Skip to main content

Full text of "Extracts from Livy;"

See other formats


EXTRACTS 
FROM 

L  I  V  Y 

PART  il 


5 « 


Wfl^fE-WA  RNE  R 

CLARENDON  PRES5  SERIES 


MiMWMMMMMI 


■Tiiwiiiinwniifnniwnifnniii  i  iii 


J/lu^  }t^<^L^ 


LL         CLARKNDON    PRESS    SERIES 

L7888Lee 

EXTRACTS     FROxM     LIVY 


WITH   ENGLISH   NOTES    AND    MAFS 

BY 

H.    LEE-WARNER,    M.A. 

FOR.MERLY    FF.LI.OW    OF    ST.   JOHN's    COf.LEGE,    CAMBRIDGE 


EVELYN    ABBOTT,    M.A. 

FKLLOW    .\NE)   TUTOR    OF    B.\LLIOL    C0LLE(;E,    O.XFORD 

P  A  R  T     II 

HANNIBAVS     CAMPAIGN    IN   ITALY 


New   Editiou  i^.v-         ^^--l.  i;*- 


OXFORD 

AT    THE    CLARENDON    PRESS 

MDCCCCVII 

\_  AU  rights  reserved^ 


J N  this  Edition,  hesides  alterations  in  the  Notes,  a  fieiv  is 
taketi  of  the  hattles  of  Trehia  and  Thrasynienc  differe7it  from 
ihat  sicpp07ied  hy  Mr.  Lee-  Warner  ///  tJie  first  editio^i-  The 
Maps  also  are  7ie7v :  the  two  first  have  heen  reduced  froin  the 
Jtalian  Ordnance  Siq-vey j  the  tJm-d  is  copied,  hy  the  Jdnd 
perniissio?!  of  the  Ai/tJior,  fvi/i  Mr.  Strachan-Davidso7is 
'  .'^elections  fi-o/n  PoIyhiusJ 

E.  A. 
May,  1889. 


DATES  IN  ROMAN  HISTORY. 

Foundation  of  Rome         ........  b.c.  753 

Regal  Government 753-509 

Tribunes  of  the  Plebs  and  great  Latin  League      ....  493 

Publilian  law  of  Volero,  that  tribunes  should  be  elected  by  tribes  .  47 1 

Decemvirate             ,.......•  415-447 

Valerian  and  Horatian  laws,  '  ut  quod  tributim  plebs  iussisset  popu- 

lum  teneret' 44*5 

Canuleian  law  on  intermarriage            ......  445 

Tribuni  militares      .......••  444 

Camillus  (paid  soldiery)     ........  395 

Battle  of  the  AUia 390 

Licinian  rogations     .         •         .         .         •         .         .         .         .  37^ 

First  Plebeian  Consul .  366 

First  Samnite  War 343-34° 

Great  Latin  War 340-338 

Publilian  law  of  Philo 339 

Second  Samnite  War 327-304 

Third  Samnite  War 298-290 

War  with  Pyrrhus  and  South  Italy 280-275 

First  Punic  War  and  acquisition  of  Sicily 264-241 

Second  Punic  War 218-202 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  Thiid  Samnite  War  ended  in  the  year  290  b.  c.  and  resulted  in 
the  complete  occupation  of  Samnium  by  Rome.  Tlie  continued  re- 
sistance  of  the  Samnites  has  been  compared  by  Arnold  to  the  fortitude 
shown  by  La  Vendee  in  resisting  the  Republican  Convention  during 
the  French  Revolution.  Heroic  as  it  was,  the  resistance  of  Samnium 
was  at  last  cnished  by  the  death  of  G.  Pontius  and  the  occupation  of 
Venusia  as  a  military  colony  by  20,000  Romans.  The  final  reduction 
of  this  part  of  Italy  closes  the  first  period  of  Roman  history.  If  the 
second  decade  of  Livy's  history  were  still  extant,  the  most  interesting 
portion  •would  be  the  story  of  Pyrrhus,  the  adventurer  King  of  Epirus, 
and  of  his  attempt  to  rival  in  the  West  what  Alexander  the  Great  had 
done  in  the  East.  The  story  of  the  aged  Appius  Claudius  going  into 
the  senate  house,  escorted  by  his  sons  and  sons-in-law,  to  protest  against 
the  Romans  making  peace  after  the  battle  of  Herakleia,  might  have  read 
like  the  episode  in  our  own  annals  when  Lord  Chatham  used  his  dying 
voice  to  protest  against  England's  yielding  to  France  and  America. 
Appius'  harangue  was  successful  :  the  Romans  declined  to  make  peace ; 
the  battle  of  Beneventum  was  fought  in  275  B.c. ;  and  the  Carthaginians 
lived  to  repent  that  they  had  taken  part  with  the  Romans  instead  of  with 
the  Greeks.  Had  they  thrown  their  forces  into  the  scale  of  Pyrrhus' 
fortunes,  the  battle  of  Beneventum  might  have  had  a  different  result. 

But  the  Carthaginians  had  taken  a  totally  different  line  of  policy.  In 
the  very  heat  of  the  war  with  Pyrrhus  a  Carthaginian  fleet  had  appeared 
off  the  coast  of  Latium  and  had  offered  assistance  to  the  Romang.  The 
offer  was  then  refused,  but  their  gratitude  remained.  The  two  peoples 
had  swom  eternal  friendship,  and  in  the  year  275  b.c.  no  alliance  could 
have  seemed  more  likely  to  last.  In  spite  of  this,  two  events  led  quite 
surely  to  the  inevitable  conflict  between  Rome  and  Carthage.  The  first 
was  the  subjugation  of  Tarentum,  after  it  had  been  held  for  four  years 
by  one  of  Pyrrhus'  generals ;  the  second  was  the  reduction  of  Rhegium, 
where  some  rebellious  soldiers  of  the  eighth  legion  had  taken  refuge. 
By  these  acts  the  Romans  trenchcd  on  tbe-  sphere  of  Carthaginian  in- 


INTRODUCTION.  V 

fluence  in  Italy.  The  whole  extent  of  Italy,  from  the  Macra  and  the 
Rubicon  to  Rhegium  and  Brundusium,  was  now  more  or  less  subject  to 
Rome.  A  career  of  aggrandizement  necessarily  modifies  the  nation 
which  enters  upon  it.  The  overthrow  of  the  Athenian  empire  changed 
the  habits  and  character  of  the  Spartans.  So  the  conquest  of  Italy  had 
a  lasting  effect  on  the  aims  and  institutions  of  the  Romans.  The  ten 
years  preceding  the  first  Punic  War  (274-264  b.c.)  increased  the  wealth, 
enlarged  the  ^aews,  and  changed  the  whole  purpose  of  the  Roman 
republic.  Amold  says,  'So  passes  away  what  may  be  called  the 
springtime  of  the  Roman  people.  Wealth  and  power  and  dominion 
have  brought  on  the  ripened  summer,  with  more  of  vigour  indeed  but 
less  of  freshness.  Beginning  her  career  of  conquest  beyond  the  limits 
of  Italy,  Rome  was  now  entering  upon  her  appointed  work,  and  that 
work  was  undoubtedly  fraught  with  good.' 

The  cause  of  the  first  conflict  with  Carthage,  though  inconsiderable 
enough,  shews  clearly  the  aims  of  the  Roman  people.  Sicily  had  now 
come  within  the  scope  of  their  ambition.  The  Mamertines  of  Messana, 
a  horde  of  adventurers,  were  being  punished  by  the  Carthaginians  for 
having  attempted  at  Messana  what  the  Romans  had  just  forbidden 
on  their  side  of  the  strait  at  Rhegium.  To  save  their  independence, 
they  appealed,  true  to  their  Italian  blood,  to  the  Roman  senate.  The 
Roman  senate  however,  after  long  debate,  refused  to  interfere.  The 
consuls  Appius  Claudius  Caudex  and  M.  Fuhius  Flaccus  then  brov.ght 
the  matter  before  the  people.  The  assembled  tribes  overruled  the 
authority  of  the  senate.  Polybius  imagines  that  the  people,  oppressed 
by  debt,  were  anxious  to  enrich  themselves  with  the  plunder  which  the 
fertility  of  Sicily  and  the  riches  of  Carthage  promised.  If  so  they 
reckoned  very  falsely.  The  Carthaginians  were  masters  of  the  sea. 
Rome  had  not  a  single  ship  of  war.  The  generation  which  declared 
war  was  sure  to  suffer  severely.  But  in  all  probability  the  Roman  equites 
saw  that  sooner  or  later  they  must  cross  swords  with  the  '  London  of 
antiquity,'  and  they  did  not  wish  Messana  to  pass  out  of  their  own  hands 
meanwhile. 

The  Carthaginians  were  a  commercial  people,  like  the  Eiiglish ;  but, 
unlike  the  English,  they  were  dead  to  all  feelings  of  honour  in  political 
life.  Their  highest  offices  went  to  the  highest  bidder.  Added  to  this 
they  were  unwarlike  and  regarded  money  as  a  means  of  dispensing 
with  personal  military  service.  They  therefore  employed  mercenaries  ; 
but,  as  their  generals  were  not  also  magislrates,  they  were  able,  unlike 


VI  INTRODUCTION. 

the  Romans,  to  keep  on  the  same  commander  for  any  number  of  years. 
It  is  hardly  necessary  to  follow  the  slages  of  the  first  Punic  VVar 
(264-241).  At  first  the  Carthaginian  fleet  carried  everything  before 
it ;  till  the  Romans  buiit  a  fleet,  and  their  general  Regulus  was  even 
able  to  carry  on  a  campaign  in  Africa.  At  last  he  was  taken  and  his 
army  destroyed;  the  Romans  lost  two  fleets  by  storms:  and  the  war 
was  again  confined  to  Sicily,  Roman  patriotism  determined  to  build 
a  ihird  fleet,  and  with  this  fleet  was  at  last  established  the  ascendancy 
of  Rome  on  the  sea.  The  final  battle  of  the  Aegates  Islands  was 
fought,  Sicily  was  given  up,  and  became  a  Roman  province.  Caithage 
was  obliged  to  pay  an  enormous  fine  and  could  only  bide  her  time,  if 
ever  she  wished  to  get  her  revenge.  It  was  after  this  that  the  noble 
family  of  the  Barcidae  shewed  their  indomitable  patience  while  they 
established  a  Carthagiuian  empire  in  Spain.  They  had  two  enemies  to 
fear,  the  peace  party  in  Carthage,  and  the  Romans.  Hannibal,  how- 
ever,  with  marvellous  judgment  gradually  kindled  the  war  which  he  knew 
it  was  his  best  policy  to  bring  on.  When  the  Roman  ambassadors  came 
to  complain  about  Hannibars  treatment  of  Saguntum,  they  vvere  met 
with  recriminations  about  Sardinia.  Thus  war  was  declared.  Hannibal 
was  ready :  with  the  utmost  rapidity  he  led  his  army  from  the  banks 
of  the  Ebro  to  the  banks  of  the  Rhone,  and  from  thence,  in  defiance  of 
Scipio,  across  the  Little  St.  Bernard.  It  is  not  within  the  scope  of  this 
little  volume  to  trace  his  march,  to  picture  the  distress  of  his  troops, 
or  to  enlarge  upon  the  sufferings  of  an  advance  which  rival  those  of  the 
retreat  of  the  French  from  Russia. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  omission  of  the  intei-vening  portion  of  history  vvill 
not  lessen  the  interest  of  those  beginners  in  Latln  for  whom  it  is  specially 
intended.  The  following  extracts  from  Livy  do  not  profess  to  give  more 
than  an  account  of  Hannibars  four  great  victories.  The  mature  mind 
seeks  to  know  the  causes  and  occasions  of  everything,  To  youth  Ihe 
simplicity  of  ancient  history  is  one  of  its  greatest  charms.  Our  memories, 
by  a  process  of  natural  selection,  retain  or  reject  respectively  the  more 
or  less  striking  facts  of  bygone  ages.  In  reading  this  second  Punic 
VVar  our  sight  is  not  dazzled  by  the  blaze  of  light,  our  memorles  are  not 
burdened  by  the  mass  of  names  which  modern  correspondents  shower 
around  the  feats  of  their  contemporaries.  The  consequence  is  that 
we  lose  enormously  in  copiousness  of  detail.  But  we  gain  equally 
in  dramatic  effect.  Such  lessons  as  we  learn  from  Greece  or  Rome  are 
generally  obvious ;  the  chaiacters  vvhich  vve  read  of  bave oflen  helped 


INTRODUCTION.  vii 

to  siipply  our  langiiage.  The  sceptic  who  would  try  to  prove  Car- 
thaginians  honest  has  to  compete  with  a  belief  which  is  fossilized  in  the 
words  '  Punic  faith.'  The  readerwho  takes  up  a  book  labelled  Hannibal 
knows  that  he  has  to  read  the  story  of  a  man  who  was  influenced  by 
one  great  hate,  who  waged  for  some  years  a  successful  war  against  the 
one  power  which  was  to  save  Europe's  future,  and  who  seemed  to  fail 
only  in  arousing  his  countrymeu  to  effbrts  worthy  of  themselves  in 
their  own  interests.  Even  to  this  day  he  sncceeds  in  attracting  the 
sympathies  of  posterity,  though  we  know  that  his  success  would  have 
been  the  worst  calamity  that  could  have  happened  to  all  that  we  love 
most. 

But  it  is  not  only  the  distance  of  ages  which  lends  this  grand 
enchanting  simplicity  to  the  second  Punic  War ;  the  forces  called  into 
play,  the  stage,  the  number  of  characters  employed  in  the  drama  of 
ancient  warfare,  have  an  unity  about  them  which  of  necessity  helps  to 
concentrate  our  interest.  If  Hannibars  great  effort  had  been  spread 
over  Europe  like  Napoleon's ;  if  Rome  and  Carthage  had  met  as  rarely 
single-handed  on  the  same  element  as  France  and  England ;  if,  besides 
the  one  great  general,  we  had  had  to  foUow  the  fortunes  of  a  Massena 
and  a  Murat,  a  Lannes  and  a  Desaix,  or  to  estimate  the  comparative 
shares  which  a  Moltke  and  a  Bismarck  had  in  bringing  on  the  situation ; 
the  stoiy  of  Hannibal  would  not  be  what  it  is.  It  might  have  had 
a  difFerent  sequel,  but  Hannibal  would  not  stand  out  as  he  does. 

In  speaking  of  the  invasion  of  Italy,  the  parallel  between  Napoleon 
and  Hannibal  is  too  real  to  be  missed.  The  general  resemblance  of 
Napoleon's  campaign  in  Lombardy  in  1796  or  1800  to  that  of  Hannibal 
in  E.  c.  216  is  capable  of  being  pressed  in  many  ways.  And  so  the 
great  Napoleon  himself  felt.  Over  and  over  again  in  his  proclamations, 
in  his  despatches,  he  compares  himself  to,  or  contrasts  himself  with, 
Hannibal.  The  French  soldiers  of  the  first  Army  of  Italy  must  have 
known  the  names  of  the  second  Punic  War.  Hannibal  won  his  spurs  at 
the  siege  of  Saguntum,  Napoleon  at  the  siege  of  Toulon  ;  neither  of 
them  seems  to  have  had  patience  for  much  siege  work  afterwards.  The 
army  of  each  was  trained  in  Spain.  Each  pointed  out  Italy  to  his 
troops  as  the  reward  of  all  their  labours,  the  latter  specially  reminding 
his  of  Virgirs  lines  : — 

'  Videmus 
Itali.im.     Italiam  primus  conclamat  Achates : 
Italiam  laeto  socii  clamore  salutant.' 


siii  ISTRODUCTION. 

Ilie  victorious  march  of  Napolcon  aftcr  Montcnolle,  ihc  passages  of  the 
Po  at  Piacenza  and  of  the  Adda  at  Lodi,  rcmind  us  of  ihe  advance  of 
Ilannibal,  while  ihc  wary  and  astute  policy  wilh  which  they  were  met 
by  Wurmser  may  sccm  to  bc  a  repclition  of  thc  useful  caulion  displaycd 
by  Fabiu-i  the  Delaycr. 

But  here  ihe  parallel  stops.  The  conditions  of  the  attack  wcre  quite 
difTcrcnt  as  far  as  politics  were  conccmed.  Ilannibal  was  attacking 
a  youthful  aristocracy,  whose  only  wcakness  was  ihat  ihey  put  politics 
above  military  success,  so  Ihat  they  had  to  be  frightened  into  victory, 
Napoleon  was  attacking  a  sct  of  states  so  diverse  that  he  himself 
believed  that  both  geograpliy  and  gcncilogy  intended  them  to  be 
always  apart. 

But  Napoleon  could  afTord  to  wait ;  Hannibal  could  not.  Napoleon 
led  an  army  of  enthusiasts,  Hannibal  an  army  of  mercenaries.  Napoleon 
in  his  earlier  years  had  at  his  back  a  government  wbich  trosted  him; 
Ilannibal  knew  that  if  he  could  not  organize  an  insurrection  against 
Rome  in  Italy  itself,  he  must  fail. 

As  Arnold  has  well  said,  the  man  who  struggles  against  the  natioa 
must  eventually  fail.  As  soon  as  Napoleon  represented  only  himself, 
his  work  fell  to  pieces. 

The  vcry  greatness  of  the  barriers  which  nature  had  erected  for  the 
protection  of  Italy  seems  to  have  in^ited  invasion..  Hannibal  took  the 
AIps  by  storm.  Napoleon  the  Great  turned  their  fiank.  Napoleon  the 
Third,  with  more  lasting  effect,  fiooded  Italy  with  troops  both  through 
the  passes  and  round  by  sea. 


HANNIBAL'S    CAMPAIGN    IN    ITALY. 

L.C.    2l8 — 2l6. 


I.    THE  ENGAGEIvIENT  OX  THE  TICINUS. 
13.C.  218. 

I.     B.fore  tbe  Fight. 

QuuM  utrinque  ad  ceriamen  accensi  miliium  animi  essent, 
Romani  ponte  Ticinum  iungunt,  tutandique  pontis  causa 
castellum  insuper  imponunt ;  Poenus,  hostibus  opere  oc- 
cupatis,  Maharbalem  cum  ala  Numidanun,  equitibus  quin- 
gentis,  ad  depopulandos  sociorum  populi  Romani  agros  5 
mittit ;  Gallis  parci  quam  maxime  iubet,  principumque 
animos  ad  defectionem  sollicitari.  Ponte  perfecto  ira- 
ductus  Romanus  exercitus  in  agrum  Insubrium  quinque 
millia  passuum  ab  Ictumulis  consedit. 

2.     In  Haiinibars  Camp, 

Ibi  Hannibal  castra  habebat ;  revocatoque  propere  Ma-  10 
harbale  atque  equitibus,  quum  instare  certamen  cerneret, 
nihil  unquam  satis  dictum  praemonitiunque  ad  cohortandos 
miUtes  ratus,  vocatis  ad  contionem  certa  praemia  pronun- 
liat,  in  quorum  spem  pugnarent :  agrum  sese  daturum  esse 
in  Italia,  Africa,  Hispania,  ubi  quisque  velit,  immunem  15 
ipsi,  qui  accepisset.  Uberisque ;  qui  pecuniam  quam  agrum 
maluisael,  ei  se  argento  satisfacturum;    qui  sociorum  civcs 


2  lIANNin.iL^S    CAMPAIGN   IN   irALY. 

Carthaginienses  ficri  vellent,  polcsialeni  fi\cturum ;  qui 
domos  redire  mallent,  daturum  se  operam,  ne   cuius   suo- 

20  rum  popularium  niulatam  secum  forlunam  csse  vellent. 
Servis  quoque  dominos  proseculis  libertatem  proponit, 
binaque  pro  his  mancipia  dominis  se  reddiiurum.  Eaque 
ut  rata  scirent  fore,  agnum  laeva  manu,  dextera  silicem 
retinens,  si  falleret,  lovem  ceterosque  precatus  deos,  ita  se 

25  mactarent,  quemadmodum  ipse  agnum  mactasset,  secun- 
dum  precalionem  caput  pecudis  saxo  elisit.  Tum  vero 
omnes,  velut  diis  auctoribus  in  spem  suam  quisque  ac- 
ceplis,  id  morae,  quod  nondum  pugnarent,  ad  potienda 
sperata  rati,  proelium  uno  animo  et  voce  una  poscunt. 

3.     /;;  the  Camp  0/  the  Komans. 

3°  Apud  Romanos  haudquaquam  tanta  alacritas  erat,  super 
cetera  recentibus  etiam  territos  prodigiis;  nam  et  lupus 
intraverat  castra  laniatisque  obviis  ipse  intactus  evaserat, 
et  examen  apum  in  arbore  praetorio  imminente  consederat. 
Quibus    procuratis,    Scipio    cum    equitatu    iaculatoribusque 

3?  expeditis  profectus  ad  castra  hostium  cx  propinquo  co- 
piasque,  quantae  et  cuius  generis  essent,  speculandas  obvius 
fit  Hannibali  et  ipsi  cum  equitibus  ad  exploranda  circa 
loca  progresso. 

4.     Ihe  Engagement.     Fligbt  of  tbe  Romans. 

Neutri  alteros  primo  cernebant;  densior  deinde  incessu 
40  tot  hominum  equorumque  oriens  pulvis  signum  propin- 
quantium  hostium  fuit.  Consistit  utrumque  agmen,  et  ad 
proelium  sese  expediebant.  Scipio  iaculatores  et  Gallos 
equites  in  fronte  locat,  Romanos  sociorumque  quod  roboris 
fuit,  in  subsidiis.  Hannibal  frenatos  equites  in  medium 
45  accipit,  cornua  Numidis  firmaL  Vixdum  clamore  sublato, 
iaculatores    fuirerunt    inter    subsidia    ad    secundam    aciem. 


To/ace  p. 


^cipio  3  camp  r 
Liry,  Pa->^  11. 


Sccne  of  the  U.ittle? 


Ojcfordu  Vni*-ertUy  Fress 

3.  Ma^o  in  ambtish? 


/.    ENGAGEMENT   ON   THE    TICINUS.  3 

Inde  equitum  certamen  erat  aliquamdiu  anceps;  dein, 
quia  turbabant  equos  pedites  intermixti,  multis  labentibus 
ex  equis  aut  desilientibus,  ubi  suos  premi  circumventos 
vidissent,  iam  magna  ex  parte  ad  pedes  pugna  venerat,  50 
donec  Numidae,  qui  in  cornibus  erant,  circumvecti  paulum 
ab  tergo  se  ostenderunt.  Is  pavor  perculit  Romanos, 
auxitque  pavorem  consulis  vulnus  periculumque  intercursu 
tum  primum  pubescentis  filii  propulsatum.  Hic  erit  iu- 
venis,  penes  quem  perfecti  huiusce  belli  laus  est,  Africa-  55 
nus  ob  egregiam  victoriam  de  Hannibale  Poenisque  appel- 
latus.  Fuga  tamen  effusa  iaculatorum  maxime  fuit,  quos 
primos  Numidae  invaserunt ;  alius  confertus  equitatus  con- 
sulem  in  medium  acceptum,  non  armis  modo,  sed  etiam 
corporibus  suis  protegens,  in  castra  nusquam  trepide  neque  60 
effuse  cedendo  reduxit.  Servati  consulis  decus  Caelius  ad 
servum  natione  Ligurem  delegat;  malim  equidem  de  filio 
verum  esse,  quod  et  plures  tradidere  auctores  et  fama 
obtinuit. 

