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CYCLOPEDIA OP
PAINTSRS AND PAINTINGS
Edited by
John Denison Champlin, Jr.
Critical Editor
Charles C. Perkins
Corresponding member of the
French Institute
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New York
Charles Scribner's Sons
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TABAR
TABAE, PRANgOIS (GERMAIN LEO-
POLD), bom in Paris in 1818, died
at Argenteuil, March 29, 1869. His-
tory painter, pupil of Delaroche. Medal,
1867. Works: Niobe and her Children
(1842) ; Oood Samaritan (1847) ; Bacchus
and Ariadne (1848), M. Gbury, Belleville ;
St Sebastian (1851) ; Phryne before the
Areopagus (1852); Punishment of Queen
Brunhilde (1853), Bouen Museum ; Epi-
sode of Campaign in Egypt (1855), Bor-
deaux Museum ; Campaign in the Crimea,
Horde of Barbarians (1857) ; War in the
Crimea (1859), Ministry of State ; Attila
massacring his Prisoners (1861), belonged
to Napoleon HI; Fete of Heliogabalus
(1863) ; Joshua commanding the Sun (1863),
Ministry of State; Convoy of Woimded
(1864), Saumur Museum; Hyperides de-
fending Phryne (1865); Solferino (1866);
March from Saragossa (1867) ; Burning of
Scutari (1868).— BeUier, n. 537.
TABOR, MOUNT, Claude Lorrain, Gros-
venor House, London; canvas, H. 5 f i 6
in. X 8 fi 5 in.; signed, dated 1656. Called
by Waagen, Sermon on the Mount Liber
Veritatis, No. 138. Sketch, Duke of Devon-
shire. Engraving in Ghrosvenor Gallery.
Companion to Odden Calf. Painted for
Signer Monpiore ; bought of W. E. Agar in
1806.— PattiBon, Claude Lorrain, 218, 235 ;
Waagen, Treasures, ii. 171 ; Smith, viii 266.
TACCONI, FRANCESCO, of Cremona
(1464-90). Lombard school He and his
brother Filippo described in a decree of
1464 as famous painters of Cremona, wor-
thy of praise for their success in painting
the loggia of the public palace. A Ma-
donna by Francesco, dated 1489, National
Ghdlery, London, shows a tendency to imi-
tation of the Vivarini ; but in his pictures
on the shutters of the organ of S. Marco,
Venice (1490), now in the lumber room, the
style is feeble Squarcionesque. — C. & C,
N. Italy, ii 439 ; Siret, 901 ; Burckhardt,
611.
TACKE, LXJDWIG, bom at Brunswick,
Dea 6, 1823. Architecture painter, pupil
of Dasseldorf Academy (1849-61), and in
Munich of Piloty. . Works : Gtethic Arcades
of City Hall in Brunswick, Halberstadt
Cathedral (1850) ; Literior of Cologne Ca-
thedral (1851), Bamberg Gallery; The
Entrance Hall of a Westphalian Peasant
House (1851), Darmstadt Museum ; Mediae-
val Council Chamber, Provinzial Museum,
Hanover ; Mediaeval Council Boom (1854) ;
Council Meeting in Thirty Years' War
(1856) ; Faust in his Study (1863) ; Choir
of Boman Church near Brunswick (1867) ;
The Imperial Councillors thrown from the
Window in Prague in 1618 (1869), KOnigs-
berg Museum ; Nuremberg in DOrer's Time.
— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviL 865.
TADEMA, ALMA. See ^Zmo-Tadema.
TAFI, ANDREA, of Florence, bom in
1213 (?), died in 1294 (?). According to
Vasari's doubtful account, he went to Venice
and induced one ApoUonius, a Greek, to re-
turn with him to Florence to teach him the
art of mosaic. The Baptistery there was
adorned by them in common, one figure
alone, the colossal Saviour in the cupola,
being the unaided work of Tafi. It shows
that he was a feeble artist, who combined
the defects of the Italo-Byzantine school of
the period. — C. & C, Itidy, i. 195 ; Meyer,
Ettnst-Lex., L 690 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., L
281 ; Burckhardt, 488.
TAGPRET, PETEB^ flourished at Ba-
vensburg, Wtlrtemberg, about 1489. Ger-
man school ; history painter in the manner
of Zeitblom ; severed of his works are in all
probability attributed to other masters.
Works: St. John the Evangelist, Nicode-
mus and a Bishop, Pope Gregory the Great,
Joseph of Arimathea and Mary Magda-
len, Stuttgart Museum. — Nagler, xviiL 88 ;
Schnaase, viiL 460.
TAILLASSON, JEAN JOSEPH, bom
at Blaye (Gironde) in 1746, died in Paris,
Nov. 11, 1809. History painter, pupil of
Vien ; won third grand prize for painting
in 1769 ; went to Bome in 1778 and re-
mained there four years. Member of Acad-
emy, 1784. Works : Birth of Louis XTH.
861
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TAIT
(1782) ; Ulysses and Neoptolemus (1784),
Louvre, Paris ; Virgil reading the -Sineid to
Augustus, M. Dufresnoy ; Sabinus and Epo-
nina discovered by Soldiers of Vespasian
(1787) ; Cleopatra (1791) ; Sappho, Nero
saves the Wife of Seneca (1793), Nantes
Museum ; Leander and Hero (1798) ; Olym-
pias (1799) ; Andromache (1800) ; Ehada-
mistus and Zenobia (1806). He was the
author of several works on ari — Bellier, ii.
538.
TAIT, AKTHXJR FITZWHiLIAM, bom
at Livesey Hall, near Liverpool, Aug. 6,
1819. Landscape and animal painter, pupil
of Boyal Institution, Manchester, but chiefly
self-taughi Went to New York in 1850,
and was elected N.A. in 1858 ; visited Eu-
rope in 1874 Studio in New York City.
Works : Duck and her Young (1868) ; Gor-
don Setter, Charles Stewart Smith, New
York; Snowed In, Judge Hilton, ib.; Halt
on the Carry (1871) ; Racquette Lake (1873);
There's a Good Time Coming (1878);
Thoroughbreds (1879) ; October Sport, A.
R Orr ; Intruder — Motherly Protection
(1880), G. D. Cochi-an ; Still-Hunting in the
Adirondacks, Anxious Time — Study from
Nature (1881), C. K Flint; Good Hunt-
ing Ground — Adirondacks (1882) ; Tres-
passers (1883) ; Buffed Grouse at Home,
Summer, Little Pets, Happy Family at
Home — Adirondacks, Maternal Affection
— Summer in the Adirondacks (1884) ;
Our Pets, Pleasant Memories of the
Adirondacks (1885) ; Woodcock Shooting
(1886).
TAIT, JOHN ROBINSON, bom in Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834. Landscape
painter; graduated at Bethany College,
Virginia, in 1852, and spent the following
three years in Europe, chiefly in Florence ;
visited Europe a second time in 1859, and
studied at Dtlsseldorf under August Weber
and Andreas Achenbach until 1871 ; made
a third visit in 1873, and worked several
years in the Bavarian Tyrol and in Munich
under Adolf Lier and Hermann Baisch,
under whom he studied cattle painting.
He spent altogether fourteen years in Ger-
many, during which his pictures were dis-
posed of at the cyclical exhibitions. Medals :
1871, 1872, Cincinnati Exhibition. Studio
in Baltimore. Works : Waterfall in Pyre-
nees, James Caird, Gourock House, Green-
ock on the Clyde ; Meyringen, James Staats
Forbes, Wickham Hall, Kent ; Waterfall,
Prince Heinrich XVHL of Keuss ; Lake of
Wallenstadt, William Groesbeck, Cincin-
nati; Westphalian Landscape (figures by
Ludwig Kuaus), C. S. Wol^ Philadelphia ;
A Mill (figures by Munkacsy), William H
Davis, Cincinnati ; Evening in Norway,
George R Vickers, Baltimore ; Evening on
the Lake, Tyrolese Idyl, Summer (1876);
Willowy Brook (1879); Cattle Resting,
Watering Place (1880) ; After the Shower,
Fisher Huts— Sconsett (1882); Summer
Afternoon — Upper Potomac (1883).
TAMAGNO. See Vincenzo da San Gimi-
gnano.
TAMAE^ Alexander Cabanel, Luxembourg
Museum ; canvas, H. 6 ft X 8 ft 1 in. Il-
lustration of episode described in 2 Sam-
uel xiiL Tamar, daughter of David, having
been outraged by her brother Amnon, goes
to her other brotiier Absalom and complains
of the crime. Tamar, her hair dishevelled
and her garments in disorder, is seated on
a divan beside Absalom, across whose knees
she has thrown herself in despair ; Absalom,
who is dressed in a white tunic embroidered
with gold, and a green and red turban, is
raising his right hand in anger. A negress,
standing with her head against the wall, ap-
pears to partake of her mistress's shame and
grief. Salon, 1876. — ^Larousse, xv. 43.
TAMING THE SHREW, Charles Bob-
ert Leslie, South Kensington Museum ; can-
vas, H. 1 ft 8^^ in. X 2 ft 4 in. Petruchio
thrusts back tiie gown to the frightened
tailor ; Katherine sits at left ; Hortensio in
background. One of Leslie's best pictures.
Royal Academy, 1832. Replica, Petworth.
TAMM, FRANZ WERNER, surnamed
Dapper, bom in Hamburg in 1658, died in
Vienna in 1724. German school ; fruit and
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TANCREDI
flower painter, papil of Theodor van Boeeten
and Johann Pfeiffer. Studied in Borne un-
der Mario Nuzzi, and when called to Vienna
painted for the imperial court, in the style
of Jan Weenix and Melchior Hondecoeter.
Works : Flower-Piece, Flowers and Fruits
(3), Dead Game and Dog (1706), Poultry
and Eabbit, Himtsmen with Booty, Muse-
um, Vienna ; Flower- and Fruit-Pieces (1715
[3]), Dead Fowl (1706 [2]), Dead Game
(1707, 1716 [2J, 1717), nine others, Liech-
tenstein Gallery, ib.; Doves, Hen with
Ohickens, Dead Woodcock and other Birds,
Pheasants and Dove, Dresden Gallery ;
Turkish Duck attacked by Fox (1718), Dead
Fowls (2), Turtle Doves Feeding, Fruit-
Pieces (2, one dated 1712), Gotha Muse-
um ; Fruit-Piece, Germanic Museum, Nu-
remberg ; Dead Birds (2, 1706), two others,
Schleissheim Gallery ; Doves Billing (1724),
Schwerin Gbdlery. — Kugler (Crowe), iL 633 ;
Wurzbach, xliii. 37.
