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AER'S  ILIAD,  BOOKS  I.,  VI.,  XX.,  &  XXIV. 

Copious  Vocabulary.     By  James  Fergusson,  M.D., 
of  the  West  End  Academy,  Aberdeen.    12mo,  3s.  6d. 
First  published  in  August  1851. 

OLYMPUS  AND  ITS  INHABITANTS: 

itive  Sketch  of  the  CLASSICAL  MYTHOLOGY. 
NES  Smith.  Edited  by  John  Carmichael,  M.A.,  one 
Classical  Masters  of  the  High  School,  Edinburgh. 
TO,  3s.  6d.  cloth.    Nearly  ready. 


NEW  FRENCH  DIALOGUES;     . 

Introduction  to  French  Pronunciation,  a  copious  Vo- 
ry,  and  Models  of  Epistolary  Correspondence.  By 
EL  Su  uENNE,  French  Teacher  in  Edinburgh,  and  Author 
"  Standard  Pronouncing  Dictionary  of  the  French  and 
h  Languages."  Fcap  8vo,  144  pages,  price  2s.  cloth. 
mblished  in  June  1851. 


CHEAP  PHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY  FOR  SCHOOLS,  ) 

;  144  closely  printed  pages,  price  only  Is.  cloth.    First  published 
in  November  1850.  j» 

ELEMENTS  OF  PHYSICArGEOURAPHY, 

TLINES'of  GEOLOGY,  MATHEMATICAL  GEO- 
'HY,  and  ASTRONOMY,  and  Questions  for  Exam 
I.  By  Hugo  Reid,  Author  of  the  •"  Elements  of  Ad 
ly,"  &c.  With  numerous  Illustrations,  and  a  larg 
id  Physical  Chart  of  the- Globe,  by  W.  &  A.  K.  Johk 
Intended  as  a  Companion  to  all  Geographies. 

roNAL  Times.—"  We  do  not  hesitate  to  proiounce  this  treatise 
lost  copious,  the  best  arranged,  the  most  compact  and  manage- 
ve  seen  on  the  subject." 

OF  England  QiJARTERLY  Review. — "This  is  a  wonderfully 
luction,  and  equally  in  matter  as  in  manner  is  admirably  got  up.        |  I 
aw  so  much  information  offered  on  such  terras.     .     .    Altogether  p^l  j 
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1.    We  can  heartily  commend  it."  C/  ' 


0965mF  DECERPTA 


p.  OVIDII  NASONIS 

METAMORPHOSE  ON 

LIBRIS ; 

WITH 

ENGLISH  NOTES, 


MYTHOLOGICAL,  GEOGRAPHICAL,  AND 
HISTORICAL  INDEX. 


By  GEORGE  FERGUSON,  A.M., 

Professor  of  Humanity,  University  and  King's  College,  Aberdeen ; 
formerly  one  of  the  Masters  of  the  Edinburgh  Academy. 


Sbixtty  lEDition. 


EDINBURGH: 

OLIVER  &  BOYD,  TVVEEDDALE  COURT. 

LONDON  :   SIMPKIN,  MARSHALL,  &  CO. 

MDCCCXLIX. 

[Price  Two  Shillings  and  Sixpence  bound.] 


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Printed  by  Oliver  &  Boyd, 
Tweeddale  Cotirt,  Uigb  &trtet,  Edinburgh. 


PREFACE.  iy  ^  L- 1 


In  oflfering  to  the  Public  a  New  Edition  of  the  "  De- 
cerpta  from  Ovid's  Metamorphoses,"  it  may  be  proper  to 
explain  shortly  the  plan  which  has  been  adopted.  The 
object  of  the  Editor  has  been  to  furnish  Teachers  with 
an  edition  of  a  long-established  schoolbook,  adapted  to 
the  present  state  of  classical  scholarship,  and  to  the 
system  of  teaching  now  pursued  in  our  burgh  and 
parochial  schools.  He  has  endeavoured  to  give  a  correct 
Text,  with  Explanatory  Notes  on  each  page,  and  has  be- 
sides added  an  Indfex,  containing  Mythological,  Geo- 
graphical, and  Historical  Illustrations. 

The  Text  has  been  formed  after  a  careful  comparison 
of  the  edition  of  Burman,  1727,  with  those  of  Jahn,  1832  ; 
of  Bach,  1831-6 ;  and  of  Baumgarten^Crusius,  1834. 
To  none  of  these  has  the  Editor  strictly  adhered  :  in  all 
disputed  passages  he  has  thought  himself  at  liberty  to 
exercise  his  own  judgment,  and  has  not  hesitated  to 
adopt  the  improvements  of  the  German  Philologists, 
when  these  were  supported  by  manuscript  authority,  or 
justified  by  the  rules  of  fair  and  legitimate  criticism. 
To  the  Punctuation  of  the  Text  he  has  paid  particular 


W  PREFACE. 

attention,  and  hopes  that  without  injuring  the  sentences 
by  too  minute  a  division,  he  has  succeeded  in  making 
the  meaning  sufl&ciently  intelligible. 

In  the  Notes  which  are  appended  to  the  Text,  a 
translation  has  been  given  of  those  expressions  and 
clauses  which  seemed  likely  to  obstruct  the  progress  of 
the  learner,  together  with  such  illustrations  as  appeared 
necessary  to  elucidate  grammatical  and  idiomatic  diffi- 
culties, or  to  put  bJTTi  in  possession  of  the  meaning  of  the 
Author.  To  prevent  the  Text  from  being  overloaded 
with  Notes,  and  also  to  hold  out  an  inducement  to  the 
Pupil  to  consult  the  Index,  the  expressions  in  immediate 
connexion  with  Proper  Names  are  there  explained.  Up- 
wards of  400  passages  have  thus  been  illustrated,  be- 
sides many  others  to  which  references  merely  have 
been  given.  In  this  part  of  his  work  the  Editor  has 
had  recourse  to  the  annotations  of  Gierig,  Jahn,  and 
Bach,  and  to  Billerbeck's  Dictionary  to  the  Metamor- 
phoses.* Numerous  references  have  also  been  made 
in  the  Notes  to  Adam's  Roman  Antiquities,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  drawing  the  attention  of  the  Pupil  to  a  work 
an  acquaintance  with  which  is  essential  to  the  under- 
standing of  the  classical  writers.  They  are  marked 
A.R.A.,  and  apply  to  the  edition  of  Dr  Boyd,  which  has 
been  preferred,  both  because  it  is  cheap,  and  also  be- 
cause, being  stereotyped,  the  numbers  of  the  pages  are 
not  likely  to  be  changed. 

The  Index  has  been  compiled  solely  for  the  purpose 


*    f'oJJsfSndiges  Worterhvch  zn  den  (^encandlimgen  des   Ovi- 
dius  Naso.      Fon  Dr  Juiiu*  Billerbeck.     Hannover,  1831. 


PREFACE. 


of  illustrating  the  Text,  and  therefore  lays  no  claim  to 
originality.  In  the  Mythological  Articles,  the  Editor 
has  availed  himself  of  the  labours  of  Mr  Keightley, 
in  his  excellent  work  on  "  The  Mythology  of  Ancient 
Greece  and  Italy,"  from  which,  in  addition  to  the  more 
common  sources  of  infomiation,  the  materials  hare 
been  chiefly  drawn.  The  indelicate  detaUs  have  been 
stated  very  briefly,  while  those  which  bear  more  im- 
mediately upon  the  narrative  of  Ovid  have  been  given 
at  greater  length.  To  those  who  are  acquainted  with 
the  Ovidian  Mythology,  as  developed  m  the  Metamor- 
phoses, it  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  it  is  attended 
with  very  considerable  difficulties  in  the  explanation, 
in  consequence  of  the  frequent  mixing  up  of  the  older 
Mythi  with  those  which  the  author  had  derived  from 
a  later  period  of  Greek  literature.  His  system  is  thus 
rendered  incongruous,  and  the  various  parts  of  it  irre- 
concilable with  each  other.  The  Editor  can  scarcely 
venture  to  hope  that  he  has  in  every  case  rendered  it 
intelligible  to  the  learner ;  but  he  has  endeavoured  to 
do  so  as  far  as  the  subject  and  the  limits  which  he  had 
prescribed  to  himself  woiild  permit. 

In  drawmg  up  the  Articles  on  Geography,  he  has 
consulted  the  works  of  Dr  Cramer,  on  Ancient  Italy, 
Greece,  and  Asia  Minor,  and  has  availed  himself  ii-eely 
of  their  contents,  and  particularly  of  the  admirable 
digest  of  them  which  is  given  in  the  Eton  Geography. 
His  obligations  to  this  last  work  deserve  a  more  exten- 
sive acknowledgment ;  and  he  embraces  this  opportunity 
of  expressing  the  great  satisfaction  which  he  has  always 
had  in  consulting  it,  and  the  perfect  reliance  which  he 


VI  PREFACE. 

has  felt  himself  justified  in  placing  on  its  accuracy.  In 
the  Orthography  of  Modern  Names  he  has  followed  it 
exclusively. 

The  Historical  Articles,  which  are  not  numerous,  have 
been  prepared  with  all  possible  care. 

On  the  last  two  pages  of  the  Index  will  be  found  a 
Table  of  the  Declension  of  Greek  Nouns,  and  a  list  of 
the  lines  which  contain  any  peculiarity  of  Scanning. 

Edinburgh  Academt, 
Auffust  1838. 


DECERPTA,  &c. 


BOOK  I. 


PROtEMIUM. 

In  nova  fert^  animus  mutatas  dicere  formas 
Corpora.^     Di,  coeptis,  nam  vos  mutastis  et  illas,' 
Adspirate  meis,  primaque  ab  origine  mundi 
Ad  mea  perpetuum*  deducite  tempora  carmen. 

Fab.  I. — Chaos  and  the  Creation. 

Ante  mate  et  ten-as''  et,  quod  tegit  omnia,  coelum, 

Unus  erat  toto  naturae  vultus^  in  orbe. 

Quern  dixere^  Chaos ;  rudis  indigestaque  moles  ; 

Nee  quicquam,  nisi  pondus  rners  ;  congestaque  eodein 

Non  bene  junctarum  discordia  semina*  rerum.  5 

Nullus  adhuc  mundo  prsebebat  lumina  Titan  ; 

Nee  nova  crescendo  reparabat  cornua  Phoebe  ; 

Nee  cii'cumfuso  pendebat  in  aere  Tellus 

Ponderibus  librata^  suis  ;  nee  brachia  longo 

1  Anim\is  fert  {me),  my  mind  inclines  me,  I  purpose,  I  intend. 

2  Formas  mutatas  in  nova  corpora,  bodies  changed  into  new  forms, 
i.  e.  the  transformation  of  bodies.  The  words  formas  and  corpora  may  be 
here  considered  as  synonymous. 

3  Mutastis  et  illas.  you  transformed  them  also  ;  be  pleased  therefore  to 
a-.sist  me  m  recording  the  transformations. 

4  Perpetuum  carmen,  a  connected  or  uninterr^ipted popm,—so  tliat  each 
transformation  may  be  connected  with  that  -which  precedes  it. 

5  Ante  mare  et  terras,  before  the  (sejiarate)  existence  of  sea  and  land. 
Terras,  for  which  there  is  sufficient  manuscript  authority,  has  been  adopted 

instead  of  the  common  reading,  tellus. 

6  Unus  vultus  erat  naturae,  there  was  one  appear ance  of  nature,  nature 
presented  one  unvaried  appearance.  7  Dixere  (i.  e.  homines). 

8  Discordia  semina,  the  incongruous  principles,  or  elements,  i.  e.  fire,  or 
ether,  air,  earth,  and  water.  The  order  is,  discordiaque  semina  rerum 
non  bene  junctarum  congesta  eodem,  huddled  together  in  the  someplace. 

9  Librata  suis  ponderibus  balanced  by  its  own  weight  kepi  in  equiU- 
brium. 

A 


2  CHAOS  AND  THE  CREATION.  LBOOK  1. 

Margine  terrarum  porrexerat  Amphitrite.  10 

Quaque  fuit  tellus,  illic  et  pontus  ct  aer  ; 

Sic  erat  instabilis'  tellus,  innabilis  unda, 

Lucis  egens  aer  :  nuUi  sua  forma  iiiancbat ; 

Obstabatque  aliis  aliud  :^  quia  corpore  in  uno 

Frigida  pugnabant  calidis,  humentia  siccis,  15 

Mollia  cum  duris,  sine  pondere  habentia  pondus.' 

Hanc  Deus  et  melior  litem  Natura  diremit : 
Nam  coelo  terras,  et  terris  abscidit  undas, 
Et  liquidum  spisso  secrevit  ab  aere  coelum.^ 
Quae*  postquam  evolvit  caecoque  exemit  acervo,  20 

Dissociata  locis  concordi  pace  ligavit.*" 
Ignea  convexi  vis  et  sine  pondere  cceli 
Emicuit,'  summaque  locum  sibi  legit  in  ai'ce. 
Proximus  est  aer  illi  levitate  locoque  ; 
Densior  his  tellus,  elementaque  grandia  traxit,*  25 

Et  pressa  est  gravitate  sui :  circumfluus  humor 
Ultima''  possedit,  solidunique  coercuit  orbem. 

Fab.  II. — The,  Creation  of  Man. 

Sic  ubi  dispositam,  quisquis  fuit  ille  Deorum, 
Congeriem  secuit  sectamque  in  membra  redegit  ;'" 
Principio  terram,  ne  non  aequalis  ab  omni 
Parte  foret,  niagni  sj)eciem  glomeravit  in  orbis. 


1  Instabilis,  unstable,  not  fixed,  or  not  to  be  stood  upon. 

2  Aliud  obstabat  aliis,  one  element  stood  in  the  tear/  of  others. 

3  Habentia  pondus  (pugnabant  cum  its qtue erant)  sine  pondere,  bodies 
having  weight  struggled  u-iih  those  which  were  without  weight,  i.  e.  heavy 
bodies  with  light. 

4  Liquidum  coelum,  the  pure  ether ;  aere,  the  atmosphere. 

5  Qua  {semiiia,  or  eleinenta),  these,  the  elements  previously  mentioned. 

6  Dissociata  locis  llgavit  concordi  pace,  being  disunited  from  their  (for- 
mer) places,  /cf  combined  in  harmonious  peace. 

7  Ignea  et  sine  pondere  vis  convexi  coeli  emicuit,  Vicfieiy  and  weighUe»* 
element  of  the  vaulted  heaven,  i.  e.  the  ether,  darted  up.  Vis  call  are  used 
for  ccelum,  and  convexi  is  used  in  the  sense  of  concavi. 

8  Traxit  grandia  elementa,  attracted  the  heavier  particles  tif  matter. 

9  Possedit  ultima  (loca),  took  possession  (if  the  most  remote  parts;  as  en- 
circling the  extremities  of  the  earth's  surface. 

10  The  order  is,  Ubi  (Deus),  quisquis  deorum  illefuit,  secuit  congeriem 
»ic  dispositam,  redegitque  {earn)  sectam  in  membra,  and  reduced  it  when 
thus  divided  to  (distinct)  elements,  i.  e.  to  fire,  air,  earth  and  tcater. 


FAB,  II.J  THE  CREATION  OF  MAN.  3 

Turn  freta  diffundi,  rapidisque  tumescere  ventis  5 

Jussit,  et  ambitae  circumdare  litora  terras. 

Addidit  ct  fontes,  immensaque  stagna  lacusque, 

Fluminaque  obliquis  cinxit  declivia  ripis  : 

0,1186  diversa  locis'  partim  sorbentur  ab  ipsa,* 

In  mare  perveniunt  partim,  campoque  recepta  10 

Liberioris  aquae  pro  ripis  litora  pulsant. 

Jussit  et  extendi  campos,  subsidere  valles, 

Fronde  tegi  silvas,  lapidosos  surgere  montes. 

Utque  duse  dextra'  coelum  totidemque  sinistra 

Parte  secant  ZonsB,  quinta  est  ardentior  illis  ;  1 5 

Sic  onus  inclusum  numero  distinxit*  eodem 

Cura  Dei,  totidemque  plagae  tellure  premuntur.' 

Quarum  quae  media®  est,  non  est  habitabilis  aestu  ; 

Nix  tegit  alta  duas ;  totidem  inter  utramque  locavit, 

Temperiemque^  dedit  mixta  cum  frigore  flamma.        20 

Imminet  his  aer,  qui,  quanto  est  pondere  terrae 

Pondus  aquae  levius,  tanto  est  onerosior  igni." 

Illic'  et  nebulas,  illic^  consistere  nubes 

Jussit,  et  humanas  motura'°  touitrua  mentes, 

Et  cum  fubninibus  facientes  frigora  ventos."  2-5 

His  quoque  non  passim  mundi  fabricator  habendum''^ 

1  Diversa  locis,  for  diversis  locis,  in  various  places.  Diversa  is  here 
made  to  agree  with  quce,  the  nominative  to  the  verb,  instead  of  being  in  the 
same  case  as  locis,  a  form  of  expression  not  unusual  with  Ovid.   See  1,6,  11. 

2  Sorbentur  ab  (terra)  ipsa,  are  swallowed  up  by  the  earth  itself.  See 
Arethusa  in  Index. 

3  Utque  duffi  Zonse  secant  coelum  dextra  parte,  and  as  two  zones  divide 
the  heaven  on  the  right.    See  Zona. 

4  Distinxit  inclusum  onus,  divided  the  enclosed  mass,  i.  e.  the  earth, 
•which  was  supposed  to  be  included  within  the  sphere  of  the  heavens. 

5  Totidemque  piagas  premuntur  (Mi)  tellure,  and  as  many  zones  are 
marked  on  the  earth,  i.  e.  are  imprinted  on  the  earth  by  the  corresponding 
zones  of  the  celestial  sphere. 

6  Quarum  {zonarum,  zona)  quae  est  media,  of  which  zones  that  which  it 
in  the  centre. 

7  Temperiera,  due  temperature ;  mixta  flamma,  by  mixing  heat. 

8  Qui  est  tanto  onerosior  igni,  quanto  pondus  aquae  est  levius  ponders 
terrae,  which  is  as  much  heavier  than  fire  (i.  e.  ethet-)  as  the  weight  qf  water 
{slighter  than  the  tveight  of  earth. 

9  lUic,  there,  i.  e.  in  the  atmosphere.      10  Motura,  calculated  to  alarm. 

11  Ventos  cum  fulminibus,  for  fuhnina  et  ventos,  a  form  of  expression 
frequently  employed  by  Ovid. 

12  Habendum  passim,  to  be  possessed  by  them  without  control. 


4  THE  CREATION  OF  MAN.  [booK  I. 

Aera  permisit :    vix  nunc  obsistitur'  illis, 

Q,uum  sua  quisque  rcgant^  diverse  flamina  tractu, 

Quin  lament  mundum  ;  tantaest  discordiafratrum/ 

Eurus  ad  Auroram  Nabataeaque  regna  recessit  SO 

Persidaque,  et  radiis  juga  subdita  matutinis. 

Vesper  et  occiduo  quae  litora  Sole  tepescunt, 

Proxiraa  sunt  Zepliyro ;  Scytbiam  Septemque  trionera* 

Hori'ifer  invasit  Boreas  ;  contraria  tellus^ 

Nubibus  assiduis  pluvioque  madeseit  ab  Austro.  P-5 

Haec  super  imposuit  liquidum  et  gravitate  carentem 

jEthera,  nee  quicquam  terrenoe  faecis  habentem.'' 

Vix  ea  limitibus  dLssepserat  omnia  certis, 

Q,uum,  quae  pressa  diu  massa  latuere  sub  ilia, 

Sidera  coeperunt  toto  effervescere"  coelo.  40 

Neu  regio  foret  ulla  suis  animantibus'  orba, 

Astra  tenent  coeleste  solum/  formaeque  Deorum  ; 

Cesserunt  nitidis  habitandee  piscibus  undae  ; 

Terra  feras  cepit,  volucres  agitabilis  aer. 

Sanctius  his  animal  mentisque  capacius  altae'"         45 
Deerat  adhuc,  et  quod  dominari  in  cetera  posset. 
Natus  homo  est,  sive  hunc  divino  semiue  fecit 
Ills  opifex  rerum,  mundi  melioiis  origo ;" 
Sive  recens  tellus,  seductaque  nuper  ab  alto 
JEthere,  cognati  retinebat  semina  coeli.'*  50 

1  Vix  obsi?tifiir  illis— quin  lanient  mnndum,  resistanceis  with  difficulty 
made  to  Otem ,-  they  can  scarcely  be  prevented  from  tearing  the  uwld  to 
pieces. 

2  RegarU  refers  to  the  ti-inds  collectively,  and  is  therefore  put  in  the  plural ; 
while  quisque  refers  to  each  singly,  and  requires  re{iat  to  be  supplied  in 
the  singular.  3  Fratrum,  See  Ventus.    A.  R.  A.  473. 

4  Septemque  trionem, /or  Septemtrionemque,  and  the  north, 
a  Contraria  tellus,  the  opposite  part  of  the  earth,  the  southern. 

6  Nee  habentem  quicquam  terrenae  fa;cis,  and  containing  no  portion  of 
earthy  maUei:    Ea,  these,  i.  e.  thefour  elements. 

7  Effervescere  toto  coelo,  to  burst  forth  over  the  whole  sky. 

8  Suis  animantibus,  animals  peculiar  to  itself. 

!•  Cceleste  solum,  the  firmament  of  heaven  ;  formse  Deorum,  J^rDii. 

10  Capacius  altse  mentis,  more  capal/lc  of  lofty  thought, 

1 1  Origo  melioris  mundi,  the  creator  of  a  better  world. 

12  'RetinehSLt  seminsi  cogna.t\  cceli,  still  retained  the  properties  of  heaven,  to 
which  it  was  related.  It  was  a  dogma  of  the  Pythagoreans  that  the 
soul  of  man  was  a  portion  of  that  all-pervading  deity  who  animated  the 
universe. 


FAB.  II.]  THE  CREATION  OF  MAN.  5 

Q,uam  satus  lapeto,  mixtam  fluvialibus  undis, 
Finxit  in  effigiem  moderantum  cuncta  Deorum. 
Pronaque  quum  spectent^  animalia  cetera  terrain, 
Os  homini  sublime  dedit,  ccelumque  tueri 
Jussit,  et  erectos  ad  sidera  tollere  viiltus.  35 

Sic,  modo  quae  fuerat  rudis  et  sine  imagine,  tellus 
Induit  iguotas  honiinum  conversa  figuras.* 

Fab.  III. — The  Four  Ages. 

AuKEA  prima  sata  est  eetas,  quae,  vindice'  nullo, 
Sponte  sua,  sine  lege,  fidem  rectumque  colebat.* 
Poena  metusque  aberant ;  nee  verba  minacia  fixo 
iEre'  legebantur  :  nee  supplex  turba  tiniebant 
Judicis  ora  sui ;  sed  erant  sine  judice  tuti.  5 

Nondum  caesa  suis,  peregrinum  ut  viseret  orbem, 
Montibus  in  liquidas  pinus  descenderat^  undas  ; 
NuUaque  mortales  praeter  sua  litora  norant. 
Nondum  praecipites  cingebant  oppida  fossae  ; 
Non  tuba  directi,'  non  aeris  comua  flexi,  10 

Non  galeae,  non  ensis  erant ;  sine  militis  usu 
Mollia  securse  peragebant  otia  gentes. 
Ipsa  quoque  unmunis  rastroque  intacta,  nee  ullis 
Saucia  vomeribus,  per  se  dabat*  omnia  tellus  ; 
Contentique  cibis,  nullo  cogente,  creatis,  15 

Arbuteos  fetus,'^  montanaque  fraga  legebant, 

1  Prona  spectent  teiTam,  stooping  downicards  look  upon  Vie  earth. 

2  Conversa  induit  figuras  hominum  ignotas,  being  changed  assumed  the 
figures  of  men,  till  then  unknown. 

3  NuUo  vindice,  wiVwut  any  avenger  of  wrong.    The  ablative  absolute. 

4  Colebat  fidem  rectumque,  practised  honesty  and  integrity. 

5  Fixo  sere,  on,  plates  of  brass  fixed  up.  See  Adam's  Roman  Antiqui- 
ties, p.  79. 

6  Nondum  descenderat  in  liquidas  undas,  had  not  pet  descended  into  the 
liquid  waves,  had  not  yet  been  launched.  Pinus  is  here  used  for  a  ship, 
because  ships  were  frequently  made  of  pine.    A.  R.  A.  347. 

7  Non  tuba  directi  (ceris),  no  trumpet  of  straight  brass.    A.  R.  A.  314. 

8  Ipsa  per  se  dabat  omnia,  produced  spontaneously  all  kinds  of  fruit. 

9  Arbuteos  fetus,  the  fruit  of  the  arbute,  or  strawberry  tree.  The  ever- 
green strawberry  tree  grows  wild  in  Italy,  and  produces  a  fruit  very  much 
resembling  our  strawberry,  but  larger.  Fraga,  wild  strawberries,  which 
are  often  found  on  wooded  hills.  Coma,  cornels,  the  fruit  of  the  cornel 
tree,  a  species  of  cherry  of  a  beautiful  red  colour.  Mora,  blackberriet,  the 
fruit  of  the  bramble. 

a2 


fi  THE  FOUR  AGES.  [book  I. 

Coniaque  et  in  duris  haerentia  mora  rubetis, 
Et  quae  deciderant  patula  Jovis  arbore'  glandes.    ' 
Ygj.  QYat  setemum,  placidique  tepentibus  auris   - 
Mulcebant  Zephyii  natos  sine  semine  flores.  20 

Mox  etiam  fruges  tcllus  inarata  ferebat, 
Nee  renovatus^  ager  gravidis  canebat  aristis. 
Flnmina  jam  lactis,  jam  flumina  nectaris  ibaut  ; 
Flavaque  de  viridi  stillabaut  ilice  mella. 

Fab.  IV. — The  Four  Seasons. 

PosTQUAM,  Saturno  tenebrosa  in  Tartara  misso,' 

Sub  Jove  muudus  erat ;  subiit  argentea  proles,* 

Auro  deterior,  fulvo  pretiosior  sere. 

Jupiter  antiqui  contraxit  tempera  veris  ; 

Perque  hiemes  aestusque  et  inaequales  autumnos  5 

Et  breve  ver,  spatiis  exegit'  quatuor  annum. 

Turn  primum  siccis  aer  fervoribus  ustus 

Canduit,  et  ventis  glacies  adstricta  pependiL 

Turn  prim  urn  sul)^e^e  dombs  ;  dom'us  antra  meruht, 

Et  densi  frutices,  et  vinctae  cbrtice  virgje.''  10 

Semiria  tum  prinium  loligls  Cerealia  sUlcis , 

Obruta  sunt,  w^ssiquejuo'O  gemuere  juvenci. 

Tertia'  liosfulas  successitabenea  proles^  ~ 
Saevior  ingeni^set  ad  homda  promptior.anna. 
Nee  sc^Ierata'tamcn.-    Dc  dure  est  ultima*  fen-o.         15 

1  Patula  arbore  Jovis,  /mw  the  fpreculhig  tree  of  Jupiter,  i.  e.  the  oak. 
This  clause  seems  to  limit  glans,  in  the  present  passage,  to  the  fruit  of  the 
oak,  which,  in  soutliem  countries,  is  large,  and  is  used  as  food  both  in  a 
raw  state  and  roasted.  The  oak  was  sacred  to  Jupiter,  the  laurel  to  Apollo, 
the  ash  to  Mars,  the  olive  to  Minerva,  the  myrtle  to  Venus,  the  poplar  to 
Hercules,  the  rine  to  Bacchus,  and  the  cypress  to  Pluto. 

2  Et  ager  non  renovatus,  and  the  land  without  being  plowed. 

3  Saturno  uiisso  in  tenebrosa  Tartara,  on  Saturn  being  sent  down  to 
gloomy  Tartarus  ;  being  expelled  from  his  kingdom.    See  Saturnus. 

4  Argentea  proles  subiit,  the  silver  age  tucceeded  ;  auro,  tM  golden  age  ,- 
are,  the  brazen  age. 

5  Exegit  annum  quatuor  spatiis,  completed  the  gear  with  four  teatont,  or 
diinded  the  pear  into  four  seasons.    A.  R.  A.,  205.    See  Annus. 

6  Virgae  vinctae  cortice,  twigs  fastened  together  with  bark. 

7  Tertia  post  illas  {eetates),  the  third  in  order  after  these,  1.  e.  after  the 
golden  and  silver  ages.  8  Ultima  (<ttas,  or  proles). 


FAB.  IV.]  THE  FOUR  SEASONS.  7 

Protinus  iiTunipit  vente^  pejoris  in  sevuin, 

Omne  nefas  ;  mgere  pudor  ve^umque  fidesque ; 

In  quorum  subiere'^  locum  fraudcsque  dolique, 

Insidiieque  et  vis  et  amor  sceleiratus  ha^endi.^ 

Vela  aabat*  ventis,  nee  adhuc  bene  noverat  illos,         20 

Navita  ;  quseque  din  steterant  in  montibus  altis, 

Fluctibus  ignotis  insultavere  carinae.* 

Communemque  prius,  ceu  lumina  solis  et  auras, 

Cautus  humiun  longo  signavit®  limite  mensor. 

Nee  tantum  segetes  alimentaque  debita  dives  25 

Poscebatur^  humus  ;  sed  itum  est*  in  viscera  terrae, 

Quasque  recondiderat  Stygiisque  admoverat^  umbris, 

EiFodiuntur  opes,  initamenta  malorum. 

Jamque  nocens  ferrum,  ferroque  nocentius  auxum 

Prodierant  ;^°  prodit  bellum,  quod  pugnat  utroque,     SO 

Sanguineaque  manu  crepitantia  concutit  arma. 

Vivitur^^  ex  rapto  :  non  bospes  ab  hospite  tutus, 

Non  socer  a  genero  ;  fratram  quoque  gratia^*^  rara  est. 

Imminet^^  exitio  vir  conjugis,  ilia  mariti  ; 

Lurida  terribiles  miscent  aconita  novercjs  ;  36 

Filius  ante  diem  patrios  inquirit  in  annos." 


1  Irrumpit  in  sevum  pejoris  vense,  bursts  in  upon  an  age  cf  baser  metal. 
Vaia,  which  properly  signifies  the  vein  of  metal  in  the  mine,  is  here  applied 
to  the  age  which  is  characterized  by  that  metal. 

2  In  locum  quorum  subiere,  in  room  o/which  siccceeded. 

3  Sceleratus  amor  habendi,  the  wicked  desire  of  amassing  wealth,  L  & 
covetoiisness. 

4  Dabat  vela  ventis,  spread  his  sail.;  to  the  wind.    A.  B.  A.  344. 

5  Carinae  insultavere,  keels  (i.  e.  ships)  bounded  over.  Carina  properly 
«ignifies  trees  made  into  keels.    A.  K.  A.  342. 

6  Signavit  humum  longo  limite,  divided  the  ground  by  a  long  boundary. 

7  Poscebatur,  was  called  upon  for ,-  debita,  due  by  it. 

8  Sed  itum  est  {ab  hominibus),  but  men  even  penetrated. 

9  Admoverat  Stygiis  umbris,  had  placed  near  the  Stygian  shades,  in 
allusion  to  the  depth  of  the  mines. 

10  Prodierant,  had  come  forth,  had  showed  themselves,-  prodit,  arises  .• 
utroque,  with  both,  i.  e.  with  bribes  of  gold  and  swords  of  iron. 

li  Vivitur  {ab  hominibus)  ex  rapto,  men  live  by  plunder. 

12  GTaXia  iT&tTnm,  the  agreeme^it  of  brothers  ;  brotherly  affection. 

13  Imminet  exitio,  icatchesfw  the  death — ilia  {imminet  exitio). 

14  Ante  diem  inquirit  in  patrios  annos,  before  the  appointed  time,  pre- 
maturely  inquires  into  the  years  of  his  father  ;  consults  the  astrologera  to 
know  how  many  years  ho  is  likely  to  live.    A.  R.  A.  244. 


8  THE  FOUR  SEASONS.  LbOOK  I. 

Victa  jacet  Pietas,'  et  Virgo  caede  madentes, 
Ultima  ccelestiim,  terras  Astrea  reliquit. 

Fab.  Y.—The  Giants. 

Neve"  foret  terris  seciirior  arduus  aether ; 
Affectasse^  ferunt  regnum  coeleste  Gigantas, 
Altaque  congestos  struxisse  ad  sidera  montes. 
Turn  pater  omnipotens  misso  perfregit*  Olympum 
Fulmiiie,  et  excussit  subjecto  Pelion  Ossse.  6 

Obruta  mole  sua^  quum  corpora  dira  jacerent  ; 
Perfusam  multo  natorum  sanguine  Terrara 
Incaluisse  feinint,  calidumque  animasse''  cruorem  ; 
Et,  ne  nulla  suoe  stirpis  monumenta  manerent, 
In  faciem  vertisse'  hominum.     Sed  et  ilia  propago      10 
Contemptrix  Superum,  saevaeque  avidissima  caedis, 
Et  violenta  fuit  :  scires  e  sanguine  natos.* 

Fab.  VI. — Lycaon. 

Quie'  pater  ut  summa  vidit  Satumius  arce, 
Ingemit  ;  et,  facto  nondum  vulgata  recenti, 
Foeda  Lj'^caoniae  referens^"  convivia  mensae, 
Ingentes  animo  et  dignas  Jove  concipit  iras  ; 
Conciliumque  vocat :  tenuit^^  mora  nulla  vocatos.         o 

1  Vietas,  natural  affection  ;  cailestum,  o/ the  celestial  deities. 

2  Neve  (for  etne)  arduus  aether  foret,  and  that  the  lofty  ether  might  notbe. 

3  Ferunt  Gigantas  aflfectasse  coeleste  return,  they  say  that  the  Giants  at- 
tempted to  seize  the  kingdom  of  heaven.  See  Giga?. 

4  Fulmine  misso  perfregit  Olympum,  by  discharging  a  thunderbolt  dashed 
Olympus  to  pieces. 

5  Obruta  sua  mole,  buried  under  the  pile  of  their  own  raising,  i.  e.  under 
the  mmcntains  which  they  had  piled  upon  each  other. 

6  Animasse  calidum  cruorem,  animated  the  toarm  gore. 

7  Vertisse  in  faciem  hominum,  changed  Viem  into  the  shape  of  men  ;  th4 
humanform. 

8  Scires  (eos)  nates  (esse)  e  sanguine,  you  might  have  known  t/iat  they 
were  sprung  from  blood. 

9  Quae,  which  things,  i.  e.  the  wickedness  and  impiety  of  the  offspring  of 
the  giants  ;  s\invcai.a.rc&,from  the  highest  eminence  of  heaven,  where  Jupi- 
ter's palace  was.    See  14. 

10  Referens  foeda  conrivia  Ljcaonias  mensa,  nondum  vulgata  facto  re- 
centi, reflecting  upon  the  alominable  entertainment  of  Lycaon's  table,  which 
uxu  not  yet  generally  known,  as  the  crime  had  been  but  lately  committed. 

11  Tenuit  deos  vocatos,  detained  the  gods  when  summoned. 


FAB.  VI.]  LYCAON.  9 

Est  via  sublimis,  coelo  manifesta  sereno ; 
Lactea  nomen  habet,^  candore  notabilis  ipso. 
Hac''  iter  est  Superis  ad  magni  tecta  Tonantis, 
Regalemque  domiim.     Dextra  Isvaque'  Deorum 
Atria  nobilium  valvis  celebrantur*  apertis  ;  10 

Plebs  habitant  diversa  locis  ;^  a  fronte  poteutes 
Ccelicolse  clarique  suos  posuere  Penates.'' 
Hie  locus  est,  quern,  si  verbis  audaeia  dctur,' 
Hand  timeam  magni  dixisse  Palatia  coeli. 
Ergo'  ubi  marmoreo  Superi  sedere  recessu,^  16 

Celsior  ipse  loco  sceptroque  innixus  eburno, 
Terrificam  capitis  concussit  terque  quaterque 
Csesariem,  cum  qua  terram,  mare,  sidera,  movit. 
Talibus  inde  modis  ora  indignantia  solvit :'° 
Non  ego  pro  mundi  regno  magis  anxius  ilia  20 

Tempestate  fui,  qua  centum  quisque  parabat 
Injicere  anguipedum"  captivo  brachia  ccelo: 
Nam,  quanquam  ferus  hostis  erat,  tamen  illud  ab  uno 
Coi-pore  et  ex  una  pendebat  origine  bellum. 
Nunc  mijii,  qua  totum  Nereus  circumsonat  orbem,     25 

1  Habet  nomen  lactea  (via),  has  Vie  name  of  the  milky  way,  or  galaxy. 
The  construction  here  is  peculiar.  The  strict  syntax  would  have  required 
lactece,  under  the  government  of  nom^n,  or  lacteam,  to  agree  with  it.  Lactea 
is  probably  an  instance  of  the  nominative  absolute.    See  Lactea. 

2  Hae  (via)  est  iter  superis,  along  this  is  the  way  for  the  gods. 

3  Destra  Isvaque  (parte) ,  on  the  right  and  left  of  the  milky  tcay. 

4  Atria  nobilium  deorum  celebrantur,  the  halls  of  the  poicerful  gods  are 
thronged.  The  Komans,  in  allusion  to  the  division  of  the  senators,  divided 
their  gods  into  two  classes,  the  Dii  Majorum  Gentium,  who  are  here  called 
nobiles,  and  the  Dii  Minorum  Gentium,  who  are  designated  plebs,  the  in- 
ferior deities,  A.  R.  A.  221  and  230.  The  words  nobiles  and  plebs  refer  to 
the  division  of  the  Roman  citizens  into  patricians  and  2)lelieians,  A.  R.  A.  I. 
In  atria  celebrantur  there  is  an  allusion  to  the  halls  in  which  the  Roman  no- 
bility received  the  morning  visits  of  their  friends  and  dependents,  A.  R.  A.  94. 

5  Diversa  locis.  See  1,  2,  9.    A  fronte,  in  front  of  the  royal  palace. 

a  Posuere  suos  penates,  have  fixed  their  abodes.  Penates,  which  properly 
denotes  the  household  gods,  is  here  used  to  signify  a  house.    A.  R.  A.  2.30. 

7  Si  audaeia  detur  verbis,  if  boldness  may  be  allowed  to  my  words.  The 
poet  here  oficrs  a  delicate  compliment  to  Augustus,  whose  residence  -svas  on 
the  Palatine  hill,  and  thence  called  Palatium. 

8  Ergo,  therefore  ;  resuming  the  narrative  from  the  fifth  line. 

9  Marmoreo  recessu,  in  the  marble  council^'oom. 

10  Solvit  indignantia  ora  talibus  modis,  opened  his  angry  lipt  in  tuch 
strains  as  thefollowing. 

11  Angmpedam{gigantuin),nf the snakefooted giants.  SeeGigas.  Iiyi- 
csre  brachia  captivo  coelo,  to  lay  his  hundred  hands  on  captive  heaven. 


10  LYCAON.  [book  I. 

Perdendum  est  mortale  genus.*     Per  flumina  juro 

Infera,  sub  terras  Stygio  labentia  luco, 

Cimcta  prius  tentata  :'-  sed  immedieabile  vulnus 

Ense'  recidendum  est,  ne  pars  sincera  trahatur. 

Sunt  mihi  Semidei,  sunt  rustiea  numina,  Nymphse '    30 

Faunique  Satyrique  et  monticolae  Silvani  : 

Quos  quoniam  cceli  nondum  dignamur  honore, 

Quas  dedimus,  certe  terras  habitare  sinamns. 

An  satis,  o  Superi,  tutos  fore  creditis  illos, 

Quum  mihi,  qui  fulmen,  qui  vos  habeoque  regoque,  36 

Struxcrit  insidias  notus  feritate  Lycaon  V 

Confrcmuere  omnes,  studiisque  ardentibus  ausum 

Talia  deposcunt.'     Sic,  quum  mauus  impia''  saevit 

SanguLae  Caesareo  Romanum  exstinguere'  nomen, 

Attonitum  tantae  subito  terrore  ruinae  40 

Hamanum  genus  est,  totusque  perhorruit  orbis. 

Nee  tibi  grata  minus  pietas,**  Auguste,  tuorum, 

Quam  fait  ilia  Jovi.     Qui  postquam  voce  manuque 

Murmura  comprcssit ;  tenuere  sUentia  cuncti. 

Substitit  lit  clamor,  pressus  gravitate  regentis  f  45 

Jupiter  hoc  iterum  sermone  silentia  rumpit  : 

Ille  quidem  poenas,  curam  hanc  diniittite,  solvit  ; 

Quod  tamen  admissum,'"  quae  sit  vindicta,  docebo. 

1  Mortale  genus  perdendum  est  mihi,  the  human  race  mutt  be  destroyed 
by  me. 

2  Cuncta  prius  tentata  (etsemihi),  that  every  other  remedy  has  already 
been  tried  by  me. 

3  Recidendum  est  ense,  must  be  cut  out  with  the  surgeon's kni/e ;  ne  {/or 
ut  non)  sincera  pars  trahatur,  that  the  sound  part  be  not  affected. 

4  The  order  is,  Quum  Lycaon  notus  feritate  struxcrit  insidias  mihi  (has 
laid  a  p'otfor  me),  qui  {habeoque  regoque)  fulmen,  qui  habeoque  regoque  vos. 

5  Ardentibusque  studiis  deposcunt  ausum  talia,  and  with  burning  zeal 
demand/or  punishment  Ike  man  who  dared  to  commit  such  wickedness. 

6  Irapia  manus,  a  wicked  band,  i.  e.  the  conspirators  under  Brutus  and 
Cassius. 

7  SjBvit  exstinguere  Romanum  nomen  Cxsareo  siLTtguine,  furiously  strove 
to  extinguish  the  Roman  empire  by  the  assassination  of  Caesar.  The  poet, 
to  flatter  Augustus,  here  compares  Julius  Caesar  with  Jupiter,  and  the 
Roman  empire  with  the  unlimited  dominions  of  the  §ods. 

8  Pietas  tuorum,  the  loyalty  of  your  sutjccts  ;  quam  ilia,  thanlhat—HM 
indignation  of  the  gods  at  the  conduct  of  Lycaon.    See  37. 

9  Pressus  gravitate  regentis,  checked  by  the  authority  o/the  sovereign. 

10  Quod  admissum  {sit\,  what  ft/f  crime  was. 


FAB.  VI,]  LYCAUN.  11 

Contigerat  nostras  infamia'  temporis  aures  ; 

Quam  cupiens  falsam,  summo  delabor  Olympo,  60 

Et  deus  humana  lustro  sub  imagine  terras. 

Longa  mora''  est,  quantum  noxse  sit  ubique  repertum, 

Enumerare :  minor  fuit  ipsa  infamia  vero. 

Msenala  transieram,  latebris  hoiTenda  ferarum, 

Et  cum  Cyllene  gelidi  pineta  Lycaei ;  55 

Arcados  hinc  sedes  et  inhospita  tecta  tyranni 

Ligredior,  traherent  quum  sera  crepuscula  noctem. 

Signa  dedi'  venisse  Deum ;  vulg-usque  precari 

Coeperat.     Irridet  primo  pia  vota  Lycaon, 

Mox  ait,  Experiar,  Deus  hie,  discrimine  aperto,*  60 

An  sit  mortalis  ;  ncc  erit  dubitabile  verum. 

Nocte  gravem^  somno  necopina  perdere  morte 

Me  pai'at :  hsc  illi  placet  experientia  veri. 

Nee  contentus  eo,  missi  de  gente  Molossa 

Obsidis  unius  jugulum  mucrone  resolvit  f  66 

Atque  ita^  semineces  partim  fei'ventibus  artus 

Mollit  aquis,  partim  subjecto  torruit  igni. 

Q,uos  simul  imposuit  mensis ;  ego  vindice  flamma 

In  domino  dignos  everti  tecta  Penates.^ 

Territus  ille  fugit,  nactusque  silentia  mris  70 

Exululat,  frustraque  loqui  conatur:   ab  ipso 

Colligit  OS  rabiem,^  solitseque  cupidine  caedis 

Vertitur  in  pecudes  ;^°  et  nunc  quoque  sanguine  gaudet. 

In  villos  abeunt  vestes,  in  crura  lacerti ; 

1  Infamia  temporis,  a  report  of  the  ivickedness  of  the  time ;  cupiens  quam 
(esse)  falsam,  and  wishing  to  find  it  false. 

2  Longa  mora  est  enumerare,  it  would  he  tedious  to  relate. 

3  Dedi  signa  Deum  venisse ,  I  gave  proofs  that  a  God  had  arrived ,-  by  his 
gait,  size,  and  splendour.    See  3,  7,  99. 

4  Experiar  aperto  discrimine  (num)  hie  sit  Deus  an  mortalis,  /  mil  try 
by  a  clear  test  whether  this  be  a  God  or  a  mortal. 

5  Gravem  somno,  overpowered  by  sleep ;  necopina,  unexpected. 

6  Eesolvit  mucrone  jugulum,  laid  open,  or  cut  with  a  sivord  the  neck. 

7  Atque  ita,  and  having  done  so  ;  igni  subjecto,  with  fire  put  under  it. 

8  Everti  tecta  in  Penates  dignos  domino,  I  overturned  the  house  upon 
the  household  gods,  worthy  of  their  master,  i'e.  equally  wicked.  A.  R.  A.  230. 

9  Os  colligit  rabiem  ab  ipso,  his  mouth  acquires  fury  from  himself ,  i.  a 
from  his  natural  disposition,  and  not  from  any  external  cause. 

10  Vertitur  in  pecudes,  he  falls  upon  sheep ;  abeunt,  are  clianged. 


12  LYCAON.  [book  I. 

Fit  lupus,  et  veteris  servat  vestigia  forniae  :  75 

Canities  eadem  est,  eadem  violentia  vultu. 

Idem  oculi  lucent,'  eadem  feritatis  imago. 

Occidit  una  donius  f  sed  non  domus  una  peiire 

Digna  fuit  :   qua  teiTa  patet,  ftra  regnat  Erinnys ; 

In  facinus  jurasse'  putes  :  dent  ocius  omnes  80 

Quas  meruere  pati,  sic  stat  sententia,*  poenas. 

Fab.  YIL— The  Deluge. 

Dicta  Jovis  pars*  voce  probant  stimulosque  furenti 
Adjiciunt ;  alii  partes  assensibus  implent. 
Est  tamen  humani  generis  jactura  dolori 
Omnibus ;  et,  quae  sit  terrse  mortalibus  orba» 
Forma  futura,  rogant ;  quis  sit  laturus^  in  aras  5 

Thura  I  ferisne  paret  populandas  tradere  terras  ? 
Talia  quaerentes,  sibi  enim  fore  cetera  curae," 
Rex  Superum  trepidare  vetat,  sobolemque  priori 
Dissirnilem  populo  promittit  origine  mira. 

Jamque  erat  in  totas  sparsurus  fulmina  terras  ;       10 
Sed  timuit,  ne  forte  sacer  tot  ab  ignibus  aether 
Conciperet  flammas,^  longusque  ardesceret  axis.'^ 
Esse  quoque  in  fatis'"  reminiscitur,  afFore  tempiis, 
Q,uo  mare,  quo  tcUus,  correptaque  regia  coeli 


1  Mem  ocuii\u<XDt,  the  tame  eyes  glare;  hit  eyu  glare  a*  brfore. 

2  Una  domus,  one  house,  i.  e.  Otat  of  Lycaon  ;  non  una,  nol  one  merely. 

3  {Homines)  jurasse  in  facinus,  Viat  men  had  mom  to  commit  crimes. 

4  Sic  sententia  stat  {mihi),  thus  my  resolution  has  beenfixed. 

5  Pare— alii, /or  pars — pars,  or  aUi — alii,  some — others  ;  implent  i«rtes 
assensibus,  complete  the  number  (theparty)  by  their  assent ;  signify  their  as- 
sent by  a  nod.  Allusion  is  here  made  to  the  different  modes  of  expressing 
assent  in  the  Roman  senate.     A.  R.  A.  12. 

6  Quislaturus  sit  thura,  icho  would  offer  frankincense.  Frankincense 
was  not  used  in  sacrifices  in  the  earliest  ages  ;  but  Ovid  here,  as  in  many 
other  passages,  describes  the  practices  as  they  existed  in  his  own  time. 

7  (Dicit)  enim  cetera  fore  curse  sihi,  for  he  tells  them  that  the  rest  tcoulU 
be  a  matter  of  care  to  himself. 

8  Conciperet  flammas,  should  catch  the  flames,-  l/e  set  on  fire. 

9  Longus  axis,  tliC  ra  t  heai-er\.  The  ancients  believed  that  an  axis  passed 
from  the  one  pole  of  heaven  to  the  other,  through  the  centre  of  the  earth, 
on  which  the  whole  frame  of  the  universe  revolved.  Axis  is  frequently  used 
bv  the  poets  to  signify  the  whole  heavens.    A.  R.  A.  480. 

10  Es.se  in  fatis,  thcU  it  teas  in  t.e  decree*  of  fate.    A.  R.  A.  230. 


FAB.  VH.J  THE  DELUGE.  13 

Ardeat,  et  mundi  moles  operosa  laboret.  15 

Tela  reponuntur  manibus  fabricata  Cyclopum  : 
Poena  placet  diversa,  genus  mortale  sub  undis 
Perdere,  et  ex  omni  nimbos  diniittere  ccelo. 
Protinus  Mollis  Aquilonem  claudit  in  antris, 
Et  qusecunque  fugant  inductas^  flamina  nubes  ;  20 

Emittitque  Notuni.     Madidis  Notus  evolat  alis, 
Terribilem  picea  tectus  caligine^  \Tiltum  : 
Barba  sfravis  nimbis  ;  canis  fiuit  unda  capilUs  ; 
Fronte  sedent  nebulas  ;  rorant  pennseque  sinusque. 
Utque  manu  lata  pendentia  nubila  pressit,  25 

Fit  fragor  ;  liinc  densi  funduntur  ab  aethere  nimbi. 
Nuntia  Junonis  varios  induta*  colores, 
Concipit  Iris  aquas,  alimentaque  nubibus  affert. 
Stemuntiu-  segetes,  et  deplorata  coloni 
Vota  jacent/  longique  labor  perit  irritus  anni.  80 

Nee  coelo  contenta  sue  est  Jovis  ira  ;  sed  ilium 
Caeruleus  frater''  juvat  auxiliaribus  undis. 
Convocat  liic  Amnes  :  qui  postquam  tecta  tyranni 
Intravere  sui,  Non  est  hortamine  longo 
Nunc,  ait,  utendum  ;''  vires  efiundite  vestras,  36 

Sic  opus  est ;  aperite  domes,  ac,  mole  remota,' 
Fluminibus  vestris  totas  immittite^  habenas. 
Jusserat :  hi  redeuut,  ac  fontibus  ora  relaxant, 

1  Operosa  moles  mundi  laboret,  the  ingeniouslp-ivrought  fabric  of  the 
universe  should  be  in  danger  of  perishing. 

2  Inductas  (terris),  tvken  hrought  over  the  earth.    See  2,  1,  307. 

3  Tectus  {secundum)  terribilem  vultum  picea  caligine,  having  his  dreadful 
countenance  covered  with  pitchy  darkness.  The  accusative  is  frequently 
joined  to  passive  verbs  for  the  purpose  of  defining  more  exactly  the  part  to 
which  the  verb  relates.  This  construction  is  usually  explained  by  supply- 
ing the  preposition  secundum  (as  to) ;  and  occurs  very  often  in  Ovid. 

4  Induta  varios  colores,  clad  in  her  various  colours.  Some  of  the  verbs 
of  clothing,  as  induo,  accingo,  take,  in  the  passive  voice,  an  accusative  of  the 
thing  put  on.    See  Latin  Rud.,  Rule  33. 

5  Vota  coloni  jacent  deplorata,  the  hopes  of  thehusbandmanlie  desperate, 
i.  e.  the  crops.       6  Caeruleus  frater,  his  sea-green  brother,  i.  e.  Neptune. 

7  Non  utendum  est  {mihi)  longo  hortamine,  /  must  not  employ  a  long 
exhortation. 

8  Moleremota,  removing  every  obstacle;  drawing  up  thefood-gates. 

9  Immittite  totas  habenas  vestris  fluminibus,  give  the  reins  entirely  to 
your  streams.  The  metaphor  in  this  line,  and  in  39,  is  taken  from  the 
reins  of  horses,  which  are  slackened  to  give  them  full  speed. 


14  THE  DELUGE.  [BOOK  I. 

Et  defrenato  volvuntur  in  aequora  cuvsu. 

Ipse  tridente  suo  terrain  percussit ;  at  ilia  40 

Intremuit,  motuque  sinus  patefecit'  aquaruin. 

Exspatiata  ruunt  per  apertos  flumina  campos, 

Cumque  satis  arbusta  simul  pecudesque  virosque 

Tectaque,  cmnque  suis  rapiunt  penetralia^  sacris. 

Si  qua  domus  mansit  potuitque  resistere  tanto  45 

Indejecta  malo  ;  ciilmen  tamen  altior  hujus 

Unda  tegit/  pressaeque  labant  sub  gurgite  turres. 

Jamque  mare  et  tellus  nullum  discrimen  habebant : 
Omnia  pontus  erant ;  deerant  quoque  litora  ponto. 
Occupat  liic  collem ;  cymba  sedet  alter  adunca,  50 

Et  ducit  remos  illic,  ubi  nuper  ararat. 
Ille  supra  segetes  aut  mersse  culmina  villse 
Navigat ;  hie  simima  piscem  deprendit  in  ulmo.* 
Figitur  in  viridi,  si  fors  tulit,'^  anchora  prato  ; 
Aut  subjecta  teinint  curva  vtneta  carinse.  55 

Et,  modo  qua  graciles  gramen  carpsere  capellse, 
Nunc  ibi  deformes  ponunt  sua  corpora  phocse. 
Mirantur  sub  aqua  luces  urbesque  domosque 
Nereides  ;  sUvasque  tenent  delpliLnes,  et  altis 
Incursant  ramis,  agitataque  robora  pulsant."  60 

Nat  lupus  inter  oves  ;  fulvos  vehit  unda  leones  ; 
Unda  vehit  tigres  ;  nee  vires  fulminis'  apro, 
Crura  nee  ablato  prosunt  velocia  ccrvo, 
Quaesitisque  diu  terris,  ubi  sidere  detur, 
In  mare  lassatis  voluciis  vaga  decidit  alls.  65 

1  Patefecit  sinus  aquanim,  laid  open  the  subterraneous  reservoirs  o/ 
water. ■  her  secret  repositories  of  wate.r. 

2  Penetralia  cum  suis  sacris,  sanctuaries  with  their  sacred  deposits; 
1.  e.  with  tite  Penates,  or  household  Gods.    A.  R.  A.  230. 

3  Unda  altior  tegit  culmen  hujus,  the  water  rising  hioher  than  it,  covert 
the  top  of  it;  turres,  palaces,  lofty  buildings.  The  towers,  or  spires  of  the 
moderns,  were  unknown  to  the  ancients. 

4  In  sumina  ulmo,  on  the  top  of  an  elm-tree. 

5  Si  fors  tulit,  if  chance  directed  it  so. 

6  Pulsant  agitata,  for  pulsant  et  agitant,  strike  apainst  and  move ;  indi- 
cating the  force  with  which  the  trees  were  struck  by  the  dolphins. 

7  Nee  vires  fulminis'  (prosunt)  apro,  nor  does  his  strength  of  Oiunder 
(hit  destructive  strength)  avail  the  boar.  The  metaphor  is  taken  from  the 
Irresistililo  force  of  tlij  (hundcrhoU  ;  a';Iato,  carried  mcaii  by  tJie  current. 


I 


FAB.   VII.]  THE  DELUGE.  15 

Obruerat  tumulos  iramensa  licentia  poiiti,' 
Pulsabantque  novi  montana  cacumina  fluctus. 
Maxima  pars  unda  rapitur  ;  quibus  unda  pepercit, 
lilos  longa  domant  inopi  jejunia  victu.'' 

Fab.  VIII. — Deucalion  and  Pyrrha. 

Separat  Aoriios  QStaeis  Phocis  ab  arvis, 

Terra  ferax/  dum  terra  fuit  ;  sed  tempore  in  illo 

Pars  maris  et  latus  subitarum  campus  aquaruin. 

Mons  ibi  verticibus  petit  arduus  astra  duobus, 

Nomine  Parnassus,  superatque  cacumine  nubes.  5 

Hie  ubi  Deucalion,  nam  cetera  texerat  sequor, 

Cum  consorte*  tori  parva  rate  vectus  adhaesit ; 

Corycidas  nymphas  et  numina  mentis  adorant,* 

Fatidicamque  Them  in,  quae  tunc  oracla  tencbat. 

Non  illo^  melior  quisquam  nee  amantior  aequi  10 

Vir  fuit,  aut  ilia  metuentior  ulla  Deorum. 

Jupiter  ut  liquidis  stagnare'  paludibus  orbem, 

Et  superesse  videt  de  tot  modo  millibus  unum, 

Et  superesse  videt  de  tot  modo  millibus  unam, 

Innocuos  ambos,  cultores  numinis  ambos  ;  ]  5 

Nubila  disjecit ;  nimbisque  Aquilone  remotis, 

Et  coelo  terras  ostendit  et  setliera  terns. 

Nee  maris  ira  manet,  positoque  tricuspide'^  tclo 

Mulcet  aquas  rector  pelagi ;  supraque  profundum 

Exstantem,  atque  humeros  innato  murice  tectum,'     20 

1  Immensa  licentia  ponti,  the  boundless  fury  of  the  sea. 

2  Domant  inopi  victu,  kills  from  want  offooi. 

3  Plioeis,  ferax  terra,  dum  fuit  terra,  a  fertile  land  while  it  was  latvl. 

4  Cum  consorte  tori,  with  the  partner  of  his  bed,  i.  e.  A  w  wife  Pi/rrha. 

5  Adorant  is  here  put  in  the  plural,  though  depending  upon  the  samo 
nominative  as  adhasit.  Similar  changes  of  construction  are  by  no  means 
unusual  with  the  Latin  poets,  and  particularly  with  0\id,  who  often  con- 
strues two  nouns  connected  by  cum  in  the  same  way  as  a  plural  noun. 

6  Illo,  than  he,  i.  e.  Deucalion — ilia,  than  she,  i.  c.  Pyrrha. 

7  TJt  Jupiter  videt  orbem  stagnare  liquidis  paludibus,  wiien  Jupiter  seet 
that  the  world  is  covered  with  pools  of  water  ;  unum  (hominem) — unam  ( /e- 
minam.) 

8  Tricuspide  telo  posito,  laying  aside  his  three-pronged  weapon,  his  tri- 
dent.   A.  R.  A.  223. 

9  Vocatque  cseruleum  Tritona  exstantem  supra  profundum  (who  stands 
out  above  the  water),  atque  tectum  isecundum)  humeros  nuirice  innato. 


16  DEUCALION  AND  PYRRHA.  [book  I. 

Ccuruleum  Tritona  vocat,  concliaeque  sonaci 
Inspirare  jubet,  fluctusque  et  flumina  signo 
Jam  revocare  clato.     Cava  buccina  sumitui-  illi, 
Tortilis,  in  latum  qus  turbine  crescit^  ab  imo  ; 
Buccina,  quse  medio  concepit  ut  aera  ponto,  25 

Litora  voce  rcplet  sub  utroque  jacentia  Phcebo. 
Turn  quoque,  ut  ora  Dei  madida  rorantia  barba 
Contigit,  et  cccinit  jussos  inflata  nceptus, 
Omnibus  audita  est  telluris  et  sequoris  undis  ;  j 

Et  quibus  est  undis  audita,  coercuit^  omnes.  30  ' 

Jam  mare  litus  habet ;  plenos  capit  alveus  amnes ; 
Flumina  subsidunt;  colles  exii-e  videntur; 
Surgit  humus  ;  crescunt  loca  decrescentibus  undis  ; 
Postque  di'.m'  longam  nudata  cacumina  silvae 
Ostendunt  limumque  tenent  in  fronde  relictum.  35 

Redditus  orbis  erat.     Quern  postquam  vidit  inanem, 
Et  desolatas  agere  alta  silentia  ten-as ; 
Deucalion  lacrimis  ita  Pyrrham  afFatur  obortis  : 
0  soror,'*  o  conjux,  o  femina  sola  superstes, 
Q,uam  commune  mihi  genus  et  patruelis  origo,*  40 

Dcinde  tonis  junxit,  nunc  ipsa  pericula  jungunt ; 
Terrarum,  quascunque  vident  occasus  et  ortus, 
Nos  duo  turba®  sumus  :  possedit  cetera  pontus. 
Haec  quoque  adhuc  vitae  non  est  fiducia  nostra 
Certa  satis  :  terrent  etiamnunc  nubila  mentem .  45 

Quid  tibi,  si  sine  me  fatis  erepta  fuisses, 

ufith  shell-fish  growing  on  them.  Murex,  which  is  properly  the  fish  from 
the  juice  of  which  tlie  purple  dye  was  obtained,  is  here  used  for  any  shell- 
fish. The  murex  was  found  chiefly  on  the  coast  of  Phoenicia,  the  north  of 
Africa,  and  off  the  Taenarian  promontory  in  the  Peloponnesus.  The  purple 
most  valued  resembled  the  colour  of  clotted  blood.     A.  R.  A.  365. 

1  Quae  crescit  in  latum  ab  imo  turbine,  which  increases  in  width/rom  a 
small  circular  end  ,-  voce,  ivith  its  sound. 

2  Coercuit  omnes  (undas)  quibus  undis  audita  est,  checked  all  the  waters 
by  which  it  was  heard. 

3  Longam  diem,  a  long  time.  Dies,  when  it  refers  to  a  specified  time,  is 
generally  masculine  ;  when  it  implies  the  duration  o/time,  it  is  frequently 
feminine.    'Su1hta.,/ree/rom  water. 

4  Soror  is  here  used  as  a  term  of  .endearment ;  for  Pyrrha  was  his  cousin 
andnot his «!>?(•)•,■  oritmay  beusedforsor(>rjja<n/€Z«,acousin.  See  13,  1,.31. 

5  Patruelis  origo,  our  descent  from  brothers.    See  Deucalion  and  Pyrrha. 

6  Nos  duo  sumus  turba,  we  two  are  the  whole  population. 


FAB.  VIII.]         DEUCALION  AND  PYRRHA.  17 

Nunc  animi,*  miseranda,  foret  I  quo  sola  timorem 
Ferre  modo  posses  ?  quo  consolante^  doleres  ? 
Namque  ego,  crede  mihi,  si  te  quoque  pontus  haberet, 
Te  sequerer,  conjux,  et  me  quoque  pontus  haberet.     60 
O  utinam  possem  populos  reparare  patemis^ 
Artibus,  atque  animas  fonnatae  infundere  terras ! 
Nunc  genus  in  nobis  restat  mortals  duobus, 
Sic  visum  Superis,*  homiiiumque  exempla  mauemus. 

Dixerat,  et  flebant.     Placuit  coeleste  precari  55 

Numen,  et  auxilium  per  sacras  quaerere  sortes.'^ 
Nulla  mora  est ;  adeunt  pariter  Cephisidas  undas, 
Ut  nondum  liquidas,  sic  jam  vada  nota  secantes, 
Inde  ubi  libatos  irroravere^  liquores 
Vestibus  et  capiti ;  flectunt  vestigia  sanctee  60 

Ad  delubra  Deae,  quorum  fastigia*^  turpi 
Pallebant  jnusco,  stabantque  siae  ignibus  arse. 
Ut  templi  tetigere  gradus,  procumbit  uterque 
Pronus  humi,  gelidoque  pavens  dedit  oscula  saxo. 
Atque  ita,  Si  precibus,  dixerunt,  numina  justis  65 

Victa^  remoUescunt,  si  flectitur  ira  Deorum  ; 
Die,  Themi,  qua  generis  damnum  reparable  nostri 
Arte  sit,  et  mersis  fer  opem,  mitissima,  rebus. 
Mota  Dea  est,  sortemque  dedit :  Discedite  templo, 

1  Quid  animi  nunc  foret  Ubi,  what  feelings  would  t/ou  now  have  hadf 
What  would  have  now  been  your feelinris?  Fatis, /rom  the  fatal  deluge. 

2  Quo  consolante  doleres /or  quis  consolaretur  te  dolentem,  who  would 
have  consoled  you  in  your  grief? 

3  Patemls  artibus,  by  my  father's  arts.    See  Prometlieus. 

4  Sic  visum  (est)  Superis,  so  it  has  seemed  good  to  the  gods  /  exempla, 
patterns,  copies. 

5  Per  sacras  sortes,  by  means  of  the  sacred  oracle.  Oracles  had,  amongst 
other  means  of  divination,  also  sortes  {dice,  tallies),  which  were  given  to 
those  who  came  for  advice,  and  on  which  the  answer  was  written.  Hence 
tors  is  used  to  signify  the  oracle  itself,  and  also  any  verbal  reply,  or  respoiue 
of  an  oracle,  as  in  69.    A.  R.  A.  243.    Ut — sic,  though— yet. 

6  Irroravere  vestibus  et  capiti,  had  sprinlUed  upon  their  clothes  and  head  ; 
libatos  inde,  taken  from  it.  It  was  customary  for  the  ancients  to  sprinkle 
themselves  with  water  taken  from  a  fountain  or  a  running  stream,  before 
offering  sacrifice  or  entering  the  temples  of  their  gods.     A.  R.  A.  260. 

7  Fasligium  properly  signifies  the  projecting  point,  or  gable-end,  of  a  tem- 
ple or  palace,  which  was  at  first  used  for  the  conveyance  of  rain-water,  and 
was  afterwards  adorned  with  various  devices — it  also  signifies  the  roof. 

8  Victa  justis  precibus,  moved  by  the  prayers  nf  the  just. 

b2 


58  DEUCALION  AND  PYRRHA.  [book  I. 

Et  velate  caput,  cinctasque  resolvite  vestes,'  70 

Ossaque  post  tergum  magnse  jactate  parentis. 

Obstupuere  diu  ;  rumpitque  silentia  voce 

PjTrha  prior,  jussisque  Dese  parere  recusat ; 

Detque  sibi  veniam,  pa\iclo  rogat  ore,  pavetque 

Lsedere'^  jactatis  matemas  ossibus  umbras.  76 

Interea  repetunt  csecis  obscura'  latebris 

Verba  datse  sortis  secum,  inter  seque  volutant. 

Inde  Promethides  placidis  Epimethida  dictis 

Mulcet  et,  Aut  fallax,  ait,  est  solertia  nobis, 

Aut  pia  sunt  nullumque  nefas  oracula  suadent.  80 

Magna  parens  TeiTa  est ;  lapides  in  corpore  terrae 

Ossa  reor  dici ;  jacere  hos  post  terga  jubemur. 

Conjugis  augurio*  quanquam  Titania  mota  est, 

Spes  tanien  in  dubio  est ;  adeo  coelestibus  anibo 

Diffidunt  monitis  :  sed  quid  tentare  nocebit  1  86 

Discedunt,  velantque  caput  tunicasque  recingunt, 

Et  jussos  lapides  sua  post  vestigia  mittunt. 

Saxa,  quis  hoc  credat,  nisi  sit  pro  teste  vetustas ! 

Ponere  duritiem  ccepere  suumque  rigorem, 

MoUirique  mora,*  mollitaque  ducere  formam.  90 

Mox,  ubi  creverunt,  naturaque  raitior  illis 

Contigit,  ut  qusedam  sic  non  manifesta  videri 

Forma*  potest  honiinis,  sed,  uti  de  marmore  coepto, 

Non  exacta  satis  rudibusque  simillima  signis. 

Quae  tamen  ex  illis  aliquo  pars  humida  succo,  95 

Et  terrena  fuit,  versa  est  in  corporis  usum  ; 

Quod  solidum  est  flectique  nequit,  mutatur  in  ossa  ; 

1  Resolvite  cinctas  vestes,  loosen  the  clothes  which  are  girt  about  you. 
A.  R.  A.  258. 

2  Laedere  maternas  umbras  jactatis  ossibus,  to  offend  the  shade  ctf  her 
mother  by  throwing  ahout  her  bones.  To  desecrate  the  ashes  or  bones  of 
their  ancestors  was  considered  by  the  Romans  a  heinous  crime.    See  Mane». 

3  Obscura  cjecis  latebris,  hard  to  be  understood  from  their  dark  am- 
biguities. 

4  Augurio,  interpretation,  or  conjecture.     A.  R.  A.  240. 

6  Mora,  by  time.    See  1,8,  6 ;  ducere  formam,  to  assume  a  new  shape. 

6  The  order  is,  Ut  qusedam  forma  hominis  potest  videri,  sic  non  manifesta, 
*ed  uti  {/orma^  de  marmore  cccpto  non  satis  exacta,  simillimaque  rudibu» 
«ignis.  Rudia  signa  were  statues  in  a  rough  state,  which  had  been  blocked 
out,  but  had  not  received  the  finishing  touch  of  the  sculptor. 


FAB.  VIII.]  DEUCALION  AND  PYRRHA.  19 

Q,iiod  modo  veiia  fuit,  sub  eodem  nomine  mansit. 

Inque  brevi  spatio,  Superorum  numine,  saxa 

Missa  viri  manibus  faciem  traxere'  virilem  ;  100 

Et  de  femineo  reparata  est  femina  jactu. 

Tnde  genus  durum  sumus  experiensque"^  laborum, 

Et  documenta  damns,  qua  simus  origine  nati. 

Fab.  IX.— Python. 

Cetera  diversis  tellus  animalia  formis 

Sponte  sua'  peperit,  postquam  vetus  humor  ab  igne 

Percaluit  Solis,  coenumque  udseque  paludes 

Intumuere  sestu,  fecundaque  semina  rerum 

Vivaci  nutrita  solo,*  ceu  matris  in  alvo  S 

Creverunt,  faciemque  aliquam  cepere  morando. 

Sic  ubi  deseruit  madidos  septemfluus  agros 

Nilus,  et  antiquo  sua  flumina  reddidit  alveo, 

-^therioque  recens  exarsit*  sidere  limus  ; 

Plurima  cul tores  versis  animalia  giebis  10 

Inveniunt,  et  in  his  qusedam  modo  coepta,  sub  ipsum 

Nascendi  spatium  f  quadam  imperfecta  suisque 

Trunca  vident  numeris  ;  et  eodem  in  corpore  saepe 

Altera  pars  vivit,  rudis  est  pars  altera  tellus. 

Quippe  ubi  temperiem  sumsere  humorque  calorque,  15 

Concipiunt,  et  ab  his  oriuntur  cuncta  duobus  :^ 

Quumque  sit  ignis  aquae  pugnax  ;  vapor  humidus  omnes 

Res  creat,  et  discors  concordia^  fetibus  apta  est. 

1  Traxere  virilem  faciem,  assumed  the  shape  of  men. 

2  Experiens  laborum,  capable  ofendunng  toils. 

3  Sua  sponte,  spontaneoiisl;/,  i.  e.  without  the  intervention  of  divine  or 
human  agency.  Ovid  has  here  adopted  an  Egyptian  tradition  prevalent 
among  the  early  Greeks,  according  to  which  the  earth  was  said  to  have 
produced  spontaneously  animals  of  every  sort  from  the  mud  and  stagnant 
waters  left  on  its  surface  after  the  deluge.  In  proof  of  the  earth  having 
once  possessed  this  productive  power,  the  Egyptians  adduced  the  myriads 
of  insects  which  are  generated  by  the  heat  of  the  sun  in  the  refuse  left  by 
the  Nile  after  the  annual  inundation. 

4  Vivaci  solo,  the  enlivening,  or  life-giving  soil. 

5  Exarsit  astherio  sole,  has  been  icarmed  by  the  etherial  sun. 

6  Sub  ipsum  spatium  nascendi,  about  the  very  time  of  their  birth,  or  frit 
formation;  trunca  suis  numeris,  destitute  of  some  of  their  parts. 

7  Ab  his  dnohus,from  these  two  elements,  i.  e.  moisture  and  heat. 

8  Discors  concordia  est  apta  fetibus,  the  discordant  harmony   it  xvetl 


20  PYTHON.  [book  I, 

Ergo  ubi  diluvio  tellus  lutulenta  recenti 

Solibus  setheriis  almoque  recanduit  sestu  ;  20 

Edidit  innumeras  species,  partinique  figuras 

Retulit  antiquas,  partim  nova  monstra  creavit. 

Illa^  quidem  nollet,  sed  te  quoque,  maxims  Python, 

Tum  genuit,  populisque  novis,  incognite  serpens, 

Terror  eras  :  tantum'''  spatii  de  monte  tenebas.  25 

Hunc  Dens  arcitenens,'  et  nimquam  talibus  armis 

Ante  nisi  in  damis  capreisque  fugacibus  usus, 

Mille  gravem  telis,  exliausta  psene  pharetra, 

Perdidit  eflFuso  per  vulnera  nigra  veneno. 

Neve  operis  famam  posset  delere  vetustas,''  30 

Instituit  sacros  celebri  certamine  ludos, 

Pythia  de  domiti  serpentis  nomine  dictos. 

His  juvenum  quicumque  manu  pedibusve  rotave* 

Vicerat,  aesculeae  capiebat  frondis  honorem  :* 

Nondum  laurus  erat,  longoque  decentia  crine  36 

Tempora  cingebat  de  qualibet  arbore  Phoebus. 

Fab.  X. — Daphne. 

Primus  amor  Phoebi  Daphne  Peneia,  quem  non 
Fors  ignara  dedit,  sed  sasva  Cupidinis  ira. 
Delius  hunc  nuper  victa  serpente  superbus' 
Viderat  adducto  flectentem*  cornua  nervo, 

adapted  for  procreation.  Reference  is  here  made  to  those  principles  of 
things  which,  though  ever  in  direct  opposition  to  each  other,  yet  unite  in 
preserving  the  great  stlieme  of  the  universe,  as  fire  and  water,  <&c. 

1  Ilia,  i.  e.  Tellus, — nollet  (genuissc),  would  have  refused.  The  produc- 
tion of  Python  is  here  represented  as  the  natural  consequence  of  the  heat 
of  the  sun  acting  upon  the  refuse  left  by  the  deluge,  and  as  involuntary  on 
the  part  of  Tellus. 

2  Tantum  spatii  de  monte  tenebas,  so  large  a  portion  of  the  mountain 
(Parnassus)  did  you  occupy.    De  monte  are  used  for  mantis. 

3  Deus  arcitenens,  the  god  who  bears  the  bow,  i.  e.  Apollo.    A.  R.  A.  2£7. 

4  Neve  (for  ut  non)  vetustas  posset  delere  famam  operis,  and  that  time 
might  not  efface  the  fame  of  the  deed.    See  Python. 

5  Manu  jiedibusve  rotive,  in  booking,  or  in  running,  or  in  the  chariot 
race.    A.  R.  A.  276  and  277. 

6  Capiebat  honorem  assculeiB  frondis,  received  as  a  reward  a  crown  of 
oaken  leaves.    A.  R.  A.  322. 

7  Superbus  victa  serpente,  elated  with  his  victory  over  the  serpent. 

8  Flectentem  comua  adducto  nervo,  bending  his  bow  by  drawinu  ihf 
string  towards  him. 


FAB.  X.]  DAPHNE.  21 

Quidque  tibi,'  lascive  puer,  cum  fortibus  armis !  6 

Dixerat :  ista  decent  humeros  gestamina  nostros, 
Q,ui^  dare  certa  ferae,  dare  vulnera  possumus  hosti, 
Qui  modo  pestifero  tot  jugera  ventre  prementem' 
Stravimus  innumeris  tumidum  Pythona  sagittis. 
Tu  face  nescio*  quos  esto  contentus  amores  10 

Irritare  tua,  nee  laudes  assere"  nostras. 
Filius  huic  Veneris  :  Figat  tuus  omnia,  Phoebe, 
Te  meus  arcus,  ait :  quantoque''  animalia  cedunt 
Cuncta  tibi,  tanto  minor  est  tua  gloria  nostra. 
Dixit :  et  eliso  percussis^  acre  pennis  15 

Impiger  umbrosa  Parnassi  constitit  arce  ; 
Eque  sagittifera  promsit  duo  tela  pharetra 
Diversorum  operum  f  fugat  hoc,  facit  illud  amorem. 
1  Quod  facit,  auratum^  est,  et  cuspide  fulget  acuta  ; 
'  Quod    fugat,  obtusum    est,   et    habet    sub  arundine'" 
j  plumbum.  20 

I  Hoc  Deus  in  nympha  Peneide  fixit ;  at  illo 
Laesit"  ApoUineas  trajecta  per  ossa  medullas. 
Protinus  alter^'^  amat ;  fugit  altera  nomen  amantis, 
Silvarum  latebris  captivarumque  ferarum 
Exuviis  gaudens  innuptaeque  aemula  Phoebes.  25 

1  Quid  (esl)  tibi  cum  fortibus  armis,  what  have  you  to  do  mth  brave 
arms?  ista  gestamina,  tte^e  ami^. 

2  Qui,  in  this  and  the  following  line,  has  as  its  antecedent  the  personal 
pronoun  nos,  implied  in  nostros. 

3  Prementem  tot  jugera,  which  covered  so  many  acres.    A.  R.  A.  436. 

4  Nescio  quos  amores,  /  know  not  what  kind  of  love,  some  sort  of  love,  I 
know  not  what,  implying  contempt. 

5  Nee  assere  nostras  laudes,  and  claim  not  the  praises  due  to  me.  Assero, 
In  the  forensic  sense,  signifies  to  establish  a  claim  to  any  thing  before  a 
judge.    A.  R.  A.  189. 

6  Quanto — tanto,  as  much  as — so  much. 

7  Aere  eliso  percussis  pennis,  cleaving  the  air  by  the  movement  of  his  wingt. 

8  Diversorum  operum,  of  different  properties,  producing  opposite  ^ects. 

9  The  order  is,  (Tehim)  quod  fecit  {amorem)  est  auratum—(<eZ«m)  quod 
fugat  (amorem)  est  obtusum. 

10  Habet  plumbum  subarundine.Tia*  leadbelow,  oi  at  t?ie  end  of  the  shaft, 
i.  e.  is  tipped  with  lead. 

U  Laesit  ApoUineas  medullas  per  trajecta  ossa,  for  trajecit  ossa  et  laesit, 
he  pierced  the  bones  of  Apollo,  and  wounded  his  very  marrow. 

12  Alter,  the  one,  i.  e.  Apollo;  altera,  the  other,  i.  e.  Daphne.  Alter  sXgai- 
fies  the  one  of  two,  and  is  thus  distinguished  from  alius,  which  signifie» 
one  of  many. 


22  DAPHNE.  [^BOOK  I. 

Vitta  coerceLat  positos  sine  lege  capillos. 

Multi  illam  petiere  :  ilia  aversata'  petentes, 

Impatiens  cxpersque  viri,  nemonim  avia  lustrat, 

Nee  quid  Hymen,  quid  Amor,  quid  sint  connubia,  curat. 

Saepe  pater  dixit :  Generum  mihi,  filia,  debes  ;  30 

Saepe  pater  dixit :  Debes  mihi,  nata,  nepotes. 

Ilia,  velut  crunen  taedas  exosa''^  jugales, 

Pulchra  verecundo  suffunditur  ora  rubore, 

Inque  patris  blandis  li£erens  cervice  lacertis 

Da  mihi  perpetua,  genitor  carissime,  dixit,  35 

Virginitate  frui ;  dedit  hoc  pater  ante  Diaiiae, 

Ille  quidem  obsequitur  ;  sed  te  decor  iste,  quod  optas, 

Esse  vetat,  votoque  tuo  tua  forma  repugnat. 

Phoebus  amat,  visseque  cupit  connubia  Daphnes  ; 

Quseque  cupit,  sperat ;  suaque  ilium  oracula  fallunt.  40 

Utque  leves  stipulae  demptis  adolentur  aristis,^ 

Ut  facibus  sepes  ardent,  quas  forte  viator 

Vel  nimis  admovit,  vel  jam  sub  luce  reliquit  ;*• 

Sic  Deus  in  flammas  abiit ;  sic  pectore  toto 

Uritur,  et  sterilem  sperando  nutrit  amorem.  45 

Spectat  inornatos  collo  pendere  capillos, 

Et,  Quid,  si  comantur,*  ait.     Videt  igne  micantes 

Sideribus  similes  oculos  :  videt  oscula,  quoe  non 

Est  vidisse  satis  ;  laudat  digitosque  manusque 

1  Aversata  petentes,  hating  her  suitors;  impatiens  expersque,  unable 
to  endure  and  without  experience  of ;  avia  nemorum,  the  solitary  parts  of 
Ote  xcoods.  Kemus  denotes  generally  any  wood  or  forest,  and  lucus,  the 
irrove  or  thicket  closely  surrounded  by  trees,  in  which  the  temple  or  altar 
of  some  deity  was  situated. 

2  Exosajugales taedas,  hating themarriage torches, i. e.  marriage-  Marriages 
among  the  Romans  were  celebrated  by  night,  and  the  processions  were 
preceded  by  torches.  Hence  tada  is  used  to  signify  marriage.    A.  R.  A.  404. 

3  Aristis  demptis,  after  the  ears  have  been  taken  off.  There  is  here  an 
allusion  to  the  ancient  mode  of  reaping,  in  which  the  ear,  with  only  a  small 
part  of  the  stalli,  was  stripped  off,  the  rest  of  the  straw  being  aUowed  to 
remain  on  the  ground,  and  afterwards  burnt  to  manure  the  land  and  de- 
stroy the  weeds.    A.  R.  A.  468  and  469. 

4  "Reliquit  sub  luce,  left  unextinguished  at  day-break.  The  simile  is  bor- 
rowed from  apraetice  which  existed  in  .ancient  times,  of  people  who  travelled 
by  night  carrying  torches  with  them,  which  were  sometimes  thrown  into  a 
hedge  at  daybreak,  or  carelessly  left  unextinguished,  and  frequently  caused 
alarming  conflagrations. 

5  Quid  (sint)  si  comantnr,  what  would  t^.ey  be  if  they  were  combed  f 


FAB.  X.j  DAPHNE.  23 

Brachiaque'  et  nudos  media  plus  parte  lacertos.  50 

Si  qua  latent,  meliora  putat.     Fugit  ocior  aura 
Ilia  levi,  neque  ad  hoec  revocantis  verba  resistit : 
Nympha,  precor,  Penei",  mane  :  non  insequor  hostis  : 
Nympha,  mane.     Sic  ag-na  lupum,  sic  cerva  leonem, 
Sic  aquilam  penna  fugiunt  trepidante  columbae,  55 

Hostes  quaeque'^  suos  ;  amor  est  milii  causa  sequendi. 
Me  miserum  !  ne  prona  cadas/  indignave  laedi 
Crura  secent  sentes,  et  sim  tibi  causa  doloris. 
Aspera,  qua  properas,  loca  sunt ;  moderatius,  oro, 
Curre  fugamque  inhibe  ;  moderatius  insequar  ipse.     60 
Cui  placeas,  inquire  tamen  :  non  incola  montis, 
Non  ego  sum  pastor  ;  non  hie  armenta  gregesve 
Horridus*  observe.     Nescis,  temeraria,  nescis 
Quern  fugias,  ideoque  fugis.     Mihi  Delphica  tellus 
Et  Claros  et  Tenedos  Pataraeaque  regia  servit.  65 

Jupiter  est  genitor  :  per  me,  quod  eritque  fuitque 
Estque,  patet  f  per  me  concordant  carmina  nervis. 
Certa  quidem  nostra  est,  nostra  tamen  una  sagitta 
Certior,  in  vacuo''  qua  vulnera  pectore  fecit. 
Inventum  medicina  meum  est,  Opiferque  per  orbem     70 
Dicor,  et  herbarum  subjecta  potentia'  nobis. 
Hei  mihi,  quod  nullis  amor  est  medicabilis  herbis. 
Nee  prosunt  domino,  quae  prosunt  omnibus,  artes ! 

1  BracMum  sig^nifies  the  arm  from  the  wrist  to  the  elbow,  and  lacertut, 
from  the  elbow  to  the  shoulder.  The  different  parts  of  the  arm  are  hera 
mentioned  in  order,  from  the  fingers  to  the  shoulder.  The  attendants  of 
Diana  are  always  represented  with  their  arms  and  shoulders  uncovered. 

2  Quaeque  (ftigit)  suos  hostes,  each  creature  flies. frmn  its  oivn  enemies. 

3  (Timeo)  ne  cadas  prona,  /  am  afraid  that  you  fall  on  your  face. 

4  Non  horridus  observe,  /  do  not  here,  in  mean  attire,  icatch.  Armen- 
tum,  when  distinguished  from  fjrex,  signifies  a  herd  oflarpe  cattle,  as  oxen, 
camels,  &c. ;  and  tjrex,  a  flock  of  small  cattle,  as  sheep,  goats,  &c. 

5  Quod  eritque  fuitque  estque,  patet,  the  future,  the  past,  and  the  present, 
are  made  known  ,•  carmina  concordant  nervis,  songs  harmonize  with  the 
tlrings  of  the  lyre,  are  set  to  music.  Music,  of  which  Apollo  was  the  inventor, 
was  held  in  high  esteem  by  the  ancients ;  and  the  invention  of  their  best 
instruments  was  ascribed  to  the  gods.  The  cilhara  was  said  to  have  been 
invented  by  ApoUo,  and  the  lyra  by  Mercury. 

6  Vacuo  (ab  amove),  which  was  before  free  from  love. 

7  Potentia  herbarum,  the  healiny  properties  cf  plants.  The  medical 
knowledge  of  the  ancients  was  limited  to  an  acquaintance  with  the  healing 
properties  of  certain  plants. 


24  DAPHNE.  [book  I. 

Plura  locuturum  timido  Peneia  cursu 
Fugit,  cumque  ipso  verba  imperfecta'  reliquit  :  75 

Turn  quoque  visa  decens  ;  nudabant  corpora  venti, 
Obviaque  adversas  vibrabant"  flamina  vestes, 
Et  levis  impulses  i-etro  dabat  aura  capUlos  ; 
Aucta  fuga  forma  est.     Sed  enim'  non  sustinet  ultra 
Perdere  blanditias  juvenis  Deus  ;  utque  movebat        80 
Ipse  Amor,  admisso  sequitur  vestigia  passu. 
Ut  canis  in  vacuo  leporem  quum  Gallicus  arvo 
Vidit,  et  hie  praedam  pedibus  petit,  Ule  salutem  ; 
Alter  inhacsuro*  similis,  jam  jamque  tenere 
Sperat,  et  extento  stringit  vestigia  rostro  ;  85 

Alter  in  ambiguo  est,  an  sit  comprensus,  et  ipsis 
Morsibus  eripitur  tangentiaque  ora  reiinquit : 
Sic  Deus  et  virgo  est,  hie  spe  celer,  ilia  timore. 
Qui  tamen  insequitur,  pennis  adjutus  Amoris 
Ocior  est,  requiemque  negat ;  tergoque  fugacis  90 

Imminet,^  et  crinem  sparsum  cervicibus  afflat. 
Viribus  absumptis  expalluit  ilia,  citseque 
Victa  labore  fugae,  spectans  Peneidas  undas, 
Fer,  pater,  inquit,  opem,  si  flumina  numen  habetis. 
Qua  nimium  placui,®  tellus,  aut  hisce,  vel  istam,         96 
Quae  facit  ut  la^dar,  mutando  perde  figuram. 

Vix  prece  finita,  torpor  gravis  alligat  artus  ; 
Mollia  cinguntur  tenui  praecordia  libro  ; 
In  frondem  crines,  in  ramos  bracliia  crescunt ; 
Pes,  modo  tam  velox,  pigris  radicibus  haeret ;"  100 

Ora  cacumen  obit ;  rcmanet  nitor  unus  in  ilia. 

1  Cumque  ipso  verba  imperfecta,  for  et  ipsum  {Appottinem)  et  verba 
imperfecta,  uiifinlshed,  not  tittered. 

2  Flaminaque  obvia  vibrabant  adversas  vestes,  and  the  breezet  meeting 
her  tossed  back  tier  clothes  which  opposed  them  ;  dabat  retro,  blew  back. 

3  Sed  enim,  but  now,  but  in  truth  ,■  admisso  passu,  toiih  swift  steps,  at 
full  speed.    Tiie  metaphor  is  talten  from  a  horse  which  has  got  fuU  reins. 

4  Similis  inh^suro,  as  if  on  the  point  of  seizing  the  hare ;  stringit  vesti- 
gia extento  rostro,  grazes  its  heels  with  his  extended  snouL 

5  Imminet  tergo  fugacis,  is  close  upon  her  back  as  sheflies. 

6  Qua  nimium  placui,  where  I  have  pleased  too  much  ;  perde  mutando,  de- 
strot/  by  changing  it  ,■  quje  facit  ut  laedar,  which  is  Oie  cause  of  my  being  hurt 

7  Hseret  pigris  radicibus,  is  held  fast  by  immovable  roots ;  cacumen  obit 
era,  the  lop  of  the  tree  covers  her  face. 


KAB.  X.J  DAPHNE.  25 

Hanc  quoque  Phoebus  amat,  positaque  iii  stipite  dextra 
Sentit  adhuc  trepidare  novo  sub  cortice  pectus  ; 
Complexusque  suis  ramos,  ut  membra,  lacertis, 
Oscula  dat  ligno  ;  refugit  tamen  oscula  lignum.         105 

Cui  Deus,  At  conjux  quoniam  mea  non  potes  esse, 
Arbor  eris  certe,  dixit,  mea  ;  semper  habebunt' 
Te  coma,  te  citharje,  te  nostrse,  Laure,  pharetrse. 
Tu  ducibus  Latiis  aderis,  quum  laeta  triumphum 
Vox  canet,  et  longas  visent  Capitolia  pompas.  110 

Postibus  Augustis  eadem  fidissima  custos 
Ante  fores  stabis,'^  mediamque  tuebere  quercum. 
Utque  meum  intonsis  caput  est  juvenile  capillis, 
Tu  quoque  perpetuos  semper  gere  frondis  honores. 
Finierat  Paean.     Factis  modo  laurea  ramis  116 

Annuit,  utque  caput,  visa  est  agitasse  cacumen. 

Fab.  XI.— Jo. 

Est  nemus  Hsemonioe,  prserupta  quod  undique  claudit 

Silva  ;  vocant  Tempe  ;  per  quae  Peneus,  ab  imo 

EflFusus  Pindo,  spumosis  volvitur  undis, 

Dejectuque  gravi  tenues  agitantia  fumos 

Nubila  conducit,'  summasque  aspergine  silvas  5 

[mpluit,  et  sonitu  plus  quam  vicina  fatigat.'' 

HsBC  domus,  hsec  sedes,  haec  sunt  penetralia  magni 

A.mnis  ;  in  hoc  residens  facto  de  cautibus  antro, 

Qndis  jura  dabat  Nymphisque  colentibus  undas. 

1  Semper  habebunt  te,  shall  always  he  adorned  with  thee ;  aderis  Latiis 
lucibus,  Shalt  attend  upon,  shall  adorn  the  Roman  generals.  Among  the 
Romans  the  laurel  was  the  emblem  both  of  victory  and  of  triumph,  and  was 
ised  to  adorn  the/asces  of  the  generals  and  the  arms  of  the  soldiers.  The 
.  ictorious  general  in  the  triumphal  procession  wore  a  crown  of  laurel,  and 
leld  a  branch  of  it  in  his  right  hand.     A.  R.  A.  325.    See  Triumphus. 

2  {Tu)  eadem  stabis  fidissima  custos,  thou  shall  ah:o  stand  as  a  most  faith- 
'ul  guardian.  One  of  the  honours  decreed  to  Augustus  by  the  senate  was, 
hat  a  civic  crown  should  be  suspended  from  the  top  of  his  house,  between 
wo  laurel  branches,  which  were  set  up  in  the  vestibule  before  the  gate. 
\.  R.  A.  323. 

3  Gravique  dejectu  conducit  nubila  agitantia  tenues  fumos,  and  hy  \U 
icavy  fall  produces  clouds  which  emit  a  thin  vapour. 

4  Fatigat  sonitu  plus  quam  vici  a  (loca),  disturbs  with  its  noise  more  than 
he  places  adjoining  to  it,  i.  e.  eva>  places  at  a  distance. 


26  10.  [book  I. 

Conveniunt  illuc  popularia  flumina'  primuni,  10 

Nescia  gratentur,  consolenturne  parentem,*'' 

Populifer  Spercheos  et  irrequietus  Enipeus, 

Apiclauusque  senex  lenisque  Amphrysos  et  JEas ; 

Moxquc  amnes  alii,  qui,  qua  tulit  impetus  illos, 

In  mare  dcducunt  fessas  erroribus  undas.  16 

Inachus  unus  abest,  imoque  reconditus  antro 

Fletibus  auget  aquas,  natamque  miserrimus  lo 

Luget  ut  aniissani  :  ucscit  vitane  fruatur,' 

An  sit  apud  manes ;  sed  quam  non  invenit  usquam, 

Esse  putat  nusquam,  atque  animo  pejora  veretur.       20 

Viderat  a  patrio  redeimtem  Jupiter  lo 
Flumine,  et,  0  virgo  Jove  digna,  tuoque  beatum 
Nescio  quern  factura  toro,^  pete,  dixerat,  umbras 
Altorum  neniorum,  et  nemorum  monstraverat  umbras  ; 
Dum  calet  et  medio  Sol  est  altissimus  orbe.  25 

Quod  si  sola  times  latebras  intrare  feranim  ; 
Praeside  tuta  Deo  nemoram  secreta^  subibis  : 
Nee  de  plebe  Deo,  sed  qui  ccelestia  magna 
Sceptra  manu  teneo,  sed  qui  vaga  fulmina  mitto. 
Ne  fuge  me  !  fugiebat  enim.     Jam  pascua  Lema;,      30 
Consitaque  arboribus  Lyrcea  reliquerat  ar\a  ; 
Quum  Deus  inducta  latas  caligine  terras 
Occuluit,''  tenuitque  fugam  rapuitque  pudorem. 
Interea  medios  Juno  despexit  in  agros, 
Et  noctis  faciem  nebulas  fecisse  volucres 
Sub  nitido  inirata  die  ;  non  flumuiis  illas 
Esse,  nee  humenti  sensit  tellure  remitti  f 

J  Popularia  fluniina,  tfie  rivers  of  the  country,  i.  e.  o/Thessaly. 

2  Nescia  (num)  gratentur  {paradi)  consolenturne  parentem,  not  knowing 
u-hether  Oicy  should  congratulate  or  console  the/alher  of  Daphne,  i.  e.  Peneut. 

3  Nescit  fruaturne  vita,  an  sit  apud  manes,  heknows  not  whether  she  stiU 
enjoys  life,  or  is  with  the  manes,  i.  e.  is  dead.    A.  R.  A.  415.    See  Manes. 

4  Factura  nescio  quern  beatum,  destined  to  make  some  one,  I  know  not 
whom,  happy  ;  some  person  or  other;  pete,  <70  to. 

5  Secreta  nemorum,  the  lonely  places  of  the  woods ,-  Deo  prseside,  vili,  a 
god  as  your  protector  ;  nee  Deo  de  plebe,  Jioc  an  inferior  god.   See  ],(i,  11. 

6  Occuluit  latas  terras  caligine  inducta,  covered  the  extensive  carUt  iritli 
darkness  drawn  over  it. 

7  Jllas  non  esse  (nei'das)  fluminis,  ncc  remitti  huraenti  tellure,  tJiat  they 
were  not  the  vapours  of  a  river,  nor  were  exhakdfrom  the  moist  earth. 


i 


FAB.  XI,]  10.  27 

Atque,  suus  conjux  ubi  sit,  circumspicit,  ut  qus 

Deprensi  toties  jam  nosset  fui-ta  mariti.^ 

Quern  postquam  coelo  non  reperit ;  Aut  ego  fall  or,     40 

Aut  ego  Iffldor,  ait ;  delapsaque  ab  setliere  summo 

Constitit  in  terris,  nebulasqiie  recedere  jussit. 

Conjugis  adventum  priesenserat,  inque  uitcutem 

Inachidos  vultus  mutaverat  ille  juvencam. 

Bos  quoque  fomiosa  est.     Speciem  Saturnia  vaccce,    45 

Quanquam  invita,  probat ;  nee  non  et  cnjus,  et  unde,* 

Quove  sit  armento,  veri  quasi  nescia,  quaerit. 

Jupiter  e  terra  genitam  mentitur,'  ut  auctor 

Desinat  inquiri.     Petit  hanc  Saturnia  inunus. 

Quid  faciat  I  crudele,  sues  addicere  araores  ;*  50 

Non  dare,  suspectum.     Pudor  est,  qui  suadeat  illinc, 

Hinc  dissuadet  amor.     Victus  pudor  esset  amore  ; 

Sed  leve  si  munus  sociae  generisque  torique' 

Vacca  negaretui",  poterat  non  vacca  videri.® 

Pellice  donata,  non  protinus  exuit  omnem  55 

Diva  metum,  timuitque  Jovem  et  fuit  anxia  furti, 

Donee  Arestoridae  servandam  tradidit  Argo. 

Fab.  XII. — Argus. 

Centum  luminibus  cinctum  caput  Argus  habebat : 
Inde*  suis  vicibus  capiebant  bina  quietem  ; 
Cetera  servabant,  atque  in  statione  manebant. 

1  TTt  quas  n68set  furta  mariti  jam  toties  deprensi,  assJie  knew  well  the  in- 
trigttes  of  her  husband,  who  had  been  already  so  often  detected. 

2  Quasrit  cujus  («<) ,  et  unde  (sit) ,  she  asks  whose  she  is  and  whence  she  is. 

3  Mentitur  (earn)  genitam  esse  e  terra,  falsely  asserts  that  she  was  pro- 
duced from  the  earth. 

4  Addicere  suos  amores,  to  give  up  his  mistress  ;  BuspBctxxm,liai>le  to  sus- 
picion. Addicere  is  a  term  borrowed  from  the  Roman  law,  and  is  applied 
to  the  surrender  of  insolvent  debtors  to  their  creditors.    A.  R.  A.  40. 

5  Sociae  generis  torique,  to  the  sharer  (if  his  descent  and  of  his  bed,  i.  e.  to 
Juno.    5ee  11, 10,62. 

{     6  Poterat  vidcri  non  vacca,  might  seem  not  to  be  a  coiO;  to  be  something 
more  than  a  cow. 

7  Anxia  furti,  afraid  of  theft,— afraid  that  the  cow  would  be  stolen  ; 
(vaccam)  servandam,  to  be  watched. 

8  Inde,  of  them,  i.  e.  of  the  hundred  eyes ;  suis  vicibus.  in  their  turn  ; 
bina,  two  at  a  time;  in  statione,  on  guard,  on  duty — a  metaphor  borrowed 
from  the  soldiers  appointed  to  keep  guard.    A.  R.  A.  314. 


28  ARGUS.  [book  I. 

Constiterat  quocumquc  mode,  spcctabat  ad  lo  ; 

Ante  ociilos  lo,  qiiamvis  aversus,  habehat.  5 

Luce  sinit  pasci ;  qiium  Sol  tellure  sub  alta  est, 

Claudit  et  indigno'  circumdat  vincula  cello. 

Froudibus  arboreis  et  amara  pascitur  herba, 

Proque  toro,  teiTse,  non  semper  gramen  habenti, 

Incubat  iufelix,  limosaque  flumina  potat.  10 

Ilia  ctiam  supplex  Argo  quum  brachia  vellet 

Tendere,  non  habuit  qufe  brachia  tenderet  Argo  ; 

Et  conata  queri  mugitus  edidit  ore  ; 

Pertimuitque  sonos,  propriaque  exterrita  voce  est. 

Veuit  et  ad  ripas,  ubi  ludere  sa?pe  solebat,  15 

Inachidas  ripas  ;  novaque  ut  conspexit  in  unda 

Cornua,  pertimuit  seque  exsternata  refugit.* 

Na'ides  ignorant,  ignorat  et  Inachus  ipse, 

Quse  sit  ;  at  ilia  patrem  sequitur  sequiturque  sororos, 

Et  patitur  tangi,  seque  admirantibus  ofFert.  20 

Decerptas  senior  pon-exerat  Inacbus  herbas  ; 

lUa  manus  lambit,  patriisque  dat  oscula  palmis  ; 

Nee  retinet  lacrimas  ;  et,  si  modo  verba  sequantur,* 

Oret  opem,  nomenque  suum  casusque  loquatur. 

Litera  pro  verbis,*  quam  pes  in  pulvere  duxit,  25 

Corporis  indicium  mutati  triste  peregit. 

Me  miserum  !  exclamat  pater  Inachus  ;  inquo  gementis 

Cornibus  et  niveae  pendens  cervice  juvencae, 

Me  miserum  !  ingeminat.     Tune  es  qusesita  per  omnes, 

Nata,  mihi  terras  i  tu  non  inventa  reperta*  30 

Luctus  eras  levior.     Retices,  nee  mutua  nostris 

Dicta  refers  ;  alto  tantum  suspiria  ducis 

Pectore,  quodque  unum  potes,*  ad  mea  verba  remugis. 

1  Indigno,  unworthy  of  such  treatment. 

2  Exsternata  refugit  se,  and  started  back  in  aiarm  at  herself,  fled  in 
alarm  from  her  own  shadow. 

3  Si  modb  verba  sequantur,  if  words  would  but  follow,  if  she  could  but 
utter  words. 

4  Pro  verbis  litera,  instead  of  words  letters,  i.  e.  the  letters  I O. 

5  Eras  levior  luctus  reperta,  caused  less  grief  to  m«  than  now  when  i/oti 
arefottnd  ,■  dicta  mutua  nostris  {dictis),  words  in  reply  to  mine. 

6  Quod  unum  potes,  what  alone  you  can  do ,-  ttedas.    See  1, 10, 32. 


FAB.  XII.]  AUGTJS.  29 

At  tibi  ego  ignarus  thalamos  tsedasque  parabam  ; 
Spesque  fuit  generi^  milii  prima,  secunda  nepotum.    35 
De  grege  nunc  tibi  vir,  nunc  de  grege  natus  liabendus. 
Nee  finii-e  licet  tantos  milii  niorte  dolores  ; 
Sed  nocet^  esse  Deum  ;  prEclusaque  janua  leti 
Sternum  nostros  luctus  extendit  in  aevnm. 
Talia  moerenti^  stellatus  submovet  Argus,  40 

Ereptamque  patri  diversa  in  pascua  natam 
Abstrahit :  ipse  procul  monUs  sublime  cacumen 
Occupat,  unde  sedens  partes  speculatur  in  omnes. 

Nee  Superum  rector  mala  tanta*  Phoronidos  ultra 
Ferre  potest ;  natumque  vocat,  quem  lucida  partu      45 
Pleias  enixa  est,  letoque  det,  imperat,^  Argum. 
Parva  mora  est,  alas  pedibus  virgamque  potenti 
Somniferam  sumpsisse''  manu  tegimenque  capillis, 
Hoec  ubi  disposuit,  patria  Jove  natus  ab  arce 
Desilit  in  teiTas.     Illic  tegimenque  removit,  50 

Et  posuit  pennas  ;  tantummodo  virga  retenta  est, 
Hac^  agit,  ut  pastor,  per  devia  rura  capellas, 
Diim  venit,  abductas,  et  structis  cantat  avenis. 
Voce  nova  captus  custos  Junonius,  At  tu, 
Quisquis  es,*  hoc  poteras  mecum  considere  saxo,  55 

Argus  ait :  neque  enim^  pecori  fecundior  ullo 

1  Prima  spes  milii  fuit  (spes)  generi,  mp  first  hope  icas  that  of  a  son-in-law. 

2  Nocet  (mihi,  me)  esse  Deura,  it  is  my  misfortune  to  be  a  god, 

3  Submovet  {earn)  patri  mcerenti  talia,  removes  her  from  her  father 
while  uttering  such  lamentations  ;  ahs,i.Tz3a.\l,forces  her  away. 

4  Tantamala,  the  great  calamities ;  ultra,  any  longer;  natum,  his  ton, 
\.  e.  Mercury. 

5  Imperat  (ut)  det  Argum  leto,  orders  him  to  put  Argus  to  death.  Tho 
conjunction  ut  is  frequently  omitted  after  verbs  signifying  to  command,  en- 
treat, &o.    See  1,  8,74. 1, 12, 17. 

6  Parva  mora  est  surapsisse,  but  small  delay  is  made  in  placing.  Mer- 
cury was  represented  with  a  petasvs,  or  winged  cap ;  talaria,  or  winged 
sandals  for  his  feet,  and  a  caduceus,  or  wand  mth  two  serpents  entwined 
round  it.     A.  R.  A.  226. 

7  Hac,  with  this,  i.  e.  the  caduceus ;  abductas  dum  venit,  stolen  ashe  comet, 
stolen  by  the  way ;  cantat  avenis  stnictis,  plays  on  oaten  straws  joined  to- 
gether.   For  the  origin  of  this  pipe,  see  1 ,  12,  23. 

8  Qujsquis  es,  whoever  you  are,  be  you  who  you  may.  An  expression 
UBed  by  the  Romans  when  addressing  a  stranger  or  a  god  whoso  name  was 
unknown  to  them. 

9  Neque  enim  est  ullo  1oco,/ot*  there  is  not  in  anyplace. 

c2 


30  ARGUS.  [book  I. 

Herba  loco  est,  aptamque  vides  pastoribus  umbram. 
Sedit  Atlantiades,  et  euntem  multa  loquendo 
Detinuit'  sermone  diem  ;  junctisque  canendo 
Vincere  arundinibus  servantia  lumina  tentat.  60 

lUe  tamen  pugnat  molles  evincere  somnos, 
Et,  quamvis  sopor  est  oculorum  parte  receptus, 
Parte  tamen  vigilat ;  quaerit  quoque,  namque  reperta 
Fistula  nuper  erat,  qua  sit  ratione  reperta.* 

Fab.  XIII.— SV/rJna-. 

TuiM  Deus,  Arcadiae  gelidis  sub  montibus,  inquit, 
Inter  Hamad  ryadas  celeberrima  Nonacrinas 
Naias  una  fuit ;  Nymphse  Syringa  vocabant. 
Non  semel  et  Satyros  eluserat'  ilia  sequentes, 
EtqiioscumqueDeos  umbrosavc  silva,  feraxve  5 

Rus  liabet.     Ortygiam  studiis  ipsaque  colebat 
Virginitate  Deam.     Ritu  quoque  cincta  Dianae 
Falleret,  et  credi  posset  Latonia,  si  non 
Corneus  huic  arcus,  si  non  foret  aureus  illi. 
Sic  quoque  fallebat.     Redeuntem  colle  Lycaeo  10 

Pan  videt  banc,  pinuque  caput  prfeciuctus  acuta,^ 
Talia  verba  refert.      Restabat'  verba  referre, 
^Et  precibus  spretis  fugisse  per  avia  Nynipham, 
Donee  arcnosi  placidum  Ladonis  ad  amnem 
Venerit ;  hie  illi  cursum  impedientibus  undis,  16 

Ut  se  niutarent,  liquidas  orasse  sorores  f 
Panaque,  quum  prensam  sibi  jam  Syringa  putaret, 

1  Et  loquendo  multa  detinuit  sermone  euntem  diem,  and  in  tancingmueh 
bi:r!uiled  by  his  conversation  the  passing  clay. 

2  Qua  ratione  reperta  sit,  by  what  means  it  was  invented. 

3  Non  semel  eluserat,  she  hadnot  once,  i.  e.  she  had  often  escaped  from. 
Eludere  is  a  term  borrowed  from  the  gladiators,  when  one,  by  some  parti- 
cular attitude,  avoided  the  blow  of  his  antagonist.     A.  R.  A.  280. 

4  PrsEcinctus  (secutidum)  caput  acuta  pinu,  having  his  head  encircled 
with  sharp-pointed  pine-leaves.  Pan  was  represented  with  two  small  horns, 
.ind  with  a  wreath  of  pine  on  his  head.    A.  R.  A.  232. 

5  Restabat  referre  verba,  it  remained  for  him  (Mercurj)  to  relate  tite 
words  of  Pan,  and  to  tell  that,  &c. 

6  Liquidas  sorores,  her  liquid  sisteis, — the  water-nymphs  of  the  Ladon, 
who,  as  goddesses,  possessed  the  power  of  changing  her. 


FAB.  XIII.]  6YR.INX.  31 

Corpore  pro  Nyniphae  calamos  tenuisse  palustres  ; 
Dumque  ibi  suspirat,  motos  in  arundine  ventos 
EflFecisse  sonum  tenuem  similemque  querenti ;  20 

Arte  nova  vocisque  Deuni  dulcedine  captum. 
Hoc  mihi  concilium^  tecum,  dixisse,  manebit ; 
Atque  ita  disparibus  calamis  compagine  cerae 
Inter  se  junctis  nomen  tenuisse^  puellse. 
Talia  dicturus  vidit  Cyllenius  omnes  25 

Succubuisse  oculos,  adopertaque  lumina  somno. 
Supprimit  extemplo  vocem,  fimiatque  soporem, 
Languida  permulcens  medicata'  lumina  virga. 
Nee  mora  :  falcato'  nutantem  vulnerat  ense, 
Qua  collo  est  confine^  caput ;  saxoque  cruentum        30 
Dejicit,  et  maculat  prseruptam  sanguine  cautem. 
Arge,  jaces  ;  quodque  in  tot  lumina  lumen  habebas,* 
Extinctum  est,  centumque  oculos  nox  occupat  una. 
Excipit  hos  volucrisque  suae  Satumia  pennis^ 
Collocat,  et  gemmis  caudam  stellantibus  iraplet.  35 

Protinus  exarsit^  nee  tempora  distulit  ins, 
Horriferamque  oculis  animoque  objecit  Erinnyn 
Pellieis  Argolicse,  stiniulosque  in  pectore  csecos 
Condidit,  et  profugam^  per  totum  terniit  orbem. 
Ultimus  immense  restabas,  Nile,  labori.  40 

Queni  simul  ac  tetigit,  positisque  in  margine  ripae 

1  Hoc  concilium  tecum  manebit  milii,  this  intercourse  with  you  shall  be 
eontinued  by  me. 

2  The  preceding  part  of  the  clause  from  disparibus  to  junctis  forms  the 
accusative  before  the  infinitive  tenuisse.  Pan's  pipe  consisted  of  seven  un- 
equal reeds. 

3  Medicata  virgi,  with  his  enchanted  rod,-  with  his  caduceus,  which  poi- 
sessed  the  power  of  causing  sleep. 

4  Falcato  ense,  with  his  crooked  sicord,  or  falchion ;  a  weapon  frequently 
mentioned  by  the  mythological  writers. 

5  Qua  caput  est  confine  collo,  where  the  head  is  joined  to  the  neck.  Hi» 
neck  was  particularly  exposed  by  his  posture  while  asleep. 

6  Lumenque  quod  habebas  in  tot  lumina,  and  the  poivcr  of  vision  which 
you  had  diffused  over  so  many  eyes. 

7  Pennis  suse  volucris,  in  the  feathers  of  her  bird,  i.  e.  the  peacock.  A. 
R.  A.  222. 

8  (Juno)  protinus  exarsit,  Juno  was  immediately  inflamed  with  rage. 

9  Terruit  {earn)  profugam,  forced  her  by  terror  to  tvander  ,■  uitimu» 
Ifinis)  immenso  labori,  thefarthest  limit  to  her  immense  toil,  her  wanderings. 


32  SYRINX.  LbOOK.   I. 

Procubuit  genibus,  resupinoque  ardua'  coUo, 

Quos  potuit  solos,  tollens  ad  sidera  vultus  ; 

Et  gemitu  et  lacrimis  et  luctisono  mugitu 

Cum  Jove  visa  queri  est,  finemque  orare  maloi'um.     45 

Conjugis  ille  suae  complexus  colla  lacertis, 

Finiat  ut  poenas  tandem,  rogat ;  Inque  futurum 

Pone  metus,  inquit,  nunquam  tibi  causa  doloris 

Hsec  erit ;  et  Stygias  jubet  hoc  audire  paludes. 

Ut  lenita  Dea  est,  vultus  capit'''  ilia  priores  ;  50 

Fitque,  quod  ante  fuit.     Fugiunt  e  corpore  sets  ; 

Cornua  decrescunt ;  fit  luminis  arctior  orbis  f 

Contraliitur  rictus  ;  redeunt  humerique  manusque  ; 

Ungulaque  in  quiiios  dilapsa  absumitur*  ungues. 

De  bove  nil  superest,  forms  nisi  candor,  in  ilia  ;         65 

Officioque  pedum  Nymphe  contenta  duorum 

Erigitur  ;  metuitque  loqui,  ne  more  juvencse 

Mugiat ;  et  timide  verba  intermissa  retentat.* 

Nunc  Dea  linigera^  colitur  celeberrima  turba. 

Fab.  XIV. — Epaphus  and  Fhaethon. 

Huio  Epaphus  magni  genitus^  de  semine  tandem 
Creditur  esse  Jovis  ;  perque  uvbes  juncta  parenti 
Templa  tenet.     Fuit  huic  animis  sequalis  et  annis 
Sole  satus  Phaethon ;  quern  quondam  magna  loquentem,' 
Nee  sibi  cedentem,  PhcEboque  parente  superbum,^        6 

1  Arduaque  collo  resupino,  !ooI:ing  upwards  with  lier  neck  bent  back. 

2  11^  capit  priores  vultus,  she  (lo)  recovers  her  former  shape. 

3  Orbis  luminis,  the  ball  (^  her  eye,  her  eye;  rictus,  the  aperture  of  her 
mouth,  her  mouth. 

4  Ungula  dilapsa  absumitur,  her  hoof  separating  wastes  away  into. 

5  Retentat  verba  intermissa,  tries  again  words  long  discontinued. 

6  Linigera  turba,  by  the  linen-wearing  class,  i.  e.  the  priests  of  Isia,  who 
were  clothed  in  linen.  lo  was  worshipped  as  a  goddess  by  the  Egyptian» 
under  the  name  of  Isis. 

7  Creditur  genitus  esse  huic,  is  believed  to  have  been  born  by  her  ;  juncta 
parenti,  joined  u'iift  his  mother,  jointly  with  his  mother.  The  strict  con- 
struction would  have  required  parentis  under  the  government  of  tem- 
lili.t,  understood.  This  shortened  form  of  expression,  though  logically  in- 
accurate, is  frequently  met  with  both  in  Latin  prose  and  poetry. 

8  Ijoquentem  rasigna.,  boasting  mightily  ;  non  tulit,  <;o«M  no<  6car.  ThSl 
meaning  of^o  is  not  unusual.    See  2,  1,  22,  &e. 

9  Superbum.    See  \,  9,  3. 


FAB.  XIV.J  EPAPHUS  AND  PHAETHOX.  33 

iNon  tulit  Inacliides,  Matrique,  ait,  omnia  demens 
Credis,  et  es  tumidus  genitoris  imagine  falsi. ^ 
'     Erubuit  Phaethon,  iramque  pudore  repressit, 
Et  tulit  ad  Clymenen  Epaphi  convicia  matrem  ; 
Quoque  magis  doleas,^  genitrix,  ait,  Ille  ego  liber,      10 
Ille  ferox  tacui.     Pudet  lisec  opprobria  nobis 
Et  dici  potuisse,  et  non  potuisse  repelli. 
At  tu,  si  modo  sum  coelesti  stirpe  creatus, 
'Ede  notam  tanti  generis,  meque  assere^  coelo. 
Dixit,  et  implicuit  matemo  bracliia  coUo  ;  15 

Perque  suum  Meropisque  caput  taedasque  sororum, 
Traderet,  oravit,  veri  sibi  signa  parentis. 
iAmbiguum,*  Clymene  precibus  Phaethontis,  an  ira 
!  Mota  magis  dicti  sibi  criminis  ;  utraque  cceIo 
!  Brachia  porrexit,  spectansque  ad  lumina  Solis,  20 

Per  j  ubar  hoc,  inquit,  radiis  insigne  coruscis, 
,  Nate,  tibi  juro,  quod  nos  auditque  videtque. 
Hoc  te,  quern  spectas,  hoc  te,  qui  temperat  orbem, 
iSole  satum.*    Si  ficta  loquor,  neget  ipse  videndum 
Se  mihi,  sitque  oculis  lux  ista  novissima  nostris.  25 

Nee  longus  labor  est  patrios  tibi  nosse  penates  :® 
Unde  oritur,  domus  est  teiTse  contermina  nostrse. 
Si  modo  fert  animus  ;  gradere,  et  scitabere  ab  ipso. 
Emicat  extemplo  laetus  post  talia  matris 
■Dicta  suae  Phaethon,  et  concipit  athera  mente  ;'         30 
jiEthiopasque  suos  positosque  sub  ignibus  Indos 
Sidereis**  transit,  patriosque  adit  impiger  ortus. 

I    1  Es  tumidus  imagine  falsi  genitoris,  are  puffed  up  with  the  groitndlest 
itelie/  of  a  false  father ,-  in  opposition  to  veri  parentis  in  17. 
'    2  Quoque  magis  doleas,  ego  ille  liber,  ille  ferox  tacui,  and,  to  grieve  you 
/he  more,  I,  that  open-minded,  that  dauntless  youth,  remained  silent. 

3  Assere  me  coelo,  vindicate  for  me  my  celestial  origin,  prove  that  I  am 
descended  from  a  god.    A.  R.  A.  189.    See  1,10, 11. 

4  Ambiguum  (est  utrum)  Clymene  mota  (sit),  it  is  doubtful  whether  Cly- 
mene was  moved;  criminis  dicti  sibi, /or  the  calumny  alleged  against  her. 

5  Te  satum  (esse)  hoe  sole,  that  you  are  descended  from  thissun;  tempe- 
rat, regulates — by  diffusing  light  and  heat,  and  producing  the  change  of 
seasons,  &c.  The  ancients  were  accustomed  to  swear  by  the  sun,  and  to 
call  him  as  a  witness  of  their  own  innocence,  or  of  the  guilt  of  others. 

6  'Noss.eT^s.triospen&tes,  to  visit  your  father's  palace.    A.  R.  A.  230. 

7  Concipit  mente  aithera,  fixes  his  thoughts  upon  heaven. 

8  Sidereis  ignibus,  the  violent  heat  of  the  sun,  i.  e.  in  the  torrid  zone. 


34  PHAETHON.  [book  H. 

BOOK  II. 

Fab.  I. — Phatthon. 

Regia  Solis  erat  subliniibus  alta  columais,^ 
Clara  micante  auro  flammasque  imitante  pyropo  ;* 
Cujus  ebur^  nitidum  fastigia  sxunma  tenebat, 
Argenti  bifores  radiabant  lumine  valvae. 
Materiem  superabat  opus  :  nam  Mulciber  illic  5 

-^quora  caelarat  medias  cingentia  terras, 
Terrarumque  orbem,  coelumque,  quod  imminet  orbi. 
Caeruleos  habet  unda  Deos,  Tritona  canorum, 
Proteaque  ambiguum,  balsenarumque  prementem 
^gaeona  suis  immania  terga  lacertLs,  10 

Doridaque  et  natas  ;  quarum  pars''  nare  videntur, 
Pars  in  mole  sedens  virides  siccare  capillos, 
Pisce  vebi  qutedam  ;  facies  non  omnibus  una, 
Jfec  diversa  tamen  :  qualem  decet"  esse  sororum. 
Terra  \'iros  urbesque  gerit,  sUvasque  ferasque,  1 .5 

Fluminaque  et  Nymphas,  et  cetera  numina  ruris. 
Haec  super  imposita  est  coeli  fulgentis  imago," 
Signaque  sex  foribus  dextris,^  totidemque  sinistris. 
Quo  simul  acelivo  ChTneneia  limits'*  proles 
Venit,  et  intra vit  dubitati  tecta  parentis  ;  20  ^ 

1  Alta  sublimibus  colamnis,  raited  by  meant  oflqfiy  piliart. 

2  PjTopo,  /fcepyropt/j/ a  mixture  of  three  parts  of  copper  and  one  of  gold, ' 
which",  as  the  word  imports,  was  of  a  fiery  colour.  It  may  also  be  trans-  ' 
lated,  a  carbuncle,  or  ruby  ;  a  precious  stone  of  a  r«l  fiery  colour,  resem- 
bling a  burning  coal. 

3  Nitidum  ebur,  ttatues  of  polished  ivory ;  summa  fastigia,  the  top  of 
the  roof.  S2e\,6  61.  A.  R,  A.  456.  Bifores  valvas,  doublefolding-doort. 
A.  R.  A.  449. 

4  Pars — pars,  lome—oVurt—rn  mole,  on  a  rock — vehi,  to  ride. 

5  (Talit  faeiet)  qualem  decet  (Jaciem)  sororum  esse,  but  tuch  a  Ukeneu 
as  that  of  sitters  ought  to  he. 

6  Imago  fulgentis  coeli,  a  representation  oftheheaven  thiniw;  with  stars. 

7  Sex  signa  dextris  foribus,  six  signt  on  the  right  folding-door.  See 
Zodiacus. 

8  Acelivo  limife,  by  an  ascending  path.  The  ancient  temples  were 
usually  built  on  a  rising  ground,  and  the  approach  to  tbem  was  bv  a  flight 
of  steps.    Se<l,  8,  63. 


FAB.  I.]  PHAETHOX.  36 

Protinus  ad  patrios  sua  fert  vestigia  vultus, 
Consistitque  procul ;  neque  enim  propiora  ferebat 
Lumina.     Purpurea  velatus  veste  sedebat 
In  solio  Phoebus,  Claris  lucente  zmaragdis/ 
A  dextra  laevaque  Dies  et  Mensis  et  Annus,  25 

Seculaque  et  positse  spatiis  aequalibus'^  Horse, 
Verque  novum  stabat  cinctum  florente  corona  ; 
Stabat  nuda  ^stas  et  spicea  serta  gerebat : 
Stabat  et  Autumnus  calcatis  sordidus  uvis  f 
Et  glacialis  Hiems,  canos  hirsuta  capillos.  30 

Inde  loco  medius*  renim  novitate  paventem 
'  Sol  oculis  juvenem,  quibus  adspicit  omnia,  vidit, 
j  Quaeque  viae  tibi  causa  \  quid  hac,  ait,  arce  petisti, 
'  Progenies,  Phaethon,  baud  inficianda'  parenti  \ 
Ille  refert  :  O  lux  immensi  publica  mundi,  35 

Phoebe  pater,  si  das  hujus  mihi  nominis  usum. 
Nee  falsa  Clymene  culpam  sub  imagine^  celat ; 
Pignora  da,  genitor,  per  quae  tua  vera  propago' 
!  Credar,  et  hunc  animis  errorem  detrahe  nostris. 
1  Dixerat ;  at  genitor  circum  caput  omne  micantes        40 
j  Deposuit  radios  propiusque  accedere  jussit ; 
Amplexuque  dato,  Nee  tu  meus  esse  negarP 
Dignus  es,  et  Clymene  veros,  ait,  edidit  ortus. 
Quoque  minus  dubites,  quodvis  pete  munus,  ut  illud. 
Me  tribuente,  feras  :  promissis  testis  adesto  46 

Dis  juranda  palus,®  oculis  incognita  nostris. 

1  Zmaragdis,  emeralds.  The  emerald  is  a  precious  stone  usually  of  a 
green  colour ;  but  the  ancients  seem  to  have  used  zmaragdus  in  a  more 
extended  sense,  and  to  have  understood  by  it  green  crystals,  jaspers,  &c. 

2  Positae  aqualibus  spatiis,  placed  at  equal  distances.    A.  R.  A.  230. 

3  Sordidus  calcatis  uvis,  besmeared  with  pressed  grapes — in  allusion  to 
the  custom  of  treading  out  the  grapes,  a  practice  still  frequent  in  many 
parts  of  Italy.    A.  R.  A.  .388. 

4  Sol  medius  loco,  for  in  medio  loco,  Sol  who  u-as  in  the  centre  o/  the 
palace.    See  1,  2,  9.  and  1,  6,  16. 

5  Haud  infieianda  parenti,  not  deserving  to  be  disowned  by  your  father. 

6  Sub  falsa  imagine,  under  a  feigned  disguise. 

7  Credar  (esse)  tua  vera  propago,  /  may  be  believed  to  be  your  real  off'- 
tpring — errorem,  uncertainty. 

8  Nee  tu  es  dignus  negari  esse  meus  (Jilius),  you  do  not  deserve  to  be 
denied  to  be  my  son. 

i)  Palus  juranda  Dls,  let  the  lake  by  tvhich  the  gods  are  wont  to  swear- 


36  PHAETHON.  [book  II. 

Vix  bene  desierat :  currus  rogat  ille  j)atemo3, 
Inque  diem  alipedum  jus  et  moderameu^  cquonim. 
Poenituit  jurasse  patrem,  qui  terque  quaterque 
Concutiens  illustre  caput,  Temeraria/  dixit,  50 

Vox  mea  facta  tua  est.     Utinam  promissa  liceret 
Non  dare  !   confiteor,  solum  hoc  tibi,  nate,  negarem. 
Dissuadere  licet :  non  est  tua  tuta  voluntas. 
Magna  petis,  Phaethon,  et  quae  nee  viribus  istis 
Munera  conveniunt,^  nee  tam  pueiilibus  annis.  55 

Sors  tua  mortal  is  :  non  est  mortale*  quod  optas. 
Plus  etiam,  quam  quod  Supciis  contingere  fas  est,* 
Isescius  afFectas.  Placeat  sibi  quisque  licebit :® 
Non  tamen  ignifero  quisquam  consistcre  in  axe 
Me  valet  excepto.     Vasti  quoque  rector  Oljnnpi,        60 
Qui  fera  tenibili  jaculatur  fulmina  dextra, 
Non  agat  lios  currus  :  et  quid  Jove  majus  habemu3 ! 
Ardua  prima  via'  est,  et  qua  vix  mane  recente» 
Enitantur  equi  ;  medio  est  altissiraa  coelo, 
Unde  mare  et  terras  ipsi  milii  saepe  videre  Go 

Fit  timor,  et  pavida  trepidat  formidine  pectus. 
Ultima  prona  via  est,  et  eget  moderamine  certo. 
Tunc  etiam,  quae  me  subjectis  excipit  undis,* 
Ne  ferar  in  proeceps,^  Tethys  solet  ipsa  vereri. 

There  is  here  a  peculiarity  of  construction,  the  common  form  of  expression 
being  jurare  per  pahidem',  though  the  same  construction,  without  the  pre- 
position, is  also  found.    See  101.    See  Styx. 

1  Jus  et  moderamen,  the  management  and  control — in  diem, /or one daij. 

2  Mea  vox  facta  est  temeraria  tua  {voce),  my  promise  hat  become  rash  ly 
your  request. 

3  Conveniunt  nee  istis  viribus,  suits  neither  that  feeble  strength  of  yours. 

4  Non  est  mortale,  is  not  possible  for  Mortals,-  is  beyond  the  power  qf 
tiiorlals. 

5  Fas  est  contingere,  is  allowed  to  fa'.l  to  the  lot  of— is  allowed  by  those 
eternal  laws  by  which  the  power  of  each  god  is  limited  and  defined. 

6  Licebit  [u't)  quisque  placeat  sibi,  it  will  be  allowed  to  eiery  one  to  be 
pleased  with  himself— let  every  one  think  of  himself  as  he  chooses. 

7  Prima  via,  t/ie  first  part  of  the  road — qua,  along  which.  This  descrip- 
tion of  the  course  of  the  sun  is  founded  upon  the  erroneous  opinion  that  th« 
»un  revolves  round  the  earth  as  the  centre  of  the  planetary  system. 

8  Quse  excipit  me  subjectis  undis ,  who  receives  me  in  her  waters  lyiruj  below. 
The  sun  was  supposed  to  lose  himself  in  the  sea  in  the  west  at  night,  and  to 
rise  from  it  in  the  east  in  the  morning 

&  Ne  ferar  in  prttceps,  ksl  I  should  be  hurried  headlong. 


FAB.  I.]  PUAETHON.  37 

Adde,  quod  assidua  rapitur  vertigine'  ccelum,  70 

Sideraque  alta  traliit  celerique  volumine  torquet. 

Nitor  in  adversum  f  nee  me,  qui  cetera,  vincit 

Impetus  ;  et  rapido  contravius  evehor  orbi. 

Finge  datos  currus  :  qmd  agas  I  poterisne  rotatis 

Obvius  ire  polis,  ne  te  citus  auferat  axis  P  75 

Forsitan  et  lucos  illic  urbesque  domosque 

Concipias  animo,  delubraque  ditia  donis 

Esse  :  per  insidias  iter  est  formasque  feranim/ 

Utque  viam  teneas  nulloque  errore  traharis  ; 

Per  tamen  adversi  gradieris  cornua  Tauri,  80 

Hcemoniosque  arcus,  violentique  ora  Leonis, 

Saevaque  circuitu  curvantem  brachia  longo 

Scorpion,  atque  aliter  curvantem  brachia  Cancrum. 

Nee  tibi  quadrupedes  animosos  ignibus  illis, 

Q,uos  in  pectore  habent,  quos  ore  et  naribus  efflant,    85 

In  promptu*  regere  est  :  vix  me  patiuntur,  ut  acres 

Incaluere  animi,  cervixque  repugnat  habenis. 

At  tu,  funesti  ne  sim  tibi  muneris  auctor, 

Nate,  cave  ;  dum  resque  sinit,  tua  corrige  vota. 

Scilicet,  ut  nostro  genitum  te  sanguine  credas,  90 

Pignora  certa  petis  :  do  pignora®  certa  timendo, 

Et  patrio  pater  esse  metu  probor.     Adspice  vultus 

Ecce  meos,  utinamque  oculos  in  pectora  posses 

Inserere,  et  patrias  intus  deprendere  curas ! 

Denique  quicquid  habet  dives,  circumspice,  mundus,  96 

Eque  tot  ac  tantis  coeli  terraeque  marisque 

1  Rapitur  assidua  vertigine,  is  carried  forward  in  a  ceaseless  revolution. 
According  to  the  opinions  of  some  of  tlie  ancient  philosophers,  the  heaven 
moved  round  in  a  rapid  and  incessant  revohition,  and  carried  along  with 
it  the  stars. 

2  Nitor  in  adversum,  /  advance  with  difficulty  in  the  opposite  direction, 
i.  a.  from  east  to  west;  while  the  planets  moved  from  \vest  to  east. 

3  Ne  citus  axis  auferat  te,  and  tue  rapid  axis,  i.  e.  the  rapid  revolution 
of  the  heavens,  not  carry  you  away.    See  1,  7,  12. 

4  Formas  ferarum,  the  forms  of  wild  beasts— those  by  which  the  signs  of 
the  zodiac  were  represented,  as  Leo,  Scorpio,  &c.    See'l,  2,  42. 

5  Nee  in  promptu  est  tibi  regere,  nor  is  it  easy  for  you  to  manage.  Sol 
here  speaks  as  if  the  sun  would  pass  through  all  the  signs  of  the  zodiac  in  a 
single  day,  whereas  the  time  necessary  to  accomplish  this  is  a  year. 

6  Certa  pignora,  undoubted  pledges  ;  timendo,  by  being  afraid  for  you. 


38  PHAETHON.  [book  II. 

Posce  bonis  aliquid  :  nullani  patiere  repulsara. 
Deprecor'  hoc  unum,  quod  vero  nomine  poena, 
Non  honor  est :  pcenam,  Phaethon,  pro  munere  poscis. 
Quid  mea  colla  tenes  blandis,  ignare,  laccrtis  l  100 

Ne  dubita,  dabitur,  Stygias  juravimus  undas, 
Quodcumque  optaris  :  sed  tu  sapientius  opta. 
Finierat'''  monitus  :  dictis  tameu  iUe  repugnat, 
Pi-opositumque  tenet,  flagratque  cupidbie  curriis. 
Ergo,  qua  licuit,^  genitor  cunctatus  ad  altos  106 

Deducit  juvenem,  Vulcania  munera,  curras. 
Aureus  axis  erat,  temo  aureus,  aurea  sumnise 
Curvatura  rot®,*  radiorum  argenteus  ordo  ; 
Per  juga  chrysolithi''  positaeque  ex  ordine  gemmae 
Clara  repercusso  reddebant  lumina  Phcebo.  110 

Dumque  ea  magnanimus  Phaethon  miratur  opusque 
Perspicit ;  ecce  vigil  rutilo  patcfecit  ab  ortu 
Purpureas  Aurora  fores,  et  plena  rosarum 
Atria.     DiiFugiunt  stellae,  quarum  agmina  cogit^ 
Lucifer,  et  cceli  statione  no\Tssiraus  exit.  115 

At  pater  ut  terras  mundumque  rubescere  vidit, 
Comuaque  extremae  velut  evanescere  Lunae,' 
Jungere  equos  Titan  velocibus  imperat  Horis. 
Jussa  Deae  celeres  peragunt,  ignemque  vomentes 
Ambrosiae  succo  saturos,*  prsesepibus  altis  120 

1  Deprecor  hoc  unum,  quod  vero  nomine  (est)  pcena,  linterpnse  agaimt 
thit  one  thing,  which,  by  its  true  name,  is  a  punishment. 

2  Finlerat,  i.e.  Phcebus — ille,  i.e.  Phaethon. 

3  Cunctatus  qua  licuit,  having  delayed  as  long  as  he  could. 

4  Curvatura  summae  rotse,  the  outennost  rimjorfdloe  of  the  wheel ;  ordo 
radionim,  the  row  of  spokes. 

5  Chrysolithus,  gold-stone,  wa>  a  precious  stone  of  a  bright  yellow  colour, 
supposed  to  be  a  iopaz. 

6  Cogit  agmina,  brings  up  the  reai — a  form  of  expression  borrowed  from 
an  army  on  march.  The  stars  are  represented  as  an  army  marching  off 
the  tield  at  the  approach  of  the  morning  star,  with  Lucifer  as  the  com- 
mander of  the  last  company. 

7  Comuaque  extremae  Lunae  velut  evanescere,  and  the  horns  of  the 
falling  moon  to  va)iish  as  it  were. 

U  Saturos  succo  ambrosiae,  full-fed  with  the  j'lice  of  ambrosia.  Ambro- 
sia, which  properly  signifies  the  food  of  the  gods,  is  represented  by  the 
poets  as  being  the  food  of  their  horses  also ;  quadrupcdes,  horses ;  addunt, 
i-ut  on. 


FAB.  I.]  PHAETHON.  39 

Quadrupedes  ducunt,  adduntqiue  sonantia  frena. 

Turn  patei-  oi'a  sui  sacro  medicamine  nati 

Contigit,'  ct  rapid  £8  fecit  patientia  flammae, 

Imposuitque  comae  radios,  prssagaque  luctus* 

Pectore  sollicito  repetens  suspiria,  dixit :  1 25 

Si  potes  hie  saltern  monitis  parere  paternis  ; 

Pavce,  puer,  stimulis,  et  fortius  utere  loris  : 

Sponte  sua  properant ;  labor  est  rahibere  volentes. 

Nee  tihi  directos  placeat  via  quiaque  per  arcus/ 

Sectus  in  obliquum  est  lato  cur\'amiiie  limes,*  130 

Zonarumque  trium  contentus  fine  ;  polumque 

EfFugito  australem,  j  unctamque  aquilonibus  Arcton  : 

Hac  sit  iter  ;  manifesta  rotse  vestigia  cemes. 

Utque  ferant  aequos  et  coeluin  et  terra  calores, 

Nee  preme,  nee  summimi  molire  per  sethera  cuiTum.  1 35 

Altius  egi'essus*  coelestia  tecta  cremabis ; 

Inferius,  terras  :  medio  tutissimus  ibis. 

Neu®  te  dexterior  tortum  declinetin  Anguein, 

Neve  sinisterior  pressam  rota  ducat  ad  Aram  : 

Inter  utrumque  tene.    Fortune  cetera  mando,  140 

Quae  juvet,'  et  melius,  quam  tu  tibi,  consulat,  opto. 

Dum  loquor,  Hesperio  positas  in  litore  metas* 

Humida  nox  tetigit :  non  est  mora  libera  nobis  ; 

» 

1  Contigit  sa.cT3Ta&<iicaiimie,7'iibbedimth  a  celestial  ointment;  patientia, 
capable  of  endurivg. 

2  'PriEsaga.lactus,  utMch  foreboded  his  future  sorrow;  stiumiis,  the  goadt. 
A.  R.  A.  481. 

3  Nee  via  per  quinque  directos  arcus  placeat  tibi,  and  let  not  the  road 
through  the  five  parallel  circles  please  you,  i.  e.  go  not  through  the  equator, 
the  tropics,  and  the  polar  circles.    See  1,  2,  14,  &c. 

4  Limes,  the  path,  i.e.  the  ecliptic,  which  cuts  the  equator  obliquely; 
contentus  fine  trium  zonarum,  confined  within  the  limits  of  three  zones. 
The  ecliptic  lies  within  the  torrid  zone,  having  one  of  the  temperate  zones 
on  each  side.  The  torrid  and  two  temperate  zones  are  therefore  the  three 
here  referred  to. 

5  Hgressus altiiis,  bp going  too  high;  (egressus)  inferiCis,  bp goitig  too  low. 

6  Neu — neve,  neither— nor;  tene  {cursum),  keep  the  way;  anguem, 
aram.    See  Anguis,  Ara. 

7  Opto,  quae  (for  ut  ea)  juvet,  I  pray  that  she  may  assist  you. 

8  Metas  positas  in  Hesperio  Utore,  the  goals  placed  on  the  western  shore, 
i.  e.  the  shore  of  the  Atlantic.  The  Goddess  of  Night  is  represented  as  passing 
In  a  chariot  across  the  sky,  and  reaching  the  western  horizon  at  the  same 
time  that  the  sun  rises  in  the  east.    A.  R.  A.  275. 


40  PHAETHON.  [book  II. 

Poscimur ;  effulget  tencbiis  Aurora  fugatis. 
Corripe  lora  manu  ;  vel,  si  mutabile  pectus  1 45 

Est  tibi,  consiliis,  non  curribiis,  utere  nostris, 
Dum  potes  et  solidis  etiamnum  sedibus  adstas, 
Dumque  male  optatos  nondum  premis  inscius  axes. 
Quae  tutus  spectes,  sine  me  dare  lumina  terris. 
Occupat  ille  levem  juvenili  coi-pore'  cui-rum,  150 

Statque  super,  manibiisque  datas  contingere  habenas 
Gaudet,  et  invito  grates  agit  inde  parenti. 

Interea  volucres  Pyroeis,  Eous  et  ^Ethon, 
Solis  equi,  quartusque  Phlegon,  hinnitibus  auras 
Flammifeids  implent,  pedibusque  repagula  pulsant."^  1 55 
Quae  postquam  Tetbys,  fatonim  ignara  nepotis, 
Repulit,  et  facta  est  imraensi  copia  mundi  ;^ 
Corripuere  viam,  pedibusque  per  aera  motis 
Obstantes  findunt  nebulas,  pennisque  levati 
Praetereunt  ortos  isdem  de  partibus  Euros.  160 

Sed  leve  pondus  erat,  nee  quod  cognoscere  possent 
Solis  equi,*  solitaque  jugum  gravitate  carebat. 
Utque  labant  curvae  justo  sine  pondere  naves, 
Perque  mare  instabiles  nimia  levitate  feruntur  ; 
Sic  onere  assueto  vacuos  dat  in  aera  saltus,^  165 

Succutiturque  alte,  sirailisque  est  currus  inani. 
Quod  simulac  sensere,  ruunt  tritumque  relinquvmt 
Quadrijugi  spatium,  nee,  quo  prius,  ordine  cuiTunt. 
Ipse  pavet,  nee  qua  commissas  flectat  habenas, 
Nee  scit,  qua  sit  iter  ;  nee,  si  sciat,  imperet  illis.        170 
Turn  primum  radiis  gelidi  caluere  Triones, 

1  Levem  juvenili  corpore,  light  on  account  of  hit  youthful  body ,-  inde, 
from  it,  from  the  chariot. 

2  Pulsant  repagula,  ttritce  (he  barriers.  The  repagula  were  beams  of 
wood  placed  across  the  openinffs  in  the  race-course  from  which  the  horses 
started,  to  prevent  them  from  setting  off  before  the  time.    A.  R.  A.  275. 

3  Et  copia  iramensi  mundi  facta  est,  and  fuM  scope  over  the  boundlat 
universe  was  given  them. 

4  Nee  {for  et)  quod  equi  soils  (non)  possent  cognoscere,  and  such  at  the 
korset  of  the  sun  could  not  feel. 

6  Dat  saltus  in  aera  vacuos  assueto  onere,  makes  leaps  into  the  air  indi- 
cating the  tcant  of  itt  usual  weight.  Vacuos  strictly  refers  to  currui— 
tnani  (cvrrui). 


FAB.  I.J  PHAETHON.  41 

Et  vetito  frustra  tentarunt  sequore  tingi; 
Quseque  polo  posita  est  glaciali  proxima  Serpens, 
Frigore  pigra  pi-ius,  nee  formidabilis  ulli, 
Incaluit,  sumpsitque  novas  fervoribus  iras.^  ]  75 

Te  quoque  turbatum  memorant  fugisse,  Boote, 
Quamvis  tardus  eras,  et  te  tua  plaustra  tenebant. 
Ut  vero  summo  despexit  ab  aethere  terras 
Infelix  Phaethon  penitus  penitusque  jacentes  f 
Palluit,  et  subito  genua  intremuere  timore,  ]  80 

Suntque  oculis  tenebrte  per  tantum  lumen  obortae.' 
Et  jam  mallet  equos  nunquam  tetigisse  patemos  ; 
Jamque  agnosse  genus  piget,  et  valuisse  rogando  ; 
Jam  Meropis  dici  cupiens,  ita  fertur,*  ut  acta 
Praecipiti  pinus  Borea,  cui  victa  remisit  185 

Frena  suus  rector,  quam  Dis  votisque  reliquit. 
Quid  faciat  \  multum  cceli  post  terga  relictum  ; 
Ante  oculos  plus  est ;  animo  metitur  utrumque, 
Et  modo,  quos  illi  fato  contingere  non  est,* 
Prospicit  oc  casus,  interdum  respicit  ortus  ;  190 

QiUidque  agat  ignarus,  stupet ;  et  nee  frena  remittit. 
Nee  retinere  valet,  nee  nomina  novit  equorum. 
Sparsa  quoque  in  vario  passim  miracula  ccelo^ 
Vastarumque  videt  trepidus  simtJacra  ferarmu. 