II.     BATTLE    OF    THE    TREBIA. 
B.c.  218. 

I.     The  t-wo  Consuls  unlte. 

Consul  alter,  compositis  Siciliae  rebus,  decem  navibus  65 
oram  Italiae  legens  Ariminum  pervenit.  Inde  cum  exer- 
citu  suo  profectus  ad  Trebiam  flumen  coUegae  coniungitur. 
lam  ambo  consules  et  quicquid  Romanarum  virium  erat, 
Hannibali  oppositum,  aut  illis  copiis  defendi  posse  Ro- 
manum  imperium  aut  spem  nuUam  aliam  esse,  satis  de-  70 
clarabat.  Tamen  consul  alter,  equestri  proelio  uno  et 
vulnere  suo  minutus,  trahi  rem  malebat ;  recentis  animi 
alter  eoque  ferocior  nullam  dilationem  patiebatur. 

B2 


4  hannibaVs  campaign  in  italy. 

2.     Senipromus  anxlous  to  engage. 

Collega  cunctante,  equitatum  suum,  mille  peditum  iacu- 

75  latoribus  ferme  admixtis,  ad  defendendum  Gallicum  agrum 
trans  Trebiam  mittit.  Sparsos  et  incompositos,  ad  hoc 
graves  praeda  plerosque  quum  inopinato  invasissent,  in- 
gentem  terrorem  caedemque  ac  fugam  usque  ad  castra 
stationesque  hostium  fecere ;  unde  multitudine  effusa  pulsi 

8o  rursus  subsidio  suorum  proelium  restituere.  Varia  inde 
pugna  sequentes  cedentesque  quum  ad  extremum  aequas- 
sent  certamen,  maior  tamen  hostium  caedes,  penes  Romanos 
fama  victoriae  fuit.  Ceterum  nemini  omnium  maior  iustior- 
que   quam   ipsi   consuli   videri ;    gaudio   efferri,  qua   parte 

85  copiarum  alter  consul  victus  foret,  ea  se  vicisse :  restitutos 
ac  refectos  militibus  animos,  nec  quemquam  esse  praeter 
collegam,  qui  dilatam  dimicationem  vellet;  eum,  animo 
magis  quam  corpore  aegrum,  memoria  vulneris  aciem  ac 
tela    horrere.      Sed    non    esse    cum    aegro    senescendum. 

90  Quid  enim  ultra  differri  aut  teri  tempus  ?  quem  tertium 
consulem,  quem  alium  exercitum  exspectari  ?  Castra  Car- 
thaginiensium  in  Italia  ac  prope  in  conspectu  urbis  esse. 
Non  Siciliam  ac  Sardiniam,  victis  ademptas,  nec  cis  Hibe- 
rum  Hispaniam  peti,  sed  solo  patrio  terraque,  in  qua  genili 

95  forent,  pelli  Romanos.  '  Quantum  ingemiscant '  inquit 
'  patres  nostri,  circa  moenia  Carthaginis  bellare  soliti,  si 
videant  nos,  progeniem  suam,  duos  consuies  consularesque 
exercitus,  in  media  Italia  paventes  intra  castra,  Poenum, 
quod  inter  Alpes  Appenninumque  agri  sit,  suae  dicionis 
loo  fecisse  ?' 

3.     The  Amhuscade. 

Erat   in    medio  rivus   praealtis   utrinque  clausus  ripis  et 
circa    obsitus    palustribus    herbis    et,  quibus    inculta   ferme 


I 


II.    BATTLE   OF   THE    TREBIA.  5 

vestiuntur,  virgultis  vepribusque.      Quem  ubi  equites  quo- 
que    tegendo    satis    latebrosum   locum    circumvectus   ipse 
oculis    perlustravit,    *Hic    erit    locus'    Magoni    fratri    ait,  105 
'quem    teneas.     Delige    centenos    viros    ex    omni    pedite 
atque    equite,   cum    quibus   ad  me  vigilia    prima   venias; 
nunc  corpora  curare  tempus  est.'     Ita  praetorium  missum. 
Mox  cum  delectis  Mago  aderat.     'Robora  virorum  cerno' 
inquit  Hannibal;  '  sed  uti  numero  etiam,  non  animis  modo  no 
valeatis,   singulis    vobis    novenos    ex    turmis    manipulisque 
vestri  similes  eligite.     Mago  locum   monstrabit,  quem   in- 
sideatis ;    hostem  caecum  ad  has  belli  artes  habetis.'     Ita 
mille   equitibus   Magoni,    mille    peditibus   dimissis,   Hanni- 
bal    prima    luce    Numidas    equites    transgressos    Trebiam  115 
flumen   obequitare   iubet   hostium    portis,    iaculandoque   in 
stationes  elicere  ad  pugnam  hostem,  iniecto  deinde  certa- 
mine,    cedendo     sensim     citra    flumen    pertrahere.     Haec 
mandata    Numidis ;    ceteris    ducibus   peditum    equitumque 
praeceptum,  ut   prandere   omnes  iuberent,  armatos  deinde  120 
instratisque  equis  signum  exspectare. 

4.     Sempronius*  Men. 

Sempronius  ad  tumultum  Numidarum  primum  omnem 
equitatum,  ferox  ea  parte  virium,  deinde  sex  millia  peditum, 
postremo  omnes  copias,  a  destinato  iam  ante  consilio 
avidus  certaminis,  eduxit.  Erat  forte  brumae  tempus  et  125 
nivalis  dies  in  locis  Alpibus  Appenninoque  interiectis, 
propinquitate  etiam  fluminum  ac  paludum  praegelidis.  Ad 
hoc  raptim  eductis  hominibus  atque  equis,  non  capto  ante 
cibo,  non  ope  ulla  ad  arcendum  frigus  adhibita,  nihil 
caloris  inerat,  et  quicquid  aurae  fluminis  appropinquabant,  130 
afflabat  acrior  frigoris  vis.  Ut  vero  refugientes  Numidas 
insequentes  aquam  ingressi  sunt  (et  erat  pectoribus  tenus 
aucta  nocturno  imbri),  tum  utique  egressis  rigere  omnibus 


6  hannibal's  campaign  in  italy. 

corpora,  ut  vix   armorum  tenendorum  potentia  essent,  et 
135  simul  lassitudine  et,  procedente  iam  die,  fame  etiam  deficere. 

5.     HannlbaPs  Men. 

Hannibalis  interim  miles,  ignibus  ante  tentoria  factis 
oleoque  per  manipulos,  ut  mollirent  artus,  misso  et  cibo 
per  otium  capto,  ubi  transgressos  flumen  hostes  nuntiatum 
est,  alacer  animis  corporibusque  arma  capit  atque  in  aciem 
140  procedit.  Baliares  locat  ante  signa,  levem  armaturam, 
octo  ferme  millia  hominum,  dein  graviorem  armis  peditem, 
quod  virium,  quod  roboris  erat ;  in  cornibus  circumfudit 
decem  millia  equitum,  et  ab  cornibus  in  utramque  partem 
divisos  elephantos  statuit. 

6.     Ihe  Fight. 

145  Consul  eff"use  sequentes  equites,  quum  ab  resistentibus 
subito  Numidis  incauti  exciperentur,  signo  receptui  dato 
revocatos  circumdedit  peditibus.  Duodeviginti  millia  Ro- 
mana  erant,  socium  nominis  Latini  viginti,  auxilia  prae- 
terea   Cenomanorum ;    ea    sola   in    fide    manserat    Gallica 

150  gens.  lis  copiis  concursum  est.  Proelium  a  Baliaribus 
ortum  est ;  quibus  quum  maiore  robore  legiones  obsisterent, 
diducta  propere  in  cornua  levis  armatura  est,  quae  res 
effecit,  ut  equitatus  Romanus  extemplo  urgeretur.  Nam 
quum  vix  iam  per  se  resisterent  decem   miUibus   equitum 

155  quattuor  millia,  et  fessi  integris  plerisque,  obruti  sunt 
insuper  velut  nube  iaculorum  a  Baliaribus  coniecta.  Ad 
hoc  elephanti  eminentes  ab  extremis  cornibus,  equis  maxi- 
me  non  visu  modo,  sed  odore  insolito  territis,  fugam  late 
faciebant.     Pedestris   pugna   par   animis  magis  quam  viri- 

160  bus  erat,  quas  recentes  Poenus,  paulo  ante  curatis  cor- 
poribus,  in  proelium  attulerat;  contra  ieiuna  fessaque 
corpora  Romanis  et  rigentia  gelu  torpebant.  Restitissent 
tamen   animis,   si   cum   pedite  solum  foret  pugnatum;  sed 


77.     BATTLE    OF    THE    TREBIA.  7 

et  Baliares,  pulso  equite,  iaculabantur  in  latera,  et  ele- 
phanti  iam  in  mediam  peditum  aciem  sese  tulerant,  et  165 
Mago  Numidaeque,  simul  latebras  eorum  improvida  prae- 
terlata  acies  est,  exorti  ab  tergo  ingentem  tumultum  ac 
terrorem  fecere.  Tamen  in  tot  circumstantibus  malis 
mansit  aliquamdiu  immota  acies,  maxime  praeter  spem 
omnium  adversus  elephantos.  Eos  velites  ad  id  ipsum  170 
locati  verutis  coniectis  et  avertere  et  insecuti  aversos  sub 
caudis,   qua   maxime   molli   cute   vulnera   accipiunt,   fodie- 

bant. 

7.     The  Flight. 

Trepidantesque  et  prope  iam  in  suos  consternatos  e 
media  acie  in  extremam  ad  sinistrum  cornu  adversus  175 
Gallos  auxiliares  agi  iussit  Hannibal.  Ibi  extemplo  haud 
dubiam  fecere  fugam  novusque  additus  terror  Romanis, 
ut  fusa  auxilia  sua  viderunt.  Itaque  quum  iam  in  orbem 
pugnarent,  decem  millia  ferme  hominum,  quum  alia  eva- 
dere  nequissent,  media  Afrorum  acie,  qua  Gallicis  auxiliis  180 
firmata  erat,  cum  ingenti  caede  hostium  perrupere,  et, 
quum  neque  in  castra  reditus  esset  flumine  interclusis, 
neque  prae  imbri  satis  decernere  possent,  qua  suis  opem 
ferrent,  Placentiam  recto  itinere  perrexere.  Plures  deinde 
in  omnes  partes  eruptiones  factae;  et  qui  flumen  petiere,  185 
aut  gurgitibus  absumpti  sunt  aut  inter  cunctationem  in- 
grediendi  ab  hostibus  oppressi;  qui  passim  per  agros 
fuga  sparsi  erant,  vestigia  cedentis  sequentes  agminis 
Placentiam  contendere  ;  aliis  timor  hostium  audaciam  in- 
grediendi  flumen  fecit,  transgressique  in  castra  pervenerunt.  190 
Imber  nive  mixtus  et  intoleranda  vis  frigoris  et  homines 
multos  et  iumenta  et  elephantos  prope  omnes  absumpsit. 
Finis  insequendi  hostis  Poenis  flumen  Trebia  fuit,  et  ita 
torpentes  gelu  in  castra  rediere,  ut  vix  laetitiam  victoriae 
sentirent.  '95 


-  8  HANNIBAVS   CAMPAIGN  IN   ITALF. 

III.    DISASTER  OF  LAKE  THRASYMENUS. 

B.C.   217. 

I.     The  gods  ivarn  Flamintus  in  vain. 

Flaminius,  qui  ne  quieto  quidem  hoste  ipse  quieturus 
erat,  tum  vero,  postquam  res  sociorum  ante  oculos  prope 
suos  ferri  agique  vidit,  suum  id  dedecus  ratus,  per  mediam 
iam  Italiam  vagari  Poenum  atque  obsistente  nullo  ad  ipsa 

200  Romana  moenia  ire  oppugnanda,  ceteris  omnibus  in  con- 
silio  salutaria  magis  quam  speciosa  suadentibus,  collegam 
exspectandum,  ut  coniunctis  exercitibus,  communi  animo 
consilioque  rem  gererent,  interim  equitatu  auxiliisque  le- 
vium  armorum  ab  effusa  praedandi  licentia  hostem  cohi- 

205  bendum,  iratus  se  ex  consilio  proripuit,  signumque  simul 
itineris  pugnaeque  quum  proposuisset,  '  Immo  Arretii  ante 
moenia  sedeamus'  inquit;  'hic  enim  patria  et  penates 
sunt.  Hannibal  emissus  e  manibus  perpopuletur  Italiam 
vastandoque   et   urendo   omnia   ad   Romana    moenia   per- 

2ioveniat,  nec  ante  nos  hinc  moverimus,  quam,  sicut  olim 
Camillum  ab  Veiis,  C.  Flaminium  ab  Arretio  patres  acci- 
verint.'  Haec  simul  increpans  quum  ocius  signa  convelli 
iuberet  et  ipse  in  equum  insiluisset,  equus  repente  corruit 
consulemque   lapsum  super  caput  effudit.     Territis   omni- 

215  bus,  qui  circa  erant,  velut  foedo  omine  incipiendae  rei, 
insuper  nuntiatur,  signum  omni  vi  moliente  signifero  con- 
velli  nequire.  Conversus  ad  nuntium  'Num  litteras  quoque' 
inquit  '  ab  senatu  affers,  quae  me  rem  gerere  vetent  ? 
Abi,  nuntia,  effodiant   signum,  si   ad  convellendum  manus 

220  prae  metu  obtorpuerunt.' 


III.     DISASTER    OF  LAKE    THRASYMENUS. 


2.     Ihe  Defile. 
Hannibal,    quod   agri   est    inter   Cortonam   urbem   Tra- 
sumennumque  lacum,  omni  clade  belli  pervastat,  quo  magis 
iram  hosti  ad  vindicandas  sociorum  iniurias  acuat;  et  iam 
pervenerant    ad    loca    nata    insidiis,  ubi    maxime    montes 
Cortonenses    Trasumennus    subit.      Via    tantum    interest  225 
perangusta,  velut  ad  id  ipsum  de  industria  relicto  spatio ; 
deinde  paulo  latior  patescit  campus;  inde  colles  insurgunt. 
Ibi    castra    in    aperto    locat,    ubi    ipse    cum    Afris    modo 
Hispanisque    consideret ;    Baliares    ceteramque    levem   ar- 
maturam  post  montes  circumducit;  equites  ad  ipsas  fauces  230 
saltus,   tumulis    apte    tegentibus,    locat,    ut,  ubi    intrassent 
Romani,  obiecto  equitatu  clausa  omnia  lacu  ac  montibus 
essent. 

3.     The  Surprise. 

Flaminius  quum  pridie  solis  occasu  ad  lacum  pervenisset, 
inexplorato  postero  die  vixdum  satis  certa  luce  angustiis  235 
'superatis,  postquam  in  patentiorem  campum  pandi  agmen 
coepit,  id  tantimi  hostium,  quod  ex  adverso  erat,  con- 
spexit;  ab  tergo  ac  super  caput  decepere  insidiae. 
Poenus  ubi,  id  quod  petierat,  clausum  lacu  ac  montibus 
et  circumfusum  suis  copiis  habuit  hostem,  signum  omni-  240 
bus  dat  simul  invadendi.  Qui  ubi,  qua  cuique  proximum 
fuit,  decucurrerunt,  eo  magis  Romanis  subita  atque  im- 
provisa  res  fuit,  quod  orta  ex  lacu  nebula  campo  quam 
montibus  densior  sederat,  agminaque  hostium  ex  pluribus 
collibus  ipsa  inter  se  satis  conspecta  eoque  magis  pariter  245 
decucurrerant.  Romanus  clamore  prius  undique  orto,  quam 
satis  cerneret,  se  circumventum  esse  sensit,  et  ante  in 
frontem  lateraque  pugnari  coeptum  est,  quam  satis  in- 
strueretur  acies  aut  expediri  arma  stringique  gladii  possent. 


lo  hannibaVs  campaign  in  italy. 

4.     The  gods  help  those  ivho  help  ihemselvej, 

250  Consul,  perculsis  omnibus,  ipse  satis,  ut  in  re  trepida, 
impavidus  turbatos  ordines,  vertente  se  quoque  ad  dissonos 
clamores,  instruit,  ut  tempus  locusque  patitur,  et  quacunque 
adire  audirique  potest,  adhortatur  ac  stare  ac  pugnare 
iubet :    nec  enim  inde  votis  aut  imploratione  deum,  sed  vi 

255  ac  virtute  evadendum  esse ;  per  medias  acies  ferro  viam 
fieri  et,  quo  timoris  minus  sit,  eo  minus  ferme  periculi 
esse.  Ceterum  prae  strepitu  ac  tumultu  nec  consilium 
nec  imperium  accipi  poterat,  tantumque  aberat,  ut  sua 
signa  atque  ordines  et  locum  noscerent,  ut  vix   ad  arma 

260  capienda  aptandaque  pugnae  competeret  animus,  opprime- 
renturque  quidam  onerati  magis  his  quam  tecti.  Et  erat 
in  tanta  caligine  maior  usus  aurium  quam  oculorum. 

5.     Every  man  a  Captain. 

Ad  gemitus  vulnerum  ictusque  corporum  aut  armorum 
et  mixtos  strepentium  paventiumque  clamores   circumfere- 

265  bant  ora  oculosque.  AHi  fugientes  pugnantium  globo 
illati  haerebant ;  alios  redeuntes  in  pugnam  avertebat  fu- 
gientium  agmen.  Deinde,  ubi  in  omnes  partes  nequic- 
quam  impetus  capti,  et  ab  lateribus  montes  ac  lacus,  a 
frontje  et  ab   tergo    hostium   acies   claudebat,  apparuitque, 

«70  nullam  nisi  in  dextera  ferroque  salutis  spem  esse,  tum 
sibi  quisque  dux  adhortatorque  factus  ad  rem  gerendam, 
et  nova  de  integro  exorta  pugna  est,  non  illa  ordinata 
per  principes  hastatosque  ac  triarios,  nec  ut  pro  signis 
antesignani,  post   signa  alia  pugnaret  acies,  nec  ut  in  sua 

275  legione  miles  aut  cohorte  aut  manipulo  esset;  fors  con- 
globabat  et  animus  suus  cuique  ante  aut  post  pugnandi 
ordinem  dabat,  tantusque  fuit  ardor  animorum,  adeo 
intentus  pugnae  animus,  ut  eum  motum   terrae,  qui  mul- 


III.    DISASTER    OF  LAKE    THRASVMENUS.  II 

tarum  urbium  Italiae   magnas    partes   prostravit    avertitque 
cursu    rapidos    amnes,    mare    fluminibus    invexit,    montes  280 
lapsu  ingenti  proruit,  nemo  pugnantium  senserit. 

6.     The  Constil  sacrificed  to  the  ghosts  of  the  Gauls. 

Tres  ferme  horas  pugnatum  est  et  ubique  atrociter ; 
circa  consulem  tamen  acrior  infestiorque  pugna  est.  Eum 
et  robora  virorum  sequebantur,  et  ipse,  quacunque  in 
parte  premi  ac  laborare  senserat  suos,  impigre  ferebat  2S5 
opem,  insignemque  armis  et  hostes  summa  vi  petebant 
et  tuebantur  cives,  donec  Insuber  eques  (Ducario  nomen 
erat)  facie  quoque  noscitans  consulem,  '  En'  inquit  '  hic 
est'  popularibus  suis,  'qui  legiones  nostras  cecidit  agros- 
que  et  urbem  est  depopulatus ;  iam  ego  hanc  victimam  290 
manibus  peremptorum  foede  civium  dabo.'  Subditisque 
calcaribus  equo  per  confertissimam  hostium  turbam  im- 
petum  facit,  obtruncatoque  prius  armigero,  qui  se  infesto 
venienti  obviam  obiecerat,  consulem  lancea  transfixit;  spo- 
liare  cupientem  triarii  obiectis  scutis  arcuere.  295 

7.     The  FUght  through  the  Mist. 

Magnae  partis  fuga  inde  primum  coepit;  et  iam  nec 
lacus  nec  montes  pavori  obstabant ;  per  omnia  arta  prae- 
ruptaque  velut  caeci  evadunt,  armaque  et  viri  super  alium 
alii  praecipitantur.  Pars  magna,  ubi  locus  fugae  deest, 
per  prima  vada  paludis  in  aquam  progressi,  quoad  capiti-  300 
bus  humeris^//^  exstare  possunt,  sese  immergunt ;  fuere, 
quos  inconsuitus  pavor  nando  etiam  capessere  fugam 
impulerit;  quae  ubi  immensa  ac  sine  spe  erat,  aut  de- 
ficientibus  animis  hauriebantur  gurgitibus  aut  nequicquam 
fessi  vada  retro  aegerrime  repetebant,  atque  ibi  ab  ingres-  305 
sis  aquam  hostium  equitibus  passim  trucidabantur.  Sex 
millia  ferme  primi  agminis,   per  adversos  hostes  eruptione 


12  haknibal's  campaign  in  italy. 

impigre  facta,  ignari  omnium,  quae  post  se  agerentur,  ex 
saltu   evasere,    et   quum   in    tumulo   quodam    constitissent^ 

310  clamorem  modo  ac  sonum  armorum  audientes,  quae  for- 
tuna  pugnae  esset,  neque  scire  nec  perspicere  prae  caligine 
poterant.  Inclinata  denique  re,  quum  incalescente  sole 
dispulsa  nebula  aperuisset  diem,  tum  liquida  iam  luce 
montes  campique  perditas  res  stratamque  ostendere  foede 

315  Romanam  aciem.  Itaque  ne  in  conspectos  procul  im- 
mitteretur  eques,  sublatis  raptim  signis,  quam  citatissimo 
poterant  agmine,  sese  abripuerunt.  Postero  die,  quum 
super  cetera  extrema  fames  etiam  instaret,  fidem  dante 
Maharbale,    qui    cum    omnibus    equestribus    copiis    nocte 

320  consecutus  erat,  si  arma  tradidissent,  abire  cum  singulis 
vestimentis  passurum,  sese  dediderunt ;  quae  Punica  re- 
ligione  servata  fides  ab  Hannibale  est,  atque  in  vincula 
omnes  coniecit. 

IV.    THE  BATTLE  OF  CANNAE. 

B.C.   216. 

I.    Whicb  to  imttate,  Flaminius  or  Fabius? 

Consules,  satis  exploratis  itineribus,  sequentes  Poenum, 

3'5  ut  ventum  ad  Cannas  est  et  in  conspectu  Poenum  habe- 

bant,  bina  castra  communiunt,  eodem  ferme  intervallo,  quo 

ad  Gereonium,   sicut  ante,   copiis   divisis.     Aufidus   amnis, 

utrisque  castris  affluens,  aditum  aquatoribus  ex  sua  cuius- 

que  opportunitate  haud  sine  certamine  dabat;  ex  minoribus 

330  tamen    castris,  quae   posita   trans   Aufidum   erant,   liberius 

aquabantur    Romani,    quia    ripa    ulterior    nullum   habebat 

hostium  praesidium.     Hannibal   spem  nanctus,  locis   natis 

ad    equestrem    pugnam,    qua    parte    virium    invictus    erat, 

facturos   copiam  pugnandi   consules,  dirigit  aciem  lacessit- 

335  que    Numidarum   procursatione    hostes.     Inde    rursus    sol- 


IV.     THE   BATTLE   OF   CANNAE.  I3 

Hcitari  seditione  militari  ac  discordia  consulum  Romana 
castra,  quum  Paulus  Semproniique  et  Flaminii  temeritatem 
Varroni,  Varro  speciosum  timidis  ac  segnibus  ducibus 
exemplum  Fabium  obiiceret,  testareturque  deos  homines- 
que  hic,  nuUam  penes  se  culpam  esse,  quod  Hannibal  iam  340 
velut  usu  cepisset  Italiam ;  se  constrictum  a  coUega  teneri ; 
ferrum  atque  arma  iratis  et  pugnare  cupientibus  adimi 
militibus ;  ille,  si  quid  proiectis  ac  proditis  ad  inconsultam 
atque  improvidam  pugnam  legionibus  accideret,  se  omnis 
culpae  exsortem,  omnis  eventus  participem  fore  diceret ;  34: 
videret,  ut,  quibus  hngua  tam  prompta  ac  temeraria,  aeque 
in  pugna  vigerent  manus. 