TANCREDI, RAFFAELE, bom at Re-
sina, near Naples, in 1838. History painter,
pupil of Mancinelli in Naples ; went in 1869
to Florence, where he competed for the first
historical prize. Order of Italian Crown.
Works : Camoens with his Negro in Prison ;
Buoso da Duero insulted by his Fellow-
Citizens (1868), bought by the State ; Ad-
miral Caracdolo hanged by Order of Nelson,
King of Italy ; Ferdinand IV. of Naples re-
turning from the Chase. — Jiflller, 616.
TANNHAUSER AND VENUS, Otto
Knille, National Gallery, Berlin ; canvas,
H 8 ft 10 in. X 9 ft 3 in. ; signed, dated
1873. Tannhauser, the minnesinger, hav-
ing become sated with pleasure during his
visit to the Venusberg, determines, notwith-
standing the entreaties of Venus, to return
to Lisaiira, whose love he had won at Man-
tua. He is represented as starting up from
the flower-strewn couch in the crystal
grotto, with one hand on his lyre and the
other pressing his forehead, while Venus,
rising nude from her draperies, endeavours
to detain him by seizing his shoulder;
above, two cupids hold him by his mantle ;
at lef t^ one dioots an arrow at Tannh&user,
while another gazes reproachfully, and in
front a fifth has rolled off the couch ; in the
background, all manner of enchanting splen-
dours.
TARAVAL, HUGUES, bom in Paris in
1728, died there, Oct 19, 1786. History
painter, son and pupil of Thomas Raphael
Taraval (portrait painter to King of Sweden,
died at Stockholm in 1760). He won the
1st prix de Rome in 1766 ; member of
Academy, 1769; professor, 1786; sub-in-
spector of the Gobelins. Works : Job re-
proached by his Wife (1756), Marseilles
Museum ; Venus and Adonis (1766), Comte
de Ereutz ; Repast of Tantalus (1767), Cha-
teau de Belle-Vue; Triumph of Bacchus
(1769), Gallery of Apollo, Louvre, Paris;
Marriage of St Louis (1773), Chapel of
!^cole Militaire; Triumph of Amphitrite
(1777), Louvre; Cumroan Sibyl (1781),
Chapel of Fontainebleau ; Artist's Portrait^
Stockholm Museum. — Bellier, iL 64L
TARDIEU, JEAN CHARLES, called
Cochin, bom in Paris, Sept 3, 1766, died
there, April 3, 1830. History painter, son
of Jacques Nicolas Tardieu (engraver, 1716-
91), and pupil of J. B. Regnault Won
2d grand prix de Rome in 1790. Works :
Tarquin and Lucretia (1793) ; Death of
Correggio (1806) ; Napoleon receiving the
Queen of Pi-ussia at Tilsit (1808), Henry IV.
before Paris, Halt of French Army at Syene
in Egypt, Versailles Museum ; AUegory on
Birth of Due de Bordeaux (1822), Rouen
Museum ; Trophenius and Agameda, Be-
san9on Museum; Ulysses recognized by
Euryclea, Marseilles Museum ; Susanna at
the Bath, Havre Museum. — ^Bellier, ii 643.
TARQinN AND LUCRETIA. See Lu-
creiia.
TASSAERT, JAN PETER, bom at Ant-
werp, March 7, 1651, died there. Sept 29,
1725. Flemish school; history and genre
painter. Master of the guild in 1690, dean
in 1701. For the guild room of the dia-
mond polishers he painted eight scenes
from the lives of SS. Peter and PauL In
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TASSAERT
the Antwerp Museum is a capital genre
scene: The Philosophers. — Cat du Mus.
d'Anvers, 379 ; Van den Branden, 1037.
TASSAERT, (NICOLAS FRANCOIS)
OCTAVE, bom in
Paris, July 26, 1800,
died there, by sui-
cide, April 22, 1874
History and portrait
painter, pupil of
Pierre Girard, Guil-
len Lethi^re, and of
the il^cole des Beaux
Arts. Medals: 2d
class, 1838; Ist
class, 1849 ; 3d class. Exposition universelle,
1855. Works : Death of Correggio (1834) ;
Vicar of Wakefield (1835) ; Death of HeloXse
(1838) ; Diana at the Bath (1842) ; Christ
in the Garden of Olives (1844) ; Erigone,
Slave Merchant (1846) ; Temptation of St
Anthony (1849) ; Unhappy FamUy (1849),
Luxembourg Museum ; Gardens of Armida
(1850); Conmiunion of Early Christians
in Catacombs (1852), Bordeaux Museum;
Sleep of Jesus, Son of Louis XVL in the
Temple (1855) ; Magdalen, Pygmalion and
Galatea (1857) ; Funeral of Dagobert in St.
Denis (1838), Louis X., Portrait of Gaspard
de Saulx, do. of Charles le Blanchefort, do.
of PhiUppe de Comines, Versailles Muse-
um ; Heaven and Hell (1850), Artist's Por-
trait, Ariadne, Convalescent Mother, Young
Woman with Glass of Wine, Painter's Studio,
Suicide, Return of Prodigal Son, and others,
Montpellier Museum. Alexandre Dumas
has forty-five of Tassaert's pictures and
sketches, and many others are owned in
Paris.— aaretie, Peintres, etc. (1882), i. 25 ;
Bellier, iL 544; Gaz. des B. Arts (1886),
xxxiiL 28.
TASSI, AGOSTINO, bom in Perugia in
1566, died in Bome in May, 1644 Boman
school Beal name Buonamici, but adopted
that of the Marquis Tassi, whose page he
had been ; pupil of Paul Brill, under whose
care he became an excellent landscape
painter. He was a man of infamous char-
acter, who paid the penalty of his crimes
in the galleys at Leghorn ; when the part
of his sentence condemning him to hard
labour had been remitted, he soon made
himself known throughout Italy as a paint-
er of marine view& After his liberation he
was employed in painting frescos in the
Quirinal and in the Palazzo de' Lancel-
lottL Tassi was the master of Claude Lo]>
rain. — Tjanzi, L 484 ; Ch. Blanc, £)cole om-
brienne.
TATKELEFF, VOGISNT, bom in Rus-
sia, about 1813. Battle painter, son of a
serf in the Borissov Government ; attracted
by his sketches the attention of his mas-
ter, who educated him, but was forced by
the successor in the estate into the army,
where he served fifteen years ; in 1854 took
part in the Crimean War ; drudged for his
livelihood until 1870, when a tourist, who
saw his sketch-book, induced him to paint
some pictures for the Exposition in Moscow
in 1873. These, which represented scenes
in the Crimean War, brought him into prom-
inence, and they were bought for 60,000
rubles for the Winter Palace of St Peters-
burg.
TATTEGRAm, FRANCIS, bom at P6-
ronne (Somme) ; contemporary. Genre and
portrait painter, and engraver ; pupil of O.
Crauck, Lepic, Jules Lefebvre, and Bou-
langer. Medals : 2d class, Paris and Mu-
nich, in 1883. Works: Herring Fishing,
Coup d'epaule (1879) ; Retum from Fish-
ing (1880); Femme aux ^paves. Artist's
Portrait (1881) ; We are Lost, Landing the
Herrings (1882) ; The Moumers at [Staples
(1883) ; Convalescent (1884).
TATJNAY, NICOLAS ANTOINE, bom in
Paris, Feb. 10, 1755, died there, March 20,
1830. History and landscape painter, pupil
of Brenet, Casanova, and L6picie. Won
grand prix de Rome in 1784, and spent
three years there with the help of his
patron, M. Angiviller. Won grand medal,
and became member of Academy in 1796.
Medal, 1803; L. of Honour; Order of
Christ in Portugal Li 1816 he went with
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TAURISCUS
'Lebreton and Montigny to found an Acad-
emy of Art in Rio de Janeiro, and returned
in 1824 Works : Si John Preaching, Mili-
tary Hospital in Italy (1789), Peter the Her-
mit preaching First Crusade, Taking a City
(1800), Louvre, Paris ; Battle of Nazareth,
Crossing the St Bernard, Napoleon L enter-
ing Munich, Battle of Ebersburg, Halt on
the Slope of the Alps, Bonaparte visiting
the Battle Field of Lodi, Versailles Mu-
seum ; Woman taken in Adultery, Grenoble
Museum ; Ball Play, Village FSte, Shepherds
Reposing, Montpellier Museum ; Shepherds
competing for the Prize of Pan, Clorinda
with the Herdsmen, The lion of Androcles,
Brother Philip's Qeese, Proclamation of
Henry of Burgundy as first King of Portu-
gal (Lisbon and Rio ^^
de Janeiro) ; Military ^ Ha^u^yty%
Camp, Hermitage, St ^y
Petersburg. Many of KJOUUJAXX^
his works have been /
engraved. — ^Bellier, ii
646 ; Ch. Blanc, t^\e
fran9aise ; Biog. uni-
verselle ; Villot, Cat Louvre ; Jal, 1176 ;
Meyer, Gesch., 138.
TAtJRISCUS, painter, date unknown.
Pliny names (xzxv. 40 [144]) among his
works a Discobolus, a Clytaemnestra, a Pan,
a Polynices claiming the Sovereignty, and a
Capaneu& Possibly identical with Tauris-
cus of TraUes, the sculptor. — ^Pliny, xxxvi
4 [33] ; SiUig, 434 ; Brunn, ii. 287.
TAVARONE, LAZZARO, bom in Genoa
in 1556, died there in 1641. Genoese
school ; favourite pupil and assistant of
Luca Cambiaso ; went vnth his master to
Spain, and continued in the Escorial the
works left unfinished by him at his death
(1585). Returned to Ghenoa in 1594, and
painted many frescos in the cathedral and
other churches, and in various palaces, espe-
cially the Palazzo Adomo, where he exe-
cuted a fresco on the ceiling. The Doge
Adomo receiving the Pope. He left but
few oil pictures. — Lanzi, iii. 248 ; Ch. Blanc,
!l£cole g^noise ; Lavic^, 89. .
'^NJJNK^
TAVERNIER, PAUL, bora in Paris ; con-
temporary. Animal, genre, and portrait
painter, pupil of Cabanel and GuiUaumet
Medal, 3d class, 1883. Works: Caf6 in
Algiers (1878) ; Arabs Bathing Horses in
the Sea (1879) ; Hallali (1880) ; The Model
(1881) ; An Liquiry (1882) ; Stag Hunt, The
Chase (1883) ; Bat Teau, Wild Boar Hunt
(1884) ; The Stag at Bay, A False Start
(1885) ; Amazone aux 6coutes, Rentr6e des
poulini5res (1886).
TEERLINE, ABRAHAM, bom at Dor-
drecht in 1777, died in Rome in June, 1857.