Est  locus,  in  geminos  ubi  brachia  concavat  arcus  1 96 
Scorpios,  et  cauda  flexisque  utrimque  lacertis 
Porrigit  in  spatium  signorum  membra  duorum. 
Hunc  puer  ut  nigri  madidum  sudore  veneni 


1  Sumpsit  novas  iras  fervoribus,  fell  unitstial  rage  from  the  heat. 

2  Jacentes  penitus  penitusque,  lying  deeper  and  deeper  below  him. 

3  Tenebrae  obortje  sunt  oculis  per  tantum  lumen,  darkness  overspread 
his  eyes  from  such  a  glare  of  light 

4  Fertur  ita  ut  pinus,  is  borne  along  like  a  ship;  victa  frena,  the  helm 
now  unmanageable ,-  Dis,  to  the  tutelary  gods,  whose  images  were  placed  on 
the  stern,  and  to  whom  the  crew  addressed  prayers  and  made  vows  in  a 
storm.    A.  R.  A.  342. 

5  Non  est  illi  fato  contingere,  it  is  not  allowed  him  by  fate  to  reach. 

6  Miracula  sparsa  passim  in  vario  ccelo,  strange  objects  scattered  every 
where  over  the  spangled  heaven.  In  miracula  there  is  an  allusion  to  the 
constellations  mentioned  in  78,  &c.  and  vario  refers  to  the  firmament 
bestudded  with  stars. 

d2 


42  PHAETHON.  [book  II. 

Vulnera  curvata  minitantcm  cuspide  vidit ; 
Mentis  inops  gelida  fomiidine  lora  remisit.  200 

Quae  postquam  summum  tetigere  jaccntia  tergum, 
Exspatiantur'  equi,  nulloque  inhibente  per  auras 
Ignotae  regionls  eunt ;  quaque  impetus  egit, 
Hac  sine  lege  ruunt ;  altoque  sub  sethere  fixis 
Incursant  stellis,  rapiuntque  per  avia  currum.  205 

Et  modo  sunima'''  petunt,  niodo  per  decliva  viasque 
Praecipites  spatio  terrae  propiore  feruntur. 
Inferiusque  suis^  fi-atemos  currere  Luna 
Admiratur  equos  ;  ambustaque  nubila  fumant. 
Corripitur  flammis,  ut  quasque  altissima/  tellus,       210 
Fissaque  agit  rimas,  et  succis  aret  ademptis. 
Pabula  canescunt ;  cum  frondibus  uritur  arbos  ; 
Materiamque  suo  praebet  seges  arida  damno. 
Parva  queror  ;  magnae  pereunt  cum  moenibus*  urbes, 
Cum  que  suis  totas  populis  incendia  gentes  215 

In  cinerem  vertunt.    Silvae  cum  montibus  ardent  ; 
Ardet  Athos  Taurusque  Cilix  et  Tmolus  et  CEte  ; 
Et  nunc  sicca,  prius  celeberrima  fontibus,  Ide, 
Virgineusque  Helicon,  et  uondum  (Eagrius  Haemos  ; 
Ardet  in  immensum  geminatis  ignibus  JEtne,  220 

Pamassusque  biceps  et  Eryx  et  C^-nth\is  et  Othrys, 
Et  tandem  Rhodope  nivibus  caritura,  ^limasque 
Dindymaque  et  Mycale  natusque  ad  sacra  Cithferon. 
Nee  prosunt  Scythise  sua  frigora  :  Caucasus  ardet, 
Ossaque  cum  Pindo  majorque  ambobus  Olympus,     225 
Aeriaeque  Alpes  et  nubifer  Apenninus. 


1  RxsTpaiiantuT,  start/rom  the  road ;  sine  lege,  tcithout  control. 

2  Summa  (loca),  the  highest  placet ;  decliva  (loca),  declivitia ;  spatio 
propiore  terrae,  a  track  nearer  to  the  earth. 

3  Inferiils  suis  (equis),  lower  than  her  oum  horses.  The  moon  moves 
round  the  earth  in  a  smaller  circle  than  the  sun,  and  her  horses  are  there- 
fore nearer  the  centre  of  attraction. 

4  Tellus,  ut  fjua°que  {tcUas)  est  altissiraa,  the  earth,  as  any  part  o/ it  is 
very  high,  all  the  highest  parts  of  the  earth. 

5  Curu  mcenibus,  tcith  the  buildings.  Maenibus  probably  signifies  tlio 
larger  and  more  durable  edifices,  chiefly  the  public  buildings;  gentes  cuin 
■uis  populis,  countries  with  their  inhalritants. 


I'AB.  1.]  PHAETHON.  43 

Tunc  vero  Phaethon  cunctis  e  partibus  orbem 
Adspicit  accensum,  nee  tantos  sustinet  aestus ;' 
Ferventesque  auras,  velut  e  fornace  profunda. 
Ore  trahit,  currusque  suos  candescere  sentit ;  230 

Et  neque  jam  cineres  ejectatamque  favillam 
Ferre  potest,  calidoque  involvitur  undique  fumo. 
Q,u6que  eat,  aut  ubi  sit,  picea  caligine  tectus, 
Nescit,  et  arbitrio  volucrum  raptatur  equorum. 
Sanguine  turn  credunt  in  corpora  summa  vocato'      235 
yEthiopum  populos  nigrum  traxisse  colorem. 
Tum  facta  est  Libye,  raptis  liumoribus  sestu, 
Arida  ;  tum  Nymphae  passis  fontesque  lacusque 
Deflevere  comis.     Qujerit  Boeotia  Dircen, 
Argos  Amymonen,  Ephyre  Pirenidas  undas.  240 

Nee  sortita  loco  distantes^  flumina  ripas 
Tuta  manent ;  mediis  Tana'is  fumavit  in  undis, 
Peneosque  senex  Teuthranteusque  Caicus 
Et  celer  Ismenos  cum  Psophaico  Erymantho, 
Arsurusque  iterum  Xantlius  flavusque  Lycormas,     245 
Quique  recurvatis  ludit  Maeandros  in  undis, 
Mygdoniusque  Melas  et  Taenarius  Eurotas ; 
Arsit  et  Euphrates  Babylonius,  arsit  Orontes, 
Thermodonque  citus  Gangesque  et  Phasis  et  Ister ; 
iEstuat  Alpheos  ;  ripae  Sperchei'des  ardent ;  250 

Q,uodque  suo  Tagus  amne  vehit,  fluit  ignibus,"*  aurum  ; 
Et,  quae  Maeouias  celebrarant  carmine  ripas, 
Finminese  volucres  medio  caluere  Caystro. 
Nilus  in  extremum  fugit  perterritus  orbem, 
Occuluitque  caput,  quod  adhuc  latet :  ostia  septem  255 


1  Nee  sustinet  tantos  sestus,  and  cannot  endure  such  violent  heat.  Sus- 
tinet is  used  for  potest  sustinere,  and  is  equivalent  to  potest /erre  in  line  232. 

2  Sanguine  vocato  in  summa  corpora, />wu  the  blood  being  drawn  to  the 
surface  of  the  body. 

3  Sortita  ripas  "distantes  loco,  having  obtained,  which  have  banks  distant 
in  place,  at  a  distance  from  each  other,  i.  e.  large  rivers  whose  banks  are 
farthest  separated. 

4  Fluit  ignibus,  is  melted  by  the  fire ;  fluminese  volucres,  the  birds  of  the 
river,  i.  e.  the  swans. 


44  PHAETHON.  [book   11. 

Pulverulenta  vacant,'  septem  sine  flumine  vallcs. 
Fors  eadem  Ismarios,  Hebrum  cum  Strymone  siccat, 
Hesperiosque  amnes,  Rhenum  Rhodanumque  Paduiuque, 
Cuique  fuit  rerum  promissa  potentia,  Thybrin. 

Dissilit-  omne  solum  ;  penetratque  in  Tartara  rimis 
Lumen,  et  infemum  terret  cum  conjuge  regem ;       261 
Et  mare  contrahitur  ;  siccceque  est  campus  arente, 
Quod  mod  6  pontus  erat ;  quosque  altiim  texerat  squor, 
Exsistunt  montes  et  sparsas  Cycladas  augent. 
Ima  petunt  pisces,  nee  se  super  sequora  curvi  265 

Tollere  consuetas  audent  delphines  in  auras. 
Corpora  phocarum  summo  resupina  profundo' 
Exanimata  jacent  ;  ipsum  quoque  Nerea  fama  est 
Doridaque  et  natas  tepidis  latuisse  sub  antris. 
Ter  Neptunus  aquis  cum  torvo  brachia  vultu*  270 

Exserere  ausus  erat :  ter  non  tulit  aeris  sestus. 
Alma  tamen  Tellus,  ut  erat  cii-cumdata  ponto, 
Inter  aquas  pelagi  contractosque  tmdique  fontes, 
Qui  se  condiderant  in  opacae  viscera  matris, 
Sustulit  omniferos^  coUo  tenus  arida  vultus,  275 

Opposuitque  manum  fronti ;  magnoque  tremore 
Omnia  concutiens  paulum  subsedit ;  et  infra, 
Quam  solet  esse,  fuit  ;  siccaque  ita  voce  locuta  est : 
Si  placet  hoc,  meruique,  quid  6  tua  fulmina  cessant,* 
Summe  Deum  ?  liceat  periturae  viribus  ignis,'  280 


1  Septem  ostia  vacant  pulverulenta,  his  seven  mouths  are  tciOuniticater 
and  full  o/dusU 

2  Dissilit,  gapes — infemum  regem  cum  conjuge,  Pliilo  and  Proserpine. 

3  Summo  profundo,  on  the  surface  of  the  deep  ;  resupina,  uiith  the  beUj/ 
upwards,  on  their  back. 

4  Brachia  cum  torvo  vultu,  his  arms  and  his  stem  countenance.  Allu- 
sion is  here  made  to  the  attitude  of  the  Roman  orators,  who  u.sed,  when 
speaking,  to  disengage  the  right  arm  from  the  toga.  Neptune  is  here  repre- 
sented as  rising  from  the  deep  to  plead  the  cause  of  the  world.  A.  R.  A.  350. 

5  Omniferos  vultus,  her  ail-productive  countenance.    This  epithet  is  ap- 
plied to  the  earth  as  producing  every  thing  necessary  for  the  support  of    ! 
animal  life.  . 

6  The  order  is,  Si  hoc  placet  (tibi),  meruiqne,  quid,  O  summe  Deum, 
tua  fulmina  cessant  ? 

7  Liceat  (mihi)  periturse  virfbus  ignis,  may  it  be  allowed  me,  if  I  must 
perish  by  the  force  of  fire.     Virihus  ignis  are  used  for  igne. 


FAB.  :.]  PUAETHOX.  45 

Igne  perire  tuo  clademque  auctore  levare.' 

Vix  equidem  fauces  liKc  ipsa  in  verba'^  resolvo  ; 

Presserat  ora  vapor  ;  tostos  en  adspice  crines, 

Inque  ociilis  tantum,  tantum  super  ora  favillae. 

Hosne  milii  fructus,  hunc  fertilitatis  honorem  285 

Officiique  refers,  quod  adunci  vulnera  aratri 

Rastrorumque  fero,  totoque  exerceor  anno  ? 

Quod  pecori  frondes,  alimentaque  mitia,  fruges, 

Humano  generi,  vobis  quod  thura  ministro  I 

Sed  tamen  exitium  fac  me  meruisse  :'  quid  undae,    290 

Quid  meruit  frater  1  cur  illi  tradita  sorte 

^quora  decrescunt  et  ab  Eethere  longius  absunt  ? 

Q,uod  si  nee  fratris,  nee  te  mea  gratia'  tangit ; 

At  coeli  miserere  tui.     Circumspice  utrumque  ;* 

Fumat  uterque  polus  ;  quos  si  vitiaverit  ignis,  295 

Atria  vestra  ruent.     Atlas  en  ipse  laborat, 

Vixque  suis  humeris  candentem  sustinet  axem. 

Si  freta,  si  terras  pereunt,  si  regia  coeli  ; 

In  Chaos  antiquum  confundimur.    Eripe  flammis, 

Si  quid  adhuc  superest,''  et  rerum  consule  summae."  300 

Dixerat  hsec  Tellus ;  neque  enim  tolerare  vajjorem 

Ulterius  potuit,  nee  dicere  plura  ;  suumque 

Retulit*  OS  in  se  propioraque  Mauibus  antra. 

At  pater  omnipotens  Superos  testatus''  et  ipsum, 
Qui  dederat  currus,  nisi  opem  ferat,  omnia  fato         305 
Interitura  gravi,  summam  petit  arduus  arcem,'° 

1  Levare  cladem  auctore,  to  alleviate  mij  calamity  hy  the  author  of  it, 
i.e.  let  it  be  inflicted  by  you  rather  than  be  the  result  of  Phaethon's 
imprudence. 

2  In  haec  ipsa  verba,  ybr  these  words  even. 

3  Fac  me  meruisse,  suppose,  grant  that  I  have  deserved  it — undae  (meru- 
CTMnO— frater,  i.  e.  Neptune. 

4  Qu&d  si  nee  (gratia)  fratris,  nee  mea  gratia  tangit  te,  but  if  neither 
a  regard  for  your  brother  nor  for  me  affects  you. 

5  Circumspice  utrumque  (polum),  look  to  both  poles. 

6  Si  quid  adhuc  superest,  whatever  still  remains. 

1  Consule  summse  rerum,  provide  for  the  safety  of  the  world. 

8  Retulit  OS  in  se,  drew  back  her  face  within  herself,  1.  e.  into  the  earth, 
of  which  she  was  the  goddess. 

9  Testatus — et  ipsum,  calling  to  witness — and  him  too — says. 

10  Petit  arduus  summam  arcem,  mounts  aloft  to-the  highest  point  ofheaven. 


4G  PHAETHO.V.  [book  II. 

Unde  solet  latis  nubes  inducere  terris  ; 

Unde  movet'  tonitrus,  vibrataque  fulmina  jactat. 

Sed  neque,  quas  posset  terris  inducere,  nubes 

Tunc  habuit,  nee,  quos  coelo  demitteret,  imbres.        310 

Intouat,  et  dextra  libratum'^  fulmen  ab  aure 

Misit  in  aurigam,  pariterque  animaque  rotisque 

Expulit,'  et  saevis  compescuit  ignibus  ignes.* 

Consternantur  equi,  et  saltu  in  contraria  facto 

Colla  jugo  eripiunt,  abruptaque  lora  relinquunt.        315 

Illic^  frena  jacent,  illic  temone  revrilsus 

Axis,  in  hac  radii  fractamm  parte  rotarum  ; 

Sparsaque  sunt  late  laceri  vestigia  currus. 

At  Phaethon,  rutilos  flamma  populante  capillos, 

Volvitur  in  praeceps,''  longoque  per  aera  tractu  320 

Fertur  ;  ut  interdum  de  coelo  stella  sereno, 

Etsi  non  cecidit,  potuit  cecidisse  videri. 

Quem  procul  a  patria  diverse  niaximus  orbe 

Excipit  Eridanus,  fumantiaque  abluit  ora. 

Fab.  II.— r^e  Sisters  of  Phaethon. 

Naides  Hesperiae  trifida  fumantia  flamma 

Corpora  dant  tumulo,^  signantque  hoc  caiTnine  saxum  : 

Hie  situs  es^  Phaethon,  currus  auriga  patemi; 

Quem  si  non  tenuit,  magnis  tamen  excidit  ausis. 

Nam  pater  obductos,  luctu  miserabilis  aegro,  6 

Condiderat  vultus  ;  et,  si  modo  credimus,  unum 


1  Movet,  hurls. ■  jactat  vibrata  fiilmina,  dartt  the  brandished  lightning. 
A.R.  A.  221. 

2  Libratum  ab  dextra  aure,  swung  from  his  right  ear. 

3  ExpuUt  animaque  rotisque,  deprived  him  of  life  and  drove  him  from 
the  chariot. 

4  Compescuit  icrnes  «avis  ignibus,  quenched  the  fires  (by  which  the  earth 
was  consumed)  icith  cruel  fires,  i.  e.  with  lightning. 

5  Illic — illic,  in  one  place — in  another  place.    A.  R.  A.  476. 

6  Volvitur  in  praeceps,  is  hurled  headlong ;  potaityideri,  mat/ have  seemed. 

7  Dant  tumulo,  commit  to  the  tomb,  bury.  A.  R.  A.  4Ufl.  Carmine, 
inscription,  epitaph. 

8  Ilic  situs  est,  here  is  buried.  These  words  were  frequently  used  in  the 
beginning  of  inscriptions  on  sepulchral  monuments.  A.  R.  A.  423.  Tenuit, 
managed. 


VAB.  II.J  THE  SISTERS  OP  PHAETHON.  47 

Isse  diem  siue  Sole  ferunt :'  incendia  lumen 
Prsebebant ;  aliquisque  malo  fuit  usus  in  Ulo. 

At  Clymene,  postquam  dixit  qnaecumque  fuerunt 
[n  tantis  dicenda  malis  ;  lugubris  et  amens  10 

Et  laniata  sinus'''  totum  percensuit  orbem  ; 
Exanimesque  artus  primo,  mox  ossa  requirens, 
Reperit  ossa  tamen  peregiina  condita  ripa, 
[ncubuitque  loco  ;  nomenque  in  marmore  lectum 
Perfudit  lacrimis  et  aperto  pectore  fovit.^  16 

Nee  minus  Heliades  fletus  et,  inania*  morti 
Muncra,  dant  lacrimas  ;  et  caesae  pectora  pabnis 
Non  auditurum  miseras  Phaethonta  querelas 
Nocte  dieque  vocant ;  adstemunturque  sepulcro. 
Lima  quater  jvmctis  implerat  comibus  orbem  -J  20 

Illse  more  suo,  nam  morem  fecerat  usus, 
Plangorem  dederant.    E  quis  Phaethusa  sororum 
Maxima,  quum  vellet  terrse  procumbere,  questa  est 
Diriguisse  pedes  ;  ad  quam  conata  venire 
Candida  Lampetie,  subita  radice^  retenta  est.  25 

Tertia,  quum  crinem  manibus  laniare  pararet, 
AveUit  frondes  ;  haec  stipite  crura  teneri, 
Ilia  dolet  fieri  longos  sua  brachia  ramos. 
Dumque  ea  mirantur,  complectitur  inguina  coi-tex, 
Perque   gradus^    uterum   pectusque  humerosque  ma- 
nusque  30 

Ambit,  et  exstabant  tantum  ora  vocautia  matrem. 
Q,uid  faciat  mater,  nisi,  quo  trabat  impetus  Ularn, 
Hue  eat  atque  Uluc,  et,  dum  Ucet,  oscula  juugat  1 
Non  satis  est :  truncis  aveilere  corpora  tentat, 

1  Ferunt   (homines),  they  say ;  isse,  passed,-  lugubris,  sorrowful,  or 
dressed  in  mourning  garments.    A.  R.  A.  422. 

2  Laniata  (secundum)  sinus,  tearing  her  bosom — a  usual  mode,  especially 
with  women,  of  expressing  grief.    A.  R.  A.  414.    SeelT. 

3  Fovit  aperto  pectore,  warmed  it  (tlie  name)  with  her  naked  breast 

4  Inania,  unavailing ,-  morti,  to  the  dead  body. 

5  Implerat  orbem,  had  completed  her  disk,  i.  e.  four  months  had  elapsed ; 
UBUs  fecerat  morem,  custom  had  made  it  a  habit. 

6  Subita  radice,  by  a  root  suddenly  growing  from  her  feet. 

7  Per  gradus,  by  degrees,  gradually ;  \my^t\xs\,rB.h&t, her  phrensy  hurries 
her. 


48  THE  SISTERS  or  PHAETHON.  j_BOOK:  II. 

Et  teneros  manibus  ramos  abrumpere  ;  at  inde  35 

Sanguineae  manant  tanquam  de  vulnere  guttae. 
Parce,  precor,  mater,  quaecunique  est  saucia,  clamat ; 
Parce,  precor  :  nostrum  laniatur  in  arbore  corpus. 
Jamque  vale.     Cortex  in  verba  uovissima  venit. 

Inde  fluunt  lacrimae,  stillataque  Sole  rigescunt'       40 
De  ramis  electra  novis  ;  quae  lucidus  amnis 
Excipit,  et  nuribus  mittit  gestanda  Latinis. 

Fab.  III. — Cycnus. 

Adflit  huic  monstro'  proles  Stheneleia  Cycnus, 
Qui  tibi  materno  quamvis  a  sanguine  junctus, 
Mente  tamen,  Phaethon,  propior  fuit.     lile  relicto, 
Nam  Ligurum  populos  et  magnas  rexerat  urbes, 
Imperio  ripas  vii-ides  amnemque  querelis  5 

Eridanum  implerat  silvamque  sororibus  auctam  ■? 
Quuni  vox  est  tenuata  viro,*  canaeque  capillos 
Dissimulant  plumae,^  collumque  a  pectore  longum 
Porrigitur,  digitosgue  ligat  junctura  rubentes  ; 
Penna  latus  vestit ;  tenet  os  sine  acumiue  rostrum :    10 
Fit  nova  Cycnus  avis,  nee  se  coeloque  Jovique 
Credit,  ut  injuste  missi  memor  ignis  ab  illo  :•' 
Stagna  petit  patulosque  lacus,  ignemque  perosus. 
Quae  colat,'  elegit  contraria  flumina  flammis. 

Squalidus  interea  genitor  Phaethontis  et  expers       1 5 


1  Electra  stillata  de  novis  ramis  rigescimt  sole,  amber  dropping  from 
the  new  branches  hardens  in  the  sun.    See  Elcctrum. 

2  Adfuit  huic  momtro,  teas  present  at  this  Irans/ormation.  Monstrum 
was  applied  by  tlie  Latin  writers  to  any  thing  sing:ular  or  strange  in  its 
form,  behariour,  or  consequences,  and  therefore  to  any  thing  at  variance 
with  the  ordinary  laws  of  nature. 

3  Silvamque  auctam  sororibus,  and  the  tcood  increased  by  the  sisters,  i.  e, 
by  the  sisters  of  Pliaethon,  who  were  changed  into  trees. 

4  Quum  vox  tenuata  est  viro,  u-hen  the  voice  of  the  man  was  rendered 
thrill,-  dissimulant,  conceal. 

5  Plumce  signifies  the  small  and  soft  Teathers  which  cover  the  bodies  of 
birds,  the  plumaf/e ,-  and  penna  is  applied  to  the  long  and  thick  feathers  of 
the  tail  and  wings — it  frequently  also  signifies  a  win/;. 

6  Ignis  injuste  missi  ab  illo,  ^jfire  unjustly  thrown  by  him,  i.e.  by  Jupiter, 
against  his  friend  Phaethon. 

7  Quae  colat,  which  he  may  inhabit,  for  his  habitation. 


FAB.  III.]  CYCNUS.  49 

Ipse  sui  decoris,  qualis,  quum  deficit  orbem,' 

Esse  solet,  lucemque  odit  seque  ipse  diemque, 

Datque  animum  in  luctus,  et  luctibus  adjicit  iram, 

Officiumque  negat  rnundo.     Satis,  inquit,  ab  sevi 

Sors  mea  principiis  fuit  irrequieta  ;  pigetque  20 

Actorum  sine  fine  milai,  sine  honore,  laborum.* 

Q,uilibet  alter  agat'  portantes  lumina  currus. 

Si  nemo  est,  omnesque  Dei  non  posse  fatentur  ; 

Ipse  agat ;  ut  saltern,  dum  nostras  tentat  habenas, 

Orbatura''  patres  aliquando  fulmina  ponat.  25 

Turn  sciet,  ignipedum  vires  expcrtus  equorum, 

Non  meruisse  necem,  qui  non  bene  rexerit^  illos. 

Talia  dicentem  crrcumstant  omnia  Solem 

Numina,  neve^  velit  tenebras  inducere  rebus, 

Supplice  voce  rogant :  missos  quoque  Jupiter  ignes     30 

Excusat,  precibusque  minas  regaliter  addit. 

Colligit  amentes  et  adhuc  ten-ore  paventes 

Phoebus  equos,  stimuloque  domans  et  verbere  sscvit  : 

Ssevit  enim,  natumque  objectat^  et  imputat  Ulis. 


BOOK  III. 

Fab.  I. — Cadmus, 

Jamque  Deus,*  posita  fallacis  imagine  tauri, 
Se  confessus  erat,  Dictaeaque  rura  tenebat ; 
Quum  pater^  ignarus  Cadmo  perquirere  raptam 

1  Deficit  orbem,  deserts  his  orb,  is  eclipsed. 

2  Piget  {me)  laborum  actorum  mihi  sine  fine,  /  am  wearied  of  the  toil» 
undergone  by  me  without  end. 

3  Quilibet  alter  agat,  let  any  one  else  who  chooses  drive.    A.  R.  A.  230. 

4  Orbatura  patres,  destined  to  deprive  fathers  of  their  children. 

5  {Phaethonta)  qui  non  rexerit  illos  bene,  that  PhaeVion,  because  ht 
did  not  manage  them  well. 

6  Neve, /or  et  ne — et  rogant  jj«  velit,  and  ask  him  not  to  resolve. 

7  Objectat  natum,  reproaches  them  with  the  death  of  his  son. 

8  Deus,  i.  e.  Jupiter,-  fallacis  tauri,  of  the  deceitful  bull.    See  Europa. 

9  Pater,  i.  e.  Agenor — ignarus,  ignorant  of  the  fate  of  his  daughter;  not 
knowing  that  she  had  been  carried  off  by  Jupiter  to  Crete ;  raptam 
fjlliam),  his  daughter  who  had  been  carried  off. 

B 


60  CADJIUS.  LBOOK  III. 

Imperat,  et  poenani,  si  non  invenerit,  addit 

Exsilium,  facto  pius  ct  sceleratus  eodem.  5 

Orbe  pererrato,  quis  enim  deprendere  possit 

Furta  Jovis  ?  profugus  patriamque  ii-amque  parentis 

Vitat  Agonorides,  Phcebique  oracula  supplex 

Consulit,  et,  quae  sit  tellus  habitanda,  requirit. 

Bos  tibi,  Phoebus  ait,  solis  occurret  in  arvis,  10 

Nullum  passa  jugum  cur\'ique  immunis  aratri. 

Hac  duce  carpe'  vias,  et,  qua  requieverit  herbl, 

Moenia  fac  condas,  Bceotiaque  ilia  vocato. 

Vix  bene  Castalio  Cadmus  descenderat  antro  ; 
Incustoditam  lente  videt  ire  juvencam,  16 

Nullum  servitii  sigiium  cervice  gerentem. 
Subsequitur  pressoque  legit  vestigia  gressu,* 
Auctoremque  viae  Phoebum  tacitumus  adorat. 
Jam  vada  Cephisi  Panopesque  evaserat  arva  ; 
Bos  stetit,  tt  tollens  spatiosam  comibus  altis  20 

Ad  caelum  frontem,  mugitibus  impulit  auras  ; 
Atque  ita,  respiciens  comites  sua  terga  sequentes, 
Procubuit  teueraque  latus  submisit  in  herba. 
Cadmus  agit  grates,  peregrinsequc  oscula  terrae 
Figit,^  et  ignotos  montes  agrosque  salutat.  25 

Sacra  Jovi  facturus  erat  :*  jubet  ire  ministros, 
Et  petere  e  vivis  libandas  fontibus  undas.^ 

Silva  vetus  stabat,  nulla  violata*'  securi, 

1  Carpe  vias  Iiac  duce,  proceed  on  t/oiir  way  vrith  her  as  your  guide;  fee 
(uO  condas,  see  Ihat  you  build.    A.  H.  A.  495. 

2  Legit  vesti?ia  presso  pradu,  follmrs  her  track  at  a  slote  pace,  or  to 
closely  as  to  plant  his  feet  in  Uie  marks  left  by  the  heifer  ;  auctorem,  ad- 
viser.    A.R.  A.  2Cn.  ^ 

3  Figit  oscula,  kisses.  This  practice  is  attribTOd  by  the  poets  to  men 
on  their  arrival  in  a  foreign  laud,  or  on  returning  to  their  native  country 
after  a  long  absence. 

4  Facturus  erat  sacra  Jovi,  he  vas  about  to  offer  sacrifice  to  Jupiter — to 
sacrifice  the  heifer  which  bad  conducted  him  on  his  way.  The  ancients 
employed  great  care  in  select!;  g  the  aiiimals  for  sacrifice.  It  was  necessary 
that  they  should  be  free  from  blemish,  and,  if  oxen  or  heifers,  that  they 
should  not  have  been  desecrated  by  the  yoke.    A.  R.  A.  260. 

5  Petere  undas  libandas  e  vivis  fontibus,  to  fetch  water  for  a  libation  from 
the  runninii  fountains.  Running  water  was  alwavs  preferred  for  libations. 
A.R.A.SW. 

(i  Violata,  profaned.    The  wood  was  sacred  to  Mars,  and  it  w.as  consi- 


FAB.  I.]  CADMUS.  51 

Et  specus  in  medio,  virgis  ac  vimine  densus, 
Efficiens  humilem  lapidum  compagibus  arcum,  30 

Uberibus  fecundiis^  aquis  :  ubi  conditus  antro 
Martius  anguis  erat,  cristis  prsesignis  et  auro  f 
Igne  micant  oculi ;  corpus  tumet^  omne  veneno  ; 
Tresque  vibrant  linguae  ;  triplici  stant  ordine  dentes. 
Quem  postquam  Tyria  lucum  de  gente  profecti  35 

Infausto  tetigere  gradu,  demissaque  in  undas 
Urna  dedit  sonitum  ;  longum  caput  extulit  antro 
Ceeruleus  serpens  horrendaque  sibila  misit. 
Effluxere  urnae  manibus,  sanguisque  reliquit 
Corpus,  et  attonitos  subitus  tremor  occupat  artus.        40 
Ille  volubilibus  squamosos  nexibus  orbes 
Torquet,*  et  immensos  saltu  sinuatur  in  arcus  ; 
Ac  media  plus  parte  leves  erectus  in  auras 
Despicit  omne  nemus,  tantoque  est  coi-pore,^  quanto, 
Si  totum  spectes,  geminas  qui  separat  Arctos.  45 

Nee  mora  ;  Phoenicas,  sive  illi  tela  parabant 
Sive  fugam,  sive  ipse  timor  proliibebat  utrumque, 
Occupat ;  Iios"  morsu,  longis  amplexibus  illos, 
Hos  necat  afflati  funest^  tabe  veneniJ 

Fecerat  exiguas  jam  Sol  altissimus  umbras  :  50 

Quae  mora  sit  sociis  miratur  Agenore  natus, 
Vestigatque  viros.     Tegimen^  derepta  leoni 

dered  sacrilege  to  cut  down  trees  in  a  wood  or  grove  which  was  consecrated 
to  any  deitj'. 

1  Fecundus  uberibus  aquis,  abounding  loWi  phniy  of  water. 

2  I'rjEsignis  cristis  et  auro,  ./or  aurea  crista,  adorned  with  a  golden  co- 
loured crest.  Crista  sigiiifies  the  tiijl  or  comb  on  the  head  of  a  bird  or 
serpent ;  it  signifies  also  the  crest  of  a  helmet.     A.  R.  A.  3U6. 

3  Tumet  veneno,  sivells  with  poison.  The  poison  of  serpents  is  not  dif- 
fused over  the  whole  body,  but  is  contained  in  a  small  bladder  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  upper  jaw. 

4  Ille  torquet  squamosos  orbes  volubilibus  nexibus,  he  wreathes  his  scaly 
rim/s  in  rolling  plaits  .•  sinuatur  in  immensos  arcus,  is  bent  into  an  immense 
bow. 

5  The  order  w— Est  tanto  corpore,  quanto,  si  spectes  totum  {if  you  view 
him  as  a  whole),  ille  serpens  est  qui,  &c.    See  Serpens. 

6  Hos — illos,  some — others.  These  words  arc  put  in  apposition  with 
Phanicas. 

7  Funesta  tabe  veneni  afflati,  by  the  destructive  liquid  of  his  poison  which 
he  breathed  upon  them. 

8  Tegimen,  his  covering.  The  ancient  heroes  are  often  represented  as 
clothed  with  the  skins  of  wild  beasts. 


62  CADMUS.  [book  III. 

Pellis  erat ;  telum  splendenti  lancea  ferro 

Et  jaculum,  teloque  animus  prsstantior  omni. 

Ut  nemus  intravit,  letataque  corpora  \-idit,  55 

Victoremque  supra  spatiosi  corporis  hostem 

Tristia  sanguinea  lamljentem  vulnera  lingua  ; 

Aut  ultor  vestrae,  fidissima  corpora,  mortis, 

Aut  comes,  inquit,  ero.     Dixit,  dextraque  molarem' 

Sustulit,  et  magnum  magno  conamine  misit.  60 

Illius  impulsu  cum  turribus  ardiia  celsis 

Mcenia  mota  forent ;  serpens  sine  vulnere  mansit, 

Loricseque  modo  squamis  defensus  et  atrae 

Duritia  pellis,  validos  cute  repulit  ictus.'' 

At  non  duritia  jaculum  quoque  vincit  eadcm  ;  05 

Quod  medio  lentae  fixum  curvamine  spinas 

Constitit,  et  toto  descendit  in  ilia  feiTo.' 

lUe,  dolore  ferox,  caput  in  sua  terga  retorsit 

Vulneraque  adspexit,  fixumque  hastile  momordit ; 

Idque,  ubi  vi  multa  partem  labefecit*  in  omncm,         70 

Vix  tergo  eripuit ;  fernim  tamen  ossibus  hoesit. 

Turn  vero,  postquam  solitas  accessit  ad  iras 

Plaga  recens,  plenis  tumuerunt  guttura  venis, 

Spumaque  pestiferos  circumfluit  albida  rictus  ; 

Teri'aque  rasa  soiiat  squamis  ;  quique  halitus  exit       75 

Ore  niger  Stygio,  vitiatas  inficit  herbas. 

Ipse  modo  immensum  spiris  facientibus  orbem 

Cingitur  ;*  interdum  louga  trabe  rectior  exstat ; 

Impete  nunc  vasto,  ecu  concitus  imbribus  amnis, 

Fertur,  et  obstantes  proturbat  pectore  silvas.  80 

Cedit  Agenorides  paulum,  spolioque  leonis^ 

Sustinet  incui-sus,  instantiaque  ora  retai-dat 

1  Molarem,  a  large  stone,-  magnum,  large  as  it  was. 

2  Repulit  validos  ictus  cute,  resisted  Oieviighty  blow  with  his  skin.  Cutis 
properly  signifies  the  human  skin  while  on  the  bod}',  and  pellis,  a  skin  or 
hide  stripped  off.    They  are  here  both  applied  to  the  skin  of  the  serpent. 

3  Toto  ferro,  with  tJie  whole  iron  head.    A.  R.  A.  3  6 — 7- 

4  Ubi  labefecit  in  omnem  partem,  after  he  hadloosencd  it  bytnoving  it  in 
every  direction. 

5  Cingitur  spiris  facientibus  immensum  orbem,  is  roUed  up  in  coils  form- 
ing an  immense  circle  ;  exstat,  is  stretched  out,  uncoils  itsel/. 

6.  Spolio  leonis,  with  the  lion's  skin. 


FAB.   J.]  CADMUS.  53 

Cuspide  praetenta.     Furit  ille,  et  inania  diiro 

Vulnera  dat  ferro,  frangitque  in  acumine  dentcs. 

Jam  que  venenifero  sanguis  manare  palato  85 

Coeperat,  et  virides  aspergine  tinxerat  herbas  ; 

Sed  leve  vulnus  erat ;  quia  se  retrahebat  ab  ictu, 

Laesaque  coUa  dabat'  retro,  plagamque  sed  ere 

Cedendo  arcebat,  nee  longius  ire  sinebat ; 

Donee  Agenorides  conjectum  in  gutture  ferrum  00 

Usque  sequens^  pressit,  dum  retro  quercus  eunti 

Obstitit,  et  fixa  est  pariter  cum  robore  cervix. 

Pondere  serpentis  curvata  est  arbor,  et  imse 

Parte  flagellari  gemuit  sua  robora^  caudse. 

Dum  spatium  victor  victi  considerat  hostis  ;  05 

Vox  subito  audita  est,  neque  erat  cognoscere  promptum 

Unde,  sed  audita  est :  Quid,  Agenore  nate,  peremptum 

Serpentem  spectas  l  et  tu  spectabere*  serpens. 

Ille  diu  pavidus,  pariter  cum  mente  colorem 

Perdiderat,   gelidoque  comse  terrore  rigebant.  100 

Ecce,  viri  fautrix,  superas  delapsa  per  auras, 
Pallas  adest,  motaeque  jiibet  supponere''  terrs 
Vipereos  dentes,  populi  incrementa  futuri. 
Paret,  et,  ut  presso  sulcum  patefecit  aratro," 
Spargit  humi  jussos,  mortalia  semina,''  dentes.  105 

Inde,  fide  majus,  glebae  ccepere  moveri, 
Primaque  de  sulcis  acies^  apparuit  ha^tae  ; 

1  Dabat  retro,  pulled  back  ;  arcebat  plagam  sedere  cedendo,  prevented 
the  blow  from  sinking  deep  by  giving  way, 

2  Usque  sequens  pressit  in  gutture,  continuing  to  follow,  pressed  home  in 
his  throat. 

3  Sua  robora,/or  se,  that  its  trunk;  spatium,  the  vast  size. 

4  Et  tu  spectabere  serpens,  you  too  shall  be  seen  as  a  serpent,  shall  be 
changed  into  a  serpent.  There  is  here  a  play  upon  the  words  spectabere  and 
spectas.  The  prediction  is  represented  as  proceeding  from  Mars,  who  was 
enraged  at  Cadmus  for  the  death  of  the  serpent,  but  was  prevented  by 
Jupiter  from  killing  him. 

5  Supponere  terrse  motas,  to  bury  in  the  ground  turned  up  by  the  plough, 
to  sow ;  incrementa,  the  seeds.  The  heroes  of  ancient  mythology  are  re- 
presented as  being  under  the  special  protection  of  certain  deities,  whose 
duty  it  was  to  assist  and  relieve  them  in  cases  of  difficulty. 

6  Presso  aratro,  with  the  plough  forced  into  the  ground.    A.  R.  A.  463. 

7  Mortalia  semina,  seeds  to  produce  men. 

8  Acies  hastae,  the  point  of  a  spear. 

E  2 


5-1  CADMCS.  [book  in. 

Tcgmiua  mox  capitnm  picto  nutantia  cono  ;' 

Mox  humeri  pectusquc  onerataque  brachia  tclis 

Exsistunt,  crescitque  seges  clypeata  virorum."  1 10 

Sic,  ubi  tolluntur'  festis  aulaea  theatris, 

Surgere  signa  solent,  primuraque  ostendere  vultus, 

Cetera  paulatim,   placidoque  educta  teuore 

Tota  patent,  imoque  pedes  in  margine  ponunt. 

Territus  hoste  novo  Cadmus  capere  arma  parabat :    115 

Ne  cape,  de  populo,  quem  terra  creaverat,  unus 

Exclamat,  nee  te  civilibiis  insere  bellis. 

Atque  ita  terrigenis  rigido  de  fratribus  unum 

Com  inns  ense  ferit  ;  jaculo  cadit  eminus  ipse. 

Hie  quoque,  qui  leto  dederat,  non  longius  illo  120 

Vivit,  et  exspirat,  modo  quas  acceperat,  auras  ; 

Exemploqiie  pari  furit  omnis  turba,  suoque 

Marte  cadunt  subiti  per  mutua  vulnera  iratres. 

Jamque  brevis  \'itae  spatium  sortita*  juventus 

Sanguineam  trepido  plangebant  pectore  matrem,        125 

Quinque  superstitibus,  quorum  fuit  unus  Echion. 

Is  sua  jecit  humi,  monitu  Tritonidis,  arma, 

Fratemaeque  fidem'  pacis  petiitque  deditque. 

Hos  operis  comites  habuit  Sidonius  hospes, 

Q,uum  posuit  jussam  Phoebeis  sortibus  urbem.  130 

Fab.  II. — Acta-on. 
Jam  stabant®  Thebae  ;  poteras  jam,  Cadme,  videri 

1  Picto  cono,  tcith  painted  cretU  Coniu  properly  signifies  the  knob  on 
the  top  of  the  helmet  in  which  the  crest  was  fixed  ;  It  signifies  also  Xhterett 
itself,  which  consisted  of  feathers,  or  of  horses'  hair  of  various  colours. 
A.  R.  A.  306. 

■2  CU-peata  seges  \Troruin,y^r  seges  clypeatorum  vironiin,  a  crop  qfmen 
armed  with  shields. 

3  Aulsa  tolluntur,  the  curtains  are  raised.  There  is  here  an  allusion  to 
the  Roman  theatre,  in  which  the  curtain  was  dropped  (premebatur)  at  the 
commencement  of  the  play,  and  raised  [toUebatur)  at  the  conclusion  of  it. 
As  the  curtain  was  gradually  raised,  the  figures  painted  on  it  would  neces- 
sarily present  themselves  as  here  described.    A.  R.  A.  2&8. 

4  Sortita  spatium  brevis  vitaa,  u  ho  had  obtained  a  short  span  qf  lifi. 

5  Fidem  fratemae  pacis,  a  pledge  of  peace  with  his  brothers. 

6  Stabant,  teas  built;  soceri.  father  and  mother-in-law,  for  socer  et  =0- 
crus.    Conjuge,  see  Harmonia. 


KAB.  II.]  ACTION.  55 

Exsilio  felix  ;  soceri  tibi  Marsque  Venusque 

Contigerant ;  hue  adde  genus  de  conjuge  tanta. 

Tot'  natos  natasque  et,  pignora  cara,  nepotes  ; 

Hos  quoque  jam  juvenes.    Sed  scilicet^  ultima  semper  6 

Exspectanda  dies  homini,  dicique  beatus 

Ante  obitum  nemo  supremaque  funera  debet. 

Prima  nepos^  inter  tot  res  tibi,  Cadme,  secundaa 
Causa  fuit  luctus,  alienaque  cornua  fronti 
Addita,  vosque  canes  satiatse  sanguine  herili.  10 

At  bene  si  quaeras  ;  Fortune  crimen  in  illo, 
Non  scelus  invenies  :  quod  enim  scelus  error  babebat  ? 
Mons'  evat  infectus  variarum  csede  ferrarnm  ; 
Jamque  dies  rerum  medius  contraxerat  umbras, 
Et  Sol  ex  aequo  meta  distabat  utraque  ;  15 

Quum  juvenis  placido  per  devia  lustra  vagantes 
Participes  operum  compellat  Hyantius  ore  : 
Lina  madent,  comites,  ferrumque  cruore  ferarum, 
Fortunamque  dies  habuit  satis  :  altera  lucem 
Quum  croceis  invecta  rotis  Aurora  reducet,  20 

Propositum  repetemus  opus  :  nunc  Phoebus  utraque 
Distat  idem  ten-a,  iinditque  vaporibus  arva. 
Sistite  opus  prsesens,  nodosaque  tollite  lina. 
Jussa  viri  faciunt  intermittuntque  laborem. 

Vallis  erat  piceis  et  acuta  densa  cupresiu,  25 

Nomine  Gargaphie,  succinctas  sacra  Dians, 
Cujus  in  extremo  est  antram  nemorale  recessu, 
Arte  laboratum  nulla  :  simulaverat  artem 
Ingenio  natura  sue  ;  nam  pumice  vivo 

1  Tot  must  be  taken  as  refeiring  to  natos  and  natas  collectively,  and  not 
separately.  Mythologists  have  assigned  to  Cadmus  only  one  son,  Polydo- 
ru9,  who  succeeded  him  in  the  government  of  Thebes. 

2  Scilicet,  it  is  evident,  certainly.  This  is  the  famous  saying  of  Solon  to 
Croesus,  king  of  Lydia,  while  at  the  height  of  his  prosperity.  It  has  been 
frequently  repeated,  and  variously  applied  by  the  classical  writers,  particu- 
larly by  the  Greek  tragedians. 

3  Nepos,  i.  e.  Aclceon — aliena,  not  natural  to  him,  i.  e.  those  of  a  stag. 

4  Mons,  i.  e.  Ciihceron — ex  sequo  distabat  utraque  meta,  was  equally  dis- 
tant from  either  goal,  i.  e.  from  the  two  extremities  of  the  heavens,  the  east 
and  west.  See  22.  The  metaphor  is  borrowed  from  the  race-course.  A. 
R.  A.  275. 


6G  ACTION.  [book  III. 

Et  levibus  tophis  nativum  duxerat'  arcum.  30 

Fons  sonat  a  dcxtra,  tenui  pcrlucidus  unda, 

l\Iargine  gramineo  patulos  incinctus'^  hiatus. 

Hie  dea  silvarum,  venatu  fcssa,  solebat 

Virgineos  artus  liquido  pcrfundere  rore. 

Quo  postquam  subiit,  Nympharum  tradidit  uni  35 

Arraigerse  jaculum  phavetramque  arcusque  retentos  ; 

Altera  depositae  subjecit'  bracliia  pallae  ; 

Vincla  duae  pcdibus  demunt :  nam  doctior  illis 

Ismenis  Crocale  sparsos  per  colla  capillos 

Coliigit  in  nodum,  quamvis  erat  ipsa  solutis.'*  40 

Excipiunt  laticem  jS'eplieleque  Hyaleque  Rhanisque 

Et  Psecas  et  Phiale,  funduntque  capacibus  urnis. 

Dumque  ibi  pcrluitur  solita  Titania  lynipha, 
Ecce,  nepos  Cadmi,  dilata  parte  laborum, 
Plt  nemus'  ignotum  non  certis  passibus'^  errans,         45 
Pervenit  in  lucum  ;  sic  ilium  fata  ferebant. 
Qui  simul  intravit  rorantia  fontibus  antra  ; 
Sicut  erant,  viso  nudte  sua  pectora  NymphfE 
Percussere  viro,  subitiaque  iilulatibus  omne 
Implevere  nemus,  circumfusaeque'  Dianam  50 

Corporibus  texere  suis  ;  tamen  altior  illis 
Ipsa  Dea  est,  colloque  tenus  supereminet  oranes. 
Qui  color  infectis  adversi  SoUs  ab  ictu 
Nubibus  esse  solet  aut  purpurece  Aurorse, 
Is  fuit  in  vultu  visae  sine  veste  Dianae.  65 

Quae,  quanquam  coniitum  turba  stipata  suarum, 

1  Duxerat  nativum  arcum  vivo  pumice,  had  formtd  a  natural  arch  (tf 
native  pumicestoiic. 

2  Incinctus  (secundum)  patulos  hiatus,  having  iUwidebason  edged  round. 

3  Subjecit  bracliia  palla;,pu<  her  arms  under  her  cloak,  held  her  cloak; 
A.  R.  A.  357.  Vincla,  sandals.  Those  worn  by  hunters  were  called  co- 
thurni, and  reached  up  to  the  middle  of  the  leg.    A.  R.  A.  358. 

4  (Capillis)  solutis,  iviih  her  hair  loose.  The  ancients  wore  their  hair 
collected  in  a  knot  on  the  back  of  the  head.    A.  R.  A.  360. 

5  Nemus— lucum.    See  1,  9,  27. 

6  Non  certis  passibus,  with  undefined  steps,  without  any  definite  object  in 
view. 

7  Circumfusa:,  surrounding ;  supereminet  omnes  coUo  tenus,  overtops 
them  all  by  the  neck. 


FAB.  II.]  ACT^OX.  57 

In  latus  obliquum  tamen  adstitit/  oraque  retro 

Flexit,  et  ut  vellet'''  promptas  habuisse  sagittas, 

Quas  habuit,  sic  hausit  aquas,  vviltumque  virilem 

Perfudit,  spargensque  comas  ultricibus  undis,  60 

Addidit  hsec  cladis  prsenuntia'  verba  futurse  ; 

Nunc  tibi  me  posito  visam  velamine  narres,* 

Si  poteris  narrare,  licet.     Nee  plura  minata, 

Dat  sparse  capiti  vivacis*  cornua  cervi ; 

Dat  spatium  cello,  summasque  cacuminat  aures  ;        6-5 

Cum  pedibusque  manus,  cum  longis  brachia  mutat 

Cruribus,  et  velat  maculoso  vellere  corpus. 

Additus  et  pavor  est :  fiigit  Autonoeius  lieros, 

Et  se  tam  celerem  cursu  miratur  in  ipso. 

Ut  vero  vultus  ct  cornua  vidit  in  unda,  70 

Me  miserum  !  dicturus  erat :  vox  nulla  secuta  est. 

Ingemuit ;  vox  Ula  fait ;  lacrimseque  per  era 

Non  sua^  fluxenint ;  mens  tantum  pristina  mansit. 

Quid  faciat  ?  repetatne  domum  et  regalia  tecta  ? 

An  lateat  sU-sis ?  timor  hoc,  pudor  impedit  illud.         75 

Dum  dubitat,  videre  canes  ;  primusque  Melampus^ 

Ichnobatesque  sagax  latratu  signa  dedere, 

Gnossius  Ichnobates,  Spartan  a  gente  Melampus. 

Inde  ruunt  alii  rapida  velocius  aura, 

Pamphagus  et  Dorceus  et  Oribasus,  Arcades  omnes,   80 

Nebrophonosque  valens  et  trux  cum  Lslape  Theron, 

Et  pedibus  Pterelas  et  naribus  utUis  Agre, 

Hylaeusque  ferox  nuper  percussus  ab  apro, 

Deque  lupo  concepta  Nape,  pecudesque  secuta 

Pcemenis,  et  natis  comitata  Harpyia  duobus,  85 

1  Adstitit  in  obliquum  latus,  she  stood,  hending  to  the  one  side,  askaunt. 

2  Ut  vellet  habuisse,  thouc/h  she  could  have  wished  to  have;  sic  hausit 
aquas  quas  habuit,  yet  site  took  up  the  icater  which  she  had. 

3  Praenuntia  futurae  cladis,  declarative  of  his  approaching  calamity. 

4  Licet  tibi  (ut)  narres,  you  are  at  liberty  to  tell. 

5  Vivacis,  long-lived,  a  frequent  epithet  of  the  stag,  which,  by  the  an- 
cients, was  believed  to  live  a  hundred  years. 

6  Non  sua,  not  his  own,  not  natural  to  him.    See  9. 

7  For  an  explanation  of  the  namesof  the  dogs.  See  Index.  Crete,  Arcadia, 
nnd  Laconia,  were  the  countries  most  celebrated  for  their  breed  of  dogs. 


53  ACTION.  [book   III. 

Et  siibstricta  gerens  Sicyonius  ilia  Ladon, 

Et  Dromas  et  Canacc  Sticteque  ct  Tigris  et  Alee, 

Et  niveis  Leucon  ct  villis  Asbolus  atris, 

Prae  valid  usque  Lacon,  ct  cursu  fortis  Aello, 

Et  Thous  et  Cyprio  velox  cum  fratre  Lycisce,  90 

Et  nigram  medio  frontom  distinctus  ab  albo 

Harpalos  ct  ^lelanens,  hirsutaque  corpore  Lachne, 

Et  patre  Dictceo,  sed  matre  Laconide  nati, 

Labros,  et  Agriodos,  et  acutiE  vocis  Hylactor, 

Quasque  roferre  mora  est.'     Ea  turba  cupidine  praedae  95 

Per  mpes'^  scopulosque  adituque  carentia  saxa, 

Q,ua  via  difficilis  quaque  est  via  nulla,  feruntur. 

Hie  fugit,  per  qua?  fuerat  loca^  saepe  secutus, 

Heu  famulos  fugit  ipse  sues !  clamare  libebat, 

Actaeon  ego  sum  :  dominum  cognoscite  vestrum.       100 

Verba  anirao  desunt ;  resonat  latratibus  aether. 

Prima  Melancbtetes  in  tergo  vulnera  fecit, 

Proxima  Theridamas  ;  Oresitrophos  haesit  in  armo. 

Tardius  exierant  ;*  sed  per  compendia  montis 

Anticipata^  via  est.    Dominum  retinentibus  illis        105 

Cetera  turba  coit,  confertque  in  corpore  dentes. 

Jam  loca  vulneribus  desunt.     Gemit  ille,  sonumque,*^ 

Etsi  non  liominis,  quem  non  tamen  edere  possit 

Cervus,  habet ;  mcestisque  replet  juga  nota  querelis, 

Et  genibus  supplex  positis,  similisque  roganti  110 

Circumfert  tacitos,  tanquam  sua  brachia,  vultus. 

At  comites  rapidum  solitis  hortatibus  agmen 

Ignari  instigant,  oculisque  Actaeona  quserunt, 

1  Quasque  est  mora  referre,  and  others  which  il  were  tedious  to  enumerate. 

2  Rupes  signifies  a  steep  rock,  a  precipice ;  scopulus,  the  point  of  a  rocU, 
a  cliff ;  and  saxum,  any  large  mass  of  stone,  a  rock  ;  over  precipices,  cliffs, 
and  rocks. 

3  Per  loca  (per  q'ice)  saepe  secutus  fuerat,  over  places  over  which  he  had 
often  followed  the  dogs. 

'  4  Exierant  tardius,  had  started  later,  a  form  of  expression  borrowed  from 
the  horses  leaving  the  carceres  in  the  Circus  Maxiiiius.    A.  R.  A.  274. 

5  Via  anticipata  e>t  per  compendia  montis,  their  way  had  been  short- 
ened bi)  a  near  cut  over  the  mountain. 

6  The  order  is.  Habetque  sonum,  ctsi  non  {sonum)  hominis,  tamen  (so- 
num)  quem  cervus  non  possit  e:1ere. 


PAB.  11.  J  ACTION.  59 

Et  velut  abseiitem  ceiiatim  Actseona  clamant. 

A-d  nomen'  caput  ille  refert ;  et  abesse  queruntur,    115 

N^ec  capere  oblatse  segnem  spectacula  prsedae. 

Vellet  abesse  quidem  ;  scd  adest ;  velletque  videre, 

f^on  etiam  sentire^  canum  ftra  facta  suorum. 

LJndique  circumstant,  mersisque  in  corpore  rostris, 

Dilacerant  falsi  dominuni  sub  imagine^  cervi.  120 

Fab.  V. — Echo. 

[lle^  per  Aonias,  fama  celeberrimus,  urbea 

[iTeprehensa  dabat  populo  responsa  petenti. 

Prima  fide  vocisqiie  ratse  tentaraina  sumpsit' 

HaErula  Liriope  ;  quam  quondam  flumine  curvo 

[mplicuit,  clausteque  suis  Cephisos  in  undis  5 

V^im  tulit.®     Enixa  est  utero  pulcherrima  pleno 

[nfantem,  Nymphis  jam  nunc'  qui  posset  amari, 

N'arcissumque  vocat.     Dc  quo  consultus,  an  esset 

Fempora  maturae  visurus  longa  senectae, 

Fatidicus  rates,  Si  se  non  viderit,  inquit.  10 

^'^ana  diu  visa  est  vox  auguris :  exitus  Ulam 

Resque  probat*  letique  genus  novitasque  furorLi. 

Jamque  ter  ad  quinos  unum  Cephisius  annum 

\ddiderat,  poteratque  puer  juvenisque  videri. 

Multi  ilium  juvenes,  multae  cupiere^  puellse  ;  15 

3ed  fuit  in  tenera  tam  dira  superbia  forma  ; 

S^ulli  ilium  juvenes,  nullje  tetigere  puellae. 

Vdspicit  hunc  trepidos  agitantem  in  retia  cervos, 

1  Ad  nomen,  at  (the  sound  of)  liis  name,  on  hearing  Ids  name,-  et  que- 
tintur  (eum)  abesse,  et  segnem  non  capere,  and  the)/  nei-erihclcss  cmiiplain 
hatha  is  absent,  and,  through  indolence,  docs  not  tcitness. 

2  Videre,  non  etiam  sentire,  to  see,  but  not  at  the  same  time  to  feel. 

3  Sub  imagine  falsi  cervi,  under  the  form  of  an  unreal  stag. 

4  Ille,  i.  c.  Tiresias;  see  Index.    Irreprebensa,  unblamed. 

5  Sumpsit  prima  tentamina  fide  rata:que  vocis,  made  the  first  trial  of, 
irst  proved  his  truth  and  infallible  predictions.  Fide  Is  the  old  form  of  tha 
;enitive  iorfidci. 

6  Tulit  vim  (ci)  clausa?,  offered  violence  to  her  uhcn  confined. 

7  Jam  nunc,  even  noiv,  even  from  his  birth. 

8  Probat  illam,  confirms  the  truth  of  it;  novitas  furoris,  thetwvMyoJhi» 
')assion. 

9  Cupicre,  courted,— tetigere,  touched,  affected  hisfalings. 


60  ECHO.  [^BOOK  III. 

Vocalis  Nymphe,  quse  nee  reticere  loquenti 

Nee  prior  ipsa  loqui  didicit,  resonabUis  Echo.  20 

Corpus  adhue  Echo,  non  vox  erat ;  et  tamen  usum 

Garrula  non  alium,  quain  nunc  habet,  oris  habebat, 

Reddere'  de  multis  ut  vei-ba  novissima  posset. 

Fecerat  hoc  Juno,  quia,  quum  deprendere  posset 

Cum  Jove  Sispe  suo  Nymphas  in  monte  jacentes,         25 

Ilia  Deam  longo  prudens'"'  sennone  tenebat, 

Dum  fugerent  Nymphs.     Postquam  Saturnia  sensii  ; 

Hujus,  ait,  linguae,  qua  sum  delusa,  potestas 

Parva  tibi  dabitur  vocisque  brevissiraus  usus. 

Reque  minas  firmat :  taraen  haec  in  fine  loquendi       30 

Ingeminat^  voces,  audita  que  verba  reportat. 

Ergo  ubi  Narcissum  per  devia  lustra  vagantem 
Vidit,  et  incaluit,  sequitur  vestigia  furtim  ; 
Quoque  inagis  sequitur,  flamma  propiore  calescit, 
Non  aliter,  quam  quum  summis  cu'cumlita  tsedia         36 
Admotam  rapiunt  vivacia''-sulfura  flammam, 
0  quoties  voluit  blandis  accedere  dictis, 
Et  moUes  adhibere  preces !  natura  repugnat, 
Nee  sinit'  incipiat ;  sed,  quod  sinit,  ilia  parata  est 
Exspectare  sonos,  ad  quos  sua  verba  remittat.  40 

Forte  puer,  comitum  seductus  ab  agmine  fido, 
Dixerat,  Ecquis  adest  \^  et,  Adest,  responderat  Echo. 
Hie  stupet,  utque  aciem  partes  dimisit  in  omnes, 
Voce,  Veni,  clamat  magna  :  vocat  ilia  vocantem.^ 
Respicit ;  et  nullo  rursus  veniente,  Quid,  inquit,         46 
Me  fugis  ?  et  totidem,  quot  dixit,  verba  recepit. 

1  R«ddere  novissima  verba  de  multis,  to  repeal  the  last  words  oitt  (^fmany. 

2  Prudens  tenebat,  designedly  detained. 

3  Ingeminat,  reileraicx ;  reportat,  repeats. 

4  Vivacia  sulfura  ciruamiita  sunmiis  tsedis  rapiunt  flammam  admotam, 
the  inflammable  sulphur  dattbed  round  the  tops  of  torches  speedily  catches 
the  fire  applied  to  it. 

5  Sinit  {ut)  incipiat,  permits  her  to  begin;  quod  {natura)  sinit,  what 
nature  rfo.!j  alloio. 

C  'Ei:qni3  adest,  is  ani/  one  here  f  dimisit  aciem  in  omnes  partes,  turned 
bis  eyes  in  every  direction. 
7  ilia  vocat  {ilium)  vocantem,  she  calls  him  who  called  her. 


■AB.  v.]  ECHO.  61 

i*erstat,  et  alternse  deceptus^  imagme  vocig, 

luc  coeamus,  ait ;  nullique  libentius  unquam 

iesponsura  sono,  Coeamus,  retulit  Echo, 

!)t  verbis  favet'''  ipsa  suis  ;  egressaque  sUvis  50 

loai,  ut  injiceret  sperato  brachia  coUo. 

lie  fugit,  fugiensque,  Manus  complexibus  aufer  :' 

Late,  ait,  emoriar,  quam  sit  tibi  copia  nostri.'' 

letulit  ilia  nihil  nisi,  Sit  tibi  copia  nostri. 

Jpreta  latet  silvis,  pudibundaque  frondibus  ora  55 

'rotegit,  et  solis  ex  illo'  vivit  in  antris. 

Jed  tamen  haeret  amor,  crescitque  dolore  repulsse. 

Lttenuant  vigUes  corpus  miserabUe  curte, 

Ldducitque^  cutem  macies,  et  in  aera  succus 

/orporis  omnis  abit;  vox  tantum  atque  ossa  supersunt :  60 

/"ox  manet ;  ossa  femnt  lapidis  traxisse  figuram. 

nde  latet  silvis,  nuUoque  in  nionte  videtur  ; 

)mnibus  auditur  :  sonus  est,  qui  vivit  in  ilia. 

Fab.  VI. — Narcissus. 

5ic  hanc,  sic  alias,  undis  aut  montibus  oitas, 

juserat  hie'  Nymphas,  sic  coetus  ante  viriles. 

!nde  manus  aliquis  despectus*  ad  sethera  tollens, 

>ic  amet  iste  licet,®  sic  non  potiatur  amato, 

Oixerat :  assensit  precibus  Rhamnusia  justis.  5 

Fons  erat  illimis,  nitidis  argenteus  undis, 
iuem  neque  pastores  neque  pastse  monte  capellse 
IJontigerant  aliudve  pecus ;  quern  nulla  volucris. 


1  Deoeptus  imagine  alternae  voci3,  being  deceived  bi/  the  appearance  of 
mother's  voice. 

2  Ipsa  favet  suis  verbis,  she  is  delighted  iviih  her  own  words. 

3  Aufer  manus  complexibus,  talce  away  your  hands  from  embracing  me, 
yresum^  not  to  embrace  me. 

4  Antd  quam  copia  nostri  sit  tibi,  btfore  you  have  an  opportunity  (if  en- 
oying  me,  or  before  I  come  into  your  power. 

5  Ex  illo  (tempore),  from  that  time. 

6  Adducit,  shrivels, — abit  in  aera,  passes  off,  or  evaporates  into  air. 

7  Hie,  i.  e.  Narcissus. 

8  Aliquis  despectus,  one  who  had  been  despised  by  him. 

9  Licet  (mO  iste  sic  amet,  so  may  he  lovej  amato,  tiie  object  loved. 

V 


62  NARCISSUS.  [book  III. 

Ncc  fera  turbarat  nee  lapsus  ab  arbore  ramus. 
Gramen  erat  circa,  quod  proximus  humor  alebat,        10 
Silvaque  sole  lacum  passura'  tepcscere  nullo. 
Hie  puer,  et  studio  venandi  lassus  et  aestu, 
Procubuit,  facicmque  loci  fontemque  secutus  f 
Dumque  sitim  sedare  cupit,  sitis  altera'  crevit ; 
Dumque  bibit,  visae  correptus  imagine*  formae,  15 

Spem  sine  corpore  amat :  corpus  putat  esse,  quod  umbra 

est. 
Adstupet  ipse  sibi,  \Tiltuque  immotus  eodem 
Haeret,  ut  e  Pario  formatum  marmore  signum. 
Spectat  humi  positus  geminum,  sua  lumina,  sidus,' 
Et  dignos  Baccho,  dignos  et  Apolline  crines,  20 

Impubesque  genas  et  ebumea  colla,  decusque 
Oris  et  in  niveo  mixtum  candore'-  ruborem  ; 
Cunctaque  mirntur,  quibus  est  mirabilis  ;  ipse 
Se  cupit  imprudens,  et,  qui  probat,'  ipse  probatur  ; 
Dumque  petit,  petitur,  pariterque  incendit  et  ardet.     25 
Irrita  fallaci  quoties  dedit  oscula  fonti .' 
In  medias  quoties,  visum  captantia  coUum, 
Bracliia  mersit  aquas,  nee  se  deprendit  in  illis  ! 
Quid  videat,  nescit ;  sed,  quod  videt,  uritur  Ulo  ; 
Atque  oculos  idem,  qui  decipit,  incitat  error.  30 

Credule,  quid  frustra  simulacra  fugacia  captas  \ 
Quod  petis,  est  nusquam  ;  quod  amas,  avertere,*  perdes. 
Ista  repercussae,^  quam  cernis,  imaginis  umbra  est : 


1  Passura  beam  tepescerc,  uJiicli  iroukl  aVoic  thefovntain  to  he  warmed. 

2  Secutus  faciem  loci,  allured  hy  the  apjicarance  o/the place. 

3  Altera  sitis,  another  Ihir.H,  a  different  kind  o/thirst,  i.  e.  love. 

4  Imagine  forma;,  u-ilh  Vie  refection  o/his  ouvi/orm,  i.  e.  charmed  vjith 
his  shadow. 

5  Spectat  geminum  sidus,  sua  lumina,  he  sees  two  stars,  which  are  his 
^own  eyes. 

6  In  niveo  candorc,  wiOi  snowy  whiteness.  Miscco,  wliich  is  commonly 
followed  Ijy  the  dative,  the  ablative,  or  tlie  preposition  cum,  is  licre  followed 
by  in.    See  95. 

7  Qui  probat,  ipse  probatur,  he  tcho  admires  is  himself  Oie  person  ad- 
tnind. 

ii  Avertere  perdes,  quod  amas,  turn  yourself  away  and  you  will  destrop 
the  object  of  your  love. 
a  Umbra  repcrcussa;  imagini?!,  the  shadmv  of  your  own  refected  form. 


FAB.  VI.J  NARCISSUS.  63 

Nil  habet  ista  sui ;'  tecumque  venitque  inanetque, 
Tecum  discedet,  si  tu  discedere  possis.  So 

Non  ilium  Cereris,  non  ilium  cura  quietis 
Abstvaliere  inde  potest ;  sed  opaca  fusus  in  herbS 
Spectat  inexpleto  mendacem  lumine  formam, 
Perque  oculos  perit  ijjse  suos ;  paulumque  levatus, 
Ad  circumstantes  tendens  sua  brachia  silvas  40 

Ecquis,  io  silvae,  crudelius,  iuquit,  amavit  I 
Scitis  enim,  et  multis  latebra  oppoi'tuna  fuistis. 
Ecquem,  quum  vestrse  tot  agantur  saecula  vitae, 
Q,ui  sic  tabuerit,  longo  meministis  in  aevo  I 
Et  placet,  et  video  ;  sed  quod  videoque  placetque,       45 
Non  tamen  invenio  :  tantus  tenet  error  amantem. 
Q,u6que  niagis  doleam,  nee  nos  mare  separat  ingens. 
Nee  via^  nee  montes  nee  clausis  moenia  portis  ; 
Exigua  proliibemur  aqua.     Cupit  ipse^  teneri : 
Nam  quoties  liquidis  porreximus  oscula  Ijinpbis,         60 
Hie  to  ties  ad  me  resupino  nititur  ore. 
Posse  jDutes  tangi :  minimum*  est,  quod  amantibus  obstat. 
Q,uisquis  es,  hue  exi :  quid  me,  puer  unice,^  fallis  I 
Q,u6ve  petitus  abis  I  Certe  nee  forma,  nee  setas 
Est    mea,    quam    fugias  f     et    amarunt    me    quoque 
Nymphse.  65 

Spera  mihi  nescio  quam  vultu  promittis  amico  ; 
Quumque  ego  porrexi  tibi  brachia,  porrigis  ultro  ; 
Q,uum  risi,  arrides  ;  lacrimas  quoque  saepe  notavi, 
Me  lacrimante,  tuas.     Nutu  quoque  signa  remittis  ;" 
Et,  quantum  motu  formosi  suspicor  oris,  60 

Verba  refers  aures  non  pervenientia  nostras. 

1  Ista  habet  nil  sui,  that  image  has  noViing  of  itself,  has  no  existence  of 
itself. 

2  Via,  a  broad  street,  or  a  long  way. 

3  Ipse,  he  himself,  i.  e.  the  reflected  image ;  resupino  ore,  with  his  face 
turneil  upicards. 

4  Minimum  est,  it  is  a  very  slight  obstacle. 

5  Unice  puer,  matchless  boy. 

6  Quam  fugias,  such  as  you  might  to  shun. 

7  Remittis  qufique  signa  nutu,  you  even  return  tigns  to  my  nod.    Nutu 
is  here  the  dative  for  nutui. 


04  NARCISSUS.  [book  HL 

Iste  ego  Slim,  r>ensi,  nee  me  mea  fallit  imago. 

Uror  amore  mei ;  flamraas  moveoque  feroque. 

Quid  faciam  1  roger,  annc  rogem  ?  quid  deinde  rogabo  \ 

Q,uod  cupio  mecum  est ;  inopem  me  copia  fecit.  G5 

O  utinam  nostro  secedeie  corpore  possem  ! 

Votumin  amante  novum ;'  vellem,quod  amamus,  abesset. 

Jamque  dolor  vires  adimit,  nee  tempora  vitse 

Longa  meffi  superant,  primoque  exstinguor  in  sevo. 

Nee  mihi  mors  gravis  est  posituro*^  morte  dolores  ;      70 

Hie,  qui  diligitur,  vellem  diutnrnior  esset  : 

Nunc  duo  Concordes^  anima  moriemur  in  una. 

Dixit,  et  ad  faciem  rediit  male  sanus*  eandem, 

Et  lacrimis  turbavit  aquas  ;  obscuraque  moto 

Reddita  forma  lacu  est.     Quam  quum  vidisset  abire,  76    ^ 

Quo  fugis  \  0  remane,  nee  me,  crudelis,  amantem 

Desere,  clamavit :  liceat,  quod  tangere  non  est, 

Adspicere,*  et  misero  praebere  alimenta  furori.  " 

Dumque  dolet,  sunima  vestem  deduxit  ab  ora," 

Nudaque  marmoreis  percussit  pectora  palmis.  80 

Pectora  traxerunt  tenuem  percussa  niborem 

Non  aliter,  quam  poma  solent,  qure  Candida  parte,' 

Parte  nibent ;  aut  ut  vai-iis  solet  uva  racemis 

Ducere  purpureum,  nondum  matura,  colorom. 

Quae*  simul  auspexit  liquefacta  rursus  in  unda  ;  8.5 

Non  tulit  ulterius  ;  sed,  ut  intabescere  flavae 

Igne  levi  cerae,  matutinacque  pruinae 

1  Novum  votum  in  amante,  a  novel  wish  in  a  lover.    Novum  votum  ar» 
put  in  apposition  with  the  preceding  line. 

2  Posituro  dolores  morte.  since  Tarn  about  tolay  asidemy  sorroti»  in  death. 

3  Duo  Concordes  moriemur  in  una  anim^,  we  two,  united  in  affection, 
shaM  perish  by  the  extinction  of  one  life. 

4  Maid  sanus,//-a7i(ic,  ilcludcd.    The  adverb  male  negatives  the  mean- 
ing of  the  adjective,  though  less  strongly  than  non. 

5  Liceat  adspicere,  quod  non  est  tangere,  let  me  be  aUotced  to  look  upon 
what  I  am  not  permitted  to  touch. 

6  Deduxit  vestem  ab  summ  i  ora,  he  tore  down  his  garment  from  the  up- 
per border,  he  tore  down  the  upper  part  of  his  garment.    A.  R.  A.  414. 

7  {Sunt)  Candida  parte,  are  partly  white ;  variis  racemis,  in  the  party- 
coloured  clusters. 

8  Qua?,  it,  i.e.  his  breast  reddened  by  the  blow;  non  tulit  ulteriils,  could 
not  bear  it  any  longer. 


FAB.  VI.]  NARCISSUS.  P5 

Sole  tepente  solent,  sic  attenuatus'  ainore 

Liquitur,  et  caeco  paulatim  carpitur  igni ; 

Et  neque  jam  color  est  mixto  candore  rubori,^  90 

Nee  vigor  et  vires  et  quae  modo  visa  placebant. 

Nee  corpus  remanet,  quondam  quod  amaverat  Echo. 

Q,U8B'^  tamen  ut  vidit,  quamvis  irata  memorque, 

Indoluit ;  quotiesque  puer  miserabilis,  Eheu, 

Dixerat,  hsec  resonis  iterabat*  vocibus,  Ehcu.  9.5 

Quumque  suos  manibus  percusserat  ille  lacertos, 

Haec  quoque  reddebat  sonitum  plangoris  eundem. 

Ultima  vox  solitam  fuit  hsec  spectantis  in  undam  : 

Heu  frustra  dilecte  puer !  totidemque  remisit 

Verba  locus,  dictoque  Vale,  Vale  inquit  et  Echo.       100 

Ille  caput  viridi  fessum  submisit  in  herba  : 

Lumina  nox  claudit,  domini'mirantia  formam. 

Turn  quoque  se,  postquam  est  inferna  sede  receptus. 

In  Stygia  spectabat  aqua.     Planxere  sorores 

Nai'des,  et  sectos  fratri  posuere  capillos.*  105 

Planxere  et  Dryades  ;  plangentibus  assonat  Echo. 

Jamque  rogum  quassasque  faces  feretrumque  parabant ;" 

Niisquam  corpus  erat ;  croceum  pro  corpore  florem 

Inveniunt,  foliis  medium  cingentibus  albis. 

Fab.  VII. — Bacchus  and  Pentlieus. 
CoGNiTA  res^  meritam  vati  per  Acliaidas  urbes 

1  Attenuatus — liquitur,  being  wasted  aivay — decays. 

2  Et  jam  neque  est  color  rubori  raixto  candore,  and  now  neither  does  tfie 
red  mixed  with  white  retain  its  colour.    See  22. 

3  Q,use' {for  ut  ea)  vidit,  indoluit,  when  she  saw  (the  distress  of  Narcis- 
6us)  she-was  nevertheless prieved. 

4  Iterabat  resonis  vocibus,  repealed  in  responsive  words. 

5  Posuere  sectos  capillos  fratri,  consecrated  locks  of  their  hair  to  their 
brother.  It  was  usual  for  surviving  friends  to  dedicate  locks  of  their  hair 
to  the  dead.    A.  R.  A.  412  and  417. 

6  Parabant  is  here  used  in  a  general  sense  with  homines  as  its  nomina- 
tive,— preparations  ivere  made.  The  funeral  pile  (rogiis)  was  square,  in 
the  form  of  an  altar,  and  was  built  of  wood,  whicli  might  easily  catch  fire, 
A.  R.  A.  417-  Quassas  expresses  the  movement  of  the  torches  in  the  fune- 
ral procession,  funerals  among  the  ancient  Romans  being  celebrated  ut 
night.    A.  R.  A.  412. 

7  Res,  thefuljilment  of  the  prediction  respecting  Narcissus  ;  vati,  to  tht 
'prophet,  i.  e.  Tiresias. 

f2 


66  RACCHUS  AND  PENTHEUS.  [BOOK  III. 

Attulerat  famam,  nomenque  erat  augurLs  ingeus  ; 
Speniit  Echiouides  tamen  hune,  ex  omnibus*  unus 
Contemptor  Superum,  Pentheus  ;  prcesagaquc  ridet 
Verba  senis,  tenebrasque  et  cladem  lucis  ademptiE        .5 
Objicit.^     lUe  movens  albentia  tempora  canis 
Q,uam  felix  esses,  si  tu  quoque  luminis  hujiis 
Orbus,  ait,  fieres,  nee  Bacchia  sacra  videres  ! 
Namque  dies  aderit,  jamque  hand  procul  aiiguror  esse, 
Qua  nevus  hue  vcniet,  proles  Semeleia,  Liber.  10 

Q,uem  nisi  templorum  fueris  dignatus'^  honore  ; 
Mille  lacer  spargere  locis,  et  sanguine  silvas 
Fcedabis  niatremque  tuam  matrisque  sorores. 
Evenient  :*  neque  enim  dignabere  numen  honore  ; 
Meque  sub  Iiis  tenebris  nimium  vidisse  quereris.  16 

Talia  dicentem  proturbat  Ecliione  natus. 
Dicta  fides'  sequitur,  responsaque  vatis  aguntur. 
Liber  adest,  ^  festisque  ft-emunt  ululatibus  agri ; 
Turba  ruunt,  mixtceque  viris  matresque  nurusque 
Vulgusque  proceresque  ignota^  ad  sacra  feruntur.        20 
Quis  furor,  anguigenae,*  proles  Mavortia,  vestras 
Attonuit  mentes  ?  Pentheus  ait.     ^rane  tantum 
^re  repulsa  valent,  et  adunco  tibia  comu,' 
Et  magicse  fraudes  2'°  ut  quos  non  beEiger  ensis, 
Non  tuba  teiTuerint,  non  strictis  agmina  telis,  25 


1  Ex  omnibus,  o/  all  the  descendants  of  Cadmtif ,-  the  others  were  de- 
voted to  the  worship  of  Bacchus. 

2  Objieitque  tenebras  et  cladem  lucis  ademptse,  and  vphraids  him  with 
his  blindness  and  the  calamity  cf  being  deprived  of  his  sight. 

3  Nisi  dignatus  fueris  honore  templorum,  unless  you  shall  Odnk  him 
worihy  of  the  honour  of  a  temple. 

4  Evenient,  these  things  will  happen. 

5  Fides,  a  confirmation,  or  fulfilment;  aguntur,  are  accomplished 

6  Adest,  arrives,  com.es from  Lydia. 

7  Ad  ignota  sacra,  to  the  .tacred  rites  hitherto  unktiown  to  them. 

8  Anguigense,  ye  descendants  of  the  serpent,  i.  e.  ye  Tttebans.  See  3,  J ,  103. 
&c. 

9  Tibia  adunco  comu,  the  pipe  made  of  crooked  horn,  i.  e.  the  Phrygian 

£ipe.    Cj-mbals  (cera)  and  the  Phrygian  pipe  were  used  in  the  woraliip  of 
iacchus  as  well  as  in  that  of  Cybele.    A.  R.  A.  253. 

10  Magic»  fraudes,  magical  deceptions.  The  orgies  of  Bacchus  were 
celebrated  during  the  nigiit  every  third  year,  chiefly  ct  Cithaeron  and 
Ismenns  in  Bceotia,  and  on  Ismariis  and  Ilhodope  m  'i  hrace. 


FAB.  VII.]  BACCHUS  AND  PENTHEUS.  07 

Feminese  voces  et  mota^  insania  vino, 

Obsccenique  greges  et  inania  tympana  vincant  ? 

Vosne,  senes,  mirer,  qui  longa  per  sqnora  vecti 

Hac  Tyron,-  hac  profiigos  posuistis  sede  Penates, 

Nunc  sinitis  sine  Marte  capi  I  vosne,  acrior  aetas,         oO 

0  juvenes,  propriorque  me83,  quos  arma  tenere, 

Non  thyrsos,'  galeaque  tegi,  non  fronde,  decebat  ? 

Este,  precor,  memores,  qua  sitis  stirpe  creati ; 

Iliiusque  animos,  qui  multos  perdidif*  unus, 

Suniite  sei-pcntis  :  pro  fontibus  ille  lacuque  35 

Interiit ;  at  vos  pro  fama  vincite  vestra. 

Ille  dedit  leto  fortes  ;  vos  pellite  moUes, 

Et  patrium  revocate*  decus.     Si  fata  vetabant 

Stare  diu  Thebas  ;  utinam  tormenta"^  virique 

Moenia  diruerent,  ferrumque  ignisque  sonarent !         40 

Essemus  miseri  sine  crimine  ;'  sorsque  querenda, 

Non  celanda  foret ;  lacrimseque  pudore  carerent. 

At  nunc  a  puero  Thebse  capientur  inenni, 

Quem  neque  bella  juvant  nee  tela  nee  usus  equorum, 

Sed  madidus  myn-ha  crinis  mollesque  coronse,  45 

Purpuraque  et  pictis  intextum  vestibus  aurum. 

Q,uem  quidem  ego  actutum,  modo  vos  absistite,^  cogam 

Assumptumque''  patrem  commentaque  sacra  fateri. 

An  satis  Acrisio  est  animi,  contemnere  vanum 

1  Mota  vino,  caused,  or  produced  by  wine ;  obscoeni  greges,  crowds  of 
disgusting  creatures. 

2  Posuistis  Tyron,  have  built  Tyre,  i.  e.  a  city.  The  name  of  the  parent 
city  was  frequently  transferred  to  the  principal  city  of  the  colony.  Cad- 
mus was  a  native  of  Phoenicia,  of  which  2'yrc  ^vas  one  of  the  chief  cities. 
Posuistis  must  be  again  taken  with  penates  in  the  sense  of  settled  or  esta- 
blished.   A.  R.  A.  230. 

3  The  thyrsus  was  a  staff  bound  round  with  ivy  and  boughs  of  the  vine, 
with  which  the  bacchanals  struck  the  ground  when  celebrating  the  orgies 
of  Bacchus.    See  157. 

4  Qui  unus  perdidit  multos,  loho,  though  one,  destroyed  many. 

5  Revocate  patrium  decus,  recall  to  mind  the  honour  of  your  country. 

6  Tormerita,  engines  of  war,  as  the  catapuUa  and  Valista,  used  for  throw- 
ing stones  and  other  missiles.     A.  R.  A.  332. 

7  Sine  crimine,  tvithout  blame,  without  the  imputation  of  cowardice. 

8  "Vos  mod6  absistite,  do  you  only  stand  aloof  horn  the  sacred  rites. 

9  Patrem  assumptum  (esse),  sacraque  coramenta,  that  his  father  (Jupi- 
ter) is  falsely  assumed,  and  his  sacred  rites  fictitious. 


68  BACCnUS  AND  PENTUEUS.  [book  III, 

Numen  et  Argolicas  venienti  claudere  portas  ;  60 

Penthea  terrcbit  cum  totis  advena  Thebis  1 

Ite  citi,  famulis  hoc  impcrat,  ite  ducemque 

Attrahite  hue  vinctum  :  jussis  mora  segnis  abcsto. 

Hunc  avus/  hunc  Atliamas,  huuc  cetera  turba  suorum 

Corripiunt  dictis,  frustraque  inhibere  laborant.  65 

Acrior''^  admonitu  est,  irritaturque  retenta 

Et  crescit  rabies,  remoraminaque  ipsa  nocebant. 

Sic  ego  torrentem,  qua  nil  obstabat  eunti, 

Lenius  et  modico  strepitu  decurrere  vidi ; 

At,  quacumque  trabes  obstructaque  saxa  tenebant,'^    60 

Spumeus  et  fervens  et  ab  objice  sasvior'  ibat. 

Ecce  cruentati  rcdeunt,  et,  Bacchus  ubi  esset, 

Quaerenti  domino  Bacchum  vidisse  negarunt.* 

Hunc,  dixere,  tamcn  comitem  famulumque  sacrorum 

Cepimus  ;  et  tradunt  manibus  post  terga  ligatis  65 

Sacra  dei  quondam  Tyrrhena  gente  secutum.^ 

Adspicit  hunc'  oculis  Pentheus,  quos  ira  tremendos 
Fecerat ;  et,  quanquam  poense  vix  tempora  difFert, 
0  periture,  tuaque  aliis  documenta  dature 
Morte,  ait,  ede  tuum  nomen  nomenque  parentum       70 
Et  patriam,  morisque  novi  cur  sacra  ft-equentes." 
Ille  metu  vacuus,  Nomen  mihi,  dixit,  Acoetes  ; 
Patria  Maeonia  est,  humili  de  plebe  parentes. 
Non  mihi,  quae  duri  colerent,  pater,  arva  juvenci, 
Lanigerosve  greges,  non  ulla  armenta  reliquit.  75 

Pauper  et  ipse  fuit,  linoque  solebat  et  hamo 
Decipere  et  calamo'  salientes  ducere  pisces. 

1  Avus,  i.  e.  Cadmus,  w!io  was  still  alive,  tliough  he  had  transferred  the 
government  to  Pentheus ;  corripiunt  hunc  dictis,  censu)  e  tiim  severeli/. 

2  Est  acrior  admonitu,  he  is  rendered  more  resolute  b>/  their  admonitions. 

3  Obstructaque  Kixatenetaxit,  and  interposinrj rocks o^jstructed  its  course. 

4  Saeviorab  objice,  more  violent  from  the  obstructions. 

5  Negarunt  domino  (sc)  vidisse  bacchum,  said  to  their  master  that  thep 
had  not  seen  Bacch  us. 

6  Secutum  sacra  Dei,  who  had  attended  on  thesacred  rites  o/thegod. 

7  Hunc,  i.  e.  Bacchus,  under  the  form  oi  Accelcs. 

8  Cur  frequentes  sacra  novi  moris,  why  you  solemnize  those  new-fashioned 
religious  riOs.    See iO. 

9  Lino  et  harao  et  calamo,  wit'i  a  line,  a  hook,  and  a  rod.    There  is  here 


FAB.  VII.]  BACCHUS  AND  PENTHEUS.  69 

Ars  illi  sua  census'  erat.     Q,uuin  traderet^rtein  ; 
Accipe,  quas  habeo,  studii  successor  et  teres. 
Dixit,  opes  ;  moriensque  mihi  nihil  ille  reliquit  80 

Prseter  aquas  :  ununi  hoc  possum  appellare  patemum. 
Mox  ego,  ne  scopulis  hfererem  semper  in  isdem, 
Addidici'"^  regimen  dextra  moderante  carinas 
Flectere,  et  Oleniae  sidus  pluviale'  capellae 
Taygetenque  Hyadasque  oculis  Arctonque  notavi,      85 
Ventorumque  domos*  et  portus  puppibus  aptos. 
Forte  petens  Delon,  Chiee  telluris  ad  oras 
Applicor,  et  dextris  adducor'  litora  remis, 
Doque  leves  saltus,  udasque  innitor  arenae. 
Nox  ubi  consumpta  est,  Aurora  rubescere  primum      90 
Coeperat :  exsurgo,  laticesque  inferre  recentes 
Admoneo,  monstroque  viam,  quse  ducat  ad  undas. 
Ipse,  quid  aura  mihi  tumulo  promittat"^  ab  alto, 
Prospicio,  comitesque  voco  repetoque  carinam. 
Adsumus  en,  inquit,  sociorum  primus  Opheltes  ;  95 

Utque  putat,  prsedam  deserto  nactus  in  agro, 
Virginea  puerum  ducit  per  littora  forma. 
Ille,  mero  somnoque  gravis,  titubare^  videtur, 
Vixque  sequi.     Specto  cultum  faciemque  gradumque  : 
Nil  ibi,  quod  credi  posset  mortale,  videbam.  100 

Et  sensi,  et  dixi  sociis  :  Quod  numen  in  isto 
Corpore  sit,  dubito  ;  sed  corpore  numen  in  isto  est. 
Quisquis  es,  o  faveas  nostrisque  laboribus  adsis  ; 

an  allusion  to  those  early  times  in  which  lands  and  cattle  formed  the  only 
constituents  of  wealth.  The  condition  of  a  fisherman  was  then  regarded  as 
one  of  abject  poverty. 

1  Sua  ars  erat  census  illi,  his  trade  was  his  wealth.  A.  R.  A.  107.  See 
Census. 

2  Addidici  flectera  regimen  carinae,  I  learned  besides  to  turn  the  helm  (tf 
my  boat ;  to  steer  my  boat.    A.  R.  A.  342. 

3  Pluviale  sidus,  the  watery  constellation.  The  constellations  here  enu- 
merated are  those  which  principally  guided  the  course  of  the  ancient  ma- 
riners.    A.  R.  A.  346. 

4  Domos  ventorum,  the  abodes  of  the  winds.    See  1,  2,  32,  &o. 

5  Adducor  littora  dextris  remis,  I  reach  the  shore  by  plying  therightoars. 

6  Quid  aura  promittat  mihi,  what  the  breeze  promises  to  me;  what  sort 
of  weather  I  may  expect.     A.  R.  A.  .346. 

7  Titubare  vixque  fequi,  to  red,  and  to  follow  with  rlifficnity. 


70  BACCHUS  AND  PENTHEUS.  [boOK  III. 

His  quoque  dcs  vcniam.     Pro  nobis  mitte'  precari, 
Dictys  ait,  quo  non  alius  conscendcre  summas  105 

Ocior  antennas,  prensoque  rudente  relabi.''' 
Hoc  Lillys,  hoc  flavus,  prorse  tutela,^  Melanthus, 
Hoc  probat  Alcimedon  et,  qui  requiemque  modunique 
Voce  dabat^  rcmis,  auimomm  hortator  Epopeus  ; 
Hoc  onines  alii  :'praedfE  tarn  caeca  cupido  est.  110 

Non  taraen  banc  sacro  violari  pondere  piuum 
Perpetiar,  dixi :  .pars  bic  milii  maxima  juris.* 
Inque  aditu  obsisto.     Furit  audacissimus  omni 
Dc  numero  Lycabas,  qui  Thusca  pulsus^  ab  urbe 
Exsilium  dira  poenam  pro  ccede  luebat.  115 

Is  milii,  dum  rcsto,  juvenili  guttura  pugno 
Rupit ;'  et  excussum  misisset  in  sequora,  si  non 
H.Tsissem,  quamvis  amens,  in  fune  retentus. 

Impia  turba  probant  factum.     Turn  denique  Bacchus, 
Bacchus  enim  fuerat,  veluti  clamore  solutus  120 

Sit  sopor,  aque  mero^  redeant  in  pectora  sensus. 
Quid  facitis  \  quis  clamor  I  ait ;  qua,  dicite,  nautae, 
Hue  ope  perveni  ?  quo  me  deferre  paratis  ? 
Pone  nietum,  Proreus,^  et  quos  contingere  portus 
Ede  velis,  dixit ;  terra  sistcre''-*  petita.  12 

Naxon,  ait  Liber,  cursus  advertite  vestros  ; 
Ilia  mihi  domus  est ;  vobis  erit  hospita  tellus. 
Per  mare  fallaces  perque  omnia  numina  jurant 
Sic  fore,  meque  jubent  pictae  dare  vela  carinse." 

1  Mitte  precari  pro  nobis,  (live  ova-  prat/inr/ /or  tu. 

2  Relabique  prenso  rudente,  and  in  slipping  down  again  by  taking  hold 
of  a  rope.    A.  R.  A.  343. 

3  Tutela  prorae,  the  tcatck  on  the  prow,-  the  pilot's  mate,  whoso  duty  it 
was  to  sit  on  the  prow  and  direct  tlie  working  of  the  ship.    A.  R.  A.  347. 

4  Dabat  voce  requiemque  modunique  remis,  regulated  with  his  voice  the 
pause  and  measured  stroke  of  the  oar.    A.  R.  A.  347. 

5  Hie  maxima  pars  juris  est  mihi,  here  I  have  the  greatest  share  qf  right. 
AccEtes  was  commander  of  tlic  ship. 

G  Pulsus,  being  banished.    A.  R.  A.  56  and  220. 

7  Is  rupit  guttura  milii,  he  attempted  to  tear  open  my  tliroat. 

8  A  mero,  after  his  tcine.    A.  R.  A.  387. 

9  Proreus,  the  tcatch  on  the  proic,  who,  in  107.  is  called  prorcc  tutela. 

10  Sistere  terra  petita,  you  shall  be  landed  on  the  shore  you  wish. 

11  Pictse  carina,  to  my  painted  ship.    Carina  is  here,  and  in  03,  put  for 


i 


FAB.  VII.]  BACCHUS  AND  PENTHEUS.  71 

Dextera  Naxos  erat :  dextra  mihi  lintea  danti'  180 

Quid  facis,  o  dcmens  I  quis  te  furor,  inquit,  Accete, 
Pro  se  quisque,^  tenet  l  laevam  pete  :  maxima  nutu 
Pars  mihi  significat ;  pars,  quid  velit,  aure  susurrat. 
Obstupui,  Capiatque  aliquis  moderamina,  dixi, 
Meque  ministcrio  scelerisque  artisque  removi.^  185 

Increpor  a  cunctis,  totumque  immurmurat  agmen  ; 
E  quibus  ^thalion,  Te  scilicet*  omnis  in  uno 
Nostra  salus  posita  est  ?  ait,  et  subit^  ipse,  meumque 
Explet  opus,  Naxoque  petit  diversa  relicta. 

Tum  deus  illudens,  tanquam  modo  denique*  fraudem 
Senserit,  e  puppi  pontum  prospectat  adunca,  14i 

Et  flenti  ^milis,  Non  haec  mihi  litora,  nautae, 
Promisistis,  ait ;  non  haec  mihi  terra  rogata  est/ 
Quo  merui  poenam  facto  ?  quae  gloria  vestra  est, 
Si  puerum  juvenes,  si  multi  fallitis  unum  J^  145 

Jamdudum  flebam  :  lacrimas  manus  impia  nostras 
Ridet,  et  impellit  properantibus  aequora  remis. 
Per  tibi  nunc  ipsum,  nee  enim  praesentior  illo 
Est  Deus,  adjuro,  tam  me  tibi  vera  referre, 
Quam  veri  majora  fide  f  stetit  tequore  puppis  150 

Haud  aliter,  quam  si  siccum  navale  teneret. 
nil  admirantes  remorum  in  verbere  perstant,'" 

the  whole  ship.  Each  ship  liad  a  name  peculiar  to  itself  painted  on  it» 
prow,  as  its  tutelary  god  was  on  the  stern.  Sometimes  also  the  whole  ship 
was  painted.    See  1,  4,  20.    A.  R.  A.  342. 

1  Danti  Untea  {vcntis)  dextra,  setting  sail  to  the  right.  A.  R.  A.  337  and 
467. 

2  Quisque  pro  se,  each  for  himself,  i.  e.  each  idlhout  exception. 

3  Removique  me  rainisterio  scelerisque  artisque,  and  withdrew  myself 
from  aiding  in  their  wicked  and  deceitful  conduct. 

4  Scilicet,  to  be  sure,  I  dare  say  !  said  in  derision. 

5  Subit,  succeeds  me  ,•  petit  diversa  (loca)  steers  in  a  different  direction. 
G  Mod6  denique,  otily  then,  then  for  thcfirst  time. 

7  The  idea  seems  to  be  this, — There  is  here  no  shore — tliis  is  not  the  shore 
to  which  you  promised  to  cotiduct  me,-  there  is  here  no  land — this  is  not  the 
land  to  which  I  asked  you  to  convey  me. 

8  Si  (vos)  juvenes  {^fallitis  mc)  puerum,  si  (vos)  multi  fallitis  {me)  unum, 
If  you,  who  arc  men,  deceive  me,  idio  am  but  a  boy,  and  if  you  who  are 
many,  deceive  me  tvho  am  but  one. 

0  Tam  vera,  quam  majora  fide  veri,  things  as  true  as  they  are  incredible , • 
beyond  belief  of  the  truth. 
lu  Perstant  in  verbere  remorum,  they  persist  in  striking  icith  their  oars. 


72  BACCHUS  AND  PENTHEUS.  [book  HI. 

Velaque  deducunt,  geniinaquc  ope^  currere  tentant. 

Impediunt  hederae  remos,  nexuque  recurvo 

Serpunt  et  gravidis  distinguunt''  vela  corxTJibis.  155 

Ipse,  racemiferis  frontem  circnmdatus  uvis, 

Pampineis  agitat  velatam  frondibus  liastara  ; 

Quern  circa  tigres'  simulacraque  immania  lyncuin, 

Pictarumque  jacent  fera  corpora  pantheramm. 

Exsiluere  viri ;  sive  hoc  insania  fecit,  160 

Sive  timor  ;  priniusque  Medon  nigrescere  pinnis 

Corpore  deprcsso,*  ct  spins  curvaraina  fiecti 

Incipit.     Huic  Lycabas,  In  qua?  niiracula,'  dixit, 

Verteris  I  et  lati  rictus  et  panda  loquenti 

Naris  erat,  squamamque  cutis  durata  trahebat.  165 

At  Libys,  obstantes  dum  vult  obvertere  remos, 

In  spatium  resilire*  manus  breve  vidit,  et  iilas 

Jam  non  esse  manus,  jam  pumas  posse  vocari. 

Alter,  ad  intortos  cupiens  dare  brachia  funes, 

Brachia  non  habuit,  truncoque  repandus'  in  undas    170 

Corpore  desUuit :  falcata  novissima  cauda  est,* 

Q,ualia  dividuae  sinuantur  cornua  Lunae. 

Undique  dant  saltus,  multaque  aspergine  rorant, 

Emerguntque  iterum  redeuntque  sub  sequora  rursus, 

Inque  chori  ludunt  speciem,  lascivaque  jactant  175 

Corpora,  et  acceptum  patulis  mare  naribus  efflant.^ 

1  Gem'.na  ope,  with  the  double  aid,  i.  e.  of  oars  and  sails. 

2  Distinguunt  vela  gravidis  corymbis,  garnish  the  sailt  rcith  rich  clut- 
ter» of  ivy  berries. 

3  The  lign-  and  panther  were  yoked  to  the  chariot  of  Bacchus  in  com- 
memoration of  his  conquest  of  India,  and,  along  with  the  lynx,  were  sacred 
to  him. 

4  Corpore  depresso,  et  fiecti  isecutidum)  curvaraina  spinse,  his  body  being 
flattened,  and  to  l/e  turned  up  in  the  bend  cf  his  back-bone,  i.  e.  is  changed 

into  a  dolphin. 

5  In  qua;  miracula,  into  tchat  monstrorts  creature;  loquenti,  while  he  irus 
speaking. 

6  Resilire  in  breve  spatium,  to  shrink  into  a  small  space,  small  dimensions. 

7  Repandusque  desiluit  in  undas  corpore  trunco,  and,  bent  backward», 
leaps  into  the  water  with  his  body  thus  maimed. 

8  Xovissima  cauda  est  falcata,  tite  extreme  part,  or  tipofhis  tail,  ishookcd, 
is  in  the  form  of  a  hook. 

9  Efflant  patulis  naribus  mare  acceptum,  spout  out  of  their  open  nostrils 
the  tea-water  which  they  had  inhaled. 


FAB.  VII,2  BACCHUS  AND  PENTHEUS.  73 

De  modo  viginti,  tot  enim  ratis  ilia  feiebat, 
Restabam  solas.     Pavidum  gelidumque  tremcnti 
Corpore,  vixque  meum^  firrnat  Deus,  Excute,  diceng, 
Corde  metum,  Diamque  tene.     Delatus  in  illam        180 
Accensis  aris  Bacchei'a  sacra  frequento. 

Prsebuimus  longis,  Pentheus,  ambagibus^  aures, 
Inquit,  ut  ii-a  mora  vires  absnmere  posset. 
Prsecipitem  famuli  rapite  hunc,  cruciataque  diria 
Corpora  toraientis  Stygia?  demittite  nocti.  186 

Protinus  abstractus  solidis  Tyrrlienus  Acoetes 
Clauditur  in  tectis  ;  et  dum  crudelia  jussae  • 

Instrumenta  necis  femimqiie  ignisque  parantur, 
Sponte  sua  patuisse  fores,  lapsasque  lacei-tis 
Sponte  sua  fama  est,  nullo  solvente,  catenas.  190 

Perstat^  Echionides  ;  nee  jam  jubet  ire,  sed  ipse 
Vadit,  ubi  electus  facienda  ad  sacra  Cithseron 
Cantibus  et  clara  Bacchantum  voce  sonabat. 
Ut  fremit  acer  equus,  quum  bellicus  sere  canoro 
Signa  dedit  tubicen,  pugufequc  assumit  amorem  :       196 
Penthea  sic  ictus  longis  ululatibus  fetlier"' 
Movit,  et  audito  clamore  recanduit  ira. 

Monte  fere  medio  est,  cingentibus  ultima  silvis,* 
Purus  ab  arboribus,  spectabilis  undique  campus. 
Hie  oculis  ilium  cementem  sacra  profanis  200 

Prima  videt,  prima  est  insano  concita  motu. 
Prima  suum  misso  violavit  Penthea  thyrso 
Mater  :  lo,  geminoe,  clamavit,  adeste  sorores. 
Hie  aper,  in  nostris  errat  qui  maximus  agris,^ 
Ule  milii  feriendus  aper.     Ruit  omnis  in  unum         206 

1  Gelidum  corpore  trementi  vixque  meum,  cold,  with  my  iody  Bhaking, 
and  scarcely  myself,  i.  e.  almost  distracted. 

2  Longis  ambagibus,  to  a  long  mnding  story. 

3  Perstat,  persists ;  neo  jam  jubet  ire,  and  now  does  not  order  his  ser- 
vants to  ffo. 

4  iEtlier  ictus  longis  ululatibus,  struckby  the  long-continued  yells,-  recan- 
duit. kindled  afresh. 

6  Silvis  cingentibus  ultima,  woods  enclosing  the  outskirts  of  it. 
6  Qui  raaximus  (aper)  errat  in  nostris  agris,  Khich  very  large  boar,  (hat 
immense  boar  which  wanders  in  our  fields. 

a 


74  BACCHUS  AND  PENTHEUS.  [book  IV. 

Turba  furcns  ;  cunctse  coeunt,  cunctaeqiic  sf>qiiuntur 
Jam  trepiduiiij  jam  verba  minus  violenta  loquentem, 
Jam  se  damnantem,  jam  se  pcccasse  fatcntem. 
Saucius  ille  tamon,  Fer  opem,  matcrtera,  dixit, 
Autonoe  :  movcant  anunos  Actaouis  umbrii!.'  210 

nia,  quid  Actseon,  nescit,  dcxtramque  precauti 
Abstulit  ;'^  Inoo  lacerata  est  altera  raptii. 
Non  habet  infelix  quae  raatri  bracliia  teiidat ; 
Trunca  sed  ostend_ns  disjectis  corpora  membris,^ 
Adspice,  mater,  ait.     Visis  ululavit  Agave,  215 

Collaque  jactavit  mo^•itque  per  aera  crinem  ; 
A^^llsumque  caput  digitis  complexa  cruentis 
Clamat,  lo  comites,  opus  baec  victoria  nostrum  est.^ 
Non  citius  frondes  autumno  frigore  tactas, 
Jamque  male  hsrentes^  alta  rapit  arbore  ventiis,       220 
Quam  sunt  membra  viri  manibus  dircpta  nefandis. 
Talibus  exemplis  monitce  nova  sacra  frequentant, 
Thuraque  dant,  sanctasque  col\mt  Ismenidcs  aras. 


BOOK  IV. 

Fab.  I. — Alcitho'c  and  her  Sisters. 

At  non  Alcitlioe  Minye'ias  orgia  censet 
Accipienda  Dei  ;'■  sed  adlmc'  temeraria  Bacchum 
Progeniem  negat  esse  Jovis,  sociasque  sororcs 


i 


t 


1  TTmbrsE  Acfaeonis  moveant  animos,  let  (he  shade  of  Actaon  influenct 
your  mind.    See  3.  2,  1,  &c. 

2  Abstulitque  dextram  (Uli)  precanti,  lore  off  his  right  hand  as  he  trot 
itnplorinp  her  pity. 

3  Trunca  membris  disjectis,  hcrrft  o/ils  limhs  ifhich  lay  scattered  abovt 

4  Haec  victoria  est  nostrum  opus,  tltis  victory  is  my  achievement,  Itasbeen 
achieved  Ijij  me. 

5  Male  liarentes,  scarcely  adherinej  lo  the  branches.    See  3,  6,  73. 

G  Orgia  Dei  accipienda  (esse),  thai  the  orgies  of  the  god  (Bacchus)  ought 
to  lie  receiied,  or  cdel/rated. 

7  Sed  adliuc, — but  still  notmthstanding  tbe  severe  punishment  inflicted 
npon  Pentiieus,  Arc. 


FAB.  I.]  ALCITHOE  AND  HER  SISTERS.  73 

Impietatis  habet.     Festum  celebrare  sacerdos 
Immunes  operura  dominas  faaulasque  suoi'um,  6 

Pectora  pelle  tegi,'  crinales  solvere  vittas, 
Serta  coma,  manibus  frondentes  sumcre  thyrsos, 
Jusserat ;  et  ssevam  Isesi  fore  numinis'^  iram 
Vaticinatus  erat.     Parent  matresque  nurusque, 
Telasque^  calathosqiie  infectaque  pensa  reponunt,        1 0 
Thuraque  dant,  Bacchumque  vocant  Bromiumquo  Ly- 

ffiumque, 
Ignigenamque  satumque  iterum  solumqueBimatreni. 
Additur  liis  Nyseiis  indetonsusque  Thyoneus, 
Et  cum  Lenseo  genialis  consitor  uvae, 
Nycteliusque  Eleleusque  parens  et  lacchus  et  Evan,  15 
Et  quae  prteterea  per  Graias  plurima'  gcntes  [tas ; 

Nomina,  Liber,  habes.     Tibi  enim  inconsumpta  juven- 
Tu  puer  setemus,  tu  formosissimus  alto 
Conspiceris  ccelo  ;  tibi,  quum  sine  cornibus  adstas, 
Virgineum  caput  est ;  Oriens  tibi  victus,  adusque        20 
Decolor  extreme  qua  tingitur  India  Gange.^ 
Penthea  tu,  venerande,  bipenniferumque  Lycurgum 
Sacrilegos  mactas  ;  Tyrrhenaque®  mittis  in  sequor 
Corpora.     Tu  bijugum  pictis  insignia  frenis 
Colla  premis  lyncum  'J  Bacchae  Satyrique  sequuntur,  25 

1  The  order  is — Sacerdos  (i.e.  Tircsias),  jusserat  domiiias  famulasquo 
immunes  operum,  celebrare  festum,  tegi  (secundum)  pectora  pelle.  The 
bacchanals,  while  celebrating  the  orgies,  were  clothed  with  tne  skins  of 
fawns  or  deers.     Viltas,  A.  R.  A.  363.     'Jltyrsos,  See  3,  7,  32. 

2  Laesi  numinis,  a/ the  offended  deity,  i.  e.  Bacchus. 

3  Telas,  icelis.  The  ancients  used  every  method  to  encourage  domestic 
industry  in  women.  Spinning  and  we.iving  formed  their  chief  emplonnent, 
and  to  these  there  are  frequent  allusions  in  the  poets,  see  34,  &c.  The  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  loom,  and  the  process  of  weaving,  are  described,  A.  R.  A. 
452.  Calathos,  zvork-baskets.  The  calathxts  was  an  osier  basket,  narrow 
at  the  bottom,  and  gradually  increasing  in  width,  used  by  the  ladies  for 
holding  wool,  flowers,  &c.    See  5,  7,  53. 

4  Et  plurima  nomina  qua;,  and  the  numerous  names  tohich. 

5  Adusque  qua  decolor  India  tinguitur  extremo  Gange,  as  far  as  where 
twarlhy  India  is  watered,  Ijy  the  remote  Ganges.  In  decolor,  which  is  strictly 
applied  to  something  whicii  has  lost  its  natural  colour,  there  is  probably  an 
allusion  to  the  change  of  colour  said  to  have  been  produced  on  the  eastern 
nationsby  the  disaster  of  Phaethon.    Sec  2,  1,  236. 

U  Tyrrhena  corpora,  the  bodies  o/ihe  Tuscan  sailors.    See  3,  7,  162,  &c 
7  Tu  premis  colla  bijugum  lyncum  insignia,  pictis  frenis,  thou  controllctt 


7fi  ALCITHOE  AND  HEU  SISTERS.  [bOOK  IV, 

Quique  senex  ferula  titubantes  ebrius^  artus 

Sustinet,  aut  pando  non  fortiter  haeret^  asello. 

Quacumque  ingrederis,  clamor  juvenilis  et  una 

FeminesE  voces,  impulsaque  tympana'  palmis, 

Concavaque  sera  sonant  longoque  foramine  buxus.*     30 

Placatus  mitisque,  rogant  Ismenides,  adsis ; 

Jussaque  sacra  colunt.     Solae  Jlinyeides  intus, 

Intempestiva  tui'bantes  festa  Minerva, 

Aut  ducunt  lanas  aut  stamina  pollice  versant, 

Aut  haerent  telae,  famulasque  laboribus  urgent.  36 

E  quibus  una  levi  deducens  pollice  filum, 

Dum  cessant  alise  commentaque  sacra  frequentant, 

Nos  quoque,  quas  Pallas,  melior  Dea,  detinet,  inquit 

UtQe  opus  manuum  vario  sermone  levemus  ; 

Perque  vices  aliquid,  quod  tempora  longa^  videri         40 

Non  sinat,  in  medium  vacuas  rcferamus  ad  aures. 

Dicta  probant,  primamque"'  jubent  narrare  sorores. 

Ilia,  quid  e  multis  referat,  nam  plurima  norat, 

Cogitat,  et  dubia  est,  de  te.  Babylonia,  narret,^ 

Derceti,  quam  versa  squamis  velantibus  artus  46 

Stagna  Palaestini  credunt  cclebrasse  figura  ; 

An  magis,  ut  sumptis  illius  filia^  pennis, 

Extremos  altis  in  turribus  egerit  annos  ; 

Kais  an  ut  cantu  nimiumque  potentibus  herbis 

Verterit  in  tacitos  juvenUia  corpora  pisces,  60 

the  ntchs  of  ike  lynxes  which  draw  thy  chariot,  adorned  (as  they  are)  teiUt 
painted  reins. 

1  Ebriiis  senex,  the  drunk  oM  man,  i.  c.  Silenus,  the  preceptor  and  com- 
panion of  Bacchus ;  ferula,  tcith  a  statf.  Hy  ferula  is  here  meaut  a  hollow 
Bticl;  used  by  the  Bacchantes,  in  which  a  torch  was  concealed. 

■2  Hsret  non  fortiter,  sits  but  insecurely. 

3  Tj-mpana,  drums.  The  tympanum  was  a  kind  of  drum,  beaten  with 
tho  hands,  round  at  the  top,  where  it  was  covered  with  skin,  and  flat  un- 
derneath. 

4  Buxus  longo  foramine,  a  flute  with  a  long  series  of  holes.  Buxui,  the 
wood  of  which  the  flute  was  made,  is  here  put  for  the  flute  itself. 

5  Non  sinat  tempora  videri  longa,  may  prevent  the  time  from  appearitiff 
tedious ;  in  medium,  publicly,  aloud. 

C  Primam,  her  first,  i.  e.  her  who  made  the  proposal. 
7  Dubia  est  {utrum)  narret  de  te,  she  is  in  doubt  wheOur  she  should  tell 
a  story  of  you  ;  an  majis,  or  rather. 
U  Filia  i'Uius,  her  daxtghter,  L  e.  Semiramis,  q.  v. 


FAB.  I.]  ALCITHOE  AND  HER  SISTERS.  77" 

Donee  idem  passa  est  :*  an,  quae  ponia  alba  ferebat,* 
Ut  nunc  nigra  ferat  contactu  sanguinis  arbor. 
Hasc  placet ;  banc,  quoniam  vulgaris  fabula  non  est, 
Talibus  orsa  moclis,  lana  sua  fila  seqnente. 

Fab.  II. — Pyi-amus  and  Thisbe. 

Pyramus  et  Thisbe,  juvenum  pulchorrimus  alter, 

Altera,  quas  Oriens  liabuit,  prselata  puellis, 

Contiguas  tenuerc'  domes,  ubi  dicitur  altam 

Coctilibus  muris  cinxisse  Semiramis  urbem. 

Notitiam  primosque  gi-adus^  vicinia  fecit ;  6 

Tempore  crevit  amor  :  taedis  quoque  jure  coissent,* 

Sed  vctuere  patrcs  :  quod  non  potuere  vetare, 

Ex  aequo  captis°  ardebant  mentibus  ambo. 

Conscius  omnis  abest ;  nutu  signisque  loquuntur  ; 

Quoque  magis  tegitur,  tcctus  niagis  sestuat  ignis.  1 0 

Fissus  erat  tenui  rinia,  quam  duxerat  olim,^ 

Quum  fieret,  paries  domui  communis  utrique. 

Id  vitium  nulli  per  ssecula  longa  notatum, 

Quid  non  scntit  amor  I  primi  sensistis  amantcs,' 

Et  voci  fecistis  iter  ;  tuta2que  per  iliud  15 

Murmure  blanditice  minimo  transire  solebant.^ 

Sa?pc,  ut  constiterant,  bine  Thisbe,  Pyramus  illinc, 

Lique  vicem  fuerat  captatus  anlielitus^°  oris, 

1  Donee  passa  est  idem,  vndl  she  herself  suffered  the  same  transforma- 
tion, i.  e.  was  clianneil  inlo  afsk. 

2  The  order  is,  An,  ut  arbor  quse  ferebat  alba  poma,  nunc  ferat  nigra 
ipoma)  contactu  sanguinis. 

3  Tenuere  contiguas  domos,  inhabited  contiguous  houses/  urbcm,  Le. 
Babylon.  See  Babylon. 

4  Primos  gradus  (amwis),  (he  frst  advances  of  lore. 

5  Coissent  jure  tsedas,  i!te>/  would  have  been  wiited  btj  the  rite  ofmarriatje. 
A.  R.  A.  404.  No  young  man  or  woman  among  tlie  Romans  was  allowed 
to  marry  without  the  consent  of  parents  or  guardians.    A.  E.  A.  402. 

6  Ex  aequo  captis,  eqnally  captivated. 

7  Quam  olim  du.xerat,  which  ithadfornurhj gotten. 

8  Id  vitium— amantes  primi  sensistis,  this  defect— you  lovers  were  the 
first  to  discover. 

9  Blanditia;  solebant  transire  tutae,  your  expressions  of  endearment  used 
to  pass  in  safety. 

10  Anlielitusque  oris  captatus  fuerat  in  vicem,  and  the  breath  of  tht 
other's  mouUi  had  been  inhaled  bi,  eacli  in  turn. 

g2 


78  PYRAM0S  AND  THISBE.  [bOOK  IV, 

Invidc,  dicebant,  paries,  quid  amantibus  obstas  1 
Quantum  erat,  ut  siaeres  toto  nos  corpore  jungi ;        20 
Aut  hcc  si  nimium,  vel  ad  oscula  danda  pateres ! 
Nee  sumus  ingrati :  tibi  nos  debere  fatemur, 
Quod  datus  est  verbis  ad  arnicas  transitus  aures. 
Talia  diversa  nequicquam  sede^  locuti, 
Sub  noctem  dixere  Vale  ;  partique'^  dedere  25 

Oscula  quisque  suae,  non  pervenientia  contra. 
Postera  nocturnes  Aurora  removerat  ignes, 
Solque  pniinosas  radiis  siccaverat  herbas  : 
Ad  solitum  coiere  locum.     Turn  murmure  parvo 
Multa  prius  questi,  statuunt,  ut  nocte  sUenti  30 

Fallere  custodes  foribusque  excedere  tentent  f 
Quumque  domo  exierint,  urbis  quoque  claustra  relin- 
Neve  sit  errandum'  lato  spatiantibus  arvo,  [quant ; 

Conveniant  ad  busta^  Nini,  lateantque  sub  umbra 
Arboris.     Arbor  ibi,  niveis  uberrima  pomis,  35 

Ardua  moras  erat,  gelido  contermina  fonti. 
Pacta  placent,  et  lux,  tarde  decedere  visa, 
PriEcipitatur  aquis,  et  aquis  nox  surgit^  ab  isdem. 
Callida  per  tenebras,  versato  cardine,  Tliisbe 
Egreditur  fallitque  suos ;  adopertaque  vultum  40 

Pervenit  ad  tumulum,  dictaque  sub  arbore  sedit. 
Audacem  faciebat  amor.     Venit  ecce  recenti 
Ctede  les&na  boum  spumantes  oblita  rictus, 
Depositura^  sitim  vicini  fontis  in  unda. 
Quam  procul  ad  lunee  radios  Babylonia  Thisbe  45 

1  Diversa  sede,  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  wall. 

2  Suje  parti,  to  his  oicn  side;  non  pervenientia  contr^,  which  did  not 
reach  the  opposite  side. 

3  Ut  tentent  fallere  custodes  excedereqne  foribus,  to  try  to  elude  the 
door-keepers  and  to  pet  out  of  the  house.  The  verbs  rclinquant,  conveniant, 
and  lateant,  are  also  under  the  government  of  ut,  and  depend  upon 
statuunt,    Claustra,  gates. 

4  2v'eve  errandum  sit  (ipsis)  spatiantibus,  and  that  they  may  not  mitt 
each  other  while  wandering. 

5  Ad  busta.'Sini,  at  the  lombo/ifinus.    A.R.  A.  417.    .5€«Bustum. 

6  The  ancients  assigned  to  the  night  as  well  as  to  the  day  a  chariot  with 
a  presiding  divinity,  wliich  rose  from  the  sea  in  the  cast,  as  the  chariot  of 
the  sun  was  plunged  into  it  in  tlie  west. 

7  Depositura  sitim,  /or  the  purpose  o/ quenching  her  thirst 


i 


FAB.  II.3  PYRAMUS  AND  THISBE.  79 

Vidit,  et  obscurum  trepido  pede  fugit  in  antrum ; 

Dumque  fugit,  tergo  velaniina  lapsa  reliquit. 

Ut  lea  saeva  sitim  multa  compescuit  unda, 

Dum  redit  in  sUvas,  inventos  forte  siae  ipsa' 

Ore  cruentato  tenues  laniavit  amictus.  50 

Serius  egi'essus  vestigia  vidit  in  alto 

Pulvere  certa  ferse,  totoque  expalluit  ore 

Pyramus.     Ut  vero  vestem  quoque  sanguine  tinctam 

Reperit ;  Una  duos  nox,  iuquit,  perdet  amantes  : 

E  quibus  ilia  fuit  longa  dignissima  vita ;  65 

Nostra  nocens  anima  est ;  ego  te,  miseranda,  peremi, 

In  loca  plena  metus  qui  jussi'^  nocte  venires, 

Nee  prior  hue  veni.     Nostrum  divellite  corpus, 

Et  scelerata  fero  consumite  viscera  morsu, 

0  quicumque  sub  hac  habitatis  rupe,  leones.  60 

Sed  timidi  est  op  tare  necem.     Velamina  Thisbes 

Tollit,  et  ad  pactae  secum  fert  arboris  umbram  ; 

Utque  dedit  notae  lacrimas,  dedit  oscula,  vesti, 

Accipe  nunc,  iuquit,  nostri  quoque  sanguinis  haustus,' 

Quoque  erat  acciuctus,  demittit  in  ilia  ferrum.  60 

Nee  mora,  ferventi  moriens  e  vulnere  traxit. 

Ut  jacuit  resupinus  bumi ;  cruor  emicat  alte, 

Non  aliter,  quam  quvun  vitiato  fistula  plumbo 

Scinditur,*  et  tenues  stridente  foramine  longe 

Ejaculatur  aquas,  atque  ictibus  aera  rumpit.  70 

Arborei  fetus  aspergine*  caedis  in  atram 

Vertuntur  faciem  ;  madefactaque  sanguine  radix 

Puniceo  tingit  pendentia  mora  colore. 

Ecce  metu  nondum  posito,  ne  fallat  amantem,® 

1  Sine  ipsa,  without  Thisbe  herself.    A.  R.  A.  351. 

2  Jussi  (ut)  venires,  instead  of  the  more  common  expression  jusal  U> 
venire,  urged  you  to  come. 

3  Haustus  nostri  qu&que  sanguinis,  the  stream  of  my  blood  too;  demittit 
in  ilia  ferrum,  plun/jes  into  his  bowels  the  sword     A.  R.  A.  307. 

4  Fistula  scinditiir  plumbo  vitiato,  a  pipe  bursts  from  the  lead  being 
decayed. 

5  Aspergine  cjedis, /row  being  sprinkled  with  the  blood. 

6  Ne  fallat  amantem,  that  she  maynot  disappoint  her  lover,    ye  depends 
on  redit,  and  not  on  metu. 


80  PYRAMUS  AND  THISBE.  [boOK  IV. 

Ilia  redit,  juvenemque  oculis  animoque  requirit,         75 

Q,uantaque  vitarit  narrare  pericula  gestit ;' 

Utque  locum  et  versani  cognovit  in  arbore  formam  ;* 

Sic  facit  incertam  pomi  color  ;  liaeret,''  an  hsec  sit. 

Dura  dubitat,  tiemebunda  videt  pulsare  cruentum 

Membra  solum,  retroque  pedem  tulit,  oraque  buxo     80 

Pallidiora  gerens,  exliorruit  tequoris  instar, 

Quod  tremit,  exigua  quum  summum  striugitur"*  aura. 

Sed  postquam  remorata  suos  cognovit  amores  f 

Percutit  indignos  claro  plangore  laccrtos, 

Et,  laniata  comas  amplcxaque  corpus  amatum,  85 

Vulnera  supplcvit  lacrimis,"^  fletuuique  cruori 

IMiscuit,  et  gelidis  in  vultibus  oscula  figens, 

Pyramc,  clamavit,  quis  te  mihi  casus  ademit  \ 

Pyrame,  responde  :  tua  te,  carissimc,  Thisbe 

Nominat ;  exaudi,  vultusque  attolle  jacentes.^  90 

Ad  nomen  Thisbes  oculos  jam  morte  gravatos 

Pyramus  erexit,  visaque  recondidit  ilia. 

Quae  postquam  vestemque  suam  cognovit,  et  ense 

Vidit  ebui-^  vacuum  ;  Tua  te  manus,  inquit,  amorque 

Perdidit,  infelix  :  est  et  mihi  fortis  in  unum''  95 

Hoc  manus  ;  est  et  amor,  dabit  hie  in  vulnera  vires. 

Proscquar  exstinctum,  letique  miscrrima  dicar 

Causa  comesque  tui ;  quique  a  me  morte  rcvelli^" 

Heu  sola  poteras,  poteris  nee  morte  revelli. 

1  Gestit  narrare,  longs  to  tell  htm. 

2  Formam  in  arbore" vcrsam,  the  appearance  (of  the  fniit)  upon  the  tret^ 
altered.  It  was  not  the  appcaratice  of  the  tree  itself,  hut  of  the  fruit,  wliich 
had  been  changed ;  and  therefore  the  expression  in  arbore  is  employed,  and 
not  the  genitive  arhoris. 

3  Hasret,  an  ha;c  sit,  she  doubts  if  this  is  the  same  tree. 

4  Quum  summum  stringitur,  iclien  its  sur/ace  is  grcned. 

5  Suos  amores,  her  lover,  i.  e.  Pinamiis. 

(j  iSupplevit  vulnera  lacrimis,  she.tillcd  his  tround  with  her  tears. 

7  Jacentes  vultus,  thy  sinkinri  countenance. 

8  Kbur,  the  ivory— the  scaihanl  ornamented  with  ivory.  Scabbards 
omameRted  with  ivory  were  anciently  held  in  hish  esteem. 

!)  Est  et  mihi  manus  fortis  in  hoc  iinuni,  I  too  have  a  hand  stout  enough 
for  Viis  single  act. 

10  7'«que  qui  poteras  revelli  a  me  morte  sola,  poteris  revelli  (a  me)  nee 
morte,  and  you  who  could  lie  torn  front  me  by  death  only,  shall  be  able  to  he 
torn  from  me  not  even  by  death. 


FAB.  II.]  PYRAMUS  A^D  THISBE.  81 

Hoc  tameu  amborum  verbis  estote  rogati,  100 

0  multurn  iniseri,  meus  illiusque,  parentes,^ 

Ut,  quos  cei-tus  amor,  quos  hora  novissima  j  unxit, 

Componi  tumulo  non  invideatis^  eodem. 

At  tu,  quae  ramis  arbor  miserabile  corpus 

Nunc  tegis  unius,  mox  es  tectura  duorum,  105 

Signa  tene  caedis,  puUosque  et  luctibus  aptos 

Semper  habe  fetus,  gemini  monumenta'^  cnioris. 

Dixit,  et  aptato  pectus  mucrone  sub  imum 

Incubuit  ferro,  quod  adhuc  a  caede  tepebat. 

Vota  tamen  tetigere  Deos,  tetigere  parentes  :  1 10 

Nam  color  in  porno  est,  ubi  pemiaturuit,  ater  ; 

Quodque  rogis  superest,*  una  requiescit  in  umS. 

Fab.  X. — The  Minye'ides. 

Finis  erat  dictis  ;^  et  adhuc  MinyeJia  proles 
Urget  opus,  spernitque  Deum  festumque  profanat ; 
Tympana  quum  subito  non  apparentia"  raucis 
Obstrepuere  sonis,  et  adunco  tibia  comu, 
Tinnulaque  aera  sonant.   Redolent  myrrhaeque  crocique  ; 
Resque  fide  major,^  coepere  virescere  telse,  6 

Inque  hederae  faciem  pendens  frondescere  vestis.' 
Pars  abit  in  vites  ;  et  quae  modo  fila  fuerunt, 
Palmite  mutantur ;  de  stamine  pampinus  exit ; 
Purpura  fulgorem  pictis  accommodat®  uvis.  10 

Jamque  dies  exactus  erat,  tempusque  subibat. 
Quod  tu  nee  tenebras  nee  possis  dicere  lucem, 

1  O  multOm  miseri  parentes,  meus  illiusque,  estote  rogate  hoc,  0  most 
tniseraitle  parents,  mine  and  his,  be  ye  entreated/or  (his. 

2  Ut  non  invideatis,  not  to  envy,  i.  e.  to  permit.    A.  R.  A.  410. 

3  Monumenta  gemini  cruoris,  memorials  of  the  blood  of  us  two. 

4  Quodque  superest  rogis,  vihat  remains  after  the  funeral  pile,  i.  e.  the 
ashes.    A.  R.  A.  417  and  418. 

5  Finis  erat  dictis,  there  ivas  now  an  end  to  the  words  of  Alcithoe — 
Alcithoe  discontinued  her  narrative. 

6  Tympana  non  apparentia,  drums— unseen  j  tibia.    See  3,  7,  23. 

7  Major  fide,  beyond  belief.    See  3,  7,  150. 

8  Vestisque  pendens  {co;pit)  frondescere  in  faciem  hederae,  aTid  the  cloth 
hanping  in  the  loom  began  to  put  forth  leaves  with  the  appearance  of  ivy. 
A.  R.  A.  452. 

9  Purpura  accommodat  fulgorem,  the  purple  (in  the  web)  lendt  its  colour. 


82  THE  MINYEIDES-  [BOOK  IV. 

Sed  cum  luce  tamen  dubise  confinia  noctis.' 
Tecta  repente  quati,  pinguesque  ardere  videntur 
Lampadcs,"  et  rutiiis  coUucere  ignibus  aedes,  15 

Falsaque  saevarum  sunulacra  ululare  ferarum. 
Fuuiida  jamdudum  latitant  per  tecta  sorores, 
Di^erscequc  locis^  ignes  ac  lumina  vitant ; 
Dumque  petunt  latebr^ ;  parvos  membrana  per  artus 
Porrigitui",  tenuique  iuducit  brachia  penna/  20 

iS'ec,  qua  perdiderint  veterem  ratione  figuram, 
Scire  sinunt  tenebra?.     Non  illas  pluma  levavit ; 
Sustinuere^  tamc-n  se  perlucentibus  alls, 
Conataeque  loqui,  minimam  pro  corpore*'  vocem 
Emittunt,  peraguntque  leyi  stridore  querelas.  23 

Tectaque,  non  silvas,  celebrant,  lucemque  perosse 
Nocte  volant,  seroquc  trahunt  a  vespere"  nomen. 

Fab.  XI. — Ino  and  Melicerta. 

TuM  vero  totis  Bacchi  memorabile  Thebis 

Is'umen  erat ;  magnasque  novi  matertera^  vires 

Narrat  ubique  Dei ;  de  totque  sororibus'  expera 

Una  doloris  erat,  nisi  quern  fecere  sorores.'" 

Adspicit  hanc,natis  thalamoque  Athamantis"  habentem  6 

Sublimes  animos,  et  alumno  numine,  Juno, 

Nee  tulit,  et  secum  :  Potuit  de  pellice  natus''^ 

1  Confinia  dubia»  noctis  cum  lues,  Oie  confines  o/iJoit'/t/ul  night  and  day, 
I.  e.  the  intermediate  space  hdween  nifjht  and  daii,  the  twilifiht. 

2  Pm^aoslinnpaile*,  icell-trimmed  lamps  ;  xdes,  the  apartment,  ^det, 
in  the  singular  number,  strictly  signifies  an  apartment,  frequently  a  tempte, 
and  in  the  plural,  generally  a  house. 

3  See  1,  2,9. 

4  Inducitque  brachia  tenui  penna,  covers  their  armswith  a  thin  film. 

5  Sustinuere  se,  supported  themselves. 

6  Pro  corpora,  in  proportion  to  their  liody. 

7  A  scro  vespere, /;-o»i  (he  late  evening,  i.  e.  Vespertiliones. 

8  JVIatertera,  his  aunt,  i.  e.  Ino,  the  sister  ofSemele. 

9  De  tot  sororibus,  of  so  many  sisters,  viz.  Agave,  Autono'e,  and  Semele.. 
See  Cadmus. 

10  Nisi  quern  sorores  fecere,  except  what  her  sisters  (and  their  misfortunes) 
eatutcil.     Agave  had  lo?t  her  son  Pcntheus,  and  Autonoi  had  lost  Actajon. 

11  Natis  thal.amoque  Athamantis,  on  account  of  her  sons  (Learchus  and 
Melicerta),  and  her  marriaije  icitli  Athamas ;  et  numine  alumno,  andioith 
a  deity  as  her  niirslinp.  i.  e.  liacchus,  whomshehad  brought  tip.    See  Ino. 

1^  Natus  de  pellice,  the  son  of  a  mistress,  i.  c.  Bacchus.   See  3, 7>  IJiO.  itc 


FAB.  XI.]  IKO  AND  aiELICERTA.  83 

Vertere  Maeonios  pelagoque  immergere  nautas, 
Et  laceranda  siise  nati^  dare  viscera  matri, 
Et  triplices  operire  no"vas  Minye'ides  alis  :  10 

Nil  poterit  Juno  nisi  inultos  flere  dolores  ? 
Idque  mUii  satis  est  ?  liaec  una  potentia  nostra  est ! 
Ipse  docet  quid  agam  ;  Fas  est  et  ab  hoste  doceri : 
Quidque  furor  valcat,'"'  Pentliea  caede  satisque 
Ac  super  ostendit.     Cur  non  stimuletur,  eatque  15 

Per  cognata  suis  exempla  furoribus''  Ino  ? 
Est  via  declivis  funesta  nubUa  taxo  ;* 
Ducit  ad  infernas  per  muta  silentia  sedes  : 
Styx  nebulas  exhalat  iners  ;  umbrseque  recentes 
Descendunt  Ulac,  simulacraquc  functa^  sepulchris.      20 
Pallor  Hiemsque  tenent  late  loca  senta  f  novique, 
Qua  sit  iter,  Manes,  Stygiam  quod  ducit  ad  urbem, 
Ignorant,  nbi  sit  nigri  fera  regia  Ditis. 
Mille  capax  aditus  et  apertas  undiqiie  portas 
Urbs  liabet ;  utque  fretum  de  tota  flumina  teiTa,        25 
Sic  omnes  animas  locus  accipit  ille,  nee  ulli 
Exiguus'  populo  est,  turbamve  accedere  sentit. 
Errant  exsangues  sine  corporc  et  ossibus  umbrse ; 
Parsque  fonim  celebrant,*  pars  imi  tecta  tyranni ; 
Pars  alias  artes,  antiquse  imitamina  vitse,  GO 

1  Nati,  i.  e.  Pcntfieiis;  matri,  i.e.  Agave.    See 3,  7,  202,  &c 

2  Quid  furor  valeat,  ujiat  madness  can  do,  (he  poxer  (if  madness ,•  satLi 
«uperque,  sufHcienllp,  andmore  tlian  s^ifficicnll;/. 

3  Eatque  furoribus  per  cognata  exempla,  arid  in  her  madness  fodoui  Qvt 
examples  ojher  kindred. 

4  Funesta  taxo,  tcilh  the  deadly  yeic.  The  berries  of  the  yew  tree  were 
believed  by  the  ancients  to  be  poisonous;  it  is  therefore  placed  as  one  of 
the  trees  in  the  infernal  regions. 

5  Functa  sepiilcliris,  which  have  received  Ifie rites o/ burial.  Thenncients 
believed  that  the  souls  of  those  who  were  unlniricd  were  not  admitted  into 
the  abodes  of  the  dead  until  they  had  wandered  a  hundred  years  on  the 
banks  of  the  Styx.    A.  R.A.  4liii. 

C  Tenent  late  senta  loca,  prevails  extensive?!/  over  these  dreary  mansions. 

7  Nee  estcxigiuis  ulli  populo,  sentitve  turhnm  accedere,  nor  is  it  too 
small/or  any  number  ofpeojile,  nor  docs  it  feci  the  crowd  to  increase, 

8  Pars  celebrant  forum,  some  frequent  the  fonim.  The. /ovum  was  tho 
place  in  Rome  where  the  assemblies  of  the  people  were  held,  and  where 
justice  was  administered.  A.  R.  A.  4!)0.  The  word  is  hero  ajiplicd  to  the 
court  of  law  in  the  infernal  regions,  of  which  ]Minos,  Rhadamanthus,  and 
JEacus,  were  the  judges.  The  gjiosts  are  represented  as  retaining  the  same 
inclinations,  and  following  the  same  pursuits,  with  which  they  liad  been 


Hi  INO  AND  MELICERTA.  £uoOK  IV. 

Exercent ;  aliam  pailem  sua  poena  coercet. 

Sustinet  ii-e  illuc,  ccelesti  sedc  relict  a, 

Tantura  odiis  iraeque  dabat,'  Satumia  Juno. 

Quo  simul  intravit,  sacroque  a  corpore  pressura 

Ingemuit  limen  ;  tria  Cerberus  extulit  ora,  35 

Et  tres  latratus  simul  edidit.     Ilia  sororcs 

Nocte  vocat  genitas,"*'  grave  et  iraplacaliUe  numen. 

Carceris'  ante  fores  clausas  adamante  sedebant, 

Deque  suis  atros  pectebant  crinibus  angues. 

Quam  simul  agnorunt  inter  caliginis  umbras,  40 

Surrexere  Dese.     Sedes  scelerata  vocatur. 

Viscera  praebebat  Tityos  lanianda,  novemque 

Jugeribus  distentus  erat :  tibi,  Tantale,  nullae 

Deprenduntur  aquae,  quaeque  imminet,  efiugit  arbos. 

Aut  petis  aut  urges  ruiturum,  Sisyphe,  saxum.  45 

Volvitur  Ixion,  et  se  sequiturque  fugitque. 

Molirique  suis  letum  patruelibus  ansae, 

Assiduae  repetunt,  quas  perdant,  Belides  undaa. 

Quos  omnes  acie  postquam  Satumia  torva 

Vidit,  et  ante  omnes  Ixiona  ;  rursus  ab  illo  50 

Sisyphon  adspiciens,  Cur  hie  e  fratribus,^  inquit, 

Perpetuas  patitur  poenas  ;  Athamanta  superbum 

Regia  dives  habet,  qui  me  cum  conjuge  semper 

Sprevit  1  et  exponit  causas  odiique  viaeque, 

Quidque  velit.     Quod  vellet,  erat,  ne  regia  Cadmi      55 

Staret,^  et  in  facinus,  traherent  Athamanta  sorores.® 

familiar  while  alive.    Some  of  them  therefore  are  lawj'ers,  some  courtiers, 
some  artificers,  and  some  are  shut  up  in  prison  for  their  crimes. 

1  Tantum  dabat  odiis  Irasque,  so  much  did  she  give  icay  to  her  hatred  and 
passion. 

2  Sorores  genitas  nocte,  Ote  Hsteis  bom  of  night,  Le.  thf  Furies.  Se* 
Erinnys. 

3  Carceris,  i.  e.  Tartarus,  the  place  of  punishment  for  the  wicked.  Ada- 
mas  signifies  any  thing  so  hard  that  it  cannot  be  pierced  or  destroyed- 
Hence  the  poets  represent  the  pillars,  chains,  &c.  in  the  infernal  regions, 
and  any  instrument  of  unusual  hardness  or  durabiUty,  as  being  made  of 
adamant.    It  is  probably  best  transLited  iron. 

4  Fratribus,  i.  e.  Sisi/phus  and  Athamas. 

5  Ne  regia  Cadmi  staret,  that  the  palace  (if  Cadtrnu  migld  not  stand, 
might /all. 

6  ( Ut)  sorores  traherent  Athamanta  in  facinus,  Oial  the  titters  (the  Furies) 
might  involve  Athamas  in  some  dreadful  crime. 


PAB.  xr.]  INO  AND  MELICERTA.  85 

Imperium,  promissa,  preces  confundit  in  unum, 
Sollicitatque  Deas.     Sic  hsc  Junone  locuta, 
risiphone  canos,  iit  ei-at  turbata,^  capillos 
Movit,  et  obstantes  rcjecit  ab  ore  colubras,  GO 

A.tque  ita,  Non  longis  opus  est  ambagibus,  infit ; 
Facta  puta,^  quaecumque  jubes  ;  inamabile  regnum 
Desere,  teque  refer  coeli  melioris  ad  auras. 

Laeta  redit  Juno  ;  quam  coelum  intrarc  parantem 
Roratis  lustravit  aquis  Thumantias  Iris.  65 

Nee  mora,  Tisiphone  madefactam  sangiiine  sumit 
[mportuna  facem  ;  fluidoque  cruore  nibentem' 
Induitur  pallam,  tortoque  incingitur  angue, 
Egrediturque  domo.     Luctus  comitatur  eunteni, 
Et  Paver  et  Terror,  trepidoque  Insania  vultu.  70 

Limine^  constiterat :  postes  tremuisse  feruntur 
^olii,  paltorque  fores  infccit  acemas,^ 
Solque  locum  fugit.     Monstris  exterrita  conjux, 
Territus  est  Athamas,  tectoque  exire  parabant. 
Obstitit  infelix  aditumque  obsedit  Erinnys  :  75 

Nexaque  vipereis  distendens  brachia  nodis, 
Caesariem  excussit ;  motae  sonuere  colubrae. 
Parsque  jacens  humeris,  pars''  circum  tempora  lapsse 
Sibila  dant,  saniemque  vomunt  linguasque  coruscant. 
Inde  duos  raediis  abrumpit  crinibus  angues,  80 

Pestiferaque  manu  raptos  immisit.'     At  illi 
Inoosque  sinus  Athamanteosque  pererrant, 

1  Ut  erat  turbata,  as  she  teas  in  disorder,  in  disorder  as  she  was. 

2  Puta  facta,  quaicumque  jubes,  consider  as  done  tpkatsoever  you  order. 

3  Rubentem  fluido  cruore,  red  with  fluid  gore,  with,  gore  running  dowr^~ 
induitur.    See  1,  7, 27. 

4  Limine,  on  the  threshold — of  the  palace  of  Athamas. 

5  Acemas  fores,  the  maple  doors.  The  maple,  acrording  to  Pliny,  held 
the  next  place  to  the  citron  in  the  estimation  of  the  ancients.  It  was 
accordingly  much  used  in  the  most  costly  furniture  of  the  rich.  From  ita 
extreme  hardness  and  the  closeness  of  its  grain  it  was  also  in  frequent  use 
for  tablets.    Ovid  represents  Is'uma's  throne  as  made  of  maple. 

6  The  construction  in  this  line  is  peculiar.  Pars  in  the  first  clause  to 
used  in  the  singular;  and  in  the  latter  part,  without  any  apparent  neces- 
sity, it  is  made  plural.    See  147. 

7  Immisit  {ros)  raptos,  and  after  seizing  them  threw  Oiem  at  them,  Le. 
at  Athamas  and  Ino. 


86  INO  AND  MELICERTA.  [bOOK  ir. 

Inspirantque'  graves  animas  ;  nee  vulnera  membris 

Ulla  ferunt ;  mens  est,  quae  diros  sentiat  ictus. 

Attulerat  secum  liquid!  quoque  monstra^  veneni,        86 

Oris  Cerberei  spunias,  et  vinis  Echidna, 

Erroresque  vagos,^  caecijeque  oblivia  mentis, 

Et  scelus  et  lacrimas,  rabienique  et  caedis  amorem, 

Omnia  trita*  simul ;  quae  sanguine  mixta  recenti 

Coxerat  sere  cavo,  viridi  versata  cicuta.  90 

Dumque  pavent  illi ;  vertit  furiale  venenum 

Pectus  in  amborum,  proecordiaque  intima  movit. 

Turn,  face  jactata  per  eundem  saepius  orbem,* 

Consequitur  motos  velociter  ignibus  ignes. 

Sic  victrix  jussique  potens''  ad  inania  magni  96 

Regna  redit  Ditis,  sumptumque  recingitur  anguem. 

ProtLnus  bolides  media  furibundus  in  aula 
Clamat,  lo  comites,  liis  retia  tendite  silvis  : 
Hie  modo  cum  gemina  visa  est  mihi  prole  lesena. 
Utque  ferae,  sequitur  vestigia'  conjugis  aniens  ;  10(J 

Deque  sinu  matris  ridentem  et  parva  Learchum 
Brachia  tendentem  rapit,  et  bis  terque  per  auras 
More  rotat  funda?,  rigidoque  infantia  saxo 
Discutit  ossa  ferox.     Tum  denique  concita  mater, 
Seu  dolor  hoc  fecit,  seu  sparsi  causa  veneni,*  106 

1  Inspirant  graves  animas,  infuse  into  them  Uieir  pestiferous  breath. 

2  ^Tisiphone)  attulerat  secum  monstra  qu6que  liquid!  veneni,  Tisiphon» 
had  likewise  brought  along  with  her  a  monstrous  composition  of  liquid  poison. 
The  diiTerent  ingredients  follow. 

3  Vagos  errores,  obliviaque  csecse  mentis,  the  tcanderinffs  lif  delirium, 
and  the/orgelfulncss  of  an  insane  mind. 

4  Omnia  trita  fimiil,  all  pounded  together ;  versata  \iridi  cicuta,  stirred 
about  with  a  stalk  of  green  hemlock.  The  juice  of  hemlock  was  given  ai 
poison  to  criminals  at  Athens.  The  poison  consisted  of  an  extreme  cold 
which  stopped  the  circulation  of  the  blood.  Some  critics,  however,  suppose 
that  this  poison  was  not  tlie  juice  of  hemlock,  but  consisted  of  a  nii.\tur« 
of  which  hemlock  formed  an  ingredient. 

5  Face  jactata  saepius  per  eundem  orbem,  consequitnr  ignes  velociter 
jnotos  ignibus,  by  moving  the  torch  (iftcn  in  the  same  circle,  she  follows  up 
Oie  fires  which  were  swiftly  excited,  with  otlier fires,  i.  e.  she  makes  a  con- 
tinuous ring  of  hre. 

6  Potens  jussi,  having  executed  her  commission. ■  recingitur,  ungirdt, 
lays  aside. 

7  Vestigia  conjugis  ut  ferse,  the  footsteps  of  his  wife  as  of  a  wild  beast. 
U  Causa  veneni  eparsi,  the  power  qf  the  poison  diffused  over  her. 


I 


FAB.  XI.3  INO  AND  MELICERTA.  87 

Exululat,  passisque  fugit  male  sana  capillis  : 
Teque  ferens  parvum  nudis,  Melicerta,  lacertis, 
Evoe,  Bacche,  sonat.     Bacchi  sub  nomine^  Juno 
Risit,  et,  Hos  usus  prgestet  tibi,  dixit,  alumnus. 