2.   Farro  gii-es   the  sign  for  Battle. 

Dum  altercationibus  magis  quam  consiliis  tempus  teritur, 
Hannibal  ex  acie,  quam  ad  multum  diei  tenuerat  instruc- 
tam,  quum  in  castra  ceteras  reciperet  copias,  Numidas  ad  35° 
invadendos  ex  minoribus  castris  Romanorum  aquatores 
trans  flumen  mittit.  Quam  inconditam  turbam  quum  vix- 
dum  in  ripam  egressi  clamore  ac  tumultu  fugassent,  m 
stationem  quoque  pro  vallo  locatam  atque  ipsas  prope 
portas  evecti  sunt.  Id  vero  indignum  visum,  ab  tumul-  355 
tuario  auxiho  iam  etiam  castra  Romana  terreri,  ut  ea  modo 
una  causa,  ne  extemplo  transirent  flumen  dirigerentque 
aciem,  tenuerit  Romanos,  quod  summa  imperii  eo  die 
penes  Paulum  fuerit.  Itaque  postero  die  Varro,  cui  sors 
eius  diei  imperii  erat,  nihil  consulto  collega  signimi  pro-  360 
posuit  instructasque  copias  flumen  traduxit,  sequente  Paulo, 
quia  magis  non  probare  quam  non  adiuvare  consiUum 
poterat. 

3.     The  Order  of  Battle. 

Transgressi  flumen  eas  quoque,  quas  in  castris  minoribus 
habuerant,  copias  suis  adiungunt  atque  ita  instruunt  aciem:  365 


14  hannidal's  campaign  in  italv. 

in  dextro  cornu  (id  erat  flumini  propius)  Romanos  equites 
locant,  deinde  pedites ;  laevum  cornu  extremi  equites  so- 
ciorum,  intra  pedites,  ad  medium  iuncti  legionibus  Romanis, 
tenuerunt;  iaculatores  cum  ceteris  levium  armorum  auxiliis 

370  prima  acies  facta.  Consules  cornua  tenuerunt,  Terentius 
laevum,  Aemilius  dextrum ;  Gemino  Servilio  media  pugna 
tuenda  data.  Hannibal  luce  prima,  Baliaribus  levique  alia 
armatura  praemissa,  transgressus  flumen,  ut  quosque  tra- 
duxerat,  ita   in   acie   locabat,  Gallos   Hispanosque   equites 

375  prope  ripam  laevo  in  cornu  adversus  Romanum  equita- 
tum ;  dextrum  cornu  Numidis  equitibus  datum,  media  acie 
peditibus  firmata,  ita  ut  Afrorum  utraque  cornua  essent, 
interponerentur  his  medii  Galli  atque  Hispani.  Afros 
Romanam    magna    ex    parte    crederes    aciem;    ita    armati 

380  erant  armis  et  ad  Trebiam,  ceterum  magna  ex  parte  ad 
Trasumennum  captis.  Gallis  Hispanisque  scuta  eiusdem 
formae  fere  erant,  dispares  ac  dissimiles  gladii,  Gallis 
praelongi  ac  sine  mucronibus,  Hispano,  punctim  magis 
quam  caesim  assueto    petere   hostem,  brevitate   habiles   et 

385  cum  mucronibus.  Ante  alios  habitus  gentium  harum  quum 
magnitudine  corporum,  tum  specie  terribilis  erat :  Galli 
super  umbilicum  erant  nudi;  Hispani  linteis  praetextis 
purpura  tunicis,  candore  miro  fulgentibus,  constiterant. 
Numerus    omnium    peditum,    qui    tum    steterunt    in    acie, 

390  millium  fuit  quadraginta,  decem  equitum.  Duces  corni- 
bus  praeerant,  sinistro  Hasdrubal,  dextro  Maharbal;  me- 
diam  aciem  Hannibal  ipse  cum  fratre  Magone  tenuit. 
Sol  seu  de  industria  ita  locatis,  seu  quod  forte  ita  stetere, 
peropportune    utrique    parti    obliquus    erat,    Romanis     in 

395  meridiem,  Poenis  in  septentrionem  versis ;  ventus  (Vultur- 
num  regionis  incolae  vocant)  adversus  Romanis  coortus 
multo  pulvere  in  ipsa  ora  volvendo  prospectum  ademit. 


JV.     THE  BATTLE   OF   CANNAE.  15 


4,     Tbe  Romans  victorious  over  the  Eitropeans. 

Clamore  sublato,  procursum  ab  auxiliis  et  pugna  levibus 
primum     armis     commissa;     deinde     equitum     Gallorum 
Hispanorumque  laevum  cornu  cum    dextro  Romano  con-  400 
currit,   minime    equestris    more    pugnae;     frontibus    enim 
adversis  concurrendum  erat,  quia,  nullo  circa  ad  evagandum 
relicto  spatio,  hinc  amnis,  hinc  peditum  acies  claudebant, 
in    directum    utrinque    nitentes.      Stantibus     ac    confertis 
postremo    turba    equis,    vir    virum     amplexus     detrahebat  405 
equo.      Pedestre    magna   iam   ex    parte   certamen   factum 
erat;    acrius  tamen  quam  diutius   pugnatum  est,  pulsique 
Romani  equites  terga  vertunt.     Sub   equestris   finem   cer- 
taminis   coorta    est    peditum   pugna,    primo    et   viribus    et 
animis  par,  dum    constabant   ordines   Gallis    Hispanisque;  410 
tandem    Romani,    diu    ac    saepe    connisi,    obhqua    fronte 
acieque    densa    impulere    hostium    cuneum    nimis   tenuem 
eoque  parum  vahdum,  a  cetera  prominentem  acie.     Impulsis 
^deinde  ac  trepide  referentibus  pedem   institere,   ac  tenore 
uno   per  praeceps   pavore   fugientium   agmen   in    mediam  415 
primum  aciem  illati,  postremo  nuho  resistente  ad  subsidia 
Afrorum    pervenerunt,  qui    utrinque  reductis  ahs  constite- 
rant,   media,    qua    Gahi    Hispanique    steterant,    ahquantum 
prominente  acie.     Qui  cuneus  ut  pulsus  aequavit  frontem 
primum,  dein  cedendo    etiam  sinum  in  medio  dedit,  Afri  420 
circa  iam  cornua  fecerant,  irruentibusque  incaute  in  medium 
Romanis    circumdedere    alas ;     mox    cornua    extendendo 
clausere    et    ab    tergo    hostes.      Hinc    Romani,    defuncti 
nequicquam    proeho     uno,     omissis     Gahis     Hispanisque, 
quorum  terga  ceciderant,   adversus  Afros  pugnam    ineunt,  425 
non  tantum  eo  iniquam,  quod  inclusi  adversus  circumfusos, 
sed  etiam  quod  fessi  cum  recentibus  ac  vegetis  pugnabant. 


l6  HANNIBAL'6'   CAMPAIGN  IN   ITALY. 

5.     'J/r  Africans  'victorious  o^ver  the  Romans, 

lam  et  sinistro  cornu  Romano,  ubi  sociorum  equites 
adversus  Numidas  steterant,  consertum  proelium  erat,  segne 

430  primo  et  a  Punica  coeptum  fraude.  Quingenti  ferme 
Numidae,  praeter  solita  arma  telaque  gladios  occultos 
sub  loricis  habentes,  specie  transfugarum  quum  ab  suis, 
parmas  post  terga  habentes,  adequitassent,  repente  ex 
equis   desiliunt,   parmisque    et   iaculis  ante  pedes   hostium 

435  proiectis,  in  mediam  aciem  accepti  ductique  ad  ultimos 
considere  ab  tergo  iubentur.  Ac  dum  proelium  ab  omni 
parte  conseritur,  quieti  manserunt;  postquam  omniura 
animos  oculosque  occupaverat  certamen,  tum  arreptis 
scutis,  quae  passim  inter  acervos  caesorum  corporum  strata 

440  erant,  aversam  adoriuntur  Romanam  aciem,  tergaque  feri- 
entes  ac  poplites  caedentes  stragem  ingentem  ac  maiorem 
aliquanto  pavorem  ac  tumultum  fecerunt.  Quum  alibi  terror 
ac  fuga,  alibi  pertinax  in  mala  iam  spe  proelium  esset,  Has- 
drubal,   qui    ea   parte  praeerat,    subductos    ex    media   acie 

445  Numidas,  quia  segnis  eorum  cum  adversis  pugna  erat,  ad 
persequendos  passim  fugientes  mittit,  Hispanos  et  Gallos 
equites  Afris  prope  iam  fessis  caede  magis  quam  pugna 
adiungit. 

6.     '  Prodigus  aniniae  Pauhs^ 

Parte  altera  pugnae  Paulus,  quanquam  primo  statim 
450  proelio  funda  graviter  ictus  fuerat,  tamen  et  occurrit  saepe 
cum  confertis  Hannibali  et  aliquot  locis  proelium  restituit, 
protegentibus  eum  equitibus  Romanis,  omissis  postremo 
equis,  quia  consulem  et  ad  regendum  equum  vires  deficie- 
bant.  Tum  renuntianti  cuidam,  iussisse  consulem  ad  pedes 
456  descendere  equites,  dixisse  Hannibalem  ferunt:  *  Quam 
mallem,  vinctos  mihi  traderet.'     Equitum  pedestre  proelium, 


IV.     THE  BATTLE    OF   CANNAE.  17 

quale    iam   haud  dubia   hostium    victoria,  fuit,    quum   victi 
mori  in  vestigio  mallent  quam  fugere,  victores  morantibus 
victoriam    irati    trucidarent,    quos     pellere    non    poterant, 
Pepulerunt   tamen    iam    paucos    superantes    et    labore    ac  460 
vuhieribus   fessos.      Inde    dissipati   omnes    sunt,    equosque 
ad  fugam,  qui  poterant,  repetebant.     Cn.  Lentulus  tribunus 
militum  quum  praetervehens  equo  sedentem  in  saxo  cruore 
oppletum  consulem  vidisset,  'L.  Aemili'  inquit,  '  quem  unum 
insontem  culpae  cladis  hodiernae  dei  respicere  debent,  cape  465 
hunc  equum,  dum  et  tibi  virium  aliquid  superest  et  comes  ego 
te  tollere  possum  ac  protegere.     Ne  funestam  hanc  pugnam 
morte   consulis  feceris;    etiam    sine  hoc   lacrimarum   satis 
luctusque  est.'     Ad  ea  consul:    '  Tu  quidem,  Cn.  Corneli, 
macte  virtute   esto;    sed  cave,  frustra  miserando  exiguum  47° 
tempus  e  manibus  hostium  evadendi  absumas.     Abi,  nuntia 
publice  patribus,  urbem  Romanam  muniant  ac,  priusquam 
hostis  victor  advenit,  praesidiis  firment ;  privatim  Q.  Fabio, 
L.  Aemilium  praeceptorum  eius  memorem  et  vixisse  adhuc 
et  mori.     Me   in  hac  strage  militum  meorum  patere   ex-  "^^^ 
spirare,  ne  aut  reus  iterum  e  consulatu  sim  aut  accusator 
collegae    exsistam,   ut   alieno    crimine   innocentiam    meam 
protegam.' 

7.     Farro  reserves  himselj- 

Haec  eos  agentes  prius  turba  fugientium  civium,  deinde 
hostes  oppressere;  consulem  ignorantes,  quis  esset,  obrue- 480 
runt  telis,  Lentulum  inter  tumultum  abripuit  equus.  Tum 
undique  effuse  fugiunt.  Septem  millia  hominum  in  minora 
castra,  decem  in  maiora,  duo  ferme  in  vicum  ipsum  Cannas 
perfugerunt,  qui  extemplo  a  Carthalone  atque  equitibus, 
nuUo  munimento  tegente  vicum,  circumventi  sunt.  Consul  485 
alter  seu  forte  seu  consilio,  nulli  fugientium  insertus  agmini, 

c 


l8  HANNIBAL^S   CAMPAIGN  IN  ITALY, 

cum  quinquaginta  fere  equitibus  Venusiam  perfugit.  Quad- 
raginta  quinque  millia  quingenti  pedites,  duo  millia  septin- 
genti   equites,    et    tanta    prope   civium    sociorumque   pars, 

490  caesi  dicuntur;  in  his  arabo  consulum  quaestores,  L. 
Atilius  et  L.  Furius  Bibaculus,  et  undetriginta  tribuni 
militum,  consulares  quidam  praetoriique  et  aedilicii  (inter 
eos  Cn.  Servilium  Geminum  et  M.  Minucium  numerant, 
qui    magister    equitum    priore    anno,    aliquot    annis    ante 

495  consul  fuerat),  octoginta  praeterea  aut  senatores  aut  qui 
eos  magistratus  gessissent,  unde  in  senatum  legi  deberent, 
quum  sua  voluntate  milites  in  legionibus  facti  essent. 
Capta  eo  proelio  tria  millia  peditum  et  equites  mille  et 
quingenti  dicuntur. 


HANNIBAL'S   CAMPAIGN   IN    ITALY. 

B.C.    218-216. 

I.    THE  ENGAGEMENT  ON   THE  TICINUS,   B.C.  218. 

At  last  the  Romans  and  Carthaginians  are  in  sight  of  one  another. 
P.  Comelius  Scipio,  the  son  of  Lxicius  Scipio,  and  grandson  of  L.  Scipio 
Barbatus,  whose  services  in  the  Samnite  War  are  recorded  on  the  famous 
sarcophagus,  after  letting  Hannibal  slip  through  the  Pyrenees,  had  also 
allowed  him  to  cross  the  Rhone.  He  had  then  sent  on  his  consular 
army  under  command  of  his  brother  Gn.  Scipio  to  Spain,  and  had  re- 
tumed  himself  to  Pisa  to  take  command  of  the  forces  in  the  North  of 
Italy  under  the  two  praetors  Manlius  and  Atilius.  Meanwhile  Hannibal, 
after  crossing  the  Alps,  had  descended  into  the  plains  of  Lombardy,  and 
was  advancing  through  the  territory  of  the  Insubrians,  in  the  direction  of 
Placentia.  Scipio,  on  arriving  in  Northern  Italy,  crossed  the  Po  at 
Placentia,  '  and  was  ascending  the  left  (or  northem)  bank  of  the  river  in 
order  to  prevent  a  general  rising  of  the  Gauls  by  his  presence,  Hanni- 
bal,  for  the  opposite  reason,  was  equally  anxious  to  meet  him,  being 
well  aware  that  the  Gauls  were  only  restrained  from  revolting  to  the 
Carthaginians  by  fear,  and  that  on  his  first  success  in  the  field  they  would 
hasten  to  join  him.' — Arnold,  History  of  Rome,  vol.  iii.  pp.  92-93. 

•  On  the  first  news  of  Hannibars  arrival  in  Italy,  the  senate  had  sent 
orders  to  the  other  consul,  Ti.  Sempronius,  to  retum  immediately  (from 
Sicily)  to  reinforce  his  colleague.  He  accordingly  left  part  of  his  fleet 
with  the  praetor  in  Sicily,  and  part  he  committed  to  Sex.  Pomponius, 
his  lieutenant,  for  the  protection  of  the  coasts  of  Lucania  and  Cam- 
pania ;  while,  from  a  dread  of  the  dangers  and  delays  of  the  winter 
navigation  of  the  Adriatic,  his  army  was  to  march  from  Lilybaeum  to 

C  2 


ao  NOTES   ON  HANNIBAI^S   CAMPAIGN. 

Messana,  and  after  crossing  the  strait  to  go  by  land  through  the  whole 
length  of  Italy,  the  soldiers  being  bound  by  oath  to  appear  on  a  certain 
day  at  Ariminum'— a  march  which  they  accomplished  in  forty  days. — 
Amold,  l.c.  p.  94. 

Polybius  (iii.  65)  gives  the  following  account  of  the  battle  of  Ticlnus. 
'  On  the  next  day  (after  Scipio  had  crossed  the  Ticinus)  both  armies  were 
marching  along  the  river  (the  Padus),  on  the  bank  which  is  nearest  the 
Alps  (i.e.  the  northern  bank),  the  Romans  with  the  stream  on  their  left 
(i.e.  marching  west),  the  Carthaginians  with  the  stream  on  their  right  (i.  e. 
marching  east).  On  the  next  day,  discovering  from  their  foragers  that  they 
were  near  each  other,  they  went  into  camp  on  the  spot  and  there  remained. 
On  the  morrow  each  side  called  out  all  the  horse — and  Scipio  in  addi- 
tion  the  javelin  men  of  his  infantry — and  advanced  through  the  plain, 
each  anxious  to  spy  out  the  forces  of  the  other.  As  soon  as  they 
approached  each  other,  and  saw  the  dust  rising,  they  at  once  drew  out 
for  battle.  Scipio  put  his  javelin  men  in  front,  and  the  Gaulish  cavalry 
who  were  with  them ;  the  rest  of  his  force  he  ranged  in  line ;  and  in 
this  order  advanced  slowly  forward.  Hannibal  drew  up  his  bridled 
horse  and  heavy  cavalry  opposite  the  enemy  and  advanced  against  him, 
while  he  aixanged  the  Numidian  horse  on  either  wing  in  order  to  sur- 
round  the  Romans.  As  both  the  generals  and  the  cavalry  on  each  side 
were  eager  for  battle,  the  first  shock  was  so  severe  that  the  javelin  men 
had  hardly  thrown  their  first  weapons  ere  they  retired  and  fled  into 
cover  of  their  own  horse,  through  the  insterslices  between  the  troops, 
scared  at  the  onset,  and  afraid  lest  they  should  be  trampled  down  by 
the  charging  cavalry.  But  the  cavalry  in  the  front  who  had  met  in  the 
charge  fought  an  equal  battle  for  a  long  time.  And  the  conflict  was  at 
once  an  engagement  on  horse  and  on  foot,  owing  to  the  great  number  of 
men  who  dismounted  in  the  course  of  the  struggle.  But  when  the  Numi- 
dians  carae  round  and  charged  the  Romans  in  the  rear,  the  javelin  men 
who  had  at  first  escaped  the  shock  of  the  horse,  were  trampled  down  by 
the  multitude  of  the  charging  Numidians.  Those  who  had  fought  from  the 
first  in  the  front  with  the  Carthaginians,  after  losing  many  of  their  own 
men,  and  slaying  yet  more  of  the  Carthaginians,  when  the  Numidians 
set  upon  them  in  the  rear,  were  put  to  flight ;  some  left  the  field  as  they 
could,  others  in  a  compact  body  round  their  general.' 

Comparing  this  with  our  text,  we  see  that  the  Roman  historian  has 
spoiled  the  simple  and  intelligible  narrative  of  Polybius,  (i)  by  speaking 
of  the  charge  of  Maharbal ;  (2)  by  the  speech  of  Hannibal  on  the  retum 
of  Maharbal ;  (3)  by  the  mention  of  the  prodigies  of  the  Roman  camp. 
On  the  other  hand,  Polybius  does  not  mention  the  fact  that  Scipio  was 


/.   ENGAGEMENT  ON  THE    TICINUS.  21 

wounded,  though  he  speaks  of  the  wound  in  a  subsequent  chapter,  and 
tells  us  in  a  later  book  (x.  c.  3)  that  Scipio  Africanus  saved  his  father. 

TICINUS. 

The  order  of  the  Battle  was  as  follows :— 

Somans. 

Second  iine. 

Romani  (equites)  sociorumque  quod  roboris  fuit. 

First  line. 

Jaculatores  (on  foot)  et  Galli  equites. 

..X  X 

Numidians.  Frenati  equites  (heavy  cavalry).  Numidians. 

Hannibal. 
The  following  movements  took  place  : — 

(1)  The  jaculatores  having  discharged  their  weapons  at  once  retired 
to  gain  the  shelter  of  the  cavalry. 

(2)  The  two  opposing  lines  of  heavy  horse,  Roman  and  Carthagi- 
nian  (for  the  Romans  now  formed  but  one  line),  fought  an  equal  battle 
for  some  time ;  a  great  many  of  the  riders  dismounting  and  fighting  on 
foot. 

(3)  The  Numidians  on  Hannibars  wings  close  round  and  take  the 
Roman  cavalry  in  the  rear. 

(4)  The  jaculatores  (who  are  now  in  the  rear)  are  first  trampled 
down;  the  Roman  horse  are  put  to  flight :  but  a  considerable  body 
retreat  in  good  order  to  the  camp,  protecting  Scipio,  who  is  wounded. 

Line  I.  utrinque,  'on  either  side  respectively.'  '  Uterque  '  means 
'each,'  not  'both.'  'Ambo'  regards  the  two  as  two  halves  of  one 
whole,  whereas  '  uterque '  always  regards  them  as  two  separate  unities. 
Hence  '  uterque '  may  have  either  a  singular  or  plural  verb,  but  '  ambo ' 
always  takes  the  plural. 

1.  2.  Ticinum.  The  Ticino,  one  of  the  northern  tributaries  of  thePo, 
runs  through  Lake  Maggiore.  The  engagement  must  have  taken  place 
in  the  plain  between  the  Sesia  and  the  Ticino,  not  far  from  Vercelli. 

iunffunt,  '  span.'     Cp.  Statius,  '  fossas  saltu  iungere,'  '  to  leap  over 
the  ditches.' 

1.  3.  insuper  imponunt,  '  erect  a  fort  thereupon  besides.' 

occupatis,  'engrossed   in   the  work.'      Cicero   uses   '  occupatus ' 
absoUuely  in  opposition  to  'otiosus.' 


aa  NOTES  ON  HANNIBAI^S   CAMPAIGN. 

1.  4.  Maliarbalem.  Arnold  calls  Maharbal  the  best  cavalry  officer  of 
the  best  cavalry  service  in  the  world.  It  was  he  who  after  the  battle  of 
Cannae  urged  Hannibal  to  march  on  Rome,  and  when  Hannibal  refused, 
Maharbal  made  the  famous  remark,  '  Vincere  scis,  victoria  uti  nescis.' 
Livy,  21.  12.  -On  the  present  occasion  he  seems  to  have  been  making 
a  reconnaissance  in  force,  with  the  double  object  of  concealing  his  gene- 
raFs  advance  and  of  making  friends  among  the  Gauls.  Scipio,  how- 
ever,  by  his  advance,  compels  Hannibal  to  withdraw  Maharbal  at 
once. 

ala  (Cic.  Orat.  c.  45.  §  153)  for  '  axilla.'  So  'bruma'  for 
'  brevima '  (the  shortest  day),  '  carcer '  from  '  coarceo,'  '  imus '  for 
*  infimus,'  '  mala '  for  '  maxilla,'  '  paullus '  for  '  pauxillus,'  '  velum '  for 
'vexillum,'  and  many  others,  infr.  II,  13.  33.  These  clipt  forms  are 
emphatically  the  langnage  of  practical  and  busy  men,  who  hurry  through 
their  talking.     The  '  ala'  was  generally  500,  sometimes  1000,  strong. 

1.  5.  depopulandos.  N.B,  The  gerundive  attraction  is  almost  in- 
variable  after  a  preposition,  and  quite  invariable  after  the  accusative 
with  a  preposition.  Thus,  such  an  expression  as  'in  laudando  victorem,' 
must  be  avoided,  and  '  ad  placandum  deos '  is  impossible.  In  English 
the  seeming  participle  present  is  really  a  corruption  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
infinitive.  In  Latin  the  idea  of  the  verb  becomes  so  closely  limited  to  thp 
object  mentioned,  that  a  combination  is  effected  by  making  the  object 
take  the  case  of  the  gerund  and  the  gerund  the  gender  and  number  of 
the  object.  Thus,  'equites  tegendo'  would  become  '  equitibus  tegendis,' 
unless  the  writer  wished  to  keep  the  two  ideas  somewhat  apart.  '  This 
is  a  good  place  for  a  horse-show,'  would  be  undoubtedly  'aptus  est 
locus  equis  monstrandis,'  but  '  this  is  a  good  place  for  showing  off  a 
gladiator '  might  be,  '  gladiatorem  monstrando.' 