Landscape painter, pupil of Michiel Ver-
steeg, of Jan Eelderman (1741-1820), and
of Arie Lamme ; then studied in Paris imder
David in 1808-9, and thence went to Rome.
He ranks among the more esteemed of
modem landscape painters. Order of Lion,
1839. Member of Amsterdam Academy.
Works: Italian Landscape (1823), Falls of
Tivoli (1824), Amsterdam Museum; View
of Aricia near Rome (1855), New Pinako-
thek, Munich. — ^Immerzeel, iiL 129 ; Kramm,
vL 1606.
TEICHS, PRLEDRICH ADOLF, bom at
Brunswick in 1812. Historical genre paint-
er, pupil of DOsseldorf Academy in 1834--36,
after having studied while travdling in Hun-
gary, North Italy, and Tyrol His pictures
show great feeling for noble forms and fine
grouping, but are rather weak in drawing
and colouring. Works: Albrecht DCirer
painting (1834) ; Singer on the Battlement
of a Castle (1835) ; Auerbach's Cellar, Wood
Gatherer by Forest Chapel (1836) ; Portrait
of Emperor Otto H. (1836), Romer, Frank-
fort ; Greek Prisoners guarded by Mame-
lukes (1837), Mr. Geisberg, Monster ; Libera-
tion of Christians through Crusaders (1837);
Henry the lion taking Leave of his Wife ;
Scene in Hamlet (1840) ; Richard Coeur de
lion taking Corsair's Ship (1840) ; Charles
y. denying Exhumation of Luther (1845) ;
Last Banquet of the GKrondists (1849),
Stettin Museum. — Cotta's KunstbL, 1835-
45 ; niustr. Zeitg., 1849 ; Nagler, xviiL
160.
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TELEPHANES
TELEPHANES, painter, of Sicyon, early
period. Mentioned by Pliny (xxxv. 5 [16])
in connection with Ardices of Corinth as
first to use shading lines within outline
drawings. — Sillig, 436 ; Brunn, ii. 4
TfiMfiRAIRE, FIGHTING, Joseph M.
W. Turner, National GWlery, London ; can-
vas, a 2 ft 11 in. x 3 ft 11 in. The T6m6-
raire,a three-decker, mounting 98 guns, capt
ured from the French in 1759, had acquired
the title of " Fighting " before she took so
conspicuous a part at Trafalgar. She was
put out of commission soon after the peace
of 1815, and, being condemned as unservice-
able, was sold in 1838 and towed to Bother-
hithe to be broken up. The picture repre-
sents her in tow of a tug, the sun setting in
a blaze of glory behind. One of the finest of
Turner's later works. Boyal Academy, 1839.
Engraved by J. T. Willmore. — Art Journal
(1864), 108 ; Hamerfcon, Life ; Cat Nat GaL
TEMPEL, ABRAHAM VAN DEN, bom
at Leeuwarden in 1622 or 1623, died in
Amsterdam, May 13, 1672. Dutch school
Real name Abraham Lambert Jacobse. Por-
trait painter, pupil of his father, Lamberts
Jacobse, and in Leyden of Joris van Schoo-
ten, but followed more the later manner of
Van der Heist A light and pleasing colour-
ing and broad treatment characterize his
pictures. Works : Three Portraits, Amster-
dam Museum ; Portraits of Man and Wife
(1660), Hague Museum; Regents of the
Orphan Asylum (1669), Three Allegories,
Leyden Museum ; Portraits of an Admii*al
and his Wife (1671), Rotterdam Museum ;
Portrait of Hendrik van Westerhout, Man
and Wife in their Park, Berlin Museum ;
Female Portrait, Cassel Gallery; Dutch
Patrician Family (1672), Hamburg Gallery.
— ^Immerzeel, iiL 130 ; Eramm, vL 1607 ;
Eugler (Crowe), ii. 362 ; Havard, A. & A.
hoU., iL 85, 180 ; Burger, Musdes, ii 124 ;
Jahrb. d. preusa Eunstsammlg., iv.
TEMPERELLO, Hu See CaseUi, Oristo-
foro.
TEMPESTA (Tempesti), ANTONIO,
bom in Florence in 1555, died in Rome,
Aug. 5, 1630. Roman school ; pupil of
John Stradanus, and of Santo de Titi ; af-
terwards worked in company with CigolL
About 1575 went to Rome and painted in
the Vatican, the Palazzo Giustiniani, and
other pubUc buildings. Painted chiefly
battles, cavalcades, himting scenes, and
other figure pieces; and left more than
1,500 etchings. — Ch. Blanc, ]^ole ombri-
enne ; Burckhardt, 185, 757 ; Siret, 905.
TEMPESTA, CAVALIERK See Mdxftt,
Pieter.
TEMPLE OF JUPITER PANHELLE-
NIUS, Joseph M. W. ISimer, Mr. Goupil (?) ;
canvas, H. 4 ft 9 in. x 7 ft 9 in. The Tem-
ple of Jupiter at iQgina restored on the
general plan of the Athenian Acropolis,
which is seen in the distance, at left ; in
foreground, peasants dancing the Romaika.
Royal Academy, 1816. Bought by Moon,
Boys & Graves, who sold it to Wynn Ellis ;
at his sale (1876), £2, 100. Engraved (1828)
by John Pye ; J. B. Allen, in Turner Gal-
lery.
TEMPTATION AND FALL, Michelan-
gelo, Sistine Chapel, Rome ; fresco on ceil-
ing.
TENTERS, DAVH), the elder, bom in
Antwerp in
1582, died
there, July
29, 1649.
Flemish
s c h ool ;
history,
genre, and
landscape
painter,
pupil of his
elder brother Juliaen (1572-1615), of Ru-
bens, and in Rome of Adam Elsheimer ;
master of Antwerp guild in 1606 ; painted
chiefly peasant scenes, combined with land-
S68
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I
TENIERS
scape, but occasionally biblical and mytho-
logical subjects ; his earlier works are hea^y
in tone and crude in colour, while in his
later pictures he approached, in freedom of
treatment and harmony of colour, the man-
ner of his famous son. Works: Bocky
Landscape, Conversation, Playing at Bowls,
National Gallery, London ; Christ on Mount
of Olives, Seven Works of Mercy, St Paul's,
Antwerp; Transfiguration (1615), Church
at Dendermonde ; Landscape, Brussels Mu-
seum ; do. with Castle, Brunswick Gbllery ;
Bleachery, Interior of Peasant Eoom, Bam-
berg Gallery ; Temptation of St. Anthony,
Berlin Museum ; Peasant's Frolic by a Tav-
ern, Cassel Gallery ; do., Darmstadt Muse-
um; Dutch Eirmess (2), Landscapes (4),
Dutch Bleachery, Dresden Gallery ; Smoker
and Tippler, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ;
Rocky Ravine with Figures, Peasant carry-
ing a Pole, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Tav-
ern Interior, Oldenburg Gkdlery ; Tempta-
tion of St Anthony, Gypsy Women in a
Ravine, Schwerin Gallery ; Smoking Room
(2), Stockholm Museum ; A Painter at his
Easel (1641), Two Landscapes, Hermitage,
St Peteraburg ; Pan with Nymphs and Sa-
tyrs, Vertumnus outwitting Pomona, Juno
demanding lo of Jupiter, Mercury putting
Argus to Sleep (1638), Landscapes (4), Vi-
enna Museum ; Physician with a Bottle,
XJflfizi, Florence ; Temptation of St An-
thony, Dutch Kitchen, New York ,^^
Museum. — F. J. van den Branden, Vn
752; Ch. Blanc, ifecole flamande; -**^
Immerzeel, iiL 130 ; Eramm, vi. 1608 ; vii.
145 ; Michiels, viL 428 ; Rooses (Reber),
385 ; Van den Branden, 750.
TENIERS, DAVID, the younger, bom
in Antwerp, baptized Dec. 15, 1610, died at
Perck, near Brussels, April 25, 1690. Flem-
ish school ; genre, landscape, and portrait
painter, son and pupil of David the elder ;
developed under the influence of Rubens,
and especially of Brouwer. Master of Ant-
werp guild in 1632, its dean in 1644-45, was
made court painter to Archduke Leopold
Wilhelm, governor of the Netherlands, and
settled, between 1648 and 1652, in Brus-
sels, where he was received into the guild
in 1675. He
was the prime
mover in the
foundation of
the Antwerp
Academy in
1663. Equally
favoured by ,^
Leopold Wil- '/"\
helm's suc-
cessor, Don ^" -'.^^ '
Juan of Austria, who is said to have studied
under him ; he received important commis-
sions from Philip IV. of Spain, and marks
of esteem from Queen Christina of Sweden
and the great in England and other coun-
tries. The Count of Fuensaldana sent him
to England to buy works by the Italian
masters. He holds the first position among
the genre painters of Flander& Picturesque
arrangement, exquisite harmony of colour-
ing in all details, and a light and sparkling
touch characterize his pictures, in which
two periods may be distinguished—the ear-
lier, up to 1640, in which a somewhat heavy
brown tone prevails, gradually attaining, up
to 1644, a luminous golden tone, and the
later, up to 1660, in which he changed into
a cool silvery hue ; after that he again
adopted a decided golden tone. In 1660.