Imminet  sequoribus  scopulus  :'■*  pars  ima  cavatur  110 
Fluctibus,  et  tectas  defendit  ab  imbribus  undas  : 
Summa  riget,  frontemque  in  apertum  porrigit  sequor. 
Occupat  liunc,  vires  insania  fecerat,  Ino, 
Seque  super  pontum,  nullo  tardata  timore, 
Mittit  onusque  suum.^     Percussa  recanduit  unda.     115 
At  Venus,  immeritse  neptis*  miserata  labores, 
Sic  patruo  blandita  suo  est :  0  numen  aquarum, 
Proxima  cui  coelo*  cessit,  Neptune,  potestas, 
Magna  quidem  posco  ;  sed  tu  miserere  meorum, 
Jactari  quos  cemis  in  lonio  immenso,  120 

Et  Dis  adde  tuis.     Aliqua  et  milii  gratia^  ponto  est ; 
Si  tamen  in  dio  quondam  concreta  profundo 
Spuma  fui,  Graiumque  manet  milii  nomen  ab  illh. 
Annuit'  oranti  Neptunus,  et  abstulit  illis, 
Q,uod  mortale  fuit,  majestatemque  verendam  125 

Imposuit,  nomenque  simul  faciemque  novavit, 
Leucotheeque  Deum  cum  matre  Palssmona  dixit. 

Sidoniae  comites,  quantum  valuere,^  secutiE 
Signa  pedum,  primo  videre  novissima  saxo  ; 
Nee  dubium  de  morte  ratse,  Cadmeida  palmis  130 

Deplanxere  domum,  scissae  cum  veste  capUlos  ; 
Utque  parum  justse  nimiumque  in  pellice  saevae 

1  Sub  nomine  Bacchi,  at  the  name  of  Bacchus.    See  3,  2,  115.    Prastet 
tibi  hos  usus,  make  you  this  recompense. 

2  Scopulus,  o  rock— one  of  theScironides  on  the  coast  of  Megaiis;  riget, 
rises  erect. 

3  Suum  onus,  her  burden,  i.  e.  Melicerta. 

4  Immeritse  neptis,  of  her  innocent  grand-daughter,  i.  e.  Inoi    suo 
patruo,  her  uncle,  i.  e.  Neptune. 

5  Caelo  is  here  used  for  potestati  coeli,  to  the  empire  of  heaven.   See  1 ,  14,  2. 

6  Aliqua  gratia  (m)  ponto  est  et  mihi,  1  also  have  some  interest  in  the 
sea,-  Graium  nomen,  my  Grecian  name,  i.e.  Aphrodite,  q.  v. 

7  Annuit  (ei)  oranti,  grants  to  her  entreating,  a/jrees  to  her  reqttest. 

8  Quantum  valuere,  as  far  as  they  could ;  primo  saxo,  on  the  edge  qftlie 
rock. 


83  INO  AND  -MELICERTA.  [BOOK  IV. 

Invidiam  fccerc'  Dcas.     Convicia  Juno 

Kon  tulit,  et,  Faciam  vos  ipsas  maxima,  dixit, 

Srevitis  monmnenta  mess.     Res  dicta  sccuta  est.       135 

Nam  quiE  pracipue  fuerat  pia,  Persequar,  inquit. 

In  frcta  reginam  ;  saltumqiie  datui-a,  movcri 

Hand  usquam  potuit,  scopuloque  affixa  cohsesit. 

Altera,  dum  solito  tentat  plangorc  ferire 

Pectora,  tentatos  sentit  rigriisse  lacertos.'^  1 40 

nia,  manus  ut  forte  tetenderat  in  maris  undas, 

Saxea  facta  manus  in  easdem  porrigit  undas  ; 

Hujus,  ut  arreptum  laniabat  vertice  crinem, 

Duratos  subito  digitos  in  crine  videres. 

Quo  quaeque  in  gestu  deprensa  est,  haesit^  in  illo.       145 

Pars  volucres  factae  ;  quae  nunc  quoque  gurgite  in  illo 

^quora  destringunt  sumniis  Ismenides*  alis. 

Fab.  XII. — Cadmus  and  Harmonia. 

Nescit  Agenorides,  natam''  parvumque  nepotem 
^quoris  esse  Deos.     Luctu  serieque  maloram 
Victus  ct  ostcntis,*'  quae  plurima  viderat,  exit 
Conditor  urbe  sua,  tanquam  fortuna  locorum, 
Non  sua  se  premeret ;  longisque  erratibus  actus  6 

Contigit  Illyricos  profuga  cum  conjuge  fines. 
Jamque  malis  annisque  graves,  dum  prima  retractant^ 
Fata  domus  releguntque  suos  sermone  labores  ; 
Num  sacer  ille  mea  trajectus  cuspide  serpens 
Cadmus  ait,  fuerit^  turn,  quum  Sidone  profectus         10 

1  Fecere  invidiam  Deae,  excited  odium  agaitut  tkegoddets;  {coma)  qua 
ih.'  atlentiant  tcho. 

2  Tentatos  lacertos,  Vie  arms  with  tchich  the  had  made  the  atiempU 

3  Quaeque  lijesit  in  illo  gestu,  in  quo  deprehensa  est,  evert/  one  remained 
in  that  jiosture  in  which  she  was  caught. 

4  Qua;  Ismenides,  which,  under  die  name  oflsmenidet. 

5  >i'atam,  i.  u.  Ino — nepotem,  i.  e.  Melicerta. 

6  Ostentis,  quie  viderat  plurima,  bp  the  prodigies  which  he  had  teen  in 
great  number f. 

7  Retractant  prima  fata,  reflect  upon  the  first  mitforlunet. 

8  Num  ille  serpens  fuerit  sacer,  can  tJiat  serpent  have  been  a  tacred  one. 
The  serpent  killed  by  Cadmus  was  sacred  to  Mars  (Martius  anguit),  and 
the  god  of  war  is  licre  represented  a:s  punisiiing  Cadmus  for  putting  bim 


PAB.  xn.]  CADMUS  AND  HARMONIA.  89 

Vipereos  sparsi  per  humum,  nova  semina,  dentes ! 
Quern  si  cura  Deum  tam  certa  vindicat  ira, 
Ipse  precor  serpens  in  longam  porrigar  alvum. 
Dixit ;  et,  ut  serpens,  in  longam  tenditur  alnim  ; 
Durataeque  cuti  squamas  increscere  sentit  15 

Nigraque  cseruleis  variari  corpora  guttis  ; 
In  pectusque  cadit  pronus ;  commissaque  in  unum 
Paulatim  tereti  siauantur  acmnine  crura.' 
Brachia  jam  restant :  quae  restant,  brachia  teiidit ; 
Et  lacrimis  per  adhuc  humana  fluentibus  ora,  20 

Accede,  0  conjux,  accede,  miserrima,  dixit, 
Dumque  aliquid  superest  de  me,  me  tange,  manumque 
Accipe,  dum  manus  est,  dum  non  totum  occupat  anguis. 
Ille  quidem  vult  plura  loqui ;  sed  lingua  repente 
In  partes  est  fissa  duas  ;  nee  verba  volenti  26 

Sufficiunt,*  quotiesque  aliquos  parat  edere  questus, 
SibUat :  banc  illi  vocem  Natura  relinquit. 
Nuda  manu  feriens  exclamat  pectora  conjux  : 
Cadme,  mane,  teque  his,  infelix,  exue  monstris.' 
Cadme,  quid  hoc  1  ubi  pes  ?  ubi  sunt  humerique  manus- 
que »  30 

Et  color  et  facies  et,  dum  loquor,  omnia  1  cxir  non 
Me  quoque,  coelestes,  in  eandem  vertitis  anguem  !* 
Dixerat :  ille  suae  lambebat  conjugis  ora, 
Inque  sinus  caros,  veluti  cognosceret,  ibat ; 
Et  dabat  amplexus  assuetaque  coUa  petebat.  36 

Quisquis  adest,  aderant  comites,  terretur  ;  at  ilia 
Lubrica  permulcet  cristati  colla  draconis  ; 

to  death.  The  doubt  of  which  Cadmus  wishes  to  persuade  himself,  but 
which  he  does  not  feel,  is  well  expressed  by  the  subjunctive /«mi — the 
Indicative  would  have  implied  complete  ignorance. 

1  Cruraque  commissa  in  unum  paulatim  sinuantur  tereti  acumine,  and 
his  legs,  being  joined  in  one,  are  gradually  curved  with  a  round  point,  i.  e. 
assume  the  form  of  a  curve  and  terminate  in  a  point. 

2  Nee  verba  sufficiunt  (illi)  volenti  (loqui),  tior  has  he  words  at  command, 
{bough  he  wishes  to  speak. 

3  Exue  te  his  monstris,/ree  yourselffrom  this  monstrous  shape. 

4  In  eandem  anguem,  into  a  serpent  tf  the  same  sort,  or  lUcewite  into  « 
serpent. 

H  2 


90  CADMUS  AND  HARMOKIA.  [book  IV. 

Et  subito  duo  sunt,  junctoque  volumine'  serpunt. 
Donee  in  appositi  nemoris  subiere  latebras. 
Nunc    quoque    nee    fugiunt    homiuem,    nee    vulnere 
Ijedunt ;  40 

Quidquc  prius  fuerint,  placidi  meminere  draconcs. 

Fab.  Xlll.— Atlas. 

Sed  tamen  ambobus  versse  solatia  formse 

Magna  nepos'''  fuerat,  quem  debellata  colebat 

India,  quem  positis  cclebrabat  Acliaia  templis. 

Solus  Abantiadcs  ab  origine^  cretus  eadem 

Acrisius  superest,  qui  moenibus  arceat  urbis  5 

ArgoliciB,  contraque  Deum*  ferat  arma,  genusque 

Non  putet  esse  Jovis  :  neque  enim  Jovis  esse  putabat 

Persca,  quem  pluvio  Danae  concepcrat  auro. 

Mox  tamen  Acrisium,  tanta  est  praescntia  veri, 

Tam  violasse  Dcum,^  quam  non  agnossc  nepotem,      10 

Poenitet :  impositus  jam  ccelo  est  alter ;'''  at  alter, 

Viperei  referens  spolium  memorabile  raonstri," 

Aera  carpebat  tenerum  stridentibus  alis. 

Quumque  super  Libycas  victor  pendcret  arenas, 

Gorgonei  capitis  guttae  cecidere  cruentse  ;  15 

Quas  humus  exceptas  varios  animavit  in  angues  ; 

Unde  fi-equens  ilia  est  infestaque**  terra  colubris. 

Inde  per  immcnsum  ventis  discordibus  actus 
Nunc  hue,  nunc  Uluc,  exemplo  nubis  aquoss 
Fertur,  et  ex  alto  seductas  jethere  longe  20 

1  Juncto  volumine,  with  a  Joint  rolling,  i.  c.  movinf/  side  by  side. 

2  The  order  is,  Sed  tamen  ncpos  (i.e.  Bacchus)  qiicni  dcbelbta  India 
colebat,  quem  Achaia,  &c.  fuerat  ambobus  magna  solatia  verea;  furmse. 

3  Ab  e.idem  oripne,  /com  Vie  same  stock.  Agcnor  the  father  of  Cad- 
mus, and  Belus  the  progenitor  of  Acrisius,  were  brother.-. 

4  Deum,  i.e.  Bacchus— esse  {/ilium)  JoWs,  was  the  son  o/Jupiter. 

5  Tam  violasse  Dcum,  quami  bolh  o/liacing  abused  the  <lod  and. 
(>  Alter,  the  one,  i.  e.  Bacchus — alter,  lite  other,  i.  e.  Perseus. 

7  Referens  memorabile  spolium  viperei  monstri,  bcaritip  offthe  memor- 
able spoils  o/  the  viperous  monster,  i.  e.  the  liead  of  the  Gorgon  Meduoa,. 
«hose  hair  had  been  changed  into  serpents. 

8  Est  frequens  infestaque  colubris,  abounds  wiOi  and  it  infested  by 
serpents. 


FAB.  XIII.]  ATLAS.  91 

Despectat  terras,  totumque  supervolat  oi^em. 

Ter  gelidas  Arctos,  ter  Cancri  bracliia  viclit ; 

Saepe  sub  occasus,  ssepe  est  ablatus  in  ortus ; 

Jamqiie  cadente  die  veritus  se  credere  nocti, 

Constitit  Hesperio,  regnis  Atlantis,  in  orbe  ;  26 

Exigiiamque  petit  requiem,  dum  Lucifer  ignes 

Evocet  Auroras,  currus  Aurora  diurnos.^ 

Ilic,  hominum  cunctos'^  ingenti  corpore  praestans, 

lapetionides  Atlas  fuit.     Ultima  tellus' 

Rege  sub  hoc  et  pontus  erat,  qui  Solis  anhelis  80 

-^quora  subdit*  equis,  et  fessos  excipit  axes. 

Mille  gregcs  illi  totidemque  armenta  per  lierbas 

Errabant,  et  humum  vicinia  nvilla  premebant.^ 

Arborese  frondes  auro  radiante  virentes'' 

Ex  auro  ramos,  ex  auro  poma  tcgebant.  35 

Hospes,  ait  Perseus  illi,  seu  gloria  tangit 

Te  generis  magni,  generis  milii  Jupiter  auctor  ; 

Sive  es  mirator  rerum,  mirabere  nostras. 

liospitium,  requiemque  peto.     Memor  Ule  vetustffi 

Sortis  erat :  Themis  hanc  dederat  Parnassia  sortem  :    4(J 

Tempus,  Atla,  veniet,  tua  quo  spoliabitur  auro 

Arbor ;  et  hunc  praedae  titulum  Jove  natus  habebit.'^ 

Id  metuens,  solidis  pomaria  clauserat  Atlas 

Mcenibus  et  vasto  dederat  servanda  draconi, 

Ai'cebatque  suis  externos  finibus  omnes.  45 

Huic  quoque,  Vade  procul,  ne  longe  gloria  rerum, 

1  Diumos  currus,  the  diurnal  chariot  of  the  sun.    Sec  2,  1,  112. 

2  Cunctos  hominum,  for  cunctos  homines,  is  a  Greek  construction,  which 
was  imitiited  by  the  Latin  poets  and  by  tlic  later  prose  writers. 

3  Ultima  tellus,  the  most  ranote  part  of  the  world,  i.e.  Mauritania,  and 
the  north-western  coast  of  Africa. 

4  Qui  subdit  Kquora  anhelis  equis  Solis,  which  holds  its  tcaters  under  the 
panting  horses  oftlie  sun,  i.  e.  which  receives  in  its  waters  the  panting  horse» 
of  the  s'un.    See  2,  1 ,  68. 

5  Nulla  vicinia  premebant  humum,  no  neighbouring  states  limited  kit 
territories — because  the  kingdom  of  Atlas  was  placed  at  the  western  extre- 
mity of  the  world. 

C  Virentes  radiante  auro,  shining  ivith  radiant  gold.    See  Hesperides. 
.7  Natus  Jove  liabebit  hunc  titulum  gloria;,  awn  o/Ji(p(7«r»AaWo6/(iin 
the  glory  of  this  prize.    This  prophecy  referred  to  Hercules,  by  whom  thesa 
golden  apples  were  afterwards  carried  away.    See  1,  H,  9. 


92  ATLAS.  [book  IV. 

Quas  mentu-is,'  ait,  longe  tibi  Jupiter  absit. 
Vimque  minis  addit,  foribusque  expellere  tentat 
Cimctantem  et  jilacidis  miscentem'^  fortia  dictis. 
Viribus  inferior,  quis  enim  par  esset  Atlanti  60 

Viribus  ?  At  quoniam  parvi^  tibi  gratia  nostra  est, 
Accipe  munus,  ait ;  laeraque  a  parte  Medusae 
Ipse  fetroversus''  squallentia  prodidit  ora. 
Quantus  erat,  mons  factus  Atlas  :•  jam  barba  comaeque 
In  silvas  abeunt ;  juga  sunt  humerique  manusque  ;    65 
Quod  caput  ante  fuit,  summo  est  in  monte  cacumen  ; 
Ossa  lapis  fiunt :  turn  partes  auctus  in  omnes 
Crevit  in  immensum,  sic  Di  statuistis,  et  omne 
Cum  tot  sideribus  coelum  requievit  in  illo. 

Fab.  XIV. — Perseus  and  Andromeda. 

Clausebat  Hij)potades  seterno  carcere'  ventos, 

Admonitorque  operum^  coelo  clarissimus  alto 

Lucifer  ortus  erat :  pennis  ligat  Ule  resumptis 

Parte  ab  utraque  pedes,  teloque  acciugitur  unco, 

Et  liquidum  motis  talaribus  aera  findit.  6 

Gentibus  innumeris  circumque  infraque  relictia, 

JEthiopum  populos,  Cepheia  conspicit  arva. 

Illic  immeritam  matemae  pendere  lingua^ 

Andromedan  poenas  immitis  jusserat  Amnion. 

Quam  simul  ad  duras  religatam  bracliia  cautes  10 

Vidit  Abantiades  ;  nisi  quod  levis  aura  capillos 


1  Gloria  renun,  qoas  mentiria,  (he  glory  cf  the  exploits  qf  which  you 
falsely  boast. 

2  Jliscentem  fortia  (virba)  placidis  dictis,  mingling  threats  teith  his  mild 
expressions. 

3  Quoniam  nostra  gratia  est  par\i  tibi,  since  my  favour  is  lightly  esteem- 
ed by  you. 

4  RetroversQS,  turning  his  face  backwards— that  he  might  not  also  be 
changed  into  stone. 

5  jEtemo  carcere,  their  eternal  prison.  Tlie  winds  are  represented  as 
being  confined  in  caves  in  the  JEoUan  islands,  under  the  command  of 
^olus.    See  Ventus. 

6  Admonitor  operum,  puts  men  in  mind  of  their  work. 

7  MatomsB  linguae,  for  her  mother's  tongue,  her  mother's  boasting.  See 
Cassiope. 


FAB.  XIV.J  PERSEUS  AND  ANDBOMEPA.  93 

Moverat,  et  trepido  manabant  lumina  fletu,' 
Marmoreum"^  ratus  esset  opus  ;  trahit  inscius'  ignes, 
Et  stupet ;  eximiae  correptus  imagine  fomise, 
PiEiie  suas  quatere  est  oblitus  in  aere  pennas.  15 

Ut  stetit,''  0,  dixit,  non  istis  digna  catenis, 
Sed  quibus  inter  se  ciipidi  junguntur  amantes, 
Pande  requirenti  nomen  terraeque  tmimque, 
Et  cur  vincla  geras.     Primo  silet  ilia,  nee  audet 
Appellare  Adrum  vii-go  ;  manibusque  modestos  20 

Celasset  vultus,  si  non  religata  fuisset. 
Lumina,  quod  potuit,  lacrimis  implevit  obortia. 
Ssepius  instanti,''  sua  ne  delicta  fateri 
Nolle  videretur,  nomen  terraeque  suumque, 
Quantaque  matemae  fuerit  fiducia*'  formae,  25 

Indicat ;  et,  nondum  memoratis  omnibus,  unda 
Insonuit,  veniensque  immenso  bellua  ponto 
Eminet,  ct  latum  sub  pectore  possidet^  asquor. 
Conclamat  virgo  :  genitor  lugubris  et  amens 
Mater  adest,  ambo  miseri,  sed  justius  ilia ;  30 

Nee  secum  auxilium,  sed  dignos  tempore  fletus 
Plangoremque  ferunt,  vinctoque  in  corpore  adhaerent.' 
Quum  sic  bospes  ait :  Lacrimarum  longa  manere 
Tempora  vos  poterunt ;  ad  opem  brevis  bora  ferendam  est. 
Hanc  ego  si  peterem'  Perseus  Jove  natus  et  ilia,         35 
Q,uam  clausam  implevit  fecundo  Jupiter  auro, 
Gorgonis  anguicomae  Perseus  superator,  et  alls 
j^Etherias  ausus  jactatis  ire  per  auras  ; 
Praeferrer  cunctis  certe  gener :  addere  tantis 

1  Lumina  manabant  trepido  flet  u ,  Tier  eyes  were  flowing  iciih  trickling  tears. 

2  Marmoreum  opus,  a  statue  o/ marble. 

3  Inscius  trahit  isrnes,  though  ignorant  who  she  was,  he  caught  the  flame/ 
he  fell  in  love  with  her, 

4  U t  stetit,  when  he  alighted — {iis)  quibus,  tJiose  (chains)  by  tchich. 

5  Indicat  («)  sa;pius  instant),  she  tells  him  as  he  repeatedly  urged  her. 

6  Quantaque  fidueia  maternae  formae  fuerit,  and  the  grecU  confidence  her 
motlter  placed  in  Iter  beauty. 

7  Possidet  sub  pectore,  covers  with  his  breast. 

H  Adhaerent  in  vincto  corpore,   remain   near   the   chained  bods—ot 
Andromeda. 
9  Peterem  hanc,  should  seek  her  in  marriage — et  ilia,  and  her,  i.  e.  Dana*. 


94  PEnSEUS  AND  ANDROMEDA.  [book  IV, 

Dotibus  et  meritum,^  faveant  modo  numina,  tento.     40 
Ut  mea  sit,  servata  mea  virtute,  paciscor. 
Accipiunt  legem,''  quis  enim  dubitaret !  et  orant 
Promittuntque  supei-  regnum  dotale  parentes.  . 
Ecce  velut  navis  praefixo  concita  rostro 
Sulcat  aquas,  juvenum  sudantibus  acta  lacertis  ;  45 

Sic  fera,  dimotis  impulsu  pectoris  undis, 
Tantura  aberat  scopulis,  quantum  Balearica  torto 
Funda  potest  plumbo  medii  transmittere  coeli ;' 
Q,uum  sul)it6  juvenis,  pedibus  tellure  repulsa,* 
Arduus  in  nubes  abiit.     Ut  in  aequore  summo  60 

Umbra  viri  visa  est ;  visam  fera  ssevit  in  umbram. 
Utque  Jovis  praepes,^  vacuo  quum  vidit  in  arvo 
Praebentem  Phoebo  liventia  terga  draconera, 
Occupat  aversum  f  ueu  saeva  retorqueat  era, 
Squamigeris  avidos  figit  cervicibus  ungues  :  66 

Sic  celeri  missus  praeceps  per  inane  volatu^ 
Terga  ferae  pressit,  dextroque  frementis  in  armo 
Inachides  ferrum  curvo  tenus  abdidit  hamo. 
Vulnere  laesa  gravi  modo  se  sublimis  in  auras 
Attollit,  modo  subdit"  aquis  modo  more  ferocis  60 

Versat  apri,  quem  turba  canum  circumsona  terret. 
Ille  avidos  morsus  velocibus  efiugit  alis  ; 
Quaque  patent,''  nunc  terga  cavis  super  obsita  conchis, 
Nunc  laterum  costas,  nunc  qua  tenuissima  cauda 
Desinit  in  piscem,  falcato  verbvrat  ense.  65 

1  Adders  et  meritum  tantis  dotibus,  to  add  merit  also  to  so  great 
qualifications. 

2  Accipiunt  legem,  agree  to  the  conditions ;  dotale  regnum,  their  king- 
dom as  a  dmeri/. 

3  Tantum  aberat  scopulis,  quantiim  medii  coell  Balearica  funda  potest 
transmittere  plumbo  torto,  teas  as  far  distant  from  the  rocks  as  a  leaden 
bullet  can  pass  when  discharged  from  a  Balearic  sling ,-  lit.  as  much  of  the  mid 
air  as  a  Balearic  sling  can  slioot  th  rough  with  a  bullet  when  dischargedfrom  it, 

4  Tellure  repulsa  pedibus,  spurning  the  ground  wilh  hisfeeL 

5  Praepes  Jovis,  the  swift  bird  of  Jupiter,  i.  e.  tlie  eagle. 

6  Occupat  {eum)  aversum,  seizes  him  behind. 

7  Missus  prajceps  celeri  volatu,  darting  down  irilh  rapidflight, 

8  Subdit  (se)  aquis,  plunges  himself  under  the  water. 

9  Quaque  patent,  and  wherever  they  are  exposed,  viz.  his  back,  sidef ,  and 
taU. 


FAB.  XIV. J         PERSEUS  AND  ANDROMEDA.  05 

Bellua  puniceo  mixtos  cum  sanguine  fluctus 

Ore  vomit :  maduere  graves  aspergine  pennse  ; 

Nee  bibulis'  ultra  Perseus  talaribus  ausus 

Credere,  conspexit  scopulum,  qui  vertice  summo 

Stantibus  exit  aquis,  operitur  ab  aequore  moto.  70 

Nixus  eo,  rupisque  tenens  juga  prima^  sinistra, 

Ter  quater  exegit  repetita  per  ilia  ferrum. 

Litora  cum  plausu  clamor^  superasque  Deorum 

Implevere  domos.     Gaudent  generumque  salutant, 

Auxiliumque  domus  servatoremque  fatentur  75 

Cassiope  Cepheusque  pater.     Resoluta  catenis 

Incedit  virgo,  pretiumque  et  causa  laboris. 

Ipse  manus  hausta  victrices  abluit  unda  ; 

Anguiferumque  caput  dura  ne  laedat  arena, 

Mollit  humum  foliis,  natasque  sub  aequore  virgas        80 

SteiTiit,  et  imponit  Phorcynidos  ora  Medusse. 

Virga  recens  bibulaque  etiamnum'  viva  medulla, 

Vim  rapuit  monstri,  tactuque  induruit  hujus, 

Percepitque  novum  ramis  et  fronde  rigorem. 

At  pelagi  Nymphae  factum*  mirabile  tentant  85 

Pluribus  in  vii'gis,  et  idem  contingere  gaudent  ; 

Seminaque  ex  illis  iterant  jactata^  per  undas. 

Nunc  quoque  curaliis"  eadem  natura  remansit, 

Duritiem  tacto  capiant  ut  ab  aere  ;  quodque 

"^'imen  in  aequore  crat,  fiat  super  aequora  saxura.         90 

Fab.  XV. — Medusa. 
Dis  tribus*  ille  focos  totidem  de  cespite  ponit, 

1  Bibulis  talaribus,  to  his  dripping  vcings,  to  his  m)}gs  now  soaked. 

2  Prima  juga,  the  outmost  ridge  ;  repetita,  struck  repeatedly. 

3  Clamor  cum  plausu, ^br  clamor  et  plausus.    See  1, 10,  75. 

4  Etiamnum  viva  bibula  medulla,  still  retaining  life  in  its  sponge/  pith. 

6  Tentant  mirabile  factum,  put  the  wonderful  /act  to  the  test  with  mart 
twigs,  1.  e.  by  appljing  them  to  the  head  of  Medusa. 

6  Iterant  jactata.Jor  iterum  itenunque  jactant,  repeatedly/  throw. 

7  Curalium,  Seelndex. 

8  Tribus  Dis  ille  ponit  totidem  focos  de  cespite,  to  three  gods  he  (Per- 
seus) erects  as  many  altars  of  turf.  A.  R.  A.  26.3.  Media,  in  the  middle. 
The  centre  was  regarded  as  the  place  of  honour.  Perseus  erected  altars  to 
Minerva  and  Mercury,  because  he  was  under  their  special  protection,  an«! 


96  MEDUSA.  [book  IV. 

Laevum  Mercurio,  dextnim  tibi,  bellica  virgo  ; 
Ara  Jovis  media  est.     Mactatur  vacca  Minervae, 
AlipedP  vitulus  ;  taurus  tibi,  siimme  Deorum. 
Protlnus  Andromedan  et  tanti  prasmia  facti  5 

Indotata  rapit :'  taedas  Hymeiiaeus  Amorque 
Praecutiunt  ;^  largis  satiantur  odoribus  igncs  ; 
Sertaque  dependent  tectis  ;  citharaeque  lyraeque 
Tibiaque  et  cantus,  animi  feiicia  laeti 
Argumenta,  sonant ;  reseratis  aurea  valvis  10 

Atria  tota  patent,  pulchroque  instructa  paratu  . 
Cephenum  procercs  ineunt  convivia  Regis. 
Postquam  epulis  functi''  generosi  muncre  Bacchi 
Diffudere  animos :  cultusquc  liabitusquc  locorum^ 
Quaerit  Abantiades  ;  quaerenti  protinus  unus  15 

Narrat  Lj-ncidcs  moresque  habitusque  virorum. 
Q,uae  simul  edocuit,  Nunc,  O  fortissime,  dixit, 
Fare,  precor,  Perseu,  quanta  virtute  quibusque 
Artibus  abstuleris*^  crinita  draconibus  ora. 
Narrat  Agenorides,  gelido  sub  Atlante  jacentem  20 

Esse  locum,  solidae  tutum  munimine  molis  ; 
Cujus  in  introitu  geminas  habit  asse  sororca 
Phorcydas,  unius  partitas'  luminis  usum  ; 
Id  se  solerti  furtim,  dum  traditur,^  astu 
Supposita  cepLsse  manu  ;  perque  abdita  longe  25 

was  assisted  by  them  in  his  expedition  against  Medusa.  Minerva  is  placed 
on  the  right  of  Jupiter,  because  she  was  his  particular  favourite,  and  had 
obtained  from  him  this  high  honour. 

1  AMpedi,  to  the  winff-footeii god,  i.e.  Merc'irt/.    Sf-cl,  12,47. 

2  itapit,  carriuoff—et  indotata,  even  wiUioul  the  ttoicrp,  i.e.  the  king- 
dom which  her  parents  had  promised  him.    See  4,  14,  43. 

3  Pra>cutiunt  tjedas,  shake  before,  carry  the  torches  before  Ihem.  A.R.  A. 
404. 

i'P\rc\ci\eji\\\\i,havinij finished  (he  feast.  A.  R.  A.  383.  Diffudere  ani- 
mos, cheered  their  minds.    A.  R.  A.  387. 

5  Cultiis  habitusque  locorum,  (he  mode  of  living,  and  (he  condition  of  the 
•people  of  (he  country.  .    .    ^ 

0  Abstulerisora  crinita  draconibus,  you  cut  qfOielieaa  of  iMcdusa,  haired 
tcilh  sncJ;et,  i.  c.  which  had  snakes  instead  cfhair. 

7  Partitas  usum  unius  lumiuis,  who  shared  beticeen  them  the  use  qf  one 
eye. 

8  Dumtraditur,  if^i;<;t7(theeye)  is  passed  from  Iht  one  to  the  other  :  manu 
eupposit-i,  by  slipping  in  his  hand  beticeen  them,  or  by  dexterously  putting 
hit  hand  under  it  and  thereby  abstracting  it. 


FAB.  XV.]  MEDUSA.  97 

Deviaque  et  silvis  horrentia  saxa  fragosis 

Gorgoneas  tetigisse  domos  ;  passimque  per  agros 

Perque  vias  vidisse  hominum  simulacra  ferarumque, 

In  sUicem  ex  ipsis^  visa  conversa  Medusa : 

Se  tamen  liorrendee  clypei,  quod  IfEva  gerebat,  30 

^re  repercusso"''  formarn  adspexisse  Medussc, 

Dumque  gravis  somnus  colubrasque  ipsanique  tenebat, 

Eripuisse  caput  collo  ;  pennisque  fugacem-' 

Pegason  et  fratrem,  matris  de  sanguine  natos, 

Addidit,  et  longi  non  falsa  pericula  cursus,  85 

Q,u£e  freta,  quas  terras  sub  se  vidisset  ab  alto, 

Et  quae  jactatis  tetigisset  sidera  pennis. 

Ante  exspectatum*  tacuit  tamen.    Excipit  unu3 

E  numero  procerum,  quaerens,  cur  sola  sororum 

Gesserit  altemis  immixtos  crinibus  angues.  40 

Hospes  ait :  Quoniam  scitaris  digna  relatu, 
Accipe  qujesiti  causam.      Clarissima  forma, 
Multorumque  fiiit  spes  invidiosa  procorum 
Ilia  ;  nee  in  tota  conspectior'  ulla  capillis 
Pars  fuit.     Inveni,  qui  se  vidisse  referret.^  45 

Hanc  pelagi  rector  templo  vitiasse  Minervae 
Dicitur.     Aversa  est  et  castos  aegide  vultua 
Nata  Jovis  texit ;  neve  hoc  impune  fuisset,^ 
Gorgoneum  turpes  crinem  mutavit  in  hydros. 
Nunc  quoque,  ut  attonitos  formidine  terreat  hostes,    50 
Pectore  in  adverse,^  quos  fecit,  sustinet  angues. 

1  Ex  ipsis  (i.e.  hominibus  ferisque)  Medusa  visa,  from  their  naturai 
forms  by  the  sight  of  Medusa. 

2  ^re  clypei  repercusso,  by  the  reflection  of  the  brass  of  his  shield — of  kit 
brazen  shield.  The  shields  of  the  ancients  were  so  finely  polished  that  they 
were  frequently  used  as  mirrors.    A.  R.  A.  3(K3. 

3  Pegason  fugacem  pennis,  wiihflect  wings,  the  winged  Pegasus,-  fratrem, 
i.  e.  Chrysaor. 

4  Ante  exspectatum,  sooner  than  was  expected. 

5  In  tota  conspectior,  in  her  whole  person  more  beautiful. 

6  Inveni  (homincm),  qui  referret  se  vidisse,  /  have  met  with  a  man  wAo 
told  me  that  he  had  seen  il—lhe  hair. 

7  Neve  hoc  fuisset  impune,  and  that  this  crime  might  not  pass  unpunished, 
&e  1,5,1. 

8  In  adverso  pectore,  on  her  breast  in  front,  i.  e.  on  her  breastplate,  or, 
according  to  Homer,  on  her  shield.    A.  R.  A.  222. 

1 


98  PIII.NErS  AND  UIS  COMPANIONS.        [bOOK  V. 

BOOK  V. 

Fab.  I. — Fhineus  and  his  Companions. 

DuMQuE  ea  Ccphenuni  medio  Danae'ius  heros 

Agmine  commemorat,  fremitu  regalia  turbae 

Atria  coraplcntui* ;  nee,  conjugialia  festa 

Qui  canat,'  est  clamor,  sed  qui  fera  nuntief  arma  ; 

Inque  repentinos  convivia  versa  tumultus  5 

Assimilare  freto  possis,  quod  saeva  quietum' 

Ventorum  rabies  metis  exasperat  undis. 

Primus  in  his  Phineus,  belli  temerarius  auctor, 

Fraxineam  quatiens  seratte  cuspidis"^  hastam, 

En,  ait,  en  adsum  praereptae  conjugis  ultor ;  10 

Nee  milii  te  pennae,  nee  falsum  versus*  in  aurum 

Jupiter  eripiet.     Conanti  mittere  Cepheus 

Quid  facis  ?  exclamat ;  quae  te,  germane,  furentem 

Mens  agit  in  facinus  l^  meritisne  haec  gratia  tantis 

Redditur  I  liac  vitam  servatae  dote  rependis  \^  16 

Quam  tibi  non  Perseus,  veiiim  si  quaeris,  ademit, 

Sed  grave  Nereidum  numen,  sed  corniger  Amnion, 

Sed  quae  visceribus  veuiebat  bellua  ponti 

Exsaturanda'  meis.     Illo  tibi  tempore  rapta  est, 

1  Qui  canat  conjugialia  festa,  such  as  proclaims  nuptial  /estivitiet. 
A.  R.  A.  405. 

2  Quietum,  though  previously  calm.  The  qualifying  adjective  must  often 
be  taken  witli  a  special  reference  to  what  goes  before  or  follov.s. 

3  ^ratae  cuspidis,  with  a  brazen  point.  Copper,  which  the  ancients  ap- 
pear to  have  understood  how  to  harden  by  the  admixture  of  tin,  seems  to 
nave  been  extensively  used  by  them  at  a  very  early  period,  and  is  generally 
to  be  understood  when  brass  is  specifically  distinguished  from  gold,  silver, 
and  iron.  Of  this  metal  they  made  their  armour,  both  offensive  and  defen- 
sive, as  well  as  various  other  implements,  at  a  time  when  iron  was  nearly 
unknown  to  them,  or  too  valuable  to  be  much  used. 

4  Versus  in  falsum  aurum,  turned  into  unreal  poM.    See  4,  14,  36. 

5  Agit  te  furentem  in  facinus,  jyrompts  you  in  passion  to  commit  Oiis  crime. 

6  Hac  dote  repend  s  vitam  {Andromeda)  servatse,  is  it  by  Uiis  reward 
that  you  make  a  recompense  for  the  life  of  Andromeda  who  has  been  saved  t 

7  Exsaturanda  meis  visceribus,  to  be  glutted  with  my  bowels,  i.  e.  with  my 
daughter  Andromeda. 


FAB.  1.]         PHINEUS  AND  HIS  COMPANIONS.  .99 

Q,uo  peritura  fuit.     Nisi  si,  crudeiis,  id  ipsum  20 

Exigis,  ut  pereat,  luctuque  levabere  nostro. 

Scilicet  baud  satis  est,  quod  te  spectante^  revincta  est, 

Et  nullam  quod  opem  patruus  sponsusve  tulisti : 

Insuper,  a  quoquam  quod  sit  servata,  dolebis, 

Prffiiniaque  eripies  2  quse  si  tibi  magna  videntur ;        25 

Ex  illis  scopulis,  ubi  erant  affixa,  petisses.^ 

Nunc  sine,^  qui  petiit,  per  quem  haec  non  orba  senectus, 

Ferre,  quod  et  meritis  et  voce  est  pactus  ;  eumque 

Non  tibi  sed  certse  praelatum  intellige  morti. 

Ille*  nihil  contra  :  sed  et  hunc  et  Persea  vultu  30 

Altemo  spectans,  petat  hunc  ignorat  an  ilium  ; 

Cunctatusque  brevi,  contortam  viribus  hastam, 

Quantas  ira  dabat,  nequicquam  in  Persea  misit. 

Ut  stetit  ilia  toro  ;*  stratis  turn  denique  Perseus 

Exsiluit,  teloque  ferox  inimica  remisso  ,    35 

Pectora  rupisset,  nisi  post  altaria  Phineug 

Isset :  et,  indignum !  scelerato  profuit  ara. 

Fronte  tamen  Rhceti  non  irrita  cuspis  adhaesit ; 

Qui  postquam  cecidit  ferrumque  ex  osse  revulsum  est, 

Palpitat  et  positas  adspergit  sanguine  mensas.  40 

Turn  vero  indomitas  ardescit®  vulgus  in  iras, 

Telaque  conjiciunt ;  et  sunt,  qui  Cephea  dicaut 

Cum  genero  debere  mori.    Sed  limine  tecti 

Exierat  Cepheus,  testatus  jusque  fidemque 


1  Te  spectante,  while  you  looked  on  with  indifference. 

2  Petisses  ex  illls  scopulis,  ubi  affixa  erant,  you  should  have  brought  it 
(the  reward,  i.  e.  Andromeda) /rom  the  rocks  where  it  was  fixed. 

3  The  order  is.  Sine  (eum),  qui  petiit,  per  quem  liaec  senectus  non  (est) 
orba  (chadless),  ferre  (id),  quod  pactus  est  et  meritis  et  voce,  which  lie /las 
gained  by  his  scT^ices,  and  ivhich  he  stipulated  for  by  vjords.  Pactus  est 
strictly  refers  only  to  voce,  but  is  to  be  taken  here  as  applicable  also  to 
meritis. 

4  lUe,  i.  e.  Phineus  (dixit), — hunc,  i.  e.  Cepheus ;  ignorat,  is  in  doubt. 

5  ToTO,  in  the  pillow,-  eKstiuitstraXia,  sprung  from  the  couch.  Ovid  hera 
applies  to  the  Ethiopians  the  practice  of  reclining  on  sofas  at  table,  which 
existed  among  the  Romans,  and  which  they  probably  borrowed  from  the 
nations  of  the  east.  A.  R.  A.  371.  Stratum  properly  signifies  that  which 
was  laid  on  a  couch,  a  bolster,  mattress,  &c. 

6  Vulgus  ardescit  in  indomitas  iras,  the  company  burst  forth  into  unffo- 
vernable  rage. 


100  PHINEUS  AND  HIS  COMPANIONS.         [BOOK  V. 

Hospitiique  Decs,  ca  se  prohibente  moveri.'  45 

Bellica  Pallas  adest,  et  protegit  segide  fratrcm,* 

Datque  aniiuos.   Erat  Indus  Athis,  quern,  flumine  Gange 

Edita,  Limnate  vitreis  peperisse  sub  antris 

Creditur,  egregius  fonna,  quam  divite  cultu 

Augebat,  bis  adhuc  octonis  integer  annis  ;'  50 

Indutus  chlamydem  Tyriam,  quam  limbus  obibat* 

Aureus  ;  ornabant  aui-ata  monilia  coUum, 

Et  madidos  myrrha  curvum  crinale"  capillos. 

Ille  quidem  jaculo  quamvis  distantia  misso 

Figere"  doctus  erat,  sed  tendere  doctior  arcus.  55 

Turn  quoque  lenta  manu  flectentem"  cornua  Perseus 

Stipite,  qui  media  positus  fumabat  in  ara, 

Perculit,  et  fractis  confudit*  in  ossibus  era. 

Hunc  ubi  laudatos  jactantem  in  sanguine  vultus 

Assyrius  vidit  Ly cabas,  junctissunus  illi  60 

Et  comes  et  veri  non  dissimulator  amoi'is ; 

Postquam  exlialantem  sub  acerbo  vulnere  vitam 

Deploravit  Atliin  ;  quos  ille  tetenderat,  arcus 

Arripit,  et,  Mecum  tibi  sijit  cei-tamina,  dixit ; 

Nee  longum  puei-i  fato  laetabere,  quo  plus  G5 

Invidiae  quam  laudis  habes.     Hsec  omnia  nondum 

Dixerat  :  emicuit  nervo  penetrabile  telum,** 

Vitatumque  tamen  sinuosa  veste'"  pependit. 

Vertit  in  buuc  harpen  spectatam  csede  Medusae 


1  Ea  moveri  se  prohibente,  that  this  disturbance  was  excited,  notwiOt- 
ttandinp  his  altemjits  to  prevent  it. 

2  Fratrem,  i.  e.  Perseus,  who,  as  son  of  Jupiter,  was  tlie  brother  of  Pallas. 

3  Adhuc  integer  bis  octonis  annis,  stiU  in  the  bloom  of  youth,  t>eing  six- 
teen years  old. 

4  Aureus  limbus  obibat,  a  golden  fringe  surrounded.    A.  R-  A.  310. 

5  Cunnun  crinale,  a  crooked  hair-pin.    A.  U.  A.  362. 

6  Figere  quamvis  distantia  misso  jaculo,  to  strike  (Ejects  though  distant 
try  throwing  the  javelin. 

7  Flectentem  lenta  cornua,  while  bending  the  flexible  ends  of  his  boic. 

8  Confudit  ora  in  fractis  ossibus,  obliterated  his  features  by  breaking  the 
bones  of  his  head.  The  preposition  in  should  probably  be  considered  as  re- 
dundant. 

9  Penetrabile  teluti  emicuit  nervo,  the  piercing  arrow  sprung  from  the 
string. 

10  Sinuos^  veste,  in  the  folds  of  his  garments. 


FAB.  1.2         PHIXEUS  AND  HIS  CO.MPANIONS.  101 

Acrisioniades,  adigitque  in  pectus  :  at  ille,  70 

Jam  moriens,  oculis  sub  nocte  natantibus  atra, 
Cii'cunispexit  Athin,  seque  acclinavit  in  ilium, 
Et  tulit  ad  Manes  junctse  solatia  mortis. 
Nee  Piiineus  ausus  concurrere  cominus  liosti, 
Intorquet  jaculum,  quod  detulit  error  in  Idan,  75 

Expertem  fnistra  belli  et  neutra  arma  secutum.' 
Ille  tuens  oculis  immitem.  Phinea  torvis, 
Quandoquidem  in  partes,  ait,  attralior :  accipe,  Phineu, 
Quern  fecisti  hostem,  pensaque  hoc  vulnere  vulnus  ! 
Jamque  remissurus  tractum  de  corpore  telum  80 

Sanguine  defectos  cecidit  collapsus"'  in  artus. 

Hie  quoque  Cepbenum  post  Regem  primus  Odites 
Ense  jacet  Clymeni ;  Protboenora  percutit  Hypseus  ; 
Hypsea  Lyncides.     Fuit  et  graudaevus  in  illis 
Ematbion,  aequi  cultor  timidusque  Deorum  ;  85 

Q,uem  quoniam  probibent  anni  bellare,  loquendo 
Pugnat,  et  incessit'  scelerataque  devovet  arma. 
Huic  Cbromis  amplexo  tremulis  altaria  palmis 
Demetit  ense  caput,*  quod  protiaus  ineidit  arae, 
Atque  ibi  semanimi  verba  exsecrantia  lingua  90 

Edidit,  et  medios  animam  exspiravit  in  ignes. 

Plustamen  exbausto  superest;^  namque  omnibus  unum 
Opprimere  est  animus  :  conjurata  undique  pugnant 
Agmina  pro  causa  meritum  impugnante  fidemque.* 
Hac  pro  parte^  socer  fi-ustra  plus  et  nova  conjux         95 
Cum  genitrice  favent,  ululatuque  atria  complent. 

1  Secutmn  neutra  arma,  who  had  followed  the  arms  of  neither,  had  Joined 
neither  party  in  arms. 

2  Collapsus  cecidit  in  artus  defectos  sanguine,  sinking,  he  fen  upon  htt 
limbs  now  drained  of  blood. 

3  Incessit  devovetque,  inveighs  against  and  execrates. 

4  Demetit  ense  caput  huic  amplexo  altaria,  cuts  off  his  head  with  his  sword 
while  he  embraced  the  altar. 

5  Plus  exhausto  superest,  more  than  had  been  accomplished  stUl  remains. 

6  Impugnante  meritum  fidemque,  which  opposed  merit  and  the  fulfilment 
of  a  promise,  i.  e.  the  services  of  Perseus  in  rescuing  Andromeda,  and  the 
promise  made  to  him  by  Cepheus. 

7  Favent  pro  hac  parte,  for  huic  parti,  favour  Viis  party,  i.  e.  that  of 
Perseus. 

i2 


102  PHINEUS  AND  HIS  COMPANIONS.         [bOOK  V. 

Sed  souus  armonim  superat  gcmitusque  cadentuni, 

Pollutosque  semel  multo  BcUona  penatis 

Sanguine  pcrfundit,  reuovataquc  proelia  miscet. 

Circueunt  ununi  Phineus  ct  niille  sccuti'  IGO 

Phinea  :  tela  volant  hiberua  grondinc  plura^ 

PriEter  utrumque  latus,  prseterque  et  lumen  et  aures. 

Applicat  hie  bumeros  ad  magnse  saxa  columnae, 

Tutaque  terga  gerens  advei*saque  in  agmina  versus, 

Sustinet  instantes.     Instabant  parte  finistra  10.5 

Chaonius  Molpeus,  dextra  Nabataeus  Etlieinon. 

Tigris  ut,  auditis  diversa  valle  diiorum 

ExstimuUita  fame  mugitibus  armentorum, 

Nescit,  utro'^  potius  ruat,  et  mere  ai-det  utroque  : 

Sic  dubius  Perseus,  dextra  laevane  feratur,*  110 

Molpea  trajecti  submovit  vulnere  cruris, 

Contentusque  fuga  est :  neque  enimdat  tempus  Ethemon, 

Sed  furit  et,  cupiens  alto  dare  viilnera  collo, 

Non  circumsp'  ctis  exactum^  vii-ibus  ensem 

Fregit  ;  et  extrema  percussae  pai-te  columnse  115 

Lamina  dissiluit,*'  dominique  in  gutture  fixa  est. 

Non  tamen  ad  letum  causas  satis  ilia  valentes 

Plaga  dedit :  trepidum  Perseus,  et  inerinia  fnistra 

Brachia  tendentem  Cyllenidc  confodit  hai-pe. 

Verum  ubi  virtutem  turbce  succurabere'  vidit;  120 

Auxilium,  Perseus,  quoniam  sic  cogitis  ipsi. 

Dixit,  ab  hoste  petam.     Vultus  avertite  vestros. 

Si  quis  amicus  adest !  et  Goi-gonis  extulit  era. 

Quaere  alium,  tua  quern  moveant  miracula,  dixit 

Thescelus  ;  utque  manu  jaculum  fatale  parabat         125 


1  Secuti  Pliinea,  teJio/oUoieed  Phi  nan  ;  the  attendants  of  Phinau. 

2  Piura  hiberna  grandine,  thicker  Vuin  the  hail  in  winter. 

3  Utr6,  ichich  way  ;  utriique,  both  ujys. 

4  (L'trum)  feratur  dextra  laevaue,  tcheiher  he  shoxtid  charge  on  the  right 
luxnii  or  on  the  l(fL 

5  Exactum  noncircinnspectisviribus,  hurled  icith  inconsiderate  strength. 

6  IMssiluit  extrenii  parte,  teat  shivered  against  the  surface. 

1  Virtiitcm  succumbere  turba»,  that  his  courage  was  giving  xcajf  under  the 
multitude  of  cr.emi;  j. 


FAB.  J.]  PHl.VECS  AND  HIS  COMPAXIOKS.  103 

Mittere,  in  lioc  liicsit  signum  de  marmore  gestu,' 

Proximus  huic  Ampyx  animi  i)leni5sima  inagni 

Pectoia  Lyiicida;  gladio  petit ;  inque  petendo 

Dcxtera  diriguit  nee  citia  mota  nee  nltra. 

At  Nileus,  qui  £C  gcnitum  septemplice  Nilo  130 

Ementitus  erat,  clypeo  quoque  fluniina  septem 

Argento  partim  partim  caslaverat  auro, 

Adspice,  ait,  Perseu,  nostras  primordia  gentis  : 

Magna  feres  tacitas  solatia  mortis  ad  umbras, 

A  tanto  cecidisse  viro.     Pars  ultima  vocis  13S 

In  medio  suppressa  sono"  est ;  adapertaque  velle 

Ora  loqui  credas,  nee  sunt  ea  pervia  verbis. 

Inerepat  hos,  Vitioque  animi,  non  viribus,  inquit 

Gorgoneis  torpetis,  Eryx  ;  incumte  mecum, 

Et  prostcmite  humi  juvenemmagicaarmamoventem;!  141) 

Incursurus  erat ;  tcnuit  vestigia  tellus, 

Immotusque  silcx  armataque  mansit  imago. 

Hi  tamen  ex  merito  poenam  subiere  ;  sed  unus 
Miles  erat  Persei,  pro  quo  dum  pugnat,  Aconteus, 
Gorgone  conspecta  saxo  concrevit  oborto.  146 

Quem  ratus  Astyages  etiamnum  vivere,  longo 
Ense  fcrit :  sonuit  tinnitibus  eusis  acutis.^ 
Dum  stupet  Astyages,  naturam  traxit  eaudem, 
Marmorcoque  manet  vultus  mirantis^  in  ore. 
Nomina  longa  mora  est  media  de  plebe^  viromm       150 
Dicere  :  bis  centum  restabant  corpora  pugnse  ; 
Gorgone  bis  centum  riguenint  corpora  visa. 
Pcenitet  injusti  nunc  denique  Phinea  belli. 
Sed  quid  agat  ?  Simulacra  videt  diversa  figuris, 
Agnoscitque  sues,  et  nomine  quemque  vocatos®  155 

1  na°sit  signum  de  nmrmore  in  hoc  gestu,  he  remained  a  statiteitfrnartU 
in  thit  ■position. 

2  In  medio  sono,  in  the  middle  (if  the  sound,  i.  e.  while  the  words  were  in 
the  act  of  being  pronounced. 

3  Sonuit  acutis  tinnitibus,  rung  with,  a  shrill  tinkling. 

4  Vultus  rairantis,  the  look  of  one  wondering,  a  look  of  surprise. 
6  De  media  plebe,/rCT»  among  the  common  people. 

6  Vocatos  quemque  nomine,  called  each  by  his  name. 


104  PHINEUS  AND  HIS  COMPANIONS.        [bOOK  V. 

Poscit  opem  ;  credensque  parum,  sibi  proxima  tangit 
Corpora :  marmor  erant.  Avertitur,  atque  ita  supplex 
Confessasque  manus  obliquaque  brachia'  tendens 
Vincis,  ait,  Pei-seu  :  remove  fera  monstra,  tuaeque 
Saxificos  vultus,  quaecumque-  ea,  tolle  Medusa,        160 
Tolle,  precor  :  non  nos  odium  regnive  cupido 
Compulit  ad  bellum  :  pro  conjuge  movijnus  arma. 
Causa  fuit  meritis'  melior  tua,  tempore  nostra. 
Non  cessisse  piget.''     Nihil,  0  fortissime,  praeter 
Hanc  animam  concede  mihi  :  tua  cetera  sunto.  166 

Talia  dicenti  neque  eum,  quern  voce  rogabat, 
Respicere  audenti.  Quod,  ait,  timidissime  Phineu, 
Et  possum  tribuisse^  et  magnum  munus  inerti  est,* 
Pone  metum,  tribuam  :  nuUo  violabere  ferro. 
Q,uin  etiam  mansura  dabo  monumenta  per  sevum,     J  70 
Inque  domo  soceri  semper  spectabere  nostri, 
Ut  mea  se  sponsi  soletur  imagine  conjux. 

Dixit,  et  in  partem^  Phorcynida  transtulit  illam, 
Ad  quam  se  trepido  Phineus  obverterat  ore. 
Tum  quoque  conanti  sua  flectere  lumina  cervix         176 
Diriguit,  saxoque  oculorum  induruit  humor. 
Sed  tamen  os  timidum  vultusque  in  marmore  supplex 
Submissaeque  manus  faciesque  obnoxia  mansit. 

Fab.  rV. — Pyreneus  and  the  Muses. 
Hactenus  aurigenae'  comitem  Tritonia  fratri 


1  l^Ianus  confessas  brachiaque  obliqua,  hii  hands  in  acknotcUdgment  <if 
hU  d(feat,  and  his  arms  sideicay* — ^because  he  was  Etandiog  with  his  ia.ce 
turned  away  from  Perseus. 

2  Quaecumque  ea  {sit),  whosoever  she  may  be. 

3  Mentis,  in  point  of  merit ;  tempore,  in  point  of  time. 

4  Piget  {me)  non  cessisse,  it  grieves  me  that  I  did  not  give  way,  I.  e.  did 
not  quietly  allow  Andromeda  to  be  given  to  you  in  marriage. 

5  Tribuisse,  to  grant ;  tribuisse  is  here  used  in  the  sense  of  an  aoritt,  and 
ie  to  be  translated  as  a  present. 

6  Et  (quod)  est  magnum  munus  inerti,  arul  what  is  a  great  boon  to  a 
coward,  i.  e.  lift. 

7  In  illam  partem,  to  that  side. 

8  Aurigens  fratri,  to  her  gML-begotten  broOter,  i.  e.  to  Perseus.  See  i, 
1,46. 


\ 


FAB.  IV. J  PYRENEUS  AND  THE  MUSES.  105 

Se  dedit.     Inde  cava  cii-cumdata  nube  Seriphon 

Deserit,  a  dextra  Cythno  Gyaroqiie  relictis  ; 

Quaque  super  pontiim  via  visa  brevissima,  Thebas 

Vii'giaeumque  Helicona  petit ;  quo  monte  potita'  5 

Constitit,  et  doctas  sic  est  affata  sorores  : 

Fama  novi  fontis  nostras  pervenit  ad  aures. 

Dura  Mcdusaei  quern  praepetis  ungula  rupit. 

Is  milii  causa  viae  :  volui  mii-abile  monstrum 

Cemere  ;  vidi  ipsum  niaterno  sanguine  nasci.*  10 

Excipit  Uranie  :  Quaecumque  est  causa  videndi 

Has  tibi,  Diva,  domos,  animo  gratissima  nostro  est. 

Vera  tamen  fama  est,  et  Pegasus  hujus  origo 

Fontis  ;  et  ad  latices  deducit  Pallada  sacros. 

Quae,  mirata  diu  factas  pedis  ictibus  undas,  1 5 

Silvarum  lucos  circumspicit  antiquarum, 

Antraque  et  innumeris  distinctas  floribus  herbas  ; 

Felicesque^  vocat  pariter  studiique  locique 

Mnemonidas.     Q,uam  sic  affata  est  una  sororum  : 

0,  nisi  te  vii-tas  opera  ad  majora  tulisset,  20 

In  partem  ventura  chori*  Tritonia  nostri, 

Vera  refers,  meritoque  probas  artesque  locvunque  ; 

Et  gratam  sortem,  tutae  modo  simus,  habemus. 

Sed,  vetitum  est*  adeo  sceleri  nihil,  omnia  terrent 

Virgineas  mentes,  dirusque  ante  ora  Pyreneus  2o 

Vertitur,  et  nondum  me  tota  mente  recepi. 

Daulia  Threicio  Phoceaque  mUite  rura 

Ceperat  ille  ferox,  injustaque  regna  tenebat.® 

Templa  petebamus  Parnassia  :  vidit  euntes, 


1  Potit.i  quo  monte,  Mving  reached  Oiis  mountain ,-  doctas  sorores,  the 
teanied  sisters,  i.  e.  the  Muses,  who  arc  called  doctce,  tn  distinguish  them 
from  the  Fates  and  Furies,  who  are  merely  termed  sorores.  A.  R.  A.  227 
and  229.    5ee4,  11,50. 

2  Nasci  raatemo  sanguine,  spring  from  his  mother's  Wood.    See  Pegasus. 

3  Pariter  felices  studiique  locique,  hajipy  alike  in  their  pursuits  and  their 
place  of  abode. 

4  I;j  partem  nostri  chori,  to  form  a  part  of  our  company. 

5  Adeo  nihil  est  vetitum  sceleri,  so  entirely  is  wickedness  uncontrolled  in 
any  thing,-  vertitur  ante  ora,  is  still  b^ore  our  faces. 

6  Tenebat  Injusta  rcgna,  held  the  government  of  it  unjustly,  i.  e.  of  Phocis- 


106  PYRENEUS  AND  THE  MUSES.  £b00K  V. 

Nostraque  fallaci  veneratus  numina  cultu,  30 

Mnemonides,  cognorat  enim,  consistite,  dixit, 

Nee  dubitate,  precor,  tecto  grave  sidus'  et  imbrem, 

Imber  erat,  vitare  meo  :  subiere  niiuores 

Saepe  casas  Superi.     Dictis  et  tempore  motae 

Annuimusque  viro,  primasque  intravimus  sedes.'^         35 

Desierant  imbres,  victoque  Aquilonibus  Austro' 

Fusca  repurgato  fugiebant  nubila  coelo. 

Impetus  ire  fuit  ;*  claudit  sua  tecta  Pyreneus, 

Vimque  parat,  quam  nos  sumptis  effugimus  alia. 

Ipse  secuturo  similis  stetit  arduus  arce  :  40 

Q,uaque  via  est  vobis,  erit  et  mihi,  dixit,  eadem. 

Seque  jacit  vecors  e  summae  culmine  turris,^ 

Et  cadit  in  vultus,  discussique  ossibus  oris 

Tundit  humum  moriens  scelerato  sanguine  tinctam. 

Fab.  V. — The  Pierides  and  the  Muses. 

MusA  loquebatur  f  pennae  sonuere  per  auras, 
Voxque  salutantum  ramis  veniebat  ab  altis. 
Suspicit,  et  linguae  quaerit  tarn  certa  loquentes' 
Unde  sonent,  hominemque  putat  Jove  nata*"  locutum. 
Ales  erat,  numeroque  novem,  sua  fata  querentes,  5 

Institerant  ramis  imitantes  omnia  picae.^ 

1  Grave  sidns,  Vie  bad  tueafhcr,  the  storm.  The  ancients  believed  that 
rtornis  were  occasioned  by  the  rising  and  setting  of  certain  constellations. 

2  Primas  aedes,  the  first  apartment  of  his  house,  i.  e.  the  atrium  or  outer 
court.     A.  R.  A.  451. 

3  Austro  victo  Aquilonibus,  after  the  south  wind  had  been  defeated  by  the 
north  tni/ids.  This  expression  is  founded  upon  the  idea  that  in  a  storm 
the  winds  fought  with  each  other.  The  north  wind  is  here  represented 
as  the  conqueror.    A.  R.  A.  473. 

4  Impetus  fuit  ire,  it  was  our  earnest  desire  to  go;  sumptis  alis,  by  tak- 
ing wings,  i.  e.  by  firing  away. 

5  E  culmine  sumfnae  turris./rojn  the  roof  of  the  highest  turret. 

6  The  change  of  time  in  loquebatur,  sonuere,  and  veniebat,  is  worth  ob- 
•erving.  The  first  expresses  the  continuation  of  the  discourse,  the  second 
the  sudden  appearance  of  the  unexpected  visitants,  and  the  third  the  im- 
mediate emission  of  the  sound. 

7  Loquentes  tam  certa,  which  spoke  so  distinctly. 

8  Nata  Jove,  the  daughter  of  Jupiter-,  i.  e.  Minerva. 

9  Picae  imitantes  omnia,  magpies  which  imitate  every  tort  of  sound  ;  in- 
•titerant,  hadperched  themselves. 


FAB.  v.]        THE  PIERIDE8  AND  THE  MUSES.  107 

Miranti  sic  orsa  Deae^  Dea  :  Nuper  et  istae 

Auxerunt  volucrem  victce  certamine  tuibam. 

Pieros  has  genuit  Pellseis  dives  in  arvis  ; 

Paeonis  Euippe  mater  fait :  ilia  potentem  10 

Lucinam  novies,  novies  paritura,  vocavit. 

Intumiiit'^  numero  stolidarum  turba  soroinim, 

Perque  tot  Hcemonias  et  per  tot  Aclia'idas  urbes 

Hue  venit,  et  tali  committunt  proelia  voce  : 

Desinite  indoctum  vana  dulcedine  viilgvts  15 

Fallere  ;  nobiscum,  si  qua  est  fiducia^  vobis, 

Thespiades  certate  Deas :  nee  voce  nee  arte 

Vincemur,  totidemque  sumus.     Vel  cedite  victse 

Fonte  Medusaeo  et  Hyantea  Aganippe  ; 

Vel  nos  Emathiis  ad  JPaeonas  usque  nivosos  20 

Cedamus  campis  :  dirimant'  certamine  Nymphse. 

Turpe  quidem  contendere  erat ;  sed  cedere  visum 

Turpius  :  electae  jurant  per  flumina  Nympbse, 

Factaque  de  vivo'^  pressere  sedilia  saxo. 

Tunc,  sine  sorte  prior  quae  se  certare  professa  est,^       25 

Bella  canit  Superum  ;  falsoque  in  honore  Gigantas 

Ponit,  et  extenuat  magnorum  facta  Deorum, 

Emissumque  ima  de  sede  Typhoea  terrae 

Coelitibus  fecisse  metum  ;  cunctosque  dedisse 

Terga  fugae,  donee  fessos  ^Egyptia  tellus  30 

Ceperit  et  septem  discretus  in  ostia  Nilus. 

Hue  quoque  terrigenam  venisse  Typhoea  narrat, 

Et  se  mentitis  Superos  celasse  figuris  -^ 

1  Deae,  i.  e.  Minerva  /  Dea,  i.  e.  the  muse  Urania;  certamine,  in  a  con- 
test with  us,  i.  e.  with  the  Muses.    A.  R.  A.  227. 

2  lutumuit  numero,  bccavte  proud  of  their  nximher ;  tot,  a  great  nump 
(used  absolutely) ;  committunt  prcelia,  challenpe  us  to  a  contest. 

3  Si  qua  fiducia  est  vobis,  i/i/oa  have  any  conjidaxce  in  your  skill  in  music. 

4  Dirimant,  decide  the  contest ;  turpe,  disgracrful  (for  the  muses) ;  cedere, 
to  decline  the  coiiiest. 

5  De  vivo  saxo,  of  natural  stone,  of  stone  in  its  natural  state. 

6  Qua;  prior  sine  sorte  professa  est  se  certare,  she  viho  first,  mlhout  Oie 
easting  of  lots,  offered  to  contend  with  us;  gave  her  name  that  she  would  strive 
with  us,  certare  being  used  for  certaturam  esse.  It  was  usual  to  decide  by 
lot  (sorte)  whicli  party  should  begin  the  contest ;  here  one  of  the  Pierides 
presents  herself  without  this  ceremony.    A.  11.  A.  243. 

7  Celasse  se  mentitis  figuris,  concealed  themselves  tinder  false  shape*. 


108  THE  PIERIDES  AND  THE  Ml'SES.        [BOOK  V. 

Duxque  gregis,'  dixit,  fit  Jupit.r  ;  unde  rccurvis 
Nunc  quoqueformatusLibvs  estcumcornibus  Ammon.  35 
Delius  in  corvo,  proles  Semelei'a  capro, 
Fele  sorer  Phoebi,  nivea  Satumia  vacca, 
Pisce  Venus  latuit,  Cyllenius  ibidis  alis. 

Hactenus  ad  citharam  vocalia  moverat  era  : 
Poseimur  Aonides  :  sed  forsitan  otia  non  sunt,  40 

Nee  nostris  praebcre  vacat  tibi  cantibus  aures.^ 
Ne  dubita,  vostrumque  mihi  refer  ordine  carmen, 
Pallas  ait,  nemorisque  levi  consedit  in  umbra. 
Musa  refert :  dedimus  sunimam  certaminis  uni/^ 
Surgit,  et  immissos  hedera  collecta*  capillos  45 

Calliope  querulas  praetentat  pollice  chordas, 
Atque  haec  percussis  subjungit  carmina  nervis. 

Fab.  VI. — The  Rape  of  Proserpine. 

Prima  Ceres  unco  glebam  dimovit'  aratro  ; 
Prima  dedit  fruges  alimentaque  mitia  terris  ; 
Prima  dedit  leges  ;  Cereris  sumus''  omnia  munus. 
Ula  canenda  mihi  est.     Utinam  modo  dicere  possem 
Carmina  digna'  Dcae  !  certe  Dea  carmine  digna  est.       5 
Vasta  giganteis  injecta  est  insula  membris 
Trinacris,  et  magnis  subjectum  molibus  urget 
^therias  ausum^  sperare  T}"pboea  sedes. 
Nititur  ille  quidem  pugnatque  resurgere  saepe  ; 
Dextra  sed  Ausonio  manus  est  subjecta  Peloro  ;  10 

1  Dili  gr^is,  the  leader  of  a  flock,  \.  e.  a  he-goat. 

2  Nee  vacat  tibi  prsebere  aurcs  nostris  caotibus,  nor  fiave  you  time  to 
lend  an  ear  to  our  tongs. 

3  Dedimus  summam  certaminis  uni,  rce  astifmed  thi  whoU  of  the  conlett, 
the  ichole  contest  to  one  of  our  number,  i.  e.  to  Calliope.    See  5,  5,  25. 

4  Collecta  {secundum]  immh^s  cafMosheden,  having  her  longhair  tied 
up  icith  a  sprig  of  ivy.    A.  I?.  A.  362. 

5  Dimovit  glebam,  turned  up  the  clods,  the  soil.    A.  K.  A.  463. 

6  Nos  omnia  sumus  munus  Cereris,  tre  and  all  that  we  possess  are  tht 
gift  of  Ceres.     A.  U.  A.  223. 

7  Digna  is  here  joined  with  the  genitire  instead  of  the  more  common 
construction  with  the  ablative. 

8  Ausum  sperare  sidercas  sedes,  who  dared  to  hope  to  get  possession  (tfOvt 
ttarry  mansions. 


FAB.  VI.]  THE  RAPE  OF  PROSERPINE.  109 

Laeva,  Pachyne,  tibi ;  Lilyboeo  ciTira  premimtur  ; 
Degravat  jEtna  caput ;  sub  qua  resupinus  arenas 
Ejectat,  flammamque  fero  vomit  ore  Typhoeus. 
Ssepe  remoliri^  luctatur  pondera  teiTse, 
Oppidaque  et  niagnos  evolvere  corpora  moiitcs.  16 

Inde  tremit  tellus,  et  rex^  pavet  ipse  Silentum, 
Ne  pateat  latoque  solum  retegatur^  liiatu, 
Immissusque  dies  trepidantes  terreat  umbras. 
Hanc  metuens  cladera  tenebrosa  sede  tyrannus 
Exierat ;  cuiTuqiie  atrorum  vectus  equoiiim  20 

Ambibat  Siculse  cautus  fundamina  teri'se. 
Postquam  exploratum  satis  est,  loca  nulla  labare/ 
Depositique  metus  ;  videt  hunc  Erycina  vagantem 
jS'Ionte  suo  residens,  natumque  amplexa  volucrem, 
Anna  manusque  mese,  mea,  nate,  potentia,  dixit,         25 
Ilia,  quibus  superas  omnes,  cape  tela,  Cupido, 
Inque  Dei  pectus  celeres  molire^  sagittas, 
Cui  triplicis  cessit  fortuna  novissima  regni.^ 
Tu  Superos  ipsumque  Jovem,  tu  numina  ponti 
Victa  domas  ipsumque,  regit  qui  numina  ponti.  30 

Tartara  quid  cessant  V  cur  non  matrisque  tuumque 
Imperium  profers  ?  Agitur^  pars  tertia  mundi. 
Et  tamen  in  coelo,  quae  jam  patientia^  nostra  est, 
Spernimur,  ac  riiecum  vires  tenuantur  Amoris. 
Pallada  nonne  vides  jaculatricemque  Dianam  35 


1  Remoliri  pondera  terras,  to  remove  from  him  Vie  load  ofearlh. 

2  Rex  Silentum,  tte  king  of  the  silent  shades,  i.  e.  Pluto.    A.  R.  A.  2iJ9. 

3  Solumque  retegatur  lato  hiatu,  and  the  ground  be  parted  by  a  wide 
chasm  or  opening. 

4  Nulla  loca  labare,  that  no  places  were  giving  ivay. 

5  Molire  celeres  sagittas  in  pectus  Dei,  discharge  your  swift  arrows 
against  the  bt-east  of  the  god,  i.  e.  Pluto. 

6  Cui  novissima  fortuna  triplicis  regni  cessit,  to  ivhom  the  last  portion  of 
the  triple  kingdom  fell,  i.  e.  of  the  kingdom  when  divided  into  three  parts — in 
allusion  to  the  division  of  Saturn's  kingdom,  which  took  place  after  the  ex- 
pulsion of  that  god  from  heaven.    See  Satvu-nus. 

7  {Propter}  quid  Tartara  cessant,  ifA^/  is  Tartarus  neglected?  i.e.  why 
is  Tartarus  notalso  subdued  and  added  to  my  kingdom  ?  See  Tartarus. 

8  Agitur,  is  at  stake,  is  in  danger  of  being  lost. 

9  Quse  jam  est  nostra  patientia,  hoie  great  is  noio  my  remissness,  or 
patience. 


110  THE  RAPE  OP  PROSERPINE.  [BOOK  T. 

Abscessisse'  mihi  ?  Cereris  quoque  filia  virgo, 

Si  patiemur,  crit :  nam  spes  afFcctat  easdem. 

At  tu,  pro  socio  si  qua  est  mea  gratia"''  regno, 

Junge'  Deam  patruo.     Dixit  Venus  ;  ille  pharetram 

Solvit,  et  arbitrio  matris  de  mUle  sagittis  40 

Unam  seposuit,  sed  qua  nee  acutior  ulla, 

Nee  minus  ineerta  est,  nee  quae  niagis  audiat*  arcum  ; 

Oppositoque  genu'  curvavit  flexile  cornu, 

In  que  cor  hamata  percussit  arundino  Ditem. 

Haud  procul  HennEeis  lacus  est  a  moenibus  altse,     45 
Nomine  Fergus,  aquce  :  non  illo  plura  Caystros 
Carmina  cygnoi-um  labentibus  audit  in  undis. 
Silva  coronat  aquas,  cingens  latus  omne,  suisque 
Frondibus,  ut  velo,''  Phoebeos  submovet  ignes. 
Frigora  dant  rami,  varies  humus  humida  flores  ;  50 

Perpetuum  ver  est.     Q,uo  dum  Proserpina  luco 
Ludit,  et  aut  violas  aut  Candida  lilia  carpit,  M 

Dumque  puellari  studio  calathosque'  sinumque  V 

Implet,  et  sequales  certat  superare  legendo  ; 
Psene  simul  visa  est  dilectaque  raptaque  Diti :  66 

Usque  adeo  properatur  amor.*     Dea  territa  ma?sto 
Et  matrem  et  comites,  sed  matrem  ssepius,  ore 
Clamat ;  et,  ut  sixmma  vcstem  laniarat  ab  era,' 
Collecti  flores  tunicis  cecidere  remissis  ; 
Tantaque  simplicit^s  puerilibus  adfuit  annis,  60 

1  Abseessisse  mihi,  have  eluded  me,  i.  e.  have  been  allowed  to  make  vows 
of  perpetual  celibacy.    See  I,  10,  36. 

2  Si  mea  gratia  est  qua,  if  my  influence  with  pott  is  anp  thing — a  form  of 
expression  frequently  employed  in  entreaties.     See  4,  11,  121. 

3  Junge  Deam  patruo,  unite  the  goddess  to  her  uncle,  i.  e.  Proserpine  to 
Pluto.     A.  R.  A.  229. 

4  Nec  quae  magis  audiat  arcum,  nor  which  would  be  more  obedient  to  the 
t>ou\  i.  e.  would  be  more  easily  put  in  motion,  or  fly  more  rapidly. 

5  Genuque  opposito,  and  setting  out  his  knee — assuming  the  posture  of 
an  archer  when  bending  his  bow. 

6  Ut  velo,  as  with  an  awning, — a  form  of  expression  borrowed  from  the 
amphitheatres,  where  an  awTiir.i;  was  spread  to  protect  the  spectators  from 
rain  and  from  the  rays  of  the  sun.    A.  R.  A.  285. 

7  Calathos.  See  4,"  1,10.  Superare  aequales  legendo,  to  excel  her  coevals 
in  gathering  flowers. 

8  Aded  lisque  amor  properatur,  to  suck  a  degree  is  his  love  accelerated, 
a  See  3,  6,  79. 


FAB.  VI.]  TUB  RAPE  OP  PROSERPINE.  Ill' 

Usee  quo^ue  virgineum  movit  jactura  dolorem. 
Raptor  agit  currus,  et  nomine  quemque  vocatos' 
Exhortatur  equos,  quorum  per  colla  jubasque 
Excutit  obscura  tinctas  ferrugine"''  habenas  ; 
Perque  lacus  altos  et  olentia  sulfure  fertur  65 

Stagna  Palicorum,  nipta  ferventia  terra  ; 
Et  qua  Bacchiadse,  bimari  gens  orta  Corintho, 
Inter  insequales^  posuerunt  mcenia  portus. 
Est  medium  Cyanes  et  Pisaeae  Arethusae, 
Quod  coit  angustis  inclusum  cornibus,  asquor.  70 

Hie  fuit,  a  cujus  stagnum  quoque  nomine  dictum  est, 
Inter  Sicelidas  Cyane  celeberrima  Nymphas  ; 
Gurgite  quce  medio  summa  tenus  exstitit  alvo/ 
Agnovitque  Deam  :  Nee  longius  ibitis,  inquit ; 
Non  potes  invitoe  Cereris  gener  esse  :  roganda,  75 

Non  rapienda  fuit.*     Quod  si  componere  magnis 
Parva  mihl  fas  est,  et  me  dilexit  Anapis ; 
Exorata  tamen,  nee,  ut  liaec,  exterrita  nupsi.^ 
Dixit,  et  in  partes  diversas  brachia  tendens 
Obstitit.     Hand  ultra  tenuit  Satumius  ii-am  ;  80 

Terribilesque  hortatus  equos,  in  gurgitis  ima' 
Contortum  valido  sceptrum  regale  lacerto 
Condidit :  ieta  viam  tellus  in  Tartara  fecit, 
Et  pronos  currus  medio  cratere*  recepit. 
At  Cyane,  raptamque  Deam  contemptaque  fontis        85 


1  Sees,  1,  155.  The  names  of  Pluto's  horses,  according  to  Claudian, 
were,  Orphnceus,  MOion,  Nycteus,  and  Alastor. 

2  Tinctas  obscura  ferrugine,  dyed  with  a  dark  rusty  colour, 

3  Inter  inaiquales  portus,  between  two  harbours  of  unequal  size,  i.  e.  Sy- 
racuse.   See  Syracusas. 

4  Summa  tenus  alvo,  as  far  as  the  upper  part  of  the  belly. 

6  Fuit  roganda  non  rapienda,  she  ought  to  have  been  asked  (from  her 
mother) ,  not  seized  by  violence. 

6  Nupsi  tamen  (ej)  exorata  nee  (for  et  non)  exterrita  ut  haec,  I  married! 
Mm,  however,  in  consequence  of  being  courted,  and  not  from  being  fright- 
ened into  it,  as  she  is. 

7  In  ima  (parte)  gurgitis,  in  the  bottom  of  the  pool. 

8  Medio  cratere,  in  the  centre  of  the  opening.  Crater  most  commonly 
signifies  a,  bowl,  in  which  the  ancients  mixed  their  wine  with  water,  and 
from  which  they  poured  it  into  smaller  vessels,  as  we  do  into  glksses. 
A.  R.  A.  394. 


1 12  THE  KAPE  OF  PROSERPINE.  [bOOK  V. 

Jura'  sui  moerens,  inconsolabile  Tulnus 

Mente  gerit  tacita,  lacrimisque  absumitur  omnis  ; 

Et,  quarum  fuerat  magnum  modo  numen,  in  illas 

Extenuatur  aquas.'*     Molliri  membra  vitleres, 

Ossa  pati  flexus,  ungues  posuisse  rigorem  ;  90 

Primaque  de  tota  tenuissima  quaeque^  liquescunt, 

Carulei  crines  digitique  et  crura  pedesque  : 

Nam  brevis  in  gelidas  membris  exilibus'  undas 

Transitus  est.    Post  bsec  tergumque  humerique  latusque 

Pectoraque  in  tenues  abeunt  evanida  rivos  ;  95 

Denique  pro  vivo  vitiatas  sanguine  venas 

LjTnpha  subit ;  restatque  nihil,  quod  prendere  possia. 

Fab.  Xll.—Stelks. 

Ikterea  pavidae  nequicquam  filia"'  matri 

Omnibus  est  terris,  omni  quaesita  profundo. 

Ulam  non  rutUis  veniens  Aurora  capillis 

Cessantem  vidit,  non  Hesperus  ;  ilia  duabus 

FlammLfera  pinus  manibus  succendit  ab  iEtna,  5 

Perque  pruinosas  tulit  iiTequieta^  tenebras. 

Rursus,  ut  alma  dies  hebetarat  sidera,  natam 

Solis  ad  occasum  soils  quserebat  ab  ortu. 

Fessa  labore  sitim  collegerat,  oraque  nulli 

CoUuerant  fontes  ;'  quum  tectam  stramine  vidit         10 

Forte  casani,  parvasque  fores  pulsavit :  at  inde 

Prodit  anus,  Divamque  videt,  lympliamque  roganti 

Dulce  dedit,  tost  a  quod  coxerat  ante  polenta.* 

1  Jura,  rights,  or  privileges  ;  because  Pluto,  without  her  consent,  forced 
his  way  through  her  waters  to  the  infernal  regions. 

2  Estenuatur  in  illas  aquas,  if  melted  away  into  those  maters. 

3  Quaeque  tenuissima,  a>l  the  most  slender  parts. 

4  Brevis  transitus  est  exilibus  membris,  the  transition  of  these  slender 
patis  is  short. 

5  Filia,  i.  e.  Proserpine  ;  Matre,  i.  c.  Cera.    A.  R.  A.  223. 

6  Irrequieta  tulit,  restlessly  carried  them. 

7  NulU  fontes  coUuerant  era,  no  fountains  had  moistened  her  lips. 

8  Dedit  dulce  quod  ante  coxerat  tosta  polenta,  gave  her  a  sxce-t  drink 
tchich  she  had  previously  extracted  from  dried  rwUt.  The  drink  her» 
alluded  to  is  called  by  Cicero  cinnus,  and  is  said  to  have  consisted  of  water 
mixed  with  polenta,  honey,  wine,  flowers,  and  cheese. 


FAB.  VII.]  STELLES.  113 

Dum  bibit  ilia  datum,  diiri  puer  oris  et  audax 
Constitit  ante  Deam,  risitque  avidamque  vocavit.        16 
OfFensa  est,  neque  adhuc  epota  parte  loquentem 
Cum  liquido  mixta  perfudit  Diva  polenta. 
Combibit  os  maculas,'  et,  qua  modo  brachia  gessit. 
Crura  gerit ;  cauda  est  mutatis  addita  membris  ; 
Inque  brevem  formam,  ne  sit  vis  magna  nocendi,         20 
Contrahitur,  parvaque  minor  mensura  lacerta  est, 
Mirantem  flentemque  et  tangere  monstra  parantem 
Fugit  anum,  latebramque  petit ;  aptumque  colori 
Nomen  habet,  variis  stellatus  corpora  guttis." 

Fab.  VIII. — Ascalaphus. 

Q,UAs  Dea  per  terras  et  quas  erraverit  undas, 

Dicere  longa  mora  est :  quserenti  defuit  orbis.' 

Sicaniam  repetit ;  dumque  omnia  lustrat  eundo, 

Venit  et  ad  Cyanen.     Ea,  ni  mutata  fuisset, 

Omnia  narrasset ;  sed  et  os  et  lingua  volenti  5 

Dicere  non  aderant,  nee,  quo  loqueretur,  habebat.* 

Signa  tanien  manifesta  dedit,  notamque  parenti 

Illo  forte  loco  delapsam'  in  gurgite  sacro, 

Persephones  zonam  summis  ostendit  in  undis. 

Quam  simul  agnovit,  tanquam  tum  denique  raptam    10 

Scisset,^  inornatos  laniavit  Diva  capillos, 

Et  repetita  suis  percussit'^  pectora  palmis. 

Nee  scit  adhuc  ubi  sit ;  terras  tamen  increpat  omnes, 

Ingratasque  vocat  nee  frugum  munere  dignas, 

1  Os  combibit  maculas,  his  face  imbibed  the  drops. 

2  Stellatus  (secwidum)  corpora  variis  guttis,  having  his  body  speckled 
with  various  spots — hence  called  stellio,  a  kind  of  lizard  with  shining  spots 
on  its  back  which  resemble  stars ;  a  newt  or  evet. 

3  Orbis  defuit  {illi)  quaerenti,  the  tvorld  was  exhausted  by  her  in  her 
search,  i.  e.  she  had  searched  every  part  of  the  world. 

4  Nee  habebat,  quo  loqueretur,  nor  had  she  any  other  organ  therewith 
the  could  speak. 

5  Forte  delapsam  illo  loco,  which  had  happened  to  drop  from  her  in  that 
place. 

6  Tanquam  tum  denique  scisset  (earn)  raptam  (esse),  as  if  she  had  then 
only  discovered  that  her  daughter  had  been  carried  off. 

7  Repetita  percussit,  repeatedly  struck.    See  4,  14,  72. 


114  ASCALAPHUS.  [bo'ok  V. 

Trinacriam  ante  alias,  in  qua  vestigia  damni  15 

Reperit.     Ergo  illic  sseva  vertentia  glebas 

Fregit  aratra  manu,  parilique  irata  colonos 

Ruricolasque  bovcs  leto  dedit,^  arvaque  jussit 

Fallere  depositum,'  vitiataque  semina  fecit. 

Fertilitas  terras,  latum  vulgata  per  orbem,  20 

Cassa  jacet  ;*  prtniis  segetes  moriuntur  in  herbis  ;'^ 

Et  modo  sol  nimius,  nimius  modo  corripit  imber ;  j 

Sideraque  ventique  nocent ;  avidaeque  volucres  m 

Semina  jacta  legunt ;  lolium  tribulique  fatigant^ 

Triticeas  messes  et  inexpugnabile  gramen.  25 

Turn  caput  Eleis  Alpheias  extulit  undis, 
Rorantesque  comas  a  fronte  removit  ad  aures, 
Atque  ait  :  O  toto  quaesitae  virginis  orbe 
Et  frugum  genitrix,  immensos  siste  labores, 
Neve  tibi  fidae  violenta  irascere  terrae.'  30 

Terra  nihil  meruit,  patuitque  invita  rapinse.* 
Nee  sum  pro  patria  supplex :  hue  hospita  veni ; 
Pisa  mihi  patria  est,  et  ab  Elide  ducimus  ortum. 
Sicaniam  pcregrina  colo  ;  sed  gratior  omni 
Haec  mUii  terra  solo  est :  hos  nunc  Arethusa  penates,'  35 
Hanc  habeo  sedem  ;  quam  tu,  mitissima,  serva.^'' 
Mota  loco  cur  sim,^'  tantique  per  aequoris  undas 
Advehar  Ortygiam,  veniet  narratibus  hora 
Tempestiva  meis,  quum  tu  curisque  levata 
Et  vultus  melioris  eris.     I\Iihi  pervia  tellus  40 

1  Vestigia  damni,  (he  tokens  of  her  loss,  i.  e.  Proserpine's  girdle. 

2  Irataque  dedit  parili  leto,  in  her  anger  doomed  to  the  same  death. 

3  Fallere  depositum,  to  disappoint  the  expectation  qf  a  return  o/  what 
teas  deposited  in  them. 

4  Jacet  cassa,  lies  useless,  is  entirely  destroyed. 

5  In  priraia  herbis,  in  the  first  blade. 

6  Fatigant  triticeas  messes,  choke  the  crops  of  wheat,  i.e.  render  It  difficult 
for  the  wheat  to  grow  ;  gramen,  weeds. 

7  Neve  violenta  ir.iscerc  terrx,  and  be  not  rashly  angry  with  a  land. 

8  Patuitque  invita  rapina;,  and  opened  against  its  will  to  the  carrying 
i^ofyiAir  daughter. 

9  Arethusa  nunc  habeo  hos  penates,  /  Arethusa  now  have  this  as  iny 
abode.    A.  R.  A.  230. 

10  Quam  tu,  mitissima,  serva,  which  do  you  most  graciously  preserve. 

11  Cur  mota  sim  loco,  uhy  I  have  been  removedfrom  my  native  country. 


FAB.  VIII.J  ASCALAPHUS.  J 16 

Praebet  iter,  subterque  imas  ablata  cavernas ' 

Hie  caput  attollo,  desuetaque  sidera  cerno. 

Ergo,  dum  Stygio  sub  terris  gurgite  labor, 

Visa  tua  est  oculis  illic  Proserpina  nostris. 

Ilia  quidem  tristis  nee  adliuc  interrita  vultu  ;*  45 

Sed  regina  tamen,  sed  opaei  maxima  niundi,^ 

Sed  tamen  infemi  pollens  matrona  tyranni. 

Mater  ad  auditas  stupuit,  ceii  saxea,  voces, 
Attonitseque  diu  similis  fuit :  utque  dolore 
Pulsa  gravi  gravis  est  amentia  ;*  curribus  auras  60 

Exit  in  aetlierias.     Ibi  toto  nubUa  vultu^ 
Ante  Jovem  passis  stetit  invidiosa'^  capUlis  :     . 
Proque  meo  supplex  veni  tibi,  Jupiter,  inquit. 
Sanguine,  proque  tuo.     Si  nulla  est  gratia  matris, 
Nata  patrem  moveat ;  neu  sit  tibi  cura,^  precamur,     55 
Vilior  illius,  quod  nostro  est  edita,  partu. 
En  quaesita  diu  tandem  mihi  nata  reperta  c  st ; 
Si  reperire  vocas  amittere  certius  ;  aut  si 
Scire  ubi  sit,  reperii-e  vocas.     Quod  rapta,  feremus  ;' 
Dummodo  reddat  cam  ;  neque  enim  praedone  marito  60 
Filia  digna  tua  est,  si  jam  mea  filia  digna  est. 
Jupiter  excepit :  Commune  est  pignus  onusque 
Nata  mihi  tecum  f  sed,  si  modo  nomina  rebus 
Addere  vera  placet,  non  hoc  injuria  factum, 
Verum  amor  est ;  neque  erit  nobis  gener  ille  pudori :  65 
Tu  modo.  Diva,  velis.     Ut  desint  cetera :  quantum  est 

1  Ablataque  subter  imas  cavernas,  and  proceeding  along  the  low  caverns. 

2  Interrita  vultu,  without  fear  in  her  looks. 

3  Maxima  opaci  mundi,  the  greatest  woman  in  the  world  of  darkness,  i.  e. 
the  queen  of  the  infernal  regions. 

4  Utque  gravis  amentia  pulsa  est  gravi  dolore,  and  when  her  violent 
phrenzy  was  removed  by  intense  grief. 

5  Nubila  toto  vultu,  with  a  gloom  over  her  whole  countenance. 

6  Invidiosa,^Kerf  with  indignation— aX  Jupiter  for  not  exercising  greater 
vigilance  in  the  government  of  the  world,  and  at  Pluto  for  carrying  off  her 
daughter. 

7  Neu  cura  illius  sit  vilior  tibi,  nor  let  your  regard  for  her  be  the  less. 

8  Feremus  qufcd  rapta  est,  /  wiU  bear  teith  it  that  she  was  carried  off  by 
force. 

9  Nata  est  commune  pignus  onusque  mihi  tecum,  your  daughter  it  a 
common  pledge,  and  a  common  charge  to  you  and  to  me. 


116  ASCALAPHUS.  [bOOK  V. 

Esse  Jo  vis  fratiem  !'  quid,  quod"^  nee  cetera  desunt, 

Nee  cedit  nisi  sorte'  mihi !  sed  tanta  cupido 

Si  tibi  discidii  est ;  vepetet  Proserpina  coelum  : 

Lege  tamen  certa,  si  nullos  eontigit  illic  70 

Ore  cibos :  nam  sic  Parcainim  fcedere  cautum  est.* 

Dixerat :  at  Cereri  certum  est*  educere  natara. 

Non  ita  fata  sinunt ;  quoniam  jejunia  virgo 

Solverat®  et,  cultis  dum  simplex  errat  in  hortis, 

Puniceum'  curva  decerpserat  aibore  pomum,  75 

Sumptaque  pallenti  septem  de  cortice  grana 

Presserat  ore  suo.    Solusque  ex  omnibus  illud 

Viderat  Ascalaphus,  quern  quondam  dicitur  Orphne, 

Inter  Avemales  liaud  ignotissima  Xymplias, 

Ex  Acheronte  suo  furvis  peperisse  sub  antris.  80 

Vidit ;  et  inclicio  reditum  cmdelis  ademit.* 

Ingemuit  regina  Erebi,  testemque  profanam 

Fecit  avem,^  sparsumque  caput  Phlegethontide  lympha 

In  rostrum  et  plumas  et  grandia  lumina  vertit. 

Ule  sibi  ablatus'"  fulvis  amicitur  ab  alis,  85 


1  Ut  cetera  desint,  quantum  est  esse  fratrem  Jovis,  though  other  qualifi- 
cations be  wanting,  how  great  a  matter  is  it  to  be  tlie  brother  o/ Jupiter/ 

2  The  phrase  quid,  quo<I,  which  can  be  used  only  when  a  verb  follows, 
is  elliptical,  and  is  to  be  completed  thus : — Quid  de  eo  dicam  quod.  It  im- 
plies that  what  follows  is  more  surprising  and  decisive  than  what  precedes, 
and  may  generally  be  translated  nay  or  nai/  even. 

3  Isec  cedit  mihi  nisi  sorte,  nor  does  he  yield  to  me  but  in  fortune. 
See  5,  6,  28. 

4  Sic  cautum  est  fcedere  Parcarum,  thus  it  has  been  provided  by  the  de- 
cree of  the  Fates.  A.  R.  A.  229.  The  law  of  the  Fates  was,  that  nobody 
should  leave  the  infernal  regions  who  had  tasted  any  thing  there. 

5  At  certum  est  Cereri,  but  Ceres  is  resolved. 

6  Solverat  jejunia,  had  broken  herfast^ 

7  Puniceum  pomum,  a  crimson  apple,  a  pomegranate ;  cortice,  ri)id  ,- 
grana,  seeds.  The  pomegranate  is  a  fruit  of  a  reddish  colour,  as  large  as  an 
orange,  having  a  hard  hnd  filled  with  a  soft  pulp  and  numerous  seeds.  The 
gardens  in  the  infernal  regions  are  described  by  Homer  as  containing  pears, 
apples,  figs,  olives,  and  pomegranates. 

8  Crudelis  ademit  reditum  indicio,  crueUy  prevented  her  return  by 
divulging  it. 

9  Profanam  avem,  an  unclean  or  ill-boding  bird,  i.  e.  an  owl.  The 
epithet  profanam  refers  to  the  circumstance  of  the  owl  being  considered 
one  of  the  unlucky  birds,  one  whose  presence  in  taking  the  auspices  fore- 
boded something  disastrous.    See  89,  A.  R.  A.  241. 

10  Ablatus  sibi,  being  deprived  of  his  natural  form. 


FAB.  Vlll.]  ASCALAPHUS.  117 

Inque  caput  crescit'  longosque  reflectitur  ungues, 
Vixque  raovet  natas  per  inertia  brachia  pennas  ; 
Foedaque  fit  volucris,  venturi  nuntia  luctus, 
Ignavus  bubo,  dirum  mortalibus  omen. 

Fab.  IX.— The  Sirens. 
Hic^  tamen  indicio  poenam  linguaque  videri 
Commeruisse  potest ;  vobis,  Aclieloides,  unde 
Pluma  pedesque  avium,  quum  virginis  ora  geratis  ! 
An  quia,  qiium  legeret  veruos  Proserpina  flores, 
In  comitum  numero  niixtas,  Sirenes,  eratis  ?  5 

Q,uam  postquam  toto  frustra  qusesistis  in  orbe  ; 
Protinus  ut  vestram  sentirent  aequora  curam, 
Posse  super  fiuctus  alarum  insistere'  remis 
Optastis,  facilesque  Deos  kabuistis,  at  artus 
Vidistis  vestros  subitis  flavescere  pennis.  10 

Ne  tameii  ille  canor,*  mulcendas  natus  ad  aures, 
Tantaque  dos  oris  linguse  deperderet  usum  ; 
Virginei  vultus  et  vox  humana  remansit. 

At  medius  fratrisqiie  sui  moestaeque  sororis^ 
Jupiter  ex  sequo  volventem  dividit  annum.  15 

Nunc  Dea,  regnorum  numen  commune  duorum, 
Cum  matre  est  totidem,  totidem  cum  conjuge  menses. 
Vertitur  extemplo  facies  et  mentis  et  oris  :® 
Nam,  modo  quae  poterat  Diti  quoque  moesta  videri, 
Laeta  Deae  frons  est :  ut  sol,  qui  tectus  aquosis  20 

Nubibus  ante  fuit,  victis  ubi  nubibus  exit/ 

1  Cre;citque  in  caput,  and  he  groivs  to  the  head,  i.  e.  his  head  becomes 
disproportionately  large,  and  his  nails  are  bent  into  long  claws. 

2  Hie,  i.  e.  Ascalaphus. 

3  Insistere  remis  alarum,  to  ply  your  ivings  as  oars. 

4  Ille  canor,  tJiat  musical  faculty ;  tanta  dos  oris,  so  fine  a  talent  for 
singing. 

5  Medius  suique  fratris  moestaeque  sororis,  mediating  between  his  broOier 
and  his  disconsolate  sistej: 

6  Facies  et  mentis  et  oris,  the  state  of  her  mind  and  the  appearance  of  her 
face.  The  ancients  believed  that  Proserpine  remained  beneath  the  earth 
with  her  husband  during  the  winter  months,  and  in  heaven  with  her  mo- 
ther from  seed-time  during  the  growth  and  successive  stages  of  the  crops. 

7  Ubi  exit  nubibus  victis,  when  he  shines  forth  after  the  clouds  are 
dispersed. 


110  THE  PIERIDES.  [bOOK  VU. 

Fab.  XU.—T/ie  Pierides. 

FiNiERAT  dictos  e  nobis  maxima'  cantus. 
At  Nymphfe  vicisse  Deas  Helicona  colentes 
Concordi  dixere  sono."''     Convicia  victse^ 
Q,uum  jacerent ;  Quoniara,  dixit,  certamine  vobis 
Supplicium  meruisse  parum  est,  maledictaque  culpffi     o 
Additis,  et  non  est  patientia  libera  nobis  ;* 
Ibimus  in  pcenas,  et,  quo  vocat  ira,  sequcmur. 
Rident  Emathides  spemuntqiie  minacia  verba  ; 
Conatseque  loqui  et  magno  clamore  protcrvas 
Intentare  manus,  pennas  exire  per  ungues  10 

Adspexere  suos,  operiri  brachia  plumis  ; 
Alteraque  alterius  rigido  concrescere  rostro' 
Ora  videt,  volucresque  novas  accedere  silvis. 
Dumque  volunt  plangi,°  per  bracliia  mota  levatae 
Aere  pendebant,  nemorum  convicia,  picae,  16 

Nunc  quoque  in  alitibus  facundia  prisca  remansit, 
Raucaque  garrulitas  studiumque  immane  loquendi. 


BOOK  VII. 
Fab.  I. — lason. 


Jamque  fretum  Minyae  Pagasaea  puppe  secabaut ;  i 

Perpetuaque  traliens'  inopem  sub  nocte  senectam  | 


1  Maxima  e  nobis,  the  eldest  of  us,  i.  e.  Calliope,  to  whom  the  task  of  con- 
tending with  the  Pierides  had  been  assigned.  See  5,  5,  44.  Dictos,  cU- 
ready  mentioned  by  me. 

2  Concordi  sono,  with  unanimous  voice,  unanimously. 

3  Victse,  the  defeated  sisters,  i.  e.  the  Pierides ;  jacerent  convicia,  were 
uttering  calumny ;  (Calliope)  dixit. 

4  Patientia  non  est  libera  nobis,  forbearance  is  not  free  to  us,  we  are  not 
at  liberty  to  exercise  forbearance. 

5.  Concrescere  rigido  rostro,  to  shoot  out  in  a  stiff  beak. 

6  Plangi,  to  beat  their  breasts;  per  mota  brachia,  by  the  moving  of  their 
arms;  facunAin, faculty  of  chattering.    See  2,  2,  11. 

7  Trahens  inopem  senectam  sub  perpetua  nocte,  dragging  on  a  helpless 
old  age  in  perpetual  blindness. 


I 


PAB.  I.]  lASON.  119 

Phineus  visus  erat,  juvenesque^  Aquilone  creati 
Virgineas^  volucres  iniseri  senis  ore  fugarant ; 
Multaque  perpessi  claro  sub  lasone  tandem  5 

Contigerant  rapidas  limosi  Phasidos  undas. 
Dumque  ade\int  regem^  Phryxeaque  vellera  poscunt, 
Lexque  datur  numeris  magnorum  horrenda  laborum  :'' 
Concipit  interea  validos  jEetias  ignes  ; 
Et  luctata  diu,  postquam  ratione  furorem  10 

Vincere  non  poterat,  Frustra,  Medea,  repugnas  ; 
Nescio  quis  Deus  obstat,*  ait ;  mirumque,  nisi  hoc  est,® 
Aut  aliquid  certe  simUe  huic,  quod  amare  vocatur. 
Nam  cur  jussa  patris  nimium  mihi  dura  videntur  1 
Sunt  quoque  dura  nimis.     Cur,  quern  modo  denique 
vidi,  15 

Ne  pereat,  timeo  ?  quae  tanti  causa  timoris  I 
Excute  virgineo  conceptas  pectore  flammas, 
Si  potes,  iufelix  :  si  possem,  sanior  essem. 
Sed  trahit  invitam  nova  vis  ;  aliudque^  cupido, 
Mens  aliud  suadet.     Video  meliora  proboque  ;  20 

Deteriora  sequor.     Quid  in  hospite,  regia  virgo, 
Ureris  et  thalamos  alieni  concipis^  orbis  ? 
Hsec  quoque  terra  potest,  quod  ames,®  dare.  Vivat,  an  Ule 
Occidat,  in  Dis  est.^"    Vivat  tamen ;  idque  precari, 
Vel  sine  amore  licet :  quid  enim  commisit  lason  ?       25 
Quam,  nisi  crudelem,  non  tangat  lasonis  setas, 
Et  genus,  et  virtus  I  quam  non,  ut  cetera  desint. 
Forma  movere  potest?  certe  mea  pectora  movit. 

1  Juvenes.    See  Calais  and  Zethes. 

2  Virgineas   volucres,    the  virgin-faced   hirds,   i.  e.  the  Harpies.    See 
Harpyiae. 

3  Regem,  the  ki7)g,  i.  e.  Metes,  king  of  Colcliis. 

4  Lex  datur  horrenda  numeris  magnorum  laborum,  conditions  are  pre- 
scribed to  them,  dreadful  fofr  the  number  of  formidable  labours. 

5  Nescio  quis  Deus  obstat,  some  god,  I  know  not  who,  opposes  you. 

6  Mirumque  (est),  nisi  hoc  est,  and  it  is  strange  if  it  be-not  this. 

7  Aliud,  on"  thing,  i.e.  to  love;  mens,  reason,-  aliud,  another  thing, 
i.  e.  not  to  love. 

8  Concipis  thalamos  alieni  orbis,  desire  a  husband  belonging  to  a  diffe- 
rent part  of  the  viorld — a  foreigner  as  your  htisband.     A.  R.  A.  405. 

9  Quod  ames,  an  object  worthy  of  your  love. 

10  Est  in  Dis,  is  in  the  power  of  the  gods,  rests  with  the  gods. 


120  lASO.v.  [book  vir. 

At,  nisi  opera  tulero,  taurorum  afflabitur  ore  ;' 

Concurretque"^  sure  segcti,  tellure  creatis  30 

Hostibus  ;  aut  avido  dabitur  fera  praeda  draconi. 

Hoc  ego  si  patiar,  turn  me  de  tigride  natam, 

Turn  ferruin  et  scopulos  gestare  in  corde  fatebor. 

Cur  non  et  specto  pereuntem,  oculosque  videndo 

Conscelero  i  cur  non  tauros  exhortor  in  illura  36 

Terrigenasque  feros  insopitumque  draconem  ? 

Di  meliora  velint !'  Quanquam  non  ista  precanda, 

Sed  facienda  mihi.     Prodamne  ego  regna  parentis, 

Atque  ope  nescio  quis  servabitur  advena  nostra, 

Ut,  per  me  sospes,  sine  me  det  lintea  ventis,  40 

Virque  sit  alterius,  poen®  Medea  reliuquar  \* 

Si  facere  hoc,  aliamve  potest  praeponere  nobis, 

Occidat  ingratus !  Sed  non  is  vultus'  in  illo, 

Non  ea  nobilitas  animo  est,  ea  gratia  formae, 

Ut  timeam  fraudem  meritique  oblivia  nostri.  45 

Et  dabit  ante  fidem  f  cogamque  in  foedera  testes 

Esse  Deos.     Quid  tuta  times  ?  accingere,'  et  omnem 

Pelle  moram  :  tibi  se  semper  debebit*  lason, 

Te  face  solemni  junget  sibi  f  perque  Pelasgas 

Servatrix  nrbes  matrum  celebrabere  turba.  50  i 

Ergo  ego  germanam'"  fratremque  patremque  Deosque 

1  A£flabitnr  ore  taurorum,  he  will  be  brealhed  upon  by  Vie  moutht  of  the 
buUt—lu  will  be  killed  6.y  the  breath  of  the  bulls.  The  bulls  are  represented 
with  brazen  feet,  and  breathing  Cre,  to  indicate  their  great  strength  and 
ferocity. 

2  Concurret  suae  segeti,  he  tciU  ennage  wUh  his  own  crop,  L  e.  with  the 
men  who  "ere  to  spring  from  the  dragon's  teeth  when  sown  by  him. 
A.  R.  A.  466. 

3  Di  velint  meliora,  ma>/  the  gods  ordain  better  things — a  form  of  praj'er 
used  for  the  purpose  of  avertirfg  some  anticij.atod  evil. 

4  Sitque  vir  alterius  (ecu)  Medea  relinquar  ycerne,  he  may  become  iJiehuB- 
band  of  another,  and  I  Medea  be  left  fyr  punishment,  i.  e.  by  my  father  for 
baring  assisted  Jason  in  getting  possession  of  the  golden  fleece. 

5  Is  vultus — ea  nobilitas — ea  gratia,  a  countenance  so  faithless — noliVtjf 
so  rie(ieneraie— gracefulness  so  decei'ful. 

6  Ante  dabit  fidem,  ?ie  shall  first  give  me  a  promise  of  marriage. 

7  Accingere,  b-  prepared,  prepare  yourself. 

8  Semper  debebit  se  tibi,  he  will  always  be  indebted  to  you  for  his  life. 

9  Junget  te  sibi  solemni  face,  will  unite  you  to  him  by  the  sol-.-mn  nuptitii 
torch,  i.  e.  in  marriage.    A.  II.  A.  404. 

10  Germanam,  my  sister,  i.  e.  Chalciopt — fratreni,  i.  e.  Apsyrlus. 


KAB.  I.]  lASON.  121 

Et  natale  solum,  ventis  ablata,  relinquam  I 
Nempe  pater  saeAois,  nenipe  est  mea  barbai-a  tellus, 
Frater  adhuc  infans  ;  stant  mecum  vota  sororis ;' 
Maximus  intra  me  Deus"^  est.  Non  magna  relinquam  ;  55 
Magna  sequar  ;  tituliim  servatae  pubis  Achivae, 
Notitiamque  loci  melioris  et  oppida,  quorum 
Hie  quoque  fama  viget,  cultusque  artesque  virorum  ; 
Quemque  ego  cum  rebus,  quas  totus  possidet  orbis, 
^soniden  mutasse  velim  :  quo  conjuge  felix  60 

Et  Dis  cara  ferar/  et  vertice  sidcra  tangam. 
Quid,  quod*  nescio  qui  mediis  concurrere  in  undis 
Dicuntur  montes,*  ratibusque  inimica  Charybdis 
Nunc  sorbere  fretum  nunc  reddere  ;  cinctaque  see  vis 
Scylla  rapax  canibus  Siculo  latrare  profundo  ?  65 

Nempe  tenens  qiiod  amo,  gremioque  in  lasonis  hserens 
Per  freta  longa  trabar.     Nihil  ilium  amplexa  verebor  ; 
Aut,  si  quid  metuam,  metuam  de  conjuge  solo. 
Conjugiumne  vocas,  speciosaque  nomina  culpae 
Imponis,  Medea,  tuse  ?  quin  adspice,  quantum  70 

Aggrediare  nefas,^  et,  dum  licet,  effuge  crimen. 
Dixit ;  et  ante  oculos  rectum  pietasque  pudorque 
Constiterant,  et  victa  dabat  jam  terga  Cupido. 

Ibat  ad  antiquas  Hecates  Perseidos  aras, 
Quas  nemus  umbrosum  secretaque  silva  tegebant.       75 
Et  jam  fortis  erat  pulsusque  resederat  ardor ;' 
Quum  videt  .^oniden,  exstinctaque  flamma  revixit, 
Et  rubuere  gense,  totoque  recanduit  ore. 
Ut  solet  a  ventis  alimenta  assumere,  quaeque 
Parva  sub  inducta  latuit*  scintUla  favilla,  80 

1  Vota  sororis  stant  mecum,  the  unshes  of  my  sister  stand  teith  me,  are  in 
my  favour. 

2  Deus,  i.  e.  Love, 

3  Ferar  (esse)  felix,  I  shall  be  celebrated  as  happy. 

4  Quid,  quod.    See  5,  8,  68. 

5  Montes.    See  Cyaneae. 

6  Quantum  nefas  aggrediare,  what  a  crime  you  intend. 

7  Et  jam  erat  fortis  ardorque  pulsus  resederat,  and  she  was  now  resolute, 
and  her  passion  having  been  checked  had  abated. 

a  Quseque  parva  latuit,  and  what  was  small  while  it  lay  concealed. 


122  lASON.  [book  VII. 

Crescere  et  in  veteres  agitata  resurgere  vires  : 

Sic  jam  lentu3  amor,  jam  quern  languere  putares, 

Ut  vidit  juvenem,  specie  praesentis  inavsit. 

Et  casu  solito  formosior  ^sone  natus 

Ilia  luce  fuit :  posses  ignoscere  amanti.  85 

Spectat,  et  in  vultu,  veluti  turn  denique  viso,' 

Lumina  fixa  tenet ;  nee  se  mortalia  deraens 

Ora  videre  putat,  nee  se  declinat  ab  illo. 

Ut  vero  ccepitque  loqui  dextramque  prehendit 

Hospes,  et  auxilium  submissa  voce  rogavit;  00 

Promisitque  torum  ;  lacrimis  ait  ilia  profusis  : 

Quid  faciam  video  :  nee  nie  ignorantia  veri 

Decipiet,  sed  amor.     Servabere  mimcre^  nostro  ; 

Servatus  promissa  dato.     Per  sacra  triformis 

lUe  Deae/  lucoque  foret  quod  numen  in  illo,  95 

Perque  patreni  soceri  cementem  cuncta  futuri/ 

Eventusque  suos  et  tanta  pericula  jurat. 

Creditus  accepit  cantatas  protinus  herbas,* 

Edidicitque  usum,  Ifetusque  in  castra  recessit. 

Postera  depiilerat  Stellas  Aiurora  micantes  :  100 

Conveniunt  populi  sacrum  Mavortis  in  arvum, 
Consistuntque  jugis.^     Medio  rex  ipse  resedit 
Agmine  purpureus,  sceptroque  insignis  ebumo. 
Ecce  adamanteis  Vulcanum  uaribus  e£Bant 
-lEripedes  tauri ;  tactseque  vaporibus  herbiE  106 

Ardent.^     Utque  solent  pleni  resonare  camini, 
Aut  ubi  teiTena  silices  fornace  soluti* 

1  Turn  denique  ^^so,  then  for  the  first  time  teen. 

2  Miinere,  services — {lu)  servatus  dato  prouiissa,  do  you  when  saved  by 
me  fulfil  your  promise. 

3  Per  sacra  triformis  Deas.  by  the  sacred  rites  of  the  three-formed  goddess, 
1.  e.  Hecate;  perque  numen  quod,  and  by  the  deity  tihich. 

4  Patrem  soceri  futuri,  the  father  of  his  father-in-law  about  to  be,  i.  e. 
Sol,  the  father  of  jEetes. 

5  Cantatas  herbas,  enchanted  herbs ;  in  castra,  tohiscamp,  i.e.  to  the  place 
where  the  Argonauts  had  pitched  their  tents. 

6  Jugis,  on  Vie  kills,  i.  e.  the  ridges  of   Caucasus  which  surrounded 
Colchis. 

7  Herbsque  tactse  vaporibus  ardent,  and  the  grass  being  touched  by  Ois 
vapours  [the  breath  of  the  bulls)  bums. 

B  Silices  soluti  terrena  fornace,  limestones  slacked  in  an  earthen  kiln. 


FAB.  I.]  lASON.  123 

Concipiunt  ignem  liquidarum  aspergine  aquarum  : 
Pectora  sic  intus  clausas  volventia  flammas, 
Gutturaque  usta  sonant :  tamen  illis  ^sone  natus     110 
Obvius  it.     Vertere  truces  venientis  ad  ora 
Terribiles  Tultns'  praefixaque  comua  ferro, 
Pulvereumque  solum  pede  pulsavere  bisnlco, 
Fumificisque  locum  mugitibus  implevere, 
Diriguere  metu  Minyae  :  subit  ille,  nee  ignes  115 

Sentit  anhelatos,  tantum  medicamina  possunt,"^ 
Pendulaque  audaci  mulcet  palearia  dextra  f 
Suppositosque  jugo  pondus  grave  cogit  aratri 
Ducere,  et  insuetum  ferro*  proscindere  campum. 
Mirantur  Colchi  ;  Minyte  clamoribus  implent,*  120 

Adjiciuntque  animos.     Galea  tum  sumit  aena 
Vipereos  dentes"  et  aratos  spargit  in  agros. 
Semina  moUit  humus,  valido  prsetincta  veneno  ; 
Et  crescunt,  fiuntque  sati  nova  corpora  dentes. 
Utque  hominis  speciem  matema  sumit  in  alvo  1 25 

Perque  suos  intus  numeros'  componitur  infans, 
Nee  nisi  maturus  communes  exit  in  auras  : 
Sic  ubi  visceribus  gravidas  telluris  imago 
EflFecta  est*  hominis,  feto  consurgit  in  arvo  ; 
QiUodque  magis  mirum  est,  simul  edita®  concutit  arma.  130 
Quos  ubi  videnint  prseacutae  cuspidis  hastas 


1  Truces  vertere  terribiles  vultus,  the  bulls  fiercely  turned  their  terrible 
looks;  praefixa  ferro,  pointed  with  iron. 

2  Tantum  medicamina  possunt,  sttch  is  the  potoer  of  the  enchanted  herbs. 

3  Mulcetque  pendula  paleaiia  audaci  dextra,  and  strokes  their  hanging 
dewlaps  with  his  bold  right  hand. 

4  Insuetum  ferro,  unaccustomed  to  the  ploughshare,  because  sacred  to 
Mars.    See  101.    A.  R.  A.  463. 

5  Implent  (eum)  clamoribus,  fill  his  ears  with  their  cheers — cry,  or  caU 
to  him. 

6  Vipereos  dentes,  the  teeth  of  the  serpent,  i.  e.  the  teeth  of  the  ser- 
pent slain  by  Cadmus,  some  of  which  were  brought  to  ^etes  by  Minerva. 
See  3,  1. 

7  Componitur  per  suos  numeros,  is  completed  in  all  its  parts. 

8  Ubi  imago  liominis  effecta  est  (in)  visceribus  gravidas  telluris,  when 
the  form  of  a  man  was  completed  in  the  bowels  of  the  pregnant  earth. 

9  Arma  edita  simul,  arms  which  were  produced  at  the  same  time  with 
themselves;  prasacutae  cuspidis,  vnth  very  sharp  points. 


124  lASON.  [book  vii. 

In  caput  Haemonii  juvenis  torquere  parantes  ;^ 
Demisere^  metu  vultumque  animumque  Pelasgi. 
Ipsa  quoque  extimuit,  quee  tutum  feceiat  ilium  ; 
Utque  peti  juvenem  tot  vidit  ab  hostibus  unum,        135 
Palluit,  et  subito  sine  sanguine  Irigida  sedit. 
Neve  paruni  valeaut  a  se  data  gramina,  carmen' 
AuxUiare  canit,  secretasque  advocat  artes. 
Hie,  gravem  medios  silicem  jaculatus  in  hostes, 
A  se  depulsum  Martem  convertit  in  ipsos.*  140 

Terrigense  pereunt  per  mutua  vulnera  fratres 
Civilique  cadunt  acie.     Gratantur  Acliivi, 
Victoreiuque  tenent,  avidisque  amplexibus  haerent^. 
Tu  quoque  victorem  complecti,  bai'bara,  velles  ; 
Obstitit  incepto  pudor  ;  et  complexa  fuisses  ;  145 

Sed  te,  ne  faceres,  tenuit  reverentia  famae.* 
Quod  licet,  afifectu  tacito  Isetaris,  agisque 
Carrainibus  grates  et  Djs  auctoribus  horum. 

Pervigilem  superest  lierbis  sopire^  draconem, 
Q,ui,  crista  linguisque  tribus  praesignis  et  uncis  150 

Dentibus  horrendus,  custos  erat  arboris  aureae.* 
Hunc  postquam  sparsit  Lethaei  gramine  succi, 
Verbaque  ter  dixit  placidos  facientia  somnos, 
Quae  mare  turbatum,  quae  concita  flumina  sistant ; 

1  The  order  is,  Ubi  Pelasgi  viderunt  quos  parantes  torquere,  when  the 
Pelasgi  saw  tliem,  &e.  The  relative  quos  agrees  ■svitli  its  antecedent  imago 
hominis  in  sense,  but  not  in  strict  sj-ntax. 

2  Demisere  vultumque  animumque  metu,  lowered  both  Uteir  countenances 
and  their  courage  through  fear,  i.  e.  their  countenance  sank,  and  their 
courage  failed  them. 

3  Carmen,  charm,  or  incantation;  advocatque  secretas  artes,  calls  to  his 
aid  her  sacred  arts,  i.  e.  magic. 

4  In  ipsos,  upon  Viemseh-es — they  attacked  each  other  under  the  belief 
that  the  stone  had  been  thrown  by  one  of  their  own  number. 

5  Haerentque  avidis  amplexibus,  cling  to  him  ivith  eager  embraces. 

6  Reverentia  fama»  tenuit  te,  ne  faceres,  a  regard  for  your  character 
restrained  'j  iitfrom  doing  so. 

7  Superest  sopire,  it  remains  to  lay  asleep. 

S  Aureffi  arDoris,  of  the  tree  on  which  teas  hung  the  golden  fleece.  Aureir. 
is  to  be  pronounced  as  a  word  of  two  syllables.  This,  whidi  is  the  reading 
of  nearly  all  the  manuscripts,  has  been  considered  unsatisfactory,  and  in- 
stead of  it  the  conjectural  reading  arietis  aurei,  of  the  golden  ram,  has  been 
proposed.  If  the  latter  reading  oe  adopted  arietis  must  be  taken  as  three 
■syllables  and  aurei  as  two. 


FAB.  I.J  lASON.  126 

Somnus  in  ignotos  oculos^  advenit ;  et  auro  156 

Heros  ^sonius  potitur ;  spolioque  superbus,* 
Muneris  auctorem  secum,  spolia  altera,  portans, 
Victor  lolciacos  tetigit  cum  conjuge  portus. 


BOOK  XI. 


Fab.  X. — Ceyx  and  Halcyone. 

Interea  fratrisque  sui  fratremque  secutis 

Anxia  prodigiis  turbatus^  pectora  Ceyx, 

Consulat  ut  sacras,  liominum  oblectamina,^  sortes, 

Ad  Clarium  parat  ire  Deum  :  nam  templa  profanus 

Invia  cum  Phlegyis  faciebat  Delphica  Phorbas.  5 

Consilii  tamen  ante  sui,  fidissima,  certam 

Te  facit,*  Halcyone.     Cui  protinus  intima  frjgus 

Ossa  receperunt,  buxoque  simLllimus  ora 

Pallor  obit,  lacrimisque  genae  maduere  profusis. 

Ter  conata  loqui,  ter  fletibus  ora  rigavit ;  10 

Singultuque  pias  interrumpente  querelas, 

Q,ua2  mea  culpa  tuam,  dixit,  carissime,  mentem 

Vertit  \^  ubi  est,  quae  cura  mei  prius  esse  solebat  V 

Jam  potes  Halcyone  securus  abesse  relicta  ; 

Jam  via  longa  placet ;  jam  sum  tibi  carior  absens ;      16 

At,  puto,  per  terras  iter  est,*  tantumque  dolebo, 

Non  etiam  metuam,  curaeque  timore  carebunt. 

1  In  oculos  ignotos,  upon  eyes  which  were  previously  strangers  to  it. 

2  Superbus  spolio,  exulting  in  the  spoil.    A.  R.  A.  324. 

3  Turbatus  (securidum)  anxia  pectora  prodigiis  sui  fratris,  (prodigiisque) 
secutis  fratrem,  being  perplexed  in  his  anxious  mind  by  the  fate  of  his  bro- 
ther, and  by  the  prodigies  which  followed  the  transformation  of  his  brother, 
i.e.  Daedalion,  q.v. 

4  Oblectamina  hominum,  that  source  of  consolation  to  men. 

5  Facit  te  certam  sui  consilii,  makes  you  acquainted  wilhJiis  design. 

6  Vertit  tuam  mentem,  has  alienated  your  affections  from  me. 

7  TJbi  est  cura  mei  quse  solebat  esse  priOs,  where  is  that  affection  for  me 
which  used  to  exist  formerly,-  securus,  without  regret. 

8  At,  puto,  iter  est  per  terras,  but  I  suppose  your  Journey  is  by  land. 

h2 


]2G  CKYX  AM)  HALCYONE.  [book  M. 

^quora  me  terrent,  et  poiiti  tristis  im%o. 

Et  laceras  nuper  tabulas'  in  litore  vidi, 

Et  saepe  in  tumulis  sine  corpore'^  nomina  legi.  20 

Neve  tuum  fallax  animum  liducia  tangat, 

Quod  socer  Hippotades  tibi  sit,  qui  carcere  fortes 

Contineat  ventos,  et,  quum  velit,  aequora  placet : 

Quum  semel  emissi  tenuerunt'  jequora  venti ; 

Nil  illis  vetitum  est,''  incommendataque  tellus  2.5 

Omnis  et  omne  fretum  ;  coeli  quoque  nubUa  vexaiit, 

Excutiuntque  feris  rutilos  concursibus  ignes/' 

Quo  magis  hos  novi,  nam  novi,  et  sspe  patema 

Parva  dome  vidi,  niagis  hos  reor  esse  timendos. 

Quod  tua  si  flecti  precibus  sententia  nullis,  GO 

Care,  potest,  conjux,  nimiumque  es  certus  cundi  ;" 

Me  quoque  tolle  simul.     Certe  jactabimur  una, 

Nee,  nisi  qu£e  patiar,  metuam  ;  pariterque  feremus' 

Quicquid  erit,  pariter  super  aequora  lata  feremur. 

Talibus  jEolidos  dictis  lacrimisque  movetur  05 

Sidereus  conjux  f  neque  enira  minor  ignis  in  ipso  est. 
Sed  neque  propositos  pelagi  dimittere  cursus. 
Nee  vult  Halcyonen  in  partem  adhibere  pericli ; 
ISIultaque  respondit  timidum  solantia  pectus  ; 
Nee  tamen  idcirco  causara  probat.^     Addidit  illis         40 
Hoc  quoque  lenimen,  quo  solo  flexit  amantem  : 
Longa  quidem  nobis  omnis  mora  ;  sed  tibi  jui'o 

1  Laceras  tabulas,  brokeit  boards,  i.  e.  part  of  a  -wreck. 

2" In  tumulis  sine  corpore,  on  tombs  wiOiout  bodies,  emply  tombs.  There 
is  here  an  allusion  to  the  practice  of  erecting  cenuUiphia  (empty  tombs) 
to  those  whose  bodies  could  not  be  found  after  death,  or  to  those  who  died 
and  were  buried  in  foreign  coimtries.    A.  R.  A.  -lOS. 

3  Tenuerunt  Eequora,  have  taken  possession  o/ the  seas. 

4  Nil  vetitum  est  illis,  noViinp  is/orbidden  to  them,  they  disdain  all  con- 
trol;  incommendata,  disregarded.    A.  R.  A,  473. 

5  Excutiunt  rutilos  ignes  feris  concursibus,  force  from  tliem  Ote  red 
ligktnint)  bi/  their  fierce  onsets;  parva,  trhen  a  child,  when  young. 

6  Es  nimiilm  certus  cundi,  you  are  unalterably  determined  to  go. 

7  Feremus,  «y  shall  endure  ;  feremur,  we  shcUi  be  carried. 

8  Sidereus  conjux,  her  star-born  husband,  i.  e.  Ceyx,  who  was  the  son  of 
Lucifer.  Neque  enim  ignis  in  ipso  est  minor,  for  tjie  flame  of  love  in  him- 
self is  ""'  '**•*  strong  than  in  his  wife. 

9  Nee  tamen  idcirco  probat  rem,  and  yet  he  does  not  on  that  account  Jus- 
tify to  her  his  resolution ,-  flexit,  gained  over. 


FAB.  X,]  CEYX  AND  HALCYONE.  127 

Per  patrios  ignes,  si  me  niodo  fata  remittent, 

Ante  reversunim,  quam  Lima  bis  impleat  orbem. 

His  ubi  promissis  spes  est  admota*  recursus  ;  45 

Protinus  eductam  navalibus  aequore  tingi, 

Aptariqtie  suis  pinum  jubet  armamentis.'' 

Q,ua  rursus  visa,  veluti  prsesaga  futuri, 

Horruit  Halcyone,  lacrimasque  emisit  obortas, 

Amplexusque  dedit ;  tristique  miserrima  tandem        50 

Ore,  Vale,  dixit ;  collapsaque  corpore  tota  est.' 

At  juvenes,  quserente  moras  Ceyce,  reducunt 

Ordinibus  gcminis  ad  fortia  pectora  remos,* 

^qualique  ictu  scindunt  freta.     Sustulit  Ula 

Humentes  oculos,  stantemque  in  puppe  recurva,  55 

Concussaque  manu  dantem^  sibi  signa  maritum 

Prima  videt,  redditque  notas.     Ubi  terra  recessit 

Longius,  atque  oculi  nequeunt  cognoscere  vultus  ; 

Dmn  licet,  insequitur  fugientem  lumine  pinum. 

Haec  quoque  ut  baud  poterat,  spatio  submota,"  videri,  60 

Vela  tamen  spectat  summo  fluitantia  malo. 

Ut  nee  vela  videt ;  vacuum  petit  anxia  lectum,' 

Seque  toro  ponit.     Renovat  lectusque  locusque 

Halcyones  lacrimas,  et  quas  pars  admonet  absit.* 

Portubus  exierant,  et  moverat  aura  rudentes  ;  66 


1  spes  recursfls  admota  est,  the  hope  of  his  return  was  brought  near,  i.  e. 
the  hope  of  a  speedy  return  was  held  out. 

2  Aptari  suis  ai-mamentis,  to  be  furnished  with  its  ringing,  to  be  rigged. 
A.R.  A.  344  and  345. 

3  Collapsa  est  toto  corpore,  became  powerless  over  her  whole  bodi/. 

4  Reducunt  remos  ad  fortia  pectora,  pull  back  the  oars  to  their  stout 
breasts — in  allusion  to  the  exertion  of  reaving.  Young  men  were  always 
selected  as  rowers.  A.  R.  A.  339.  The  ship  here  referred  to  was  a  bireme. 
A.  R.  A.  338. 

5  Dantemque  signa  coiicussa  manu,  and  making  signals  to  her  by  waving 
his  hand. 

6  Submota  spatio,  removed  to  a  great  distance. 

7  Petit  vacuum  lectum,  ponitque  se  toro,  site  retires  to  her  bed  now 
empty,  and  lays  herself  on  Vie  pillow.  Lectus,  when  opposed  to  torus,  sig- 
nifies the  bedstead,  which  was  made  of  wood,  sometimes  ornamented  with 
jvorj;  and  the  precious  metals  ;  and  torus  signifies  the  mattress,  pillow,  or 
cushion,  on  which  the  person  lay.    A.  R.  A.  373. 

8  Admonet  quae  pars  absit,  remind  her  qfthe  part  of  herself  which  it 
absent 


128  CEYX  A^D  HALCYONi;.  [book  XI. 

Obvertit  lateri  pendentes  navita  rcmos  ; 

Cornuaque  in  summa  locat  arbore/  totaque  malo 

Carbasa  deducit  venientesque  excipit  auras. 

Aut  minus  aut  certe  medium  non  amplius  aequor* 

Puppe  secabatur,  longeque  erat  utraque  tellus  ;  70 

Quum  mare  sub  noctem  tumidis  albescere  coepit 

Fluctibus  et  prseceps  spirare  valentius  Eurus. 

Ardua  jamdudum  deniittite  cornua,  rector 

Clamat,  et  antennis  totum  subnectite  velum. 

Hie  jubet ;  impediunt  adversae  jussa  procellaB,  75 

Xec  sinit  audii'i  vocem  fragor  sequoris  ullam. 

Sponte  t-imen  properant  alii  subducere  remos/ 

Pars  muuire  latus,  pars  ventis  vela  negare. 

Egerit  hie  fluctus,  sequorquc  refundit  in  sequor  ; 

Hie  rapit  antennas.     Q,uge  dum  sine  lege  geruntur,     80 

Aspera  crescit  liiems,  omnique  e  parte  feroces 

Bella  gerunt  venti,  fretaque  indignantia  miscent. 

Ipse  pavet,  nee  se,  qui  sit  status,*  ipse  fatetur 

Scire  ratis  rector,  nee  quid  jubeatve  vetetve  : 

Tanta  mali  moles,  tantoque  potentior  arte  est.  85 

Quippe  sonant  clamore  viri,  stridore  mdentes, 

Undarum  incursu  gravis  unda,  tonitribus  cether. 

Fluctibus  ei-igitur,  ccelumque  arquare  videtur 

Pontus  et  indue  tas  aspergine  tangere  nubes  ; 

Et  modo,  quum  fulvas  ex  imo  verrit  arenas,  90 

Concolor  est  illis,  Stygia  modo  nigrior  unda  ; 

Sternitur  interdum  spumisque  sonantibus  albet. 

Ipsa  quoque  his  agitur  vicibus  Trachmia  puppis, 

1  Locat  cornua  in  summA  arbore,  Jixes  (he  tail-yard  on  Vie  top  of  the 
mast.  Cornua,  which  properly  signifies  the  extremities  of  the  sailyard,  ia 
here,  and  in  73,  used  for  the  sailyard  itself.    A.  R.  A.  343. 

2  Aut  minCis  aut  cert6  non"  amplids  medium  aoquor,  either  less,  or 
certainiy  not  more  than  half  the  sea.  Utraque  tellus,  the  land  on  either  side, 
i.  e.  Greece  and  Asia  Minor. 

3  Subducere  remos,  to  take  in  the  oars — that  they  might  not  be  broken 
by  the  waves ;  munire  latus,  to  secure  the  sides — by  stopping  up  the  hole* 
through  which  the  oars  were  put. 

4  Qui  sit  status,  ichat  their  condition  is  ;  gravis  unda  incursu  undarum, 
£Ac  heavy  waves  by  the  dashing  Cjf  other  waves. 


FAB.  X.]  CEYX  AND  HALCYONE.  129 

Et  modo  subliinis,  veluti  de  vertice  mentis, 

Despicere  in  valies  imumque  Aclieronta  videtur  ;         95 

Nunc,  ubi  demissam  curvTim  cii'cumstetit  ssquor,' 

Suspicere  inferno  summum  de  gurgite  ccelum. 

Saepe  dat  ingentem  fluctu  latus  icta  fragorem, 

Nee  levius  pulsata  sonat,  quam  ferreus  olim 

Q,uum  laceras  aries''  ballistave  concutit  arces.  100 

Utque  Solent,  sumptis  in  cursu  viribus,^  ire 

Pectore  in  arma  feri  prnetentaque  tela  leones  : 

Sic  ubi  se  ventis  admiserat*  unda  cooitis, 

Ibat  in  arma  ratis,  multoqne  erat  altior  iliis. 

Jamque  labant  cunei,^  spoliataque  tegmine  cerse"       105 

Rima  patet,  praebetque  viam  letalibus  undis, 

Ecce  cadunt  largi  resolutis  nubibus'  imbres, 

luque  fretum  credas  totum  descendere  coelum, 

Inque  plagas  coeli  tumefactum  ascendere  pontum. 

Vela  madent  nimbis,  et  cum  coelestibus  undis  110 

^quoreae  miscentur  aquae  ;  caret  ignibus  aether, 

Csecaque  nox  premitur  tenebris  hiemisque  suisque. 

Discutiunt  tamen  has  praebentque  micantia  lumen 

Fulmina ;  fulmineis  ardescunt  ignibus  undae. 

Dat  quoque  jam  saltus  intra  cava  texta^  carinae  1 1 5 

Fluctus  :  et,  ut  miles,  numero  praestantior  omni, 

Quum  saepe  assiluit  defensae  mcenibus  urbis, 

Spe  potitiir  tandem,  laudisque  accensus  amore 

Inter  mUle  viros  murum  tamcn  occupat  unus  ; 


1  Ubi  curvum  aequor  circumstetit  (earn)  demissam,  when  the  arched 
wave  has  surrounded  it  sunk  dotun. 

2  Aries.    A.  R.  A.  334.    BaUista.    A.  R.  A.  332. 

3  Viribus  sumptis  inoursu,  acquiring  strengVi/rom  the  (»uet. 

4  Admiserat  se,  had  raided  itself,  had  been  raised  j  ibat  in  amia  ratis, 
it  dashed  against  the  rigging  of  the  ship. 

5  Ctmei  labant,  the  pins  start,  or  give  way,  i.  e.  the  pins  with  which  the 
planks  of  the  vessel  were  fastened.  By  others  cunei  is  here  supposed  to 
signify  the  strong  planking  on  the  bottom  of  the  ship,  placed  there  to 
defend  it  against  the  rocks. 

6  Spoliata  tegmine  cerse,  deprived  of  its  stoppage  of  wax — probably  a 
clammy  substance  resembling  wax  used  in  caulkuig  ships. 

7  Resolutis  nubibus,  when  the  clouds  break  up. 

8  Cava  texta,  the  hollow  ribs  of  the  ship. 


laO  CEYX  AND  HALCrONE.  [BOOK  XI. 

Sic,  ubi  pulsarunt  acres  latera  ardua  fluctus,  120 

Vastius  insurgcns  decinue  mit  impetus  undse  ;' 
Kcc  prius  absistit  fessam  oppugnare  carinam, 
Quam  velut  in  captiK  descendat  moenia  navis.' 
Pars  igitur  tentabat  adhuc  invadere  pinum, 
Pars  maris  intus  crat.  Trepidant  baud  segnius  omnes,  126 
Q,uam  solet  urbs,  aliis  mumm  fodicntibus  extra, 
Atque  aliis  muram,  trepidare,  teneutibus  intus. 
Deficit  ars  animique  cadunt ;  totidemque  videntur, 
Q,uot  veniunt  fluctus,  mere  atque  iiTumpcre  mortes.' 
Non  tenet  hie  lacrimas  ;  stupet  hie  ;  vocat  ille  beatos,  130 
Funera  quos  maneant  ;*  hie  votis  numen  adorat, 
Brachiaque  ad  coelum,  quod  non  videt,  iiTita  tollens 
Poscit  opem  ;  subeunt^  illi  fratresque  parensque  ; 
Huic  cum  pignoribus  domus,  et  quod  cuique  relictura  est. 
Halcyone  Ceyca  movet ;  Ceycis  in  ore  135 

Nulla  nisi  Halcyone  est ;  et,  quum  desideret  unam, 
Gaudet  abesse  tamen.     Patriae  quoque  vellet  ad  oras 
Respicere  in  que  domum  supremos  vertere  vultus  ; 
Verum  ubi  sit  nescit :  tanta  vertigine^  pontus 
Ferret,  et  inducta  piceis  e  nubibus  umbra,  140 

Omne  latet  coelum,  duplicataque  noctis  hnago  est.' 
Frangitur  incursu  nimbosi  turbinis  arbor,*  t 

Frangitur  et  regimen  ;  spoliisque  animosa  superstes 

1  Impetus  decimse  ondae,  the  fury  ^  the  tenth  wave.  The  Romans  be- 
lieved that  the  tenth  wive  was  always  larger  and  more  formidable  than  the 
preceding  nine,  an  opinion  which  was  also  entertained  by  the  Greeks. 
A.  R.  A.  473. 

2  In  mcenia  navis  relut  captse,  within  the  sides  (wallt)  of  the  ship  as  if 
it  had  been  taken. 

3  Totidem  mortes,  death  in  as  many  forms. 

4  Quos  funera  maneant,  trhom  funeral  rites  aicait,  i.e. who  die  on  land.  No 
form  of  death  was  more  dreaded  by  the  ancients  than  that  bv  shipwreck. 
A.  R.  A.  4IJ9. 

5  Subeunt,  come  into  his  mind,  occur  to  him,-  cam  pisnoribus,  with  his 
dear  pledges,  i.  e.  his  children. 

6  Tanta  vertigine,  tcith  such  agitation ,-  umbra  e  piceis  nubibus  inducta, 
by  a  shade  of  dark  clouds  drawn  over  it 

7  Imaso  noctis  duplicata  est,  the  image  of  night  (for  night)  it  doubled, 
1.  e.  the  darkness  is  twice  that  of  an  ordinary  night. 

8  Arbor  et  regimen  fraTigitur  incursu  nimbosi  turbinis,  the  mast  and 
helm  are  shivered  by  the  force  ufa  violent  ffust  of  wind.    A.  R.  A.  343. 


FAB.  X.]  CEYX  AND  HALCYONE.  131 

Unda,  velut  victrix,  siniiatas  despicit  undas.' 
Nee  laevius,  quam  si  quis  Athon  Pindumve,  revulsos  145 
Sede  sua,  totos  in  apertum  everteret  sequor, 
Praecipitata  cadit,  pariterque  et  poudere  et  ictu 
Mergit  in  ima  ratem  ;^  cum  qua  pars  magna  vrrorum 
Gurgite  pressa  gravi,  neque  in  aera  reddita,  fato 
Functa  suo  est.^     Alii  partes  et  membra  carinse         150 
Trunca  tenent.     Tenet  ipse  manu,  qua  sceptra  solebat, 
Fragmina  navigii  Ceyx,  socenimque  patremque 
Invocat,  heu  !  frustra.     Sed  plurima*  nantis  in  ore 
Halcyone  conjux.     Illam  meminitque  refertque  ; 
Illius  ante  oculos  ut  agant  sua  corpora  fluctus,  155 

Optat,  et  exanimis  manibus  tixmuletur  amicis.* 
Dum  natat,  absentem,  quoties  sinit  hiscere  fluctus, 
Nominat  Halcyonen,  ipsisque  immurmurat  undis.^ 
Ecce  super  medios  fluctus  niger  arcus  aquarum 
Frangitur,  et  rupta  mersum  caput  obiiiit  unda.         160 
Lucifer  obscurus,  nee  quem  cognoscere  posses, 
Ilia  nocte  fait ;  quoniamque  excedere  coelo 
Non  licuit,  densis  texit  sua  nubibus  ora. 

^oUs  interea  tantorum  ignara  malorum 
Dinumerat  noctes  ;  et  jam,  quas  induat  Ule,  1 65 

Festinat  vestes  ;'  jam  quas,  ubi  venerit  Die, 
Ipsa  gerat ;  reditusque  sibi  promittit  inanes. 
Onmibus  ilia  quidem  Superis  pia  thura  ferebat ; 
Ante  tamen  cunctos  Junonis  templa  colebat, 
Proque  viro,  qui  nuUus  erat,^  veniebat  ad  aras  ;  1 70 

1  Undaque  animosa  spoliis  supertesque,  velut  victrix,  despicit  sinuatas 
undas,  and  the  tcave  elated  hy  the  spoils  (i  e.  the  mast  and  helm  which  had 
been  shivered  by  it),  and  standing  over  them  like  a  conqueress  looks  down 
upofi  the  curving  ivaves  below. 

2  Mergit  ratem  in  ima,  sinks  the  ship  to  the  bottom. 

3  Functa  est  suo  fsito, /idjilled  their  destiny,  i.  e.  perished. 

4  {Est)  plurima  in  ore  {ejus)  nantis,  is  most  in  his  mouth  as  he  swims. 

5  Et  {ut)  exanimis  tumuletur  amicis  manibus,  and  that  ivheii  dead  he 
may  he  buried  by  her  friendly  hands. 

6  Immurmuratque  ipsis  undis,  and  mutters  it  in  (he  midst  of  the  icateri. 

7  Festinat  vestes,  quas  ille  induat,  hastily  prepares  clothes  for  him  to  put 
on  ;  ipsa  gerat,  she  may  herself  wear. 

8  Qui  erat  nullu3,  wiio  was  no  longer,  i.  e.  who  was  dead. 


132  CliYX  AND  HALCYONE.  [book  xi. 

Utque  foret  sospes  conjux  suns  utque  redii-et, 
Optabat,  nuUamque  sibi  prtEferrct.     At  illi 
Hoc  de  tot  votis  poterat  contingere  solum.' 

At  Dea  non  ultra  pro  functo  morte  rogari'' 
Sustinet ;  utque  raanus  funestas  arceat  aris,  175 

Iri,  meae,  dixit,  fidissima  nuntia  vocis. 
Vise  soporiferam  Somni  vclociter  aulam, 
Exstinctique  jube  Ceycis  imagine^  mittat 
Somnia  ad  Halcyouen,  veros  narrantia  casus. 
Dixerat.     Induitur  velamina  mUle  colorum  180 

Iris,  et  arquato  coelum  curvamrne  signans*  i 

Tecta  petit  jussi  sub  rupe  latentia  regis. 

Est  prope  Cimmerios  longo  spelunca  receasu, 
Mons  cavTis,  ignavi  domus  et  penetralia  Somni ; 
Q,u6  nunquam  radiis  oriens  mediusve  cadensve  185 

Phoebus  adire  potest.     Nebulae  caligine  mixtae 
Exhalantur  humo  dubiaeque  crepuscula  lucis. 
Non  vigil  ales'  ibi  cristati  cantibus  oris 
Evocat  Auroram  ;  nee  voce  sUentia  rumpunt 
Sollicitive  canes,  canibusve  sagacior  anser  ;  190  F 

Non  fera,  non  pecudes,  non  moti  flamine  rami, 
Humanaeve  sonum  reddunt  convicia  linguae  ;^ 
Muta  quies  habitat.     Saxo  tamen  exit  ab  irao 
Rivus  aquas  Lethes,  per  quern  cum  murmure  labens 
Invitat  somnos  crepitantibus  unda  lapillis.  195 

Ante  fores  antri  fecunda  papavera  florent 
Iiuiimierffique  herbse,  quarum  de  lacte"  soporem 
Nox  legit  et  spargit  per  opacas  humida  terras. 

1  Hoc  {voium)  solum,  this  last  wish  alone,  viz.  that  he  might  prefer  no 
other  woman  to  herself. 

2  Rogari  pro  (homine)  functo  morte,  to  be  prayed  to  for  a  man  who  had 
undergone  death  ,■  funestas  manus,  polluted  hands — as  if  they  had  been  pol- 
luted by  touching  the  dead  body  of  her  husband. 

3  Imagine  Ceycis  exstincti,  in  the  form  ofCci/x  who  is  dead. 

4  Signans  coelum  arquato  curvamine,  marking  the  sky  with  a  bending 
arch,  i.  e.  forming  an  arch  across  the  sky. 

,1  Vigil  ales,  the  wakeful  bird.  i.  e.  the  cock. 

6  Conviciave  human'ae  lingua;  reddunt  sonum,  nor  the  clamours  of  a 
human  tongue  produce  any  noise. 
1  De  lacte  quarum, /rom  the  juice  of  which. 


FAB.  X.]  CEYX  AND  HALCYONE.  ITiS 

Janua,  quae  verso  stridorem  cardine  reddat,' 

Nulla  domo  tota  ;  custos  in  limine  nulliis.  20O 

At  medio  torus  est  ebeno  subltmis^  in  antro, 

Plumeus,  unicolor,  pullo  velamine  tectus  ; 

Quo  cubat  ipse  Deus  membris  languore  solutis.' 

Hunc  circa  passim  varias  imitantia  formas 

Somnia  vana  jacent  totidem,  quot  messis  aristas,        205 

Silva  gerit  frondes,  ejectas  litus  arenas. 