1.  7,  ponte  perfecto.  In  translation  break  up  the  participial  style  of 
Livy,  'The  bridge  was  nov/  finished  ;  the  army  was  led  across  into  the 
territoiy  of  the  Insubres,  and  encamped  five  miles  from  Ictumulae,'  &c. 
See  Potts'  '  Hints,'  p.  68. 

1,  10.  revocato,  not '  revocatis.'  The  order  was  given  to  Maharbal, 
'  Sent  speedily  for  Maharbal  back  again,  and  the  horsemen.' 

1.  II.  instare,  '  since  he  saw  that  a  battle  was  imminent.' 

1.13.  contionem.  '  Contio '  = '  conventio,' shortened  form  of '  coven- 
tio,'  as  '  nundinae  '  of  '  novemdinae,'  '  nuntius '  possibly  of '  noviventius.' 
As  we  say  '  Covent  Garden,'  for  '  convent,'  '  Coblentz '  for  '  confluentes,' 
so  here  the  'n'  drops  out  before  '  v.'  Translate,  '  He  called  them 
together  to  an  audience,  where  he  promised  openly  to  them  definite 
rewards,  in  the  hope  of  which  they  might  figlit.' 


/.   ENGAGEMENT  ON  THE    TICINUS.  23 

in,  with  accusative,  represents  the  aim,  the  object  of  effort, '  towards 
the  hope.'     In  English  we  say  *  in  hope.' 

1.  14.  esse.  Note  the  omission  of  the  yerb  on  which  this  depends. 
We  must  supply  '  saying.' 

1.  15,  veUt,  for  'vellet.'  The  leading  verb  is  '  pronuntiat.'  In  oratio 
obliqua  the  historic  present  may  be  treated  as  an  actual  present  or 
as  a  past.  Sometimes,  as  here,  both  constructions  are  intermixed. 
Compare  Caesar,  B.  G.  i.  7,  '  Helvetii  legatos  mittunt,  qui  dicerent  sibi 
in  animo  esse  iter  facere  ;  rogare  ut  liceat.'  This  is,  however,  not  to 
be  imitated. 

immunem,  'as  a  freehold,  without  serv-ice,  for  himself  and  for  his 
heirs  for  ever.' 

1.  16.  ipse,  unlike  'idem,'  which  is  equally  derived  from  'is,'  is 
declined  in  the  second  syllable.  The  '  -pse'  is  originally  an  mdeclinable 
affix,  like  -woTe,  assimilated  from  '  -pte '  ('  ispte '). 

1.  17.  maluisset,  'if  any  one  chose  to  have  money  rather  than  land, 
him  he  would  satisfy  with  coin.'  Note  how  entirely  'pecunia'  has 
here  lost  its  original  meaning  of  '  property  in  stock.'  For  the  form 
'  maluisset'  compare  note  on  '  ala,'  line  4.  The  Roman  rapidity  of  pro- 
nunciation  is  applied  to  compound  as  well  as  simple  words.  Thus 
'  non  volo '  becomes  '  nolo,'  '  scire  licet '  is  made  into  '  scilicet.' 

sociorum,  '  such  of  the  allies  as  might  wish  to  become  citizens  of 
Carthage,  he  would  give  them  the  opportunity.'  So  '  facio  mei  potesta- 
tem,"  means,  '  I  allow  others  to  have  access  to  me.'  Hannibal  here  is 
taking  upon  himself  what  no  Roman  general  in  those  days  would  have 
dared  to  promise.  But  the  citizen  of  Carthage  had  a  very  slight  amount 
of  practical  influence.  He  had  a  right  to  vote  or  rather  to  sell  his  vote 
in  the  elections  to  the  Gerusia,  or  twenty-eight  elders  ;  he  could  vote 
'  aye '  on  questions  which  the  Gerusia  had  decided ;  bnt  the  idea  of  free 
'  comitia '  was  unknown. 

1.  21.  qnoque,  '  further,  to  the  slaves  who  had  attended  their  masters 
he  cffers  freedom,  and  promises,  in  lieu  of  every  slave  so  liberated,  to 
give  the  master  two  slaves  from  the  captives  taken  in  war.' 

mancipium,  a  purchased  slave,  as  opposed  to  one  reared  on  the 
estate,  '  Manu  capere '  was  the  symbol  of  accepting  a  sale.  In  this 
case  Hannibal  would  have  sold  the  captives  into  slavery,  but  he  offers 
to  present  them  to  the  masters  whose  slaves  he  had  freed. 

1.  22.  reddo,  here,  as  often,  not  of  restoring,  but  of  giving  what  is 
due.     So  '  reddere  votum.' 

1.  23.  rata.  '  Ratus,'  the  participle  of  '  reor,'  is  used  both  passively 
and  deponently.     Here  it  means  '  realized.' 


24  NOTES  ON  HANNIBALS   CAMPAIGN. 

1.  24.  falleret,  '  if  he  were  swearing  falsely.'  The  fuU  form  was,  '  Si 
sciens  fallo,  tum  me  Diespiter,'  &c. 

1.  25.  mactasset.  The  Romans  never  sacrificed  a  beast  withont  first 
sprinkling  it  with  wine,  incense,  and  bruised  corn  mixed  with  salt,  between 
the  horns,  and  saying,  '  macte  hoc  vino  et  ture  esto.'  So,  to  avoid  the 
use  of  the  word  '  caedere,'  they  used  '  mactare.' 

secuudum,  '  after.'  '  Secundus '  is  merely  a  lengthened  form  of 
the  present  participle  of  'sequor,'  as  the  gerundive  is  of  the  present 
participle  generally. 

1.  27.  velut,  '  each  thinking  that  the  gods  would  support  his  hope, 
and  supposing  that  the  only  bar  of  the  enjoyment  of  what  they 
prayed  for  was  that  they  were  not  already  fighting,  all  with  one  heart 
and  one  voice  demand  battle.' 

auctor  means  '  a  proposer  of  the  iaw,'  '  a  trustee,'  '  a  witness  of  a 
marriage  contract,'  generally  'a  backer,'  'supporter.' 

1.  30.  alacritas,  from  'alacer,'  'eager,'  '  spirited,'  opp.  '  languidus.' 

1.  31.  territos,  '  dismayed.' 

1.  32.  otoviis,  '  after  tearing  in  pieces  those  that  came  in  his  way,  had 
himself  escaped  unhurt.' 

1.  33.  exameu.  '  Exagimen,'  *  a  swarm  of  bees.'  Primarily  of  a  mass 
issuing  forth.     Compare  Virg.  Aen.  7.  67  :  — 

'  Examen  subitum  ramo  frondente  pependit.' 
We  hear  in  the  year  223  B.c.  of  similar  alarms  created  in  the  minds  of 
the  Romans  by  a  vulture  seen  in  the  Forum,  and  three  moons  in  the 
sky.  On  that  occasion  Flaminius,  a  plebeian  free-thinker,  had  made 
the  gods  testify  against  their  interpreters  by  gaining  a  complete  victory 
over  the  Gauls. 

1.  34.  procuratis,  '  when  expiation  had  been  made  for  these  portents.' 
In  some  cases  it  was  possible  for  the  augurs  not  to  take  up  an  omen, 
as  referring  to  the  State ;  in  which  case  they  were  said  '  non  suscipere,' 
but  on  this  occasion  the  omen  could  only  refer  to  the  army. 

1.  36.  speculandas,  '  to  reconnoitre  their  forces  from  near  at  hand, 
and  to  see  how  many  and  of  what  sort  they  were.' 

1.  37.  et  ipsi,  '  who  had  also  in  person  gone  forward.' 

1.  39.  ueutri  (N.B.  plural),  '  neither  party.' 
primo,  '  at  the  first.' 

densior,  comparative,  *  exceptionally  thick.'  'The  unusual  thick- 
ness  of  the  rising  dust,  as  so  many  men  and  horses  marched  up,  was 
a  sure  sign  of  an  approaching  foe.' 

1.  41.  consistit,  sing.  expedietoant,  plur,  '  The  army  on  each  side 
made  a  stand,  and  the  men  proceeded  to  prepare  for  action.' 


/.    ENGAGEMENT  ON  THE    TICINUS.  I^ 

1.  42.  Gallos.  These  were  evidently  placed  in  the  front  to  prevent  their 
desertion. 

1.  43.  roTjoris,  *  the  strength  of  the  allies.'  So  \ve  have  '  senatus 
robur/  '  the  flower  of  the  senate.' 

1.  44.  snbsidiis.  Livy  uses  this  word  generally  of  the  '  triarii '  or 
third  line  of  battle,  the  first  two  being  the  '  hastati '  and  '  principes,' 
and  making  up  the  'frons  prima.'  Thus  in  6.  13,  he  says,  'Impulsa 
frons  prima  et  trepidatio  subsidiis  inlata.'  Here,  however,  the  word 
means  no  more  than  the  main  body  of  cavalry. 

frenatos,  '  set  his  bridled  horsemen  in  the  centre  of  his  line,  and 
strengthened  his  wings  with  Numidian  horsemen.'  The  Numidian 
cavalry  '  rode  without  saddle  or  bridle,  as  if  the  rider  and  his  horse  were 
one  creature,  and  scoured  over  the  cotmtry  with  a  speed  and  impetuosity 
defying  escape  or  resistance.' 

1.  45.  vixdtim,  'scarce  was  the  battle  cry  raised,  when,'  &c. 

1.  46.  secunda  acies  is  no  more  than  '  the  rear,'  for  there  was  no 
'  secunda  acies  '  distinct  from  the  subsidia. 

1.  47.  inde,  '  then  followed  an  engagement  of  the  cavalry  which  for 
some  time  was  undecided.' 

1.  48.  niultis,  '  then  the  horses  were  thrown  into  confusion  by  the  in- 
termixture  of  men  on  foot  because  many  fell  from  their  horses,  others 
alighted  to  go  where  they  saw  their  friends  surrounded,  and  the  fight  had 
in  great  measure  become  a  fight  on  foot.' 

1.  51.  circiunvecti,  '  wheeling  round  slightly.' 
,   1.  53.  periculum,  'a  danger  averted  by  the  interference  of  his  son, 
then  a  mere  stripling.' 

1.  54.  erit.     Past  when  Livy  wrote,  but  future  in  his  story. 

1.  55.  penes,  '  who  has  the  honour  of  having  finished  this  very  war.' 

\.  56.  de,  i.  e.  'reportatam.' 

1.  57.  effusa,  '  scattered,'  '  disordered.' 

1.  58.  alius,  '  the  rest,  however,  being  cavalry,  closed  their  ranks  and 
received  the  consul  into  their  midst,  and  so,'  &c. 

equitatus  here  is  in  apposition  to  'alius,'  both  referring  to  the 
same  idea ;  those  who  were  not  '  iaculatores.'     So  too  the  Greek  aWos. 

\.  62.  natione,  'by  birth.'  Cicero  generally  uses  the  word  specially 
of  barbarous  nations. 

malim.  This  story  of  young  Africanus  is  supported  by  Polyb.  x. 
3,  who  had  it  on  the  authority  of  Laelius. 

1.  63.  fama,  ablative  case,  '  has  held  its  ground  in  general  report.' 
Compare  '  pro  vero  antea  obtinebat  regna  Fortunam  dono  dare,'  for  this 
use  of  '  obtineo.'     '  Fama '  might  also  be  nominative. 


a6  NOTEs  ON  hannibalIs  campaign. 


II.    BATTLE   OF   THE  TREBIA,   B.C.   218. 

After  the  engagement  near  Ictumulae  Scipio  broke  up  his  camp, 
retiied  over  the  Ticinus  through  the  plain  to  the  bridge  over  the  Po,  and 
crossed  the  river  with  all  speed.  He  recognized  the  superiority  of  Han- 
nibars  cavalry,  for  vvhich  the  country  was  admirably  adapted,  being 
a  wide  plain  ;  he  had  also  received  a  severe  wound  in  the  engagement. 
It  was  necessary  to  place  his  forces  in  a  secure  position  ;  and  with  this 
object  he  proceeded  along  the  south  bank  of  the  Po  to  Placentia,  a 
Roman  colony  (Polyb.  iii.  66). 

Meanwhile  Hannibal  remained  for  a  short  time  in  his  posltion  expect- 
ing  that  Scipio  would  attack  him  with  his  infantry,  but  when  he  found 
that  the  Romans  had  abandoned  their  camp  he  advanced  to  the  Ticinus. 
Here  he  seized  the  bridge,  by  which  Scipio  had  crossed,  in  time  to  save 
it  from  destruction,  and  also  cut  off  600  men  who  had  been  left  to 
defend  it.  But  on  hearing  that  the  rest  of  the  Roman  force  were  far  in 
advance,  he  changed  the  direction  of  his  march,  and  having  reached  the 
Po,  marched  up  the  north  bank  of  the  stream  in  the  hope  of  finding 
a  place  where  the  river  could  be  crossed.  On  the  second  day  (after 
leaving  his  camp)  he  halted,  and  having  thrown  a  bridge  of  boats 
across  the  stream,  left  Hasdrubal  to  superintend  the  passage  of  the  main 
body  of  the  army,  at  once  crossed  the  river,  and  entered  into  negotiations 
with  envoys  from  the  neighbouring  places  who,  after  this  success,  were 
ready  to  join  him.  When  the  army  had  accomplished  the  passage  he 
joined  it,  and  led  it  dowi.  the  river  on  the  south  bank,  seeking  an  en- 
gagement  with  the  enemy.  On  the  next  day  he  found  himself  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Scipio  at  Placentia ;  and  on  the  third  day  he  drevv  out 
his  forces  in  sight  of  the  Romans,  but  as  no  one  came  out  to  meet  him, 
he  went  into  camp  about  fifty  stades  (six  miles)  from  the  Romans. 
(Polyb.  iii.  66.  Unfortunately  Polybius  has  not  stated  whether  Hannibal 
did  or  did  not  cross  the  Trebia.  Placentia  was  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
river,  so  we  should  suppose  that  Scipio  would  not  put  the  river  betwecn 
himself  and  the  town  when  seeking  the  shelter  of  it.  But  if  Scipio  is  on 
the  east  bank  ofthe  Trcbia,  Hannibal  is  so  also.) 

In  the  following  night  the  Gauls  who  were  in  the  Roman  camp 
attacked  the  Romans  who  were  nearest  to  them,  and  having  killed  a  con- 
siderable  number,  cut  off  their  heads,  and  went  over  to  Hannibal  (2000 
infantry  and  nearly  200  horse).  This  alarmed  Scipio,  who  reflected 
that  the  Gauls  in  the  neighbourhood  would  now  inevitably  take  the 


//.    BATTLE   OF  THE    TREBIA.  %1 

part  of  Hannibal.  Under  cover  of  the  night  he  advanced  to  the  Trebia 
and  the  adjacent  hills,  where  he  would  be  in  a  strong  position  and  sur- 
rounded  by  allies  of  Rome  (Polyb.  iii.  67).  Hannibal  hearing  of  the 
movement  at  once  sent  his  Numidian  horse,  and  thea  his  heavy  cavalry, 
in  pursuit ;  afterwards  he  followed  with  his  army.  The  Numidians, 
finding  the  camp  deserted,  burnt  it.  This  delay  saved  the  Romans  ; 
had  the  Numidians  pressed  on  at  once  they  would  have  caught  the 
Romans  in  the  plain,  and  cut  them  down.  As  it  was  the  bulk  crossed 
the  Trebia  in  safety;  only  the  rear  was  overtaken.  Once  across  the 
river,  Scipio  fortified  a  camp  on  the  adjacent  hills,  waiting  for  his  col- 
league  Sempronius.  Hannibal  now  brought  his  camp  within  five  miles 
of  the  Romans,  the  Gauls  snpplying  him  liberally  with  provisions 
(Polyb. /.f.  68). 

Sempronius  now  arrives  from  Ariminum  (p.  20),  and  joins  Scipio.  Han- 
nibal  meanwhile  gains  Clastidium,  a  town  considerably  to  the  west  of 
Placentia,  by  treachery,  and  is  enabled  to  draw  supplies  from  it.  Then 
helayswaste,  with  hisNumidians,  the  territory  of  some  Gauls,  inhabitants 
of  the  regions  between  the  Trebia  and  the  Po,  who  after  joining  him  had 
thought  to  save  themselves  by  sending  an  embassy  to  Scipio.  The 
Gauls  fly  to  the  Romans  for  refuge.  Sempronius,  who  is  eager  to  bring 
on  an  engagement,  sent  a  large  body  of  cavalry  and  some  javelin  men  on 
foot  across  the  river,  and  drove  the  Numidians  back  to  their  camp, 
But  Hannibal  was  not  yet  fully  prepared,  and  would  not  risk  a  general 
engagement.  The  Romans  returned  to  their  camp. 
'  In  the  next  night  Hannibal  sent  Mago  to  form  an  ambuscade  in  the 
bed  of  a  stream,  between  his  camp  and  the  Trebia,  and  on  the  next  day 
he  sent  his  Numidians  to  draw  the  Romans  across  the  Trebia  into  a 
battle. 

That  Livy  regarded  the  battle  as  taking  place  on  the  Placentia 
(eastem)  bank  of  the  Trebia  is  clear  (see  11.  182-184),  and  there  is 
nothing  in  Polybius  which  compels  us  to  contradict  this.  But  the  view 
is  not  without  difficulties.  For  (i)  Sempronius  marches  to  join  Scipio 
from  the  east,  i.  e.  across  the  front  of  HannibaPs  position  ;  (2)  Hannibal 
draws  his  supplies  from  the  west  (Clastidium)  ;  (3)  the  Gauls  whom  he 
harries,  who  are  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  from  the  Roman  camp, 
dwell  between  the  Trebia  and  tlie  Po,  an  expression  which  is  thought  to 
suit  the  westem  side  of  the  river  better  than  the  eastern,  for  the  river 
runs  N.E.  (but  see  map,  p.  3).  This  would  indicate  that  the  (second) 
camp  of  the  Romans  was  on  the  eastern  bank,  and  the  battle  certainly 
took  place  on  the  side  opposite  to  the  camp.  Nevertheless,  it  is  impos- 
sible  to  suppose  that  Livy  did  not  know  on  which  side  of  the  river 


28  NOTES  ON  HANNIBAI^S   CAMPAIGN. 

Placentia  was,and  he  makes  the  Romans  march  straight  from  the  battle- 
field  to  the  town.     The  battle  was  probably  fought  near  Gossolengo. 

TREBIA. 

Order  of  Battle. 

Haunibal. 

Infantry  20,000. 

Cavalry  5,000.  Spaniards.     Gauls.     Africans.  Cavalry  5,000. 

Elephants  (?).  Light-armed.  Elephants  (?). 

X  X 

Cavalry  2,000.  Infantry  38,000  Cavalry  2,000. 

(drawn  up  in  the  usual  way). 

Semprouius. 

Movements  of  the  battle  {according  to  Polybius) : — 
(i)  It  opened  with  skirmishes  of  the  light-armed. 

(2)  These  retire  through  the  heavy  armed  Carthaginians,  and  the  two 
main  lines  meet. 

(3)  The  Roman  cavalry  driven  in  on  the  wings,  leaving  the  flanks 
open. 

(4)  The  Carthaginian  light-armed  advance  from  the  rear,  and  with 
the  Numidians  attack  the  flanks  ;  but  the  Roman  heavy  armed  hold 
their  ground  on  the  centre,  till 

(5)  Mago  comes  upon  the  rear  from  his  ambuscade. 

(6)  The  two  wings  of  Sempronius'  heavy-afmed  infantry  are  de- 
feated  (a)  by  the  elephants  ;  {b)  by  the  light-armed  attacking  in  flank, 
and  driven  into  the  river,  but 

(7)  The  Roman  centre  keeps  together,  and  fights  its  way  through  the 
Carthaginian  line  to  Placentia,  where  it  is  joined  by  a  number  of 
stragglers. 

(8)  The  Carthaginians  pursue  the  defeated  army  to  the  river. 

Livy  diffcrs  fyom  Polybius  in  regard  to  the  position  of  the  elephants 
and  the  part  which  they  took  in  the  battle,  representing  them  as  coming 
in  from  the  extreme  wings  upon  the  centre,  and  then  recalled  by  Hanni- 
bal  to  the  left  wing,  and  also  crowds  the  details  of  the  battle  together. 

1.  65.  cousul  alter.  Ti.  Sempronius  Longus.  He  had  sent  his  troops 
round  by  the  Adriatic  to  Ariminum,  as  Livy  says,  or,  as  others  say,  had 
disbanded  them  in  the  south  of  Italy  after  taking  their  oaths  to  muster 
at  Ariminum  in  forty  da_\s.     All  writers  agree,  however,  that  they  did 


//.    DATTLE   OF  THE    TREBIA.  29 

muster  at  Ariminum,  and  that,  however  they  managed  to  evade  Hanni- 
bal  on  the  plains  round  Placentia,  they  did  join  Scipio's  troops. 

Siciliae  rebus.  Sicily  had  been  Sempronius'  oiiginal  provlnce. 
The  senate  had  intended  him  even  to  attack  Carthage  from  there. 

1.  66.  leg^ens,   '  coasting.'     The  dangers  of  winter  navigation  in  the 
Adriatic  are  often  alhided  to  by  Horace.     Cf.  Od.  3.  3.  5. 
'  Dux  inquieti  turbidus  Hadriae.' 

I.  70.  declarabat,  singular.  Translate,  'Now  were  both  consuls 
and  the  whole  present  force  of  the  Romans  opposed  to  Hannibal,  so 
as  to  make  it  quite  clear  that  either  with  that  power  the  empire  of 
Rome  could  be  defended,  or  that  all  hope  was  gone.'  For  the  use  of 
the  neuter,  compare  '  Romani  regem  regnumque  Macedoniae  sua  futura 
sciunt.'  The  singular  is  here  used  as  for  one  idea.  Here  the  subject  to 
'  declarabat '  is  the  idea  of  matching.  For  a  similar  use  of  the  participle, 
compare  '  Angebant  virum  Sicilia  Sardiniaque  amissae,'  '  the  loss  of 
Sicily  and  Sardinia  grieved  the  hero.'  'Pudor  non  lati  anxilii  patres 
cepit,'  '  the  fathers  were  ashamed  of  their  refusal  to  help.'  The  Latin 
language  therefore  avoids  verbal  substantives  so  far  as  possible. 
'  Abstract  words  are  of  a  scientific  nature  and  presuppose  education 
in  the  reader.  Oratory  (and  all  Latin  language  is  oratorical  in  its 
character)  appeals  to  the  public,  and  consequently  employs  simple 
phrases.' — Potts. 

1.  72.  minutns,  'brought  low,'  '  disheartened.'  So  in  Greek  \iiivv- 
Odf.  The  opposite  word  is  'augeo,'  e.g.  '  tanta  laetitia  auctus  sum,  ut 
pil  constet.'  Madvig  suggests  '  admonitus,'  on  the  ground  that  it  is 
not  Latin  '  minuere  hominem,'  but  'animum.' 

recentis  animi,  '  with  his  spirits  quite  fresh,  and  so  feeling  more 
confident.' 

1.  73.  patiebatur,  'would  brook  no  delay.* 

L  74.  suum,  '  his  own '  cavalry.  Sempronius  was  proud  of  the  fact 
that  his  cavahy  had  not  suffered  the  defeat  of  the  Ticinus. 

1.  76.  sparsos,  '  coming  suddenly  on  some  of  their  detachments  and 
charging  them  at  unawares,  as  they  were  straggling  and  out  of  order, 
and  most  of  them  too  laden  with  spoil.' 
ad  lioc,  '  besides.' 

1.  77.  Madvig  reads  inopinato  for  '  inopinatos,'  which  he  maintains 
can  never  be  used  for  '  inopinantes.' 

1.  79.  stationes,  '  sentries.' 

unde,  '  beaten  back  from  thence  by  the  mere  numbers  of  those 
that  swarmed  forth,  they  waited  for  new  succours  and  soon  renewed  the 
fight.' 