he published in Brussels a work containing
about 200 engravings of pictures of the
Italian and Flemish schools in the Arch-
duke's gallery, executed from small copies
made by himself from the originals. Of
these copies 120 were sold in the Blenheim
Palace sale (1886) for £2,002 10a Works :
Music Party, Boors Regaling, The Money-
changers, Players at Tric-Trac, eleven oth-
ers. National Gkdlery, London ; Boors Danc-
ing (1645), Frolic in Village Courtyard
(1649), Detachment of Civic Guard (1657),
seven others, Buckingham Palace, ib.; Al-
chemist, Village Festival, five others, Bridge-
water Grallery, ib.; Landscape (1649), Farm-
er's Family, two others, Grosvenor (Jallery,
967
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TENIERS
ib. ; Witch before Cauldron, Group of Ducks,
Stafford House, ib.; Village Fete, Apsley
House, ib.; Seven Works of Mercy, Artist's
Portrait^ three others, Lord Ashburton, ib.;
five, Mr. Baring, ib.; do., Mr. Holford, ib.;
three, Mr. Phipps, ib.; do.. Lord Colbome,
ib.; two. Lord Ward, ib.; Marriage of Ten-
iersy Alfred de Rothschild, ib.; Prodigal Son
(1644), Denial of St Peter (1646), Seven
Works of Mercy y Temptation of Si An-
thony (2), twenty-nine others, Louvre ; Fish
Market, Mendicant, Comte Henri de Gref-
fulhe, Paris; Temptation of St. Anthony,
Lille Museum; do., Eirmess (masterpiece,
1652), The Five Senses, Interior of Arch-
duke Leopold William's GhJlery, fo\ir oth-
ers, and (with Lucas van Uden) Preparing
for the Market, Brussels Museum; Pano-
rama of Valenciennes, four others, Antwerp
Museum; Guard Room (1641), Eirmess,
Rustic Pursuits, four others, Amsterdam
Museum ; The Good Table (1644), Alche-
mist, Hague Museum ; Musicians in a Tav-
ern, three others, Basle Museum ; Smoker,
Mus^e Rath, Geneva ; Mountainous Land-
scape, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ;
Daniel in Lions' Den (1640), Soldiers at
Dice, Aschaffenburg G^ery ; Repast (1630),
Temptation of St. Anthony (masterpiece,
1647), Flemish Eirmess, Artist with his
Family, four others, Berlin Museum; Al-
chemiist^ four others, Brunswick Museum ;
Supper in the Bam (1634), Doctor's Visit
(1640), Country Physician, Carkruhe Gkd-
lery ; Barber Shop, Entry of Archduchess
Isabella into Vilvoorden, do. into Brussels,
five others, Cassel Gallery ; Temptation of
St Anthony, Gallery, Copenhagen ; do.,
and Rustic Flemish Interior (1640), Do-
mestic Occupation (1660), Unpleasant Dis-
covery (1667), Eitchen Interior (1674),
Moltke Collection, ib.; Old Scholar (1637),
Darmstadt Museum ; Village Fair (1641),
Peasants playing Dice (1646), Peasants at
Dinner (1648), twenty-one others, Dresden
Museum ; Landscapes with Figures (3), St
Jerome in the Desert, three others, Stadel
Gallery, Frankfort ; Peasant's Frolic, five
others, Gbtha Museum ; Interior with Peas-
ants, Landscape by Moonlight, Eunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Eitchen Interior, Ferdinande-
um, Innsbruck ; Landscape, Eonigsberg
Museum ; Gypsy Family (attributed, but
probably by David, the elder), Leipsic Mu-
seum ; Tavern Scenes (6, three dated 1643,
1645, 1650), Peasant's Wedding (1651), Al-
chymist (1680), Great Fair near Florence,
Views in the Gallery of Archduke Albrecht
at Brussels (4), fifteen others. Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Village Festival (1649), Ol-
denburg GbUery ; Guard Room (1642),
Archers of Antwerp (1643, masterpiece),
Eitchen Interior (1646), Village Festival (2,
one dated 1648), Wedding Dinner (1650),
Flemish Amusements (1654), thirty-three
others, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Fifteen
Scenes in life of the Virgin, Holy Family,
Schleissheim GhJlery ; Company in Artist's
House, Daniel in Lions' Den (1649), six
others, Schwerin Gallery; Peasants at the
Inn, Stuttgart Museum ; Peasant Wedding
(1648), Robbers plundering Village (1648),
Shooting at the Shawfowl in Brussels (1652,
masterpiece). Village Festival (masterpiece),
Abraham's Sacrifice (1653), Room in Gallery
of Archduke Leopold William at Brussels,
thirteen others, Museum, Vienna; Tavern
Scene (1670), thirteen others, Liechtenstein
Gallery, ib.; sixpictures,HarrachGkdlery,ib.;
three, Czemin Gallery, ib.; two, Schonbom
Gallery, ib.; four, Stockholm Museum; St
Peter Weeping, Uflfizi, Florence; Peasant
Wedding (1637), History of Rinaldo and
Armida, and forty-one others, Madrid Mu-
seum ; Marriage Festival, Judith with Head
of Holofemes, Museum, New York ; Incan-
tation Scene, Village Fete (2), Boors Regal-
ing, Charles V. leaving Dort, Parable of the
Labourer, Landscape, Historical Society, ib.
His brother Abraham (1629-71) and his son
David m. (1638-85) were his pupils and
imitators. By Abraham are, in the Madrid
Museum : A Guard Room, and a Depository
of Arms ; in the Hermitage at St Peters-
burg : A Prelate's Library ; in the Harrach
Gallery at Vienna : Monkeys as Shoemakers
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,j' ^^> "^ .*^.<f ■•'''-' 4.''^^<-t'v<^
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TENIERS
in the Shop, and do. as Tailors ; in the Tu-
rin Gallery : A Guitar Player.— Ch. Blanc,
£cole flamande ; Cat _- w^
du Mus. d'Anvers, Je/rtUAjS.^- jy
382;Dohme, lL;Im- "
merzeel, iii. 130;
Journal des B. Arts
(1864), 171 ; Kramm,
yL 1609 ; Tii. 145 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii
321; Messagerdes
sciences hiEit;. (1854),
381 ; (1868), 263 ; (1878), 331 ; Michiels,
vii. 441 ; viii 3 ; Rooses (Reber), 385 ; Van
den Branden, 981 ; Vermoelen, Teniers le
jeune, etc. (Antwerp, 1865) ; Ylaamsche
school (1864), 173 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, v.
258.
TENIERS, MARREAGE OF, David Ten-
iers, Alfred de Rothschild Collection, Lon-
don ; canvas, H. 2 ft 3 in. x 2 ft 10 in. ;
dated 1651. A pleasure garden, adorned
with trees, bowers, and a fountain, through
which Teniers and his bride are being con-
ducted to their chdteau by a procession of
about twenty persons, attended by youths
bearing^refreshments ; at left, a man playing
a guitar. Collection of Paignon Dijonval,
1821 ; sold to T. Emmerson ; then in collec-
tion of John Lucy, Esq., Charlcote. — Art
Journal (1885), 242 ; Smith, iii. 382.
TEN KATE, HERMANN. See Kate.
TEOCATJJ, STORMING OF THE,
Emanuel Leutze, Amos Binney, Boston, Mas&
The attack by Cortes on the great teocalli
or temple of Huitzilopotchli, in the city of
Mexico, as narrated by Prescott in his " Con-
quest of Mexico " (v. cap. 2). It represents
the Spaniards forcing their way up the great
stone steps of the pyramid in spite of the
heroic valour of the Aztec& Loaned to
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, in 1883.
TEPIDARIUM, IN THE, Laurenz Alma-
Tadema, A girl, nude, reclining on a mar-
ble bench covered with a wild beast's skin
and with cushions, in the tepidarium ( warm-
^ing room) of a Roman bath, resting before
proceeding to the calidarium, or hot bath ;
in one hand she holds a feather fan, in the
other a strigillus for scraping the skin ; at
her feet is a pot of flowers. Painted in 1881.
TERBRUGGHEN (Terbrttggen), HEN-
DRIE, bom at Deventer in 1588, died at
Utrecht, Nov. 1, 1629. History and genre
painter, pupU of Abraham Bloemaert, then
studied in Italy, where Rubens knew him ;
in 1614 he was in Milan and returned in the
same year to Utrecht, where he became
master of the guild in 1616. Works : Four
Evangelists (1621), Town Hall, Deventer ;
Two Flute Players (1621), Cassel Gallery ;
Man at Breakfast (1627), Augsburg Gallery ;
Esther and Yashti (1628), Cologne Museum ;
Christ Crowned with Thorns, Gallery, Co-
penhagen ; Angel appearing to St Peter in
Prison, Moltke Collection, ib. ; do. (1629),
Schwerin Gallery. — Immerzeel, iiL 132 ;
Eramm, vi. 1613 ; Schlie, 624.
TERBURG (Ter Borch), GERAEtD, bom
at Zwolle,
probably
b et ween
1613 and
1617, died
at Deven-
ter, Dec.
8, 1681.
Dutch
school;
genre paint-
er ; received his first instruction from his
father, Geert Terburg (1584-1662, who
had studied in Rome), then formed himself
in Amsterdam and especially in Haai*lem,
where he entered the guild in 1635, under
the influence of Frans Hals, and through
independent study of the masterworks by
Titian, Rembrandt, and Velasquez; trav-
elled through Germany, Italy, Spain, Eng-
land, and France, and painted everywhere
portraits and genre pieces. In 1646-48, at
Manster, he became, through the favour of
the Spanish envoy, the painter of the diplo-
matic circle and executed the famous por-
trait group of the Peace Congress ; followed
the Spanish envoy to Madrid, where he
»»
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TERNITE
painted the king and many courtiers and
ladies ; returned via England and France to
his native country, and settled at Deventer,
where he obtained the citizenship in 1655,
and afterwards became burgomaster. He
was^the inventor of the interiors, and of the
satin gown, so much used by Mieris and
Metsu ; a first-rate and thoroughly original
master. Works : Peace of Munster (1648),
Guitar Lesson, National Gallery, London ;
Girl reading Letter to her Mother, Girl at
Table inviting Gentlemen to drink, Buck-
ingham Palace, London ; Paternal Counsel,
Bridgewater Q^ery, ib. ; Girl with Guitar
and Two Gentlemen, Lord Ashbuiion, ib. ;
Military Man by Fireside, Officer Writing,
Music Lesson, Mr. Hope, ib. ; Group of
Three, Girl Drinking, Mr. Munro, ib. ; Girl
Writing, Girl Drinking, Mr. Baring, ib. ;
Officer and Girl, Music Lesson (1660), Con-
cert, Assembly of Priests, Reading Lesson,
Louvre, Paris ; Mandolin Player, Antwerp
Museum ; Paternal Advice, Boy with Dog,
Portrait of Artist and his Wife, Museum,
Amsterdam ; Card Players, Van Loon Col-
lection, ib. ; Musical Couple, Six Collec-
tion, ib. ; Two Portraits, Haarlem Muse-
um ; The Dispatch (1655), Artist's Portrait,
Hague Museum ; Large Group Poiirait,
Town Hall, Deventer ; Lady at Toilet, Gbth-
ic Church Interior, Suermondt Museum,
Aix-la-Chapelle ; Players at Tric-Trac, Bre-
men Gallery ; Portraits of Man and Wife,
Old Widow Lady, Copenhagen Gallery ;
Young Lady with Lute, Music Lesson, Cas-
sel Gallery ; Paternal Exhortation, Knife
Grinder's Family, Smoker, Consultation
(1635), Fo\ir Portraits, Berlin Museum;
Officer Writing, Young Woman washing
her Hands, Music Lesson, Lady Standing
by Table, Dresden G^allery ; Young Woman
with Glass of Wine, Stadel Gallery, Prank-
fort ; Messenger waiting for Answer, Gk>tha
Museum ; Portrait of a Burgomaster of Am-
sterdam, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck; Boy
with Dog, Trumpeter bringing letter to a
Lady, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Glass of
Lemonade, Musical Jew, Rustic Messenger,
\JB* ]r^ iCxs.