Q,u6  simul  intravit,  manibusque  obstantia  virgo 

Somnia  dimovit ;  vestis  fulgore  reluxit 

Sacra  domus ;  tardaque  Deus  gravitate  jacentes* 

Vix  oculos  tollens,  iterumque  iternmque  relabens      210 

Summaque  percutiens  nutanti  pectora  mento, 

Excussit*  tandem  sibi  se,  cubitoque  levatus, 

Q,uid  veniat,  cognovit  enim,  scitatur.     At  ilia  : 

Somne,  quies  rerura,  placidissime,  Somne,  Deorum, 

Pax  aninii,  qucm  cura  fugit,  qui  corpora  duris  215 

Fessa  ministeriis  mulces  reparasque  labori,^ 

Somnia,  quae  veras  sequant  imitamine'  formas, 

Herculea  Trachine  jube  sub  imagine  regis 

Halcyonen  adeant,  simulacraque  naufraga  fingant.* 

Imperat  hoc  Juno.     Postquam  mandata  peregit        220 

Iris,  abit ;  neque  enim  ulterius  tolerare  vaporis 

Vim  poterat ;  labique^  ut  somnum  sensit  in  artus, 

Effugit  et  remeat  per  quos  mod  6  venerat  arcus. 

At  pater^"  e  populo  natorum  mUle  suorum 
Excitat  artificem  simulatoremque  figura",  225 

1  Keddat  stridorem  verso  cardine,  to  make  a  noise  by  Vte  turning  tf  the 
hinge. 

2  Bublimis  ebeno,  raised  high  oti  a  frame  of  ivory.    See  63. 

3  Membris  solutis,  with  his  limbs  relaxed  in  sleep. 

4  Jacentes  tardS  gravitate,  sunk  in  languid  sle^. 

5  Excussit  se  sibi,  shook  off  himself,  i.  c.  slcef. — roused  himself. 

6  Qui  muicfs  corpora  fessa  duris  ministeriis  reparasque  labor!,  who 
refreshest  the  body  when  wearied  with  severe  toils,  and  recntitesl  itfor  labour. 

7  Equant  imitamine,  equal  by  imitation,  perfectly  resefMe. 

8  Fingantque  naufraga  simulacra,  assume  the  appearance  of  one  who  ha* 
been  shipwrecked. 

9  Labi  in  artus,  stealing  over  her  limbs. 

10  Pater,  i.e.  Sommts;  e  populo, /i-oni  Uie  crowd. 

M 


1.M4  CFAX  AND  HALCYONE.  LboOK  Xt. 

Morphea.     Non  illo  jussos  solcrtius  alter 

Exprimit  incessus'  vultumque  sonumque  loquendi ; 

Adjicit  et  vestes  et  consuetissima  cuique 

Verba.     Sed  hie  solos  homines  iraitatur  ;  at  alter 

Fit  fera,  fit  volucris,  fit  longo  corpora  serpens.  230 

Hunc  Icelon  Superi.  mortale  Phobetora  vulgus 

Nominat.     Est  etiam  divcrsae  tertius  artis         [bemque, 

Phantasos.     lUe  in  humum  sasumque  undamque  tra- 

Quaeque  vacant  anima,  fallaciter  omnia  transit. 

Regibus  hi  ducibusque  suos  ostendere  vultus  236 

Nocte  solent ;  populos  alii  plebemque  pererrant. 

Praeterit  hos  senior  f  cunctisque  e  fratribus  unum 

Morphea,  qui  pei'agat^  Thaumantidos  edita,  Somnus 

Eligit ;  et  rursus  moUi  languors  solutus 

Deposuitque  caput,  stratoque  recondidit  alto.  240 

Ille  volat  nullos  strepitus  facientibus  alis 

Per  tenebras,  intraque  moris  breve  tempus  in  urbem 

Pcrvenit  Hsmoniam  :  positisque  e  corpora  pennis 

In  faciem  Ceycis  abit  ;  sumptaque  figura 

Luridus,  exsangui  similis,  sine  vestibus  uUis,  245 

Conjugis  ante  torum  miserae  stetit.     Uda  videtur 

Barba  viri,  madidisque  gravis  fluere  unda  capillis. 

Tum  lecto  incumbens,  iietu  super  ora  refuso 

Hsec  ait :  Agnoscis  Ceyca,  miserrima  conjux  1 

An  mea  mutata  est  facies  nece  \  respice  ;  nosces,       250 

Inveniesque  tuo  pro  conjuge  conjugis  umbram. 

Nil  opis,  Halcyone,  nobis  tua  vota  tulerunt : 

Occidimus  ;  falso  tibi  me  promittere  noli.* 

Nubilus  ^gaeo  deprendit  in  aequore  navim 

Auster  et  ingenti  jactatam  flamine  solvit ;  255       ( 

Oraque  nostra,  tuum  fi'ustra  clamantia  nomen, 

Implerunt  fluctus.     Non  haec  tibi  nunciat  auctor  i 

1  Exprimit  jussos  incessus,  represents  the  gait  which  he  was  ordered. 

2  Senior  praeterit  hos,  the  aged  pod  passes  over  these. 

3  Qui  peragat  edita.  to  execute  the  orders. 

4  Noli  falso  promittere  me  tilii,  do  not  groundlcssly  promise  me  to  your- 
tti/,  i.  e.  do  not  groundlessly  expect  me  to  return. 


FAB.  X.J  CEYX  AND  HALCi'ONE.  335 

Ambiguus ;'  non  ista  vagis  nimoribus  audis  ; 

Ipse  ego  fata  tibi  praesens  mea  naufragus  edo. 

Surge,  age,  da  lacrimas,  lugubriaque  indue,'''  nee  me  260 

Indeploratum  sub  inania  Tartara  mitte. 

Adjicit  his  vocem  Jlorpheus,  quam  conjugis''  ilia 

Crederet  esse  sui ;  fletus  quoque  fundere  veros 

Visus  erat,  gestumque  manus  Ceycis  habebat. 

Ingemit  Halcyone,  lacrimas  movet  atque  lacertos''     266 

Per  somnum,  corpusque  petens  ampleetitur  auras, 

Exclamatque,  Mane.     Quo  te  rapis  I  ibimus  una. 

Voce  sua  specieque  viri  turbata  soporem 

Excutit,  et  primo  si  sit  circumspicit  illic, 

Qua  modo  visus  erat :  najn  moti  voce  ministri  270 

Intulerant  lumen.     Postquam  non  invenit  usquam  ; 

Percutit  ora  manu,  laniatque  a  pectore  vestes, 

Pectoraque  ipsa  ferit.     Nee  crines  solvere  curat ; 

Scindit ;  et  altrici,  quae  luctus  causa,^  roganti 

Nulla  est  Halcyone,  nulla  est,  ait :  occidit  una  275 

Cum  Ceyca  suo.     Solantia  tollite  verba. 

Naufragus  interiit.     Vidi  agnovique,  manusque 

Ad  discedentem,  cupiens  retinere,  tetendi : 

Umbra  fuit ;  sed  et  umbra  tamen  manifesta^  virique 

Vera  mei.     Non  ille  quidem,  si  quaeris,  habebat  280 

Assuetos  vultus,  nee,  quo  prius  ore,  nitebat. 

Pallentem  nudumque  et  adhuc  humente  capUlo 

Infelix  vidi.     Stetit  hoc  miserabilis  ipso 

Ecce  loco  ;  et  quaerit,  vestigia  si  qua  supersint." 

Hoc  erat,  hoc,  animo  quod  divmante  timebam,  285 

1  Ambiguus  auctor,  a  questionable  messenger;  ego  ipse  naufragus  edo 
tibi  praesens  mea  fata,  /  the  very  individual  who  suffered  shipwreck 
announce  to  you  in  person  my  fate- 

2  Indue  lugubria  (vestimenta) ,  put  on  mourning,  i.  e.  black  clothes, 
A.  R.  A.  422. 

3  Esse  (vocem)  sui  conjugis,  to  be  the  voice  of  her  husband. 

4  Movet  lacrimas  atque  lacertos,  for  (emittii)  lacrimas  atque  movet  la- 
certos, sheds  tears  and  moves  her  arms. 

5  Quae  (sit)  causa  luctOs,  what  is  the  cause  of  her  grief;  est  nulla,  U  no 
more,  is  undone. 

6  Manifesta  veraque  umbra,  the  undoubted  and  real  ghost. 

7  Si  qua  vestigia  supersint,  if  any  footmarks  are  l^t. 


136  CEyX  AND  nALCyO.\E.  [cook  XI. 

Et  ne,  nie  fugiens,  ventos  sequerere  rogabam. 

At  certe  vellem,  quoniam  periturus  abibas, 

Me  quoque  duxisses.     Fuit,  all  fuit  utile,  tecum 

Ire  milii  :  neque  enim  de  vitse  tempore  quicquam 

Non  simul  ogissem,'  nee  mors  discreta  fuisset.  290 

Nunc  absens  peril,  jactor  quoque  fluctibus  absens, 

Et  sine  me  me  pontus  habet.     Crudelior  ipso 

Sit  mihi  mens  pelago,  si  vitam  ducere  nitar 

Longius,  et  tanto  pugnem  superesse  dolori. 

Sed  neque  pugnabo,  nee  te,  miserande,  relinquam  ;   295 

Et  tibi  nunc  saltem  veniam  comes  f  inque  sepulchro, 

Si  non  urna,  tamen  junget  nos  litera ;  si  non 

Ossibus  ossa  meis,  at  nomen  nomine  tangam. 

Plura  dolor  prohibet,  verboque  intervcuit  omni 

Plangor,^  et  attonito  gemitus  a  corde  trahuntur.        300 

Mane  erat  :  egreditur  tectis  ad  litus,  et  ilium 
Moesta  locum  repetit,  de  quo  spectarat  euntem. 
Dumque  moratur  ibi,  dumque,  Hinc  retinacula  solvit  ;* 
Hoc  mihi  disc.dens  dedit  oscula  litore,  dicit, 
Dumque  notata  oculis  reminiscitur^  acta,  fretumque  305 
Prospicit  ;  in  liquida  spatio  distante  tuetur 
Ncscio  quid  quasi  covpus**  aqua  ;  primoque,  quid  illud 
Esset,  erat  dubium.     Postquam  paulo  appulit  unda, 
Et,  quamvis  aberat,  corpus  tamen  esse  liquebat ;' 
Q,uis  foret  ignorans,  quia  naufragus,  omine  mota  est,  310 
Et,  tanquam  ignoto  lacrimas  daret,  Heu !  miser,  inquit, 
Quisquis  es,  et  si  qua  est  conjux  tibi !  Fluctibus  actum 


1  Neque  enira  egissem  quieouam  do  tempore  vitae  non  simul,  /or  neither 
would  I  have  spent  any  part  of  the  time  of  my  life  not  with  you. 

2  Et  veniam  saltem  comes  tibi,  t  will  come  at  least  as  your  companion  ,■ 
litera,  an  inscription,  an  epitaph. 

3  Plangor  intervenit  omni  verbo,  wailing  (blows  on  Vie  breast)  interrupts 
every  word.    A.  R.  A.  414. 

4  Hinc  solvit  retinacula, /rom  iJiis  spot  he  loosed  the  cables. 

5  Dumque  reminiscitur  acta  notata  oculis,  for  notat  (loca)  oculis  et  re- 
niiniscitur  acta,  and  while  she  observes  the  places  with  her  eyes  and  calls  to 
mind  what  had  happened  Oiere. 

6  Nescio  quid  quasi  corpus,  something,  I  know  not  what,  resembling  a 
t>ody. 

7  Liquebat  tamen  esse  corpus,  yet  it  was  clear  tJial  it  was  a  body. 


FAB.  X,]  CEYX  AND  HALCYONE.  137 

Fit  propius  corpus.     Quod  c^uo  magis  ilia  tuetur, 

Hoc  minus  et  minus  est  mentis.^  Jam  jamque  propinquae 

Admotum  terrae,  jam  quod  cognoscere  posset,''^  815 

Cernit :  erat  conjux.     lUe  est,  exclamat,  et  una 

Ora  comas  vestem  lacerat ;  tendensque  trementes 

Ad  Ceyca  manus,  Sic,  o  carissime  conjux. 

Sic  ad  me,  miserande,  redis  I  ait.     Adjacet  undLs 

Facta  manu  moles,  quae  primas  aequoris  iras  320 

Frangit,  et  incursus  quae  praedelassat  aquarum.' 

Insilit  hue  ;  mirumque  fuit  potuisse  :  volabat ; 

Percutiensque  levem  mod  6  natis  aera  pennis, 

Sti'ingebat  summas  ales  miserabUis  undas.* 

Dumque  volat,  moesto  similem  plenumque  querelee  325 

Ora  dedere  sonum  tenui  crepitantia  rostro. 

Ut  vero  tetigit  mutum  et  sine  sanguine  corpus  ; 

Dilectos  artus  amplexa  recentibus  alls, 

Frigida  nequicquam  duro  dedit  oscula  rostro. 

Senserit*  hoc  Ceyx  an  vultum  motibus  undse  -330 

ToUere  sit  visus,  populus  dubitabat ;  at  ille 

Senserat ;  et  tandem,  Superis  miserantibus,  ambo 

Alite  mutantur.     Fatis  obnoxius  isdem 

Tunc  quoque  mansit  amor,  nee  conjugiale  solutum 

Foedus  in  alitibus  ;  coeunt  fiuntque  parentes  ;  335 

Perque  dies  placidos  hiberno  tempore  septem 

Incubat  Halcyone  pendentibus  aequore  nidis.^ 

Turn  via  tuta  maris  ;  ventos  custodit  et  arcet 

-^olus  egressu,  prsestatque  nepotibus  aequor.^ 

1  Hoc  minOs  et  minCls  mentis  est,  the  less  and  less  of  reason  remaint. 

2  Jam  quod  posset  cognoscere,  now  so  that  she  could  distinguish  iU 

3  Praedelassat  incursus  aquarum,  iveakens  thefury  of  the  waves. 

4  Miserabilis  ales  stringebat  summas  undas,  now  a  miserable  bird,  the 
skimmed  along  the  surface  ofttie  water. 

5  ( Utriim)  Ceyx  senserit  hoc,  whether  Ceyx  was  sensible  of  this. 

6  Incubat  nidis  pendentibus  aequore,  she  broods  upon  her  nest  suspended 
on  the  sea. 

7  Praestatque  sequor  nepotibus,  renders  the  sea  safe  to  hii  grandchildren, 
i.  e.  to  the  young  of  Ceyx  and  Halcyone. 


138  AJAX  AND  ULYSSES.  [^BOOK  XII  i. 

BOOK  XIII. 
Fab.  I. — Ajax  and  Ulysses.  : 

CoNSEDERE  duccs,*  et,  vulgi  stante  corona, 

Surgit  ad  hos  clypei  dominus  septemplicis  Ajax  ; 

Utque  ei-at  impatiens  irae,  Sigeia  torvo 

Litora  respesit'^  classemque  in  litore  vultu, 

Intendensque  manus,  Agimus,  pro  Jupiter  !  inquit,       o 

Ante  rates  causam  ;'  et  mecum  confertur  Ulixes ! 

At  non  Hectoreis  dubitavit  cedere*  flammis, 

Q,uas  ego  sustinui,  quas  hac  a  classe  fugavi. 

Tutius  est  igitur  fictis  contendere  verbis/ 

Quam  pugnare  manu.  Sed  nee  mihi  dicere^  promptum,  10 

Nee  facere  est  isti ;  quantumque  ego  Marte  feroci, 

Q,uantum  acie  valeo,  tantum  valet  iste  loqueudo. 

"Nee  memoranda'  tamen  vobis  mca  facta,  Pelasgi, 

Esse  reor  :   vidistis  eniin  ;  sua  narret  Ulixes, 

Quae  sine  teste  gerit,  quorum  nox  conscia  sola  est.       ]  5 

Praemia  magna  peti  fateor  ;  sed  demit  honorem 

^mulus.     Ajaci  non  est  tenuisse  superbum,* 

Sit  licet  hoc  ingens,  quicquid  speravit  Ulixes. 

Iste  tulit  pretium  jam  nunc  certaminis  hujus  ; 

1  Duces,  the  leaders  of  the  Greeks,  viz.  Asamemnon,  Menelaiis,  Nestor, 
&.C. ;  corona  vulgi  stante,  while  acircle  of  the  common  soldiers  stood  round. 

2  Respexit  Sigeia  litora,  looked  atray  from  the  judges  towards  the  Sigean 
shore — because  indignant  at  the  insult  offered  to  him,  by  Ulysses  being  al- 
lowed to  contend  with  him  for  the  armour  of  Achilles. 

3  Agimus  causam  ante  rates,  do  we  plead  our  cause  bifure  the  ships?  i.  e. 
before  the  ships  which  I  defended  against  Hector,  when  he  defeated  the 
Greeks  under  Ulysses,  and  when  he  was  proceeding  to  set  them  on  fire. 

4  At  non  dubitavit  cedere,  and  yethe  scrupled  not  to  yield — when  Hector 
attempted  to  set  fire  to  the  fleet,  but  was  prevented  oy  me. 

5  Fictis  verbis,  with  artful,  or  plausible  words — contemptuously  aimed 
at  the  eloquence  of  Ulyssss. 

6  Dicere,  to  speak,  to  excel  in  eloqtunce;  facere,  to  act,  to  excel  in  action; 
Uti,  that  fellow — implying  contempt. 

7  Nee  memoranda  {esse)  vobia,  require  not  to  be  enumerated  to  you. 

8  Non  est  superbum  Ajaci  tenuisse,  it  i$  no  honour  for  Ajax  to  have 
obtained. 


FAB.  I.]  AJAX  AND  ULYSSES.  1S9' 

Quo  quum  victus  erit,  mecuta  certasse  feretur.  20 

Atque  ego,  si  virtus  in  me  dubitabilis  esset/ 

Nobilitate  potens  essem,  Telamone  creatus, 

Mcenia  qui  forti  Trojana  sub  Hercule  cepit, 

Litoraque  intravit  Pagasaea  Colcha  carina. 

^acus  huic  pater  est,  qui  jura  Silentibus"''  illic  25 

Reddit,  ubi  ^oliden  saxum  grave  Sisypbon  urget.' 

^acon  agnoscit  summus  prolemque  fatetur 

Jupiter  esse  suam.     Sic  ab  Jove  tertius  Ajax. 

Nee  tamen'*  haec  series  in  causa  prosit,  Achivi, 

Si  mihi  cum  magno  non  est  communis  Achille.  80 

Frater  erat  -J"  fraterna  peto.     Quid  sanguine  cretus 

Sisyphio,  fui-tisque  et  fraude  simillimus  illi, 

Inserit  ^acidis  alienae  nomina  gentis  ?® 

An,  quod  in  arma  prior  nulloque  sub  indioe"  veni, 

Anna  neganda  mihi  \  potiorque  videbitur  ille,  35 

Ultima^  qui  cepit  detrectavitque  furore 

Militiam  ficto  ;  donee  solertior  isto, 

Sed  sibi  inutilior,  timidi  commenta  retexit 

Naupliades  animi  vitataque  traxit  ad  anna  \ 

Optima  nunc  sumat,  qui  sumere  noluit  ulla  ;  40 

Nos  inhonorati  et  donis  patruelibus  orbi,* 

Obtulimus  quia  nos  ad  prima  pericula,  simus  \ 

Atque  utinam  aut  verus  furor  ille  aut  creditus^°  essct, 

1  Si  virtus  in  me  esset  dubitabilis,  if  my  valour  were  qiieslionable  ,•  es- 
sem potens,  should  prevail. 

2  Silentibus,  See  5,  6,  16. 

3  TTrget  Sisjphon,  distresses  SisypJius.  Sisyphus  is  particularly  men- 
tioned here,  because  he  was  alleged  by  some  to  be  the  father  of  Ulysses, 
Tlie  contrast  between  the  judge  and  the  condemned  felon  is  very  striking. 

4  Nee  tamen  haec  series  prosit  (mihi)  in  causa,  let  not,  however,  this  de- 
scent avail  me  in  Vie  present  cause. 

5  Erat  frater,  he  was  my  cousin.  Pcleus  and  Telamon,  the  fathers  cf 
Achilles  and  Ajax,  were  brothers.  The  term/rater  is  sometimes  used  to 
denote  a  cousin.    Seel,ii,ii).    FTzterna,  ivhat  belonged  to  my  cousin. 

6  Inserit  nomiua  alienae  gentis  Jiacidis,  intrude  the  name  of  a  strange 
family  among  the  2Eacid<B,  i.  e.  claim  kindred  with  Achilles  and  myseh". 

7  Sub  nuUo  indice,y5wc€d  by  no  informer.    See  Palamedes. 

8  Qui  cepit  ultima  {arma),  who  took  up  arms  last. 

9  Orbi  patruelibus  donis,  deprived  of  a  present  which  belonged  to  rny 
emisin,-  obtulimus,  exposed. 

10  Verus  aut  creditus,  real  or  believed  to  be  so. 


140  AJAX  AND  ULYSSES.  [book  Xin. 

Nec  comes  hie  Phrygias  unquam  venisset  ad  arces 
Hortator  scelerum  :  non  te,  Poeantia  proles,  45 

Expositum  Lemnos  nostro  cum  crimine'  haberet : 
Qui  nunc,  ut  memorant,  silvestribus  abditus  antris, 
Saxa  moves  gemitu,  Laertiadseque  precaris, 
Quae  meruit :  quae,  si  Di  sunt,  non  vana  preceris. 
Et  nunc  Hie  eadem  nobis  juratus  in  arma,^  50 

Heu,  pars  una  ducum,  quo  successore'  sagittse 
Herculis  utuntur,  fractus  morboque  fameque, 
Velaturque  aliturque  avibus  :  volucresque  petendo 
Debita*  Trojanis  exercet  spicula  fatis. 
Ille  tamen  vivit,  quia  non  comitavit  Ulixen.  66 

Mallet  et  infelix  Palamedes  esse  relictus  : 
Viveret,  aut  certe  letum  sine  crimine'^  haberet. 
Quem  male  convicti  nimium  memor  iste  furoris^ 
Prodere  rem  Danaam  finxit,  fictumque  proba\at 
Crimen,  et  ostendit,  quod  jam  praefoderat,  aurum.       60 
Ergo  aut  exsUio  vires  subduxit  Achivis," 
Aut  nece  :  sic  pugnat,  sic  est  metuendus  Ulixes.. 
Qui,  licet  eloquio  fidum  quoque  Nestora  vincat, 
Haud  tamen  efficiet,  desertum  ut  Nestora  crimen* 
Esse  rear  nullum  :  qui,  quum  imploraret  Ulixen         66 
Vulnere  tardus  equi  fessusque  senilibus  annis, 
Proditus  a  socio  est.     Non  haec  mihi  crimina  fingi, 

1  Expositum  cum  nostro  crimine,  landed  there  to  our  great  reproach. 

2  Ille  juratus  in  eadem  arma  nobis,  he  who  hat  tworn  to  the  same  arms 
tciOi  us.  A.  R.  A.  3  2.  Sobis  is  here  in  the  dative,  and  under  the  govern- 
ment of  eadem ,-  una  pars,  one  and  that  a  distinguished  part 

3  Quo  successore,  v:hom  as  their  successive  owner. 

4  Debita  Trojanis  fatis,  destined  by  the  fates  for  the  destruction  of  Troy. 
A.  R.  A.  229.  Philoctetes  had  received  from  Hercules,  at  his  death,  his  bow 
and  poisoned  arrows,  without  which  the  oracle  had  declared  that  Troy 
could  not  be  taken. 

5  Sine  crimine,  tciOioid  a  charge  qf  treason,  i.  e.  of  attemptmg  to  betray 
the  Grecian  army.    Sec  Palamedes. 

6  Furoris  mal6  convicti,  qfhis  pietended  madness  tchich  he  /lad  detected 
to  his  loss.  ^    , 

7  Subduxit  \ires  Achivis,  ha-i  deprived  the  Greeks  of  their  strength— by  caus- 
ing Philoctetes  to  be  left  on  the  island  of  Lemnos,  and  Palamedes  to  be  put 
to  death. 

8  Nestora  desertum  esse  nullum  crimen,  thai  the  forsaking  of  A  estor  uxu 
no  crime.    ^Vhen  the  Greeks  had  fled  in  alarm  at  the  thunderbolt  of  Jupi- 


FAB.  I.J  AJAX  AND  ULYSSES.  141 

Scit  bene  Tydides,  qui  nomine  ssepe  vocatum 
Corripuit,  trepidoque  fugam  exprobravit  amico. 
Adspiciunt  oculis  Superi  mortalia  justis.  70 

En  eget  auxUio,  qui  non  tulit ;  utque  reliquit, 
Sic  linquendus  erat :  legem  sibi  dixerat  ipse.' 
Conclamat  socios  :  adsum,  videoque  trementem 
Pallentemque  metu  et  trepidantem  morte  futura."'' 
Opposui  molem  clypei,^  texique  jacentem,  75 

Servavique  animam,  minimum  est  hoc  laudis,  iaertem. 
Si  perstas  certare  ;  locum  redeamus  in  ilium  : 
Redde  hostem  vulnusque  tuum  solitumque  timorem, 
Post  clypeumque  late,  et  mecum  contende  sub  illo. 
At  postquam  eripui,  cui  standi  vulnera  vires  80 

Non  dederant/  nullo  tardatus  vulnere  fugit. 
Hector  adest,  secumque  Deos^  in  prcelia  ducit ; 
Q,uaque  ruit,  non  tu  tantum  terreris,  Ulixe, 
Sed  fortes  etiam  :  tantum  ti'ahit  ille  timoris. 
Hunc  ego  sanguineae  successu  caedis  ovantem  85 

Cominus  ingenti  resuptnum  pondei'e  fadi,^ 
Hunc  ego  poscentem,  cum  quo  concurreret,^  unus 
Sustinui ;  sortemque  meam  vovistis,*  Achivi, 


ter,  Nestor  was  unable  to  accompany  them  in  consequence  of  his  horse 
having  been  wounded  by  Paris ;  and  ttiomedes,  fearing  that  the  aged  cliief 
might  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  Trojans,  called  Ulysses  to  his  assistance. 
Ulysses,  however,  disregarded  the  call,  and  took  refuge  in  the  Grecian  camp, 

1  Ipse  dixerat  legem  sibi,  he  had  prescribed  the  rule  to  be  observed  to- 
wards himself,  i.  e.  he  had  set  an  example  in  abandoning  Nestor  which  ought 
to  have  been  followed  in  his  own  case. 

2  Futura  morte,  at  the  death  which  awaited  him. 

3  Molem  clypei,  the  bulk  of  my  shield,  my  large  shield.    A.  R.  A.  306. 

4  Cui  vulnera  non  dederant  vires  standi,  though  his  wounds  had  not  left 
Mm,  strength  to  stand. 

5  Decs,  the  gods.  Apollo  was  sent  by  Jupiter,  covered  with  a  cloud,  and 
armed  with  the  aegis  which  Vulcan  had  made  for  him,  to  attend  Hector, 
and  so  alarmed  the  Greeks  that  they  immediately  fled. 

6  Fudi  resupinum  ingenti  pondere,  /  laid  him  prostrate  on  his  back  with 
a  huge  stone. 

7  Poscentem  (hominem)  cum  quo  concurreret,  demanding  one  with  whom 
he  might  fght ;  challenging  any  one  to  fight  him. 

8  Vovistis  meam  sortem,  tvishedfor  my  lot,  i.  e.  wished  that  the  lot  might 
fall  upon  me  ;  that  my  lot  might  be  drawn  out  of  the  helmet  in  which  the 
lots  had  been  put.  On  this  occasion  nine  chiefs  presented  their  claims,  and 
there  were  therefore  nine  lots  put  into  the  helmet.    A.  R.  A.  243. 


14:2  AJAX  AND  ULYSSES.  [bOOK  XIII. 

Et  vestrae  valuere  preces.     Si  quseritis  hujus 

Fortunam  pugnae  ;  non  sum  superatus  ab  illo.  90 

Ecce  feruut  Troes  ferrumque  ignemque  Jovemque 

In  Daiiaas  classes  :  ubi  nunc  facundus  Ulixes  ? 

Nempe  ego  mille  meo  protexi  pectore  puppcs, 

Spem  vestri  reditus.     Date  tot  pro  navibus  arma.' 

Quod  si  vera  licet  mUii  dicere  ;  quseritur  istis,  ~^6 

Q,uam  mibi,  major  honos,  conjunctaque  gloria  nostra  est, 

Atque  Ajax  armis,'^  non  Ajaci  arma  petuntur. 

Conferat  his'  Ithacus  Rhesum  imbellemque  Dolona 

Priamidenque  Helenum  rapta  cum  Pallade  captum. 

Luce  niliil  gestum,  nihil  est  Diomede  remoto.  100 

Si  semel  ista  datis  meritis  tam  vilibus  arma  ; 

Diyidite,  et  major  pars  sit  Diomedis  in  illis. 

Quo  tamen  haec  Ithaco/  qui  clam,  qui  semper  inermis 

Rem  gerit,  et  furtis  incautum  decipit  hostem  ? 

Ipse  nitor  galeae  claro  radiantis  ab  auro  1 05 

Insidias  prodet,  manifestabitque  latentem. 

Sed  neque  Dulichius  sub  Achillis  casside  vertex 

Pondera  tanta  feret ;  nee  non  onerosa  gravisquo 

Pelias  esse  potest  imbellibus  hasta  lacertis  ; 

Nee  clypeus,  vasti  caelatus  imagine  mundi,*  1 10 

Conveniet  timidae  natajque  ad  furta  sinistrae. 

Debilitaturum  quid  te  jietis,  improbe,  munus  ? 

Quod  tibi  si  populi  donaverit  error  Achivi ; 

Cur  spolieris,  erit  f  non,  cur  metuaris  ab  hoste. 

Et  fuga,  qua  sola  cunctos,  timidissime,  vincis,  116 

1  Date  arma  pro  tot  navibus,  give  me  the  arms  for  having  preserved  so 
many  ships. 

2  Ajax  petitur  armis,  an  Jjax  is  sought  for  the  arms,  i.e.  to  do  them 
honour  by  receiving  them. 

3  His,  with  these  achievements — those  which  have  been  enumerated. 

4  Qud  (sunt)  hjee  (ai-ma)  Ithaco,  of  what  use  are  these  arms  to  Vie  Itha- 
can,  i.  e.  to  Ulysses  ?  Quo  is  here  used  for  quoi,  the  old  form  of  the  dative, 
and  is  to  be  taken  in  the  sense  of  cut  bono,  of  what  advantage. 

5  Caelatus  imajine  vasti  niundi,  having  a  representation  of  the  vast  world 
engraved  upon  it.  Of  this  shield,  which  was  made  by  Vulcan,  Homer  has 
given  a  minute  and  beautiful  description.    II.  18,  474 — 605. 

6  Erit,  cur  spolieris,  it  will  be  a  reason  why  you  shotild  be  plundered,-  it 
will  lead  to  your  being  plundered. 


FAB.  I.]  AJAX  AND  ULYSSES.  l43 

Tarda  futura  tibi  est,  gestamina  tanta  trahenti. 
Adde,  quod  iste  tiius,  tam  raro  prcelia  passus, 
Integer  est  clypeus  ;  nostro,  qui  tela  ferendo 
Mille  patet  plagis,  novus  est  successor  habendus.' 
Denique,  quid  verbis  opus  est?  spectemur  agendo  :    120 
Arma  viri  fortis  medios  mittantur  in  hostes  ; 
Inde  jubete  peti,  et  referentem  ornate  relatis.'* 
Finierat  Telamone  satus,  vulgique  secutum 
Ultima'  murmur  erat ;  donee  Laertius  heros 
Adstitit,  at  que  oculos  paulum  tellure  moratos  125 

Sustulit  ad  proceres,  exspectatoque  resolvit 
Ora  sono  ;  neque  abest  facundis  gratia''  dictis. 
Si  mea  cum  vestris  valuissent  vota,  Pelasgi, 
Non  foret  ambiguus  tanti  cei'taminis  heres. 
Tuque  tuis  armis/  nos  te  poteremur,  Achille.  130 

Quem  quoniam  non  aequa  mihi  vobisque  negarunt 
Fata  ;  manuque  siniul  veluti  lacrimantia  tersit 
Lumina  ;  quis  magno  melius  succedat  Achilli, 
Quam  per  qn.em  magnus  Dana'is  successit  Achilles  l^ 
Huic  modo  ne  prosit,  qu6d,ut  est,  hebes  esse  videtur  ;^  186 
Neve  mihi  noceat,  quod  vobis  semper,  Achivi, 
Profuit  ingeniimi ;  meaque  haec  facundia,  si  qua  est, 
Quae  nunc  pro  domino,  pro  vobis  ssepe  locuta  est, 
Invidia  careat ;  bona  nee  sua  quisque  recuset.^ 

1  Novus  successor  habendus  est  nostro  (clypeo),  a  new  svccesscyr  mvst  b« 
had  to  my  shield,  i.  e.  a  new  shield  must  take  the  place  of  mine,  which  la 
pierced  with  a  thousand  holes. 

2  Orrate  (eum)  referentem  {arma,  armis)  relatis,  adorn  the  man  who 
brings  back  the  arms,  with  the  arms  which  he  has  brought  back. 

3  Ultima  (verba),  his  last  words,-  the  conclusion  of  his  address. 

4  Gratia,  gracefulness  of  action. 

5  Tuque,  Achille,  (potereris)  tuis  armis,  and  you,  Achilles,  would  now 
enjoy  your  armour.    A.  R.  A.  306. 

6  Per  quem  magnus  Achilles  successit  Danais,  than  he  by  whose  meant 
the  great  Achilles  jained  the  Greeks.  Achilles  had  taken  refuge  with  Lyco- 
medes,  king  of  Seyros,  and  was  there  discovered  by  Ulysses,  disguised  in  a 
female  dress.    See  Achilles. 

7  Ne  prosit  huic,  quod  videtur  esse  liebes,  ut  est,  let  it  not  avail  Uiii 
fellow  that  he  seems  to  be  stupid  as  he  really  is. 

8  Nee  quisque  recuset  sua  boi;a,  a7id  let  no  one  reject,  or  leave  unem- 
ployed, accomplishments  which  are  really  his  own,  i.e.  which  he  has  ac- 
quired for  himself— in  opposition  to  the  accidents  of  birth  and  fortune. 


144  AJAX  AND  ULYSSES.  [book  XIII. 

Nam  genus  et  proavos  et  quse  non  fecimiis  ipsi,  140 

Vix  ea  nostra  voco.     Sed  enim,  quia  retulit  Ajax 
Esse  Jovis  pronepos/  nostri  quoque  sanguinis  auctor 
Jupiter  est,  totidemquc  gradus  distamus  ab  illo. 
Nam  mihi  Laertes  pater  est,  Arcesius  illi, 
Jupiter  huic  :    nequc    in    his    quisquam    duranatus    et 
exsul.'^  145 

Est  quoque  per  niatrem  Cyllenius  addita  nobis 
Altera  nobilitas  :^  Deus  est  in  utroque  parcnte. 
Sed  neque  matemo  quod  sum  generosior  ortu, 
Nee  milii  quod  pater  est  fraterni  sanguinis  insons,* 
Proposita  arnia  peto  ;  meritis  expenditc  causam.        150 
Dummodo,  quod  fratres  Telamon  Peleusque  fuerunt, 
Ajacis  moiitum  non  sit ;  nee  sanguinis  ordo* 
Sed  virtutis  honos  spoliis  quseratur  in  istis. 
Aut  si  proximitas  primusque  requiiitur  heres  ; 
Est  genitor  Peleus,  est  Pynhus  filius  illi  :  155 

Quis  locus  Ajaci  I  Phthiam  Scyronve  ferantur. 
Nee  minus  est  isto  Teucer  patruelis  Achilli. 
Nmn  petit  ille  tamen  ?  num,  si  petat,  auferat  arma  1 
Ergo  operum  quoniam  nudum  certamen  habetur  :* 
Plura  quidem  feci,  quam  quse  comprendere  dictis      160 
In  promptu  mihi  sit ;  rerum  tamen  ordine  ducar." 
Praescia  venturi  genitrix  Nereia  leti 
Dissimulat  cultu  natum  :^  et  deceperat  omncs, 
In  quibus  Ajacem,  sumptae  fallacia  vestis. 

1  Retulit  esse  pronepos  Jovis,  has  told  you  that  )ie  is  the  great-grandson 
of  Jupiter.  Tile  nominative  is  here  used  in  imitation  of  the  Greek,  instead 
of  the  accusative,  ic  esse  pronepotem. 

2  Neque  quisquam  in  his  erat  damnatus  et  exsul,  nor  was  any  one  of 
them  condemned  and  an  exile.  Ulysses  here  alludes  to  the  banishment  of 
Peleus  and  Telamon  by  their  father  ^acus,  for  having  accidentally  killed 
their  brother  Phocus  with  a  quoit. 

3  Altera  nobilitas,  a  second  claim  to  nohiUtii-    See  Anticlea- 

4  Insons  fratorni  sanguinis,  innocent  of  his  brother's  blood.   See  145. 

5  Ordo  sanguini?.  order  of  descent,  propinquity  of  blood.    See  29. 

6  Quoniam  nudum  certamen  operum  habetur,  since  this  is  merely  a  con- 
test in  acliievemenis — not  for  nobility  of  descent. 

7  Ducar  ordine  rerum,  J  shall  be  guided  by  the  order  of  the  actions,  i.  e. 
I  shall  enumerate  them  in  chronological  order. 

8  Dissimulat  natum  cultu,  disguises  her  son  by  a  female  dress. 


FAB.  I.J  AJAX  AND  ULYSSES.  145 

Arma  ego  femineis,  animum  motura'  virilem,  165 

Mercibus  inserui ;  neque  adhuc  projecerat  heros 
Virgineos  habitus,  quum  parmam  hastamque  tenenti, 
Nate  Dea,  dixi,  tibi  se  peritura  reservant^ 
Pergama  :  quid  dubitas  ingenteni  evertere  Trojam  1 
Injecique  manum^  fortenique  ad  fortia  misi,  ]  70 

Ergo  opera  illius  mea  sunt.     Ego  Telephon  hasta 
Pugnantem  domui ;  victum  orantemque  refeci.* 
Q,u6d  Thebs  cecidere,  menm  est ;  me  credite  Lesbon, 
Me  Tenedon  Chrysenque  et  Cyllan,  ApoUinis  urbes, 
Et  Scyron  cepisse  :  mea  concussa  putate  1 75 

Procubuisse  solo  Lyrnesia  moenia  dextra. 
Utque  alios  taceam  :  qui  saevum  perdere  posset 
Hectora,  nempe  dedi  :^  per  me  jacet  inclytus  Hector. 
Illis  base  armis,  quibus  est  inventus  Achilles, 
Arma  peto  :^  vivo  dederam,  post  fata  reposco.  180 

Ut  dolor  unius^  Danaos  pervenit  ad  omnes, 
Aulidaque  Euboicam  complerunt  mille  carinae  ; 
Exspectata  diu,  nulla  aut  contraria  classi 
Flamina  sunt ;  durseque  jubent  Agamemnona  sortes* 
Immeritam  ssevie  natam  mactare  Dianae.  185 

Denegat  hoc  genitor,  Divisque  irascitur  ipsis, 
Atque  in  rege  tamen  pater  est.^     Ego  mite  parentis 
Ingenium  verbis  ad  publica  commoda  verti. 
Hanc  equidem  fateor,  fassoque  ignoscat  Atrides, 

1  Ego  insenai  femineis  mercibus  arma  motura,  /  introduced  among 
femalewares  arms  likely  to  excite,  i.  e.  a  shield  and  spear  among  implements 
for  spinning  and  weaving.  See  Iphigeria. 

2  Keservant  se  tibi,  reserves  itself  for  you. 

3  Injeci  manum,  I  laid  my  hands  on  him,  i.  e.  claimed  him  as  my  pri- 
soner.   A.  R.  A.  188.    Ad  fortia,  to  the  performance  of  brave  actions. 

4  Refeci,  restored,  healed.    See  Telephus. 

5  Nempe  dedi  {hominem),  qui  posset  perdere,  I  certainly  furnished  ymt 
with  a  man  who  could  kill. 

6  Peto  haec  arma  illis  armis,  I  ask  these  arms  in  return  for  those.  The 
statement  in  the  following  clause  seems  not  to  correspond  with  this.  The 
poet  probably  studied  effect  rather  than  a  strict  adherence  to  truth. 

7  Unlus,  of  one,  i.  e.  Menelaus. 

8  Durae  sortes,  the  cruel  oracle,  i.  e.  the  response  of  Calchas.  A.  R.  A. 
243.    Immeritam,  innocent. 

9  Atque  pater  taraen  est  in  rege,  and  though  a  king  is  nevertheless  a 
father  ;  and  in  the  king  there  is  nevertheless  the  ujjection  of  a  father. 


146  A  J  AX  AND  ULYSSES.  (_BOOK  Xlll. 

Difficilem  teuui  sub  iniquo  judice*  causani.  190 

Hunc  tamen  utilitas  populi  fi-aterque  datique 

Suinma  movet  sceptri,'*  laudeiu  ut  cum  saugnine  penset. 

Mittor  et  ad  matrem,  qua  non  hortanda,  sed  astu' 

Decipienda  fmt.     Q,u6  si  Telamonius  isset, 

Orba  suis  essent  etiamnum  lintea  ventis.*  195 

Mittor  et  Iliacas  audax  orator  ad  arces  ; 

Visaque  et  intrata  est  altce  mihi  curia  Trojse  ; 

Plenaque  adhuc  erat  ilia  \'iris.     Interritus  egi, 

Quam  mihi  mandarat  communis  Graecia,  causam, 

Accusoque  Paiin,  priEdamque  Helenamque  reposco;'  200 

Et  moveo  Priamum  Priamoque  Antenora  junctum. 

At  Paris  et  fratres  et,  qui  rapuere  sub  illo, 

Vix  tenuere  manus,  scis  hoc,  Menelae,  nefandas  ; 

Primaque  lux  nostri  tecum  fuit  ilia  pericli. 

Longa  referre  mora  est,  quae  consilioque  manuque     205 

UtiUter  feci  spatiosi  tempore  belli.*' 

Post  acies  primas  lubis  se  moenibus  hostes 

Contiauere  diu,  nee  aperti  copia  Martis    . 

Ulla  fuit ;  decimo  demiun  pugnavimus  anno. 

Quid  facis  interea,  qui  nil  nisi  prcelia  nosti  1  210 

Q,uis  tuus  usus  erat  ?  nam  si  mea  facta  requiris  ; 

Hostibus  insidior  ;  fossas  munimine  cingo  ; 

Consolor  socios,  ut  longi  taedia  belli 

Mente  ferant  placida  ;  doceo  quo  simus  alendi 


1  Tenui  sub  iniquo  judice,  I  gained  before  a  partial  judge,  L  c.  before 
Agamemnon,  who  was  opposed  to  the  sacrificing  of  his  daughter  Iphigenia. 

2  Summaque  sceptri  dati  movet,  ut  penset  laudem  cum  sanguine,  and  the 
tupreme  power  of  the  sceptre  which  had  been  conferred  upon  him  induce* 
him  to  weigh  praise  in  the  balance  with  blood,  i.  e.  to  purchase  glory  by  the 
sacrifice  of  his  daughter.  Agamemnon  had  been  invested  by  the  Greeks 
with  the  office  of  commander-in-chief,  the  badge  of  which  "office  was  a 
sceptre. 

3  Astu,  by  cunning.  Ulysses  prevailed  upon  Clytemnestra  to  send  her 
daughter  along  with  him,  by  assuring  her  that  she  had  been  esx>oused  by  her 
father  to  Achilles. 

4  Orba  suis  ventis,  without  favourable  winds.    A.  R.  A.  337. 

5  Reposco  praedamque  Helenamque,  I  demand  back  both  the  plunder 
and  Helen,  i.  e.  Helen  and  the  valuable  plunder  which  be  had  carried  off 
along  with  her. 

6  Tempore  spatiosi  belli,  during  the  Ume  ofUie  long  war.    Sec  Troja. 


I 


FAB.  I.]  AJAX  AND  ULYSSES.  147 

Armandive  inodo  ;  mittor  quo  postulat  usus.  216 

Ecce.  Jovis  monitu  deceptus  imagine  somni/ 

Rex  jubet  incepti  curam  dimittere  belli. 

Ille  potest  auctore"-  suam  defendere  causam. 

Non  sinat  hoc  Ajax  delendaque  Pergama  poscat, 

Quodque  potest/  pugnet.     Cur  non  remoratur  ituros  1 

Cur  non  arma  capit  l  det,  quod  vaga  turba  sequatur.*  221 

Non  erat  hoc  nimium  nunquam  nisi  magna  loquenti. 

Quid,  quod'  et  ipse  fugit  I  vidi,  puduitque  videre, 

Quum  tu  terga  dares  inhonestaque  vela  pararcs. 

Nee  mora,  Q,uid  facitis  ?  quae  vos  dementia,  dixi,       225 

Concitat,  o  socii,  captain  dimittere  Trojam  ? 

Quidve  domum  fertis  decimo  nisi  dedecus  anno  I 

Talibus  atque  aliis,  in  qute  dolor  ipse  disertum 

Fecerat,^  aversos  profuga  de  classe  reduxi. 

Convocat  Atrides  socios  terrore  paventes  :  230 

Nee  Telamoniades  etiam  nunc  hiscere  quicquam^ 

Audet ;  et  axisiis  erat  reges  incessere  dictis" 

Thersites,  etiam  per  me  haud  impune,  protervis. 

Erigor  et  trepidos  cives  exhortor  in  hostem, 

Amissamque  mea  virtutem  voce  reposco.  2.35 

Tempore  ab  hoc,  quodcumque  potest  fecisse  videri 

Fortiter  iste,  meum  est,  qui  dantem  terga  retraxi. 

Denique  de  Danais  quis  te  laudatve  petitve  ^^ 

At  sua  Tydides  mecum  communicat  acta  ; 

Me  probat,  et  socio  semper  confidit  Ulixe.  240 

1  Deceptus  imagine  somni,  being  deceived  hy  a  vition  in  his  sleep,  I.  e.  by 
a  dream. 

2  Auctore,  by  the  author  of  it,  i.  e.  on  the  authority  of  Jupiter. 

3  Quod  potest,  what  alone  he  can  do.  The  whole  of  this  sentence  is 
spoken  ironically,  and  for  the  purpose  of  turning  into  ridicule  the  military 
prowess  of  Ajax. 

4  Det,  quod  vaga  turba  sequatur,  let  him  give  an  advice  which  thefickle 
crowd  may  follow. 

5  Quid,  quod,  &c.    See  5,  8,  67. 

6  In  quae  dolor  ipse  fecerat  me  disertum,  for  which  grief  itself  had  made 
me  eloquent. 

7  Hiscere  quicquam,  to  utter  any  thing,  to  speak  at  all. 

8  Incessere  reges  protervis  dictis,  to  assail  the  chiifs  (principally  Aga- 
memnon) with  insolent  language. 

9  Petitve  te  {comitem),  m-  chooses  you  as  his  companion. 


148  AJAX  AND  VLYSSES.  [bOOK  XIII, 

Est  aliquid,  de  tot  Graiorum  millibus  unum 

A  Diomede  legi.'     Nee  me  sors  ire  jubebat : 

Sic  tamen  ct  spreto  noctisque  bostisque  periclo 

Ausum  eadein,  quae  nos,  Phrygia  de  gente  Dolona 

Interimo  ;  non  ante  tamen,  quam  cuncta  coegi  245 

Prodere,  et  edidici  quid  perSda  Troja  pararet. 

Omnia  cognoram,  nee,  quod  specularer,  babebam  ;' 

Et  jam  promissa  poteram  cum  laude  reverti. 

Haud  contentus  ea,  petii  tentoria  Rhesi, 

Inque  suis  ipsum  castris  comitesque  pevemi  ;  250 

Atque  ita  captivo  victor  votisque  potitus 

Ingredior  curru  laetos  imitante  triumphos.' 

Cujus  equos  pretium  pro  nocte  poposcerat  hostis/ 

Arma  negate  mibi,  fueritque  benignior  Ajax.' 

Quid  Lycii  referam  Sarpedonis  agmina  feiTo  265 

Devastata  meo  I  quum  multo  sanguine  fudi 

Cceranon  Iphitiden,  et  Alastoraque  Cbromiumque 

Alcandrumque  Haliumque  Noemonaque  Prytaninque, 

Exitioque  dedi  cum  Chersidamante  Thoona, 

Et  Charopem  fatisque  immitibus  Ennomon  actum,*  260 

Q,uique  minus  celebres  nostra  sub  moenibus  urbis  . 

Procubuere  manu.     Sunt  et  mihi  ■s^ilnera,  cives. 

Ipso  pulchra  loco  :^  nee  vanis  credite  verbis  ; 

Adspicite  en !  vestemque  manu  deducit,  et,  Haec  sunt 

1  Legi  unum  a  Diomecle,  to  be  the  only  person  selected  by  Diomedes. 

2  Nee  habebam  quod,  specularer,  nor  had  I  any  thing  farther  to  examine. 

3  Ingredior  curru  imitante  laetos  triumphos,  /  ride  in  (enter)  a  chariot  in 
imitation  of  a  joyful  triumph,  i.  e.  I  return  in  triumph  to  the  camp.  Ovid, 
from  this  expression,  seems  to  have  forgotten  that  Ulysses  was  a  Greek. 
A.  R.  A.  325. 

4  Cujus  equos  hostis  poposcerat  pretium  pro  nocte,  whose  horses  the  ene- 
my (Dolon)  had  demanded  as  his  reward  for  that  night's  service.  Dolon, 
before  leaving  Troy,  had  prevailed  upon  Hector  to  promise  him  tlie  horses 
and  chariot  of  Achilles,  as  a  reward  for  exploring  the  enemy's  camp. 

5  Ajaxque  fuerit  benignior,  and  Ajax  will  have  been  more  just  Oian  you. 
There  seems  to  be  here  a  reference  to  line  102,  where  Ajax  says,  that  if  the 
arms  of  Achilles  are  given  to  Ulysses  at  all,  they  ought  to  be  divided 
between  him  and  Diomedes. 

6  Actum  immitibus  fatis,  driven  on  (to  destruction)  by  the  cruel fater 
A.  R.  A.  229. 

7  Pulchra  ipso  loco,  honourable  from  their  very  position,  i.  e.  in  the 
breast :  wounds  in  the  back  were  considered  dishonourable. 


F,AB.  I.]  AJAX  AND  ULYSSES.  149 

Pectora  semper,  ait,  vestris  exercita  rebus.  265 

At  nihil  impendit  per  tot  Telamonius  annos 

Sanguinis  in  socios,  et  liabet  sine  vulnere  corpus. 

Quid  tamen  hoc  refert,'  si  se  pro  classe  Pelasga 

Arma  tulisse  refert  contra  Troasque  Jovemque  I 

Confiteorque,  tulit :  neque  enim  benefacta  maligne'^  270 

Detrectare  meum  est ;  sed  nee  communia  solus 

Occupet,  atque  aliquem  vobis  quoque  reddat  honorem. 

Repulit  Actorides,  sub  imagine  tutus  Achillis, 

Troas  ab  arsuris  cum  defensore^  carinis. 

Ausum  etiam  Hectoreo''  solum  concurrere  Marti       275 

Se  putat,  oblitus  regisquc  ducumque  meique, 

Nonus  in  officio'  et  praelatus  munere  sortis. 

Sed  tamen  eventus  vestrae,  fortissime,  pugna? 

Quis  fuit  1  Hector  abit  \'iolatus  vulnere  nullo. 

Me  miserum,  quanto  cogor  meminisse  dolore  280 

Temporis  illius,  quo  Graium  murus,  Achilles, 

Procubmt !  nee  me  laciinise  luctusve  timorve 

Tardarunt,  quia  corpus  hximo  sublime  referrem.^ 

His  htimeris,  his,  inquam,  humeris  ego  corpus  Achillis 

Et  simul  arma  tuli;  quae  nunc  quoque  ferre  laboro.  285 

Sunt  mihi,  quae  valeant  in  taha  pondera,  vires  ; 

Est  animus  vestros  certe  sensurus  honores. 

Scilicet  idcirco  pro  gnato  cserula  mater 

Ambitiosa  suo  fuit,^  ut  coelestia  dona, 

Artis  opus  tantae,  rudis  et  sine  pectore  miles  290 

1  Quid  tamen  hoc  refert,  yet  what  avails  this  f 

2  Malignd  detractare  benefacta,  enviously  to  detractfrom  brave  actions; 
sed  nee  solus  occupet  communia,  but  let  him  not  alone  claim  actions  whi<A 
are  common,  i.  e.  in  which  all  had  a  share. 

3  Cum  defensore,  toith  their  defender,  i.  e.  Ajax. 

4  Concurrere  Hectoreo  Marti,  to  engaae  in  single  combat  with  Hector. 
See  87. 

5  ifonns  in  officio,  the  ninth  in  that  affair.  See  88.  According  to  Homer, 
Ajax  was  the  third  who  oflFered  himself,  and  Ulysses  the  ninth  ;  but  nonus 
is  probably  to  be  taken  here  in  the  sense  of  one  of  nine. 

e  Quin  referrem  corpus  sublime  humo,/rojra  carrying  off  the  body  raised 
from  the  groxmd. 

7  Scilicet  idcirco  easrula  mater  fuit  ambitiosa  pro  suo  gnato,  was  it  for- 
sooth, for  this  reason  that  his  sea-green  mother  (Thetis)  teas  so  urgent  with 
Vulcan  in  behaJfofher  son  ? 

A  2 


loO  AJAX  AND  ULYSSES.  [bOOK  XIII. 

Indueretl  neque  enim  clypei  caelamina  noiit,* 
Oceanum  et  terras  cumque  alto  sidera  coelo, 
Pleiadasque  Hyadasque  immunemque  iEquoris  Arcton, 
Diversasque  urbes  nitidumque  Ononis  ensem. 
Postulat  ut  capiat,  quae  non  intelligit,  anna.  295 

Quid,  quod  me,  duri  fugientem  niunera  belli, 
Arguit'^  incepto  serum  accessisse  labori, 
Nee  se  magnanimo  maledicere  sentit  Achilli  1 
Si  simulasse  vocat  crimen  f  simulavimus  ambo. 
Si  mora  pro  culpa  est ;  ego  sum  maturior  illo.  300 

Me  pia  detinuit  conjux,  pia  mater  Achillem  ; 
Primaque  sunt  illis*  data  tempora,  cetera  vobis. 
Hand  timeo,  si  jam  nequeo  defendere  crimen 
Cum  tanto  commune  viro.     Deprensus  Ulixia 
Ingenio'  tameii  ille  ;  at  non  Ajacis  Ulixes.  306 

Neve  in  me  stolidae  convicia  fundere  linguae 
Admiremur  eum  :  vobis  quoque  digna  pudore 
Objicit.     An  falso  Palameden  crimine  turpe  est 
Accusasse  mihi,  vobis  damnasse  decorum  ? 
Sed  neque  Naupliades  facinus  defendere  tantum         310 
Tamque  patens  valuit ;  nee  vos  audistis  in  illo 
Crimina  ;  vidistis,  pretioque  objecta  patebant.^ 
Nee  Poeantiaden  quod  liabet  Vulcania  Lemnos, 
Esse  reus  merui ;  factum  defendite  vestrum  : 
Consensistis  enim.     Nee  me  suasisse  negabo,  315 

Ut  se  subtraberet  bellique  viseque  labori, 
Tentaretque  feros  requie  lenire  dolores. 
Paruit,  et  vivit.     Non  haec  sententia  tantum 
Fida,  sed  et  felix ;  quum  sit  satis,  esse  fidelem. 

1  Neque  enim  norit  cselamina  cljiiei,  /or  he  wiU  not  understand  tht 
devices  on  the  shield. 

2  Arguit  me  fugientem,  accuses  me  of  avoiding.    See  5,  8,  67. 

3  Si  vocat  simulasse  crimen,  if  he  calls  dissembling  {to  tiave  dissembled) 
a  crime.    See  36-39. 

4  lUis,  to  them,  i.  e.  to  my  wife  and  to  his  mother. 

5  Ille  deprehensus  (est)  ingenio  Ulixis,  he  (Achilles)  teas  detected  bt/  the 
dexterity  cf  Ulysses.    See  165. 

6  Objert.a  patebant  pretio,  the  charges  made  against  Mm  were  proved  by 
the  reward  Bent  to  him,  i.  e.  by  the  gold  found  in  his  tent. 


FAB.  I.]  AJAX  AND  ULYSSES.  151 

Quem  quoniam  vates  delenda  ad  Pergama  poscunt :  320 

Ne  mandate  mihi  ;^  melius  Telamonius  ibit, 

Eloqtdoque  virum  morbis  ii'aque  furentem 

Molliet,  aut  aliqua  produce!  callidus  arte. 

Ante  retro  Simois  fluet  et  sine  frondibus  Ida 

Stabit,  et  auxilium  promittet  Achaia  Trojoe,  325 

Q,uam,  cessante  meo  pro  vestris  pectore  rebus,^ 

Ajacis  stolidi  Danais  solertia  prosit. 

Sis  licet  infestus  sociis  regique  mihique, 

Dure  PhUoctete  ;  licet  exsecrere  meumque 

Devoveas  sine  fine  caput,  cupiasque  dolenti  330 

Me  tibi  forte  dari,^  nostrumque  haurire  cruorem, 

Utque  tui  mihi,  sic  fiat  tibi  copia  nostri  :* 

Te  tamen  aggrediar,  mecumque  reducere  nitar. 

Tamqiie  tuis  potiar,  faveat  Fortuna,  sagittis, 

Quam^  sum  Dardanio,  quern  cepi,  vate  potitus  ;        335 

Q,uam  responsa  Deum  Trojanaque  fata  retexi ; 

Q,uam  rapui  Phrygiae  signum  penetrale  Minervse 

Hostibus  e  mediis.     Et  se  mihi  conferat  Ajax  ? 

Nempe  capi  Trojam  prohibebant  fata  sine  Hlo. 

Fortis  ubi  est  Ajax  1  ubi  sunt  ingentia  magni  340 

Verba  viri  1  cur  hie  metuit  ?  cur  audet  Ulixes 

Ire  per  excubias,  et  se  committere  nocti, 

Perque  feros  enses  non  tantum  mcenia  Troum, 

Verum  etiam  summas  arces  intrare,  suaque 

Eripere  sede  Deam,^  raptamque  efferre  per  hostes  t    346 

1  Ne  mandate  mihi,  do  not  intrust  that  to  me— to  bringbackPhiloctetes, 
whose  presence  the  soothsayers  had  declared  to  be  necessary  before  Troy 
could  be  taken. 

■    2  Meo  pectore  cessante  pro  vestris  rebus,  if  my  talents  cease  to  be  ex- 
erted for  your  interest. 

3  Me  forte  dari  tibi,  that  I  may  happen  to  fall  into  your  hands. 

4  This  line  is,  by  the  best  editors  of  Ovid,  considered  spurious.  If  it  is 
retained,  the  most  probable  interpretation  seems  to  be,  Utque  copia  tui 
ifacta  est)  mihi,  sic  copia  nostri  fiat  tibi,  and  as  I  have  had  you  in  my 
power  (when  I  caused  you  to  be  left  on  the  island  of  Lemnos),  so  may  you 
have  me  in  your  poicer, — so  may  you  have  the  power  of  treating  me  as  you 
think  I  deserve. 

5  Tam — q\Jiva,  as  surely— is ;  Dardanio  vate,  tJte  Trojan  prophelf  U  e. 
Helenus. 

6  Deam,  the  goddess,  i.  e.  the  Palladium,  q.  v. 


152  AJAX  AND  ULYSSES.  [bOOK  XIII. 

Quae  nisi  fecissem,  frustra  Telamone  creatus 

Gestasset  Iseva  taiirorum  tergora  septem.^ 

Ilia  nocte  mihi  Trojae  victoria  parta  est ; 

Pergama  turn  vici,  quum  vinci  posse  coegi."'' 

Desine  Tydiden  vultuque  et  miirmm-e  nobis  350 

Ostentare  meum  :'  pars  est  sua  laudis  in  illis. 

Nee  tu,  quum  socia  clypenm  pro  classe  tenebas. 

Solus  eras  :  tibi  turba  comes,  mihi  contigit  unus. 

Qui,  nisi  pugnacem  sciret  sapiente  miiiorem'' 

Esse,  nee  indomitse  deberi  prsemia  dextrse,  355 

Ipse  quoque  haec  peteret ;  peteret  moderatior  Ajax,* 

Eurj^ylusque  ferox  claroque  Andraemone  natus  ; 

Nee  minus  Idomeneus,  patriaque  creatus  eadem 

Meriones  ;  peteret  majoris  frater  Atridae. 

Quippe  manu  fortes  nee  sunt  tibi  Marte  secundi ;     360 

ConsUiis  cessere  meis.     Tibi  dextera  bello 

Utilis ;  ingenium  est,  quod  eget  moderamine  nostro,'^ 

Tu  vires  sine  mente  geris ;  mihi  cura  futuri  est. 

Tu  pugnare  potes  ;  liugnandi  tempoi*a  mccum 

Eligit  Atrides.     Tu  tantum  corpore  prodes  ;  365 

Nos  animo.     Quantoque  ratem  qui  temperat,  anteit 

Remigis  officium,  quanto  dux  milite  major  ; 

Tanto  ego  te  supero.     Nee  nou  in  corpore  nostro 

Peetora  sunt  potiora  manu  ;  vigor  omnis  in  illis. 

At  vos,  0  proccres,  vigili  date  praemia  vestro  ;  370 

Proque  tot  annorum  curis,  quas  anxius  egi," 

Hunc  titulum  meritis  pensandum^  reddite  nostris. 

Jam  labor  in  fine  est :  obstantia  fata  removi, 

1  Tergora  septein  taurorum,  tfte  hides  of  seven  lulls,  i.  e.  his  shield  covered 
with  the  hides  of  seven  bulls.    «See  2. 

2  Quum  coegi  posse  vinci,  when  J  rendered  it  capable  of  being  taken. 

3  Vultu  et  murmure  ostentare  meum  Tydiden  vobis,  by  your  looks  and 
murmuring  to  bring  forward  my  companion  Diomedes.    See  100. 

4  Pugnacem  {hominem)  esse  rainorem  sapiente,  that  a  fighting  man  it 
it\ferior  to  a  man  of  prudence. 

5  Moderatior  Ajax,  tJie  more  discreet  Ajax,  i.  e.  Ajax  the  son  of  Oileus. 

6  Ingenium  est,  quod  eget  nostro  moderamine,  it  is  your  understanding 
which  requires  my  direction. 

7  Q,uas  anxius  egi,  which  I  have  undergone  with  anxiety. 

8  Pensandum  meis  meritis,  as  a  recompense  due  to  my  services. 


FAB.  I.J  AJAX  ANB  ULYSSES.  163 

Altaque  posse  capi  faciendo,  Pergama  cepi. 

Per  spes  nunc  socias  casuraque  moenia  Tronm,  375 

Perque  Deos,^  oro,  quos  hosti  nuper  ademi, 

Per  si  quid  superest,  quod  sit  sapienter  agendum,^ 

Si  quid  adhuc  audax  ex  praecipitique  petendum  est,' 

Si  Trojae  fatis  aliquid  restare  putatis  ; 

Este  mei  memores  ;  aut,  si  milii  non  datis  arma,       380 

Huic  date ! '  et  ostendit  signum  fatale  Minervse. 

Mota  manus  procerum  est ;  et,  quid  facundia  posset, 
Re  patuit,^  fortisque  viri  tulit  arma  disertus. 
Hectora  qui  solus,  qui  ferrum  ignemque  Jovemque 
Sustinuit  toties,  unam  non  sustinet  iram  ;  385 

Invictumque  virum  vincit  dolor.     Arripit  ensem, 
Et,  Meus  hie  certe  est.     An  et  hunc  sibi  poscet  Ulixes  ! 
Hoc,  ait,  utendum  est  in  me  mihi ;  quique  cruore 
Saepe  Phrygum  maduit,  domini  nunc  caede  madebit ; 
Ne  quisquam  Ajacem  possit  superare  nisi  Ajax.         390 
Dixit ;  et  in  pectus,  turn  demum  vulnera  passum,^ 
Qua  patuit  ferro,  letalem  condidit  ensem. 
Nee  valuere  manus  infixum  educere  telum ; 
Expulit  ipse  cruor,  rubefactaque  sanguine  tellus 
Purpureum  viridi  genuit  de  cespite  florem,  395 

Qui  prius  CEbalio  fuerat  de  vulnere  natus. 
Litera  communis  mediis  pueroque  viroque 
Inscripta  est  foliis,  hsec  nominis,  ilia  querela?.' 

1  Per  Deos,  6y  the  goddess.  Bees,  though  plural  and  masculine,  refers 
only  to  Minerva.    See  345. 

2  Per  si  quid  superest,  quod  sit  sapienter  agendum,  6y  whatever  requires 
to  he  transacted  with  wisdom,  if  any  such  thing  remains. 

3  Petendum  est  ex  praeeipiti,  is  to  be  brought  from  a  dangerous  place — 
like  the  stealing  of  the  palladium  from  the  temple  of  Minerva. 

4  I»ate  huic,  give  them  to  this  goddess,  i.  e.  consecrate  them  in  the  temple 
of  Minerva. 

5  Patuit  re,  was  shown  by  the  result. 

6  Tum  demum  passum  vulnera,  which  then  for  the  first  time  suffered  a 
wound.    See  267. 

7  Hasc  {est  litera)  nominis,  ilia  {litera)  querelas,  these  are  the  letter»  of 
Ajax's  name,  those  the  letters  of  complaint — the  letters  AI,  which  are  the 
first  two  of  Ajax's  name,  and  whicli  also  form  the  exclamation. 


154  PYTHAGORAS.  [bOOK  XV. 

BOOK  XV. 
Fab.  II. — Pythagoras. 

ViB  fuit  hie,'  ortu  Samius  ;  sed  fugerat  una 

Et  Samon  et  dominos,^  odioque  tyrannidis  exsul 

Sponte  erat.     Isque,  licet  coeli  regione  remotus, 

Mente  Deos  adiit  f  et,  quse  natura  negabat 

Visibus  humanis,  oculis  ea  pectoris  hausit.*  5 

Quumque  animo  et  vigili  perspexerat  omnia  cura, 

In  medium  discenda  dabat ;'  ccetusque  silentum, 

Dictaque  mirantum  niagni  primordia  mundi 

Et  rerum  causas,  et  quid  natura,^  doccbat, 

Q,uid  Deus,  unde  nives,  qua?  fulminis  esset  origo,        10 

Jupiter  an  venti  discussa  nube  tonarent/ 

Quid  quateret  terras,  qua  sidera  lege  mearent,* 

Et  quodcumque  latet.     Primusque  animalia  mensis 

Arguit  imponi  f  primus  quoque  talibus  ora 

Docta  quidem  solvit,  sed  non  et  credita,  verbis  :  15 

Parcite,  moi-tales,  dapibus  temerare  nefandis 


1  Hlc,  here,  i.  e.  at  Croton,  q.  v. 

2  Dominos,  the  tyrants,  i.e.  Polycrates  and  his  brotlicrs.  See  Polycrates. 

3  Adiit  Deos  mente,  approached  the  gods  with  ?iis7nind,  i.  e.  studied  the 
nature  of  the  gods. 

4  Hausit  oculis  pectoris,  comprehended  by  the  ei/es  of  his  understanding, 
perceived  by  the  eye  of  reason. 

5  Dabat  in  medium  discenda,  made  them  public,  gave  them  out  to  be 
learned;  silentum,  o/ silent  scholars.  For  the  purpose  of  forming  in  hi» 
pupils  habits  of  reflection,  Pythagoras  imposed  on  some  of  them  a  silence 
of  two,  and  on  others  of  three  years. 

6  Q,uid  natura  (sit),  what  the  natural  state  of  things  is,  i.  e.  the  laws  of 
nature,  natural  philosophy. 

7  Tonarent,  produced  the  noise  of  the  thnnder ,-  quateret  terras,  shook 
the  earth,  i.  e.  the  cause  of  earthqual^es.  The  origin  of  thunder  and  the 
cause  of  earthquakes  were  two  favourite  subjects  of  speculation  with  the 
ancient  philosophers. 

H  Sidera  mearent,  the  heavenly  bodies,  the  planets  moved  in  their  orbits  ; 
quodcumque  latet,  whatever  else  is  concealed  from  men  ;  all  the  mysteries 
of  nature. 

9  Arguit  animalia  imponi,  tav(iht  that  it  was  a  crime  for  animal  food  to 
be  served  up. 


Fab.  II.]  PVTHAGORAS.  ISiS 

Corpora  :  sunt  fruges  ;  sunt  deducentia  ramos 

Pondere  poma  suo,  tumidfeque  in  \dtibus  uvse  ; 

Sunt  herbae  dulces ;  sunt,  quae  mitescere  flamma 

Mollirique  queant  ;^  nee  vobis  lacteus  humor  20 

Eripitur,  nee  mella  thymi  redolentia  flore. 

Prodiga  divitias  alimentaque  mitia  tellus 

Suggerit,  atque  epulas  sine  caede  et  sanguine  prcebet. 

Carne  ferae  sedant  jejunia,  nee  tamen  omnes  : 

Quippe  equus  et  peeudes  armentaque  gramine  vivunt.  25 

At  quibus  ingenium  est  immansuetumque  fenunque, 

Armeniaeque  tigres  iracundique  leones 

Cumque  lupis  ursi,  dLipibus  cum  sanguine  gaudent. 

Heu  quantum  scelus  est,  in  viscera  viscera  condi,""' 

Congestoque  aviduni  pinguescere  corpore  coi-pus,         30 

Alteriusque  animantem  aniinantis  vivere  leto  ! 

SeUicet  in  tantis  opibus,  quas  optima  matrum 

Terra  parit,  nil  te  nisi  tristia  mandere  saevo 

Vulnera'  dente  juvat,  ritusque  referre  Cyclopum? 

Nee,  nisi  perdideris  alium,  plaeare  voraeis  35 

Et  male  morati  poteris  jejunia  ventris  l 

At  vetus  ilia  setas,  cui  fecimus  Aurea  nomeu, 

Fetibus  arboreis  et,  quas  humus  educat,  herbis, 

Fortunata  fuit,  nee  polluit  ora  eruore. 

Tune  et  aves  tutae  nio^ere  per  aera  pennas,  40 

Et  lepus  impavidus  mediis  erravit  in  agris, 

Nee  sua  credulitas  piscem  suspenderat  hamo  : 

Cuneta  sine  insidiis  nullamque  timeutia  fraudem 

Plenaque  pacis  erant.     Postquam  non  utilis  auctor 

Victibus  invidit,  quisquis  fuit  ille,  virorum,*  45 

Corporeasque  dapes  avidam  demersit  in  alvum  ; 

1  Sunt  {herba),  quae  queant  mitescere,  there  are  other  herb*  which  can 
be  made  palatable. 

2  Viscera  condi  in  viscera,  that  carcass  should  be  buried  in  carcass  ;  cor- 
pore congesto,  by  another  body  being  crammed  into  it. 

3  Mandere  sxvo  dente  tristia  vulnera,  to  devour  with  greedy  tooUi  fiosh 
mangled  by  cruel  wounds. 

4  Non  utilis  auctor  in«dit  vjotibus  virorum,  a  mischievous  ijinovalor 
despised  this  simple  ytorf  of  men,  i.  e.  milk,  fruits,  and  vegetables. 


166  PYTHAGORAS.  [BOOK  XV. 

Fecit  iter  sceleri :  primaque  e  ca?de  ferarum 

Incaluisse  putem  maculatum  sanguine  ferrum. 

Idque  satis  fuerat,  nostrumque  petentia  latum 

Corpora  niissa  neci  salva  pietate'  fatemur  ;  50 

Sed  quam  danda  neci,  tarn''  non  epulanda  fuerunt. 

Longiiis  inde  nefas  abiit,  et  prima  putatur 

Hostia'  sus  meruisse  mori,  quia  semina  pando 

Eruerit  rostro  spemque  interceperit  anni ; 

Vite  caper  morsa  Bacchi  mactandus  ad  aras  55 

Ducitur  ultoris  :  nocuit  sua  culpa  duobus.* 

Quid  meruistis,  oves,  placidum  pecus  iuque  tueudos 

Natum  homines,''  pleno  quae  fertis  in  ubere  nectar, 

Mollia  quae  nobis  vestras  velamina  lanas 

Prffibetis,  vitaque  magis  quam  morte  juvatis  2  60 

Quid  meruere  boves,  animal  sine  fraude  dolisque, 

Innocuum,  simplex,  natum  tolerare  labores  i 

Immemor®  est  demum  nee  frugum  munere  dignus, 

Q,ui  potuit  curvi  dempto  modo  pondere  aratri 

Ruricolam  mactare  suum  ;  qui  trita  labore  65 

Ilia,  quibus  toties  dumm  renovaverat  arvum, 

Tot  dederat  messes,  percussit  colla  securi. 

Nee  satis  est,  quod  tale  nefas  committitur  :  ipsoa 

Inscripsere  Decs  sceleri,'  numenque  supemum 

Caede  laboriferi  credunt  gaudere  juvenci.  70 

Victima  labe  carens  et  praestantissima  forma, 

Nam  placuisse  nocet,*  vittis  prsesignis  et  auro, 

Sistitur  ante  arjis,  auditque  ignara  precantem,^ 

1  Pietate  salva,  without  violating  the  law  of  nature — rMlurcU  affection. 

2  Quam — tarn,  thouah—yet;  ahntXovsiiis,  went  farther. 

3  Prima  hostia,  as  ihefirst  victim,  viz.  to  Ceres.    A.  R.  A.  223. 

4  Sua  culpa  nocuit  dudbus,  their  own  offences  occasioned  the  death  ofOiest 
two  animals — the  sow  and  the  goat. 

5  In  tuendos  homines,  to  protect  men  against  cold—\>y  furnishing  clothing. 

6  {Homo)  est  demum  immeraor,  that  man  is  truly  ungrateful. 

7  Inscripsere  Deos  ipsos  sceleri,  have  made  even  the  gods  the  authors  of 
their  wickedness,  i.  e.  profess  that  it  is  committed  in  honour  of  the  gods. 

8  Placuisse  nocet,  to  have  pleased  is  ruinous  to  the  animal.    For  the 
mode  of  selecting  and  sacrificing  the  victim.    See  A.  R.  A.  260. 

9  Ignara  audit  precantera,  unconscious  of  its  danger,  hears  the  priest 
praying,-  fruges,  the  cake.    A.  R.  A.  260. 


FAB.  II.3  PYTHAGORAS.  157 

Imponique  suae  videt  inter  cornua  fronti, 

Q,uas  coluit,  fruges ;  percussaque  sanguine  cultros      7o 

Inficit  in  liqiiida  praevisos  forsitan  unda. 

Protinus  ereptas  viventi  pectore  fibras^ 

Inspiciunt,  nientesque  Deum  scrutantur  in  illis. 

Unde  fames  homini  vetitorum  tanta  ciborum  I 

Audetis  vesci,  genus  o  mortale  I  quod,  oro,  80 

Ne  facite,  et  nionitis  animos  advertite  nostris  ; 

Quumque  bourn  dabitis  caesorum  membra  palato, 

Mandere  vos  vestros  scite  et  sentite  colonos.''^ 

Et  quoniam  Deus  ora  movet/  sequar  ora  moventem 

Rite  Deum,  Delphosque  meos  ipsumque  recludam      85 

^thera,*  et  augustae  reserabo  oracula  mentis. 

Magna  nee  ingeniis  evestigata  prionim 

Q,u8eque  diu  latuere,  canam.     Juvat  ire  per  alta 

Astra  ;  juvat,  terris  et  inerti  sede  relictis, 

Nube  vchi,  validique  humeris  iusistere  Atlantis,  90 

Palantesque  animos  passim  ac  rationis  egentes 

Despectare  procul,  trepidosque  obitumque  timentea 

Sic  exbortari,  seriemquc  evolvere  fati.' 

O  genus  attonitum  gelidse  fonnidine  mortis. 
Quid  Styga,  quid  tenebras,  quid  nomina  vana  timetis,  95 
Materiem  vatum,  falsique  piacula  mundi  l^ 
Corpora  sive  rogus  flamma,  seu  tabe  vetustas 
Abstulerit,'  mala  posse  pati  non  uUa  putetis  : 
Morte  carent  animae,  semperque,  priore  relicta* 
Sede,  novis  domibus  vivunt  habitantque  receptee.      100 

1  Fibras  ereptas  viventi  pectore,  the  entrails  taken  out  of  its  breait  still 
throbbing.    A.  R.  A.  261. 

2  "Vos  mandere  vestros  colonos,  that  you  are  devouring  the  tillers  of  your 
toil. 

3  Movet  ora,  opens  my  lips,  i.  e.  inspires  me. 

4  Ipsumque  aethera,  and  the  mysteries  of  heaven  itself. 

5  Evolvere  seriem  fati,  to  unfold  the  order  of  fate. 

6  Materiem  vatum,  piaculaque  falsi  mundi,  the  fictions  of  the  poets,  the 
punishments  of  an  imaginary  world. 

7  Abstulerit  corpora  flamma,  shall  have  consumed  the  bodies  with  fire, 
A.  R.  A.  410  and  417 ;  putetis,  be  assured  that  you. 

H  Priore  sede  relicta,  on  leaving  its  former  habitation,  i.  e.  the  body. 
Pythagoras  here  inculcates  hia  favourite  doctrine  of  the  transmigration  of 
«ouls. 

O 


15S  PYTHAGORAS.  [bOOK  XV. 

Ipse  ego,  nam  memini,  Trojani  tempore  belli 

Panthoides  Euphorbus  eram,  cui  pectorc  quondam 

Sedit  in  adverse  gravis  hasta  minoris  Atridse. 

Cognovi  clypeum,  laevse  gestamina  nostrae,' 

Nuper  Abanteis  temple  Junonis  in  Argis.  106 

Omnia  mutantur  ;  nihil  iuterit.     En-at,  et  illinc 

Hue  venit,  hinc  illuc,  et  quoslibet  occupat  artus 

Spiritus,  eque  feris  liumana  in  corpora  transit, 

Inque  feras  noster,  nee  tempore  deperit  ullo.* 

Utque  novis  facilis  signatur  cera  figuris,  110 

Nee  manet,  ut  fuerat,  nee  f'ormas  servat  easdem, 

Sed  tamen  ipsa  cad.m  est :  animam  sic  semper  eandem 

Esse,  seJ  in  varias  doceo  migrare  figuras. 

Ergo,  ne  pietas^  sit  vieta  cupidine  ventris, 

Parcite,  vaticinor,  cognatas  caede  ncfanda  115 

Exturbare  animas,  nee  sanguine  sanguis  alatur. 

Et  quoniam  magno  feror  sequore,  pleuaque  ventis 
Vela  dcdi ;  nihil  est  toto  quod  perstet*  in  orbe  : 
Cuncta  fluunt,  omnisque  vagans  fonnatur  imago.' 
Ipsa  quoqiie  assiduo  labimtur  tempora  motu,  120 

Non  secus  ae  flumen  :  neque  enim  consistere  flumen, 
Nee  levis  hora  potest  ;  sed  ut  unda  impellitur  unda, 
Urgeturque  prior  veniente  urgetque  priorem  ; 
Tempora  sic  fugiunt  pariter  pariterque  sequuntur,     124 
Et  nova  sunt  semper  :  nam  quod  fuit  ante,  relictum  est, 
Fitque,quod  baud  fuerat,^  momentaqiie  cuncta  novantur. 


1  Gestamina  nostrae  laevae,  which  I  bore  on  my  l^t  arm. 

2  Nosterque  (spiritus  transit)  in  feras,  nee  deperit  uUo  tempore,  aniX 
our  souls  pass  into  wild  beasts,  nor  are  they  annihilated  at  any  time. 

3  Pietas,  your  natural  affection;  exturbare  cognatas  animas  nefandA 
esede,  to  drive  the  souls  of  your  kindred  from  ilteir  bodies  by  impious 
murder. 

4  Perstet,  rem^iins  in  the  same  state ;  is  free  from  change. 

5  Cuncta  fluunt,  omnisque  imago  formatur  vagans,  all  things  pass  away , 
and  every  object  is  formed  in  a  state  of  fluctuation — vagans  formatur  being 
a  stronger  form  of  expression  for  vagans  est,  or  vagatur. 

6  Nam  (tempits)  quod  fuit  ante,  relictum  est,  tempusciue  quod  baud 
fuerat,  fit,  for  the  time  which  was  once  the  present  becomes  the  past,  and 
that  which  jirevioiitly  had  no  existence  becomes  the  present,  i.  e.  the  future 
becomes  the  presci  t. 


FAB.  II.]  PYTHAGORAS.  159 

Cemis  et  einersas  iu  lucem  tendere  noctes,' 

Et  jubar  hoc  nitidum  nigrae  succedere  nocti. 

Nee  color  est  idem  coelo,  quum  lassa  quiete 

Cuncta  jacent  media,  quum  que  albo  Lucifer  exit      130 

Clarus  equo  ;  rursumque  alius,^  qunm  praevia  luci 

Tradendum  Phoebo  Pallantias  rnficit  orbem. 

Ipse  Dei  clypeus/  terra  quum  tollitur  ima, 

Mane  rubet,  terraque  rubet  quum  conditur  ima  ; 

Candidus  in  summo^  est :  melior  natura  quod  illic    136 

JEtheris  est,  terraeque  procul  contagia  vitat. 

Nee  par  aut  eadem  nocturnse  forma  Dianae 

Esse  potest  unquam  ;  semperque  hodiema*  sequente, 

Si  crescit,  minor  est,  major,  si  contrahit  orbem. 

Quid?  non  in  species  succedere  quatuor^  annum       140 

Adspicis,  aetatis  peragentem  imitamina  nostras  I 

Nam  teuer  et  lactens  puevique  simillimus  sevo 

Vere  novo  est.     Tunc  herba  nitens  et  roboris  expers 

Turget  et  insolida  est,  et  spe  delectat  agrestes. 

Omnia  tunc  florent,  florumque  coloribus  almus  145 

Ridet  ager  ;  neque  adhuc  virtus  in  frondibus  uUa  est. 

Transit  in  ^Estatem  post  Ver  robustior  Annus, 

Fitque  valens  juvenis  :  neque  enim  robustior  aetas 

Ulla  nee  uberior  nee,  quae  magis  ardeat,'  ulla  est. 

Excipit  Autumnus,  posito  fervore  juventae  1.50 

Maturus^  mitisque,  inter  juvenemque  senemque 

Temperie  medius,  spai-sus  quoque  tempora  canis. 

Inde  senilis  Hiems  tremulo  venit  horrida  passu, 


1  Noctes  emersas  tendere  in  lucem,  that  the  nights,  as  soon  as  they  emerge 
from  the  sea,  hasten  to  light ;  hoc  citidum  jubar,  this  bright  luminary. 

2  Alius  {est  color),  its  colour  is  different;  prjevia,  who  precedes. 

3  Clypeus  Dei  ipse,  the  orb  of  the  sun  itself,  which  is  round  like  a  shield. 
The  expression  is  unusual. 

4  In  Eummo  (calo),  on  the  summit  of  the  sky,  i.  e.  at  mid-day 

5  Hodiema  (luna),  this  day's  moon  ;  sequente  {luna). 

6  Succedere  in  quatuor  species,  successively  assumes  .four  different  ap- 
pearances, i.  e.  is  divided  into  four  seasons,  each  presenting  a  different 
appearance. 

7  Quae  magis  ardeat,  tehich  is  more  warm. 

8  Maturus,  of  manly  age,-  medius  temperie,  of  medium  temperature  t 
sparsus  {secmidum)  tempora,  hairing  his  temples  thinly  covered. 


160  PYTHAGORAS.  [BOOK  XV. 

Awt  spoliata^  sues  aut,  quos  habet,  alba  capillos. 
Nostra  quoque  ipsorutn  semper  requieque  sine  uUa  165 
Corpora  vertuntur  ;  nee,  quod  fuimusve  sumusve, 
Cras  erimus.     Fuit  ilia  dies,  qua  semina  tantum 
Spesque  hominum  primse  matema  habitavimus  alvo. 
Artifices  Natura  manus  admovit,  et  angi 
Corpora  visccribus  distentse  condita  matris  160 

Noliiit,  eque  domo  vacuas  emisit  in  auras. 
Editus  in  lucem  jacuit  sine  viribus  infans  ; 
Mox  quadi-upes"  rituque  tulit  sua  membra  feranim  ; 
Paulatimque  tremens  et  nondum  poplite  firmo 
Constitit,  adjutis  aliquo  conamine  nervis  :^  16.5 

Inde  valens  veloxque  fuit,  spatiumque  juventiE 
Transit,  et  emensis  medii  quoque  temporis  annis,'* 
Labitur  occiduae  per  iter  declive  senectae. 
Subruit  boec  sevi  dcTnoliturque  prioris 
Robora  ;  fletque  Milon  senior,  quum  spectat  inanes*  170 
Illos,  qui  fuerant  solidorum  mole  tororum 
Herculeis  similes,  fluidos  pendere  lacertos. 
Fltt  quoque,  ut  in  speculo  rugas  adspexit  aniles, 
Tyndaris  et  secum,  cur  sit  bis  rapta,**  requirit. 
Tempus  edax  rerum  tuque,  invidiosa  vetustas,  1 75 

Omnia  destruitis,  vitiataque  dentibus  £Evi 
Paulatim  lenta  consumitis  omnia  morte. 

Haec  quoque  non  perstant,  quse  nosElcmenta  vocamus  ; 
Quasque  vices  peragant,'  animos  adhibete,  docebo. 
Quatuor  aetemus  genitalia  corpora*  mundus  180 

1  SpoUata  Euos  capillos,  aut  alba  (illos),  quos  babet,  eiOter  ttript  o/hit 
hair,  or  teith  that  tchite  which  he  has. 

2  Quadrupes,  on  aUfour,  i.  e.  crept  on  its  hands  and  knees. 

3  >ervis  adjutis  aliquo  conamine,  its  sineics  being  assisted    by  some 
support. 

4  Annis  medii  temjwris  qubque  emensis,  having  completed  the  j/ears  of 
middle  age  also. 

5  Inanei,  feeble,  or  useless;  mole  solidorum  tororum,  in  the  size  of  their 
brawny  muscUt. 

6  Cur  rapta  sit  bis,  why  she  teat  twice  carried  off",  i.  e.  by  Theseus  and 
by  Paris. 

7  Quas  vices  peraarunt,  what  changes  they  undergo. 

8  Quatuor  genitalia  corpora,  four  generative  bodies,  or  element* — which 
posses?  the  power  of  producing  every  thinj.    See  J,  1,  22,  *c. 


FAB.  tl.]  PYTHAGORAS.  161 

Continet :  ex  illis  duo  sunt  onerosa,  suoque 

Pondere  in  inferius,^  tellus  atque  unda,  feruntur  ; 

Et  totidem  gravitate  carent,  nuUoque  premente 

Alta  petunt/  aer  atque  aere  purior  ignis. 

Quae  quanquam  spatio  distant,  tamen  omnia  fiunt     1 85 

Ex  ipsis,  et  in  ipsa  cadunt  f  resolutaque  tellus 

In  liquidas  rarescit  aquas  ;  tenuatus  in  auras 

Aeraque  humor  abit ;  dempto  quoque  pondere  rursus 

In  superos  aer  tenuissimus  emicat  ignes.* 

Inde  retro  redeunt,  idemque  retexitur*  ordo.  190 

Ignis  enim  densum  spissatus  in  aera  transit, 

Hie  in  aquas  ;  tellus  glomerata  cogitur  unda.* 

Nee  species  sua  cuique  manct,  rerumque  novatrix 

Ex  aliis  alias  reparat  Natm-a  figuras. 

Nee  perit  in  tanto  quicquam,  milii  credite,  mundo,   195 

Sed  variat  faciemque  novat :  nascique  vocatur 

Incipere  esse  aliud,  quam  quod  fuit  ante  ;  morique 

Desinere  illud  idem  ;  quum  sint  hue  forsitan  ilia, 

Haec  translata  illuc  ;"  summa  tamen  omnia  constant. 

Nil  equidem  durare  diu  sub  imagine  eadem  200 

Crediderim.*     Sic  ad  ferrum  venistis  ab  auro, 
Ssecula  ;  sic  toties  versa  est  fortuna  locoi-um. 
Vidi  ego,  quod  fuerat  quondam  solidissima  tellus, 
Esse  fretum  ;  vidi  factas  ex  aequore  terras  ; 
Et  procul  a  pelago  conchse  jacuere  marinae,  205 

Et  vetus  inventa  est  in  montibus  ancora  summis. 
Quodque  fuit  campus,  vallem  decursus  aquarum 

1  Feruntur  in  inferius,  are  depressed  to  the  lowest  place. 

2  NuBo  premente  petunt  alta,  as  nothing  presses  themdoiim  they  ascend  f 
lit.  make/or  the  high  places. 

3  Cadunt  in  ipsa,  are  resolved  into  these. 

4  Emicat  in  superos  ignes,  darts  up  into  high  ether. 

5  Reteidtur,  is  renewed.  The  metaphor  is  borrowed  from  the  loom. 
A.  R.  A.  452. 

a  Tellus  cogitur  glomerata  unda,  earth  is  composed  of  condensed  water. 

7  Quum  ilia  translata  sint  hue,  haec  {translata  sint)  illuc  ;  omnia  tamen 
eumma  constant,  though  those  particles  may  have  been  transferred  to  this 
body,  and  Oiese  to  that  body,  yet  all  things  in  the  main  continue  the  same. 

S  Crediderim,  /  should  be  inclined  U>  believe.  This  use  of  the  subjunc- 
tive in  modifying  and  softening  the  affirmation  is  not  uncommon. 

o  2 


1G2  PYTHAGORAS.  [book  XV. 

Fecit ;'  et  eluvie  mons  est  deductus  in  «equor ; 

Eque  paludosa"  siccis  humus  arct  arenis, 

Qufeque  sitim  tulerant,  stagnata  paludibus  huraent.  210 

Hie  fontes  Natura  novos  emisit,  at  illic 

Clausit,  et  antiqui  tarn  m\ilta  trcmoribus  orbis 

Fluinina  prosiliunt  aut  excsecata  residunt.^ 

Fab.  IX. — Julius  Cce-sar. 

Hic^  tamen  acceSsit  delubris  advena'  nostris  : 

Caesar  in  Urbe  sua  Deus  est  ;  quem  Marte  togaque 

Prsecipuum,®  non  bella  magis  finita  triuniphis 

Resque  domi  gestae  properataque  gloria  rerum' 

In  sidus  vertere  novum  stellamque  comantem,  .5 

Quani  sua  progenies.     Neque  enim  de  Caesaris  actis 

Ullum  majus  opus,  qiiam  quod  pater  exstitit  hujus. 

ScUicet  sequoreos  plus  est  domuisse  Britannos, 

Perque  papyriferi  septemflua  flumina  Nili 

Victrices  egisse  rates,  Numidasque  rebelles  10 

Cinyphiumque  Jubam  ]Mithridateisque  tumcntem 

Nominibus  Pontum  populo  adjecisse  Quirini, 

Et  multos  meniisse,  aliquos  egisse  triumphos," 


1  Decursus  aqiiarum  fecit  vallem,  a  current  of  water  has  made  a  chan- 
nel;  eluvie,  htj  a  torrent,  or  by  dcirHion. 

2  E  paliidosa  (h)imo),from  belnr/  marshy  ground ;  stagnata  paludibus, 
beinp  covered  witJi  marshes. 

.1  Tam  multa  flumina  prosiliunt  antiquis  tremoribus  orbis,  aut  excfficata 
residunt,  as  tnany  rivers  burst  forth  by  old  earthquakes,  or,  being  stopped 
up.  sink  into  the  ground. 

4  Hie,  Viis  god,  i.  e.  iEsculapius,  who  had  a  temple  at  Rome  where 
divine  honours  were  paid  to  him. 

5  Advena,  a  stranger,  in  opposition  to  Caesar,  who  was  one  of  the  Dii 
Indigetes.  Julius  Ca?sar  was  ranked  among  the  gods,  A.  U.  712,  and  a 
temple  erected  to  him  in  the  great  Forum, 

6  Prsecipuura  marte  togaque,  renmcneU  in  tear  and  in  peace.  The  toga, 
which  was  tlie  robe  of  peace,  is  frequently  put  in  opposition  to  the  sagum, 
or  military  cloak — it  is  here  opposed  to  marte.  A.  R.  A.  310  and  226. 
Triumphis.    A.  R.  A.  325. 

7  Properata  gloria  rerum,  the  rapid  glory  o/his  conquests  ;  sua  progenies, 
his  son,  i.e.  Auj^stus,  wlio  was  his  grand-nephew,  and  was  adopted  as 
hi?  son  and  successor  in  the  empire. 

8  Egisse  aliquos  triumphos,  to  have  celebrated  some  triumphs.  Caesar 
ol>tained  five  triumphs — four  in  the  same  month,  after  defeating  Scipio, 
and  another  afterwards  for  the  defeat  of  tlie  sons  of  Pompey.  A.  R.  A.  325. 


FAB.  IX.]  JULIUS  CjESAR.  163 

Q,uam  tantum  genuisse^  virum,  quo  praeside  rerum 

Hnmano  generi,  Superi,  cavistis  abunde.  15 

Ne  foret  hie  igitur  mortali  semine  cretus, 

Ille  Deus  faciendus  erat.     Q,uod  ut  aurea  vidit 

-^ilnetE  genitrix  f  vidit  quoque  triste  parari 

Pontifici  letum  et  conjurata  arma''  moveri. 

Palluit,  et  cunctis,  ut  cuique  erat  obvia,  Divis,  20 

Adspice,  dicebat,  quanta  mihi  mole*  parentur 

Insidiae,  quantaque  caput  cum  fraude  petatur, 

Q,uod  de  Dardanio  solum  mihi  restat  liilo. 

Solane  semper  ero  justis  exercita  curis, 

Q,uam  modo  Tydidse  Calydouia  vulneret  hasta,  2.5 

Nunc  male  defensae  confundant  moenia  Trojse  ; 

Quae  videam  natum*  longis  erroribus  actum, 

Jactarique  freto,  sedesque  intrare  Silentum, 

Bellaque  cum  Tumo  gerere  aut,  si  vera  fatemur. 

Cum  Junone  magis  1  Quid  nunc  antiqua  recorder       30 

Damna  mei  generis  2  timer  hie  meminisse  priorum 

Non  sinit :  in  me  acui  sceleratos  cemitis  enses. 

Quos  prohibete,  precor,  facinusque  repellite,  neve 

Caede  sacerdotis  flammas  exstinguite  Vestae. 

Talia  nequicquam  toto  Venus  anxia  coelo  35 

Verba  jacit,"  Superosque  movet ;  qui  rumpere  quanqtiam 
Ferrea  non  possunt  veterum  decreta  Sororum,' 
Signa  tamen  luctus  dant  baud  incerta  futuri. 
Anna  ferunt  nigras  inter  crepitantia  nubes 
Terribilesque  tubas  auditaque  comua  coelo  40 

1  Genuisse,  to  have  adopted  as  his  son;  quo  praeside  rerum,  with  whom 
asjfuardian  of  the  Roman  empire. 

2  Aurea  genitrix^nese,  the  beautiftil  mother  ofMmas,  i.  e.  Venus.  Pon- 
tifici, for  the  high  priest,  i.e.  for  Julius  Csesar,  who,  A.U.  710,  was  ap- 
pointed Poutifex  Maximus.    A.  R.  A.  235. 

3  Anna  conjurata,  the  arms  of  the  conspirators,  i.  e.  of  the  conspirators 
led  on  by  Brutus  and  Cassius.    Seel,6,3&. 

4  Quanta  mole,  with  what  eagerness,-  caput,  tJtat  person,  L  e.  Julius 
Caesar.    Justis,  well-grounded,-  confundant,  disquiet. 

.5  Natum,  i.e.  Mneas;  mei  generis,  of  my  family ,  i.  e.  of  the  Trojans; 
in  me,  against  my  offspring,  i.  e.  J.  Caesar. 

6  Jacit  talia  verba,  gives  utterance  to  such  words  as  these. 

7  Ferrea  decreta  veterum  Sororum,  the  unalterable  decrees  qf  the  aged 
«>ter«,  i.  e.  of  the  Fates.    See  5,  i,  5.    Signa,  intimations. 


164  JULIUS  CiESAR.  [book  XV. 

Praemonuisse  nefas  ;  Solis  quoque  tristis  imago 

Lurida  sollicitis  praebebat  lumina  terris. 

Sspe  faces  visse  mediis  ai-dere  sub  astris ; 

Saepe  inter  nimbos  guttae  cecidere  cruentse  ; 

Caemlus'  et  Aultum  ferrugine  Lucifer  atra  45 

Sparsus  erat,  sparsi  lunares  sanguine  cun-us. 

Tristia  mille  locis  Stygius  dedit  omiua  bubo  ; 

Mille  locis  lacrimavit  ebur/  cantusque  fenintur 

Auditi,  Sanctis  et  verba  minacia  lucis. 

Victima  nulla  litat,^  magnosque  instare  tumultus        50 

Fibra  monet,  caesumque  caput  reperitur  in  extis. 

Inque  foro  circumque  demos  et  templa  Deorum 

Noctumos  ululasse  canes,  umbrasque  Silentum 

Erravisse  ferunt,  motamque  tremoribus*  urbera. 

Non  tamen  insidias  venturaque  vincere  fata  65 

Praemonitus  potuere  Deum  ;  strictique  feruntur 

In  templum^  gladii ;  neque  enim  locus  ullus  in  Urbe 

Ad  facinus  diramque  placet,  nisi  Curia,  caedem. 

Turn  vero  Cytherea  manu  percussit  utraque 

Pectus,  et  aetherea  molitur  condere®  nube,  60 

Qua  prius  infesto  Paris  est  ereptus  Atridae, 

Et  Diomedeos  iEneas  fugerat  enses. 

Talibus  hanc^  genitor  :  Sola  insuperabilc  fatum, 

Nata,  movere  paras  1  intres  licet  ipsa  Sororum 

Tecta  trium  :  cerncs  illic  molimine  vasto  66 

Ex  aere  et  solido  rerum  tubularia  ferro  ; 

1  Caerulus,  dMK;  airii  fermgine,  tcitk  a  dusky  hue. 

2  Ebur,  the  ivory  statue*  of  the  gods ;  cantus,  predicliont. 

3  Litat,  appeases  the  gods ;  fibra,  the  entrails,-  in  extis  caput  reperitur 
caesum,  among  the  entrails  the  head  of  one  is  found  to  be  cut  off.  By  caput 
is  here  meant  a  protuberance  at  the  head  of  the  right  lobe  of  the  liver, 
which  is  generally  found  in  oxen  and  other  animals.  It  was  considered 
ominous  if  this  was  wanting.    A.  R.  A.  261. 

4  Jlotam  tremoribus,  shaken  by  an  earthquake. 

5  Templum  jiToperly  signifies  any  consecrated  place  ;  it  here  denotes  the 
senate-house,  the  Curia  Pompeia,  in  which  Caesar  was  murdered.  A.  R. 
A.  7. 

6  Molitur  condere  (Ccesarem),  endeavours  to  hide  Casar. 

7  (Alloquitur)  banc,  addresses  her,-  movere,  to  alter;  Sororum.  Se« 
37.  Vasto  molimine,  of  large  and  solid  construction;  tabularia  rerum, 
archives  for  the  records  qfthe  world. 


FAB.  IX.^  JULIUS  CiESAR.  166 

Quse  neque  concursum  coeli  neque  fulminis  iram 

Nee  metuunt  uUas  tuta  atqiie  setema  ruinas. 

Invenies  illic  iiiclusa  adamante  perenni 

Fata  tiii  generis  :  legi  ipse  animoque  notavi,  ^      70 

Et  referam,  ne  sis  etiaranum  ignara  futuri. 

Hic^  sua  complevit,  pro  quo,  Cytherea,  laboras, 

Tempora  perfectis,  quos  terrse  debuit,  annis. 

Ut  Deus  accedat  coelo  templisque  locetur, 

Tu  facies  natusque  suus,^  qui  nominis  heres  7o 

Impositum  feret  Urbis  onus,'^  csesique  parentis 

Nos  in  bella  suos  fortissimus  ultor  habebit. 

lUius  auspiciis  obsessae  moenia  pacem 

Victa  petent  Mutinae  ;  Pharsalia  sentiet  ilium, 

Emathiaque  iterum  madefacti  csede  Philippi ;  80 

Et  magnum  Siculis  nomen  superabitur*  undis  ; 

Romanique  ducis  conjux  ^gyptia,  taedse 

Non  bene  fisa,^  cadet  f  frustraque  erit  iUa  minata, 

Servitura  suo  Capitolia  nostra  Canopo." 

Quid  tibi  Barbariem,  gentesque  ab  utroque  jacentes    85 

Oceano*  numerem  ?  Quodcumque  habitabile  tellus 

Sustinet,  hujus  erit ;  pontus  quoque  scrviet  illi. 

Pace  data  terris,  animum  ad  civil  ia  vertet 

Jura'  suum,  legesque  feret  justissimus  auctor ; 

1  Hie,  i.  e.  J.  CcBsar ;  quos  debuit  terras,  which  he  awed  to  the  earth — 
which  it  had  been  ordained  by  the  Pates  he  should  spend  on  earth. 

2  Tu  facies  suusque  natus  Ifaciet),  you  and  his  sen  will  cause,  i.  e. 
Augustus. 

3  Onus,  the  burden,  i.  e.  the  management  of  the  empire ;  nos  suos,  ut 
as  his  assistants. 

4  Magnum  nomen  superabitur,  a  great  name,  a  man  of  great  celebrity 
shall  be  defeated — ^in  allusion  to  Sextus,  the  youngest  son  of  Pompey  the 
Great,  who  was  defeated  by  Agrippa  near  the  island  of  Sicily. 

5  Non  bene  fisa  tEedae,  who  imprudently  trusted  to  her  marriage  with 
Antony,  i.  e.  rashly  expected  that  by  marrying  Antony  she  would  become 
queen  of  the  Roman  empire.    A.  R.  A.  404. 

6  Cadet,  shall  fall,  i.e.  being  vanquished  by  Augustus  at  the  battle  of 
Actium  will  die  by  poison. 

7  Nostra  Capitolia  servitura  (esse)  suo  Canopo,  that  our  Capitol  shall  be 
subject  to  her  Canopus,  i.  e.  that  the  Roman  empire  shall  be  subject  to 
Egypt. 

8  Jacentes  ab  utroque  oceano,  situate  on  both  oceans — the  eastern  and 
western,  i.  e.  Africa  and  Asia. 

9  Civilia  jura,  the  civil  rights  of  his  subjects  ;  auctor,  a  legislator. 


166.  JULIUS  CESAR.  [book  XV. 

Exemploque  suo  mores  reget ;  inque  futuri  90 

Temporis  aetatera  venturorumque  nepotum 
Prospiciens,  prolem^  sancta  de  conjuge  natam 
Ferre  siraul  nomenque  siium  curasque  jubebit. 
Nee,  nisi  quum  senior  Pylios  £Equavcrit  annos, 
^tlierias  sedes  cognataque  sidera^  tanget.  95 

Hanc  aniraam  interea  caeso  de  corpore  raptam 
Fac  jubar,'  nt  semper  Capitolia  nostra  Forumque 
Divus  ab  excelsa  prospectet  Julius  sede. 

Vix  ea  fatus  erat,  media  quum  sede  Senatus 
Constitit  alma  Venus,  nulli  cernenda,  suique  100 

Caesaris  eripuit  membris  nee  in  aera  solvi* 
Passa  recentem  animam  coelestibus  intulit  astris. 
Dumque  tulit,  lumen  capere  atque  ignescere  sensit, 
Emisitque  sinu,     Luna  volat  altius  ilia, 
Flammiferumque  trahens  spatioso  limite  crinem*       1 05 
Stella  micat,  natique  videns  benefacta  fatetur 
Esse  suis  majora,  et  vinci  gaudet  ab  illo. 
Hie*  sua  prseferri  quanquam  vetat  acta  patemis, 
Libera  fama  tamen  nullisque  obnoxia  jussis 
Invitum  praefert,  unaque  in  parte  repugnat.  110 

Sic  magnus  cedit  titulis  Agamemnonis  Atreus  ; 
^gea  sic  Theseus,  sic  Pelea  vincit  Achilles  ; 
Denique,  ut  exemplis  ipsos  aequantibus'  utar, 
Sic  et  Satumus  minor  est  Jove.     Jupiter  arces 


1  Prolem,  ofsprinff,  i.  e.  Tiberius,  the  son  of  Livia  the  wife  of  Augus- 
tus, who  was  latterly  adopted  by  liim  as  his  successor,  and  therefore 
assumed  the  name  of  Caesar. 

2  Cognata  sidera,  the  star  of  his  relation,  i.  e.  of  Julius  Caesar. 

3  Jubar,  a  star,-  ab  excelsa  aede,  from  his  lofty  matision,  i  e.  from  hea- 
ven. This  fable  took  its  rise  from  a  comet  which  appeared  in  the  north- 
west for  seven  successive  nights  after  the  murder  of  Cssar,  and  which  is 
again  alluded  to  in  105 

4  Nee  passa  solvi  in  aera,  without  suflerinr/  it  to  he  dissolved  info  air. 

5  Trahensque  flammiferum  crinem  spatioso  limite,  and  draming  after  it 
afierfi  tail  throuiih  a  long  space, 

6  Hie,  i.e.  Augustus,-  obnoxia  rwMia  )\i?.%\a,  subject  to  the  eommandt  of 
no  one;  in  una  parte,  in  this  one  instance  only. 

7  iEquantibus  ipsos,  tchich  are  equal  to  them,  i.  e.  to  Caesar  and 
^lugustus. 


FAB.  IX.J  JULIUS  C^SAR.  167 

Temperat  setheiias  et  mundi  regua  triformis  ;'  1 16 

Terra  sub  Augusto  est ;  pater  est  et  rector  uterque. 
Di,  precor,  ^nese  comites,''  quibus  ensis  et  ignis 
Cesseruiit,  Dique  Indigetes,^  genitorque  Quirine 
Urbis,  et  invicti  genitor  Gradive  Quirini, 
Vestaque  Caesareos  inter  sacrata  Penates,*  120 

Et  cum  Csesarea  tu,  Phoebe  domestice,*  Vesta, 
Q,uique  tencs  altus  Tarpeias,  Jupiter,  arces, 
Quosque  alios  vati  fas  appellare  piumque, 
Tarda  sit  ilia  dies  et  nostro  serior  aevo, 
Q,ua  caput  Augustum,  quem  temperat,  orbe  relicto,  125 
Accedat  ccelo,  faveatque  precantibus  absens. 

PERORATION. 

Jamquk  opus  exegi,*  quod  nee  Jo  vis  ira  nee  ignes 
Nee  poterit  ferrum  nee  edax  abolere  vetustas. 
Q,uum  volet  ilia  dies,^  quae  nil  nisi  corporis  hujus 
Jus  habet,  incerti  spatium  niihi  finiat  £evi ; 
Parte  tamen  meliore  mei^  super  alta  perennis  6 

Astra  ferar,  nomenque  erit  indelebile  nostrum  ; 
Quaque  patet  domitis  Romana  potentia  terris, 
Ore  legar  populi,  perque  omnia  saecula  fam&, 
Si  quid  habent  veri  vatum  prtesagia,  vivam. 


1  Triformis  mimdi,  of  the  triple  world,  1.  e.  Leaven,  earth,  and  the  infer- 
nal regions.     Uterque,  each,  i.  e.  Jupiter  and  Augustus. 

2  Comites  JEneas,  the  attendants  ofMneas,  i.  e.  the  Penates,  which  were 
rescued  by  ^neas  from  the  fiames  of  Troy,  and  brought  by  hini  into  Italy, 
and  by  whose  interposition  he  was  delivered  from  the  sword  of  his  enemies 
and  the  fire  of  Troy. 

.3  Di  Indigetes,  ve  native  gods  of  the  country,  as  Janus,  Faunus,  .Eneas, 
&c.    A.  R.  A.  231. 

4  Sacrata  inter  Caesareos  Penates,  held  sacred  among  the  household  god» 
ofCasar.  Caesar  was  Pontifex  Maximus,  and  therefore  priest  of  Vesta. 
A  R.  A.  2.S5. 

5  Domestice  Phoebe,  domestic  Phoebus.  Augustus  built  a  temple  to 
Apollo  in  the  Palatium  on  the  Palatine  hill. 

6  Exegi  opus,  /  have  finished  a  work;  ira  Jovls,  the  thunderbolt. 

7  'JtTie  order  is.  Ilia  dies  (i.  e.  the  day  of  my  death)  quse  habet  nil  jus  nisi 
buius  corporis  {which  has  no  power  over  me  except  as  to  this  body),  finiat 
mini  spatium  incerti  aevi,  quum  volet. 

8  Meliore  parte  mei,  in  my  better  part,  i.  e.  in  my  fame ;  perennis,  iff»* 
mm-tal;  indelebile,  imperishable  ,•  patet,  is  extended. 


INDEX. 


Note. — A  vowel  in  the  penult,  followed  by  another  vowel  is  to  be  pro- 
nounced short,  unless  when  otherwise  marked.  The  abbreviations  diss, 
and  tris.  indicate  that  the  words  after  which  they  are  placed  are  to  be 
pronounced  as  dissyllables,  or  trisyllabUs.  Crr.  Ace.  represent  Greek  Ac- 
cusative. 


Abanteus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Abas.  In  Abun- 
teis  Argis,  in  Argos,  of  vtrhich  Abas  was  king,  xv.  2.  105.  See 
Abas. 

Abantiades,-8e,  JK.,  a  patronymic  applied  to  the  descendants 
of  Abas ;  bence  it  signifies  generally,  a  descendant  of  Abas,  whether 
son,  grandson,  &c.  In  iv.  13.  4.  and  iv.  14.  11.  it  is  applied  to 
Acrisius,  the  son  of  Abas,  and  in  iv.  15.  15.  it  refers  to  Perseus 
{diss.),  vrho  was  his  great-grandson 

Abas,  -antis,  m.,  Abas,  akingof  Argos,  famous  for  his  geniu» 
and  valour.  He  was  the  son  of  Lynceus  {diss. )  and  Hypermnes- 
tra,  father  of  Acrisius  and  Prcetus,  grandfather  of  Danae,  and 
great-grandfather  of  Perseus  (diss.)  In  illustration  of  iv.  13.  4. 
it  may  be  here  stated  that  Agenor  and  Belus  were  brothers  ;  from 
the  former  sprung  Cadmus,  Semele,  and  Bacchus ;  and  from  the 
latter  ^gyptus,  Lynceus,  Abas,  Acrisius,  Danae,  and  Perseus. 

Achaia,  -S£,J.,  Acliaia,  a  division  of  the  Peloponnesus,  lying 
along  the  Gulf  of  Corinth,  which  formed  its  northern  boundary. 
It  adjoined  Megaris  on  the  east,  and  was  separated  by  a  chain  of 
hills  from  Argolis,  Arcadia,  and  EUs,  on  the  south.  Its  western 
boundary  was  that  part  of  the  Ionian  Sea  which  lies  between  the 
mouth  of  the  Larissus  and  the  Strait  of  Lepanto.  Achaia  included 
the  territories  of  Corinthia,  Sicyonia,  and  Phliasia,  and  the  towns 
of  Corinth,  Sicyon,  Patrae,  and  Dyme.  The  ancient  name  is  said 
to  have  been  ^gialus.  After  the  whole  of  Greece  came  under  the 
power  of  the  Romans,  and  was  divided  by  them  into  the  provinces 
of  Macedonia  and  Achaia,  the  latter  included  the  Peloponnesus, 
and  that  part  of  Graecia  Propria  which  lay  to  the  south  of  Thessaly 
and  the  east  of  the  Achelous.  It  is  frequently  used  to  signify 
Greece  in  general,  iv.  13.  3.  xiii.  1.  325. 

Achais,  -idis,  or  -idos^  adj.  f.,  of,  or  relating  to  Achaia, 
Achcean,  Grecian,  Per  Achdidas  urbes,  throughout  the  Grecian 
cities,  iii.  7.  1. 


ACH  170  ACh 

Acheloides, -urn,/.,  the  Acheloides,  a  name  given  to  the 
Sirens  as  the  daughters  of  the  river-god  Achelous.     See  Siren. 

Achelous,  -i,  77?..  the  Achelous,  now  called  the  Aspro  Pota- 
mo,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  northern  pirt  of  Mount  Pindus, 
flows  through  eastern  Epirus,  and  after  separating  yStolia  from 
Acarnania,  falls  into  the  Ionian  Sea. 

Acheron,  -otitis,  m.,  the  Acheron,  or  SouU,  a  river  of  Eplnw, 
«  hich  rises  in  the  chain  of  mountains  to  the  west  of  Pindus,  and 
after  flowing  through  the  Acherusian  Lake,  falls  into  the  Ionian 
Sea.  The  Acheron  is  an  inconsiderable  stream,  but  is  celebrated 
in  mythology  from  its  supposed  communication  with  the  infernal 
regions,  a  fable  which  probably  derived  its  origin  from  the  dark 
colour  of  its  waters,  and  from  the  destructive  malaria,  or  tainted 
air,  which  infested  the  lower  part  of  its  course.  According  to  the 
poets,  Acheron  was  the  son  of  Sol  and  Terra,  and  was  cast  into  the 
infernal  regions,  and  there  changed  into  a  river,  for  having  sup- 
plied the  Titans  with  water  during  the  war  which  they  waged  with 
Jupiter.  Its  waters  are  represented  as  muddy  and  bitter,  and  it 
was  the  stream  over  which  the  souls  of  the  dead  were  first  conveyed, 
when  on  their  way  to  Hades.  It  is  frequently  used  to  denote  the 
lower  world.  Acheron  was  the  father  of  Ascalaphus  by  Orphne. 
Quern  Orphne  dicitur  peperisse  ex  suo  Acherontesubfurvisan- 
tris,  whom  Orphne  is  said  to  have  brought  forth  to  her  husband, 
Acheron,  in  a  dusky  cave,  v.  8.  80.  Imum  Acheronta,  the  bot- 
tom of  Acheron,  xi.  It).  9.3.     Gr,  ^cc.-ontd. 

Achilles,  -is,  m.,  Achilles,  the  bravest  of  the  Greeks,  and  the 
hero  of  the  lUad,  was  the  son  of  Peleus  (diss.),  king  of  Phthiotis  in 
Thessaly,  and  the  sea-nymph  Thetb.  Soon  afier  he  was  born, 
his  mother  plunged  him  into  the  river  Styx,  and  thereby  rendered 
him  invulnerable  in  every  part  of  his  body,  except  the  heel,  by 
which  she  held  him.  His  education  was  intrusted  to  the  Centaur 
Chiron,  the  instructor  of  the  greatest  heroes  of  his  age.  His  mo- 
ther, knowing  that  he  was  destined  to  perish  if  he  went  to  the  Tro- 
jan war.  sent  him  disguised  in  a  female  dress  to  the  court  of  Lyco- 
medes,  king  of  the  island  of  Scyros.  In  consequence,  however,  of 
a  prophi^cy  •;{  Calchas,  that  Troy  could  not  be  taken  without  his 
assistance,  it  !)f  came  necessary  to  take  measures  to  entice  him  from 
his  place  of  concealment.  Accordingly,  Ulysses,  who  had  under- 
taken this  duty,  went  to  Scyros  in  the  disguise  of  a  travelling 
niei  chant,  carrying  with  him  various  articles  of  female  dress,  and 
along  with  the.n  some  pieces  of  armour.  When  these  were  ex- 
posed for  sale,  Achilles  discovered  himself  by  preferring  the  armour, 
and  was  prevailed  upon  by  Ulysses  to  accompany  him  to  the  seat  of 
war.  Here  he  signalized  himself  greatly  by  his  valour,  until  a  dis- 
pute arose  between  him  and  Agamemnon  respecting  a  female  captive, 
in  consequence  of  which  he  separated  himself  from  the  Grecian  army, 
snd  refused  to  co-operate-with  his  countrymen  in  prosecuting  the 


ACH  171  AGO 

siege.  To  this  resolution  he  obstinately  adhered,  until  the  death  of 
his  friend  Patroclus,  by  the  hand  of  Hector,  roused  him  to  revenge. 
His  arms,  in  which  he  had  permitted  Patroclus  to  appear,  had  come 
into  the  possession  of  Hector ;  and  Vulcan,  at  the  request  of  Thetis, 
made  a  suit  of  impenetrable  armour  for  her  son.  Arrayed  in  this 
he  took  the  field,  and  after  revenging  the  death  of  his  friend  by  the 
slaughter  of  many  of  the 'most  distinguished  of  the  Trojan  heroes, 
engaged  in  single  combat  with  Hector,  and  slew  him  by  the  assis- 
tance of  Minerva.  Not  satisfied  with  killing  his  enemy,  he  inhu- 
manly dragged  his  dead  body  thrice  round  the  walls  of  Troy,  and 
afterwards  sold  it  for  a  large  Tansora  to  the  aged  Priam.  Soon 
after  Achilles  became  enamoured  of  Polyxena,  the  daughter  of 
Priam,  and  having  offered  to  become  the  ally  of  the  Troj  m  mo- 
narch, on  condition  of  receiving  the  hand  of  his  daughter,  went  for 
this  purpose  into  the  temple  of  Apollo,  where  he  was  treacherously 
slain  by  Paris,  who  wounded  him  with  an  arrow  in  the  vulnerable 
heel.  He  was  buried  along  with  Patroclus,  on  the  promontory  of 
Sigeum,  their  ashes  being  placed  together  in  the  same  urn.  After 
his  death,  his  arms  were  the  subject  of  a  dispute  between  Ajax,  the 
son  of  Telamon,  and  Ulysses,  to  the  latter  of  whom  they  were  as- 
signed by  the  Grecian  chiefs.     See  xiii.  1. 

Achivi,  -orum,  m-,  the  Achivi,  properly  the  inhahitants  of 
Achaia,  but  frequently  employed  to  signify  the  Greeks  in  general. 

Achivus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Achaia,  Ai^arviarAs 
used  to  signify  Grecian.  Titulum  Achivce  pubis  servatm,  the  glory 
of  saving  the  Grecian  youth,  vii.  1.  66. 

Acoetes,  -as,  m.,  Acatea,  the  son  of  a  fisherman  of  Moeonia, 
and  commander  of  a  band  of  Tuscan  pirates,  who  found  Bacchus 
asleep  on  the  coast  of  the  island  of  Ceos,  and  forced  him  on  board 
their  ship,  promising  to  convey  him  to  the  island  of  Naxos.  Not- 
withstanding the  remonstrances  of  their  captain,  the  crew  assumed 
the  command  of  the  ship,  and  steered  in  a  different  direction,  fur 
the  purpose  of  profiting  by  the  spoil  which  they  had  taken.  They 
had  not,  however,  proceeded  far,  when  the  god  avenged  their  per- 
fidy, by  changing  them  all  except  Acoetes  into  dolphins.  Bacchus 
assumed  the  name  of  Acoetes,  when  he  allowed  himself  to  be  taken 
by  the  servants  of  Pentheus  (diss.),  and  was  carried  .before  that 
prince  for  punishment,  iii.  7.  67.,  &c.  Tyrrhenus  Accetes,  the 
Tuscan  Acoetes,  iii.  7.  186. 

Aconitum,  -i,  ;?.,  a  poisonous  herb,  said  to  have  sprung  from 
the  foam  which  fell  from  the  dog  Cerberus,  when  Hercules  dragged 
him  from  the  infernal  regions,  by  the  Acherusian  cave  in  Bithynia. 
It  is  generally  translated  Wolf's-bane,  Wolf's-wort,  Aconite,  and 
is  said  by  Pliny  to  be  the  most  active  of  all  poisons.  It  is  certain 
that  this  is  what  is  now  called  Aconitum,  but  whether  by  it  the 
ancients  understood  the  same  plant,  has  not  been  fully  ascertained. 
It  is  used  by  the  poets  as  the  general  name  for  a  poisonous  herb. 


Aco  172  ^.:ac 

Ovid  derives  the  naine  from  axsvi),  a  whetstone,  because  it  grows 
on  hard  rocks ;  by  others  it  is  derived  from  Ac'me,  a  town  near 
Heraelea,  in  Bithynia,  where  the  plant  is  said  to  have  abounded. 

Aconteus  {tris.),  -eos,  &  -ei,  ni.,  Aconteus,  one  of  the 
companions  of  Perseus  {diss.),  who  was  changed  into  a  stone,  by 
accidentally  looking  a'  the  h?ad  of  Medusa 

Acrisioniades,  -ae,  m..  Aciisioniades,  a  name  given  to  Per- 
seus (diss.),  who,  as  son  of  Danae,  was  the  grandson  of  Acrisius. 
Acrisioniades  vertit  in  /tunc  harpen  spectatam  cade  Medusa,  the 
grandson  of  Acrisius,  i.  e.  I'erseus,  turns  upon  him  the  falchion 
which  had  been  proved  in  the  slaughter  of  Medusa,  v.  1 .  69. 

Acrisius,  -ii,  m.,  Acrisius,  a  king  of  Argos,  the  son  of  Abas 
and  Ocalea,  and  father  of  Danae.  He  disputed  the  sovereignty  of 
-Vrgos  with  his  twin-brother  Proetus,  and  after  many  violent  strug- 
gles, was  allowed  to  remain  in  possession  of  the  kingdom.  He 
married  Eurydice,  the  daughter  of  Laceda;mon,  by  whom  he  had 
Danae;  and  being  told  by  an  oracle  that  he  should  be  killed  by 
this  daughter's  son,  he  confined  her  in  a  brazen  tower  to  prevent 
the  fulfilment  of  the  prophecy.  She,  notwithstanding,  became 
the  mother  of  Perseus  {diss.)  bv  Jupiter,  and  being,  by  the  orders 
of  her  father,  thrown,  along  with  her  child,  into  the  sea  in  a 
chest,  was  carried  to  the  island  of  Serlphus,  where  her  son  was 
educated  in  the  temple  of  .Minerva.  The  fame  of  his  grandson 
afterwards  reached  Acrisius,  and  induced  him  to  go  to  Larissa  to 
witness  his  feats  at  funeral  games,  which  were  there  to  be  cele- 
brated. While  Perseus  was  displaying  hi?  skill  in  throwing  the 
quoit,  he  killed  an  old  man,  who  was  discovered  to  be  his  grand- 
father, and  thus  fulfilled  the  prediction  of  the  oracle.  An  sati.<i 
animi  est  Acrisio,  contemnere  vanum  numen  et  cluudere  Ar- 
golicas  portas  (ei)  venienfi^  has  Acrisius  sufficient  courage  to 
despise  this  pretended  deity,  and  to  shut  the  gates  of  Argos  against 
him  as  he  approaches  ?  iii.  7    49.     See  Danae  and  Perseus. 

AcUeon  -onis,  m..  Actaon,  a  famous  hunter,  the  son  of  Ar- 
istiEus  and  Autonoe,  the  daughter  of  Cadmus,  from  whom  he  is 
called  Autonoci'is  lieros  (iii.  2  68.)  Being  one  day  exhausted  by 
the  fatigues  of  the  rhase,  he  retired  to  the  vale  of  Gargaphie,  to 
avoid  the  scorching  heat  of  the  sun.  and  having  there  accidentally 
seen  Diana  and  her  nymphs  bathing  in  a  cave,  was  changed  by  the 
goddess  into  a  stag  to  prevent  the  disclosure.  He  was  afterwards 
pursued  and  torn  to  pieces  by  his  own  dogs.  For  an  account  of  his 
dogs  see  iii.  2.  7(3.,  &c.      Gr.  afc.-ona. 

Actorides,  -ae,  m. .  the  grandson  of  Actor,  a  patronymic  applied 
to  Patroclus.  Actorides  tutus  sub  imagine  AchiUis,  Patroclus 
safe  under  the  appearance  of  Achilles, — because  he  was  clad  in  the 
armour  of  .Achilles,  xiii.  1.  273. 

-•Eacides,  -£e,  m.,  a  son,  or  a  descendant,  of  ./Eacus.  a  name 
applied  by  Ulysses  to  Achilles  and  himself,  as  grandsons  of  ./Eacus. 


iEAC  173  yEGE 

-^acos,  -i,  &  jEacus,  -i,  m.,  JEacus,  the  son  of  Jupiter  and 
^gina,  and  king  of  (Enopia,  an  island  in  the  Saronic  Gulf,  which 
he  named  ^gina  after  his  mother.  He  married  Endeis,  a  daughter 
of  Chiron,  and  had  by  her  Telamon  and  Peleus  (diss.)  He  was 
remarkable  for  his  strict  observance  of  justice,  and  was,  in  conse- 
quence of  this,  after  his  death,  appointed  a  judge  in  the  infernal 
regions,  along  with  Minos  and  Rhadamanthus.  Sumnius  Jupiter 
agnoscit  JEucon  futeturque  (eum)  esse  suum  prolem,  supreme 
Jupiter  acknowledges  iEacus.  and  confesses  that  he  is  his  son,  xiii. 
1.  27. 

jEas,  -antis,  m.,  the  uF.as^  now  the  Vojuzza,  a  river  which 
rises  in  the  chain  of  Pindus,  on  the  borders  of  Thessaly  and  EpTrus, 
and  after  separating  the  latter  country  from  Macedonia  and  part 
of  lUyria,  flowed  past  ApoUonia,  and  fell  into  the  Hadriatic. 

jEeta.  cr  ^ete--,  -ae,  «2.,  jEetes,  a  king  of  Colchis,  the  son 
of  Sol  and  Perseis,  andfather  of  Medea,  Absyrtus,  and  Chalciope. 
He  was  in  possession  of  the  golden  fleece,  which  he  obtained  by  the 
murder  of  Phryxus,  who  had  visited  his  court,  and  which  he  kept 
guarded  by  a  venomous  dragon,  and  by  bulls  which  breathed  fire. 
This  fleece  the  Argonauts  recovered  by  means  of  Medea,  who  had 
conceived  an  ardent  passion  for  Jason.  See  Phryxus,  Medea,  and 
Jason. 

.^e'.ias^  -adis  f.,  the  duuyhter  of  JEeLes,  a  patronymic  applied 
to  Medea.  yEetias  concipit  validos  ignes,  the  daughter  of  iEetes, 
i.  e.  Medea,  conceives  an  ardent  passion,  vii.  1.  9.     See  ^etes. 

j5Egaeon,  -onis,  m.,  MgcRon,  called  by  the  Gods  Briareus 
(tris.),  a  gigantic  sea-deity,  the  son  of  Ccelus  and  Terra,  or,  ac- 
cording to  others,  the  son  of  Neptune.  He  is  represented  as  having 
fifty  heads  and  a  hundred  hands,  and  as  riding  upon  the  sea-mon- 
sters. By  some  mythologists  he  is  mentioned  as  one  of  the  giants 
who  conspired  to  dethrone  Jupiter.  jEgaonaque  prementem  im- 
mania  terga  halmnarum  suis  lacertis,  and  ^gaeon  touching  the 
huge  backs  of  whales  with  his  arms, — in  allusion,  probably,  to  his 
posture  when  riding  on  the  whale,  with  his  arms  resting  on  its 
back,  ii.  1.  10.      Gr.  ace.  -ona. 

.^gaeus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  JEgcean,  relating  to  the  JEgccan  Sea, 
the  Archipelago.  By  the  name  ot  JEgceiim  mare,  the  ancients  de- 
signated that  part  of  the  Mediterranean  which  lies  between  the 
eastern  shores  of  Greece  and  the  opposite  continent  of,  Asia  Minor. 
Tradition  referred  the  origin  of  its  name  to  iEgeus  {diss.),  but 
Strabo,  with  more  probability,  deduced  it  from  the  small  island  of 
jEgae,  in  the  vicinity  of  Euboea.  The  ^gcean  was  considered  par- 
ticularly stormy  and  dangerous  to  navigators.  It  abounds  with 
islands,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  Cyclades  and  the  Sporades. 

.ffigeus  (diss.),  -ei,  &  -eos,  m.,  A'.f,iiis,  a  king  of  Athens,  the 
son  of  Pandion,  father  of  Theseus  (<Ym.)  by  Mthra.,  and  of  Medu» 

p2 


by  ^letlea.  He  involved  himself  in  a  war  with  Mino?,  king  of  Crete, 
by  putting  to  death  his  son  Androgens,  who  had  excited  his  jealousy 
by  the  popularity  which  he  acquired  by  his  wrestling  at  Athens,  and 
was  compelled  to  purchase  peace  by  an  agreement  to  send  annually 
to  Crete  seven  young  men  and  seven  young  women,  the  choice  of  the 
youth,  to  be  devoured  by  the  Minotaur.  Theseus,  on  one  occasion, 
insisted  on  being  allowed  to  go  as  one  of  the  number,  to  which  his 
father  with  reluctance  consented,  and,  with  the  assistance  of  Ari- 
adne, the  daughter  of  Minos,  slew  the  Minotaur.  But  the  pilot 
neglected,  on  his  return,  to  hoist,  according  to  agreement,  a  white 
sail  instead  of  a  black  one,  and  .(3igeus  beUeving  that  his  son  had 
been  killed,  threw  himself  into  the  sea,  and,  according  to  some  iny- 
thologists,  gave  his  name  to  the  ^■Egaean.      See  .^gaeus. 

^gyptiu.'5,  -a,  •  um,  adj.  of,  or  relating  to  Egypt,  Egyptian. 
^■Egyptia  tellits,  the  land  of  Egypt,  v.  5.  30.  JEgyplia  conjux 
Bomani  duds,  the  Egyptian  wife  of  the  Roman  general,  i.  e. 
Cleopatra,  xv.  9.  82.      See  Antonius. 

.^gyptus,  -i../.,  Egypt,  an  extensive  country  in  the  north-east 
of  Africa,  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Mediterranean,  on  the 
east  by  Arabia,  and  the  Sinus  Arabicus,  or  Red  Sea,  on  the  south 
by  ^Ethiopia,  and  on  the  west  by  the  deserts  of  Libya.  It  con- 
sisted chiefly  of  a  narrow  valley,  stretching  along  the  course  of  the 
Nile,  and  was  confined  to  that  portion  of  land  which  was  watered  by 
the  annual  inundation  of  the  river.  This  tract,  to  the  south  of  the 
Delta,  was  very  narrow,  but  widened  gradually  as  the  river  approach- 
ed the  sea.  Egypt  was  divided  by  ancient  geographers  into  JLgyp- 
tus  Superior,  extending  from  Syene,  on  the  frontiers  of  Ethiopia, 
to  Memphis,  near  the  apex  of  the  Delta;  and  ^Egyptris  Inferior, 
which  comprehended  the  Delta  and  the  narrow  tracts  on  each  side 
of  it.  In  tipper  Egypt  was  the  city  of  Memphis,  not  far  from  the 
site  of  Grand  Cairo,  the  modern  capital ;  and  about  200  miles  farther 
up  the  river,  Thebae,  Thehes,  famous  for  its  hundred  gates.  Lower 
Egypt  contained  Alexandria,  the  ancient  capital,  Nicopolis,  and 
Canopus.  About  forty  stadia  to  the  west  of  Memphis  were  raised 
the  famous  pyramids,  the  most  stupendous  buildings  in  the  world. 
They  are  many  in  number,  but  three  of  them  are  particularly  re- 
markable, two  of  which  are  reckoned  among  the  seven  wonders  of 
the  world.  They  were  intended  as  sepulchres  for  the  kings  and 
great  people  of  Egypt,  and  were  of  such  high  antiquity,  that  even 
an  ancient  writer  has  recorded,  that  in  his  time  neither  natives  nor 
foreigners  were  able  to  ascertain  their  age.  The  largest  of  these 
is  represented  by  modern  travellers  as  covering  more  than  eleven 
acres  of  ground,  each  side  being  about  660  feet  long,  and  nearly 
fiOO  high.  Egypt  is  a  country  of  great  antiquity,  and  has  been 
j'jstiy  regarded  as  the  source  from  which  civilisation  was  diffused 
nver  the  ancient  world.  The  learning  of  the  Egyptians,  and  their 
skill  in  astrology  and  m.ogic,  are  frequently  alluded  to  in  the  Sa- 


AEL  175  ^OL 

cred  Scriptures,  and  several  of  the  heroes  of  Grecian  mythology 
were  obviously  natives  of  this  country.  It  was  esteemed  in  ancient 
times  the  school  of  learning ;  and  we  accordingly  find,  that  tha 
most  illustrious  men  in  Greece,  as  Homer,  Herodotus,  Pythagijras, 
&c    repaired  to  it  for  instruction. 

Aello,  -onis,  &  -us,  J'.,  Storm,  the  name  of  one  of  Actaeon's 
dogs.  Aello  foriis  cursu.  Storm  distinguished  in  the  chase,  iii. 
2.  89. 

^neas,  -£e,  v?.,  JEneas,  a  Trojan  prince,  the  son  of  Anchises 
and  Venus,  and  the  hero  of  Virgil's  JJneid.  Different  opinions 
of  his  character  are  given  by  different  authors.  He  is  represent- 
ed by  some  as  behaving  with  great  valour  during  the  Trojan  war, 
and  by  others  as  uniting  with  Antenor  to  betray  his  country 
into  the  hands  of  the  Greeks.  He  married  CreQsa,  the  daughter 
of  Priam,  by  whom  he  had  Ascanius.  On  the  night  on  which 
Troy  was  burnt,  he  made  his  escape,  carrying  on  his  shoulders  his 
father  Anchises,  and  the  statues  of  his  household  gods,  and  lead- 
ing in  his  hand  his  son  Ascanius.  Being  joined  by  numbers  of 
those  who  had  escaped  from  the  Greeks,  he  sailed  from  the  Trojan 
shores,  and,  after  a  voyage  of  seven  years  and  the  loss  of  thirteen 
ships,  he  landed  with  his  companions  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber. 
He  soon  after  married  Lavinia,  the  daughter  of  Latinus,  king  of 
that  part  of  Italy,  and  built  a  tovvn,  which,  from  the  name  of  his 
wife,  he  called  Lavinium.  His  son  Ascanius  built  Alba  Longa, 
and  from  him  was  descended  Romiilus,  the  founder  of  Roir.e. 

iEoIia^  -ae,  /*.,  JEoUa,  a  name  given  to  the  seven  Lipari  islands 
on  the  north  of  Sicily,  which  were  said  to  form  the  kingdom  of 
^olus,  the  god  of  the  winds.  The  most  important  of  them  were 
Strongyle,  Sirornho/i ;  Lipara,  Lipari  ;  and  Hiera  or  Vulcania, 
Vulcano,  all  famous  for  their  volcanic  eruptions.  Here  ^Eolus  is 
represented  as  keeping  the  winds  confined  in  a  strong  cave  ;  and 
here  he  gave  to  Ulysses  all  the  adverse  winds  bound  up  in  a  bag. 
See  Ulysses. 

.bolides,  -ffi,  nz.,  a  son  of  ^olus,  a  patronymic  applied  to 
Athamas,  iv.  11.  97.  JEolides  furihundus  clamat  in.  media  aula, 
the  sonof^olus,  i.  e.  Athamas,  filled  with  rage,  calls  out  in  the 
middle  of  his  palace,  iv  11.97.  In  xiii.  1.  26.  it  is  applied  to  Sisy- 
phus.    See  ^olus. 

^.olis,  -idiSj  &  -idos,  j:,  a  daughter  of  JEolus,  Halcyune. 

Mo^VlS,  -a.,  -um,aflj..  of,  or  relating  to  ^olia.  Claudit 
Aqvilonem  in  .AEoliis  antris.  shuts  up  the  north  wind  in  the  caves 
of  ^olia,  i.  7.  19.  Also,  of,  or  relating  to  j^olus.  ^oliipostes 
feruntur  tremuis.se,  the  door-posts  of  the  son  of  .^ilolus,  i.  e.  Atha- 
mas, are  said  to  have  shaken,  iv.  11.  71. 

..^-6]us_,  -i,  777.,  uSoli's,  a  king  of  Thessaly,  the  son  of  Helen, 
grandson  of  Deucalion,  and  father  of  Sisjrphus,  Athamas,  Salmo- 
neus  (fris.),  &.C. 


by  ]\Ioftea.  He  involved  himself  in  a  war  with  Mino?,  king  of  Crete, 
by  putting  to  death  his  son  Androgens,  who  had  excited  his  jealousy 
by  the  popularity  which  he  acquired  by  his  wrestling  at  Athens,  and 
was  compelled  to  purchase  peace  by  an  agreement  to  send  annually 
to  Crete  seven  young  men  and  seven  young  women,  the  choice  of  the 
yoiith,  to  bo  devoured  by  the  Minotaur.  Theseus,  on  one  occasion, 
insisted  on  being  allowed  to  go  as  one  of  the  number,  to  which  his 
father  with  reluctance  consented,  and,  with  the  assistance  of  Ari- 
adne, the  daughter  of  Minos,  slew  the  Minotaur.  But  the  pilot 
neglected,  on  his  return,  to  hoist,  according  to  agreement,  a  white 
sail  instead  of  a  black  one,  and  jlDgeus  believing  that  his  son  had 
been  killed,  threw  himself  into  the  sea,  and,  according  to  some  my- 
thologists,  gave  his  name  to  the  Mgseain.     See  .^gseus. 

-dEgyptiu.';,  -a,  -  um,  adj.  of,  or  relating  to  Egypt,  Egyptian. 
^■Egijptia  teUus,  the  land  of  Egypt,  v.  5.  30.  jEgyplia  conjttx 
Romani  duds,  the  Egyptian  wife  of  the  Roman  general,  i.  e. 
Cleopatra,  xv.  9.  82.     See  Antonius. 

.^gyptus,  -i../'-,  Egypt,  an  extensive  country  in  the  north-east 
of  Africa,  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Mediterranean,  on  the 
east  by  Arabia,  and  the  Sinus  Arabicus,  or  Red  Sea,  on  the  south 
by  JEthiopia,  and  on  the  west  by  the  deserts  of  Libya.  It  con- 
sisted chiefly  of  a  narrow  valley,  stretching  along  the  course  of  the 
Nile,  and  was  confined  to  that  portion  of  land  which  was  watered  by 
the  annual  inundation  of  the  river.  This  tract,  to  the  south  of  the 
Delta,  was  very  narrow,  but  widened  gradually  as  the  river  approach- 
ed the  sea.  Egypt  was  divided  by  ancient  geographers  into  jEgyp- 
tus  Superior,  extending  from  Syene,  on  the  frontiers  of  /Ethiopia, 
to  Memphis,  near  the  apex  of  the  Delta;  and  JEgyptvs  Inferior, 
which  comprehended  the  Delta  and  the  narrow  tracts  on  each  side 
of  it.  In  tipper  Egypt  was  the  city  of  Memphis,  not  far  from  the 
site  of  Grand  Cairo,  the  modern  capital ;  and  about  200  miles  farther 
up  the  river,  Thebae,  Thebes,  famous  for  its  hundred  gates.  Lower 
Egypt  contained  Alexandria,  the  ancient  capital,  Nicopolis,  and 
Canopus.  About  forty  stadia  to  the  west  of  Memphis  were  raised 
the  famous  pyramids,  the  most  stupendous  buildings  in  the  world. 
They  are  many  in  number,  but  three  of  them  are  particularly  re- 
markable, two  of  which  are  reckoned  among  the  seven  wonders  of 
the  world.  They  were  intended  as  sepulchres  for  the  kings  and 
great  people  of  Egypt,  and  were  of  such  high  antiquity,  that  even 
an  ancient  writer  has  recorded,  that  in  his  time  neither  natives  nor 
foreigners  were  able  to  ascertain  their  age.  The  largest  of  these 
is  represented  by  modern  travellers  as  covering  more  than  eleven 
acres  of  ground,  each  side  being  about  680  feet  long,  and  nearly 
fiOO  high.  Egypt  is  a  country  of  great  antiquity,  and  has  been 
justly  regarded  as  the  si)urce  from  which  civilisation  was  diffused 
over  the  ancient  world.  The  learning  of  the  Egyptians,  and  their 
skill  in  astrology  and  mngic,  are  frequently  alluded  to  in  the  Sa- 


AEL  175  ^OL 

cred  Scriptures,  and  several  of  the  heroes  of  Grecian  mythology 
were  obviously  natives  of  this  country.  It  was  esteemed  in  ancient 
times  the  school  of  learning ;  and  we  accordingly  find,  that  the 
most  illustrious  men  in  Greece,  as  Homer,  Herodotus,  Pythagoras, 
&c   repaired  to  it  for  instruction. 

Aello,  -onis,  &  -us,  J".,  Storm,  the  name  of  one  of  Actaeon's 
dogs.  Aello  fortis  cursu.  Storm  distinguished  in  the  chase,  iii. 
2.  89. 

.ffitieaSj  -£e,  m.,  JEneas,  a  Trojan  prince,  the  son  of  AnchTses 
and  Venus,  and  the  hero  of  Virgil's  jEneid.  Different  opinions 
of  his  character  are  given  by  different  authors.  He  is  represent- 
ed by  some  as  behaving  with  great  valour  during  the  Trojan  war, 
and  by  others  as  uniting  with  Antenor  to  betray  his  country 
into  the  hands  of  the  Greeks.  He  married  Creiisa,  the  daughter 
of  Priam,  by  whom  he  had  Ascanius.  On  the  night  on  which 
Troy  was  burnt,  he  made  his  escape,  carrying  on  his  shoulders  his 
father  Anchises,  and  the  statues  of  his  household  gods,  and  lead- 
ing in  his  hand  his  son  Ascanius.  Being  joined  by  numbers  of 
those  who  had  escaped  from  the  Greeks,  he  sailed  from  the  Trojan 
shores,  and,  after  a  voyage  of  seven  years  and  the  loss  of  thirteen 
ships,  he  landed  with  his  companions  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber. 
He  soon  after  married  Lavinia,  the  daughter  of  Latlnus,  king  of 
that  part  of  Italy,  and  built  a  town,  which,  from  the  name  of  his 
wife,  he  called  Lavinium.  His  son  Ascanius  built  Alba  Longu, 
and  from  him  was  descended  Romiilus,  the  founder  of  Roii.e. 

-i3Eolia^  -ae,  f.,  JEolia,  a  name  given  to  the  seven  Lipari  islands 
on  the  north  of  Sicily,  which  were  said  to  form  the  kingdom  of 
^olus,  the  god  of  the  winds.  The  most  important  of  them  were 
Strongyle,  Stromholi ;  Lipara,  Lipari;  and  Hiera  or  Vulcania, 
VuJcano,  all  famous  for  their  volcanic  eruptions.  Here  jEoIus  is 
represented  as  keeping  the  winds  confined  in  a  strong  cave  ;  and 
here  he  gave  to  Ulysses  all  the  adverse  winds  bound  up  in  a  bag. 
See  Ulysses. 

viEolides^  -se,  m.,  a  son  of  JEolus,  a  patronymic  applied  to 
Athamas,  iv.  11.  97.  jEolides  furihundus  clamat  in  media,  aidd, 
the  sonof^olus,  i.  e.  Athamas,  filled  with  rage,  calls  out  in  the 
middle  of  his  palace,  iv  11.  97.  In  xiii.  1.  26.  it  is  applied  to  Sisy- 
phus.    See  .^olus. 