30  NOTES  ON  HANNIBAL'S   CAMPAIGN. 

1.  80.  varia,  ablative  vvith  '  sequentes  cedentesque.*  Tr.  '  the  fight 
after  this  was  variable,  and  although,  at  one  time  pursuing,  at  another 
yielding,  they  had  at  the  last  made  the  contest  pretty  even,  yet  the 
slaughler  of  the  enemy  was  the  greater,  and  so  the  tide  of  victory  re- 
mained  with  the  Romans.' 

1,  83.  maior  iustiorque,  '  no  man,  however,  reckoned  it  as  greater  or 
more  natural  than  the  consul  himself.' 

1.  84.  gaudio,  '  he  was  elated  with  joy  that  he  had  come  off  better 
in  that  very  arm  of  the  service  in  which  his  colleague  had  come  off 
worse ; '  i.  e.  on  the  Ticinus,  when  the  cavalry  was  worsted. 

1.  85.  N.  B.  foret,  in  the  sense  of  '  esset.'  Generally  '  forem'  is  only 
used  for  '  essem '  in  conditional  or  final  language.  Sallust,  Livy,  and 
the  poets,  however,  use  it  in  the  componnd  tenses  exactly  like  '  essem.' 
As  a  rule,  '  forem '  should  never  be  used  in  Latin  Prose  except  to  mean 
'  would  be,'  or  after  'ut,'  'ne,'  or  'qui,'  expressive  of  a  purpose. 
restitutos  ac  refectos,  '  comforted  and  refreshed.' 

1.  87.  dilatam;  we  should  rather  expect  '  differri,'  but  the  perfect 
passive  often  expresses  a  will  that  something  should  be  done ;  e.  g. 
'sociis  maxime  lex  consultum  esse  vult.' 

evim,  '  he,  more  sick  in  spirit  than  in  body,  with  the  memory  of 
his  wound  still  fresh,  quaked  to  hear  of  a  battle  and  arms.' 

1.  89.  sed, '  but  they  must  not  lose  their  vigour  like  a  wounded  man.' 

1.  90.  differri,  impersonal,  '  for  why  was  there  further  delay  or  more 
time  wasted  ? '  A  question  in  a  long  indirect  speech  is  put  in  the  infini- 
tive,  if  the  first  or  third  person  is  employed  in  the  direct,  in  the  sub- 
junctive,  if  the  second.  So  the  Romans  say  after  the  battle,  '  Duobus 
consulibus,  duobus  consularibus  exercitibus  victis,  quos  alios  duces,  quas 
legiones  esse,  quae  arcessantur  ? ' 

1.  95.  forent.     See  note  on  1.  85. 

1.  98.  paventes, '  cowering  '  (participle  after  '  videant ').  Nos  object 
to  'videant.'    Poenum  subject  to  '  fecisse'  (infinitive  after  'videant'). 

1.  99.  dicionis,  possessive  genitive,  (cf.  '  Ego  totus  Pompeii  siim'), 
'  had  brought  under  his  own  power.' 

1.  loi.  erat.  Hannibal,  aware  of  his  opponenfs  eagerness,  and 
aware  too  that  the  days  of  his  consulship  were  numbered,  determines  to 
fcring  on  an  engagement.  The  Gauls,  who  served  in  both  camps,  were 
equally  ready  to  oblige  either  side  with  information. 

rivus  does  not  refer  to  the  watercourse  of  the  Trebia  itself,  but  to 
some  tributary ;  of  course  the  Trebia  and  its  feeders  would  be  much 
more  swollen  in  the  spring,  and,  being  a  short  stream,  it  would  be  sub- 
ject   to  very  sudden  rises,  which  would   make  waste  places  on  either 


//.   BATTLE  OF  THE    TREBIA.  3I 

bank.  These  would  soon  be  '  overgro^vn  with  weeds,  and  briars,  and 
brushwood,  with  which,  for  the  most  part,  such  uncultivated  spots  are 
clad.'  Polybius  talks  of  piiOpov  re,  «X'"'  cxppiiv,  km  51  ravTr]^  aKav9as 
Koi  0a.Tovs  avvex^^^  eniiTe^pvKoTas.  He  adds  that  the  Romans  were 
the  more  taken  off  their  guard  because  there  was  no  wood  near,  and 
so  they  did  not  expect  an  ambnsh,  whilst,  on  the  other  hand,  it  was 
easier  for  Mago  to  see  over  reeds  than  it  would  have  been  through  a  wood. 

1.  103.  quem,  'and  when  Hannibal  had  ridden  round  this  place,  and 
perceived  that  it  afforded  cover  enough  even  for  hiding  men  on  horse- 
back,'  &c. 

1.  104.  teg^eudo,  not  *  tegendis,*  for  Livy,  unlike  Cicero  and  Caesar, 
seems  to  prefer  the  gerund  to  the  gerundive  attraction.     See  note  on  1.  5. 

1.  106.  ceuteuos,  'a  hundred  picked  men  of  each.' 

1.  108.  corpora  cnrare,  '  to  refresh  ourselves.'  The  realistic  cha- 
racter  of  Latin  expression,  says  Potts,  in  his  '  Hints,'  is  shown  by  the 
introduction  of  words  like  '  corpora '  and  '  animos.'  Cf.  '  Ille  morte 
proposita  facile  dolorem  corporis  patitur.'  So,  too,  where  we  say  '  ear,' 
they  say  '  ears,'  '  eyes.' 

ita,  '  on  this  understanding.' 
praetorium,  '  council  of  war.' 

1.  109.  roliora.  '  strength,'  '  flower.'  .So  Cicero,  '  Illa  robora  populi 
Romani.' 

1.  iio.  uumero,  'in  order  to  be  as  overpowering  in  numbers  as  in 
courage,  choose  you  each  his  nine  from  the  squadrons  and  companies, 
.such  as  yourselves.' 

1.  1 1 1 .  turma  was  the  lenth  part  of  an  '  ala,'  about  thirty  men,  infr.  273. 

mauipulus,  a  company.     '  The  Hastati  Principes  and  Triarii  were 

each  divided  into  ten  manipuli,  and  each  manipulus  into  two  centuriae, 

so  that  every  legion  contained   thirty  manipuli,  and   sixty  centuriae.' 

Ramsay,  Rom.  Ant.  p.  384. 

1.  114.  SCagoni,  general  dative  of  reference,  '  for  Mago's  use  or  con- 
venience.' 

1.  116.  obequitare,  '  ride  up  to.' 

1.  117.  iuiecto,  '  when  once  the  engagement  was  brought  on.'  So 
Cicero,  '  Inicere  tumultum  civitati.' 

1.  121.  iustratis,  'saddled.'  The  Numidae  were  a  corps  apart,  arid 
rode  without  saddles.     See  note  on  1.  •  t. 

1.  122.  tumultum,  'a  rising,'  then  '  an  alarm,'  '  impetuous  fight : ' 
specially  used  of  the  border  warfare  of  the  Gauls,  or  civil  war. 

1.  123.  ferox,  •  baving  special  reliance  on  that  branch  of  the  service.' 
See  1.  84. 


32  NOTES  ON  HANNIBALS  CAMPAIGN. 

1.  124.  destinato,  'being  eager  for  fight,  in  accoidance  with  his  long 
settled  purpose.' 

1.  126.  nivalis,  'the  day  was  threatening  sleet  or  snow.'  The  time 
being  about  mid-winter,  and  the  day  snowy  and  exceedingly  cold. 
Polyb.  iii.  72,  3. 

1.  127.  ad  lioc,  '  moreover.'     See  note  on  1.  76. 

1.  129.  nihil,  'there  was  no  warmth  left  in  them.' 

1.  130.  q.tiicci.uid,  '  the  more  they  approached  the  moist  air  of  the 
river.'  Here  '  quicquid  '  = '  quanto  magis.'  So,  too,  Livy  says,  at  the 
beginning  of  Book  31,  after  finishing  the  Second  Punic  War  in  his  his- 
tory,  *  lam  provideo  animo,  velut  qui  proximis  litori  vadis  inducti  mare 
pedibus  ingrediuntur,  quicquid  progredior,  in  vastiorem  me  altitudinem 
ac  velut  profundum  invehi.'  In  both  'progredior'  and  '  appropinqua- 
bant '  there  is  a  distinctly  comparative  sense.     But  in  Catullus  we  have, 

'  Ride,  quicquid  amas,  Cato,  Catullum,' 
where  '  quicquid '  = '  as  much   as,'  \vithout  any  idea   of  an  increasing 
scale  ;  aurae,  dative  after  '  appropinquabant.' 

1.  133.  aucta,  '  and  by  reason  of  the  rain  which  fell  in  the  night  it 
had  been  swoUen  breast  high.' 

utique,  '  be  it  as  it  may,'  '  in  any  case,'  restrictive  and  confirming. 
'  They  were  cold  enough  to  start  with,  but  when  they  were  clean  out  of 
the  river,  then  most  certainly,  if  not  before,  they  were  so  numbed.'  It 
is  to  be  taken  closely  with  the  word  preceding.  Compare  '  Velim  Var- 
ronis  et  Lollii  mittas  laudationes,  LoUii  utique '  ('  in  any  case  Lollius's '). 

1.  134.  For  corpora,  compare  1.  108,  n.  potentia,  adj.,  from  'potens.' 
airmorum.     Here  Livyuses  the  gerundive  attraction.     The  expres- 
sion 'armorum  potentes' would  be  quile  sufficient  by  itself.     See  note 
on  1.  5. 

1.  138.  per  otium,  'at  leisure.' 

1.  142.  quod  virium,  '  the  very  strength  and  manhood  of  his  forces.' 

1.  143.  ab  cornibus  may  mean  simply  '  on  the  wings  ; '  here,  however, 
it  seems  '  away  from  the  wings,'  i.  e.  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  wings,  so 
that  the  elephants  were  to  the  left  of  the  cavalry  on  the  left,  and  to  the 
right  of  the  cavalry  on  the  right  (in  utramque  partem).  See  1.  157. 
[Polybius  describes  their  position  thus,  iii.  72.  9,  ra  dripia  /xe/xVaj  wpo 
Tcyi'  KfpaTuv  Si'  a^^poripojv  TrpoePaKtTo,  where  St'  dfi^ftoTfpoou  seems  to 
mean  '  between  the  infantry  and  cavalry.'] 

1.  145.  consul.  In  translation  be  careful  to  break  up  this  sentence. 
'  The  cavalry  were  pursuing  in  disorder,  when  the  Numidian  horse 
suddenly  turned  upon  them.  The  Consul  then  gave  the  signal  for 
retreat,  and,  as  they  returned,  posted  them  on  the  flanks  of  his  infantry.' 


//.   BATTLE   OF  THE    TREBIA.  33 

1.  146.  incauti,  'charged  at  unawares,'  'taken  at  a  disadvantage.' 

1.  147.  peditibns  is  here  the  dative  case. 

1.  14S.  socium  nominis  Latini.  Either,  like  '  Patres  conscripli,' 
'  Fathers  and  conscripts,'  'allies  atid  Latin  name,'  in  which  case  the 
allies  would  mean  Italians  not  in  the  Lalin  name,  or  simply,  '  allies  of 
the  Latin  name.'  In  the  former  case  we  should  have  here  a  case  of 
asyndeton,  in  the  latter  the  genitive  would  be  simply  a  genitive  of 
quality.  The  Latin  name,  as  opposed  to  the  Etrascan  or  Sabellian 
and  Campanian  allies,  denoted  not  only  the  members  of  the  old 
Latin  union,  like  Tibur  and  Praeneste,  but  also  those  colonies  which 
were  distributed  through  Italy  with  Latin  rights,  e.  g.  Circeii  and 
Ardea,  Cora  and  Xorba,  Fregellae  and  Interamna,  Sutrium  and  Xepete, 
Cales,  Suessa,  and  Saticula,  Alba,  Aesernia  and  Beneventum,  Namia 
and  Spoletum,  Luceria  and  Venusia,  Hadria  and  Firmum,  and  finally 
Bnmdusium  in  the  South  and  Ariminum  in  the  North.  AU  these 
States  had  two  privileges, — (i)  that  every  Latin  who  left  a  son  behiud 
him  to  keep  up  his  family  might  go  to  Rome  and  possess  the  fran- 
chise  ;  (2)  that  every  Latin  magistrate  might  at  once  be  a  Roman 
citizen. 

1.  150.  At  the  Battle  of  Cannae  there  were  eighty  thousand  eugaged 
on  the  side  of  the  Romans,  half  burghers  and  half  allies. 

1.  151.  obsisterent,  'the  legions  resisted,  owing  to  their  greater 
strength.' 

1.  152.  diducta,  '  drawn  off  so  as  to  reinforce  the  two  wings.'  In 
other  words,  the  sliiigers  and  light-armed  troops  left  off  fighting  with 
the  legions  and  joined  their  cavalry  on  the  wings,  confining  their  atten- 
tions  to  the  Roman  cavalry.  These,  already  outnumbered,  were  soon 
utterly  ovenvhelmed. 

1.  157.  eminentes,  '  standing  out  clear,'  i.  e.  to  left  and  right  of  the 
horse. 

1.  160.  curatis.     See  note  on  I.  108. 

1.  161.  contra,  '  on  the  contrary,  the  Romans  were  fasting  and  weary, 
and  stiff  and  numbed  with  cold.' 

1.  163.  animis,  '  still  their  courage  would  have  helped  them  to  with- 
stand  to  the  end  if  they  had  only  had  to  fight  with  the  foot.' 

1.  168.  in,  '  in  the  midst,  however,  of  such  a  stress  of  misfortune  on 
all  sides,  the  line  remained  for  some  time  unbroken.' 

1.  170.  velites,  '  skirmishers,'  who  fought  in  scattered  parties  wherc 
required.  They  were  armed  with  a  buckler  and  a  javelin,  the  iron  ol 
which  was  formed  with  a  fine  point,  in  order  that  it  might  be  bent  ou 
the  first  discharge,  and  thus  rendered  useless  to  the  enemy. 

D 


34  A'OTES  ON  HANNIBALS   CAMPAIGN. 

1.  171.  veru,  'ajavelin.'  So  '  Volscosque  verutos,'  '  armed  with  jave- 
lins,'  Verg.  Georg.  2.  168. 

avertere,  '  forced  them  to  turn,  and  as  soon  as  they  turned,  fol- 
lowed  close  up  and  stabbed  them  under  the  tail,  where  the  tenderness 
of  their  skin  specially  admits  of  wounds.' 

1.  174.  consteruatos  in,  lit.  '  excited  against.'  Translate,  *  When 
Hannibal  saw  them  thus  affrighted,  and  rushing  wildly  against  their  own 
side,  he  ordered  them  to  be  driven  from  the  cenlre  to  the  flanks  to  the  left 
wingupon  our  Gallic  auxiliary  forces."  Note  the  position  of  the  subject 
'  Hannibal,'  which  is  rendered  necessary  by  the  prominence  given  to  the 
object,  which  has  to  come  as  near  as  possible  to  the  previous  sentence. 

1.  1 76.  extemplo,  adverb  formed  from  preposition  and  case.  So  too 
'  coram,'  '  illico,'  '  cominus,'  &c. 

1.  178.  in  orbeni,  '  on  every  side,'  in  front,  in  the  rear,  on  both  flanks,' 
'  an  all-round  fight.' 

1.  179.  alia,  ablative  case. 

1.  180.  nequissent,  not  'nequirent,'  'being  unable,  after  trial  made.' 
qua.  So  Madvig  for  '  quae.'  We  have  already  seen  that  the  '  media 
Afrorum  acies'  was  made  up  of  Spaniards  and  Gauls  as  well  as  Africans  ; 
so  here  he  says,  '  They  broke  through  in  the  centre  of  the  African  line, 
just  where  it  was  strengthened  by  Gauls.'  If  we  had  '  quae,'  we  should 
expect  'mediam  aciem,'  not  the  local  ablative.  The  Gauls  appear  to 
have  suffered  the  most  in  both  armies.  In  fact,  they  hardly  knew  on 
which  side  to  fight. 

h  1S3.  prae,  '  nor  could  they  see  for  the  storm,  in  which  direction  to 
help  their  friends.' 

1.  1 84.  recto  itinere,  '  went  straight  off  to  Placentia.' 

1.  187.  oppressi,  'overtaken  and  slain.' 

1.  189.  aliis.  'Some  few,  for  fear  of  the  enemy,  were  the  more  bold 
to  take  to  the  river,  and  being  once  over,  recovered  their  camp.' 

1.  192.  prope  omnes.  Polybius  tells  us  '  all  but  one.'  He  omits, 
however,  to  tell  us  what  happened  to  the  two  consuls,  and  passes  on  to 
the  next  year's  appointment  without  mention  of  Scipio's  removal  of  his 
camp,  or  of  Sempronius'  holding  the  election.  This  is  just  the  kind  of 
accuracy  which  Livy  is  able  to  supply.  In  military  details  it  is  better  to 
trust  the  friend  of  the  Scipio  family.  Hence  we  must  decline  to  believe 
that  Hannibal  made  any  attempt  this  winter  to  cross  the  Apennines.  If 
he  did,  it  is  probably  true  that  the  winds  and  the  rains  protected  Italy 
from  further  invasion,  where  the  consuls  did  not.  He  had  quite  enough 
to  do  to  organize  the  insurrection  of  the  Gauls  in  Lombardy.  The 
passage  of  the  AIps  and  one  succes?ful   batlle  thus  put    Ilannilal   in 


///.     DISASTER    OF  LAKE    THRASYMENUS.         '^^ 

possession  of  North  Italy,  just  as  the  turning  of  the  flank  of  the  Alps  and 
the  battles  of  Montenotte  and  Dego  put  Napoleon  in  the  year  1796. 
In  the  words  which  foUow  the  text  in  Livy,  we  are  told  that  the  Romans 
who  had  been  left  in  charge  of  the  camp,  and  the  wounded,  crossed  the 
Trebia  on  rafts,  the  Carthaginians  being  too  weary  to  attack  them, 
'  quietisque  Poenis  tacito  agmine  ab  Scipione  consule  exercitus  Placentiam 
est  perductus.' 


III.  DISASTER   OF  LAKE   THRASYMENUS,   B.C.   217. 

I.  196.  After  the  defeat  on  the  Trebia  Scipio  retreated  to  Ariminum, 
Sempronius  to  Etruria.  Hannibal  remained  in  Gaul,  against  his  will, 
for  the  Gauls  were  impatient  of  supporting  his  army.  In  the  next  year, 
217  B.C.,  C.  Flaminius  and  Cn.  Servilius  Geminus  were  chosen  con- 
suls.  Flaminius,  the  people's  friend,  had  already  been  victorious 
in  Lombardy.  He  at  once  joined  Sempronius'  army  in  Etruria.  Ser- 
vilius  took  Scipio's  place  at  Ariminum.  '  The  harvests  of  Arretium ' 
were  again  in  danger.  Hannibal  had  crossed  the  Apennines  suddenly, 
and  was  on  his  way,  not  to  Lucca  by  the  sea-road,  but  towards  the 
upper  valleys  of  the  Arno,  between  Florence  and  the  mountains.  Whilst 
Flaminius  was  still  waiting  at  the  terminus  of  the  Via  Cassia  at  Arezzo, 
Hannibal  encamped  at  Fiesole,  after  a  march  of  four  days,  over  ground 
so  wet  that  the  troops  had  to  rest  by  night  on  the  field  baggage  and 
dead  mules.  Meanwhile  Servilius  remained  on  the  terminus  of  the  Via 
Flaminia,  recently  made,  at  Ariminum.  (Cf.  '  The  Second  Punic  War,' 
Arnold,  1886,  pp.  39-45  and  Note  E.) 

II.  196  f.  The  translator  must  be  careful  to  break  up  this  sentence 
in  English.  Flaminius  was  not  the  man  to  keep  still,  even  had  his 
enemy  remained  inactive.  'AU  the  more  now,  when,  &c.,  did  he  take 
the  disgrace  on  himself,  that,  &c.  In  vain  did  all  his  counsellors,  &c. 
They  reminded  him,  &c.     He  flung  himself  out  of,'  &c. 

1.  197.  tum  vero,  '  all  the  more  now  when,'  &c. 

1.  198.  ferri  agique,  'plundered  and  harried ; '  where  'ferre,'  like 
0«'pe(i',  applies  to  portable  things  ;  'agere,'  like  dydv,  to  cattle  and  men. 
mediam.  Hannibal  had  passed  Fiesole  (Faesulae)  and  Cortona, 
and  was  on  his  way  to  Perugia. 

1.  201.  salutaria,  '  when  all  the  rest  were  in  favour  of  safe  rather 
than  brilliant  tactics.' 

1.  206.  Arretii.  He  means,  '  We  might  just  as  well  make  up  our 
minds  to  settle  at  Arezzo  and  give  up  Rome;'  an  allusion  to  the  idea 

D  2 


^6  NOTES  ON  HANNIBAI^S   CAMPAIGN. 

of  settling  at  Veii  after  the  Gallic  invasion.  Tliis  had  been  checked  by 
a  speech  from  Camillus,  and  an  omen  from  the  gods, — when  the  officer 
of  a  regiment  was  passing  through  the  forum  at  the  moment  of  the  debate, 
— was  heard  to  say,  '  Signifer,  statue  signum  ;  hic  manebimus  optime.' 

1.  2IO.  moverimxis,  perfect  used  prohibitively,  as  generally  in  the 
second  person,  'nor  let  us  once  stir  from  hence,  till,'  &c. 

1.  211.  Veiis;  really  from  Ardea.     His  army  was  at  Veii. 

1.  312.  convelli,  'to  be  plucked  up  from  the  ground,'  as  decamping. 

1.  213.  ecLuus,  '  the  horse  stumbled  and  fell,  threw  his  rider  over  his 
head,  and  there  lay  the  consul  of  Rome  on  the  ground.' 

1.  218.  senatn.  See  note  on  1.  289.  So  often  had  augury  been 
used  by  the  senate  to  oppose  Flaminius,  that  he  had  come  to  despise  it 
altogether.  He  therefore,  the  late  censor,  at  once  assigns  a  rationalistic 
cause  for  the  standard's  being  immovable,  and  starts  off  to  fight.  One 
can  hardly  help  comparing  his  conduct  with  that  of  Fabius,  who,  with 
equal  disbelief,  used  current  beliefs  to  help  on  his  victory.  Flaminius 
'  put  his  sickle  to  the  corn  before  it  was  ripe,  and  reaped  only  mischief 
lo  himself  and  no  fruit  for  the  world.'  But  the  picture  which  Livy 
gi ves  of  him  is  such  as  the  aristocrats  naturally  drew  of  the  plebeian  consul . 

1.  222.  quo,  'in  order  the  more  to  whet  the  edge  of  the  consurs 
anger  and  stir  him  to  avenge  the  wrongs  done  to  the  allies.' 

1.  224.  nata,  '  made  by  nature  for  ambuscade.' 

ubi  maxime,  '  at  the  exact  point  where  the  lake  nestles  close  under 
the  hills.' 

1.  226.  de  industria,  'purposely  ;'  '  as  if  there  had  been  left  room 
only  for  that  purpose  and  nothing  else.' 

1.  228.  in  aperto,  'on  the  clear  space,'  'on  the  open  ground.' 

1.  231.  locat,  the  historic  present,  here  takes  the  past  subjunctive. 

1.  232.  obiecto  ;  *he  might  put  forth  his  horsemen  to  occupy  the 
neck  of  the  glade,  and  all  might  thus  be  enclosed  within  the  lake  and  the 
mountains.'  In  other  words,  he  barred  the  outlet  with  his  infantry; 
the  entrance  of  the  pass  was  to  be  closed  by  the  cavalry,  who  advanced 
behind  the  heights  as  soon  as  the  Romans  were  well  in. 

1.  233.  essent,  imperfect  subjunctive. 

