Snowball, and the Spanish

308 SUPERADDENDA.

HiJO, from Filius: son, was disguised into Igo, which feu-
would think meant a son, but turns up unexpectedly in Jo.
"John Anderson, my jo," loved like a son.

IxGO : a son, Mar : glorious, Ingomar : glorious son, cor. to

IXKHAMMER.

BoDKix (bodykin): a dwarf = Curtin: short. Crooks
(in some cases), Crockett: crooked = Bossue : humped. The
German is rich in birth names, amongst the most beautiful of
which is MoRGANSTERN: morning star, born at the appearance
of = Gad, Yergilius. When Morgan is not Cambrian, in
which it signifies a mariner, it is German, and means morning
horn = Manius. Amongst Boston names I find ZoucH : the
stock of a notable tree = BuMM, Attree. A writer of that
learned city gives in his voluminous work on names, Fevre,
as a case of personal names derived from diseases ! Of
course, a form of Le Fevre. Coyle : a wood, gives Kelly.
Albuql^erque : white oak. Ahaziah : held (of) Jehovah,
Heb. ii. 16. Axdromedus : commander of men, great general,
con. Alcaxder : strong man. Ardmillax : bald mountain =
Moxtcalm. Lewis shades ofi' into (Mc) Leish.

Murray is formed on Moray (shire), said to obtain its name
from Moravian settlers.

Beer is formed on Bauer: a boor. Cadi, Kadi: a judge,
fern., Cadijali. Kadijah (Mahomet's wife) = Hypatia, Con-
suelia. Brigham (Young) = Bridgeton, Poxt, which see.
Episcopus (con. microscope): overseer = Bishop, gives Epis-
copius (lit): son of a bishop. Conceit is a form of Coxcetta.
Blackmoxster (minister) : living in a Dominican house.
PuFFEXDORF = Pkestox : priest's town. Budge (Montreal,
Y.M.C.A.) for Bodger: Cooper gives dim. Budgett. Sedigitus:
born with six fingers. Yoss, Yocius, Foss, con. Fox : crafty
and cruel. AURELIUS : golden - haired, giving AURELIA =
FuLViA. Pamphilox (con. Dupanloup, FouLts) = our Pencoit,
Woodhead. Sabbadini (Irridentist) : learned = Sage, and
con. sapio, savoir. Sabellius (Sabellian) : one of the Sabelli :
aborigines of Italy, and who, with the Sabines, are supposed
to have been named in connection with star worship, con.
Sab : an army, sabaism, Sabaoth.

INDEX

OF NAMES, TITLES, OE DESIGNATIONS.

Page

Page

Page

Aaron

...14,25

Abraham ...

52, 445

Adjai ...

284

Aasbiorn

... 173

Abram

... 52

Adier ...

... 41, 270

Ab

... 99

Abu YsLya ...

... 94

Admiral

... 53, 261

Abba ... 29

, 71, 252

Absalom

... 52

Adomaitis

296

Abbadon

64, 185

Abu Bekir ...

... 99

Adonai...

77

Abbema

... 52

Abu Fudle Allah 99

Adonia...

77

Abbess

... 81

Abu Horeira

... 99

Adonijah

... 53, 192

Abbot

... 252

Abul Feda ...

... 99

Adoniram

54

Abb(s)

... 102

Abu Suleyman

... 99

Adonis

... 144, 189

Abdallah ...

... 260

Ace ... 36

130, 153

Adrammelech ... 60

Abdi

... 260

Ach

... 127

Adrastus

28

Abdeel

... 260

Achates

... 16

Adrian

... 29, 299

Abdiel

... 260

Achau,

190, 207

Ady ...

... 111,273

Abdolonymus

... 260

Achar

... 207

^Egeade

209

Abdalrahman

... 260

Achbor

...87,97

^Egeus ...

209

Abdastartus

... 260

Achaius

... 225

Jj]gidius

224

Abdal Issu ...

... 262

Achenback ...

... 146

/Egon ...

209

Abdou

64, 261

Achilles

92, 188

aElfreding

269

Abdul Aziz ...

... 260

Achsah

... 112

/Emilius

59, 102, 233

Abdul Kadir

... 260

Acker mau ...

... 232

^Eneas...

...54,83,108

Abdul Medjid

14, 245

Ackmau

... 121

^olas ...

... 103, 302

A'Becket ...

... 120

Acres

... 232

^Eolus ...

... 188, 302

Abednego ...

... 260

Acteon

... 302

iEsc ...

... 174, 179

Abel

...27,81

Acton

... 127

^Eschines

42

Abelard

... 251

Acutus

... 39

^Eschylus

... 42, 192

Abeubrod ...

... 81

Acwith

... 127

.Ecingas

... 121, 179

Abeudroth ...

... 81

Acworth

... 127

iEsop ...

33, 64, 160

Abercromby

... 142

Ad

... 77

^tion ...

201

Abernethy ...

... 172

Adair

127, 223

Afer ...

... 33, 159

Abi

... 252

Adah

... 67

Africander

33

Abiah

... 52

Adalbert ...

... 37

Africaner

... 33, 159

Abiabal

... 52

Adam ... 27,

107, 254

Africanus

... 33, 159

Abialbon

... 28

Adamina ...

... 100

Afflick ...

83, 102, 148

Abiasapli ...

... 256

Adamnan ...

... 279

Affleck...

... 102, 148

Abiathar

... 52

Adcock

... 173

A<'abus

... 87, 307

Abiel 28

52, 306

Addenbrook

... 120 Agag ...

15, 261, 290

Abiezer

... 165

Addie

... 107 Agamemnon ... 41

Abigail

... 52

Addison

... 271 Agandice

110

Abihud

...52,54

Adean

... 144 Agapetus

40

Abijah

51, 306

Adela

... 102 Agasthenes

28

Abijam... ..

... 249

Adelaide ...

... 102

Agatha...

... 42, 102

Abimelech ...

..52,60 Adelgar

... 215

Agatho...

42

Abiuidab

... 52

Adelgonde ...

... 102

Agathocles

38

Abirarn

... 52

Adelina

... 107

Agathos

... 42. 102

Abishalom ...

..52,99

Adeline

... 208

Agee ...

57

Abital

.. 306

Adelind

... 112

Agenor...

74

Abner

..16,25

Adehnde

... 208

Ager ...

15, 143, 232

Aboru

.. 120

Ad herbal ...

... 193

Ageso ...

233

310

INDEX.

Page

Pa're

1

Pa?e

Agericus

... 232

Alabaster ...

217, 292

Alick ...

223

Ages

... 143

Aladdin

... 44

Aligbieri

... 219, 226

Agesilaus ...

122 222

Alafieri

... 219

Alison ...

... 223, 271

Aggie

... ' 102

Alam

... 90

.\llah ...

... 64, 69, 77

Aglaia

... 186

Alaric

... 234

Allard ...

213

Agnello

... 86

Alnsdair

... 223

Allan ...

34, 107, 131

Agnes

112, 185

Alazon

... 43

AUayne

107

Agnew

40, 198

Alba

... 86

Allbones

73

Agni

15, 184

Albanach ...

74, 281

Allen...

36

Agnidasa ...

... 261

Albany

... 74

Alley ...

223

Agno

... 112

Albemarle ...

... 223

Allgood

59, 87, 238

Agnon

... 112

Alberoni

... 73

Allon ...

67

Agrestes

... 19'J

Albert

... 37

AUister

223

Agricola

... 232

Albinus

29

Alloa ...

75

Agrippa

88, 102

Albis

73, 290

AUonville

127

Agrippina ...

... 102

Albon

73, 79

Almack

82, 87

Agiir

205, 298

Alboni

73, 79

Almagro

32, 47, 280

Ahab

. 55, 88

Alborak ...

17,25

Almanzor

124

Ahala

... 220

Albrecht ...

... 37

Almiral

261

Aharah

88

Albuquerque

... 308

Alonzo...

172

Ahaz

... 54

Albyn

... 282

Alopex...

207

Ahaziah

... 308

Alcander

... 308

Alorus ...

17, 25

Ahenobarbus

... 31

Alcimus

... 28

Aloysius

57

Ahi(m)

... 78

Alcinous

... 41

Alp Arslan

... 206, 294

Ahiah

... 306

Alcithoe

127, 167

Alphceus

... 221,285

Ahiam

55

Alcitlioeus ...

107, 127

Alpin ...

151

Ahiezer

... 223

Alcman

28, 41

Al Raschid

14

Ahimelecli 55

301, 300

Alcock

... 273

Al Seddek

44

Ahimoth

...55,86

Alcorn

... 267

Alston ...

149

Ahinoam ...

55

Alcuin

... 224

Altamont

72, 134, 137

Ahisbahar ...

... 80

Alder

... 234

Alt ...

16

Abitbophel...

55

Alderman- ...

202, 234

Alter ...

16

Ahitub

55

Aldhelm ...

... 123

Althea...

.. 33, 102

Ahmed

... 37

Aldo

... 234

Altheius

102

Abolibamah

... 115

Aldred

... 57

Alton ...

39

Aidan

...14, 26

Aldric

... 234

Altree ...

125

Aiah

... 89

.-Vldrovaudo...

... 172

Alva ...

75, 255, 390

Aikman

... 232

Alectryon ...

'... 198

Alvarez

.. 255, 290

Aiken

... 127

Alessandro ...

... 223

Am ...

.. 165, 72

Aikenbead ...

... 126

Alethia

... 102

Amal ...

59

Aikenside ...

... 126

Alethius

... 102

Amala ...

102

Aimee

... 117

Alexander 102

223, 201

Amalricli

233

Ain

... 94

Alexandra ...

... 102

Amanda

..35,40,114

Ainsworth ...

... 94

Alexandriua

102, 293

Amarashina

... 205

Aiolid

... 302

Alexis, ... 53

223, 302

Amariah

53

Aird ... 14

126, 236

Alexius 53

223, 302

Amasa...

58

Airde

... 130

Alfonso

... 172

Amaziah

53,58

Airy

... 232

Alford

.. 255

Amazon

165

Aitchison ...

... 281

Alfred ... 56

102, 255

Ambroise

307

Aitken

... 127

Algar

... 213

Ambrose

.. 37, 307

Ajax

99, 201

Algebar

... 28

Aniedeus

107

Akiister

120, 151

Algernon ...

... 213

Ameen Edd

n ... 53

Akbar

28, 87

Ali

... 247

Ameena

.. 102, 117

A'lvempis ...

... 132

Ali Baba ...

... 52

Amelia

.. 102, 233

Akkabi

91, 95

Alio

... 271

Amen ...

.. 39, 44, 72

Akkub

91, 95

Alice

... 113

.\mena...

44

Akroyd

... 127

.\licia

... 113

.\mer ...

210

INDEX.

311

Pasre

Page

Pase

Amerigo

... 233

Ankarstrom

...

148

Apthorp

... 150, 129

Amery

... 233

Anlap ...

...

173

Aqnaviva

151

Ammihud . . .

... 55

Ann ... 93

114

118

Aquila ...

58, 201, 294

Ammiel

... 56

Annabella . . .

114

Aquilius

... . 292, 299

Amminidab

... 52

Annan

210

266

Ara ...

287

Ammishaddai,

...55,70

Annandale ...

266

Arba ...

113, 154, 190

Ammittai ...

...53,72

Annanias ...

93

Arabella

... 114,238

Ammon ...59,70,305

Annas

805

Arabi ...

... 77,241

Amnon

... 273

Anne

93

Arad ...

208

Amon

44, 273

Anneque

127

Aram ...

87, 209, 196

Amor

132, 210

Annie

114

Aran ...

54, 69, 210

Amos

... 58

Annunciata...

83

Aratus ...

83, 92

Amoun

...71, 53

Annville

93

Araunah

121

Amoz

28, 53, 87

Anonyma ...

115

Arbuckle

258

Ampere

... 98

Anscar

213

Archemorus ... 92

Amphitrite ...

... 188

Anscharius ...

213

Archibald,

L22, 124, 222

Amuratli

... 221

Anselm

...

173

Archimedes

216

Amy

114, 117

Anselmo

173

Archippus

... 105, 203

Annabella ...

... 114

Auser

267

Archon

234

Annas

... 305

Anson ... 173

271

295

Arcturus

302

Anah

... 115

Anstey

81

Arcubaliste

• ... 292

Anak

... 64

Anstrutlier ...

...

151

Ardgour

266

Anamelecli ...

... 60

Antioclms 50

151

282

Ardley...

132

Anani ... ...

... 79

Antiope

107

188

Arda ...

154

Anani(m) ...

... 79

Antiopns

107

Ardmillan

308

Ananias

... 93

Antipas

282

Ardon ...

57

Ananus

93, 305

Antipater ...

...

282

AreU(m)

14, 83, 205

Anastasius ...

... 81

Antistes

245

Ares

... 182, 183

Anax ... 48

202, 234

Antliff

174

Aretas ...

182

Ancel

261, 262

Antonelli ...

274

Arethusa

182

Ancus ... 30,48,247

Antoinette ...

...

108

Aretino

182

Anders

... 283

Anuari

37

Argar ...

215

Anderson 29

226, 271

Anuar

37

Arge ..."

131

Andreuccio ...

... 292

Apelles ... .

. 32

190

Argelander

30, 39

Andrew 28, 74, 84, 159

Aphius

48

Argo . . .

131

Andrez

84, 271

Appia

...

102

Argument

134

Androcles ...

103, 226

Appius

102

Argus ...

60, 74, 131

Androgeos ...

... 233

Aphrodite 110

112

182

Argyle ...

155

Andromache

102, 226

Apicius

...

89

Aridatha

...14, 25, 41

Audromachus

102, 226

Apion

169

Ariel, ... 205, 206, 307

Andromeda...

... 102

Apollo

185

192

Arioch ...

205

Andromedes

... 102

ApoUodonius

185

Arion ...

182

Andromedus

... 308

ApoUodorus

185

204

Ariovistus

216

Andromicus

... 102

Apollonius ...

61

Aristides

300

Andy

... 226

ApoUus

185

302

Aristobulus

... 104, 255

Anello

... 86

Apollyon 17

296

302

Aristocles

232

Aner

... 59

Appaim

63

204

Aristodemu

5 52,122,222

Angel

93, 102

Apphia

48

102

Aristogiton

... 42, 300

Angelica

... 102

Apphias

48

Aristos...

... 182, 300

Angelina ...

102, 113

Appian

63

Arius ...

302

Anger

... 152

Appius

"48

102

Ark ...

... 74, 236

Angliotto ...

86, 93

Applegarth ...

133

Arkwright

... 74, 236

Angowe

... 250

Applequist ...

123

Arle ...

269

Angus

... 29

Applethwaite

...

139

Arhss ...

267

Angott

... 173

Appleton ...

123

Arlotte...

248

Anicetus

... 224

Apps

121,

278

Arly ...

133

Anita

... 108

Apsley

...

121

Armiger

261

312

INDEX.

Page

Page

Page

Ai-minius

.. '210,2-18

Askwith

124

Atwell

241

Armour

258

Asian

... 173

Atwood

... 120,125

Ai-mourer

258

Asian Bey ...

... 204

Aube ...

... 128,206

Armsti-oug

.. 33, 259

Asland

... 173

Aubusson

123

Aruabella

104

Asmaveth ...

... 167

Auchinleck

148

Arnaud

201

Asnapper . . .

. 33

Auckland

127

Aruheim

104

Aspasia

98, 105

Audley

... 131,145

Aruhilda

201

Aspatha ...

... 204

Audrey

41

Amobius

198

AspimLrtas ...

101, 105

Audus

.. 34,130

Arnold

201

Aspinwall . . .

... 121

Aufidius

145

Arnot ...

... 201,273

Asplen

.. 121

Auge ...

153

Arnulf...

284

Asrallah ...

... 53

Auger ...

152

Arnsteiu

.. 125, 149

Assad

... 205

Augerean

215

Arod ...

208

Assad Allah

... 205

Augostino

197

Arouet

284

Asser

... 83

August

15

Arrol ...

140

Astarte 116

184, 180

Augusta

.. 100,102

Arrowsmitli

249, 258

Asteria

... 184

Augustine

197

Arsa ...

.. 185, 192

Asterion 184

302, 305

Augustus

15, 08, 197

Arsimenes

41

Asterope

... 184

Augustulus

120, 197

Arses ...

.. 17, 182

Astley

... 132

Aulay ...

... 128,304

Arsinoe

41, 42

Astolph

... 175

Auliffe ...

32

Arslan Bey

... 204

Aston

... 137

Auld ...

... 202, 292

Arsmith

258

Astor

39, 70, 89

Auldhelm

223

Arsuiew

294

Astrifiammaute 110, 184

Auletes

253

Art ab anus

14, 198, 245

Astrmf:;er ...

... 249

Aumale

223

Artaphernes

14, 193, 239

Astrophile . . .

... 184

Aurelia

308

Artaxerxes

14, 25, 234

Astyages 191

199, 207

Aurelian

34

Artemesia

.. 14,185

Astyanax 57

139, 303

Aurelius

308

Artemis

.. 14, 185

Asyncritus ...

42, 58

Aurora

18, 25

Artemus

185

Atarah

... 07

Auslan...

173

Arter ...

283

Ataroth

... 07

Ausonius

154

Arthur

15,26

Ath

... 139

Austin

197

Arundel

20, 20

Athaliah ...

... 53

Austria

100

Arva . . .

29

Athalric

... 234

Autolycus

.. 71, 176

As

77

Athanasius

... 307

Avah ...

64

Asaph ...

108

Athel

... 102

Aventin

86

Asby ...

121

Athelgar ...

... 215

Avellana

.. 120, 149

Ascanius

302

Athelgif ...

... 102

Aves ...

47, 101, 202

Asclepiades

... 300

Atheling 00

, 270, 293

Avourneen

280

Ascham

121

Athelric

... 234

Awlay ...

32

Asdrubal .

193

Athelstan ...

41, 112

Ayoub ...

99

Asenatli

.. 01, 194

Atherton

... 139

Ayesha

115

Ashbea

58

Athey

... 131)

Aylward

240

Ashbel

192

Athoi

... 140

Ayre ...

284

Ashbash .

. ... 121

Athlai

... 53

Ayub . . .

99

Ashby ... .

121

Atkins

... 272

Az

77,87

Ashby-de-la

Zouch 121

Atlantiades ...

186, 301

Azar ...

105

Ashconner .

.. 179, 180

Atlas

... 180

Azgad

83

Asher ... .

83

Atmor

... 132

Azi ...

292

Ashet ... .

83

Atreus

... 33

Azrael

53

Ashman

. 121, 147

Atrides

... 33

Azraeel

58

Ashpenaz .

204

Atropos

... 187

Azariah

53

Ashtarotli Karnaim G5

Atta

... 252

Azaz ...

.. 59, 104

Ashton

121

Attack

121, 127

Azazel

.. ... 209

Ashwood

121

Attila

... 252

Aziel ... .

53

Asinius

239

Attree ... 120,

125, 308

Azmaveth

.. 88, 107

Askew ... .

173

Attwood

120, 125

Azubah

117

INDEX.

313

Page.

Page

Page

Baal ... 100, 190, 191

BallingaU ...

144, 149

Barkos

... 304

Baalam

192

BalUol

... 31

B arietta ...

... 304

Baalath

100

Balloch ...

30, 288

Barley

... 130

Baal-hanan

87, 193

Balls

... 224

Barlow

... 199

Baal-peor .

192

B aimer

... 241

Barnabas ...

... 304

Baal-phegoi

... 192

Balmerino 133,

152, 196

Barnabo

... 304

Baalzebub .

.. 192,260

Balnaves ...

... 153

Barnaby

... 304

Baalzebul

192

Balquidder

... 123

Barnaib

... 304

Baa-ul

.. ... 77

Balthazar 82,

192, 304

Barnard

... 199

Baba ...

252

Bal-ti-mor

... 196

Barnardo ...

... 304

Babington

53

Baltimore ...

122, 196

Barnes

... 243

Baboo ...

52

Balzac

39, 275

Barnet

53,146

Babty ...

83

B amber

125, 128

Barney

... 130

Baby ...

93

Bamberger

... 12G

Barnum

... 146

Bacchus

.. 149, 19G

Bamfylde ...

... 125

Barnwell ...

... 146

Bachelor

.. 240, 267

Bampton ...

... 243

Baron

74, 159

Bachman

146

Banco

... 30

Baronius

... 233

Back ...

146

Bancroft

... 133

Barr ... 136

273, 304

Backie

146

Bane

30, 285

B arras

... 152

Backler

236

Banham

... 270

Barrel!

... 273

Bacon ...

.. 127,236

Bani (m) ...

... 78

Barret

... 273

Bacqueville

... 152

Banias

... 186

Barrie

151,273

Bad ...

273

Banker

... 136

Barron

... 74

Badams

.. 296, 305

Bankier

... 136

Barrow

134,150

Baddams

296

Banks

136, 149

Barrows

... 139

Badcock

.. 273,304

Bann

... 270

Barrus

... 206

Badenoch

65, 135,288

Bannatyne ...

15,44

Barry ... 151

271, 277

Badger

214

Bannerman

... 219

Barsabas ...

91, 305

B adman

238

Bannister ...

... 237

Barskimming

134, 304

Bael ...

196

Banshee

75, 107

Barth

... 304

Baffin ...

277

Baptist

... 83

Barthez

... 304

Bailey

.. 237,301

Baptista

... 83

Bartholomew

... 304

Bailly

237

Barabbas ...

... 304

Bartimeus ...

... 305

Bain ...

32, 72, 282

Barachel

... 53

Bartlemy . . .

... 304

Baines

237

Barachiah ...

... 53

Bartle

... 304

Baird ...

241

Barak

17,306

Bartlett

273, 304

Baker ...

239

Barbara

112, 155

Barton

... 131

Balaam

56, 185, 192

Barbarossa

31, 255

Baruch

... 53

Baladan

192

Barbour

... 237

Barzillai ...3

2, 89, 304

Balak ...

57

Barca

17,183

Bascombe ...

... 156

Balbi ...

... 140, 194

Barca-Yassous

... 262

Bash

... 216

Balboa

31, 140, 194

Barchocab ...

... 305

Basham

... 199

Balbus

31

Barclay

... 132

Bashaw

117,234

Bald ...

29

Barcosba ...

... 305

Basil

235, 275

Baldred

170

Bard

... 253

Basileus

235, 275

Baldrey

170

Bardolph ...

... 176

Basilewski ...

... 132

Baldur

170

Barebones 31

, 46, 237

Basihdes

293, 301

Baldwin

170

Barefoot ...

24, 264

Basilowitz ...

276, 293

Bates ...

275

Barend

... 199

Baskerville

... 152

Balius

203

Barentz

... 199

Basquet

... 125

Balfe ...

176

Bariah

72, 306

Bass ... 97,99,292

Balfour

58,, 129, 147

Baru2g

41, 270

Bassi

... 292

Balguy

.. 123,125

Bar- Jesus . . .

... 304

Basseti

... 97

Balius

203

Bar- Jonah ...

... 304

Bassetti

... 169

Ball ...

224

Bar-Johannah

... 304

Basset

... 34

Ballantyne

44

iBarkas

... 304

Bassett

... 131

Ballard

21

15, 26, 224

Barker

237, 273

Bassom

... 292

314

Page

Page

Bassompierre

9G, 292 Becket

... 142

Bastien

... 197

Beckett 120

146, 152

Basvecchi ...

... 169

Beckford

... 147

Barth

... 304

Beckner

... 238

Bartle

... 304

Beckwith ...

... 122

Bateman ...

... 250

Beechenhaugh

... 128

Bates

2.30, 304

Bedad

... 56

Bath

... 53

Bede

114, 238

Bathiah ...

... 53

Bedell

238, 254

BathoDi

... 53

Beeman

... 251

Bathsheba a

3, 91, 305

Beer

... 308

Batt

... 304

Beffana

... 81

Battini

... 83

Beg

... 73

BatteU

... 250

Begg

... 73

Battle

149, 256

Begue

... 47

Batterscomb

] 38, 234

Behring

... 270

Batteur

138, 234

Beith ... 48,

180, 221

Batti

... 83

Bel

108, 191

Battista

... 53

Belagneau

... 144

Batty

273, 304

Belcher 3C

, 67, 307

Bauer ... 59

232, 308

Belcombe ...

... 68

Baum

125,243

Beldam

... 40

Baumgarten

125,133

Belephantes

... 193

Baumtree ...

... 125

Belesarius

... 170

Bausket

... 251

Beli

67, 108

Bavey

... 122

Belial

... 191

Bavister

250, 252

Belinda

... 208

Bawn

... 110

Belknap

... 262

Baxter

.. 237

Bell

218, 267

Bayard

... 203

Bella

... 108

Bayle

... 237

Bellamy

39, 139

Bays

... 218

Bellarmine

... 144

Beach

127, 251

Belerophon

... 212

Beaconsfielcl

137, 203

Belle

... 48

Beales

... 168

Bellew

152, 153

Beatrice

53,83

Bellona ...

102, 216

Beatrix

... 53

Bellot

... 31

Beatus

53,83

Bellows

... 152

Beauclerk

... 244

Bellus

... 31

Beaufoy

... 273

Belshan ...

.. 56

Beauhamois

... 223

Belshazzar

... 192

Beauly

... 143

Belteshazzar

... 192

Beaupoil ...

... 254

Belus

... 191

Beaupre

... 143

Belvidera ...

... 69

Beauregard 113, 135,100

Belvidere ...

69, 135

Beauvoisin ...

... 42

Belzebub ...

... 260

Bebee

... 251

Bembo... 217

218, 256

Beby

... 251

Ben ... 4^

[, 90, 291

Beccles

140, 274

Benaiah

53

Beckey

... 274

Ben-ammi

... 305

Becky

... 113

Benahiah ...

... 306

Becher

... 90

Bene Barak

... 306

Bechman ...

... 254

Bendigo

... 88

Bechorath ...

90

Benedetto

... 292

Beecher

90, 230

Benedict

8S, 246

Beechy

... 128

Benet

... 246

Beck ... 39

120, 140

Ben Geber ...

... 306

Bengel

Benhadad

Benhanan

Benhail

Benoit

Page
... 42
... 195
... 305
301,305
... 246

Benjamim 88, 100, 305
Benjamin 37, 43, 88, 135

Benmore

Benoui

Bensham

Benson

Bentham

Bentley

Benton

Benzohetl

Beor

Beorming

Beormingham

Beppo

Beranger ...

Berechiah

Bered

Berengarius

Beresford ...

Berger

Beriah

Berkley

Berhuda

Bermuda ...

Bermunda

Bernadotte

Bernard

Bernardo ...

Berners

Bernhardt ...

Bernice

Bernicius ...

Berosus

Bernstein
|Berri
I Berry
j Berry er
j Bertha
1 Bertheim ...
[ Bertholett
: Bertholon ...

jBert

I Berti

BertoU
[ Bertram
} Bertrand
j Bei'wick

Besant

:b

Best
Bess
Bet

33

. 88, 305
. ... 149
. ... 88
. ... 149
. ... 119

] ... 305
56, 67, 296
... 269
... 269
... 108
... 215
... 53
... 90
... 215
... 35
176, 266
57, 72, 92
... 132
... 112
... 223
... 223
199, 273
... 198
... 304
243, 257
... 199
107, 224
107, 224
... 304
109, 220
... 139
... 139
152. 256
37,81
86, 97
... 37
... 37
... 37
... 37
... 37
... 200
... 200
... 150
... 265
... 122
, 182, 300
... 108
53. 108

INDEX.

315

Betson 300

Bethel 277

Bethuel 59, 112, 806
Bethulia 07, 99, 203

Betsy 53

Bettany 81

Betty 58, 108

Bevan ... 94,271

Beveridge 226

Bevilacqua 47, 73

Bevill 150

Beville ... 125, 150
Bews 152, 277, 280

Bey 117

Beza 125

Bezaleel ... 55, 78

Bezantio 2G5

Biagotti ... 45, 273

Bianco 30

Bianchi 80

Bias ... 28, 121, 190
Biberius Mero ...40,47

Bibron 73

Bibulus 47

Bicheno 128

Bicbri 90

Bickerstaff ... 214

Biddle 288

Biddulph 176

Bidwell 288

Biffin 277

Bigelow 186

Biggar 239

Bigham 139

Biggs 239

Bigot 156

Bilhah 88

Bilhan 88

Bill 178

Billings 178

Bilshan ... 56,88

Bilsland 178

Bilson 178

Binder 226

Binney 88

Biot 45,278

Biotti ... 45,273

Bii-ch ... 128, 147

Bii-d 106,253

Birchenbaugli ... 128

Birkbeck 147

Bii-kett 147, 260, 273

Birks 147

Birmingham ... 269

Biron 238

Biscob 252

Biscomb 252

1

Page

Pa-e

Bishlam

32, 52, 92

Bobo ...

94

Bishop

... 308

Boccacio

81

Bisland

138, 252

Bochart

238

Bismarck . . .

138,160

Bock ...

71

Bisset

... 292

Boddam

123

Bissett

... 84

Bodger

... 240,308

Bithiah

... 306

Bodkin

307

Black

33, 277

Body ...