Lady reading Letter, Duet, Barmaid, Por-
trait of a General, Hermitage, St Peters-
burg ; Two Couples (1658), Young Man read-
ing, Violin Player, Schwerin Gallery; Young
Woman peeUng Apple, Museum, Vienna;
Portraits in Liechtenstein and Czemin (2)
Galleries, ib. ; do. in Stettin, TJffizi, Flor-
ence, and Turin Galleries (2) ; Artist's Por-
trait, Museum, New York ; Portrait of Will-
iam of Orange, two others. Historical So-
ciety, ib. ; Degustation
(Narischkine sale,
Paris, 1883). — Ch.
Blanc, il^ole hoUan-
daise ; Bode, Studien,
176, 614 ; Burger,
Musses, i. 118, 244 ;
ii. 102, 256 ; Dohme, lii. ; Immerzeel, iii.
132 ; Jahrb. der KongL pr. Kunstsammlg.,
ii. 144 ; Kramm, v. 1612 ; Kugler (Crowe),
ii. 394 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iv. 141 ; v. Ill ;
vii. 196 ; X. 36 ; xii. 84 ; xviii. 350, 370, 406 ;
Gaz. des B. Arts (1886), xxxiv. 388 et seq.
TERNITE, WILHELM, bom at Neustre-
litz, Mecklenburg, in 1786, died in 1871.
History and portrait painter, pupil of Gros
in Paris after having been an officer during
the wars of independence, 1813-15 ; went
in 1823 to Bome and Naples, where he made
excellent copies of the frescos at Pompeii.
He was aulic councillor and, from 1826, in-
spector of the Royal Gallery at Potsdam.
Works : St John the Baptist, Schloss Belle-
vue, Berlin ; Poiirait of Emperor Francis
I of Austria (1837), Royal Pakce, ib. ; do.
Queen Louise in Riding Habit (1827) ; do. on
her Death-Bed ; do. of the Composer Spon-
tini ; do. of Prof. Ottfried MaUer.—Cotta's
KunstbL, 1829-38 ; Nagler, xviiL 248.
TERWESTEN, AUGUSTINUS, called
Snip, bom at The Hague in 1649, died in
Berlin, Jan. 21, 1717. History painter, pu-
pil of Nicolaas Wieling (died in Berlin in
1689), and of WiUem Doudyns (1630-97),
then studied for six years in Rome and Ven-
ice after Raphael, Titian, and Tintoretto,
and after his return, via Germany, painted
many ceilings and other decorative works
960
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TESCHENDORFF
with subjects from Ovid, and from history,
sacred and profane. In 1682-83 he did
much towards the reyival of the Academy
of Design at The Hague, and in 1690 was
called as court painter to Berlin, where he
decorated the electoral palaces, helped to
found the Academy, and became professor.
In the Eoyal Palace at Berlin is his Death
of Adonis. His brothers and pupils, Ell-
as (1651-1729) and Matheus (1670-1757),
painted— the former, flowers and animals at
The Hague and in Home, where he died ; the
latter, history and portraits, studied also un-
der Doudyns and Daniel Mytens, then as-
sisted his brother in Berlin, and completed
his studies in Bome and Venice. — Lnmer-
zeel, iiL 134 ; Eramm, vi 1615 ; Nagler, xviii.
251.
TESCHENDORFF, EMTTi, bom in Stet-
tin in 1823. History, genre and portrait
painter, pupil in Munich of Piloty ; at first
painted realistic scenes from life of Luther,
then in Berlin portraits ; executes especial-
ly single figures in pictiuresque attitudes.
Assistant secretary at Berlin Academy since
1877. Works : Conradin's Farewell of his
Mother (1868) ; Husband's Bequest ; Juliet
with the Potion ; Cleopatra ; Ariadne ;
(Edipus and Antigone (1879) ; Pastime
(1880).— Mailer, 516 ; Dlustr. Zeitg. (1881),
il 257 ; Land und Meer (1883), ii. 700.
TESCHNER, ALEXANDER, bom in
Berlin in 1816, died there, Aug. 9, 1878.
History painter, pupil of Berlin Academy
under Herbig, with Wach, after whose death
he devoted himself to religious art in the
style and under the influence of Cornelius ;
visited Bome in 1857. Great gold medal of
HohenzoUem, 1865. Works: Ecce Homo
(1853), church at Perleberg ; Piet^ (1878),
Emperor William, Berlin; cartoons for
stained-glass windows in Cathedrals of Mag-
deburg, Stralsund, Aix-la-Chapelle, etc. —
Rosenberg, Berl. Malersch., 247.
TESTA, PIETRO, bom in Lucca in 1611,
died in Rome in 1650. Florentine school ;
supposed pupil at Lucca of Pietro Paolini
Went to Rome when young, and studied un-
der Domenichino and afterwards under Pie-
tro da Cortona. He was of a morose and
melancholy dispo-
sition, and made
many enemies by
his adverse criti-
cism of the works
of other painters.
His body was
found floating in
the Tiber, but
whether he was
^ murdered or committed suicide
MJ ' is unknown. Among lus works
I are: Joseph sold by his Breth-
^^ ren, Capitol Museum, Rome;
Death of Dido, Uffizi.— Lanzi, i. 236 ; Ch.
Blanc, £cole florentine.
TESTAMENT, OLD AND NEW, or Tri-
umph of Religion, Oarofdo, Ferrara Gal-
lery ; fresco transferred to canvas, H. 21 ft
4 in. X 26 ft 11 in. A quaint allegorical
composition, illustrating the victory of Chris-
tianity over the Mosaic dispensation. In
the middle is Christ on the cross ; at his
right hand is the New Testament, at his left
the Old, the latter placed on an ass ; from
the cross proceed arms, which place a crown
on the New Testament, hold the keys of
Paradise, deliver the patriarchs from hell,
and slay the Old Testament. Through the
hands of a figure representing religion flow
streams of blood, which fall on the sacra-
ments, and opposite to these are seen the
sacrifices of the Old Testament Solomon's
temple has also a place in the composition,
and opposite to it is the preaching of St
PauL Over the whole is the Almighty seated
on a rock. Painted in 1524 on the wall of
the refectory of S. Andrea, Ferrara ; trans-
ferred to canvas in 1841 by the painter Pel-
legrino Succi, by order of Gregory XVL —
Yasari, ed. Mil., vi. 466 ; Baruflaldi, L 332.
TESTEUN (TetteHn), HENRI, bom in
Paris in 1616, died at The Hague, April 17,
1695. French school ; history and por-
trait painter, brother of Louis Testelin, and
pupil of Youet He became one of the
aei
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TESTEUN
founders of the French Academj in 1648,
secretary in 1650, professor in 1658 ; bore
the title of first painter to the king, with
lodgings in the Gobelin factory, of which
he was superintendent until the revocation
of the Edict of Nantes (1681), when, being
a Protestant, he fled to Holland. Works :
Portrait of Louis XIV. (2), do. of Pierre
Siguier, Versailles Museum ; Time clipping
the Wings of Love. — Bellier, ii; Ch. Blanc,
£cole fran9aise ; Biog. universelle ; Jal,
1179.
TESTKTjTN (Tettelin), LOUIS, bom in
Paris in 1615,
died there, Aug.
19, 1655. French
school; genre
painter, pupil of
his father Oilles
Testelin (court
painter to Louis
TTTTT.), of Vouet,
and imitator of
Le Brun. Did
much decorative work in the Palais Royal,
the Luxembourg, Fontainebleau, and other
public and private buildings. Member of
Academy, 1648 ; professor, 1650. Works :
Resurrection of Tabitha (1652), Rouen Mu-
seum ; Flagellation of St. Paul and St Silas,
Notre Dame, Paris ; Passage of the Rhine
in 1672, Keys of Marsal delivered to the
King, Marriage of Louis XIV., Cloture of
Dole in 1668, Versailles Museum ; Magda-
len, Qrenoble Museum ; Syrinx and Pan,
Rennes MuseuuL — Bellier, iL; Ch. Blanc,
£cole fran9aise ; Jal, 1179.
TfiTAR VAN ELVEN, PIERRE, bom in
Amsterdam in 183L Architecture and land-
scape painter, son of the engraver Johan
Baptist Tetar van Elven ; pupil of Jacobus
R J. van den Berg, then studied in Paris,
where he settled, after having lived for
several years in Turin. Italian Order of
Maurice and Lazarus. Works: View of
Westminster ; Interior of the Lateran in
Rome; View of Genoa; Interior of St.
James's, liege ; Place de TOp^ra in Paris
(1880), Amsterdam Museum. By his father
(bom in 1805) : Old Skipper with Bottle,
Ruins of Church at Lisbon (1870), Ham-
burg GhJlery. — Kramm, vi 1618; Kunst-
Chronik, xviiL 578.
TEXTOR, FRANZ JOSEF, bom in Sua-
bia, died at Innsbruck, Nov. 9, 1741. Oer-
man school Real name Weber^ translated
into Latin. History, genre, and portrait
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy, then set-
tled at Innsbruck; he was an unusually
gifted artist of great versatility, and painted
in the manner of the best old masters, so
that many of his works were taken for pro-
ductions of Callot, Brueghel, Teniers, etc
Works: Seven Works of 'Mercy, Pair in
Holland (2), Genre Scenes (2), Card Players,
Dice Flayers, Conversation (3), Peasants'
Frolic, Monkeys at Cards, Monkeys at
School, Still-lives and Landscapes (10),
Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck. — Nagler, xviii.
289; Wurzbach, xliv. 104.
THALES, painter, of Sicyon, mentioned
by Diogenes Laertius (L 38) as a man of no-
ble birth.— R R, Schom, 414 ; Sillig, 438.
THANN, MORITZ VON, bom at O'-Becse,
Hungary, in 1828. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under
Fahrich and Rahl, visited Belgium and
Paris in 1855, then studied in Rome (18^6-
59) ; greatly influenced by Cornelius, Over-
beck, Riepenhausen, and Wagner ; returned
to Hungary, and with Karl Lotz painted
frescos in the Museum, besides others in
public buildings, at Pesth. Order of Fran-
cis Joseph in 1867 ; medal, Vienna, 1873.
Works : Episode in Conquest of Szolnok in
1552 (before 1855) ; Ulysses and Nausicaa,
Ulysses and Penthesilea (1857-59), Baron
Sina, Vienna ; Angelica and Medor, Tragedy
of Man, Fata Morgana (1867), Recruiting,
Meeting of King Ladislaus IV. and Rudolph
von Hapsburg after Battle at Marchegg,
so
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THAYER
King Emerich taking his Brother Prisoner,
St Cecilia, and others, Pesth Museum;
Scenes from Hungarian Legends, The Four
Great Bivers of Hungary, Attila's Banquet,
Bedouten Saal, Pesth. In fresco: Episodes
in Hungarian History, National Museum,
ib.; Portraits of Emperor Francis Joseph
and Empress Elizabeth (1868), Council
Boom, ib.; Portrait of Francis Deak (1877),
Academy of Sciences, ib.; many altarpieces
for churches in Hungary. — Wurzbach, xliv.