^,6Iis,  -Tdis,  &  -idos, /,  a  daughter  of  ^olus,  Halcyune. 

-Solius,  -a,  -\xm,aflj.^  of,  or  relating  to  ^olia.  Claudit 
Aquilonem  in  jEoliis  antris.  shuts  up  the  north  wind  in  the  caves 
of  iEolia,  i.  7.  19.  Also,  of,  or  relating  to  .Molus.  ^oliipontes 
feruntur  tremuisne,  the  door-posts  of  the  son  of  .^olus,  i.  e.  Atha- 
mas, are  said  to  have  shaken,  iv.  11.  71. 

^-6]us_,  -i,  m.,  JEolvs,  a  king  of  Thessaly,  the  son  of  Helen, 
grandson  of  Deucalion,  and  father  of  Sisj?phus,  Athamas,  Salmo- 
neus  {tris.),  kc. 


.t:SC  17G  /ESO 

-Ssculapius,  -ii,  m.,  jEsculapius,  the  son  of  Apollo  and  the 
n\Tnph  Coronis,  the  daughter  of  Phlegyas,  a  Thessalian  prince. 
He  was  born  at  Epidaiirus,  a  town  of  Argolis,  in  the  Peloponnesus. 
Immediately  after  his  birth,  he  was  exposed  on  Mount  TithJon, 
where  he  was  suckled  by  a  goat,  while  the  goatherd's  <iog  kept 
guard  over  him.  The  herdsman  missing  his  dog  and  one  of  his 
goats,  went  in  search  of  them,  and  found  the  babe,  whose  body 
emitted  rays  of  brilliant  light.  Overawed  by  this  indication  of  di- 
vinity, the  goatherd  was  afraid  to  carry  the  infant  home  ;  but  the 
fame  of  his  miraculous  birth  soon  spread  abroad,  and  people  flocked 
from  all  quarters  to  see  him.  He  was  afterwards  placed  under  the 
tuition  of  the  Centaur  Chiron,  by  whose  instructions  he  made  such 
progress,  that  he  not  only  became  a  great  physician,  but  was  even 
reckoned  the  inventor  and  god  of  the  healing  art.  .(Esculapius 
accompanied  Jason  in  his  expedition  to  Colchis,  and,  by  his  medi- 
cal skill,  rendered  very  important  services  to  the  Argonauts.  Tho 
chief  seat  of  the  worship  of  ^sculapius  was  Epidaurus,  where  he 
was  represented  as  an  old  man  with  a  venerable  beard,  wrapped  in  a 
mantle,  and  leaning  on  a  staff,  round  which  a  serpent  was  entwined. 
The  fable  says,  that  when  he  was  called  in  to  restoi  e  to  life  Glau- 
cus,  the  son  of  Minos,  king  of  Crete,  as  he  stood  leaning  on  his 
staff,  a  serpent  came  and  wound  itself  round  it.  Alarmed  at  the 
sight,  he  shook  it  off  and  killed  it,  when  immediately  another  snake 
came,  bearing  in  its  mouth  an  herb,  which,  when  applied  to  the 
other,  restored  it  to  life.  .iEsculapius  availed  himself  of  this  disco- 
very, and  employed  the  herb  with  success  in  restoring  the  dead  to 
life.  But  Jupiter,  becoming  apprehensive  that  if  men  were  put  in 
possession  of  the  means  of  triumphing  over  death,  they  might  cease 
to  reverence  the  gods,  killed  /Esculapius  with  a  thunderbolt,  in 
revenge  for  which  deed  Apollo  destroyed  the  Cyclops.  The  cock, 
the  serpent,  the  crow,  and  the  goat,  were  sacred  to  jEsculapius. 

.ffisoUj  -onis,  7)2.,  JE&nn,  a  Thessalian  prince,  the  son  of  Cre- 
theus  (rfm.),  and  father  of  Jason.  He  succeeded  his  father  mthe 
kingdom  of  lolchos,  but  was  soon  expelled  by  his  brother  Pelias. 
When  Jason  arrived  at  the  years  of  manhood,  he  made  an  unsuccess- 
ful attempt  to  recover  the  kingdom  for  his  father  ;  and,  to  avoid  the 
vengeance  of  his  uncle,  went  in  quest  of  the  golden  fleece.  Find- 
ing on  his  return  his  father  in  the  decrepitude  of  old  age,  he  pre- 
vailed upon  Medea  to  restore  him  to  youth.  The  sorceress  infused 
into  his  veins  the  juice  of  certain  plants  which  she  had  collected, 
and  immediately  the  old  man  recovered  the  vigour  and  bloom  of 
}outh.  Natus  JEs-onc  fuit  formosior  f^olito  illd.  luce,  the  son  of 
/Eson,  i.  e.  Jason,  was  more  comely  than  usual  on  that  day,  vii. 
I.  84. 

^sonideSj  -ae, ;».,  the^son  ofJEson,  Jason.  (Sequar)  ^soni- 
den  quern  ego  velim  mntdsse  cum  rebus  quas  totus  orbis  possiilet, 
I  shall  follow  the  son  of  .^son,  for  whom  I  would  wiUingly  give  in 
exchange  the  possessions  which  the  whole  world  contains,  vii.  1 .  59. 


^SO  177  AGA 

^^sonius,  -a,  -um,  adj..  of.  or  relatii.gto  JEson,  jEsonian. 
jEsonius  heros,  the  ^sonian  hero,  i.  e.  Jason,  vii.  1.  156. 

iEthalion,  -onis,  m.,  ^thalion,  one  of  the  Tuscan  pirates 
who  were  changed  into  dolphins  by  Bacchus. 

^Ethiopia,  -ae, ./!,  j^thiopia,  an  extensive  country  of  Africa, 
the  hmits  of  which  were  not  strictly  defined.  The  name  was  cer- 
tainly  applied  to  the  country  on  the  south  of  Egypt,  lying  along 
the  Red  Sea  and  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  seems  to  have  extendea 
far  into  the  interior.  It  corresponded  with  the  modern  divisions 
o(  Nubia,  Sennaar,  imi  Abyssinia,  together  with  parts  of  Kordo- 
fun  and  DnrfHr.  The  chief  city  was  Meroe,  situated  on  an 
island  formed  by  the  Astapus,  or  Tacazze,  and  the  Astaboras,  or 
Ahawi\  eastern  tributaries  of  the  principal  branch  of  the  Nile. 

-Sithiops,  -opis,  777.,  an  ^Ethiopian,  an  inhabitant  of  Ethio- 
pia. This  term  was  used  by  the  Greeks  to  denote  any  thing  which 
had  contracted  a  dark  or  swarthy  colour  from  exposure  to  excessive 
heat.  They  also  applied  it  to  men  of  a  dark. complexion,  calling 
them  ^thiopes,  and  their  country  ^Ethiopia,  wherever  situated,  in 
the  same  way  as  we  employ  the  terms  Negro  and  Negroland, 
or  Nigritia,  According  to  Ovid,  the  .Ethiopians  acquired  their 
black  colour  from  exposure  to  the  scorching  rays  of  the  sun  when 
the  world  was  set  on  fire  by  Phaethon,  their  blood  having  been 
thereby  forced  to  the  surface  of  the  body.  Populos  JEthiopum 
traxisse  nigrum  colorem,  that  the  tribes  of  ^Ethiopians  acquired 
their  black  colour,  ii.  1.  236. 

.^thon,  -onis.  m.,  JEthon  (burning),  the  name  of  one  of  the 
horses  of  the  Sun, 

j3Etna,  -fe^.  &  ^tne,  -es,  /.,  A^Ana,  or  Monte  Gihello,  a 
celebrated  volcanic  mountain  in  the  north-east  of  Sicily,  rising  to 
the  height  of  10,954.feet.  The  volcanic  character  of  this  mountain 
was  known  to  the  Greeks  in  very  ancient  times,  and  various  erup- 
tions are  recorded  by  the  writers  of  that  country,  as  well  as  by  the 
Latins.  The  god  A^ulcan  had  a  temple  on  the  mountain,  and  here 
the  poets  placed  his  forge,  and  also  the  residence  of  the  Cyclops, 
who  assisted  him  in  making  thunderbolts  for  Jupiter.  The  giant 
Typhoeusi(fm.)  was  said  to  have  been  buried  under  Sicily,  his 
hands  being  placed  under  the  promontories  Pelorum  and  Pachy- 
num,  his  feet  under  Lilybaeum,  while  iEtna  rested  upon  his  breast. 
Etne  ardet  in  immensnm  geminatis  ignibus,  ..Etna  ttfirns  to  a  vast 
height  with  redoubled  fire, — the  solar  conflagration  being  added  to 
the  volcanic  fire  of  the  mountain,  ii.  1.  220.  Succendit  pinus  ab 
flammiferd  JEtnd,  lights  torches  at  the  fires  of  Etna,  v.  7.  5. 

Agamemnon,  -onis,  tw.,  Agamemnon,  the  son  of  Atreus 
{diss. ),  and  husband  of  Clytemnestra.  He  was  king  of  Mycenae,  and 
a  large  portion  of  the  Peloponnesus,  designated  by  the  name  of 
Argos.     When  the  Grecian  chiefs  resolved  to  make  war  upon  Troy, 


AGA  178  AJA 

for  the  purpose  of  recovering  Helen,  Agamemnon  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief,  and,  during  the  early  part  of  the  siege,  con- 
tributed greatly  to  the  success  of  the  Greeks.  His  quarrel  with 
Achilles  (See  Achilles)  protracted  the  war,  and  proved  very  inju- 
rious to  the  interest  of  the  combined  chiefs.  On  his  return  to  My- 
cenap,  after  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  he  was  murdered  by  Cly- 
temnestra  and  her  paramour  .^gisthus. 

Aganippe,  -es.f..  Aganippe,  a  celebrated  fountain  on  Mount 
Helicon,  in  Bceotia,  sacred  to  the  Muses.  Aganippe  is  said  to  have 
been  the  daughter  of  the  river  Permessus,  and  to  have  been  changed 
into  this  fountain. 

Agave,  -es,  /".,  Ac^ave,  the  daughter  of  Cadmus,  wife  of 
Echion,  and  mother  ofPentheus  {diss.),  who  succeeded  his  grand- 
father in  the  government  of  Thebes.  She,  along  with  the  other 
women,  favoured  the  introduction  of  the  worship  of  Bacchus  into 
Thebes,  and  assisted  her  sisters  Ino  and  Autonoe  in  murdering  her 
son  Pentheus,  who  was  instigated  by  the  god  to  obtrude  himself 
upon  them  while  engaged  in  celebrating  his  orgies. 

^  Agenor,  -ori?,  tw.,  Aaenor,  a  king  of  Phoenicia,  the  son  of 
Neptune,  and  brother  of  Belus.  He  was  the  father  of  Cadmus, 
Phcenix,  Cilix,  Phineus  (diss.),  and  Europa.  2^^aUis  Agenore, 
the  son  of  Agenor,  i.  e.  Cadmus,  iii.  1.51,  and  96. 

Agenorldes,  -ee,  m.,  the  son  of  Agenor,  Cadmus.  Ageno- 
rides  prnfugus  vitai  patriamque  iramqve  parentis,  the  son  of 
Agenor,  '..  e.  Cadmus,  going  into  exile,  avoids  his  country  and  the 
anger  of  his  father,  iii.  1.  8.  Also,  any  descendant  of  Agenor. 
In  this  sense  it  is  applied  (iv.  15.  20.)  to  Perseus  {diss.),  who  de- 
rived his  descent  by  the  mother's  side  from  Danaus,  the  brother  of 
jEgyptus  and  son  of  Belus,  who,  about  1500  years  b.  c,  planted 
a  colony  at  Argos,  where  his  grandfather  Acrisius  was  king. 

Agre,  -es,y.,  Catcher,  the  name  of  one  of  Actaeon's  dogs.  Agre 
utilis  naribus.  Catcher  dexterous  with  her  nose,  quick  scented, 
iii.  2.  82. 

Agriodos,  -ontis,  m.,  WHd-looth,  the  name  of  one  of  Ac- 
taeon's dogs ;  a  bastai-d  from  a  'Cretan  dog  and  a  Spartan  bitch. 

Ajax,  -acis,  m.,  Ajax,  the  son  of  Telamon  and  Periboea,  and, 
next  to  .-Achilles,  the  bravest  of  the  Greeks  in  the  Trojan  war. 
During  the  absence  of  Achilles  he  was  chosen  by  lot  to  fight  with 
Hector,  when  that  hero  challenged  to  single  combat  the  bravest 
of  the  Greeks,  and  though  he  did  not  defeat  his  antagonist,  he  shared 
with  him  equally  the  glory  of  the  field.  After  the  death  of  Achil- 
les he  contested  with  Ulysses  the  honour  of  possessing  his  arms. 
An  account  of  this  dispute  is  given  by  Ovid  in  the  thirteenth 
Book,  and  forms  one  of  the  most  remarkable  and  interesting  pas- 
gages  of  the  Metamorphoses.  The  character  of  the  warrior  is  strik- 
ingly opposed  to  that  of  the  artful  and  practised  orator,  the  blunt- 
negs  and  the  abruptness  of  the  one  being  skilfully  contrasted  with 


\.\A  179  ALC 

the  polished  and  nicely  balanced  periods  of  the  other.  Ajax  rests 
his  claim  chiefly  on  his  descent  as  the  near  relative  of  the  departed 
hero,  and  on  his  feats  of  personal  valour  in  the  field,  and  places 
these  in  opposition  to  the  doubtful  genealogy  and  cowardice  of 
his  opponent.  Eloquence,  however,  prevailed  over  valour;  the 
arms  were  assigned  by  the  Grecian  chiefs  to  Ulysses ;  and  Ajax, 
after  exhibiting  other  proofs  of  madness,  stabbed  himself  with  his 
own  sword.  The  blood  which  flowed  from  the  wound  was  changed 
into  the  flower  hyacinth,  on  which  were  inscribed  the  first  two  let- 
ters of  his  name.  Ajax  dominus  septemplicis  clypei,  Ajax  lord 
of  the  seven-fold  shield  — because  his  shield  was  covered  with  seven 
pliesof  a  bull's  hide,  xiii.  1.  2.  Dammodo  non  sit  meritum  Ajacis, 
quod  Telamon  Peleusque  juerunt  fratres,  provided  it  be  not  con- 
sidered a  merit  in  Ajax  that  Telamon  and  Peleus  were  brothers, 
xiii.  1.  151.  Quam  solertia  stolidi  Ajacis  prosit  Danais,  than 
the  talents  of  silly  Ajax  be  of  advantage  to  the  Greeks,  xiii.  1. 327. 
iVe  quisquam  possit  superare  Ajacem  nisi  Ajax,  that  no  one  may 
be  able  to  conquer  Ajax  but  Ajax  himself,  xiii.  1.  3J0. 

Ajax,  -acis,  m,,  Ajax,  the  son  of  Oileus  (tris.),  king  of  Locris, 
one  of  the  bravest  of  the  Grecian  chiefs  in  the  Trojan  war.  He  was 
inferior  to  the  other  Ajax  in  strength  and  military  prowess,  but  less 
impetuous  in  his  temper,  from  which  circumstance  he  is  called  by 
Ovid,  xiii.  1 .  356.  moderatior  Ajax.  The  night  on  which  Troy 
was  taken  he  offered  violence  to  Cassandra,  the  daughter  of  Priam, 
in  the  temple  of  Minerva,  on  which  account  he  was  killed  with 
lightning  by  the  goddess  while  on  his  return  home,  and  his  ship 
dashed  to  pieces  on  a  rock. 

Alastor,  -oris,  m.,  AJastor,  one  of  the  companions  of  Sar- 
pedon,  king  of  Lycia,  who  was  slain  by  Ulysses. 

Alcander,  -dri,  in.,  Alcander,  one  of  the  companioi.s  of  Sar- 
pedon,  king  of  Lycia,  who  was  slain  by  Ulysses. 

Alee,  -es,  f.,  Sirength,  the  name  of  one  of  Actaeon's  dogs. 

Alcimedon,  -ontis,  m.,  Aldmedon,  one  ofthe  Tuscan  pirates, 
who  were  changed  into  dolphins  by  Bacchus. 

Alcithoe,  -es,/.,  Alcitlwe,  one  of  the  daughters  of  Minyas, 
king  of  Orchomenos,  in  BcBotia.  She  and  her  sisters  denied  the 
divinity  of  Bacchus,  and  opposed  the  introduction  of  liis  worship 
into  BoBotia,  preferring  the  labours  of  the  loom  to  joining  their 
countrywomen  in  celebrating  the  orgies  of  the  new  god.  To  re- 
lieve the  tediuni  of  their  labour,  a  proposal  was  made  by  one  of 
them  that  they  should  alternately  relate  some  interesting  story  ; 
and  it  is  in  this  way  that  Ovid  finds  an  opportunity  of  introducing 
the  beautiful  and  affecting  narrative  of  Pyramus  and  Thisbe.  In 
consequence  of  their  obstinate  refusal  to  acknowledge  his  divinity, 
she  and  her  sisters  were  changed  by  Bacchus  into  bats,  and  their 
looms  and  webs  into  ivy  and  vines. 


ANG  182  AN> 

jea-goddesses,  inundated  the  kingdom  of  .-Ethiopia,  and  sent  a  sea- 
monster  to  lay  it  waste.  The  oracle  of  Jupiter  Ammon,  on  being 
consulted  by  Copheus,  declared  that  the  evil  could  be  averted  only 
by  the  exposure  of  Andromeda  to  the  sea-monster.  Cepheiis  was 
forced  by  his  subjects  to  consent,  and  the  unhappy  princess  was 
bound  to  a  rock.  At  the  moment  when  the  monster  was  going  to 
devour  her,  Perseus  {tliss.),  who  was  on  his  return  from  killing 
the  Gorgon  Medusa,  saw  her,  and  being  captivated  with  her  beauty, 
promised  to  Cepheus  to  deliver  his  daughter  on  condition  that  siie 
should  be  given  to  him  in  marriage.  Cepheus  gladly  agreed  to  the 
terms.  Perseus  attacked  and  killed  the  monster,  and,  in  return 
for  his  services,  received  the  hand  of  Andromeda.  Phineus  (diss. ), 
the  brother  of  Cepheus,  to  whom  she  had  previously  been  betrothed, 
resented  the  injury  which  had  been  thus  done  to  him,  and  at- 
tempted to  carry  off  .Andromeda  during  the  celebration  of  the 
nuptial  feast.  A  bloody  battle  ensued,  in  which  many  of  his  com- 
p.wiions  were  slain,  and  the  rest  were  changed  into  stone  by  the 
Gorgon's  head.  Andromeda  was  afterwards  changed  into  a  con- 
stellation.     See  Phineus  and  Perseus. 

Anguis, -is,  m.,  fAe  Serpe/if,  a  constellation  between  the  two 
Bears,  near  the  iNorth  Pole.  A'eu  dexterior  rota  declinet  te  in  tor- 
turn  anguem,  and  let  not  the  right  wheel  draw  you  towards  the 
twisted  Serpent,  ii.  I.  138.     See  Serpens. 

Annus,  -i.,  m.,  a  year.  Romijlus  divided  the  year  into  ten 
months,  beginning  with  March  and  ending  with  December,  and  in- 
cluding in  ail  £04  days.  To  the  first  month  he  gave  the  name  of 
Martius,  from  Mars,  his  supposed  father,  and  the  last  seven  re- 
ceived their  names  from  the  place  which  they  occupied  in  the 
calendar.  July  and  August  were  anciently  denominated  Quintilis 
and  Sextilb,  and  received  their  present  names  in  compUment  to 
Julius  Caesar  and  Augustus.  Two  months  were  afterwards  added 
by  Numa ;  January  at  the  beginning,  and  February  at  the  end  of 
the  year,  and  this  arrangement  continued  till  b.  c.  452,  v.hen  the 
Decemvirs  changed  the  order  of  the  months,  and  placed  February 
after  January.  The  months  now  consisted  of  29  and  30  days  al- 
ternately, to  correspond  with  the  revolution  of  the  moon,  to  which 
one  day  was  added,  to  make  the  total  number  355.  To  make  the 
lunar  year  correspond  with  the  course  of  the  sun,  Numa  ordered 
an  additional  or  intercalary  month  {mensis  intercalaris),  to  be  in- 
serted every  second  year,  between  the  23d  and  24th  of  February, 
the  length  of  which  was  regulated  by  certain  pontiffs,  to  whom  the 
care  of  the  calendar  was  intrusted.  This  power  was  soon  abused 
to  serve  political  purposes,  and  the  calendar  consequently  thrown 
into  contusion.  By  giving  a  greater  or  less  number  of  days  to  the 
intercalary  month,  the  priests  were  enabled  to  prolong  the  term  of 
a  magistracy,  or  to  hasten  the  annual  elections  ;  and  so  little  care 
had  been  taken  to  regulate  the  year,  that,  in  the  time  of  JuUus 


ANT  18;3  ANT 

Csesar,  tlie  civil  equinox  differed  from  the  astronomical  by  three 
months.  To  put  an  end  to  this  disorder,  Julius  Csesar  abolished 
the  use  of  the  lunar  year  and  the  intercalary  month,  and,  with  the 
advice  and  assistance  of  Sosigenes,  a  celebrated  astronomer  of 
Alexandria,  regulated  the  year  according  to  the  course  of  the  sun, 
assigning  to  the  aionths  the  number  of  days  which  they  still  retain. 
The  first  Julian  year  commenced  with  the  1st  of  Januai-y  b.  c.  46. 
and  the  Tf'Sth  year  from  the  foundation  of  Rome.  This  year  still 
continues  in  use  in  all  Christian  countries,  without  any  other  varia- 
tion than  that  of  new  and  old  stj'le,  a  change  which  was  occasioned 
by  aregulation  of  Pope  Gregory,  a.  d.  1582,  and  which  was  adopted 
in  Britain  in  1752.     See  Mensis  and  Dies. 

Antenor,  -oris,  m.,  Antenor,  a  Trojan  prince,  related  to 
Priam,  who,  during  the  Trojan  war,  was  accused  of  maintaining  a 
secret  correspondence  with  Menelaus  and  Ulysses.  He  is  repre- 
sented as  recommending  to  the  Trojans  to  restore  Helen  and  con- 
clude the  war,  and  at  the  same  time  advising  the  Greeks  to  build 
the  wooden  horse,  which,  by  his  influence,  was  introduced  into  the 
city.  After  the  destruction  of  Troy,  he  is  said  to  have  settled  with 
a  colony  of  Heneti,  in  Italy,  not  far  from  the  mouth  of  the  Po,  and 
to  have  founded  Patavium,  now  Pudua.  Ardenora  junctnm 
Priamo,  Antenor  related  to  Priam,  xiii.  1.  201.     Gr.  Ace.  -ora. 

Anticlea,  -tn.f,,  Anticha,  the  daughter  of  Autolycus,  a  fa- 
mous robber.  He  allowed  Sisyphus  to  enjoy  the  favours  of  his 
daughter,  by  whom  she  is  said  to  have  been  pregnant  of  Ulysses 
when  she  married  Laertes.  Ulysses  is  reproached  by  Ajax  (xiii. 
1.  26.)  with  his  spurious  descent  as  the  son  of  Sisyphus.  As  son 
of  Anticlea,  Ulysses  was  the  great-grandson  of  Mercury,  to  which 
allusion  is  made,  xiii.  1 .  146. 

Antcnius,  (Marcus)  -ii,  (i,)  m  .  Mark  Antony,  the  son  of 
Marcus  Antonius  Creticus,  and  of  Julia,  who  belonged  to  the  fa- 
mily of  the  Caesars.  He  was  remarkable  in  his  youth  for  comeli- 
ness and  strength,  but  was  addicted  to  the  prevalent  vices  of 
his  age.  After  travelling  in  Greece,  where  he  cultivated  elo- 
quence and  military  exercises,  he  joined  the  army  under  Caesar 
in  Gaul,  and  was  soon  raised  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant.  By  his 
promptitude  and  bravery  in  the  field  he  secured  for  himself  the 
support  of  his  commander,  in  his  canvasses  for  civil  and  political 
honours.  In  the  civil  war  Antony  was  one  of  the  most  strenuous 
supporters  of  Caesar,  and  commanded  the  left  wing  of  his  army  in 
the  decisive  battle  of  Pharsaha  (b.  c.  48.)  In  the  following  year, 
Caesar  being  appointed  dictator,  selected  Antony  as  his  master  of 
the  horse,  an  appointment  which  gave  him  the  chief  authority  in 
the  absence  of  the  dictator.  His  conduct  while  he  held  this  com- 
mand excited  the  serious  displeasure  of  Caesai-,  but  Antony,  not- 
withstanding, soon  after  regained  his  confidence,  and  'oas  assumed 
by  him  as  his  colleague  in  his  fifth  and  last  consulship.     After  the 


AON  104  APO 

assassination  of  Caesar,  Antony  made  an  artful  attempt  to  secure  for 
himself  the  sovereignty,  and  unscrupulously  employed  every  method 
to  establish  his  authority.  He  was,  however,  overpowered  by  the 
party  of  Octavius,  afterwards  the  Emperor  Augustus,  and  being 
compelled  to  leave  Italv,  took  refuge  with  Lcpidus,  who,  at  that 
time,  held  the  command  in  Gaul.  Octavius  subsequently  became 
reconciled  to  them,  and  agreed  to  share  with  them  the  sovereign 
power,  sucrgesting  that  they  should  govern  the  empire  under  the 
name  of  Triumvirs.  This  compact  was  called  the  Second  Trium- 
virate, and  was  followed  by  the  cold-blooded  murder  of  many  of 
the  most  distinguished  citizens  of  Rome.  In  the  following  year, 
Antony  went  to  Asia,  where  he  met  with  Cleopatra,  the  celebrated 
queen  of  Egj-pt,  with  whom  he  passed  his  time  in  luxurious  dissi- 
pation. Various  circumstances  at  length  involved  him  in  a  new 
war  with  Octavius,  and  being  defeated  in  the  battle  of  Actium 
(b.  c.  31.),  he  escaped  into  Egypt,  where,  on  finding  himself  de- 
serted by  all  his  adherents,  and  besieged  by  the  Roman  fleet,  he 
stabbed  himself  to  avoid  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  conqueror. 

Aon.  -onis,  7n.,  Aon,  a  son  of  Neptune,  who  settled  in  Boeotia, 
and  from  whom  the  mountainous  part  of  that  country  was  called 
Aonia. 

Aonis,  -Tdis,/".,  a  female  inhabitant  of  Boeotia  ;  Hence  the 
muses  are  called  Aonides,  as  inhabiting  Helicon  and  Citheeron, 
and  frequenting  the  fountain  Aganippe. 

Aonius,  -a,  -ium,  adj.,  of,  or  belonging  to  Aonia,  Thcban, 
Baotian.  Per  Aonias  urbes,  throughout  the  cities  of  Boeotia,  ill. 
5.  1.  Hence,  Aonii,  -orum,  m.,  the  Boeotians,  the  inhabitants  of 
Aonia,  i.  8.  1. 

Apennlnus,  -i,  in.,  the  Apennines,  a  great  chain  of  moun- 
tains in  Italy,  which  branches  off  from  the  maritime  Alps  near 
Nice.  The  Apennines  run  diagonally  across  the  country  to  the 
sources  of  the  Arno  and  the  Tiber,  then  extend  in  a  curved  line 
down  the  centre  of  the  peninsula,  and  terminate  in  the  promon- 
tory of  Leucopetra,  near  Rhegium.  The  highest  point  is  JVlons 
Cunarus,  Monte  Corno,  or  //  Gran  Sasso,  in  the  noith  of  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  which  reaches  an  elevation  of  9,521  feet. 

Aphrodite,  -es  f.,  .  phrodite,  aname  givento  Venus,  from  the 
Greek  word  a^^«?,  froth,  because  she  was  said  to  have  sprvmg  from 
the  froth  of  the  sea.  This,  which  is  the  account  of  Hesiod,  seems 
to  have  originated  in  the  similarity  of  the  words ;  but  Homer  makes 
Aphrodite  the  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Dione.     See  iv.  11.  123. 

Apidanus,  -i,  m.,  the  Apidanus,  novc  the  Sataldge,(\r  Vlacho 
Jani,  a  river  of  Thessaly,  which  rises  in  Mount  Othrys,  and,  after 
being  joined  by  the  Enipeus  {diss.)  near  Pharsalus,  enters  the 
right  bank  of  the  Peneus,  about  the  middle  of  its  course. 

Apollineus.  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Apollo.  Apol- 
lineas  medullas,  the  marrow  of  Apollo,  i.  10.  22. 


APO  1^5  ARC 

Apollo,  -inis,  m.,  Apollo,  the  sun  of  Jupiter  and  Latona,  was 
born  in  the  island  of  Delos  at  the  same  time  with  his  sister  Diana 
(See  Delos).  Juno,  perceiving  that  Latona  was  pregnant  by  Ju- 
piter, expelled  her  from  heaven,  and  made  Terra  swear  not  to  al- 
low her  a  place  to  bring  forth  in,  and  employed  at  the  same  time 
a  large  serpent,  called  Python,  to  pursue  her  wherever  she  went. 
Neptune  at  length  took  pity  upon  her,  and  conveyed  her  to  the 
island  of  Delos,  where  she  gave  birth  to  two  children.  Apollo, 
soon  after  his  birth,  received  from  Vulcan  a  present  of  arrows,  with 
which  he  slew  the  serpent  Python,  and,  to  commemorate  his  vic- 
tory, instituted  the  Pythian  games  (See  Pythia).  Apollo  was  the 
god  of  poetry,  music,  medicine,  augury,  and  archery  ;  whence  he  is 
called  Dens  Ardtenens,  the  god  who  bears  the  bow,  i.  9.  26. 
He  had  oracles  in  various  places  :  at  Claros,  a  town  in  Ionia, 
whence  he  is  called  Clarius  ;  at  Patara,  a  city  in  Lycia,  where  he 
■was  supposed  to  reside  for  six  months  in  winter,  and  from  which 
he  obtained  the  name  Patareus  (tris.)  ;  and  in  the  island  of  Te- 
nedos.  But  his  chief  oracle  was  at  Delphi,  whence  the  name  Del- 
phicus  was  given  to  him.  He  had  also  various  other  names,  as 
Delius  from  Delos,  Cynthius  from  Cynthus,  Latous  from  Latona, 
Phoebus,  and  Paean.  He  is  represented  as  a  beardless  young  man, 
with  long  uncut  hau-  (whence  crines  dignos  Apolline,  hair  worthy 
of  Apollo,  iii.  6.  20.),  holding  in  his  right  hand  a  bow  and  arrows, 
and  in  his  left  a  harp,  or  lyre,  which  he  received  from  his  brother 
JMercury.  His  head  is  crowned  with  laurel,  because  this  tree  was 
accounted  sacred  to  him,  i.  10.  108.     See  Daphne. 

Aquflo,  -onis,  m.,  properly  the  north-east  wind,  but  more 
commonly  used  for  the  north  wind.  Aquilo  was  frequently  employed 
by  the  gods  to  dispel  the  clouds,  in  opposition  to  Notus,  the  south 
wind,  i.  8.  16.  As  a  mythological  personage,  Aquilo  was  the  hus- 
band of  Orithyia  (4  syl.),  and  father  of  Calais  and  Zethes. 

Ara,  -se,  f.,  the  Altar,  a  constellation  in  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere, near  the  south  pole,  deriving  its  name  from  the  altar  at 
which  the  gods  formed  themselves  into  a  confederacy  against  the 
Titans.  Neve  sinisterior  rota  ducat  (te)  ad  pressam  aram,  nor 
let  the  left  wheel  lead  you  towards  the  low  altar,  i.  e.  towards  the 
south  pole — because  the  earth  was  supposed  to  sink  towards  the 
south  pole,  ii.  1.  139. 

Arcadia,  -ae,/.,  Arcadia,  the  central  province  of  the  Pelo- 

Eonnesus.  It  was  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  lofty  mountains,  and 
ad  Achaia  on  the  north,  Argolis  on  the  east,  Laconia  and  Messenia 
on  the  south,  and  "EUs  on  the  west.  Arcadia  was  a  rich  pastoral 
country,  producing  horses  and  asses  of  peculiar  strength  and 
beauty,  and  was  the  second  province  in  size  in  the  Peloponnesus, 
The  name  of  the  country  is  said  to  have  been  derived  from  Areas, 
a  son  of  Jupiter  ;  and  the  Arcades,  as  they  beheved,  settled  in  the 
country  at  so  early  a  period,  as  to  induce  them  to  boast  of  having 

q2 


ARC  186  ARG 

sprung  from  the  earth,  and  of  being  older  than  the  moon.  They 
were  chiefly  shepherds,  and  lived  upon  acorns  ;  their  country  was 
the  favourite  residence  of  Pan,  the  god  of  shepherds,  who  was 
therefore  worshipped  by  them  with  peculiar  reverence.  They 
were  fond  of  independence,  and  are  highly  commended  for  their 
love  of  music. 

Areas,  -fidis,  &  -ados,  m.,  an  Arcadian,  an  inhabitant  of 
Arcadia.  It  is  used  also  as  an  adjective,  Arcadian.  Arcadoa 
ryranni,  of  the  Arcadian  tyrant,  i.  e.  Lycaon,  i.  6.  56. 

Arcesius,  -ii,  ni.,  Arcesius,  a  son  of  Jupiter,  the  father  of 
Laertes,  and  grandfather  of  Ulysses,  xiii.  1.  144. 

ArctOS,  -i,y.,  the  Bear,  the  name  of  two  constellations  near 
the  north  pole,  of  which  the  one  is  called  Ursa  Major,  or  the  Great 
Bear,  and  the  other  Ursa  Minor,  or  the  Little  Bear.  Geminas 
Arctos,  the  two  bears,  iii.  1.  45.  From  being  always  visible  to 
the  inhabitants  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  the  constellation  of  the 
bear  is  said  never  to  set ;  hence  Ovid,  speaking  of  it,  says  that  it 
is  immunem  aquoris,  free  from  the  sea,  which  sets  not  in  the  sea, 
xiii.  1.  293. 

Arestorides,  -ae,  w?.,  the  son  of  Arestor,  a  patronymic  ap- 
plied to  Argus,  Tradidit  (earn)  scrvandam  Argo  .Arestoridee, 
delivered  her  to  the  care  of  Argus,  the  son  of  Arestor,  i.  11.  57. 

Arethusa,  -ce,/.,  ^rrf/i?«a,  a  celebrated  fountain  in  that  part 
of  Syracuse  which  was  called  Ortygia,  or  Insula.  It  emitted  a 
copious  stream  of  the  sweetest  water,  resembling  a  river,  and 
aboimded  with  fishes.  Arethusa,  according  to  the  fable,  was  a 
nymph  of  Eiis,  the  daughter  of  Nereus  (diit.t.)  and  Doris,  and  one 
of  Diana's  attendants.  When  returniTig  one  day  from  the  chace, 
she  bathed  in  the  river  Alpheus,  and  the  river -god  becoming  ena- 
moured of  her,  pursued  her  until  she  was  ready  to  sink  under  the 
fatigue,  and  implored  Diana  to  change  her  into  a  fountain.  The 
goddess  complied  witli  her  request,  and  that  she  might  not  be  pol- 
luted by  the  waters  of  her  pursuer,  opened  for  her  a  passage  \inder 
the  sea  to  the  island  of  Ortygia.  The  Alpheus,  however,  con- 
tinued to  follow  her,  and  hkewise  rose  in  Ortygia,  so  that,  as  my- 
thologists  say,  whatever  is  thrown  into  the  Alpheus  in  Elis,  rises 
again,  some  time  after,  in  the  fountain  Arethusa,  in  Sicily.  An 
allusion  to  the  circumstance  of  rivers  disappearing  under  ground  is 
made  by  Ovid,  i.  2.  9.,  and  various  instances  are  recorded  by  the 
ancient  writers. 

Argolicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Argos,  or  to  the 
province  of  Arc/oliti.  Qui  arceat  momibus  Argolicce  urbis,  to 
drive  him  from  the  walls  of  the  Argohc  city,  i.  e.  Argos,  iv.  13.  5. 

Argos,  «.,  Argo!!,  the  capital  of  ArgoUs,  a  division  of  the  Pelo. 
ponnesus,  lying  to  the  east  of  Arcadia,  and  the  south  of  Achaia. 
Argos  was  situated  on  the  river  laachus,  and  was  generally  con- 


ARG  187  ASC 

sidered  as  the  most  ancient  city  of  Greece,  and  was  famous  for  the 
excellence  of  its  horses.  The  inhabitants  were  celebrated  for  their 
attention  to  sculpture  and  music.  The  goddess  Juno  was  worshipped 
at  Argos  with  especial  honour  ;  and  her  attachment  to  its  interests 
is  frequently  recorded  in  the  ancient  poets.  Argos  is  neuter  in 
the  singular,  and  masculine  in  the  plural,  Argi,  -orum. 

Argus,  -i,  m.,  Arc/us,  the  son  of  Arestor,  or,  according  to 
others,  of  Agenor.  He  is  represented  as  a  monster,  with  100  eyes, 
and  was  appointed  by  Juno  to  watch  lo  after  she  had  been  changed 
into  a  cow  by  Jupiter.  The  rigour  with  which  he  executed  his  task, 
and  the  consequent  misery  suffered  by  lo,  induced  Jupiter  to  give 
Mercury  a  commission  to  put  him  to  death.  The  son  of  Maia  ac- 
cordingly lulled  him  to  sleep  with  the  music  of  his  Hute,  and  by  a 
stroke  of  his  sword  severed  his  head  from  his  body.  After  his 
death,  Juno  placed  his  eyes  in  the  tail  of  the  peacock,  a  bird  which 
was  sacred  to  her  divinity.  Stellatus  Argus,  Argus,  whose  head  was 
set  with  eyes — was  covered  with  eyes  as  the  sky  is  with  stars, 
i.  12.  40. 

Armenia,  -se,  y.,  Armenia,  a  large  country  of  Asia,  divided 
into  Armenia  Major  and  Armenia  Minor.  To  the  north  it  touched 
upon  Colchis,  Iberia,  and  Albania  ;  to  the  south,  upon  Media, 
Assyria,  and  Rlesopotamia;  and  to  the  west,  upon  Cappadocia  and 
Pontus  ;  on  the  east  it  terminated  at  the  junction  of  the  Kur  and 
Aras,  near  the  Caspian  Sea.  Armenia  Major,  which  is  the  mo- 
dern Turcowania,  and  is  still  sometimes  called  Armenia,  compre- 
hended the  Turkish  pachalics  of  Erzeroum,  Kars,  and  Van,  and 
also  the  Russian  province  oi Erivan.  Armenia  Minor,  vshich  was 
separated  from  the  preceding  by  the  river  Euphrates,  was,  properly 
speaking,  a  part  of  Cappadocia.  It  is  now  called  Aladnlia,  and  be- 
longs to  the  Turks.  Armenia  is  a  rough  elevated  country,  and  is 
intersected  by  several  ranges  of  mountains,  which  give  rise  to  the 
Euphrates,  Tigris,  Araxes,  the  Aray,  and  other  considerable 
streams.  Mens  AIdus,  Agri  Dag,  which  overhangs  the  Araxes,  is 
supposed  to  be  the  same  with  the  mountains  of  Ararat,  on  which 
the  ark  rested  after  the  flood.  The  chief  towns  were  Artaxata, 
Ardesh  ;  Arze,  Erzeroum  ;  and  Amida,  Diarhekir. 

Armenius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Armenia,  Ar- 
menian.    Armenia:  tigres,  Armenian  tigresses,  xv.  2.  27. 

Asbolus,  -i,  711;  Soot,  or  Lampblack,  the  name  of  one  of 
ActsEon's  dogs.  Asbolus  atris  villis.  Soot  with  black  hair,  iii. 
2.  88. 

Ascalaphus,  -i,  m.,  Ascalaphus,  the  son  of  Acheron  and 
Orphne,  who,  when  Jupiter  had  agreed  that  Proserpine  should  re- 
turn to  earth  with  her  mother,  provided  she  had  not  eaten  any 
thing  in  the  infernal  regions,  gave  information  that  he  had  seen 
her  pluck  a  pomegranate  in  the  garden  of  Hades,  and  put  seven  of 
the  seeds  into  her  mouth.     This  disclosure  so  enraged  Proserpine, 


ASS  1»8  ATH 

that  she  spiuikled  his  head  with  water  from  the  river  Phlegethon, 
and  changed  him  into  an  owl.     See  Ceres  and  Proserpina. 

Assyria,  -iC,f.,  Assyria,  an  extensive  country  of  Asia,  cor- 
responding generally  with  the  modern  province  of  Kourdistan.  It 
was  bounded  on  the  north  by  Armenia,  on  the  east  by  Media,  on 
the  south  by  Susiana  and  Babylonia,  and  on  the  west  was  separated 
from  Mesopotamia  by  the  river  Tigris.  This  was  Assyria  In  its 
limited  sense,  and  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  kingdom  of 
Assyria,  which  comprehended  also  Mesopotamia  and  Babylonia. 
The  kingdom  of  Assyria  was  one  of  the  most  ancient  in  the  world, 
and  is  said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  Ashur,  the  son  of  Shem. 
The  chief  city  was  Ninus,  or  Nineveh,  generally  supposed  to  have 
been  built  by  Nimrod,  and  named  after  his  son  Ninus.  It  was  the 
raetropohs  of  the  Assyrian  empu-e,  and  is  stated  in  Scripture  to 
have  been  "  an  exceeding  great  city,  of  three  days'  journey"  in 
circumference. 

Assyrius,    -a,  -uni,  adj..  of,  or  relating  to  Assyria,  Assyrian. 

Astraea,  -£E,J-,  Astrcea,  the  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Themis, 
or,  as  others  say,  of  Astraeus  and  Aurora.  She  was  the  goddess  of 
justice,  and  is  said  to  have  descended  from  heaven  along  with  others 
of  the  celestial  inhabitants,  to  reside  on  earth  during  the  golden 
age.  Offended  by  the  wickedness  which  prevailed  during  the  age 
of  iron,  the  celestial  visiters  returned  to  heaven,  and  Astraea  is  re- 
presented as  the  last  who  quitted  the  abodes  of  men.  She  was 
afterwards  changed  into  the  constellation  Virgo.  Virgo  Astrma, 
the  virgin  Astrsea,  i.  e.  justice,  i.  4.  38. 

Astruin, -i,  J?i.,  any  liHninoiis  celestial  body,  a  constellation. 
The  stars,  in  the  opinion  of  some  of  the  ancient  philosophers,  were 
animated  beings,  who,  being  far  removed  from  the  humidity  and 
impurities  of  earth,  and  breathing  the  pure  unadulterated  ether, 
were  believed  to  be  endowed  with  powers  and  faculties  similar  to 
those  of  the  gods  themselves.  The  truth.of  this  opinion  was  proved 
by  the  unerring  regularity  of  the  movements  of  the  heavenly  bodies, 
which,  being  supposed  to  be  voluntary,  could,  it  was  alleged,  be  the 
result  only  of  the  highest  intellectual  powers ;  hence  we  find  that 
the  planets  and  stars  were  objects  of  worship  to  the  nations  of 
antiquity,  a  worship  which,  in  Scripture,  is  csdled  the  worship  of 
the  hoit  ofhtarcn. 

Astyages,  -is,  m..  Astyages,  one  of  the  companions  of  Phin- 
eus  (diss.),  who  was  changed  into  stone  by  looking  upon  the  head 
of  the  Gorgon  Medusa. 

AthamanteUS,  -a,  -Um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Athamas. 
Pererrant  Inoosque  Athamanteosque  sinus,  they  creep  over  the 
breast  of  Ino  and  Athamas,  iv.  11.  82. 

Athamas,  -antis,  m.,  Athamas,  a  son  of  yEolus,  and  king  of 
a  district  of  Boeotia.     He  first  married  Nephele,  by  whom  he  nad 


ATIl  ISy  ATL 

Phryxus  and  Hellc,  and  havings  divorced  her,  married  Ino,  the 
daughter  of  Cadmus,  by  whom  he  had  two  sons,  Learchus  and 
Melicevta.  To  avoid  the  vengeance  of  their  stepmother,  Phryxus 
and  Helle  iwade  their  escape  on  a  golden  ram,  which  Nephele 
got  from  Mercury.  Juno,  who  had  become  jealous  of  the  prospe- 
rity of  Ino,  soon  after  sent  one  of  the  furies  to  the  hsuse  of  Atha- 
mas,  who  inspired  him  with  such  madness  that  he  killed  Learchus 
by  dashing  him  against  a  rock.  Ino,  to  save  herself,  fled  with 
Melicerta,  and  with  him  in  her  arms,  threw  herself  into  the  sea, 
where,  according  to  the  fable,  the  mother  and  child  v^ere  changed 
into  sea-deities  ;  Ino,  into  Leucothce,  and  Melicerta,  into  Palaemon. 
Superbmn  Athamanta,  the  proud  Athamas,  iv.  1  ] .  52.  See  Ino 
and  Melicerta. 

Athis,  -ios,  m,,  Athls,  an  Indian  prince,  the  son  of  Liranate, 
and  grandson  of  the  Ganges ;  one  of  the  companions  of  Phineus 
(diss.),  who  was  killed  by  Perseus  (diss.)  with  a  burning  fagot. 
Erat  Indus  Aihis,  there  was  an  Indian  named  Athis,  v.  i.  47. 
Gr.  Ace.  -in. 

Athos,  -i,  7??.,  Ailios,  now  Monte  Santo,  a  mountain  of  Ma- 
cedonia, in^  the  district  of  Chalcidlce,  on  a  peninsula  between  the 
Sinus  Strymonicus,  Gulf  of  Contessa,  and  the  Sinus  Singiticus, 
Gulf  of  Monie  Santo.  Across  the  isthmus,  to  the  west  of  Mount 
Athos,  Xerxes  caused  a  canal  to  be  cut  for  his  immense  armament, 
of  breadth  sufiBcient  to  admit  of  two  galleys  rowing  abreast,  while 
its  length  amounted  to  a  mile  and  a  half.  The  size  and  height  of 
this  mountain  were  greatly  exaggerated  by  the  writers  of  antiquity. 
It  was  said  to  be  so  high,  that  it  cast  its  shadow  as  far  as  the  island 
of  Lemnos,  a  distance  of  thirty-five  miles.  According  to  Pliny, 
Athos  extends  into  the  sea  for  seventy-five  miles,  and  its  base  oc- 
cupies a  circumference  of  160  miles.  Strabo  reports  that  the  in- 
habitants of  the  mountain  saw  the  sun  rise  three  hours  before  those 
who  lived  on  the  shore  at  its  base.  It  received  its  modern  name 
from  the  number  of  religious  houses  built  around  it.  Its  height  is 
6,400  feet. 

Atlantiades,  -ae,  m.,  the  grandson  of  Atlas,  a  patronymic 
applied  to  Mercury,  as  the  son  of  Maia,  and  grandson  of  Atlas. 

Atlas,  -antis,  m.,  Atlas,  a  lofty  and  extensive  range  of  moun- 
tains in  the  north  cf  Africa,  covered  in  many  parts  with  perpetual 
snow,  and  rising  to  the  height  of  13,000  feet.  It  stretches  from 
the  shores  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  opposite  to  the  Fortunate  Islands, 
to  Carthage,  and  the  coasts  of  the  Syrtis  Minor,  the  Gulf  of  Cahes, 
receiving  various  names  while  passing  through  this  great  extent  of 
country.  According  to  the  fable.  Atlas  was  the  son  of  Japetus,  and 
king  of  Mauritania,  Morocco  and  Fez.  He  was  master  of  a  thousand 
flocks,  and  also  of  beautiful  gardens,  abounding  in  every  species 
of  fruit,  which  he  had  intrusted  to  the  care  of  a  dragon.  Per- 
seus (diss.),  after  the  conquest  of  the  Gorgons,  passed  by  the 


ATR  lyO  AUG 

palace  of  Atlas,  and  claimed  his  hospitality  ;  but  the  king  liav- 
ing  been  warned  by  an  oracle  that  he  should  be  dethroned  by  a 
descendant  of  Jupiter,  not  only  refused  to  admit  him,  but  treated 
him  with  great  violence.  Perseus  being  altogether  unequal  in 
strength  to  his  adversary,  showed  him  Medusa's  head,  and  thus 
changed  him  into  a  mountain,  which  was  imagined  to  be  so  high 
that  the  heavens  rested  upon  its  top.  Atlas  was  therefore  said 
to  bear  the  world  on  his  shoulders,  a  legend  which  is  supposed  to 
have  arisen  from  his  cultivation  of  astronomy,  and  his  intimate 
knowledge  of  the  motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  which  induced 
him  to  frequent  elevated  places  for  the  purpose  of  making  observa- 
tions. Atlas  is  said  to  have  been  the  inventor  of  the  sphere.  He 
had  seven  daughters  by  the  nymph  Pleione,  who  are  said  to  have 
been  converted  into  the  constellation  called  Pleiades,  the  seven 
fitam.  Atlas  ipse  laborat,  vixque  sustinet  snis  hvmcris  cunden- 
tem  axem.  Atlas  himself  is  in  distress,  and  with  diflSculty  supports 
with  his  .shoulders  the  burning  heaven,  ii.  1.  296.  Esse  locum 
'ace?item  siib  gelido  Atlante,  that  there  is  a  place  lying  close  under 
cold  Atlas,  iv.  15.  20.  Insistereque  humeris  validi  Atlnnti--,  to 
stand  upon  the  shoulders  of  the  powerful  Atlas,  xv.  2.  90.  Gr. 
Ace.  -anta.     See  Pleias. 

Atreus  (diss.),  -ei,  &.  -eos,  m.,  Atreus,  the  son  of  Pelops 
and  Hippodamia,  was  king  of  Mycen».  Along  with  his  brother 
Thyestes,  he  was  guilty  of  the  murder  of  Chrysippus,  his  natural 
brother,  and  retired  to  the  court  of  Eurystheus  (tris.),  king  of 
Argos,  whose  daughter  .Erope  he  married,  and  on  the  death  of 
his  father-in-law  succeeded  him  in  the  kingdom.  He  was  murdered 
by  his  nephew  ^Egisthus,  whom  he  had  adopted  as  his  son.  Atreus 
was  the  father  of  Agamemnon  and  Menelaus,  who  are  from  him 
called  Atridae.  Magnus  Atreus  cedit  titulis  Agamemnonis,  il- 
lustrious Atreus  yields  in  celebrity  to  Agamemnon,  xv.  9.  111. 
Gr.  Ace.  Atrea,   Voc.  Ati-eu.      See  Atrides. 

Atrldes,  -re,  m.,  a  son  of  Atreus.  .4trid<e  is  a  patronymic 
applied  to  Agamemnon  and  Menelaus  as  the  sons  of  Atreus.  Atri- 
des, when  placed  by  itself,  generally  denotes  Agamemnon  as  being 
the  elder  ;  and  when  it  refers  to  ]Menelaus,  is  usually  accompaniea 
by  a  qualifying  adjective.  Frater  majoris  AtridcB,  the  brother  of 
the  elder  son  of  Atreus,  i.  e.  Menelaus,  xiii.  1.  359.  Hasta  min- 
oris  Atridce,  the  spear  of  the  younger  son  of  Atreus,  i.  e.  Mene- 
laus, XV.  2.  103.  Qud  Paris  priits  ereptus  est  infesto  Atridce,  by 
which  Paris  was  formerly  screened  from  the  enraged  son  of  Atreus, 
XV.  9.  CI. 

Augustus^  -1,  1)7.,  Augustus,  a  name  given  to  the  successor 
of  Julius  Caesar,  and  after  him  to  the  succeeding  emperors.  His 
original  name  was  Caius  Octavius,  afterwards  Caius  Julius  Octa- 
vianus  Caesar.  He  was  son  of  C.  Octavius  by  Attia,  the  daughter 
of  M.  Attius  Balbus  and  Julia,  the  sister  of  C.  Julius  Caesar,  and 


AUG  l^'l  AUR 

was  consequently  the  grand-nephew  of  the  conqueror  of  Gaiil.  Oc- 
tavius  was  born  on  22d  September  b.  c.  63,  in  the  consulship  of 
Cicero,  and,  after  passing  his  boyhood  under  the  -care  of  his  mo- 
ther, Uved  with  his  grand-uncle,  who  was  delighted  with  his  genius 
and  dispositions,  and,  as  he  destined  him  for  his  heir,  took  the 
greatest  care  of  his  education.  He  attended  the  dictator  during  his 
expedition  to  Spain  against  the  sons  of  Pompey,  and  was  prosecuting 
his  studies  at  Apollonia,  ready  to  accompany  him  into  Dacia,  when 
intelligence  reached  him  that  his  benefactor  had  fallen  by  the 
hands  of  assassins  in  the  senate-house.  He  accordingly  set  out 
immediately  for  Italy,  and  though  at  that  time  only  eighteen  years 
old,  contrary  to  the  advice  of  some  of  his  friends,  declared  himself 
the  heir  of  Julius  CcB'sar.  In  the  difficult  situation  in  which  he  was 
placed  he  displayed  a  degree  of  skiU  and  resolution  which  baffled 
the  prudence  of  the  oldest  statesmen  of  Rome.  He  at  first  attached 
himself  to  the  republican  party,  and  professed  to  be  guided  chiefly 
by  the  advice  of  Cicero  ;  but  finding  them  opposed  to  his  ulterior 
designs,  he  afterwards  deserted  them  and  fonmed  an  alliance  with 
Antony  and  Lepidus.  These  three  assumed  to  themselves  the  title 
of  triumvirs  for  settling  he  state  of  the  republic,  and  their  union 
was  called  the  Second  Triumvirate.  In  the  bloody  scenes  which 
followed,  Octavius  acted  a  conspicuous  part,  and,  partly  by  putting 
to  death  those  who  seemed  likely  to  thwart  his  designs,  and  partly 
by  his  dexterity  and  address,  succeeded  in  establishing  his  throne 
on  the  ruins  of  the  republic.  Being  relieved  from  Antony,  his  last 
formidable  enemy,  by  the  battle  of  Actium  (b.  c.  31.),  he  found 
himself  at  liberty  to  discontinue  the  uncongenial  pursuit  of  war,  and 
to  promote  the  internal  prosperity  of  his  vast  empire.  Four  years 
after  the  battle  of  Actium  (b.  c.  27),  he  received,  from  the  flattery 
of  the  senate,  the  title  of  Augustus,  the  name  by  which  he  is  gene- 
rally known  in  history.  He  died  at  Nola  on  the  19th  of  August 
A.  D.  14,  in  the  76th  year  of  his  age,  after  he  had  held  the  sove- 
reign power  undisputed  for  41  years.  That  part  of  the  character 
of  Augustus  which  it  is  most  pleasing  to  contemplate,  was  his  muni- 
ficent patronage  of  men  of  genius.  His  encouragement  of  literature, 
especially  in  the  persons  of  Virgil  and  Horace,  has  procured  the 
name  of  Augustan  age  for  the  brilliant  period  in  which  he  lived. 

Augustus,  -a,  -um,  ndj.^  of,  or  relating  to  Augustus.  I'or- 
tibus  Aiigustis,  at  the  gates  of  the  palace  of  Augustus,  i.  10.  111. 
Terra  est  sub  Avgusto,  the  earth  is  under  the  dominion  of  Augus- 
tus, XV.  9.  110. 

Amis,  -\di&,f.,  Aulis,  a  small  town  of  Boeotia,  on  the  Eurl. 
pus,  celebrated  as  the  rendezvous  of  the  Grecian  fleet,  when  it  was 
preparing  to  sail  for  Troy.  Here  the  fleet  was  detained  by  contrary 
winds  till  Agamemnon  appeased  the  anger  of  Diana  by  presenting 
his  daughter  Iphigenia  for  sacrifice  at  her  altar.     See  Iphigenia. 

Aurora,  -ec  f.,   Aiirora,  the  daughter  of  Hyperion  and  Thia, 


AUS  192  AVE 

or  of  Pallas,  from  whom  she  is  called  Pallaittias.  She  was  the 
goddess  of  the  dawn,  or  rather  of  the  daylight,  and  ascended  the 
celestial  road  in  the  morning  before  Phcebus,  whose  comin"'  she 
announced.  She  was  the  wife  of  Astraeus,  and  mother  of  the  v^inda 
and  stars.  Aurora  is  represented  by  the  poets  as  riding  in  a  rosa- 
coloured  chariot,  drawn  by  w  hite  horses,  opening  with  rosy  finders 
the  gates  of  the  east,  and  pouring  down  the  dew  upon  the  earth. 
Night  and  Sleep  fly  before  her,  and  the  constellations  of  heaven  dis- 
appear at  her  approach.  Aurora  is  frequently  used  for  the  mornin<T. 
Aurora,  tenehris  fupatis,  eff'iilget,  Aurora,  i.  e.  the  morning,  hav- 
ing dispelled  the  darkness,  shines  forth,  ii.  1.  144.  Quum  altera 
Aurora  invecta  croceis  rotis  rediicet  lucetn,  when  the  following 
Aurora,  i.  e.  morning,  riding  in  her  saffron  chariot,  shall  bring  back 
the  light,  iii.  2.  20.  Fostera  Aurora  renioverat  noctvrnos  ignes, 
the  following  morning  had  removed  the  fires  of  the  night,  i.  e.  the 
stars,  iv.  2.  27.  It  is  also  used  to  signify  the  east  :  as,  Auroram, 
the  east,  i.  e.  .^tlthiopia,  the  abode  of  Aurora,  i.  2.  30. 

Ausonia,  -se.yi,  Ausonia,  one  of  the  ancient  names  of  Italy. 
This  name  is  said  to  have  been  derived  from  the  Aiisones,  a  people 
who  at  first  possessed  the  whole  of  the  southern  part  of  the  penin- 
sula, but  were  afterwards  confined  to  a  narrow  tract  on  the  borders 
of  Latium  and  Campania. 

Ausonius,  -a,  -uni,  adj-,  of,  or  relating  to  Ausonia,  but 
generally  used  in  the  sense  of  Italian,  Latin,  Roman.  Dextra 
manus  suhjccta  est  Ausonio  Peloro,  his  right  hand  was  placed 
under  Pelorum  fronting  Italy,  v.  6.  10. 

Auster,  -i,  m.,  the  south  wind,  which  was  believed  to  produce 
■rain.  Pluvio  Austr ,,  the  rainy  south  wind,  i.  2.  35.  Nubilvt 
Auster,  the  gloomy,  cloud  bringing  south  wind,  xi.  10.  254, 

Autonoe,  -es,  f.,  Autonoe,  a  daughter  of  Cadmus,  who  wai 
the  wife  of  Aristaeus,  and  mother  of  Actseon.  She  assisted  her 
sisters  in  tearing  Pentheus  (Ji'vs.)  to  pieces      See  Pentheus. 

Autonoeius  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Autonoe:  as, 
Autonoeius  heros.  the  hero,  the  son  of  Autonoe,  i.  e.  Actaeon, 
iii.  2.  68. 

Avernalis,  -e,  adj...  of,  or  relating  to  the  lake  Acernus,  or 
the  infernal  regii  ns.  Inter  Avemales  nymphas,  among  the  nymph» 
of  the  infernal  regions,  v.  6.  /  9. 

Avernus,  -i,  ni.,  Avemus,  nov  Logo  d'Averno,  a  lake  of 
Campania  in  Italy,  said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  the  exhala- 
tions of  its  waters  proving  fatal  to  birds.  It  was  a  circular  sheet 
of  clear  water,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in  circumference,  of  great 
depth,  and  closely  surrounded  with  thick  woods,  which,  in  mo- 
dern times,  have  been  supplanted  by  vineyards  and  gardens.  Here 
the  poets  placed  the  scene  of  Ulysses's  descent  to  the  infernal 
regions,  and  also  the  subterraneous  abodes  of  the  Cimmerians, 
into  which  no  ray  of  the  sun  ever  penetrated ;  whence  the  fable  oi 


AXI  193  BAG 

Cimmerian  darkness.     Hence  it  is   used   to  denote  the  infernal 
regions,  Hades.     See  Cimmerii. 

Axis,  -is,  m.,  an  axis,  an  imaginary  line  passing  through  the 
centre  of  the  earth,  on  which  the  earth  performs  its  daily  revolu- 
tion, and  the  extremities  of  which  are  called  poles.  It  is  sometimes 
used  by  the  poets  to  denote  the  whole  heavens  :  as,  candentejii 
axem,  the  burning  heavens,  ii.  1.  296. 

B. 
Babylon,  -onis,  /'.,  Babylon,  the  capital  of  the  Babylonian 
empire,  and  the  most  ancient  city  in  the  world,  was  situated  on 
the  Euphrates,  near  a  place  now  called  Hillah,  about  fifty-three 
miles  to  the  south  of  Bagdad.  It  was  built  by  Nimrod,  around  the 
tower  of  Babel,  and  was  afterwards  much  beautified  and  enlarged 
by  his  son  and  successor  Ninus.  Semiramis,  the  wife  of  the  latter, 
was,  according  to  Ovid,  the  founder  of  the  city ;  according  to 
others,  she  merely  surrounded  it  with  a  wall  fifty  cubits  thick  and 
200  cubits  high,  built  of  bricks  baked  in  the  sun,  and  cemented 
together  with  bitumen.  Its  size  and  beauty  were  much  increased 
by  Nebuchadnezzar,  who  constructed  the  famous  hanging  gardens, 
so  called  from  their  seeming  at  a  distance  to  be  suspended  in  the 
air.  It  was  taken  by  Cyrus,  king  of  Persia,  b.  c.  638,  according 
to  the  prediction  of  the  Jewish  prophets,  and  afterwards  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Macedonians.  Here  Alexander  the  Great  died  b.  c. 
323.     The  site  of  Babylon  is  still  called  .-^rrf  ^a6i7.   Gr.Acc-om. 

Babylonia^  -?£,  f.,  Babylonia,  a  country  of  Asia,  bounded  on 
the  south  and  west  by  Arabia,  on  the  north  by  Mesopotamia,  an  1 
on  the  east  by  Assyria  and  Susiana,  being  separated  from  the  twi» 
last  by  the  river  Tigris.  It  corresponded  generally  with  the  mo- 
dem province  of  Irak  Arabi,  but  contained  in  addition  that  pan 
of  Arabia  which  touches  immediately  upon  the  Euphrates. 

Babylonius,  -a,  -um,  adj..  of,  or  relating  to  Babylon,  or 
Babylonia,  Babylonian.  Babylonius  Euphrates,  the  Euphrates 
on  which  Babylon  stood,  ii.  1.  248. 

Baccha,  -?£,f.,  a  Bacchanal,  a  female  who  celebrated  the 
orgies  of  Bacchus,  by  raving  through  the  streets  and  crying  tvoe, 
with  a  wreath  of  laurel  on  her  head,  a  deer -skin  thrown  across  her 
If  ft  shoulder,  and  a  thyrsus,  or  wand  of  ivy,  in  her  hand. 

Bacchans,  -tis,  c.,  a  Bacchanal,  a  person  who  celebrated  the 
orgies  of  Bacchu=. 

BaccheiUS,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Bacchus.  Aris 
accensis  frequento  Bacche'ia  sacra,  lighting  the  fires  on  the  altars, 
I  celebrate  the  orgies  of  Bacchus,  iii.  7.  181. 

Bacchiadae,  -arum,  m.,  the  Bacchiada,  a  powerful  family  at 
■  Corinth,  who  traced  their  origin  to  Bacchia,  or  Bacchis,  the 
daughter   of  Bacchus.     After  enjoying  the  sovereign  power   at 

Ii 


BAC  194  BAL 

Corinth  for  200  years,  they  were  banished  by  Cypselus,  and,  taking 
refuge  in  Sicily,  founded  Syracuse,  v.  6.  67. 

Bacchius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Bacchus.  A'ec 
videres  Bacchia  sacra,  and  didst  not  witness  the  orgies  of  Bac- 
chus, iii.  7.  8. 

Bacchus,  -i,  m.,  Bacchus,  the  god  of  wine,  was  the  son  of 
Jupiter  by  Semele,  the  daughter  of  Cadmus.  Juno,  actuated  by 
jealousy  of  her  rival,  assumed  the  form  of  her  aged  nurse  Beroe, 
and  urged  Semele  to  request  Jupiter  to  prove  his'  divinity  by  visit- 
ing her  in  all  his  majesty,  as  he  did  Juno,  The  king  of  the  gods 
had  previously  sworn  that  he  would  grant  her  whatever  she  should 
ask,  and  failed  to  prevail  upon  her  to  withdraw  her  request,  though 
he  foresaw  that  the  consequences  would  be  disastrous.  He  ac- 
cordingly came  to  her  in  a  cloud,  attended  with  lightning  and 
thunderbolts,  and  Semele  was  reduced  to  ashes  in  his  presence. 
Her  child,  however,  was  saved  from  destruction,  and  was  sewed  up 
in  the  thigh  of  Jupiter  till  the  full  time  of  gestation  was  corapletedL 
Hence  Bacchus  was  called  Ignigena,  and  Bimater  (iv.  1.  12.) 
Ovid  says,  that  after  his  birth  he  was  brought  up  by  his  aunt  Ino, 
and  afterwards  intrusted  to  the  care  of  the  nymphs  of  Nysa,  a  town 
in  India  He  is  said  to  have  conauered  India,  and  to  his  splendid 
return  from  this  expedition  is  ascribed  the  origin  of  the  triumphal 
procession  ( See  Triumphus).  Bacchus  discovered  the  use  of  the 
vine,  and  the  art  of  making  wine,  and  of  extracting  spirit  from 
barley,  and  was  therefore  worshipped  as  the  god  of  wine.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  the  first  who  yoked  oxen,  from  which  circum- 
stance he  is  represented  with  horns  (iv.  i.  19.)  He  is  represented 
as  a  young  man  with  an  efiFeminate  face,  long  flowing  hair  {crines 
dignos  Baccho,  hair  worthy  of  Bacchus,  iii.  b".  20.),  a  fillet  or  an 
ivy  crown  on  his  head,  a  long  purple  robe,  and  with  a  thyrsus  in  his 
hand.  His  chariot  was  drawn  by  tigers,  lions,  or  lynxes.  He  is 
attended  by  his  preceptor  Silenus,  riding  upon  an  ass,  and  almost 
always  intoxicated,  and  in  his  train  follow  the  Bacchanals  and 
Satyrs.  The  southern  coast  of  Thrace  seems  to  have  been  the 
origmal  scat  of  the  worship  of  Bacchus  ;  and  from  this  country  it 
was,  at  a  subsequent  period,  introduced  into  Greece.  The  opposi- 
tion which  was  made  to  it  by  the  Greeks  gave  rise  to  the  fables 
which  have  been  embellished  by  Ovid.  Bacchus  is  frequently  used 
to  denote  wine  :  as,  munere  gtnerosi  Bacchi,  with  the  bounty  of 
generous  Bacchus,   i.  e.  wine,  iv.  15.  13. 

Baleares,  -iuni,  m.,  the  Balearians,  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Balearic  Islands,  off  the  coast  of  Spain,  now  Majorca  and  Minorca, 
who  were  famous  for  their  expertness  in  slinging.  In  this  exer- 
cise they  were  trained  from  their  infancy  ;  and  Florus  relates  that 
the  mothers  never  gave  their  children  breakfast  till  they  had  struck 
with  an  arrow  a  certain  mark  in  a  tree. 


BAL  195  BOO 

Ba]eariCUS,  -a,  -um,  adj.^  of,  or  belonging  to  the  Balearian 
Islands. 

Barbaries,  -el,y!,  properly  a  /bretg'n  country,  in  opposition 
to  Greece  or  Italy.  Among  the  Greeks  it  was  used  to  signify  any 
territory  inhabited  by  strangers,  and,  in  this  sense,  it  is  applied  by 
Plautus  to  Italy.  The  Romans  applied  it  to  any  country  except 
Greece  and  Italy. 

Belis,  -Tdis,  ./^j  a  daughter,  or  grand-daughter  of  Belus.  The 
term  Belides  is  generally  applied  to  the  fifty  daughters  of  Danau?, 
the  son  of  Belus,  who  married  their  cousins,  the  sons  of  ^Egyptus, 
and  who  all,  except  Hypermnestra,  murdered  their  husbands  on 
the  night  of  their  marriage.  For  this  crime  they  were  condemned 
in  the  infernal  regions  to  the  perpetual  punishment  of  filling  with 
water  a  vessel  the  bottom  of  which  was  full  of  holes,  so  that  the 
water  ran  out  as  soon  as  poured  into  it.  Belides  auste  moliri  ie- 
tum  svis  patruelihus  assidua:  repetunt  undas,  qitas  perdaiit,  the 
grand-daughters  of  Belus,  who  dared  to  perpetrate  the  murder  of 
their  cousins,  incessantly  replace  the  water  which  they  happen  to 
lose,  iv.  11.  -18. 

Bellona^  -£e,  /".,  Bellona,  the  goddess  of  war,  by  some  said  to 
be  the  sister,  and  by  others  the  daughter,  of  Mars.  She  was  wor- 
shipped by  the  Romans  with  peculiar  respect,  and  had  a  temple 
at  Rome,  without  the  city,  in  which  the  senate  sometimes  assem- 
bled to  give  audience  to  generals  on  their  return  from  war,  or  to 
foreign  ambassadors,  who  were  not  admitted  into  the  city.  Her 
priests,  called  Bellonaiii,  consecrated  themselves  by  making  inci- 
sions in  their  arms  and  shoulders,  and  offered  their  own  blood  in 
sacrifice.    A.  R.  A.  7. 

Belus,  -i,  m.,  Belus,  a  king  of  Egypt,  the  father  of  Danaus 
and  iEgyptus. 

Boeotia,  -as,  f.,  Boeotia,  now  forming  part  of  Livadia,  was 
bounded  on  the  west  by  Phocis,  on  the  north  by  the  Opuntian 
Locrians,  on  the  east  by  the  Euboean  Sea,  and  on  the  south  by 
.Attica,  Megaris,  and  a  small  portion  of  the  Corinthian  Gulf.  It 
was  perhaps  the  richest  and  most  fertile  country  in  Greece  ;  and 
the  abundance  of  the  natural  productions  of  the  soil  rendering  ex- 
ertion on  the  part  of  the  inhabitants  unnecessary,  depressed  their 
intellectual  and  moral  energies  to  such  a  degree,  that  they  became 
proverbial  for  their  dulness  and  stupidity.  There  were,  however, 
some  illustrious  exceptions.  Hesiod,  Pindar,  Plutarch,  Epami- 
nondas,  and  Felopidas,  were  natives  of  Bceotia,  The  principal 
city  was  Thebse,  Thebes,  founded  by  Cadmus  and  a  colony  of 
Phoenicians.     See  Thebae. 

Boeotius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Boeotia,  Boeotian. 
Vocato  ilia  Boeotia  (mcenia),  call  it  the  Boeotian  city,  iii.  1.  ]3. 

Bootes, -ae,  &  -is,  m.,  £oo<es,  the  Greek  name  for  a  constel- 


BOR  lyO  CAD 

lation  near  the  north  pole,  which  was  called  by  the  Romans  Bu- 
bulcus,  the  herdsman.  From  its  position  behind  the  Great  Bear, 
it  was  called  Arctophylax,  the  keeper  of  the  Bear.  Memorant  te 
qudqtie,  Boote,  fugisse  tnrhatum,  they  say  that  you  too,  Bootes, 
fleJ  in  alarm,  ii.  I.  176. 

Boreas,  -JE,  m.,  Boreas,  the  north  wind,  frequently  used  to 
signify  the  north. 

BritanniEj  -ae,  f..  Britain,  called  also  Albion,  the  largest 
island  in  the  world  with  which  the  ancients  were  acquainted.  It 
seems  to  have  been  known  at  a  very  early  period  to  the  Phoenicians, 
who  visited  its  shores  in  quest  of  tin.  This  metal  formed  so  valuable 
an  article  of  commerce  in  their  connexion  with  the  Greeks  and 
Romans,  that  they  carefully  concealed  all  knowledge  of  the  country 
from  which  they  procured  it.  They  gave  the  name  of  Cassiterides, 
the  Tin  Islands,  to  the  Scilly  Islands,  including  probably  under 
this  name  Cornwall  and  part  of  Devonshire.  At  a  subsequent  pe- 
riod, the  Carthaginians  also  visited  Britain  for  the  purposes  of  com- 
merce, and  are  said  to  have  penetrated  as  far  north  as  Thule,  or 
the  Shetland  Islands.  Britain  was  known  to  the  Romans  by  re- 
port only,  till  Caesar  invaded  it  (b.  c.  55),  from  a  desire,  it  is  said, 
to  collect  its  pearls,  the  reports  concerning  the  beauty  of  which  had 
reached  him  in  Gaul ;  or,  more  probably,  from  the  ambitious 
desire  of  extending  his  conquests  over  countries  bordering,  as  he 
believed,  on  the  extremity  of  the  world.  He  did  not,  however, 
persist  in  subduing  it,  and  it  appears  to  have  almost  escaped  the 
notice  of  the  Romans  for  nearly  a  century,  till  the  reign  of  the  em- 
peror Claudius,  when  it  was  again  deemed  an  object  worthy  of  the 
grasping  avarice  of  Rome.  In  the  reign  of  Domitian,  Agricola 
reduced  to  the  form  of  a  province  the  whole  of  the  island  to  the 
south  of  the  Forth  and  Clyde,  and  built  (a.  d.  81)  a  wall  between 
these  two  friths  to  prevent  the  incursions  of  the  northern  barbarians. 
From  this  time  it  continued  in  the  possession  of  the  Romans  till 
A.  D.  408,  when  they  completely  abandoned  the  island.  The  prin- 
cipal Roman  stations  were, — Camalodunum,  Colchester;  Verula- 
mium,  St  Albans ;  Eboracam,  York ;  Londinium,  or  Augusta, 
London. 

Britanni,  -orum,  m.,  the  inhabitants  of  Britain,  the  Britons. 
jEqiioreos  Britannos,  the  Britons  surrounded  by  the  sea,  xv.  9.  8. 

Bromius,  -ii,  m.,  Bromius  (the  bawler),  a  surname  given  to 
Bacchus,  from  the  noise  made  by  the  Bacchanalians  in  celebrating. 
his  orgies. 

Bustum,  -i,  n.,  a  name  applied  to  the  place  where  a  dead 
body  was  burnt  and  buried.  It  is  also  used  to  signify  a  sepulchre, 
a  tomb.  The  place,  where  the  body  was  burnt  only,  was  called 
Ustrina.     A.  R.  A,  417. 

C. 

Cadmei.S,  -idis, ./".,  of,  or  belonging  to   Cadmus,    Cadmean. 


CAD  197  CMS 

,2^ec  ratce  duhium  ds  morte  deplanxcre  Cadmc'ula  domum  palmii, 
and  thinking  there  was  no  doubt  of  her  death,  they  lamented  the 
house  of  Cadmns  bv  striking  their  breasts  with  their  hands,  iv.  11. 
130. 

Cadmus,  -i,  m,,  Cadmus,  the  founder  of  Thebes,  was  the  son 
of  Agenor,  king  of  Phoenicia.  He  was  sent  by  his  father  in  quest  of 
his  sister  Europa,  who  had  be.en  carried  off  by  Jupiter,  with  orders 
not  to  return  unless  he  found  her.  Prosecuting  his  search, ho  ar- 
rived in  Greece,  and  failing  to  hear  any  intelligence  of  his  sister, 
he  resolved  to  consult  the  oracle  of  Apollo  at  Delphi,  that  he 
might  know  in  what  pai-t  of  the  earth  to  fix  his  abode.  The  oracle 
directed  him  to  follow  a  heifer  which  was  described  to  him,  and, 
on  the  spot  where  she  should  lie  down,  to  build  a  city,  and  call  the 
country  Boeotia.  He  found  the  heifer  as  the  oracle  had  predicted, 
and  wishing  to  sacrifice  her  to  Jupiter,  he  sent  his  companions  to 
fetch  water  for  a  libation  from  a  neighbouring  grove.  The  foun- 
tain was  sacred  to  Mars,  and  was  guarded  by  a  huge  dragon,  who 
murdered  his  companions.  Cadmus,  in  revenge,  slew  the  monster, 
and,  by  the  direction  of  Minerva,  sowed  his  teeth  in  a  plain,  on 
which  armed  men  suddenly  sprung  from  the  ground.  He  threw  a 
stone  among  them,  and  they  instantly  turned  their  swords  against 
each  other,  till  they  all  fell,  except  five,  who  assisted  him  in  build- 
ing Thebes.  Hence  the  Thebans  are  called  Anguig'cniE,  sprung 
from  the  serpent  (iii.  7.  21.)  Cadmus  soon  after  married  Har- 
monia,  the  daughter  of  Venus,  by  whom  he  had  a  son,  PolydoruS, 
and  four  daughters,  Ino,  Agave,  Autonoe,  and  Semele.  The  mis- 
fortunes which  the  vindictive  persecution  of  Juno  inflicted  upon 
their  family,  so  distressed  Cadmus  and  Harmonia,  that  they  retu-ed 
to  lllyricum,  and  were  there  changed  into  serpents.  Cadmus  is 
supposed  to  have  come  into  Greece,  b.  c.  1493,  and  to  have  in- 
troduced the  use  of  letters,  and  the  worship  of  many  of  the  Egyp- 
tian and  Phoenician  deities. 

CffiSar,  -aris,  m.,  CcBsar,the  cognomen  or  distinctive  family- 
name  of  a  branch  of  the  illustrious  Julian  gens  at  Rome.  The 
Julian  gens  was  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  Roman  patrician  houses, 
and  that  branch  of  it  which  bore  the  name  of  Caesar  traced  its 
origin  to  lulus,  the  son  of  iiineas,  and  consequently  claimed  a 
descent  from  divine  blood.  Caius  Julius  Csesar,  the  most  distin- 
guished member  of  this  family,  was  the  son  of  C.  Julius  CiEsar  and 
Aurelia,  and  was  born  on  the  12th  of  July,  b.  c.  100.  His  aunt 
Julia  was  the  wife  of  Caius  Marius,  and  he  himself,  in  his  seven- 
teenth year,  married  Cornelia,  the  daughter  of  Cinna,  a  connexion 
which  exposed  him  to  the  resentment  of  the  party  of  Sulla.  The 
dictator  deprived  him  of  his  wife's  dowry,  and  with  reluctance 
spared  his  life,  observing  to  those  who  interceded  for  him,  that  the 
youth  "  would  be  the  ruin  of  the  aristocratic  party,  for  there  were 
many  Marii  in  Caesar."     He  absented  himself  from  Rome  during 

r2 


c^.s  198  c.9i:s 

the  remainder  of  the  life  of  Cinna,  and  was  for  some  time  employed 
in  military  service  in  the  east.  He  returned  to  Rome  on  the  death 
of  the  dictator,  but  failing  in  his  first  attempt  as  a  public  prosecu- 
tor, he  retired  to  Rhodes,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
eloquence  under  the  rhetorician  Molo.  The  first  public  honour 
which  he  obtained  was  the  office  of  military  tribune,  to  which  he 
was  appointed  by  the  suifiages  of  the  people,  about  e.  c.  ()9.  His 
splendid  talents  now  began  to  display  themselves,  and  his  advance- 
ment in  public  life  proceeded  steadily  in  opposition  even  to  obstacles 
which,  by  a  less  ambitious  mind,  would  have  been  deemed  insur- 
mountable. To  counteract  the  influence  of  the  aristocratic  party, 
he  found  it  necessary  to  court  the  favour  of  the  people,  and  by 
splendid  exhibitions,  and  a  profuse  expenditure  of  money,  succeeded 
in  attaching  them  permanently  to  his  interest.  After  passing 
through  the  inferior  offices  of  quaestor,  aediie,  and  praetor,  he  was 
elected  consul  b.  c.  59,  in  opposition  to  the  powerful  influence  of 
the  aristocracy,  and  strengthened  his  party  by  effecting  a  reconci- 
liation between  Pompey  and  Crassus,  and  attaching  them  to  him- 
self. This  combination  is  commonly  called  the  First  Trhimvirate, 
At  the  close  of  his  consulship,  Caesar  obtained  the  province  of 
Gaul,  including  the  north  of  Italy,  for  five  years,  with  an  army  of 
four  legions ;  and  before  this  time  expired,  succeeded  in  getting  it 
renewed  for  an  equal  period.  In  nine  years  he  subdued  the  whole 
of  Transalpine  Gaul  ( the  modern  kingdoms  of  France  and  Bel- 
giuin,  and  a  large  portion  of  Switzerland),  carried  the  terror  of 
the  Roman  name  across  the  Rhine  into  Germany,  and  tvrice  in- 
vaded Britain.  Through  the  interest  of  his  friends,  he  had  pro- 
cured  a  decree  of  the  senate  to  enable  him  to  stand  candidate  for 
the  consulship  in  his  absence ;  but  finding  that  Pompey,  who  had 
joined  the  aristocratic  party,  demanded  as  a  condition  that  he 
should  resign  the  command  of  his  army,  he  proceeded  to  Italy  in  the 
spriiiK  B.  c.  51,  for  the  purpose  of  enforcing  his  claims.  On  reach- 
ing Cisalpine  Gaul,  he  became  aware  of  the  measures  which  were 
in  operation  against  him,  and,  resolved  to  eiiforce  by  arms  what 
was  refused  to  him  by  the  senate,  crossed  the  Rubicon,  a  small 
stream,  which  formed  the  southern  limit  of  his  province,  and  <ii- 
rected  his  march  to  the  south.  The  approach  of  Caesar's  troop» 
spread  alarm  among  the  senatorial  party,  who  immediately  qiiitted 
Italy  and  took  refuge  in  Greece.  Caesar  advanced  to  the  capital, 
possessed  himself  of  the  public  money,  and  after  defeating  Pompey's 
party  in  Spain,  assumed  the  name  of  dictator,  and  nominated  him- 
self and  Servihus  consuls  for  e.  c.  48  The  campaign  of  this  year 
completed  the  destruction  of  the  senatorial  party,  by  the  defeat  of 
Pompey  on  the  great  plain  of  Pharsalia  in  Thessaly.  During  the 
three  following  years  he  was  employed  in  crushing  the  adherents  of 
the  senate  in  various  parts  of  the  empire,  and  fought  his  last  battle 
in  the  vicinity  of  Munda,  iathe  south  of  Spain,  b.  c.  45,  a  battle 
in  which  30,000  men  are  said  to  have  fallen  on  the  side  of  the  sons 


CAiS  199  CAW 

of  PoiTipey.  On  his  return  to  Rome,  Cassar  was  created  consul 
for  ten  years,  and  dictator  for  life.  On  the  ides  (15th)  of  March 
B.  c.  44,  he  was  assassinated  in  the  senate-house,  and,  after  his 
death,  was  enrolled  among  the  gods,  under  the  appellation  of 
Divus  Julius.  As  a  writer  and  an  orator,  Caesar  has  received  the 
highest  praise  from  Cicero.  His  Commentaries,  which  are  written 
in  a  plain  perspicuous  style,  entirely  free  from  all  affectation,  piace 
him  in  the  same  class  with  Xenophon,  and  those  few  individuals 
who  have  successfully  united  the  pursuit  of  letters  and  philosophy 
with  the  business  of  active  life.  Ten  books  of  his  commentaries 
have  descended  to  lis, — seven  of  his  wars  in  Gaul,  which  are  believed 
to  have  been  written  on  the  spot,  and  three  which  refer  to  the  civil 
wars. 

Caesareus,  -a^  -ura,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Casar. 

CalCUS,  -i,  m.,  the  Caicus,  now  the  Grimakli,  or  Mandra- 
gorai,  a  river  of  Mysia,  in  Asia  Minor,  which  rises  in  Mount 
Temnos,  flows  through  the  plains  of  Teuthrania,  and  after  passing 
Pergamos,  falls  into  the  ^gean  Sea  at  Elaea,  opposite  to  the 
south-eastern  extremity  of  Lesbos, 

Calais,  -is,  ni.,  Calau,  the  son  of  Boreas,  or  Aquilo,  and 
Orithyia  (4  syl.),  and  the  twin-brother  of  Zethes,  along  with 
whom  he  accompanied  Jason  to  Colchis,  in  quest  of  the  golden 
fleece.  When  they  reached  the  coast  of  Thrace,  they  reUeved 
Phineus  (diss.),  the  king  of  that  country,  from  the  Harpies,  a  kind 
of  raveno\is  birds  which  Jupiter  had  Sfnt  to  torment  him  by  pollut- 
ing or  carrying  away  the  food  from  his  table.  He  and  his  brother 
are  represented  with  wings,  and  are  said  to  have  been  killed  by 
Herciiles.     See  Harpyiae. 

Calliope,  -es,  /.,  Calliope,  the  chief  of  the  muses,  whose  of- 
fice it  was  to  preside  over  eloquence  and  heroic  poetry.  She  was 
represented  holding  in  her  hand  a  close-rolled  parchment,  and 
generally  crowned  with  laurel.      See  Musse. 

Calydon,  -onis,/!,  Calydon,  now  Evereo  Castro,  a  city  of 
iEtolia,  in  Greece,  situate  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Evenus,  the 
Fidiri,  a  few  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  was  famed  in  Grecian 
story  for  the  ferocious  boar  sent  by  Diana  to  ravage  the  country, 
and  which  was  killed  by  Meleager,  the  son  of  CEneus  (diss.),  king 
of  the  country. 

Calydonius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Calydon,  Ca- 
lydonian.  Quam  modb  Calydoniu  hasta  TydidcB  vulneret,  whom 
at  one  time  the  Calydonian  spear  of  the  son  of  Tydeus  wounds,  i.  e. 
of  Diomedes,  whose  father  Tydeus  was  the  -son  of  CEneus,  king  of 
Calydon,  xv.  9.  25.      See  Diomedes. 

Canace,  -es,f.,  Barker,  the  name  of  one  of  Actseon's  dogs. 

Cancer,  -cri,  m.,  the  Crab,  one  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the 


CAN  200  CAU 

zodiac.  CancTum  cwvanlem  brachia  aliler,  the  crab  bending 
his  claws  in  a  difiFerent  direction,  ii.  1 .  83.     See  Zodiacus. 

Canopus,  -i,  rw.,  Canopus,  now  Aboukir,  a  city  of  Egypt, 
twelve  miles  from  Alexandria,  situate  at  one  of  the  mouths  of  the 
>i'ile.  It  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  Menelaus,  and  to  have 
derived. its  name  from  CanSpus,  the  pilot  of  his  ship,  who  was 
buried  there.  The  inhabitants  were  proverbial  for  their  luxury 
and  profligate  manners.  Opposite  to  the  town  was  the  island  of 
Canopus,  Aboukir,  so  famed  from  the  glorious  victory  of  the  Nile, 
obtained  near  it  bv  Lord  Nelson  over  the  French  fleet,  August  1 , 
1799. 

Capitolium,  -ii,  m.,the  capilol,  a  celebrated  temple  and  cita- 
del in  Rome,  built  on  the  Tarpeian  rock,  on  the  Capitoline  hill. 
The  foundation  was  laid  by  Tarquinius  Priscus,  b.  c.  615,  the 
building  was  continued  by  his  successor  Servius  TuUius,  and 
finished  by  Tarquinius  Superbus,  b.  c.  533  The  consecration, 
however,  did  not  take  place  till  the  third  year  after  the  expulsion  of 
the  kings,  when  this  ceremony  was  performed  by  the  consul  Horatius. 
It  consisted  of  three  parts ;  of  which  the  centre  was  sacred  to 
Jupiter,  the  right  wing  to  Minerva  and  the  left  to  Juno.  The  mag- 
nificence of  this  temple  is  said  to  have  been  almost  incredible,  and 
its  wealth,  which  was  derived  from  the  presents  of  the  successive 
consuls  who  here  offered,  sacrifices  on  the  day  they  entered  on  their 
office,  was  verv  great.  Capitolia  visfnt  longas  pampas,  when  the 
Capitol  shall  witness  the  long  processions,  i.  e.  the  triumphal  pro- 
cessions, in  which  the  victorious  general  was  crowned  with  laurel, 
i.  10.  110.     See  Triumphus. 

Cassiope^  -es,/".,  Cussiope,  the  wife  of  Cepheus  {(lis.),  king 
of  ^Ethiopia,  and  mother  of  Andromeda.  Proud  of  her  beauty, 
she  boasted  that  she  was  fairer  than  Juno  or  the  Nereids,  nnd  thus 
provoked  Neptune  to  punish  her  insolence  by  deluging  jEthiopia, 
and  sending  a  huge  sea-monster  to  ravage  the  country.  See  An- 
dromeda. 

Castalius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Castalia,  a  foun- 
tain at  the  foot  of  Mount  Parnassus,  sacred  to  Apollo  and  the 
Muses,  which  poured  down  the  chasm  between  the  two  summits  of 
the  mountain,  and  was  fed  by  the  perpetual  snows.  Its  pure  and 
excellent  waters  were  said  to  have  the  power  of  inspiring  those  who 
drank  of  them  with  the  true  spirit  of  poetry.  Cadmus  vix  bene 
dcscenderat  Castalio  antra,  scarcely  had  Cadmus  well  descended 
from  the  Castalian  cave,  i.  e.  left  the  oracle  of  Delphi,  iii.  I.  14. 
See  Delphi. 

Caucasus,  -i,  m-,  Caucasus,  an  extensive  range  of  mountains 
in  Asia,  extending  between  the  Euxine  and  the  Caspian  Se.is,  and 
supposed  by  the  ancients  to  be  a  continuation  of  the  chain  of  Tau- 
rus. It  is  so  lofty  as  to  be  covered  in  many  parts  with  perpetual 
ibow.     On  Strobelus,  one  of  its  highest  peaks,  was  said  to  be  the 


CAY  201  CEP 

rock  to  which  Prometheus  (tj'is.)  was  chained  by  Jupiter  till  he 
was  delivered  by  Hercules. 

Caystros,  -i,  m.,the  Cai/ster,  now  the  Kitchick-Meinder,  or 
Little  Minder,  an  inconsiderable  river  of  Lydia,  in  Asia  Minor, 
which  rises  in  a  branch  of  Mount  Tmolus,  and  Tuns  through  the 
Asian  Marsh  into  the  JEgea.n  Sea,  near  Ephesus.  Its  banks  are 
said  by  the  poets  to  have  been  much  frequented  by  swans.  Flumi- 
nece  volucres  cahiere  wedio  Caljstro,  the  birds  of  the  river,  i.  e. 
the  swans,  grew  hot  in  the  middle  of  the  Cayster,  ii.  1.  253. 
Cajjstros  in  lahentibus  vndis  audit  no  a  plura  cannina  cygnorum 
illo,  the  Cayster,  in  his  gliding  waters,  hears  not  more  songs  of 
swans  than  it,  v.  6.  46. 

Census,  -us,  m.,  the  census,  a  general  review  of  the  Roman 
people,  made  for  the  purpose  of  estimating  thei  •  property,  and  pro- 
portioning their  share  of  the  public  taxes.  The  census  was  insti- 
tuted by  Servius  TuUius,  a.  u.  125,  and  intrusted  to  magistrates 
called  Censores,  censors.  Every  citizen  was  obliged  to  give  in  to 
the  Censors  his  name,  residence,  and  occupation  ;  his  wife's  name, 
and  the  names  of  his  children,  with  their  age.-,  the  number  of  his 
slaves,  and  a  minute  and  accurate  account  of  his  property.  The 
goods  of  the  person  who  made  a  false  return  were  confiscated,  and 
he  himself,  after  being  scourged,  was  sold  as  a  slave.  The  Censors 
had  also  the  charge  of  the  public  morals,  and  were  invested  with 
the  power  of  advancing  or  degrading  the  citizens  according  as  their 
character  or  wealth  entitled  them.  Hence  census  came  to  signify 
wealth  or  property.     See  A.  R.  A.  107. 

Cepheius, -a,  -um,  ndj..  of,  or  relating  to  Cephcus.  Cephcia 
arva,  the  kingdom  of  Cepheus,  i.  e.  .(Ethiopia,  iv.  14.  7. 

Cephenes,  -um,  m.,  the  Cephenes,  the  principal  subjects  of 
Cepheus,  the  Ethiopian  nobles.  Proceres  Cephenum,  the 
.Ethiopian  nobles,  iv.  15.  12.  Medio  Cephenum,  amidst  the 
company  of  ^Ethiopians,  v.  1.  1. 

Cepheus  {diss.),  -ei,  &  -eos.  m.,  Cepheus,  king  of  .Ethiopia, 
a  son  of  Belus,  and  the  father  of  Andromeda  by  Cassiope,  and  fa- 
ther-in-law of  Perseus  (diss.)  He  was  one  of  the  Argonauts,  and, 
after  his  death,  was  changed  into  a  constellation.  Sunt  qui  dicant 
Cephea  cum  genero  dehere  mori,  there  are  some  who  say  that 
Cepheus  and  his  son-in-law,  i.  e.  )"erseus,  ought  to  be  put  to 
death,  v.  1.  42. 

Cephisis,  -idis,  adj.,  /.,  of,  or  relating  to  the  Cephisus. 
Adeunt  pmiter  Cephisidas  undas,  ut  nondum  liquidas,  sic  jam 
secantes  nota  vada,  they  approach  together  the  waters  of  the 
Cephisus,  which,  though  not  yet  clear,  were  now  flowing  in  their 
wonted  channel,  i.  8.  67. 

CephisiuSj  -ii,  m.,  the  son  of  the  Cephisus,  Narcissus.  Ce- 
pkisius  jam  addiderat  unum  annum  ad  ter  quinos,  the  son  of  the 


CEP  ^02  CER 

Cephisu?,  i.  e.  Narcis?us,  had  now  added  one  to  thrice  five  years, 
i.  e.  was  now  sixteen  years  old,  iii.  5.  13. 

Cephlsos,  -i,  m..  the  Cephisus,  now  the  Mauro  Potamo.  a 
river  of  Phocis  in  Greece,  which  rises  near  the  city  of  Lilxa, 
where  the  ancients  state  that  it  rushed  from  the  mountain  with  a 
noise  reseniblint;  the  bellowing  of  a  bull,  flows  on  the  northern  side 
of  Parnassus,  and,  after  traversing  the  whole  of  Phocis,  enters 
Boeotia,  and  loses  its  waters  in  the  lake  Copais.  From  the  nume- 
rous sinuosities  of  its  course,  the  Cephisus  has  been  compared  to  a 
serpent.  It  is  said  to  have  been  a  special  favourite  of  the  Graces, 
who  are  from  this  circumstance  called  the  goddesses  of  the  river. 

CerbereuSj  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relafinrj  in  Cerberus.  Spu. 
mas  Cerherei  oris,  foam  from  the  mouth  of  Cerberus,  iv.  11.  I  6. 

Cerberus,  -i,  7??.,  Cerberus,  a  do^  who  guarded  the  entrance 
to  the  infernal  regions,  to  prevent  the  living  from  entering,  and  the 
dead  from  escaping.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the  son  of  Typhon 
and  Echidna,  and  is  generally  represented  as  having  three  heads, 
though  somemythologists  assign  to  him  a  hundred.  See  Hercules. 
Cerealis,  -e,  udj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Ceres.  Cerealia  semina, 
the  seeds  of  Ceies,  i.  e.  grain,  i.  4.  11. 

Ceres,  GX\%,f-,  Ceres,  the  goddess  of  corn  and  husbandry,  was 
the  daughter  of  Saturn  and  Ops,  and  the  sister  of  Jupiter  and 
Pluto.  She  is  said  to  have  brought  com  from  Sicily  to  Attica  in 
the  reign  of  Pandion,  which  she  gave  to  Celeus  (diss.),  at 
Eleusis,  and  taught  him  the  art  of  cultivating  it.  By  Jupiter  she 
had  a  daughter.  Proserpine,  who  was  carried  off  by  Pluto  while 
gathering  flowers  along  with  her  attendant  nymphs,  on  the  plains 
of  Henna,  in  Sicily,  and  became  his  wife.  Ceres,  who  was  deeply 
affected  by  the  loss  of  her  daughter,  after  searching  for  her  all  over 
Sicily,  lighted  two  torches  at  Mount  ^^^tna,  and  continued  her 
search  over  the  whole  earth.  She  found  her  veil  at  the  fountain 
Cyane  (v.  8.  9.;,  but  the  nymph  was  unable  to  communicate  to  her 
the  fate  of  her  daughter.  This  information  she  afterwards  obi  ained 
from  Arethusa  (v.  8.  44.),  who,  when  passing  along  her  subter- 
ranean channel,  had  seen  Proserpine  arrayed  as  queen  in  the  do- 
minions of  Pluto.  Ceres  immediately  ascended  to  Jupiter,  and 
demanded  of  him  the  restoration  of  her  daughter.  The  king  of  the 
gods  in  vain  attempted  to  sooth  her  grief,  by  representing  to  her 
the  honour  which  had  been  conferred  upon  her  daughter  by  being 
made  the  wife  of  his  brother ;  Ceres  continusd  inexorable,  and 
Jupiter  consented  to  her  restoration,  provided  she  hid  not  tasted 
any  thing  in  the  infernal  regions.  Siie  accordingly  went  to  Pluto, 
find  demanded  her  daughter,  but  Ascalaphus  having  intimated  that 
he  had  seen  her  pluck  a  pomegranate  in  the  Elysian  fields,  and 
eat  some  of  the  seeds,  she  was  found  to  have  violated  the  condi- 
tions of  her  release.  All,  therefore,  which  Jupiter  could  grant 
was,  that  she  should  alternately  remain  six  months  in  Hades  with 


CEY  203  CHE 

Phito,  and  six  in  heaven  with  her  mother.  Ceres  is  represented 
V.  ifh  yellow  hair,  crowned  with  ears  of  corn,  and  holding  in  the  one 
Iwind  poppies,  or  ears  of  corn,  and  in  the  other  a  burning  torch. 
Ceres  is  often  used  to  signify  corn,  food :  as,  cura  Cereris,  a  regard 
for  food,  iii.  6.  3b".  See  Cyane,  Arethusa,  Ascalaphus,  and 
Proserpina. 

Ceyx,  -ycis,  vi.,  Ceyx,  a  son  of  Lucifer,  and  king  of  Trachis, 
a  town  in  Thessaly,  w^ho  was  drowned  while  crossing  the  Mgean 
Sea,  to  consult  the  oracle  of  Apollo  at  Claros,  in  consequence  of 
the  melancholy  fate  of  his  brother  Daedalion,  and  tlie  misfortunes 
which  followed  it.  His  wife  Halcyone,  who  had,  with  extreme  re- 
luctance, consented  to  the  voyage,  was  grieved  at  his  absence,  and 
incessantly  importuned  the  gods  for  his  return.  At  the  request  of 
Juno,  Somnus  sent  his  son  Morpheus  (diss.),  who  assumed  the 
form  and  appearance  of  Ceyx,  and  intimated  to  Halcyone,  in  the 
voice  of  her  husband,  the  melancholy  catastrophe.  He  and  his 
wife  Halcyone,  were  changed  into  kingsfishers.  See  Daedalion  and 
Halcyone. 

Chaonius,  -a.,  -urrij  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Chaonia,  a  pro- 
vince of  Epirus.  Chaonius  Molpeus,  Molpeus  from  Chaonia,  v.  1. 
106. 

Chaos^  n.,  Chaos,  a  name  applied  by  the  Greek  poets  to  the 
rude  and  shapeless  mass  of  matter  which  they  supposed  to  exist  be- 
fore the  formation  of  the  world.  .According  to  Ovid,  who  has 
adopted  the  cosmogony  of  Hesiod,  the  Divine  Being  formed  the 
universe  out  of  this  confused  mass,  by  dividing  it  into  the  four 
elements,  fire,  or  ether,  air,  earth,  and  water.  This  separation  he 
eifected  by  causing  the  pure  ether,  or  fire,  to  occupy  the  highest 
place  ;  the  next  place  he  assigned  to  the  air,  or  almosphere,  while 
the  lowest  were  given  to  earth  and  water.  The  opinions  which  the 
ancients  entertained  of  Chaos  and  of  the  creation  of  the  world, 
were  probably  derived  traditionally  from  the  writings  of  Moses, 
and  may  be  advantageously  compared  with  the  simple  but  sublime 
narrative  of  the  sacred  penman.  C onfundimur  in  antiquum  Chaos, 
we  are  thrown  back  into  our  ancient  Chaos,  i.  e.  into  our  former 
state  of  confusion,  ii.  1.  299. 

Charops,  -opis,  m-,  Cliarops,^  Trojan,  the  son  of  Hippasus, 
who  was  slain  by  Ulysses. 

Charybdis,  -is,  /!,  Charybdis,  a  dangerous  whirlpool  in  the 
Straits  of  Messina,  on  the  Sicilian  coast,  opposite  to  Scylla  on  the 
coast  of  Italy.  Charybdisque  inimica  ratibus  (dieitur)  nuncsor- 
bere  nunc  reddere  frehan ,  and  Chary bdis,  d^mgerous  for  ships,  is 
said  at  one  time  to  draw  in  the  sea,  at  another  time  to  send  it  forth, 
vii.  1.  63.     See  Scylla. 

Chersidamas,  -antis,  m.,  Chersidamas,  a  Trojan  killed  by 
Ulysses. 


CHI  204  CIN 

Chius,  -  a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  the  island  ofCeos,  now 
Zea,  one  of  the  most  considerable  of  the  Cyclades,  situate  twelve 
miles  south-east  of  the  promontory  of  Sunium.  It  was  said  to 
have  been  once  united  to  Euboea,  from  vrhich  it  was  torn  by  an 
earthquake.  The  inhabitants  were  noted  for  their  sobriety  and 
modesty.  Applicor  ad  oras  Chice  telluris,  I  am  brought  to  the 
coasts  of  the  Chian  land,  i.  e.  to  Ceos,  iii.  7.  87. 

Chromis,  -is,  m.,  Chromis,  a  man  who,  at  the  marriage  of 
Perseus  (diss.),  killed  Emathion. 

Chromius,  -ii,  m.,  Chromius,  one  of  the  companions  of  Sar- 
pedon,  who  was  slain  by  Ulysses  at  Troy. 

Chryse,  -es.,  J'.,  Chrysa,  a  town  on  the  western  coast  of 
Troas,  in  Asia  .Alinor,  where  was  the  famous  temple  of  Apollo 
Smintheus  (diss. )  This  city  was  taken  by  Achilles  during  the 
Trojan  war,  xiii.  1.  174. 

Cilicia,  -x.J".,  Cilicia,  a  province  in  the  south-east  of  Asia 
Minor,  lying  opposite  to  the  island  of  Cyprus.  It  was  bounded  on 
the  north  by  the  range  of  Taurus,  which  separated  it  from  Phry- 
gia  and  Cappadocia,  on  the  east  by  Mount  Amanus,  which  sepa- 
rated it  from  Syria,  on  the  south  by  the  Mediterranean,  and  on 
the  west  by  Pamphylia.  The  western  part  of  the  province  was 
called  Cilicia  Trachea,  from  the  mountainous  and  i  xigged  charac- 
ter of  the  country  ;  and  the  eastern  portion  obtained  the  name  of 
Cilicia  Campestris,  because  it  was  more  level  and  fertile.  One  of 
the  most  important  towns  of  Cilicia  was  Tarsus,  Tersoos,  the  na- 
tive city  of  St  Paul,  and  the  rival  of  Alexandria  and  Athens,  as  a 
school  of  philosophy  and  the  polite  arts.  Tarsus,  which  is  called 
Tarshish  in  the  Bible,  was  famed  at  a  remote  period  for  the  expert- 
ness  of  its  seamen,  who  appear  to  have  been  the  chief  merchants 
in  the  early  ages  of  the  world.  Their  ships,  which  were  built  for 
distant  voyages,  were  lai-ger  and  stronger  than  those  in  ordinary 
use,  and  are  believed  to  have  obtained  for  large  ships  of  burden  the 
name  which  is  given  to  them  m  Scripttire,  "  ships  of  Tarshish." 

Cilix,  -\c\^,adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Cilicia,  Cilician. 

Cimmerii,  -orum,  m.,  the  Cimmerii,  a  people  near  Lake 
Avernus,  in  Campania,  represented  by  the  poets  as  dwelling  in 
deep  caverns,  into  which  no  imy  of  the  sun  ever  penetrated.  IJence 
the  fable  of  Cimmerian  darkness.  Neai-  this  people  Ovid  places 
the  abode  of  the  god  Somnus,  xi.  10.  183.      See  Avernus. 

Cinyps,  -y^pis,  &  Cinyphus,  -i,  m.,  the  Cinyps,  now  the 
Khahan,  a  small  river  in  the  north  of  Africa,  which  falls  into  th< 
sea  between  the  Syrtes .  The  country  through  which  it  flowed  was 
remarkable  for  its  fertility. 

Cinyphius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  the  Cinyps 
hence,  Libyan,  African.  Cinypfiivm  Jubam,  African  Juba 
XV.  9.  11. 


CIT  205  COR 

Cithseron,  -onis,  }7l.,C%A<B/-on,  now  jE/a^et/,  avange  of  moun- 
tains separating  Boeotia  from  IMegaris  and  Attica,  sacred  to  Bac- 
chus, and  famous  for  the  metamorphosis  of  Actseon,  and  the  death 
of  Pentheus  (diss.)  Ciiltceron  natus  ad  sacra,  Cithseron  natu- 
rally adapted  for  the  celebration  of  sacred  rites,  ii.  1.  223.  Cithce- 
ron  electus  ad  facienda  sacra,  Cithsevon  selected  for  the  celebra- 
tion  of  sacred  rites,  iii.  7.  192. 

Clarius.  -a,  -ura,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Claros,  Clarion. 
Ad  Clarium  Deum,  to  the  Glarian  God,  i.  e.  Apollo,  xi.  10.  4. 

Claros,  -i,  _/.,  Claros,  now  Zilleh,  a  city  of  Ionia,  in  Asia 
Minor,  famous  for  a  temple  and  oracle  of  Apollo,  and  for  a  foun- 
tain whose  waters  inspired  those  who  drank  of  them  with  pro- 
phetic fury.  This  city  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  Manto,  a 
daughter  of  Tiresias,  and  early  acquired  celebrity  as  a  place  of  di- 
vination. The  tears  which  Manto  shed  over  the  misrortunes  of  her 
country  formed  a  fountain,  or  rather  lake,  where  she  first  founded 
the  oracle.  Considerable  vestiges  of  the  former  greatness  of  Cla- 
res are  still  to  be  seen  at  Zilleh ;  these  consist  of  several  sepul- 
chres, the  prophetic  fountain  and  cave,  with  marble  steps  leading 
down  to  it;  also  remains  of  a  large  temple,  a  theatre,  and  several 
churches.     From  Claros  Apollo  was  called  Clarius. 

Clymene,  -es,  f.,  Clymene,  the  wife  of  Merops,  king  of 
-Ethiopia,  and  mother  of  Phaethon. 

Clymene'iUS,  -a,  -um,  adj.,, of,  or  relating  to  Clymene. 
Clymene'ia  proles,  the  son  of  Clymene,  i,  e.  Phaethon,  ii.  1.19. 

Clymcnus,  -i,  m.,  Clymenus,  one  of  the  companions  of 
Phineus  {diss.),  who  was  slain  by  Odites. 

Cceranos,  -i,  m,,  Cceranos,  one  of  the  companions  of  Sarpe- 
don,  who  was  slain  by  Ulysses. 

Colchi,  -orum,  m.,the  inhabitants  of  Colchis,  the  Colchians. 

Colchis,  -idis,y.,  Colchis,  now  Mingrelia,  a  country  lying 
along  the  east  coast  of  the  Euxine  Sea,  celebrated  in  fable  for  the 
golden  fleece,  and  the  expedition  undertaken  to  obtain  it  by  the 
chief  of  the  Grecian  youth,  under  the  command  of  Jason.  See 
lason. 

Colchus,  -a,  -um.  anj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Colchis,  Colchian. 
Colchu  litora,  the  shores  of  Colchis,  xiii.  1.  24. 

Corinthus,  -i,/.,  Corinth,  the  chief  city  of  Achaia,  and  the 
capital  of  a  small  but  wealthy  district.  It  was  situated  on  the  isth- 
mus of  the  same  name,  having  the  Corinthian  GuK  on  the  ono  side, 
and  the  Saronic  Gulf  on  the  other.  Hence  orta  Bimari  Corin- 
iho,  sprung  from  Corinth  situated  between  two  seas,  v.  6.  67.  It 
existed  under  the  name  of  Ephyre  long  before  the  siege  of  Troy, 
and,  from  the  peculiar  advantages  of  its  situation,  was  considered 
as  the  key  of  the  Peloponnesus.  Corinth  was  the  seat  of  opulence 
and  of  the  arts  while  the  rest  of  Greece  was  sunk  in  comparative 

S 


COR  206  CUR 

obscurity  and  barbarism,  and  continued  to  maintain  its  rank  among 
the  Grecian  cities  till  it  was  burnt  by  the  Romans  under  Muminius, 
B.  c.  146.  During  the  conflagration  all  the  metals  in  the  city  are 
said  to  have  melted,  and,  mixing  together,  to  have  formed  that  va- 
luable composition  known  by  the  name  of  "  Corinthian  brass." 
This  city  was  rebuilt  by  Julius  Caesar  a  short  time  before  his  death. 

Corycules,  -um,  /'.,  the  Coryddes,  the  nymphs  who  inha- 
bited the  Corycian  cave,  said  by  some  to  be  the  daughters  of  the 
river  Plistus,  and  by  others  supposed  to  be  the  Muses.  They  were 
worshipped  by  Daucalion  and  Pyrrha  when  they  went  to  consult 
the  oracle  on  .Alount  Parnassus.     See  Deucalion  and  Pyrrha. 

Corycium  (Antrum),  tlie  Corycian  cave,  a  cave  or  grotto  on 
Mount  Parnassus,  not  far  from  Delphi,  sacred  to  the  Corycian 
nymphs  and  to  the  god  Pan,  and  surpassing  in  extent  every  other 
tavern  with  which  the  ancients  were  acquainted.  It  was  so  lai-ge, 
that  on  the  approa(-h  of  the  Persians,  the  greater  part  of  the  in- 
habitants of  Delphi  took  refuge  in  its  capacious  recess. 

Crocale,  -es,J^.,  Crocale,  a  Theban  nymph,  one  of  Diana's 
attendants. 

Croto.  &  Croton,  -onis,  m.  &  /.,  Croto,  now  Cotrone,  a 
celebrated  city  on  th?  Gulf  of  Tarentum,  in  the  south  of  Italy, 
long  the  residence  of  Pythagoras,  and  the  birthplace  of  Milo,  the 
famous  athlcta.      Gr    Ace.  -ona.     See  Milo. 

Cupldo,  -inis,  m.,  Cupid,  the  god  of  love,  was  the  son  of 
Venus,  and  her  constant  attendant.  He  is  represented  as  a  naked 
infant  with  wings,  armed  with  a  bow,  and  carrying  a  quiver  full  of 
arrows.  Cupid  possessed  the  power  of  inspiring  with  tlie  tender 
passion  whomsoever  he  chose,  and  through  his  influence  Apollo 
was  inflamed  with  love  for  Daphne,  i.  10. 1 .,  &c.,  and  Pluto  was  in- 
stigated to  carry  off  Proserpine,  v.  6.  2(5.,  &c. 

(Juralium.  -ll,  n-,  coral,  supposed  by  the  ancients  to  be  a 
sea-plant,  which  was  soft  while  under  water,  but  became  hard 
when  exposed  to  the  atmosphere.  According  to  Ovid,  this  hard- 
ness was  firs',  produced  by  Medusa's  head,  Perseus  (diss.)  having 
accidentally  placed  some  twigs  of  the  coral -plant  under  it,  to  pre- 
vent it  from  being  injured  by  the  sand  on  the  beach,  which  were 
thereby  converted  into  stone.  The  plant  was  afterwards  propa- 
gated by  the  nymphs,  who  spread  the  seeds  of  it  over  every  part 
of  the  ocean.  Coral  was  well  known  to  the  ancients,  but  it  wa.s 
reserved  for  the  moderns  to  discover  its  real  nature.  It  has  been 
ascertained  to  be  the  nest  of  a  certain  species  of  worms,  which  have 
the  same  relation  to  coral  that  a  snail  has  to  its  shell.  As  an  or- 
nament black  coral  is  most  esteemed,  but  the  red  is  also  very 
highly  prized.  Coral  is  found  in  very  great  abundance  in  the  Red 
Sea,  the  Persian  Gulf,  in  various  parts  of  the  Mediterranean,  and 
«n  the  coast  of  Sumatra,  kc.     It  grows  on  rock,  and  on  any  solid 


CUR  207  CYC 

submarins  body,  and  it  is  necessary  to  its  production  that  U  should 
remain  fixed  in  its  place. 

Cuiia,  -X,  ./!,  a  bvildlnff  in  which  the  senate  met,  the  senate- 
house.  Anciently  there  were  only  three  places  where  the  senate 
used  to  be  held,  two  within  the  city,  and  the  temple  of  Bellona 
without  it.  When  curia  simply  is  used  in  reference  to  Rome,  it 
is  generally  intended  to  denote  the  Curia  Hostilia,  built  by  Tullus 
Hostilius.  It  is  also  put  (xv.  9.  53.)  for  the  Curia  Pompeia,  in 
which  Julius  Ca;sar  was  murdered.     A.  R.  A.  7.     See  CsBiar. 

Cyane,  -es, ,/".,  Cyane,  a  Sicilian  nymph,  one  of  the  attend- 
ants of  Proserpine,  who  upbraided  Pluto  when  he  carried  off  her 
mistress,  and  endeavoured  to  prevent  him  from  taking  her  to 
the  infernal  regions.  She  was  changed  by  the  god  into  a  fountain, 
or  small  lake,  now  called  Pisma,  a  few  miles  from  Syracuse,  which 
becomes  a  stream,  and  falls  into  the  Anapis.  'I'hrough  this  fountain 
Pluto  disappeared  with  Proserpine.  E^t  <rquor  medium  Cyanex 
et  Fiscea  Arethusa,  quod  inchisum  angus/is  cornibus  coit,  there  is 
a  sea  between  Cyane  and  Piseean  Are'.husa,  which  being  enclosed 
between  two  promontories,  is  confined  to  a  narrow  space,  v.  6.  69. 
Sec  Ceres,_  and  Anapis. 

Cyanes,  -arum,/i,  the  Cyanea:,  now  Pavorane,  two  small 
rugged  islands  at  the  entrance  of  the  Euxine  Sea,  knov\-n  also  by 
the  name  of  Symplegades  (the  Dashers),  which,  according  to  the 
fable,  floated  about  and  crushed  to  pieces  every  vessel  which  passed 
the  strait?,  till  iMinerva  guided  the  ship  Argo  through,  and  fixed 
them  lor  ever.  Monies  qui  dicuntur  concurrere  in  mediis  iindis, 
mountams  which  are  said  to  clash  together  in  the  midst  of  the 
waves,  vii.  1.  63. 

Cyciades,  -um,/.,  the  Cyclades,  now  Dodtkanita,  a  group 
of  islands  in  the  ^'Egean  Sea,  so  called  because  they  surrounded  the 
sacred  island  of  Delos  in  the  form  of  a  circle.  They  were  at  first 
considered  to  be  only  twelve  in  number,  but  were  afterwards  in- 
creased to  fifteen. 

Cyclopes,  -um,  m.,  the  Ci/clops,  a  race  of  giants,  said  to  be 
the  sons  of  Coelus  and  Terra,  and  to  inhabit  the  east  coast  of  Sicily, 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mount  ^Etna.  They  were  three  in  num- 
ber, Arges,  Bi'ontes,  and  Steropes,  with  one  eye  in  the  middle  of 
their  forehead,  whence  their  name,  and  are  represented  as  the 
workmen  of  Vulcan,  by  whom  they  were  employed  in  making 
thunderbolts  for  Jupiter  (i.  7.  16.)  They  were  destroyed  by 
Apollo,  because  they  had  made  the  thunderbolts  with  which  Jupiter 
killed  his  son  iEsculapius.  By  some  of  the  Greek  poets  they  are  re- 
presented as  cannibals,  an  opinion  which  has  been  adopted  by  Ovid. 
Refene  rilus  Cyclopum,  to  revive  the  customs  of  the  Cyclops,  i.  e. 
the  eating  of  human  flesh,  xv.  2.  34.  Telafabricata  manibus  Cy- 
clopum reponuntur^  the  weapons  fabricated  by  the  hands  of  the 
Cyclops  are  laid  aside,  i.  e.  the  thunderbolts,  i.  7.  16. 


CYC  208  D.ED 

Cycnus,  -i,  m.,  Cyr.nus,  the  son  of  Sthenehis,  and  king  of 
Ligiiria,  who,  for  lamenting  the  death  of  his  friend  and  relation 
Phaethon,  was  changed  into  a  swan.  Cycnus  fit  nova  avu,  Cycnus 
becomes  a  new  bird, — is  changed  into  a  bird  till  then  unknown, 
ii.  3.  11. 

Cylla,  -fE,./v  Cylla,  a  town  of  the  Troad,  taken  by  Achilles, 
wit'K  the  assistance  of  Ulysses. 

CyllSne,  -es,J'.,  Cyllenc,  now  Zyria,  a  lofty  mountain  in  the 
north-east  of  Arcadia,  on  the  borders  of  Achaia,  celebrated  as  the 
birthplace  of  Mercury,  who  had  a  temple  on  its  summit. 

Cyllenis,  -idis, /".,  of,  or  relating  to  Mercury,  who  was  born 
on  Mount  Cyllene.  Cyllenide  harpe,  with  the  falchion  which  he 
received  from  Mercury,  v.  1.  119. 

Cyilenius,  -il,  m.,  Cyllenhis,  a  name  given  to  Mercury,  be- 
rause  he  was  bom  on  Mount  Cyl'ene.  Cylleniux  dicturus  talia. 
Mercury,  when  about  to  give  utterance  to  such  words  as  these,  i. 
13.  25. 

Cyntnus.  -l,  w..  Cynthim,  now  Cintio,  a  mountain  of  con- 
siderable height,  in  the  Island  of  Delos,  on  xvhich  Apollo  and 
Diana  were  born,  and  from  which  the  former  received  the  name  of 
Cynthius,  and  the  latter  that  of  Cynthia. 

Cyprius,  -a,  -um,  adj..  of,  or  relating  to  the  Island  of 
Cyprus,  Cyprian. 

Cyprus.  _i,  f..  Cyprus,  a  large  island  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  Mediterranean,  ijing  to  the  south  of  Cilicia,  and  to  the  west  of 
Syria.  It  was  celebrated  in  ancient  times  for  the  richness  of  its 
soil,  and  for  its  mineral  treasures,  particularly  its  copper  mines, 
from  which  metal,  according  to  some,  the  name  is  derived.  It  is 
celebrated  in  mythology  as  the  birthplace  of  Venus,  hence  called 
Cypris,  to  whom  the  whole  island  was  especially  consecrated. 

Cythera,  -orum,  n.,  Cythera,  now  Cerigo,  an  island  in  the 
.^gean  Sea,  near  Cape  Malea,  a  promontory  of  Laconia,  particu- 
larly sacred  to  Venus,  and  to  which  she  is  said  to  have  been  con- 
veyed by  a  shellfish,  immediately  after  she  sprung  from  the  foam 
of  the  sea.     See  Aphrodite. 

Cytherea,  -Sd.f.,  Cytherea,  a  name  given  to  Venus  from  the 
Island  of  Cythera. 

Cythnus,  -i,  /.,  Cylhnus,  now  Thermia,  an  island  in  the 
iEgean  Sea,  one  of  the  Cyclades. 

D 

Daedalion,  -oiiis,  in.,  Dadalion,  the  son  of  Lucifer,  and 
brother  of  Ceyx.  He  was  so  afflicted  at  the  death  of  his  daughter 
Chione,  who  was  killed  by  Diana  mth  an  arrow,  that  he  threw 


DAN  209  DAU 

himself  tVom  the  top  of  Parnassus,  and  was  changed  by  Apollo  into 
a  hawk.     See  Ceyx. 

Danae,  -es,  /!,  Danae,  the  daughter  of  Acrisius,  king  of 
Argos,  and  Eurydice.  In  consequence  of  a  declaration  of  the  oracle 
that  he  should  be  killed  by  the  son  of  Danae,  Acrisius  confined  her 
within  a  stone  wall,  or,  according  to  others,  in  a  brazen  tower ; 
but  even  here  Jupiter  found  admission  to  her  in  the  form  of  a  shower 
of  gold,  and  she  became  the  mother  of  Pei'seus  (diss.)  She  and 
her  son  were,  by  the  orders  of  her  father,  exposed  on  the  sea  in  a 
slender  bark,  which  was  driven  by  the  wind  to  the  Island  of  Seri- 
phuK,  where  they  were  saved  by  some  fishermen,  and  kindly  treated 
by  the  king  Polydectes.     See  Acrisius. 

Danatiius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  cf,  or  relating  to  Danae.  Danaeitia 
heros,  the  hero,  the  son  of  Danae,  i.  e.  Perseus,  v.  1.  1.  Sea 
Acrisius. 

Danai,  -orum,  m.,  the  Greeks,  who  were  so  called  from  Da- 
naus,  a  king  of  Argos. 

Danaus,  -i,  m.,  Danaus,  the  son  of  Belus,  and  twin-brother 
of  i^gyptus,  with  whom  he  contended  for  the  throne  of  Egypt. 
Being  obliged  to  yield  the  kingdom  to  his  brother,  and  dreading 
the  effects  of  his  revenge,  he  set  sail  with  his  fifty  daughters  in  quest 
of  a  settlement,  and  at  last  established  himself  on  the  throne  of 
Argos,  in  the  Peloponnesus,  about  b.  c.  1500.     Sec  Belus. 

Danaus,  -a,  -urrij  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Danaus,  hence 
Grecian.  Daiiaam  rem,  the  inteiest  of  the  Greeks,  xiii.  1.  59. 
In  Danaas  classes,  against  the  Grecian  fleet,  xiii.  1.  92. 

Daphne,  -es,J'.,  Daphne,  a  beautiful  nymph,  the  daughter  of 
the  river  Peneus,  the  Salembiia,  of  whom  Apollo  became  ena- 
moured. Resolved  to  avoid  the  approaches  of  the  god,  she  fl3d, 
and  being  closely  pursxxed  hy  her  admirer,  she  implored  the  assist- 
ance of  her  father,  and  v\as  by  his  divine  power  changed  into  a 
laurel.  Apollo  crowned  his  head  with  the  laurel,  and  ordained 
that  that  tree  should  for  ever  be  sacred  to  his  divinity.  Cupitque 
connuhia  Daphnes  visa?,  and  desii-es  a  marriage  with  Daphne  when 
he  had  seen  her,  i.  10.  39. 

Dardanius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Dardanus, 
Dardanian,  Trojan.  Dardunio  rate,  the  Trojan  prophet,  i.  e. 
Helenus,  xiii.  1.  335.  Quod  solum  restitt  mthi  de  Dardanio 
Julo,  vihich  alone  remains  to  me  from  the  Trojan  lulus,  xv.  9.  23. 

Daidanus,  -i,  ?«.,  Dardanus,  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Electra, 
who,  in  consequence  of  having  mui'dered  his  brother  lasius  to  ob- 
tain the  kingdom  of  Etruria,  Tuscany,  fled  from  Italy,  and  finally 
settled  in  Asia  Minor.  Hero  he  built  the  city  Dardania,  and  was 
considered  as  the  founder  of  the  kingdom  of  Troy.  From  him 
Troy  was  called  Dardania,  and  the  Trojans  Dardanidse. 

Daulius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Duulian,  of,  or  relating  to  Daulis, 

s2 


DEL  210  DEL 

now  Duulia,  a  \ers  ancient  city  of  Phocis,  celebrated  as  the  scene 
of  the  tragic  story  of  Philomela  and  Procne.  Ceperat  Datilia 
(arva)  Pkoceaque  arva  Tlire'icin  tnilite,  had  seized  Daulis  and 
the  country  of  Phocis  with  Thracian  soldiers,  v.  4.  27. 

Delius,  -ii,  ni.,  Delius,  a  name  given  to  Apollo,  from  the 
island  of  Delos,  in  which  he  was  born. 

Delos,  -\;f.i  Delos,  a  celebrated  island  in  the  JSgean  Sea, 
nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  Cyclades.  This  island  is  said  to  have 
formerly  floated  about  the  jEgean,  and  to  have  been  fixed  by  Nep- 
tune as  a  I'esting-place  for  Latona,  who  here  gave  birth  to  Apollo 
and  Diana.  From  the  remotest  times  it  seems  to  have  been  re- 
garded as  peculiarly  sacred.  So  early  as  the  days  of  Homer  it  wis 
the  great  rendezvous  of  the  lonians,  who  met  there  to  celebrate 
their  national  festival.  It  contained  a  temple  of  Apollo,  in  which 
the  god  delivered  oracles  freefi'om  any  ambiguity  or  obscure  mean- 
ing ;  and  so  gi-eat  was  the  veneration  with  which  it  was  regarded, 
that  the  Persians,  who  profaned  all  the  temples  of  Greece,  offered 
no  violence  to  the  shrine  of  Apollo  in  Delos.  After  the  Per- 
sian war,  the  Athenians  established  the  treasm-y  of  the  Greeks 
at  Delos,  where  all  meetings  of  the  confederacy  were  subsequently 
held. 

Delphi,  -oriUTi,  nu,  Delphi,  now  Castri,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  cities  of  antiquity,  was  built  in  the  form  of  an  amphi- 
theatre, on  the  southern  side  of  Mount  Parnassus.  The  more  an- 
cient name  was  Pythn,  derived  from  the  serpent  Python,  wliich 
was  said  to  have  been  slain  there  by  Apollo.  Delphi  was  believed 
by  the  ancients  to  be  the  centre  of  the  world,  a  fact  which  was  said 
to  have  been  proved  by  Jupiter,  who  let  loose  two  eagles  from  op- 
posite quarters  of  the  heavens,  which  there  met  and  encountered 
each  other.  The  oracle  itself  is  said  to  have  been  discovered  by 
accident.  Some  goats  having  strayed  to  the  mouth  of  a  cave, 
from  which  a  gaseous  vapour  issued,  were  suddenly  seized  with  con- 
vulsions, and  the  herdsmen  likewise,  on  approaching  the  place  to 
ascertain  the  cause,  were  affected  in  the  same  manner.  The  cir- 
cumstance was  accordingly  deemed  supernatural,  and  the  place  was 
regarded  with  such  reverence  that  a  temple  was  soon  after  built  in 
honour  of  Apollo.  This  temple  was  frequented  by  crowds  from  all 
parts  of  the  world,  an.\ious  to  supplicate  the  favour  of  the  Pythian 
god.  The  priestess,  who  was  called  Pythia,  sat  on  a  sacred  tripod, 
placed  over  the  mouth  of  the  cave,  and,  after  being  inspired  by 
the  prophetic  vapour,  pronounced  her  oracles  in  verse  or  prose ;  if 
in  the  latter,  they  were  immediately  versified  by  the  poets,  who 
were  always  retained  for  that  pui'pose.  The  priestess  could  only 
be  consulted  on  certain  days,  and  never  oftener  than  once  in  a  I 
month.  There  was,  it  appears,  little  difficulty  in  bribing  or  other- 
wise influencing  the  priestess,  so  as  to  obtain  from  her  the  answer  j 
required.     It  was  customary  for  those  who  consulted  the  oracle  I 


DEL  211  DEU 

to  make  rich  presents  to  the  god,  and  hence  the  accumulated  trea- 
sures of  the  temple  became  the  source  of  frequent  plunder.  The 
goddess  Tellus  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  who  presided  over  the 
oracle  of  Delphi ;  she  was  succeeded  by  Themis,  v\'ho  was  con- 
sulted l)y  Deucalion  and  Pyrrha  as  to  the  means  by  which  the 
earth  was  to  be  repeopled.  Recludam  meos  Delplios,  I  will  ex- 
plain my  doctrines,  which  are  as  true  as  the  responses  of  the  Delphic 
oracle,  xv.  2.  86.     See  Deucahon. 

Delpiiicus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Delphi.  Del- 
phica  tellus,  the  land  of  Delphi,  i.  e.  the  city  of  Delphi  and  the 
adjoining  district,  i.  10.  64.  Delpliica  templa,  the  temple  of 
Delphi,  xi.  10.  5. 

Dercetis,  -is,  /.,  Dercetis,  the  mother  of  Semiramis,  called 
also  Atergatis,  a  goddess  worshipped  by  the  Syrians  and  Assyrians, 
and  by  some  supposed  to  be  the  same  as  Astarte.  She  was  repre- 
sented as  a  beautiful  woman  in  the  upper  part  of  her  body,  and 
with  the  lower  part  of  it  terminating  in  the  tail  of  a  fish.  Baby- 
lonia Deiceti,  quam  Pulcestini  credunt  celebrdsse  stagna,  fignrd 
versa,  squamis  velatitibus  artus,  Babylonian  Dercetis,  whom  the 
Syrians  believe  to  have  inhabited  the  pools,  vrith  thy  shape  chang- 
ed, and  with  scales  covering  thy  limbs,  iv.  1.  45. 

Deucalion,  -onis,  m.,  Deucalion,  the  son  of  Prometheus 
(iris.),  who  married  Pyrrha,  the  daughter  of  his  uncle  Epimethcus 
(4  syl.)  He  settled  in  Thessaly,  in  the  vicinity  of  Phthia,  and 
afterwards  extended  his  government  over  the  whole  of  Lower  Thes- 
saly. In  his  time  there  happened  a  great  deluge,  from  which  only 
himself  and  his  wife  Pyrrha  were  saved  by  means  of  a  vessel,  in 
which,  by  the  advice  of  Prometheus,  they  took  refuge.  The  ves- 
sel, after  being  tossed  for  nine  days  and  as  many  nights,  rested 
on  Mount  Parnassus,  where  they  remained  till  the  waters  subsided. 
On  consulting  the  oracle  of  Themis  as  to  the  means  by  which  the 
human  race  was  to  be  restored,  they  were  told  that  this  could  be 
accomplished  only  by  casting  behind  them  the  bones  of  their  mo- 
ther. After  some  hesitation  they  agreed  that  this  command  re- 
ferred to  the  stones  of  the  earth ;  and  accordingly  the  stones  which 
were  thrown  by  Deucalion  became  men,  while  those  thrown  by 
Pyrrha  assumed  the  form  of  women.     See  Diluvium. 

Deus,  -i,  m.,  a  god,  a  deity.  The  Greeks  and  Romans  en- 
tertained very  vague  and  indistinct  notions  of  the  Divine  Being. 
By  the  name  God  they  did  not  mean  an  all-perfect  being,  eternal, 
infinite,  omnipresent,  and  omnipotent ;  among  them  the  word  only 
implied  an  excellent  and  superior  nature,  and,  accordingly,  the  title 
.  was  applied  to  all  beings  of  a  rank  or  class  higher  and  more  perfect 
than  men,  especially  to  those  who  were  supposed  to  be  subordinate 
agents  in  the  divine  administration.  Thus  they  believed  that  men 
might  become  gods  after  death,  inasmuch  as  their  souls  might  attain 
to  a  degree  of  excellence  superior  to  that  of  which  they  were  sus- 


DIA  212  DIA 

ceptible  while  in  life.  The  gods  of  the  Romans  were  very  numerous, 
and  were  divided  into  Dii  majorum  gentium,  or  the  Great  Gods; 
and  Dii  minorum  gentium,  or  the  Inferiur  Gods,  in  allusion  to  the 
division  of  the  senators.  The  Dii  majorum  gentium  included  the 
ereat  celestial  deities,  who  were  twelve  in  number,  Jupiter,  Juno, 
3Iinerva  or  Palla»,  Vesta,  Ceres,  xSeptune,  Venus,  Vulcan.  Mars, 
Jlercury,  Apollo,  and  Diana  ;  and  the  Dii  selecii,  or  select  deities, 
of  whom  there  were  eight,  .Saturn,  Janus,  Rhea  or  Ops,  Pluto, 
Bacchus,  SjI,  Luna,  and  Genius.  The  Dii  minorum  gentium 
were  of  various  kinds,  and  included  the  Dii  indigctes,  who  were 
heroes,  or  men  who  had  been  doified  for  their  virtue  or  merit,  as 
Hercules,  Castor  and  Pollux,  &c.  ;  the  Dii  pleheii,  or  Semuues, 
as  Pan,  Faunus,  Hymen,  &c.  To  this  class  also  belonged  the 
Virtues  and  f'ices  which  the  Romans  personified,  and  to  which 
they  offered  worship,  as  Pictas,  Fortuna,  Fama,  &c.  The  gods 
are  represented  as  of  gigantic  stature,  with  large  limbs,  and  heavy 
bodies,  to  which  Ovid  alludes  when,  speaking  of  Phaethon,  he 
says  that  the  chariot  of  the  sun  was  unsteady  in  consequence  of 
being  deprived  of  its  usual  burden  {.•.olitd  gravitate  carebat)  ;  and 
their  gait  consis'ed  of  nn  undulating  graceful  movement,  by  which 
they  were  distinguished  from  human  beings.  S/iecto  cultum,far.i- 
emque  gradum/jue,  I  examine  his  dress,  and  appearance,  and 
gait, — these  being  the  characteristics  of  divinity,  iii.  7.  9J.  Deus  et 
melior  natnra  diremit  lianc  litem.  God  and  a  higher  principle  of 
nature  put  an  end  to  this  confusion  (i.  1.  17-),  i"  allusion  probably 
to  the  system  of  Anaxagoras,  according  to  whom  the  elements  of 
the  material  world  existed  from  eternity,  and  were  arranged  in 
their  present  form  by  the  Divine  Mind  (A/ens  Divina),  which  per- 
vades all  things.  iSec  Deo  de  plebe,  nor  one  of  the  inferior  deities, 
one  of  the  Dii  ple'eii,  i.  11.  2S.  Summe  Deum,  greatest  of  the 
gods,  i.  e.  Jupiter,  ii.  1.  2S0. 

Dia,  -{£,_/".,  Dia,  one  of  the  ancient  names  of  the  island  of 
i^axos.     See  Naxos. 

Diana,  -ae.y.,  Diana,  the  daughter  of  Jupiter  and  Latona, 
was  born  at  the  same  birth  with  Apollo,  in  the  Island  of  Delos. 
She  obtained  permission  from  her  father  to  live  in  perpetual  ceU- 
bacv  (i.  10.  36.),  and  was  therefore  regarded  as  the  protectress  of 
virgins.  She  was  the  goddess  of  woods  and  hunting,  and,  shunnin» 
the  society  of  men,  she  devoted  herself  to  the  chase,  accompanied 
by  a  number  of  chosen  attendants.  She  is  represented  as  a  beau- 
tiful virgin,  somewhat  masculine  in  appearance,  with  her  clothe» 
girt  up  (hence  cincta  riiu  Diana,  girt  after  the  fashion  of  Diana, 
i.  13.  7  ;  and  sacra  succincta  Diuncc,  sacred  to  the  high-girt  Diana, 
lii.  2.  26.),  her  legs  bare,  and  her  feet  covered  with  buskins.  On 
her  shoulder  she  carries  a  quiver,  and  is  taller  by  the  head  than  any 
of  her  attendant  nymphs  (iii.  2.  62.).  Diana  was  supposed  to  be  the 
same  as  Luna,  the  moon,  and  Proserpina  or  Hecate,  and  from  thit 


Die  213  DIL 

circumstance  she  was  called  Triformis.  Nee  forma  nocturncB  Dianm 
potest  unquam  esse  par  aut  eadem,  nor  can  the  form  of  the  noc- 
turnsJ  Diana,  i.  e.  the  rnoon,  ever  be  alike  or  the  same,  xv.  2.  137. 
From  statues  being  erected  to  her  at  the  junction  of  three  roads, 
she  was  called  Trivia.  She  received  also  other  names  from  the 
places  where  she  v.  as  chiefly  worshipped,  as  Delia  from  Delos, 
Cynthia  from  RIount  Cyiithus,  &c.  The  most  famous  of  her  tem- 
ples was  that  at  Ephesos,  which  was  considered  as  one  of  the  seven 
wonders  of  the  world. 

DictffiUS,  -a,  -uni,  adj.,  of,  or  relaiing  to  Dicte,  a  mountain 
ia  the  eastern  part  of  Crete,  Dictaan,  Cretan.  Tenehat  Dictaa 
rura,  had  reached  the  Dicteean  fields,  i.  e.  Crete,  iii.  ] .  2. 

Dictys,  -yos,  m.,  Dictys,  one  of  the  Tuscan  pirates  who 
were  changed  by  Bacchus  into  dolphins. 

Dies,  -iei,  m.  &Lf.,  a  day.  The  Romans  considered  the  day 
either  as  civil  or  natural.  The  civil  day  extended  from  midnight 
to  midnight,  and  was  divided  into  the  following  portions  : — 1 . 
Media  nox  ;  2.  Medics  noctis  inclinatio,  or  de  medid  node  ;  3. 
Gallicinium,  cock-crowing;  4.  Canticinium,  the  time  when  the 
cock  gives  over  crowing ;  5.  Diluculum,  the  dawn  ;  6.  Mane,  the 
morning ;  7.  .tntemeridiamnn  tempus,  the  forenoon  ;  8.  Meridies, 
noon,  or  mid-day  ;  9.  Teynpus  pomeridianum,  afternoon;  10.  Salts 
occasMs,  sunset ;  11.  Vespei  a,  the  eyening;  12.  CrepuscHlum,  the 
twilight;  13.  Prt'ma^a.r,  when  candles  were  lighted;  \4.  Concu. 
bianox,  or  c  .nciiiiurn,  bedtime;  15.  Intempesta  nox,  far  on  in 
the  night ;  16.  Inclinatio  ad  mediam  noctem,  di'awing  towards 
midnight.  The  natural  day  was  from  the  rising  to  the  setting  of 
the  sun,  and  was  dividrd  into  twelve  hours,  which  varied  in  length 
at  the  different  seasons.  At  the  equinoxes  the  Roman  hours  would 
answer  to  our  own  in  the  following  manner  : — 

Roman,  i.  ii.  iii.  iv.  v.  vi.  vii.  viii.  ix.  x.  si.  xii. 
British,  vii.  viii.  ix.  x.  xi.  xii.  i.  ii.  iii.  iv.  v.  vi. 
Days  among  the  Romans  were  distinguished  into  three  general  di- 
visions, the  Dies  festi,  Dies  profesti,  and  Dies  intercisi.  The 
Dies  festi,  holy  days,  were  consecrated  to  rehgious  purposes;  the 
Dies  profesti  were  given  to  the  common  business  of  life ;  and  the 
Dies  inte/cisi  were  half-holidays,  divided  between  sacred  and 
ordinary  occupations. 

Diluvium,  -11,  ?i.,  a  deluge,  an  inundation  of  water.  Tra- 
ditions of  the  great  flood  by  which  God  punished  the  wickedness  of 
the  primitive  world  prevailed  among  all  the  nations  of  antiquity, 
and  even  those  which  modern  discovery  has  made  known  to  us,  have 
been  found  to  possess  an  indistinct  knowledge  of  the  same  awful 
event.  The  traditions  which  prevail  ia  these  countries  are  some- 
times whimsical  indeed  in  the  circumstances,  but  are  nevertheless 
decided  as  to  the  fact.     To  this  traditional  knowledge,  blended 


DIN  214  DIO 

with  mythological  details  by  the  active  fancy  of  the  Greeks,  we  are 
indebted  for  the  accounts  of  the  deluges  by  which  their  country  was 
said  to  have  been  inundated.  Of  these  five  are  enumerated  by  the 
Greek  writers,  the  two  mo>t  remarkable  of  which  took  place  in  the 
times  of  Op  'ges  and  Deucalion.  By  the  first,  which  is  said  to  have 
happened  about  B.C.  1764,  Bocotia  and  Attica  were  so  completely 
destroyed  that  they  lay  waste  for  200  years.  The  flood  of  Deuca- 
lion, said  to  have  happened  about  u.  c.  1.54S,  is  that  which  has  been 
embellished  in  so  interesting  a  manner  by  Ovid,  i.  7  and  8.  From 
the  manner  in  which  this  event  is  mentioned  by  the  early  Greek 
writers,  and  the  allusions  made  to  it  by  those  who  immediately  fol- 
lowed them,  there  seems  to  be  little  reason  to  doubt  that  it  origi- 
nated in  a  tradition  of  the  great  deluge,  altered  by  the  Greeks,  and 
placed  by  them  in  the  time  of  Deucalion,  whom  they  regarded  as 
the  founder  of  their  nation.  The  later  writers  represent  it  as  losal, 
and  as  confined  to  Thessaly  and  the  adjoining  country  on  the  south. 
In  proportion  as  we  advance  towards  authors  who  approach  nearer 
our  own  times,  we  find  circumstances  of  detail  added,  which  more 
resemble  those  related  by  Moses.  Thus  Apollodorus  gives  to  Deu- 
calion  a  great  chest  as  a  means  of  safety  ;  Plutarch  speaks  of  the 
pigeons,  by  which  he  sought  to  ascertain  whether  the  waters  had  re- 
tired ;  and  Lucian,  of  the  animals  of  every  kind  which  he  had  taken 
with  him,  facts  obviously  borrowed  from  the  Scripture  narrative. 
According  to  Ovid,  Deucalion  and  Pyrrha,  who  .ilone  survived  the 
general  catastrophe,  made  their  escape  in  a  small  boat,  which  at 
last  rested  on  Jlount  Parnassus.  Here  they  consulted  the  oracle  of 
Themis,  and  were  directed  to  repair  the  loss  of  the  human  race  by 
throwing  behind  them  the  bones  of  their  mother,  an  injunction 
which,  upon  consideration,  they  discovered  to  refer  to  the  stones 
of  the  earth.  Accordingly,  the  stones  thrown  by  Deucalion  be- 
came men,  and  those  thrown  by  Pyrrha  became  women.  The 
whole  of  Ovid's  description  may  be  advantageously  compared  with 
the  narrative  of  Moses.     See  Deucalion.  Pyrrha,  and  Lycaon. 

Dindymus,  -i,  7??.,  &  Dindyma,  -oruni.  «.,  Dindymus, 
now  Kapndag,  a  mountain  of  Mysia,  in  Asia  Minor,  on  which 
Cybele  had  a  temple,  and  from  which  she  is  supposed  to  have  ob- 
tained the  name  of  Dindymene. 