246

Blacker

... 238

Boece ...

39

Blacklock ...

... 254

Boer ...

100

Blacksmith

... 258

Boetbius

... 89,223

Blackwater

71, 142

Boig ...

289

Blah-

... 136

Bog ...

51, 77, 239

Blake ...30,33,110,277

Bogdan

51, 77, 122

Blanc

... 30

Bogatsky

77, 122, 196

Blanch

80, 107

Bogie ...

122

Blanchard ...

... 80

Bogey

77

Blanche ...

30, 107

Bogoslav

88, 122, 295

Blancleon ...

... 205

Bogue

289

Bland

47, 102

Bohn ...

... 42, 307

Blandina . . .

... 102

BoUeau

47

Blane

30, 144

Boisson

124

Blank

... 110

Bold ...

29

! Blanket ...

... 110

Bolden

... 136,236

Blankleon ...

... 205

Bolder

214

Bias

... 31

Boleslaus

... 38, 295

Blase

... 31

Boleyn

... 169,199

Blasius

... 81

Bolingbrokf

146, 148

Blastus

... 48

Bolivar

... 218, 305

Blewe

... 158

BoUand

204

Blewett

... 153

Bolster

217

Bhnkhorn ...

... 239

Bom ...

123

Bhss

... 152

Bomgarson

... 125

BlCESUS

... 31

Bonaparte

... 55

Blois

... 31

Bonaventura ... 86

Blondell ...

... 30

Bond ...

282

Blondin

32, 72

Bondy

275

Blood

166, 245

Bone ...

307

Bloom

... 149

Bones

307

Bloomenkloof

... 150

Bonham

288

Bloomer 144

147, 187

Bonheur

.. 88,283

Bloomfield

... 129

Bonhomme

... 270

Bloomenroden

... 129

Boniface

42, 97, 217

Blott ... 47,

166, 245

Boning

42

Blount

... 30

Bonner

42,46

Blum

... 147

Bonet

42

Blumenbach

... 147

Bonomi

238

Blumenrodeu

... 129

Bonpland

... 183

Blumenstein

185, 150

Boodle

238

Blunt

... 30

Booker

65, 106, 238

Blutaxt

... 47

Bookless

238

Boadicea

... 103

Boorhaave

... 43

Boanerges

... 306

Boos ...

125

Boatman

... 250

Bootes

.. 233,289

Boatswain

... 263

Booth ...

L44, 149, 256

Boaz

59, 164

Bopis ...

81, 58, 75

Bob

... 255

Bord ...

.. 147,218

316

INDEX.

Paa;e

Page

Page

Bortlclay

140

Boyle 30,

125, 152

Brian

... 303

Bordman

232

Boz

... 125

B riant

... 130

Borghese

139

Brabazoa ...

... 157

Briareos

... 188

Borgia

139

Brabner

... 140

Brice

... 234

Borland

232

Braby

140, 157

Bridges

... 253

Borne

147

Brabo

... 88

Bride

... 110

Borromeo

20, 73, 145

Bradbury ...

... 130

Bridges

140, 253

Boroni

73

Brabender ...

140, 157

Bridget

... 110

Bon-owman 230, 294

Brackenbury

129, 307

Bridgeton ...

139, 308

Borrows

139, 230, 294

Bracciohni

... 242

Briggs 140

253, 258

Borthwick

138, 252

Braddock ...

... 127

Brigham . . .

... 308

Borwick

lOG, 138, 147

Brad don

... 126

Bright

37, 302

Boscawen

121

Bradford ...

... 126

Brighthehn...

... 223

Bos ...

125

Bradhurst

... 126

Brimer

140, 252

Bosch

250

Bradlaugh

... 126

Brinkley

... 132

Boscher

248

Bradley

... 126

Brimley

132, 152

Boscobel

125

Braes

... 273

Brimstone ...

... 220

Bosdet

125

Bradshaw ...

... 126

Brisbane 158

253, 216

Bosh ...

... 125,177

Brady

... 40

Brisco

... 128

Bosmina

109

Brae

... 51

Brithmor ...

... 75

Boscowen

125

Braham

... 152

Britomartis

110, 188

Bosom

121

Brahmaputra

... 296

Briton

... 154

Bosquet

125

Brahmin

... 261

Brithomor ...

... 74

Boss ...

125

Braidwood

... 126

Broadfoot ...

32, 74

Bossue

48, 58, 273

Brain

... 200

Broadhead ...

... 83

Bossuet

273

Bramante

... 92

Brochie

... 30

Bost ...

125

Brammetje

... 272

Brock

... 209

Bostock

130

Bramwell ...

... 52

Brockle ...

... 146

Boston

176

Brancaleone

... 205

Brocklehurst

... 146

Boswell

125

Branchus . . .

... 92

Brodersen ...

55, 296

Bostwick

121

Brand 136,

200, 217

Brodie

... 144

Bothwell

144, 149, 155

Bran dan

... 200

Brody

... 144

Botte ...

246

Brandaur ...

216, 217

Brogan

274,276

Bottle

246

Brandubh ...

... 200

Brogger

258, 267

Bottom

141, 149, 241

Brannigan

... 200

Broglie ... 60

122, 126

BouAmeena ... 117

Brash

... 216

Broker

... 267

Bouch

106

Brant

... 273

Bromhead ...

... 149

Boucher

226

Branton

136, 273

Brontes

... 188

Boukolos

239

Braschi

... 267

Brooklands . . .

... 140

Bourbon

239

Brassey

... 258

Brooks... 14, 39,92, 142

Bousfield

129

Bravo 71,

103, 113

Broom... 149

171, 247

Bouverie

131, 239, 266

Bravura 31

103, 132

Brough

... 139

Bowd

246

Brazier 21

258, 266

Brown

273, 167

Bowden

144

Bree

29, 110

Brownell . . .

... 23

Bowell

277

Breakspear

214, 215

Brownbill ...

... 258

Bowels

277

Brebceuf

... 218

Brown smith

18, 258

Bowen

... 94, 277

Brebisson ...

... 198

Bruce

... 167

Bowers

... 144,232

Breeckenridgc

... 137

Bruff

... 139

Bowie

198

Breen

... 29

Brummagum

... 269

Bowman

... 209,239

Brennus

... 200

Brunhilda . . .

102, 172

BowteU

149

Brent.

... 23

BruneU

...23,26

Bowyer

249

Bretschineider

... 255

Bruno

... 172

Boyack

149

Brett

... 154

Brunswick ...

172, 266

Box ...

... 217,265

Bretwald ...

... 235

Brunton

... 126

Boycot

121

Brewin

... 41

Brutus... 40, 55

, 260, 300

Boyd ...

30, 34, 104

Brewer

... 237

Bryant

... 120

Boydan

51

Brewster ...

237, 285

Bryce

... 234

INDEX.

Bryses

Bryseis

Bubier

Bubulcus ...

Bucephalus...

Bucer

Buclian

Buchanan . . .

Buck

Buckett

Buckland ...

Buckmaster

Budd ... 103,

Buddha

Budge

Budgett

Buffet

Buffon

Bugby

Bugden

Bugg

Bugbed

Bugbie

Bukki(m) ...

Buist

Buisson

Bull

Bullen

BulUnger ...

BuUis

Bullock
Bullstrode ...

Bulwer

Bumm

Bumpstead...
Buncombe ...
Bunkum
Bunyan

Buon

Buonafede ...

Buonaparte...

Buonarotti ...

Buocnompagne

Burbage

Burbush

Burden

Burdett

Bui-en

Bui-ford
Burgess

Burgin

Burgoyne ...

Burke

Burleigh

Burly

Burnap
Burnet 146,

re I

-'> Burnham .

Burnley

Burns ...

Burrage

BurreU... .

Burrhus

Burrows

Burt ... .

Burwell

Bury ... .

Busby ... .

Busembaum

Bushell

Bushnell

Busked

Bussman .

Butcher

Butler ... .

Butt

Buttman

Button

Buttress
Buxton

Buz

Byars

Byask

Bye

Byng

Byron

... 302
... 239

... 239
74, 204

... 238

... 210

... 210

... 265

... 248

... 236

... 265

199, 236
42, 297

... 308

... 308

... 273

... 201

... 132

... 144

... 132

... 132

... 132

... 78

149, 249

... 241

... 80

169, 199

... 237

... 152 ^

... 199 Bythesea

... 199!

... 167 I Cabballero
243, 308 Cabot
125, 243 ' Cabral

... 138 'Cabrera
138 Cacodemon
Cacus
Caddel
Caddie
Cade ...
Cadena
Cadi ... .
Cadijah
Cadman
Cadmus
Cadogan 1'
Cadwaladyr
Caffarelli .,
Cagnola
Caius
Caleb
Caesar
Caesarion
CahiU

Cain ... .
Caird

35,

278
273
273
245
... 273
... 245
... 125
... 125
... 264
139, 262
... 242
... 140
... 139
... 155
... 155
139, 273
180, 232
... 232
... 121
, 273 284

Page

, ... 147

, ... 129

.14,41, 92

... 241

Caia

Caiaphas
CaiquU ... .
, Caiquihus ... .
23 Cairn ey
20, 21, 25 I Cairas ... .

... 139 Caitrin nic Seain

317

Pa-je
... 102
141, 268

103

87 Caius ...
23, 26 , Cajetan
... 273 { Calcol
... 125 Calcot
... 122 Calcraft
... 125 I Caldecot
121, 125 [ Calderon
123 Caldicott

102.

103
141
134

299

182, 133
... 140
... 56
... 56
... 133
... 56
245, 259

^ 148

125 Caldwell 238

226 Calgach 221

240 Caleb 229

236 Calhoun 228

240 Caliban 284

267 Caligula 225

236 Caliph 285

126 CaUxtus 250

125 I CaHmachus ... 226

181, 266 Callan 110

121 Calliope 187

258 Callinicus 46

286 Callister ... 223, 283

283 Callisto 81

125 Callow 263

97, 150 Galium ... 48,283
Caiman 237, 256, 283

Calton 122

Calthorp 150

Calvert ... 239, 255

Calvin 268

Calypso ... 188, 189

188 Cam bell 30

220 i Cambrensis ... I57

287 I Cambyses ... 241

Camden 144

Camerarius ... 142

. ... 808 Cameron ... 80,142

. ... 308 Camille 245

• ... 240 CamiUus 245

59, 08, 283 I Camoys 32

3, 216, 220 Campaletto ... 280

... 221 I Campbell 30

, ... 256 [Campion 216,226,244
, ... 229 iCampobasso 131,141,151
280 , Campobello ... 30

225
243
209
239
188

59, 87

... 229 Cane ...
89, 206 ' Cange
... 802 ^ Canning
220, 287 i Canmore

27, 81 Canon
245, 259 I Canova

... 229
... 242
... 228,279
46, 73, 227

245

149, 153, 242

318

rage

Cannon ... 227,282

Canrobert ... 255,277

Canutius 32, 50, 254
Cantaloup ... 130,174

Capel ... 225,240

Capet 48

Capino 39

Cappon ... 33, 73

Carabceuf ... 233,241

Caracalla 2"Z5

Caractacus ... 40

Caradoc 40

Carbarns 254

Carcas 201

CardweU 153

Carew 130

Carfax 150

Cargill 147

Carey 40, 134, 153, 203

Carfax

Carioli

Carl ...

Carling

Carloman

Carlos

Carlotto

Carloving

Carlowitz

Carlyle

Carmi

Carmichael

Carnac

Carnation

Carnegie

Carno

Carnot

Caro

Caroline

Carolus

Caroll

Carpenter

Carpo

Carr

Carrachioli

Carracci

Cai-rick

Carrigan

Carrion

Carron

Carruthen

Carrutbers

Carry ...

Carsheua

Carstairs

Carter

Cartwright

Cams ...

150, 254

241

... 43, 143

209

43

43, 103, 108

103

43

43

, 130

.. 78,241
28, 54

141

83

141

47

47

40

43, 103, 108
48, 103, 108

43

241

45

151

249, 280
,.. 135,270

280

280

73

.. 71,144
123

... 143

103

38

151

242

... 241
28, 40, 134

Carvosso
Casabianca 133,
Casaboni
Casanova ...
Casaubon ...

Casca

Case

Casey

Cash

Cashan

Casbow

Casimir

Cassagnac ...

Cassander ...

Cassandra . . .

Cassels

Cassibelan ...

Cassidy

Cassiuo

Cassiope

Cassias

Cassivelauuu

Castor

Casvine

Caswallawn

Castlebar

Castelar

Castiglione

Castlereagh

Castriotto ..

Cat

Cataline

Catcbpole

Cateran

CatLal

Catharine ..

Cathcart

Cathie

Cathlin

Cathmor

Cato

Cattle

Catt ...

Cattanacli

Catulus

Caudle

Caughie

Caunt ...

Cavagnac

Cavan

Cavanagh

Cave ...

Cavour

Caw

CawUffe

Caxton

Cazimir

110,

32
132,

Pafre
... 13G
242, 271
... 129
... 242
... 129
... 103
... 242
... 221

74, 103
... 279
123,132

38, 222
... 127
... 103
... 103
... 200
... 193
... 40
... 242
103,10!)
... 103
193, 220
... 103
... 242
... 220
... 151
... 130
... 73
130, 250
... 73
... 221
... 140
... 242
... 221
... 287
... 112
... 143
... 220
110,220
... 75
... 229
220, 287
... 110
221, 281
... 229
... 238
... 250
1, 47, 284
133, 151
132, 151
133, 151
174, 200
, 74, 151
225, 282
... 282
... 138
... 38

Page

Caznove

153, 242

Cazvine

... 242

Cecchi

... 31

Cecil ... 103

107, 331

Ceciha

103, 331

Censorius ...

... 47

Celestiua 103

, 113, 187

Celestiue

... 103

Cepheus

... 222

Celsus

... 140

Centgi-ave ...

... 258

Ccnwin

... 242

Ceraunus . . .

... 46

Ceres

... 183

Cervantes ...

... 29

Cervoni

... 71

Cespedes

92, 149

Cetewayo ...

... 07

Chabot

... 243

Chacemoro

124, 241

Chaceporc

... 144

Chaff

... 236

Chaffer

... 239

Chaffel

... 236

Chaffey

... 236

Chaka

07, 220

Chalcas

... 259

Chalcus

... 259

ChalUs

... 250

Challouer . . .

... 237

Chalmers ...

... 243

Cham

... 30

Chambers

... 243

Chamberlain

142, 243

Champolliou

... 130

Chancellor

... 242

Chandler ...

... 243

Chang

... 298

Changarnier

... 233

Chauuing ...

228, 279

Chantraino

... 130

Chantrey ...

... 250

Chanzy 31

-, 59, 254

Chapman ...

230, 240

Chaplin

... 246

Chardon

129,153

Charette

... 241

Charilaus ...

... 92

Charles 43,

103, 108

Charlemagne

... 43

Charlier ...

... 43

Charlotte 43,

103, 108

Charlesworth

... 43

Oharrette ...

... 241

Charron

... 242

Charteris ...

... 247

Chater

... 252

INDEX.

819

Pa^e

Chateaubriand 34, 130
Chatterton 121, 139

Chatrapa 220

Chatto ... 120,220

Chauchard ... 243

Chaucer ... 03,244
Chauviu ... 230,263,
Chavah 27, 60, 101

Chedorlaoruer 65, 266 ]
Cheese ... 34, 153 1
Cheevers ... 209,261;

Cheffer 239]

Chenevix 127

Cheney 127

Chenuex 127

Cheran 198

Cheery 40

Cherry ... 28,40

Cherub 00

Cherubim 66

Cherubim 66

Cheval 225

Cheyne 229

Chiara 37

Cliiarimonte ... 135

Chidon 70

Chiese ... 242,271

Chad 41

Childe 41

Childebert ... 41, 172

Childeric 41

Childs 218

Childers 14,41

Cliileab 229

Chilham 141

ChiUon 70

Chilperic 227

Chilo 299

Chiniquy 127

Chione ... 30, 110
Chisholm 127, 143, 151

Chislon 67

Chitty 41,48

Chloe 34, 114

Chlorus 30, 79, 114

Chlodowig 222

Cholmondeley ... 148

Chon 245

Chopin ... 240,250

Choragus 187

Chosroes 164

Chrestus 103

Christ ... 57, 75, 103

Christian 103

Cliristiana 103

Christie ... 104, 295
Christiern 103

Page

I'age

Christopher

40, 219

Clonicus

220, 224

Christopolus

104, 225

Cleopas

... 37

Christos ...

104, 295

Cleopatra 52,

112, 219

Cliristy

... 104

Cleophas

... 37

Chrysaor ...

216, 217

Cleostratus ...

37, 221

Chrysaspes ...

... 204

Cleridge

... 129

Chryses

... 302

Clerk

... 244

Chryseis

... 302

Clesides

... 187

Chrysologus

56, 255

Cleveland ...

236, 26G

Chrysostom

56, 255

Clever

... 38

Chrystal

... 219

Clinton

... 130

Chrystie

... 219

Clmg

... 266

Chubb ;

53, 46, 75

Clinging

... 217

Chum

... 246

Clio

... 187

Chumly

... 148

Clisthenes ...

... 187

Chune

... 224

Clitus

... 37

Churchill ...

... 201

Clive

48, 266

Churchman...

... 250

Clodius

... 32

Chuza

... 58

Clones

... 130

Chuziah

... 58

Clontarf ...

... 230

Cicero

47, 234

Clopas

... 37

Cicereia

... 299

Clorinda

... 113

Cid

235,238

Close

... 130

Cincinnatus

... 31

Closet

... 150

Cinnamon ...

... 150

Closh

... 225

Cinqualbre ...

... 128

Clotaire

... 222

Cittadini ...

129, 139

Clothilda ...

... 172

Clack

... 38

Clotho 113

187, 237

Clanahan ...

... 279

Cloud

... 260

Clancy

... 27

Clough

48, 150

Clanricard ...

... 234

Clovis

... 222

Clara

37, 113

Clow

38, 150

Clarendon 113

129, 267

Clunie

... 130

Clanranald ...

... 235

Cluuy ... 130,

143, 280

Clarence

... 113

Clutterbuck...

... 146

Claret

... 37

Clutha

... 137

Claridge 113

129, 267

ciym

... 48.

Clarinda

37, 113

Clytus

37, 187

Clarissa

... 113

Coalmiu

... 109

Clark

... 244

Coat

... 242

Claude

... 32

Coates... 133

150, 232

Claudius

... 32

Cob

95, 274

Claussen

... 295

Cobb

... 95

Clausewitz ...

... 225

Cobbett 95

, 274, 296

Claverhouse

... 129

Cobbin

... 95

Clay

... 153

Cobden

... 144

Cleander

... 219

Cobell

... 95

Clearchus . . .

38, 294

Cobey

95, 291

Cleaver

240, 246

Cobban

... 279

Clee

... 206

Cobham

... 279

Clegg

... 33

Cobos

... 95

Cleghorn ...

... 33

Coburn

... 146

Cleland

262, 289

Coccapiella ...

... 292

Clement ...

41,43

Cochrane ...

31, 283

Cleombrotos

... 37

Cock

... 227

Cleomachus

... 220

Cockburn ...

... 146

ICleon ... 37

, 108, 136

Cocker... 112

237, 243

320

INDEX.

Page

Page

Page

Cockerell ...

242, 243

Combe... .

. ... 138

Coparius ...

... 240

Cockshot ...

... 8G

Combkin .

. ... 283

Cope

... 257

Cocks

... 210

Commisky 1

38, 144, 2G6

Copeland ...

... 236

Cockswald ...

... 122

Commodus .

. ... 41

Copernicus ...

... 242

Cockle

9G, 2G4

Como ... .

. ... 95

Copestakes ...

130, 236

Cockswold .,.

... 123

Compton

. ... 138

Copp

... 95

Codes

... 188

Comstock .

. 130, 138

Copperfield ...

... 130

Codd

... 110

Comte ... .

245

Copperthorn

... 130

Codrus

... 90

Comyn... .

. 245,270

Copperthwaite

... 130

Cody

110, 283

Con ... .

228

Copping

95, 270

Coesar

89, 206

Conan ... .

228

Coppock

... 274

Coesarion

... 141

Concetta

.. 83,308

Copronymus

...48,98

Coe

1G9, 239

Conceit

308

Copsey

122, 130

Coecus

31, 103

Concha

83

Cor

... 287

Coevelt

137, 239

Concobhar .

.. 223, 228

Cora

... 115

Coglan

... 40

Conde ... .

245

Corax

... 200

Coeur de Lion

... 204

Conder... .

243

Corbet

... 274

Coffee

... 285

Condillac .

245

Corbett

... 200

Coffin

23G, 240

Condor

243

Corbyn

... 200

CoghiU

... 238

Condorcet .

245

Corcoran

... 27

Coghlan

... 40

Confucius .

29G

Cordelia

88, 114

Cohen

... 245

Congal... .

.. 155, 279

Cordeher ...

... 88

Coke

237, 243

Congan

.. 228,279

Corder

... 88

Coil

... 243

Conger... .

234

Cordus

... 88

Colbert

... 233

Congreve .

258

Corigan

... 246

Colbrand ...

... 14G

Conig ... .

284

Cork

... 149

Colkittoch ...

... 244

Conigsby

284

Corinna

... 115

Coldetor ...

... 199

Connal... .

.. 229, 2fiG

Coriolanus ...

... 140

Coldham

... 129

Connel... .

.. 228,229

Cormac 151

225, 282

ColdweU ...

... 238

Coohe ... .

2G3

Cornaro

... 29

Cole

225, 19G

Conmir

75

Corneille , ...

... 29

Colenzo

... 225

Connor 2

23, 224, 228

Cornehus ...

... 29

Coleridge ...

... 129

Conon ... .

.. 42, 228

Cornwall ...

... 155

Colfai

... 254

Conrad... .

255

Cornwallis ...

... 155

Colgan

... 217

Conroy... .

229

Corregio

... 149

Colet

... 225

Consedine .

44

Corry

... 246

Colette

... 225

Constable .

245

Corte

... 132

Coligny

... 275

Constance .

59,44

Cortereal ...

... 306

Colin

... 228

Constant .

.. 44,275

Cortez

... 291

Coll ... 48

19G, 221

Constantino

...30,44

Corti

... 32

Colleen Bawn

... 110

Constantinu

3 Chlorus 30

Corvus

... 200

Colleone ...

... 205

Consul... .

105

Cory

... 246

Colley

228, 245

Consueha .

.. 105,308

Corydon

... 246

CoUier

... 245

Contarina .

245

Corylus

... 128

Collings 225

270, 295

Convers

252

Corypheus ...

... 187

Collis

13G, 275

Conville

229

Cosbi, ... 4c

, 71, 305

Collop ... 129

148, 150

Conybeare .

257

Cosmo

... 31

Colley

... 288

Conyers

252

Cospatrick ...

2G3, 280

Colly

... 228

Conyhope .

126

Cossacks

... 157

Colman

245, 283

Cook ... .

247

Cosser

... 245

Colon

... 232

Coolaulin .

109

Cossus

... 254

Colquhoun ...

... 228

Cooley... .

.. 228,229

Cossutia

... 254

Colt

... 307

Coombe

138

Costa

29, 279

Columba ...

... 283

Coombes

138

Costard

... 267

Columbine ...

... 202

Cooper,

... 240

Costigan

29, 279

Columbus . . .

... 202

Coot ... .

. ... 201

Coster

... 236

Colville

... 137

Coote ... .

. ... 201

Costley

132, 152

INDEX.

321

Page

Pase

Page

Coghie

... 240

Cree ...

34, 276, 283

Crum ... .

.. 142, 196

CostorphinellO, 136,219

Creek ...

30, 67, 227

Crumble

137

Cotby

... 232

Oreon ... .

. 104, 188

Crumlish .

142

Cotta

... 188

Cresset... .

. ... 246

Crumly

142

Cotterell ...

... 151

Cressida

. 188, 301

Crumpecker

... 137

Cotton

130, 239

Cressidas .

. 277,301

Crutchley .

. 148, 275

Cottus

... 188

Cressingham

... 129

Cuba ... .

85

Couba

... 104

Creusa 104, 188, 222

Cubina... .

. 85, 104

Coubina

85, 104

Crib ... .

. 73, 246

Cuchullin .

229

Coudereau ...

... 48

Cric ... .

. ... 227

Cuckold

123

Coulava

... 109

Cricket... .

. ... 227

Cuffe ... .

285

Coulson

271, 295

Crickett

. ... 227

Cuillean

228

Coulter

... 267

Crickitt

. ... 227

Culdee... .

262

Couper

... 240

Crickmer .

. ... 227

Cull ... .

147

Couples

... 86

Crickmore .

. ... 227

CuUen ... .

. 110, 228

Courier

... 246

Crisp ... .

. ... 31

Culloch

. 283, 285

Court

130, 291

Crispin... .

. ... 31

Culross

. ... 135

Courtney ...

... 32

Crispus

. ... 31

Culyer ... .

. ... 155

Courvoisier...

... 246

Cristoval

. ... 219

Cumara

228

Cousins

... 251

Ciito ... .

. ... 246

Cumming .

. 245, 270

Coutts

... 259

Croll ... .

. ... 264

Cumstock .

. ... 136

Covey

... 229

Crockett .

. 67, 307

Cunard

. 38, 138

Coville

... 137

Croisus... .

. ... 301

Cundle... .

. 42, 220

Cowan... 129

133, 259

Croft ... .

. ... 133

Cunliffe

. 87, 228

Coward

239, 283

Croke ... .

. 67, 240

Cunnian .

. 228, 279

Cowdray

... 127

Croker... (

7, 240, 246

Cunningham

139, 284

Cowie

169, 229

Croly ... .

. ... 31

Cupid ...

29, 33, 116

Cowley

228, 239

Crom ... .

. 142, 196

Cura ... .

292

Cowper

... 240

Crombie

71, 92

Curius ... .

. 44, 246

Cox ... 210

217, 265

Cromby

. ... 142

Curley ... .

31

Coyle ... 122

243, 280

Cromwell .

. ... 196

Curran... .

. 234, 297

Cozier

... 256

Cron ... .

. ... 33

Currant

. 133, 145

Crabbe

... 48

Crone ... .

. 33, 218

Currie ... .

. ... 246

Cracknel! ...

... 237

Cronhelm .

. ... 223

Currier

. ... 246

Crackstone ...

... 135

Crook ... .

. ... 247

Curry ... .

. ... 246

Cradock

... 40

Crookes

57, 58, 307

Curthose

. ... 32

Craib

... 48

Crookshanks

... 32

Curtin ... .

307

Cramer

... 265

Crop ... .

. ... 266

Curtis ...

41, 47, 240

Crane

... 202

Cropley

Curtius

59

Crann

... 279

Crosier... .

". '.■.". 257

Curzon... .

128

Crannage ...

123, 279

Cross ... .

. 82, 264

Cush ...

33, 64, 160

Crannatch ...

123, 124

Crossan

. 246,274

Cusham

. ... 64

Crassus

... 47

Crosson

. ... 279

Cushi ... .

64

Craig

289, 135

Crossby

. 148,275

Cushman .

237

Craik

... 30

Crosse ... .

. ... 82

Cusin ... .

229

Cramb

... 142

Crosskey

. 246,291

Custance

.. 130, 236

Cranaus

... 188

Crossley

. 148, 275

Cutbrush .

130

Cranmer ...

202, 288

Crouch... .

. ... 82

Cutbush .

.. 122, 130

Cranston ...

202, 288

Crowder

. ... 253

Cuthbert .

255

Crantz

... 218

Crow ... .

. ... 200

Cuvier ... .

240

Crassus

... 47

Crowther .

. ... 253

Cyamitas .

.. 234, 307

Crateus

... 28

Croy ... .

. ... 283

Cybele... .

186

Craven

... 239

Croyland .

. ... 200

Cybiosactes .

46

Crawford ...

140, 200

Crozier

257

Cyclops

188

Crasham ...

... 125

Cruciger

148

Cynegirus .

243

Cream

... 85

Cruden... .

157

Cynosura .

230

Crebillon ...

22

73, 246

Cruickshank

s ... 32

Cypselus

221

322

INDEX.

Page

Page

Page

Cyr ...

85

Dampierre .

. ... 96

De Antonio

... 272

Cyria ... .

.. 235, 115

Damsel

. ... 114

Dearie

... 275

Cyrenius

214

Dan ... .

. 53, 104

Dearlove 93, 97, 117

Cjriacus

85

Dana ... .

. ... 157

Deas

38,146

CyriU ...

85

Danby

. ... 157

Death

... 139

Cyrus ... 203,235,260

Dancer

. ... 87

Debir

... 56

Cytheris

253

Dancy

. ... 87

Debonaire ...

42,47

Cythceron

253

Dandle

. ... 29

Dehor

... 104

Czar ...

96

Dando

. ... 275

Deborah ...

56, 104

Czarina

293

D'Andy

. ... 34

Debuke

... 120

Czarowitz

293

Dandy

. 34, 275

Decayes

... 133

Czentivenny

... 94

Danger

. ... 130

De Chair ...