168 ; Graph. K, v. 16 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
xii (Mittheilungen, y. 12).
THAYEB, ABBOTT HENDEESON, bom
in Boston, Mass., Aug. 12, 1849. Animal
and landscape painter, pupil in Boston of
Henry D. Morse, in Brooklyn of J. B.
Whittaker (1867-68), and in Paris in the
£cole des Beaux Arts tmder Lehmann and
Gerdme (1876-79). Studio at Comwall-on-
Hudson. Works : Young Lions of Central
Park ; Cows coming from Pasture ; Feeding
the Cows ; Boy and Dog ; Shamming Sick
(1876) ; Autumn Cornfield ; View on the
Seine ; Aldemey Herd in Guernsey ; Moun-
tain Pasture; Sleep, Childhood (1878);
Autumn Morning on the Housatonic, Por-
trait of O. E. Palmer (1880).
THEODOBICH OF PBAGXJE, or Meis-
ter Dietrich, flourished in Prague during
the reign of the Emperor Charles IV. (1348
-78), as one of his court painters. German
school Probably of Czech rather than Ger-
man origin, judging from the pictures attrib-
uted to him, which are of a Bohemian type.
His name is mentioned as master of the guild
as early as 1348, and again in a document of
1367. He evidently had a long and influ-
ential career, and may be considered as one
of the founders of the school of Prague.
Works: St. Augustine, St. Ambrose, Vi-
enna Museum ; series of one hundred and
twenty-five half-length figures of Saints,
Apostles, etc. Chapel of Earlstein, near
Prague; two half-length Saints, University
Library, Prague. — Kugler (Crowe), L 38 ;
Schnaase, vL 438 ; W. & W., i 396 ; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1873), viL 148.
THEODORUS, painter, of Samoa or
Ephesus (?). Mentioned by Theophanes in
his essay on painting, according to Diogenes
Laertius (ii. Anst, xix.). Two other paint-
ers of this name are spoken of by Diogenes,
one as mentioned by Polemo and the other
by Menodotus as of Athena — Sillig, 439.
THEODORUS, painter, of Samos, pupil
of Nicosthenes, mentioned by Pliny (xxxv.
40 [146]) as of some reputation. — Sillig,
443.
THEODOTUS, Greek painter of common
subjects, lived at Rome first half of third
century a a Mentioned in a comedy by
Nsevius as the painter of a rude picture of
the Lares at play on an altar. — Nsevius, in
Festus (p. 250, ed. Mailer) ; Bninn, ii 503.
THEOLOGY, Raphael, Camera della Se-
gnatura, Vatican ; fresco, medallion on ceil-
ing. Allegorical figure seated on clouds,
with book in left hand. Two little genii,
on either side, holding tablets, inscribed
"Knowledge of Divine Things." Painted
in 1512 ; shows hand of a pupil Engraved
by B. Audran ; R. Morghen. — Passavant, ii.
88 ; Mttntz, 311, 316, 350 ; Perkins, Essay,
120.
See, also, Dispvie of the Sacrament.
THEOMNESTUS, Greek painter, 4th
century b.c. Pliny says (xxxv. 36 [107])
that Mnason, tyrant of Elatea, paid twenty
minse apiece for his pictures of the heroes.
— ^Brunn, ii 256.
THEON (Theorus, Theodorus), painter,
about 360 ac. Pliny mentions (xxxv. 40
[138]) among his works : A Man anointing
himself ; Murder of -3Egisthus and Clytem-
nestra by Orestes ; Cassandra, in the Tem-
ple of Concord, Rome ; Leontium, Mistress
of Epicurus, in Meditation ; King Deme-
trius ; and a series of pictures of the Trojan
War, in the Portico of Philippus at Rome.
Brunn (ii. 255) thinks him probably identi-
cal with Theon of Samos.
THEON, a famous Greek "painter, of Sa-
mos, contemporary of Apelles, 4th century
B.C. Pliny mentions (xxxv. 40) among his
works. The Frenzy of Orestes — which Plu-
988
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THEORUS
tarch Bays (De And. Poet, 3) represented
Orestes slaying his mother— and a Thamy-
ris playing the Lyre. Qnintilian (xiL 10, 6)
gives him credit for a prolific fancy, and
.Mian, speaking (V. H., iL 44) of his picture
of a Soldier rushing to Battle, says that
Theon sought theatrical effect by having
trumpets blown before drawing the curtain
from before ii
THEORUS, painter. See Theon.
THEOTOCOPULL See Greco.
THERBUSCH. See Liscewska, Anna
Dorothea.
THERIMACHUS, painter and sculptor,
about 350 aa No works known. — Pliny,
xxrv. 36 [78] ; Sillig, 198.
THESEUS, picturea See Arisiolaus, Eu-
phranor, Micon, Panamas, Parrhasiua,
THJEVENIN, CHARLES, bom in Paris,
July 12, 1764, died there, Feb. 21, 1838.
History painter, pupil of "^^nceni In 1793
won the 1st grand prix de Eome ; was direc-
tor of the French School of Art in Eome for
a number of years, and later keeper of Prints
in Royal Library, Paris. Member of Acad-
emy, 1825 ; L. of Honour, 1825. Works :
Capture of the Bastile (1793) ; Auguereau
on the Bridge of Areola (1798), Versailles
Museum ; (Edipus and Antigone (1799) ;
General Hey taking Gbeta (1800) ; Passage
of Si Bernard (1806); Preparations for
crossing St Bernard (1808) ; Battle of Jena,
Attack on Ratisbon, Taking of Ratisbon
(1810), Surrender of Ulm (1815), Versailles
Museum ; Henri IV. giving Audience to the
Professors of the Royal College (1827);
Martyrdom of St Stephen (1827), S. fiti-
enne du Mont; Joseph recognized by his
Brethren, Angers Museum ; Justification of
Susanna, Douai Museum. — ^Larousse ; Bel-
li er, ii 557 ; Cotta's Kunstblatt (1838).
THfiVENIN, MARIE ANNE ROSALIE,
botn at Lyons; contemporaiy. Portrait and
figure painter, pupil of L6on Cogniet and
of Joseph Paris. Medals: 3d class, 1849,
1859, 1861. Works : Flora Mac Ivor and
Rose Bradwardine (1848) ; Portrait of Abb6
Jacquet (1859) ; Portrait of a Lady (1881).
THEVENOT, ARTHUR FRANCOIS,
bom in Paris; contemporary. Genre and
portrait painter, pupil of £mile Bin, Caba-
nel, and of Lequien fils. Medal : 3d class,
1885. Works: Death of Antigone and
Hsemon (1878) ; After the Bath (1882); Mis-
ery (1883) ; Portraits (1884) ; Le dejeuner,
A Philosopher (1885) ; Portrait (1886).
THIELE, ARTHUR, bom in Dresden,
June 11, 1841. Landscape and animal
painter, pupil of Dresden Academy, then of
Julius Habner and of Ludwig Richter ;
studied also in Munich, and in 1868-72 at
DOsseldorf. Works: Deer on Autumn
Moming; Deer in Winter; Stag before
Hunter's Statue ; Dead Hare (1864), Winter
Hunt, Wood Clearing with Deer (1881),
Dresden Gallery. — Kaulen, 251.
THIELE (Thielen), JOHANN ALEX-
ANDER, bom at Erfurt, March 26, 1685,
died in Dresden, May 22, 1752. Landscape
painter ; at first a soldier ; studied from nat-
ure, and painted in water-coloura After-
wards instructed in oil painting by C. L.
Agricola and Manyocki, and settled in
Dresden, where, in 1747, he was appointed
court painter to Sang Augustus of Poland.
Works : Landscape with Cattle and Herds-
men, Aschaffenburg Oallery ; Castle on Fire,
Bamberg Gallery ; View in Saxony (1740),
Qotha Museum; Evening Landscape, Eunst-
halle, Hamburg; Landscapes (15, three
dated 1745, 1746, 1749), Views of Dresden
(3, one dated 1747), View of Meissen (1747),
Two Views in Mecklenburg (1750), Herd
driven through River, Schwerin Gallery;
Landscapes (2), Rocky Cavern with Monu-
ments, Animal-Pieces (3), Weimar Museum.
— Kugler (Crowe), ii 566 ; Schlie, 625.
THIELEN, JAN PHHJP VAN, called
Rigouldts, bom at Mechlin, baptized April
S64
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THIERRIAT
1, 1618, died at Boisschot in 1667. Flem
ish school ; flower painter, pupil of Theodor
BomboutSy and of Daniel Seghers in Ant-
werp, where he was master of the guild in
1641. like Seghers, he painted garlands and
flowers to enframe subjects by other artists.
Works much esteemed by the King of Spain.
Works : Bouquet, Lille Museum ; Gh^rland,
do. with Madonna (1667), Antwerp Museum ;
Flowers around Statuette of St Jacob, Ma-
drid Museum; Madonnawith Garland (1648),
Rowers (2), Vienna Museum ; Flower-Pieces
in Amsterdam and Hermannstadt (1661)
Museums, and fi\f\n. ,,
Liechtenstein J/^X Oh^tb^ liOO
(Crowe), ii. 347 ; Immerzeel, iii 137 ;
Kramm, vi 1623 ; Van den Branden, 1132.
THIERRIAT, AUGUSTIN ALEXAN-
DRE, bom at Lyons, March 11, 1789, died
there, April 17, 1870. Genre, landscape, and
flower painter, pupil of RevoiL Medals : 2d
dass, 1817, 1822. In 1827 became professor
in Lyons, and gave up painting. Works :
Interior of Old Cloister of St Andr6-le-Bas
(1817) ; Bunch of Flowers (1820) ; Recrea-
tion ; Soldier Retreating ; Religious Festi-
val ; Funeral of a Monk (1827). — Larousse.
THIERRY, JOSEPH (FRANgOIS D£-
Smt), bom in Paris, March 13, 1812, died
there, Oct 11, 1866. Landscape painter
and decorator, pupil of Qr^ later of Phi-
lastre. He is best known as a scene paint-
er in partnership with Cambon, at the Grand
Op^ra and the Op^ra Comique. Medals :
3d class, 1844 ; L. of Honour, 1863. Works :
Party of Workmen picking up a Drunkard,
Police Patrol (1853) ; Edge of a Forest, Car-
avan Road (1855) ; Wandering Jew (1857) ;
The l^ry (1859) ; Arrival of the Wedding
Party, Fairies' Kingdom (1863) ; Ruins of a
Temple (1865); Faust (1866).— Laroi^sse ;
Meyer, Gesch., 275, 417, 510.