Diomedes,  -is,  m.,  Diomedcs,  the  son  of  Tydeus  (diss.), 
king  of  .Stolia,  and  one  of  the  bravest  of  the  Greeks  at  the  siege 
of  Troy.  He  fought  with  Hector  and  jEneas,  and  by  his  bravery 
in  the  field  obtained  great  mibtary  glory.  Along  with  Ulysses 
he  carried  oflF  the  Palladium  from  the  temple  of  Alinerva,  mur- 
dered Rhesus,  king  of  Thrace,  and  got  possession  of  his  horses. 
After  the  taking  of  Troy  he  settled  in  Apulia,  a  district  in  the  south 
of  Italy,  and  there  built  the  town  of  Arpi.  From  his  father  he 
obtained  the  name  Tydides.  \i/iil  est  Biomede  remnto,  in  the 
absence  of  Diomedes,  or,  except  in  conjunction  with  Diomedes,  he 


DIO  215  DUL 

is  nothing,  xiii.  1.  100.     Major  pars  sit  Diomcdis  in  Hlis,  let  HiO' 
raedes  have  the  larger  share  of  them,  xiii.  1.  102.     See  Ulysses. 

Diomedeus,  -a,  -um,  '"^'•j  of,  or  relating  to  Diomedes. 
jEneas  fugerat  Diomedeos  enses,  .^neas  had  escaped  the  sword  of 
Diomedes,  xv.  9.  62. 

Dirce,  -es,J',  Dirce,  now  Dirthe,  a  fountain  near  Thebes,  in 
Bosotia,  sacred  to  the  Muses,  and  from  which  Pindar  is  sometimes 
called  the  Dircaean  swan.  According  to  the  fable,  Dirce  was  the 
wife  of  Lycus,  king  of  Thebes,  and  was  changed  by  the  gods  into  a 
fountain,  on  account  of  her  cruelty. 

Dis,  (litis,  m.,  the  god  Pluto,  the  son  of  Saturn  and  Ops, 
and  brother  of  Jupiter  and  Neptune.  On  the  division  of  Saturn's 
kingdom  among  his  three  sons,  he  obtained  as  his  share  the  king- 
dom of  hell,  and  thereby  became  god  of  the  infernal  regions.  His 
wife  was  Proserpine,  the  daughter  of  Ceres,  whom  he  carried  off 
while  gathering  ilowers  on  the  plains  of  Henna,  in  Sicily.  Inania 
regna  magni  iJitis,  the  shadowy  dominions  of  great  Pluto,  iv.  11. 
96.  Percussit  Ditem  in  cor  liamatd  arundine,  struck  Pluto  on 
the  breast  with  a  bai-bed  arrow,  v.  6.  44.  See  Ceres  and  Pro- 
serpina. 

Divus,  -i,  m.,  a  god.     See  Deus. 

Dolon,  -onis,  m.,  Dolon,  a  Trojan,  the  son  of  Eumedes,  who 
undertook  to  explore  the  Grecian  camp,  on  promise  of  receiving 
the  chariot  and  horses  of  Achilles,  but  was  seized  by  Ulysses  ana 
Diomedes.  In  the  hope  of  saving  his  life,  he  disclosed  to  them  the 
situation  and  plans  of  his  countrymen,  but  was  put  to  death  by 
Diomedes  as  a  traitor.  Iiiterimo  Dolona  de  Phrygiu  gente  ausum 
eadem,  qua:  nos,  I  kill  Dolon,  a  man  of  the  Phrygian  nation,  who 
attempted  the  same  thing  as  myself,  i.  e.  to  enter  as  a  spy  the  ene- 
my's camp,  xiii.  1.  244.  Here  Ulysses  claims  the  merit  of  killing 
Dolon.      Gr.  Ace.  -ona. 

Dorceus  {diss.),  -ei,  &  -eos,  m.,  Quick -sight,  or  Doe- 
catcher,  the  name  of  one  of  Actseon's  dogs. 

Doris,  -idis, /!,  Doris,  a  sea-goddess,  the  daughter  of  Oce- 
anus,  and  Tethys.  She  became  the  wife  of  her  brother  Nereus 
(diss.),  by  whom  she  had  fifty  daughters,  who  are  called  Nereides. 
Doi'is  is  often  used  for  the  sea  itself.  Gr.  Ace.  -ida.  See  Nereides. 
Dromas,  -a.(iis,f.,  Eunner,  the  name  ot  one  oi  Actteon's  dogs. 
DryadeSj  -um,  /.,  the  Dryads,  nymphs  who  presided  over 
the  woods.  The  name  was  derived  from  the  Greek  word  S^wj, 
which  properly  denoted  an  oak,  but  which  also  signified  any  tree. 
Sec  Nympha. 

Dulichius,  -a,  -um,  adj..  of,  or  relating  to  Dulichium,  aii 
island  in  the  Ionian  Sea,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Achelous,  which 
formed  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Ulysses.  Hence  it  is  applied  con- 
temptuously to  Ulysses  by  Ajax.     Neque  Dulichius  vertex  sub 


ECH  216  ELE 

easside  A  chillis  feret  tanta  pondera,  neither  will  the  head  of  the 
Dulichian,  i.  e.  Ulysses,  when  under  the  helmet  of  Achilles,  be  able 
to  bear  so  great  a  weight,  xiii.  1.  107. 

E. 

EcViidna,  -S.yi,  Ecludna,  a  celebrated  monster  in  the  infer- 
nal regions,  the  daughter  of  Chrysaor,  and  mother  of  Cerberus, 
the  Lernean  Hydra,  &c.  Tisiphone  used  the  poison  of  Echidna, 
when  sent  by  Juno,  to  afflict  Athamas  with  madness,  iv.  11.  86. 
She  is  represented  as  a  beautiful  woman  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
body,  but  as  a  serpent  below  the  waist. 

Echion,  -onis,  m.,  Echion,  one  of  the  men  who  sprung  from 
the  serpent's  teeth  which  were  sown  by  Cadmus,  and.  one  of  the 
five  who  survived  the  others.  He  assbted  Cadmus  in  building 
Thebes,  and  received  for  his  services  his  daughter  Agave  in  mar- 
riage, by  whom  he  had  a  son,  Pentheus  (disx. )  ;  hence  Nativi 
Echione,  the  son  of  Echion,  i.  e.  Pentheus,  iii.  7.  16.  .See 
Cadmus. 

Echionides,  -te,  m.,  the  son  of  Echion,  i.  e.  Pentheus.  Fen- 
tketis  Echionides,  Pentheus  the  son  of  Echion,  iii.  7.  .3. 

Echo,  -us,  /".,  Echo,  a  nymph  remarkable  for  her  loquacity, 
the  daughter  of  .\er  and  Tellus.  She  was  one  of  the  attendants  of 
Juno,  and,  for  conniving  at  the  immoral  practices  of  Jupiter,  was 
deprived  by  her  of  the  power  of  narration,  and  permitted  only  to 
utter  the  last  part  of  sentences  which  she  had  heard.  She  fell  in 
love  with  Narcissus,  and,  on  being  slighted  by  him,  pined  away  and 
was  changed  into  a  stone,  which  retained  the  power  of  reverberat- 
ing sounds.  I'ocalis  ni/mphe,  resonahilis  Echo,  qutt  nee  didicit 
reticere  locjuenti  nee  ipsa  loqui  prior,  the  talkative  nymph,  resound- 
ing Echo,  who  has  neither  learned  to  keep  silent  when  another 
speaks,  nor  to  speak  first  herself,  iii.  5.  1  y. 

Electrum,  -i,  «.,  Amber,  a  carbonaceous  mineral,  found  in 
Greenland,  Prussia,  France,  Switzerland,  and  some  other  coun- 
tries. The  greater  portion  of  it  is  brought  from  the  southern  coasts 
of  the  Baltic,  where  it  is  thrown  up  between  Konigsberg  and  Me- 
mel.  It  is  found  in  rounded  masses,  varying  from  the  size  of  coarse 
sand  to  that  of  a  man's  hand.  It  is  tasteless,  and  without  smell, 
except  when  pounded  or  heated,  when  it  emits  a  fragrant  odour. 
It  is  susceptible  of  a  good  pohsh,  and  when  rubbed,  becomes  highly 
electrical.  The  subject  of  the  origin  of  amber  has  been  much  dis-p 
cussed.  The  ancients,  according  to  Tacitus,  believed  it  to  be  : 
resinous  substance,  exuded  from  trees ;  and  the  investigations  o!J 
modem  chemisti  have  tended  to  confirm  this  opinion.  It  differj 
from  resins  in  some  of  its  properties,  yet  agrees  with  them  in  st 
many  others,  that  it  may  without  impropriety  be  referred  to  them  I 
Amber  was  highly  prized  by  the  Romans,  who  used  it  for  orna  J 
ments.  and  was  considered  equal  in  value  to  it^  weight  in  goidl 


£LE  217  EOU 

According  to  Ovid,  amber  was  first  produced  from  the  tears  shed 
by  the  sisters  of  Phaethon,  on  the  banks  of  the  Eridanus,  for  the 
melancholy  fate  of  their  brother  (See  Eridanus)  Electrum  was 
also  applied  to  a  precious  metal^  consisting  of  gold,  with  a  fifth 
part  of  silver. 

Eleleus  {tris-),  -ei,  &  -eos,  m-,  Eleleus,  a  sxirname  of 
Bacchus,  derived  from  iXiXtv,  the  cry  uttered  by  the  Bacchanalians 
while  celebrating  his  orgies. 

Elementa,  -oium,  n.,  Elements,  the  first  or  constituent  prin- 
ciples, or  minutest  parts  of  any  thing.  In  popular  language,  /ire, 
air,  earth,  and  water,  are  called  the  four  elements,  because  it  was 
formerly  supposed  that  these  are  the  simple  bodies  of  which  the 
world  is  composed.  Later  discoveries  prove  air,  earth,  and  water 
to  be  compound  bodies,  and  fire  to  be  only  the  extrication  of  light 
and  heat  during  combustion. 

EleUS,  -a,  -um,  orlj-,  of,  or  relating  to  Elis. 
Elis,  -is,  &  idis,_/!,  Elis,  a  province  of  the  Peloponnesus, 
having  Achaia  on  the  north,  Arcadia  on  the  east,  Messenia  on  the 
south,  and  the  Ionian  Sea  on  the  west.  Its  chief  cities  were  Elis 
and  Pisa.  '  In  this  province  also  was  the  plain  of  Olympia  on  the 
Alpheus,  so  famous  for  the  celebration  of  the  Olympic  games. 
These  games  were  instituted  at  a  very  early  period,  and  after  being 
long  neglected,  were  revived  b.  c.  776,  and  celebrated  at  tne  end 
of  every  four  years. 

Emathia,  -se,  /1,  Emathia,  the  most  ancient  name  given  to 
Macedonia  by  the  Greek  writers  denoting,  in  its  limited  sense,  a 
district  of  country  lying  to  the  north  of  the  Gvlf  of  Salonica,  in 
which  were  the  cities  of  Edessa  and  Pella,  but  frequently  applied 
to  the  whole  of  JMacedonia. 

Eraathides,  -\xm,f.,  the  Pierides,  the  daughters  of  Pierus, 
king  of  Emathia.     See  Pierides. 

Emathion,  -onis,  m.,  EmatMon,  an  old  man  killed  by  Chro- 
mis  at  the  marriage  of  Perseus  (diss.). 

Emathius,  -a,  -um  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Emathia,  Ema- 
thian,  Macedonian.  Vel  hos  cedamits  Eniathiis  campis  ad  ni- 
vosos  Paonns,  or  let  us  resign  the  Macedonian  plains  as  far  as  the 
snowy  Paeonians,  i.  e.  the  Pseonians  situate  among  the  mountains, 
v.  5.  20.  Philippi  iterum  madefacti  (erunt)  Emathia  ccede, 
Philippi  shall  again  be  drenched  with  Thessalian  blood,  xv.  9.  80. 
Enipeus  {tris.),  -ei,  &  -eos,  m.,  the  Enipeus,  now  the 
Gura,  a  river  of  Thessaly,  which  rises  in  Mount  Othrys,  and  after 
joining  the  Apidanus,  falls  into  the  Peneus. 

Ennomos,  -i,  m.,  Ennomos,  a  Trojan  killed  by  Ulysses. 
Eous,  -i,  m.,  Eons  (the  morning),  the  name  of  one  of  the 
horses  of  the  sun. 


EPA  218  ERT 

Kpaphus,  -i,  VI.,  Epaphus,  the  son  of  Jupiter  Ammon  and 
lo,  was  king  of  Egypt,  and  the  founder  of  Memphis,  and  of  some 
other  cities  in  that  country.  His  dispute  with  Phaethon  respect- 
ing his  birth,  was  the  cause  of  the  latter  asking  from  his  father  the 
management  of  his  chariot  for  a  day.     See  Phaethon. 

EphyrCj  -es,/".,  Ephyre,  the  ancient  name  of  Corinth.  See 
Corinthus. 

Epimethis,  -idis,/,  the  daughter  of  Epimetheus  (4  syL),  a 
name  applied  to  Pyrrha.      See  Pyrrha. 

Epopeus  {tris.),  -ei,  m.,  Epopeus  (the  person  whose  duty  it 
was  to  give  time  to  the  rowers),  one  of  the  Tuscan  pirates  who 
were  changed  by  Bacchus  into  dolphins.  Epopeus  hortatur  ani- 
mornm,  Epopeus  who  cheers  their  spirits,  iii.  7.  109. 

Erebus,  -i,  m.,  Erebus  (darkness),  an  infernal  deity,  the  son 
of  Chaos,  and  brother  and  husband  of  Nox,  by  whom  he  had  Fa- 
tum,  Senectus,  ^lors,  Somnus,  &c. 

Eridanus,  -i,  m.,  the  Eridanu.^,  the  name  given  by  the  Greeks 
to  the  stream  into  whicli  Phaethon  fell  when  killed  by  Jupiter,  and 
which  received  the  amber  tears  shed  by  his  sorrowing  sisters. 
As  the  Greeks  added  no  local  marks  by  which  its  identity  with  any 
particular  river  could  be  certified,  it  has  by  some  geographers  been 
supposed  to  refer  to  the  Reddaune,  a  small  stream  which  falls  into 
the  Baltic  near  Dautzic ;  while  others  maintain  that  it  was  an  an- 
cient name  of  the  Rhine.  The  more  general  opinion  refers  it  to 
the  Po ;  and  as  it  seems  more  than  probable  that  the  north  of  Italy 
did  formerly  produce  amber,  there  does  not  appear  to  be  any  good 
reason  for  depriving  the  Po  of  the  honour  which  it  has  held  so 
long.     The  Eridanus  of  Ovid  is  undoubtedly  the  Po.     See  Padus. 

Erinnys,  -yos,f.y  a  Fury.  The  Erinnyes,  called  also  Furia, 
or  Dir<r,  and  Eumenides,  were  infernal  deities,  three  in  number, 
Alecto,  Tisiphone,  and  Megaera ;  according  to  some,  the  daughters 
of  Juno,  and  according  to  others,  of  Acheron  and  Nox,  or  of  Pluto 
and  Proserpine.  They  were  supposed  to  be  the  ministers  of  the 
gods  in  executing  vengeance,  and  to  be  employed  by  them  in  pu- 
nishing the  guilty  on  earth,  and  also  in  the  internal  regions ;  and 
are  therefore  characterized  as  stern  and  inexorable.  They  are 
represented  with  snakes  on  their  head  instead  of  hair,  and  having 
a  scourge  in  the  right  hand,  and  a  torch  in  the  left,  in  order  to  in- 
crease the  terror  of  their  punishments.  Their  attendants  were  Grief,! 
Fear,  Terror,  and  Madness.  They  were  probably  the  personifica- 
tion of  the  disquietude  and  anxiety  of  an  evil  conscience.  Erinnys 
is  frequently  used  to  signify  rage,  fury.  Fera  Erinnys  regnat,  tmi 
cruel  Furies  reign, — to  be  considered  here  not  as  the  goddesses  o 
revenge,  but  as  the  instigators  of  men  to  acts  of  cruelty,  i.  6.  79 
Ohjecit  horriferam  Erinnyn  oculis  animoqne  Argolicm  peUicis 
pre^entfd  a  dreadful  Fury  to  the  eyes  and  mind  of  the  Greciai 


ERY  219  EUP 

mistress,  i.  13.  37.  Infelix  Erinnys  obs'iiit  ohseditque  aditiim,  the 
baneful  Fury  stood  in  the  way,  and  blocked  up  the  passage,  iv.  11.  7.5. 
■  Eryclna,  -ije,  f.,  Erycina,  a  name  given  to  Venus  from 
Mount  Eryx.  Erycina  residens  suo  monte,  Erycina  sitting  on  her 
mountain,  i.  e.  on  Mount  Eryx,  v.  6.  23.     See  Eryx  and  Venus. 

Erymanthus,  -i,  m.,  Erymantkus,  now  called  Olonos,  a 
mountain  chain  in  the  north-west  angle  of  Arcadia,  in  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus, celebrated  in  fable  as  the  haunt  of  the  savage  boar  killed 
by  Hercules.  Also  a  river  of  the  same  name,  now  the  Dogana, 
which  rises  in  this  mountain,  flows  near  the  town  of  Psophis,  and 
joins  the  Alpheus  on  the  borders  of  Elis.     See  Hercules. 

JEryx,  -icis,  m.,  Eryx,  one  of  the  companions  of  Phineus 
(diss.),  whom  Perseus  (diss.)  changed  into  stone  by  showing  him 
the  head  of  the  Gorgon  MedQsa. 

Eryx,  -icis,  m.,  Eryx,  now  St  Julian,  a  mountain  in  the 
north-west  of  Sicily,  on  the  summit  of  which  was  the  famous  tem- 
ple of  Venus,  and  from  which  the  goddess  received  the  name  of 
Erycina. 

Ethemon,  -onis,  m..  Eihcmon,  a  native  of  Nabataja,  in  Ara- 
bia, who,  in  attempting  to  kill  Perseus  (diss. )  at  his  marriage  with 
Andromeda,  struck  at  him  with  his  sword,  which  was  shivered 
against  a  pillar,  and  a  part  of  it  transfixed  his  own  throat. 

Eubcea,  -iu,  /.,  Eubcea,  now  Egripo,  or  Negropont,  a  large 
and  celebrated  island  in  the  Archipelago,  lying  along  the  east 
coast  of  Greece,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  strait 
called  the  Euripus.  Over  this  strait  a  bridge  has  been  thrown, 
connecting  the  island  with  the  mainland.  It  is  said  to  have  derived 
its  name  from  the  passage  of  lo,  who  here  gave  birth  to  Epaphus. 
This  island  was  exceedingly  rich  and  fertile,  and  contained  mines 
of  copper  and  iron.  From  it  the  Athenians  derived  their  chief 
supplies,  so  that,  when  their  enemies  wished  to  starve  them,  their 
first  step  was  to  take  possession  of  Euboea.  It  is  the  largest  island 
in  the  Archipelago  after  Crete,  its  greatest  length  being  ninety- 
three  miles,  and  its  average  breadth  about  ten.  The  principal  town 
was  Chalcis. 

Euboicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Eubcea.  Eutoi- 
cam  Aulidem,  Aulis  a  city  opposite  to  Euboea,  xiii.  1.  182. 

Euippe,  -es,f.,  Euippe,  a  native  of  Pseonia,  in  Macedonia, 
and  mother  of  the  Pierides.     See  Pierides. 

Euphorbus,  -i,  m.,  Euphorbus,  the  son  of  Fanthous,  a  Tro- 
jan of  distinguished  bravery.  He  was  the  first  that  wo\inded  Pa- 
troclus  when  he  appeared  before  Troy  in  the  arms  of  Achilles,  and 
was  himself  afterwards  killed  by  Menelaus.  The  Grecian  hero, 
after  his  return  from  Troy,  suspended  the  shield  of  Euphorbus  in 
the  temple  of  Juno  at  Argos.  Pythagoras,  who  affirmed  that  his 
soul  had  at  a  former  period  animated  the  body  of  the  Trojan,  and 


EUP  220  FAT 

still  recollected  many  of  the  exploits  which  he  had  then  performed, 
pretended  to  prove  the  truth  of  the  doctrine  of  metempsychosis,  by 
pointing  out  the  shield  of  Euphorbus  in  the  temple  at  Argos. 

Euphrates,  -is,  »»-,  the  ^iz/j/jra/e*-,  one  of  the  most  important 
rivers  in  Asia,  has  two  distinct  sources,  both  bearing  the  same 
name,  the  northern  one  rising  in  Anti-Taurus  in  Armenia,  not  far 
from  the  borders  of  Pontus,  and  the  southern  one  in  Mount  Abus, 
or  Ararat.  These  two  streams  unite  near  the  town  of  Sinerva,  in 
Asia  Jlinor,  and  form  a  great  river,  which,  after  separating  Asia 
Minor  from  Armenia,  and  Syria  from  ^lesopotamia,  enters  Baby- 
lonia, and,  \initing  its  waters  with  those  of  the  Tigris,  flows  into 
the  Persian  Gulf.  Its  general  direction  is  south-east,  and  its  total 
length  is  somewhat  more  than  1 ,500  miles.  On  its  banks  stood  the 
famous  city  Babylon.     See  Babylon. 

Europa,  -ae,^,  Europa,  the  daughter  of  Ag(3nor,  king  of 
Phoenicia,  and  sister  of  Cadmus.  Her  extraordinary  beauty  at- 
tracted the  admiration  of  Jupiter,  who  transformed  himself  into  a 
hull  of  surprising  whiteness,  and  mingled  with  her  father's  bullocks. 
Europa,  who  was  gathering  flowers  in  a  meadow  near  the  sea- 
.<hore,  was  attracted  by  the  beauty  of  the  bull,  and,  encouraged  by 
his  gentleness,  ventured  to  caress  him,  and  at  last  had  the  courage 
to  mount  on  his  back.  The  god  taking  advantage  of  her  situation, 
approached  the  beach,  and  appearing  at  first  only  to  put  the  soles 
of  his  feet  in  the  water,  afterwards  plunged  into  the  sea,  and  car- 
ried his  prize  to  Crete.  Here  he  assumed  his  real  form,  declared 
his  passion  fur  Europa,  and  had  by  her  three  sons,  Minos,  Sarpe- 
don,  and  Rhadamanthus.  From  her  Europe  is  said  to  have  de- 
rived its  name.  In  this  fable,  of  which  various  explanations  have 
been  offered,  there  is  probably  an  allusion  to  the  settlement  of 
Phoenician  colonies  on  the  coast  of  Europe'. 

Eurotas,  -ae,  m.,  the  Eurotas,  now  the  Eure,  or  Basilico 
Potamo,  rises  in  Arcadia,  a  little  to  the  south-west  of  Tegea. 
After  running  for  a  short  distance  it  loses  itself  under  ground,  and 
reappears  on  the  borders  of  Laconia.  It  now  becomes  a  consider- 
able stream,  flows  past  Sparta,  and  empties  itself  into  the  Sinus 
Laconicus,  the  Guff  of  Kolokythia. 

Eur  us,  -i.  m.,  the  east  wind.     See  Ventus. 

Eurypylus  -i,  m.,  Eurypylus,  the  son  of  Euoemon,  from 
Ormenium,  a  city  of  Thessaly,  who  accompanied  Agamemnon  to 
the  Trojan  war  with  forty  ships. 

Evan,  -antis,  m.,  Evan,  a  surname  of  Bacchus,  derived  from 
ivav,  an  exclamation  used  by  the  Bacchanalians. 

F. 
Fatura,  -i,  n..  the  order  and  series  of  things  appointed  by  the 
god-,/a<e,  destiny.    Fata  signifies  also  the  three  inexorable  deities, 
the  Fates.     A.  R.  A.  229.     See  Pare». 


FAU  2^1  OAL 

Faunus,  -i,  m.,  a  Faun.  The  Fa^wt  were  certain  deities  sup- 
posed to  preside  over  the  fields.  They  were  not  endowed  with 
immortality,  but  were  believed  to  die  after  having  attained  to  a  very 
advanced  age.  They  are  represented  as  having  the  legs,  feet,  and 
ears  of  a  goat,  while  the  rest  of  the  body  was  human.  The  poets 
have  assigned  to  ihem  two  horns,  and  have  encircled  their  head 
with  a  wreath  of  pine  leaves. 

Fax,  faciSj  f.,  a  torch,  which  the  ancients  usually  made  of 
pine,  or  some  other  resinous  wood,  or  of  wood  smeared  with  unc- 
tuous matter.  From  the  circumstance  of  torches  being  used  at 
weddings  to  light  the  bride  home,  fax  is  often  employed  to  denote 
marriage,  A.  R.  A.  413.     See  Taeda. 

Forum,  -i,  n.,  tJie  market-place,  a  place  in  Rome  to  which  the 
people  constantly  resorted,  where  they  walked,  &c.  The  Forum 
Itomamcm  was  a  large  oblong  open  space,  705  feet  long,  and  470 
feet  wide,  between  the  Capitoline  and  Palatine  hills,  formed  by 
Romiilus,  and  surrounded  with  porticos,  shops,  and  buildings  by 
Tarquinius  Priscus.  Here  the  assemblies  of  the  people  were 
usually  held,  justice  was  administered,  and  public  business  trans- 
acted. There  was  only  one  forum  during  the  RepubUc ;  Julius 
Caesar  added  another,  Augustus,  a  third,  a  fourth  was  begun  by 
Domitian  and  finished  by  Nerva.  But  the  most  splendid  forum 
was  that  of  Trajan,  which  he  adorned  with  the  spoils  he  had  taken 
in  war.  Forun  is  sometimes  used  to  denote  a  court  of  justice, 
and  in  this  sense  it  is  apphed  by  Ovid  to  the  court  of  law  in  the 
infernal  regions,  iv.  11.  29.     A.  R.  A.  490. 


Gallia,  -se,  f.,  Gaul.  Ancient  Gaul,  or  Gallia  Transalplna, 
was  bounded  on  the  north  and  west  by  the  Atlantic,  on  the  south 
by  the  Pyrenees  and  the  Mediterranean,  and  on  the  east  by  the 
Rhine  from  its  source  to  the  sea,  which  separated  it  from  Germany, 
It  thus  contained,  in  addition  to  the  modern  kingdom  of  France, 
the  small  county  of  Nice,  the  western  half  of  Switzerland,  and 
those  parts  of  Germany  and  the  Netherlands  which  lie  to  the  west 
and  south  of  the  Rhine.  It  was  called  Gallia  Transalpina,  or 
Ulterior,  in  contradistinction  to  the  northern  part  of  Italy,  which 
obtained  the  name  of  Gallia  Cisalplna,  or  Citerior.  Gallia  was 
originally  divided  among  three  great  nations,  the  Celtse,  Belgse, 
and  Aquitani.  The  Celt«  inhabited  the  middle  of  the  country, 
and  were  separated  from  their  northern  neighbours,  the  Belgae,  by 
the  Seine,  the  Marne,  and  the  Vosges  Mountains,  and  from  the 
Aquitani  on  the  south  by  the  Garonne.  The  Celtse  also  possessed 
the  south-eastern  part  of  Gaul,  which  was  first  conquered  by  the 
Romans,  and  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  Provincia,  whence 
the  modern  Provence. 


GAL  222  GNO 

GalliCUS,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Gaul,  Gallic. 
Galliciis  canis,  a  Gallic  dog, — a  species  of  greyhound,  i.  10.  82. 

Ganges,  -is,  /.';.,  the  Ganges,  a  great  river  in  India,  which 
divided  that  country,  as  known  to  the  ancients,  into  India  intra 
Gangem,  or  India  west  of  the  Ganges,  and  India  extra  Gangem, 
or  India  east  of  the  Ganges.  It  has  its  source  in  the  vast  moun- 
tains of  Tibet,  flows  in  a  south-eastern  direction,  and,  after  a 
course  of  1 ,650  miles,  falls  into  the  Gangeticus  Sinus,  the  Bay  of 
Bengal.  It  is  regarded  by  the  natives  with  the  most  superstitious 
veneration,  and  pilgrims  travel  from  the  remotest  parts  of  India 
to  taste  its  waters,  and  even  for  the  purpose  of  perishing  in  its 
stream.      See  India. 

Gargaphie,.  -es.  f.,  Gargaphie,  a  valley  with  a  fountain  of  the 
same  name,  not  far  fi-om  Platsea,  in  Boeotia,  where  Actaeon  acci- 
dentally saw  Diana  bathing,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  changed 
into  a  stag.     See  Actaeon. 

Gigas,  -antis.  m.,  a  (,iant.  The  Gigantes,  or  giants,  are 
said  by  some  mythologists  to  have  sprung  from  the  blood  of  Coelus, 
when  wounded  by  his  son  Saturn,  and  by  others  to  have  been  the 
sons  of  Coelus  and  Terra,  whom  Terra  produced  from  indignation 
at  the  defeat  and  imprisonment  of  the  Titans  by  Jupiter.  They 
were  of  enormous  size  and  prodigious  strength,  with  snakes  instead 
of  feet,  and  were  furnished  each  with  a  hundred  hands.  Ovid, 
■who  confounds  the  two  fables  of  the  Titans  and  the  Giants,  states 
that  they  attempted  to  dethrone  Jupiter,  and  endeavoured  to  reach 
heaven  by  piling  mountains  upon  each  other,  Pelion  upon  Ossa, 
and  these  two  upon  Olympus.  The  gods,  alarmed  by  so  formidable 
enemies,  fled  into  Egypt,  and  assumed  the?  shape  of  different  ani. 
mals  to  save  themselves  from  their  pursuers.  Jupiter  at  last  col- 
lected his  forces,  attacked  them  with  his  thunderbolts,  drove  some 
of  them  to  Tartarus,  and  buried  others  under  burning  moun- 
t.iins.  The  chief  of  the  giants  were  Epialtes,  Typhoeus  {tris. )  (v. 
5.  28.),  JEgiBon,  Briareus  (tris.),  Tityos  (iv.  11.  -12.),  and  En- 
celadus.  The  scene  of  the  battle  is  called  Phlegra,  or  the  Phlegrean 
plains,  which  some  place  in  Thessaly,  some  in  Thrace,  and  others 
in  Macedonia,  in  the  peninsula  of  Pallene.  The  fable  probably 
alludes  to  some  great  convulsion  of  nature,  by  which  !Mount  Ossa 
was  separated  from  Olympus  at  the  gorge  of  Tempe,  and  the  waters 
which,  till  that  time,  had  covered  the  plain  of  Thessaly,  found  a 
passage  to  the  sea  by  the  river  Peneus.      Gr.  Ace.  -anta  k  -antas. 

Gnossius,  -a,  -una,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Gncssus,  Gnossian, 
Cretan. 

Gnossus,  -i,  /!,  Cnossus,  now  Macritichos,  the  capital  of 
Crete,  was  situate  in  the  northern  part  of  the  island,  east  from 
Cape  Dium,  artd  about  two  miles  inland.  It  owed  all  its  splen- 
dour to  ^linos,  who  fixed  his  residence  there ;  it  was  hither  that 
Daedalus   fled  from   Athens     and  here   he  is  said  to   have   con- 


GOR  '■^23  GRM 

structed  the  celebrated  labyrinth  which  contained  the  Minotaur 
It  was  also  famed  for  the  adventure  of  Theseus  (diss.)  and 
Ariadne.     See  Theseus. 

Gorgo,  -OUiSjf-,  a  Gorgon.  The  Gorgons  were  the  daughters 
of  Phorcys  and  Ceto,  and  were  three  in  number,  Stheno,  Eu- 
ryale,  and  Medusa,  of  whom  the  last  alone  was  mortal.  They  are 
described  as  having  their  hair  entwined  with  serpents,  with  teeth 
as  large  as  those  of  swine,  brazen  hands,  and  golden  wings,  and  as 
having  the  power  of  converting  into  stones  those  on  whom  they  fixed 
their  eyes.  According  to  Ovid,  the  Gorgons  were  three  in  num- 
ber, and  of  these  Medusa  alone  had  serpents  in  her  hair  ;  and  this, 
he  states,  proceeded  from  the  resentment  of  Minerva,  in  whose 
temple  she  had  gratified  the  passion  of  Neptune,  who  was  ena- 
moured of  her  beautiful  locks.  Perseus  (diss.),  in  his  famous  ex- 
pedition, arrived  first  at  the  abode  of  the  Phorcydes,  got  possession 
of  their  common  eye  and  tooth,  and  refused  to  restore  them  unless 
they  directed  him  to  the  abode  of  the  nymphs  (iv.  16.  24.).  The 
abode  of  the  Gorgons  has  been  variously  placed  by  diiferent  authors. 
Ovid,  following  the  more  generally  received  opinion,  represents 
them  as  living  in  the  interior  of  Africa,  towanls  the  extreme 
west,  near  the  gardens  of  the  Hesperides.  Gorgo,  in  the  singular, 
is  generally  applied  to  Medusa,  as  being  the  most  celebrated. 
Perseus  superator  anguicoma  Gorgonis,  Perseus,  the  slayer  of 
the  snake-haired  Gorgon,  i.  e.  of  Medusa,  iv.  14.  37.  Concrevit 
Gorgone  conspectd  saxo  ohorto,  grew  stiff  at  the  sight  of  the  Gor- 
gon, in  consequence  of  the  stone  growing  upon  him.  v.  1.  145, 
See  Perseus,  Medusa,  and  Phorcydes. 

Gorgoneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  the  Gorgons, 
CruentcB  gutta  Gorgonei  capitis  cecidere,  drops  of  blood  from  the 
Gorgon's  head  fell  down,  iv.  13.  15.  G  ,rgoneas  domos,  the  abode 
of  the  Gorgons,  iv.  16.  27.  Gorgoneum  crinem,  the  hair  of  the 
Gorgons,  iv.  15.  49.  Gorgoneis  viribus,  by  the  power  of  the 
Gorgon's  head,  v.  1.  139. 

Gradlvus,  -i,  m.,  G/aditJMS,  a  surname  of  Mars.  Et  Gradi- 
ve  genitor  invicti  Quirini,  and  thou,  O  Mars,  the  father  of  the 
invincible  Quirinus,  xv.  9.  119.     See  Mars. 

Graecia,  -ae,  f.,  Greece,  a  celebrated  country  of  Europe,  and 
the  source  of  modern  civilisation.  The  original  name  of  the  country 
was  Hellas,  the  more  modern  designation  having  never  been  applied 
to  it  by  the  ancient  inhabitants.  The  name  Grsecia  was  given  to 
it  by  the  Romans,  from  the  Graeci,  an  inconsiderable  tribe  in  Epirus, 
with  whom,  owing  to  their  proximity,  they  were  first  acquainted. 
Ancient  Greece,  in  its  most  extended  sense,  was  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Macedonia  and  Illyria,  on  the  east  by  the  jEgean  Sea, 
on  the  south  by  the  Mediterranean,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Ionian 
Sea,  and  was  divided  into  Thessalia,  Epirus,  Grsecia  Propria,  and 
the  Peloponnesus,  the   last   two  of  which  were  subdivided   into 


GRA  ii24  HJEM 

various  provinces.  It  thus  comprehended  the  modem  kingdom  vf 
Greece,  with  parts  of  Rumelia  and  Albania.  'So  country  in  Europe, 
with  the  esception  of  Switzerland,  is  so  mountainous  in  its  whole 
extent  as  Greece;  it  is  traversed  in  every  direction  by  several 
ridges,  some  of  which  nearly  attain  the  height  of  perpetual  conge- 
lation, and  the  intervening  valleys  are  beautified  by  numerous 
mountain-streams. 

Grail,  -omm,  m.,  the  Greeks,  the  inhabitants  of  Greece. 

Graius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Greece,  Grecian. 

Gyarus,  -l,  /.,  Gyarus,  now  Ghioura,  one  of  the  Cyclades, 
lying  to  the  south  of  Aiidros,  off  the  coast  of  Attica.  It  is  a  bar- 
ren rock,  the  inhabitauts  of  which  were  so  poor,  that  they  petitioned 
Augustus  for  a  diminution  of  their  taxes,  which  amounted  to  1 50 
drachmas  (£4  :  16:  10^),  stating  that  they  were  unable  to  raise 
more  than  100.  In  later  times  it  was  used  by  the  Romans  as  a 
place  of  banishment  for  their  state  criminals. 

H. 

Haemonia,  -ae, ./".,  Hamonia,  an  ancient  name  of  Thessaly, 
now  part  of  Roumelia.  Thessaly  was  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Macedonia,  on  the  west  by  Eplrus,  on  the  south  by  Graecia  Pro- 
pria, and  on  the  east  by  the  .^gean  Sea.  Next  to  Boeocia  it  was 
the  most  fertile  part  of  Greece,  and  abounded  in  corn,  wine,  and 
oil.  The  inhabitants  were  wealthy,  but  notorious  for  their  vices, 
and  proverbial  for  their  treachery.  They  were  also  remarkably 
superstitious,  and  much  addicted  to  witchcraft,  incantations,  and 
the  study  of  magic.  The  ancients  believed  that  Thessaly  was  once 
covered  with  water,  till  some  convulsion  of  nature  opened  a  pas- 
sage for  the  river  Peneus,  by  rending  Ossa  from  Olympus.  See 
Gigas. 

Haemonius.  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Havioyiia, 
Thessalian.  Hamonios  arcun,  the  ThessaUanbows,  i.  e.  the  con- 
stellation Sagittarius,  into  which  Chiron,  a  Thessalian  centaur  was 
said  to  have  been  changed,  ii.  1.  81.  Per  tot  Hamonias  et  tot 
Acha'idas  urbes,  through  so  many  cities  of  Thessaly  and  Achaia, 
V.  6.  13.  Hcemonit  jtivenis,  of  the  Thessalian  youth,  i.  e.  of  Ja- 
son, vii.  1.  132.  In  Hamoniam  urbem.  to  a  city  of  Thessaly,  i.  e. 
to  Trachis,  a  city  in  Thessaly,  of  which  Ceyx  was  king,  xi.  10. 
243. 

Hsemus,  -i,  m,,  Htemus,  now  called  Emineh  Dagh,  or  Bal- 
kan, a  lofty  r.inge  of  mountains  which  stretches  round  the  north 
of  Thrace,  in  a  direction  nearly  parallel  to  the  coast  of  the 
^gean.  The  ancients  regarded  this  range  of  mountains  as  one  of 
the  highest  with  which  they  were  acquainted,  and  asserted,  that 
from  its  summit  the  Euxine,  the  Hadriatic,  the  Danube,  and  the 
Alps,  could  be  seen.     Modern  discovery  has  ascertained  that  the 


HAL  225  HAll 

elevation  cannot  be  considerable,  as  no  summit  of  the  chain  is 
covered  with  perpetual  snow.  The  name  is  said  in  fable  to  have 
been  derived  from  Hfemus,  a  king  of  Thrace. 

Halcyone,  -es,  ,/'.,  Halcyone,  the  daughter  of  jEoIus,  king 
of  the  wmds,  and  wife  of  Ceyx  (See  Ceyx).  She  was  with  dif- 
ficulty prevailed  upon  to  consent  to  her  husband's  visit  to  the 
oracle  at  Claros,  and  spent  her  time  in  lamenting  his  absence,  and 
in  supplicating  the  gods  for  his  safe  and  speedy  return.  At  length 
Juno,  sympathizing  with  her  grief,  entreated  Somuus  to  apprize 
her  of  the  death  of  her  husband.  The  god  of  sleep  despatched  Mor- 
pheus {diss.),  who  assumed  the  form  of  Ceyx,  and  placing  him- 
self by  her  bedside,  intimated  to  her,  in  the  voice  of  her  husband, 
his  melancholy  fate.  In  the  morning  she  repaired  to  the  sea-shore, 
and  turning  her  eyes  in  the  direction  of  Claros,  discovered  a  body 
floating  on  the  waters,  which,  when  it  approached  nearer,  she  as- 
certained to  be  that  of  hei  husband.  She  then  threw  herself  into 
the  sea,  and,  by  the  compassion  of  the  gods,  the  wife  and  husband 
were  changed  into  birds,  which  bore  her  name — Halcyones,  kings- 
fishers.  The  ancients  believed  that  the  Halcyones  built  their  nests 
on  the  sea,  constructed  in  such  a  way  that  they  floated  on  its  sur- 
face, and  that  during  the  time  of  incubation  the  waters  remained 
calm  and  serene.  The  name  Halcyon  days  is  applied  to  seven 
days  before  and  as  many  after  the  winter  solstice. 

Halius,  -ii,  m.,  Halius,  one  of  the  companions  of  Sarpedon, 
who  was  slain  by  Ulysses. 

Hamadryades,  -um, /.,  the  Hamadryads,  certain  nymphs  of 
the  woods,  who  were  supposed  to  come  into  existence  when  a  tree 
was  planted,  and  to  die  when  it  perished.     See  Nympha. 

Harmonia,  -ae,  f.,  Harmonia,  the  daughter  of  Mars  and 
Venus.  She  married  Cadmus,  the  founder  of  Thebes,  and  was 
changed  into  a  serpent  along  with  her  husband.     See  Cadmus. 

Harpalos,  -i,  m.,  Snap,  the  name  of  one  of  Actaeon's  dogs. 
Harpatos  distinctus  (secundum)  nigrum  froyitem  ah  aibo  medio. 
Snap  with  his  black  face  marked  by  a  white  stripe  down  the  mid- 
dle, iii.  2.  91 . 

Harpyia  {tris').,  -ae,  f.,  Ravener,  the  name  of  one  of  ActaBon's 
dogs. 

Harpyiae  {trix.),  -arum,  /.,  the  Harpies,  represented  by 
Homer  as  goddesses  who  presided  over  the  storms.  By  later  poets 
they  are  described  as  winged  monsters,  having  the  face  of  a  virgin, 
the  body  of  a  vulture,  and  their  feet  and  fingers  armed  with  sharp 
claws.  They  were  the  daughters  of  Thaumas  and  Electra,  three 
in  number,  Aello,  Ocypete,  and  Ceteno,  and  were  sent  by  the 
gods  to  toi-ment  Phineus  {diss.),  king  of  Thrace,  for  his  cruelty  to 
his  children  (See  Phineus).  They  carried  off  whatever  food  was 
placed  upon  his  table,  or  so  defiled  it  by  their  filth  that  it  could  not 


HEB  226  HEL 

be  eaten.  Here  they  were  found  bj'  the  Argonauts,  during  their 
famous  expedition,  when  they  went  to  consult  Phineus,  and  on  con- 
dition of  being  assisted  by  his  advice,  Zethes  and  Calais  expelled 
them  from  his  dominions,  and  drove  them  to  the  islands  called 
StrophSdes,  where  thev  were  found  by  ^neas  in  his  voyage  froni 
Troy. 

Hebrus  -i.  m.,  the  Hebrux,  now  the  Maritza,  the  principal 
river  of  Thrace,  rises  in  the  angle  formed  by  the  mountains  Sco- 
niius,  HEem\is,  and  Rhodope,  flows  in  a  south-easterly  direction,  and 
after  a  course  of  280  miles,  enters  the  JEgean  Sea  at  .lEnos,  opposite 
the  island  Samothrace.  The  Hebrus  is  associated  in  fable  with  the 
interesting  and  pathetic  story  of  Orpheus  (diss.)  and  Eurydice. 

Hecate,  -es, /,  Hecate,  the  daughter  of  Perses,  king  of  Tau- 
rica,  and  Asteria,  the  sister  of  Latijna.  By  the  older  my thologists 
she  appears  to  have  been  regarded  as  a  distinct  goddess,  and  held 
in  high  estimation.  She  was  aftervrards  confounded  with  Proser- 
pina, was  invoked  as  the  goddess  of  the  infernal  regions,  and  be- 
came the  patroness  of  magic  and  incantations.  She  was  called 
Luna  in  heaven,  Diana  on  earth,  and  Proserpine  or  Hecate  in  hell. 
Hence  she  was  said  to  have  three  bodies,  and  is  called  Tnformis 
Dea  (vii.  1.  93.).  Hecate  is  represented  with  three  faces,  those  of 
a  horse,  a  dog,  and  a  sow.  Offerings  of  dogs,  lambs,  and  honey, 
were  made  to  her  in  the  highways  and  cross  roads,  whence  she 
obtained  the  name  of  Trivia.     See  Proserpina. 

Hector,  -oris,  m.,  Heclnr,  tlie  eldest  son  of  Priam  and  He- 
cuba, and  the  illustrious  leader  of  the  Trojans  during  the  famous 
siege.  In  the  many  battles  which  took  place  under  the  walls  of 
Troy,  he  signalized  himself  by  his  bravery  beyond  all  his  country- 
men, and  showed  how  well  qualified  he  was  to  discharge  the  im- 
portant office  with  which  they  had  introsted  him.  Taking  ad- 
vantage of  the  absence  of  Achilles,  be  approached  the  camp  of  the 
Greeks,  and  attempted  to  set  fire  to  their  ships,  but  was  compelled 
to  retire  without  effecting  his  purpose  (xiii.  1.7.).  After  many  of 
his  enemies  had  fallen  by  his  sword,  he  was  defeated  and  slain  by 
Achilles.  The  Grecian  chief  gratified  his  revenge  by  fastening  the 
body  of  his  brave  opponent  to  his  chariot,  and  dragging  it  in 
triumph  thrice  round  the  walls  of  Troy  He  afterwards  restored 
it  to  Priam  on  receiving  a  large  ransom.  Gr.  Ace.  -ora.  See 
Achilles. 

Hectoreus^  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Hector.  Hec- 
toreis  jiammis,  to  the  fire  brought  by  Hector,  i.  e.  the  fire  with 
which  ne  attempted  to  burn  the  Grecian  fleet,  xiii.  1.  7. 

Helena,  -ae, /.,  Helen,  the  daughter  of  Tyndarus  and  Leda, 
and  wife  of  Menelaus.  According  to  the  fable,  Leda  having  been 
visited  by  Jupiter  in  the  form  of  a  swan,  laid  two  eggs,  from  the 
one  of  which  Castor  and  Clytemnestra  were  produced,  and  from 
the  other  Pollux  and  Helen.     The  first  two  were  considered  mor- 


HEL  227  HKL 

tal  as  the  children  of  Tyndarus,  and  the  others  immortal,  as  the 
oifspring  of  Jupiter.  Helen,  from  her  infancy,  was  remarkable  for 
her  beauty,  and,  at  the  age  of  ten,  was  carried  off  by  Theseus 
{diss.),  but  was  brought  back  by  her  brothers  Castor  and  Pollux, 
who  discovered  the  place  of  her  concealment  at  Aphidnae  in  Attica. 
When  arrived  at  years  of  maturity,  she  was  sought  in  marriage  by 
nearly  all  the  most  distinguished  of  the  Grecian  princes,  as  the 
two  Ajaces,  Ulysses,  Patroclus,  Menelaus,  Philoctetes,  &c.  Tyn- 
darus was  alarmed  at  the  number  of  her  suitors,  and  being  ap- 
prehensive that  the  preference  of  one  would  bring  upon  him  the 
displeasure  of  all  the  rest,  prevailed  upon  them  to  bind  themselves 
by  an  oath  to  abide  by  the  decision  of  the  princess,  and  unite  in 
defending  her  if  any  attempt  were  made  to  cai'ry  her  off  from  the 
arms  of  her  husband.  The  rivals  consented,  and  Helen  decided  in 
favour  of  Menelaus  (See  Menelaus).  Soon  after  Paris,  who  had 
obtained  from  Venus  the  promise  of  the  most  beautiful  woman  of 
his  age,  at  her  instigation  went  to  Sparta,  and  during  the  absence 
of  her  husband  induced  Helen  to  accompany  him  to  Troy.  The 
injured  husband  called  upon  the  Grecian  princes  to  fulfil  their  oath, 
and  they  collecting  their  forces  encamped  before  that  ancient  city, 
and  took  it  after  a  siege  of  ten  years.  After  the  death  of  Paris, 
she  married  his  brother  Deiphobus,  whom  she  is  accused  of  betray- 
ing to  her  former  husband  for  the  purpose  of  regaining  his  favour. 
Menelaus  received  her  with  kindness,  and  after  wandering  for 
eight  years  returned  with  her  to  Sparta.  See  Menelaus  and  Paris. 
Helenus,  -i,  m.,  Helenus,  one  of  the  sons  of  Priam  and  He- 
cuba, who  was  celebrated  for  his  skill  in  divination.  In  consequence 
of  Helen  being  given  in  marriage  to  Deiphobus  in  preference  to 
himself  on  the  death  of  Paris,  he  quitted  Troy,  and  retired  to 
Mount  Ida,  where  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  Ulysses  (xiii  1.  93  ). 
Induced  by  the  entreaties  of  the  Greeks,  or  the  fear  of  punishment, 
he  revealed  to  them  the  secret  that  Troy  could  not  be  taken 
while  it  remained  in  possession  of  the  Palladium.  After  various 
adventures  he  became  the  husband  of  Andromache,  the  wife  of 
Hector,  and  also  king  of  Chaonia,  in  Eplrus.  From  his  know- 
ledge of  futuri  y  he  is  called  Durdanius  vates,  xiii.  1.  335. 

Heliades,  -um,  /,  the  Heliades,  the  daughters  of  Sol  and 
Clymene,  and  the  sisters  of  Phaethon.  According  to  Ovid,  they 
were  three  in  number,  the  eldest  of  whom  was  Phaethusa,  and  one 
of  the  others  Lampetie.  After  four  months  of  excessive  grief  for 
the  death  of  their  brother,  they  were  changed  into  poplar  or  alder 
trees,  on  the  banks  of  the  Eridanus,  and  the  tears  which  they  shed 
were  converted  into  amber.  The  fable  obviously  alludes  to  the 
origin  of  amber,  which  the  ancients  believed  to  be  a  resinous  sub- 
stance exuded  from  the  bark  of  trees,  an  opinion  which  has  been 
confirmed  by  the  investigations  of  modern  chemists.    See  Electrum. 

Helicon,  -onis,  m.,  Helicon,  now   Zagora.  a  mountain  in 


HEN  228  HEK 

the  south-west  of  Boeotia.  on  the  borders  of  Phocis,  famous  as  the 
abode  of  Apollo  and  the  Muses,  who  are  thence  called  Heliconiades. 
On  its  summit,  which  is  nearly  as  high  as  Parnassus,  was  the  grove 
of  the  Muses,  adorned  with  several  statues;  and  a  little  below 
were  the  fountains  Aganippe  and  Hippocrene.  Virginejis  Helicon, 
Hehcon  frequented  by  the  muse;,  who  were  all  unmarried,  ii.  1. 
29,  and  v  4  5.  Deas  colentes  Helicona  vicise,  that  the  godi 
desses  who  inhabit  Helicon,  i.e.  the  Muses,  were  victorious,  v.  12  2. 

Henna,  -x,  /.,  Henna,  now  Castio  Giovanni,  an  ancient 
town  in  the  centre  of  Sicily,  the  principal  seat  of  tr.e  worship  of 
Ceres.  The  adjoining  country  was  remarkable  for  its  fertility,  and 
on  the  plains  of  Henna  Proserpine  was  amusing  herself  in  collect- 
ing flowers  when  she  was  carried  off  by  Pluto,  and  became  queen 
of  the  infernal  regions.     See  Ceres  and  Proserpina. 

Hennaeus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Henna.  Hand 
proo/l  a  Hennceis  mcenibiis  est  lacus  alttt  aqua,  nomine  Fergus, 
not  far  from  the  walls  of  Henna  is  a  lake  of  deep  water,  by  name 
Pergus,  V.  6.  45.     See  Pergus. 

Hercules,  -is,  m.,  Hercules,  a  celebrated  Grecian  hero,  the 
son  of  Jupiter  and  Alcmena,  the  wife  of  Amphitryon,  king  of 
Argos.  Jupiter  having  decreed  that  the  first-born  of  the  descend- 
ants of  Perseus  Cdisf.-.)  should  reign  over  Mycenae,  Juno,  who  was  the 
enemy  of  all  the  children  of  her  husband  by  other  females,  retarded 
the  birth  of  Hercules,  so  that  Eurystheus  (tris. ),  the  son  of  Sthenelus 
and  iS'icippe,  was  born  first,  and  Hercules  consequently  became 
subject  to  him.  The  queen  of  the  gods  then  attempted  to  destroy 
the  infant,  and  for  this  purpose  sent  two  serpents  to  kill  him  in  the 
cradle ;  but  Hercules,  though  only  eight  months  old,  caught  the 
monsters  by  the  throat  and  strangled  them.  He  was  early  in- 
structed in  the  liberal  arts,  and,  like  most  of  his  illustrious  con- 
temporaries, was  the  pupil  of  the  Centaur  Chiron,  under  whose 
tuition  he  became  the  most  brave  and  accomplished  hero  of  his 
age.  When  still  a  young  man,  he  is  said  to  have  been  accosted  in  a 
solitary  place  by  l^irtne  and  Pleasure,  under  female  forms,  who 
both  tried,  by  everv  argument,  to  obtain  the  preference  ;  but,  after 
serious  reflection,  lie  chose  Virtue.  The  hatred  of  Juno  followed 
Hercules  through  life.  At  her  instigation  his  cousin  Eurystheus 
imposed  upon  him  twelve  difficult  enterprises,  commonly  called  the 
Twelve  Labours  of  Hercules.  The  gods  sympathized  with  him  in 
the  hardships  which  he  was  doomed  to  undergo,  and  armed  him 
completely  for  his  task.  He  received  a  coat  of  armour  and  a  helmet 
from  Minerva,  a  sword  from  Mercury,  a  horse  from  Pveptune,  a 
shield  from  Jupiter,  a  bow  and  arrows  from  Apollo,  and  from  Vul- 
can a  golden  cuirass,  a  brazen  buskin,  and,  according  to  some  writers, 
a  celebrated  club  of  brass.  The  twelve  labours  of  Hercules  were, 
— 1.  He  killed  a  large  Hon  which  infested  the  wood  of  Nemea  in 
Argolis ;    2.  He  killed  the  Hydra    or  water-snake,  of  the  Lake 


HER  229  HER 

of  Lerna,  in  Argolis,  which  had  seven,  some  say  fifty,  some  an  hun- 
dred heads.  These  heads  he  first  attempted  to  demolish  with  his 
clab,  but- finding  that  two  sprung  up  for  every  one  which  was  re- 
moved, he  burnt  the  root  of  the- head  with  a  hot  iron,  and  by  this 
means  succeeded.  He  then  dipped  his  arrows  in  its  gall,  which 
rendered  the  wounds  which  he  inflicted  incurable.  3.  He  took 
alive,  and  brought  to  Eiu-ystheus,  a  stag  sacred  to  Diana,  famous 
for  its  incredible  swiftness,  its  golden  horns,  and  its  brazen  feet.  4. 
He  caught  alive  a  wild  boar  which  ravaged  the  neighbom-hood  of 
Erymanthus.  5.  He  cleaned  in  one  day  the  stables  of  Augeas, 
king  of  Elis,  in  which  3000  oxen  had  been  confined  for  thirty-nine 
years.  6.  He  killed  the  carnivorous  birds,  Stynqthalldes,  which  in- 
fested the  lake  Stymphalus,  in  Arcadia.  7.  He  brought  alive  to 
the  Peloponnesus  a  prodigious  wild  bull,  which  ravaged  the  island 
of  Crete.  8.  He  brought  to  Eurystheus  the  four  mares  of  Dio- 
medes,  king  of  Thrace,  which  fed  on  human  flesh.  9.  He  took  a 
beautiful  girdle  from  Hippolyte,  queen  of  the  Amazons.  10.  He 
slew  the  giant  Geryon,  king  of  Gades,  and  carried  off  his  cattle 
which  fed  on  human  flesh.  11.  He  killed  the  dragon  which  kept 
the  golden  apples  of  the  Hesperides,  near  Moimt  Atlas,  in  Africa, 
and  brought  the  apples  to  Eurystheus.  12.  He  dragged  the  dog 
Cerberus  fi'om  the  infernal  regions.  Besides  the  Twelve  Labours, 
Hercules  performed  many  other  exploits  which  are  famous  in  an- 
cient mythology.  He  assisted  Jupiter  in  his  war  against  the  giants. 
At  the  request- of  Atlas,  he  supported  the  heavens  on  his  shoulders. 
He  cleared  Africa  of  wild  beasts,  then  passed  into  Spain,  subdued  it, 
and  fixed  two  pillars,  or  mountains,  one  on  each  side  of  the  straits, 
called  Abyla  and  Calpe.  He  accompanied  the  Argonauts  in  their 
expedition  to  Colchis,  and  on  his  way  delivered  Hesione,  the 
daughter  of  Laomedon,  king  of  Troy,  from  a  sea-monster  to  which 
she  was  exposed.  He  slew  the  giant  Antaeus  in  Libya ;  he 
strangled  the  robber  Cacus,  and  shot  the  eagle  which  preyed  upon 
the  liver  of  Prometheus  {tris. ).  For  attempting  to  plunder  the 
temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi,  he  was  compelled  by  the  gods  to  be- 
come the  slave  of  Omphale,  queen  of  Lydia,  who,  from  admiration 
of  his  wonderful  exploits,  subsequently  married  him.  Hercules  had 
several  other  wives,  the  most  celebrated  of  whom  vvas  Dejanira, 
daughter  of  (Eneus  (diss.),  king  of  Calydon  in  ^Etolia.  While  on 
a  journey  with  her,  he  was  stopped  by  the  river  Evenus.  then 
swollen  with  rain.  He  intrusted  Dejanira  to  the  Centaur  Nessus, 
who  offered  to  convey  her  safely  across,  while  be  followed  by  swim- 
ming, but  being  alarmed  by  the  cries  of  his  wife,  whom  Nessus 
attempted  to  carry  ofl^,  he  shot  an  arrow  and  mortally  wounded 
him.  Nessus,  when  expiring,  gave  Dejanira  his  tunic,  besmeared 
with  blood,  and  infected  with  poison,  telling  her  that  it  had  the 
power  of  reclaiming  a  husband  from  illicit  amours.  Some  time 
after  he  carried  off  lole,  the  daughter  of  Eurytus,  king  of  CEcha- 
ha,  who  accompanied  him  to  Mount  ffita,  where  he  went  to  offer 

U 


IlER  230  HIP 

a  solemn  sacrifice  to  Jupiter.  Having  neglected  to  provide  him- 
self with  a  proper  dress,  he  despatched  his  servant  to  ask  one  frnni 
Dejanira,  who,  in  a  fit  of  jealousy,  sent  him  the  poisoned  robe 
which  she  had  received  from  Nessus.  This  had  no  soonor  touched 
his  skin  than  he  felt  the  poison  diffuse  itself  through  his  veins,  and, 
racked  by  the  increasing  torment,  he  caused  a  funeral  pile  to  be 
erected,  and  spreading  over  it  the  skin  of  the  Nemean  lion,  he  laid 
himself  on  it  as  on  a  couch,  leaning  his  head  on  his  club,  and  then 
ordered  the  fire  to  be  applied.  Jupiter  observing  the  melancholy 
scene  from  heaven,  raised  to  the  skies  the  immortal  parts  of  the 
hero. 

Herculeus,  -a.  -urn.  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Hercules,  Her- 
culean. Similes  Hercuh-is  (lacertis),  equal  in  strength  to  the  arms 
of  Hercules,  xv.  2.  172. 

Hesperides,  -um,  /.,  the  Hefperides  (^Western  MaicL), 
nymphs  who  possessed  a  garden  in  which  grew  the  golden  apples 
given  by  Jupiter  to  Juno  on  the  day  of  their  marriage.  The  gar- 
den was  intrusted  to  the  care  of  a  dragon,  called  Ladon.  It  was 
one  of  the  labours  of  Hercules  to  procure  some  of  these  apples, 
which  he  accomplished  by  killing  the  dragon  The  garden  of  the 
Hesperides  is  placed  by  Hesiod  "  beyond  the  illustrious  Ocean,"  but 
is  more  generally  said  to  have  been  in  Africa,  near  Mount  Atlas.. 
T  he  Hesperides  were  the  daughters  of  Hesperus,  and  were  three 
in  number,  or,  according  to  others,  four.  The  apples  were,  a> 
some  suppose,  the  pomegranates  of  Spain  and  Africa,  a  fruit  an- 
ciently unknown  in  Greece,  and  navigators  may  have  invested  them 
with  all  their  wonders  to  excite  admiration. 

Hesperius,  -a,  -um.  adj..  of,  or  relating  to  Hesperus,  Hes- 
perian, li  eiiern.  Hesperios  amnes,  the  western  rivers,  i.  e.  the 
Rhine,  the  Rhone,  and  the  Po.  ii.  1.  268.  Cvnstitit  in  Hesperio 
orhe.  regnis  Atlantis,  halted  in  the  western  part  of  the  world,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Atlas,  iv.  12.  23. 

Hesperus,  -l,  m.,  Hesperus,  the  evening  star,  the  name  given 
to  the  planet  Venus  when  it  follows  the  sun,  and  appears  some 
time  after  sunset ;  but  when  it  precedes  the  sun  it  i?  called  Lucifer. 
Hesperus  is  frequently  used  to  signify  the  west.     See  Lucifer. 

Hippocrene,  -es,  /.,  Hippocrene,  a  fountain  near  the  top  of 
Mount  Helicon  in  Bceotia,  sacred  to  the  Muses.  It  Ls  said  to  have 
first  risen  from  the  ground  when  struck  by  the  foot  of  the  horse 
Pegasus,  whence  it  was  called  'iTr-eu  xf*)»»,  the  horse's  fountain, 
(v.  4.  13.)     See  Pegasus. 

Hippotades,  -se,  ni.,  /he  grandson  of  Hippotes,  i.e.  jEolus, 
king  of  the  vrinds.  iEolus  was  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Scgesta, 
the  daughter  of  Hippotes,  a  Trojan,  whence  he  is  called  Hippota- 
des. He  is  represented  by  the  poets  as  keeping  the  winds  confined 
in  a  rave  in  i^olia  (the  Lipari  Tilands),  of  which  he  was  king. 


HOR  231  IAS 

Hei-e  he  is  said  to  have  given  to  Ulysses  in  a  bag  all  the  winds  which 
could  obstruct  him  in  his  return  to  Ithaca.     See  Ulysses. 

Horse,  -aram,J^.,  the  Horce,  or  Hours,  three  goddesses^,  the 
daughters  of  Jupiter  and  Themis,  who  presid3d  over  the  seasons. 
They  were  the  servants  of  Sol,  yoked  his  chariot,  and  stood  before 
the  gates  of  heaven,  ready  to  o;5en  them  when  the  god  proceeded 
on  his  diurnal  course.  Iinpeiat  velocibus  Horis  jungere  equos,  he 
orders  the  swift  Hours  to  yoke  the  horses,  ii.  1.  118. 

Hyades,  -um.y.,  the  Hyades,  seven  stars  in  the  head  of  the 
Bull,  whose  rising  with  the  sun  portended  rain.  According  to  the 
fable  they  were  the  daughters  of  Atlas  and  .'Ethra,  and  were  so 
disconsolate  at  the  death  of  their  brother  Hyas,  that  they  pined 
away  and  died.  After  death  they  were  changed  into  stars,  and 
derived  their  name  from  their  brother.  The  Latins  called  them 
Suciilae,  swine,  because  they  were  so  ignorant  of  the  Greek  language 
that  they  believed  the  Greek  name  tabe  derived  from  v;,  a  sotv. 

Hyale^  -es,  f.,  Hyale,  a  nymph  in  the  train  of  Diana, 

Hyanteus,  &  Hyantius^  -a,  -um,  adj..  of,  or  relating  to 
the  Hyantes,  an  ancient  name  of  the  Boeotians,  which  they  derived 
from  a  king  Hyas, — hence  Bceotian.  Hyantea  Aganippe,  the 
Boeotian  Aganippe,  v.  5.  19.  Hyantius,  the  Boeotian  youth,  i.  e. 
Actaeon,  iii.  2.  17. 

Hylactor,  -oris,  m.,  Barker,  the  name  of  one  of  Action's  dogs. 

Hylaeus,  -i,  m.,  Woodman,  the  name  of  one  of  Actaeon's  dogs. 

Hymen,  -inis,  &  Hymenasus,  -i.  in.,  Hymen,  and  Hymen- 
aus,  the  god  of  marriage,  the  son  of  Apollo  and  the  muse  Calli- 
ope, or  of  Bacchus  and  Venus.  He  is  represented  by  the  poets 
as  crowned  with  flowers,  particularly  with  marjoram,  and  holding  in 
his  hand  a  burning  torch.  Hymen  was  supposed  to  be  always 
present  at  nuptials,  otherwise  the  matrimonial  connexions  were 
fatal,  and  ended  in  the  most  dreadful  calamities. 

Hypseus  (c?m.),  -ei,  &  -eos,  m.,  i7?/;7«ews,  a  man  who  killed 
Prothoenor,  and  was  himself  slain  by  Lyncides  at  the  marriage  of 
Perseus  (diss.). 

I. 

Tacchus,  -i,  m.,  lacchus,  a  name  of  Bacchus,  probably  de- 
rived from  la,  an  exclamation  of  joy.     See  Bacchus. 

lapetionides,  -ae,  m.,  the  son  of  Japefus,  a  patronymic  ap- 
plied to  Atlas.     See  Atlas. 

lapetUS,  -i,  w.,  Japetus,  one  of  the  Titans,  the  son  of  Ura- 
nus and  Terra.  He  married  his  sister  Clymene,  by  whom  he  had 
Atlas,  Prometheus  (tris.),  Epimetheus  (4  syl.),  and  Menoetius. 
Satus  lapeto,  the  son  of  Japetus,  i.  e,  Prometheus,  i.  2.  51. 

lason,  -onis,  m.,  Jason,  the  hero  of  the  Argonautic  expedi- 


IAS  232  IBI 

tion,  was  the  son  of  ^son,  king  of  lolcos,  in  Thessaly,  ana  of 
Alcimede.     When  /Eson  was  obliged  to  yield  to  the  superior  power 
of  his  brother  Pelias,  and  was  driven  from  his  kingdom,  Jason,  who 
was   still  in  infancy,  was  secretly  conveyed   by  his  mother  to  a 
village  on  ]Mount  Pelion,  and  there  intrusted  to  the  care  of  the 
Centaur  Chiron,  by  whom  he  was  instructed  in  the  art  of  war. 
After  he  had  attained  the  age  of  twenty,  he  went  to  lolcos,  in 
obedience  to  the  command  of  an  oracle,  to  claim  the  rights  of  hi- 
family.     He  appeared  in  the  market-place,  clothed  in  the  skin  of 
a  leopard,  and  armed  with  two  javelins,  and  with  his  long  unihorn 
locks  waving  on  his  back.     Pelias  had  been  warned  by  the  oracle 
to  beware  of  a  man  who  should  appear  with  one  foot  shod  and  the 
other  uncovered,  and  Jason  having  accidentally  entered  in  this  garb, 
the  fears  of  Pelias  were  immediately  excited.     He  boldly  demanded 
the  kingdom  which  Jupiter  had  given  to  his  father ;  but  Pelias 
prevailed  upon  him  to  proceed  to  Colchis,  to  get  possession  of  the 
golden  fleece,  promising,  on  his  return,  to  resign  the  kingdom  in 
his  favour.     Jason  agreed  to  the  conditions,  procured  a  fifty-oar^d 
galley,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Argo,  and,  on  consulting  tnc 
oracle,  was  directed  to  invite  the  greatest  heroes  of  the  age  to  share 
in  the  glories  and  dangers  of  the  voyage.    The  bravest  of  the  Grecian 
youth  speedily  assembled,  among  whom   were    Orpheus   (diss.), 
Zetes  and  Calais,  Castor  and  Pollux,  Telamon  and  Peleus  [diss.). 
Hercules,  Theseus  (diss.),  Laertes,  iEsculapius,  Polyphemus,  and 
others,  to  the  number  of  fifty.     After  offering  sacrifices  to  Jupiter, 
the  Waves  and  Winds,  kc,  they  sailed  from  the  harbour  of  lolcos, 
met  with  many  curious  adventures,  and  arrived  in  safety  at  Colchis, 
on  the  east  coast  of  the  Black  Sea.    Jason  lost  no  time  in  informinir 
king  /Eetes  of  the  cause  of  his  visit,  and  in  requesting  him  to  re- 
sign the  golden  fleece.     To  this  he  procured  the  king's  consent  on 
tHe  following  conditions  : — He  was  to  force  to  the  yoke  two  brazen - 
footed  bulls,  whose  nostrils  breathed  flames,  to  plough  with  them  a 
piece  of  land,  and  sow  in  it  the  serpent's  teeth  which  JEetes  pos- 
•essed,  to  whom  Minerva  had  given  one-half  of  those  which  Cad- 
mus sowed  at  Thebes.     These  teeth  were  to  produce  armed  men, 
ready  to  attack  him.     He  was,  besides,  to  kill  a  sleepless  dragi^n 
«■hich  guarded  the  fleece.     This  task,  which  at  first  appeared  t(. 
him  insurmormtable,  he  was  enabled  to  accomplish  by  means  of 
Medea,  the  king's  daughter,    who   had   conceived  a   sudden   af- 
fection for  him,  and  proffered  her  aid  if  he  would  swear  to  marry 
her   and   take  her   with  him  to    Greece.     By  her  assistance  h 
fulfilled   the   conditions,  to   the  astonishment   of  .^etes  and   h. 
subjects,  got  possession  of  the  golden  fleece,  and  returned  to  Im 
native  country,  accompanied  by  Medea,  whom  he  afterwards  mar- 
ried.    The  ship  Argo  was  changed  into  a  star,  and  the  fleece  was 
suspended  in  the  temple  of  the  gods.     See  Nephele  and  iMedea. 

Ibis,  -is,  &  -idis.^,  the  ibis,  an  Egyptian  bird  resembling  a 
stork.    It  was  held  sacred  by  the  ancient  Egyptians,  either  because 


ICE  233  ILL 

It  devoured  the  serpents  which  infested  the  country,  or  because  the 
marking  of  its  plumage  resembled  one  of  the  phases  of  the  sun,  or 
because  it  appeared  with  the  rising  of  the  Nile. 

Icelos,  -i,  m.,  Icelos,  one  of  the  sons  of  the  god  Sommis,  who 
possessed  the  power  of  assuming  the  shape  of  wild  beasts,  birds, 
and  serpents.  He  was  called  Icelos  by  the  gods,  and  Phobetor  by 
mortals. 

Ichnobates,  -se,  Vl.,  Tracer,  the  name  of  one  of  Actaeou'"; 
dogs. 

Ida,  -ae,  &  Ide^  -es,  f.,  Ida,  now  Kaz  Dag,  or  Ida,  a 
mountain,  or  rather  a  chain  of  mountains,  in  the  Troad,  in  Mysia, 
where  Paris  was  exposed,  and  where  he  adjudged  the  prize  of 
beauty  to  Venus,  in  the  contest  of  the  three  goddesses  respecting 
the  golden  apple.  Its  highest  peak  was  called  Gargara,  and  af- 
forded an  extensive  view  of  the  Hellespont  and  the  adjacent  coun- 
tries. For  this  reason  it  is  said  by  Homer  to  have  been  the  resort 
of  the  gods  during  the  siege  of  Troy.      Gr.  Ace.  -an.    See  Paris. 

Idas,  -ae,  m.,  Idas,  a  man  who  was  accidentally  killed  by  a 
javelin  at  the  marriage  of  Perseus  {disn.). 

Idomeneus  (4  syl.),  -ei,  &  -eos,  m.,  Idomeneus,  the  son  of 
Deucalion,  king  of  Crete,  and  grandson  of  Minos.  He  accompanied 
the  Greeks  to  the  Trojan  war  with  90  ships,  and  distinguished  him- 
self greatly  by  his  valour  during  the  siege.  Being  overtaken  by  a 
storm  on  his  retui-n  from  Troy,  he  vowed  to  sacrifice  to  'Neptune 
whatever  creature  first  presented  itself  to  him  on  his  arrival  at 
Crete.  This  proved  to  be  his  son,  whom,  in  fulfilment  of  the  vow, 
he  immediately  sacrificed.  The  inhumanity  and  rashness  of  the 
act  rendered  him  so  odious  in  the  eyes  of  his  subjects,  that  he  left 
the  island,  and  landing  on  the  coast  of  Italy,  founded  three  cities 
in  Apulia. 

Ignigena,  -ae,  'm.,Ignigena  (born  in  fire,  son  of  fire),  a  name 
given  to  Bacchus,  in  allusion  to  the  fable  of  his  mother  having  been 
destroyed  by  lightning  before  his  birth. 

Iliacus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Ilium,  Trojan. 
Mittor  audax  orator  ad  Ilianas  arces,  I  am  sent  a  fearless  envov 
to  the  Trojan  city,  xiii.  1.  196. 

Ilium,  -il,  7J.,  Ilium,  Troy,  a  name  given  to  Troy  from  Ilus, 
one  of  its  early  kings.  Ilium  seems  to  denote  that  part  of  the  city 
where  the  fortifications  lay,  and  Troja  the  parts  built  round  about 
them,  as  several  cities  are  divided  into  the  old  and  new  town.  See 
Troja. 

Illyricum,  -i,  n.,  Illyrxcum,  caUed  also  Illyris  and  lUyria,  an 
extensive  country  lying  on  the  north-east  coast  of  the  Hadriatic,  and 
extending  from  the  small  river  Arsia  and  the  Julian  Alps,  which 
separated  it  from  Italy,  to  the  river  Dnlo.  Towards  the  north  it 
touched  on  Noricum  and  Pannonia,  and  towards  the  east  on  Moesia 

u2 


ILL  23J  IND 

and  Macedonia.  It  thus  comprehended  part  of  the  Austrian  pro- 
vinces of  lUyria  and  Croatia,  the  whole  of  Ddlmatia,  and  part  of 
Turkey. 

lllyricus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  l/li/ncum,  Jlly- 
rian.  Conligit  lUyricos  fines  cum  profugci  conjtigc,  reached  the 
country  of  lUyricum  with  his  wife  in  exile,  iv.  12.  6. 

Inachldes,  -S,  m.,  a  descendant  of  Inachus,  hence  it  is  ap- 
plied (i.  14.  6.)  to  Epaphus,  who  was  his  grandson  by  lo.  It  is 
also  used  to  signify  an  Argive,  because  Inachus  was  the  founder  of 
the  kingdom  of  Argos,  and  in  this  sense  is  apphed  to  Perseus 
(diss.),  iv.  U.  58. 

Inachis.  -idos,^.,  the  daughter  of  Inachu.<t,  lo.  VuUus  Ina- 
cliidos,  the  appearance  of  the  daughter  of  Inachus,  i.  e.  lo,  i.  11. 
44. 

Inachis,  -idos,  adj. ,  f-,  of,  or  relating  to  Inachus.  Inachidas 
ripas,  the  banks  of  the  Inachus,  i.  12.  16. 

Inachus,  -i,  m.,  Inachus,  a  son  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys,  and 
father  of  lo,  who  founded  the  kingdom  of  Argos,  about  e.g.  K67. 
According  to  the  fable,  Inachus  was,  at  his  death,  changed  into  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  now  called  the  Xera,  of  which  he  became 
the  tutelary  god.  The  source  of  this  river  was  in  Mount  Lyrcaeus, 
on  the  confines  of  Arcadia ;  but  the  poets,  who  delighted  in  fiction, 
imagined  it  to  be  a  branch  of  a  cognominal  stream  in  Acarnania, 
which,  after  joining  the  Achelous,  passed  imder  ground  and  re- 
appeared in  ArgoUs.  To  this  Ovid  probably  alludes,  i.  11.  16. 
The  Inachus  flowed  past  the  AcropoUs  of  Argos  into  the  Gulf  of 
Nauplia.  It  is  usually  dry  (whence  its  modern  name),  but  is  sup- 
plied with  casual  floocU  after  heavy  rains  and  the  melting  of  snow 
on  the  neighbouring  mountains. 

India,  -ae, /.,  India,  an  extensive  country  of  Asia,  the  limits 
of  which  have  not  been  accurately  defined  by  ancient  geographers. 
It  was  divided  by  the  river  Ganges  into  India  intra  Gangem,  which 
corresponds  pretty  nearly  with  the  modern  Hiiidostan  ;  and  In- 
dia extra  Gangem,  which  included  India  beyond  the  Ganges, 
Tibet,  Assam,  and  nearly  the  whole  of  the  Birman  Empire.  It 
derived  its  name  from  the  Indus,  which  formed  its  western  bound- 
arv.  The  Greeks  knew  but  little  of  India  till  the  invasion  of  Al- 
exander the  Great.  The  fabled  expeditions  which  Bacchus  and 
Hercules  are  said  to  have  undertaken  against  it  were  invented,  after 
they  had  attained  a  considerable  knowledge  of  the  country,  by  the 
later  poets  to  flatter  the  vanity  of  the  IMacedonian  hero.  India  was 
reckoned  by  the  ancients  among  the  most  opulent  of  all  the  coun- 
tries of  Asia.  Its  elephants  were  especially  famed  for  their  size 
and  strength,  and  were  much  preferred  to  those  of  Africa  ;  it  was 
also  celebrated  for  its  tigers  and  serpents,  the  last  of  which  were 
mafcnified  bv  the  historians  of  Alexander  into  an  enormous  size. 


IND  235  ION 

The  productions  of  this  country  which  were  most  highly  valued 
were  its  perfumes,  precious  stones,  gold,  and  ebony  ;  there  is  also 
some  slight  mention  made  of  its  indigo  and  sugar-cane.  Quern  de- 
belluta  India  colebat,  whom  conquered  India  worshipped,  iv.  13.  2. 

Indus,  -i,  m.,  an  inhabitant  of  India,  an  Indian.  Indos 
positos  sub  sidereis  ignibus,  the  Indians  placed  under  the  violent 
heat  of  the  sun,  i.  14.  31. 

Ino,  -US,  _/".,  Ino,  the  daughter  of  Cadmus  and  Harmonia, 
wife  of  Athamas,  king  of  Thebes,  and  maternal  aunt  and  nurse  of 
Bacchus.  In  consequence  of  her  cruel  treatment  of  her  step- 
children Phryxus  and  Helle,  her  husband  was  rendered  frantic  by 
Juno,  and  imagining  Ino  to  be  a  lioness,  and  her  children  whelps", 
pursued  them  and  killed  her  son  Learchus.  Ino,  to  escape  from 
his  fury,  threw  herself  and  her  son  Melicerta  into  the  sea  between 
Megara  and  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth,  and  was  changed  by  Neptune 
into  a  sea-deity,  called  by  the  Greeks  Leucothee,  and  Matuta  by 
the  Romans.     See  Athamas. 

Inous,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Ino.  Inoo  ruptu,  by 
the  grasp  of  Ino,  iii.  7.  212. 

lo,  -US,/".,  lo,  the  daughter  of  Inachus,  king  of  Argos.  Her 
beauty  attracted  the  notice  of  Jupiter,  who,  to  conceal  his  amour 
from  Juno,  changed  his  mistress  into  a  beautiful  cow.  The  queen 
of  the  gods  perceiving  the  fraud,  commended  the  beauty  of  the 
animal,  and  asked  her  as  a  present  from  her  husband,  a  request 
with  which  he  reluctantly  complied.  Juno  committed  her  to  the 
care  of  Argus,  a  shepherd  with  a  hundred  eyes  (See  Argns), 
whose  vigilance  subjected  her  to  the  greatest  miseries.  After  she 
had  been  released  by  Mercury  from  the  thraldom  of  her  keeper, 
Juno,  whose  resentment  was  implacable,  sent  one  of  the  Furies  in 
the  shape  of  a  gadfly  to  torment  her.  Pursued  by  the  Fury,  she 
wandered  over  the  greatest  part  of  the  earth,  till  she  stopped  at 
last  on  the  banks  of  the  Nile,  and  being,  by  the  command  of  Jupi- 
ter, restored  to  her  former  shape,  ga,ve  birth  to  Epaphus,  married 
Osiris,  king  of  the  country,  and  became  an  Egyptian  goddess, 
under  the  name  of  Isis. 

lolciacus,  -a.  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  lolcos,  now 
Boritza,  a  powerful  and  ancient  city  in  the  south  of  Thessaly,  si- 
tuate at  the  head  of  the  Pelasgicus  Sinus,  the  Gulf  of  Volo,  and 
celebrated  as  the  birth-place  of  Jason.  Victor  tetigit  cum  conjnge 
lolciacos  partus,  victoriously  reached  with  his  wife  the  harbour  of 
lolcos,  vii.  ].  168. 

lOPxium,  -ii,  n.,  the  Ionian  Sea,  a  name  given  to  that  part  of 
the  Mediterranean  which  washed  the  western  shores  of  Greece, 
and  lay  between  that  country  and  Italy.  The  statements  of  the 
ancient  writers  respecting  the  situation  and  extent  of  the  Ionian 
Sea  are  very  uncertain.     The  name  seems  to  have  originally  in- 


IPH  2o6  ISM 

eluded  the  whole  of  the  Hadriatic.  and  to  have  extended  to  the 
south  of  the  Peloponnesus ;  but  that  part  of  it  to  the  north  of  the 
Acroceraunian  promontory  was  generally  called  by  the  Greeks 
lonius  Sinus.  The  origin  of  the  name  is  also  involved  in  un- 
certainty. 

Iphigenlaj  -ac,  J".,  Ipkigenia,  the  daughter  of  Agamemnon 
and  Clytemnestra.  While  the  combined  forces  of  the  Greeks  were 
assembling  at  Aulis,  previous  to  settmg  sail  for  Troy,  Agamemnon 
accidentally  killed  a  favourite  stag  of  Diana,  and  the  goddess  iu 
revenge  detained  the  fleet  in  the  harbour  by  contrary  winds.  On 
consulting  the  oracle,  the  Greeks  were  informed  that  they  must 
propitiate  the  gods  by  sacrificing  Iphigenia  to  the  offended  goddess. 
Her  father,  struck  with  horror  at  the  response,  sternly  refused  his 
consent,  and  issued  orders  to  the  generals,  each  to  conduct  his 
troops  home.  Ulysses  and  the  other  generals  interfered,  and  pre- 
vailed upon  Agamemnon  to  immolate  his  daughter  for  the  common 
cause  of  Greece.  At  their  request  Ulysses  repaired  to  Mycenae, 
and  persuaded  Clytemnestra  to  intrust  Iphigenia  to  his  care,  on 
pretence  that  her  father  had  espoused  her  to  Achilles.  When  the 
princess  arrived  at  Aulis,  and  saw  the  bloody  preparations  for  the 
sacrifice,  she  implored  the  forgiveness  and  protection  of  her  father  ; 
but  tears  and  entreaties  were  unavailing.  Calchas  raised  the  knife 
in  his  hand,  but  as  he  was  going  to  strike  the  fatal  blow,  Iphigenia 
suddenly  vanished,  and  a  beautiful  stag  appeared  in  her  place  for 
the  sacrifice.  This  interposition  of  the  goddess  animated  the 
Greeks,  the  wind  suddenly  became  favo»irable,  and  the  combined 
fleets  sailed  from  the  harbour  of  Aulis. 

Iphitldes,  -ae,  r».,  the  son  of  Iphitns,  a  patronymic  applied 
to  Caeranos,  xiii.  1.  257. 

Ins,  -IS,  f.,  Iris,  the  daughter  of  Thaumas  and  Electra,  was  the 
goddess  of  the  rainbow,  and  the  messenger  of  the  gods,  particularly 
of  Juno  (nuntia  Jtmoyiis,  i.  7.  27.).  She  is  represented  by  Ovid 
(xi.  10.  180.)  as  executing  the  orders  of  Juno,  decked  in  robes  of  a 
thousand  colours.  Iris  is  frequently  used  to  denote  the  rainbow  it- 
self, and  was  believed  by  the  ancients  to  possess  the  power  of  rais- 
ing water  from  the  earth  to  the  clouds.  Hence  she  is  described 
(i.  7.  28.)  as  supplying  them  with  water  to  deluge  the  world.  The 
seven  colours  of  the  rainbow  are  red,  orange,  yellow,  green,  blue, 
indigo,  and  violet. 

IsmariuSj  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Ismarus,  Isma. 
riun  ;  used  also  as  a  general  term,  Thracian.  J smarios  {amnes ) , 
the  Thracian  rivers,  ii.  1.  257. 

Ismarus,  -i,  m.,  {Plur.  -a,  -orum,  n.,)  Ismarus.  a  town 
and  mountain  of  Thrace,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Hebrus.  The  ad- 
joining country  was  famous  for  producing  good  wine. 

Ismenides,  -um,f.,  the    Theban   women,  a  name  given  to 


ISM  237  IXl 

tbem  from  the  river  Israeuus.  Inmenides  colunt  sancUis  aras, 
the  Theban  ladies  honour  the  sacred  altars,  iii.  7.  223. 

Ismenis,  -idos,  adj-.f.,  of,  or  relating  to  the  Ismenus ;  hence 
TlieLan.  Ismenis  CrocaJe  dociior  illis,  the  Theban  nympli  Cro- 
cale  being  more  skilful  than  they,  iii.  2.  39. 

Ismenos,  -l,  m.,  the  Ismenus,  a  small  stream  in  Boeotia,  which 
flows  past  Thebes,  and  falls  into  the  Euripus.  Modern  travellers 
state  that  it  contains  no  water  except  after  heavy  rain,  when  it  be- 
comes a  torrent.  According  to  the  fable,  Ismenus  was  the  son  of 
the  river  Asopus  by  Metope. 

Ister,  -trij  m.,  the  Damihe,  the  largest  river  in  flermany, 
and  in  Europe,  has  its  source  in  RIons  Abnoba,  the  Black  Forest, 
in  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Baden,  and  after  a  course  of  1,700  miles, 
generally  in  a  south-easterly  direction,  enters  the  Pontus  EuxTnus, 
the  Black  Sea,  by  several  mouths.  The  Danube,  after  leaving 
Baden,  flows  through  Wirtemberg,  Bavaria,  the  Archduchy  of 
Austria,  and  Hungary,  enters  the  Turkish  dominions  at  Belgrade, 
and  in  the  rest  of  its  course  separates  Walachia  from  Bulgaria.  It 
receives  in  its  course  sixty  navigable  rivers,  the  largest  of  which  is 
the  Inn,  and  120  smaller  streams.  The  name  Ister  is  said  to  have 
been  applied  to  this  river  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course,  after  its 
junction  with  the  Save  ;  but  where  the  one  name  commenced  and 
the  other  terminated  is  very  uncertain.  The  two  names  are  fre- 
quently confoanded,  or  used  indifferently,  the  Greeks  generally 
calling  the  river  Ister,  and  the  Latins,  Danubius. 

Ithaca^  -?&,f.,  Ithaca,  or  Teaki,  a  celebrated  island  in  the 
Ionian  Sea,  off^  the  coast  of  Acarnania,  forming  part  of  the  king- 
dom of  TJlysses.  This  island,  which  lies  five  miles  due  south  of 
Leucadia,  is  of  inconsiderable  extent,  and  derives  all  its  celebrity 
from  the  praises  bestowed  upon  it  by  Homer.  Ithaca  is  one  of  the 
seven  Ionian  Islands. 

Ithacus,  -i,  m.,  a  native  of  Ithaca,  the  Ithacan,  i.  e.  Ulysses, 
a  name  contemptuously  applied  to  him  by  Ajax,  xiii.  ] .  98.  and  103. 

lulus,  -i,  m.,  Ivlus,  a  surname  of  Ascanius,  the  son  of  ^Eneas 
and  Creusa.  He  accompanied  his  father  in  his  flight  from  Troy, 
shared  in  the  dangers  of  the  voyage,  and,  after  his  arrival  in  Italy, 
contributed  by  his  valour  to  the  success  of  the  wai-  which  ^neas 
waged  against  the  Latins.  He  succeeded  his  father  in  the  king- 
dom of  Latinus,  and  built  Alba  Longa,  to  which  he  transferred  the 
seat  of  government.  Here  his  descendants  reigned  upwards  of 
400  years,  till  the  building  of  Rome.  Romulus  traced  his  descent 
from  Ascanius. 

Ixion,  -onis,  m.,  Ixicn,  the  son  of  Phlegyas,  and  king  of  the 
Lapithae,  a  savage  tribe  in  the  south  of  Thessaly.  Ixion  was  ad- 
mitted to  the-society  of  the  gods  in  Olympus,  where  he  fell  in  love 
with  Juno      To  punish  his  audacity,  Jupiter  sent  a  cloud  in  the  form 


JUB  238  JUN 

of  his  queen,  which  was  embraced  by  Ixion,  and  pi-oduced  the 
Centaurs.  The  king  of  the  gods  was  so  enraged  at  his  conduct  that 
he  banished  him  from  heaven,  struck  him  with  his  thunder,  and 
ordered  IMercury  to  tie  him  to  a  four-spoked  wheel  in  hell,  which 
contmually  whirls  round.  Ixion  vohilur,  et  sequitttrqne  fugitque 
se,  Ixion  turns  on  his  wheel,  and  both  follows  and  flies  from  him- 
self, iv.  11.  46. 


Jllba.  -se,  m.,  Juha,  a  king  of  Numidia,  part  of  Maurita- 
nia, Algiers,  and  part  of  Morocco.  In  the  civil  war  between 
Csesar  and  Pompey,  he  espoused  the  cause  of  the  latter,  and  gained 
a  great  victory  over  Curio,  who  commanded  Caesar's  forces  in 
Africa.  After  the  battle  of  Pharsalia  he  joined  his  forces  with 
those  of  Scipio,  and  being  defeated  by  Caesar  in  a  battle  at  Thapsus 
(b.  c.  46.),  caused  himself  to  be  put  to  death  by  Petreius,  one  of 
his  companions  in  misfortune. 

Juliu.<;,  -ii,  m.,  Julius,  the  praenomen  of  the  Julian  gens,  the 
most  celebrated  of  whom  was  Caius  Julius  Caesar,  the  Dictator. 
Dicus  Julius,  the  deified  Julius,  i.  e.  Julius  Caesar,  xv.  9.  98. 
See  Caesar. 

Juno,  -onis,  /^,  Juno,  the  daughter  of  Saturn  and  Ops,  and 
the  sister  and  wife  of  Jupiter.  After  her  birth  she  was  reared  by 
Oceanus  and  Tethys,  and  had  the  seasons  as  her  attendants.  When 
Jupiter  attained  the  sovereignty  of  the  world,  Juno  shared  in  his 
honours,  and  became  queen  of  the  gods.  Her  character  was  dis- 
tinguished bv,  matronly  dijnitv  and  strict  correctness  of  conduct. 
She  could  ill  brook  the  infidelities  of  her  husband,  and  persecuted 
his  mistresses  with  relentless  hatred.  Her  severity  to  lo,  Semele, 
and  Latona,  is  frequently  mentioned  by  mythological  writers,  ^nd 
her  resentment  doomed  HercGles  to  undergo  his  famous  labours. 
In  Homei"  Jupiter  is  represented  ns  sometimes  punishing  her  for 
her  acts  of  opposition  to  him.  On  one  occasion,  when  she  had 
raised  a  storm,  which  drove  Hercules  out  of  his  course  at  sea,  Ju- 
piter suspended  her  from  heaven,  tying  a  heavy  anvil  to  her  feet, 
and  when  her  son  Vulcan  approached  to  assist  her,  he  took  him  by 
the  foot  and  threw  him  down  to  the  earth  (See  Vulcanus).  Juno 
was  believed  to  preside  over  marriage,  and  was  the  patroness  and 
protectress  of  married  women.  She  was  the  mother  of  Mars.  Hebe, 
and  Vulcan.  The  reason  of  her  hostility  to  the  Trojans,  of  whom 
she  is  represented  as  the  implacable  enemy,  is  not  stated  by  Homer  ; 
but  later  poets  ascribe  it  to  the  decision  of  Paris,  in  assigning  the 
golden  apple  to  Venus  in  preference  to  herself  (See  Paris).  The 
worship  of  Juno  was  universal.  Her  principal  temples  were  at  Argos, 
Samos,  and  Carthage ;  Sparta  and  Mycenae  were  also  places  dear 
to  her.  Ewe-lambs  and  swine  were  the  oflFerings  presented  on  her 
altaj-s  ;  and  the  dittany,  the  poppy,  and  the  lily,  were  her  favourite 


J  UN  2.39  .rap 

flowers.  Among  birds,  the  hawt,  the  goose,  and  particularly  the 
peacock,  were  sacred  to  her  (See  Argus).  She  is  represented 
sitting  on  a  throne,  holding  in  one  hand  a  pomegranate,  the  emblem 
of  fecundity,  and  in  the  other  a  sceptre,  with  a  cuckoo  on  its 
summit. 

Junonius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Juno.  Jvnoniiis 
custos,  the  keeper  appointed  by  Juno,  i.  e.  Argus,  i.  12.  54. 

Jupiter,  Jovis,  711.,  Jupiter,  the  most  celebrated  of  all  the 
gods  of  the  ancients,  was  the  son  of  Saturn  and  Ops.  His  mother 
saved  him  from  the  cruel  voracity  of  her  husband  (See  Saturnus), 
and  intrusted  him  to  the  care  of  the  Corybantes,  by  whom  he  was 
reared  in  a  cave  in  Mount  Ida,  in  Crete,  and  fed  on  the  milk  of  the 
goat  Amalthaea,  or,  according  to  others,  on  honey.  When  grown 
up  he  drove  his  father  from  heaven,  and  divided  the  empire  of  the 
world  with  his  brothers.  For  himself  he  reserved  heaifen  and 
earth,  to  Neptune  he  allotted  the  sea  and  the  waters,  and  to  Pluto 
the  infernal  regions.  He  was  not,  however,  allowed  to  retain  his 
dominions  undisturbed.  The  Titans  undertook  to  destroy  him  as 
he  had  done  his  father,  declared  war  against  him,  and,  by  piling 
mountains  on  each  other,  endeavoured  to  ascend  to  heaven  (see 
Gigas) ;  but  the  king  of  the  gods  assailed  them  with  his  thunder, 
and  asserted  his  supremacy .  The  character  of  Jupiter  possesses  none 
of  the  purity  for  which  Juno  was  distinguished.  He  was  the  slave  of 
vicious  pleasures  ;  and  every  species  of  disguise  was  employed  by 
him  to  accomplish  his  object.  He  transformed  himself  into  a  satyr 
to  enjoy  Antiope,  into  a  buU  to  carry  off  Europa,  into  a  swan  to 
allure  Leda,  into  a  shower  of  gold  to  corrupt  Danae,  and  into  seve- 
ral other  forms  to  gratify  his  passions.  He  had  Bacchus  by  Semele, 
and  Mercury  by  Maia.  The  worship  of  Jupiter  was  extensively 
diffused  over  the  ancient  world,  and  different  names  were  assigned 
to  him  in  the  various  places  where  his  worship  was  estabhshed. 
At  Carthage  he  was  called  Ammon,  in  Egypt  Serapis,  at  Athens 
the  Olympian  Jupiter,  and  at  Rome  Capitolinus,  who  was  the 
guardian  and  benefactor  of  the  Romans.  The  most  famous  tem- 
ple of  this  god  was  at  Olympia,  in  Elis,  where,  every  fourth  year, 
the  Olympic  games  were  celebrated  in  honour  of  him  (See  Elis). 
His  great  oracle  was  in  an  oak  grove  at  Dodona  in  Epirus,  where, 
from  a  very  early  period,  his  priests  announced  his  will  and  futu- 
rity. The  eagle  was  his  favourite  bird,  and  the  oak  his  favourite 
tree.  He  is  represented  as  the  model  of  dignity  and  majesty  of 
mien  ;  his  countenance  grave  but  mild ;  and  is  seated  on  a  throne, 
grasping  his  sceptre  and  the  thunder.  The  eagle  is  standing  be- 
side the  throne.  Jupiter  is  frequently  used  to  signify  the  air,  or 
s/ii/.  Mundus  erat  sub  Jove,  the  world  was  under  the  govern- 
ment of  Jupiter,  i.  4.  2.  Natus  Jove,  the  son  of  Jupiter,  i.  e. 
Mercury,  i.  12.  49. 


LAB  240  LAE 

t. 

Labros,  -i,  m.,    Worrier,  the  name  of  one  of  Actaeon's  do. 
Ldbros  (natus)  Dicteeo  patre,  sed  Laconide  matre,  Worrier  bi    .. 
of  a  Cretan  dog,  but  of  a  Laconian  bitch,  iii.  2.  93. 

Lachne,  -es, /.,    Wool-hair,  or   Shag,   the  name   of  one  of 
Actaeon's  dogs.      Lachne  hirsuta  corpore.  Wool-hair,  a  rous 
bodied  bitch,  iii.  2.  9i. 

Lacon,  -onis,  m.,  Lacon,  or  Spartan,  the  name  of  one  ui 
Actaeon's  dogs. 

Laconia,  S,/-,  Laconia,  sometimes  called  Lacedsraon,  ce- 
lebrated as  the  kingdom  of  Menelaus,  was  the  largest  province  of 
the  Peloponnesus,  and  occupied  the  south-east  corner  of  the  pen- 
insula. To  the  west  it  bordered  on  Messenia,  to  the  north  on 
Arcadia  and  Argolis,  and  on  the  east  and  south  it  was  bounded  by 
the  sea.  Laconia  was  a  rugged  and  mountainous  country,  natu- 
rally barren,  and  diflScult  of  culture.  The  inhabitants  were  dis- 
tinguished for  their  courage  and  intrepidity,  their  love  of  liberty, 
and  their  aversion  to  sloth  and  luxury.  They  were  inured  from 
their  youth  to  labour  and  hardship,  and  were  taught  by  their  laws 
to  regard  war  as  their  profession.  The  capital  of  the  country  was 
Lacedaemon,  or  Sparta.     See  Sparta. 

Laconis,  -idis.  "dj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Laconia,  Lacedtento. 
nian.  Spartan.  Nati  Laconide  matre,  bred fi"om  a  Spartan bitcb, 
iii.  2.  93. 

Lactea  Via,  the  Milky  Way,  is  the  name  given  by  Ovid  to  the 
great  road  leading  to  the  palace  of  Jupiter  in  Olympus,  on  the  two 
sides  of  which  he  places  the  habitations  of  the  other  gods.  This 
white  luminous  track,  which  appears  to  encompass  the  heavens  like 
a  girdle,  is  said  to  have  been  formed  by  the  milk  which  feU  from 
Juno's  bresLat  when  the  infant  Herciiles  was  applied  to  it  by  Jupiter 
while  she  was  asleep.  It  is  now  called  the  Galaxy,  from  a  Greek 
word  signifying  milk.  The  luminous  appearance  has  been  ascer- 
tained to  be  occasioned  by  a  multitude  of  stars,  so  small  as  not  to 
be  distinguished  by  the  naked  eye. 

Ladon,  -onis,  m.,  the  Ladon,  a  sandy  stream  of  Arcadia, 
which  falls  into  the  Alpheus.  On  its  banks  the  nymph  Syrinx  was 
changed  into  a  reed.      See  Sjrrinx. 

Ladon,  -onis,  m.,  Ladon,  or  Harrier,  the  name  of  one  of 
Actaeon's  dogs.  Ladon  gerens  suhstricta  ilia,  Ladon  having  a  thin 
or  lank  belly,  iii.  2.  C6. 

Lslaps  -apis,  m.,  Storm,  the  name  of  one  of  Actaeon's  dogs, 

Laertes,  -ae,  m.,  Laertes,  a  king  of  Ithaca,  was  the  son  ol 
Arcesius,  and  husband  of  Anticlea.  Anticlea,  at  the  time  of  hei 
marriage  is  said  to  have  been  pregnant  by  Sisyphus  (xiii.  1.  32.) 
and  eight  months  after  gave  birth  to  Ulysses.     Laertes,  however, 


L  AE  241  LEM 

reared  the  child  as  his  own  son,  and,  at  an  early  period  of  life,  resip;ned 
the  kingdom  in  his  favour.  He  assisted  in  killing  the  Calydonian 
boar,  and  accompanied  Jason  in  his  famous  expedition. 

Laertiades,  -se,  m.,  the  son  of  Laertes,  a  name  given  to 
Ulysses  from  his  supposed  father.  Precaris  La'irtiadce,  qucB  me- 
ruit,  wishest  to  the  son  of  Laertes,  i.  e.  Ulysses,  what  he  deserves, 
xiii.  1.  48. 

Laertius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Laertes.  Laer- 
tius  heros,  the  hero,  the  son  of  Laertes,  i.  e.  Ulysses,  xiii.  1.  124. 

Lampetie,  -e^,/.,  Lampetie,  a  daughter  of  Sol,  one  of  the 
sisters  of  Phaethon,  who,  after  the  death  of  her  brother,  was 
changed  into  a  poplar  tree.     See  Heliades. 

Latinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of.  or  relating  to  Latium,  Latin, 
Roman.  Mittit  gestanda  Latinis  nuribus,  sends  to  be  worn  by 
the  Latin  ladies,  ii.  2.  42. 

Latium,  -ii,  n.,  Latium,  a  small  district  of  Italy,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Tiber,  where  that  river  falls  into  the  Mediterranean. 
The  limits  of  Latium  were  at  first  very  circumscribed,  but  were 
afterwards  extended  over  a  considerable  tract  of  country.  To  the 
west  and  north  it  bordered  on  Etruria,  and  the  country  inhabited 
by  the  Sabini,  ^qui,  and  Marsi ;  to  the  east,  on  Campania ;  and 
on  the  south,  it  was  washed  by  the  Tuscan  Sea.  The  name  is  said 
to  have  been  derived  from  lateo,  because  Saturn  concealed  himself 
there  from  the  pursuit  of  his  son  Jupiter ;  but  others  deduce  it 
from  Latinus,  a  king  of  the  country.  Here  Ascanius  founded  Alba 
Longa,  and,  400  years  later,  Roniiilus  laid  the  foundation  of  Rome. 
See  lulus  and  Roma. 

Latins,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Latium,  Latin,  Ro- 
man. Tu  aderis  Latiis  ducihus,  thou  shalt  attend  upon,  shalt 
adorn  the  Roman  generals,  i.  10.  109. 

Latona,  -se, /i  Latona,  a  daughter  of  Coeus  and  Phoebe,  and 
one  of  the  wives  of  Jupiter,  by  vc hom  she  had  Apollo  and  Diana. 
Juno,  who  was  jealous  of  her  husband's  amours,  sent  the  serpent 
Python  to  persecute  Latona,  having  previously  bound  Terra  by  an 
oath  not  to  give  her  a  place  on  which  to  bring  forth.  Neptune  at 
length  had  compassion  on  her,  and  by  a  stroke  of  his  trident  made 
the  island  of  Delos  stationary,  where  she  gave  birth  to  her  children 
under  a  palm-tree.  From  his  mother,  Apollo  is  called  Latous  ;  and 
Diana,  Latois,  and  Latonia. 

Latonia,  -ae,yi,  Diana,  the  daughter  of  Latona. 

Learchus,  -l,  m.,  Learchus,  the  son  of  Athamas  and  Ino, 
whom  his  father  in  a  fit  of  madness  killed  by  dashing  him  against  a 
rock,  iv.  11.  103.     See  Athamas  and  Ino. 

Lemnos,  -i,f.,  Lemnos,  now  Stalimene,  a  fertile  island  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  jEgean  Sea,  .35  miles  to  the  south-east  of  the 
promontory  formed  by  Mount  Athos,  and  at  an  equal  distance  from 

X 


LT:N  242  LET 

the  mouth  of  the  Hellespont.  This  island  was  sacred  to  Vulcan, 
and  is  said  to  have  received  him  when  he  was  thrown  from  heaven 
l)y  Jupiter  (See  Jupiter).  Here,  accordingly,  the  forges  of  the 
god  of  fire  were  pl.iced, — a  fable  which  probably  derived  its  origin 
from  the  volcanic  character  of  the  island,  in  the  north-eastern  part 
of  which  was  Mons  IMosychlos,  the  oldest  volcano  known  to  the 
Greeks.  In  the  forum  of  .AJyrina,  a  town  on  the  west  coast,  w  as 
the  famous  status  of  an  ox,  on  which  the  ancients  atfirin  that 
Mount  .^thos  threw  a  shadow  at  the  time  of  the  solstice  (See  Athos). 
The  priests  of  Lemnos  were  famous  for  the  cure  of  wound*,  on 
which  account  Philoctetes  was  left  there  by  the  Greeks  on  their 
way  to  Troy  (xiii.  1.  46.).  The  efficacy  of  their  skill  depended, 
it  is  said  on  a  species  of  red  earth  found  in  the  island,  called  Lcni  ■ 
nian  earth,  which  was  considered  by  the  ancients  a  sovereign 
remedy  against  poison  and  the  bites  of  serpents.  The  medicinal 
qualities  of  this  earth  are  still  valued  highly  by  the  Turks  and  the 
modern  Greeks.     See  Philoctetes  and  Vulcanus. 

Lenseus,  -i,  m.,  Lenceus,  a  surname  of  Bacchus,  derived  frotn 
X'/ivor,  a  wine-press.  Et  cum  Lenao  consilor  genialis  uvm,  and 
along  with  Lenaeus,  the  planter  of  the  genial  grape,  iv.  1.14. 

Leo,  -onis,  m.,  the  Lion,  the  fifth  sign  of  the  zodiac,  deriving 
its  name,  it  is  said,  from  the  Nemcan  lion,  which,  after  being  killed 
by  Hercules,  was  changed  into  a  constellation.  Ora  violenti 
Leonif,  the  mo  .th  of  the  fierce  lion,  ii.  1.  81.     See  Zodiacus. 

Lerna,  -je, ./'.,  Lema,  or  Muloi,  a  lake  near  Argos,  in  the 
Peloponnesus,  celebrated  for  the  fable  of  the  Hydra  slain  there  by 
Hercules.  Adjoining  the  lake  were  rich  pastures.  Pascua  Lerna:, 
the  pasture- grounds  of  Lerna,  i.  11 .  30.     See  Hercules. 

Lesbos,  -\,f.,  Lesbos,  now  Mytilene,  an  island  in  the  iEgean 
Sea,  off  the  coast  of  Mysia,  in  Asia  Minor.  Lesbos  was  very  fer- 
tile, and  the  wine  which  it  produced  was  much  esteemed  by  the  an- 
cients. The  Lesbians  were  celebrated  for  their  musical  skill,  wliich 
was  accounted  for  by  the  fable  that  the  head  of  Orpheus  (Uiis.) 
after  descending  the  Hebrus,  floated  to  the  shores  of  this  island. 
The  general  character  of  the  people  was  so  dissipated  that  the 
epithet  Lesbian  was  frequently  applied  to  licentious  extravagance. 
Mytilene,  the  capital,  was  a  noble  and  splendid  city,  and  was 
a  long  time  celebrated  for  its  commerce  and  learning.  This  island 
gave  birth  to  Alcaeus,  Sappho,  Theophrastus,  and  to  others  who 
are  distingfuished  in  Grecian  history. 

Lethaeus,  -a,  -um,  a(/J.,  of,  or  relating  to  Lethe;  also  caus- 
ing forgetfulness,  or  deep.  Postijuam  sparsit  hnnc  gramine 
Lethcei  sucni,  after  she  had  sprinkled  him  with  herbs  of  Lcthsean 
juice,  i.  e.  with  the  juice  of  herbs  which  produced  sleep,  and 
caused  forgetfulness,  vii.  1.  152. 

Lethe,  -es^f.,  Lethe,  a  river  in  the  infernal  regions,  of  which 


LEU  243  LIAI 

the  shades  of  the  dead  were  made  to  drink  for  the  purpose  of  obli- 
terating all  recollection  of  the  past.  Rivus  aqua  Lethes,  a  branch 
of  the  river  Lethe, — a  stream  whose  waters  had  the  power  of  pro- 
ducing forgetfulness,  xi.  10.  194. 

Leucon,  -oniSj  m.,    White,  the  name  of  one  of  Acteeon's  dogs. 

LeuCOthee,  -es.,/'.,  Leucoihee,  the  name  given  to  Ino,  the  wife 
of  Athamas,  after  she  had  been  changed  into  a  sea-goddess  by 
Neptune.     See  Athamas  and  Ino. 

Liber,  -eri,  m.,  Liber,  a  name  given  to  Bacchus  from  liber 
(free),  because  wine  frees  the  mind  from  cares.  Novus  Liber,  a 
new,  a  hitherto  unknown  god,  Bacchus,  iii.  7.  10. 

LibyCUS,  -a,  -um,  ad)-,  of,  or  relating  to  Libya,  Libyan, 
African.  Quum  victor  penderet  super  Libycas  arenas,  while 
the  conqueror,  i.  e.  Perseus,  was  suspended  over  the  Libyan  sands, 
iv.  13.  14. 

Libye,  -es,""/.,  Libya,  a  name  applied  by  the  ancients,  in  a  re- 
stricted sense,  to  that  part  of  the  north  of  Africa  which  lies  be- 
tween Egypt  and  the  Syrtis  Major,  the  Gulf  of  Sidra,  but  fre- 
quently employed  by  them  to  denote  the  whole  of  Africa.  Libya 
comprehended  the  provinces  of  Marmarica  and  Cyrenaica,  and  in- 
cluded the  modern  country  of  Barca,  with  parts  of  Tripoli,  and 
the  Sahara.  According  to  Ovid  (ii.  1.  237.),  the  black  colour 
of  the  Africans  was  produced  by  the  conflagration  of  Phaethon, 
during  which  the  blood  was  drawn  to  the  surface  of  the  body. 

Libys,  -yos,  adj.  m.,  of,  or  relating  to  Libya,  Libyan, 
African. 

Libys,  -yoSj  m.,  Libys,  one  of  the  Tuscan  pirates  who  were 
changed  by  Bacchus  into  dolphins. 

Ligures, -um,  m.,  theii,habitantsof  Liguria,the  Ligurians. 

Liguria,  -^,f-,  Ligtaia,  a  country  in  the  north-west  of  Italy, 
which  extended  along  the  Sinus  Ligusticus,  the  Gulf  of  Genoa, 
from  the  boundary  of  Gaul,  to  the  small  river  Macra,  which  sepa^ 
rated  it  from  Etruria ;  on  the  north  it  was  bounded  by  the  Po  and 
Cisalpine  Gaul.  Liguria  contained  the  modern  territory  of  Genoa, 
that  part  of  Piedmont  which  is  south  of  the  Po,  and  part  of  the 
Duchy  of  Parma. 

Lilybffium,  -i,  n.,  Lilyb<£um,  now  Cape  Boeo,  a  promontory 
which  forms  the  western  extremity  of  the  Island  of  Sicily,  80  miles 
distant  from  Cape  Bon  in  Africa.  According  to  Ovid  (v.  6. 11.), 
when  Typhoeus  (tris.)  was  struck  by  the  thunderbolt  of  Jupiter, 
and  placed  under  Sicily,  his  legs  were  buried  under  this  promontory. 

Limnate,  -es,  f.,  Limnate,  a  water-nymph,  the  daughter  of 
the  Ganges,  and  the  mother  of  Athis.  Limnate  edita  flumine 
Gauge,  Limnate  the  daughter  of  the  river  Ganges,  v.  1.  47. 


LIR  244  LYC 

Linope,  -eR,f.,Liriope,  the  daughter  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys, 
and  mother  of  Nareissus.  by  the  river  Cephlsus.  Cariila  Liriope, 
the  grey-eyed  Liriope,  iii.  5.  4. 

Lucifer,  -eri,  m.,  Lucifer  (the  light-brinffpr),  the  mominff- 
ftar,  the  name  given  to  the  planet  Venus  when  it  appears  in  the 
morning  before  the  sun ;  but  when  it  follows  the  sun,  and  appears 
«ome  time  after  its  setting,  it  is  called  Hesperus.  According  to 
the  fable,  Lucifer  was  the  son  of  Aurora,  and  the  father  of  Ceyx  and 
Daedalion.  Dum  Lucifer  ecocet  ignes  Aurorm,  till  the  morning- 
star  should  call  out  the  fires  of  Aurora,  iv.  13.  26.  Quum  Lucifer 
exit  clarus  albo  equo,  when  the  morning  star  rises  bright  on  his 
white  horse,  xv.  2.  130.     See  Hesperus. 

Luclna,  -X.  f.,  Lndna  (she  who  brings  to  light),  the  goddess 
who  was  believed  to  preside  over  childbirth.  Lucina  is  supposed 
by  some  to  be  a  name  of  Juno,  and  by  others  a  name  of  Diana. 

Luna,  -ae.y.,  Luna,  the  goddess  of  the  moon,  is  by  some 
mythologists  said  to  be  the  same  with  Diana  (See  Diana).  By 
others  she  is  said  to  have  been  the  daughter  of  Hyperion  and 
Thia,  and  to  ride  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  horses,  ii.  1.  208.  Luna 
had  a  temple  at  Rome  on  Mount  Aventine.  Qualia  cornua  divi- 
dufB  LnntB  iinuanfur,  just  as  the  horns  of  the  half-moon  are  bent, 
iii.  7.  172. 

Lyasus,  -i,  m.,  Lyctus  (who  frees  from  care),  a  surname  of 
Bacchus,  probably  derived  from  Xvu,  I  fre?.  Lyseus  is  frequently 
used  to  signify  wine. 

Lycabas,  -ae,  m.,  Ly cabas,  an  Assyrian  who  was  killed  by 
Perseus  (diss.)  at  his  marriage  with  Andromeda.  Also,  one  of 
the  Tuscan  pirates  who  were  changed  into  dolphins  by  Bacchus. 

Lycaeus,  -i,  m.,  Lycaus,  now  Diaforti,  a  mountain  in  Arca- 
dia, where  the  Arcadians  pretended  that  Jupiter  was  born,  and 
where  an  altar  was  erected  to  that  god.  It  was  also  sacred  to 
Pan,  who  had  a  temple  there.  The  rites  performed  in  honour  of 
him  were  called  Lyca:a,  and  being  carried  by  Evander  to  Latium, 
were  there  solemnized  under  the  name  of  Lupercalia.  Pineta 
gelidi  Lyccei,  the  pine  groves  of  cold  Lycffius,  i.  6.  55. 

LycseUS,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  LyciEus.  Pan 
videt  hanc  redeuntem  Lycceo  colic.  Pan  sees  her  r.turning  from 
Mount  Lycaeus,  i.  13.  10. 

Lycaon,  -onis,  m.,  Lycaon,  the  son  of  Pelasgus  and  Jleli- 
boea,  and  king  of  Arcadia.  He  was  noted  for  his  cruelty,  and  had 
fifty  sons,  who,  like  himself,  were  impious  and  cruel.  Jupiter,  to 
satisfy  himself  of  the  truth  of  the  reports  which  he  had  heard, 
visited  Arcadia,  and  reached  at  twilight  the  palace  of  the  king. 
The  common  people  paid  homage  to  his  divinity,  but  Lycaon  re- 
solved to  put  it  to  the  test.  He  first  attempted  to  murder  the 
god,  and  failing  in  this  he  killed  a  hostage,  mixed  his  flesh  with 


LYC  245  LYR 

that  of  the  victims,  and  set  it  before  his  guest.  The  god,  in  in- 
dignation  and  horror  at  the  barbarous  act,  destroyed  the  house 
with  lightning,  and  changed  Lycaon  himself  into  a  wolf.  The 
deluge  of  Deucalion,  which  shortly  afterwards  occurred,  is  said  to 
have  been  occasioned  by  the  impiety  of  Lycaon  and  his  sons.  See 
Diluvium. 

Lycaonius,  -a,,  -uni,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Lycaon. 

Lycia,  -se, /".,  Lycia,  a  small  district  in  the  south  of  Asia 
Minor,  which  adjoined  Caria  on  the  west,  Phrygia  on  the  north, 
PamphyUa  on  the  east,  and  was  washed  by  the  sea  on  the  south. 
The  Lycians,  under  the  command  of  Sarpedon,  assisted  Priam  m 
the  siege  of  Troy. 

Lycisce,  -es,  f.,   Wolf,  the  name  of  one  of  Actaeon's  dogs. 

Lycius,  -a.,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Lycia,  Lycian. 

Lycorilias,  -aSj  m.,  the  Lycormas,  now  the  Fidari,  a  rapid 
river  in  the  east  of  ^Etolia,  whose  sands  were  of  a  golden  colour, 
whence  it  is  called  Flavus  Lycormai,  the  Yellow  Lycormas.  It 
veas  afterwards  called  Evenus,  from  Evenus,  a  son  of  Mars,  and 
king  of  the  country,  who  threw  himself  into  it. 

Lycurgus,  -i,  JW.,  Lycurgus,  the  son  of  Dryas,  and  king  of 
the  Edones,  in  Thrace.  He  opposed  the  introduction  of  the  wor- 
ship of  Bacchus  into  his  kingdom,  and  caused  the  vines  to  be  de- 
stroyed. For  this  contempt  of  his  divinity  he  was  infuriated  by 
Bacchus,  and  taking  in  his  hand  an  axe  for  the  purpose  of  cutting 
down  some  vines,  he  killed  his  wife  and  his  son,  and  cut  himself  in 
the  foot ;  hence  he  is  called  by  Ovid  Bipenniferiim  Lycurgum,  the 
axe-bearing  Lycurgus,  iv.  1.  22.  He  was  afterwards  put  to  death 
by  his  subjects,  vrho  had  been  informed  by  the  oracle  that  they 
should  not  taste  wine  while  Lycurgus  was  alive. 

Lyncides,  -se,  m.,  Lyncides,  an  Ethiopian,  who  killed  Hyp- 
seus  (diss.)  at  the  marriage  of  Perseus  {diss.)  and  Andromeda. 
Petit  gladio  pectora  Lyricidce,  strikes  with  his  sword  the  breast  of 
Lyncides,  v.  L  128. 

Lyrceus,  -i,  m.,  Lyrcens,  a  mountain  of  Argolis,  on  the 
borders  of  Arcadia,  whence  the  river  Inachus  derived  its  soiu^ce. 

Lyrceus,  -a,  -Um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Lyrceus,  Lyrcean. 
Lyrcea  arvu  consita  arboribiis,  the  fields  of  Lyrceus  planted  with 
trees,  i.  11.  31. 

Lyrnesius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  or  relating  to  Lymesus.  Lyr- 
nesia  mania  procubuisse  solo,  that  the  walls  of  Lymesus  were 
levelled  with  the  ground,  xiii.  1.  176. 

Lymesus,  -\,f.,  Lymesus,  a  city  of  Mysia,  in  Asia  Minor, 
which  was  taken  by  Achilles  during  the  Trojan  war.  The  female 
captive  Briseis  was  assigned  to  Achilles  as  part  of  the  spoil,  and  the 
dispute  which  arose  between  him  and  Agamraenon  respecting  thi* 

x2 


M^A  246  MAN 

flare,  vtas  the  cause  of  the  prolongation  of  the  famous  siege.     See 
Achil'.es 

.AI. 

Mffiandros,  -i,  ni.,  the  Mieander,  now  the  Mendere.  a  river 
of  Asia  Minor,  which  rises  in  the  western  part  of  Phrvgia,  formed 
the  boundary  between  Lydia  and  Caria,  and,  after  a  western  course 
of  180  miles,  falls  into  the  Mfic-Mi  Sea,  south  of  the  island  of 
Samos.  The  Maeander  is  celebrated  for  its  innumerable  windmgs, 
from  which  all  sinuosities  have  received  the  name  Mmanders  ;  it 
flows  through  a  rich  fertile  country,  and  carries  down  with  it  so 
much  mud  as  to  have  completely  changed  the  face  of  the  country 
towards  its  mouth,  rendering  those  cities  inland  which  once  stood 
upon  the  seashore.  The  windings  of  this  river  are  said  to  have 
furnished  Daedalus  with  the  first  idea  of  his  famous  labyrinth. 
Mceandros  qui  ludit  in  recurcatis  vndis,  the  Mseander  which 
sports  in  his  winding  stream,  ii.  1.  246. 

Msnalus,  -i,  m.,  {Plur.  -a,  drum,  n.),  Msnalus,  now 
Roino,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  mountains  of  Arcadia,  in  the 
south-eastern  part  of  the  province,  was  sacred  to  Pan,  and  con- 
sidered the  favourite  haunt  of  that  rural  deity.  Its  height  is 
considerable ;  it  is  covered  with  pine-trees,  and  intersected  by 
glens  and  valleys,  which  are  watered  by  numerous  rivulets.  Its 
woods  were  the  retreat  of  bears,  wild  boars,  and  other  animals  of 
the  chace.  Manala  horrenda  latehria ferarum,  Maenalus  dreadful 
for  the  dens  of  wild  beasts,  i.  fj.  54. 

Maeonia,  -ae,  ^/1,  Maonia,  called  also  Lydia,  a  district  in  the 
west  of  Asia  Minor,  bounded  on  the  north  by  Mysia,  on  the  east  by 
Phrygia,  on  the  south  by  Caria,  and  on  the  west  by  the  ^Egean  Sea. 
The  Lydians  were  anciently  brave  and  warlike,  and  were  accounted 
the  best  horsemen  in  the  world.  They  are  said  to  have  been  the 
first  who  coined  gold  and  silver,  and  exhibited  public  games. 

IMseonius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relaiing  to  Mcconia,  Mao- 
nian.  Qua  celehrdrant  carmine  Maonias  ripas,  which  had  made 
famous  by  their  songs  the  banks  of  the  Mseonian  river,  i.  e.  the 
Cayster,  a  river  in  Maeonia,  ii.  1.  252.  Vertere  AIcBonios  nautas 
immergereque  pelago,  to  transform  the  Maeonian  sailors,  and  plunge 
them  into  the  sea.  i.  e.  the  Tuscan  sailors  who  carried  off  Bacchus 
from  the  island  of  Ceos,  iv.  11.  !'.  The  Tuscans  were  called 
Maeonians,  because,  at  a  very  early  period,  some  Lydians  were  said 
to  have  been  driven  from  their  country  by  famine,  and  to  have  set- 
tled in  that  part  of  Italy  which  was  afterwards  called  Etruria. 

Manes,  -ium,  m.,  departed  spirits,  the  spirits  of  the  dead. 
"  According  to  the  Roman  poets,  every  man  possessed  a  three- 
fold soul,  which,  after  the  dissolution  of  the  body,  resolved  itselt 
into  the  manes,  the  anima,  or  spiritus,  and  the  umbra,  to  each  o? 


MAR  247  MAR 

which  a  different  place  was  assigned.  The  manes  descended  into 
the  infernal  regions,  to  inhabit  either  Tartarus  or  Elysium  "  The 
former  was  believed  to  be  the  abode  of  the  wicked,  the  latter  that 
of  the  good.  "  The  anima  ascended  to  the  skies  to  mingle  with 
the  gods,  while  the  umbra  hovered  around  the  tomb,  as  if  unwil- 
ling to  quit  its  connexion  with  the  body,  of  which  it  was  the  icraith, 
or  shadow."  The  Manes  were  also  worshipped  as  gods,  and  were 
objects  of  great  terror  to  the  ancients.  The  beneficent  Alanes 
were  called  Lares,  and  watched  over  and  protected  the  families  of 
their  descendants  ;  while  those  which  were  believed  to  be  hurtful 
were  denominated  Larvae,  or  Lemur ei.  They  were  supposed  to 
be  offended  if  expiatory  offerings  were  withheld  from  them,  and 
the  greatest  care  was  therefore  taken  to  propitiate  them.  Blood 
was  believed  to  be  the  most  acceptable  offering  ;  various  animals, 
especially  such  as  the  deceased  had  been  fond  of,  and  in  ancient 
times  captives  or  slaves,  were  slaughtered  at  the  funeral  pile,  and 
thrown  into  it.  The  warrior  vowed  to  procure  rest  for  the  soul  of 
his  departed  friend  by  the  slaughter  of  his  enemies,  and  thousands 
of  gladiators  were  compelled  to  murder  each  other  in  the  amphi- 
theatre at  Rome  to  appease  the  manes  of  the  noble  Romans.  To 
desecrate  ^he  ashes  or  bones  of  the  dead  was  regarded  by  the  Ro- 
mans as  a  heinous  crimi',  and  an  oath  by  the  Manes  was  peculiarly 
sacred.  Manes  is  also  used  to  denote  the  abode  of  the  dead,  the 
infernal  i-egionn.  Jn  antra  propiora  Manibus,  into  the  caves 
which  are  near  the  abode  of  the  Manes,  i.  e.  Tartarus,  ii.  ].  303. 
A^ovique  ^ fanes,  and  the  manes  recently  arrived,  iv.  11.  23. 

Mars^  -lis,  m-,  Mars,  the  god  of  war,  was  the  son  of  Jupiter 
and  Juno.  Ovid,  following  a  later  mythology,  makes  him  the  son 
of  Juno  alone,  who  conceived  him  by  touching  a  flower  presented  to 
her  by  the  goddess  Flora.  During  the  Trojan  war  Mars  inte- 
rested himself  on  the  side  of  the  Trojans,  encountered  Diomedes 
in  battle,  and  was  wounded  by  the  Grecian  hero,  and  driven  from 
the  field  through  the  assistance  of  Minerva.  This  god  was  wor- 
shipped with  particular  veneration  by  the  Romans,  as  the  supposed 
father  of  Romiilus,  their  founder,  and  by  the  Thracians,  among 
whom  he  was  supposed  to  reside.  His  priests  were  caUed  Salii, 
and  were  intrusted  with  the  care  of  the  sacred  shield  (anale), 
which  was  said  to  have  fallen  from  heaven  in  the  time  of  Numa. 
Mars  is  represented  with  a  fierce  and  warlike  appearance,  armed  with 
a  helmet,  a  shield,  and  a  spear,  riding  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  two 
horses,  to  which  the  poets  have  given  the  names  of  Fear  and  Terror. 
His  usual  attendants  were  the  goddess  of  Discord,  and  Bellona,  the 
goddess  of  war.  Among  animals,  the  horse  and  wolf  were  sacred 
to  him  ;  and  among  birds,  the  magpie  and  vulture.  The  dog-grass 
vras  sacred  to  him,  because  it  is  said  to  grow  in  places  fit  for  fields 
of  battle,  or  where  the  ground  has  been  stained  with  human  blood. 
Mars  was  the  father  of  Harmoniaby  Venus,  iii.  2.  2.  Suo  Martf, 
in  battle  with  each  other,  iii.    1.    123.     Sine   Marte,   without  a 


MAR  248  MED 

struggle,  iii.  7.  30.  Conveitit  Ulurlem  depulsum  a  se,  diverted 
the  battle  from  himself,  and  turned  it,  &c.,  vii.  1.  140.  Quantum 
ego  valeo  feroci  Marte,  as  much  as  I  excel  in  fierce  warfare,  xiii. 
1.  11.  Aec  ulla  copia  aperti  Alartis,  and  no  opportunity  was 
given  us  of  open  warfare,  xiii.  1.  208. 

Martius,  -a,  -urn,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Mars,  sacred  to 
Mars,  martial.  3Iarlius  unguis,  a  serpent  sacred  to  Mars,  iii. 
1.  32. 

Mavors,  -tis,  in.,   Mavors,  a  different  form  of  Mars. 

Mavortius.  -a,  -um,  udj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Mars,  sacred 
to  Mars.  Mavortia  proles,  ye  offspring  of  Mars, — sprung  from 
the  teeth  of  the  serpent  sacred  to  Mars,  iii.  7-  21 

^ledea,  -ae, ./".,  ^Vedea,  the  daughter  of  iiletes,  king  of  Colchis, 
was  famous  for  her  skill  in  enchantment  and  magic.  When  Jason 
came  to  Colchis  in  quest  of  the  golden  fleece,  his  lofty  bearing,  and 
the  intrepid  nature  of  his  enterprise,  captivated  the  heart  of  Medea, 
and  to  her  efforts  he  and  his  companions  were  chiefly  indebted  for 
their  safety.  She  furnished  him  with  a  saWe  to  rub  his  body, 
which  rendered  him  invulnerable  by  fire  and  steel ;  and  by  follow- 
ing her  directions,  he  succeeded  in  yoking  the  bulls,  in  despatching 
the  armed  men  who  sprung  from  the  serpent's  teeth,  and  in  kill- 
ing the  dragon  which  guarded  the  golden  fleece.  After  her  ar- 
rival at  lolcos,  she  restored  yEson  to  youth  by  her  magic  power, 
although,  from  the  infirmities  of  age,  he  had  been  unable  to  parti- 
cipate in  the  rejoicings  which  took  place  on  the  return  of  his  son. 
This  sudden  change  in  iEson  astonished  the  inhabitants  of  lolcos  ; 
and  the  daughters  of  Pelias  entreated  her  to  perform  the  same  ser- 
Tice  to  their  father.  Medea,  wishing  to  revenge  the  injuries  which 
Jason  had  suffered  from  Pehas,  increased  their  curiosity,  and,  by 
cutting  to  pieces  an  old  ram,  and  converting  it  in  their  presence 
into  a  young  lamb,  determined  them  to  try  the  same  experiment  on 
their  father's  body.  They  accordingly  killed  him,  and  boiled  his 
flesh  in  a  caldron,  but  as  Medea  refused  to  fulfil  her  promise,  he  thus 
perished  by  a  miserable  death.  This  action  so  much  irritated  the 
people  of  lolcos,  that  Medea  and  her  husband  fled  to  Corinth  to 
avoid  their  resentment.     See  lason. 

Medon  -ontis,  m.,  Medon,  one  of  the  Tuscan  pirates  who 
were  changed  into  dolphins  by  Bacchus. 

Medusa,  -X,f.,  Medusa,  the  daughter  of  Phorcys  and  Ceto, 
the  only  one  of  the  Gorgons  who  was  subject  to  mortality.  She 
was  celebrated  for  her  personal  charms,  and  particularly  for  the 
beauty  of  her  locks.  jSeptune  became  enamoured  of  her,  and  ob- 
tained her  favours  in  the  temple  of  Minerva.  This  desecration  of 
her  temple  so  provoked  the  goddess,  that  she  changed  her  beauti- 
ful hair  into  serpents.  Perseus  (diss. )  cut  off  Medusa's  head,  with 
which,  in  consequence  of  its  possessing  the  power  of  converting 
into  stone  any  object  on  which  it  looked,  he  performed  many  cele- 


MED  249  MEN 

bratfd  exploits.  The  blood  which  flowed  from  the  wound  is  said 
to  have  produced  the  numerous  serpents  with  which  Africa  abounds, 
and  also  Pegasus,  the  winged  horse  of  the  Muses.  According  to 
Ovid  (iv.  14.  83.),  coral  was  first  produced  by  the  head  of  Medusa 
being  laid  by  Perseus  on  some  marine  plants  which  were  on  the 
beach.  The  head  of  Medusa  was  placed  by  the  conqueror  on 
the  aegis  of  Minerva,  which  he  had  used  in  the  expedition.  See 
Perseus,  Gorge,  and  Cuvalium. 

Medusaeus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Medusa.  Quern 
dura  nngula  Meduscei  prcepetis  riipit,  which  the  hard  hoof  of  the 
winged  horse  that  sprung  from  the  blood  of  Medusa  broke  open, 
i.  e.  the  fountain  Hippocrene,  q.  v.,  v.  4.  8.  Victm  cedite  Medu- 
scBofonte,  do  you,  if  defeated,  yield  to  us  Medusa's  fountain,  i.  e. 
Hippocrene,  v.  5.  19.     See  Hippocrene. 

Melampus,  -odis,  m.,  Blackfoot,  the  name  of  one  of  Actaj- 
on's  dogs.  Melampus  Spartand  gente,  Blackfoot  of  a  Spartan 
breed,  iii.  2.  78. 

Melanchsetes,  -a;,  m.,  Blackhair,  the  name  of  one  of  Ac- 
taeon's  dogs. 

Melarieus  (tris.),  -ei,  &  -ecs,  ni.,  Black,  the  name  of  one 
of  Actaeon's  dogs. 

MelantllUSj  -i,  m.,  Melanthus,  one  of  the  Tuscan  pirates 
who  were  changed  into  dolphins  by  Bacchus. 

iSIelas,  -anis,  &  -anos,  m.,  the  Melas  {the  Black  river). 
Several  rivers  of  this  name  occur  in  ancient  geography.  That 
mentioned  by  Ovid  (ii.  1.  247.),  was  probably  a  river  in  Thrace, 
now  called  the  Cavatcha,  which  gave  the  name  of  Alelanes  Sinus, 
the  GulfofSaros,  to  the  north  eastern  comer  of  the  jEgean  Sea, 
into  which  it  fell.  The  epithet  Mygdonius,  which  he  applies  to  it, 
refers  to  3Iygdonia,  a  province  of  Macedonia,  which  originally  in- 
cluded a  considerable  portion  of  Thrace.  Some  critics  have  sup- 
posed that  Ovid  here  alluded  to  the  Koremoz,  or  Karasou,  a  river 
of  Cappadocia,  in  Asia  Minor,  which  rises  on  the  northern  side  of 
Mount  Argasus,  and  flows  eastward  into  the  Euphrates. 

Melicerta,  -ae,  m.,  Melicerta,  the  son  of  Athamas  and  Ino. 
When  his  father,  in  a  fit  of  phrensy,  was  preparing  to  kill  him  by 
dashing  him  against  a  rock,  as  he  had  done  his  brother  Learchus, 
Ino  fled,  with  her  son  in  her  arms,  and  in  this  state  threw  herself 
into  the  sea.  Neptune,  pitying  their  misfortunes,  changed  them 
into  sea-deities.  Melicerta  was  called  Palaemon  by  the  Greeks, 
and  Portumnus  by  the  Latins.     See  Athamas  and  Ino. 

Menelaus,  -i.  m.,  MeneZaus,  the  younger  of  the  sons  of  Atreus 
{diss.),  and  brother  of  Agamemnon.  On  the  death  of  Atreus, 
Menelaus  and  Agamemnon  fled  to  the  court  of  (Eneus  {diss. ),  king 
of  Calydonia,  where  they  were  treated  with  paternal  kindness.  They 
afterwards  presented  themselves  at  Sparta,  among  the  other  Gre- 


MEN  250  MEN 

cian  princes  who  solicited  the  hand  of  the  beautiful  Helen,  and  the 
youthful  princess  being  allowed  to  gratify  her  choice,  selected  Me- 
nelaus,  his  rivals  having  previously  Ijound  themselves  by  an  oath  to 
protect  her  against  any  person  who  should  attempt  to  carry  her  off 
from  her  lawful  husband.  Tyndiirus  soon  after  resigned  the  crown 
to  his  son-in-law,  and  INIenelaus  became  king  of  Sparta,  where  he 
lived  for  three  years,  with  every  appearance  of  conjugal  happiness. 
In  the  end  of  the  third  year,  Paris,  who  had  received  from  Venus 
the  promise  of  the  most  beautiful  woman  in  the  world,  arrived  at 
Sparta  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  off  Helen  ;  and  Menelaus,  who 
was  ignorant  of  the  intentions  of  his  guest,  being  under  the  neces- 
sity of  going  to  Crete,  afforded  him  an  opportunity  of  effecting  his 
purpose.  Menelaus  did  not  quietly  submit  to  this  indignity.  He 
reminded  the  Grecian  chiefs  of  their  oath  to  protect  his  wife,  and 
called  upon  them  to  avenge  the  injury  which  had  been  done  to  him. 
Accompanied  by  Ulysses,  he  went  to  Troy  to  demand  her  restora- 
tion, and  this  being  refused  by  Priam,  a  numerous  armament  was 
immediately  assembled,  with  which  they  laid  siege  to  Troy.  During 
the  war,  Menelaus  behaved  with  great  bravery,  and  but  for  the 
interposition  of  Venus,  would  have  inflicted  merited  vengeance 
upon  Paris  by  killing  him  in  battle.  In  the  tenth  year  of  the  war, 
Helen  is  said  to  have  obtained  the  forgiveness  of  her  husband  by 
betraying  into  his  hands  De'iphobus,  whom  she  had  married  after 
the  death  of  Paris.  Menelaus  having  thus  recovered  his  wife,  re- 
turned with  her  to  Sparta  after  a  voyage  of  eight  years,  and  spent 
the  remainder  of  his  life  in  the  greatest  happiness.  See  Atridae, 
Agamemnon,  and  Helena. 

Mensis,  -is,  m.,  a  month.  Romulus  called  the  first  of  the 
ten  months  into  which  he  divided  the  year  Martius,  March,  from 
Mars,  his  reputed  father  ;  the  second  Aprilis,  April,  from  ape- 
rio,  because  the  trees  and  flowers  then  open  their  buds  ;  the  third 
Maius,  May,  from  Maia,  the  mother  of  Mercury  ;  and  the  fourth 
Junius,  June,  from  the  goddess  Juno.  The  others  were  named 
from  their  number,  Quintilis,  Sextllis,  September,  <  )ct6ber,  No- 
vember, December.  Quintilis  wa.s  afterwards  called  Julius,  from 
Julius  Caesar,  and  Sextilis  was  named  Augustus,  in  honour  of  the 
emperor  Augustus.  Julius  Caesar,  when  assigning  the  number  of 
days  to  the  several  months,  ordered  that  the  first,  third,  fifth, 
seventh,  ninth,  and  eleventh  months,  that  is  January,  March,  May, 
July,  September,  and  November,  should  have  each  thirty-one  days, 
and  the  other  months  thirty,  excepting  February,  which,  in  com-  j 
men  years,  should  have  twenty-nine,  but  every  fourth  year  thirty 
days.  This  order  was  interrupted  to  gratify  the  vanity  of  Augus-  i 
tus,  by  giving  to  the  month  bearing  his  name  as  many  days  as  July, 
which  was  named  after  his  predecessor.  A  day  was  accordingly 
taken  from  February  and  given  to  August ;  and  in  order  that  three 
months  of  thirty -one  days  might  not  come  together,  September  and 


MER  251  MER 

November  were  reduced  to  thirty  days,  and  thirty-one  were  given 
to  October  and  December.  The  Romans  divided  their  months  into 
three  parts,  by  Kalends,  Nones,  and  Ides.  The  first  day  of  each 
month  was  called  Kalendcb,  from  a  priest  calling  out  (calandj)  to 
the  people  that  it  was  new  moon  ;  the  fifth  day  Nonce,  because, 
counting  inclusively,  the  Nones  were  nine  days  from  the  Ides  ;  the 
thirteenth  Idus,  the  Ides,  from  the  obsolete  verb  iduare,  because 
the  Ides  nearly  divided  the  month.  In  March,  May,  July,  and 
October,  the  Nones  fell  on  the  seventh,  and  the  Ides  on  the  fifteenth. 
The  other  days  were  numbered  in  reference  to  these  divisions, — 
thus,  in  January  the  first  day  was  called  the  Kalends  ;  the  second 
was  then  viewed  with  reference  to  the  approaching  Nones,  and  was 
denominated  the  foia-th  hefore  the  Nones  ,•  the  third  was  called  the 
third  before  the  Nones  ;  the  day  after  the  Nones  was  the  eighth  be- 
fore the  Ides ;  the  day  after  the  Ides,  the  nineteenth  before  the 
Kalends  of  February.  The  day  before  each  of  the  principal  divi- 
sions was  called  Pridie  ;  thus  the  fourth  was  denominated  Pridie 
Nonas,  the  day  before  the  Nones.     See  Annus  and  Dies. 

Mercurius,  -ii,  m.,  Mercury,  called  by  the  Greeks  Hermes, 
was  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  JMaia,  one  of  the  daughters  of  Atlas. 
He  was  born  on  the  top  of  Cyllene,  a  mountain  in  the  north  of 
Arcadia,  from  which  he  obtained  the  name  Cyllenius,  i.  13.  25. 
According  to  the  later  mythologists,  Mercury  was  the  messenger 
of  the  gods  and  particularly  of  Jupiter,  the  god  of  commerce,  of 
wrestling,  and  all  the  exercises  of  the  palaestra ;  of  eloquence,  of 
thieving,  in  short  of  every  thing  relating  to  gain  or  requiring  art 
and  ingenuity.  His  name,  according  to  Festus,  is  derived  a 
mercibus.  because  he  was  considered  by  the  Romans  as  the  god  of 
merchandise.  On  the  day  of  his  birth  he  gave  an  early  proof  of  his 
dexterity  and  craft  by  stealing  fifty  of  the  cows  of  Admetus,  king  of 
Pherae,  wi.ich  had  been  placed  under  the  care  of  Apollo.  While 
on  his  way  to  Thessaly,  he  met  a  tortoise,  which  he  instantly  killed, 
took  out  the  flesh,  adapted  reeds  and  strings  to  the  shell,  and  formed 
from  it  the  lyre,  on  which  he  immediately  played  with  perfect  skill. 
This  lyre  he  afterwards  gave  to  Apollo  to  appease  his  anger  for  the 
theft  which  he  had  committed,  and  received  in  return  the  caduceiei--, 
or  staff,  which  he  used  in  conducting  the  souls  of  the  dead  to  the 
infernal  regions  He  was  fr<quently  employed  by  the  king  of  the 
gods  to  aid  him  in  his  amours,  and  was  set  to  watch  over  the  jea- 
lousy and  intrigues  of  Juno.  By  his  orders  he  killed  Argus,  and 
liberated  lo,  i.  12.  (See  Argusj.  Mercury  is  usually  represented 
with  a  cloak  neatly  arranged  on  his  person,  with  his  petasus,  or 
winged  hat,  and  the  talariu,  or  wings,  at  his  heels,  i.  12.  47.,  &c. 
In  his  hand  he  bears  his  caduceus,  or  staff,  with  two  serpents  en- 
twined round  it,  which  possessed  the  power  of  producing  sleep  (i, 
12.  48.),  and  is  armed  with  a  short  sword,  called  harpe  (i.  13.  2y.^, 
which   he  lent  to  Perseus  (diss.).     Statues  of  Mercury,  square 


MER  252  MIN 

pillars  with  a  rudely  carved  head  on  them,  were  erected  where  seve- 
ral roads  met,  to  point  out  the  way,  because  he  was  considered  the 
god  of  travellers.  The  animals  sacred  to  him  were  the  dog,  the 
goat,  and  the  cock. 

Meriones,  -•£,  m.,  Meriunes,  the  son  of  Molus,  a  Cretan 
prince,  and  iNJelphis.  He  was  the  friend_and  charioteer  of  Idome- 
neus  (4  syL  )  king  of  Crete,  and  one  of  the  bravest  of  the  Greeks 
at  the  siege  of  Troy ;  hence  he  is  said  by  Homer  to  be  equal  in 
courage  to  Mars. 

Merops,  -opis,  jn.,  Merops,  a  king  of  .Ethiopia,  the  husband 
of  Clymene,  and  the  supposed  father  of  Phaethon.  To  mortify 
the  vanity  of  Phaethon,  Kpaphus  reproached  him  with  his  spurious 
descent,  as  being  the  son  of  Merops,  and  not,  as  he  pretended,  the 
son  of  Sol,  i.  14.  4.,  &c.  Cupiens  did  {&.i\is) Meropis,  wishing 
to  be  called  the  son  of  Merops,  ii.  1.  184.     S^e  Phaethon. 