... 151

D'Angerfield

... 152

Decimus

... 91

Dabbs

242

Daniel

. ... 53

Decius

... 91

Dabney

92

Daniels

. ... 53

Deck

... 256

Dacier

259

Danskin

. ... 157

Decker

... 256

Dacobi

95

Dante

. ... 275

Dedan

... 64

Dacre ... .

143

Danton

. 272,275

Dee 33,45,190

224, 263

Dacroy

127

Danvers

. ... 140

Deeks

207, 234

Dad ...

93

Danville .

. ... 93

Deer'

... 179

Dadman

239

Daoud

. ... 92

Deerfoot

... 22

Daedalus

42

Daphne

. ... 128

De Foe 238,

275, 301

Daffin ...

37

Dar

. 96, 247

Defraine

... 121

Daffy ...

92

Dara ... .

. ... 127

Deguignes ....

... 128

Daft ...

33

Darach

. ... 76

D'Israeli ...

... 275

Dag ...

70

Darby

. ... 148

Deitch

... 161

Dagbrod

157

Dar da

. ... 56

Deitrichessen

... 295

Dagfin

37

Darg ... .

. ... 243

Deity

... 76

Dagmar

157

Darling

28, 38, 93

Dejoces

191, 207

Dago ...

86

Damcombe

... 285

De la Bost

... 149

Dagobert

.. 86,168

Damley 33,

39, 190, 285

De la Croix

... 275

Dagon

195

Darrach ''

re, 127, 281

De la^Faye

... 126

Daguerre

213

Darwin

. ... 38

De la Field

133, 143

Dakin

92

Dasa

. ... 261

De la Fontaine

... 241

Dakins

272

Dashwood

... 121

De la Hay ...

... 143

Dalbeth

149

Daspodius

32, 74

De la Marche

... 275

Dalby

.. 143,163

Dass ... .

. ... 261

De la Motte

... 134

Dale ...

.. 143, 151

Dathan

. ... 62

De la Place

152, 206

Dalhousie

138

D'Aubigne

... 92

De la Pole

... 48

Dalkeith

143

Daughter .

. ... 295

Delaport

152, 206

Dallas

138

Dauncy

. ... 87

De la Roche

... 136

Dallinger

86

Dauney

. 121,128

De la Rovere

121,127

Dairy

143

Dawe

. ... 92

DelaRue ...

266, 275

Dalrvmple

143

Dawes

. ... 92

De la Vega

... 133

Dalton ]

26, 137, 143

Dawkins

. ... 272

Delcambre

... 243

Darn ...

33

Dawson

. ... 92

Delescluse ...

... 145

Dalziel

143

David ...

54, 59, 92

Deluc

... 275

Dana ...

.. 33,114

Davidoff .

. ... 92

Delcombre ...

... 243

Damaris

47, 200, 247

Davie ... .

. ... 92

De Lolme ...

... 127

Damaspa

200

Davies

. ... 92

Do las Penas

... 88

Dame ...

.. 114,115

Davitt

. 92, 272

Delaunnay

... 260

Damian

84, 115, 252

Davoust

. ... 98

Delaware ...

... 275

Damo

246

Davy ... .

. ... 92

Delfino

... 210

Damocles

37

Day ... 2

33, 247, 291

De Lhuys ...

... 145

Damon

.. 37,246

Deacre

. ... 143

De Ligny ...

... 125

DaiDper

96

Deakins

. ... 272

Delilah

112, 243

Dampier

.. J.. 96

Deane

. ... 144

Dellar

... 241

INDEX

32a

Page

Page

Page

Delmonico ...

251,275

Devin

... 152

Dionysius ...

... 183

Delong

... 35

Devine

... 152

Diophantus

... 254

Delphino

... 210

DevUn

98, 114

Dios ... 76,

104, 183

Deluc

... 275

Dewar

250, 275

Dioscorides

184, 303

Demas

... 222

De Warrenue

... 248

Dioscuri

77, 184

De Mattos

199, 275

Dewberry ...

... 139

Diotrephes

... 183

Dembinski

... 122

Dewburst ...

... 126

Diphilus

... 40

Demeter

... 183

De Winton

... 143

Dirk Willemzoon 295

Demetrius

183, 222

De Witt ...

98, 125

Dis

... 183

Demidoff ...

... 294

De Worms ...

... 140

Disbmy

140, 153

Democbares

... 92

Dbas

... 261

Discalzeado

24, 264

Demogorgon

... 188

Dbu 33, 227,

262, 285

Dishan

209, 210

Demon

... 99

Dia

... 77

Dishon

... 209

Demonico ...

... 99

Diable

... 51

Ditchen

... 152

De Monti ...

... 134

Diablo

51,105

Ditmarsh ...

... 161

Demosthenes

188, 222

Diabolos

51, 203

Dittmar ...

... 161

Dempster

247, 291

Diack

... 234

Diva

104, 183

Dencbfield

... 157

Diamond

... 134

Diver

... 33

Denfortb ...

... 157

Diana ... 104,

184, 192

Dives

... 183

Denman 128

138, 144

Diavolo

... 203

Divorty

149, 150

Denmark ...

157, 161

Diaz

95, 290

Divus

104, 183

Dennis

183, 268

Dibble

... 235

Dix

... 289

Dennison ...

... 268

Dibden

... 33

Dixie

153, 289

Dennistoun

... 268

Dice

42, 186

Dixon

234, 289

Denny

... 144

Dicearcbus

... 42

Djuleep

... 153

Denovan

133,142

Dick

118,234

Dobbie

... 255

Dent

... 157

Dickens

... 234

Dobler

... 240

Dentatus

... 87

Dickerman

... 236

Dobroslav ...

... 38

Denton

... 157

Dickson

... 289

Dobyn

... 255

Deocbarns ...

... 54

Diderot 39, 92, 274

Docharty ...

... 128

Deodanda ...

115,235

Didier

... 92

Dodai(m) ...

... 78

D'Eremao

... 275

Dido

59,78,94

Dodd

195, 235

Derby

... 148

Didymus

... 86

DoddreU ...

... 235

Derrick

76, 234

Dieckmann

... 136

Doddridge ...

137,195

Derringer ...

... 76

Diego

95,290

Dodds 98

,222,235

De Ruyter 271

, 275, 283

Dierkhoff ...

... 294

Dodge

... 229

Derwentwater

... 47

Dietz

... 235

Dodman

... 239

Desais

... 148

Dieu

... 76

Doeg

195,243

De Sanctis

... 238

Digby

... 136

Doig ... 75

, 229, 239

De Santos ...

275, 302

Diggles

... 153

^oge

... 248

De Saulcy ...

... 128

Dignum

... 93

Dogfin

... 37

Descartes ...

... 247

Dilk

40, 92

Doggart

... 229

Desdemona

... 188

DHke

... 198

Doggett ...

229

Desiderius 3£

, 235, 274

DUkie

40,92

DolabeUa ..

!!*. 226

Desmond ...

... 143

DiUon

74,92

Dole

... 283

Desmoiilins...

... 252

DUly

... 92

Dolgoruky

... 33

Desormeaux

... 121

Dimitri

... 183

Dolliner

... 143

De Soto ...

... 266

Dimmock ...

... 127

Dollmger ...

... 86

Desperdicios

... 290

Dinah

... 104

DoUy ... 11"

, 235, 274

Despot

... 235

Dingle

... 144

Dolor

43, 305

Despotes ...

... 235

Dio

76,77

Dolores

84, 117

De Triana ...

... 143

Diocletian ...

... 183

Dom

... 247

Detroit

... 143

Diogenes 183

, 302, 304

Dombrowsky

... 121

Deucbar

... 250

Diomedes ...

... 226

1 Domhnuallocb

... 281

Deus

70,77

Dion

183, 302

Domina

... 101

Deutscli ...

... 161

Dion Cassius

... 292

Dominie

... 85

Devil

... 51

iDione ... 10^

[, 184, 303

Dominiquez

... 290

324

INDEX.

Dominus 101

Page
, 247, 303

Drew ...

Page
... 264, 284

Duncan

Page

.. 227,303

Domitian . . .

200, 247

Dreyfuss

173

Duncanson

... 287

Don

94,101

Drinan

122

Duncombe

... 138

Donaghue ...

... 227

Driog

159

Duncy

. ... 87

Donald

... 45

Drinkwater

47, 72, 73

Dundee

133

Donald Bain

... 30

Driscoll

40

Dumville .

. ... 137

Donaldson

... 272

Drood

284

Dundas

134

Donatello ...

... 247

Drouin

... 44,145

Dundonald

... 45

Donavan

... 133

Drudge

242

Dunlop

. ... 134

D'Ondes ...

... 97

Dnigan

... 264,276

Dunmure .

. ... 288

Donegan

272, 279

Druid

... 124,125

Dunn ...

33, 227, 279

Douizetti ...

247, 274

Druiif

... 264,276

Dunois

128

Don Juan ...

94, 247

DrusiUa

104

Dunoyer

. ... 126

Donovan 133

227, 280

Drusus

104

Duns Scotus

... 160

Donna

... 101

Dryander

... 12!, 127

Dunville

. ... 371

Donner

... 89

Dryburgh

... 139,149

Dupin

. 128, 277

Donkin

... 272

Dryden

... 72,144

Duns ... .

157

Don Pedro ...

... 247

Dualde

48, 149, 266

Dunstan

. ... 170

Doo

... 33

Duarte

224

Dunstone .

. ... 170

Dora

... 117

Dubarry

... 139,151

Dupanloup

... 175

Dorcas 104

109, 202

Duberry

151

Dupre

. 145, 279

Dorman

... 236

Dubbs

242

Duquesne .

. ... 127

Dormer 121

128, 236

Dubois

125

Durant

. 229,275

Domer

... 128

Dubuke

126

Durante

. 229, 275

Dorokoff ...

... 293

Duchesne

127

Durley

. 72, 132

Dorothy

115,235

Du Cange

... 135,242

Duroc

. ... 136

Dorritt

... 274

Dueardonnet ... 129

Durocque .

. ... 136

D'Orsay ...

... 235

Duce ...

... 220, 248

Durward

. 60, 236

D'Orsey ...

204, 235

Duck ...

... 220,248

Dust ... .

. ... 123

Doryclus

... 215

Duckett

... 220,248

Duval

. ... 143

Doubleday

... 86

Dudgeon

... 168,216

D wight

. ... 275

Doubles

... 86

Duenna

101

Dwyer

. ... 33

Douce

220, 248

Duessa

117

Dyball C

8, 224, 234

Doucherty

... 128

DufaiUy

... 126,127

Dyce ... .

. ... 38

Dougan

... 227

Dufoy

... 126,127

Dyer ... .

. ... 256

Doughty ...

... 29

Duff ...

33, 190, 262

Dykes

. ... 136

Douglas

142, 147

Dufferin

142

Dymond

. ... 134

Douglass

... 71

Duffus

... 149,155

Dymont

. ... 134

DouU

... 33

Duffy

... 33,227

Dyson

98, 271

Doutremer

... 266

Dufraine

121

Dzohara

. 106, 157

Dove ... 33

227, 262

Dufresnoy

126

Dow 33, 45

227, 262

Dugald

33, 155, 227

E'anthropos

... 100

DowaU ...

... 33

Dugall

155

Eachran .

. 225, 161

Dowl

33, 155

Duggan

279

Ead ... .

. .. 107

Dowd

... 66

Duguid 42,

46, 123, 217

Eaden ... .

. ... 144

Dowds

66,215

Duguignes

128

Eadie ... .

. ... Ill

DoweU

... 155

Du Halde

48, 149, 266

Eagles ... .

. ... 152

Dowlat

... 221

Duilius

261

Eaglesham .

. ... 152

Downie

... 85

Duke

208, 220, 247

Earl ... .

. 202, 248

D'Oyle
Drabble ...

... 159

Dulcibella

118

Early ... .

. 59, 248

... 233

Dulcinea

118

Easel ... .

. ... 239

Draco

... 207

Dulong

139

Easter... .

. ... 184

Dragoman

... 251

Dumah

47,70

Easton... .

. ... 137

Draper

... 267

Dumas

127

Eastwood .

. ... 307

Drayton

139,149

Dumesnil

136

Easy ... .

. ... 60

Dred

... 57

Dumnorix

... 226

Eaton ... .

. ... 138

Dredge

... 249

Dunbar

137

Ebba ... .

. ... 102

INDEX.

325

Page

rage

Ebed 260

Eleorn ...

.. 267,180

Ebedmelech ... 260

Eldad ...

93

Eben-Daoud ... 92

Elder ...

234

Ebenezer 53, 66, 165

Eleanor

36

Eber 64

Electra

... 36,189

Eccles 152, 153, 235

Eleutherius

... 269

Ecliegan ... 278, 279

Elf ...

... 75,255

Echius 76, 301

Elfreda

... 102,115

Eck ... 67, 127, 301

El Gebar

28

Eckhardt 44

Elger ...

213

Eckius 76,127

Elgin ...

171

Eclecta 115

Elgiva

... 102,115

Ecolampadius 75,96, 292

Elgol ...

200

Ed 107

Eliab ...

52

Edart 224

Eliah ...

52, 206, 306

Edden 44

Eliakim

54

Eddeen 44

Eliam ...

56

Eddy 43

Elias ...

54

Eden 144, 159

Eliezer

53

Edison 271

Eligius

57,40

Edith 58, 107

EUhu

52,54

Edgar 107, 214

Elijah

54

Edge 121

Elimelech

55

Edgecomb 121

Elioeni (m)

... 78

Edgewood 121, 122, 152

EUphal

53

Edgiva 115

EUsha

53,54

Edipus 32

Elishamali

... 81

EdHn 41,270

Elisheba

53

Edmonds ... 223,227

EUseus

54

Edmund 223

EHsie

53

Edom ... 44, 159, 254

Elissa

118

Edouart 224

Ehza ...

... 53,108

Edward 224

EUzabeth

... 53,108

Edwards 272

EUzur

55

Edwin 224

EUen ...

36, 107, 132

Eels 152

Ellenwood

122

Eekhout ... 121,149

ElHs ...

54, 272, 274

Effie 114

ElHott ...

54,113,274

Egan 278, 280

EUiston

54

Egar 172

Ellwood

122

Egbert 172

Elmo ...

222

Egede 261

El Mudo

35

Eggleston 152

Elnathan

77

Eggs 152

EloaU ...

64

EghmUy 225

Eloliim

56,64

Eglah 200

Elon ...

67

EgUn 171

Eloysius

40

Eglon ... 62, 71, 200

Elpidias

93

Egon 239

Elpis

55,93

Egremont ... 134, 158

Elsie ...

... 53,108

Ehud 54

El Tato

41

Einstein 149

Elymas

... 90,264

Eirineach 282

Elzabad

97

Ekin 272

Elze ...

294

El 56, 64

EiTia,Tiuel

67

Elam ... 90, 67, 171

Embla

179

Elazarus 53

Emigdio

84

Page

EmilianuB 299

Emily ... 102, 233

Emir 260

Emir al Omiali 53, 260
Emly ... 96,113,225

Emma ...

99,72,102

Emmanuel

... 67

Emmery

. ... 233

Emmet

. 99,113

Emmings .

. ... 217

Emmons 134, 137, 150

Emmor

22, 25

Empedocles

... 37

Encke

. 203, 225

Enclos

. ... 130

Endymion .

303

Eneas

45

Enfant

278

Engelmau .

. ... 222

Engels

149

EngUsch

157

Engstrom .

.. 134,148

Ennius

91

Ennan

289

Enoch ...

59, 67, 238

Enosh ... .

28

Enriquez .

290

Enshaw

125

Ensor ... .

125

Eoster ...

76,81,184

Epaminondas ... 301

Epamnon .

.. 270,301

Epaphras .

182

Epenetus .

54

Epeus

225

Epicurus

223

Epigoni

301

Epimanes .

46

Epiphanius

46, 81

Ephraim .

68

Ephrem Syi

us ... 160

Ephron

.. 71, 104

Episcopius

... 308

Episcopus .

308

Epje ... .

272

Epps ...

108

Epsom

102

Epsy ...

118

Erasmus

.. 38, 182

Erastus

59

Erato ...

38, 187, 182

Eratosthenes 182, 187

Erchenbold

... 222

Ercole

37, 182, 212

Erebus

.. 05,200

Eric ...

234

Erigena

.. 157,282

326

INDEX.

age

Page

Erigone

. ... 301

Euler ...

240

Erinnys

18, 25

Eumens

.. 41,301

Eris ... .

18,25

Eumenides

41, 301

Ermete

. ... 264

Eumerus

43

Erne ... .

. 104, 201

Eunice

.. 115,224

Ernest

. ... 201

Eunicius

224

Eros ... .

. 132, 183

Enuomia

186

Erythra

. ... 25

Euodia

115

Erytbras .

. ... 18

Eupator

42

Esau ... .

71,78

Euphemia

112

Escombe

. ... 138

Euphemius

... 60

Eschol ... .

.78,45,58

Euphrastus

... 255

Esculapius .

188

Eupbrosyne

186, 224

Esdras ...

78, 53, 223

Eupolemos

224, 226

Esbbael

. ... 192

Euripides .

.. 188, 302 1

Esbton... .

100

Europa

.. 31,188,

Esihiian

. ... 239

Euryale

188 i

Esmeralda .

. ... 112

Eurynome .

.. 188,235

Esop ... .

. ... 15

Eusebes

238

Espagnac .

. ... 275

Eusebius 104, 114, 302 !

Espe ... .

. ... 214

Eustace

44

Espie ... .

. ... 214

Eustachius

... 44

Espon ... .

. ... 214

Eutaxia

31

Esquire

. 224, 261

Euterpe

187

Espartero .

. ... 247

Eutropius .

187

Esra ... .

. ... 223

Eutycbus

43,58,221

Esserbaddon

... 194

Eva ... .

27,60

Essip ... .

. ... 152

Evan ... .

277

Esteban

. ... 218

Evander

42,76

Estelle

. ... 184

Evangel

113

Esterbazy .

. ... 126

Evangeline

... 113

Estia ... .

. ... 184

Evans

94

Esther

. 116,184

Eve ...

27, 60, 114

Ethel ... .

. 41,102

Eveletb .

152

Etbelbert .

. ... 37

Evelyn

114

Ethelburg .

. ... 104

Everard

200

Ethelburga

... 104

Everett

200

Ethelgiva .

. ... 102

Evergetes .

46

Ethelred .

. 41,255

Every ... .

206

Ethelrida .

. ... 41

Evii-chomi .

lUV

Etbelwald .

. ... 122

Evippus

203 >

Etbelwood

... 122

Evremond

... 135}

Ethron

. ... 104

Ewart

2061

Ettie ... .

. ... Ill

EweU

280;

Etty ... .

. ... Ill

Ewing

280

Eubulus

. 56, 255

Excellency

90, 202

Eucbaris .

. ... 112

Exiguus

47!

Eucleos

. 38, 302

Eyck ... .

301

Euclid

. 38, 302

Eynion

278]

Eudes

. ... 226

Eyre ... .

284;

Euergetes .

42,46

Ezer ... .

53,78

Eugene

. ... 167

Ezra ...

78, 165, 223

Eugenie

. 134,167

Ezri ... .

78

Euing

. ... 280

Ezbon

71

Eulalia

. ... 112

Eule ... .

. ... 201

Faber ... .

. ... 241

Eulenbui-g

... 201

Fabius ... .

. ... 245

Page

Fabricius ...

... 241

Faddom

... 93

Fader

... 72

Fadladeen ...

... 44

Fadyan

137, 227

Faing

... 32

Fairbairn . . .

... 87

Fairbrass ...

... 259

Fairbrother...

88, 252

Faircliilds . . .

... 87

Fau-cloth ...

149, 150

Fail-fax

... 254

Fau-head ...

... 152

Faiers

... 87

Fairservice ...

... 233

Faith

75, 122

Falconer

... 249

Falk

.. 125

Falkenstein

125, 135

Falkland ...

125, 236

Fall

... 136

FaUon

... 38

FaUas

... 138

Falsbaw

... 149

Falstaff ...

... 214

Farefoot

... 264

Farie

... 259

Farm

232

Farmer

... 232

Farthing

... 153

Farnworth ...

... 149

Fancomb ...

... 138

Fancy

... 189

Fane

32, 152

Faneuil

... 152

Fanny

... 109

Fanshaw . . .

125, 126

Farina

... 253

Farnie

... 491

Farnworth ...

129, 149

Farr

... 248

Farragut

... 248

Farrant

... 248

Farrar

239, 248

Fan-en

... 248

Farquhar ...

... 29

Fates

... J87

Father

72, 252

Fatican

... 227

Faucheur ...

... 234

Faulds

129, 130

Faunt ... 52

241,278

Fauntleroy...41,52, 276

Faunus

... 18i;

Faust

... 43

Faustina 43

104, ]00

Faustulus ...

48, 272

INDEX.

327

Faustus
Favel ..
Favre...
Fawcett
Fearghal

Page

43, 104
... 34
... 241
... 170
29

Featherstonehaugh 138

Feely

Feeny ...

Felicia...

Felicula

Feliculus

Felippa

Felix ...

45

40,47

43, 58, 104

104

104, 110, 111

106

...43,83,221

FeU

Fellows

Felsberg

Felton ..

Fenian..

Fenner..

Fennimore .

Fenwick

Feodrovitch

Ferdinand .

Fergus ...

Ferishta

Fern ...

Fernandez .

Ferney... .

Ferondi

Ferracino .

Ferrand

Ferrar ... .

Ferrari... .

Ferrars

Fei-retti

Ferrie ...

Feny ... .

Festus ...

Fetcham

Fe vre . . .

Few

Ffoulks

Fiacre ...

Flamingo

Fianzuola

Fichte ...

Fiddaman

Fiddes ...

Fidler ...

Fidelia...

Fidelius

Fidus ...

Fie

Fife ...

Field ...

Fields ...

Fieldsmith

43, 48, 135, 149

246

137

129, 139, 289
257, 122, 243

257

... 122
150, 288
... 293
... 45
29,74
... 221
... 247
... 45
... ... 149

292

259

259

29

259

259

259

29

41

43, 83, 272

129

308

122, 278, 280

235

201

157

143

128

... 39, 123

123

177

... 112,273

53

102

285

... 158, 253
... 129, 136

153

258

Figaro ...

Figuerola

Filatrice

Fillan ...

Filkin ...

Filmer...

Filmore

Filomel

Filomena

Filshill...

Finach...

Finch ...

Findlater

Finigan

Finiguei-ra

Finella

Fingal...

Finguerola

Finlay . . .

Finlayson

Finn ...

Finnach

Finney...

Finnigan

Finette...

Finnon

Firdusi...

FirgQ ...

Firmius

Fisher ...

Fisk ...

Fitch ...

Fitts ...

Fitz -James

Fitz-John

Fitzroy . . .

Fiveash

Flaccus

Flack

Flambard ...t
Flamestead . . .
Flamstead ...
Flamsteed ...
Flamina
Flamtuius . . .

Flan

Flanders
Flanegan ...

Flann

Flanner
Flatman

Flatt

Flattery

Flavel

Flavia...

Flavins

Flasman

Page

128!

2921

... 187, 113

174

204

... 73, 204

204

187

118

45

281

203

136

72, 279, 286

228

136

227, 279, 282

228

283

283

133

286

148

.. 279, 281

108

282

144

,., 29,155

190

243

243

234

123

294, 290

94

52, 276, 294

, 121

34

.. 34,277
..56, 67, 226

137

157

203

110

245
.'..17,20,279

157

... 27, 279

87

237

249

131

40

34

104, 117, 176

22, 34, 227

244

Fleming
Flemming
Fletcher
Flett ...
Fleury ...
Flindt ...
Flinn ...
Flint ...
Flobert
Flood ...
Flora ...
Florence
Florimel
Florus ...
Flourens
Flowers
Floyd ...
Fluellen
Flugel ...

Fo

Fogarty

Fogg '...

Foggo ...

Foister...

FoU ...

Folks, ...

Folkhaidt

FoUet ...

FoUey ...

Folh ...

FoUy ...

Foly ...

Fontaine

Fontarive

Fontinelle

Fontleroy

Fonvielle

Foote ...

Foothead

Forbes ...

Forbie ...

Ford ...

Fordham

Fordyce

Foreman

Forgeur

Forgie

Forlong

Formosa

Formosus,

Fomarius

Foixest

Forrester

Forsyth

Fortescue

Fortuna

Fortunatus

Page

57, 157, 260

260

249

74

81

170

... 27,170

170

38

... 48, 140
48, 114, 187

48, 81, 187

118

... 148,187
... 48,76,81

76

277

277

... 220
... 42

30

... 133, 152
... 133, 152

248

43, 149, 266
... 222, 235
... 188, 222

43

... 43, 266
276

43, 48, 149

149

274

... 143, 147

274

... 52, 276

130

131, 144, 246
... 144, 151
... 29, 188
29
... 139, 148
... 139, 147

29, 38, 129
... 251, 286

258

... 29, 272
... 35, 249
... 116, 189
104, 113, 154
...20, 25, 237
60, 126, 248

248

29
... 224, 261
60

60, 83, 221

328

INDEX.

Pa?e

Page

Page

Foscani

...19,25

Friedman

... 45

GaUagher ...

... 155

Foscai-i

... 25

Frigga ...

168

172, 180

GaUety ... 33

, 132, 246

Foscaro

...19,25

Frisby ...

...

... 157

Galliardi ...

28, 43

Foscoli

... 33

Fritb ...

... 122

GalUe

... 155

Fosetta

... 172

Fritbestan

138, 158

Gallio

92, 188

Foskett

... 123

Fritz ...

... 41

GalLnandona

... 110

Foss

... 308

Frizzle...

...

... 41

Gallocber ...

155

Foster ... 92

, 188, 248

Frobisber

23

249, 258

Galloway ...

123, 155

Fother

... 269

Frodobert

...

... 38

GaUows

... 144

Fothergill ...

147, 2G9

Froissard

... 253

GaUyon 92

,155,279

Fotheringbam

... 209

Froissart

... 93

Galpin

177, 206

Fouche

206, 235

Fromant

... 239

Gait

... 155

Foulis

48, 125

Fronto...

... 33

Gam

30,58

Fountain ...

... 274

Froscbammer

... 243

Game

... 30

FoweU

... 277

Fronde...

38, 42

Gammer 101,

202, 280

Fowler

... 253

Fry ...

... 43

GamaUi ...

... 78

Fowne

... 152

Fudle Allal

... 99

Gamaliel ...

... 57

Fox ... 177

206, 308

FuesH ...

33, 206

Gambetta ...

... 93

Fozier

... 170

Fuljambe

249, 286

Gamgee 295,

296, 304

Fra

117, 264

Fullalove

...

... 153

Gangadasa ...

... 261

Frame

... 307

Fullbrooke

... 146

Gange

... 295

Francia

... 82

FuUer ...

... 249

Gans

... 201

Frances

... 109

Fulton...

... 130

Ganymede 189,

209, 289

Francicello ...

... 109

Fulvia ...

104, 117

Gaol

... 133

Francis 108,

156, 251

Fulvius

...

... 104

Gaolnandona

... 130

Francisco . . .

... 109

Furioso

... 219

Garbett

... 214

Francombe ...

... 138

Furlong

... 249

Garcilasso ...

... 214

Franconi

... 75

Furnival

... 149

Garcon

... 263

Frangipani ...

... 257

Furcb ...

... 206

Gardiner

... 233

Frankenstein

... 149

Fuseli ...

... 33

Gardner

... 233

Franklin ...

232, 277

Fuss ...

32, 95

Gareb

... 35

Fraser

129, 246

Fust ...

... 43

Garfield ...

... 129

Frater

117, 262

Futber Eddeen

... 44

Garibaldi . . .

39,214

Fraulein

43, 114

Fyfe ...

... 253

GarUc

... 214

Frazer

... 246

Garner

... 233

Fredelinda ...

... 112

Gabalus

...

194, 294

Garnet

39, 214

Frederick 4C

, 56, 227

Gabbai...

...

... 256

Garrat

... 214

Free

85, 117

Gabriel

...28,87

Garrick

... 65

Freedman ...

... 45

Gad ...

83,

221, 219

Garriocb 135

236, 288

Freehouse ...

... 125

Gadsby

44,

185, 285

Garry

135, 233

Freeman 1."

, 68, 232

Gael ...

... 243

Garryowen ...

... 233

Freeman tie...

239, 233

Gaflfer ...

47,

101, 104

Garscadden

... 133

Freemont ...

... 168

Gage ...

222, 242

Gartb

... 133

Freischutz ...

... 114

Gains ...

182, 183

Gartbsbore

... 133

Frere

... 264

Galal ...

... 92

Garvey

... 213

Frejur

... 141

Galatea

...

188, 288

Garvon

... 133

Fi-eville

... 121

Galava...

...

... 109

Gascoigne ...

... 156

Frew ... 43, 45, 2G9

Galba ...

62,71,200

Gaskin

... 156

Freya

168, 172

Galbraitb

... 262

Gasparde ...

... 82

Freyer

... 168

Galentine

... 28

Gasper

... 82

Freyhoffer ...

... 232

Gales ...