THIERSCH, LUBWIG, bom in Munich,
April 12, 1825. History and genre paint-
er, pupil of Munich Academy, at first in
sculpture under Schwanthaler, then in paint-
ing imder Heinrich Hess, Schnorr, and es-
pecially under Earl Schom ; went to Rome,
and in 1852 to Athens, where he painted
frescos in St. Nicodemus ; returned in 1855 ;
the year following was called to Vienna to
decorate the Greek church there, and in
1860 to Si Petersburg to paint pictures in
the chapels of Grand Dukes Nicholas and
Michael and in St Catharine's Church.
Member of St Peteraburg Academy ; Ba-
varian Order of St. Michael ; Greek Order
of the Redeemer ; Russian Order of Stanis-
lau& Works: Sakuntala (1848) ; Camisard
Scene ; Charon, Entry of Bacchus into Grove
of Colonos, Lament of Thetis, Baron Sina,
Vienna ; Daughter of Jairus, Christ at Geth-
semane (1865) ; St Paul Preachmg (1866),
City Hall, Athens ; Christ at Pool of Be-
thesda ; Ceres seeking her Daughter ; Christ
in the Desert (1874) ; Alaric as Victor in
Athens (1879); Temptation of Christ— Mey-
er, Conv. Lex., xviL 894 ; Kunst-Chronik,
xvii 435.
THnHON, EUGfeNE ROMAIN, bom in
Paris, May 19, 1839. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Picot, Fromentin, and
CabaneL Paints chiefly religious pictures
His work is admired for good modelling
and fine colour. Medals : 1866, 1868, 1869 ;
2d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1872. Works :
Death of St Mary the Egyptian (1863), Li-
sieux Museum ; St. Sylvoin (1864), Tours
Museum ; The Levite of Ephraim cursing
the City of Gaba (1865), Perpignan Muse-
um ; St Vincent (1866), Bordeaux Museum ;
Perseus (1867) ; St Paul the Hermit and
St Anthony (1868) ; St Severin distribut-
ing Alms (1869) ; Eruption of Vesuvius
(1872) ; Judith's Return to BethuHa (1873),
Tours Museum ; Rebekah at the Well (1874);
St Sebastian (1875), Ministry of Fine Arts ;
Joan of Arc (1876) ; Euterpe (1880) ; Orien-
tale (1881); Poet at the Source (1882);
L'ifipave du vengeur (1883) ; Napolitaine
(1884) ; Exposure of Moses (1885), Luxem-
Museum. He has painted also mural
966
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THISBE
pictures in the Church of the Trinity and
decorative panels in the Ministry of War. —
L'Art (1878), xiii. 144 ; BeUier, ii. 565.
Incredulity of St. Thomas, Cima da Conegliano, Venice
Academy.
TfflSBE, Edwin Long, Gibbs Collection,
England. Thp tragic amour of.Pyramus
and Thisbe, in Bablyon, has been immortal-
ized by Ovid in his "Metamorphoses" (IV.),
and burlesqued by Shakespeare in "Mid-
summer Night's Dream." :Royal Academy,
1884; at William Graham sale, London,
1886, to Gibbs for 840 guineas. Engraved
by G. Bertinot (1886).
THOM, JAMES CRAWFORD, bom in
United States; contemporary. Landscape
and genre painter, pupil in Paris of ifidou-
ard Fr^re ; fii'st exhibited at the Royal
Academy, London, in 1864. Works: Re-
turning from the Wood (1864) ; Love in
the Kitchen ; Return of the Conscript ; Go-
ing to Church, Christmas Eve (1876) ; Le
jour de la Toussaint (1878) ; Watering his
Horse, Morning Ride (1880) ; Rustic Sport,
Summer Afternoon (1882); Old Farm House,
South River, River Bank (1884) ; The Pets
(1885)..
THOMAS, ADOLF, bom at Zittau, Sept
28, 1834. Landscape painter, pupil of Dres-
den Academy and of Ludwig Richter ; then
studied in Munich, where he was greatly
influenced by Lier. and Friedrich Voltz^
Works : View near Brannenburg (1866),
Dresden Gallery ; Landscape (1867) ; Even-
ing in Capri (1872); Landscape with Mytho-
logical Figures. — Mttller, 519.
THOMAS, ALEXANDRE, bom at Mai-
medy, Belgium, in 1820. History painter,
pupil of Dttsseldorf Academy. Officer of
Order of Leopold. Works : Judith ; Chil-
dren of Edward ; Solomon's Judgment ;
Descent from the Cross ; Judas on Night
before the Crucifixion (1854), Barabbas at
the Fpot of Calvary (1857), Bmssels Mu-
seum.— Muller, 519.
THOMAS,, CHARLES ARMAND, bom
in Paris; contemporary. Still-life painter,
pupil of Leclaire. Medal, 3d class, 1886.
Works : June Flowers (1880) ; Comer of
the Conservatory (1881) ; The Cellar of P^re
Jacquemin (1882) ; Gay Moming (1883) ;
Still-life (1884); At the Studio (1885); Eve
of Festival (1886).
THOMAS, GEORGE HOUSMAN, bom
in London, Dec. 17, 1824, died at Boulogne,
France, July 21, 1868. History and por-
trait painter, began as a wood engraver in
London and afterwards in Paris, whence he
went to New York to aid in illustrating a
pictorial journal. Li 1848 he returned to
Europe and went to Italy to study ; was in
Rome during its siege by the French, of
which he furnished sketches to the Blus-
trated London News ; and represented that
paper in the Crimea in 1854. On his re-
turn to London he obtained the patronage
of the Queen, for whom he painted Mar-
riage of the Prince of Wales at Windsor,
Marriage of the Princess Alice at Osborne,
The Princess Royal at the Coronation of
the King of Prussia, Distribution of the
Victoria Medals, and others. He illustrat-
M6
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THOMAS
ed, among other books, Wilkie Collins*s
" Armadale " and Mra Stowe's " Uncle Tom*s
Cabin. " — Redgrave.
Incredulity af St Thomas, Guercino, Vatican, Rome.
THOMAS, JAN, bom at Ypres, baptized
Feb. 5, 1617, died in Vienna in 1673. Flem-
ish school ; history and genre painter, pu-
pil of Rubens ; master of Antwerp guild in
1641 ; visited Italy, and in 1662 became
court painter to Emperor Leopold I. Works:
St. Francis adoring Madonna, Carmelite
Church, Antwerp ; Madonna and Penitent
Sinners, Ypres Museum; Painter's Studio,
Physician in his Study, Ootha Museum ;
Triumph of Bacchus (1656), Museum, Vi-
enna; Alchemist, Liechtenstein GhJlery, ib.;
Beaching for the Purse (2, 1661), Harrach
Gallery, ib.; others in Berlin and Kiel Gal-
leries. — Immerzeel, iii. 138 ; Eramm, iv.
1625 ; Michiels, viii 239.
THOMAS, ST., INCBEDULITY OF,
(John, zx. 25).
By Cima da Conegliano, Venice Academy ;
wood, H. 6 fi 10 in. x 4 fi 7 in. Christ,
standing under an arched portico, with St.
Thomas touching his wound ; on other side,
Si Magnus ; background, landscape with a
horseman. Formerly in the Scuola de' Mu-
ratori at Venice.— C. & C^N. Italy, L 242 ;
Zanotto, Pinac. dell' Aoca<C, PI. 16 ; Vasari,
ed. Mil., iii 665.
By Ouercinoy Vatican, Bome ; canvas, life-
size, half-length. Thomas placing his finger
on Christ's wound ; in background, three
disciples. Carried to Paris; returned in
1815. — Landon, Musee, xii. PL 4 ; Pistolesi
Vaticano, vi. PL 67.
By Johann Friedrich Overbeck, Beresford
Hope, London; canvas, H 10 ft. x5 fi;
signed, dated 1851. Christ and Si Thomas,
figures life-size, standing in a landscape,
with a mountain in background ; the for-
mer, with arm uplifted, is speaking to Si
Thomas, who approaches reverently but
doubtingly. Painted for Church of St.
Thomas, Leeds, but not giving satisfaction
was sold for £300 to present owner. Ex-
hibited at Boyal Academy in 1853, and at
the Manchester Exhibition in 1857. — Atkin-
son, 79.
By Bembrandt, Hermitage, Si Peters-
burg ; wood, H. 1 ft. X 11 in. Painted in
1634. — Waagen, Hermitage, 176 ; Vosmaer,
436.
By Cecchino del ScUviati, Louvre, Paris ;
wood transferred to canvas, H 8 ft. 10 in. x
7 f i 6 in. Christ, at right, standing amongst
Incradulity of St Thomas, Cacchino dal Salviati, Louvre.
the apostles, shows his wounds to Si Thom-
as, who kneels before him. Carried to France
by Tommaso Qiiadagni, and placed in Chap-
907
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THOMAS
el of the Florentines at Lyons. — ^Villot, Cat.
Louyre ; Landon, xiv. PL 4L
Subject treated also by Girolamo Muzi-
ano, Lourre, Paris ; Simone Cantarini, Mu-
nich Gallery; Gerard Honthorst, Madrid
Museum ; Bernardo Strozzi, Palazzo Bri-
gnoli sale, Genoa ; Padovannino, Eremitani,
Padua ; Salvator Rosa, Church della Morte,
Yiterbo ; Santi di Tito, Cathedral of Borgo
San Sepolcro ; Cayaliere Calabrese, Dresden
Gkdlery ; Anton van Dyck, Hermitage, Si
Petersburg ; Bubens, Antwerp Museum ;
Cima da Conegliano, National Gallery, Lon-
don ; Alphonse Masson (Salon, 1839) ; Louis
Lamotbe (1855).
THOMAS AQUINAS, ST., TRIUMPH
OP, Benozzo Qozzdiy Louvre ; wood, H. 7
ft 6 in. X 3 ft 4 in. Above, Christ in glory,
surrounded by cherubim, with St Paul at
his right holding a book and a sword, Moses
at his left with the tables of the law, and
the Evangelists in front ; in the middle, St
Thomas seated between Aristotle and Plato,
with Guillaume de St Amour, doctor of the
University of Paris, below them, overcome
by St Thomas's eloquence ; in lower part,
Pope Alexander IV., assisted by two cham-
berlains, presiding over the assembly held
in 1256, concerning the mendicant orders,
which were attacked by St Amour and de-
fended by Thomas Aquinas. — ^Vasari, ed.
Mil, iii 50 ; Villot, Cat Louvre.