Milon,  -onis,  m.,  MUo,  a  celebrated  athleta,  was  a  native  of 
Crotona,  in  the  south  of  Italy,  and  one  of  the  disciples  of  Pytha- 
goras. He  was  a  man  of  prodigious  strength,  which  he  had  partly 
increased  by  early  accustoming  himself  to  carry  the  greatest  bur- 
dens, and  by  cultivating  athletic  exercises,  to  which  the  inhabitants 
of  Crotona  paid  great  attention.  Remarkable  instances  of  his 
strength  are  recorded  by  the  ancient  writers.  He  killed  a  bull 
with  only  his  hand,  and  carried  it  away  ;  and  on  another  occasion 
he  astonished  the  assembled  multitudes  at  Olvmpia  by  entering  the  " 
stadium  with  a  live  ox  on  his  shoulders.  He  was  seven  times 
crowned  at  the  Pythian  games,  and  six  times  at  Olyrapia.  On 
presenting  himself  a  seventh  time,  no  one  was  found  bold  enough 
to  enter  the  lists  with  him.  To  his  uncommon  strength  Pythago- 
ras and  his  scholars  were  on  one  occasion  indebted  for  their  safety. 
The  pillar  which  supported  the  roof  of  the  school  suddenly  gave 
way,  but  Milo  supported  the  whole  weight  of  the  building,  and  al- 
lowed the  philosopher  and  his  disciples  time  to  escape.  Confidence 
in  his  stiength,  however,  at  last  proved  fatal  to  him.  When  tra- 
velUng  alone  through  a  wood  he  observed  a  tree  which  had  been 
cleft  by  wedges,  and  attempting  with  his  hands  and  feet  to  tear  it 
asunder,  the  wedges  fell  out,  and  the  divided  parts  violently  closing 
upon  his  hands,  fastened  him  to  the  spot,  where  he  became  the 
prey  of  wild  beasts.  Milon  senior  jlet,  Milo,  now  an  old  man, 
weeps,  XV.  2.  170. 

Mimas,  -antis,  »n.,  Mima  ,  now  Karahurun,  a  high  moun- 
tain in  the  peninsula  of  Erythrae,  in  Lydia,  a  province  on  the  west 
coast  of  Asia  Minor.  This  mountain  was  full  of  wild  beasts,  and 
covered  with  wood,  and  from  it  the  Bacchanals,  who  celebrated 
their  orgies  there,  were  called  Mimallonides. 

Minerva,  -se,/,  Minerva,  the  goddess  of  wisdom,  of  war, 
of  the  arts  and  sciences,  of  the  useful  arts,  and  of  industry.  She 
is  said  to  have  sprung,  full-grown  and.  completely  armed,  from  the 


MIN  253  MIN 

brain  of  Jupiter,  upon  the  skull  of  that  god  being  split  by  Vulcan 
with  a  stroke  of  his  axe.  In  consequence  of  her  wisdom  she  was 
immediately  admitted  into  the  number  of  the  gods,  and  occupied 
the  place  next  to  Jupiter.  She  disputed  with  Neptune  the  honour 
of  giving  a  name  to  the  city  which  had  been  built  by  Cecrops, 
upon  which  it  was  agreed,  that  whichsoever  of  them  produced 
what  was  most  useful  to  mankind,  should  have  the  preference. 
Neptune,  with  a  stroke  of  his  trident,  produced  a  horse  ;  and  iMi- 
nerva  caused  an  olive  to  spring  from  the  ground.  The  latter  was 
judged  the  most  useful  as  being  the  symbol  of  peace,  and  Minerva 
gave  to  the  city  the  name  of  Athense,  from  her  Greek  name  Afrivr,, 
and  became  the  tutelary  goddess  of  the  place.  She  obtained  from 
her  father  permission  to  live  in  a  state  of  celibacy  (v.  6.  35.),  and 
refused  to  unite  herself  with  Vulcan,  though  earnestly  solicited  by 
the  god  of  fire.  She  assisted  the  gods  in  the  war  against  the 
giants,  changed  Arachne  into  a  spider,  deprived  Tiresias  of  sight 
(See  Tiresias),  and  changed  Medusa's  beautiful  locks  into  snakes 
(iv.  15.  49.).  As  goddess  of  war  she  is  opposed  to  Mars,  the  wild 
war-god,  and  is  the  patroness  of  just  and  scientific  warfare;  hence 
she  espoused  the  cause  of  the  Greeks  at  the  siege  of  Troy,  and  as- 
sisted them  against  the  Trojans.  She  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  to 
discover  oil?  and  the  method  of  working  in  wool,  and  was  therefore  in  - 
voked  as  the  patroness  of  spinning,  painting,  embroidery,  weaving, 
&c.  The  worship  of  Minerva  prevailed  over  all  Greece,  and  was  also 
extensively  cultivated  in  Italy.  Her  favourite  city  was  Athens, 
where  she  had  a  splendid  temple  on  the  citadel,  called  the  Parthe- 
non, in  allusion  to  her  celibacy  ;  and  in  Rome,  her  temple  was  under 
the  same  roof  with  that  of  Jupiter,  on  the  Capitol  (SeeCapitolium). 
Minerva  is  represented  with  a  serious  and  thoughtful  countenance, 
large  and  steady  eyes,  with  her  hair  hanging  in  ringlets  on  her 
shoulders,  a  helmet  on  her  head,  a  long  tunic  and  mantle,  and 
bearing  on  her  breast,  or  on  her  arm,  her  aegis,  with  the  head  of 
the  Gorgon  on  its  centre.  The  owl  among  birds,  and  the  olive 
among  trees,  were  sacred  to  her.  Minerva  is  frequently  used  to 
denote  the  various  parts  of  female  industry.  Turhantes  fesia  in- 
tempestivd  Minerva,  profaning  the  festival  by  ill-timed  industry, 
i.  e.  by  weaving,  iv.  1.  33.  Penetrate  signuni  Phrygian  Minerva, 
the  statue  of  the  Phrygian  Minerva  placed  in  the  interior  of  her 
temple,  i.  e.  the  Palladium,  q.  v.  xiii.  1.  337.  Fatale aignum  Mi' 
nerval,  the  fatal  statue  of  Minerva,  i.  e.  the  Palladium,  on  which  the 
fate  of  Troy  depended,  xiii.  1.  361. 

Minyse,  -aXMra,  ni.,  the  MinycB,  a  name  given  to  the  Argo- 
nauts, because,  according  to  Hyginus,  the  mothers  of  most  or  of 
many  of  them  were  daughters  of  Minyas  ;  or  because  Alcimede, 
the  mother  of  Jason,  was  a  daughter  of  JMinyas.  But  the  reason 
why  this  appellation  was  given  to  them  has  not  been  clearly 
ascertained.     Miiiyce  jam  secabant  fretum  Pagasad  pvppe,  the 


MIN  254  MOL 

Argonauts  were  now  cutting  the  sea  in  a  ship  from  Pagasae,  vii.  1. 
1.     See  lason. 

Minyas,  -ae,  m.,  Minyas,  a  king  of  Thessaly,  whose  daughter 
Alcimede  was  the  mother  of  Jason  ;  also  a  son  of  Orchomenos,  and 
father  of  Alcithoe,  Leucouoe,  and  Arsippe,  who  from  him  were 
called  Minyekles. 

Minyeias,  -adiS;  /'.,  a  daughter  of  Minyas.  Minyeias  Al- 
citho[',  Alcithoi',  the  daughter  of  Minyas,  iv.  1.  1. 

Minyeldes,  -um,/.,  the  daughters  of  Minyas.  The  Miny- 
eides  refused  to  recognise  the  divinity  oif  Bacchus,  ridiculed  his^ 
orgies,  and  were  transformed  by  the  god  into  bats.  It  is  diflBcuU 
to  determine  who  the  Minyeides  were,  as  the  patron)Tnic  is  ap- 
plicable to  the  daughters,  granddaughters,  or  even  more  remote 
descendants  of  Minyas.  Under  Minyas  they  have  been  stated 
to  be  his  daiighters.  They  were  three  in  number,  and  of  these 
Ovid  mentions  two,  Alcithoe  and  Leuconoe.  The  third  is  called  by 
Plutarch,  Aristippe,  and  by  .lElian,  Arsippe,  a  variation  which  has 
probably  been  occasioned  by  the  carelessness  of  the  copyists. 
Triplices  Minyeides,  the  three  daughters  of  Minyas,  iv.  11.  10. 

Minyeius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Minyas.  Miny- 
eia  proles,  the  offspring  of  Minyas,  i.  e.  his  three  daughters,  iv. 
10.  1.      See  Minyeides. 

Mithridates,  -is,  m.,  Mithridates,  surnamed  Euputer,  and 
also  the  Great,  was  king  of  Pontus,  a  coimtry  in  the  north-east  of 
Asia  Minor,  and  one  of  the  most  remarkable  men  of  the  age  in 
which  he  lived.  He  was  distinguished  for  his  cruelty  and  bound- 
less ambition ;  and  suspecting  that  the  retainers  of  his  court  had  a 
design  upon  his  life,  he  fortified  his  constitution  against  poison  by 
drinking  antidotes,  which,  according  to  the  Laiin  writers,  rendered 
him  invulnerable  even  by  the  most  active  poisons.  His  career  was 
one  of  extraordmary  success,  attended  by  reverses  not  less  signal. 
He  is  said  to  have  conquered  twenty-four  nations,  whose  different 
languages  he  spoke  with  the  same  ease  and  fluency  as  his  own. 
After  proving  one  of  the  most  formidable  enemies  which  the  Ro- 
mans at  any  period  of  their  history  encountered,  he  was  obliged  at 
last  to  yield  to  the  superior  power  of  Pompey,  and  finding  himself 
deserted  by  his  troops,  he  attempted  to  stab  himself.  FaiUng  to 
accomplish  his  object,  he  requested  a  Gaul  to  repeat  the  blow,  and 
died  about  B.  c.  64. 

^lithridateus,  -a,  -um,  adj..  of,  or  relating  to  Mithridates. 
Pontum  tumentem  Milhridateis  nominibtis,  Pontus  proud  of  the 
name  of  Mithridates,  xv.  9.  11. 

Mnemcilides,  -Uin,  J".,  the  j\Inemonides,  a  name  given  to  the 
Muses,  as  being  the  daughters  of  Mnemosyne,  the  goddess  of 
mem.ory.      Gr.  Ace.  -das.     See  Musse. 

Molcssis,  -idis,y.,  Molossis,  a  district  in  the  south-east  of 


MOL  255  JIUS 

F'pirus,  having  the  Ambracius  Sinus,  the  Gulf  of  Arta,  on  the 
south,  Thessaly  on  the  east,  and  Thesprotia  on  the  north.  In  this 
country  was  the  river  Acheron  (See  Acheron),  and  Dodona,  the 
most  ancient  oracle  in  Greece,  and  inferior  in  celebrity  only  to  the 
shrine  of  Apollo  at  Delphi  (See  Jupiter).  Molossis  was  famous 
for  its  dogs,  which  were  called  Molossi  by  the  Romans. 

Molossus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Molossis,  Molos- 
sian.  De  Molossd  gente,  from  the  country  of  the  Molossi,  i.  6. 
6i. 

Molpcus  (c?wj.),  -ei,  &  -eos,  m.,  i¥oZ/)eMs,  one  of  the  com- 
panions of  Phineus  (dws. ),  who  was  wounded  in  the  leg  by  Per- 
seus (diss.)  at  his  marriage  with  Andromeda.  He  was  a  native  of 
Chaonia.     See  Chaonia. 

Morpheus  {diss.),  -ei,  &  -eos,  m.,  Morpheus,  a  son  of  the 
god  Somnus,  and  god  of  dreams,  deriving  his  name  from  the  Greek 
word  fio^tpri,  form,  from  the  phantastic  images  presented  in  dreams. 
He  could  assume  only  the  human  form,  and  could  imitate  with  ex- 
actness the  persons,  gestures,  and  words  of  mankind.  He  was 
sent  to  Halcyone,  at  the  request  of  Juno,  in  the  form  of  her  hus- 
band, to  intimate  to  her  his  untimely  death.  Morpheus,  along 
with  Icelos  and  Phantasos,  held  the  highest  rank  among  the  sons 
of  Somnus,  and  were  sent  only  to  kings  and  generals.  He  is 
usually  represented  in  a  recumbent  posture,  crowned  with  poppies. 
Morphea  artifcem  simulator emque  figura,  Morpheus  a  skilful 
artist,  and  one  who  could  assume  any  shape,  xi.  10.  226.  Gr, 
Ace.  -ea.     See  Halcyone. 

MulcTber,  -eris,  &  -eri,  m.,  Muldber,  a  surname  given  to 
Vulcan  from  mulceo,  because  fire  softens  iron  and  makes  it  ductile. 
Mulciber  is  represented  by  Ovid  as  the  constructor  of  the  palace  of 
the  sun,  ii.  1.     See  Vulcanus. 

Musae,  -arum,  f.,  the  Muses,  virgin-goddesses,  who  were  sup- 
posed to  preside  over  poetry,  music,  and  all  the  liberal  arts.  Homer 
does  not  mention  in  the  Iliad  the  number  of  the  Muses.  The  opi- 
nion more  generally  received  is  that  of  Hesiod,  who  makes  them 
nine,  the  daughters  of  Jupiter  and  Mnemosvne,  the  goddess  of 
memory.  The  names  of  the  Muses  are.  Calliope,  Clio,  Melpo- 
mene, Euterpe,  Erato,  Terpsichore,  Urania,  Thalia,  and  Polym- 
nia.  Pieria  in  Macedonia  is  said  to  have  been  the  birthplace  of 
the  Muses,  and  they  received  various  names  from  mountains,  grot- 
toes, and  wells,  chiefly  in  that  country,  and  in  Thessaly  and  Boeo- 
tia,  such  as  Pimpla,  Pindus,  Helicon,  Hippocrene,  Aganippe, 
Libethrus,  Parnassus,  Castalia,  and  the  Corycian  cave.  From 
these  they  received  the  names  of  Pimpliades,  Heliconides,  Hippo- 
crenides,  Libethrides,  &c.  The  Muses,  like  the  other  gods  and 
goddesses,  possessed  the  power  of  inflicting  summary  punishments 
upon  those  who  insulted  their  divinity  or  attempted  to  encroach 


MUT  25t>  NAB 

upon  their  prerogative.  The  Pierides,  tho  nins  daughters  of 
Pierus,  proud  of  their  number,  challenged  them  to  sing ;  and  the 
Muses,  though  unwilling  to  contend  with  singers  so  inferior,  did 
not  decline  the  contest.  The  Nymphs  were  chosen  as  judges. 
One  of  the  Pierides  sang  the  war  of  the  gods  and  giants,  and  stu- 
diously exalted  the  giants  and  depressed  the  gods.  Calliope  was 
chosen  by  her  sisters  to  rajjly,  and  sang  the  story  of  the  rape  of 
Proserpine,  and  of  Ceres  searching  for  her  all  over  the  world.  The 
Nymphs  decided  in  favour  of  the  Aluses  ;  and  when  their  advor.-;a- 
ries,  dissatisfied  at  the  award,  vented  their  rage  in  abusive  lan- 
guage, the  goddesses  exerted  their  divine  power,  and  changed  them 
into  magpies  (v.  5.).     See  also  v.  iv.     See  Pierides. 

]Mutina,  -ae, /".,  Mutina,  now  ^Todena,  a  Roman  colonial  city 
in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  often  mentioned  in  history,  and  particularly 
during  the  stormy  period  which  intervened  between  the  death  of 
Cassar  and  the  reign  of  Augustus.  Mutina  was  situated  in  a  fertile 
plain,  near  the  Scultenna,  now  the  Panaro,  one  of  the  southern 
tributaries  of  the  Po.  It  sustained  a  severe  siege  against  the  troops 
of  Antony  fa.  c.  43. ).  Decimus  Brutus,  who  defeaded  the  place, 
being  apprized  of  the  approach  of  Hirtius  and  Pansa,  by  means 
of  carrier  pigeons,  made  an  obstinate  defence;  and  Antony,  after 
being  defeated  in  two  battles  by  these  generals,  assisted  by  Octa- 
vianus,  was  forced  to  raise  the  siege.  Maenia  MutincB  ohsesxoe 
auspiciis  illius  victa  petent  pacem,  the  city  of  Mutina,  besieged 
under  his  auspices,  being  conquered,  shall  sue  for  peace — in  allu- 
sion probably  to  the  siege  by  Antony,  and  the  general  subjugation 
of  Italy  by  Augustus,  xv.  9.  78. 

Mycale,  -es,/",,  Mycale,  now  Sanson,  a  chain  of  mountains 
in  Lydia,  a  province  in  Asia  Minor,  which  extends  for  some  dis- 
tance along  the  right  bank  of  the  Maeander  towards  the  east,  and 
to  the  west  runs  out  into  the  sea,  opposite  to  the  island  of  Samos. 
It  was  celebrated  for  the  Panionium,  or  solemn  assembly  of  the 
Ionian  states,  which  was  held  in  a  temple  situate  at  its  foot ;  and 
also  for  the  great  victory  gained  by  the  Greeks  over  the  Persians 
(b.  c.  479.),  the  same  day  that  Mardoniiu  was  defeated  at  Platseae. 

Mygdonius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Mygdonia, 
Mygdonian,  Thracian.     See  Melas. 


Nabataea,  ■•!E,J'.,  Nabatcea,  a  name  given  to  the  north-western 
portion  of  Arabia,  which  touched  upon  Egypt  and  Syria.  Its  ca- 
pital was  Petra,  from  which  the  country  is  more  commonly  called 
Arabia  Petraea.  The  principal  tribe  was  the  Nabataei,  who  are 
supposed  to  have  derived  their  name  from  Nebaioth,  the  son  of 
Ishmael.  The  Nabataei  were  a  very  powerful  people,  and  acquired 
coRsiderable  importance  by  transporting  the  merchandise  of  the 
southern  country  through  their  territory  to  the  Mediterranean. 


^AB  257  NAX 

Nabataeus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  belongitig  to  Nabatcea,  Na- 
batcean,  eastern.  Nabatcea  regno,  the  country  of  Nabataea,  i.  e. 
Arabia,  1.  2.  30.  NdbatcBus  Etiiemon,  Ethemon  from  Nabataea, 
i.  e.  ft-ora  Arabia,  v.  1.  106. 

Naias,  -  adis,  &  -ados,  JT,  a  Naid,  used  for  any  nymph,  i. 
13.  3.^ 

Naides,  -um, /.,  the  Naids,  certain  inferior  deities,  or  water- 
nymphs,  who  presided  over  rivers,  brooks,  and  springs.  The 
]N aides  generally  inhabited  the  country,  and  frequented  the  woods 
or  meadows  near  the  stream  over  which  they  presided,  and  were 
held  in  great  veneration  by  the  ancients.  Their  name  appears  to 
be  derived  from  vanv,  to  flow.  They  are  represented  as  young  and 
beautiful  virgins,  each  bearing  an  urn,  from  which  flows  a  stream 
of  water.  Sacrifices  of  goats  and  lambs  were  offered  to  them,  with 
libations  of  wine,  honey,  and  oil.  They  sometimes  received  offer- 
ings of  milk,  fruit,  and  flowers.  Naides  is  also  applied  to  the 
daughters  of  the  river- gods.  Naides,  the  Naids,  i.  e.  the  other 
daughters  of  Inachus,  i.  12.  18.  Sorores  Naides  planxere,  his 
sisters  the  Naids  beat  their  breasts,  i.  e.  the  daughters  of  the 
Cephisus,  iii.  6.  105. 

Nais,  -idis,  &  -idos,  /.,  a  Naid,  or  water-nymph,  who  in- 
habited an  island  in  the  Red  Sea,  and  turned  into  fishes  all  those 
who  approached  her  residence.  She  was  herself  turned  into  a  fish 
by  Apollo,  iv.  1.  61^ 

Nape,  -es,  _/".,  Forester,  the  name  of  one  of  Actseon's  dogs. 

Narcissus,  -i,  m.,  Narcissus,  the  son  of  the  river  Cephisus 
and  the  nymph  Liriope.  He  was  a  youth  of  remarkable  beauty, 
and  the  gods  being  consulted  respecting  the  length  of  his  life,  re- 
plied that  he  would  live  until  he  should  see  himself,  iii.  5.  10.  He 
shghted  many  of  the  nymphs  of  the  country  who  courted  him,  and 
caused  Echo  to  pine  away  till  she  became  a  mere  sound,  by  refusing 
to  bestow  upon  her  his  affections  (See  Echo).  Returning  one  day 
fatigued  from  the  chase,  he  stopped  to  quench  his  thirst  at  a  clear 
fountain,  and  seeing  his  shadow  in  the  water,  became  so  much  ena- 
moured of  it,  that  he  languished  and  died.  The  gods,  in  compas- 
sion for  his  fate,  changed  him  into  a  flower,  which  bears  his  name. 

Naupliades,  se,  m.,  NaupUades,  the  son  of  Nauplius,  a 
patronymic  applied  to  Palamedes  from  his  father  NaupUus.  Nau- 
pliades  retexit  commenta  timidi  aninii,  the  son  of  Nauplius,  i.  e. 
Palamedes,  laid  open  the  devices  of  his  cowardly  soul,  xiii.  1.  38. 
See  Palamedes. 

Naxos,  &  Naxus,  -i,/.,  Naxus,  now  Naxia,  an  island  iii 
the  Mgean  Sea,  the  largest  and  most  fertile  of  the  Cyclades,  lies 
to  the  south  of  Delos,  and  is  about  sixty  miles  in  circumference. 
It  was  anciently  called  Dia,  Dionysias,  Strongyle,  &c.,  and  re- 
ceived the  name  by  which  it  is  most  generally  known  from  Naxus, 


NEB  258  NEP 

Iha  leader  of  a  colony  of  Cariins,  who  settled  there.  Naxus  was 
famous  among  the  ancients  for  the  excellence  of  its  wine,  which, 
modern  traveller?  state,  still  retains  its  pristine  celebrity.  The 
plains  and  valleys  produce  oil,  cotton,  silk,  wheat,  and  barley, 
and  the  higher  grounds  afford  pasture  for  cattle.  Naxos  was  the 
favourite  residence  of  Bacchus,  and  it  was  to  this  island  that  he 
requested  to  be  conveyed  when  he  was  found  asleep  by  the  Tuscan 
pirates  on  the  coast  of  Ceos,  iii.  7.  126.  The  ruins  of  his  temple 
are  still  visible  on  the  south  coast,  and  various  relics  attest  the 
prevalence  of  his  worship.  Its  modern  inhabitants  amount  to 
10,800,  and  are  said  to  maintain  the  character  of  ^devoted  votaries 
of  Bacchus. 

NebrophonOSj  -i,  m.,  KiU-buck,  the  name  of  one  of  Actaeon's 
dogs. 

Nephele,  -es,^f.,  Nephele,  the  first  wife  of  Athamas,  king  of 
Boeotia,  and  mother  of  Phryxus  and  Helle.  She  was  divorced  by 
her  husband  on  pretence  of  being  subject  to  fits  of  insanity,  but 
really  to  enable  him  to  marry  Ino,  the  daughter  of  Cadmus.  Ino 
became  jealous  of  JN'ephele,  and  resolved  to  destroy  her  children, 
because,  by  their  seniority,  they  were  entitled  to  their  father's 
throne  in  preference  to  her  own.  To  save  them  from  this  cala- 
mity, Nephele  procured  from  Neptune  a  celebrated  ram,  on  whose 
back  they  effected  their  escape  to  Colchis.  It  was  to  obtain  the 
fleece  of  this  ram,  that  Jason  and  his  companions  undertook  their 
famous  expedition.     See  Athamas  and  lason. 

Neptunus,  -i,  m..  Neptune,  the  god  of  the  sea,  was  the  son 
of  Saturn  and  Ops,  and  the  brother  of  Jupiter,  Pluto,  and  Juno. 
His  mother,  as  soon  as  he  was  born,  concealed  him  in  a  sheep-fold 
in  Arcadia,  and  deceived  his  father  by  substituting  a  colt,  which 
the  voracious  god  devoiired  instead  of  his  son.  When  the  kingdom 
of  Satui'n  was  divided  among  his  sons,  the  sea  was  assigned  to 
Neptune  as  his  portion  ;  but  this  being  deemed  by  him  not  equiva- 
lent to  the  empire  of  heaven  and  earth,  which  Jupiter  had  reserved 
for  himself,  he  formed  a  conspiracy  with  the  other  gods  to  dethrone 
his  brother.  The  conspiracy,  however,  was  detected,  and  Nep- 
tune was  condemned  to  build  the  walls  of  Troy  for  Laomedon.  In 
the  same  spirit  of  contention,  he  disputed  with  Minerva  the  honoiir 
of  giving  a  name  to  the  city  which  was  built  by  Cecrops  (See 
Minerva),  and  also  for  the  honour  of  being  worshipped  at  Troezene  ; 
and  with  Apollo  he  had  a  dispute  for  possession  of  the  isthmus  of 
Corinth.  Neptune  married  Amphitrite,  by  whom  he  had  Triton 
(See  Triton).  By  Phoenlce  he  had  Proteus  (diss.)  (See  Pro- 
teus); by  Canace,  Nereus  (diss.);  and  by  Thesea,  Phorcys  (See 
Phorcys).  The  worship  of  Neptune  was  established  in  almost 
every  part  of  the  ancient  world,  and  the  Libyans  in  particular  re- 
garded him  as  the  fir^t  and  greatest  of  the  gods.  The  Greeks 
celebrated  the  Isthmian  games  in  honour  of  him  ;  and  among  the 


NER  259  NES 

Pomans,  the  Consualia  were  observed  with  thegrea-test  solemnity. 
As  god  of  the  sea,  Neptune  enjoyed  more  power  than  any  of  the 
other  ffods  except  Jupiter.  He  not  only  held  the  ocean,  rivers,  and 
fountains,  under  liis  control,  but  could  also  cause  earthquakes  at 
his  pleasure,  and  raise  islands  from  the  bottom  of  the  sea  with  a 
stroke  of  his  trident.  Besides  his  residence  on  Olympus,  Neptune 
had  a  splendid  palace  beneath  the  sea  at  .^gae,  a  small  town  on  the 
east  coast  of  Euboea.  He  is  represented,  like  Jupiter,  with  a  serene 
and  majestic  countenance,  with  a  trident  in  his  right  hand,  and 
a  dolphin  in  his  left,  seated  in  a  large  shell  drawn  by  sea-horses, 
and  attended  by  the  sea-gods,  Palseraon,  Glaucus,  and  Ptorcys, 
and  the  goddesses  Thetis,  Melita,  and  Panopsea,  besides  a  long 
train  of  tritons  and  sea-nymphs.  The  bull  and  the  horse  were  sa- 
crificed on  his  altars  ;  and  the  Roman  soothsayers  always  offered 
to  him  the  gall  of  the  victims,  which  in  taste  resembles  the  bitter- 
ness of  the  sea-water. 

Nereides, -um,/.,  the  Nereids,  sea-nymphs,  the  daughters 
of  Nereus  (diss.),  and  Doris.  They  were  fifty  in  number,  and 
their  duty  was  to  attend  on  the  more  powerful  sea-deities,  and  to 
execute  the  orders  of  Neptune.  The  best-known  of  them  are 
Amphitrite,  Thetis,  Galatea,  Cymothoe,  &c.  The  Nereids,  like 
all  other  female  deities,  were  conceived  to  be  of  a  beautiful  form, 
with  a  skin  of  delicate  whiteness,  and  long  flowing  hair.  They 
are  represented  sitting  on  dolphins,  and  holding  Neptune's  trident 
in  their  hands.  Altars  were  erected  to  them  on  the  seashore, 
where  offerings  of  milk,  oil,  and  honey,  and  sometimes  the  flesh  of 
goats,  were  presented  to  them.  Grave  numen  Nereidum,  the 
enraged  majesty  of  the  Nereids,  v.  1.  17. 

NereiuSj  -a,,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Nereus,  or  the 
sea.  Genitrix  Nere'ia  preescia  venturi  leti,  his  mother,  i.  e. 
Thetis,  a  daughter  of  Nereus,  foreseeing  the  death  that  would  be- 
fall him,  xiii.  1.  162.     See  Thetis. 

Nereus  {diss.^,  -ei,  &  -eOS,  in..  Nereus,  a  sea-deity,  the 
son  of  Pontus  and  Terra,  who  married  Doris,  and  had  by  her  fifty 
daughters,  called  Nereides  (See  Nereides).  Nereus  was  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge,  and  his  love  of  truth  and  justice  ;  the 
gift  of  prophecy  was  also  assigned  to  him.  When  Hercules  went 
in  quest  of  the  apples  of  the  Hesperides,  he  was  directed  by  the 
nymph»  to  consult  Nereus.  He  found  the  god  asleep,  and  seized 
him.  Nereus,  on  awaking,  endeavoured  to  escape  by  changing 
himself  into  a  variety  of  forms,  but  was  obliged  to  instruct  the  hero 
how  to  proceed,  before  he  would  release  him  (See  Hercules).  He 
was  generally  represented  as  an  old  man,  with  a  long  beard,  and 
hair  of  an  azure  colour.  Nereus  is  often  put  for  the  sea :  as,  Quct 
Nereus  circumsonat  totum  trbem,  where  the  sea  roars  around  the 
whole  world,  i.  6.  25. 

Nestor,  -oris,  m.,  Nestor,   the   son  of  Neleus   (diss.)  and 


ML  260  KIL 

Chloris,  and  king  of  Pylos,  a  town  on  the  west  coast  of  Messenia, 
in  the  Peloponnesus.  He  early  distinguished  himself  by  his  bra- 
very in  the  field,  and  participated  in  all  the  remarkable  events  of 
his  time.  He  was  present  at  tlie  battle  between  the  Centaurs  and 
Lapithffi,  which  took  place  at  the  marriage  of  Pirithous,  and  also 
at  the  hunt  of  the  Calydonian  boar.  As  king  of  Pylos,  he  led  his 
subjects  to  the  Trojan  war,  where  he  acquired  great  celebrity  by 
his  eloquence,  wisdom,  justice,  and  uncommon  prudence.  His 
character,  as  drawn  by  Homer,  is  the  most  perfect  of  all  his  heroes. 
After  the  Trojan  war,  Nestor  returned  to  Greece,  where  he  en- 
joyed, in  the  basom  of  his  family,  the  peace  and  tranquillity  neces- 
sary for  his  advanced  age.  The  time  and  manner  of  his  death  are 
unknown.  He  is  said  to  have  lived  three  ages, — a  period  which, 
by  some,  is  computed  at  300  years ;  and  by  others,  with  greater 
probability,  at  ninety. 

Nileus  {diss.),  -ei,  &  eos,  m.,  Nileus,  an  .Slgyptian,  who 
pretended  to  be  the  son  of  the  river- god  JS'ilus,  and  who  bore  on 
his  shield  a  representation  of  that  river.  He  was  changed  into 
stone  by  Perseus  (diss.)  at  his  marriage  with  Andromeda. 

Nilus,  -i,  m.,  the  Nile  the  river  of  Egypt,  was  the  longest 
river  with  which  the  ancients  were  acquainted.  It  rises  about  23 
degrees  south  of  the  Mediterranean,  from  two  sources,  the  more 
eastern  of  which,  called  by  the  ancients  Astapus,  now  Bahr-el. 
Azergue,  or  the  Blue  River,  was  that  visited  by  Bruce,  the  British 
traveller.  The  western  branch,  now  called  Bahr-el-Abiad,  or 
the  White  River,  is  much  more  important,  and,  from  its  being  the 
true  Nile,  preserved  among  the  ancients  the  original  name  Nilus. 
Of  the  latter  source,  the  ancients,  like  the  moderns,  knew  but  lit- 
tle ;  and,  from  the  proverbial  expression,  "  NiU  caput  quaerere," 
which  they  used  to  express  an  impossible  or  difficult  undertaking, 
they  appear  to  have  considered  the  discovery  of  it  impracticable. 
Ptolemy  says,  that  it  rises  in  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon,  a  lofty 
chain  which  crosses  the  interior  of  Africa,  from  east  to  west ;  and 
modern  discoveries  go  far  to  confirm  the  truth  of  his  conjecture. 
These  two  streams  unite  in  Nubia,  about  the  18th  degree  of  north 
latitude,  and  the  river  keeping  a  course  nearly  due  north,  loses 
itself  in  the  Mediterranean.  Its  length  may  be  estimated  at  2,700 
miles.  The  Nile,  in  ancient  times,  fell  into  the  Mediterranean  by 
seven  mouths;  (hence  Nilus  discretns  inseptem  ostia,  the  Nile  di- 
vided into  seven  mouths,  v.  ,'.  31.)  ;  but  of  these  two  only  now 
remain,  the  O.^tium  Bolbitinum,  whieh  enters  the  sea  near  the 
modern  town  of  Rosetta  ;  and  the  Ostium  Phatniticum,  which  dis- 
charges its  waters  near  Damietta.  These  two  streams  encompass  1 
the  celebrated  Delta.  Of  the  other  five  scarcely  any  distinct  ves- 
tiges are  now  traceable.  The  most  interesting  phenomenon  con- 
nected with  the  Nile  is  its  annual  inundation,  upon  which  Egypt 
entirely  depend'  for  its  boasted  fertility.     The  river  begins   to 


NIN  2G1  JVUM 

swell  about  the  summer  solstice,  and  continues  gradually  to  rise 
till  the  autumnal  equinox,  when  it  overflows  its  banks  and  covers  the 
whole  valley.  It  remains  stationary  for  some  time,  and  then  gra- 
dually  subsides  till  towards  the  winter  solstice,  when  it  has  again 
reached  its  ordinary  level,  which  it  maintains  till  the  summer  of 
the  succeeding  year.  The  cause  of  this  inundation,  which  the 
ancients  in  vain  endeavoured  to  discover  by  conjecture,  has  of  late 
years  been  ascertained  to  arise  from  the  rains  which  fall  in  the  tro  - 
pical  regions  from  June  to  September.  When  the  inundation  has 
retired,  the  whole  soil  is  found  covered  with  a  thick  black  slime,  in 
which  the  principles  of  vegetation  are  fully  contained,  and  to  which 
Ovid  alludes,  i.  9.  10.,  &c.  The  average  i-ise  of  the  Nile  was,  in 
ancient  times,  and  still  is,  sixteen  cubits,  or  twenty-four  feet. 
Septemfluus  Nilus,  the  seven-streamed  Nile,  i.  e.  which  divides 
itself  into  seven  mouths,  i.  9.  8.  Nile,  restabas  ultimns  immenso 
lahori,  you,  O  Nile,  remained  as  the  farthest  boundary  of  her  long 
wandering,  i.  13.  40.  Nilus  fugit  perterritus  in  extremum  orhem, 
the  Nile  tied  in  alarm  to  the  most  remote  part  of  the  world,  ii.  1. 
254.  Perseptemfluajiuminapapyriferi  Nili,  through  the  seven 
streams  of  the  Nile  which  produces  the  papyrus,  xv.  9.  9.  See 
jEgyptus. 

Ninus,  -i,  m.,  Ninus,  the  son  of  Belus,  who  built  the  city 
Nineveh,  and  founded  the  Assyrian  monarchy,  about  b.  c.  2059.  He 
extended  his  conquests  from  Egypt  to  the  extremities  of  India  and 
Bactriana,  and  reigned  62  years.  He  is  probably  the  same  with 
Ninus,  the  son  of  Nimrod,  who  enlarged  and  beautified  the  city 
Babylon,  and  who  was  succeeded  in  the  government  by  his  wife 
Semiramis.     See  Babylon. 

Noemon,  -onis,  m.,  Noemon,  one  of  the  companions  of  Sar- 
pedon,  who  was  killed  at  Troy  by  Ulysses.      Gr.  Ace.  -ona. 

Nonacrinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  of,  or  relating  to  Nonacris,SL  dis- 
trict and  town  (now  Naukria)  of  Arcadia,  Arcadian.  Inter  Hama- 
dryadas  Nonacrinas,  among  the  Hamadryads  of  Nonacris,  i.  e. 
the  Arcadian  Nymphs,  i.  13.  2. 

Notus,  -i,  m..  the  south  wind,  wliich  is  represented  by  the 
ancients  as  exceedingly  stormy,  and  as  producmg  violent  rains. 
Jupiter  employed  this  wind  when  he  resolved  to  bring  the  deluge 
upon  the  earth,  i.  7.  21.     Notus  denotes  the  same  wind  as  Auster, 

<7.    V. 

Numidae,  -arunij  m.,  the  inhabitants  of  Numu'lia,  the  Nu- 
midiuns. 

Numidia,  -ae,  /".,  Numidia,  a  country  in  the  north  of  Africa, 
comprehending  the  modern  province  of  Algiers,  and  the  south-' 
western  part  of  Tunis.    The  Numidians  were  a  hardy  and  athletic 
race  of  warriors,  and  remarkable  for  the  practice  of  attacking  their 
enemies  by  night ;  they  rode  without  either  saddle  or  bridle.     Nu- 


.VYC  2G2  02  B  A 

inidia  was  the  kingdom  of  ^Masinissa,  Jugurtha,  and  tlie  elder  and 
youns^er  Juba.     See  Juba. 

Nyctelius,  -ii,  m.,  Nyctelius,  a  surname  applied  to  Bacchus, 
because  his  orgies  were  celebrated  by  night.  The  name  is  derived 
from  vv%,  night,  and  ri\ieo,  I  accomplish. 

Nympha,.  -as,  &  Nymphe,  -es,  f.,  a  nymph,  a  young  wo- 
man. The  nymphcc  were  certain  female  deities,  who  were  sup- 
posed to  c-njoy  longevity,  but  not  to  be  immortal.  They  were 
divided  into  two  classes,  the  Nymphs  of  the  land  and  the  Nymphs 
of  the  sea.  The  nymphs  of  the  land  were  the  Oreades,  who  pre- 
sided over  mountains  ;  the  N'apacB,  who  presided  over  valleys  ;  the 
Dryades  and  the  Hamad/ yades  (q.  v. ),  who  presided  over  forests 
and  groves.  The  sea-nymphs  were  the  Oceanitidcs,  or  nymphs  of 
the  ocean;  the  Nereides  ((/.  v.),  or  nymphs  of  the  sea;  the 
Naides  {q.  v. ),  or  nymphs  of  the  fountains  ;  and  the  LimtiiSdes, 
or  nymphs  of  the  lakes.  The  nymphs  were  worshipped  by  the  an- 
cients, but  not  with  the  same  solemnity  as  the  superior  deities. 
They  had  no  temples,  and  the  only  offerings  presented  to  them 
were  milk,  honey,  and  oil,  and  sometimes  the  sacrifice  of  a  goat. 
They  are  represented  as  young  and  beautiful  virgins. 

Nyseus  {dins.),  -ei,  &  -eos,  m.,  Nyseus,  a  surname  given 
to  Bacchus  from  Nysa,  a  town  or  mountain  in  India,  where  he  is 
said  to  have  been  brought  up  and  educated.      See  Bacchus. 

O. 

Odltes.  -ae,  ???.,  Odites,  one  of  the  chiefs  of  the  Cephenes, 
who  was  killed  by  Clymenus,  at  the  marriage  of  Perseus  (diss. ) 
and  Andromeda.  Odites  was  next  in  rank  to  the  king.  Odites 
primus  Cephennm post  regem,  Odites,  first  of  the  iEthiopians,  and 
next  to  the  king  in  rank,  v.  ).  82.      See  Cephenes. 

CEagrius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  (Eagrus,  a  king 
of  Thrace,  who,  by  some  mythologists,  is  said  to  have  been  the  fa- 
ther of  Orpheus  {diss.)  ;  hence  Thracian  ;  relating  to  Orpheus, 
Orphean.  Hcemus  nondum  CEagrius,  Haemus  not  yet  celebrated 
on  account  of  the  death  of  Orpheus,  or,  not  yet  under  the  govern- 
ment of  (Eagrus,  ii.  1.  219. 

(Ebalius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  (Ebalus,  a  king  of 
Sparta,  or  Lacedaemon,  and  the  father  of  Hyacinthus ;  hence 
Spartan,  Lacedamonian.  Hyacinthus  was  a  youth  of  extraordi- 
nary beauty,  and  was  at  the  same  time  the  favourite  of  Apollo 
and  Zephyrus,  the  latter  of  whom  he  incensed  by  his  coldness  and 
indifference.  Zephyrus  resolved  to  punish  his  rival,  and  accord- 
ingly, when  Apollo  and  his  favourite  were  playing  at  quoits,  he 
blew  the  quoit,  as  soon  as  it  had  been  thrown  by  Hyacinthus,  back 
upon  his  head,  and  killed  him  by  the  blow.  Apollo  changed 
him    after  death   into   a   flower   of   the    same   name,    on   which jT 


CKTA  263  OLY 

was  inscribed  the  interjection  a/,  expressive  of  his  sorrow.  A  si- 
milar honour  was  conferred  upon  Ajax,  xiii.  1.  398.  From  CEba- 
lus,  Sparta  obtained  the  name  of  (Ebalia.  Qui  priusinattis-fuerat 
de  CEbalio  vulnere,  which  had  formerly  sprung  from  the  wound  of 
the  Spartan  youth,  i.  e.  Hyacinthus,  the  son  of  CEbalus,  xiii.  1. 
396.     See  Ajax. 

OEta,  -ae,  &  (Etc,  -es,  m.,  &/.,  (Eta,  now  Katavothra  Vouno, 
a  range  of  mountains  in  the  south  of  Thessaly,  bordering  on  Doris, 
Phocis,  and  the  Opuntian  Locrians,  so  lofty  that  the  ancients  feigned 
that  the  sun,  moon,  and  stars  set  behind  it.  Here  Hercules, 
unable  to  endure  the  pain  inflicted  by  Dejanira's  poisoned  tunic,  is 
said  to  have  erected  a  large  funeral-  pile,  on  which  his  mortal  parts 
were  consumed  (See  Hercules).  (Eta  was  a  spur  of  Pindus,  and 
extended  eastward  to  the  Malaic  Gulf,  and  the  celebrated  defile  of 
Therraopyla;. 

CEtseus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Mount  (Eta,  CEta- 
an,  and  because  the  chain  of  CEta  was  in  the  south  of  Thessaly, 
Thessalian.  Phocis  separat  Aonios  ah  CEtceis  arvis,  Phocis  se- 
parates the  Aonians,  i.  e.  the  Boeotians,  from  the  ffitaean  fields, 
i.  e.  from  Thessaly,  i.  8.  1. 

OleniuS:  -a,  -um,  adj..,  of ,  or  relating  to  OZewM.T,  a  city  in  the 
south-west  of  ^Etoha,  Olenian.  AmalthKa,  the  goat  which  is 
said  to  have  suckled  Jupiter  while  in  the  Dictsean  cave  in  Crete,  ' 
was  kept  for  some  time  at  Olenos;  hence  the  epithet  Olenia  is 
applied  by  Ovid  to  the  constellation  of  the  goat,  into  which  Am- 
althaea  was  changed  by  Jupiter.  Pluviale  sidus  Olenia  capella, 
the  rainy  constellation  of  the  Olenian  goat,  i.  e.  of  Amalthsea,  iii. 
7.  84. 

Olympus,  -i,  m.,  Oli/mpvs,  now  Elymho,  a  lofty  mountain 
in  the  north  of  Thessaly,  forming  the  eastern  extremity  of  the 
Cambunian  range,  which  separated  that  country  from  Macedonia. 
Olympus  was  famous  in  Grecian  mythology  from  the  fable  of  the 
giants,  who  attempted  to  reach  heaven  by  piling  Pelion  and  Ossa 
upon  it  (See  Gigas)  ;  and  was  supposed  by  the  ancients  to  be  so 
lofty  as  to  exceed  the  flight  of  birds,  and  to  touch  the  heavens  with 
its  summit ;  hence  they  made  it  the  court  of  Jupiter  and  the  resi- 
dence of  the  gods.  The  calmness  and  serenity  which  reigned  on  its 
summit  were  never  broken,  neither  clouds  nor  wind  ever  interrupted 
the  perpetual  spring.  Modern  travellers  dwell  with  admiration  on 
the  colossal  magnificence  of  Olympus,  which  seems  to  rise  at  once 
from  the  sea,  and  to  hide  its  snowy  head  among  the  clouds.  The 
oak,  the  beech,  and  the  plane-tree,  are  seen  in  great  abundance 
along  the  base  and  skirts  of  the  mountain ;  and  towards  the  sum- 
mit of  the  first  ridge  forests  of  pine  spread  themselves  along  the 
acclivities,  still  preserving  that  character  which  is  so  often  alluded 
to  by  the  ancient  poets.     The  top,  which  reaches  an  elevation  of 


OPH  264  ORO 

6250  feet,  is  covered  with  snow  during  nearly  the  whole  year. 
Olympus  is  very  often  used  to  signify  heaven:  as,  Delahor  snmmo 
Olympo,  I  descend  from  the  top  of  Olympus,  i.  e.  from  heaven,  i. 
6.  50.  Rector  vasti  Olympi  quoque,  the  king  of  the  vast  Olym- 
pus even,  i.  e.  Jupiter,  the  king  cf  heaven,  ii.  1 .  60. 

Opheltes,  -fe,  m.,  Ophehes,  the  chief  of  the  crew  of  Tuscan 
pirates,  who  seized  Bacchus  when  asleep  on  the  coast  of  the  island 
of  Ceo£,  and  when  carrying  him  off  were  changed  by  the  god 
into  dolphins. 

Oresitrophos.  -i,  m.,  Mountain-reared,  or  Rover,  the  name 
of  one  of  Actaeon's  dogs.  Oresitrophos  lutsit  in  armo.  Rover 
fixed  upon  his  shoulder,  iii.  2.  103. 

Oribasus.  -i,  m..  Mountain-ranger,  the  name  of  one  of  -Ac- 
taeon's dogs. 

Orion,  -onis,  &  -onis,  m.,  Orion,  a  celebrated  giant  who 
sprung  from  the  urme  of  Jupiter,  Neptune,  and  Mercury.  Accord- 
ing to  the  fable,  these  three  gods,  while  travelling  in  Bsotia,  were 
hospitably  entertained  by  Hyrieus  (<rii.  \  a  peasant  of  the  country, 
who,  on  discovering  their  divinity,  welcomed  them  with  the  volun- 
tary sacrifice  of  an  ox.  The  gods,  pleased  with  his  piety,  promised 
to  grant  him  whatever  he  should  ask,  and  the  old  man,  who  had 
lately  lost  his  wife,  and  had  come  under  a  promise  to  her  not  to 
marry  again,  requested,  that,  as  he  was  childless,  he  might  have  a 
son  without  a  second  marriage.  The  gods  consented,  and  ordered 
him  to  bury  in  the  earth  the  skin  of  the  ox  he  had  sacrificed,  into 
which  they  had  all  three  made  water.  At  the  end  of  nine  months, 
Hyrieus  dug  up  the  skin,  and  found  it  to  contain  a  beautiful  child, 
whom  he  named  Urion,  as  indicative  of  his  origin.  Orion  attained 
a  gigantic  stature,  and  soon  acquired  great  fame.  He  was  rendered 
blind  by  CEnopion,  king  of  Chios,  whose  daughter  he  sought  in 
mai'riage,  but  recovered  his  sight  by  visiting  the  temple  of  the  sun. 
He  was  taken  by  Diana  as  one  of  her  companions,  and  was  killed 
by  the  bite  of  a  scorpion,  sent  by  Tellus  to  punish  him  for  his  pride. 
According  to  others,  he  was  killed  by  the  arrows  of  Diana  for  of- 
fering violence  to  one  of  her  nymphs  ;  or,  as  Horace  says,  to  the 
goddess  herself.  After  his  death  he  was  changed  into  a  constella- 
tion. Xilidum  ensem  Orionis,  the  bright  sword  of  Orion, — the 
constellation  of  Orion  consisted  of  seventeen  stars,  and  was  sup- 
posed to  resemble  a  man  holding  a  sword,  xiii.  1.  294. 

Orontes,  -ae,  &  -is,  m-,  the  Or  antes,  now  the  Aaszy,  a  river 
in  Syria,  which  rises  in  the  angle  formed  by  Mount  Libanus.  and 
Anti-  Libanus  and  after  a  northerly  course  of  225  miles,  enters  the 
Mediterranean,  opposite  to  the  island  of  Cyprus.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  formerly  called  Tj'phon,  from  a  giant  of  that  name,  who  being 
struck  by  the  thunderbolts  of  Jupiter,  sought  refuge  under  the 
fiarth,  which  caused  the  bursting  forth  of  the  river.     It  was  also 


ORP  265      •  PAD 

called  Axius  by  the  Greeks.  The  Orontes  is  a  large  and  rapid 
river  in  winter,  but  a  very  small  stream  in  summer. 

Orphne,  -es,  f.,  Orphne  (darkness),  a  nymph  of  the  infernal 
regions,  and  mother  of  Ascalaphus  by  Acheron. 

Ortygia,  -se,/.,  Ortygia,  a  small  island  in  the  Bay  of  Syra- 
cuse, on  which  the  Corinthian  colony  under  Archias  first  settled, 
B.  c.  732,  when  they  founded  Syracuse.  It  afterwards  formed  one 
of  the  four  parts  of  that  great  city.  In  this  island  was  the  cele- 
brated fountain  Arethiisa.     See  Syracusae  and  Arethusa. 

Ortygius,  -a,  -urns  (^dj-  ■>  Ortygian,  of,  or  relaiing  to  Orly- 
gia,  one  of  the  ancient  names  of  Delos,  the  island  on  which  Apollo 
and  Diana  were  born.  Colehat  Ortygiam  deam  studiis  ipsdque 
virginitate,  she  imitated  the  Ortygian  goddess,  i.  e.  Diana,  in  her 
pursuits  (hunting,  &c.),  and  even  in  her  virginity,  i.  13.  6.  See 
Delos,  Apollo,  and  Diana. 

0?sa,  -ae,  /.,  sometimes  m.,  Osaa,  now  Kissovo,  a  lofty 
mountain  in  Thessaly,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Peneus,  which 
extends  along  the  coast  of  Magnesia.  Ossa  was  supposed  to  have 
been  once  joined  to  Olympus,  but  to  have  been  separated  from  it 
by  an  earthquake,  which,  according  to  the  fabulous  account,  hap- 
pened about  B.  c.  1885.  Between  these  two  mountains  lay  the 
famous  vale  of  Tempe,  Around  Ossa  was  the  residence  of  the 
Lapithae.     See  (Jlympus  and  Tempe. 

Othrys,  -yos,  m.,  Othrys,  now  known  by  the  names  oi  Hd- 
lovo  and  Gura,  a  range  of  mountains  in  Thessaly,  which,  branch- 
ing off  from  the  chain  of  Pindus,  closed  the  great  plain  of  Thessaljr 
to  the  south,  and  divided  the  waters  which  flowed  northwards  into 
the  Peneus,  from  those  received  by  the  Sperchius.  This  moun- 
tain is  celebrated  in  antiquity  as  the  residence  of  the  Centaurs. 

P. 

Pachynum,  -i,  n.,  &  Pachynus,  -i,  /.,  Pachynwn,  now 
Cape  Passaro,  a  promontory  at  the  south-eastern  corner  of  Sicily, 
under  which,  according  to  Ovid,  the  left  hand  of  the  giant  Typh5- 
eus  {tris.)  was  buried  by  Jupiter.  Lava  (subjecta  est)  tibi, 
Pachyne,  his  left  hand  was  placed  under  you,  Pachynum,  v.  6.  11 . 

PaduSj  -i,  m.,  the  Po,  called  anciently  Eridanus  and  Bodincus, 
the  largest  river  in  Italy,  rises  in  Mount  Viso,  in  the  range  of  the 
Maritime  Alps,  flows  eastward  through  the  great  plain  of  Lom- 
bardy,  and  after  a  course  of  370  miles,  enters  the  Hadriatic  by 
seven  mouths,  about  thirty  miles  south  of  Venice.  It  receives  in 
its  course  the  waters  of  more  than  thirty  rivers  from  the  Alps  and 
Apennines,  and  is  navigable  for  nearly  250  miles  from  its  mouth. 
The  Po  is  famous  as  the  scene  of  Phaethon's  death,  and  the  meta- 
morphosis of  his  sisters  into  poplar  trees.  Its  sands  were  said  to 
be  mixed  with  gold  dust,  and  were  therefore  carefully  examined 
by  the  natives.     See  Phaethon  and  Eridanus. 

Z 


PiEA  •      266  PAL 

Pa?an,  -anis,  m.,  Paan  (a  phydcian),  a  name  given  to  Apollo 

as  pod  of  physic. 

Paeones,  -um.  ni.,  the  Paonef,  or  Paonians,  the  inhabitants 
of  Paeonia,  a  name  which  appears  to  have  included  the  greater 
part  of  Macedonia,  and  even  a  considerable  portion  of  what  is  more 
properly  called  Thrace  ;  extending  along  the  coast  of  the  JEgein  Sea 
as  far  as  the  Euxine.  It  was  more  strictly  applied  to  the  northern 
part  of  that  country,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mount  Scardus,  and 
towards  the  borders  of  Illyria.  Nirosos  Pceonas,  the  snowy  i  a;o- 
nians,  i.e.  the  Paeonians  inhabiting  the  lofty  mountains,  v.  5.  20. 
Paeonis,  -Idis,.  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Paoniu;  also  a  Pceo- 
nian  woman.  Euippe  Paonis,  Euippe  from  Peeonia,  a  Paeonian 
woman,  v.  5.  10.     See  Paeones. 

Pagasa,  -ee,  &  Pagasae,  -aruin,  J".,  PagastB,  now  known  as 
the  Castle  of  Volo,  a  town  in  the  south-east  of  Thessaly,  situate 
near  the  north-east  corner  of  the  Pagasaeus  Sinus,  the  Gulf  of 
Volo,  from  which  the  Gulf  received  its  ancient  name.  Here  the 
ship  .Argo  was  built,  and  from  this  harbour  the  Argonauts  set  sail 
for  Colchis.      See  lason. 

Pagasseus,  -a,  -Uin,  adj.,  of  or  relating  to  Pagasa,  Pagas- 
a-an.  Intravit  Colcha  litora  Pagasced  carina,  entered  the  shores 
of  Colchis  in  a  Pagassean  ship,  i.  e.  sailed  with  Jason  in  the  Argo- 
uautic  expedition,  xiii.  1.  24.     See  vii.  1.  1. 

Palsemon,  -onis.  m.,  Palcemon,  a  sea-deity.  His  original 
name  wa.s  JNIelicerta,  but  he  assumed  the  name  of  Palaemon  when 
he  was  changed  into  a  god  by  Neptune.  Dixit  Deum  Palaemona 
cum  matre  Leucothee,  called  him  the  god  Palaemon,  and  his  mo- 
ther the  goddess  Leucothee,  iv.  11.  127.  Gr.  Ace.  -ona.  See 
Melicerta. 

Palaestlna,  se.f.,  Palestine,  or  the  Holy  [.and,  a  country  in 
Asia,  which  derived  its  name  from  the  Philistaei,  or  Philistines, 
who  inhabited  the  coast.  It  was  bounded  on  the  north  by  Phoe- 
nicia and  Syria,  on  the  east  and  south  by  Arabia,  and  on  the  west 
by  the  Mediterranean.  This  country  possesses  a  sacred  interest  as 
the  promised  inheritance  of  the  seed  of  Abraham,  and  as  the  scene 
of  the  birth,  sufferings,  and  death  of  our  blessed  Saviour.  At  the 
time  of  the  events  recorded  in  the  iS'ew  Testament  Palaestlna  was 
divided  into  five  principal  parts, — Galilaea,  Samaria,  and  Judaea, 
on  the  west  of  the  Jordan  ;  and  fiatanaea  or  Bashan,  and  Persa, 
on  the  east.  The  fertility  is  described  by  Moses  in  the  most  glow- 
ing terms,  and  the  small  portions  of  the  country  which  are  now 
under  cultivation  bear  ample  testimony  to  its  great  natural  re  • 
sources.  Palaestlna,  in  later  times,  formed  a  part  of  the  province 
of  Syria,  and  is  used  by  Ovid  to  denote  that  country. 

Palaestini,  -orum,  m.,  the  inhabitants  of  Palestine,  the  Sy- 
rians, iv.  I.  46.      See  Palaestlna 


PAL  267  PAI 

Palaniecles,  -is,  m.,  Palamedes,  a  Grecian  chief,  the  son  of 
Nauplius,  king  of  Euboea,  and  Clymene.  He  was  sent  by  the 
Grecian  princes  to  bring  Ulysses  to  the  camp,  when  the  crafty  king 
attempted  to  avoid  going  to  the  Trojan  war  by  pretending  insanity, 
and  imposed  on  his  friends  by  often  yoking  different  animals  to  the 
plough,  and  sowing  suit  instead  of  barley.  Palamedes  soon  dis- 
covered the  cheat.  He  found  that  his  only  reason  for  pretending 
insanity  was  his  unwillingness  to  be  separated  from  Penelope,  whom 
he  had  lately  married ;  and  to  put  the  truth  of  his  suspicion  to  the 
test,  he  took  Telemachus,  whom  Penelope  had  recently  born,  and 
laid  him  before  his  father's  plough.  Ulysses  turned  the  plough  in  a 
different  direction  to  avoid  his  child,  and  having  thus  shown  that 
he  was  not  insane,  was  obliged  to  drop  the  disguise,  and  to  join  his 
countrymen  in  their  expedition  against  Troy  (xiii.  1.  39.).  He 
resolved,  however,  to  be  revenged  on  Palamedes,  and  embraced 
every  opportunity  to  thwart  and  distress  him.  When  all  other 
means  failed,  he  bribed  one  of  his  servants  to  dig  a  hole  in  his 
master's  tent  (xiii.  1 .  60.),  and  there  conceal  a  large  sum  of  money 
furnished  by  himself.  He  afterwards  forged  a  letter  from  Priam 
to  Palamedes,  in  which  the  king  urged  him  to  deliver  the  Grecian 
army  into  his  hands,  in  fulfilment  of  the  terms  agreed  to  when  he 
received  the  money.  This  letter,  by  another  stratagem  of  Ulysses, 
came  into  the  hands  of  the  Grecian  chiefs,  and  Palamedes  was 
summoned  before  them  :  his  solemn  protestations  of  innocence  were 
in  vain,  the  money  was  discovered  in  his  tent,  and  the  accusation 
was  supposed  to  be  thereby  proved.  He  was  accordingly  found 
guilty,  and  stoned  to  death.  Palamedes  is  said  to  have  completed 
the  Greek  alphabet  of  Cadmus ;  and  to  him  is  likewise  ascribed 
the  invention  of  dice  and  backgammon,  and  the  introduction  of 
some  important  improvements  in  the  art  of  war.  Gr.  Ace.  -en. 
See  Ulysses. 

Palatium,  -ii,  n.,  a  palace,  the  residence  of  a  monarch  or 
prince.  The  term  palatium  is  said  to  have  derived  its  origin  from 
the  Mons  Palatinus,  the  Palatine  Alount,  where  Evander  resided 
when  .lEneas  landed  in  Italy,  and  on  which  Romiilus  founded  the 
city  Rome.  Here  Augustus  had  his  house,  and  also  the  succeed- 
ing emperors.  From  this  circumstance  Palatium  came  to  signify 
the  residence  of  the  emperor,  and  is  applied  by  Ovid  to  the  palace 
of  Jupiter.    Palatia  magni  cceli,  the  palace  of  great  heaven,  i.  6.  14. 

Palici,  -orum,  7n.,  the  Palici,  twin-brothers,  and  the  sons 
of  Jupiter  by  the  nymph  Thalia,  or,  according  to  jEschylus,  by 
jEtna.  The-nymph  having  become  pregnant  by  Jupiter,  is  said 
to  have  implored  his  protection  against  the  resentment  of  Juno, 
and  to  have  been,  at  her  own  request,  concealed  by  the  god  in  the 
bowels  of  the  earth.  When  the  time  of  her  delivery  arrived,  the 
earth  opened  and  gave  birth  to  two  children,  who  received  the 
name  Palici,  from  the  Greek  words  raX/v  rixun,  because  they  re- 


V.\L  268  PAL 

turned  to  the  light  of  i)ay .  They  afterwards  received  divine  honours 
Irom  the  Sicilians,  and  had  several  lakes  or  pools  of  great  depth 
which  were  considered  sacred  to  them.  At  the  town  of  Palica, 
now  Palagonia,  on  a  cognominal  lake,  in  the  south-east  division 
of  the  island,  they  had  a  temple  and  an  oracle,  which  was  consulted 
on  great  emergencies,  and  rendered  the  truest  and  most  unequivo- 
cal answers.  It  was  usual  for  those  who  had  controversies  or 
quarrels  to  decide,  to  swear  by  this  lake,  and  those  who  violated 
their  oath  were  immediately  punished  in  a  supernatural  manner, 
while  those  whose  oaths  were  sincere  departed  unhurt.  From  the 
circumstance  of  some  of  the  Sicilian  lakes  being  sacred  to  the  Pa- 
lici,  Ovid  uses  Stagna  Palicorum  for  the  lakes  of  Sicily  generally. 
Stuffna  Palicorum  olentia  sulftire,  ferventia  ruptd  terra,  the  pools 
of  the  Palici,  i.  e.  the  lakes  of  Sicily,  smelling  of  sulphur,  and 
boiling  up  where  the  earth  had  burst  open,  v.  6.  65. 

Palladium,  -ii,  n.,  the  Palladium,  an  image  or  statue  of 
Pallas  at  Troy,  which  was  said  to  have  fallen  from  heaven  in  the 
reign  of  llus,  the  grandfather  of  Priam.  Ilus,  after  building  the  city 
which  he  had  been  ordered  by  the  oracle  to  found,  prayed  to  Ju- 
piter to  give  him  a  sign,  and  the  following  day  found  the  Palladium 
lying  before  his  tent.  The  image  was  three  cubits,  or,  according 
to  some,  three  ells  long,  with  its  legs  joined,  holding  in  one  hand 
an  elevated  spear,  and  in  the  other  a  distaff  and  spindle.  This 
miraculous  event  excited  great  surprise  among  the  inhabitants,  and 
on  consulting  the  oracle  of  Apollo,  they  were  informed  that  the 
city  should  remain  uninjured  so  long  as  it  contained  the  sacred 
symbol.  It  was  accordingly  preserved  with  the  greatest  care  in 
the  temple  of  Minerva,  on  the  citadel.  The  ancient  writers  give 
different  accounts  of  the  materials  of  which  the  Palladium  was 
made,  but  agree  as  to  the  fact,  that  on  it  depended  the  preservation 
of  Troy-  Of  this  the  Greeks,  during  the  Trojan  war,  were  well 
aware,  and  therefore  Ulysses  and  Diomedes  were  commissioned  to 
steal  it  (siii.  1.  99.  and  345.).  They  effected  their  object,  it  is 
said,  by  the  assistance  of  Helenus,  who  betrayed  his  country  in 
revenge  for  an  injury  which  he  believed  was  done  to  him,  when 
Helen,  on  the  death  of  Paris,  was  given  in  marriage  to  his  brother 
De'iphobus  in  preference  to  himself  (See  Helenus).  Some  authors, 
however,  maintain  that  the  true  Palladium  was  not  carried  away 
from  Troy  by  the  Greeks,  but  only  one  of  the  statues  of  similar 
shape  and  size,  which  had  been  placed  near  it  to  deceive  any  sacri- 
legioiis  persons  who  might  attempt  to  steal  it.  According  to  them 
the  Palladium  was  safely  conveyed  from  Troy  to  Italy  by  ^neas, 
and  was  preserved  by  the  Romans  with  the  greatest  veneration  in 
the  temple  of  Vesta.  On  it  was  supposed  to  depend  the  destiny  of 
Rome,  and  several  others  were  made  exactly  like  it  to  prevent  it 
from  being  stolen.     See  Vesta. 

Pallantias.  -adis.  /.,  the  daughter  of  Pallas,  a  name  given 


PAL  269  PAN 

to  Aurora,  who,  by  some  mythologists,  was  said  to  be  the  daughter 
of  Pallas.  This  patronyinic  probably  denotes  the  cousin  or  relation 
of  Pallas,  Hyperion  the  father  of  Aurora,  and  Crius  the  father  of 
Pallas,  being  brothers,  the  sons  of  Crelus  and  Terra.  Quum 
Pallantias  prcevia  luci  inficit  orbem  tradendum  Phabo,  when  the 
daughter,  or  cousin  of  Pallas,  i.  e.  Aurora,  who  precedes  the  light, 
tinges  the  world  which  she  is  to  deliver  up  to  Phoebus,  xv.  2.  131. 

Pallas,  -  adis,  &  -ados,/.,  Pallas,  a  name  given  to  JNIinerva  as 
the  goddess  of  war.  This  name,  which  is  very  often  employed  by  the 
poets,  is  probably  derived  from  the  Greek  ^raXXw,  1  brandish  a 
spear  ;  or  from  waXXa|,  a  maiden,  in  allusion  to  the  promise  of 
celibacy  which  the  goddess  obtained  from  her  father  (v.  6.  35.}. 
Cum  rapid  Pallade,  and  the  stealing  of  the  Palladium,  xiii.  1.  99. 
Gr.  Ace.  -ada.     See  Minerva  and  Palladium. 

PamphagUS,  -i,  m.,  Glutton,  the  name  of  one  of  Actseon's 
dogs. 

Pan,  Pailis,  m.,  Pan,  was  the  god  of  the  mountains,  of 
shepherds,  and  of  cattle.  The  parentage  of  this  god  is  much  dis- 
puted by  mythologists.  He  is  said  to  be  the  son  of  Mercury  and 
the  nymph  Dryops,  of  Jupiter  and  Thymbris,  and  of  Mercury  and 
Penelope,  whose  love  he  gained  under  the  form  of  a  goat,  as  she 
was  tending,  in  her  youth,  the  flocks  of  her  father  on  Mount 
Taygetus.  The  worship  of  this  god  seems  to  have  been  at  first 
confined  to  Arcadia,  where  he  gave  oracles  on  Mount  Lycaeus,  but 
was  afterwards  extended  over  the  rest  of  Greece.  His  festivals, 
called  by  the  Greeks  Lycaea,  were  brought  into  Italy  by  Evander, 
and  were  celebrated  at  Rome  under  the  name  of  Lupercalia.  Pan 
is  said  to  have  taught  Apollo  the  art  of  prophecy,  and  to  have  been 
the  inventor  of  the  pipe  consisting  of  seven  reeds,  which  he  called 
Syrinx,  in  honour  of  a  beautiful  nymph  of  the  same  name  to  whom 
he  offered  violence,  and  who  was  changed  into  a  reed  (See  Sy- 
rinx). The  worship  of  Pan  is  supposed  to  have  been  introduced 
from  Egypt,  where  he  was  held  in  the  greatest  veneration.  The 
ancients  had  two  modes  of  representing  this  god.  By  some  artists 
he  was  represented  with  horns,  with  a  ruddy  face,  a  flat  nose, 
his  legs  and  thighs  rough  with  hair,  and  having  the  taU  and  feet  of 
a  goat.  By  others  he  is  portrayed  as  a  young  man  with  short  horns 
on  his  forehead,  bearing  his  crook  and  his  syrinx,  and  is  either 
naked  or  clad  in  a  light  cloak. 

PanopCj  -es,/,  Panope,  now  Agios  Blasios,  a  town  of  Pho- 
cis,  in  Greece.     Arva  Panopes,  the  fields  of  Panope,  iii.  1.  19. 

Panthoides,  -se,  ni.,  the  son  of  Punthous,  a  patronymic  ap- 
pUed  to  Euphorbus ;  and  also  to  Pythagoras,  who,  in  proof  of  his 
doctrine  of  the  transmigration  of  souls,  pretended  that  his  soul 
had  animated  the  body  of  Euphorbus.  See  Euphorbus  and  Py- 
thagoras. 

z2 


PAN  270  PAR 

PanlhoUS,  -i,  m.,  Panthous,  a  son  of  Othrys,  who  was  the 
father  of  Euphorbus,  and  priest  of  Apollo  in  the  citadel  of  Troy. 

Pares,  -arum,/.,  the  Parca,  or  Fates,  powerful  goddesses 
who  were  believed  to  preside  over  the  life  and  death  of  mankind. 
They  were  thi-ee  in  number,  Clutho,  Lachesis,  and  Atropos,  and 
were  the  daughters  of  Erebus  and  Nox,  or  of  Jupiter  and  Themis. 
Their  Roman  names  were  Nona,  Decinia,  and  ^lorta.  The  Fates 
were  invested  with  unlimited  power,  and  even  Jupiter  himself  could 
not  annul  or  modify  their  decrees.  As  the  arbiters  of  life  and  death, 
they  divided  out  to  men  whatever  good  or  evil  befell  them  in  the 
world,  which  they  were  believed  to  do  by  spinning.  When  they 
intended  a  long  or  happy  life  to  any  man,  they  were  supposed  to 
spin  a  white  thread,  and  if  the  contrary,  a  black  one.  Clotho  held 
the  distaff,  Lachesis  spun  the  thread,  and  .\tropos  cut  it.  These 
offices  are  well  expressed  in  the  foUovving  verse  : — 

Clotho  colum  retinet,  Lachesis  net,  et  Atropos  occat. 

The  worship  of  the  Fates  prevailed  extensively  over  Greece  and 
Italy,  and  resembled  that  of  the  Furies  (  See  Erinnys).  They  were 
represented  as  three  old  women,  with  chaplets  made  of  wool,  and 
were  covered  with  a  white  robe.  One  of  them  held  a  distaff,  another 
a  spindle,  and  the  third  was  armed  with  scissors.  The  number  was 
probably  suggested  by  the  past,  the  present,  and  the  future,  which, 
according  to  Apuleius,  they  were  said  to  denote. 

Paris,  -idis,  m.,  Paris,  called  also  ^/exander,  one  of  the  sons 
of  Priam  and  Hecuba.  His  mother,  during  her  pregnancy,  dreamed 
that  she  had  given  birth  to  a  torch,  and  the  soothsayers,  on  being 
consulted,  declared  that  the  future  child  would  prove  the  destruc- 
tion of  his  countrj^  To  prevent  the  evil  which  this  prediction 
threatened,  Priam  ordered  one  of  his  slaves  to  destroy  the  child  as 
soon  as  he  was  born.  The  slave,  at  the  request  of  Hecuba,  exposed 
him  on  Mount  Ida,  where  he  was  kindly  treated  by  the  shepherds, 
and  reared  by  them  as  one  of  their  own  sons.  Paris,  though 
educated  among  shepherds,  gave  early  proofs  of  courage  and  intre- 
piditv,  and  by  his  prudence  and  discretion,  acquired  ^reat  celebrity 
in  settling  disputes.  He  was  frequently  called  upon  to  act  as  judge, 
and  was  appointed  by  the  gods  to  decide  the  famous  dispute  between 
Juno,  Venus,  and  ^linerva,  respecting  the  golden  apple  (See  Peleus). 
The  goddesses  accordingly  appeared  before  him,  each  anxious  to 
obtain  the  prize.  Juno  promised  him  a  kingdom,  Minerva  wisdom, 
and  Venus  the  most  beautiful  woman  of  her  day.  The  youthful 
shepherd  decided  in  favour  of  the  goddess  of  love,  and  thereby 
brought  the  resentment  of  her  competitors  upon  his  family  and 
country.  By  the  skill  which  he  displayed  in  manly  exercises,  he 
afterwards  attracted  the  notice  of  Priam,  and  being  recognised  as 
his  son,  was  acknowledged  as  one  of  the  princes  of  Troy.  On 
pretence  of  redeeming  his  aunt  Hesione  whom  Hercules  (See  Her- 


PAR  271  PEG 

cules)  had  given  in  marriage  to  Telamoii,  he  equipped  a  fleet,  and 
sailing  from  Troy,  landed  at  Sparta,  where  he  was  hospitably  en- 
tertained by  Menelaus  (See  Menelaus).  The  real  object  of  bis 
voyage  was  to  get  possession  of  Helen,  whom  Venus  had  promised 
to  him,  and,  in  the  absence  of  her  husband,  who  was  obliged  to  go 
to  Crete,  Paris  prevailed  upon  her  to  elope  with  him,  and  brought 
her  to  Troy.  During  the  siege  of  Troy  by  the  Greeks,  which  fol- 
lowed soon  after,  Paris  displayed  but  little  courage,  and  would 
have  fallen  in  single  combat  with  Menelaus,  had  not  Venus  inter- 
fered and  rescued  him  from  his  antagonist.  He  killed  Achilles  in 
the  temple  of  Apollo,  where  the  Grecian  hero  had  gone  to  receive 
the  hand  of  his  sister  Polyxena,  and  is  said  to  have  himself  fallen 
by  the  hand  of  Pyrrhus  or   Philoctetes.      Gr.   Ace.  -in. 

Parius,  -a,  -um,  (idj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Pares,  Parian.  Pa- 
res, now  Faro,  is  an  island  in  the  »^gean  Sea,  one  of  the  Cyclades, 
and  highly  celebrated  for  its  excellent  marble.  The  Parian  marble  is 
of  a  beautiful  white  colour,  hardens  by  exposure  to  the  atmosphere, 
and  consequently  possesses  the  power  cf  resisting  decomposition 
through  a  series  of  ages.  Ut  signuia  fonnatum  e  Pario  marmore, 
hke  a  statue  made  of  Parian  marble,  iii.  6.  18. 

Parnassius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relatiiig  to  Parnassus. 
Parnassia  Themis,  Themis  who  dwelt  on  Mount  Parnassus,  iv. 
13.  40.  Petehamus  Parnasnia  tenipla,  we  were  makmg  for  the 
temples  (of  Apollo  and  Bacchus)  on  Mount  Parnassus,  v.  4.  29. 

Parnassus,  -i,  ra.,  Parnassus,  now  Lyakoura,  a  mountain 
in  Phocis,  which  extends  from  the  country  of  the  Locri  Ozolae  in  a 
north-easterly  direction  through  Phocis,  and  joins  the  chain  of 
CEta.  Parnassus  is  the  highest  mountain  in  central  Greece,  and 
is  covered  with  snow  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year.  This 
mountain  has  attained  a  high  degree  of  classic  celebrity  in  con- 
nexion with  the  oracle  of  Apollo,  and  the  worship  of  the  Muses. 
Parnassus  was  remarkable  for  its  two  summits  (hence  called  Biceps 
Parnassus,  the  two-topped  Parnassus,  ii.  1.  221.),  the  one  of 
which  was  sacred  to  Apollo  and  Diana^  and  the  other  to  Bacchus. 
From  these  elevated  crags  the  Delphians  hurled  culprits  and  sacri- 
legious criminals,  and  in  this  manner  the  unfortunate  jEsop  was 
barbarously  murdered.  In  this  mountain  was  the  Corycian  cave 
(See  Corycium),  the  Castalian  fount  descended  from  the  chasm  be- 
tween the  two  summits  (See  Castalius),  and  on  the  southern  side, 
towards  its  base,  was  situate  the  celebrated  city  of  Delphi.  Hi 
mons  dunbus  verticibus  arduus  petit  astra,  nomine  Parnassus, 
there  a  mountain  with  two  tops  rises  aloft  towards  the  stars,  by 
name  Parnassus,  i.  8.  4.  Umbrosd  arce  Parnassi,  on  the  shady 
top  of  Parnassus,  i.  10.  16.     See  Delphi. 

Patara  and  Patarasus.      See  page  324. 

Pegasus,  -i,  m.,  Pegasus,  a  winged  horse  or  monster,  said  to 
have  been  the  son  of  Neptune  and  Medusa,   or  to  have  sprang. 


PEL  272  PEL 

along  with  his  brother  Clirysaor,  from  the  blood  of  the  Gorgon, 
when  her  head  was  cut  off  by  Perseus  (diss.).  According  to 
Hesiod,  he  received  his  name  from  being  born  near  the  sources 
{■Tfiyai)  of  the  sea.  He  was  caught  by  Bellerophon  while  drinking 
at  the  fountain  Pirene  in  Corinth,  and,  by  the  stroke  of  his  hoof, 
produced  the  fountain  on  Mount  Helicon,  called  Hippocrene.  He 
became  the  favourite  horse  of  the  Muses,  and  was  used  by  Belle- 
rophon in  conquering  the  Chiraaera.  Bellerophon  afterwards  at- 
tempted to  fly  to  heaven  on  his  winged  steed,  but  being  thrown 
down,  Pegasus  continued  his  flight,  and  was  placed  by  Jupiter 
among  the  constellations.      Gr.  Ace.  -on. 

Pelasgi,  -orum,  m.,  the  Pelasgi,  an  Asiatic  race  who,  at  a 
very  early  period,  established  themselves  in  Greece,  subsequently 
in  Italy,  and  probably  in  other  parts  of  Europe.  From  the  nume- 
rous settlements  which  they  formed  in  Greece,  the  inhabitants  of 
that  country  are  often,  by  the  Latin  poets,  called  Pelasgi.  From 
them,  too,  the  Peloponnesus  was  called  Pelasgia,  and  a  district  of 
Thessaly,  Pelasgiotis. 

PelasgUS,  -a,  -um,  udj.,  of,  or  relating  to  the  Pelasgi,  Pe- 
lasgian,  Grecian 

Peleus  {diss.),  -ei,&  -eOS,  m.,  Peleus,  the  son  of  .^acus  and 
Endeis,  and  the  grandson  of  Jupiter.  Having  been  accessory, 
along  svith  Telamon,  to  the  mtirder  of  his  brother  Phocus,  he  re- 
tired, according  to  Ovid,  to  the  court  of  Ceyx,  king  of  Trachis,  in 
Thessaly,  and  after  being  purified  of  his  murder,  married  Thetis, 
one  of  the  Nereids,  by  whom  he  had  Achilles,  who  was  called  after  his 
father,  Pelldes.  The  nuptials  of  Peleus  and  Thetis  were  celebrated 
with  the  greatest  solemnity,  and  were  attended  by  all  the  gods  and 
goddesses,  who  made  each  of  them  very  valuable  presents.  The 
goddess  of  Discord  was  the  only  one  of  t^e  deities  who  had  not 
been  honoured  with  an  invitation,  and  punished  the  neglect  by 
throwing  into  the  midst  of  the  assembly  a  golden  apple,  with  the 
inscription  Detur  pulchriori.  This  apple  afterwards  excited  the 
rivalry  of  Juno,  Mmerva,  and  Venus.     See  Paris. 

Pelias^  -adis,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Mount  Pelion.  Pelicui 
hasta,  the  spear  cut  from  Mount  Pelion,  i.  e.  the  spear  of  Achilles, 
xiii.  1.  109. 

Pelion,  -ii,  «.,  Pelion,  now  Plesnid,  a  chain  of  mountains  on 
the  south-east  coast  of  Thessaly,  whose  principal  summit  rises  be- 
hind lolcos  and  Ormenium,  and  extends  from  the  southern  extre- 
mity of  the  lake  Boebeis,  where  it  unites  with  one  of  the  ramifica- 
tions of  Ossa,  to  the  extreme  promontory  of  Magnesia.  Pelion  is 
famous  in  the  wars  of  the  gods  and  giants  (See  Olympus),  and  as 
the  ancient  abode  of  the  Centaurs,  before  they  were  expelled  by 
the  Laplthse.  The  cave  of  the  celebrated  Chiron  occupied  the 
highest  point  of  the  mountain.  Pelion,  like  the  other  mountains 
of  Thessaly,  is  covered  with  forests  of  pine,  oak,  chesn\it,  and 


PEL  27;3  PEN 

bci^ch,  and  produced  the  huge  spear  of  Achilles,  and  the  timber  of 
which  the  ship  Argo  was  built.  Excussit  Pelion  Ossa:  subjecto, 
threw  dowu  Pelion  from  Ossa,  which  was  placed  under  it,  i.  5.  5. 
Pella,  -se,  /.,  Pella,  now  AUahkilisavi,  one  of  the  most  ancit-nt 
and  celebrated  cities  of  jMacedonia,  was  situate  on  a  lake  formed  by 
the  river  Ludias,  120  stadia  from  its  mouth.  Pella  was  the  birth- 
place of  Philip  and  his  son  Alexander  the  Great,  and  from  their 
time  was  the  constant  residence  of  the  kings  of  Macedonia.  Under 
the  Romans,  Pella  was  made  the  chief  city  of  the  third  region  of 
Macedonia. 

Pellaeus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  reJatmg  to  Pella,  Pellccnn. 
Dives  Pieros  genuit  has  in  Pellais  arvis,  rich  Pieros  begot  them 
in  the  fields  of  Pella,  i.  e.  in  Macedonia,  v.  5.  9. 

Pelorus,  -i,  to.,  &  Pelorum^  -i,  n.,  Pelorum,  now  Cape  Pe- 
loro,  or  Faro,  one  of  the  three  great  promontories  of  Sicily,  and 
forming  the  north-east  corner  of  the  island,  said ,  to  have  received 
its  name  from  Pelorus,  the  pilot  of  the  ship  which  conveyed  Han- 
nibal from  Italy,  whom  he  murdered  there,  under  the  impression  that 
he  had  been  deceived  by  him.  On  this  cape  was  a  celebrated  temple 
of  Neptune,  and  under  it,  according  to  Ovid,  the  right  hand  of  the 
giant  .Typhoeus  (tris.)  was  buried  when  he  was  killed  by  the  thun. 
derbolts  of  Jupiter.     See  Typhoeus. 

Penates^  -um,  &  -ium,  m.,  the  Penates,  certain  inferior 
deities  among  the  Romans,  who  presided  over  houses  and  the  do- 
mestic affairs  of  families,  and  were  supposed  to  be  the  dispensers 
of  wealth  and  prosperity.  Every  master  of  a  family  was  at  liberty 
to  choose  his  Penates,  and  accordingly  Jupiter  and  the  other  supe- 
rior gods  were  often  invoked  as  patrons  of  domestic  affairs.  The 
Penates  were  either  public,  as  presiding  over  a  country  or  city,  or 
private  as  presiding  over  a  particular  family.  Their  images  were 
made  of  wax,  ivory,  or  silver,  according  to  the  affluence  of  the 
worshipper,  and  were  kept  in  the  innermost  part  of  the  house,  which 
was  called  penetralia,  and  offerings  of  wine,  incense,  and  fruits, 
were  there  presented  to  them.  The  Penates  were  of  divine  origin, 
and  differed  in  this  respect  from  the  Lares,  who  were  human. 
Penates  is  frequently  used  to  denote  a  house,  i.  6.  12. 

Peneis,  -idos,  /.,  the  daughter  of  the  Peneus,  a  patronymic  ap- 
plied to  Daphne,  who  was  changed  into  a  laurel  to  escape  from  the 
pursuit  of  Apollo.  Deus  fixit  hoc  in  nymphd  Peneide,  the  god 
fixed  the  latter  in  the  nymph,  the  daughter  of  the  Peneus,  i.  10. 
21.  Nympha,  Pene'i,  O  nymph,  daughter  of  the  Peneus,  i.  10. 
62.      Voc.  -e'i. 

Peneis,  -idos,  adj.,  uf,  or  relating  to  the  Peneus.     Spectans 

Penexdas  undas,  looking  upon  the  waters  of  the  Peneus,  i.  10.  93. 

Peneius,  -a,    -um,   adj.,    of,   or  relating  to  the  Peneus. 


PEN  274  PEN 

Daphne  Penei'a  (fuit)  primus  amor  Phcebi,  Daphne  the  daughter 
of  the  Peneus  was  the  first  love  of  Phcebus,  i.  10.  1.  Pene'ia 
(puella),  the  daughter  of  the  Peneus,  i.  e.  Daphne,  i.  10.  74. 

Peneus,  &  Peneos,  -i,  m.,the  Peneus,  now  the  Salembria,  a 
river  of  Thessaly  which  rises  in  Blount  Pindus  near  the  sources 
of  the  Achelous,  and  after  a  winding  course  of  1 10  miles  through 
the  middle  of  the  great  Thessalian  plain,  during  which  it  receives 
the  waters  of  several  tributaries,  empties  itself  into  the  AigeAn  Sea 
a  Uttle  below  Tempe.  The  Peneus  is  celebrated  for  the  fable  of 
Daphne,  who  is  said  to  have  been  changed  into  a  laurel  on  its  banks 
when  pursued  by  Apollo,  a  tradition  arising  from  the  great  number 
of  laurels  which  grow  near  the  river.  The  plain  of  Thessaly  is 
supposed  to  have  been  originally  a  lake,  till  an  earthquake  separated 
Ossa  from  Olympus,  opened  an  outlet  for  the  Peneus,  and  formed 
the  beautiful  vale  of  Tempe.  This  tradition  was  preserved  in  the 
name  Arases  (from  aox<r7w,  I  strike),  which  is  also  given  to  the 
Peneus.  Ovid  describes  the  Pen  .us  as  flowing  through  the  vale  of 
Tempe  with  great  rapidity,  dashing  from  rock  to  rock,  covering 
the  trees  on  its  banks  with  spray,  and  stunning  the  neighbourhood 
with  its  noise ;  while  modern  travellers  represent  it  as  a  smooth  and 
tranquil  stream.     See  Hsmonia  and  Tempe. 

Pentheus  {diss.),  -ei,  &  -eos.  ??z.,  Pentheus,  a  king  of 
Thebes,  the  son  of  Echion  and  Agave,  and  grandson  of  Cadmus. 
Notwithstanding  the  warnings  of  the  prophet  Tiresias,  he  refused 
to  acknowledge  the  divinity  of  Bacchus,  and  persisted  in  opposing 
the  introduction  of  his  worship  into  his  kingdom.  When  the 
Theban  women,  disregarding  his  prohibition,  left  the  city  to  cele- 
brate the  orgies  of  the  new  god,  Pentheus,  contrary  to  the  advice 
of  his  grandfather,  ordered  his  servants  to  seize  the  god ;  and  Bac- 
chus, who  had  assumed  the  form  of  Acoetes,  allowed  himself  to  be 
taken  and  brought  before  the  king  (See  Acoetes).  The  story  ol 
the  Tuscan  pirates,  which  he  related,  did  not  alter  the  resolution 
of  Pentheus  ;  he  ordered  the  god  to  be  imprisoned  and  instantly  pul 
to  death  as  an  impostor.  While  preparations  were  making  t( 
carry  his  orders  into  execution,  the  doors  of  the  prison  opened  ol 
their  own  accord,  and  allowed  Bacchus  to  escape,  which  still  far- 
ther irritated  the  king.  Bacchus  resolved  to  punish  his  impiety,  anc 
inspired  him  with  an  ardent  desire  of  witnessing  the  celebratioi 
of  his  orgies.  Pentheus  accordingly  concealed  himself  in  a  grow 
on  Mount  Cithaeron,  from  which  he  could  see  the  ceremonies  unob 
served.  Here  his  curiosity  soon  proved  fatal  to  him  ;  he  was  sea 
by  the  Bacchanals,  who  all  rushed  upon  him.  His  mother  wa 
the  first  who  attacked  him,  her  example  was  instantly  followed  bj 
his  two  sisters,  Tno  and  Autonoe,  and  his  body  was  torn  to  pieces 
Mater  prima  violavit  suum  Penthea  thyrso  misso,  his  mother  firs' 
wounded  her  son  Pentheus  by  throwing  the  thyrsus  at  him,  iii.  7 
202.     See  Agave.     Gr.  Ace.  -ea. 


PEN  275  PER 

PentheUS,  -a,  -uni,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Pentheus.  Fen- 
thed  cade,  by  the  murder  of  Pentheus,  iv.  11.  J4. 

Pergamus,  -i,  m,,  more  frequently  Pergaina,  -6runi,.«.) 
the  citadel  of  Troy,  often  used  for  the  city  Troy.  It  was  situated 
in  the  highest  part  of  the  city,  and  contained  the  temple  of  Mi- 
nerva, in  which  the  Palladium  was  deposited.     See  Troja. 

Pergus,  -i,  rn.,  Pergux,  now  Goridan,  a  lake  in  Sicily,  on 
the  edge  of  which  the  town  of  Henna  was  situate.  Pergus  was 
reckoned  the  Umbilicus  of  Sicily,  being  midway  between  Gela  and 
the  northern  coast,  and  nearly  so  between  the  promontories  Lily- 
baeum  and  Pelorum.     See  Henna. 

Perseis,  -idos^/.,  the  davghter  of  Perses,  a  patronymic  ap- 
plied to  Hecate.  Hecates  Perse'idos,  of  Hecate  the  daughter  of 
Perses,  vii.  1.  74.     See  Hecate. 

Persephone,  -es,f.,  Persephone,  the  Greek  name  of  Proser- 
pine. Ostendit  zonam  Persephones  in  summis  U7idis,  showed 
Proserpine's  girdle  on  the  surface  of  her  waters,  v.  8.  9.  Gr. 
Ace.  -en. 

Perseus  {diss.),  -ei,  &  -eos,  m.,  Perseus,  was  the  son  of 
Jupiter  and  Danae,  whom  the  king  of  the  gods  is  said  to  have  im- 
pregnated by  means  of  a  shower  of  gold.  Acrisius,  who  had  been 
warned  by  the  oracle  that  he  should  be  killed  by  this  daughter's 
son,  finding  that  the  means  which  he  had  taken  to  prevent  her 
from  becoming  a  mother  were  unsuccessful,  ordered  her  and  the 
infant  to  be  put  into  a  chest,  and  exposed  on  the  sea  ( See  Acrisius 
and  Danae).  By  the  direction  of  Jupiter,  this  slender  boat  was 
conveyed  to  the  island  Seriphus,  where  the  mother  and  her  child 
were  found  by  a  fisherman  named  Dictys,  and  carried  to  Polydectes 
the  king.  They  were  treated  with  kindness,  and  Perseus  was  in- 
trusted  to  the  care  of  the  priests  of  JMinerva.  The  spirit  and 
manly  daring  displayed  by  the  youth  greatly  alarmed  the  king,  who 
intended  to  force  a  marriage  with  Danae,  and  he  accordingly  re. 
solved  to  get  quit  of  him  by  a  stratagem.  He  invited  his  fi-iends, 
and  among  them  Perseus,  to  a  splendid  entertainment,  specifying 
as  a  condition,  that  his  guests  should  each  present  him  with  a  beau- 
tiful horse.  Perseus  attended,  and,  acknowledging  his  inability  to 
make  the  requisite  present,  promised  to  bring  to  the  king  the  head 
of  the  Gorgon  Medusa,  The  offer  was  doubly  acceptable  to  the 
king,  as  it  removed  him  from  his  court,  and  the  difficulty  of  the 
enterprise  rendered  it  highly  probable  that  he  would  perish  in  the 
attempt.  The  gods,  however,  had  compassion  on  his  innocence. 
Pluto  furnished  him  with  a  helmet,  which  rendered  him  invisible  ; 
Mmerva  gave  him  her  buckler,  which  reflected  the  images  of  objects 
like  a  looking- glass;  and  from  IMercury  he  received  the  <aZa;ja,  and 
a  harpe  or  falchion.  Thus  armed,  he  set  out  on  his  expedition, 
and  traversing  the  air  arrived  at  the  abode  of  the  Gorgons.     The 


PER  276  PER 

surrounding  ground  afforded  numerous  proofs  of  the  power  of  the 
Gorgons,  but  his  celestial  armour  enabled  him  to  approach  them 
without  molestation.  He  found  them  asleep,  and  with  one  stroke 
of  his  falchion  severed  the  head  of  IMedusa  from  her  body,  and  bore 
it  off  in  triumoh  (See  Gorgo).  The  conqueror  now  commenced 
his  return,  and  from  the  blood  which  dropped  from  Medusa's  head 
sprung  the  winged  horse  Pegasus  (See  Pejasus),  and  his  brother 
Chrysaor,  and  also  the  innumerable  serpents  which  have  ever  since 
infested  the  sandy  deserts  of  Africa.  He  arrived  at  sunset  at  the 
palace  of  Atlas  king  of  Mauritania,  and  announcing  himself  as  the 
son  of  Jupiter,  claimed  his  hospitality.  This  the  king  not  only 
refused  but  even  offered  violence  to  his  person.  Perseus  finding 
himself  unequal  to  his  powerful  enemy,  showed  him  the  head  of  the 
Gorgon,  and  instantly  chanjied  him  into  a  mountain  (See  Atlas)j 
Next  morning  he  resumed  his  flight,  and  on  reaching  the  coasts  of 
Ethiopia,  discovered  the  naked  Andromeda  cxpo.sed  to  a  sea- 
monster  (See  Andromeda).  The  beauty  of  the  princess,  and  her 
imminent  danger,  roused  his  sympathy,  and  he  offered  to  her  father 
Cepheus  (d/s*-.),  to  deliver  her  from  death  on  condition  of  reociving 
her  in  marriage.  Cepheus  consented,  and  Perseus,  poising  himseff 
in  the  air,  darted  like  an  eagle  upon  the  monster  as  lie  was  advanc- 
ing to  seize  his  prey,  plunged  his  dagger  into  the  right  shoulder, 
and  destroyed  it.  The  nuptials  were  then  celebrated  amidst  great 
rejoicings;  but  Phineus  (diss.),  to  whom  Andromeda  had  been 
previously  betrothed,  entered  the  palace  with  a  number  of  armed 
men,  and  attempted  to  carry  off  the  princess  (See  Phineus).  The 
father  and  mother  of  Andromeda  interfered,  but  in  vain  ;  a  bloody 
battle  ensued,  in  which  Perseus  must  have  fallen  had  he  not  de- 
fended himself  \vith  the  head  of  Medusa.  Warning  his  friends  ol 
its  fatal  power,  he  turned  it  towards  his  enemies  and  converted 
them  into  stones.  Soon  after  this  memorable  adventure,  Persens 
returned  to  Seriphas,  and  arrived  at  the  very  moment  when  his 
mother  had  fled  for  refuge  to  the  altar  of  Minerva,  to  avoid  the 
pursuit  of  Polydectes.  Hy  the  aid  of  Medusa's  head  he  changed 
the  king  and  his  associates  into  stones,  and  placed  his  friend  and 
preserver  Dictys  on  the  throne.  He  now  restored  to  the  gods  tht 
armour  with  which  they  had  furnished  him,  and  presented  the  head 
of  Medusa  to  Minerva,  to  whose  assistance  and  protection  he  wa: 
chieflv  indebted  for  liis  success,  and  the  goddess  placed  it  in  th( 
middle  of  her  shield.  Soon  after  this  he  returned  with  his  wife  aoc 
mother  to  the  Peloponnesus,  and  went  to  Larissa  to  attendfunera 
games  which  king  Teutamias  was  celebrating  in  honour  of  bi 
father.  While  displaying  his  skill  in  throwing  the  quoit,  he  acci- 
dentally killed  an  old  man,  who  was  discovered  to  be  his  grand 
father  Acrisiiis,  and  thus  fulfilled  the  prediction  of  the  oracle 
JPcrsea,  quern  JDanae  conceperat  pulvio  auro,  esse  (fihum)  Jovit 
that  Perseus,  whom  Danae  had  conceived  from  a  shower  of  gold 
was  the  son  of  Jupiter,  iv.   13.   7.     Perseus  natus  Jove  et  iU6 


PER  ^77  PHA 

giiam  claiisam  Jnpiter  implevit  fecundo  muro,  Perseus,  the  son  of 
Jupiter,  and  of  her  whom,  when  shut  up  in  prison,  Jupiter  impreg- 
nated with  a  shower  of  fruitful  gold,  iv.  14.  35.      Gr.  Ace.  -ea. 

Persis, -idoSj_/!j  Persia,  a  small  but  celebrated  country  in 
Asia,  was  bounded  on  the  east  by  Carmania,  on  the  north  by  Me- 
dia, on  the  west  by  Susiana,  on  the  south  by  the  Sinus  Persicus, 
the  Persian  Gulf,  and  corresponded  generally  with  the  modern  pro- 
vince of  Fars.  Prior  to  the  time  of  Cyrus,  it  is  called  Elam  in  the 
Bible,  from  Elam,  the  son  of  Shem,  who  settled  there  :  subse- 
quently to  the  reign  of  Cyrus,  the  name  Persia  or  Paras,  is  also 
found  in  Holy  Writ.  Its  principal  river  was  Choaspes,  the  Kenah, 
the  waters  of  which  were  so  pure,  that  the  kings  of  Persia  would 
drink  of  no  other ;  and  on  it  was  situate  Siisa,  now  Sus,  the  capi- 
tal, called  in  Scripture  Shushan.  This  was  Persia  in  its  limited 
sense,  or  Persis  Propria,  and  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  the 
mighty  Persian  empire  founded  by  Cyrus,  which  extended  from  the 
Indus  to  the  Mediterranean,  and  from  the  Caspian  and  Euxine 
Seas  to  the  Persian  Gulf  and  the  Ocean.  The  name  is  said  in 
fable  to  have  been  derived  from  Perses,  the  son  of  Perseus  {diss. ) 
and  Andromeda,  who  settled  there.      Gr.  Ace.  -ida. 

Phaetlion,  -ontis,  m.,  Phaethon  (aldning),  an  ^Ethiopian, 
the  son  of  Phcebus  or  Sol  and  Clymene.  He  was  honoured  by  the 
attention  of  Venus,  and  intrusted  by  her  with  the  care  of  oae  of 
her  temples.  To  check  his  vanity,  Epaphus,  the  son  of  Jupiter, 
disputed  his  celestial  origin,  alleging  that  his  mother  Clymene  had 
deceived  him  in  pretending  that  he  was  the  son  of  Sol.  At  her 
instigation  he  visited  the  palace  of  the  Sun,  and  finding  the  god 
willing  to  bear  testimony  to  his  parentage,  extracted  from  him  an 
unwary  oath  that  he  would  grant  him  whatever  he  asked.  The 
ambitious  youth  instantly  demanded  permission  to  drive  his  chariot 
for  one  day.  Sol,  who  was  aware  of  the  consequences,  remon« 
strated,  but  to  no  purpose.  Phaethon  persisted,  and  the  god, 
bound  by  his  oath,  which  was  inviolable,  reluctantly  committed  the 
reins  to  his  hands,  warning  him  of  the  dangers  of  the  road,  and  in- 
structing him  how  to  avoid  them.  Phaethon  mounted  the  chariot, 
and  grasped  the  reins  ;  the  fiery  horses  sprung  forward,  but  soon 
finding  that  they  were  not  directed  by  the  well-known  hand,  they 
left  the  beaten  tract,  guided  only  by  their  own  impetuosity.  Phae- 
thon repented  when  too  late  of  his  rashness ;  the  world  was  set  on 
fire,  and  a  total  conflagration  would  have  ensued,  had  not  Jupiter 
at  the  prayer  of  Tellus  launched  his  thunder,  and  hurled  the  terri- 
fied youth  from  his  seat.  His  body  fell  into  the  Eridanus,  and 
being  found  by  the  nymphs  of  the  place,  was  honoured  with  a  de- 
cent burial.  Phaethon  satus  Sole,  Phaethon,  the  son  of  Sol,  i. 
14.  4.     Gr.  Ace.  -onta.     See  Eridanus  and  Heliades. 

Phaethusa,  -^,f.,    Phaethusa  {shining),  one  of  the  sisters 

2  A 


PHA  -78  PQl 

of  Phaethon,  who  was  changed  into  a  poplar  tree,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Po.  E  quis  Phai'lhusa  maxima  sororum,  of  whom  Phaethusa 
the  eldest  of  the  sister?,  ii.  2.  22.     See  Heliades. 

Phantasos,  -i,  m.,  Phanlasos,  one  of  the  sons  of  Somnus,  who 
had  the  power  of  assuming  the  form  of  inanimate  objects.  £st 
etiam  tertius  dicersce  artis  Phantasos,  there  is  also  a  third  pos- 
sessing skill  of  a  different  kind,  uaraelj',  Phanlasos,  xi.  ]0.  2.33. 

Pharsalia,  -se.J".,  P/iarsa/i'a,  a  large  plain  in  Thessaly  adjoin- 
ing the  town  of  Pharsalus,  famed  for  the  great  battle  fought  there 
between  Julius  Ca;sar  and  Pompey  (e.  c.  48),  which  consummated 
the  downfal  of  the  senatorial  party,  and  obtained  for  the  former 
the  empire  of  the  world.  Phnrsali  i  sentiet  ilium,  PharsaUa  shall 
feel  his  power,  xv.  9,  ~9.     See  Pharsalus. 

Pharsalus,  -i,/-,  sometimes  m.,  Pharsalus,  now  Sataldye 
or  Pharsala,  a  town  of  Phthiotis,  the  southern  divbion  of  Thes- 
saly,  situate  near  the  river  Enipeus  (tris.),  not  far  from  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Apidanus,  one  of  the  tributaries  of  the  Peneus. 

Phasis,  -idis,  &  -idos,  m..  the  Pha>is,  now  the  Phaz,  a  calm 
and  gentle  river  in  Colchis,  which  rises  in  the  mountains  of  Arme- 
nia, and  flows  westward  into  the  Black  Sea,  famous  for  the  expe- 
dition of  the  Argonauts,  who  entered  it  after  a  long  and  perilous 
voyage.  The  Phasis  was  remarkable  for  the  beautiful  birdj  which 
frequented  its  banks,  some  of  which  are  said  to  have  been  brought 
by  the  Argonauts  to  Greece,  and  called  ^curiayn,  whence  phea- 
sants, after  the  name  of  the  river.  Rapidas  undas  limosi  Phasi- 
dos,  the  rapid  waters  of  the  shmy  Hhasis,  vii.  1.  6. 

Phiale,  -es,f.,  Phiale,  a  nymph,  one  of  the  attendants  of 
Diina. 

Philippi,  -drum,  »n.,  PhiUppi,  now  Filibah,  a  town  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Macedonia,  opposite  to  the  island  of  Thasos,  which 
was  founded  by  the  Thasians,  and  by  them  called  Crenides,  from 
being  surrounded  by  numerous  springs.  Phihp,  king  of  Macidon, 
subsequently  increased  it,  and  named  it  Phihppi  after  himself. 
Philippi  is  celebrated  in  history,  from  the  great  victory  gained  there 
by  Antony  and  Octavianus  over  the  forces  of  Brutus  and  Cassius 
(b.  c.  42),  by  which  the  repubUcan  party  was  completely  subdued, 
the  two  leaders,  Brutus  and  Cassius,  each  falling  by  his  own  hand. 
It  is  rendered  still  more  interesting  from  being  the  first  place  in 
Europe  where  the  gospel  was  preached  by  St  Paul  (a.  n.  50),  and 
from  the  church  to  which  he  addi-essed  one  of  his  epistles. 

Philoctetes,  -iE,  m.,  Philoctetes,  the  son  of  Pceas,  king  of 
Meliboea,  in  Thessaly,  and  the  friend  and  companion  of  HercQles. 
Mu  set  fire  to  the  funeral  pile  by  which  the  hero  of  the  twelve  la- 
bours was  consumed  on  Mount  CEta.  and  received  from  him  the 


PHI  279  PHI 

arrows  which  had  been  dipped  in  the  blood  of  the  Hydra,  under  a 
solemn  promise  not  to  discover  the  place  where  his  ashes  were  de- 
posited (See  Hercules).  After  performing  the  last  ofEces  to  Her- 
cules he  returned  to  Meliboea,  and  subsequently  visited  Sparta,  where 
he  became  one  of  the  suitors  of  Helen.  He  embarked  along  with 
the  other  Grecian  princes  in  the  expedition  against  Troy ;  but  in  con- 
sequence of  the  offensive  smoU  from  a  wound  in  his  foot,  occasioned 
by  the  bite  of  a  serpent,  or  by  the  fall  of  one  of  the  poisoned  ar- 
rows, he  was,  at  the  instigation  of  Ulysses,  left  on  the  island  of 
Lemnos  (siii.  1.  46.).  This  wound  is  ascribed  by  some  mytholo- 
gists  to  a  violation  of  his  oath  in  discovering  to  the  Greeks  the 
place  where  Hercules  was  buried.  Here  he  was  allowed  to  remain 
till  the  death  of  Achilles  in  the  tenth  year  of  the  war,  and  sup- 
ported himself  by  shooting  birds.  At  last  the  Greeks,  finding 
that  Troy  could  not  be  taken  without  the  arrows  of  Hercules,  sent 
Ulysses  and  Diomedes  to  bring  him  to  the  camp.  Philoctetes,  re- 
collecting the  bad  treatment  which  he  had  received  from  the 
Greeks,  and  particularly  from  Ulysses,  at  first  refused  to  accom- 
pany them,  but  was  at  last  persuaded  by  the  manes  of  Hercules 
to  repair  to  the  camp,  where  he  would  be  cured  of  his  wound,  and 
put  an  end  to  the  war.  He  accordingly  obeyed,  and  being  restored 
to  his  former  health  by  Machaon,  killed  many  of  the  Trojans,  and 
among  others  Paris,  with  the  poisoned  arrows.  On  the  conclusion 
of  the  war  he  settled  in  Italy,  and  built  a  town  in  Calabria,  to 
which  he  gave  the  name  of  Petilia,  now  Strongoli. 

Phineus  {diss.'),  -ei,  &  -eos^  m.,  PMneus,  a  son  of  Belus, 
and  brother  of  Cepheus  (diss.)  king  of  ..'Ethiopia,  to  whom  his 
niece  Andromeda  was  betrothed  before  her  father  was  compelled 
to  expose  her  to  a  sea-monster  to  appease  the  wrath  of  Neptune. 
From  this  perilous  situation  Andromeda  was  rescued  by  Perseus 
{diss.),  and  given  in  marriage  to  her  deliverer.  Phineus  persisted 
in  asserting  his  claim,  and  with  a  number  of  armed  attendants, 
made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  carry  off  the  princess  during  the 
celebration  of  the  marriage- ceremony.  The  interference  of  Ce- 
pheus was  in  vain ;  a  violent  struggle  ensued,  in  which  Phineus 
and  his  companions  either  fell  by  the  sword,  or  were  changed  into 
stones  by  means  of  the  Gorgon's  head.  Phineus  himself  was 
changed  into  stone  in  the  humiliating  posture  in  which  he  was 
praying  for  his  life.      .See  Cepheus,  Andromeda  and  Perseus. 

Phineus  {diss.),  -ei,  &  -eos,  m.,  Phineus,  a  son  of  Agenor 
or  Neptune,  and  king  of  Thrace,  or  as  some  mythologists  main- 
tain, of  Arcadia,  was  celebrated  for  his  skill  in  augury.  He  mar- 
ried Cleopatra,  the  daughter  of  Boreas,  by  whom  he  had  two  sons. 
After  the  death  of  Cleopatra  he  married  Idaea,  the  daughter  of 
Dardanus.  Jealous  of  her  step- children,  Idsea  mahgned  them  to 
their  father,  who  believing  the  slander,  deprived  his  sons  of  sight. 
To  punish  him  for  this  act  of  cruelty,  the  gods  struck  him  bUnd, 


PHf.  280  PHCE 

and  sent  the  Harpies  (See  Harpyiae)  to  torment  him  by  carrying 
off  his  food  or  rendering  it  unfit  for  use.  The  Argonauts  came  to 
consult  him  about  their  future  course,  and  he  promised  to  direct 
them  on  condition  of  their  delivering  him  from  the  Harpies,  which 
his  two  brothers-in-law,  Zethes  and  Calais  undertook  to  do. 
Phineus  being  freed  from  his  tormentors,  instructed  the  Argo- 
nauts in  the  nature  of  their  future  -voyage,  and  by  his  directions 
they  succeeded  in  passing  between  the  Symplegades  (See  Cyaneae), 
and  landed  in  safety  on  the  shores  of  Colchis.     See  lason. 

Phlegethon,  -ontis,  in.,  Phhgethon  {burning),  one  of  the 
rivers  in  the  infernal  regions,  deriving  its  name  from  the  Greek 
verb  (pxiyifia,  to  burn. 

Phlegethontis,  -idis,  adj.,/.,  of,  or  relating  to  Phlegethon. 
Sparsum  caput  Phlegethontide  lymphd  vertit  in  rostrum  et  plu- 
mas  et  grandia  lumina,  sprinkling  his  head  with  water  from  Phle- 
gethon, she  changed  it  into  a  beak  and  feathers  and  large  eyes,  v. 
8.83. 

Phlegon,  -ontis,  m.,  Phlegon  (burning),  the  name  of  one  of 
the  horses  of  the  Sun,  derived  from  the  Greek  verb  (p^tyu,  to  burn. 

PhlegyaSj-arum,  m..  the  Phlegya-,  a  powerful  predatory  tribe 
from  Thrace,  who  settled  in  Boeofia,  in  the  vicinity  of  Orchome- 
nos.  Under  the  command  of  Phorbas  they  plundered  the  temple 
of  Apollo  at  Delphi,  and  rendered  the  oracle  of  the  god  inaccessi- 
ble. In  consequence  of  their  sacrilegious  conduct  they  were  de- 
stroyed by  lightning,  earthquakes,  and  pestilence.  Profamis  Phor- 
bas cum  Phlegyis  faciebat  Delphica  templa  mvia,  the  profane 
Phorbas  and  the  Phlegyae  rendered  the  temple  of  Delphi  inaccessi- 
ble, xi.  10.  5. 

Phobetor,  -oris,  m.,  Phobetor  (the  terrifier),  one  of  the  sons 
of  the  god  Somnus,  who  was  called  by  the  gods  Icelos.  Mortale 
vulgus  nominaf  Phobetora,  the  race  of  mortals  call  him  Phobetor, 
xi.  10.  231.      Gr.  Ace.  -ora.      See  Icelos. 

Phoceus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Phocis.  Phocea 
runt,  the  country  of  Phocis,  v.  4.  27. 

Phocis,  -idis,  &  -idos,/.,  P/iom,  a  district  of  Greece,  bounded 
on  the  east  by  Boeotia,  on  the  north  by  the  Locri,  on  the  west  by 
Doris  and  the  Locri  Ozolae,  and  on  the  south  by  the  Corinthian 
Gulf.  The  most  interesting  feature  of  Phocis  is  Mount  Parnas- 
<-«s  (See  Parnassus),  with  the  city  of  Delphi  (See Delphi),  famous 
for  the  oracle  of  Apollo.  Towards  the  Corinthian  Gulf  was  the 
plain  of  Crissa,  where  the  Pythian  games  were  celebrated  in  ho- 
nour of  Apollo.      See  Pythia. 

Phoebe,  -es.f.,  Photbe,  the  sister  of  Phoebus ;  a  name  given  to 
Diana,  as  indicative  of  her  brightness.  jEmJila  innuptce  Phcebes, 
an  imitator  of  the  unmarried  Diana,  i.  10.  25.  This  name  is  also 
appHed  to  her  as  goddess  of  the  moon,  i.  1.7. 


PHiE-  281  PHO 

PhoebeUS,  a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relatimj  to  Phoebus.  Jus. 
sa7n  Phcebeis  sortibus,  by  order  of  the  oracle  of  Apollo,  iii.  1.  130. 
Phabeos  ignes,  the  fires  of  Phoebus,  i.  e.  the  Sun,  v.  6.  49. 

Phoebus,  -i,  r??.,  Phabus,  aname  given  to  Apollo,  or  the  Sun, 
expressive  of  his  brightness,  and  of  his  vivifyino;  influence.  Litoia 
jacentia  sub  utroque  Phcebo,  the  shores  lying  under  both  suns,  the 
rising  and  setting  sun,  i.  e.  the  east  and  west,  i.  8.  26.  Repercusso 
Phcebo,  by  reflecting  the  rays  of  the  sun,  ii.  1.  110.  Phoebus  dik- 
tat idem  utrdque  terra,  Phoabus  is  equally  distant  from  both  lands, 
i.  e.  from  the  east  and  west,  iii.  2.  21.  Draconem  prcebentem 
liventia  terga  Phcebo,  a  snake  turning  up  his  livid  back  to  the  sun, 
iv.  14.  53. 

Phcenices,  -una,  7n.,  the  Phoenicians,  the  inhabitants  of 
Phoenicia.      Gr.  Ace.  -as. 

Phcenicia,  -3e,J^,  Phoenicia,  a  small  tract  of  country  in  Asia- 
tic Turkey,  between  Mount  Libanus  and  the  sea,  corresponding 
\vith  the  modern  Pachalic  of  Acre,  and  the  southern  part  of  the 
Pachalic  of  Tripoli.  It  extended  from  the  river  Cherseus  (diss.) 
on  the  south  to  the  Eleutheros  on  the  north  ;  being  bounded  on  the 
north  and  east  by  Syria,  and  on  the  south  by  Palestine.  The 
name,  according  to  some  etymologists,  was  derived  from  the  num- 
ber oi  palm-trees  (tpoivixi;)  which  grew  in  the  country,  while  others 
deduce  it  from  Phoenix,  the  son  of  Agenor,  who,  like  his  brothers 
Cadmus  and  Cilix,  went  in  quest  of  his  sister  Europa,  and  being 
unsuccessful,  settled  there.  The  principal  cities  were  Sidon  and 
Tyre,  which  are  frequently  mentioned  in  Scripture.  The  Phoeni- 
cians were  distinguished  among  the  ancients  for  commercial  enter- 
prise ;  they  sent  out  colonies  to  all  parts  of  the  Mediterranean,  and 
visited  for  the  purposes  of  trade  the  Cassiterides  (See  Britannia), 
and  the  western  coasts  of  Africa.  Tliey  were  the  first  who  in- 
vented arithmetic,  and  steered  ships  by  the  stars  ;  and,  according  to 
the  Greeks,  Cadmus,  a  Phoenician,  was  the  inventor  of  letters. 
They  excelled  all  the  nations  of  antiquity  in  ingenuity,  and  in  their 
elegant  and  beautiful  manufactures  ;  and  so  great  was  their  fame 
in  the  time  of  Solomon,  that  he  employed  Tyrian  artists  to  super- 
intend the  building  of  his  magnificent  templa.  See  Sidon  and 
Tyrus. 

Phorbas,  -antis,  m.,  Phorbas,  the  leader  of  the  Phlegyte,  who 
plundered  the  temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi,  and  rendered  the  ap- 
proach to  it  inaccessible,  and  is  therefore  denominated  by  Ovid 
profanus.  He  is  described  as  a  fierce  and  cruel  robber,  who  com- 
pelled all  whom  he  met  to  fight  with  him,  and  put  to  death  those 
whom  he  defeated.  He  even  ventured  to  challenge  the  gods,  and 
was  defeated  and  killed  by  Apollo.     See  Phlegyee. 

Phorcydes,  -um,  f,  the  Phorcydes,  the  daughters  of  Phorcys 
and  Ceto,  and  sisters  and  guardians  of  the  Gorgons.  They  were 
gray-haired(yoa;a()from  their  birth,  and  thereby  obtained  the  name 

2  A  2 


PHO  282  PHR 

Gr^K.  The  accounts  which  the  ancient  mythologists  have  i:ivrn 
of  the  Gorgons  and  the  Graese  are  very  confused  and  contradictory. 
They  appear  to  be  often  spoken  of  as  the  same  persons,  and  the 
ilofcription  which  some  poets  have  given  of  the  one,  is  applied  by 
other  poets  to  the  other.  It  seems,  however,  to  have  been  the 
general  opinion  that  the  Graeae  were  only  two  in  number,  Pe- 
phredo  and  Enyo,  and  that  they  had  only  one  eye  and  one  tooth, 
which  they  used  by  turns.  Of  these  Perseus  (diss.)  contrived  to 
get  possession  while  they  were  passed  from  the  one  to  the  other, 
and  consented  to  restore  them  only  on  condition  of  their  directing 
him  to  the  abode  of  the  Gorgons  "(iv.  15.  24.).  Geminas  sorores 
Phorcydas,  partitas  iisum  unius  himinis,  two  sisters,  daughters  of 
Phorcys,  who  shared  between  them  the  use  of  one  eye,  iv.  15.  22. 
Gr.  Ace.  -das. 

Phorcynis,  -:dis,  &  -idos,/.,  the  danphier  of  I'horcys,  i.  e. 
T^Iedusa.  '  Imponit  ora  Medusa  Phorcynidos,  lays  upon  them  the 
head  of  Medusa,  the  daughter  of  Phorcys,  iv.  14.81.    Or.  Ace.  -ida. 

Pliorcus,  -i,  &  Phorcys,  -yos,  m.,  Phorcys,  a  son  of  Nep- 
tune, or  of  Pontus  and  Terra,  who  is  said  to  have  been  king  of 
Corsica  and  Sardinia.  He  was  defeated  in  battle  by  Atlas,  king  of 
Mauritania,  and  being  afterwards  dro^vned,  was  worshipped  by 
his  subjects  as  a  sea-deity.  He  married  his  sister  Ceto,  by  whom 
he  had  the  Gorgons  and  the  Phorcydes,  or  Graeae. 

Phoronis,  -Idis,  &  -idos,y.,  PAoroKjs,  a  patronymic  applied 
to  lo,  from  Phoroneus  (tris.),  who,  according  to  some  mytholo- 
gists, was  the  father,  and,  according  to  others,  the  son  of  Inachus. 
See  lo  and  Inachus. 

Phrygia,  -ae,  /1,  Phrygia,  a  province  in  the  interior  of  Asia 
Minor,  of  which  the  natural  limits  were  very  irregular.  To  the 
north  it  bordered  on  Bith)-nia  and  Galatia  ;  to  the  east,  on  Galatia 
and  Cappadocia  ;  to  the  south,  on  Cilicia,  Pisidia,  and  Lycia ;  and 
to  the  west,  on  Caria,  Lydia,  and  Jlysia.  The  name  is  supposed 
by  some  critics  to  bo  derived  from  the  Greek  verb  (f!ouya,  to  broil, 
and  to  allude  to  the  volcanic  or  burnt-up  appearance  presented  by 
the  surface  of  the  country.  The  Phrygians  were  remarkable  in  an 
early  age  for  the  high  state  of  civilisation  to  which  they  had  at- 
tained; they  are  said  to  have  invented  the  pipe  of  reeds,  and  all 
sorts  of  needle-work,  and  to  have  brought  music  and  dancing  to 
such  perfection,  that  they  were  copied  even  by  the  Greeks.  Their 
chief  deity  was  Cybele,  whose  festivals  they  observed  with  the 
greatest  solemnity.  This  country  possesses  a  sacred  interest  in 
connexion  with  the  early  propagation  of  Christianity.  It  contained 
the  city  Hierapolis,  where  was  a  Christian  church,  which  is  alluded 
to  by  St  Paul ;  Laodicea,  one  of  the  seven  churches  mentioned  in 
the  Revelation  of  St  John ;  and  Colossae,  to  the  church  of  which 
St  Paul  addressed  one  of  his  epistles.     The  name   of  Phrygia 


PHR  283  PIE 

Minor  was  also  given  to  a  district  of  Mysia,  the  chief  city  of  which 
was  Troja.     See  Troja. 

Phrygius,  ~a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Phrygia,  Phry. 
gian,  Trojan.  Ad  Phrygias  arces,  to  the  Phrygian  towers,  i.e. 
to  the  towers  of  Troy,  xiii.  1 .  44.  De  Phrygidgente,  of  the  Phry- 
gian or  Trojan  nation,  xiii.  1.  244. 

Phryx,  -ygis,  m.,  a  Phrygian,  a  Trojan.  Phryges,  the 
Trojans,  xiii.  1.  389. 

Phryxeus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Phryxus.  Pos. 
cunt  Phryxea  vellera,  demand  the  fleece  brought  by  Phryxus,  vii. 
1.  7. 

Phryxus,  ~i,  m-,  Phryxus,  the  son  of  Athamas,  king  of 
Thebes,  and  Nephele,  who,  to  avoid  the  cruel  persecution  of  his 
stepmother  Ino,  fled,  along  with  his  sister  Helle,  on  a  ram  with  a 
golden  fleece,  which  was  furnished  by  Neptune,  at  the  request  of 
Nephele,  intending  to  go  to  ..Eetes,  king  of  Colchis.  The  ram  car- 
ried them  through  the  air,  and  Helle  becoming  giddy  from  fear,  fell 
into  the  strait,  which  was  afterwards  called  from  her  Helles-Pon- 
tvs,  the  Sea  of  Helle,  now  the  Hellespont,  or  Dardanelles. 
Phryxus  continued  his  flight,  and  arrived  at  Colchis,  where  he  was 
hospitably  entertained  by  .(Eetes,  whose  daughter,  Chalciope,  was 
given  to  him  in  marriage.  According  to  the  directions  which  he  had 
received  from  his  mother,  Phryxus  sacrificed  the  ram  to  Mars,  and 
gave  the  golden  fleece  to  ^etes,  who  nailed  it  to  an  oak  in  the  grove 
of  Mars.  Here  it  was  guarded  by  bulls  which  breathed  fire,  and  by 
a  dragon  which  never  slept,  and  continued  suspended  till  the  ar- 
rival of  Jason  and  the  Argonauts.  jEetes  at  first  treated  Phryxus 
with  kindness,  but  afterwards  killed  him  for  the  sake  of  the  golden 
fleece,  because  he  was  told  by  an  oracle  that  he  should  enjoy  the 
kingdom  so  long  as  it  remained  in  his  possession.  Sec  Atharaas, 
Ipo  and  lason. 

Phthia,  -  ae,  /.,  Phthia,  a  district  of  Phthiotis,  the  southern 
part  of  Thessaly,  which  extended  from  the  Pagasaean  Gulf  to 
IMount  Pindus.  Phthia  was  the  native  country  of  Achilles,  and 
here  his  father  Peleus  (diss.)  reigned  during  the  Trojan  war.  Ac- 
cording to  some  geographers,  Phthia  was  the  principal  city  of 
Phthiotis.  (Arma)  feranivr  Phthiam  Scyronve,  let  the  arms  (of 
Achilles)  be  conveyed  to  Phthia,  i.  e.  to  his  father  Peleus,  or  to 
Scyros,  i.  e.  to  his  son  Pyrrhas,  xiii.  1.  156.     See  Pyrrhus. 

Pierides,  -um,  /.,  the  Pierides,  the  daughters  of  Pierus,  king 
of  Macedonia.  They  were  nine  in  number,  and  cultivated  music. 
Jealous  of  the  superior  reputation  of  the  Muses,  they  challenged 
them  to  a  contest,  and  being  defeated  were  changed  into  magpies, 
V.  12.     The  muses  are  sometimes  called  Pierides.     See  Musae. 

Pieros,  &  Pierus,  -i,  ?n.,  Pierus,  a  rich  king  of  Macedonia 


PIN  284  PCEA 

or  Thessaly,  who  married  Euippe,  and  had  by  her  the  Pierides. 
See  Pierides. 

Pindus,  -i,  m.,  Pindas,  or  Agrafu,  a  lofty  range  of  moun- 
tains, which  forms  the  trunk  of  various  branches  in  Jlacedonia, 
and  enters  Greece  at  the  sources  of  the  Peneus,  separating  the 
waters  which  fall  into  the  Ionian  Sea  from  those  streams  which 
discharge  themselves  into  the  ^gean.  Pindus  nearly  divides  the 
continent  from  north  to  south,  forming  the  boundary  between 
Thessaly  and  Epirus,  and,  after  throwing  off  the  various  branches 
of  Othrys,  Qita,  and  Coras,  loses  itself  in  the  heights  of  Parnassus 
and  Helicon.  Pindus  was  one  of  the  favourite  haunts  of  the 
Muses.  Some  of  the  heights  reach  an  elevation  of  6000  or  7000 
feet.  Effusus  ah  imo  Pindo,  issuing  from  the  bottom  of  Pindus, 
i.  11.  3. 

Pirenis,  -Mis,  &-icIos,  adj.,f.,  of,  or  relating  to  Plrene,  a 
fountain  near  Corinth,  which  derived  its  name  from  a  nymph  so 
called,  who  was  said  to  iiave  dissolved  into  tears  at  the  death  of 
her  daughter  Cenchrea,  accidentally  slain  by  Diana.  This  foun- 
tain was  sacred  to  the  Muses,  and  is  stated  to  have  possessed  the 
property  of  tempering  the  Corinthian  brass  when  plunged  red  hot 
into  the  stream.  Ephyre  (quaerit)  Pirenidas  undas,  Corinth  be- 
wails the  loss  of  ttie  waters  of  Pirene,  ii.  1.  240. 

Pisa,  -se,/.,  Pisa,  a  city  of  Elis,  in  the  Peloponnesus,  situate  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Alpheus.  Pisa  was  the  city  of  Pelops,  and  for- 
merly disputed  with  Elis  the  presidency  of  the  Olympic  games. 
Tradition  assigned  its  foundation  to  Pisus,  a  grandson  of  iKolus; 
but  as  no  trace  of  it  remained,  its  very  existence  was  questioned 
in  later  ages. 

PisaeuS;  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relafvi/j  to  Pisa,  Piscean. 
Piscea:  Arethusce,  Arethusa  from  Pisa,  a  city  of  Elis,  v.  6.  69. 
See  Arethusa. 

Pleias,  -adis  &  -ados,  /.,  one  of  the  Pleiades,  or  one  of 
the  Seven  Stars.  The  Pleiades  (4  syl.),  were  the  seven  daugh- 
ters of  Atlas  and  Pleione  (4  st/l.),  one  of  the  Oceanides,  who, 
after  death,  were  changed  into  a  constellation,  and  placed  in  the 
back  of  the  bull,  the  second  sign  of  the  zodiac.  The  name  Pleiades 
is  said  to  be  derived  from  tXhv,  to  sail,  because  that  constellation 
shows  the  time  most  favourable  for  navigation,  which  is  in  spring ; 
and  from  this  circumstance  the  Latins  applied  to  it  the  name 
f^ergilia,  from  ver.  Quern  lucida  Ple'ias  enixa  est,  whom  the 
bright  Pleias  (Maia)  brought  forth,  i.  e.  Mercury,  i.  12.  45. 

Poeantiades,  -se,  m.,the  son  of  Pveas,i.  e.VhxXocteiei.  Quod 
Vulcania  Lemncs  habet  Paantiaden,  because  Lemnos,  sacred  to 
Vulcan,  contains  the  son  of  Poeas,  xiii.  1.  313. 

Poeantius,  -a,  -um.,  adj.,  of  or  relating  to,  or  proceeding 
from  P.cas,  Ptean.     Lemnos  non  haheret  te,  Paeantia  proles,  the 


PCEA  285  POM 

island  of  Lcmnos  would  not  contain  thee,  O  son  of  Pceas,  xiii.  1. 
45. 

Pceas,  -antis,  nu,  Paus,  the  father  of  Philoctetes,  who  is  said 
to  have  been  one  of  the  Argonauts.      G?-.  Ace.  -anta. 

Poemenis,  -idis,  &  -idos.J'-,  Shepherdess,  the  name  of  one 
of  Actaeon's  dogs. 

Pclus,  -1,  m.,  a  pole,  the  end  of  the  axle  round  which  the 
wheel  turns.  In  geography  the  poles  are  the  extremities  of  the 
axis  on  which  the  earth  performs  its  diurnal  revolution ;  and  be- 
cause the  one  is  always  pointing  northward  and  the  other  south- 
ward, the  former  is  called  the  North  Pole,  and  the  latter  the  South 
Pole.  The  North  Pole  is  called  the  Arctic,  because  it  points  to 
the  constellation  of  the  Great  and  Little  Bears  (Ajxra;)  ;  and  the 
South  Pole  is  called  the  Antarctic,  because  it  is  opposite  («vt/)  the 
Arctic.  Pulus  is  often  used  by  the  poets  to  signify  heaven. 
Australem  polum,  the  South  or  Antarctic  Pole,  ii.  1.  131.  Gla- 
ciali  polo,  the  icy  or  North  Pole,  ii.  1.  173.     See  Axis. 

Polycrates,  -is,  m.,  Polycrates,  who  was  king  of  Samos  at 
the  tinie  -^hen  Pythagoras  returned  from  his  travels  with  the  in- 
tention of  establishing  his  school  of  philosophy  in  his  native  island. 
But  the  government  of  Polycrates  and  his  brothers  was  so  offensive 
to  the  philosopher  that  he  left  Samos  and  retired  to  Italy.  Poly- 
crates is  celebrated  among  the  ancients  for  his  extraordinary  good 
fortune.  His  prosperity  was  such  that  he  is  said  never  to  have 
met  with  any  cross  accident.  To  put  this  to  the  test  he  was  in- 
duced to  throw  a  valuable  ring  into  the  sea,  and  soon  after  found 
it  in  the  entrails  of  a  fish  which  was  sent  to  him.  He  was  at  last 
murdered  by  Oroetes,  the  Persian  governor  of  Magnesia. 

Pompeius  {tris.)  (Sextus),  •!,  m.,  Sextus Pompeius,w&s 
the  youngest  son  of  Pompey  the  Great.  After  the  battle  of  Mun- 
da  (b.  c.  45),  which  nearly  extinguished  the  hopes  of  the  repub- 
lican party,  and  in  which  his  brother  Cneius  was  slain,  S.  Pompey 
supported  himself  for  some  time  in  Spain  by  joining  a  party  of  rob- 
bers, and  collected  a  considerable  force  even  in  the  lifetime  of  Csesar. 
The  death  of  the  Dictator  opened  up  to  him  a  new  and  a  more 
cheering  prospect ;  and  had  he  possessed  the  prudence  and  sagacity 
of  his  father,  he  might  probably  have  rendered  himself  as  great  and 
formidable.  Being  ranked  by  the  Triumvirs  among  the  assassins 
of  Caesar,  he  took  possession  of  Sicily,  where  he  was  soon  joined 
by  a  large  number  of  those  who  had  been  proscribed,  and  waged 
war  with  Augustus  and  Antony  so  successfully,  that  they  were 
obliged  to  conclude  a  peace  with  him  on  very  advantageous  terms. 
By  these  he  secured  for  himself  and  his  followers  an  immunity  from 
the  proscription,  and  permission  to  return  to  Rome.  On  this  oc- 
casion Octavianus  and  Antony  supped  with  Sextus  on  board  his 
ship.  During  the  entertainment,  j\lenas,  one  of  his  captains,  pro- 
posed to  Sextus  that  he  should  murder  his  guests  and  make  hiva- 


PON  286  PRO 

self  master  of  the  Roman  empira  ;  but  Sextus  refused,  observing 
that  it  was  unbecoming  the  son  of  Pompey  to  act  with  such  dupli- 
<:ity.  This  friendly  meeting,  however,  was  not  productive  of  any 
permanent  advantages.  Sextus  could  not  brook  a  superior  ;  he 
soon  after  commenced  hostilities,  and  though  he  had  it  in  his  power 
on  several  occasions  to  vanquish  his  adversaries,  he  did  not  avail 
himself  of  the  opportunities.  Confidence  in  his  superior  force  by 
sea  at  last  proved  fatal  to  him.  Having  been  entirely  defeated  by 
Augustus  in  a  sea-engagement  near  Sicily,  chiefly  by  the  abilities 
of  Agrippa  (xv.  9.  81.),  he  took  refuge  with  Antony,  and  was 
killed  by  one  of  his  generals  in  the  40th  year  of  his  age  (b.  c.  35.). 

PontUS,  -i.,  m.,  Pontus,  a  province  in  the  north-east  of  Aaa 
Minor,  bounded  on  the  west  by  Paphlagonia  and  Galatia ;  on  the 
south,  by  Cappadocia  ;  on  the  east,  by  Armenia  and  Colchis ;  and 
on  the  north,  by  the  Euxine.  The  name  of  Pontus  was  first  ap- 
plied by  the  Greeks  to  the  whole  tract  of  country  along  the  south- 
ern shores  of  the  Euxine,  but  was  afterwards  limited  to  the  pro- 
vince above  described.  The  most  remarkable  king  of  Pontus  was 
Mithridates  the  Great,  whose  anibitious  designs  upon  the  kingdom 
of  Cappadocia,  of  which  he  had  been  deprived  by  the  Romans,  in- 
volved him  in  a  war  with  the  latter  people,  which  ended  in  his  de- 
feat and  death.     See  Mithridates. 

Priamides,  -se,  m.,  ason,  or  descendant  of  Priam.  Helenum 
Priamiden,  Helenus,  the  son  of  Priam,  xiii.  1.  99. 

Priamus,  -i.,  m-,  Priam,  the  son  of  Laomedon,  and  the  last 
king  of  Troy.  His  proper  name,  it  is  said,  was  Podarces,  but 
having  been  taken  by  Hercules  at  the  conquest  of  Troy  (See  Her- 
cules), he  was  ransomed  by  his  sister  Hesione,  and  assumed  the 
name  of  Priam,  from  •r^iaucci,  1  purchase.  He  was  placed  by 
Hercules  on  the  throne  of  Troy,  and  had  fifty  sons,  seventeen  of 
whom  were  bom  by  Hecuba,  the  daughter  of  Cisseus  (diss.),  a 
neighbouring  prince.  Of  his  children  by  Hecuba,  the  most  cele- 
brated were  Hector,  Helenus,  Paris,  Polyxena,  &c.  Priam  sur- 
vived the  death  of  most  of  his  sons,  who  fell  in  defence  of  their  native 
city,  and  was  himself  cruelly  murdered  by  Pyrrhus,  the  son  of 
Achilles,  at  the  altar  of  Jupiter,  during  the  night  on  which  Troy 
was  taken  by  the  Greeks.     See  Pyrrhus. 

Prometheus  (tris.),  -ei,  &  -eos,  m.,  Prometheus,  the  son 
of  lapetus  and  Clymene,  and  brother  of  Atlas  and  Epimethcus 
(4  st/l.).  Prometheus  is  said  to  have  made  a  man  of  clay,  and  to 
have  animated  him  by  fire  which  he  stole  from  the  chariot  of  the 
sun  with  the  assistance  of  Minerva.  Jupiter,  provoked  at  his  im- 
piety, ordered  Vulcan  to  make  a  woman  of  the  same  material, 
which  Minerva  animated,  and  the  other  gods  and  goddesses  gave 
her  presents; — Venus, beauty ;  Apollo,  music;  Mercury, eloquence, 
&o.,  whence  she  was  called  Pandora  {all-gift).    Jupiter  gave  her  a 


PRO  287  PSE 

box,  requesting  her  to  present  it  to  the  man  who  married  her. 
She  first  took  it  to  Prometheus,  but  he,  suspecting  some  concealed 
mischief,  refused  it.  She  next  went  to  Epiraetheus,  who  was  less 
cautious,  took  the  box,  opened  it,  and  from  it  proceeded  all  the 
diseases  and  plagues  which  have  since  infested  the  human  race, 
Hope  alone  remaining  at  the  bottom.  Prometheus,  for  his  impiecy, 
was  chained  to  one  of  the  summits  of  Mount  Caucasus,  where  a 
vulture  preyed  upon  his  liver  for  a  thousand  years,  till  he  was 
released  by  Hercules.  Prometheus  was  the  father  of  Deucalion. 
See  Deucalion. 

Promethldes,  -ae,  m.,  the  son  of  Prometheus,  i.  e.  Deucalion. 
See  Deucalion. 

Proserpina,  -ae,  /.,  Proserpine,  the  daughter  of  Ceres  by 
Jupiter,  and  wife  of  Pluto,  who  carried  her  oflF  while  gatherinn; 
flowers  along  with  her  attendant  nymphs  on  the  plains  of  Henna  in 
Sicily  (See  Ceres).  As  queen  of  the  infernal  regions,  Proserpine 
presided  over  the  death  of  mankind,  and  in  the  opinion  of  the  an- 
cients, no  one  could  die,  unless  either  the  goddess  herself,  or  her 
minister  Atropos,  cut  off  a  lock  of  hair  from  his  head.  In  conse- 
quence of  this  belief  it  was  usual  to  cut  off  a  lock  of  hair  from  the 
deceased,  and  strew  it  at  the  door  of  the  house,  as  an  offering  to 
Proserpine.  Proserpine  is  represented  seated  on  a  throne  along 
with  Pluto.  This  goddess  is  sometimes  confounded  with  Hecate. 
Proserpina  repetet  ccelum,  Proserpine  shall  return  to  heaven,  v.  8. 
69.      iSee  Hecate. 

Proteus  {diss.),  -ei,  k.  -eos_,  m.,  Proteus,  a  sea-deity,  the 
son  of  Neptune  and  Phcenice,  or,  according  to  others,  of  Oceanus 
and  Tethys.  He  received  from  Neptune  the  gift  of  prophecy,  and 
was  often  consulted  by  those  who  wished  to  obtain  a  knowledge  of 
futurity.  He  possessed  the  power  of  changing  his  shape  at  plea- 
sure (hence  he  is  called  Ambiguutn  Protea,  shape-changing  Pro- 
teus, ii.  1.  !).)  :  and  was  therefore  very  difficult  of  access.  Proteus 
usually  resided  in  the  Carpathian  Sea,  where,  like  the  rest  of  the 
sea-deities,  he  is  represented  as  reposing  himself  on  the  shore.  It 
was  necessary  for  the  person  who  consulted  him  to  take  him  by 
surprise  and  bind  him,  otherwise  he  made  his  escape  by  assuming 
different  forms.  Proteus  is  represented  by  Virgil  and  Horace  aj 
the  keeper  of  Neptune's  sea  calves. 

Prothoenor,  -oris,  m.,  Prothoi-nor,  a  man  who  was  killed  by 
H}-pseus  {diss.)  at  the  marriage  of  Perseus ((i/ss.).    Gr.  Ace.  -ora. 

Prytanis,  -is,  m.,  Prytanis,  one  of  the  companions  of  Sar- 
pedon,  king  of  Lycia,  who  was  killed  at  Troy  by  Ulysses.  Gr. 
Ace.  -in. 

Psecas,  -adiSj  &  -ados,/.,  Psecas  {a  dr.p},  a  nymph  in  the 
train  of  Diana. 


PSO  288  PYR 

Psophalcus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Psophis,  now 
Tripotamia,  a  town  of  Arcadia,  situate  near  the  source  of  the 
Erymanthus.  Cum  Psophuico  Erymantho,  with  the  Eryman- 
thus,  which  flows  past  Psophis,  ii.  1.  244. 

Pterelas,  -se.  m.,  Swiftwing,  the  name  of  one  of  Actaeon's 
dogs.  PtereJas  utilis  pedibus,  Swift-wing,  dexterous  with  his 
feet,  iii.  2.  82. 

Pylius,  -a,  -Um.,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Pylos,  Pylian. 
/Equaverit  Pylios  annos,  shall  have  equalled  the  age  of  the  Pyhan 
sage,  i.  p.  Nestor,  xv.  9.  94. 

Pylos,  &  Pylus,  ~hf.,  Pylos.  There  were  three  towns  of 
this  name  in  the  Peloponnesus,  for  all  of  which  claims  have  been 
advanced  for  the  honour  of  giving  birth  to  Nestor.  One  of 
them  was  situate  in  Elis  at  the  ifoot  of  Mount  Pholoe,  near  the  La- 
don,  a  tributary  of  the  Peneus  ;  another  in  Triphylia,  the  south- 
ern division  of  Elis,  the  claim?  of  which  are  supported  by  Strabo. 
Pylos  of  Triphylia,  now  Biskini,  is  placed  by  this  geographer  at  a 
distance  of  thirty  stadia  from  the  coast,  towards  the  source  of  the 
small  river  Amathus.  The  third,  which  was  in  Messenia,  and  is 
now  called  Old  Navarino,  was  placed  at  the  northern  entrance  of 
the  Gvlf  of  yavarino,  and  was  celebrated  at  a  later  period  for 
the  brilliant  successes  obtained  there  by  the  Athenians  in  the  Pe- 
loponnesian  war.  The  maritime  situation  of  this  Pylos  accords 
better  with  Homer's  description  of  the  Nelean  city,  than  either  of  the 
two  already  mentioned. 

Pyramus,  i,  m.,  PyTumus,  a  youth  of  Babylon,  who  became 
enamoured  of  Thisbe,  a  beautiful  virgin,  living  in  a  contiguous 
house.  After  their  interviews  had  been  prohibited  by  their  pa- 
rents, they  continued  to  express  their  mutual  passion  throiigh  a 
chink  in  the  wall  which  separated  the  houses.  They  agreed  to 
e'ude  by  night  the  vigilance  of  their  friends,  and  to  meet  under  a 
white  mulberry  tree  at  the  tomb  of  Ninus,  without  the  walls  of 
Babylon.  Thisbe  arrived  first  at  the  appointed  place,  but  being 
alarmed  by  the  sudden  appearance  of  a  lioness,  took  refuge  in  a 
neighbouring  cave.  As  she  fled,  she  dropped  her  veil,  which  the 
lioness  found  and  besmeared  with  blood.  Pyramus,  who  arrived 
soon  after,  found  the  veil,  and  concluding  that  his  mistress  had 
been  torn  in  pieces,  stabbed  himself  with  his  sword.  Thisbe,  when 
her  fears  vanished,  returned  from  the  cave,  and  finding  her  lovei 
in  the  agonies  of  death,  fell  upon  the  sword,  which  was  still  reekJ 
ing  with  his  blood.  The  mulberry  tree,  according  to  Ovid,  waJ 
stained  with  the  blood  of  the  lovers,  and  ever  after  bore  fruit  of  i| 
bloody  colour. 

Pyreneus  (tris.),  -ei,  &  -eos,  m.,  Pyreneus,  a  Thracian| 
who  had  seized  on  Daulia  and  Phocis.  He  saw  the  Muses  goiiu 
to  tlie  temple  on  Parnassus  (v.  4.  29.),  and  feigning  great  respect 


PYR  289  PYT 

invited  them  to  take  shelter  under  his  roof  from  an  approaching 
storm.  The  Muses  accepted  the  invitation,  and  when  the  tempest 
was  over  were  about  to  depart;  but  their  host  closed  his  doors,  and 
prepared  to  offer  them  violence.  The  goddesses  taking  wing  flew 
off;  and  Pyreneus  attempting  to  follow  them  through  the  air  was 
dashed  in  pieces  on  the  ground. 

Pyroeis,  -ends,  m.,  Pyroeis  {fiery),  the  name  of  one  of  the 
horses  of  the  sun.  t 

Pyrrha,  -ae,/,  Pyrrha,  the  daughter  of  Epimetheus  (4  s'/l.) 
and  Pandora,  and  the  wife  of  Deucalion,  who,  along  with  her 
husband,  restored  the  human  race  after  the  deluge.  See  Deucalioij 
and  Diluvium, 

Pyrrhus,  -i,  m.,  Pyrrhus,  a  son  of  Achilles  by  Deidamla, 
the  daughter  of  Lycomedes,  king  of  Scyros.  He  was  called 
Pyrrhus,  from  the  yellow  colour  of  his  hair,  and  Neoptolemus 
{new  soldier),  because  he  was  brought  to  Troy  when  very  young, 
towards  the  conclusion  of  the  famous  siege,  in  consequence  of  a 
prediction  of  Calchas,  that  the  city  could  not  be  taken  without  him. 
At  Troy  he  signalized  himself  by  his  valour  and  cruelty  ;  he  killed 
Polites,  one  of  the  sons  of  Priam,  and  with  the  same  sword  mur- 
dered the  aged  king,  who  had  taken  refuge  at  the  altar  of  Jupiter. 
By  the  advice  of  Helenus,  he  was  the  last  of  the  Greeks  who  left 
Troy,  and  thereby  escaped  the  storm  to  which  Ulysses,  Ajax,  and 
the  other  chiefs  were  exposed.  He  afterwards  settled  in  Epirus, 
and  took  with  him  Andromache,  the  wife  of  Hector,  whom  he  sub- 
sequently gave  in  marriage  to  Helenus. 