57, 155

Gass

... 103

Freymont ...

... 168

Galgacus

...

... 221

Gaston

37, 156

Freymuth ...

... 108

Galletly

60, 107

Gates

185, 236

Freytag

85, 167

GalUlei

... 291

Gatling

... 44

Freywood ...

... 168

Gallileo

... 291

Gattina

99, 104

Friar

117, 204

Gall ...

155

, 196, 298

Gatty

... 99

Friday

85,89

Gallacber

92, 298

Gau

... 307

INDEX.

.329

Gault

... 155

Gibson

Gaunt

... 284

Gideon...

Gautrey

... 167

Giffard...

Gavazzi

... 31

Gilbert

Gavigan

... 285

Gilchrist

Gay

...28,43

Gildas ...

Gaylor

50, 59, 237

Gilderoy

Gebar

...28,87

Gildhelm

Gebbie

28, 272

Giles ...

Geddes

... 243

Gilfather

Gee

289, 281

Gilfeatber

Gehanguire

... 24

Gilfillan

Gehazi (m)

54,58,79

Gilkinson

Gelasius

31,262

Gilkisson

Geldart

... 262

Gill ...

Gelee

... 31

Gillan

Gemalli (m) 73, 183, 19G

Gillander

Gemmell

... 86

Gillespie

Genevieve ..

... 110

Gilleroy

Genaro

... 85

Gillevroy

Genseric

... 201

Gillibred

Geoch

... 288

GilUe ...

Gentleman

98, 299

Gillies

Geoffrey

... 168

Gilligan

George

74, 233

Gilliland

Gentil

... 29

Gillis ...

Gentles

... 98

Gillon ...

Georgina

... 104

GiUot ...

Georgius

... 104

Gilmaii-

Gera

... 265

Gilmer...

Gerard

38, 214

Gilmour

German

... 214

Gilpin ...

Gerold

... 214

Gilroy ...

Geron

... 202

Gilson ...

Geronimo ...

181, 260

Gimson

Gerram

... 214

Gingle ...

Gersbom

155, 265

Gingoulph

Gerstein

... 213

Giunethon

Gertrude

... 214

Giocondo

Gervas

... 222

Gionone

Geryon 18

r, 202, 267

Giordano

Geta

... 156

Giorgo

Gettings

173, 270

Giorgone

Gbirlandis ...

... 249

Giotto

Giacomo

... 95

Giovanetti

Gianantonio

... 94

Giovanni

Gianbatista

... 93

Gipp ...

Gianbiancbi

... 93

Gipps ...

Giancarlo . . .

... 291

Giradin

Gianfigliazzi

94, 292

Giraldi

Gianna

... 94

Giraldus

Giannakes ...

... 94

Girlandus

Gianone

... 93

Girling...

Gibb

... 288

Girolamo

Gibbar

... 28

Gissela...

Gibbon

222, 288

Gisselda

Gibbs

... 288

Gladstein

23

222,

222,

271, 288
... 71
... 52
262, 288
104, 262
... 262

260, 262
... 170

261, 262
... 147
... 147

262, 174
... 76
... 76
108,147
... 262
... 262
... 252

... 262
... 262
... 262
... 279
... 147

31,262
262, 263
... 274
... 262
... 262
... 262
... 222
... 262
271, 279

95, 271
... 250
... 174

71,233
... 43
... 93
... 92
... 73

73,233

86, 274
... 93
... 93
. ... 222
... 222
... 214
... 214
... 157
... 249
... 249
181, 260

108
113
125

Page

Gladstone ..

39, 125

Gladuse

... 32

Glancy

... 27

GlanviUe ..

... 127

Glander ..

... 236

Glanders ..

... 127

Glares

... 43

Glashier

... 258

Glass ... 31, 142, 274

Glasse 227

Glassford 227

Glasspole 142, 152, 242

Glasscock 274

Glashan ... 142, 146

Glaucus 31

Glaukopis ... 31,109

Glaukus 109

Glendinning ... 143

Glenfield 127

Glengany ... 288

Gliddon ... 125,135

Gloriosa 84

Gluck ... 43,58,221

Glycera 238

Gnatho 92

Gnatus 261

God ... 75, 76, 77

Goda 76

Godard 76

Godfrey 84, 107, 115

Godfrith 107

Godiva 76, 96, 115

Godman 76

Godolphin 176

Godsell 260

Godshall 260

Godwin 224

Goes 201

Goethe 156

Goff 259

Goggle 142

Gold 40

Goldeustrom ... 148

Goldie 93

Golding 93

Goldschmid ... 258

Goldsmid 258

Goldsmith 258

Goliath 57

Gohghtly ... 60, 240

Gollacher 92

Golland 147

Golowatsheff ... 33

Gombeen 280

Gomez ... 94, 290

Gompertz 220

Gondemar 155

330

INDEX.

Page

Gonville

... 94

Gonzales

... 220

Gonzalo

... 220

Good

42,93

Goodblood ...

... 245

Goodbrother

... 55

Goodchild ...

93, 238

Goode

42,70,93

Goodenough

... 152

Goodfellow

... 245

GoodUffe ...

... 87

Goodman 42

, 208, 238

Goodwin

... 224

Goody

... 273

Gool

... 147

Goole

... 39

Gopaladasa

...

Gor

... 200

Gordon 147

210, 200

Gore

... 214

Gorman

... 214

Gorgon

188, 208

Gorham

... 274

Gorteen

... 280

Gory

... 200

Gossip

... 307

Goschen

... 201

Gosling

201, 270

Gospatrick ...

203, 271

Goss ... 263,

270, 278

Gossaladasa

... 201

Gosset

... 263

Gossip

... 76

Gossoon

... 280

Gother... 27,42,238

Gothman ...

... 238

Gothram

... 76

Gotobed

114, 238

Goton

... 112

Gott ... 75, 70, 180

Gottebedde...

... 302

Gottescbalcus

200, 261

Gottin

.. 180

Gottreu

... 72

Goudie

40,93

Gough

... 259

Goulburn . . .

... 147

Gourko

... 32

Govan

131, 259

Gow

... 25

Gowan

... 259

Gowanlock ...

... 285

Gowdie

... 93

Gower

... 210

Goy

... 200

Gracchus ...

... 32

Grace

... 110

Page

Gracy 74, 244

Gradgrind ... 242,253

Grady 34, 60, 04

Graeffe 248

Graeme 107

Graff 248

Grafton 125

Graham 107

Graine... 107,110,279
Grammatacus . . . 244

Grammont 134

Granahan 279

Grandius 34

Granger 233

Grant 34

Granton 138

Granville 139

Grasselh 47

Gratian 41

Graves 188, 258, 248
Gray ... 31, 109, 209

Greathead 33

Green 133, 279

Greene 279

Greenhill 153

Greenshields ... 150
Greenwood... 122,153

Greers 282

Gregalach 281

Gregorjew 294

Gregory 200

Grenville 139

Greers 282

Gresham 34, 129, 139

Gretchen 112

Greig 281

Grey 209

Griers 282

Griesbach ... 92, 140

Griffin 207

Griffith 27

Grig 44

Grigg 251

Griggs ... 44, 282, 109

Grimaldi 107

Grimbald 107

Grimes 282

Grimm 107

Grimmond 107

Grimr 167

Grimstone 107

Grist 252

Grocock 274

Groenvelt 152

Grogan 30, 07, 227

Groom 257,203

Groomsport ... 282

97,

GO,

Groot

Grosjean
Grosshezog ...
Gx'ossteste ...
Grosvenor ...

Grote

Grotius

Grouchy

Groves...

Grubb ...

Grucchio

Grumble

Grund ...

Grundy

Gryphus

Gualterio

Guelph

Guercino

Guerola

Guerrero

Guerricke ...

Guest

Gueuse

Guffie

Guido

Guildenstern
Guillotin
Guilmette ...
Gulippus

Guild

Guin

Guinness

Guion

Guire

Guiscard

Guise

Guisseppe ...

Guisseppina

Guiteau

Guizot

Gulippus

Gull

Gulliver

Gully

Giilph

Gumboil
Gumbold ...
Gumprecht...
(kmdolph ...

Gundy

Guni (m)

Gunn

Gunning

Gunter

Gunton

Guppy

Gurney

Page
... 34
... 93

... 33

... 243

... 84

... 34

... 32

123, 170

... 129

... 32

... 137

... 144

... 144

... 40

... 210

174, 206

... 31

... 292

... 251

... 251

... 257

... 39

... 33

123, 125

... 218

171, 274

... 274

... 203

... 202

... 30

30, 281

... 123

... 210

... 204

... 130

... 108

... 108

... 123

... 274

... 203

... 147

... 43

... 147

... 66

... 220

... 220

220, 202

... 170

... 220

... 78

... 220

... 270

220, 270

... 220

... 206

140, 227

INDEX.

331

Page

Gurton

... 280

Gush

... 145

Guthram ...

... 208

Guthrie

171, 208

Guttenburg...

... 139

Guy

94, 125

Guyon... 94

123, 133

Guzman

15, 42

Guzzi

... 280

Gwyder 134

222, 238

Gwyn

110, 286

Gwynne

30, 242

Gyges

... 182

Gypsey

162, 166

Haag 143,150

Habakkuk 58

Habo 43

Hachmoni ... 42,56,78

Hack 215

Hacke 226

Hackenborger ... 137

Hacking 226

Haco ... 47,215,226
Hadad 56, 166, 192

Hadadezer ... 195

Hadassah 116

Hadden 144

Hadjai 82, 265, 284

Hadrianus ... 299

Haeckel 232

Hasphestos ... 184

Hafid 46,94

Hafiz 46,94

Hafiz AUah 94, 304

Hagan ... 16,226

Hagar ... 82,157,265

Hagab 87

Haggai ... 82,108

Haggar 82

Haggart 245

Haggarty 245

Haggiah 82

Haggis 202

Haggith 52, 82, 108

Hague 137,143,150

Hahan 290

Haidee 43, 106, 108

Hair 287

Hakketan 35

Hal 178,272

Halcyon 249

Haldane ... 92,157

Hale 66

Hales 28,43,47

Halihead 267

Halthyde 267

Pa-e

Page

Halgier

. ... 213

Hardacre . . .

... 137

Hall

. ... 66

Hardcastle

137, 151

HaUack .

. ... 223

Hardicanute47,137,224

Halle ... .

. ... 250

Hardman ...

... 233

Halliday .

. ... 98

Hardmuth ...

... 224

Halley

. 178,266

Hardwicke

... 167

Hallward .

. ... 213

Hardwidge

... 167

Hallosheth

... 31

Hardy

47,224

Halmoneus

... 249

Hare

... 41

Halocrates

... 255

Harenc

... 211

Halohesh .

. ... 31

Harfager

254,283

Halpin

. ... 151

Hargi-aves ...

... 216

Halsey

. ... 178

Haridelle ...

... 250

Ham ... .

. 64,277

Harim

... 32

Hamadryad

... 124

Harkness ...

Hamburg .

. ... 94

Harlech ...

'.".". 148

Ha-melk-art

14, 15, 25

Harley

42, 133

Hamilcar

15,25,193

Harlow

... 137

Hamilton .

. ... 150

Hai-man

... 248

Hamish

. ... 95

Harmer

216, 298

Hamlet

. ... 135

Harmodius

... 242

Hammedtha

... 86

Harms

... 92

Hammond .

. 137,150

Harrold ...

... 216

Hamor

22

Haroun

... 14

Hampden .

. ... 119

Haroun al Kaschid 14

Hanan

. ... 93

Harpagus ...

... 177

Hancock

.. 94,274

Harpalyce ...

46, 107

Handel

240

Harpalycus

107, 177

Handley

94

Harper

... 253

Handricks .

178

Harpertzoon

253, 295

Handyside

... 222

Harpocrates

... 28

Hanefan

94

Harpy 107

, 177, 200

Hankin

272

Harriett ...

108, 178

Hanks

94

Harrigan 151

, 271, 279

Hanlan

135

Harris

178, 271

Hanlon 216, 135, 281

Harrison

178, 271

Hannah

87,93,116

narrower ...

... 249

Hannaniah

... 93

HaiTy 108

, 178, 270

Hannethon .

93,94

Hart ... .

25, 177

Hannibal

93,192,193

Hartley

... 133

Hanno

93

Hartshorn ...

... 137

Hanoch

59

Harumaph

... 32

Hans ... .

94

Harvard

... 43

Hansard

173

HarVood ...

... 125

Hansdotter

... 295

Haslam

126,127

Hansom

272

Haslop

... 126

Hanson

94, 96, 272

Hassan

219, 227

Hanswurst .

94

Hastifraga ...

... 215

Hap ... .

.. 125, 135

Hastings

... 175

Hapgood

126

Hasty

... 214

Hapsburg

39,125,135

HasweU ...

... 127

Hara ... .

41

Hatch

... 236

Haran

32

Hatfield ...

... 129

Harapha

65

Hatherley ...

129, 150

Harbona .

226

Hatt

... 220

Harcourt .

130

Hatto

157, 220

Hard ... .

224

Hatton

... 138

332

INDEX.

Taije

Page

Page

Haugh

... 150

Heller

... 266

! Herries

... 178

Hausschein 14, 97, 292

Helmont

... 134

Herring 191

, 228, 247

Ilausman . . .

... 237

Helon

69,76

HerscheU ...

... 268

Havard

... 43

Heloise

105, 251

Hertha

167, 183

Havelock ...

... 172

' Helvetius . . .

137, 156

Hertogh

220, 248

Harvest

... 98

Hemans

217, 271

Hertzen

... 295

Haviland ...

... 151

Hemp

... 41

Hervest

... 98

Hawes 12g

,150,178

Heuan

... 122

Herzog

... 248

Hawker

... 240

Henchman ...

203, 225

Hesperides ...

186, 301

H^wkin

... 272

Hendeorson ...

178, 283

Hesperus ...

... 186

Hawkins

... 272

Hendrick . . .

... 178

Hester... 81

, 184, 185

Hawks

... 135

Hendricks ...

... 290

Hetherley ...

... 150

Hawkwood

... 39

Hendry 4

1,178,290

Hewett

... 274

Hawley

... 150

Hendriot

Hewitt

274, 280

Hay ... 14,26,143

Hengist

203, 225

Hewson 274

278, 280

Hayes

14,26

Hengler ...

203, 225

Heyne

94, 295

Hayman

... 150

Hennesy ...

... 45

Hickhock 97

, 251, 279

Haynau

... 143

Henrietta ...

108, 178

Hickie

... 251

Hay ward ...

... 236

Henry 41

, 178, 247

Hickog

251, 279

Hazelelponi

55

Hepbm-u

... 146

Hickman ...

232, 251

Hazeleloponi

55

Hephestus ...

... 184

Hicks

97, 251

Hazlewood

... 127

Hepwith

124, 134

Hidalgo

156, 291

HazUtt ...

... 127

Hepzibah ...

... 118

Hiddai(m) ...

... 78

Hazzard

... 32

Hera

182, 183

Hierax

... 201

Head

... 137

Heraclitus ...

37, 183

Hieronymus

260, 181

Headdy

... 44

Heraclide ...

... 301

Hierophantus

... 254

Headlam . . .

... 150

Heraclius ...

... 184

Higginbottom

... 127

Headland ...

137, 150

Herapath ...

... 223

Higgins

127, 274

Healy

... 303

Herbert

... 37

Higgot

... 274

Heath

... 149

Herbelot ...

... 274

Higgs

... 274

Heaton

... 138

Herbest

... 98

Higham ...

... 137

Hebblewhite

... 129

Hercules 37

,162,172

Hignet

... 274

Hebe

... 189

Herepath ...

... 223

Hiji

... 296

Hebel

... 81

Hereward . . .

... 216

Hijo

... 307

Heber

04, 206

Herimar

... 216

Hilarius

... 43

Hector

... 301

Heriot

... 216

Hilary

... 43

Hedderwick

129, 149

Herman 171

216, 248

Hilda ... 172

180,216

Hedges 124

134,137

Hermes

182, 183

Hildebrand . . .

... 172

Hedji

... 82

Hermianax...

... 193

Hildegarde . . .

113, 172

Heenan

122, 149

Hermione ...

... 302

Hildemar ...

... 172

Hegel

... 85

Hermino

... 171

Hildersheim

... 180

Hegistratus

... 220

Hermodulus

... 193

Hildyard ...

... 172

Heinrich

... 247

llermogenes

... 302

HiUbrand ...

... 172

Heinzen

... 295

Ilermosa . . .

104, 106

HiUel 5(

}, 64, 108

Hierax

... 201

Hermosus ...

104, 106

HiUhcad ...

46, 137

Hela ... 171,

172, 180

Hermozus ...

... 154

Hills ... 127

149, 136

Helbrand ...

... 172 1

Ilernand

... 45

Hilton ... 137

236, 273

Heldenbrand

... 172

Hernandez ...

... 45

Himmehnal03

113,187

Helderbrand

... 172

Heme ... 58

125, 201

Himmeltruda

... 113

Heifer

... 210

Hero

182, 183

Hind

... 233

Helem 59,

106, 217

Herod ... 105,

228, 301

Hines

... 271

Helen ... 3C

, 40, 106

Ilerodiah ...

... 105

Hinnom

... 57

Helena

... 36

Herodius . . .

105, 301

Hinshaw ...

125, 137

Helfmann ...

... 262

Herodotus ...

... 182

Hinsou

233, 271

Heliogabulus

... 194

Herr ... 96,

247, 248

Hinton... 125,135,137

Heliophantes

... 194

Herrara

... 105

Hipparchus...

... 289

Hellbrand

... 172

Herrick

... 178

Hippias 235,

242, 278

INDEX.

333

Page

Page

Hippocrates

31, 28, 203

Holman

... 250

Hippodamus . . . 204

Holms

... 127

Hippolytus

203

Holofernes ...

14, 239

Hipponax

203

Holroyd

... 129

Hippothce

33

Holstead ...

... 123

Hippothoon

... 33

Holt

... 126

Hippothous

33

Holtum

123, 250

Hirpus...

.. 177, 200

Holybad ...

... 238

Hirsch...

177

Holyoake . . .

... 127

Hirtius...

254

Holywell ...

... 238

Hislop ...

12G

Holzman ...

... 250

Hitchcock

274

Home ... 135

151, 282

Hludwigj?

105

Homer 139

, 152, 230

Ho .

144

Honor

... 118

Hoad ...

236

Honora

... 118

Hoadley

236

Honorius ...

... 41

Hoang-tse

297

Honeyman...

... 251

Hoard ...

238

Hood

... 271

Hoare ...

.. 59, 267

Hook

... 136

Hobab...

93

Hooker

... 243

Hobart

41

Hooper

... 240

Hobbs ...

255

Hoorn

... 136

Hobkirk

126

Hop Cornell

... 278

Hobson

.. 255, 271

Hope ... 75, 93, 126

Hoche ...

.. 16, 136

Hopeton

... 126

Hockley

127

Hopetoun ...

... 126

Hod ...

54,78

Hopgood 126

138, 143

Hodaviah

54

Hophni

... 88

Hodder

.. 107, 277

Hophrah ...

... 61

Hodesh

82

Hopkins

... 274

Hodevah

54

Hopley

... 126

Hodge...

215

Hoppet

226, 274

Hodges

215

Hop Pringle

264, 281

Hodgesou

271

Hopps... 41

278, 291

Hodijah

54,77

Hor

... 135

Hoeland

.. 75,251

Horace

113, 238

Hoff ...

218

Horatio

... 238

Hoffman 1

66, 232, 245

Hormisdas ...

... 302

Hoffrichter

291

Horn

136, 250

Hogan ...

16, 41, 226

Home

... 253

Hogarth

.. 47, 138

Horner

... 250

Hogben

127

Horrocks ...

... 216

Hogg ...

167

Horrox

... 216

Hoggpen

137

Horsa

203, 225

Hoglah

201

Horsefall ...

137, 218

Hogsmouth

210

Horseman ...

... 203

HohenzoUei

n 134, 256

Horsman ...

225, 278

Hogwarden

236

Horsenail ...

... 199

Holbein

87

Hortense ...

... 233

Holden

.. 136,236

Hortensius ...

... 233

Holder... .

.. 136, 236

Horus

...14,60

Holdmg

236

Hosea

94, 304

Holdsworth

127

Hosheim

... 137

Hole ...

.. 157, 282

Hosier

63, 244

Holland

.. 132, 157

Hosius... 87

113, 238

Hollinshed

126

Hospitalis ...

... 307

Holm ...

127

Hostilius ...

48, 298

Page

Hostis 298

Hotspur ... 204, 225

Houri 17, 103

Hou.se ... 34, 130, 149
Housego ...39,78,292

Housenear 131

Houston 280

Hout 126

Houten 125

Hoveden 119

Hovey 232,291

Howard 236

Howden ... 119, 144

Howe 136, 289

Howell 36

Howie 289

Howitt 289

Howland 138

Howlet 201

Howlett 36

Hoy 143, 209

Hozier 63

Hoyle 151

Hross 173, 178

Hruodland 219

Hubert 37,41

Hubbard 41

Huckster 240

Huddlestone ... 41
Hudibras ... 226, 259

Hudson 271

Huessen 274, 278, 295

Huggins 280

Hugh ... 14, 105, 280

Hughie 280

Hugibert 41

Hughina 105

Hugin 167, 185

Hughes 280

Hughtenburg ... 137

Huie 274

Hugo 167

Huldah 97

Hulyer... 221, 256, 286

Human 239

Humbert 292

Humboldt 157

Hume ... 62, 135, 151

Hun 177

Hunniades 157

Hunt 199, 243

Hunter ... 95, 199

Hupatos 105

Hur 135

Hurai 250

Hurd 239

Hurdis 239

384

INDEX.

Paare

Pa^'c

Page

Hurley

... 183

Ike

... 273

Ischia

263

Hurst

... 126

Ikkish

... 57

Isco

171

Husband

... 233

Ildefonsa ...

... 172

Isdale ...

138, 144, 147

Hush

... 78

Immacolato

. 83, 102

Isenbard

215

Hushah ...

... 8<J

Immanuei ...

... 67

Isengar

215

Husliai

...78,89

Imogen

91, 301

Isenman

... 215,259

Husham

... 89

Imola

... 141

Ishi ...

77, 226, 305

Hushim

... 89

Impey

... 41

Ishbosheth

192, 292

Huskisson ...

173, 271

Imrie

... 233

Ishmael

57, 72, 196

Huss

... 202

Ince

30,152

Ishmerai

55

Hussey

... 153

Inches

... 152

Ishni ...

88

Hussy

... 150

Inclytus

56, 69

Ishod ...

54,71.88

Hutchan

280, 281

Incognita ...

... 115

Isis ...

100,161,290

Hutcheou ...

... 280

Ind

257, 271

Iskander

223

Hutchesou

280, 281

Indraputra . . .

... 296

Ison

271

Hutcbiugs ...

... 280

ludicopleustes

162, 249

Ispah ...

16

Hutin

... 45

Indicott

... 122

Israel ...

96

Hutt

... 133

Inez

... 291

Issa ...

37

Hutton

138,150

Infant

41, 93

Issacher

40,58,113

Huxley 161

, 236, 280

Infanta

... 41

Issu

37

Huygens ...

... 167

Infante

... 41

Ithai ...

Ill

Hyacintb . . .

... 104

Inigo

... 44

Ithamar

128

Hyatles

... 301

Ing

... 41

Ittai ...

... 78,111

Hyam

137,196

Ingo 41,171,278,291,296

Ittem ...

123

Hyde

133, 267

IngersoU 74,

130, 152

lulus . . .

141

Hyder Ali ...

... 247

Ingle

41,171

Ivan ...

94

Hydrogenes

... 91

Inglis

... 157

Ivanoff

94, 290, 293

Hy Nial ...

... 155

Ingomar

... 308

Ivanovitch

... 94

Hyke

... 97

Ingram

... 171

Ivanowna

293

Hyllus

... 124

Inkhammer

... 308

Ives

271

Hyloeus

... 124

Inkpen

... 137

Ivett ...

274

Hylus

... 124

Inman

... 240

Izahiah

58

Hyndman ...

233, 257

Innis ... 30

, 152, 285

Izett ...

... 88,154

Hypatia

105, 308

Innocent

... 85

Izhar ...

57

Hyperides . . .

... 301

lolanthe

... 117

Izod ..

68, 88, 154

Hyperion . . .

... 301

Iphicrates ...

... 208

Hyrcanus ...

159, 269

Iphidamus ...

... 208

Jaacobi(m)

... 77

Hyrde

... 239

Iphigenia ...

28, 208

Jaakobah

94

Hyslop

... 126

Iphinoe

... 208

Jaap ...

72

Hystaspes ...

... 165

Iphinous

... 208

Jaaps ...

108

Iphis

28, 208

Jabez ...

88

Iago

... 95

Ippofilo

... 204

Jablonowsky ... 122

Ibbotson

... 98

Irad

... 208

Jablonsky

123

Ibrahim

... 52

Irene ... 45

186, 289

Jachini

54

Ibri

... 97

Ireneus 45

189, 289

Jacinta

22, 104, 109

Ichabod ...

51,88

Ireton

... 267

Jacob ...

94

IciUus 173

, 298, 304

Iris

189, 289

Jacobin

95

Ida

... 105

Irman

... 171

Jacobite

95

Idas ... 105

, 278, 296

Irons

... 153

Jacobus

95

Iddo

59, 105

Ironsides ...

... 28

Jack ...

93

lesus

... 94

Irving

... 141

Jackett

93

Iff

278, 293

Isaac

... 97

Jackson

288

Iglesias

235, 250

Isabella ...

148, 248

Jacquard

95

Ignatieff

... 293

Isaiah

... 60

Jacqueline

... 95, 104

Ignatius

15,44

Isbister

... 151

Jacques

... 95,105

Ignazio

... 44

jscariot

62, 141

Jaddua

54

Igo

... 807

Iscariotes ...

68, 141

Jael ...

114,115,209

INDEX.

33^

Page

Jager ...

43

Jagielski

95

Jagg ...

... 95,243

Jaggard

47,95

Jago ...

... 243,290

Jair

14

Jairus ...

14

Jalemieiohang ... 298

James

... 95,104

Jamie ...

95,271,274

Jamieson

... 95,111

Jamim

45,57,221

Jamin ...

... 43,221

Jamsetjee

29G

Jan

94

Jane

94, 105, 108

Janet ...

... 94,108

J an away

140

Jank ...

94

Jankovitz

94

Janks ...

94

Jannceus

94

Jannet

98

Jamsen

94

Jantje

272

Janus ...

45,40,135

Janzoon

94

Japhia

37

Jaqueline

... 95,104

Jaram

68

Jardine

... 71,233

Jarman

157

Jaroah

32

Jaroslav

... 38,274

Jarvey

222

Jasher

55,73

Jason ...

251

Jasper

82

Jay

39,43

Jaziz ...

57

Jeam ...

95

Jean ...

93,94,120

Jean Bois

120

Jeannette

... 94, 108

Jeanot

108

Jeannotte

108

Jebb ...

... 108,272

Jebus ...

141

Jedaiah

54

Jedidah

54

Jedidiali

78, 92, 105

Jeffry ...

106

Jeban

94

Jebanputra

... 94

Jebisbai

59

Jeboabaz

54

Jehoidah

54

Pajre

Jeboikim 55

Jehoram 54

Jehosbaphat ... 52
Jebovab ... 50, 54, 77
Jebovah-nissi ... 55
Jebovab-i'opbi ... 55
Jebovab-tzkinu ... 55

Jebudab 108

Jebudi 105

Jehudijah 105

Jelf 177

Jemima ... 37,202
Jemimah ... 57,207

Jemmy 95

Jenkins 94

Jenner 242

Jennings ... 94,270

Jenny 94

Jenyns 94

Jerab ... 68,82

Jerabmeel 57

Jerebai(m) ... 78

Jeremiab 54

Jerimotb 68

Jeriotb 68

Jermyn 137

Jeroab 82

Jerome 101,181,214

Jerold 214

Jerraui 214

Jerrold 214

Jerry 52,54

Jerubael ... 78,192

Jervis 140,222

Jesbisbai 100

Jesburun 55, 73, 280

Jesse 144,196

Jessica 108

Jessie 108

Jessop 108

Jesuit 95

Jesus 94

Jetber 90

Jetbro 90

Jetur 68

Jeuz 205

Jew 274

Jewell ... 83, 274

Jewett 274

Jex 96

Jezebel ... 112,185

Jifkin 272

JiU 141

Jimmy 274

Jingo 174

Jiunie 94

Jinny 108

Jo

Joab ...

Joam ...

Joame

Joan ...

Joanne

Job ...

Jocbebed

Jock ...

Jockell

Jockie

Jockey

Joel

Joelab

Joey ...

Joezer

Jobanna

Jobannab

Jobannes

Jobn ...

Jobnson

[ Jobnstone

! Joksban

j Joktan

: Jokubaitis

jJoliffe .

I Jolivau
Jonab .
Jonas .