1.  235.  inezplorato,  adverb,  '  the  morrow  after,  before  it  was  fuU 
daylight,  without  any  reconnoitering,  he  made  his  way  through  the 
pass,  and  as  soon  as  his  columns  began  to  open  out  into  the  wider 
ground,  he  saw  only  those  enemies  who  were  in  front  of  him ,  whilst  the 
ambushes  behind  and  above  him  were  concealed  from  his  notice.' 

1.  238.  So  most  editors  for  deceptae,  which  is  in  the  MSS.  Madvig, 
however,  argues  that  we  never  find  '  decipio '  in  prose  in  the  sense  of 


///.     DISASTER    OF  LAKE    THRASYMENUS.         37 

\avBaviiv  (a  very  broad  assertion  of  a  negative),  and  that  'deceptae,' 
could  never  have  crept  in  for  'decepere.'  He  proposes  '  acceptae,' 
'  taken  to  himself,'  implying  that  Flaminius  had  actually  courted  his 
environment. 

1.  239.  id.  Break  up  the  sentence  in  translation  :  *  The  Carthaginian 
had  now  exactly  what  he  had  wished.  The  enemy  was  in  his  power, 
shut  in  by  the  lake  and  the  mountains,  and  surrounded  by  his  own 
troops.     He  at  once  gave,'  &c. 

clansnm.  The  lake  was  on  their  right ;  the  mountains  on  their 
left ;  the  consul  himself,  at  the  head  of  his  forces,  was  facing  the  flower 
of  Hannibars  infantry ;  and  the  Numidian  cavalry  had  closed  the  inlet. 
The  precise  site  of  the  battle  has  been  much  discussed.  The  evidence  is 
given  very  completely  in  W,  Arnold's  edition  of  Dr.  AmoWs  Second 
Punic  War,  Note  E.  It  seems  pretty  clear  that  the  open  plain  between 
Tuoro  and  the  Lake  is  the  '  paullo  latior  campus '  of  Livy.  The  yan 
of  the  Roman  army  may  have  been  allowed  to  march  towards  Passig- 
nana,  but  the  fighting  took  place  in  the  open  space.  The  army  was  cut 
off  at  Borghetto  in  the  rear,  and  at  Passignana  in  the  van.  When  Poly- 
bius  speaks  of  riaminius  leading  his  troops  '  along  the  lake  into  the 
adjacent  glen '  (irapd  t^c  Xi/xvriv  ds  rov  v-rroKiiixivov  avXwva)  we  must 
suppose  that  he  aUudes  to  the  march  past  Borghetto  into  the  '  pauUo 
latior  campus.' 

1.  242.  decncurrerunt,  '  they  charging  each  man  the  nearest  enemy 
he  could ; '  i.e.  not  forming  in  any  order,  but  in  a  kind  of  guerilla  fight, 
for  which  the  Spaniards  would  be  specially  fit. 

1.  244.  agmina,  '  the  companies  of  the  enemy,  running  from  several 
hills,  were  seen  well  enough  of  one  another,  and  so  were  the  more  able 
to  combine  in  their  attack.' 

L  246.  prinsqnam,  with  the  subjunctive,  implies  an  action  which 
could  not  possibly  have  commenced,  and  was  intended  not  to  have 
commenced.    '  Before  they  could  possibly  use  their  eyes  sufiiciently.' 

1.  247.  satis  cerneret,  used  absolutely.  Comp.  '  Si  satis  cemo,  is 
herclest,'  Ter.  Ad. 

1.  248.  instmeretnr  is  also  subjunctive,  to  imply  the  design  of  the 
enemy. 

1.  250.  percnlsis,  'when  all  were  thus  at  their  wits'  end,  the  consul 
alone  kept  his  composure  tolerably,  considering  how  imminent  was  ihe 
«langer.' 

1.  251.  tnrbatos,  '  marshalled  his  ranks  when  disordered,  as  each  kept 
tuming  at  the  varied  noises.'     '  Quoque '  abl.  of  '  quisque.' 

1.  254.  nec   enim,   '  for,  he   assured   them,  they   could   not   hope  to 


38  NOTES  ON  HANNIBAI^S   CAMPAIGN. 

escape   thence   by  vows   and   entreaties   to  the  gods,  but  by  proving 
their  might  and  manhood.' 

1.  256.  fieri.  N.B.  not  'faciendam  esse.'  *It  is  with  the  sword  that 
men  force  iheir  way  through  the  centre  of  a  host.' 

quo,  'the  less  men  fear,  the  less  danger  commonly  betides  them.' 

1.  257.  ceterum,  'for  the  rest,'  like  aWa.  '  Howbeit,  by  reason  of 
the  noise,  neither  word  of  advice  nor  word  of  command  could  reach 
them,' 

1.  258.  tantum,  '  so  far  were  the  soldiers  from  recognizing  their  own 
standards,  that  scarce  had  they  spirit  enough  to  taice  up  arms,  and 
some  were  surprised  and  slain,  finding  them  more  of  a  burden  than  a 
defence.' 

1.  259.  ut  noscerent  is  a  substantive  sentence  subject  to  'aberat.' 
Hence,  we  do  not  find  this  construction  with  any  other  person  of 
'absum,'  the  subject  in  each  case  being  the  substantival  '  ut '  clause. 
'  I  am  so  far  from  assisting  those  wretches  that  I  can  hardly  help 
hating  them,'  '  Ego  vero  istos  tantum  abest  ut  ornem  ut  effici  non  possit 
quin  eos  oderim.' 

1.  260.  ut  competeret  is  an  adverbial  sentence  defining  'tantum.' 
'Competo,'  literally  =  '  to  correspond,'  '  to  be  adequate.' 

1.  264.  strepentium;  more  often  used  of  things  than  persons.  Here 
it  might  refer  to  the  noise  of  the  blow  resounding  on  the  rattling  armour. 
But  it  is  better  to  refer  to  the  '  bawling  '  of  the  victors. 

1.  266.  avertebat,  '  were  swept  away  by  the  stream  of  those  in 
flight.' 

1.  269.  claudebat.  Note  the  change  of  tense  in  translation.  *In 
vain  had  they  tried  sallies  in  all  directions.  Still  the  mountains  and  the 
lake  on  either  flank,  the  enemy  before  and  behind,  hemmed  them  in.  It 
was  quite  clear,'  &c. 

1.  272.  de  integro,  'afresh,  not  in  due  order  by  the  Principes, 
Hastati,  and  Triarii,  nor  according  to  the  accustomed  manner,  that  the 
vanguard  should  fight  before  the  main  battle  and  the  standards,  and 
behind  them  the  rearguard,  and  that  the  soldier  should  keep  each  his 
own  legion,  his  own  cohort,  and  his  own  company.' 
illa  = '  that  well-knoAvn.' 

1.  273.  hastatos.  The  whole  infantry  of  the  legion  was  drawn  up  in 
three  lines.  In  the  first  were  the  '  hastati,'  or  pikemen.  These  were  the 
youngest  of  the  soldiers.  The  second  line  was  formed  of  the  'principes,' 
men  of  mature  age,  who  in  older  times  were  in  the  front.  In  the  third 
were  the  '  triarii,'  so  called  from  their  position,  who  carried  two  long 
'pila'  or  javelins.     The  usual  depth  of  each  line  was  ten  men.     The 


///.     DISASTER    OF  LAKE    THRASYMENUS.         39 

diWslons  of  the  second  line,  equal  in  extent  to  a  '  manipTilus,'  were  in 
general  placed  opposite  the  intervals  of  the  first.  The  cavalry  were 
divided  into  ten  '  turmae '  of  thirty  men.  A  '  cohors '  comprised  three 
'manipuli,'  and  was  the  tenth  part  of  a  legion,     See  note  on  1.  iii. 

1.  280.  mare,  '  forced  the  sea  up  the  streams,'  i.  e.  against  the  current. 

1.  281.  senserit.  'None  felt,  not  for  a  moment.'  Stronger  than 
'sentiret.' 

1.  283.  infestior,  'more  openly  hurtful.'  'Infensus'  seems  used  to 
express  hostile  disposition,  '  infestus  '  hostile  attack.  Cp.  '  In  ipsum 
infestus  consulem  dirigit  equum,  adeoque  infensis  animis  concurrerunt 
ut  duabus  haerentes  hastis  moribundi  ex  equis  lapsi  sint.' 

1.  284.  rotoora.     See  note  on  line  43. 

1.  286.  insignem,  '  and  being  as  he  was  specially  noticeable  in  his 
rich  armour,  he  was  assailed  most  furiously  by  the  enemy,  and  defended 
as  furiously  by  his  fellow-citizens.' 

1.  287.  Insuber.    This  tribe  occupied  what  is  now  called  Lombardy. 

1.  288.  q-aoque,  as  well  as  by  his  arms  already  mentioned. 

1.289.  cecidit.  Flaminius  hadbeen  consulin  223  B.C.,  andwasalready 
in  the  field  when  the  senate's  scruples  were  aroused  by  prodigies.  They 
at  once  sent  orders  to  recall  him.  He  took  the  despatches,  put  them  in 
his  pocket  imread,  and  went  to  the  battle.  Having  gained  a  complete 
victorj-  over  the  Insubres,  he  declared,  when  he  did  read  the  despatches, 
that  the  gods  themselves  had  solved  the  senate'3  scruples,  and  that  it 
was  needless  to  retum. 

1.  291.  manibus.     Dative  of 'manes.' 

1.  293.  infesto,  (see  note  on  line  283^,  'in  form  of  attack.' 

1.  294.  spoliare,  'when  he  tried,  however,  to  take  his  spoils,  the 
triarii  stept  over  the  corpse  with  their  targets  and  kept  him  off.' 

1.  296.  et  iam,  'and  soon  neither  the  lake  nor  the  monntains  could 
check  their  rout,' 

1.  297.  per  omnia,  'were  the  defile  never  so  narrow,  were  the  crags 
never  so  steep,  they  marched  blindly  on,  only  to  be  dashed  down,  arms 
and  men  together,  one  upon  the  other.' 

1.  300.  prima,  '  entering  at  the  edge  of  the  pool  where  it  was 
shallow.' 

1.  301.  fuere,  '  some  there  were  whom  the  heedlessness  of  fear  urged 
to  take  to  flight  by  swimming.'  For  this  poetic  inhnitive  after  '  impello,' 
compare  Virg.  Aen.  i.  9,  10  : — 

'  Quidve  dolens  regina  deum  tot  volvere  casus 
Insignem  pietate  virum,  tot  adire  labores 
Impulerit  ? ' 


40  NOTES  ON  HANNIBAI^S   CAMPAIGN. 

1.  302.  capessere,  '  take  to,'  inchoative.  So  'facesso/  'I  set  aboiit,' 
'laceiso,'  'I  provoke,'  '  arcesso,'  'I  send  for.' 

1.  303.  immensa,  '  endless.' 

1.  304.  necquicquam,  '  after  tiring  themselves  to  no  purpose.' 

1.  307.  primi,  '  vanguard.' 

1.  311.  nec,  'nor  yet.'  '  They  could  not  know  (by  hearing)  nor  yet, 
so  dark  was  it,  make  out  by  sight.' 

1.  312.  re.  Mr.  Potts,  in  his  excellent  'Hints  towards  Latin  Prose 
Composition,'  (page  30),  illustrates  the  simplicity  of  the  Roman  style 
by  the  use  of  the  word  '  res,'  which  he  likens  to  a  blank  cheque  to  be 
filled  up  from  the  context  to  the  requisite  amount  of  meaning.  Here 
translate,  'At  last  as  the  scale  began  to  sink.'  For  a  long  time  '  res 
aequatae  fuere,'  'at  last  one  side  kicked  the  beam.' 

1.  313.  nebula,  '  the  mist,  dispelled  by  the  gradually-increasingheal  of 
the  sun,  discovered  the  day.'  Properly  speaking,  the  mist  hides  the  day, 
but  the  Romans  recognized  the  claims  of  the  negative  agent  as  much  as 
of  the  positive.     Compare  Virg.  Ecl.  2.  26  : — 

'  Quum  placidum  ventis  staret  mare.' 
liquida,  '  as  the  light  cleared.' 

1.  314.  perditas  res,  '  utter  havoc  and  foul  discomfiture  of  the  Roman 
host.' 

1.  316.  citatissimo,  'get  themselves  away  with  all  the  manner  of 
haste  they  could.'     So  'citato  equo,'  'at  full  gallop.' 

1.  318.  For  super  cetera,  compare  1.  30.    extrema  goes  with  '  fames.' 

1.  321.  Funica.  The  writer  of  the  history  of  the  Caudine  Forks 
ought  to  be  more  careful  before  bringing  a  charge  of  bad  faith  in  the 
matter  of  capitulation.  It  is  obvious  that  the  Romans  could  not  help 
themselves.  Probably  Maharbal  had  overstepped  his  powers  in  offering 
the  terms  he  did.  It  would  have  been  easy  for  them  to  send  to  Han- 
nibal  who  was  close  by.  And  Hannibal  was  acting  on  a  settled  line 
of  policy  in  his  treatment  of  Roman  prisoners  as  opposed  to  Italian. 

1.  323.  coniecit.  Note  the  abrupt  change  ot  subject,  and  how  awk- 
ward  it  niakes  the  sentence.     Livy  is  generally  more  careful. 

IV.  THE  BATTLE  OF  CANNAE,  B.C.  216. 
L  324.  consules.  The  death  of  Flaminius  at  Thrasymenus  had 
lieen  followed  by  the  defeat  of  part  of  Servilius'  army,  and  the  people 
had,  in  their  first  alarm,  elected  a  dictator  for  the  defence  of  the  city 
itself,  on  which  every  one  expected  Hannibal  woukl  march  at  once. 
'JMieir  choice  had  fallen  on  Q.  Fabius  Maximus,  a  moderate  aristocrat, 
and    on  M.   Miiuicius  Rufus   (Livy,    22.   8,  6),   for    on   this    occasion 


IV.     THE  DATTLE   OF  CANNAE.  4I 

the  iisual  nile  was  departed  from,  by  which  the  consiil  named  the 
dictator,  and  the  dictator  the  master  of  horse,  and  both  were  elected 
by  the  people  ('quod  nunquam  antea  factum,'  Livy,  l.c).  Mean- 
while  on  swept  the  torrent  of  Hannibars  invading  army,  over  the 
rich  plains  of  Spoletum,  over  the  rich  pastures  where  fed  the  oxen  of  the 
Clitumnus,  '  dear  to  the  herdsman,'  along  the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber,  on 
the  road  towards  the  Allia,  replete  with  such  glorious  memories  to 
the  Gauls,  swelling  into  a  mighty  flood,  and  threatening  to  submerge 
the  little  rock  on  which  were  gathered  the  traditions  of  Rome.  But 
Hannibal  knew  better;  his  was  not  a  mind  which  could  become 
intoxicated  with  success :  he  knew  that  no  mere  army  could  conquer 
Rome,  and  waited  till  he  could  effect  some  political  combination. 
Meantime  he  would  march  to  the  South,  where  Rome  had  hardly  yet 
had  time  to  weld  her  difierent  subjects  into  Roman  unity.  Striking, 
therefore,  across  the  Apennines,  he  marched  towards  the  Adriatic, 
and,  when  foUowed  by  Fabius,  endeavoured  to  provoke  that  cautious 
old  soldier  to  battle  by  devastating  the  Samnite  and  Apulian  territory. 
And  so  the  year  wore  to  a  close,  Fabius  withstanding,  with  equal  .firm- 
ness,  the  attacks  of  his  political  enemies  at  home,  who  called  him 
Hannibars  lackey,  and  the  provoking  sallies  of  Hannibars  cavalry,  and 
justifying  the  title  (Virg.  Aen.  6.  846) : — 

'  Unus  qui  nobis  cunctando  restituit  rem,' 
which  he  has  kept  in  all  history.  The  next  year  found  the  reins  of 
govemment  in  the  hands  of  two  very  different  men,  Lucius  Aemilius 
Paulus,  the  hero  of  Illyria,  and  M.  Terentius  Varro.  These  consuls, 
as  usual,  being  elected  for  the  year,  felt  they  must  do  something. 
The  city  was  in  very  much  the  same  position  as  Athens  during  the 
first  years  of  the  Peloponnesian  War,  with  this  aggravation,  that  all 
the  Romans  whom  Hannibal  seized  were  instantly  put  to  death.  The 
yeomen  of  the  Roman  territory  no  doubt  blamed  the  mercantile  party 
for  having  provoked  such  an  implacable  enemy  by  their  greed.  But 
of  this  we  have  no  record  ;  the  struggle  between  the  aristocrats  and 
popular  party  for  the  distribution  of  the  Ager  Publicus  throws  all  olher 
divisions  into  the  shade,  till  even  this  disappears  for  some  time  under  the 
slern  determination  of  all  parties  to  combine  to  preserve  the  unity  of  Italy. 

1.  325.  Caniias.  Hannibal  had  seized  the  magazines  at  this  place, 
and  conscquently  the  Romans  were  obliged  either  to  rctreat  nearer  their 
supplies  or  to  offer  battle.  Their  army  amounted  to  80,000.  Cannae  was 
on  the  Aufidus,  the  only  river  which,  rising  on  the  wesl  of  the  Apennines, 
runs  into  the  sea  on  tlie  east. 

1.  .^26.     \Vhen   a  substantive  is  used   only  in  the   plural,  nr  has  a 


42  NOTES  ON  HANNIBAI^S  CAMPAIGN. 

different  sense  in  the  plural  from  what  it  has  in  the  singular,  the  dis- 
tributive  'bini'  is  used  with  it  instead  of  *duo,'  to  mean  two.  Thus 
*  bina  castra '  = '  two  sets  of  castrums '  = '  two  camps.'  So  '  binae  literae,' 
'  binae  hostium  copiae.'  But  '  binos  scyphos'  means  'a  pair  of  similar 
goblets.'  Polybius  says,  rois  fiev  Sva\  /xepiffi  KaTf(TrpaToir45ev<re  irapa 
Thv  A.(j(pi5ov,  Tijj  §6  TpiTCf)  TTepav  TTphs  Tos  avaTo\as,  k.t.\. 

1.328.  aditum,  '  allowed  the  watermen  access  to  water,  as  each 
could  seize  a  lucky  moment.'     '  Sua'  is  reflexive  to  '  cuiusque.' 

1-  330.  trans  Aufidtim,  i.e.  east  of  the  Aufidus.  The  course  of  the 
river  is  from  S.W.  to  N.E.,  but  the  ancient  writers  speak  of  the  eastem 
and  western  banks  of  the  river  for  the  right  and  left  banks,  as  if  the 
course  lay  from  south  to  norlh. 

1.  331.  Paulus  had  wished  to  draw  Hannibal  on  to  the  higher  ground 
before  fighling ;  but  Varro  was  determined  to  fight ;  so  he  plants  him- 
self  between  the  enemy  and  the  sea.  Whereupon  Paulus,  when  his 
day  of  command  came,  unable  any  longer  to  withdraw  his  forces, 
formed  two  camps,  a  larger  one  on  the  western  and  a  smaller  one  on 
the  eastern  bank  of  the  river.  At  this  time  Hannibal  was  encamped  on 
the  eastern  or  right  bank,  close  to  Cannae,  but  on  the  same  day  that 
Paulus  pitched  his  camps,  he  moved  his  camp  to  the  left  bank,  so  as 
to  bring  it  opposite  to  the  Romans. 

1.  334.  facturos,  '  that  the  consuls  would  give  him  a  chance  of  a 
pitched  battle  on  ground  naturally  fitted  for  a  cavalry  engagement.' 
dirigit,  '  sets  in  battle  array.' 
lacessit.     See  line  302,  n. 

!•  335-  sollicitari,  '  disquieted.'  The  historic  infinitive  expresses 
rapid  succession. 

1.  339.  obiiceret,  '  twit  him  with  the  example  of  Fabius,  who  gave 
so  goodly  a  pretence  and  show  to  lazy  and  cowardiy  leaders.' 

1.  340.  Mc,  Varro. 

1.  341.  velut,  'as  if  by  prescription.'     He  had  used  it  so  much  that 
it  had  almost  become  his.     A  man  who  had  used  a  field  for  two  years, 
without  being  objected  to,  might  claim  it  as  his  own. 
coustrictum,  '  he  was  kept  tied  by  his  colleague.' 

1.  342.  adimi,  'his  soldiers,  though  their  blood  was  up  and  they  were 
all  eager  to  fight,  had  their  weapons  taken  from  them.' 
proiectis,  '  offered  wilfully,  nay,  even  betrayed.' 

1.  343.  ille,  Paulus. 

1.  344.  omnis,  '  though  entirely  free  from  blame,  he  would  share  in 
the  event  whatever  it  was.' 

1.  346.  videret,  ut,  '  let  his  colleague  look  to  it,  and  see  that  those 


TV..     THE  BATTLE    OF  CANNAE.  43 

who  were  so  ready  to  speak  and  hasty  of  their  tongiie,  might  be  as 
nimble  with  their  hands  when  the  time  came.'  Compare  Cicero, 
*  Navem  idoneam  ut  habeas,  diligenter  videbis.' 

1.  348.  altercationibus,  '  wranglings.' 

1.  349.  instractam,  '  which  he  had  kept  in  battle  array  for  a  great 
part  of  the  day,  whilst  he  was  strengthening  his  camp  with  other 
forces.' 

1.  353.  egressi, '  they  had  scarce  crossed  the  river  to  the  other  bank 
before  they  put  to  flight  this  disorderly  rabble  by  their  mere  shout  and 
rush,  and  so  they  rode  further,  even  to  the  guard-house  in  front  of  the 
rampart,  and  to  the  very  gate  of  the  camp.  The  '  castra  minora '  of  the 
Romans  were  on  the  other  or  right  bank  of  the  Aufidus.  The  Numi- 
dians  had  therefore  to  cross  the  river  to  get  at  them. 

1.  355.  tumultuario,  '  brought  hastily  together,  detached  on  any 
service  as  occasion  arose.'  Translate,  '  That  Romans  should  actually 
be  bearded  even  in  their  camp  by  a  mere  irregular  force  of  reserves.' 

1.  359.  Paulum.  Paulus'  hope  evidently  was  that  Hannibal,  being 
unable  to  forage  near  the  sea,  would  fall  back  on  the  hills,  where  his 
cavalry  would  not  have  ground  so  favourable.  Meanwhile  his  smaller 
camp  was  distressed  for  water,  imless  reinforced  from  the  other  bank 
of  the  river. 

1.  362.  quia,  'disallowing  indeed  and  misliking  his  plan,  yet  unable 
to  choose  but  second  him.' 

1.  366.  The  Bomans  are  facing  south  up  the  stream  of  the  Aufidus. 
They  are  drawn  up  thus  : — 

Right.  '  Left. 

Roman  Cavalry.  Infantry.  Allied  Cavalry. 

Jaculatores  and  light-armed. 
To  these  Hannibal  opposes  : — 

Baleares  and  light-anned. 
Cavalry.  Infantry.  Cavalry. 

Gauls  and  Spaniards.  Gauls,  Spaniards,  Numidian. 

Afri.  Afri. 

The  Gauls  and  Spaniards  were  advanced  before  the  rest  in  a  crescent 
or  wedge  (infr.  379,  417).     See  map,  p.  12. 

1.  373.  praemissa.     He  sends  them  forward  to  cover  his  advance. 
ut  q.uosque,  '  even  as  he  brought  each  across  he  drew  them  up 
in  line.' 

1.  376.  media,  '  the  centre  of  his  line  being  held  strong  by  his  in- 
fantry,   so   arranged   that    the   Africans   might    flank    the   Gauls    and 


44  NOTES  ON  HANNIBAI^S   CAMPAIGN. 

Spaniards,  who  were  placed  in  the  midst.'     He  could  not  trust  the 
Gauls,  who  had  given  way  in  all  his  battles  hitherto. 