Pythagoras,  -se,  m.,  Py</ia^oras,  a  distinguished  philosopher, 
who  is  said  to  have  been  born  at  Samos,  about  b.  c.  5S6.  The 
history  of  Pythagoras,  beyond  that  of  any  other  of  the  ancient  phi- 
losophers, is  enveloped  in  fable  and  mystery.  The  place,  as  well 
as  the  time  of  his  birth,  was  much  disputed  by  the  writers  of  an- 
tiquity. His  father,  Mnesarchus,  was  a  person  of  distinction  ;  and 
Pythagoras  therefore  received  the  education  most  calculated  to  en- 
lighten his  mind  and  invigorate  his  body.  Like  his  contemporaries, 
he  was  early  made  acquainted  with  poetry  and  music, — devoted  him- 
self to  the  study  of  eloquence  and  astronomy,  and  in  his  eighteenth 
year  obtained  the  prize  for  wrestling  at  the  Olympic  games.  After 
acquiring  this  disti.:ction  in  his  native  island,  he  resolved  to  visit 
foreign  countries  in  quest  of  knowledge,  and  went  to  Egypt,  at  that 
time  the  school  of  philosophy  and  science.  He  was  there  received 
vvith  great  kindness  by  Amasis  the  king,  and  remained  twenty-two 
years,  during  which  time  he  became  deeply  versed  in  the  science  and 
mysteries  of  the  Egyptian  priesthood.  Leaving  Egypt  he  proceeded 
to  Babylon,  where  he  became  acquainted  with  the  learning  and  phi- 
losophy of  the  east,  and  returned  to  Samos  in  his  sixtieth  year. 
Being  desirous  that  his  fellow-citizens  should  reap  the  benefit  of  his 
travels  and  studies,  he  attempted  to  establish  a  school  for  their  in- 

2  B 


PYT  290  PYT 

struction  in  the  elements  of  science.  Displeased,  according  to  Ovid 
(xv.  2.  61.),  with  the  tyranny  of  Polycrates,  he  retired  from  the 
island  in  disjjust,  passed  over  into  Italy,  and  settled  at  Croto,  a  city  on 
the  Bay  of  Tarentum,  where  he  opened  a  school  with  gfreat  success. 
He  also  taufrht  his  doctrines  in  many  other  cities  of  Italy,  and  ob- 
tained numerous  disciplos,  who  held  him  in  a  degree  "of  respect 
little  short  of  adoration.  lie  was  not,  however,  allowed  to  prose- 
^cnte  his  labours  unmolested.  The  spirit  of  innovation  which  he 
displayed  excited  against  him  powerful  enemies,  whose  hostility 
proved  fatal  to  him  in  his  eightieth  year.  Pythagoras  was  the  first 
who  assumed  the  name  of  Philosopher,  or  lover  of  wisdom.  He 
seems  to  have  been  fully  aware  of  the  sanctity  which  new  opinions 
derive  from  mystery,  and  the  means  which  he  employed  to  re- 
commend his  doctrines,  unquestionably  rank  him  among  impos- 
tors. He  admitted  no  disciple  without  a  careful  investigation  into 
his  previous  character,  and  an  examination  of  his  features  and  exter- 
nal appearance.  "  Upon  all  his  auditors  he  imposed  silence  for  a  cer- 
tain time ;  those  who  were  talkative  were  obliged  to  listen  for  five 
years,  while  those  who  possessed  a  natural  taciturnity  were  allowed 
to  speak  after  a  probation  of  two  years.  They  were  also  obliged 
to  abstain  from  animal  food,  and  from  beans.  In  imitation  of 
the  Egyptian  priests,  whose  doctrines  he  had  imbibed,  he  adopted 
the  symbolical  method  of  instruction,  and  in  this  veiled  manner 
treated  of  God  and  the  human  soul,  and  delivered  many  precepts 
relating  to  the  conduct  of  life,  political  as  well  as  civil.  He  also  . 
made  considerable  advances  in  the  arts  and  sciences,  particularly  in 
music,  arithmetic,  and  geometry.  To  him  is  ascribed  the  discovery 
Lif  the  musical  chords,  and  the  construction  of  the  common  multi- 
plication-table. In  astronomy,  Pythagoras  made  great  progress, 
and  is  even  believed  to  have  been  possessed  of  the  true  idea  of  the 
solar  system,  which,  after  a  long  interval,  was  revived  by  Coperni- 
cus, and  has  since  been  fully  established  by  JVewton.  The  most 
famous  of  his  doctrines  was  that  of  the  metempgyckoiis,  or  trans- 
migration of  souls  ;  which  he  probably  derived  from  the  Egyptian 
priests.  In  proof  of  this  doctrine,  he  professed  to  remember  tLe 
various  bodies  which  his  soul  had  animated  before  it  entered  the  son 
of  Mnesarchus.  He  recollected  having  been  first  JEthalides,  the 
son  of  Mercury,  then  Euphorbus  (See  Euphorbus),  then  Pyrrhus 
of  Deles,  and  at  last  Pythagoras. 

Pythia,  -oruni,  n.,  the  Pythian  games.  These  games  were 
celebrated  on  the  plain  of  Crissa  near  Delphi,  in  honour  of  Apollo, 
and  are  said  to  have  been  instituted  by  the  god  himself  to  comme- 
morate his  victory  over  the  serpent  Python.  They  were  originally 
celebrated  once  in  nine  years,  but  afterwards  every  fifth  year.  The 
contests  consisted  of  running,  leaping,  wresthng,  boxing,  and 
throwing  the  discus  or  quoit,  which,  from  their  number,  were  called 
Pentathlon.  The  place  where  these  contests  were  exhibited  was 
called  stadium,  and  the  reward  bestoved  uoon  the  victor  was  a 


PYT  291  QUI 

crown  or  wreath  of  laurel.  The  other  solemn  games  of  Greece 
were  the  Olympic,  the  Isthmian,  and  the  Nemean.  Dictos  Py- 
thia  de  nomine  doiniti  serpentis,  called  Pythia,  from  the  name  of 
the  serpent  which  he  had  killed,  i.  9.  32. 

Python,  -onis,  m.,  Python,  a  celebrated  serpent,  said  to  have 
sprung  from  the  mud  and  stagnant  waters  which  remained  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth  after  the  deluge  (i.  9.  23,  &c.).  This  serpent  was 
employed  by  Juno  to  persecute  Latona  before  the  birth  of  Apollo  and 
Diana,  and  having  afterwards  taken  refuge  in  Mount  Parnassus^ 
was  there  killed  by  Apollo,  who  in  consequence  received  the  name 
of  Pythius,  and  instituted  the  Pythian  Games  to  commemorate  his 
victory.  Stravimus  tumidum  Pythona  innumeris  sagittis,  I  killed 
the  swollen  Python  with  innumerable  arrows,  i.  10.  9.  Gr. 
Ace.  -ona.     See  Latona  and  Pythia. 

Q. 

QuirlnuSj  -i,  m.,  Quirinus,  a  name  applied  by  the  Romans 
to  Romulus,  their  first  king,  after  his  deification  ;  derived  either 
from  Quiris,  a  Sabine  term  for  a  spear,  or  from  Cures,  a  Sabine 
city.  Romulus  was  the  son  of  the  god  Mars  and  Ilia  or  Rhea 
Sylvia,  the  daughter  of  Numitor,  king  of  Alba  Longa.  Amulius, 
the  brother  of  Numitor,  dispossessed  him  of  his  kingdom,  and,  to 
deprive  him  of  all  hopes  of  offspring,  put  his  sons  to  death,  and 
forced  his  daughter  Ilia  to  become  a  Vestal  virgin  (See  Vesta). 
Ilia,  however,  became  pregnant,  and  endeavoured  to  palliate  her 
offence  by  alleging  that  it  was  by  Mars,  the  god  of  war.  She  gave 
birth  to  two  sons,  whom  Amulius  ordered  to  be  thrown  into  the 
Tiber,  and  herself  to  be  cast  into  prison,  or  put  to  death.  The  river 
happened  at  the  time  to  have  overflowed  its  banks,  and  the  servants 
to  whom  the  cruel  task  was  intrusted  being  unable  to  reach  the 
current,  the  vessel  in  which  the  infants  were  exposed  was  left  on 
dry  ground  when  the  water  subsided.  Here  they  were  suckled  by 
a  she-wolf  till  they  were  found  by  Faustiilus  the  king's  shepherd, 
who  carried  them  to  his  cottage,  and  brought  them  up  as  his  own 
children,  giving  them  the  names  of  Romulus  and  Remus.  The 
twins,  after  spending  eighteen  years  among  the  shepherds,  were 
made  acquainted  with  their  real  origin,  put  Amulius  to  death,  and 
restored  their  grandfather  Numitor  to  the  throne.  Joined  by  a 
number  of  their  former  companions  they  resolved  to  build  a  city, 
where  their  boyhood  had  been  spent,  and  founded  Rome  on  Mount 
Aventinus  on  the  21st  of  April  B.  c.  753.  To  determine  which  of 
them  should  give  name  to  the  new  city  they  had  recourse  to  omens, 
and  these  being  declared  in  favour  of  Romulus,  he  called  it  Roma, 
and  assumed  the  government.  He  now  adopted  various  means  to 
increase  the  number  of  his  subjects ;  he  opened  an  asylum  for 
fugitives  from  the  neighbouring  tribes,  received  all  who  were  willing 
to  join  his  standard,  and  also  extended  his  territories  by  conquest. 
Elated  by  his  success  he  became  tyrannical,  and  after  a  reign  of 


RHA  292  RHE 

38  years,  disappeared  while  employed  in  reviewing  his  army.  It 
was  commonly  believed  that  he  was  translated  to  heaven,  and  his 
superstitious  subjects  acting  upon  this  belief,  deemed  him  worthy 
of  divine  honours,  and  ranked  him  among  the  gods,  under  the  title 
of  Quirinus.  Populo  Qiiinni,  to  the  people  of  Quirinus,  j.  e.  to 
the  Romans,  xv.  9.  12. 

R. 

Rhamnusia,  -ae,  /.,  Rhamnusia,  a  name  given  to  the  god- 
dess Nemesis,  from  Rhaninus,  now  Evreo  Castro,  a  town  in  Attica, 
where  she  was  worshipped,  and  where  she  had  a  temple  with  a  co- 
lossal statue  of  Parian  marble  by  Phidias.  Nemesis  was  one  of  the 
infernal  deities,  the  daughter  of  Nox,  and  was  regarded  as  the  god- 
dess of  impartial  justice,  who  dealt  out  to  each  individual  according 
to  his  deserts;  and  also  as  the  goddess  of  just  and  equitable  ven- 
geance, who  chastised  and  humbled  the  proud  and  insolent  trans- 
gressor. Hence  she  was  invoked  to  punish  Narcissus  for  his  inso- 
lence and  pride  (iii.  6.).  The  temple  of  this  goddess  at  Rhamnus  is 
said  to  have  been  built  of  the  marble  which  the  Persians  brought 
with  them  to  the  plain  of  Marathon,  to  commemorate  their  expected 
victory. 

Rhanis,  -idis,  &  -idos./.,  Rhanis,  a  nymph  in  the  train  of 
Diana. 

Rhenus,  -i,  m.,  the  Rhine,  a  large  river  which  rises  in  Swit- 
zerland, a  little  to  the  east  of  Mount  St  Gothard,  and  flows  north-  ■ 
east  through  the  Grisons  to  the  Lacus  Brigantinus,  the  Lake  of 
Constance.  From  this  its  course  is  due  west  to  Basil,  where  it 
lakes  a  northerly  direction,  and  becomes  the  boundary  between 
France  and  Germany,  and  afterwards  between  the  latter  country 
and  Belgium.  It  then  crosses  Rhenish  Prussia,  and  enters  Hol- 
land ;  on  the  borders  of  which  country  it  sends  off  a  large 
stream  on  the  left,  called  the  Vahalis,  or  Waal,  which  flows  west 
and  joins  the  Jlaese.  A  few  miles  farther  north  it  throws  off 
another  branch  on  the  right,  called  the  Flevo,  or  Flevum,  the 
Issel,  which  flows  north,  joins  the  Old  Issel  from  Germany,  and 
enters  the  Zuyder  Zee.  At  Wyck  it  throws  off  a  third  branch, 
called  the  Helium,  or  Leek,  which  joins  the  Maese  above  Rotter- 
dam. The  river  being  thus  nearly  drained  of  its  waters  loses  itself 
in  the  sand  on  the  west  coast.  The  Rhine  formerly  entered  the 
North  Sea  by  two  mouths,  and  hence  it  is  called  Bicornis  by  Vir- 
gil. Of  these  the  southern  one  was  that  of  the  Alarse,  then  called 
Helium  Ostium ;  the  northern  was  that  which  is  now  called  the 
Old  Rhine.  To  these  a  third  was  subsequently  added,  which  en- 
tered the  sea  between  the  islands  VUeland  and  Schelling.  This 
last  was  effected  by  the  canal  of  Drusus,  which  united  the  Rhine 
and  the  Issel.  In  progress  of  time  the  sea  made  rapid  inroads  round 
tins  new  mouth  of  the  Rhine,  till  at  last  it  covered  the  adjoining 


RHR  293  ROM 

country,  and  formed  the  great  inlet  now  known  as  the  Zvyder  Zee. 
The  course  of  the  Rhine  is  estimated  at  830  miles. 

RhesuSj  -1,  m.,  Rhesus,  a  king  of  Thrace,  the  son  of  Eioneiis 
(4  syl. ),  or,  according  to  others,  of  Strymon,  by  the  Muse  Euterpe, 
who  came  to  assist  the  Trojans  during  the  famous  siege.  His  ar- 
rival was  expected  with  great  impatience,  on  account  of  the  pre- 
diction of  an  ancient  oracle,  that  Troy  could  not  be  taken  if  the 
horses  of  Rhesus  tasted  the  grass  on  the  plains  of  Troy,  or  drank 
of  the  waters  of  the  Xanthus.  The  Greeks,  who  were  aware  of 
the  oracle,  resolved,  if  possible,  to  prevent  its  fulfilment,  and  com- 
missioned Ulysses  and  Diomedes  to  intercept  him.  Rhesus  reached 
Troy  late  in  the  evening  after  the  gates  were  shut,  and  was  obliged 
to  remain  all  night  in  front  of  the  city.  The  Grecian  chiefs  entered 
his  tent,  killed  the  Thracian  king,  got  possession  of  his  horses,  and 
carried  them  in  triumph  to  their  camp.  Peiii  tentoria  Rhesi,  I 
went  to  the  tent  of  Rhesus,  xiii.  1.  249. 

Rhodanus,  -i,  m.,  the  Rhone,  a  large  and  rapid  river  which 
rises  in  Mount  St  Got/iard,  not  far  from  the  source  of  the  Rhine, 
and  flows  westward  to  the  Lacus  Lemanus,  the  Lake  of  Geneva. 
Reappearing  at  the  town  of  Geneva,  it  turns  to  the  south,  and 
forms  the  boundary  between  Savoy  and  France.  After  entering 
France  it  receives  the  Arar,  or  Saone,  at  Lyons,  maintains  a  south- 
erly course,  and  discharges  itself  by  three  mouths  into  the  Sinus 
Gallicus,  the  Gulf  of  Lyons.  The  western  mouth  was  called  Os- 
tium Hispaniense,  from  its  being  next  to  Spain ;  to  the  east  of  it 
was  the  Ostium  Metapinum;  the  third  and  largest  was  the  Ostium 
Massilioticum,  so  called  from  its  being  nearest  to  Massilia,  Mar- 
seilles. This  last  is  now  the  main  arm  of  the  river,  and  therefore 
preserves  the  appellation  of  the  Rhone.  The  length  of  the  Rhone 
is  540  miles,  during  which  it  falls  5,400  feet. 

Rhodope,  -es,  f.,  Rhodope,  now  Despoto  Dag,  a  lofty  range 
of  mountains  in  Thrace,  which  detaches  itself  from  Mount  Sco- 
mius  at  its  jimction  with  Haemus,  and  extends  through  the  western 
and  southern  parts  of  that  country.  Rhodope  was  the  birthplace 
of  Mars,  and,  according  to  the  fable,  received  its  name  from  Rho- 
dope, the  wife  of  Haemus,  king  of  Thrace,  who  was  changed  into 
this  mountain  for  presuming  to  rival  Juno.  Rhodope  tandem  cari- 
tura  nivibus,  Rhodope,  destined  at  length  to  be  relieved  of  its 
snow,  ii.  1.  222.      Gr.  Ace.  -en. 

Rhcetus.  -i,  m.,  Rhcetus,  one  of  the  companions  of  Phineis 
(diss.),  who  was  killed  by  Perseus  {diss.)  at  his  marriage  with 
Andromeda.  Cuspis  non  irrita  adhcesit  fronte  Rhati,  the  spear 
taking  effect  stuck  in  the.  forehead  of  Rhoetus,  v.  i.  38. 

Roma,  -32,  J'.,  Rome,  the  metropolis  of  Italy,  and  once  the 
mistress  of  the  world,  was  situate  in  Latium,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Tiber,  fifteen  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  question  respecting 
the  origin  of  Rome  and  the  name  of  its  founder  has  been  fro- 

2b  2 


ROM  294  ROM 

quently  agitated,  and  still  remains  undecided.  According  to  the  po- 
pular account  it  was  founded  by  Romulus  (See  Quirinus)  on  the  Pa- 
latine hill  on  the  21st  of  April  b.  c.  753,  and  431  years  after  the 
destruction  of  Troy.  The  form  of  the  city  was  at  first  square,  its 
extent  Email,  and  the  adjoining  territory  very  circumscribed.  But 
that  it  was  a  city  of  some  consequence  when  Romu^is  dictated  its 
laws  seems  evident  from  the  pomp  and  royalty  with  which  ue  was  then 
surrounded.  The  succeeding  kings  added  to  the  extent  and  beauty 
of  the  city,  till,  in  the  reign  of  Servius,Tullius,  it  included  the  seven 
hills  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber,  as  well  as  the  Janiculum,  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  From  its  position  Rome  obtained 
the  epithet  Septicollis.  The  seven  hills  were  :  Palatinus  in  the 
centre,  with  Quirinalis  on  the  north ;  Viminahs,  Esquilinus,  and 
Coelius,  on  the  east;  Aventinus  on  the  south  ;  and  Capitolinus  on 
the  west.  The  city  at  this  time  was  divided  into  four  regions; 
the  Suburana,  Esquilina,  CoUina,  and  Palatlna ;  it  had  37  gates, 
the  circuit  of  the  walls  being  about  60  stadi:i.  This  extent  of  Rome 
continued  with  but  little  alteration  tiU  the  time  of  the  emperor 
Aurelian,  who  included  the  Campus  Martius,  a  large  plain  lying 
between  the  Tiber  and  the  Quirinal  and  Capitoiine  Hills,  and 
added  to  it  in  various  quarters  till  its  circumference  amounted  to 
fifteen  miles.  The  houses  of  the  Romans  are  supposed  to  have 
been  at  first  merely  cottages  thatched  with  straw.  The  burning 
of  the  city  by  the  Gaub  (a.  u.  364)  afforded  an  opportunity  of 
rebuilding  it  in  a  more  solid  and  commodious  manner ;  but  the  ne- 
cessary haste  prevented  due  attention  from  being  paid  to  the  regula- 
rity of  the  streets.  It  was  in  the  time  of  Augustus  that  Rome  was 
first  adorned  with  splendid  buildings  ;  hence  that  emperor  wsed 
to  boast  that  he  had  found  it  of  brick,  but  should  leave  it  of  mar- 
ble. Some  of  the  most  remarkable  places  in  Rome  were,  the  Ca- 
pitol (See  Capitolium),  and  Tarpeian  Rock  on  the  Capitoiine 
Hill ;  the  Palace  of  Augustus  on  the  Palatine  ;  the  Forum  (See 
Forum),  between  the  Palatine  and  Capitoiine  hills  ;  eastward,  the 
Coliseum,  or  Amphitheatre  of  Vespasian  ;  and  between  the  Pala- 
tine and  Aventine  hills,  the  Circus  Maximus.  Besides  these,  Rome 
was  adorned  with  numerous  temples,  public  baths,  and  magnificent 
aqueducts,  by  which  water  was  brought  into  the  city  from  a  great 
distance.  Among  the  works  of  public  utiUty  in  Rome  none  seem  to 
have  excited  greater  admiration  in  the  ancients  themselves,  than  the 
Cloaca,  or  sewers.  The  largest  of  these,  called  the  Cloaca  Max- 
ima, was  intended  to  carry  ofiF  the  water  which  stagnated  in  the 
low  grounds  near  the  Forum,  with  the  other  impurities  of  the  city. 
It  was  begun  by  Tarquinius  Priscus,  and  finished  by  Tanjuinius 
.Superbus. 

Romanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  belonging  to  the  Romans, 
Roman.  Romanum  nomen,  the  Roman  name,  the  Roman  em- 
pire, i.  6.  39.  Quaque  Romana  poteniia  patet  domitis  terris, 
wherever  the  Roman  power  extends  over  the  subjugated  world. 


SAG  295  SAT 

XV.  9.  133.     Romani  duds,  of  the  Roman  general,  i.  e.  Antonr, 
XV.  9.  82. 


Sagittarius,  -ii,  m.,  the  archer,  one  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the 
zodiac.  According  to  the  fable,  the  Centaur  Chiron  vpas  wounded 
in  the  knee  by  Hercules  with  one  of  his  poisoned  arrows.  The 
hero  immediately  ran  to  the  assistance  of  his  preceptor,  but  as  the 
wound  was  incurable,  and  the  cause  of  excruciating  pains,  Chiron 
entreated  Jupiter  to  deprive  him  of  immortahty.  The  king  of  the 
gods  listened  to  his  prayers,  and  placed  him  among  the  constella- 
tions under  the  name  of  Sagittarius.   See  Haemonius  and  Zodiacus. 

Samius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  the  island  of  Sa. 
vios,  Samian.  Also  as  a  Sub.,  a  native  of  Samos,  a  Samian. 
Samius  ortu,  a  Samian  by  birth,  viz.,  Pythagoras,  xv.  2.  1.  See 
Pythagoras. 

Samos,  -i,  yi)  Samos,  now  Samo,  an  island  in  the  .^gean 
.Sea,  which  lies  off  the  coast  of  Ionia  in  Asia  Minor,  and  is  divided 
from  the  promontory  of  Mycale  by  a  narrow  channel.  Samos  is 
about  sixty  miles  in  circumference,  and  was  famous  for  the  wor- 
ship of  Juno,  who  was  said  to  have  been  born  in  the  island,  and  for 
a  magnificent  temple  of  this  goddess,  which  was  a  noted  asylum  for 
offenders.  To  Samos  is  likewise  assigned  the  honour  of  having 
given  birth  to  Pythagoras.  This  island  was  anciently  proverbial 
for  its  fertility,  the  fineness  of  the  climate,  and  the  purity  of  the 
atmosphere.     Its  chief  town  was  Samos,  now  Megali  Chora. 

Sarpedon,  -onis,  m.,  Sarpedon,  the  son  of  Jupiter  by  Lao- 
damia,  the  daughter  of  Bellerophon.  He  became  king  of  Lycia, 
and,  accompanied  by  a  select  party  of  his  subjects,  went  to  assist 
Priam  during  the  siege  of  Troy.  After  killing  many  of  the  Greeks, 
he  was  himself  wounded  by  Tlepolemus,  king  of  Rhodes,  and  slain 
by  Patroclus.  Ulysses  boasts  (xiii.  1.  255,  &c.),  that  he  had 
killed  many  of  the  companions  of  Sarpedon.  There  was  another 
hero  of  the  same  name  who  was  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Europa, 
and  the  brother  of  ./Eacus  and  Rhadaraanthus.  Quid  referam 
agmina  Lycii  Sarpedonis  devastata  meo  ferro,  why  should  I  men- 
tion the  troops  of  Sarpedon,  king  of  Lycia,  which  were  destroyed 
by  my  .sword  ?  xiii.  1.  255. 

Saturnia,  -ae, /!,  the  daughter  of  Saturn,  i.  e.  Juno.  See 
Juno. 

Saturnius,  -ii,  m.,  a  son  of  Satwn.  It  is  applied  to  Pluto, 
V.  6.  80. 

Saturnius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Saturn,  Saturnian. 
Saturnius  pater,  the  Saturnian  father,  i.  e.  Jupiter,  i.  6.  I.  jSa- 
turnia  Juno,  Juno,  the  daughter  of  Saturn,  iv.  11.  33. 

SatumuSj  -i,  m.,  Saturn,  the  youngest  son  of  Coelus,  or  Ura- 


SAT  296  SAT 

nus  [heaven)  and  Terra  (earth).  At  the  request  of  his  mother 
he  mutilated  his  father  by  means  of  a  scythe  with  which  she  fur- 
nished him.  He  then  occupied  the  chief  place  among  the  Titans, 
or  children  of  Heaven  and  Earth,  and  married  his  sister  Rhea,  or 
Ops.  His  elder  brother  Titan  ceded  to  him  the  crown  on  condi- 
tion that  he  should  rear  no  male  offspring.  He  is  therefore  said  to 
have  devoured  all  his  sons  till  the  birth  of  Jupiter,  when  Rhea 
deceived  her  husband  by  substituting  a  stone,  which  the  voracious 
god  devoured  instead  of  him.  By  a  similar  artifice  she  saved 
Neptune  and  Pluto  (See  Jupiter  and  Neptunus).  Titan  being  in- 
formed that  the  male  children  of  Saturn  were  preserved  and  edu- 
cated privately,  made  war  upon  him,  dethroned  him,  and  put  him 
in  prison  along  with  Rhea.  Jupiter,  who  was  now  grown  up  to 
manhood,  collected  a  body  of  Cretans,  defeated  Titan  and  his  sons, 
liberated  his  parents,  and  replaced  his  father  on  the  throne.  Sa- 
turn, not  long  after,  forgetting  the  kind  services  of  his  son,  con- 
spired against  him  ;  but  Jupiter,  assisted  by  his  brothers,  Neptune 
and  Pluto,  banished  his  father,  and  divided  his  dominions  (v.  6. 
28.).  He  assigned  the  sea  to  Neptune,  the  infernal  regions  to 
Pluto,  and  reserved  the  heavens  and  earth  to  himself.  Saturn 
being  thus  expelled  from  his  kingdom  wandered  over  many  countries 
in  quest  of  a  settlement,  and  at  last  arrived  in  Italy,  where  he 
was  kindly  received  by  Janus,  king  of  the  country,  who  admitted 
him  to  a  share  of  the  government.  Here  the  god  employed  him- 
self in  civilizing  the  barbarous  inhabitants,  by  teaching  them  agri- 
culture and  the  libaial  arts ;  and  from  the  happiness  which  these 
improvements  produced,  his  reign  obtained  the  name  of  the  golden 
age.  From  him  Italy  was  called  Saturnia,  and  the  district  where 
he  settled  Latium,  because  he  concealed  himself  (latuit)  there. 
After  Saturn  disappeared  from  the  earth,  Janus  instituted,  in  honour 
of  him,  a  festival,  called  Saturnulia,  which  was  afterwards  cele- 
brated by  the  Romans  with  great  pomp  in  the  middle  of  December. 
The  Saturnalia  were  at  first  confined  to  one  day,  then  extended 
to  three,  and,  in  the  time  of  the  emperors,  to  five.  The  utmost 
liberty  prevailed  during  the  celebration  ;  all  was  mirth  and  festivity  ; 
friends  tent  presents  to  each  other;  no  war  was  proclaim"d,  no 
criminal  executed  ;  slaves  were  permitted  to  jest  with  their  masters, 
and  were  even  waited  on  at  table  by  them.  This  last  circumstance 
was  probably  founded  on  the  original  equality  which  was  supposed 
to  exist  among  men  in  the  reign  of  Saturn.  Saturn  is  the  god  of 
time,  and  is  usually  represented  as  an  old  man.  holding  in  his  right 
hand  a  scythe  with  a  serpent,  which  bites  its  own  tail,  an  emblem 
of  time  and  of  the  revolution  of  the  year.  In  his  left  hand  he 
holds  a  child,  which  he  raises  up  to  his  head,  as  if  on  the  point  of 
devouring  it. 

Satyrus,  -i,  m.,  a  Satyr.  The  Satyrs  were  a  sort  of  rural 
deities,  represented  with  human  bodies,  but  with  the  legs  and  feet 
of  a  goat,  short  horns  on  their  forehead,  and  their  bodies  covered 


SCO  297  SCY 

with  hair.  They  chiefly  attended  on  Bacchus,  were  remarkable 
for  their  nimbleness,  cunning,  loquacity,  and  amorous  dispositions, 
and  were  said  to  inhabit  the  vfoods,  fields,  and  mountains.  As 
rural  deities  they  received  offerings  of  the  first  fruits  of  every  thing. 

Scorpios,  &  ScorpiuSj  -ii.,  m.,  the  Scorpion,  one  of  the  twelve 
signs  of  the  zodiac,  between  Libra  and  Sagittarius,  which  was 
said  to  have  occupied  the  space  afterwards  assigned  to  two  con- 
stellations. Hence  Ovid  says,  Uhi  Scorpios  concavaf  brachia 
in  geminos  arcus,  et  porrigit  membra  in  spatium  duorum  signo- 
rum,  where  the  scorpion  bends  his  claws  in  a  double  curve,  and 
stretches  his  body  over  the  space  of  two  constellations,  i.  e.  over 
the  space  which  was  afterwards  occupied  by  the  Scoi-pion  and 
Libra,  ii.  1.  195.  According  to  the  fable,  Orion,  a  famous  hunter, 
had  excited  the  anger  of  Tellus,  by  boasting  that  there  was  no  ani- 
mal which  he  could  not  kill ;  the  goddess,  to  punish  his  vanity,  sent 
a  scorpion,  by  the  bite  of  which  he  died ;  and  Jupiter  honoured  the 
courage  of  the  serpent  by  changing  it  into  a  constellation.  Scor- 
pion curvantem  brachia  longo  circuitu,  the  scorpion  bending  his 
claws  in  an  extended  curve,  ii.  1.  83.     Gr.  Ace.  -on.     See  Orion. 

Scylla,  -86,./".,  Scylla,  a  rocky  promontory  on  the  Italian  side  of 
the  Strait  of  fllessina,  opposite  to  the  whirlpool  Charybdis,  on  the 
coast  of  Sicily.  Scylla,  according  to  the  fable,  was  the  beautiful 
daughter  of  Phorcys,  or  of  Typho,  and  the  friend  and  companion  of 
the  Nereids.  The  sea-god  Glaucus  saw  and  fell  in  love  with  her ; 
and  being  rejected  in  his  suit,applied  to  Circe  to  exercise  her  magi- 
cal arts  in  his  favour.  Circe  wished  him  to  transfer  his  affections 
to  herself;  and  filled  with  rage  at  his  refusal,  poured  the  juice 
of  some  poisonous  herbs  into  the  fountain  in  which  Scylla  was  ac- 
customed to  bathe,  and  thus  transformed  her  into  a  monster  with 
twelve  feet,  six  long  necks,  with  a  terrific  head  and  three  rows  of 
close-set  teeth  on  each.  Alarmed  by  this  sudden  metamorphosis, 
Scylla  threw  herself  into  that  part  of  the  sea  which  separates  Italy 
from  Sicily,  and  was  changed  into  rocks,  which  were  deemed  by  the 
ancients  very  dangerous  to  sailors.  During  a  storm  the  waves  are 
described  as  roaring  dreadfully  when  dashed  against  the  points  and 
cavities  of  the  rocks,  and  to  this  circumstance  is  probably  to  be 
ascribed  the  fable  of  the  dogs  with  which  some  of  the  ancient 
poets  have  encircled  her  waist.  Rapax  Scylla  cincta  savis  cani- 
bus  (dicitur)  latrare  Siculo  prqfundo,  ravenous  Scylla  encompassed 
with  furious  dogs  is  said  to  bark  in  the  Sicilian  Sea,  vii.  1 .  65.  See 
Charybdis. 

ScyroSj  &  Scyrus^  -i)/-?  Scyros,  now  Skyro,  an  island  in  the 
iE}gean  Sea,  which  lies  to  the  east  of  Euboea,  and  has  a  town  of  the 
same  name.  Lycomedes  was  king  of  this  island  when  Achilles 
concealed  himself  there,  to  escape  going  to  the  Trojan  war.  Scyros 
was  celebrated  for  a  superior  breed  of  goats,  and  also  for  its  wine  and 


SCy  298  SEM 

marble,  which  were  held  in  high   estimation.  The  circumference  of 

the  island  is  about  sixty  miles.     See  Achilles. 

Scythia,  -ae,  J'.,  Scythia,  a  name  applied  by  the  more  early 
authors  to  the  northern  part  of  the  earth,  comprehending  that  im- 
mi?nse  tract  of  country  which  extends  from  Scandinavia,  the  Da- 
H'abe  and  the  Vistula,  to  the  most  easterly  limits  of  the  known  world. 
The  greater  part  of  this  country  was  altogether  unknown  to  the 
ancients,  and  the  northern  portion  of  it  was  believed  by  them  to  be 
uninhabitable  from  its  extreme  coldness.  In  this  general  sense 
Scythia  is  employed  by  Ovid,  i.  2.  33.  and  ii.  1.  224.  Scythia,  as 
defined  by  ancient  geographers,  was  bounded  on  the  west  by  Sar- 
matia  Asiatica,  on  the  east  by  Serica,  on  the  south  by  the  Persian 
provinces  and  India,  and  on  the  north  by  the  unknown  regions, 
it  was  divided  by  Blount  Iraaus,  a  branch  of  the  Altaian  Moun- 
tains, into  Scythia  intra  Imaum  on  the  north,  which  corresponded 
generally  with  Independent  Tartary  ;  and  Scythia  extra  Imaum, 
which  corresponded  with  the  modern  province  of  Mongolia.  The 
Scythians  were  divided  into  numerous  tribes  ;  they  possessed  no 
towns,  but  led  a  wandering  life  ;  they  inured  themselves  to  labour 
and  fatigue,  and  are  represented  by  some  authors  as  living  on  hu- 
man flesh,  and  drinking  the  blood  of  their  enemies.  According  to 
other  accounts  they  lived  on  milk,  and  clothed  themselves  with  the 
skins  of  their  cattle  ;  they  despised  money,  and  instinctively  prac- 
tised that  philosophy  and  virtue  which  among  other  nations  were 
the  result  of  long-continued  civilisation.  They  were  remarkable 
for  the  great  veneration  which  they  paid  to  their  kings. 

Seraele,  -es,f.,  Semele,  the  daughter  of  Cadmiis  and  Harmo- 
nia,  who  attracted  the  notice  of  Jupiter  and  became  pregnant  by 
him.  While  she  was  in  this  condition  Jupiter  pledged  himself  to 
prove  his  afiFection  for  her  by  granting  her  whatever  she  should 
ask  ;  and  Juno,  ever  jealous  of  her  husband's  amours,  assuming  the 
form  of  her  nurse  Beroe,  urged  her  to  request  the  king  of  the  gods 
to  come  to  her  in  the  same  majesty  as  he  approached  his  queen. 
Jupiter  reluctantly  complied  with  her  request,  and  Semele,  unable 
to  bear  his  presence,  was  reduced  to  ashes.  The  child,  however, 
was  saved  from  the  flames,  and  was  placed  in  the  thigh  of  Jupiter 
till  the  regular  period  of  his  birth  arrived.     See  Bacchus. 

Semelelus,  -a,  -um,  adj..  of,  or  relating  to  Semele.  Se- 
meleia  proles,  the  son  of  Semele,  i.  e.  Bacchus,  iii.  7.  10.  v.  5.  36. 

Semideus,  -i,  m.,  a  demi-god,  a  name  applied  to  those  heroes, 
one  of  whose  parents  was  immortal,  and  the  other  mortal ;  and  to 
those  who  were  deified  on  account  of  their  bravery  and  virtues  :  as 
Pan,  Hercules,  Romulus,  &c. 

Serairamis,  -is,  &  -u\\s,f.,  Semiramis,  a  celebrated  queen  of 
Assyria,  was  the  daughter  of  the  goddess  Dercetis  by  an  Assyrian 
youth.  She  first  married  Menon,  the  governor  of  Nineveh,  and 
accompanied  him   to  the   siege   of  Bactra.      The  prudence   and 


SEN  299  SEW 

valour  which  she  there  displayed,  and  also  her  uncommon  beauty, 
attracted  the  notice  of  king  Ninus,  who  conceiving  a  strong  affec- 
tion for  her,  offered  to  her  husband  his  daughter  in  exchange.  The 
less  powerful  husband,  who  tenderly  loved  her,  refused  ;  and  when 
the  king  added  threats  to  entreaties,  he  hung  himself  to  avoid  the 
consequences.  The  only  obstacle  being  thus  removed,  Ninus  mar- 
ried Semiramis,  and  at  his  death  bequeathed  to  her  his  crown. 
Being  now  at  liberty  to  prosecute  her  schemes  of  ambition,  she  ex- 
tended her  empire  over  Egypt,  and  a  great  part  of  Libya  and 
Ethiopia.  Some  of  the  ancient  writers  represent  her  as  the 
founder  of  Babylon ;  but  according  to  others  she  merely  enlarged 
and  beautified  it,  and  surrounded  it  with  a  wall  of  bricks  (iv.  2.  4. ). 
Her  reign  was  distinguished  by  all  the  gorgeousness  of  eastern 
splendour,  and  her  schemes  of  conquest  and  of  internal  improve- 
ment were  on  a  magnificent  scale.  Her  character  was  stained  by 
some  of  the  grossest  vices  ;  she  is  even  accused  of  the  murder  of 
her  husband,  and  her  death  by  the  hand  of  her  own  son  is  repre- 
sented a.s  a  matter  of  necessity.  She  is  supposed  to  have  lived 
about  B.  c.  1965.  According  to  the  fabulous  account,  Semiramis 
was  changed  into  a  dove  after  her  death,  and  received  divine  ho- 
nours in  Assyria.  Ubi  Semiramis  dicitur  cin.visse  altam  urberti 
coctilibus  muris,  where  Semiramis  is  said  to  have  siurounded  the 
lofty  city  (Babylon)  with  walls  of  brick,  iv.  2.  4.  See  Babylon  and 
Ninus. 

SenatUSj  -us,  m.,  the  Senate,  the  chief  council  of  state  among 
the  Romans.  The  senate  was  instituted  by  Romfilus,  to  assist  him 
in  the  government  of  the  republic.  It  consisted  at  first  of  100 
members  ;  three  were  nominated  by  each  tribe,  and  three  by  each 
curia.  To  these  ninety -nine  Romulus  himself  added  one,  to  pre- 
side at  their  deliberations,  and  to  take  charge  of  the  city  in  hLs 
aosence.  The  members  of  this  body  were  called  senators  on  ac- 
count of  their  age  (senes),  sxiApatres,  from  the  paternal  care  which 
they  exercised  over  the  state.  To  the  number  of  senators  elected  by 
Romulus  another  hundred  was  chosen  from  the  Sabines  when  that 
people  were  admitted  into  the  city,  and  Tarquinius  Priscus  added  a 
hundred  more.  This  number  of  300  continued  with  little  variation 
till  the  time  of  Sylla,  who  increased  it ;  but  how  many  he  added  is 
uncertain.  It  appears  there  were  at  least  above  400.  In  the  time 
of  Julius  Caesar  the  number  of  senators  was  increased  to  900,  and 
after  his  death  to  1000.  Augustus  reduced  the  number  to  600. 
The  power  of  choosing  the  senators  belonged  at  first  to  the  kings, 
and  after  their  expulsion,  to  the  consuls  and  military  tribunes.  From 
the  year  of  the  city  310,  it  was  vested  in  the  censors,  who  had  also 
the  power  of  degrading  any  member  who  had  either  behaved  him- 
self imworthily,  or  allowed  his  fortune  to  fall  below  the  requisite 
qualification.  The  senators  wore  originally  chosen  only  from  the 
Patricians,  but  afterwards  also  from  the  Plebeians.  The  candidate 
must  have  previously  passed  through  the  inferior  offices  of  Quaestor, 


SEP  300  SIC 

Tribune  of  the  people,  Edile,  Praetor,  and  Consul.  The  neces- 
sary qualification  waa  the  possession  of  property  to  the  amount  of 
80,000  sesterces,  or  £6458  :  6  : 8.  The  place  where  the  senate 
met  was  called  Curia.  Medid  sede  Senatus,  in  the  centre  of  the 
senate-house,  xv.  9.  99.     See  Curia. 

Septemtrio,  -onis,  &  Septemtriones,  -uin,  m.,  properly 
seven  plough  oxen;  hence,  on  account  of  some  supposed  resem- 
blance, the  seven  stars  at  the  north  pole,  in  the  Greater  Bear, 
otherwise  called  Charles'  Wain.  Septemtrio  is  frequently  used  to 
signify  the  north,  as  in  i.  2   33.     See  Tnones. 

Serlphos,  &  Serlphus,  -i,/.,  Seriphus,  now  Serpho,  a  bar- 
ren  rocky  island  in  the  JEgean  Sea,  one  of  the  Cyclades,  lying 
south-east  of  Cythnus,  and  about  thirty-six  miles  in  circumference. 
Danae  was  said  to  have  been  here  cast  on  shore  ;  and  the  poets 
attempted  to  account  for  the  steep  and  rugged  character  of  the 
mountains  by  the  fable  of  Perseus  {diss.),  who  is  said  to  have 
changed  the  king  of  the  island  into  stone,  to  revenge  the  wrongs 
which  had  been  offered  to  his  mother.  It  was  used  by  the  Romans 
as  a  place  of  banishment  for  state  criminals.  Circumdata  cavd 
nube  desrrit  Seriphon,  hid  in  a  hollow  cloud,  she  abandons  Seri- 
phus, V.  4.  2.      Gr.  Ace.  -on.     See  Danae  and  Perseus. 

Serpens,  -tis,  C,  the  Serpent,  a  constellation  between  the  two 
Bears,  near  the  North  Pole.  Serpens  qua  posiia  est  jroxima 
glaciali  polo,  the  serpent  which  was  situate  very  near  the  icv  pole, 
ii.  1.  173. 

Sicania,  -£E,  f.,  Sicania,  a  name  given  to  Sicily  from  the 
Sicani,  a  people  who  passed  over  from  Italy  and  took  possession 
of  the  island,  and  is  used  by  the  poets  as  synonymous  with  Sicilia. 
Sicily,  the  largest  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  is  separated  from 
Italy  by  the  Fretum  Siculum,  the  Strait  of  Messina,  and  was  sup- 
posed by  the  ancients  to  have  been  once  joined  to  it.  From  its 
triangular  shape,  it  was  called  at  a  very  early  period  Trinacria 
(See  Trinacria),  and  Triquetra,  and,  owing  to  its  great  fertility, 
has  been  styled  the  granary  of  the  Romans.  Its  length  is  150 
miles,  with  an  average  breadth  of  70;  its  extent  10,500  square 
miles.  The  surface  of  the  island  is  diversified  by  mountains  and 
fertile  plains.  The  most  celebrated  of  the  mountains  ate  .^tna, 
the  fabled  forge  of  Vulcan,  and  the  residence  of  the  Cyclops  (See 
./Etna  and  Cyclopes),  and  Eryx  famous  for  the  temple  of  Venus 
(See  Eryx).  According  to  Ovid,  the  giant  Typhoeus  {tris.)  was 
buried  under  Sicily  (See  Typhoeus).  In  the  interior  was  the 
plain  of  Henna,  where  Proserpine  was  carried  off  by  Pluto  (See  i 
Henna).  The  principal  cities  were  Zancle,  or  Messana,  Leontini, 
SyracQsae,  Agrigentum,  Drepanum,  and  Paiiormus.  The  inhabi- 
tants of  Sicily  were  so  much  addicted  to  luxury,  that  the  expres-  . 
sion  SiculcB  mensa  became  proverbial ;  and  the  richness  of  their  I 
coantrv  rendered  it  an  object  of  ambition  to  the  Roman  governors. 


SIC  301  SIL 

Sicelis,  -idis,  &  -idqg.  adj.,  f.,  of,  or  relating  to  Sicily, 
Sicilian.  Sicelidas  Nymplias,  the  Sicilian  nymphs,  v.  6.  72. 
Gr.  Ace.  -as. 

Siculus,  -a,  -um,  udj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Sicily,  Sicilian. 
Cautus  ambibat  fundamina  SiculcB  terrtB,  cautiously  went  round, 
or  surveyed  the  foundations  of  the  island  of  Sicily,  v.  6.  21 .  Mag- 
num nomen  superabitur  Siculis  undis,  a  great  name'  (Sextus 
Pompey)  shall  be  defeated  in  the  Sicilian  Sea,  xv.  9.  81. 

Sicyon,  -onis,  /.,  Sicyon,  now  Basilico,  the  capital  of  Sicyo- 
nia,  a  small  district  of  Achaia,  to  the  west  of  Conuthia.  Sicyon 
was  one  of  the  most  ancient  cities  of  Greece,  and  existed  long  be- 
fore the  arrival  of  Pelops  in  the  peninsida.  It  was  famous  for  its 
olives.     See  Achaia. 

Sicyonius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Sicyon,  Sicyo- 
nian.     Sicyonius  Ladon,  Ladon  from  Sicyon,  iii.  2.  !'6. 

Sidon,  -onis,  f.,  Sidon,  now,  Sayda,  the  most  ancient  and 
important  city  of  Phoenicia,  and  the  greatest  maritime  city  in  the 
ancient  world,  was  situate  about  twenty-four  miles  north  of  Tyre. 
Moses  informs  us  that  this  city  was  built  by  Sidon,  the  eldest  son 
of  Canaan  ;  and  from  Joshua  we  learn  that  it  was  rich  and  power- 
ful when  the  Israehtes  took  possession  of  the  Promised  Land.  The 
inhabitants  rendered  themselves  very  famous  by  their  manufactures 
of  glass  and  fine  linen,  and  working  of  metals,  as  well  as  by  their 
purple  dye.  They  were  also  celebrated  for  their  skill  in  arith- 
metic, astronomy,  and  commercial  affairs  ;  but  were  considered 
artful,  avaricious,  and  dishonest  in  their  intercourse  with  other 
nations. 

Sidonius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Sidon,  Sidonian  ; 
also  Phcenician.  Sidonius  hnspes  habuit  hos  comites  operis,  the 
Sidonian  stranger,  i.  e.  Cadmus,  had  these  as  assistants  in  the  work, 
iii.  1.  129.      SidonicB  comites,  her  Sidonian  companions,  iv.  11.  12S. 

SigeiUS,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Sighim,  now  Cape 
Je7iishehr,  a  promontory  of  the  Troad,  in  Asia  Minor,  forming, 
with  the  opposite  point  Mastusia,  in  Thrace,  the  entrance  to  the 
Hellespont.  Sigeum  is  celebrated  in  ancient  history  as  the  place 
where  the  Greeks,  in  their  war  against  the  Trojans,  drew  up  their 
ships,  and  where  the  greater  part  of  the  battles  between  them  were 
fought.  Here  Achilles,  Patroclus,  and  Antilochus  were  buried, 
and  their  tombs  are  supposed  to  be  marked  at  the  present  day  by 
three  large  mounds  of  earth.  The  tomb  of  Achilles  was  succes- 
sively visited  by  Alexander,  Julius  Ca;sar,  and  Germanicus. 

Silentes,  -um,  &  -ium,  m.,  the  silent  shades,  the  souls  of  the 
departed.  Sedes  Silentum,  the  abodes  of  the  dead,  xv.  9.  28. 
Umbras  Silentum,  the  shades  of  the  dead,  xv.  9.  53. 

Silvanus,  -i,  m.,  Silvanus,  a  rural  deity,  who  presided  over 
woods  and  boundaries.     He  is  usually  represented  as  an  old  man, 

2c 


SIM  302  SIS 

Learing  a  cypress  plucked  up  by  the  roots.  Offerings  of  milk  were 
presented  to  him.  In  i.  6.  31.  SiVcani 'is  used  as  a.  general  term 
for  woodland  deities,  and  the  Silvans  are  classed  along  with  the 
Fauns  and  Satyrs.     See  Faunus. 

Simois,  -entis,  m.,  the  Shnois,  now  the  Mendere,  the  ri.-er 
of  Troy,  rises  in  Mount  Ida,  and  after  a  tortuous  course  of  forty- 
five  miles,  enters  the  Hellespont,  a  little  to  the  north  of  the  pro- 
montory of  Sigeura.  A  few  miles  from  its  mouth  it  is  joined  by  a 
small  brook,  scarcely  ten  miles  long,  which  is  supposed  to  be  the 
famous  river  Xanthus,  or  Scamander  (See  Xanthus).  The  Simois 
is  celebrated  by  Homer,  and  by  most  of  the  ancient  poets.  It  had 
regular  sacrifices  offered  it,  and  was  believed  to  possess  the  power 
of  improving  female  beauty.  Hence  the  three  goddesses  are  said 
to  have  bathed  in  it  prior  to  their  appearance  before  Paris,  and  also 
the  Trojan  virsiins  at  stated  periods,  jinte  Simois  fluet  retro, 
sooner  shall  the  Simois  flow  back  to  its  source,  xiii.  1.  324. 

Siren,  -enis,_/..  a  Siren.  The  Sirens  were  the  daughters  of 
the  Achelous  and  the  Muse  Melpomene,  and  were  said  to  have  the 
form  of  a  woman  above  the  waist,  and  the  rest  of  the  body  like  that 
of  a  bird.  They  were  sea-nymphs,  two  in  number,  Aglaiopheme 
(clear-voice),  and  Thlexiepeia  {magic -speech}.  They  inhabited 
the  Sirenusa,  three  small  rocky  islands  on  the  south  of  Italy,  and, 
with  their  melodious  voices  so  charmed  those  who  were  sailing  by, 
that  they  forgot  home  and  every  thing  relating  to  it,  and  abode 
there  till  their  bones  lay  whitening  on  the  strand.  By  the  direc- 
tions of  Circe,  Ulysses  stopped  the  ears  of  his  companions  with 
wax,  and  caused  himself  to  bs  tied  to  the  mast,  and  thus  was  the 
only  person  who  heard  the  song  of  the  Sirens  and  escaped.  Dis- 
appointed at  the  escape  of  Ulysses,  they  threw  themselves  into  the 
sea  and  were  drowned.  According  to  Ovid  (v.  9.  ".,  &c.),  the 
Sirens  were  so  disconsolate  at  the  rape  of  Proserpine,  that  they 
prayed  the  gods  to  give  them  wings,  that  they  might  seek  her  in 
the  sea  as  well  as  by  land, — a  request  with  which  the  gods  coin- 
plied.  Sirenes,  eratis  ruixtcB  in  numero  comitum,  were  you.  Sirens, 
mixed  with  the  number  of  her  attendants,  or  were  you  of  the  num- 
ber of  her  attendants  ?  v.  9.  5. 

Sisyphius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Sisi/phus.  Cre- 
tus  Sisyphio  sanguine,  he  who  is  sprung  from  the  blood  of  Sisy- 
phus, i.  e.  Ulysses,  who,  it  was  alleged,  was  the  son  of  Sisyphus, 
xiii.  1.  32.     See  Ulysses. 

Sisy^phos,  &  Sis5'phus,  -i.  m.,  Sisgphis,  one  of  the  sons  of 
.(Eolus.  king  of  Thessaly  (See  ^Eolus),  was  the  most  crafty  prince 
of  the  heroic  age.  He  was  the  founder  of  Ephv're  (See  Ephyre), 
and  married  Merope,  the  daughter  of  Atlas,  by  whom  he  had  four 
sons.  The  cunning  of  Sisyphus  was  proverbial,  and  he  did  not  fail 
to  employ  it  in  acts  of  deception  and  robbery.  He  was  the  friend  of 
the  famous  robber  AutoKcus,  who  was  so  pleased  with  his  superior 


SOL  303  SC3i 

dexterity,  that  he  allowed  his  daughter,  Ant'clea,  who  was  soon 
afterwards  to  be  married  to  Laertes  (See  Laertes),  to  associate  with 
him.  Sisyphus  was  ultimately  condemned  in  the  infernal  regions 
to  roll  to  the  top  of  a  hill  a  large  stone,  which  no  sooner  reached 
the  summit  than  it  rolled  down  again  to  the  plain.  Various  causes 
are  assigned  for  this  never-ending  punishment.  According  to  some, 
it  was  inflicted  upon  him  for  having  betrayed  the  secrets  of  the 
gods  ;  while  others  state  that  it  was  for  having  given  information  to 
Asopus  of  Jupiter  having  carried  off  his  daughter  jEgina.  Another 
account  is,  that  Sisyphus,  when  dying,  charged  his  wife  to  leave 
his  body  unburied,  and,  on  complaining  to  Pluto  of  her  unkindness, 
obtained  permission  to  return  to  the  light  to  upbraid  her  with  her 
conduct.  But  when  he  found  himself  again  in  his  own  house,  he 
refused  to  leave  it,  until  Mercury  reduced  him  to  obedience  ;  and 
Pluto,  onhis  return,  condemnedhim  to  roUthe large  stone.  Sisyphe, 
aut  petis  ant  urges  &axuin  ruitwum,  Sisyphus,  you  either  fetch  or 
push  up  the  stone,  which  will  immediately  tumble  dowrn,  iv.  11 .  45. 

Sol,  soils,  m. ,  Sol,  the  god  of  the  sun,  frequently  regarded  as 
the  same  deity  with  Phoebus,  or  Apollo.  He  dwelt  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  earth,  from  which  he  passed  across  the  sky  in  a  chariot 
drawn  by  four  horses  (ii.  1.  153.).  Homer  does  not  mention  how 
Sol  returned  from  west  to  east ;  but  according  to  some  of  the  later 
poets,  he  and  his  horses  were  received  into  a  golden  basin  or  cup 
(Ssira;),  which  carried  them  diiring  the  night  along  the  ocean- 
stream  round  the  earth,  to  the  place  whence  he  was  to  set  out 
again  in  the  morning.  Ovid  (ii.  1.  1.,  &c.)  has  given  a  most 
splendid  description  of  the  palace  of  Sol,  in  which  he  sat  enthroned 
in  state,  surrounded  by  the  Days,  Months,  Years,  Seasons,  Ages, 
and  Houis.  Sol  was  the  father  of  many  children.  By  Clymene 
h«  had  Phaetnon,  whose  tragical  story  is  related  by  Ovid,  ii.  1. 
Dtim  Sol  est  altissimvs  medio  orbe,  while  the  sun  is  at  the  highest 
in  the  middle  of  his  course,  i.  11.  25.  Sol  jain  altissimns  fecerat 
exiguas  umbras,  the  sun  being  now  at  his  greatest  height  had  made 
the  shadows  small,  iii.  1.  50.  Sol  distahat  ex  cequo  utrdquemata, 
the  sun  was  equally  distant  from  both  terminations  of  his  course, 
i.  e.  from  the  east  and  west,  lii.  2.  15.  Qui  solet  esse  color  nubi- 
hns  infectis  ab  ictu  adversi  Solis,  which  is  usually  the  colour  of  the 
clouds  when  tinged  by  the  rays  of  the  setting  sun,  iii.  2.  63. 

Somnus,  -l,  m.,  Somnus,  the  god  of  sleep,  was  one  of  the  in- 
fernal deities,  the  son  of  Erebus  and  Nox,  and  the  brother  of  Death. 
His  palace,  according  to  Ovid  (xi.  10.  183,  &c.),  was  a  cave  near 
the  Cimmerii,  which  the  rays  of  the  sun  never  penetrated,  and  the 
profound  silence  of  which  was  never  broken  by  any  sound.  The 
entrance  to  it  was  covered  with  poppies,  and  other  plants,  which 
produced  sleep.  Here  the  lazy  god  lay  fast  asleep  on  a  couch,  sur- 
rounded by  his  thousand  sons,  whose  duty  it  was  to  prevent  him 
from  being  disturbed  by  any  noise.     Est  p'ope  Cimmerios  spe- 


SPA  304  STY 

lunca  longo  recessu,  domjis  et  j  enetralia  ignavi  Somni,  there  is 
near  the  Cimmerii  a  cave  with  a  deep  recess,  the  palace  and  sanc- 
tuary of  the  drowsy  Somnus,  xi.  10.  183.  Sumne,  placidissrme 
Deorum,  Somnu»,  thou  gentlest  of  the  gods,  xi.  10.  214.  See 
Cimmerii. 

Sparta,  -X,f.,  Sj  arta,  or  Lacedamon,  the  capital  of  Laconia, 
was  situate  in  an  extensive  plain,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Eurotas, 
at  the  distance  of  about  thirty  miles  from  its  mouth.  Sparta  was 
at  first  an  inconsiderable  place,  but  gradually  increased  in  strength 
and  importance  till  it  disputed  with  Athens  the  sovereignty  of 
Greece.  It  continued  without  walls  during  the  most  flourishing 
period  of  its  history,  Lycurgus  having  taught  his  countrymen  that 
the  real  defence  of  a  town  was  solely  in  the  valour  of  its  citizens. 
Sparta  is  said  to  have  derived  its  name  from  Sparta,  the  daughter 
of  Eurotas,  and  wife  of  Lacedaemon.      See  Laconia. 

Spartanus,  -a,  -urn,  cdj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Sparta,  S;:ar- 
ian,  Lacedarnonian.      S-.artandgente,  of  Spartan  breed,  iii.  2.  78. 

Spercheis,  -Idis,  adj.,f.,  of,  or  relating  to  the  Sperchiui. 
Sj.erche'ides  rifce,  the  banks  of  tne  Sperchius,  ii.  1.  250. 

Spercheos,  &  Sperchius,  -i,  m.,  the  Si.erchius,  now  the 
Ellada,  a  river  of  Thessaly,  which  rises  in  Mount  Tyrophrestus, 
now  Klytzos,  the  southern  part  of  Pindus,  flows  eastward  through 
the  valley  formed  by  the  ranges  of  Othrys  and  CEta,  and  falls  into 
the  Maliacus  Sinus,  the  Gulf  of  Zeitoun.  On  account  of  the  ra- 
pidity of  its  cm-rent  it  received  its  name  from  the  Greek  verb 
ff-rifix,^i)i,  to  hasten.  From  its  banks  being  covered  with  poplars, 
it  is  called  by  Ovid  j  opulifer,  poplar-bearing,  i.  11.  12. 

Stelles,  -is,  m.,  Stelles,  a  boy  who  was  changed  by  Ceres 
into  a  newt  or  evet,  v.  7.  The  goddess,  during  her  search  for  her 
daughter,  had  arrived  in  the  evening  at  a  cottage,  and  on  asking 
of  an  old  woman  something  to  drink,  was  ridiculed  by  the  boy. 

Stheneleius,  -  a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Sthenelusy  a 
king  of  Liguria,  who  was  the  father  of  Cycnus.  Cycnus  Sthene- 
leia  proles,  Cycnus,  the  son  of  Sthenelus,  ii.  3.  1.     See  Cycnus. 

Sticte,  -es,  _/".,  Spotted,  the  name  of  one  of  Actaeon's  dogs. 

Strymon,  -onis,  m.,  the  Strymon,  now  the  Stroma,  a  river 
in  the  eastern  part  of  Macedonia,  which  rises  in  Mount  Scomius, 
and  after  a  course  of  165  miles,  falls  into  a  part  of  the  jEgean  Sea, 
to  which  it  gave  the  name  of  Strymonicus  Sinus,  the  GulfofCon- 
iessa.  This  river  anciently  formed  the  boundary  between  Mace- 
donia and  Thrace. 

Stygius,  -a.,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  the  Styx,  Stygian. 
Juro  per  infera  flumina,  lahentia  sub  terras  Stygio  luco,  1  swear 
by  the  infernal  river  which  flows  under  the  earth  along  the  Sty- 
gfian  grove,  i.  ti.  27.  Stygias  paliides,  the  Stygian  marshes,  i.  e. 
the  Styx,  i.  13.  49.     Juravimus  Stygias  undas,  I  have  sworn  by 


STY  305  SYR 

the  waters  of  the  Styx,  ii.  1.  101.  Niger  halitus  qui  exit  Stygio 
ore,  the  horrid  breath  which  issues  from  his  hideous  mouth,  iii.  I 
75.  Demittite  corpora  cruciata  diris  tormentis  Stygias  nocti, 
send  down  his  body  after  it  has  been  racked  by  cruel  tortures,  to 
Stygian  darkness,  i.  e.  to  the  infernal  regions,  iii.  7.  1 85.  Quod 
ducit  ad  Sli/giam  urbem,  which  leads  to  the  infernal  city,  i.e.  the  re- 
sidence of  Pluto,  iv.  11.  22.  Stygio  gurgite,  in  my  Stygian  chan- 
nel, i.  e.  in  my  channel  under  ground,  v.  8.  43.  Stggius  bubo, 
the  Stygian,  or  unlucky  owl,  xv.  9.  47. 

Styx,  StygiSj  m.,  the  Styx,  a  celebrated  river  in  the  infernal 
regions,  round  which  it  was  said  to  flow  nine  times.  The  gods 
held  the  Styx  in  great  veneration,  and  an  oath  by  its  waters  was 
deemed  by  them  unalterable.  If  any  of  the  gods  violated  their  oath, 
Jupiter  compelled  them  to  drink  of  the  waters  of  the -Styx,  and 
banished  them  from  the  celestial  table  for  nine  years,  after  which 
time  they  were  restored  to  their  former  privileges.  Across  this 
river  the  souls  of  the  dead  were  supposed  to  be  conveyed  by 
Charon  in  his  boat ;  and  as  the  ancients  believed  that  the  souls  of 
the  unburied  were  either  excluded  from  Tartarus,  or  at  least  were 
compelled  to  wander  for  100  years  along  the  banks  of  the  river 
before  they  were  admitted,  they  dreaded  no  kind  of  death  so  much 
as  shipwreck.  A  small  coin  was  put  into  the  mouth  of  the  de- 
ceased to  enable  him  to  pay  Charon  for  his  freight.  This  fable  is 
said  to  have  taken  its  rise  from  the  Sfyx,  now  the  Mauronero,  a 
small  rapid  torrent  in  the  north  of  Arcadia,  which  falls  into  the 
Crathis.  The  waters  of  this  stream  were  said  to  be  poisonous, 
and  to  possess  the  property  of  dissolving  metals  and  other  hard 
substances  exposed  to  their  action.     See  Tartarus. 

Superi,  -orum,  m.,  the  gods  above,  the  celestial  deifies,  as 
opposed  to  inferi,  the  infernal  gods.  Numine  Superorum,  by  the 
will  of  the  gods,  i.  8.  99.  Rector  Superum,  the  king  of  the  gods, 
i.  12.  44. 

Syracusse,  -arum, ./".,  Syracuse,  a  celebrated  city  on  the  east 
coast  of  Sicily,  founded  about  b.  c.  732,  by  a  Corinthian  colony 
under  Archias.  The  name  was  originally  derived  from  the  marsh 
Syraco,  now  //  Pancano,  lying  along  the  right  bank  of  the  Ana- 
pis  (See  Anapis).  The  colonists  settled  first  on  the  island  Orty- 
gia  (See  Ortygia),  in  which  was  the  famous  fountain  Arethiisa 
(See  Arethusa).  The  city  Syracuse,  in  its  most  flourishing  state, 
extended  22  miles  in  circumference,  and  was  divided  into  four  dis- 
tricts ;  Ortygia,  Acradina,  Tycha,  and  Neapolis,  to  which  a  fifth, 
called  Epipolee,  was  afterwards  added.  Syracuse  was  supposed  to 
be  the  largest  city  then  in  existence  ;  the  inhabitants  were  wealthy 
and  powerful,  and  though  subject  to  tyrants,  extended  their  influence 
over  many  dependent  states.  It  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Romans 
under  the  consul  Marcellus,  after  a  siege  of  three  years,  b.  c.  212. 

2c  2 


SYR  o06  TAN 

Archiraedes  the  geometrician,  and  the  poets  Theocritus  and  Epi- 
charmus,  were  natives  of  Syracuse. 

Syrinx,  -ingis,  y.,  Si/rinx,  a  Naid  of  Nonacris,  in  Arcadia, 
who  was  devoted  to  the  service  of  Diana.  As  he  was  returning 
one  day  from  the  chase,  and  passing  ?.[ount  Lycaeus,  Pan  became 
enamoured  of  her ;  but  when  he  attempted  to  address  her,  she 
fled.  The  god  pursued  :  Syrinx  reached  the  river  Ladon,  and,  unable 
to  cross  it,  implored  the  aid  of  her  sister-nymphs,  who  changed 
her  into  a  reed.  While  Pan  stood  sighing  at  .his  disappointment, 
the  wind  began  to  agitate-  the  reeds  and  produced  a  low  musical 
sound.  The  god,  taking  the  hint,  cut  seven  of  the  reeds,  and 
formed  from  them  his  syrinx  or  pastoral  pipe.      Gr.  Ace.  -inga. 

T. 

Tffida,  -ae,  y.,  a  torch,  a  flamheau  ;  and  bocause  torches  were 
used  at  marriages  among  the  Romans,  taeda  came  to  signify  a 
wedding,  or  marriage.  The  bride  was  taken  apparently  by  force 
from  the  arms  of  her  mother,  or  nearest  relation,  and  conducted  to 
her  husband's  house  in  the  evening.  Three  boys,  whose  pirents 
were  aUve,  attended  her;  two  of  them  supporting  her  by  tlic  arm, 
and  the  third  bearing  a  torch  of  pine  or  thorn  before  her.  Five 
other  torches  called/aces  nuptiales  (the  nuptial  torches)  were  also 
carried  before  her.  For  the  different  forms  of  marriage  see  A.R.  A. 
399. 

Tsenarius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Tctiiarus,  or  Cape 
Matapan.  Tanariiis  Eurotas,  the  Eurotas  near  Cape  Taenarus, 
ii.  i.  247. 

Tsenarus,  -\,f-,  Tanams,  now  Cape  Matapan,  &  promon- 
tory in  the  south  of  Laconia,  the  most  southern  point  of  the  Pelo- 
pormesus,  famous  for  a  temple  of  Neptune,  which  was  accounted 
an  inviolable  asylum.  Near  it  was  a  cave  emitting  a  black  and  un- 
wholesome vapour,  said  to  be  the  entrance  to  the  infernal  regions, 
through  which  Hercules  dragged  up  Cerberus.  Here  too  was  a 
statue  of  Arion  seateJ  on  a  dolphin.  Tsenarus  became  latterly  fa- 
mous for  its  marble,  which  the  Romans  held  in  the  highest  esteem. 

TagUS,  -i,  WJ.;  the  Tagus,  or  Tajo,  the  largest  river  in  Spain, 
rises  in  Mons  Idubeda  among  the  Celtiberi,  and  after  a  western 
course  of  530  miles  through  the  middle  of  the  peninsula,  falls  into 
the  Atlantic  below  Lisbon.  The  sands  of  the  Tagus  produced 
grains  of  gold  and  precious  stones,  ii.  1.  251. 

Tanais,  -is,  m.,  the  Tanaix,  now  the  Don,  a  large  river  of 
Europe,  which  rises  in  the  Riphaei  Montes,  the  Valdai  hills,  in 
the  government  of  Tula  in  Russia,  and  after  a  south-westerly 
course  of  1260  miles  falls  into  the  Palus  Maedtis,  the  Sea  of 
Azoph.  This  river  separated  in  ancient  times  European  and 
Asiatic  Sarmatia,  and  in  modern  times  forms,  in  the  lowest  part  of 
its  cc'irse,  the  boundary  between  Europe  and  Asia. 


TAN  307  TAR 

Tantalus,  -i,  m.,  Tantalus,  a  son  of  Jupiter,  and  king  of 
Phrygia.  By  Dione,  one  of  the  Atlantides,  he  was  the  father  of 
Niobe,  Pelops,  &c.  Being  a  particular  favourite  of  the  gods,  he 
was  admitted  to  their  banquet?,  and  fed  on  nectar  and  ambrosia  at 
their  table ;  but  elated  by  his  good  fortune  he  divulged  their  se- 
crets, and  stole  some  of  the  divine  food,  which  he  distributed 
among  his  friends.  To  punish  him  for  this  offence  Jupiter  con- 
demned him  to  perpetual  hunger  and  thirst  in  the  infernal  regions. 
He  was  placed  standing  up  to  the  chin  in  a  lake,  but  when  he  at- 
tempted to  drink,  the  water  ran  oflr,  leaving  the  ground  dry  at  his 
feet.  Over  his  head  was  suspended  a  bough  loaded  with  delicious 
fruit,  which,  when  he  essayed  to  seize  it,  was  carried  away  by  a 
sudden  blast  of  wind.  By  the  later  mythologists  he  is  placed  with 
a  stone  hanging  over  his  head,  which  threatens  every  moment  to 
crush  him  to  pieces.  Other  causes  are  assigned  for  this  punish- 
ment. At  an  entertainment  which  he  gave  to  the  gods  he  is  said 
to  have  killed  and  served  up  his  son  Pelops,  for  the  purpose  of 
trying  their  divinity,  and  thereby  to  have  incurred  their  displea- 
sure. NullcB  aqiKB  deprendinitur  tibi,  Tantale,  arbosque,  qiUB 
itnminet,  effugit,  you  catch  no  water,  Tantalus,  and  the  tree  which 
hangs  over  you  escapes  from  your  grasp,  iv.  11.  43. 

Tarpeius  {tris.\  -a,  -um^  <^<]j->  of,  or  relating  to  the  Mons 
Tarpeius,  a  name  given  to  the  eminence  afcerwards  called  the 
Capitoline  hill,  from  Tarpeia,  by  whose  treachery  the  Sabines 
were  admitted  into  the  city.  The  name  is  more  commonly  re- 
stricted to  the  Tarpeian  rock,  a  precipice  on  the  Capitoline  hill 
down  which  condemned  criminals  were  thrown.  Qui  tenes  Tar- 
peius arces,  who  occupiest  the  Capitol,  or  the  temple  on  the  Tar- 
peian, or  Capitoline  hill,  xv.  9.  122.  See  Pioma,  and  CapitoHum. 
Tartarus,  -i,  m.,  Plur.  Tartara,  -orum,  n.,  Tartarus, 
that  part  of  the  infernal  regions  which  was  assigned  to  the 
wicked;  frequently  used  to  signify  the  whole  of  the  infernal  re- 
gions. The  kingdom  of  Pluto  is  represented  by  Homer  as  being 
under  the  earth,  and  is  described  as  dreary,  dark,  and  cheerless. 
The  dead,  unhappy,  and  wretched,  without  distinction  of  good  or 
evil,  age  or  rank,  wander  about  there,  conversing  of  their  former 
state  on  earth.  Some  few,  enemies  of  the  gods,  as  Sisyphus,  Ti- 
tyus,  Tantalus,  are  punished  for  their  crimes,  but  not  apart  from 
the  rest  of  the  dead.  In  process  of  time,  when  the  ideas  of  the 
Greeks  had  been  enlarged  by  communication  with  foreign  coun- 
tries, the  lower  world  underwent  a  total  change.  It  was  divided 
into  two  regions :  Tartarus,  the  place  of  punishment  for  the 
vsicked  ;  and  Elysium,  the  place  of  reward  for  the  good.  A  stream 
called  the  Styx  (See  Styx)  encompassed  it,  over  which  the  dead, 
on  paying  their  passage-money,  were  ferried  by  Charon ;  the 
three-headed  dog  Cerberus  guarded  the  entrance  ;  and  three 
judges,  Minos,  .fliacus,  and  Rhadamanthus,  investigated  the  cha- 


TAU  308  TKL 

racters  of  the  dead,  and  allotted  to  each  his  place  of  bliss  or  of  pain. 
A  river  called  Lethe  (oblivion)  was  added,  of  which  the  dead  were 
forced  ro  drink,  for  the  purpose  of  obliterating  all  recollection  of 
the  past.  The  latter  idea  of  the  infernal  regions  was  adopted  by 
the  Latin  poets.  Tellus  icla  fecit  viam  in  Tartara,  the  ground 
being  struck,  opened  a  passage  to  Tartarus,  v.  6.  83.  Nee  mitte 
me  indeploratum  sub  inania  Tartara,  nor  send  me,  nor  allow  me 
to  go,  unlamentcd  to  shadowy  Tartarus,  xi.  10.  261.     See  Manes. 

Taurus,  -i,  m.,  Taurus,  now  Ramadan  Oglu,  or  Kurin,  a 
chain  of  mountains  in  Asia  Minor,  which,  commencing  at  the  Sa- 
crum Promontorium,  Cape  Chiledonia,  and  the  southern  parts  of 
Lycia,  stretches  in  a  north-easterly  direction  through  Pisidia, 
Isauria,  and  Cappadocia,  till  it  is  intersected  by  the  Euphrates. 
According  to  Strabo  it  extends  much  farther,  as  that  geographer 
connects  it  with  the  great  Indian  ridge  of  Imuus,  or  Emodius,  now 
Himalaya.  Taurus  was  sometimes  applied  by  the  ancients  to  all 
the  ranges  of  mountains  between  the  Slediterranean  and  Persia. 

Taurus,  -i,  m.,  the  constellation  of  the  Bull,  one  of  the  twelve 
sig^s  of  the  zodiac.  Per  cornua  adversi  Tauri,  through  the 
horns  of  the  opposite  bull,^as  the  direction  of  Phaethon  was 
westward,  the  Bull,  whose  head  is  towards  the  east,  would  be  di- 
rectly opposite  to  him,  ii.  1 .  80.     See  Zodiacus. 

Taygete,  -es,/,  Taygete,  one  of  the  Pleiades  (4  syl.),  the 
seven  daughters  of  Atlas,  who  formed  the  constellation  of  that 
name  in  the  back  of  the  BuU.  In  iii.  7.  85.  Taygete  is  used  for 
the  constellation  Pleiades.      Gr.  Ace.  -en.     See  Pleias. 

Telamon,  -onis,  m.,  Te/amo»,  the  son  of  iEacus  and  Endeis, 
and  brother  of  Peleus  (diss.).  Having  been  guilty,  along  with 
Peleus,  of  the  accidental  murder  of  his  brother  Phocus,  he  left  his 
native  country,  and  sailed  to  Salamis,  where  he  soon  after  married 
Glauce,  the  daughter  of  the  king,  and  on  the  death  of  his  father- 
in-law  succeeded  to  the  throne.  He  accompanied  Jason  in  his  ex- 
pedition to  Colchis,  and  assisted  Hercules  in  taking  Troy.  As  a 
reward  for  his  services,  Hercules  gave  him  in  marriage  Hesione, 
the  daughter  of  Laomedon.  Telamon  was  the  father  of  Teucer 
and  Ajax.  Creatus  Telamone,  qui  sub  forti  Hercule  cepit  Tro- 
jana  mcenia,  being  the  son  of  Telamon,  who,  under  the  brave  Her- 
cules, took  the  city  of  Troy,  xiii.  1.  22.  Satus  Telamone,  the  son 
of  Telamon,  i.  e.  Ajax,  xiii.  1.  123. 

Telamoniades,  -ae,  ni.,  the  son  of  Telamon,  a  patronymic 
applied  to  Ajax,  xiii.  1.  231. 

Telamonius,  -ii,  m.,  the  son  of  Telamon,  i.  e.  Ajax.  Tela- 
monius  iinpendit  nihil  sanguinis,  the  son  of  Telamon  has  spent 
none  of  his  blood,  xiii.  1.  266. 

Telephus,  -i,  tn.,  Tele/  htis.  the  son  of  Hercules  by  Auge, 
daughter  of  Aleus  (tris.),  king  of  Arcadia.     He  was  exposed  on 


TEL  309  TEN 

Mount  Parthenius  by  order  of  his  grandfather,  and  suckled  by  a 
hind,  till  he  was  found  by  some  shepherds.  He  was  afterwards 
presented  to  Teuthras,  king  of  Mysia,  who  educated  him  as  his 
son  and  successor  in  the  kingdom.  He  married  one  of  the  daughters 
of  Priam,  and  assisted  the  Trojans  in  their  attempts  to  repel  the 
Greeks  when  they  landed  on  his  coast.  In  a  violent  struggle  which 
ensued  he  would  have  been  successful  had  not  Bacchus,  who  pro- 
tected the  Greeks,  caused  a  vine  to  spring  f  cm  the  ground,  which 
entangled  his  feet  and  caused  him  to  fall.  Achilles,  taking  advan- 
tage of  this  accident,  rushed  upon  him,  and  inflicted  a  deadly  wound 
with  his  spear.  According  to  the  oracle  this  wound  could  be 
cured  only  by  the  spear  which  inflicted  it.  Application  was  made 
to  Achilles,  but  in  vain  :  the  hero  refused,  till  Ulysses,  who  knew 
that  Troy  could  not  be  taken  without  one  of  the  sons  of  Hercules, 
wishing  to  make  Telephus  the  friend  of  the  Greeks,  persuaded 
Achilles  to  comply  with  the  injunctions  of  the  oracle.  With  the 
consent  of  Hercules,  he  made  a  poultice  for  the  wound  from  the 
rust  of  the  spear,  which  effected  the  cure.  To  this  Ulysses  alludes, 
xiii.  1.  172.  From  gratitude  for  this  service,  Telephus  joined  the 
Greeks  and  fought  against  his  father-in-law. 

Tellus,  -Oris,/.,  Tellus,  the  goddess  of  the  earth,  the  most 
ancient  of  all  the  divinities  after  Chaos,  and  the  wife  of  Coelus. 
Tellus  was  the  same  goddess  as  Rhea,  Cybele,  Bona  Dea,  &c., 
and,  as  mother  of  all  things,  is  represented  with  the  various  em- 
blems of  fecundity.  Tellus  is  frequently  used  by  the  poets  to  de- 
note the  earth  itself.  Nee  Tellus  pendebat  in  circumfuso  aire, 
nor  was  the  earth  suspended  in  the  surrounding  atmosphere,  i.  I. 
8.  Alma  Tellus,  ut  etat  circumdata  ponto,  bountiful  Tellus, 
surrounded  as  she  was  by  the  sea,  ii.  1.  272. 

Tempe,  n.  (Plur.  &  indecl.),  Tem,.e,  now  Tsampas,  a 
beautiful  vale  in  Thessaly,  often  alluded  to  by  the  ancient  writers, 
who  seem  to  have  vied  with  each  other  in  ascribing  to  it  every  fea- 
ture necessary  to  constitute  perfect  beauty.  Tempe  is  a  romantic 
defile,  having  Slount  Olympus  on  the  north,  and  Ossa  on  the  south, 
of  difficult  access,  and  about  five  Roman  miles  in  length,  its  least 
breadth  being  about  100  yards.  The  river  Peneus  is  said  by  Ovid 
(i.  11.  3.,  &c.),  to  rush  through  it  with  great  violence;  while  mo- 
dern travellers  describe  it  as  a  calm  and  gentle  stream.  The  limits 
of  Tempe  are,  by  some  geographers,  extended  over  the  whole  of 
the  great  plain  of  Thessaly.  The  name,  from  the  Greek  verb 
riuvu,  to  cut,  is  supposed  to  allude  to  the  convulsion  of  nature, 
by  which  Ossa  was  separated  from  Olympus,  and  a  passage  formed 
for  the  waters  of  the  Peneus.     See  Peneus. 

Tenedos,  -i,  f.,  Tenedos,  a  small  and  fertile  island  in  the 
iEgean  Sea,  off  the  coast  of  Troas,  and  about  twelve  miles  south- 
west of  the  promontory  of  Sigeum.  'i'enedos  was  especially  sacred 
to  Apollo  (i.  10.  65.),  and  became  famous  during  the  Trojan  war 


TER  310  THE 

a=  the  place  to  which  the  Greeks  retired,  in  order  to  make  the 
Trojans  beUeve  that  they  had  returned  home  without  finishing  the 
.«■ipge.     The  earthenware  made  here  was  held  in  high  estimation. 

Terra,  -ae.y.,  the  earth;  sometimes  used  by  the  poets  to  sig- 
nify the  goddess  of  the  earth.     See  Tellus. 

Tethys,  -yos,  /.,  Tethys,  a  sea-goddess,  the  daughter  of 
Cflelus  and  Terra.  She  married  her  brother  Oceanus,  by  whom 
she  was  the  mother  of  the  Nile,  Alpheus,  and  the  other  principal 
rivers  of  the  universe.  As  mother  of  Titan,  or  the  Sun,  she  is 
called  by  Ovid  (ii.  1.  156.)  the  grandmother  of  Phaethon.  Tethys 
is  often  used  by  the  poets  to  denote  the  sea,  ii.  1.  69. 

Teucer,  -cri,  m.,  Teucer,  a  son  of  Telamon,  king  of  Salamis. 
by  Hesione,  the  daughter  of  Laomedon.  As  one  of  the  suitors  of 
Helen,  he  accompanied  the  Greeks  to  the  Trojan  war,  where  he 
distinguished  himself  by  his  valour  and  intrepidity.  When  he  re- 
turned from  the  famous  siege,  his  father  refused  to  allow  him  to 
land,  because  he  had  not  avenged  the  injury  done  to  his  brother 
Ajax  by  the  Grecian  chiefs,  in  adjudging  to  Ulysses  the  armour  of 
Achilles.  Not  disheartened  by  the  severity  of  his  father,  he  retired 
to  Cyprus,  where  he  built  a  town  which  he  called  Salamis,  after 
his  native  city.  \ec  Teucer  est  minus  isto  patrvelis  Achilli,  nor 
is  Teucer  less  a  cousin  to  Achilles  than  he,  xiii.  1.  157.  See 
Ajax. 

Teuthrant^US,  -a;  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Teuthras.  a 
king  of  Mysia,  from  whom  a  district  of  that  countrj-  obtained  the 
name  of  Teuthrania.  Hence  it  came  to  signify  Mysian,  belonging 
to  Mysia.      Teuthranteus  Caicus,  the  Caicus  in  Mysia,  ii.  1.  243. 

Thaumantias,  -adis,  &  Thaumantis,  •idis,f.,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Tharimas,  patronymics  applied  to  Iris,  the  goddess  of  the 
rainbow,  fi-om  her  father  Thaumas.  Iris  Thaumantias  lustravil 
roratis  aquis.  Iris  the  daughter  of  Thaumas  sprinkled  with  drip- 
ping waters,  iv.  11.  63. 

Thaumas,  -antis,  m.,  Thaumas,  a  son  of  Pontus  and  Terra, 
and  father  of  the  Harpies  and  Iris.     See  Harpyiae  and  Iris. 

Thebae,  -arum,/.,  Thebes,  or  Thiva,  the  capital  of  Boeotia, 
and  one  of  the  most  ancient  and  celebrated  cities  of  Greece,  was 
situate  on  the  small  river  Ismemis,  a  little  to  the  north  of  the 
Asopus.  It  was  founded  by  Cadmus  (See  Cadmus),  and  called 
from  him  Cadmea,  an  appellation  which  was  afterwards  confined  to 
the  citadel  only,  but  he  afterwards  called  it  Thebae  from  the  great 
Egyptian  city.  The  walls  of  Thebes  were  built  by  Amphion  and 
Zethus  by  the  music  of  the  lyre.  Thebes  was  famous  for  its  seven 
gates,  and  for  the  siege  of  the  seven  chiefs  in  support  of  the  claims 
of  Polynices.  The  Thebans  participated  in  the  dulness  and  stu- 
pidity which  has  been  ascribed  to  the  rest  of  the  Boeotians,  though 
Pc'lopidas  and  Pindar  form  illustrious  exceptions.   This  city  reached 


THE  311  THE 

its  highest  reputation  under  Epaminondas  ;  it  was  rased  to  the 
ground  by  Alexander,  who  spared  the  house  and  family  of  Pindar, 
from  admiration  of  the  poet.     See  Bceotia. 

Thebas,  -arum,  /:,  Thebes,  a  city  of  Mysia,  in  Asia  Minor, 
which  was  taken  and  destroyed  by  Achilles  during  the  Trojan  war. 
Qvod  ThehcB  cecidere,  meurn  est,  that  Thebes  fell,  or  was  taken,  is 
due  to  me,  xiii.  1.  173. 

Themis,  -idis,  &  -idos,  /.,  Themis,  was  the  daughter  of 
Ccelus  and  Terra,  and  one  of  the  wives  of  Jupiter,  by  whom  she 
was  the  mother  of  Peace,  Order,  Justice,  the  Fates,  and  the  Sea- 
sons. Her  oracle  on  Mount  Parnassus  was  famous  in  the  time 
of  Deucalion,  who  consulted  it  after  the  flood,  and  was  instructed 
by  it  how  to  repair  the  loss  of  the  human  race,  i.  8.  9.,  &c.  The- 
mis is  said  to  have  succeeded  her  mother  in  the  possession  of  the 
Pythian  oracle,  and  to  have  voluntarily  resigned  it  to  her  sister 
Phoebe,  who  gave  it  as  a  present  to  Apollo.  Fatidicam  Themht, 
prophetic  Themis,  1.8.  9.  Gr.  Ace.  -in.  Foe.  -i.  See  Deu- 
calion. 

Theridamas,  -antis,  ?«.,  Tamer  of  wild  beasts,  the  name  of 
one  of  Actaeon's  dogs. 

Thermodon,  -ontis,  W.,  the  Thermodon,  now  the  Thenneh, 
a  river  of  Pontus,  in  Asia  Minor,  which  flowed  through  the  dis- 
trict of  Themiscyra,  the  residence  of  the  Amazons,  and  fell  into  the 
Black  Sea.  It  was  one  of  the  twelve  labours  of  Hercules  to  obtain 
for  Eurystheus  (Jris.)  the  girdle  of  Hippolyte,  queen  of  the  Am- 
azons. 

Theron,  -cntis,  jn.,^M?ifer,  the  name  of  one  of  Actaeon's  dogs. 

Thersites,  -ae,  m.,  Thersites  was  the  most  deformed  and 
ugly  of  the  Greeks  who  went  to  Troy.  He  was  remarkable  for  his 
sarcasm  and  bitter  invective,  and  took  pleasure  in  opposing  the 
schemes  of  the  other  chiefs,  and  in  holding  up  their  opinions  and 
plans  to  ridicule.  In  stating  his  own  sentiments  he  employed  the 
most  irritating  and  offensive  language.  Ulysses  claims  the  merit 
of  having  on  one  occasion  punished  him  for  his  insolence  (xiii.  1. 
233.).  He  was  killed  by  Achilles  with  a  blow  of  his  fist,  because 
he  laughed  at  that  hero  for  mourning  the  death  of  Penthesilea,  the 
queen  of  the  Amazons,  whom  he  had  slain  in  battle. 

Thescelus,  -i,  m.,  Thesnelus,  one  of  the  companions  of  Phi- 
neus  {diss.),  who  was  changed  into  stone  by  Perseus  (diss.)  at  his 
marriage  with  Andromeda. 

Theseus  {diss.),  -ei,  &  -eos,  m.,  Theseus,  king  of  Athens, 
was  the  son  of  ^Egeus  {diss.)  and  .(Ethra,  daughter  of  Pittheus 
{diss. ),  king  of  Troezene.  Theseus  is  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
characters  in  Grecian  mythology,  and  in  the  boldness  and  danger- 
ous character  of  his  adventures,  may  be  considered  as  the  Atheni.in 
counterpart  of  the  Theban  Hercules.     From  circumstances  which 


THE  312  THI 

need  not  be  mentioned,  he  was  educated  at  the  court  of  his  ma- 
ternal grandfather,  till  he  reached  the  years  of  manhood.  He  was 
then  sent  by  his  mother  to  the  court  of  jEgeus,  and  being  acknow- 
ledged by  the  king  as  his  son,  took  his  place  as  heir  to  the  throne. 
On  his  way  to  Athens  he  slew  several  robbers  who  infested  the 
intervening  country,  and  on  his  arrival  narrowly  escaped  being 
poisoned  by  his  stepmother  ^ledea.  He  relieved  bis  father's  court 
of  the  Pallantides,  who  were  anxiously  waiting  for  the  death  of  the 
aged  monarch  to  seize  upon  the  government,  and  exhibited  in 
chains  to  thi-  astonished  eyes  of  the  Athenians  the  famous  Cretan 
bull  which  had  long  infested  the  plain  of  Marathon.  He  next  pre- 
vailed upon  his  father  (See  /Egeus)  to  allow  him  to  go  to  Crete  as 
one  of  the  youths  whom  he  was  bound  to  furnish  annually  as  a  tri- 
bute to  Minos.  Ariadne,  the  daughter  of  Minos,  who  was  present 
when  the  Athenian  youths  and  maidens  were  exhibited  before  him, 
became  deeply  enamoured  of  Theseus,  by  whom  her  love  was 
speedily  returned.  She  furnished  him  with  a  clue  of  thread,  which 
enabled  him  to  penetrate  in  safety  the  windings  of  the  labyrinth, 
till  he  came  to  the  place  where  the  Minotaur  lay,  whom  he  caught 
by  the  hair  and  slew  ;  and  having,  according  to  promise,  carried  off 
Ariadne  and  her  sister  Phsdra,  returned  in  safety  to  his  native 
country.  Theseus  was  also  a  sharer  in  the  dangers  of  the  Caly- 
donian  hunt,  sailed  with  Jason  in  his  expedition  to  Colchis,  and 
aided  his  friend  Pirithous  and  the  Lapithse  in  their  conflict  with 
the  Centaurs.  The  friendship  between  Theseus  and  Pirithous  was 
of  a  most  intimate  nature,  and  led  them  to  aid  each  other  in  every 
project.  They  together  carried  oflF  Helen,  the  daughter  of  Tynda- 
rus,  when  a  child  of  but  ten  years  (See  Helena),  and  made  an  at- 
tempt to  deprive  Pluto  of  his  queen.  They  descended  for  this 
purpose  to  the  infernal  regions;  but  Pluto,  knowing  their  design, 
seized  them,  and  placed  them  on  an  enchanted  rock  ;  where  they 
were  detained  till  Hercules  passing  by  in  his  descent  for  Cerberus, 
freed  Theseus,  hut  was  by  a  divine  intimation  prevented  from  aid- 
ing his  friend.  The  invasion  of  Attica  by  Castor  and  Pollux,  to 
avenge  the  carrying  off  of  their  sister,  compelled  Theseus  at  last 
to  go  into  exile.  He  retired  to  the  court  of  Lycomedes,  king  of 
Scyros,  and  there  met  his  death,  either  by  accident,  or  by  the 
treachery  of  his  host.  He  ascended  with  Lycomedes  a  lofty  rock 
to  take  a  view  of  the  island,  and  either  fell  or  was  pushed  oif  by  his 
rompanion,  and  lost  his  life  by  the  fall. 

Thespias,  -adis,  adj.,/.,  of,  or  relating  to  Thespia,  Thes- 
pian. Thapiee,  now  Eremo  Castro,  wa.s  a  town  of  considerabL" 
antiquity  in  l>oeotia,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Helicon,  especially  sa- 
cred to  the  Pluses,  and  where  festivals  were  celebrated  in  honour 
of  them.  Hence  Thespiadex  DeiE,  ye  Thespian  goddesses,  i.  e.  ye 
Muses,  V.  5.  17. 

Thisbe,  -es,  f.,  Thishe,  a  young  woman  of  Babylon  who  was 


THO  313  TIR 

beloved  by  Pyvaiuus.  Quam  Babylonia  Thishe  vidit  procul  ad 
radios  lunce,  which  Babylonian  Thisbe  saw  at  a  distance  by  the 
rays  of  the  moon,  iv.  2.  45.     See  Pyramus. 

Thoon,  -onis,  m.,  Thoon,  one  of  the  companions  of  Sarpe- 
don,  king  of  Lycia,  who  was  killed  at  Troy  by  Ulysses.  Gr.  Ace. 
-ona. 

Thous,  -i,  m,,  Swift,  the  name  of  one  of  Actaeon's  dogs. 

Thracia,  -SSjJ"-,  Thrace,  now  Rumelia,  an  extensive  country 
in  Europe,  bounded  on  the  north  by  Mount  Haemus,  which  sepa- 
rated it  from  Mcesia;  on  the  east,  by  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Bos- 
porus Thracius,  the  Straits  of  Constantinople  ;  on  the  south  by 
the  Propontis,  the  Sea  of  Marmora  ;  and  on  the  west  by  the  river 
Nestus,  Mesto,  which  separated  it  from  Macedonia.  Thracia  is 
said  to  have  received  its  name  from  Thrax,  a  son  of  Mars ;  but  the 
later  Greek  writers  regarded  it  as  derived  from  Tea^na,  j-ovgh, 
as  indicative  of  the  rugged  t-nd  mountainous  character  of  the 
country.  The  Thracians  were  a  cruel,  though  brave  and  warlike 
people,  whence  Mars  was  said  to  have  been  born  in  their  country, 
and  to  have  resided  among  them ;  they  were  also  much  addicted  to 
drinking.  The  numerous  Greek  colonies,  which  were  subsequently 
established  on  the  coast,  imparted  to  them  a  considerable  degree  of 
civilisation. 

Threicius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Thrace,  Thru- 
dan. 

ThusCUS,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Tuscan,  of,  or  relating  to  Etruria, 
now  Tuscany,  a  district  of  Italy,  which  was  said  to  have  been  in- 
habited by  a  Pelasgic  colony  from  Lydia  in  Asia  Minor;  hence 
the  adjective  is  used  to  signify  Lydian.  Ab  Thuscd  urbe,  from  a 
Lydian  city,  iii.  7.  114. 

Thyoneus  (Jris.),  -ei,  &  -eos,  m.,  TAyonews,  a  name  given 
to  Bacchus  from  the  Greek  verb  6uuv,  to  rage. 

Thybris,  -idis,  m.,  the  Tiber,  or  Tevere,  a  river  in  Italy 
which  rises  in  the  Apennines,  flows  southward,  separating  Etruria 
from  Umbria,  the  country  of  the  Sabini,  and  Latium,  and  after  a 
course  of  215  miles,  during  which  it  receives  more  than  forty  tri- 
butaries, enters  the  Tuscan  Sea,  fifteen  miles  below  Rome.  It 
was  originally  called  Albiila,  and  took  the  name  of  Thybris  or  Ti- 
beris,  from  a  king  of  Alba,  who  was  drowned  in  it.  Thybrinque, 
ctii potentia  rerum  promissa  fuit,  and  the  Tiber,  to  which  the  go- 
vernment of  the  world  was  promised,  i.  e.  on  whose  banks  Rome 
was  to  be  built,  which  was  destined  to  possess  the  government  of 
the  world,  ii.  I.  259.      Gr.  Ace.  -in. 

Tigris,  -idis,  m.,  Tiger,  the  name  of  one  of  Actaeon's  dogs. 

Tiresias,  -se,  m.,  Tiresias,  a  celebrated  Theban  prophef, 
the  son  of  Everus  and  Chariclo,  of  the  race  of  Udaeus,  one  of  the 
men  who  sprung  from  the  teeth  of  the  serpent.     He  is  said  to  have 

2d 


TIS  314  TIT 

lived  to  a  great  age,  and  to  have  witnessed  the  greater  part  of  the 
mythological  history  of  Thebes.  At  an  early  period  of  life  he  was 
deprived  of  sight,  and  to  his  blindness  he  was  indebted  for  the  gift 
which  raised  him  to  celebrity  among  his  countrymen.  Various  ac- 
counts of  the  cause  of  his  blindness  are  given.  By  some  it  is 
ascribed  to  his  having  seen  iMinerva  bathing  ;  and  by  others  to 
his  having  divulged  to  mankind  the  secrets  of  the  gods.  Ilesiod 
relates  that  Tiresias  happening  to  see  two  serpents  in  close  union 
on  Mount  Cyllene,  struck  them  with  his  staff,  and  was  suddenly 
changed  into  a  woman.  In  this  state  he  continued  for  seven  years  ; 
at  the  end  of  which  period  he  saw  the  same  serpents  in  a  similar 
position,  and  on  striking  them  a  second  time  recovered  his  original 
sex.  On  one  occasion  Jupiter  and  Juno  referred  to  him  the  deci- 
sion of  a  dispute,  for  which  his  previous  transformation  seemed  to 
have  qualified  him.  His  decision  was  unfavourable  to  Juno,  and 
the  goddess  in  anger  afflicted  him  with  blindness.  Jupiter,  unable 
to  undo  the  acts  of  his  queen,  gave  him  in  compensation  the  power 
of  foreseeing  future  events.  Liriope,  the  mother  of  Narcissus,  con- 
sulted Tiresias  as  to  the  fate  of  her  son,  and  as  the  truth  of  his 
prediction  was  verified  by  the  event,  he  was  afterwards  rendered 
famous  as  a  prophet,  iii.  5.  3. 

Tisiphone,  -es,/.,  Tisiphone,  one  of  the  three  Furies,  of 
whom  a  graphic  description  is  given  by  Ovid,  i  v.  II.  66.,  &c.  See 
Krinnvs. 

Titan,  -ani?,  &  Titanus,  -i,  m.,  Titan,  the  son  of  Coelus 
and  Terra,  and  the  elder  brother  of  Saturn,  in  whose  favour  he  re- 
signed his  kingdom  on  condition  that  he  would  not  rear  any  male 
offspring  (See  Saturnus).  Titan  was  one  of  a  numerous  family 
who  are  known  by  the  name  of  Titans,  or  Titanides.  The  most 
celebrated  of  theie  were  Briareus  (tris.),  Hyperion,  lapetus, 
Oceanus,  Saturnus,  Rhea,  Themis,  Tethys,  &c.,  who,  with  their 
descendants,  were  included  under  the  general  name  of  Titans. 
The  war  which  Titan  along  with  his  brother  and  sous  waged 
against  Saturn  for  the  recovery  of  his  kingdom,  is  known  in  my- 
thology as  the  war  of  the  Titans  ;  and  should  not  be  confounded 
with  the  war  of  the  giants,  which  was  directed  against  Jupiter. 
Titan  is  also  used  by  the  poets  as  synonymous  with  Sol,  the  god  of 
the  sun,  i.  1    6.,  ii.  1.  lib.     See  Saturnus,  and  Jupiter. 

Titania,  -m-,f.,  Titania,  a  name  applied  to  Diana,  as  Titan 
is  to  Sol.  Diim  Titania  ibi  perluitur  solitd  lympha,  while 
Diana  is  bathing  there  in  her  usual  water,  iii.  2.  43.  It  is  also  ap- 
plied (i.  8.  83.)  to  Pyrrha,  because  she  was  the  grand-daughter  of 
lapetus,  who  was  one  of  the  Titans.     See  Titan. 

Tityos,  &  Tityus.  -i,  in.,  Tityns,  the  son  of  Jupiter  by 
Elara,  the  daughter  of  Orchomenus.  To  protect  her  from  the  re- 
sentment of  Juno,  Jupiter  hid  Elara  in  the  bowels  of  the  eartli, 
where  sh«  gave  birth  to  Tityus,  who  from  this  circumstance  v  as 


TMO  315  TRI 

said  to  be  the  son  of  Terra.  Tityus  happened  to  see  Latona  as  she 
was  going  to  Delphi,  and  attempted  to  offer  her  violence  ;  but  the 
goddess  called  to  her  children  for  aid,  and  he  soon  fell  by  the  ar- 
rows of  Apollo.  He  was  placed  in  the  infernal  regions,  where  vul- 
tures continually  preyed  upon  his  liver,  which  grew  again  as  fast  as 
it  was  devoured.  He  is  here  represented  as  covering  nine  acres  of 
ground.  Tityos  prcebebat  viscei-a  lanianda,  eratque  distentus 
novemjugeribus,  Tityus  was  giving  his  entrails  to  be  devoured  hy  the 
vultures,  and  was  stretched  over  a  space  of  nine  acres,  iv.  11.  42. 

Tmolus,  -i,  m-,  Tmolus,  now  Buz  Dag,  a  mountain  of  Lydia, 
in  Asia  Minor,  celebrated  by  the  ancients  for  its  vines,  safiron, 
and  odoriferous  flowers.  Th»  air  of  the  mountain  was  so  salubrious 
that  the  inhabitants  were  said  to  live  to  a  very  advanced  age. 

Tonans,  -antis,  m.,  the  7  hunderer,  a  name  applied  to  Jupi- 
ter as  the  god  of  Thunder.  Tecta  mugni  Tonantis,  the  palace  of 
the  great  Thunderer,  i.  6.  8. 

Trachinius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  TracMs,  Tra- 
chiniqn.  Trachinia  pitppis  ipsa  qvbque  agitur  his  vicibus,  the 
Trachinian  ship  itself  too  is  subjected  to  these  changes,  xi.  10.  93. 

TrachiSj  &  Trachiu,  inis,  f.,  Trachis,  a  town  in  the  south 
of  Thessaly,  giving  its  name  to  Trachinia,  the  surrounding  district, 
of  which  Ceyx  was  king.  The  name,  according  to  Herodotus,  was 
derived  from  roa^v;,  rough,  and  was  applied  to  it  in  consequence 
of  the  mountainous  character  of  the  country.  To  this  town  Her- 
ciiles  retired  after  having  committed  an  involuntary  murder.  In 
the  immediate  neighbourhood  was  the  strong  town  Heraclea  Tra- 
chinia. Herculea.  Trachine,  in  Herculean  Trachis,  i.  e.  in  Trachis, 
afterwards  called  Heraclea.  Ovid  has  here  been  guilty  of  an  ana- 
chronism, as  the  fact  alluded  to  took  place  before  the  death  of  Her- 
cules, xi.  10.  218. 

Trinacria,  -se,  &  Trinacris,  -idis,  &  -idos,  /.,  Trina- 
cria,  &  Trinacris,  names  applied  to  the  island  of  Sicily  from  its 
three  promontories  {r^ti;  aK^ai),  Pelorum,  Pachynum,  and  Lily- 
boeum,  q.  v.  Vasta  insula  Trinacris  injecta  est  giganteis  mem- 
bris,  the  vast  island  (of  Sicily)  was  placed  upon  the  limbs  of  the 
giant,  i.  e.  Typhoeus,  v.  6.  7. 

Triones,  -um,  m.,  the  Triones,  a  name  given  to  the  two  con. 
stellations,  the  Greater  and  Lesser  Bear,  at  the  North  Pole,  be- 
cause their  stars  seem  to  be  in  the  form  of  a  chariot  with  three 
oxen  yoked  to  it.  Turn  primum  gelidi  Triones  caluere  radiis, 
then  for  the  first  time  the  cold  Triones  were  vrarmed  by  the  rays 
of  the  sun,  ii.  1.  171. 

Triton,  -onis,  in.,  Triton,  a  sea  deity,  the  son  of  Neptune 
and  Amphitrite.  Triton  became  powerful  among  the  deities  of  the 
sea,  and  was  the  attendant  and  trumpeter  of  Neptune.  His  trum- 
pet was  a  conch-shell,  and  Ovid  (i.  8.  23.,  &c.)  gives  a  very  fine 


TRI  316  TRI 

flescription  of  his  sounding  the  retreat  to  the  waters  which  covered 
the  earth  in  the  flood  of  Deucalion.  In  the  upper  part  of  his  body 
he  resembled  a,  man,  in  the  lower  a  fish.  The  upper  part  of  his 
body  is  represented  as  standing  out  of  the  water  ;  hence  the  expres- 
sion Exstantem  su/rn  profundum,  i.  8.  19.  Canorum  Tritona, 
the  musical  Triton, — in  allusion  to  his  office,  ii.  1.  8.  Gr.  Ace. 
-ona. 

Tritonia,  -a?,  &  Tritonis,  -Tdis,  &  -iilos,  f.,  Tritonia, 
and  Tritonis,  names  given  to  Minerva  from  a  Cretan  word  t^itui,  sig- 
nifying the  head,  because  she  was  said  to  have  sprung  from  the  head 
of  Jupiter  (See  Minerva).  From  the  same  word  she  was  called  by 
the  Greeks  rg/Toysvs/a  {head-sprung).  According  to  some  mytho- 
logists  Minerva  received  this  name  from  Tritonis,  a  small  lake 
near  the  Syrtis  Minor  in  Africa,  vrhere  she  first  showed  her- 
self to  mankind.  In  memory  of  this  event,  there  was  an  annual 
feast  held  there,  during  which  the  most  beautiful  woman  in  the 
country  was  clothed  like  Pallas,  with  a  mural  crown  on  her  head, 
and  drawn  round  the  city  in  triumph.  Monitn  Tritonidis,  by  the 
advice  of  Minerva,  i.  e.  wisely,  prudently,  iii.  ).  127. 

TriumphuSj  -i,  m.,  a  triumph,  the  solemn  and  magnificent 
entrance  of  a  general  into  Rome  after  having  gained  an  import- 
ant victory.  A  triumph  was  the  highest  military  honour  which 
could  be  obtained  in  the  Roman  state,  and  had  its  origin  at  Rome, 
from  Romulus  carrying  the  arms  of  Acron,  king  of  the  Csenincn- 
ses,  in  procession  to  the  Capitol.  The  following  are  the  conditions 
on  which  a  triumph  could  be  legally  granted  :  it  was  necessary  that 
the  general  should  give  intimation  to  the  senate  of  the  victory  ;  that 
he  should  appear  at  the  head  of  his  army  before  Rome,  for  no  per- 
son invested  with  military  command  could  enter  the  city ;  that  he 
should  prove  to  the  senate  assembled  in  the  temple  of  Bellona, 
that  in  a  legitimate  war  with  foreigners  he  had  slain  at  least  6000 
of  the  enemy  in  one  battle,  and  had  thereby  extended  the  limits  of 
the  empire.  If  the  triumph  was  granted,  the  general  was  allowed 
to  enter  the  city  without  divesting  himself  of  his  command.  The 
triumphal  procession,  commencing  from  the  Campus  Martius, 
went  along  the  Via  Triumphalis,  through  the  most  public  places 
of  the  city  to  the  Capitol,  where  the  general  offered  a  sacrifice  to 
Jupiter  Capitolinus.  The  procession  was  headed  by  a  choir  of  mu- 
sicians, one  of  whom  exhibited  many  laughable  gestures  as  if  in 
derision  of  the  enemy.  Then  followed  the  victims  intended  for 
sacrifice,  and  a  long  train  of  persons  carrying  perfumes.  The 
spoils  and  booty  taken  from  the  enemy  were  also  exhibited,  and 
representations  of  cities  and  battles.  To  these  succeeded  the  Gene- 
ral, clad  in  a  purple  toga,  embroidered  with  gold,  and  a  variegated 
tunic,  wearing  a  crown  of  laurel  on  his  head,  and  holding  in  his 
right  hand  a  laurel  branch.  He  bore  in  his  left  hand  an  ivory 
sceptre  with  an  eagle  on  the  top,  and  was  seated  in  a  triumphal 


TRO  317  TUR 

chariot,  adorned  with  golJ  and  ivory,  and  drawn  by  four  white  horses. 
The  procession  was  closed  by  the  victorious  army,  who  sung  their 
own  praises  and  those  of  their  general,  often  exclaiming  lo  trium- 
jjhe,  in  which  all  the  citizens  joined.  A  triumph  often  continued  for 
several  days. 

Troes,  -um,  m.,  the  Trojans,  the  inhabit  ants  of  Troy. 

Troja,  -3S, /.,  Troy,  the  capital  of  Troas,  in  Asia  Minor,  a 
city  which  has  been  immortalized  by  the  poetry  of  Homer  and 
Vii-gil,  was  situate  in  a  plain  on  a  small  eminence,  a  few  miles  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Hellespont,  and  between  the  two  rivers  Simois 
and  Scamander.  Its  site  is  supposed  to  be  now  occupied  by  the 
village  of  Bunarbashi  ;  but  the  lapse  of  time  has  not  only  oblite- 
rated every  trace  of  the  city,  but  has  also  effected  such  changes  in 
the  face  of  the  country  as  to  render  it  impossible  to  ascertain  its 
exact  position.  The  city  was  said  to  have  been  built  by  Dardanus, 
the  first  king  of  the  country,  who  called  it  Dardania  (See  Darda- 
nus), and  to  have  received  the  names  of  Troja  and  Ilium  from  his 
two  successors  Tros  and  Ilus  (See  Ilium).  The  citadel  was  called 
Pergamus(See  Pergamus).  The  Trojan  war,  to  which  allusion 
is  so  frequently  made  by  the  classical  writers,  was  undertaken  by 
the  Greeks  to  recover  Helen,  whom  Paris,  the  son  of  Priam,  had 
carried  off  from  her  husband  Menelaus.  The  Greeks  collected 
'  a  fleet  of  lit  6  ships,  containing  probably  about  100,000  men,  and 
appointed  Agamemnon  their  commander-in-chief.  The  Trojan 
forces  were  more  numerous,  as  Priam  was  assisted  not  only  by  the 
neighbouring  princes  of  Asia  Minor,  but  also  by  the  Thracians,  As- 
syrians, and  ^Ethiopians.  The  siege  was  maintained  with  valour  and 
intrepidity  for  ten  years,  at  the  end  of  which  time  the  city  was  taken 
either  by  treachery  or  stratagem  (See  jEneas  and  Antenor).  The 
city  itself  was  destroyed,  and  the  inhabitants  were  either  put  to 
the  sword  or  carried  away  by  the  conquerors.  Troy  was  taken, 
B.  c.  1184,  and  431  years  before  the  building  of  Rome.  Trojam 
captam,  Troy  as  good  as  taken,  xiii.  1.  226.  See  Helena,  Paris, 
and  Menelaus. 

TrojanuSj  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Troy,  Trojan. 
Qui  cepit  Trojana  mosnia  subj'orti  Hercule,  who  took  Troy  under 
the  valiant  Hercules,  i.  e.  who  assisted  Hercules  in  taking  Troy, 
xiii.  1.  23.  Troy  is  said  to  have  been  taken  by  Hercules  in  the  time 
of  Laomedon,  in  consequence  of  that  king  refusing  to  pay  to  him 
and  to  Neptime  the  sum  for  which  they  had  agreed  to  build  the 
walls  (See  Telamon).  Trojanafata,  the  fate,  or  destiny  of  Troy, 
xiii.  1.  336.  Tempore  Trojam  belli,  in  the  time  of  the  Trojan 
war.  The  Trojan  war  was  begun  b.  c.  1 194,  and  ended  b.  c.  1164, 
XV.  2.  101. 

1  urnuSj  -i,  m.,  Tumus,  the  son  of  Daunus  and  Venilia,  was 
king  of  the  Rutuli,  a  people  of  Latium,  at  the  time  when  jEneas 
arrived  in  Italy.     Lavinia,  the  daughter  of  king  Latinus,  had  been 

2d  2 


TYD  318  TYR 

betrothed  to  him  before  the  arrival  of  the  Trojan  fugitives,  aiid  Tur- 
nus  taking  it  amiss  that  a  stranger  should  be  preferred  to  him,  en- 
deavoured to  assert  his  claim  by  arms.  His  efforts,  though  sup- 
ported by  great  courage,  wore  unsuccessful ;  he  was  defeated,  and 
at  last  slain  in  single  combat  by  .lEneas.  He  is  represented  by 
Virgil  as  a  man  of  dauntless  bravery,  and  uncommon  strength. 

'I'ydldeSj  -te,  /;?.,  Tydides,  the  son  of  Tydeiis,  a  patronymic 
applied  to  Diomedes,  from  his  father  Tydeus  (diss.).  See 
Diomedes. 

Tyndaris,  -idis,  &  -idos,  /.,  Tynduris,  the  daughter  of 
Tyndarns,  a  patronymic  applied  to  Helen  from  Tyndarus,  the  hus- 
band of  Leda.      See  Helena. 

Typhoeus  (iris.),  -ei,  &  -ecs,  7n.,  Typhoeus,  called  also 
Typhon,  a  giant  of  prodigious  size,  the  offspring  of  Tartarus  and 
Terra.  His  stature  overtopped  the  mountains ;  his  head  was  said 
to  touch  the  stars  ;  one  hand  extended  to  the  east,  the  other  to  the 
west ;  his  legs  and  feet  were  coils  of  snakes  ;  fire  darted  from  his 
mouth  and  eyes.  Immediately  after  his  birth  he  made  war  upon 
heaven  to  avenge  the  death  of  his  brothers  the  giants,  and  hurled 
glowing  rocks,  with  loud  cries  and  hissing.  The  gods,  in  terror, 
fled  into  Egypt ;  and  when  he  pursued  them  thither,  changed 
themselves  into  various  animals  to  escape  his  fury.  Jupiter  at  last 
resumed  courage,  struck  Typhoeus  with  his  thunderbolts,  and  buried 
him  under  Sicily  (v.  6.  7,  &c.),  his  hands  being  kept  down  by  the 
promontories  Pelorum  andPachfnum,  his  feet  by  Lilybaeum,  while 
.^tna  pressed  upon  his  head.  7'yphoea  emissnm  de  imd  sedeterrce 
fecisse  metum  Ccelitibas,  that  Typhoeus  sent  (by  his  mother)  from 
the  lowest  depths  of  the  eai-th  caused  fear  to  the  gods,  v.  5.  28. 
Terrigenam  Typhoea,  the  earth-born  Typhoeus,  v.  6.  32.  Gr. 
Ace.  -oea. 

Tyrius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Tyre,  Tyrian  ;  also 
purp/e-colvured,  jurple.  Profecti  Tyrid  gente,  the  men  who  had 
come  from  the  Tyrian  nation,  the  Phoenicians,  iii.  1.  ;6.  Indu' 
tus  Tyriam  chlamydem,  clad  in  a  Tyrian,  or  purple  cloak,  v.  1 .  51 . 

Tyros,  &  Tyius,  -\,f-,  Tyre,  now  Soor,  a  maritime  city  of 
Phoenicia,  twenty-four  miles  south  of  Sidon.  Tyre,  though  a 
very  ancient  city,  was  a  colony  of  Sidon,  whence,  in  Scripture,  it 
is  called  her  daughter.  In  process  of  time  it  became  a  very  large, 
rich,  and  populous  city,  powerful  at  sea,  and  the  rival  of  Sidon  ; 
its  inhabitants  were  famed  for  their  wealth  and  extensive  com. 
mcrce,  as  well  as  for  their  manufactures  of  fine  linen,  and  their 
beautiful  purple  dye.  According  to  the  prediction  of  the  Hebrew 
prophets,  Tyre  was  attacked  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  and  taken  after 
a  siege  of  thirteen  years.  In  consequence  of  this,  tlie  inhabitants, 
considering  themselves  insecure,  removed  to  a  small  island,  three 
stadia  from  the  shore,  where  they  built  a  new  city,  and  secured  it 
b/  defensive  works  on  all  sides.     It   was,  however,  attacked  by 


TYR  319  ULY 

Alexander,  who  took  and  burned  it  b.  c.  332,  after  a  siege  of  seven 
months.  Both  the  second  capture  of  the  city,  and  the  extraordi- 
nary mode  in  which  it  was  accomplished,  had  been  foretold  in 
Scripture. 

Tyrrhenus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Tyrrhenian,  or  Tuscan;  of,  or 
relating  to  Etruria,  a  district  of  Italy,  said  to  have  been  inhabited 
by  a  Pelasgic  colony  from  Lydia,  in  Asia  IMinor.  Tyrrhend  geute, 
of  the  Tuscan  nation,  iii.  7.  66.      See  Thuscus, 

U. 

Ulyxes,  &  Ulysses,  -is,  m.,  Ulysses,  the  son  of  Laertes  and 
Anticlea,  was  king  of  Ithaca,  Teaki,  and  Dulichium,  two  smal 
islands  off  the  coast  of  Aeharnania,  in  Greece.  Sisyphus  is  said 
by  some  to  have  enjoyed  the  favours  of  Anticlea  previous  to  her 
marriage,  and  to  have  been  the  father  of  Ulysses ;  and  in  this  way 
they  have  attempted  to  account  for  his  great  address  and  ingenuity. 
Hence  Ulysses  is  derisively  called  by  Ajax  the  son  of  Sisyphus  (xiii. 
1.  32.).  Like  all  the  Grecian  princes  who  were  his  contempora- 
ries, he  became  one  of  the  suitors  of  Helen ;  and  by  his  advice, 
Tyndarus  was  induced  to  leave  to  the  princess  herself  the  choice  of 
a  husband  (See  Helena).  Having  married  Penelope,  the  daughter 
of  Icarius  of  Sparta,  he  returned  with  her  to  Ithaca,  and  soon  after 
received  the  kingdom  from  his  father,  who  resigned  it  in  his  favour 
(See  Laertes).  His  connubial  happiness  was  soon  interrupted.  In 
common  with  the  other  suitors  of  Helen,  he  had  engaged  to  pro- 
tect the  rights  of  her  husband,  and  was  therefore  summoned  to 
join  his  countrymen  in  their  expedition  against  Troy.  To  avoid 
the  painful  separation  from  Penelope,  he  pretended  to  be  insane, 
yoked  a  horse  and  bull  together,  and  ploughed  the  sea-shore,  where 
he  sowed  salt  instead  of  corn.  Palamedes,  who  was  sent  for  this 
purpose  by  the  Greeks,  detected  the  imposture,  and  forced  Ulysses 
to  accompany  him  to  the  camp.  This  detection  he  basely  revenged 
at  Troy,  by  accomplishing  the  death  of  Palamedes  as  a  traitor  (See 
Palamedes).  Ulysses,  during  the  war,  distinguished  himself  above 
all  the  Greeks,  by  his  prudence,  wisdom,  and  craftiness,  and  was  em  - 
ployed  by  them  in  every  measure  which  required  skill  and  dexterity 
in  the  management.  His  sagacity  in  council  was  not  less  conspicuous 
than  his  valour  in  the  field.  The  services  which  he  rendered  to  his 
countrymen  were  numerous  and  important.  He  persuaded  Cly- 
temnestra  to  send  her  daughter  Iphigenia  along  with  him  to  Aulis 
( See  Iphigenia) ;  he  forced  Achilles  from  his  concealment  in  the 
Island  of  Scyros  ( See  Achilles) ;  in  company  with  Diomedes,  he 
slew  Rhesus,  king  of  Thrace,  and  got  possession  of  his  horses  (See 
Rhesus);  carried  off  the  Palladium  from  the  citadel  of  Troy  (See 
Palladium)  ;  and  prevailed  upon  Philoctetes  to  leave  the  Island  of 
Lemnos  (  See  Philoctetes).  On  the  accomplishment  of  each  of  these 
measures,  the  fate  of  Troy  depended.  For  his  eminent  services 
he  was  universally  applauded  by  the  Greeks,  and  rewarded  with 


URA  320  YEN 

the  anns  of  Achilles,  for  which  he  disputed  with  Ajax  (See  Ajax). 
After  the  destruction  of  Troy,  Ulysses  was  driven  for  ten  years 
over  raanv  seas,  and  visited  various  countries  before  he  returned  to 
his  native  island.  He  first  sailed  to  the  country  of  the  Cicones,  in 
Thrace,  and  took  and  plundered  their  town  Ismarus ;  next  to  the 
Lotophagi  (the  lotus-eaters),  in  Africa;  he  then  reached  the 
country  of  the  Cyclops,  in  Sicily,  and  lost  six  of  his  companions, 
who  were  devoured  bv  Polyphemus.  The  crafcy  prince  intoxicated 
the  king,  pierced  out  his  eye,  and  made  his  escape  writh  the  rest  of 
his  crew.  He  then  visited  ^-Eolia,  where  he  was  kindly  received 
by  .£61us  the  king,  from  whom  he  received  enclosed  in  a  bag  all 
the  winds  which  could  obstruct  his  return  to  Ithaca.  But  the  cu- 
riosity of  his  companions  had  nearly  proved  fatal  to  him.  Suppos- 
ing that  the  bag  contained  gold,  they  opened  it  while  Ulysses  was 
asleep,  when  the  winds  rushed  out  and  destroyed  the  whole  fleet  ex- 
cept the  ship  which  carried  their  commander.  After  spending  some 
time  with  Circe,  he  visited  the  infernal  regions ;  passed  unhurt  the 
islands  of  the  Sirens  (See  Siren),  and  by  the  assistance  of  the  gods 
reached  Ithaca  after  an  absence  of  twenty  years.  His  adventures 
are  related  in  the  Odyssey  of  Homer,  of  which  he  is  the  hero. 
Gr.  Ace.  -en. 

Urania,  -ae,  &  Uranie,  -es,  J*.,  Urania,  the  name  of  one  of 
the  Muses.     See  Musae. 

V. 

VentUS,  -i,  m.,  the  wind.  The  (Finds  are  represented  by 
Homer  as  gods,  and  had  sacrifices  offered  to  them  by  the  Athenians, 
as  to  deities  intent  on  the  destruction  of  mankind  by  continually 
causing  storms  and  earthquakes.  They  are  said  to  be  the  sons 
of  Astraeus  and  Aurora.  In  the  Odyssey,  and  in  the  .^neid,  they 
are  placed  under  the  control  of  »^61us  as  their  king,  who  keeps 
them  confined  in  a  cave  in  JJoUa  ( See  .^Eolus).  The  later  poets 
and  artists  furnished  them  with  wings  to  indicate  their  velocity.  The 
ancients  observed  only  four  winds,  called  fenti  Cardinules,  be- 
cause they  blew  from  the  four  cardinal  points.  Homer  enumerates 
no  more  ;  and  Ovid  (i.  2.  30.,  &c.),  in  imitation  of  him,  mentions  the 
same  number.  Intermediate  winds  were  afterwards  added,  first 
one,  and  then  two,  between  each  of  the  Fcnti  Cardinules.  The 
twelve  winds  were, — Boreas,  the  north  wind,  Aquilo,  Corns ; 
Subsolanus,  the  east  wind,  Vulturnus,  Eurus  ;  Auster,  the  south 
wind,  Noius,  Africus ;  Favonius,  the  west  wind,  Zephjrus,  Cir- 
cius.  The  points  of  the  compass  have,  in  modern  times,  been  in- 
creased to  thirty-two. 

Venus,  -eris,yi,  Venus,  the  goddess  of  love  and  beauty,  was 
the  daughter  of  Jupiter  by  the  nymph  Dione.  By  some  myiholo- 
gists  she  is  said  to  have  sprung  from  the  foam  of  the  sea  near  the 
Island  of  Cythera,  to  which  she  was  wafted  by  the  Zephyrs,  and 


VES  321  \-ES 

received  on  the  shore  by  the  Seasons  (See  Aphrodite).  She  was 
the  wife  of  Vulcan,  aud  the  mother  of  Cupid  and  ^neas.  Venus 
was  worshipped  with  particular  devotion  at  Paphos  and  Amathus, 
in  Cyprus ;  on  Mount  Eryx,  in  Sicily  ;  and  at  Cnidus,  in  Caria. 
She  was  represented  by  the  ancients  in  various  forms.  The  rose, 
myrtle,  and  apple,  were  sacred  to  her ;  and  among  birds,  the  dove, 
swan,  and  sparrow  were  her  favourites. 

Vesta^  -ie,J'.,  Vesta,  the  name  of  two  goddesses  in  ancient 
mythology,  the  one  the  mother  of  the  gods,  often  confounded  with 
Cybele,  Rhea,  and  Tellus ;  and  the  other  the  daughter  of  Saturn 
and  Rhea,  and  therefore  the  sister  ot  Ceres  and  Juno.  The  cha- 
racter and  ofiSce  of  these  goddesses  have  not  been  clearly  defined 
by  writers  either  on  Greek  or  Roman  mythology.  The  Vesta 
C'EiTTta )  of  the  Greeks  presided  over  the  domestic  hearth,  the  sym- 
bol of  social  union,  and  had  libations  of  wine  poured  out  to  her  at 
the  beginning  and  end  of  banquets.  The  Vesta  of  the  Romans, 
though  identical  in  name  and  offic."  with  the  former,  does  not  ap- 
pear to  have  been  borrowed  from  the  Greeks,  as  her  worship  is  by 
all  testimony  carried  back  to  the  earliest  period  of  the  state.  Her 
mysteries  are  said  to  have  been  introduced  into  Italy  by  .^neas  ;  and 
Kuma  built  her  a  temple  at  Rome,  which  no  male  was  permitted 
to  enter.  In  this  sanctuary  was  deposited  the  Palladium,  the 
sacred  emblem  of  the  perpetuity  of  the  empire  ( See  Palladium), 
and  a  fire  was  kept  continually  burning  on  her  altar.  The  temple 
of  Vesta  was  round,  probably  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  earth, 
of  whicli  she  was  considered  the  goddess,  but  contained  no  statue. 
She  was  represented  in  a  long  flowing  robe,  with  a  veil  on  her 
head,  holding  in  the  one  hand  a  lamp,  and  in  the  other  a  javelin, 
or  sometimes  a  Palladium.  The  temple  of  Vesta  was  placed  under 
the  care  of  the  Vestal  Virgins,  an  order  of  priestesses  derived  ori- 
ginally from  Alba,  and  first  instituted  at  Rome  by  Numa.  They 
were  at  first  four  in  number,  but  either  Tarquinius  Priscus,  or 
Servius  Tullius,  increased  it  to  six,  and  this  number  continued  till 
the  priesthood  was  abolished  in  the  age  of  Theodosius  the  Great. 
They  were  originally  chosen  by  the  kings,  and  after  their  expulsion 
by  the  Pontifex  Maximus,  who  selected  twenty  girls  between  the 
ages  of  six  and  sixteen,  not  tainted  by  any  bodily  defect,  and  whose 
parents  were  free  born  and  still  living,  from  whom  the  vacancies  were 
supplied,  either  voluntarily  or  by  lot.  The  Vestal  virgins  were  bound 
to  their  ministry  for  thirty  years  ;  for  the  first  ten  they  were  em- 
ployed in  learning  the  sacred  rites,  for  the  next  ten  in  performing 
them,  and  for  the  last  ten  in  instructing  the  younger  virgins.  Their 
duty  consisted  in  keeping  the  sacred  fire  always  burning,  in  guard- 
ing the  Palladium,  and  in  offering  sacrifices  for  the  prosperity  of 
the  state.  If  they  neglected  the  sacred  fire,  they  were  punished  by 
scourging ;  and  if  they  violated  their  vow  of  chastity  they  were 
buried  alive.     The  privileges  of  the  Vestals  were  very  great :  they 


VUL  522  VUL 

had  the  uncontrolled  disposal  of  their  property  ;  the  right  of  mak- 
ing a  will ;  of  freeing  a  criminal  from  punishment  if  they  met  him 
accidentally  ;  the  prsetors  and  consuls  went  out  of  the  way,  and 
lowered  the  fasces  if  they  met  them  in  the  street ;  and  from  the 
time  of  Augustus  they  were  honoured  with  a  particular  seat  in 
the  theatre.  They  wore  a  long  white  rohe,  bordered  with  purple, 
and  had  their  heads  decorated  with  fillets. 

Vulcanius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of,  or  relating  to  Vulcan.  Vul- 
cania  munera,  the  gift  of  Vulcan,  i.  e.  the  chariot  of  the  sun, 
which  was  made  by  Vulcan,  ii.  1.  106.  Vvlcania  Lemnos,  Lem- 
nos  sacred  to  Vulcan,  xiii.  1.  ol3.     See  Lemnos. 

Vulcanus,  -i,  m.,  Vvlcun,  the  god  of  fire,  and  the  patron  of 
all  artists  who  worked  metals,  was  the  son  of  Jupiter  and  Juno  ; 
or,  according  to  others,  of  Juno  alone.  His  mother,  disgusted  with 
his  deformities,  threw  him  from  Olympus,  when  he  was  received 
by  the  Ocean-nymphs  Thetis  and  Eurynome,  and  concealed  by 
them  in  a  cavern  for  nine  years.  At  the  end  of  this  period  he  seems 
to  have  returned  to  Olympus,  for  we  find  him  in  the  Iliad  firmly 
fixed  there  and  all  the  houses,  ornaments,  and  arms  of  the  gods 
were  the  work  of  his  hands.  On  one  occasion,  when  Jupiter  pu- 
nished Juno  for  disobedience,  Vulcan  interfered,  and  was  thrown 
from  Olympus  by  his  father.  His  descent  to  the  earth  occupied 
nine  days,  and  he  alighted  at  last  on  the  Island  of  Lemnos,  where 
he  was  hospitably  received  by  the  inhabitants.  His  leg  was  broken 
by  the  fall,  and  he  ever  after  continued  lame  of  one  foot.  He  fixed 
his  residence  in  the  island,  and  there  estabhshed  forges,  in  which 
all  sorts  of  metals  were  wrought ;  and  communicated  to  the  inha- 
bitants a  knowledge  of  the  useful  arts.  As  the  geographical  know- 
ledge of  the  ancients  advanced,  JEtm,  Lipari,  and  all  other  places 
where  there  was  subterraneous  fire,  were  regarded  as  the  forges  of 
Vulcan,  and  the  Cyclops  were  associated  with  him  as  his  assistants. 
The  various  articles  made  by  Vulcan  are  numerous.  Among  the 
most  celebrated  of  these  were  the  golden  cup,  in  which  the  god  of 
the  sun,  with  his  horses  and  chariot  were  carried  round  the  earth 
every  night  (See  Sol)  ;  the  armour  which  Achilles  wore  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  Trojan  war  ;  and  the  arms  which  he  made  for 
.lEneas  at  the  request  of  Venus.  Vulcan  made  an  attempt  to  gain 
the  affections  of  Minerva,  but  she  having  obtained  from  her  father 
permission  to  remain  in  a  state  of  celibacy,  refused  to  receive  his 
addresses,  and  the  deformed  god  married  Venus  the  goddess  of  beauty. 
The  worship  of  Vulcan  was  extensively  established,  particularly  in 
Egypt,  at  Athens,  and  at  Rome.  He  is  usually  represented  in  a 
ihort  tunic,  with  a  serious  countenance  and  muscular  form,  stand- 
ing at  his  anvil  with  hammer  and  tongs,  and  sometimes  with  a 
pointed  cap  on  his  head  Vulcanus  is  frequently  used  by  the  poets 
to  signify /zre.  Effiant  Vulcanum  adamanteis  naribus,  blowout 
fire  from  their  adamantine  nostrils,  vii.  1.  101. 


XAN  323  ZON 

X. 

Xanthus,  -i,  m.,  the  Xanthus,  now  the  Bunarhashi,  a  small 
brook  scarcely  ten  miles  long,  which  joins  the  Simoi's  a  few  miles 
from  its  mouth.  It  still  retains  the  character  given  to  it  by  Homer ; 
its  waters  are  pure  and  transparent ;  its  borders  are  covered  with 
flowers  :  and  willows,  date-trees,  ash -trees,  and  reeds,  are  yet  to 
be  seen  on  its  banks,  and  eels  are  still  caught  in  its  channel.  On 
account  of  the  beauty  and  copiousness  of  its  stream,  divine  honours 
were  paid  to  the  Xanthus  by  the  Trojans.  According  to  Homer, 
this  stream  was  called  Xanthus  by  the  gods,  and  Scamander  by 
men  ;  and  was  said  to  have  been  set  on  fire  by  Vulcan  during  the 
siege  of  Troy.  Hence  Ovid  says,  Xanthnsque  arsurus  iterum,  and 
the  Xanthus  destined  to  be  set  on  fire  a  second  time,  i.e.  by  Vul- 
can at  the  request  of  Juno,  during  the  siege  of  Troy,  ii.  1.  245.  See 
Simois  and  Troja. 

Z. 

Zephyrus,  -i,  m.,  the  west  wind.     See  Ventus. 

Zethes,  -SG,  m-,  Zethes,  the  son  of  Boreas,  and  brother  of  Ca- 
lais.    See  Calais. 

Zodiacus,  -i,  m.,  the  Zodiac,  a  broad  circle  or  belt  surround- 
ing the  heavens,  within  which  the  apparent  motion  of  the  sun,  moon, 
and  all  the  greater  planets  is  confined.  The  middle  part  of  it, 
which  is  called  the  Ecliptic,  is  that  great  circle,  round  which  the 
sun  appears  to  move  in  the  course  of  a  year.  The  Ecliptic  has  been 
divided  by  astronomers  into  twelve  equal  parts  called  Signs,  which 
have  received  the  following  names  from  the  constellations  through 
which  it  passes  :  Aries,  Taurus,  Gemini,  Cancer,  Leo,  Virgo, 
Libra,  Scorpio,  Sagittarius,  Capricornus,  Aquarius,  Pisces.  The 
celestial  equator  crosses  the  Ecliptic  obliquely  in  the  first  degrees 
of  Aries  and  Libra,  two  of  its  points  exactly  opposite  to  each  other, 
thus  placing  the  first  six  Signs  in  the  northern,  and  the  other  six  in 
the  southern  hemisphere  (ii.  1.  18.).  These  constellations  were 
fancied  by  the  ancients  to  represent  certain  things,  and  were  there- 
fore called  Signs,  and  because  the  things  so  represented  are  most 
of  them  i^&i^icc,  or  animals,  hence  the  whole  tract  is  styled  the  Zodiac, 
and  the  figures  themselves  are  called  the  Signs  of  the  Zodiac.  The 
Ecliptic  derived  its  name  from  the  circumstance  that  eclipses 
{ixXii-^/us)  can  only  happen  when  the  planets  are  either  in  or  near 
this  line.  The  Zodiac  extends  nine  degrees  on  either  side  of  the 
Ecliptic.  The  division  of  the  firmament  into  constellations  seems 
to  have  been  coeval  with  the  knowledge  of  astronomy.  The  con- 
stellations are  mentioned  occasionally  in  Scripture  as  well  as  by 
Homer,  Hesiod,  and  most  of  the  profane  authors  whose  works  have 
come  down  to  modern  times. 

Zona,  -'£,  f-,  a  girdle,  or  belt.     The  celestial  sphere  has  been 


ZON  y24  ZON 

divided  by  astronomers  into  five  broad  belts  {zona),  and  these  di- 
visions are  also  supposed  to  be  transferred  to  the  earth,  or  terres- 
trial sphere  (i.  2.  17.).  The  Zones  divide  the  eai-th  with  respect  to 
the  various  degrees  of  heat  and  cold  ;  viz.,  one  Torrid,  two  Tempe- 
rate, and  two  Frigid.  The  Torrid  Zone  lies  between  the  Tropics 
of  Cancer  and  Capricorn,  extends  twenty-three  degrees  and  a  half 
on  each  side  of  the  Equator,  and  derives  its  name  from  its  excessive 
heat.  The  ancients  believed  that  the  Torrid  Zone  was  more  ele- 
vated than  the  rest  of  the  earth,  and  therefore  so  scorched  by  the 
rays  of  the  sun  as  to  be  rendered  uninhabitable  (i.  2.  18.).  The 
two  Temperate  Zones  lie  between  the  Tropics  and  the  Polar 
circles,  one  on  each  side  of  the  Torrid  Zone,  and  are  called  Tern- 
perate  because  they  are  not  subject  to  the  excessive  heat  of  the 
Torrid  Zone,  nor  to  the  excessive  cold  of  the  Fri^d  Zones  (i.  2. 
20.).  The  two  Frigid  Zones  lie  between  the  Polar  circles  and 
the  Poles,  and  are  so  called  from  the  excessive  cold  to  which  they 
are  subject.  They  were  believed  by  the  ancients  to  be  perpetually 
covered  with  deep  snow  (i.  2. 19.),  and  therefore  almost  incapable  of 
being  inhabited  by  man. 


Patara,  oriim,  n.  Patara,  a  town  of  Lvcia,  in  Asia  Minor, 
situate  on  the  coast,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Xanthus.  The  town 
was  adorned  with  several  temples,  the  most  celebrated  of  which  was 
that  of  the  Lvcian  Apollo,  which  was  very  ancient,  and  second  only 
to  that  of  Delphi.  Here  the  god  was  said  to  give  oracles  during 
the  six  winter  months,  and  received  from  it  the  name  of  P<itara;ns. 
The  name  Patara  is  derived  by  some  from  Pat.'rus,  a  son  of  Apollo, 
while  Phny  affirms  that  it  was  more  anciently  called  Satyros. 

Pataraeus,  a,  um,  adj.  of,  or  relating  to  Patara,  Patarean. 
rataraoa  regie  servit  mihi,the  city  Patara  is  subject  to  me.  i.  10.  65. 


325 


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PECUMARITIES  OF  SCANNING. 


Marglne  terranun  porrexerat-  Amphx-  trite,  i.  1.  10. 

Persidaque,  et  radiis  juga  subdita-  matu-  tinis,  i.  2.  31. 

Deerat  ad-  hue,  et  quod  dominari  in  cetera  posset,  i.  2.  46. 

Perque  liiemes  aestusque  et  inaequa-  Ids  au-  tumnos,  i.  4.  5. 

Faurii-  que  Satjjr-  ique  et  monticol-  a  Sil-  vani,  i.  6.  31. 

O  u(i-  nam  possem  populos  reparare  patemis,  i.  8.  51. 

i^'ilus,  et  antique  sua  flumina  reddidit-  alveo,  i.  9.  8. 

Inter  Hamadryadas  celeberrima-  Nona-  crinas,  i.  13.  2. 

Et  gemitu  et  lacrimis  et  luctiso-  no  mu-  gitu,  i.  13.  44. 

Aeriaeque  Alpes  et  nubifer-  Apen-  ninus,  ii.  1.  226. 

Et  celer  Ismeno?  cum  Psophal-  co  ErS-  mantbo,  ii.  I.  244. 

IMygdonlusque  JNIelas  et  Taenari-  us  Eu-  rotas,  ii.  1 .  247. 

Nubibns  esse  solet  aut  purpure-  a  Au-  rorae,  iii.  2.  54. 

Verba  locus,  dictoque  Va-  Ze,  Vale-  inquit  et  Echo,  iii.  6.  100. 

Vulgus-  que  procer-  esque  ignota  ad  sacra  feruntur,  iii.  7.  20. 

Interi-  tt  at-  vos  pro  fama  ^'incite  vestra,  iii.  7.  36. 

Hasissem,  quam-  vu  a-  mens,  in  fune  retentus,  iii.  7.  118. 

Pictarumque  jacent  fera  corpora-  ]  anther-  arum,  iii.  7.  159. 

Telas-  que  cala-  thosque  infectaque  pensa  reponunt,  iv.  1.  10. 

Thuraque  dant,  Bacchucnque  vocant  Bromiumque  Ly-  ceum-  que. 

iv.  1.11. 
Jactari  quos  cernis  in-  lonl-  o  tm-  menso,  iv.  11.  120. 
Tempiis,  A-  tla,  veniet,  tua  quo  spoliabitur  auro,  iv.  13.  41. 
Perque  vias  vidisse  hominum  simulacra  fer-  arum-  que,  iv.  15.  28. 
Silvaram  lucos  circumspicit-  antt-  quarum,  v.  4.  16. 
Fonte  Medusaeo  et  Hyante-  5  Affa-  nippe,  v.  5.  19. 
Est  medium  Cyanes  et  Pisae-  cb  Are-  thusae,  v.  6.  69. 
Sidera-  que  ten-  tique  nocent ;  avidaeque  volucres,  v.  8.  23. 
Dentibus  horrendus,  custos  erat  arboris-  aurea,  vii.  1.  151. 
Heros  ^soni-  us  poti-  tur  ;  spolioque  superbus,  vii.  1.  156. 
Aptarique  suis  pinum  jubet-  arnia-  mentis,  xi.  10.  47. 
Spe  poti-  tur  tandem,  laudisque  accensus  amore,  xi.  10.  118. 
Cffiranon  Iphitiden,  et  Alastora-  que  Chromi-  umque,  xiii.  ].  257. 
Alcandrumque  Haliumque  Noemona-  que  Prutan-  inque,  xiii.  1. 

258. 
A'os  animo.     Quantoque  ratem  qui  temperat-  anteit,  xiii.  1 .  366. 


TUE   END. 


Printed  by  Oliver  &  Boyd, 
Tweeddale  Court,  High  Street»  Ediiiburgfa. 


-IT 


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5  Hfu»  Scl)ool-bo0ks. 

SACEED  HISTOEY, 

From  the  Creation  of  the  World  to  the  Destruction  of  J 
With  Questions  for  Examination  at  the  end  of  eacl 
Edited  by  Heshy  White,  B.  A.  Trinity  College,  C 
M.  A.  and  Ph.  Dr.  Heidelberg,  Author  of  "  The  E 
Universal  History,"  &c.  Fcap  8vo,  187  pages,  pr 
bound.     First pMislied  in  June  1851. 

GcARDiAy. — ^  The  narrative  b«s  the  merit  of  being  snccui< 
which  is  all  it  could  he." 

WESLEriS  Times. — "Dr  White  excels  in  producing  books 
fitted  for  the  purposes  of  elementary  instruction.  His  'hi: 
concise,  clear,  and  sufficiently  comprehensive.  This  '  Sacn 
•will  supply  a  df^^frraium.' 

Ikvekitess  Advebtisee. — "  The  piresent  treatise  will  vie 
its  predecessors.  It  shows  an  excellent  idea  admirably  w 
Indeed  we  can  conceive  nothing  of  the  sort  better  done.  ' 
book  as  both  succinct  and  comprehensive  may" appear  an. 
antithesis;  and  yet  the  volume  may  fairly  claim  that  pra? 
author  generalizes  matured  conclusions,  while  he  shows  bin: 
conscioua  of  the  dignity  of  his  subject,  and  mindful  of  the  j 
of  the  class  for  whom  he  writes.  He  is  master  of  an  animated  •. 
style  withal,  and  he  has  thus  produced  an  epitome  which  wf 
say  will  hold  its  place  against  any  competitor  now  iu  the  fie 
it  is  to  be  superseded  henceforth  it  is  not  easy  to  discover." 

HISTOEY  OF  ENGLAND  for  JTTNIOE  CLi 

With  Questions  for  Examination  at  the  end  of  eacl 
Edited  by  Dr  White.  Fcap  Svo,  190  pages,  Is.  ( 
First  published  in  January  1851. 

ATHEjf  JETTM. — "  A  chcap  and  excellent  history  of  England 
adapted  for  the  use  of  junior  classes.  "Within  the  compass  • 
12mo  pages,  the  editor  has  managed  to  give  all  the  leading 
history,  dwelling  with  due  emphasis  on  those  turning  points 
our  progress  both  at  home  and  abroad.  The  various  change 
taken  place  in  our  constitution  are  briefly  but  clearly  desci 
surprising  how  successfully  the  editor  has  not  merely  avoi 
scurity  which  generally  accompanies  brevity,  but  invested  h 
with  an  interest  too  often  wanting  in  larger  historical  w 
information  conveyed  is  thoroughly  sound ;  and  the  utility 
is  much  increased  by  the  addition  of  examination  question 
of  each  chapter.  Whether  regarded  as  an  interesting  read 
as  an  instructive  class-book,  this  histoi-y  deserves  to  rank  h: 
we  add,  that  it  appears  in  the  form  of  a  neat  little  volume  i 
rate  price  of  Is.  Gd^  no  further  recommendation  will  be  necc 
CiTKiSTi.vx  Witness. — "The  narrative  is  terse  and  clea 
questions  are  well  framed,  and  such  as  to  exhaust  the  st 
qualities  bo  important  in  such  a  work,  accuracy  and  impai 
be  relied  on.   Theanthorhas  written  as  a  man  of  no  party,  ai 

^  no  end  to  serve  but  that  of  truth.  .  .  .  We  recommend  the  v 

^  excellent  schoolbook." 


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