I Jonathan
Jones

! Jong
JontU
Jopson
Joram ...
Jordan
Jorgez
Jorissen
Josceylin
Jose
Josepb
Josepbi(m)
Josepbine
Josepiius
Joses ...
Josey ...
Josbua

96,

Jotun

Jotuns

Joturnus

Jourdain

Joui'ieif

Joury

Jourissen

Jove ...

Jo vis ...

Pa^c

.. 307
52, 306
.. 290
93,94
94, 108, 290
... 39
... 99
... 51
... 93
i03, 225
... 93
... 93
... 54
... 129
... 108
... 53
93, 105
94, 105
93, 105
93,105,159
94, 290, 295
... 94
... 253
35,59
... 296
... 87
... ^43
202, 304
... 202
... 93
... 290
... 34
... 95
... 108
... 54
... 92
... 296
... 233
42, 273
... 108
... 108
... 77
... 108
... 306
... 108
... 108
55,94
... 273
... 45
172, 182
... 173
... 92
... 293
233, 293
... 233
... 184
... 184

336

INDEX.

Page,

rage

Jowett

272

Katharowna

... 293

Juan ... .

94 1

Kate

IV-i, IIG

Juan Lopez

... nil

Kathleen 75,

no, 220

Juanita

108

Kathlin

... no

Juanito

94

Katliy

... no

Juarez

290

Kattie

... 112

Juba ...

85

Kaufman ...

236, 240

Jubal ...

59

Kay ... 29,

182, 280

Jubina

.. 85,104

Kean 33, 4(

), 73, 127

Judali ...

.. 45,78,83

Keats

... 219

Judas ...

83

Kearney

... 141

Judd ...

83

Kedar

... 59

Jude ...

83

Kedemah ...

... 59

Judith ...

83, 105, 108

Keith

... 143

Judtt'us

40,83

Kee

... 107

Judson

83

Keen

... 241

Judy ...

83

Kellar

... 28G

Juez

291

Kellerman ...

240, 28G

Jukes ...

83

KeUoch ...

... 28G

Juler ...

83

Kelly

124, 308

Jules ...

45, 83, 141

Kells

124, 125

Julia ...

141

Kelt ... 123

15G, 243

Julian

.. 83,141

Kemp

... 244

Julien

141

Kempenfeldt

... 132

Julius

141

Kemper

21G, 244

Julvatter

1G7

Kempster . . .

... 244

Juucker

34

Kempton . . .

... 130

Jungfrau

.. G9,2G9

Kendrick ...

41, 283

Junius ...

34, 108, 300

Kenealy

152, 303

Juno ...

184

Kenmare ...

... 227

Junot ...

34

Kenmuir ...

... 288

Jupiter

... 50,184

Kennedy ...

... 227

Jurgaitis

29G

Kenneth

41, 227

Jury ...

293

Kenny

... 227

Just ...

273

Kenrick

... 41

Justus

42, Gl

Kent

... 127

Jute

45,83,182

Kentigern ...

227

Juvenal

34, 291, 29G

Kenwolf

'.'.'. 174

Juxon

94

Kenyon

... 34

Keo

... 31

Kadi ...

308

Keogh

31, 283

Kadijah

308

Kepler

... 237

Kali ...

31, 1G2, 187

Keppell

... 24G

Kalidasa

2G1

Keren-happuch ... 29

Kallai ...

59

Kern

... 155

Kaltschmid

... 259

Kerr ... G2, CS, 151

Karnes . . .

244

Kenidge

151, 152

Kammerer

238

Kerse

... 138

Kant . . .

42

Kersley

... 103

Kanzler

242

Kettle

... 1G9

Karadagh

285

Keturah

... llG

Karageorgeopulos 29r>

Key

107, 182

Karakoff

285

Keziah

... IIG

Karatheodory ... 285

Khan

101, 250

Karl Bitter

43

Khanam

... 101

Karolyi

43

Kidd ... 41

209, 278

Katharine

112

Kidder

... 240

Page

Kidman

... 240

Kidston

... 209

Kilburn

... 124

Kilgour

210, 2G6

Killeen

. . 280

Killigrew . . .

... 124

Kilpatrick ...

... 28G

Kincaid

... 227

Kinch

... 250

Kinealy

... 227

Kinear

... 207

King

... 234

Kinglass 142,

207, 227

Kingsley

... 132

Kingston ...

39, 139

Kink

... 250

Kinloch

227, 288

Kinnaird ...

... 227

Kinroy

... 142

Kintor

... 4G

Kirby

... 148

Kircher

... 250

Kircheule ...

... 201

Kirk

153, 250

Kirke

... 235

Kirkhoppe ...

... 12G

Kirkup

... 126

Kirstie

... 103

Kirsty

... 103

Kirwau

... 45

Kish

... 82

Kishi (m) ...

78,82

Kiss

... 240

Kistner

... 236

Kit

123, 219

Kitt

... 123

Kitto

... 219

Kitts .. ...

... 219

Klahwina ...

... 293

Klaus

... 225

Klein ... 85

283, 292

Kling

... 266

Klinging ...

... 270

Klinkscales...

... 266

Klosh

... 225

Kmety

... 261

Knaggs

... 136

1 Knapp

151, 262

iKuatchbuU...

169, 212

Knave

... 260

Knee

136, 289

! Knell

... 127

j Knight... 92

169, 261

; Knobell

1G9, 210

' Knobbs

277, 289

'Knock... 124

, 127, 136

1 Knollys 136

, 277, 289

INDEX.

837

Page

Page

Page

Knowe

... 289

Lachman ...

... 261

Lannes

... 151

Knowles 136

, 273, 289

Lackie

... 43

Lanfranc . . .

... 232

Knowlton ...

... 137

Lackland ...

... 39

Lang

... 34

Knotte

... 202

Lacordaire ...

... 206

L'Ange

... 76

Knox ... 65

, 127, 137

Lactantius ...

... 188

Lange

...34,76

Knuckler ...

... 250

Lacy

238, 244

Langeher ...

... 243

Koch

... 237

Ladds

222

Langham ...

139, 149

Kohler

... 245

Lade

123, 145

Langhorne ...

135, 137

KoUsen ...

... 295

Ladislaus ...

38, 294

Langley

... 157

Konig

... 234

Tiady

101, 105

Langridge ...

... 135

Konigsberg...

39, 139

T/a^dyman ...

... 84

Langton 75,

131, 137

Konigsfeldt . . .

... 132

Lagan

... 144

T/angtry

... 152

Kopf

33,46

Lagden

... 144

Lanshuil

... 109

Kopinski ...

275, 293

Lagide

...46,64

Lanyer

... 238

Korah

32, 263

Lagus

...64,40

Lanyon

... 150

Kore

... 201

La Haye

... 150

Laocoon

... 245

Korniloff . . .

29, 293

Lahmi

... 226

Laodike

... 112

Kort

... 34

Laid

... 145

La Paume ...

... 264

Kortman ...

... 32

Laidlaw

123, 145

La Peyroux...

... 149

Koskiusko ...

... 87

Laing

... 34

Lapide

96, 302

Kossuth

... 254

Lainez

... 290

Lapidoth 17

103, 302

Koster

236, 279

Laird

105, 257

Lapper

... 34

Kouli Khan

... 263

Laish

... 205

Lara

145, 191

Kovacs

... 259

Lake

... 34

Larcher

... 217

Kraft

28, 235

Lakin

... 273

Lardner

226, 236

Kratts

... 156

Lala Eookh

... 48

Large

... 139

Kriga

... 227

Lalemand ...

... 157

Laridan

...32,47

Krishna

38, 103

Lalor

31,47

Larkins

218, 273

Krogg

... 240

Lamarck ...

147, 149

Larpent

... 131

Kron

... 218

Lamartine ...

... 236

Larrieux

... 132

KroUman ...

... 31

Lamas

... 84

Larrive

... 133

Kronhelm ...

... 223

Lamb ... 134

144, 198

Larry

218, 273

Kronos

82, 193

Lambert

52, 219

Lars 105,145

, 191, 295

Kruger

... 240

Lambie

... 40

Larsdotter ...

... 295

Krummacher

... 249

Lambruschini

... 241

Lartia

... 105

Krupp

32, 266

Lambshead

137, 150

Lartius

... 191

Kunth

... 42

Lammie 39

, 144, 198

Lascelles ...

... 247

Kuria

... 115

Lammermoor

265, 267

Lasthenes ...

... 28

Kuriakos ...

... 85

Lamont 134

, 282, 287

Latham

... 157

Kurios

235, 303

Lamoricierre

... 155

Lathyrus ...

... 47

Kushahiah

73, 78, 82

Lamour

... 255

Latimer

... 250

Kyd

278, 296

Lamplough...

... 232

Latinus

105, 131

Kyle

... 143

Lamyrus . . .

... 47

Latner

... 250

Tia.ngiewitz ...

... 293

Latona... 131

, 188, 189

Laban

72, 76, 79

Langley

... 157

Latta

73, 286

Labda

... 221

Langlois ...

... 157

Latto

... 255

LaBelleSauvage48,248

Lance

76, 293

Laud

... 86

Labeo

32, 299

Lancelot

... 162

Laudius

... 45

Labienus ..

32, 299

Lander

... 249

Laugh

... 131

Labonde

... 147

Landells

126, 150

Laughton ...

131, 137

Labouchere..

... 226

Landless

...24,39

Launce

... 162

Lacey

... 42

Landseer ...

... 233

Laura

105, 128

Lachaise ..

149, 152

Landor

... 144

Laurence ...

... 218

Lachesis

... 187

Laudes

... 151

Lauretta ...

... 105

Lachlan

... 74

Landt

... 144

Lavater

... 252

Lachland

24, 34, 148

Lane

90, 301

Laveau

47, 202

Laney

... 216

Lavender ...

... 249

24

338

INDEX.

Pa-c

Page

Page

Lavinia

... 105

Lemuel

... 59

Liffe

... 87

Lavoiser ...

226, 251

Lennie

205, 279 .

Light ... 33, 60, 151

Lavotte

... 135

Lennox

... 126 1

Lightbodv 33,

132, 151

Lavrilliat ...

... 98

Lento

... 46,

Lightfoot ...

... 151

Law

130, 273

Lentulus

... 46'

Lightstono ...

... 137

Lawcock

... 273

Leo

... 204

Ligny

... 125

Lawrence ...

105, 218

Leodigarius...

... 215

Liguori

... 140

Lawrie

218, 273

Leofingstan

... 38

Lillienthal ...

... 143

Lawson

... 273

Leofric

... 38

Lillith

... 107

Layard

105, 257

Leon

204, 301

Lilly white ...

... 129

Layboulaye...

... 2G0

Leonard

... 205

Limeweaver

... 236

Layfayette ...

... 127

Leuardo

... 205

Linacre

... 232

Lazarus

... 53

Lentula

... 110

Liud ... 107

144, 208

Lea

... 131

Leonatus ...

91, 204

Linde

... Ill

Leach

... 251

Leoni

... 205

Lindsay 111

, 128, 208

Leadbetter ...

... 250

Leonidas ...

204, 301

Ling

149, 247

Leah

... 88

Leonric

... 204

Lingard

238, 250

Leander

... 204

Leopardi

... 35

Linn

... 27

Lear

... 114

Leopokl

... 224

Linnaeus

... 128

Learchus . . .

... 204

Leosthenes ...

28, 205

Lintrude

112, 208

Leas

... 114

Leotard

... 205

Lion

... 204

Leatherhead

235, 255

Leotychides

... 221

Lipman

... 247

Lebboeus ...

205, 229

Leotychus ...

... 221

Lippo

... 200

Le Blond ...

... 30

Lepailleur ...

... 233

Lipton

... 204

Lebon

... 42

Lepidus

... 42

Liptrot

246, 272

Lebonah

... 82

Le Poer

... 39

Lisbura

... 131

Le Brun

... 23

Leporella ...

... 200

Lisles

... 285

Leckie

... 148

Lepsius

... 204

Lismore

75, 131

Leclerc

... 244

Leroux

...21,25

Lissette

... 108

Ledderhose...

... 225

Leroy

... 234

List

... 235

Ledger

... 214

Le Sage

... 125

Lister

... 235

Ledru

55, 245

Lesley

... 133

Litchfield ...

... 251

Ledwith ...

... 123

Leslie

131, 133

Litster

236, 256

Lee ... 130

, 131, 133

L'Estrange 155

, 265, 298

Little

34, 85, 87

Leece

... 286

Lethy

... 102

Littlejohn ...

35, 87, 98

Leech

251, 286

Letitia ... 43,

105, 299

Littlethwaite

... 129

Lefebre ...

... 241

Leto ... 188,

189, 190

Livia

... 202

Lefever

... 241

Lettice

105, 299

Livermore ...

202, 203

Lefevre

241, 308

Letty

... 102

Livingstone

... 38

Le Fort

... 29

Leucaspis ...

... 223

Livius

... 304

Lefroy

42, 234

Leucippe . . .

... 107

Livy

... 304

Leger

... 215

Leucippus ...

... 107

Lizars

... 53

Leggat

... 246

Leucothea ...

... 189

Lizzy

... 108

Leibnitz

... 126

Leucretia ...

... 113

Llewel

222

Leichtenstein

... 149

Leucretius ...

... 113

Llewellyn 17

, 183. 222

Leigh

... 131

Leuwenhock

... 205

Llorente

76,81

Leigh ton ...

... 130

Levi

... 96

Lloyd

114,150

Leiper

... 35

Lewes

... 131

Lo

... 45

Leith ... 131

, 133, 157

Lewis ... 148

222, '286

Lo-ammi ...

... 59

Leland

... 133

L'Hoste ...

298, 307

Lobel

... 205

Lehibez ...

111, 291

Liberator ...

... <i9

Lobos ... 174

, 177, 290

Le Maire ...

... 248

Liberius 58

219, 269

Lobwasser ...

... 47

Lemaitre ...

... 260

Libni

... 79

Lochaber ...

... 288

Leman

... 251

Licinius

... 36

Lochiel

203, 288

Lemoine

... 251

Liebgast

40, 257

Lochinvar ...

... 288

Lemon

... 251

Liebig

... 38

Lochhn

... 148

Lemprien e . . .

... 251

Liebrood

... 38

Lochhead ...

... 227

INDEX

389

ra;,'c

Pa-e ;

Page

Lockhart ...

171,255

L'Ouverture

155,217 Lycambes ...

... 175

Lockman ...

... 171

Louvois

... 175 Lycaon

... 174

Lockston ...

... 171

Love ... 117,

174,271 Lycias

... 36

Lockporte ...

... 151

Loveday ...

... 82

Lycidas 36

174, 301

Locker

... 259

Lovell

... 175

Lycomedes

... 176

Lockyer

... 259

Lovet

... 177

Lycon

Locock

... 205

Lovois

... 175

Lycophron

'.'.'. 175

Locusta

19,25

Low

... 131

Lycorias

176,177

Ltt'tus

... 105

Lowe

... 205

Lycus ... 107

174, 177

Logan 131,

144, 282

Lowndes

... 144

Lycurgus ...

176,266

Lois

... 115

Lowrie

... 253

Lynch

... 133

Loki

172, 178

Lowther

131,144

Lyndhurst

... 126

Lola

... 84

Loxton

... 171

Lyon

... 204

Lomas

... 84

Loyola

... 136

Lysander 45

219, 269

Lombard ...

... 157

Loys

222

Lysanias

... 45

London

... 85

Loyson

40, 222

Lysias

36,58

Long ... M

, 83, 221

Lubbock

... 140

Lysimachus

15,58,99

Long ... 35,

240, 250

Lubez

... 271

Lyttleton ...

139, 266

Longfellow

60, 305

Lucan

36,58

Lyulph

176, 229

Longimanus

... 33

Lucanus

... 36

Longinus ...

... 34

Lucas

... 40

Maachah 105

131,141

Longius

34,35

Lucchesi

140, 141

Mab

105, 281

Longhead ...

... 227

Lucetta

... 105

Mabbot

272

Longman ...

... 286

Lucia

... 105

Mabel

'.'.'. ol05

Longomontanus 135

Lucian

... 272

Maberly

... 52

Longshanks

32, 286

Lucifer

36, 299

Mable

105, 299

Longstreet ...

... 152

Lucina

... 37

Mabillon

... 73

Longueville

75, 139

Lucipor

... 36

Mac

105, 152

Longus

... 34

Lucius

36,86

Macau:e

... 284

Longwill

75, 139

Luckie 58, 83, 283

Macaulay ...

... 286

Longworthy

... 152

Lucothea . . .

... 189

Macbeth ...

... 92

Loo ... 131

133, 145

Lucrece

... 105

Maccabee ...

... 213

Lope

... 174

Lucretia

105,113

Maccabeus ...

168, 217

Lope de Vega

... 174

Lucretius 36

105, 113

Macallum ...

48, 283

Lopez ... Ill

174, 271

Lucullus

... 272

Maccullummore 202

Lord

105, 257

Lucy

36,105

Maccus 41

138, 278

Lorelias

... 76

Luders

... 216

Macduff ...

... 285

Lorenzo 4^

, 73, 218

Ludovic

219,222

Mace .... 86

, 168, 213

Lorenzoni ...

... 73

Luke

36, 272

Macgee

... 280

Loretto 105

128, 218

Lumm

... 129

Macgeorge

... 269

Lorimer

... 252

Lumner

... 140

Macgill

... 262

Lorraine

... 222

Lumsden ...

... 129

Macgillian ...

... 262

Lo-ruhama

... 59

Lun

... 202

Macgilhbride

... 76

Lot

... 57

Lunhunter ...

... 202

Macharg ...

... 296

Lotan

... 57

Lund

... 144

Macharness

... 223

Lothair

... 284

Lundt

... 144

Machiavelli

... 292

Lothario

222

Luudy

... 85

Machree 277

, 283, 296

Lotharius ...

222

1-iupa

... 176

Mack ... 138

, 152, 278

Lothian

... 131

Lupson 111

, 174, 271

Mackanelly

... 271

Lothrop

... 126

Lupinof

... 176

Mackay

... 280

Lotta

... 103

Lupus

... 177

Maclehose ...

... 225

Lottie

... 103

Lussac

... 275

Mackie

... 280

Louder

... 131

Lush

... 236

Maclaurin ...

... 218

Loudon

... 141

Lusher

60,236

Macklin ...

27, 279

Louis

105, 222

Lushington

. . . 236

Macmath ...

96, 199

Louisa

105, 222

1 Luther

222, 284

Macrae

... 283

Lourdes

... 144

Lutz

... 253

Macready ...

... 85

340

INDEX.

Page

Page

Page

Macree

... 234

Male 141,238

Margrave . . .

138,160

Macro

... 286

Malebranche

. 33

Maria 84,

111, 232

Macrobius ...

... 59

Malherb ... .

. 133

Maria Diaz

... Ill

Macrochier

... 33

Malise ... .

. 262

Marian

... 84

Macron

... 286

Mallet ... 2

62, 283

Mariamne ...

... 84

Macrone

... 33

Malloch 64, 2

62, 283

Mariana

... 84

Macros

32, 47

Malluch ... .

. 64

Marian ski ...

... 122

Madai

59,96

Malon ... .

. 105

Mario

... 84

Madam

114, 252

Mai thus ... .

. 149

Marioth

... 68

Mademoiselle

... 114

Malvinia ... .

. 109

Mariott

... 84

Madden

... 176

Malvoisin ... .

. 131

Maris

... 84

Madison

... 275

Malvolio ... .

. 217

Marjoribanks

... 112

Maddison ...

96, 271

Mamre ... .

. 59

Marjory

... 112

Maddox

... 97

xMan 1

00, 159

Markham ...

... 160

Madge

112, 284

Manasseh ...

41,61

Mark

... 300

Madison

96, 271

Manby ... .

. 142

Marmaduke

... 85

Madog

... 96

Manders ... .

. 283

Marmond ...

... 37

Madox

... 42

Mandeville

. 75

Marmont . . .

... 185

Macgee

... 2^

Manes ... .

55

Marner

... 250

Magellan ...

... 152

Manfred ... .

. 227

Marnoc

... 76

Mageoghegan

... 279

Mandley ... .

. 141

Maro

... 84

Maggie

... 112

Mani

55

Marquess ...

... 261

Maggot

... 281

Manichoeus

55

Marquis

138, 160

Magdalen ...

... 141

Manius

86, 308

Marr

84, 302

Magdalene ...

60,66

Manlius

86, 299

Marriot

... 98

Magister ...

... 260

Manly ... .

. 29

Man-yatt ...

84,98

Maginnes . . .

... 281

Mann

. 159

Mars

161,199

Magnus 14, 34, 260

Mannering ... .

. 270

Marsden

... 144

Magot

... 41

Manners ... .

. 270

Marsh 132

148, 239

Magus

... 264

Manning ... .

. 270

Marshall 148

165, 203

Mahalah ...

... 131

Mannus 74, 1

59, 171

Marsham ...

148, 149

Mahalath ...

... 108

Manuell ... .

. 07

MarsigU

... 140

Mahaleel ...

... 56

Manse ... .

. 46

Marsters

... 260

Maharajah 14, 24, 234

Manteufell

. 75

Marston 122

133, 150

Mahew

280, 281

Manto ... .

. 254

Marsyas

... 302

Mahlah

... 105

Manuel ... .

. 67

Martel 168

213,217

MahU

... 105

Maoch ... .

. 105

Martha 105

115, 222

^Mahlmann

... 238

Maolscachlan .

. 90

Martignac ...

... 275

Mahlon

70, 105

Mappin ... .

. 278

Martigny ...

... 275

Mahmoud

... 37

Mar ... 84,1

05, 270

Martin

48, 182

Mahomet ...

37,44

Mara

18, 25

Martinet

... 274

Mahon

... 144

Marat ... .

. 84

Martins

... 48

Mahoney ...

144, 199

]\Iaravilla ... .

. 122

Martyn

... 226

Maidulph ...

... 176

Marcellinus

. 274

Martyr

... 307

Maible ni NeiU

299

.Marble ... .

. 307

Marvel

... 307

Mainwaring

136, 287

Marcellus ... 2

72, 274

Marwick

138, 252

Maira

18,25

Marcet ... .

. 274

Marwood . . .

... 138

Maison

150, 242

Marchioness 1

38, 100

Mary ... 7

i, 84, 232

Maisters

... 260

Marcion ... .

. 302

Masaniello

... 86

Maitland ...

... 96

Marco Polo

. 48

Masatonio ...

... 291

Majoribanks

... 112

Marcus ... .

. 300

Maseuna ...

... 80

Makepeace

15.58,99

Mardonius ... .

. 159

Mason

... 242

Malachi

90, 263

Mareschalk

. 245

Massa

... 57

Malachy

... 263

Margaredon

10, 20

Massey

... 86

Malateste ...

... 44

Margaret 16,

26, 116

Massillon . . .

... 73

Malchus

... 60

Margerison

98, 112

Massimo 90

248, 260

Malcolm

... 268

Massinger ...

... 246

INDEX

341

Page

Pai,'e

Page

Massman . . .

... 149

Medici

48, 251

Mercier

... 252

Masson

... 86

Medina

... 117

Mercury

... 184

Mastai

... 86

Medoc

... 42

Mere

... 47

Masters

... 2601

Medon

188, 226

Meribaal

... 192

Math

... 96

Medusa

188, 226

Merle

... 203

Mathaniab ...

... 44

Mee

... 34

Merlin g

84, 270

Mather

... 199 1

Meek

... 217

Mero

... 47

Mathers ...

... 199

Meeking

217, 270

Merode 221,

223, 270

Mathwin

96, 199

Meerbach ...

... 146

Merope

... 107

MatUda 112

141, 172

Meers

... 152

Merops

... 107

Matri

... 59

Meg

... 112

Meroveus ...

... 225

Mattan

44,96

Meganices ...

... 200

Merrick

... 152

Mattaniah ...

90,96

Mehazioth ...

... 68

Merrilees . . .

... 153

Mattens

... 86

Mehr-ul-Nica

... 24

Men-iman ...

... 43

Matthew ...44,90,96

Mehujael ...

... 50

Merry

... 28

Matthews ...

... 90

Meikle

... 34

Mersey

... 138

Matthewson

... 96

Meikleham 34,

129, 139

Merton

133, 160

Matthiah ...

... 97

Meiklehead...

... 305

Mervarid ...

... 16

Matthias

... 97

Meiklejohn...

... 93

Mesembria ...

... 86

Mattock ...

... 97

Meiklem

34, 153

Messer

... 259

Matturin ...

... 96

Meiklereid ...

... 305

Messerschmid

... 259

Matty

44, 284

Meiklewaim

... 307

Messiah

75, 57,

Matwiischen

... 263

Meiklwean ...

... 305

Messman ...

... 149

Matys

... 90

Melancthon

39, 153

Mesmer

... 250

Maud

141, 172

Melanippus...

... 203

Metanaste ...

57, 139

Maudhn

... 141

Melchiah ...

... 60

Metarius

... 233

Maudsley ...

... 141

Melchias

... 60

Metayer

... 233

Maughan ...

144, 199

Melchior

... 82

Metcalf 65

5, 71, 236

Maul

... 213

Melchizedek

61, 212

Metcalfe ...

... 199

Maule 141,

168, 217

Meleager . . .

189, 239

Metellus ...

... 252

Maund

247, 251

Melech

00, 212

Methumballes

... 193

Maundrell ...

... 247

Melete

... 64

Metbusaleh 78

193, 212

Maurice

... 155

Melendez ...

... 290

Metiche

... 255

Mavor

... 199

Melesigines

294, 301

Meton

... 217

Mavors

161, 199

Meliboeus ...

209, 239

Metternich ...

83,86

Mavourneen

... 280

Mehkoff ...

294, 301

Metubischen

... 263

Maximilian...

... 90

Melpomene

108, 187

Metzler

... 252

Maximin . . .

... 200

Melrose

... 135

Mexetla

... 161

Maximus 90

202, 260

MelviUe ...

... 144

Mezzanotte...

... 86

Maxton

... 138

Menage

... 252

Mezzofanti ...

... 86

Maxum

... 152

Menahem ...

... 54

Micah

... 213

Maxwell 138

152, 278

Menander ...

... 74

Micaiah

54, 213

May ... 98

112, 248

Mendelsohn

43, 295

Michael ... 28, 48, 54

Major

... 248

Mendez 85

, 290, 295

Michael de la Pole 48

Maynard ...

15, 42

Mendoza 85

, 290, 295

Miohal

... 147

Mazarin 73

237, 307

Menees

... 283

Mickey

... 28

Mazzini

33, 75

, Menelaus ...

... 222

;Mickie

28,54

Mead 130

133, 147

1 Menschikoff

43, 293

Micklejohn ...

... 93

Meadows 130

, 133, 154

1 Mentor

... 42

Micklereid ...

... 85

Meagher

... 40

Menu

... 159

Mickelthwaite

... 129

Meara

... 40

1 Menzies

... 43

Micklewaim

... 47

Mece

... 270

Meonides ...

... 301

Middlemass

... 84

Mechi

217, 270

Mepbibosheth

... 192

Middlemiss...

... 84

Medad

... 93

Merarioth ...

... 68

Middleton ...

139, 150

Medcalt ...

199, 236

Mercator ...

... 252

Midwinter ...

... 84

Mede

... 147

1 Mercedes ...

... 84

Mignonette...

... 117

Medea

... 188

Mercer

... 252

Miguel

... 54

842

INDEX.

Paj^e 1

Pafc-e

Page

Mike

14, 54 1

Moggy

... 112

More ... i

)4, 48, 128

MiUbrooke ..

. ... 252:

Mobammed

... 44

MoreU

... 274

Milcent .

. ... 85 1

Mobun

82, 178

Morgan 24!:

), 250, 308

Milcbior

. ... 82

Moir

34, 121

Morganrotb

... 86

Milchiou

. ... 70,

Moliere

... 241

]\Iorganstern

... 308

Milchom

. ... 70

Molinos

... 252

Moriarty

... 35

Miles ... .

. ... 228

Moll

... 84

Morison

... 281

Mill ... .

. ... 102

MoUer

... 284

Morrisey ...

... 35

MQlen... .

. ... 252

Mollison 84

t, 98, 112

Morley

... 150

Miller ... .

. 252,284

MoUocb

... 274

Morny

... 44

MUligan

. ... 263

MoUy

... 84

Moroson

... 128

Million

. ... 153

Molocb

10, 274

Morpetb ...

... 150

Milner... .

. 168, 253

Molynenx ...

... 252

Morpbe

... 190

Milo ... .

. ... 253

Monad

... 272

Morpbey

... 345

Mills ... .

. ... 228

Monboddo ...

... 238

Morpbeus ...

... 189

Milroy ... .

. ... 263

Moncrieff ...

... 135

]\Iorris

... 155

Miltiades .

. ... 302

Moncur

... 134

Morrow

... 287

Milto ... .

. ... 302

Moncure

... 134

Mors

... 199

Milton... .

. 139, 150

Money 122,

266, 257

Morse

... 210

Milvius

. ... 202

Moneymore

122, 266

Mortara

... 223

Mina ... .

. ... 171

Moneypenny

133, 153

Mortimer ...

... 85

Minghetti .

32, 34

Monies

... 283

Morton

... 288

Minister

. ... 260

Monica

105, 251

Morven

75, 134

Minerva

. 28, 185

Monicbos ...