1.  379.  crederes,  '  anyone  who  had  seen  the  Africans  might  have 
taken  them  for  a  Roman  line,  so  armed  were  they  with  Roman  armour, 
taken  some  at  the  Trebia,  but  the  greater  part  at  lake  Thrasymene.' 
Polybius'  account  is  almost  word  for  word  the  same  here.  He  adds, 
however,  that  Hannibal  led  forward  the  Spaniards  and  the  Gauls  in 
front  of  the  rest,  so  as  to  make  his  centre  in  the  form  of  a  crescent, 
fj.rjfoftSes  iroiwv  ro  KvpTojfia.  Thus  the  native  Africans  would  give  con- 
fidence  to  the  weaker  Europeans,  and  also  prevent  their  desertion. 
Besides,  Hannibal  could  least  spare  Africans,  and  the  first  shower  of 
darts  might  as  well  fall  on  the  least  valuable  of  his  forces. 

1.  382.  dlspares  ac  dissimiles,  '  differing  both  in  size  and  fashion.' 
Compare  Livy  45.  43,  '  Similia  omnia  magis  visa  hominibus  quam 
paria,'  'The  likeness  of  show  was  there,  but  the  substance  did  not 
countervail  much.' 

1.  384.  assueto,  '  accustomed  more  to  stab  than  to  slash.' 

liabiles,  '  shorter  so  as  to  be  more  easily  liandled,  and  pointed.' 

1.  387.  umTjilicum,  '  waist.' 

linteis,  'in  linen  tunics,  glittering  wondrous  bright,  embroidered 
with  scarlet.' 

1.  391.  Hasdrubal,  not  Hannibars  brother,  but  the  manager  of  his 
commissariat. 

1.  392.  Mago.  The  Rupert  of  the  invaders,  who  had  led  the  ambush 
at  the  Trebia. 

1.  394.  peropportune,  '  obliged  both  sides  by  shining  only  on  their 
f5anks,  either  because  they  had  so  placed  themselves  on  purpose,  or  had 
first  taken  their  stand  at  adventure.'  The  Carthaginians  faced  the 
North  :  so  the  early  sun  would  shine  on  their  right  flank. 

1.  396.  adversus,  '  blowing  full  upon  their  faces.'  Blowing  from  the 
mountain,  now  called  Voltore,  celebrated  by  Horace,  it  would  be  a 
South-East-by-one-third-South  wind. 

1.  401.  minime .  . .  pugnare,  '  by  no  means  in  the  stj'le  of  a  cavalry 
engagement.' 

frontibus,  'they  had  to  charge  front  to  front,  because,  as  there  was 
no  room  left  about  them  to  make  evolutions,  they  were  flanked  and 
liemmed  in,  on  the  one  side  by  the  river,  on  the  other  by  the  array  of 
foot,  each  stretching  in  straight  lines  directly  parallel  on  either  side  of 
them.' 

1.  404.  Madvig  takes  nitentes  with  '  viros'  understood  from  'virum ' 
in  tlie  next  sentence,  but  utrinque    seems   to   make    better  sense,  if 


IV.     THE   BATTLE   OF  CANNAE.  45 

•nitentes'  is  made  to  agree  with  'amnis'  and  'acies.'  In  this  lalter 
case  '  nitentes '  would  be  used  by  a  kind  of  zeugma  with  '  amnis '  as 
well  as  '  acies.'  In  Madvig's  reading,  however,  there  is  a  full  stop  after 
'  claudebant,'  and  the  sense  proceeds,  '  As  the  equites  were  stniggling 
on  straightforwards  from  both  Roman  and  Carthaginian  lines,  when 
the  horses  at  last  came  to  a  halt,'  &c.  Compare  the  sham-fight  in 
Virg.  Aen.  5.  Polybius  says  ov  yap  ?)v  Kara  vofiovs  «f  duaaTpofrjs  Kal 
fiiTa0n\T]s  6  KivSvvos. 

stantibus,  '  at  last,  when  their  horses  were  bronght  to  a  stand- 
still  and  wedged  together  by  the  niass,  every  man  began  to  clasp  his 
enemy  and  drag  him  from  his  horse.' 

1.  405.  The  cavalry  of  the  Romans  on  the  right  are  thus  defeated  by 
the  Gauls  and  Spaniards  under  Hasdrabal. 

1.  407.  acrius,  '  the  conflict  was  rather  sharp  than  long.'  A  com- 
parison  of  two  qualities  found  in  the  same  action  in  vmequal  degrees  is 
denoted  either  by  the  positive  with  '  magis,'  or  by  two  comparatives, 
as  '  Triumphus  Camilli  clarior  erat  quam  gratior.' 

1.  408.  suto,  '  immediately  following.' 

1.410.  par,  dniu.  So  Madvig  reads  for  'parum,'  which  is  simply 
nonsense.  Translate,  '  At  first  even  enough  both  in  strength  and  spirit, 
so  long  as  the  ranks  of  the  Gauls  and  Spaniards  kept  together.' 

1.  4I1.  counisi,  obliqua.  Here  again  Madvig  has  come  to  the 
rescne,  and  harving  '  consilioque '  in  the  text,  suggests,  instead  of  '  aequa,' 
which  Gronovius  read,  and  which  would  be  a  queer  way  of  breaking  up 
a  crescent,  '  connisi  obliqua.'  Translate, '  After  long  and  repeated  efforts 
they  formed  themselves  into  a  sloping  wedge  and  packed  closer  their 
lines  of  attack,  and  so  drove  the  crescent  of  the  enemy,  which  was 
ranged  very  thin  and  so  the  weaker,  and  somewhat  advanced  from  the 
rest  of  the  battle.'  Dr.  Amold  compares  the  Roman  advance  to  that 
of  the  English  at  Fontenoy.  They  had  acted  as  if  the  Gauls  and 
Spaniards  were  the  whole  centre,  and  by  packing  their  columns  of 
advance  too  close  had  allowed  themselves  to  be  overlapped  on  either 
side  by  the  Africans.  They  were  therefore  doomed  to  victory  and 
failure,  much  in  the  same  way  as  the  Greeks  at  Cunaxa.  The  Persians 
at  Marathon  were  defeated  in  a  similar  manner.  They  broke  the  Greek 
centre,  but  their  wings  were  repulsed  by  the  Greeks,  who  then  closed 
upon  the  centre.  Livy  in  saying  nimis  tenuem  hardly  gives  Hannibal 
as  much  credit  for  foresight  as  he  deserves. 

1.414.  institere.     So  Madvig,  for  '  insistere.'     The  historic  infinitive 
camiot  be  used  between  two  finite  verbs  in  close  connection. 
tenore  uno,  '  without  a  break.' 


46  NOTES  ON  hannibal!s  campaign. 

1.  417.  alis,  *  had  been  placed  on  the  wings  on  either  side,  whicb 
were  thrown  back  from  the  centre.' 

1.  418.  media.  Polybius  calls  this  line  the  crescent  (nr]viaKos),  aud 
says  that  the  crescent  had  its  Hvprwixa  towards  the  Romans. 

1.  419.  aequavit,  'rnade  itself  even  with  the  whole  line.' 

1.  420.  siuum,  'gave  way  so  as  to  leave  an  opening  for  them  to 
pass  in  the  midst.' 

1.  422.  circumdedere,  '  wheeled  round  and  closed  in  upon  them.' 

1.  424.  omissis,  *  had  to  leave  the  Gauls,  whom  they  had  put  to 
flight.' 

1.  427.  receutibus,  'newly  come  into  action.' 

vegetis,  '  fresh  in  body.'  The  gallantry  of  the  Roman  legions  in 
sustaining  the  conflict  at  all  needs  no  praise.  They  were  in  a  worse 
position  than  they  were  at  Lake  Thrasymene,  simply  from  being  out- 
generalled.  The  Roman  centre,  infantry,  at  first  apparently  victorious, 
is  novv  utterly  defeated. 

1.  430.  coeptum,  '  at  first  cold  and  faint,  and  originating  in  truly 
Carthaginian  treachery.'  This  story  is  only  told  by  Livy,  who  is  the 
main  purveyor  of  stories  about  Punic  faith.  There  is  no  reason  to 
doubt  that  Polybius  would  have  told  it  if  he  thought  it  true.  What  he 
says  is,  that  the  Numidians  simply  detained  the  Romans  till  Hannibal 
was  ready  to  attack  them. 

1.  436.  considere,  '  to  take  post.' 

dum,  expressing  time  simply  with  no  idea  of  aim,  '  until.'  Com- 
pai^e  '  Tu  hic  nos,  dum  eximus,  interea  opperibere.' 

1.  440.  aversam,  '  from  behind.' 

terg^a,  'what  with  wounding  their  backs  and  cutting  their  ham- 
strings.' 

1.  442.  The  left  wing  (cavalry)  of  the  Romans  is  defeated. 

l.  443.  pertiuaz,  *  fighting  was  continued  with  the  obstinacy  now 
given  by  despair.' 

1.  444.  The  Numidians  are  sent  in  pursuit  of  the  foe  ;  the  Spaniards 
and  Gauls  assist  the  infantry  in  slaughtering  the  enemy. 

1.  445.  segnis,  '  without  decisive  result.'  The  Numidians  in  fact 
had  been  only  employed  to  divert  the  attention  of  the  cavalry  on  the 
left  Roman  wing,  whilst  Hasdnibal  destroyed  the  Roman  right,  who 
were  crushed  in  between  their  own  centre  and  the  river.  As  soon  as  he 
has  destroyed  the  Roman  right,  he  passes  behind  the  centre  of  the 
battle  and  crushes  the  left  wing  under  Varro.  Then  a  third  time  he 
forms  his  victorious  squadrons,  and  sending  the  Numidians  ('subductos 
ex  niedia  acie")  in  pursuit  of  the  fugitives,  takes  their  place  ic  attacking 


IV.     THE   BATTLE   OF  CANNAE.  47 

the  Roman  centre.     This  last  charge  is  decisive.     The  cavalry  in  fact 
beat  the  legions. 

1.  449.  parte  altera.  Paulus  had  been  in  command  of  the  Roman  right. 
1.  451.  confertis,  '  keeping  his  men  in  close  array.' 
1.  453.  et,  '  even  for  sitting  his  horse.' 

1.  455.  qnam  mallem,  '  he  might  as  well  have  handed  them  over 
to  me  ready  bound  ; '  it  is  very  good  of  him  to  have  done  what  he 
has,  but  I  had  rather  he  had  gone  a  little  way  further  and  bound 
them  ready. 

1.  457.  quale,  like  Greek  0X0%,  used  with  its  own  verb  omitted,  '  in 
fact  the  fight  on  foot  of  the  horsemen  was  such  as  you  would  expect 
where  victory  was  no  longer  to  be  hoped,  for  the  conquered  chose 
rather  to  die  where  they  stood  than  to  fly,  and  the  conquerors,  angered 
with  those  who  thus  delayed  their  victory,  butchered  where  they  could 
not  put  to  flight.' 

1.  460.  superantes,  '  howbeit  they  did  force  a  few  survivors  to  re- 
treat.'  Dr.  Amold  says,  '  Then  followed  a  butchery  such  as  has  no  re- 
corded  equal,  except  the  slaughter  of  the  Persians  m  their  camp,  when 
the  Greeks  forced  it  after  the  battle  of  Plataea.' 

1.  463.  tribunus  militum.  There  were  six  in  each  legion,  whose 
duties  were  to  keep  order  in  the  camp  and  generally  superintend  the 
soldiers.     They  commanded  in  tum  as  colonels  of  the  legion. 

praetervehens.     '  Pratervehor,'  from  constant  use  in  the  passive 
of  a  rider,  had  come  to  be  regarded  as  a  deponent.     Hence  the  present 
,  participle  is  here  used  in  the  sense  of  riding,  though  '  veho '  means  '  to 
carry.' 

1.  464.  oppletum,  '  covered  ; '  lit.  filled  up. 

1.  465.  respicere,  '  remember  in  your  favour  that  you  aione  are 
guiltless,'  &c.     This  verb  is  rarely  used  in  a  bad  sense. 

1.  467.  protegere,  here,  as  before,  used  in  its  special  sense  of  '  to 
shield.' 

funestam,  'do  not  make  this  battle  a  day  of  mouming  by  the 
death  of  a  consul.'  '  Funestus '  implies  a  day  when  the  State  had  a 
personal  loss. 

1,  468.  feceris.  In  good  Latin  the  second  person  o{\h&  present  con- 
junctive  is  only  found  in  prohibitions,  which  are  directed  to  an  assiuned 
subject,  e.  g.  'quum  absit,  ne  requiras  ; '  Gallice,  on  tie  doit pas. 

1.  470.  macte  .  .  .  esto,  'go  on  and  prosper  in  your  courage.' 
*  Mactus '  only  occurs  in  the  vocative,  or  in  the  nominative  used  as  the 
vocative :  macte  or  mactus  esto.  The  vocative  is  perhaps  to  be 
explained  by  attraclion,  as  in  Peisiiis,  3.  27  : — 


48  NOTES  ON  HANNIBAI^S  CAMPAIGN. 

'Stemmate  quod  Tusco  ramum  millesime  ducis, 
Censorem  fatuum  vel  quod  Irabeate  salutas;' 
and  in  a  less  degree,  Virg.  Aen.  9.  485  : — 

'Heu,  terra  ignota,  canibus  date  praeda  Latinis 
Alitibusque  iaccs ! ' 

1.  474.  praeceptorum,  i.  e.  not  to  fight.  Aemilius  Paulus'  martyr- 
dom  certainly  had  its  reward,  The  Fabian  policy  was  adopted  after  his 
death. 

1.  476.  reiis,  'lest  I  have  a  second  time  to  stand  on  my  defence  on 
vacating  my  consulship.'  In  219  B.  c.  Paulus  and  M.  Livius  had  tinished 
the  Illyrian  War,  and  had  been  charged  afterwards  with  misappro- 
priation  of  the  spoils.  Livius  was  fined,  and  retired  into  private  life, 
till  he  consented  to  come  forvvard  again  and  share  vvith  Claudius  Nero 
the  glory  of  the  battle  of  the  Metaurns.     Aemilius  had  been  acquitted. 

1.  477.  crimine,  '  by  bringing  a  charge  against  another.' 

1.  479.  eos.  The  MSS.  have  '  exigentes,'  which  would  mean  'accu- 
rately  examining.'  But,  as  this  is  not  what  they  were  doing,  Madvig 
reads  '  eos.' 

Thus  ended  the  battle  of  Cannae  ;  80,000  men  were  lost  for  Rome  that 
day ;  the  city  expected  its  conqueror  at  once.  '  But  he  came  not ;  and 
if  panic  had  for  one  moment  unnerved  the  iron  courage  of  the  Roman 
aristocracy,  on  the  next  their  inborn  spirit  revived  ;  and  their  resolute 
will,  striving  beyond  its  present  power,  crealed,  as  is  the  law  of  oui 
nalure,  the  power  which  it  required.' 


THE    END. 


Books  pnblished  during  the  twelve  months 
ending  June  i,  igog,  or  in  the  Press,  or 
in  preparation,  are  underlined. 

LATIN 

DICTIONARIES 

ELEMENTARY    LATIN     DICTIONARY.      By   C.   T. 

Lewis.     7s.  6d. 

SCHOOL    LATIN    DICTIONARY.     By  C.   T.    Lewis. 

I2S.  6d. 

LARGER  LATIN  DICTIONARY.  Founded  on  Andrews's 

edition  of  Freund's  Latin  Dictionary.     Revised,  enlarged,  and  in  great 
part  rewritten,  by  C.  T.  Lewis  and  C.  Short.     25S. 

GRAMMARS,  READERS,  ETC. 

J.  B.  ALLEN'S  ELEMENTARY 
SERIES 

RUDIMENTA  LATINA.     Very  elementary  accidence  and 

exercises  for  beginners,     2S. 

ELEMENTARY    LATIN    GRAMMAR.      New   Edition, 

revised  and  enlarged  (2381^  thousand).     2S.  6d. 

FIRST    LATIN    EXERCISE    BOOK.      Eighth  Edition. 

2s.  6d. 

SECOND  LATIN   EXERCISE  BOOK.     With  hints  for 

continuous  prose.     2nd  Ed.     3S.  6d.     Key,  to   both  Exercise   Books, 
5S.  net. 

J.  B.  ALLEN'S  READERS 

With  notes,  maps,  vocabularies,  and  exercises.     is.  6d.  each. 
LIVES  FROM  CORNELIUS  NEPOS. 
TALES  OF  EARLY  ROME.    Adapted  from  Livy. 
TALES  OF  THE  ROMAN  REPUBLIC,  Part  I.    Adapted 

from  Livy. 

TALES  OF  THE  ROMAN  REPUBLIC,  Part  II.    Adapted 

from  Livy. 


LATIN 

OTHER  LATIN  READERS,  ETC. 

SCENES  FROM  THE  LIFE  OF  HANNIBAL.  Selections 

from  Livy.  With  historical  introduction,  notes,  maps,  vocabularies, 
and  exercises.     By  W.  D.  Lowe.     is.  6d. 

TALES  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR.     From  the  third  book  of 

Caesar's  Civil  War.  With  historical  introduction,  notes,  maps,  vocabu- 
laries,  and  exercises.     By  W.  D.  Lowe.     is.  6d. 

EXTRACTS  FROM  CICERO.    With  notes.     By  Henry 

Walford.  Third  Edition,  revised.  Three  parts,  45.  6d.,  or  each 
part  is.  6d. 

Part  I  :  Anecdotes  from  Greek  and  Roman  History. 
Part  II  :  Omens  and  Dreams  ;  Beauties  of  Nature. 
Part  III :  Rome's  Rule  of  her  Provinces. 

EXTRACTS  FROM  LIVY.     With  notes  and  raaps.     By 

H.  Lee-Warner.     Each  part,  is.  6d. 

Part  I  :  The  Caudine  Disaster,     New  Edition,  revised. 

Part  II  :  Hannibal's  Campaign  in  Italy. 

Part  III  (By  H.  Lee-Warner  and  T.  W.  Gould)  :  The  Macedonian 
War.     New  Edition. 

FIRST  LATIN  READER.     By  T.  J.  Nunns.   ^rd  Ed.  2s. 
REDDENDA  MINORA.     Latin  and   Greek  passages  for 

unseen  translation.  For  lower  forms.  By  C.  S.  Jerram.  Sixth 
Edition,  revised  and  enlarged.     is.  6d. 

ANGLICE  REDDENDA.     Latin  and  Greek  passages  for 

unseen  translation.  For  middle  and  upper  forms.  By  C.  S.  Jerram. 
Fifth  Edition.  2S.  6d.  Second  Series,  New  Edition  (i3th  thousand), 
3S.  Third  Series,  33.  Separatelj'',  Latin  Passages  (First  and  Second 
Series),  as.  6d. 

MODELS  AND   EXERCISES   IN   UNSEEN  TRANS- 

LATION  (LATIN  AND  GREEK).  By  H.  F.  Fox  and  J.  M.  Bromley. 
With  versions  of  the  early  passages.  Revised  Edition.  5S.  6d.  Key, 
with  references  for  later  passages,  6d.  net. 


RESPONSIONS  PAPERS,  1901-1906.     With  answers  to 

mathematica!  questions.     By  C.  A.  MARcoNand  F.  G.  Brabant.     os.  6d. 


CLARENDON   PRESS  SCHOOL  BOOKS 


COMPOSITION 

PROSE 

PRIMER  OF   LATIN    PROSE   COMPOSITION.      By 

J.  Y.  Sargent.     2s.  6d. 

EASY     PASSAGES     FOR     TRANSLATION     INTO 

LATIN.     By  J.  Y.  Sargent.     Eighth  Edition.     as.  6d.      Key,  53.  net. 

LATIN  PROSE  COMPOSITION.     With  notes,  vocabu- 

lary,  and  appendix  with  introduction   to  continuous  prose.     Bv  G   G 
Ramsay.     4th  Ed.  r  j  ■ 

Vol.  I  :  Syntax  and  Exercises.  43.  6d.  Separately :  Part  I  rjunior 
Grade),  is.  6d.  ;  Part  II  (Senior  Grade),  is.  6d.  ;  Part  III  (Syntax 
and  Appendix),  2S.  6d.     Key,  55.  net. 

Vol.  II :  Passages  for  Translation.     45.  6d. 

VERSE 

HELPS,    HINTS,   AND    EXERCISES    FOR    LATIN 

^      ELEGIACS.     With  vocabulary.     By  H.  Lee-Warner.     33.  6d.     Key, 
4S.  6d.  net. 

DEMONSTRATIONS  IN   LATIN  ELEGIAC  VERSE. 

Exercises,  versions,  and  notes.     For  teachers.     By  W.  H.  D  Rouse 
4S.  6d. 


ANNOTATED  TEXTS 

CAESAR:    Gallic   War,   I-VII.      By  St.   George   Stock. 

Vol.  I  :  Introduction,  55.     Vol.  II  :  Text  and  Notes,  6s. 

Gallic  War.    By  C.  E.  Moberly.    With  maps.    2nd  Ed. 

III-V,  2S.  6d. ;  VI-VIII,  3s.  6d. 

Civil  War.     By  C.  E.  Moberly.    New  Edition.    35.  6d. 
CATULLUS:  Selections.  (Text  only.)  By  Robinson  Ellis. 

3S.  6d. 


LATIN 

CICERO     De  Amicitia.     By  St.  George  Stock.    35. 

De  Senectute.     By  L.  Huxley.     2s. 

In  Catilinam.    By  E.  A.  Upcott.    ^rd  Ed.,  rev.   2s.  6d. 

In  Q.  Caecilium  Divinatio  and  In  Verrem  I.     By  J.  R. 
KiNG.     is.  6d. 

Pro   Cluentio.      By  W.   Ramsay,    re-edited   by   G.  G. 
Ramsay.     Second  Edition.     33.  6d. 

Pro   Marcello,    Pro  Ligario,    Pro   Rege   Deiotaro.     By 

W.  Y.  Faussett.     Second  Edition.     2S.  6d. 

Pro  Milone.     By  A.  B.  Poynton.     Second  Ed.     2S.  6d. 
Philippic  Orations.  I.  II.  III.  V.  VII.     By  J.  R.  King. 

New  Edition,  revised  by  A.  C.  Clark.     33.  6d. 

Pro  Roscio.     By  St.  George  Stock.     3S.  6d. 

Select  Orations,  viz.  In  Verrem  Actio  Prima,  De  Imperio 

Gn.  Pompeii,  Pro  Archia,  Philippica  IX.    By  J.  R.  King.    Second 
Edition  (loth  thousand).     2S.  6d. 

Selected  Letters.     By  C.  E.  Prichard  and  E.  R.  Ber- 

NARD.     Second  Edition.     35. 

Selected   Letters.     (Text  only.)     By  Albert  Watson. 

Second  Edition.     43. 

CORNELIUS    NEPOS.     By   Oscar    Browning.      Third 

Edition,  revised  by  W.  R.  Inge.     33. 
ERASMUS:    Selections.      By   P.   S.  Allen.      Illustrated. 

With  vocabulary.     35.  6d.  and  (India  Paper)  45.  6d. 

HORACE.     By  E.  C.  Wickham. 

Selected  Odes.     Second  Edition.     2S. 

Odes,  Carmen  Saeculare,   and  Epodes.      Third  (large) 

Edition  (1896),  i2S.     Second  (School)  Edition  (1904),  6s.     Sepa- 
rately,  Odes,  I,  2S. 

Satires,  Epistles,  and  De  Arte  Poetica.     6s. 
JUVENAL:  Thirteen  Satires  (I,  III-V, VII,  VIII,  X-XVI). 

By  C.  H.  Pearson  and  Herbert  A.  Strong.     Second  Edition.     93. 


CLARENDON  PRESS  SCHOOL  BOOKS 

LIVY  :  I.     By  Sir  J.  R.  Seeley.     6s. 