105, 251

Moscbus

... 200

Minie ... .

171

Monod

... 72

Mosely

... 91

Minion... .

85

Monsabre . . .

... 230

Moses

91, 188

Minnie... .

.. 171, 106

Monsieur 114

252, 247

Mosbeim

132, 149

Minnocb

85, 86

Monsignore...

... 352

Moss ... 91,289,265

Minos ... .

159

Montague ...

158, 134

Mosscrip

91, 149

Minstrel

253

Montalto

... 134

Mosscrop ...

91, 266

Minto ... .

210

Montanus ...

... 134

Mossman

31, 92, 149

Minuit... .

83

Montcrieff ...

... 135

Motberwell . .

... 84

Minus ... .

294

Monteagle ...

... 135

Motion

... 153

Minutius

34

Montefiore ...

... 135

Motley

... 225

Miolner

168

Monteitb ...

... 135

Moton

... 153

Mirabeau .

113

Montejo

134, 136

Mott

134, 136

Mirafora .

.. 114, 118

Montero

136, 243

Moncb

... 210

Mira ... .

.. 115,284

Montes

... 134

Moule

236, 263

Miranda

115

Montuccio ...

... 134

Mountain ..

... 134

Miriam

.. 84, 232

Montfort

134, 259

MouravielY ..

... 293

Miriamne

.. 84, 232

Montfaucon

... 134

Moussa

... 91

Misbma

57

Montgolfier...

... 174

Mowatt

91, 134

Mitcbell

34

Montjoy

... 135

Moyse

... 91

Mitbras

60, 76, 192

Montmagny

... 134

Mozart

. . 91

Mitbridates GO, 185, 20i

Montmorency

... 137

Muddocks ..

... 255

Mitnacbt

83

Montrey

... 134

Mudie

35, 47, 70

Mitbredatb

60

Moodie

47, 305

Mudo

35, 305

Mittag...

85

Moody

35,47

Muscbet

... 134

Mittendorf

.. 139, 150

Moon

82, 84

Musculus ..

... 87

Mizraini

62

1 Mooney

... 266

Mufti

... 251

Mnason

79

Moor

34, 121

Mublwasser

... 252

(M) Nemesis ... 41

Moorad

121, 221

Muir

34, 121

(M) Nestor

41

Mopb

... 64

Muirbead ..

149, 150

Moab ...

86

Morddaine ...

... 248

Mulciber

... 184

Moer ...

100

Mordant

45, 245

Mulbare

... 41

Moet ...

134

Mordecai ...

55,116

Mulqueen ..

... 229

Moffat...

41, 144, 150

Mordent

... 245

Mullen

252, 263

INDEX.

348

Page

Rage

MuUer

... 252

M'Arly

... 133

Mullgx-ave ...

... 258

— Arthur 15,

283, 295

MuUhoUand

... 150

— Asian ...

... 173

Mulligan ...

... 263

— Arthy ...

... 15

Mulvaney ...

40,47

— Artney ...

... 15

Mulyon

... 229

— Aulay ...

... 32

Mummery ...

... 187

— Auliffe ...

... 32

Munchausen

... 251

— Auslan ...

... 173

Muncaster ...

147, 151

— Ausland ...

... 173

Muncy

... 223

— Bean 134,

287, 288

Mundella ...

... 124

— Beth ...

... 92

Mungo... 38

, 93, 104

— Brayne ...

... 200

Munnin

1G7, 185

— Bride

... 110

Munnis

... 283

— Caire

... 284

Munns

165, 223

— CaUum 48,

202, 283

Munson

... 271

— Calmon ...

... 283

Muntz

145, 223

— Cann St

3, 46, 227

Mun/er

... 266

— Cannon ...

... 282

Muppim

... 64

— Carlie

... 133

Murad

... 221

— Carthy ...

... 15

Murat 221,

228, 266

— Caulay ...

... 286

Murch

... 255

— Caw

151, 204

Murchie

... 84

— Cheyne ...

... 229

Murchison ...

84, 255

— Chree

28, 32, 96

Murcutt

... 274

— Clarty ...

... 287

Murdoch

... 255

— Clellan ...

... 262

Murillo

... 266

— Clymont...

... 287

Murison

... 281

-Cody ...

... 283

Murchy

... 35

— CoU

180, 244

Murroch

... 281

— Comb ...

... 283

Murray

... 308

— Combe . . .

... 86

^lurtogh ...

... 84

— Comber ...

... 86

Murtough ...

... 255

— Connachie

137, 287

Muschat

... 134

— Coombe ...

... 86

Musculus ...

... 87

— Corkcle ...

... 289

Muses

... 188

— Cormac ...

... 202

Musgrave ...

248, 258

— Corquodale

... 289

Musprat

... 133

— Cracken ...

... 286

Muspratt ...

... 149

— Craw

... 283

Mussa

... 91

— Credie ...

... 254

Mustard

... 224

— Cready ...

... 85

Muter

... 252

— Creogh ...

... 289

Mutimer

... 85

— Crobie

... 283

Mutter

47, 252

— Crone

... 33

Myers

... 233

— CuUoch 239

, 206, 283

Mynheer 247

, 252, 262

— Cumber ...

283, 286

Myotis

58, 188

— Currich ...

... 246

Myra

... 284

— Currie ...

... 246

— Cusker ...

... 226

M'Adam

... 305

— Dade

237, 285

— Alister ...

... 223

— Dermid ...

... 219

— All

244, 287

— Dermot ...

... 219

— AUister ...

283, 223

— Diarmid ...

... 219

— Alpine ...

... 281

— Donachie

... 137

— Ara ... 204

, 226, 282

— Donald ...

45, 279

— Arl

... 43

— Dougall 33,283,286

— Arle

... 269

— Dowall ...

... 286

M

Pag-c

Dowell 283

Duff 285

Dugald 155

Eachran ... 283, 287

Eachall 283

Elligot 287

Evoy ... 34, 281
Fadyan ... 93, 285

Farland 289

Farlane 286, 289, 290

Fie 285

GarHe 287

Gaul 287

Gauley 286

■Gavin 285

■Geachy 288

-Gee 281

- Geoch 285, 93, 94

-Gibbon 288

-Gill 262,271

-Gillian 262

- Gillibride ... 76
-Glashan ... 142, 274

-Goun 285

-Gourlay 210

- Gowan . . . 259, 285

-Gown 259

-Grath 283

-Greagh 232

- Gregor 140

- Greusich 253

- Grory 289

- Grouther... 237, 285

-Guifie 285

-Guu:e ... 210,286

-Haffie 285

-Haffy 33

-Hale 277

-Hare • 283

-Harg 283

-Harness 223

-Hendrick ... 41

-Houl 286

-Howit 289

-Hugh 280

- Hutcheson 280, 281
-Ilraith 283

- Ihoy 262, 283, 284

-livride 76

-Ilwain 262

- Inimey 285

-Inally 287

-Indoe 262

- Iniernie 157

-Innes 285

- Intosh 281, 282, 286

- Intyi-e ... 259, 285

344

INDEX.

Pagej
M'lver 217,271

— Janet 98

— Jannet 98

— Kay 280

— Kean 285

— Kechnie 287

— Kellar 286

— Kendrick ... 283

— Kenzie ... 227,287

— Kerrow 288

— Killoch 286

— Killop ... 204,286

— Kim 285

— Kinlay 283

— Ivinney 287

— Kinnon 245, 227, 282

— Kissoch 97, 286, 273

— Knaughtan ... 285

— Knight ... 275,286

— Lachlan 148

— Lagan 131

— Laren ... 218,287

— Larty 287

— Latchie 261

— Lawin 218

— Lay 97,251

— Lean 262, 263, 279

— Leish 308

— Leod ... 235,215

— Leary 287

— Lerie 287

— Lennan 289

— Lennand ... 289

— Lintock 287

— Lisa 286

— Lure 262

— Lymont 287

— Mahon 199

— Marry 84

— Manus 24, 34, 260

— Math 96, 199, 271

— Micking 292

— Millen 252

— Minn 287

— Morran 287

— Murchie 84

— Murroch 76, 84, 287

— Nab 252,282

— Namara 249

— Namee ... 131, 133

— Nair 284

— Naught 280

— Naughtan 285, 286

— Namara 249

— Neice 283

— Nee 134,135

— Neil 155

Pa«e

Page

M'Nish

134, 135

Nadab

... 52

— Nulty ...

131, 228

Nadaud ...

199, 273

— Omish 86,

283, 296

Nagle

... 155

— Onie

229

Nahar

... 62

— Ouat 216

288, 289

Naliash

... 207

— Owen ...

... 285

Nahor

... 63

— Owl

... 286

Nain

... 232

— Phail ...

88, 271

Nahum

... 54

— Phee ...

... 285

Naib

77, 304

— Phelan ...

... 174

Naismith ...

... 260

— Pherson 245

, 287, 294

Nancy

... 114

— Phim ...

... 286

Nanna

... 114

— Quade ...

... 287

Nanni

... 216

— Quaker ...

... 287

Nannucci ...

... 93

— Quarry ...

... 286

Nanny

... 114

— Quat

... 288

Naomi(m) 69

, 78, 232

— Queen . . .

... 229

Naphish

... 60

— Quiddy ...

... 123

NapthaH ...

78,88

— Quilkin ...

... 287

Napthalim ...

... 66

— Quillan ...

... 287

Napier

... 253

— Eae

... 283

Napoleon ...

... 140

— Rory

... 289

Napper

... 34

— Roy

... 283

Napps

... 121

— Shane ...

... 285

Nares

... 63

— Shimes ...

... 285

Narayan

... 261

— Sorley ...

22

Narses

... 201

— Sporran ...

255, 267

Nai-vaez

... 290

— Skimming

48, 304

Nassau... 133,

144, 145

— Sween ...

... 288

Nash

... 120

— Tause ...

... 283

Nasithous ...

... 33

— Tavish ...

... 283

Nasonius

... 63

— Tear

... 285

Nast

... 135

— Teer

... 259

Nat

... 96

— Tosh ...

282, 286

Nathan

64,96

— Turk

... 206

Nathaniel ...

96, 99

— Vain ...

284, 285

Natman

... 285

— Vean 151

287, 288

Nattrass

... 121

— Vey

287, 288

Nauari

... 37

— Vicar ...

... 287

Naudaud

... 273

— Wade ...

... 283

Naughtan ...

... 285

— Walter ...

... 288

Naulet

... 83

— Wat

... 288

Nausithous ...

... 33

— Wee

... 287

Naylor

... 259

— Whannell

... 45

Neal ... 57,

152, 155

Nearachus ...

... 255

Naamah

69, 105

Neasham ...

... 135

Naaman

78, 105

Nebo

193, 304

Naarath

... 105

Nebuchadnezzar 193

Naarai

105, 108

Nebushashban

... 193

Naashan

... 207

Nebuzar-adan

... 193

Nabal

38, 52

Necho

... 32

Nabob ... 03, 77, li>0

Neck

... 121

Nabopolasser

... 193

Ned

... 224

Naboth

68, 196

Neddie

... 284

Nachman ...

... 83

Neddy

... 224

Nachmann ...

... 266

Nee

... 137

Nachon

... 70

Needham ...

... 137

345

Paj^e ;

Page

Page

Needles ...

... 137

Nicias ...

224

Norval 143,

161, 289

Neff

... 47

Nick ...

178

tSIostrodamus

84, 115

Nehemiah ...

... 54

Nicolas

225

Noth

220, 285

Neighbour ...

131, 300

Nicocles

224

Notman 31,

175, 239

Neil

155

Nicodemus

225

Nouri

... 37

Neitli

... 61

Nicopulos

295

Nourjehan ...

24, 25

Neligan

... 271

Nicot ...

... 225, 274

Nourmahal...

... 25

Nell

... 242

Niebuer

232

Novatian ...

76, 251

Nell Gwynne

... 30

Nigel ...

... 155, 160

Novello

... 76

Nelmes

... 121

NigeU ...

155

Nowal

... 161

Nelson

98, 271

Niger ...

33, 64, 277

Nu

155, 160

Nemesis

41, 190

Nigh ...

131

Nugent

126, 132

Nenees

... 283

Nile ...

155

Numa

... 48

Neoptolemus

... 216

NiUson

272

Numenius ...

... 82

Nephusim ...

... 04

Nilogenes

294

Numitor

... 48

Nepos ... 3C

, 47, 101

Nimrod

... 62, 212

Nun ... 70, 72, 221

Nepomuk ...

... 89

Nimshi

57, 91, 115

Nurrish

... 92

Nepthalim ...

... 88

Nina ...

35, 93, 118

Nureddin ...

24,25

Neptune

... 190

Ninian...

32, 35, 117

Nussbaum ...

... 243

Ner

24, 25

Ninon ...

35

Nutt

... 220

Nergal

194, 198

Ninus ...

201

Nutter

... 220

Nergal-sharezerl94, 198

Nipheus

30

Nye »

97, 273

Nereides

... 301

Nisas ...

202

Nykin

97, 273

Nereus

... 301

Nisroch

201

Nym

34, 45

Neri

... 33

Niobe ...

190

Nympha

36, 40, 56

Nero

28, 185

Nish ...

135

Nymphas ...

30,50

Nerva

28, 185

Nitocris

61, 118, 194

Nei-vander ...

... 28

Nix ...

225

Oakley

... 127

Nervius

28, 290

Nixon ...

178

Oakwood

... 149

Nervus

... 28

Noa ...

132, 133, 144

O'Anthropos

... 100

Ness

... 135

Noadiah

116

Oastler

... 257

Nesselrode ...

... 129

Noah ...

54

Gates

... 145

Nest

112, 135

Noakes...

121

Oatman

... 173

Netherby ...

... 157

Nobah ...

31

Oatts ... 4.5

, 173, 182

Neve

... 30

Nobbs ...

261

Obeah

... 208

Neville

... 139

Noble ...

55

Obed

... 261

Nevins

...30,90

Nock ...

... 121, 127

Obededom ...

... 261

Nevius

... 90

Noel ...

83

Obediah ...

... 261

Nevus

... 90

Nou- ...

33

Obel

... 191

New

76, 251

Noise ...

128

Oberdank ...

... 163

Newcombe ...

... 352

Nokes ...

121

Oberlin

... 206

Neweome ...

155, 251

Nolan ...

83, 88

Oberon

... 75

Newcomen ...

76, 251

Noll ...

273

Obi

... 208

Newdorf

... 150

Nollekins

273

O'Brian 2S

, 129, 303

Newell

... 139

Non ...

45, 70, 221

Obrigcat

... 296

Newhaus ...

149, 242

I Nonnatus

89

Obrislaine ...

... 216

Newland

... 145

Nonus ...

91

Obrys

... 294

Newman ...

... 251

1 Noon ...

86

Occam

... 121

Newsham ...

... 139

I Norah ...

118

OceUa

... 142

Newsky

146, 293

1 Norbury

137

Ochus

42, 282

Newsome ...

135, 139

Norden

143

O'Connell ...

... 228

Newstead ...

... 139

! Nordenskjold 214, 270

O'Connor Roe

... 284

Newton

139, 150

Norgate

250

O'Connor Eoo

... 22

Nicanor

115, 220

Norman

... 101, 289

Octavius

... 91

Nicephorus ...

... 224

N orris ...

... 92, 249

Ocyroe

... 33

Nicholjewitch

... 293

Norroy...

249

Odams

... 305

Nicholson ...
25

... 293

Norton...

137

Odell

... 143

346

INDEX.

Page

Oddette

... 226,274

Odgers ...

214

Odillou...

226

Odin ...

166

Odo ...

226

Ody ...

... 226, 305

Oestman

283

O'Ferrol

29

Offa ...

35

Offenbach

147

Og

15

Ogal ...

155

Ogg ...

127

Ogilvie...

155

Ogle ...

253

Oglen ...

48

Ognisanti

85

0' Grady

242

Ogi-e ...

172

Ogyges...

16

Ogygia...

... 16, 143

O'Hagan

226

O'Hara

226, 284, 287

O'Hart...

15

Oichova

lOi)

Oil

159

Oin

94

Olaf ...

173

Olam ...

264

O'Lane...

216

Olander

157

Olave ...

173

Oldcastle

... 135, 136

Oldcorn

... 180,267

Oldham

292

Olgar ...

113

Oliphant

... 206,218

O'Lochlin

148

OUfant...

... 206,218

Olivarez

... 218,305

Oliver ...

218

Ohio ...

234

Olt

126

Olshausen

251

( )ltramare

26(;

Olympa

40

( )lympas

154

( )lympia

25, 40, 105

Olympus

37, 105, 155

Olynthus

128

Om

39, 99, 165

Omar Pasha ... r'-i

Om Ayub

ill)

Omisli ...

m

Oiii])lial('

190

Omr.ih ...

53

Oiiiii ...

53, 200

Omi-iah ... 53,260
Om Suleyman ... 99

Ondedieu 27

Onderdonk ... 163, 293

O'Neil 155

Onesimus ... 40, 58
Onesiphorus . . . 58

Onfant 93

Onion ... 195, 278, 303

Onkelos 58

Onosander 223

Onybrains 267

Opiielia ... 105, 240

Ophelius 105

Ophion 191

Ophiucha 191

Opici 183

Oppian 303

Oppidius 182

Oppius 182

Ops 183

Orabell 114

Orabella 238

Oranmore 75

Orbius 19

Orby 267

Orders 40, 238

Oreb 65, 200

Oregon 209

Orellana ... 132, 151

Oren 60

Orestes 134, 130

Orfever 258

Orfevre 258

Orgetorix 221

Origin 260

Orion ... 16, 18, 25

Orispus 131, 144, 147

Ormond 143

Orl 201

Orlando Furioso 219

Orloff 201, 293

Orlow 294

Orm 121, 208

Orme 121

Ormiston 121

Ormond 143

Ormsbv 208

Oman'... 32, 60, 121

OrosiuR 14, 25

Orpah ... 29, 104, 114

Orphah 114

Orr ... 138,147,150

Orridge 267

Orsini 199

OriKino 199

Or.son Ill, 199

Ortolan

Orton . . .

Orum ...

Orville ...

Osbeorght

Osbeort

Osborn...

Oscar . . .

Osgoode

O'Shanter

O'Shee...

Osiander

Osiris ...

Oskinski

Osman...

Osmanli

Ossian ...

Osterman

Osterzee

Osterwald

Ostler ...

Ostorius

Ostrich...

Oswald...

Othello...

Othman

Othniel...

Otho ...

Otter ...

Ottermare

Otto ...

Ottoman

Oudin ...

Oudinot

Ouida ...

Ouseley

Outhout

Outram

Outremer

Outwith

Over . . .

Overbury

Overend

Overing

Overton

Ovid

Ovideo

Owen

Oxenstern ...

Oxley

Oysterman ...

Paankah

Pa

Paarai(m) ...

Pablo

Pacchioni ...

Page

233

233

... 138, 150

233

... 174, 276

174

173

226

173

... 48, 125

266

103, 238, 113

190

122

... 216, 253
216

29, 226

139,

279
283
276
307
287
236
283
174
274
... 216
... 205
... 226
... 216
... 265
91, 221
... 216
... 224
... 224
... 105
... 251
... 121
... 28
... 56
... 121
147, 149
... 139
139, 277
... 147
277, 147
... 198
... 198
... 94
... 218
236
283

194
99

78

88

161

INDEX.

847

Pa-e
. ... 56
5tj, 'Jd
. 56, 189
. ... 73
58, 43, 305
. 132, 248

148.

263,

148.

Pacific

Pacifico
Pacificus
Pachoni
Paeke ...
Paddock,

Paddy

Padou

Padre

Pagan

Pagani

Paganini

I'age

Paget

Paimboeuf ..

Paine

Painviu

Pail-

Pais

Palafox
Palamedes ..
Palavicini . .
Palearius
Palemon
Paleologus ..
Palestrina . .

Paley

Palfrey

Palgrave
Palladius . .

Pallas

Palmer

Palmerstou..
Pamphilon ..

Pan

Panchard . .
Panchita

Pandi

Pandora
Panebianco ..

Pangborn

Panbypersebaste
Panmure ... 150

55, 219
.. 252

240

240

240

273

273

199

. 240

... 206

... 24

... 100

... 87

... 226

130, 131

... 254

... 216

48,98

... 159

88, 264

... 258

... 258

252, 302

185, 214

... 264

... 264

... 318

... 186

... 247

... 109

... 89

186

201

307

120

288

117

P

Pantaleone
Panton...
Paoli ...

Pape

Papias

Papillon
Papirius

Pappa

Pappadopulos

Pappus

Paracelsus ...
Paraclete

47, 73, 307
219

139

87

252

252

304

.. 252
.. 295
.. 101
.. 140
37, 57

Paraskeva

Parce . . .

Pardon...

Partitt ...

Pargiter

Paris . . .

Park . . .

Parker . . .

Parkin . . .

Parkins

Parkinson

Pai'lan ...

Parlaue

Parley ...

Parlior . . .

Parlor ...

Parmenas

Parmenion

Parmenter

Parnach

Parnell

Parley ...

Parr ...

Parran . . .

Parbasius

Parris . . .

Parrisb

Parrock

Parrot ...

Parry . . .

Parsons

Partbenia

Partbenias

Partbenas

Pascal ...

Pascbasius

Pascbino

Pascovitcb

Paskievitcb

Pasb

Pasba ...

Pasbler

Pasipbae

Pasitiles

Passavant

Pat

Patcb ...

Pater ...

Paternoster

Paton ...

Patrician

Patrick . . .

Patrobas

Patrobus

Patrocinio

Patrocltls

Patron

Page

81

61

267

276

... 238, 241

140

... 132, 248

248

... 96, 274

96

96

289

286

129

254

254

59

59

253

34

... 96, 274

129

96

206

140

140

97

248

274

... 151, 277

245

67, 81, 112

112

99, 112, 185

81

81

81

27, 71

293

216

33, 117, 234
216

36,56

45

245

... 241, 252

225

... 72, 252

238

241

252

... 252, 97

75, 93, 173

173

117

219

252

Pagu

Patterson 271

Patti ... 105, 239, 253
Paul ... 32, 87 242

Pauley 88

Paulina 292

Paulomir 38

Pauloslav 38

Paul Petrowicb ... 292

Paulus 34,88

Pausanius 85

Pausius ... ... 85

Pawley 88

Paxman 263

Paxton 43, 58, 263

Payne 148

Pay 74

Payson 74, 240

Peabody 45

Peace 232

Peale 136

Pearse 143

Pearson ... 271, 290

Peasoop 152

Peats 153

Pecci 73

Peddie 74

Peck 136, 236

Pedabazur 55

Peddie ... 74, 224, 284
Peden ... 131, 132, 144

Pedrez 271

Pedro 96

Peed 74, 224

Peek 236

Peel 254

Pegasus 148

Pege 240

Peggie 118

Peggy 118

Pekab 31, 53

Pekabiab 53

Pelagius ... 249, 250

Peleg 35

Peletb 60

Peleus 33, 190

Pelbam 264

Pell 264, 271

Pellett 264

Pellatt 274

Pelletan 237

Pellissier 237

Pellon 73

Pelops ... 33, 190, 301
Pelopidas ... 190, 301

Pembroke 148

Penclutba 137, 142, 147
Pencoitl26,137,147,308

348

INDEX.

Pa-e

rage

Page

Pendar...

42

Peruzzi

96

Pbuibe

36, 185

Penden

141

Peter ...

28, 96, 106

Pbcebus

.. 185

Pender

288

Peterloo

96

Phocas

.. 210

Pendergast

40

Pethuel

60

Pbocion

.. 210

Pendergrass

... 40

Peticote

.. 133, 152

Phoedrus

.. 36

Pendragon

207

Petion...

73, 232, 307

Phosphorus

36, 299

Penelope

113

Petifer . . .

32

Photinus

.. 36

Penfound

142

Peto ...

.. 153, 158

Pbotius

.. 86

PeugeUy 142, 207, 288

Petley ...

.. 91, 149

Phrouzka ...

.. 294

Penman

2G7

Petit ...

34

Phryne ... ]

L86, 224

Penn ...

151

Petnian

.. 91,149

Phuvah

56,58

Pennant 148, 151, 219

Petrarch

90

Pbygellus 57, 5

J60, 300

Penninah

.. 16, 116

Petrouius

96

Pbylhs

.. 48

Penny ...

.. 207, 239

Petroslav

.. 38,295

Physcou

.. 47

Pennycuik

130

Petrowna

292

Physicus

.. 48

Pennyfathei

... 207

Petnicbio

274

Pi

.. 106

Pennygant

129

PetruUa

.. 96, 106

Piazza

.. 91

Pew ...

79

Pettee ...

93

Picador

.. 158

Penrod

129

Pettet ...

292

Picard

.. 158

Pentecost

85

Pettijean

35

Piccoh

.. 85

Penrybn

.. 149,207

Pettit ...

.. 32, 85, 97

Pichard

.. 158

Penthesilea

... 44, 58

Petts ...

93

Picbaud

.. 158

Pentheus

44

Petty ...

.. 97,264

Piccoh

.. 35

PenneU

60

Poulthai

58

Piccolimini ...

.. 35

Pepin ...

252

Peveusey

223

Picton ]

58, 214

Pepley...

91

Pfeifier

253

Pickersgill ...

.. 147

Peploe ...

.. 17, 225

Pbalec ...

35

Pickles

.. 215

Pepper...

239

Phanuel

60

Pickwith ...

.. 236

Peppercorn

239

Pharamond

248

Piece

.. 232

Pepys ...

108

Pharnaces

34

Pied

.. 74

Percival

.. 144, 148

Pharaoh

36

Piedleu

.. 74

Percy ...

144

Pharnambu

cey ... 124

Pierce

96, 143

Perdita

.. 115, 290

Pbarnaspes

165,203,239

Pierotti

.. 274

Pere-et-mero ... 97

Pheasant

240

Pierre

.. 96

Peregrine

264

Pbelan

175

Piers

.. 96

Peregrino

264

Phelim...

42

Pierson

.. 96

Pereu-a...

96

Phelps...

204

Pietro

.. 96

Perez ...

.. 96, 290

Phenissa

117

Pigfat

.. 137

Perez-de la Rua... 26G

Pbicol ...

56, 69, 216

Pigot

.. 30

Periander

29, 74, 305

Philemon

40, 59

Pigott

.. 156

Pericles

37, 74

Philetus

40,59

Pike

.. 215

Perigonus

75

PhUamore

.. 73, 204

Pilate t.

15, 254

Perizada

102

Phihnna

40

Pilcher

.. 254

Perkin ...

90

Phihp 1

06, 161, 203

Pileus

.. 254

Perkins

274

Phihpon

73

Pilgrim

.. 264

Perillon

73

Philippova .

.. 106, 293

Pillsbury ...

.. 264

Peron ...

96

Phihppa

.. 106,293

Pilson

.. 271

Peroni...

96

Pbilo ...

40

Pirn

.. 30

Perowne

73

Philologus

40

Pinceloup . . .

.. 175

Perrin ...

201

Philomela 1

18, 187, 209

Pindar

42, 207

Perron ...

96

Philometer

46

Pinelh

.. 128

Perrott

274

Philopater .

46

Pinbornc ...

.. 137

Perry ...

.. 96, 274

Philpot

204

Pink

.. 203

Perseus

17, 18, 25

Pbineas

50,58

Pinkerton 68, 1

51, 288

Pertinax

44

Phinebas

56

Pinney

.. 207

Perucci

274

Pbipps...

204

Pinnock

. . 203

PeiTigino

96

Pblegon

190

Pinon

.. 72

INDEX.

349

Page

Page

Pinus

. 60, 121

Pollock

.. 43, 242

Pio

. 45, 198

Poison... .

271

Piper

. ... 253 i

Polybius .

.. 59, 187

Piram

. ... 2081

Polycarp .

.. 45, 72, 78

Pirie

. ... 274

Polydor

117

Pirrett

. 'JG, 274

Polygonus .

301

Piirie ... .

. ... 274

Polyhistor .

117

Pisano

. ... 140

Polymeles

78, 187, 239

Pisistratus .

. ... 255

Polymina .

187

Pison ... .

. ... 145

Polyuices

224

Pistorius

. ... 237

Polyphemus

187, 112

Pitcairn

. ... 14

Polyxena

40, 112, 257

Pitchers .

. ... 243

Pombal

,. 202, 204

Pithom

. ... 207

Pomeroy

249

Pithou... .

. ... 72

Pompey

48,90

Pitman

. 241, 267

Pompilius

.. 48, 298

Pitt ... 142, 241, 2G7

Ponce ...

242

Pius ...

45, 60, 198

Pond ...

153

Pizano... .

. ... 140

Poniatowski

... 126

Pizarro

. ... 286

Pont ...

.. 253, 308

Plancus

. ... 32

Pontifex

253

Plantagenet

... 247

Pontiff...

253

Plato ... .

. 33, 232

Pontius

249

Piatt ... .

. 131,144

Poock ...

75

Playfair .

. ... 40

Pool ...

48, 151, 152

Pleione

. ... 249

Poole ...

242

Plews ... .

. ... 232

Poor ...