V-VII.    ByA.  R.  Cluer.    NewEdition,  revised  by  P.  E. 

Matheson.    5s.     Separately  :  V,  as.  6d.  ;  VI  and  VII,  2S.  each. 

XXI-XXIII.     By  M.  T.  Tatham.     Second  Edition,  en- 

larged.     5$.     Separately  :  XXI  and  XXII,  2S.  6d.  each. 

LUCRETIUS,  V,  783-1457.     By  W.  D.  Lowe.     2S. 
MARTIAL:    Select  Epigrams.      By    R.    T.    Bridge    and 

E.  D.  C.  Lake. 

Spectaculorum    Liber    &:    I-VI.      35.   6d.      Separately, 

Introduction  and  Notes,  2S. 

VII-XII.   33.  6d.    Separately,  Introduction  and  Notes,  2S. 
Select  Epigrams.     Text  and  critical  notes.     By  W.  M. 

LiNDSAY.     33.  6d.  and    India  Paper_/  55. 

OVID:  Selections.    By  G.  G.  Ramsay,    With  appendix  on 

Roman  calendar,  by  W.  Ramsay.     Third  Edition.     53.  6d. 

Tristia.     By  S.  G.  Owen.     I,  Third  Edition,    3S.   6d. 

III,  Second  Edition,  revised,  2S. 

Metamorphoses,  III.     In  prcparation. 

Metamorphoses,  XI.      By  G.  A.  T.  Davies.     With  or 

without  vocabulary,  23. 

PLAUTUS:  Captivi.    By  W.  M.  Lindsay.    ^th  Ed.    2S.  6d. 
Mostellaria.     By  E.  A.  Sonnenschein.   2nd  Ed.    45.  6d. 

Text  interleaved. 

Rudens.     By  E.  A.  Sonnenschein.    Text  and  appendix 

on  scansion  interleaved.     4S.  6d. 

Trinummus.    By  C.  E.  Freeman  and  A.  Sloman.  Fourth 

Edition.     33. 

PLINY  :  Selected  Letters.     By  C.  E.  Prichard  and  E.  R. 

Bernard.     Third  Edition.     3S. 

QUINTILIAN  :  Institutio  Oratoria,  X.     By  W.  Peterson. 

Second  Edition.     3S.  6d. 

SALLUST:    Catiline   and  Jugurtha.      By  W.  W.  Capes. 

Second  Edition.     43.  6d. 

TACITUS.     By  H.  Furneaux. 

Annals,  I-IV.     Second  Edition.    5S.     Separately,  I,  2S. 
Annals.     (Text  only.)     6s. 
Agricola.     6s.  6d. 
Germania.     6s.  6d. 

By  H.   PlTMAN. 

Annals,  XIII-XVI.     With  map.     4S.  6d. 

5 


LATIN 

TERENCE  :  Adelphi.    By  A.  Sloman.    Second  Edition.    35. 
Andria.     By  C.  E.  Freeman  and  A.  Slqman.     2nd  Ed., 

revised.     35. 

Famulus.  As  performed  at  Westminster  School.  B}' 
J.  Sargeaunt  and  A.  G.  S.  Raynor.     2s. 

Phormio.    By  A.  Sloman.    Second  Edition,  revised.    35, 

Comedies.    By  S.  G.  AsHMORE.    6s.    {PubUshed  by  Mr. Frowde.) 

TIBULLUS    AND     PROPERTIUS:     Selections.       Dy 

G.  G.  Ramsay.     Third  Edition,  revised.     6s. 

VIRGIL.     By  T.  L.  Papillon  and  A.  E.  Haigh. 

Works.  Two  volumes.  3S.  6d.  (cloth  6s.)  each.  Sepa- 
rately  :  Aeneid,  in  parts,  I-III,  IV-VI,  VII-IX,  X-XII,  2S.  each  ; 
Aeneid,  IX,  by  A.  E.  Haigh,  is.  6d. ;  Bncolics  and  Georgics,  2S.  6d. 
Text  only,  3S.  6d.  (India  Paper,  55.^. 

By  C.  S.  Jerram. 
Aeneid,  I.     is.  6d. 
Bucolics.     2s.  6d. 
Georgics,  I-II  and  III-IV.     2s.  6d.  each. 

For  Oxford  Classical  Tcxts  see  p.  33. 


GREEK 

DICTIONARIES 

BY  H.  G.  LIDDELL  AND  R.  SCOTT 

ABRIDGED   GREEK-ENGLISH    LEXICON.    Twenty- 

first  Edition.     73.  6d. 

INTERMEDIATE     GREEK  -  ENGLISH      LEXICON. 

123.  6d. 

LARGER  GREEK-ENGLISH   LEXICON.     Eighth  Ed., 

revised  throughout.     365. 


CLARENDON  PRESS  SCHOOL  BOOKS 


GRAMMARS,  READERS,  ETC. 

ELEMENTARY  GREEK  GRAMMAR.    Accidence  and 

elementary  syntax.    By  J.  B.  Allen.     33. 

WORDSWORTH'S   GREEK    PRIMER.      Eighty-sixth 

thousand.     is.  6d. 

GREEK    READER.      Adapted,  with   English  notcs,  from 

Professorvon  Wilamowitz-MoellendorfTs  Griechisches  Lcsebuch.  With 
vocabularies.     By  E.  C.  Marchant.     Two  volumes.     2s.  each. 

SELECTIONS      FROM      PLUTARCH'S     LIFE     OF 

CAESAR.     With  notes.    By  R.  L.  A.  Du  Pontet.     2s. 

FIRST    GREEK    READER.      With  notes    and  vocabu- 

lary.     By  W.  G.  Rushbrooke.     Third  Edition.     2S.  6d. 

SECOND  GREEK  READER.    Selectionsfrom  Herodotus. 

With  introduction,  notes,  and  vocabulary.  By  A.  M.  Bell.  Second 
Edition.     3S. 

EASY  SELECTIONS   FROM  XENOPHON.     Adapted, 

vvith  notes,  vocabulary,  maps,  and  illustrations  from  coins,  casts,  and 
ancient  statues.  By  J.  S.  Phillpotts  and  C.  S.  Jerram.  Third 
Edition.     3S.  6d. 

SELECTIONS    FROM    XENOPHON.      Adapted,    with 

notes,  maps,  and  iilustrations  as  above.  By  J.  S.  Phillpotts.  New 
Edition,     3S.  6d.     Key  (to  §§  1-3,  2S.  6d.  net. 

SELECTIONS  FROM  GREEK  EPIC  AND  DRAMATIC 

POETRY.  With  introductions  and  notes.  By  Evelyn  Abbott. 
4S.  6d. 

AN    INTRODUCTION     TO     THE    COMPARATIVE 

Grammar  of  Greek  and  Latin.    By  J.  E.  King  and  C.  Cookson.    5S.  6d. 

REDDENDA  MINORA.     Greek  and  Latin  passages  for 

unseen  translation.  For  lower  forms.  By  C.  S.  Jerram.  Sixth 
Edition,  revised  and  enlarged.     is.  6d. 

ANGLICE  REDDENDA.     Greek  and  Latin  passages  for 

unseen  translation.  For  middle  and  higher  forms.  Ey  C.  S.  Jerram. 
Fifth  Edition.  2S.  6d.  Second  Series,New  Edition,  3S.  Third  Series, 
3S.     Separately,  Greek  Passages  (First  and  Second  Series),  3S. 

MODELS  AND   EXERCISES  IN  UNSEEN  TRANS- 

LATION  (LATIN  AND  GREEK).  By  H.  F.  Fox  and  J.  M.  Bromley. 
With  versions  of  the  early  passages.  Revised  Edition.  53.  6d.  Key, 
with  references  for  later  passages,  6d.  net. 

7 


GREEK 

COMPOSITION 

PROSE 

PRIMER  OF  GREEK    PROSE  COMPOSITION.     By 

J.  Y.  Sargent.     3s.  6d.     Key,  55.  net. 

GRAECE    REDDENDA.      Exercises  for  translation   into 

Greek,  with  vocabulary.     By  C.  S.  Jerram.     2s.  6d. 

PASSAGES  FOR  TRANSLATION  INTO  GREEK.    By 

J.  Y.  Sargent.    3s.    EXEMPLARIA  GRAECA  (select  Greek  versions 
of  some  passages  in  same),  35. 

VERSE 

HELPS,    HINTS,   AND   EXERCISES    FOR    GREEK 

VERSE  COMPOSITION.    By  C.  E.  Laurence.    33.  6d.    Key,  53.  net. 

MODELS  AND  MATERIALS  FOR  GREEK  lAMBIC 

VERSE.     By  J.  Y.  Sargent.     45.  6d.     Key,  55.  net. 


NEW  TESTAMENT  IN  GREEK 

GREEK  TESTAMENT.     With  the  Readings  adopted  by 

the  Revisers  of  the  Authorized  Vcrsion,  and  marginal  references.     New 
Edition.     45.  6d. 

NOVUM  TESTAMENTUM.    Edidit  C.  Lloyd.   35.    With 

Appendices  by  W.  Sanday,  6s. 

NOVUM  TESTAMENTUM.     Juxta  exemplar  Millianum. 

2S.  6d. 

EVANGELIA  SACRA  GRAECE.     is.  6d. 

GREEK     TESTAMENT     PRIMER.      By    E.    Miller. 

Second  Edition.     2s.  and  35.  6d. 


RESPONSIONS  PAPERS,  1901-1906.     With  answers  to 

mathematical  questions.    By  C.  A.  Marcon  and  F.  G.  Brabant.    3S.  6d. 


CLARENDON  PRESS  SCHOOL  BOOKS 


ANNOTATED  TEXTS 

AESCHYLUS.     By  A.  Sidgwick. 

Agamemnon.     Sixth  Edition,  revised.     35. 
Choephoroi.     New  Edition,  revised.     3S. 
Eumenides.     Third  Edition.     3S. 
Persae.     35.  Septem  contra  Thebas.     3S. 

By  A.  O.  Prickard. 
Prometheus  Bound.     Fourth  Edition,  revised.     2S. 
Prometheus  Bound.    Translated  by  R.  Whitelaw.  With 

introduction  and  notes  by  J.  Churton  Collins.      is.  net. 

Agamemnon.    Translated  by  J.  Conington.    With  intro- 

duction  and  notes  by  J.  Churton"  Collins.     is.  net. 

APPIAN,  I.     With  map.     By  J.  L.  Strachan-Davidson. 

33.  6d. 

ARISTOPHANES.     By  W.  W.  Merry. 
Acharnians.     Fifth  Edition,  revised.     3S. 
Birds.     Fourth  Edition.     35.  6d. 
Clouds.     Third  Edition.     35. 
Frogs.     Fifth  Edition.     3S. 
Knights.     Second  Edition,  revised.     33. 
Peace.     3S.  6d.  Wasps.     Second  Edition.     3S.  6d. 

CEBES  :  Tabula.     By  C.  S.  Jerram.     Paper,  is.  6d.;  cloth, 
2s.  6d. 

DEMOSTHENES.  ByEvELYN  ABBOTTand  P.  E.Matheson. 
Against  Philip.     Vol.  I:    Philippic  I,  Olynthiacs  I-III. 

Fourth  Edition.     33. 

Vol.  II  :  De  Pace,  Philippics  II-III,  De  Chersoneso. 

4S.  6d. 

Separately,  Philippics  I-III,  2S.  6d. 
On  the  Crown.     3S.  6d. 
Against  Meidias.     By  J.  R.  King.     3S.  6d. 

9 


GREEK 

EURIPIDES  :  Alcestis.    By  C.  S.  Jerram.    5th  Ed.    2s.  6cl. 
Eacchae.     By  A.  H.  Cruickshank.     39.  6d. 
Cyclops.     By  W.  E.  Long.     2s.  6d. 
Hecuba.    By  C.  B.  Heberden.     2s.  6d. 
Helena.     B3'  C.  S.  Jerram.     Second  Ed.,  revised.     35. 
Heracleidae.     By  C.  S.  Jerram.    New  Ed.,  revised.    35. 
lon.     By  C.  S.  Jerram.     3S. 

Iphigenia  in  Tauris.     By  C.  S.  Jerram.     New  Ed.     35. 
Medea.     By  C.  B.  Heberden.     ^rd  Ed.,  revised.     2S. 
Alcestis.     Translated   b}'   H.    Kvnaston.     With    intro- 

duction  and  notes  by  J.  Churton  Collins.     is.  net. 

HERODOTUS:  Selections.     By  W.  W.  Merry.    2s.  6d. 
IX.     By  Evelyn  Abbott.     3S. 
V,  VI.     By  Evelyn  Abbott.     6s. 

HOMER:    Iliad,    I-XII.     With   Homeric   grammar.      By 

D.  B.  MoNRO.     Fifth  Edition,  revised.    6s.    Separately,  I,  with  gramraar 
and  notes,  Third  Edition,  is.  6d. 

XIII-XXIV.     By  D.  B,  Monro.     Fourth  Edition.     6s. 
III.     By  M.  T.  Tatham.     is.  6d. 
XXI.     By  Herbert  Hailstone.     is.  6d. 
Odyssey.     By  W.  W.  Merry. 

I-XII.     Sixty-sixth  thousand.   5S.    Separately,  I  and  II, 

is.  6d.  each  ;  VI-VII,  is.  6d.  ;  VII-XII,  35. 

XIII-XXIV.     Sixteenth  thousand,  revised.    55.     Sepa- 
rately,  XIII-XVIII,  35.;  XIX-XXIV,  3S. 

LUCIAN  :    Vera   Historia,      By   C.    S.   Jerram.     Second 

Edition,  revised  and  enlarged.     is.  6d. 

LYSIAS  :  Epitaphios.     By  F,  J.  Snell.    2s. 

PLATO  :  Apology.    By  St,  George  Stock.    ^rd  Ed.    2s.  6d. 
Crito.     By  St.  George  Stock.     2S. 
Euthydemus,     By  E,  H.  Gifford.     3S,  6d. 
Euthyphro.     By  St.  George  Stock.     2s.  6d. 
lon.     By  St.  George  Stock.     In  thc  Prcss. 
Menexenus,     By  J,  A,  Shawyer.     2s, 
Meno.    By  St,  George  Stock,    Third  Edition^  revised, 

with  appendix.     2S.  6d. 

Selections.    By  J,  Purves.    With  Preface  by  B.  Jowett. 

Second  Edition.     5S. 


CLARENDON  PRESS  SCHOOL    BOOKS 

PLUTARCH  :  Lives  of  the  Gracchi.     By  G.  E.  Underhill. 

4S.  6d. 

Selections   from    Life   of  Caesar,      By   R.    L.   A.    Du 

PONTET.       2S. 

Life  of  Coriolanus.     2S. 
SOPHOCLES  :  Works.    By  Lewis  Campbell  and  Evelyn 

Abbott.  New  and  revised  Edition.  Vol.  I :  text,  43.  6d,  Vol.  II : 
notes,  6s.  Separately  (text  with  notes)  :  Ajax,  Aniigone,  Eledra, 
Oedipus  Coloneus,  Oedipus  Tyrannus,  Philoctetes,  Trachiniae,  2S.  each. 

Scenes.       With   illustrations.        By    C.    E.    Laurence. 

I  :  Ajax.     II  :  Antigone.     is.  6d.  each. 
Antigone.     Translated  by  R.  Whitelaw.     With  intro- 

duction  and  notes  bv  J.  Churton  Collins.     is.  net. 

THEOCRITUS.    By  H.  Kynaston.    Fifth  Edition.    4S.  6d. 
THUCYDIDES,  III.     By  H.  F.  Fox.     3S.  6d. 

IV.    ByT.  R.  MiLLS.   33.  6d.    Separately, 

Notes,  2s.  6d. 
XENOPHON  :  Anabasis.    With  vocabulary  to  each  volume. 
By  J.   Marshall.      I,  II    (by  C.  S.  Jerram),  III,   IV,  is.  6d.  each. 
III-IV,  35.     Separately,  Vocabulary,  is. 

Cyropaedia.     By  C.  Bigg.     I,  2S.     IV,  V,  2S.  6d. 
Hellenica.     By  G.  E.  Underhill.     7S.  6d.     Separately, 

I-II,  3S. 

Memorabilia.     By  J.  Marshall.     45.  6d. 

ANCIENT  HISTORY 

SOURCES  FOR  ROMAN  HISTORY,  b.c.  133-70.    By 

A.  H.  J.  Greenidge  and  A.  M.  Clay.     55.  6d.  net. 

SOURCES  FOR  GREEK  HISTORY  between  the  Per- 

sian  and  Peloponnesian  Wars.     By  G.  F.  Hill.     Reissue.     los.  6d.  net 

LATIN  HISTORICAL  INSCRIPTIONS,  illustrating  the 

bistory  of  the  Early  Empire.     By  G.  M^N.  Rushforth.      ios.  net. 

MANUAL     OF     GREEK     HISTORICAL     INSCRIP- 

TIONS.    By  E.  L.  Hicks.    New  Edition,  revised  by  G.  F.  Hill.   i2s.  6d. 

ATTIC    THEATRE:      A   description    of  the    Stage  and 

Theatreofthe  Athenians  By  A.  E.  Haigh.  Illustrated.  Third  Edition, 
revised  and  partly  rewritten  by  A.  W.  Pickard-Cambridge.    ios.  6d.  net. 

RISE  OF  THE  GREEK  EPIC.      By  Gilbert  Murray. 

6s.  net. 

ANCIENT  CLASSICAL  DRAMA.     By  R.  G.  Moulton. 

8s.  6d. 

POST-AUGUSTAN    POETRY    FROM    SENECA  TO 

JUVENAL.     By  H.  E.  Butler.     8s.  6d.  net. 

II 


OXFORD   CLASSICAL   TEXTS 


Asconius.     Clark.     33.  6<1. 

Cacsaris  Commcntarii.     Du  Pontet. 
a  vols.     as.  6d.  and  35.     f^s.  > 

Catulli  Carmina.      Lllis.     as.  od. 

CatuUus.   Tibullus    and    Propcrtius. 
8s.  6d. 

Ciceronis    Epistulac.       Purser. 
4  vols.     6s.,  4S.  6d. ,  45.  6d.,  35. 
(Complctc,  ais.) 

Ciccronis  Oralioncs.  Ci.ark.  Pro 
Milonc,  Cacsarianac,  Philippicac, 
3S.  Pro  Roscio.  Dc  Impcrio  Cn. 
Pompci,  Pro  Cluentio,  In  Cati- 
linam,  Pro  Murcna,  l'ro  C.iclio,  35. 
In  Q.  Caccilium,  In  C.  Vcrrcm, 
Petkrson.  4S.  . Complctc.  i8s.6d.  > 
Pro    P.    niiinrtin'    l'ri'    <>     l\(i-~n') 


C.MII... 

I.cci    Aci.iii.i 


.\. 


(   ;iL.  iii.<.      I»c 
Kiilluin,  l'rw 


t".       l\.Uiir;-,i      1 '-■■  .lii'-li!i>nis      K<  u. 
Pro    L.     Fi.icco.    In     L.    Pi^onrtn, 


P.  R.ibino  Postumo,  ^.js. 

WlLKlNS. 


Ciccronis   Ktictorica 

3  vols      33.  .ind  35. 6d. 

Completc,  75.  6d. 
CorncIiNepotisVitae.  Winstedt.  as. 
Horati  Opera.  Wickha.m.  33.   4s.6d. 
Lucrcti  dc  Rcrum  Natura.     Bailey. 

3S.     ,4S.i 
Martialis    Epigjammata.      Lindsay. 

6s.     (75. 6d. 
Persi  et  luvenalis  Saturae.     Owen. 

3s.     (4S.. 
Plauti  Comoediae.     Lindsay.  Vol.  I, 

6s.  Vol.  II,  6s.  Complcte,  i6s.) 
Properti  Carmina.  Phillimore.  3S. 
Stati  Silvae.  Phillimore.  35.  6d. 
Statius,  Thebais  and  Achilleis.   Gar- 

ROD.     6s.    (With  Siivae,  los.  6d.) 
Taciti  Op.  Min.     Fl'rne.\ux.     as. 
Taciti  Annales.    Fisher.    6s.    '^7S.) 
Terenti  Comoediae.  Tyrrell.  35.  6d. 

(5S.) 
TibuUi  Carmina.     Postgate.     as. 
Vergili   Opera.       Hirtzel.       35.  6d. 

v4S.  6d. 
Appendix  Vergiliana.  Ellis.    45. 


Acschyli  Trapoediac.  Sidcwick. 
35.  6d.       43.  6d.) 

Antoninus.     Leopold.     3S.     (45.) 

Apollonii  Rhodii  Argonautica.  Sea- 
ton.     3». 

Aristophanis  Comoediae.    Hall  and 
Geldart.     a  vols.,  3S.  6d.  each. 
(Complcte,  8s.  6d  ) 

Bucolici     Graeci.       voN     Wilamo- 

WITZ-MoELLENDORrr.     ^S.      (4S. ) 

Dcmosthcnis  Orationcs.  Butcher. 
Vol.  I,  4S.6d.  Vol.  II,Pt.  I,3s.  6d. 
(Vols.  1  and  II,  Pl.  I,  las.  6d.) 

Euripidis  Tragoediac  Murray. 
Vol.  I,  35.  6d.  Vol.  II.  3S.  6d. 
Vols.  I  and  li  togcthcr,  9S. ; 

Hcrodoti  Historiae.    Hude.    a  vols., 
4S.  6d.  each. 
Complctc,  las.  6d.) 

Homcri  Ilias.  Monro  and  Allen. 
2  vols..  3s.  each.     ;Coinplcte,  7S.) 

Homcri  Oiyssca.  Allen.  a  vols., 
33.  cach.      \Complete,  6s.) 

Hyperides.     Kenyon.     3S.  6d. 

Longinus.     Prickard.     as.  6d, 

Platonis  Opera.  Burnet.  Vols. 
I-III.  6s.  each  7S.  each\  Vol.  IV, 
75.  ,8s.  6d.  .  Vol.  V,  8s.  (los  6d.). 
Separatcly  — Respublica,6s.  75.); 
on  4to  paper,  los.  6d.  First  and 
Fifth  Tetralogies,  separately,  paper 
covers,  as.  cach. 

Theophrasti     Charactcres.       Diels. 


35.  6d. 

Thucydidis  Historiae.  Stuart  Joses. 

2  vols.,  35. 6d.  each. 
Complete,  8s.  6d.,, 

Xenophontis  Opera.     Marchant. 

3  vols.    3S.,  3s.  6d.,  3S. 
(Complete,  las.  6<i  ) 

All  volumes  are  in  crown  8vo.  Prices  above  are  for  copies  bound  in  limp 
cloth,  Prices  in  brackets  are  for  editions  on  Oxford  India  paper.  Uncut 
copies  may  be  had  in  paper  covers  at  6d.  less  per  vol.  is.  less  for  those 
priced  from  6s.  in  cloth*.  Volumes  may  be  ordered  interleaved  with  writing- 
paper,  bound  ia  stiff  cloth  :  prices  on  application.     FmII  prospecius  posi  fm. 


o 
to 

OD 


O 

c 

U 

cd 

»f  . 

(D    > 
0     Q) 


^ 


•H 


•H 

e  iH 

o  P 

f-t  o 

<H  O 

CO  T: 

-P  C 

O  Oj       • 

fn  •-     • 

4^  -P  H 

}><  -P    O 

W  O  > 


0) 
G) 

00 
CD 
C» 


University  of  Toronto 
Library 


DO  NOT 

REMOVE 

THE 

CARD 

FROM 

THIS 

POCKET 


Acme  Library  Card  Pocket 
LOWE-MARTIN  CO.  LlMiTED 


I 


^  C   i*>:w.«m.ewiwwii'iWDtt<wwcwi 
XTuuwtun.nmmuf<fimiw,miujimi.im 


u.i.u  ^vauuwujim.uun.w«a 


i,iKiiii.iiiiu,i,imii.t