39

PlimsoU .

. ... 145

Pope ...

252

Plowright .

241

Popilius

298

Plum ... .

151

Popoff ...

.. 294, 295

Plumstead .

151

Popp ...

252

Plutarch .

183

Poratha

60

Pluto ... .

183

Porcia ...

.. 106,236

Plutus ... .

183

Porcius

.. 106,236

Podarce

60

Porcher

231

Podarge

107

Pordenone

73

Podargus

59, 74, 131

Porphyry

17, 25, 225

Podgers

138

Porphyrogenetus 17, 25

Podio ... .

.. 32, 74, 95

Porson . . .

271

Poe ... .

39

Porteous

238

Poggio ... .

131

Porus ...

41

Pogon ... .

45,46

1 Portman

73

Pognatus

31

Portwine

153

Pointer

153

Posideon

... 190,235

Pointon

253

Possinet

202

Poisson

.. 211, 271

Posthuuius

91

Poissoner

243

Potiphah

32, 61, 194

Poland...

157

Potipherah

... 61,194

Pole ...

.. 157, 275

Pott ...

240

Polemou

.. 40, 216

Potter ...

240

Polignac

.. 157, 275

Pottinger

241

Poligny

275

Potts ...

... 240, 241

Poliocertes

47

Poulin ...

307

Polk ...

88

Pounds

153

Pollard

31

Poussin

202

PoUio ...

254 Powell...

277

Pollion ..

130

Power ...

39

Pozzo

... 241

Pratt 132,

133, 145

Praxidioe ...

45, 117

Praxiteles ...

45, 117

Pre

... 145

Precious

40, 93

Prendergast

185, 307

Presbyter ...

.. 202

Preston

245, 308

Pretorius . . .

... 266

Prettyman ...

... 154

Preu

... 40

Preus

... 40

Priam

... 219

Price ... 234,

277, 296>

Priddle

... 277

Pride

... 243

Prideaux ...

... 151

Priest

... 245

Priestly

... 245

Prigg

... 277

Prim

70,90

Prima

70,90

Prime

... 86

Prince

... 235

Pringle 264

271, 281

Priscilla

100, 244

Prisons 48

103, 121

Pritchard ...

224, 277

Pritty ... 133

144, 154

Probart 255

271, 277

Probus

42, 90

Probyn

... 277

Proctor

... 246

Proculus

... 89

Procurator ...

... 246

Progers

... 277

Properjohn ...

... 87

Protesilaus ...

... 52

Protogenes ...

... 80

Protogenia ..

... 90

Protus

... 90

Proudfoot . . .

... 74

Pro van

... 277

Prowse

... 277

Pnice

... 157

Prudhomme

... 183

Prudhon

... 183

Prujean

... 93

iPryd

... 154

Pryor

... 286

i Ptolemeus Macron 286

1 Ptolemy

48, 116

Puah ... 53, 78, 106

Publicola 69

, 222, 235

Publius

235, 298

PuceUa

... 75

I Puck

... 75

350

INDEX.

Pajje

Tayc

FuLSC

Pudens

42. 299

Quean ...

160

Ralph

... 176

Pudentiana . . .

... 299

Queen ...

.. 160,229

Ralston

176, 270

Pue

... 277

Quintin

90

Ram ... 54

106, 144

Puella

... 105

Question

307

Ramage 48

125, 252

Puer

... 105

Quick ...

.. 60, 242

Ram Bukah

... 51

Putfendorf ...

... 308

Quiddy

307

Rammer

... 252

Pugh ... 277,

278, 280

Quigg •••

138

Ramolini ...

... 125

Pair

... 39

Quigley

143

Ramsbottom

... 144

Pul

... 206

QuUlan

287

Ramsay

... 175

Pulcheria ol,

105, 116

Quillman

267

Ranald

... 235

PulUnger ...

... 237

Quilt ...

307

Rauce

129, 218

Pulvermachev

... 249

Quilty ...

124

Rand

... 275

Punch

... 307

Quin ...

... 228, 229

Randal

138, 218

Punchion ...

... 216

Quince...

91

Handle

... 188

Punclion

216, 307

Quincy

155

Raudoli^h ...

... 176

i'lipillus

19, 25

Quinet ...

274

Ranger

... 126

Purcell

... 31

QuinUvan

229

Rani

... 101

Purchase

... 243

Quirinus

214

Ranke

129, 139

Pui-die

... 45

Quintillian

90

Rankin

... 273

Purdon

... 267

Quintin

96

Ransom

... 219

Purkiss

... 96

Quintus

90

Raper

... 233

PurUeu

... 129

Quinze

90

Rapha

... 65

Purvis

... 252

Quittacus

307

Raphael

... 55

Pusa

... 100

Quixote

217

Rapin

... 200

Pusilla

... 100

Kapp

200, 275

Puxley

... 75

Rabbi ...

... 254, 260

Raschid

... 14

Puypariier ...

... 106

Rabboni

... 77, 260

Rashi (m) ...

79, 221

Pyat

58, 273

Rabshakeh

254

Rasselas

238, 302

Pybus

121, 125

Raby...

200

Rat

136, 152

Pycott

133, 152

Race ...

148

Ratican 136

, 152, 256

Pye ... 277

278, 280

Rachel...

198

Rato

... 254

Pygmahon ...

... 88

Racine...

201

Ratsey

... 256

Pygme

... 88

Rad ...

... 152, 255

Rattee

... 254

Pylades

... 301

Radbert

255

Ratter

... 152

Pyle

... 301

Radcliife

21, 26

Ratto

... 152

Pyleus

... 301

Raddax

127

Rattray

... 256

I'ym

... 30

Radetsky

254

Raumer

... 234

Pyramus

17, 25

Radford

23

Ravaillac . . .

... 275

Pyrois ... 17, 2.5, 302

Radoslav

... 38, 294

Raven

... 200

Pyrosporus ...

16, 41

Radstock

153

Ravius

... 275

Pyrrhus

17, 25

Rae ...

43, 283, 284

Rawclitt'e ...

21, 26

Pythagoras . . .

224, 255

Raeside

284

Rav^ley

... 132

Python

191, 207

Raffin ...

152

Rawlings ...

175, 270

Rattles ...

55

Rayment ...

44, 223

QUAGGENBOSH

... 122

Rafflin...

... 136, 143

Raymond . . .

44, 223

QuagUa

... 201

Raftor ...

134

Rayner

... 216

Quaghenne ...

... 273

Ragg ...

... 136,137

Reach

48, 134

Quaid

... 283

Raglan...

236

Read

... 254

Quain

... 228

Rahab ...

69

Reba

... 90

Quant

... 42

Raham

106

Rebecca

113,305

Quarles

... 241

Raikes...

... 234, 264

Rebekah ...

... 113

Quarrier

... 241

Raimes

48, 125, 252

Rechab

204, 225

Quarterfagcs

... 127

Rainey...

264

Reddie

... 254

Quartermass

... 84

Raith ...

283

Redhead

... 20

Quartus

... 90

Rajah ...

... 101, 234

Redmond 17, 20, 227

Quasheba ...

85, 106

Rajahputra

... 293,296

Redpath ...

... 38

Quashee

85, 106

Raleigh

132

Ree

234, 284

INDEX.

351

Pa-e

Pa-e

Pasre

Reece

... 234

Richter

65, 247

Romanovitch ... 293

Eeeclman ...

... 238

Rickett

... 234

Rome ...

264

Eeeves

... 137

Riddal

... 147

Romero

264

Began 247,

209, 284

Riddle

147, 200

Romulus

146

Kegina

... 101

Ridley

21, 26

Ronald...

235

Keginald ...

... 235

Rienzi

... 218

Ronge ...

129

Reginmar ...

... 234

Rigby

... 137

Ronquillo

30

Regiomontanus

39, 139

Rigg ... 136

246, 247

Roo ...

22

Regulus

234, 30(5

Riley

21, 26

Rook ...

22, 26, 30

Rehabiah ...

... G8

Rimmon

... 194

Roper ...

... 233, 253

Rehob

... 68

Ringwood ...

... 126

Rory ...

234

Rehoboam ...

... 69

Rion

... 143

Rosabella

114

Rehoboth ...

... 68

Rise

... 151

Rosalind

... 114,208

Relium

... 57

Risely

... 147

Rosamond

... 114, 173

Rehumali ...

... 106

Rishton

... 138

Rosan ...

114

Rei

... 77

Risk

... 151

Rosbaum

205

Reid

131, 254

Ritchard ...

... 118

Rosconi

70

Reimarn.s ...

... 234

Ritchie

... 234

Rose ...

23, 26. 265

Reimer

... 234

Ritson 271

275, 286

Rosencrantz ... 218

Reine

... 101

Ritter

... 225

Rosetti...

173

Reis

... 148

Rivas

... 297

Rosgrana

110

Remaliah ...

... 54

Rivers... 133

143, 148

Rosh ...

79, 106, 221

Rembrandt . . .

... 226

Rizpah

... 116

Roshena

... 106, 222

Remigius . . .

... 255

Roadman ...

... 219

Roslin ...

135

Remington ...

... 255

Roan

... 284

Ross ...

70, 149, 173

Remus

... 146

Rob

... 255

Rossa ...

280

Rene ... G4,

276, 293

Robb

... 255

Rosseau

21

Rennie

235, 272

Robert ... 23

106, 255

Rossetti

... 21, 173

Renny

... 255

Robertson ...

255, 271

Rossi ...

21

Renard

... 177

Robespierre...

96, 292

Rossignol

209

Renaud

... 200

Robin

106, 255

Rossina

173

Renier

... 216

Robina

... 106

Rossini

... 21, 173

Renolf

218, 235

Robinson ...

... 271

Roth ...

87

Renovata ...

... 242

Robson

... 271

Rothacker

21, 25

Renzoni

... 218

Roche

... 136

Rothchild

21, 25, 218

Reuben 54, 90, 117

Rochefort ...

136, 266

Rounsiwell

121

Reuchlin

... 39

Rocket

... 214

Rountree

121

Reumah

55, 102

Rockwood ...

... 149

Rourke...

22, 23, 25

Reuss

... 146

Roden

136, 129

Rous ...

21, 25

Revell

... 257

Roderic de Triana 143

Rouse ...

... 21, 173

Revely

... 258

Roderick 33

143, 234

Rousillon

73

Reves

... 258

Roderigo

... 234

Rousseau

... 21, 25, 95

Rex

101, 234

Rodger

... 215

Roustan

... 23, 146

Rey

... 235

Rodman

... 257

Rowan...

60, 70, 121

Reymond ...

... 200

Rodolph

174, 176

Rowe ...

22, 275, 284

Reynolds ...

... 235

Rodomont ...

... 156

Rowell...

153

Rhadegund...

... 255

Rodney

129, 144

Rowena

... 106, 110

Rhesus

... 107

Roe

25, 284

Rowland

219

Rhin

... 220

Roebuck

132, 209

Rowley

21

Rhoda

... 265

Roff

... 176

Roxana

... 106, 222

Rhodopis ...

... 27

Rogan

... ^84

Roy 17, 25,

233, 234, 236

Ribas ... 133

143, 148

Roger

... 215

Royle ...

234, 236, 306

Ribai(m) ...

... 78

Rogers

... 215

Royston

200

Ricardo

... 234

Rokesby

... 149

Rubens

90

Riccoboni ...

... 73

Roland

... 219

Rubenstein

125

Rice

... 234

Romaine

264, 293

Rubini

90

Richard

118, 234

Romanoff . . .

... 293

Rubio ...

84

352

INDEX.

Paye

Page;

Page

RucU ...

23, 84,

265 Saggers

... 245

Saron

... 127

Ruddimau .

27

Sahib ... 52,

106, 248

Saronidas ...

... 301

Rudge .., .

.* 136,

304

Said ... 35

, 43, 109

Saronides ...

... 127

Rudiger

2151

Saintey

... 204 i

Sarony

127, 301

Rudolph .

174!

Saker

... 218

Sarronide ...

... 301

Rulfiuus

'.'. ' 2

X 25 1

Sala

... 66

Sarsechem ...

... 164

Rufus ...

20, 22, 25 i

Saladin

... 44

Sarsfield ...

... 128

Rugg ... .

149

Salah

... 66

Satan ... 51

, 60, 171

Ruggiero

215

Salem

... 221

Satchell

... 267

Ruiz ... .

290

Sales

... 128

Satrap

... 220

Rule ...

234

Salignac

... 128

Saturn

183, 234

Ruma ...

146

Salinator ...

... 255

Satyr us

... 248

Rumbelow

250

Salmaheben Daoud 92

Saul

92, 235

Rumbold .

.'..

224

Salmasius ...

... 140

Saunders ...

... 223

Runciman

245

Salmon 55, 60, 66, 73

Saurin... 2i

, 34, 227

RuDJeet Singh ...

205

Salt

... 255

Sausure

... 251

Rupert...

255

Salter

... 255

Sautree

... 253

Rupertino

255

Salvator ...

... 94

Saumarez ...

128, 150

Rushbrook

147

Salverte ...

... 82

Saunders ...

... 223

Rushbury

138

Sam

... 81

Sauvage

... 248

Rushout

138

Sambo

... 81

Savage... 60,

125, 186

Rushton

138

Samborn ...

... 92

Savaton

... 244

RusseU...

21

Sam Long ...

... 29

Severthal . . .

... 143

Rust ...

21

Samson 36, L

8, 71,81

Saville

... 125

Ruskin...

280

Sampson

81, 272

Savigny

... 125

Ruth 54,

90, lOG

,107

Samuel 7'.

,81,115

Savanarola...

141, 143

Rutherford

148

Sancho

... 275

Savaton

... 144

Ruthlan

26

Sandbank ...

... 148

Sawney

... 92

Ruthven

25, 20

.142

Sandemau ...

... 246

Saxe

... 213

Rutilius

2

0,25

Sanderson ...

223, 271

Say

... 152

Ruthland

21

Sandon

... 74

Sayers

... 255

Rutter ...

225

Sandford ... ~

... 148

Sayle

... 128

Ruysdael

147

Sands ... 74,

133, 149

Scald

241,261

Ruyter

225

Sandy

74, 223

Scaldwell ...

... 196

Ryder ...

225

Sandyfaulds

... 130

Scales

... 266

Rye ...

143

Sandyford ...

... 23

Scaliger

... 228

Ryle ...

'.'. 234

,306

Sang

... 275

Scanderbeg...

73, 223

Rynn ...

152

Sangster

215, 250

Scanlan 23

126, 135

Ryno . . .

152

Sankey

135, 244

Scaredevil ...

135, 137

Sanquhar ...

... 135

Scarlett

27, 87

Saad . . .

44

Santa Croce

... 264

Scaurus

... 32

Saadut...

221

Santa Cruz ...

... 38

Schaifer

... 239

Sabbadini

308

Santa Klaus

... 225

Schah-Daoud

92

Sabbathias

85

Santamaria...

... 84

Schamyl

... 81

SabeUius

308

Santhague ...

... 92

Schapler

... 249

Sabina . . .

104

Saph

... 60

Schepler

... 249

Sacar ...

58

Sapor

... 234

Schenko

... 240

Saccharissa

".'.' lib

, 238

Saphir... 63

224, 238

Schiller

31, 137

Sacchoni

73

Sapphira 65

106, 244

Schinner

... 72

Sack ...

270

Sar

96, 106

Schirmann ...

... 242

Sacy ...

97

Sara

106, 222

Schlegel ...

... 168

Sadd ...

44

Sarai ... 5

L, 96, ]o»;

Schliermacher

... 249

Saddler

26()

Sarah ... 51

106, 159

Schmidbrecht

... 259

Sadi ...

43

Sarajih

... 207

Schmidt ...

... 59

Sadlier

255

Sardan

... 206

Scobeloff

275, 294

Sadoc ...

"55,'g1

,278

Sardanapalus

... 206

Scholastica ...

... 118

Sage ...

... I2r

,308

Sardon

... 240

Scholasticus

... 118

INDEX.

353

Page

Page

Schneider ...

... 256

Selena

... 118

Schomburg . . .

... 37

Selene

... 118

Schonthal ...

... 143

Seleucide ...

... 46

Scbrader

... 256

Seleucus

... 46

Schreiber ...

... 267

Selim

... 55

Schrevalius

238, 267

Selina

... 37

Schroeter ...

... 256

Selkirk

235, 245

Schummacher

... 244

Sell

... 255

Scbwarbach

... 147

Sellars

... 255

Schwartenberg

... 242

Seller

... 266

Scbwatz

... 33

Sellers

... 255

Scipio ... 31

, 56, 159

Semele

... 196

Sclater ...

73, 256

Semiramis 78

96, 108

Scobie

... 275

Semiramide

... 196

Scolding

223, 228

Semmet

... 140

Score

151, 135

Semple

... 88

Scoresby 135,

137, 151

Sempronius...

42, 224

Scotcher

... 244

Semy

... 252

Scott

... 157

Seneca

... 202

Scotus

157, 159

Sennex

... 127

Scribe

... 267

Sentsch

... 294

Scribonius ...

... 238

Sentschisschinn

... 263

Scrimegeour

... 222

Sephar

... 65

Scrimshaw ...

... 125

Sepharvaim

... 244

Serine

250, 254

Sepher

65, 244

Scripture

... 75

Septimus ...

... 91

Scrivener ...

... 238

Serapion

... 169

Scroggie

122, 128

Serapis

... 169

Scroggs

... 122

Sereno

... 234

Scrope

... 122

Serjeant

... 261

Scruby

... 122

Serpentarius

... 191

Scudamore 33

224, 261

Serrano

... 233

Scully

... 232

Serrauus

... 233

Scylla

... 188

Servetus

... 261

Seachlan ...

135, 292

Service

... 233

Seafart

... 248

Servius

... 91

Seamans

... 250

Servoni

... 292

Seaton 133

152, 196

Seth

... 60

Sebaste

... 197

Seton

... 237

Sebastian ...

... 197

Settle

131, 266

Seechi

... 109

Severus

41, 292

Sechnall ...

... 90

Seward

... 255

Seeker

... 255

Sexton

... 250

Secundinus . . .

... 90

Sextus

... 91

Secundus ...

... 90

Seymour ...

140, 244

Securius

... 45

Sezzi

... 91

Sedigitus

... 308

Sforza

... 29

Seekings

... 270

Shabbathai ...

... 85

Seely

... 198

Shadbolt ...

... 217

Seer

... 254

Shadlaw ...

... 137

Segi

... 221

Shaddai

... 61

Seidhtz 131

, 152, 266

Shadlow

... 137

Seignior

... 202

Shaftesbury

... 215

Seir ... G5, 87, 254

Shafto

... 215

Sejanus

234, 299

Shah

... 234

Seji

234, 299

Shaharaim ...

63,86

Selden

... 144

Shahjee

... 296

26

Page

Shakar-lab 113

Shakelady 123

Shakespeare 204, 214

Shallum 301

Shalmai 78

Shalmanaser ... 55

Shalom 55

Shamar 72

Shamgar 265

Shammai 56

Shammuah 83

Shamus 95

Shan 94

Shanagau 88, 100, 135

Shand 135

Shandon 135

Shandy 44

Shane 94

Shanks 241

Shanter 51

Shapfer 239

Shaphan 97

Shaphat ... 01, 247

Shaphatiah 52

Shararaiin 86

Sharezer 194

Sharman 256

Sharon 127

Sharp 45, 59

Shaw 125

Sheal 97

Shealtiel 97

Shearer 256

Sheba 150

Sheber 66

Shebha 58

Shedden 237

Sheddy 237

Sheen ... 68,150

Sheepshanks . . . 286

Sheik 234

Shelah 45

Sheldon ... 137,150

Sheldrick 203

Shelly 247

Shelomi ... 56, 108
Shelomith ... 56,108

Shelton 150

Shem ... 56,77,196
Shema ... 33,83

Shemah 196

Shemer ... 55,7-2, 78
Shemiramoth ... 69

Shemuel 81

Shemuliel 56

Shenkin 94

Shenstone 94

354

INDEX.

Pajje

Page

Pajje

Sheplier

... 106

Siculua

47

Skeacb

281

Shephupban

... 207

Sidik ...

55

Skeels

261

Sherbourne

... 137

Siddons

137

Skegg ...

31

Sberidau

... 256

Side

... 126,139

Skene ...

176

Sberlock ...

30,31

Sidelas

35,47

Skerratt

.. 30,151

Sberman ...

... 256

Sidetes

35,43,199

Skey ...

218, 224, 270

Sberry

... 168

Sidonia

163

Skidmore

.. 33,270

Sberwood ...

137, 138

Sidlaw

137

Skiffington

137

Sbesbadri ...

... 261

Sidney

183

Skiinining

134

Sbesbai

... 91

Siebenecber 121,127

Skinner

72

Shesbbazzar

... 19-4

Sieber

246

Skiold

270

Sbetbar ...

... 116

Siemaus

250

Skiolding

.. 223,270

Sbetberbozuai

... 116

Sigbert

150, 164, 224

Skipper

250

Sbiel

... 137

Sigbertfitborp ... 150

Slade ...

133

Sbiels

... 150

Sigbrand

... 164,222

Slagg ...

... 164,219

Sbiekls

30, 218

Siegel ...

... 131,152

Slapp ...

288

Sbierlaw ...

... 137

Sigga ...

164, 217, 224

Slater ...

.. 256,286

Sbilbi(m) ...

... 78

Sigismund

164, 224, 227

Sleeman

238

Sbillacker ...

... 243

Sigourney

227

Slevin ...

151

SbiUinglaw

133, 137

Sigvalladur

... 227

Slick ...

36

SbiUingswortb

... 152

Silas ...

32, 125, 186

Slide ...

56

Shilob ...

56, 66, 78

Silenus

32

Sliman

228

Shiloni

... 56

Silliman

232

Slocum

138

Sbilsba

... 90

Silvanus

125, 186, 248

Slogg ...

119

Sbimei(m) ...

108, 196

Silverside

222

Sloman

36

Sbimeatb ...

... 108

Simcox

273

Sloper

241

Sbimeon

... 83

Simpcox

273

Sloss ...

254

Sbimei 37, 77, 19G

Simeon

72,83,196

Slovacten

161

Sbimon

... 72

Simeoni

77

Sluse ...

145

Sbimri(m) ...

... 78

Simkins

273

Sly ...

228

Sbimritb

... 108

Simnel

81

Small ...

239

Sbimron

... 72

Simon 3

2, 72, 83, 301

Smallback

284

Sbimnel

... 81

Simouides

... 72,301

Smallmau

239

Sbinab

52, 75

Simond

72

Smart ...

45

Shipbrab ...

... 106

Simpkins

273

Smeaton

131

Sbippey

... 175

Simpson

81,270,285

Smee ...

.. 34,131

Sbipton

... 137

Sims ...

83

Smidbrecht

... 259

Sboebottom

127, 1-4-1

Simson

81,272,285

Smikros

34

Sboueen

94, 272

Sindbad

155

Smitb ...

70, 188, 258

Sbore

... 150

Sindouia

113

Smitbfield

236

Sborrocks ...

... 127

Singer

215

Smoker

241

Sbort ... 3

2, 34, 284

Singb ...

... 153,205

Smollett

81

Sbual

... 246

Sing Long

298

Smytbe

258

SbulHebottom

... 144

Sippai ...

60

Snaefell

307

Sbulamite ...

... 56

Sippel ...

204

Snarley

34,82

Sbuni

... 78

Sippell

96

Suiveldy

137

Sbupban

66, 207

Sir

52, 90, 252

Snell ...

33,59

Sbuppim

... 66

Siracbides

300

Snodgrass

236

Sburmer

... 242

Sire

52, 90, 252

Snooks

121

Sibbakl

76, 222

Siret ...

90

Snow ...

.. 30,110

Sibbecbai ...

... 60

Sisera ...

209

Snowball

307

Sibley

... 76

Sismey

227

Snyder

236

Sibtliorp

... 150

Sisypbus

190

Socrates

... 223,261

Sibyl

... 196

Siva

171

Soffar ...

266

Sicilius

... 91

Sivajee

296

Sotfarides

266

Sickles

... 258

Sixsmitb

258

Softley

.. 132,144

Sickman ...

222,224

Sizar ...

256

Soffuk

217

INDEX.

355

Pacre

rage

Page

Sofy ...

'J24

Spinoza

128

Stella

116,184

8oho ...

126,128,150

Spiridion

251

Stephen

25, 218

Sojourner

2G5

Spite ...

135, 152, 241

Stephanus ...

... 218

Solauiler

39

Spittle

257

Sterling

68, 253

Solano

145

Spohr ...

225

Stern

200, 218

Soldene

145

Spon ...

... 214,215

Sternhold 48

, 136, 201

Sole ...

145

Spooner

.. 43, 305

Stertinus ...

63,78

Solis ...

84

Spratt ...

215

Stevens

218, 272

Solomon

.. 45,56,78

Spring

.. 241,274

Stevenson ...

... 293

Solyman

221

Springdale

... 126

Steward

243, 258

Soman

55

Springfield

... 137

Stewart

... 258

Somers

.. 140,152

Sprout

215

Sthenelaus ...

... 188

Sonueborn

... 90

Spry ...

45

Stheno

... 188

Sontag

85

Sprye ...

34

Stilicho

... 259

Sopater

58

Spura ...

299

Still ... 35,47,106

Sophia

38, 190, 224

Spurge

19, 26, 241

Stilpon

... 37

Sophilus

34

Spurgeon

241

Stimson

... 272

Sophocles

38

Spm-inna

251

Stimpson ...

... 272

Sophonisba

112, 224

Spurius

.. 233,299

Stinton

... 251

Sophron

228

Squeers

280

Stitt

44, 220

Sophronicut

42, 224

Squires

.. 224,261

St. Jean d'Acre ... 93

Sor ...

117

Stacey

81

Stoach

... 281

Sorbey

266

Stack ...

130

Stobo

... 122

Sorby ...

.. 133,152

Stadtholder

... 258

Stock

... 121

Sorley ...

25, 34, 227

Stael ...

259

Stocks

... 130

Sorr ...

252

Stafford

.. 140,148

Stockenstrom

... 148

Sosipater

58

Stagno

153

Stockwell ...

... 130

Sosthenes

223

Stahl ...

259

Stockings ...

... 117

Sothern

145

Stahlman

259

Stoddart

239,253

Sottenville

38

Staines

146

Stoffel

... 219

Soter ...

46, 94, 223

Stally ...

259

Stofflet

... 219

Soul ...

146

Stallybrass

... 259

Stoganowitz

... 293

Soule ...

146

Stallyman

259

Stoke

... 130

Soult ...

126

Stamford

148

Stoker

... 130

Southack

127

Stanback

148

Stokes

... 130

Southey

145

Standen

126

Stone

... 149

Southgate

L45, 256, 301

Standish

149

Stonehouse

... 251

Souter

244

Stanford

148

Storar

... 146

Sozomon

223

Stanhope

.. 124,149

Storks

... 202

Spada ...

214

Stanhow

.. .. 153

Story

34, 145

Sparman

255

Stanley

.. 149,265

Stott

... 220

Sparrow

... 197,203

Stauners

265

Stout

44, 220

Spellman

258

Stark ...

29

Stowe

130, 243

Spelman

257

Starkey

57

Stowell

... 130

Spencer

252

Starling

218

Strabane

... 151

Spens

252

Starmer

222

Strabo

... 31

Speron

291

Stasoula

295

Strachen

... 94

Speroni

291

Stead ...

220

Straduarius

68, 275

Spes ...

93

Steady

.. 44,220

Strahan

... 94

Spicer ...

239

Stean ...

149

Strang

... 158

Spielman

253

Steele

259

Strange

... 155

Spiers ...

162

Steely

198

Strategus ...

... 220

Spike ...

215

Steen ...

149

Stratford ...

140, 148

Spillman

258

Steeper

137

Stratocles ...

216, 221

Spink ...

203

Steeple

218

Stratonice ...

100,115

Spinner

128

Stein ...

.. 136,149

Strauss

160, 203

Spinoli

128

Steinits

136

Strichen

... 94

356

INDEX.

Pasei

Page

Page

Strickland ...

... 236]

Sutton

... 127

Tag-Maluil

218

Strinadona

... 110

Suttur

... 178:

Tagg ...

86, 168, 253

Stringer

... 249'

Suwarrow 41,

292, 295

Taggart

245

Strombi

... 307 i

Swaageman

46,173

Tagliapetra

... 73

Stromier ...

U8, 298

Swain 158,

236, 263

Taghavue

73

Strongbow ...

... 217

Swaine

... 29

Taglioni

73

Stress

... 275

Swainland ...

... 236

Tahrea

82

Strossmajer

... 275

Swaite

129, 145

Tait ...

33,73

Struther ...

... 151

Swan

... 201

Talbot

229

Struthers ...

151, 203

Swann

... 201

Talboys

126,250,200

Stuart

... 243

Swanhilda

... 172

Talford

260

Stubbiugs ...

... 270

Swauthaler

... 143

Talhiran

... 32,109

Stubbs

122, 129

Swartz 19,

190, 301

Taliesan

32

Stuhlman ...

... 241

Swartzerd ...

39, 299

Tallach

... 125,135

Stunt

... 33

Swayne

... 158

Talliafero

120

Sturmer

222

Sweaborg ...

... 139

Talligan

279

Sturrocks 199

210, 230

Swedenborg

... 139

Tallis ...

126

Sturton

139, 140

Sweeny

29, 50

Tallow

136

Styles

... 151

Sweet

... 93

Tallmadge

... 98,112

Su

... 302

Switt ... 33,59,158

Tallyrand

... 1.55,217

Suagros

111,199

Swindell

144,230

Talmage

... 98,112

Suarez

226, 291

Swinfen

... 144

Tarn ...

33, 48, 292

Suarius 106

236, 291

Swing

... 158

Tamar

128

Sudanowsky

246, 293

Swiulioe

... 144

Tamiesier

86

Sudbury

... 137

Swinkleman

... 232

Tambroni

73

Sudden

... 143

Swires

... 29

Tamerlane

31,32

Sue ... 93,98,232

Swisher

... 158

Tam O'Shanter ... 135

Sueuo

29, 158

Swithen

29, 158

Tarn Will

292

Suffetes

... 53

Sword

... 217

Tanagra

... 103,145

Sugden

144,236

Sybel

... 117

Tanaquil

103

Sugros

... 199

Sybella 102

104, 117

Tancred

255

Suidas

199, 302

S'yke

... 147

Tandy

... 34,275

Suilaluin

... 109

Sykes

... 147

Tan guy e

123, 128, 277

Suilgorm . . .

... 109

Sylla

... 30

Tanhauser

307

Suilmalda ...

... 109

Sylph

... 125

Tann ...

60

Suke

... 93

Sylvanus ...

... 180

Tannahill

273

Suleyman ...

50, 99

Symes

... 83

Tanner

... 237,273

Sullivan 30

, 109, 284

Symachus

... 45

Tannerock

273

Sulpice

... 30

Symington

... 83

Tanuock

273

Sulpicius

... 32

Syntyche ...

... 58

Tan Sein

145

Summer

... 257

Syren

114,110

Tantalus

... 81,187

Summerlee

... 151

Syrus

... 160

Tanz ...

307

Summers ...

... 257

Syth

... 29

Taot-se

297

Sumpter

... 257

Taphath

97

Sunter

... 83

Tabbaoth ...

... 09

Tardieu

... 74,286

Suntion

... 85

Tabbey

... 150

Tarn ...

33

Superbus ...

... 48

Tabby

... 209

Tarc^uin

... 134,234

Surat

... 244

JTabeel

55

Tarr ...

153

Surr ... 117, 145, Sr/i

Tabitha 114

, 202, 209

Tarrant

153

Surrey

... 249

Tabraham ...

52, 296

Tarry ...

... 133,153

Surry

... 249

, Tabram

... 52

Tartu ffe

307

Surtees

... 145

Tabrimmon

... 195

Tascher

256

Surtur

... 178

Tachus

... 33

Tash ...

121

Susan

... 93

Tacitus 35,47

, 100, 305

Tashwood

121

Susannah ...

... 93

Taddy

... 241

Tasker

... 234,256

Suther

... 146

Tadeoni

58

Tasmau

241

Sutherland

146, 148

Taffy

... 92

Tass ...

241

INDEX.

357

Tasso 208

Tassoni 73

Tassy 241

Tate ... 41,75,305

Tatian 41

Tatius 305

Tatlock 305

Tato 305 I

Taurus 169 i

Tavernier 25()

Taylor 25 G

Tawell 137 i

Tawse 13G !

Teague 241

Teazle 244

Teba 134,130

Tebah 55

TebaUah CO

Teck 25g|

Tedesco 100 1

Teer 285

Tegiilarius 256

Telegonus 91

Telemachus ... 217

Telfer 120,200

Tell 127,130

Tellwright 242

Temple 245

Templemore 84, 235, 245

Thais
Thai
Thalbei

Thales
Thalia
Thalpius
Thamah
Thammuz ...

Thana

Thana-Lartia

Thane

Thaumas

ra;,'e

... 100
... 143
137, 143

... 187

114,187, 189

187

97

189

103

... 145
103, 145
... 189

Thaumaturgua ... 189
Thecla ... 38,77,100

Teunant
Tennyson
Terah ...
Terence
Terentius
Teresa

Terpander ...
Tei-psichore

Terris

Terry

Tertius
Tertulius ...
TertuUian ...
Teschenmaker

Testa

Tetley

Tetrander

Tetricus

Teucer

Teufel

Teut

Tew

Tewson

Thackeray

Thackombau

Thaddeus ..

Thade

Thady

Theia

Themis
Themisto ..
Themistocles
Theobald ..
Theobulus ..
Theocles
Theocritus
The O'Donaghu

151,277

208

8S
134, 130, 151
... 33,159

lOG

40

.. 187

.. 247

.. 234

.. 90

90, 182

.. 182 i

.. 240 :

, ... 305

, ... 130 i

29, 40, 190 I

. ... 190

. ... 195

. ... 75^

. ... 195

. ... 77

77,89

... 250

... 89

. ... 58

. ... 58

, 58, 241

Theodore
Theodoric
Theodorus
Theodosia ...
Theodosius ...
Theogonus ...
Theophanius
Theophila ...
Theophilopoul
Theophilus ...
Theophorus
Theophrastus

100
... 303
... 303
... 303
... 235
... 117
,77,100
... 53

227

76, 122, 235

7G, 234

70, 77, 90

96, 235

96, 235

301,302

... 81

... 295
, ... 295
... 107
... 219
196, 255

Theophylact ... 55
Theos ... 50,76,106

Theosebes

Theosebius

Theresa

Therou

Theseus

Thessalonica

Theta

Thetis

Thia

Thierry
Thing

Thirlwall ...
Thistlethwaite
Thoburn ...
Thodotus ...
Thomas

Thon

Thor .,
Thora .,
Thoraga

238, 302
... 202
... 100
... 100
... 48
... 107
70, 100
70
... lOe
... 234
... 254
... 136
... 129

169

... 90,235

274

153

100,109,188

100

109

Page

Thorburn ...

... 1G9

Tlioresby

... 180

Thorgar

... 170

Thorkettle ...

... 109

Thornes

... 128

Thorold

... 109

Thoroughgood

... 152

Thorp

... 1,50

Thorwald ...

109, 295

Thorwaldsen

109, 295

Thoth

77, 195

Thothmethes

... 195

Thrale

... 34

Thraseus ...

... 224

Thrasonicus

... 224

Thrasymachus

... 225

Thresher ...

70,138

Thrower

... 230

Thug

... 305

Thugater ...

... 295

Times

1G8,180

Thurkettle ...

... 169

Thurlow ...

144,169

Thurstan ...

... 170

Thurtell ...

... 169

Thwaites 129

,136,144

Thynne

... 123

Ti

... 77

Tiber

146, 274

Tiberias

146, 296

Tichborne ...

... 147

Tichbourne

... 152

Tickel

... 87

Ticklepenny

... 135

Tidal

... 57

Tiddler

... 87

Tidy

... 235

Tidyman

... 235

Tierny

304

Tiers

... 90

Tieu

... 195

Tiffany

... 81

Tigellinus ...

... 242

Tiger ... 213,214,215

Tighearna ...

303

Tiglathpileser

... 194

Tilden

... 144

Tillinghast ...

... 144

Tillman

... 232

Tillot

... 128

Tilroyd

... 128

Tilley

... 238

Tilly

... 128

Timeus

. . . 305

Timoleon ...

... 205

Timon

... 305

Timor

... 196

358

INDEX.

Pa-e

Paf,'e

1

Pajrc

Timour

32

Torelli

... 199

Triton ...

40

Timpkins .

274

; Torfid

... 123

1 Troilus

141

Tiadale

145

Toiigos

... 136

TroUliope

126

Tingay

254

Tormaid

... 289

' TroUope

126

Tinto ... .

. ... 25G

Toro

... 169

! Tromp

253

Tintoretto .

. ... 250

Torquatus . . .

... 218

f Tronchet

121

Tippet ... .

. ... 274

Torquemada

... 136

! Tropbimus

... 45

Tii-as ... .

. ... 97

Torquil

170, 289

Trotter

... 60,246

Tirawley .

. ... 173

Torr

136, 137

Trubody

... 33,246

Tiridates

41,00,204

Torrance ...

20, 20, 48

Trufit ...

123

Tiscbendorf

150, 242

Torreador ...

... 199

Trufitt

170

Tista ... ■ .

. ... 93

Torrentius ...

... 20

Truman

... 17,272

Tita ... .

. ... 93

Torrero

... 199

Trumball

199

Titan ... .

. ... 188

Torricelli ...

136, 242

Trumbel

29

Titcomb .

. ... 138

Torsleff ...

... 170

Trump

307

Titbonus .

. ... 307

Tortola ...

202, 304

Trumpf

307

Titian ... .

. ... 41

Tot

... 295

Truwbitt

123

Titiens

. ... 41

Tottie

... 87

Trypbena

... 112,243

Titus ...

41,80,305

Tottenbam ...

... 195

Trypbo

45

Tityrus

. ... 248

Toussaint ...

... 85

Trypbosa

40,112,243

Tiu ... .

. ... 77

Tovey

202, 304

Tu ...

77

Tob ... .

. ... 195

Towell

... 137

Tubal-Cain

... 269

Tobiab

. ... 195

Towers

... 136

Tuck ...

... 229,256

Tobias

. ... 195

Townley 42

, 130, 139

Tucker

256

Toby ... .

. 119,195

Townly

... 240

Tudbope

1'45

Todd

. ... 206

Townsend ...

... 139

Tudor ...

... 76,2;^

Todbunter ..

. 206,243

Toxicrate ...

... 217

Tuerto

31

Todleben ..

. ... 88

Toy

... 257

Tuff ...

219

Toe

. 136, 137

Tozer

... 244

Tuffil ...

... 75,219

Tofts

. 133,139

Traill

... 134

Tui ...

77

Toke

. ... 229

Travel

... 200

Tuis

77

Tola

. ... 87

Travil

... 233

Tuisco ...

182

Toland

. ... 134

Trayner

... 29

Tuisden

144

Toler

. ... 153

Trebelli 31,40,112

TuUian

... 182,183

Toletus

. ... 140

Trebonius ...

... 42

Tullius

48, 182, 183

Toller

. ... 256

Tredgett ...

... 249

Tullocb

136, 279, 289

Tolliday ..

. 82, 173

Tree

123, 125

Tully ...

.. 182, 183

Tollner

. ... 256

Treffry

... 127

Tunstan

170

Tolmai

. ... 305

Tregeiles ...

... 147

Tupman

240

Tolmides ..

. ... 301

Trelawney ...

127,151

Tupper

240

Tolvie ... ..

. ... 120

Tremble ...

42, 199

Turenne

240

Tommy

. ... 274

Tremfear ...

29, 39

Turnarelli

242

Tompson

. ... 86

Treucb

... 130

Turnbull

29, 42, 199

Tomson >.

. ... 80,

Trenton

... 125

Turner

242

Tonkin

. ... 274;

Trepoff

88,91

Turnbam

128

Tonner

. 89, 169 1

Tresbam

... 119

Turnus ...

45,71,173

Tonson

. ... 272

Trevannion

... 151

Turpin

177

Tony

. 272, 274 1

Trewent ...

... 129

Turracremata ... 136

Tooby

. 119,195;

Triana

... 143

Turrentin

130

Toogood

. ... 137 1

Trim

... 121

Turtle

202

Toole

. 257, 274

Triones

... 302

Turton

139

Tootb ... 45,245,284

TripbUus ...

... 40

Tuson

77

Topfer

. ... 240

Tripp

... 253

Tuvee

73

Toplady

. ... 84!

Trippeumaker

... 253

Twa ...

80

Tora

. ... 216 Trippner

... 253

Tweedale

145

Toraga

. 106, 169 1 Trismegistus

... 264

Tweedle .

145

Tordenskiold

... 270 1

Tristam

... 44

Twells

240

INDEX.

359

Page

Page 1

Page

Twentyman

... 239

Usi-mahse ...

... 89

Van Rhyn ...

... 226

Twina

... 8G

Uther-Peudragon 207 1

Vans

40

Twiss

... 138

Utteridge ...

... 137

Vansteen ...

... 149

Twistletoa ...

... 138

Uttermare ...

... 152

Van Trorap...

... 253

Twysdeu

144,150

Uxor

57,75

Van Winkle

... 149

Tycho

... 229

Uz ... 53,

209, 255

Varden

... 153

Tychicus

... 43

Uzzah

59, 164

Variolus

... 30

Tyerman ...

... 250

Uzzi

... 78

Varius

... 30

Tyler

256,281

Uzziah

53, 164

Varley

... 43

Tymlale ...

... 145

Uzziel

... 53

Varrow

... 29

Tyndall

... 145

Uzzi(m)

... 78

Varus

... 32

Typlion

... 185

Vasa _ ... 45,

136, 267

Tyraunion ...

296, 301

Valdeloge...

... 153

Vasari

83, 240

Tyrannus ...

235, 296

Valdez

... 290

Vasco

... 156

Tyrell 134

136, 169

Valens

28,47

Vashni

.. 90

Tyrwhit

123, 136

Valentine 28

, 47, 156

Vashti

31, 116

Tytler

... 253

Valentinian...

23, 47

Vasquez

156, 290

Valerius

... 200

Vass

136, 199

Udal

41,47

Valkiriers ...

... 172

Vassilovitch

... 293

Ugo

... 167

Vallensteen...

... 149

Vatel

... 237

Ugoliai

... 167

Vallesneri ...

33, 285

Vatta

252

Uu-hu

... 89

Vallesteen ...

... 149

Vauban

... 143

Ulam

90, 264

Valletort ...

... 144

Vaughan ...

34

Ulic

... 118

Valpy

... 207

Vaux

136, 144

Ullathorne ...

... 307

Van Amburg

... 94

Vavasour ...

... 261

UUick

... 274

Vanan

... 40

Vecchi

292

UUia

171, 274

Vant Brunt...

... 136

Vedah

... 243

Ulman

... 16

Van Buren 133

, 150, 277

Veddas

... 243

Ulph

... 177

Vance

... 40

Vedder

120, 124

Ulphilas

174, 175

Vandeleur ...

... 277

Vega

... 174

Ulpian

... 206

Vandeman ...

... 149

Veitch

... 292

Ulric ... 134

171, 234

Vandeput ...

... 241

Velasquez ...

... 29

Ulysses

88, 190

Vanderbecken

146, 148

Velpeu

139, 266

Umbeito

... 292

Vanderbilt ...

... 135

Venantius ...

... 243

Umbreit

... 97

Vanderchild

... 218

Venard

... 243

Umpisi

... 89

Vanderhoff . . .

... 232

Veneroni ...

... 73

Una ... 98

117, 118

Vanderkemp

132, 133

Venn ... 122

150, 257

Underwood...

... 123

Vanderpeereboom 277

Vent

86

Unding

... 97

Vandersteen

149, 276

Ventriss

86, 243

Unitt

... D8

Van der Tan

... 128

Venua

... 243

Uno-tsmbi ...

... 89

Vanderveld...

128, 277

Venus ... 116

189, 192

Underwalden

... 122

Vardev6er ...

149, 277

Verger

... 257

Uawin

... 224

Vanduzee 149,

150, 152

Vergilius ...

... 308

Upjohn

... 94

Vandyke

... 136

Verna

... 260

Upp

61. 278

Vane ... 32,

219, 290

Veruet

128, 260

Urania 17

, 187 192

Van Hahn ...

... 277

Veron

... 272

Urban... 42

139, 240

Vanelli

... 94

Veronica

... 272

Urbane

139, 240

Vanneque ...

127, 128

Verres

... 206

Ure

147, 150

VanHoutenl25,126,149

Veron

... 272

Uriah

14, 25

Vanka

... 105

Verstegan ...

... 236

Uriel

14, 25

Vanloo... 128

132, 277

Verucci

... 272

Urijah

14, 25

Van Meter ...

151, 277

Verus

44, 273

Uri{m)

... 78

Vannan

... 40

Very

... 206

Urket

... 132

Van Neck ...

... 121

|Vesey

31,46

Urquhart ...

... 132

: Vanuer

... 144

Vespasian ...

98, 165

Ursula

110, 199

Van Osterzee

... 276

Vespucci

... 210

Usher

60, 236

Van Eeaiuuer

... 277

Vesta

... 184

360

INDEX.

Pas,'e

Pa<re

Pa^e

Vetch

... 234

Vose

... 31

Wansborough

... 167

Vial

... 242

Vosey

... 31

Wanstead ...

... 167

Vicars

... 257

Voss

... 206

Warboys

... 153

Vickers

... 257

Voyle

... 263

Ward

59, 72

Vickery ...

... 257

Vulpius

... 206

Wardlaw ...

... 137

Victor 100,

115, 136

Vye

98, 112

Wardrop

233, 253

Victoria

100, 103

AVardrupp ...

... 122

Vida

92, 104

Waccup

... 126

Ware ... 72,

145, 270

Vidocque ...

123, 125

Waddell ...

... 145

Wark

... 204

Vierftiss

32, 74

Waddelow ...

... 176

Warner

... 257

Vieuxtemps

... 135

Waddilove ...

... 177

Warren

... 257

Vigilantius ...

66, 82

Wadding

... 270

Warrington

... 270

Vigneron ...

... 73

Waddington

... 270

Warton

139, 150

Vignoles 128,

153, 241

Waddle

... 145

Washington 45

267, 270

Vikars

... 257

Waddy

... 150

Wass ... 45,

267, 270

Villar

... 171

Wade

148, 270

Wasser

... 267

Villeneuve ...

... 139

Wadlow

... 177

Wasserbohr...

... 267

ViUeroy ...

39, 139

Wadrapp

... 122

Wassing

... 45

Villiers

... 171

Wadsworth . . .

... 150

Wat ... 216,

248, 256

Vincent

... 224

Wager

222

Wateau

137, 237

Vincenzio ...

... 224

Wagner

"77, 242

Waters... 39

151, 252

Vinegar ...

... 214

Wagstaff ...

... 215

Waterston ...

... 138

Vmter

... 257

Wainwrigbt

... 241

Watling ...

... 269

Violet

... 117

Waistcot ...

... 137

Watson

272, 288

Vipend

... 254

Waitman ..

... 242

Watts

216, 248

Vipond

... 254

Waits

... 253

Watty

... 288

Vir

... 100

Waldbrook ...

... 146

Wat Tyler ...

... 256

Virgil

... 82

Waldegrave

... 248

Wauchope ...

... 126

Virginia G7.

100, 112

Waldemar ...

... 38

Way land ...

... 170

Virginius 100

112, 185

Waldeu ...

129, 144

Wayman

... 242

Virgo

... 100

Waldo

... 29

Wear

... 145

Virtue

... 75

Wale

... 155

Weatherby ...

... 123

Visconti

... 245

Wales

... 155

Weatherhead

123, 126

Visbnaputra

... 296

Wallah

... 266

Weaver

... 237

Vitalian ...

154, 200

Walker

248, 249

Webb

... 237

Vitalis

... 242

Walkinshaw

126, 137

Weber

... 237

Vitellius ...

... 200

Walkup ...

... 126

Webster ...

... 237

Vitus

... 242

Wallace

... 155

Wedderbura

... 122

Vivian

113, 242

Wallach ...

152, 264

Wedders ...

... 198

Vixen

... 101

Wallonsteiii

122, 124

Wedgewood

... 122

Vladimir

... 38

Waller

... 264

Weeler

211,280

Voce

... 206

Wallet

... 159

Weir

145, 301

Voddam ...

... 122

Wallop

126, 148

Weird

... 187

Vodrey

... 248

Walls

159, 264

Weisensteia

... 149

Vogel

106, 253

Wallsend ...

... 136

Welcombe ...

138,148

Vogelsang ...

... 125

Walner

163, 264

Weller

148,171

Voglit

... 237

Walpole

... 242

Wellesley ...

... 137

Vokes

... 284

Walpurgis ..

... 113

Wellhausen

,.. 148

Volpicelli ...

... 207

Walsh ... ..

157, 161

Wellington

... 270

Volta

... 151

Walter

... 216

Wells

... 62

Voltaire

... 284

Walters

... 122

WoLsli

... 161

Voltz

... 122

AValton

122, 126

Wemys

... 62

Von der Tann

... 277

Walworth ..

... 122

Wemyss 135

, 151, 266

Von Reaumer

... 150

Walz

... 122

Wcndel

... 106

Von Robert

111, 255

Waltz

... 122

Weniloll ...

... 158

Vopiscus

... 86

Wamba

47, 307

Weudohne ...

... 106

Vortigern ...

40, 227

[Wands

... 265

Wen man

... 242

INDEX.

361

Page

Page

rage

Wentworth

212, 271

Widness ...

... 124

Winthrop

37,68

150

Werter

... 198

Wiggin(s) ...

... 271

Wisby ... .

167

Wesley

... 137

Wight

75, 285

Wise ...

34

Wessensteia

... 149

Wife

233, 237

Wiseman .

.. 38

264

Wesson

... 137

Wightgar ...

... 215

Wisgar

215

Westley

... 137

Wigmore ...

200, 242

Wishart

15, 26

264

Weston

... 137

Wigram

... 200

Withcraft

124

Weatherby

... 122

Wilberforce

... 136

Witgar...

215

Weatherhead

... 123

Wilderspin

... 42

With ...

122

Wetherspoon

... 130

Wiles

171,272

Wither...

124

Wetla

... 269

Wilfred

... 171

Witherhead

126

Wette

... 122

Wilfritb ...

... 171

Witherow

123

Wballey ...

... 148

Wilhelm ...

... 106

Withers

.".' 124

125

Wbarrie

... 241

Wilhelmina

106, 171

Witney

124

Wbarry ...

... 286

Wilkes

... 171

With wrong

122

Wbeeler ...

241,280

Wilkie

... 274

Witley ...

266

Wbelpton ...

... 176

Wilkinson ...

76, 287

Witt ...

122

WbeweU ...

... 280

wm

... 171

Witticin

128

Wbib

... 237

WUlard

... 171

Witton...

97

Wbibley ...

... 237

Willemzoon

... 295

Witty ...

122

Wbigmore ...

... 242

Wilier

... 171

Wise ...

34

Wbipps

... 237

Willet

171,274

Wladislaw

.'.' '38

, 294

Wbipperman

... 237

William 97

, 108, 171

Woden...

166

Wbidden ...

... 123

Willie

... 274

Woffendale

176

Wbisker ...

... 215

Willimar ...

... 171

Wolcot...

139

Wbiskin ...

... 215

Willimore . . .

... 75

Wolemuth

175

Wbitcombe

... 123

Willimot ...

171,274

AVolf ...

177

Wbite 42,75,

249, 270

Willing

... 171

Wolfgang

174

Wbitebread

... 201

Willis

171,274

Wolfrad

176

Wbitefield ...

... 266

Willmer ...

75, 171

Wolfsruna

176

Wbitebead ...

... 242

Willocks ...

.. 171

Wolfstan

174

Wbitelaw ...

... 149

Willougiiby

... 128

Wollaston

139

Wbiteside 123

126, 222

Willox

... 171

Wolmuth

175

Wbitesmitb

258, 259

Wilmer

75, 171

Wolseley

176

Wbitgar

... 215

WiUmet ...

... 274

Wolsey...

175

Wbitgift ...

... 85

Wilmot

... 274

Wolski...

122

Wbitbam ...

... ]23

Wilsher ...

... 128

Woman

100

Wbitberow

... 123

Wilson

287, 292

Womba

47

Wbiting 270,285,306

Windsor

... 133

Wonfor

167

Wbitlock ...

... 32

Windthorst

... 307

Wooden

166

Whitman ...

... 39

Wine

... 93

Woodgrave

248

Wbitmore ...

... 75

Winegar ...

... 214

Woodhead

.'.' 123

308

Wbitside ...

126,222

Wink

... 149

Woodhouse

279

Whitster ...

238, 249

Winkle

... 149

Woodley

129

Wbittem ...

.. 123

Winks

... 149

Woodman

39, 123

, 124

Wbitting ...

... 285

Wiukleman

... 232

Woodrow

248

W^bittington

... 285

Winegar

... 214

Woodruffe

248

Whittle ...

259, 269

Winne

... 30

Woods ...

60, 120

, 280

Whitworth

... 271

Winnie

... 93

Woodside

126

Whyatt

... 274

Wiunifred ...

... 45

Woodstock

126

Wbybrow ...

... 139

Winnoc

... 93

Woodward

248

Whyman ...

... 239

Winship

... 240

Woolard

139

Whyte

... 159

Winslow ...

134,136

Woolcock

'.".' 171

,274

Wickliffe 162

, 228, 271

Winterbach

... 144

Woolfield

139

Wicks

34, 242

Winterbottom

... 144

Woolfrad

176

Widdows 122

124, 125

Winterborn

92, 144

Wolfrand

176

Widmore ...
27

123, 124

Winters

... 257

Wolfsruna

176

3(J2

INDEX.

Page

Page

Page

Woolcock ...

... 171

Youssupoff

293

Zethar ...

... 78, 116

Woolnoth 139

175, 220

YuiU ...

84

Zetland

289

Woolsey ...

... 175

Yuille ...

167

Zeus ..

45, 77, 183

Woolward ...

... 139

Yule ...

84

Zibiah ...

109, 114, 209

Wootoa 122

123, 151

Zab ...

174

Zibion ...

71

Wordie 46

139, 150

Zabad ...

.. 97, 106

Zibrah ...

109

Wortley

... 133

Zabdi ...

97

Zichri ...

60

Wotherspoon

... 130

Zabdiah

97

Ziegler

284

Wren

... 234

Zabdiel

97

Zill ...

55, 99

Wright

... 241

Zaccar ...

55

Zillah ...

55, 99, 109

Wunder ...

... 265

Zaccheus

58

Zill AUah

55, 99

Wunsch

.. 97

Zacchiah

58, 79

Zillai ...

... 32, 304

Wunnaer ...

... 140

Zaccur...

79

Zilpah ...

116

Wycherley ...

128, 180

Zacbary

55

Zilthai...

99

Wynn

... 133

Zacher...

79

ZUthaiah

99

Wynship ...

... 240

Zadok ...

44

Zimmerman ... 241

Zahn ...

284

Zimri ...

78

Xanthus ...

22, 203

Zalmoni

72

Zimri(m)

78

Xantippe ...

22, 203

Zalmon

55, 72, 99

Zinzendorl

... 131, 150

Xantippas ...

... 203

Zalmunna

55,72

Ziphion

71

Xavier

... 136

Zambianchi

... 93

Ziphon...

78

Xenia

... 257

Zambo...

81

Zippor ...

... 46, 106

Xeno ... 112

257, 298

Zampa...

94

Zipporah

106

Xenopbanes

... 307

Zanchius

94

Zisca ...

31

Xenophilus ...

40, 257

Zancoff

94

Zita ...

... 83, 101

Xenophon ...

... 251

Zauoni...

94

Zitella ...

101

Xenos

257, 307

Zany ...

94

Zithri ...

60

Xerxes

... 234

Zaphenath

.. 61, 194

Zittau ...

253

Ximenes

... 83

Zarah...

86

Ziza ...

57

Xylander ...

39, 250

Zebedee

97

Zizca ...

31

Xystus

... 91

ZebediaU

97, 106, 129

Zohar ...

58

Zebudah

106

Zoheth

305

Yacoub

... 291

Zebul ...

260

Zoilus ...

45

Yahya

... 94

Zebulun

69

Zollner...

256

Yair

... 135

Zechariah

55, 60, 79

Zoon ...

41, 278, 296

Yakoub

... 95

Zechori(m)

79

Zophah

59

YarreU

125, 135

Zedekiah

44

Zoppi ...

83, 240, 250

Yates

185, 236

Zeeb ...

66, 71, 174

Zopyrus

17, 25, 183

Yeamans ...

... 271

Zenab ...

112

Zorah ...

... 58, 106

Yeddie

224, 284

Zelophehad

90

Zorilla ...

207

Yelverton ...

... 137

Zemindar

247

Zoroaster

16, 41, 184

Yemans

217, 271

Zenas ...

45

Zorra . . .

206

Yeoman

217, 271

Zeno ...

45, 112, 257

Zosimus

45

Yett

136, 152

Zenobia

.. 45, 112

Zouch ...

308

Yocum

... 121

Zephi(m)

78

Zuar ...

87

Yohanan

... 94

Zepho ...

93

Zucca ...

246

Yoland

... 147

Zephon

66, 71, 72

Zuingle

29

Yonge

34, 108

Zephyr...

183

ZuingUus

... 29, 158

York

... 150

Zerah ... .

58, 86

Zukertort

307

Yorrick

... 150

Zerahiah

58

Zulleka

108, 112, 187

Young

34, 296

Zeresh... .

.. 93, 116

Zur

86

Youngman ...

... 108

Zeruah... .

116

Zuriel ...

55

Youngster ...

... 101

Zerubabel .

.. 140, 194

Zurshaddai

... 55, 145

Younker

... 101

Zeruiah

.. 55, 116

Zwingle

... 29, 158