THOMAS OF VILLANUEVA, ST., Mu-
rillo, Lord Ashburton, London ; canvas, H
6ft3in. x4ft9in. The saint, represented
as a boy six or seven years old, is taking
off his garment3 to supply the wants of
four ragged boys ; background, a street with
buildings and figures. ' Painted about 1678
for Convent of St Augustine, Seville ; sold
by Monks to the Prince of the Peace, who
presented it to General Sebastiani; pur-
chased in 1814 by Mr. Baring, an ancestor
of present owner. One of the finest Muril-
los in England. Sketch, Lord Ashburton,
The Ghrange, Hants. Copies : Cadiz Cathe-
dral ; Due de Montpensier ; Condesa de la
Mejorada ; Don Bodrigo de Quirios, Seville.
— C. Bermudez, iL 60 ; Buchanan, Memoirs,
ii 264; Ponz, Yiage, ix. 136; Jameson,
Monastic Orders, 202 ; Curtis, 269 ; Waa-
gen, iL 101.
By MuriUo, Earl of Northbrook, London ;
canvas, H 4 f t 3 in. x 2 ft. 5 in. The saint,
wearing a mitre and accompanied by an at-
tendant with a crozier, stands in an archway
giving alms to a kneeling beggar, who is
surrounded by other beggars; above, the
Virgin, seated on clouds, with Jesus in her
arms and two children clinging to her lap ;
on left, a church, seen through an opening.
Painted about 1678 for Chapel of St Thom-
as in Convent of St Augustine, Seville.
Louis Philippe sale (1853), £710, to Thom-
as Baring, uncle of Earl of Northbrook.
Ford calls it '* one of the finest sketches of
Murillo in existence." Lithographed by A.
Pin9on.— Curtis, 270; AthensBum (1853),
655 ; Oaz. des B. Arts, April, 1875 ; Ch.
Blanc, £cole espagnole.
By MuriUo, Seville Museum ; canvas, H.
9 ft 6 in. X 6 ft 4 in. The Archbishop of
Valencia, with mitre and pastoral 8ta£^
standing front under a Grecian portico,
dropping a coin into the hand of a kneeling
beggar ; in foreground, on left, an old wom-
an seated, with a boy standing at her knee ;
at right, two other beggars and a nun ; at
left, an open book on a table ; background,
architecture, with columns wreathed above
with a curtain. Painted about 1676 for
Capuchin Convent, Seville. Murillo called
this his own picture, and it is one of his
finest works. — Curtis, 268 ; Jameson, Mo-
nastic Orders.
By MuriUo, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart,
London ; canvas, H. 4 ft 11 in. x 5 ft The
saint, wearing a skull-cap, is giving money
to a half-naked beggar sitting on a stone ;
he is attended by an ecclesiastic holding a
mitre, and another holding a;crook ; before
him, a boy examining a coin ; at right, a
group of beggars ; and at left, architecture.
Second manner. Bought by Mr. Irvine
from Capuchin Convent, Gtonoa, and sold
to Mr. Wells, of Redleaf, for £1,000 ; sold
S68
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THOMPSON
at William Wells sale (1848) to Marquis of
Hertford for £2,992 10s.— Curtis, 270.
THOMPSON, ALBERT, bom at Wobum,
Ma8&, in 1853. Landscape and animal
painter ; pupil of W. R Norton. In 1872
and in 1874 he visited Europe, travelling
through Great Britain, France, and Italy,
and studying in the art galleries of the Con-
tinent Exhibits at the Boston Art Club.
Works : Landscape and Cattle ; Summer
Afternoon ; Apple Orchard — Summer ; Cat-
tle on a Hillside ; Lake Winnipiseogee from
Wolf borough; Wood Literior; Study of
Italian Boy.
THOMPSON, CEPHAS GIOVANNI,
bom in Middleborough, Mas&, Aug. 3, 1809.
Portrait and figure painter, son and pupil of
Cephas Thompson, but mostly self-taught
He has painted in Boston, Providence, Phil-
adelphia, New York, and in other cities in
the United States. In 1852 visited Lon-
don, Paris, Florence, and Bome, where he
spent seven years. In 1860 he returned
to America^ and has since lived in New
York. An associate of the National Acad-
emy. Works : Guardian Angel, C. H. Bog-
ers. New York ; Prospero and Miranda, Mr.
Wales, Boston ; St Peter delivered from
Prison, Ex - Governor Padelford, Provi-
dence; Spring and Autunm, C. Sprague.
Portraits : Sebastian Cabot (after Hans Hol-
bein), Charles Fenno Hoffinan, Historical
Society, New York; Dr. Francis; Haw-
thorne ; Dr. Matthews, New York Univer-
sity ; Henry T. Tuckerman ; William C.
Bryant ; Mrs. Bryant
THOMPSON, ELIZABETH. See BuOer.
THOMPSON, HARRY, bom in London ;
contemporary. Gtenre and landscape paint-
er, pupil in Paris of Charles Fran9ois Mar-
chal and Charles Busson. Medal, 3d class,
Paris, 1884. Works : Tea^ la russe (1876) ;
Sheep (1878)^ Sheepfold, View at Allery
(1879); Flock in Valley of the Somme,
Landscape (1880) ; Comer of the Orchard,
Cross Road (1882) ; Among the Dunes
(1883) ; Old Road in Picardy, A Calvary-
Sheep (1884) ; Comer of the Fortifications
of Paris (1886) ; Old Cemetery at Hooquin-
court (1886).
THOMPSON, JEROME, bom in Middle-
borough, Mas&, Jan. 30, 1814, died at Glen
Gardner, N. J., May 2, 1886. Landscape
and figure painter ; studied for a short time
under his father, Cephas Thompson, and
with Morse and Jarvis. Elected an A.N.A.
in 1850. Painted in England and France in
1851-52. Works : Land of Beulah ; Voice
of the Great Spirit ; Woodman, spare that
Tree (1871) ; Valley of Baca (1875) ; Dakota
Cafion (1880) ; Gates Ajar (1881) ; Spring
Trap (1882) ; Fallen Oak (1883) ; Indian
Prayer (1884) ; Study from Nature (1886).
THOMPSON, WORDSWORTH, bom in
Baltimore, Md., May 26, 1840. Genre and
history painter, pupil of Charles Gleyre,
Lambinet, and Passini, in Paris, 1861-64.
Has sketched in Morocco, Algiers, and
Spain. Elected an A.N.A. in 1873 and
N. A. in 1874. Studio in New York. Works :
Moorlands of Au-Fargi (1865); Annapolis in
1776, Academy of Fine Arts, Buffalo ; View
of Mi Etna (1869); Desolation (1873); Mid-
summer's Day on Long Island (1876) ; By
the Sea— Mentone (1877); Review at Phila-
delphia in Aug., 1777 (1878) ; The Depart-
ure — Episode of Colonial life in Virginia
(1879) ; May-Day in Fifth Avenue — New
York (1880); Halt of aDiligence (1881); Pass-
ing the Outposts, Union League Club, New
York ; Old Stone Church— Sleepy Hollow
(1882), T. R Clarke, ib. ; Market Place—
Biskra» Moorish Hunters returning to Tan-
gier (1884) ; Winter Morning's Ride, Ad-
vance of the Enemy (1885) ; In the Port of
Algiers (1886).
THOMSEN, AUGUST, bom at Glttcks-
burg, Sepi 3, 1813, died at Copenhagen,
Sepi 6, 1886. History painter, pupil of
Copenhagen Academy, where he won medals
in 1837 and 183a Works : Presentation in
the Temple (1841) ; Christ among the Doc-
tors (1843); Hans Tausen preaching the
Gbspd, Church of the Holy Ghost, Copen-
hagen. — Weilbach, 676 ; Kunst-Chronik,
xxi 750.
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THOMSON
THOMSON, HENRY, bom at Portsea,
July 31, 1773, died there, April 6, 1843.
Son of a purser in the navy ; pupil of Opie
and student in 1790 at Boyal Academy ;
travelled and studied in Italy, and in Vi-
enna and Dresden in 1793-99; became
A.RA. in 1801, and RA. in 1804 In 1825
succeeded Fuseli as keeper of Academy,
but resigned in 1827, Painted historiod
and fancy subjects and portraita Works :
The Dead Robin (1809), National Gallery ;
Christ raising Jairus's Daughter (1820) ; Mi-
randa's First Sight of Ferdinand (1822);
JuHet (1825).— Art Union (1843), 147 ; Cat
Royal Academy ; CL Blanc, £cole anglaise ;
Redgrave ; Sandby, L 326.
THOMSON, Rev. JOHN, bom at Dailly,
Ayrshire, Sept 1, 1778, died at Dudding-
ston, Oct 20, 1840. Called Thomson of
Duddingston. Amateur landscape painter,
pupil of Alexander Nasmyth ; first exhibited
in 1808, with the Society of Associated Ar-
tists, Edinburgh, to which he contributed
one hundred and nine pictu;res, from 1808
to 1840, inclusive. He was made an hono-
rary member of the Royal Scottish Academy,
having refused actual membership on ac-
count of his profession. Work: Loch-an-
Eilan at Rothiemurchus — Inverness-shire
(1835), National Gallery, London. — ^Art
Journal (1883), 78.
THON, SIXT ARNIM, bom at Eisenach,
Nov. 10, 1817. Genre painter, pupil of
Leipsic Academy, then in Weimar of Prel-
ler, with whom he visited the Isle of ROgen
(1837), the Thuringian Forest (1840), Nor-
way, and the Netherlands ; afterwards
studied for one year in Antwerp, and after
his return to Weimar became instructor at
the Grand-ducal School of Design and at
the Sophienstift Works : Adventure of
Travel in Norway ; Gleaner Woman ; GKrl
with Pitcher ; Two Citizens of Antwerp ;
Musicians in Winter ; Sleeping Boy, Chris-
tiania (Jallery. — Andresen, iv. 62.
THORBURN, ROBERT, bom in Dum-
fries, March, 1818, died at Tunbridge
Wells, Nov. 2, 1885. Portrait and figure
painter, pupil of Royal Institute, Edin-
burgh, and of Royal Academy, London,
where he first exhibited in 1837 ; elected an
A.RA. in 1848. Was a successful minia-
ture painter, having among his sitters the
Queen (1846) and other members of the
royal family, but on introduction of photog-
raphy painted life-size portraits and ideal
figures. Works : The Orphans (1866) ; Un-
dine, Country Life (1869) ; John Baptist,
Catherine of Aragon (1870) ; Concealment
of Moses (1871) ; Rebekah at WeU (1873) ;
In the Meadow on the Hillside (1874);
Christian descending the Hill Difficulty
(1876); Slough of Despond (1878); The
Two Marys at the Tomb (1879) ; Redi-
viva (1880) ; Bonbons, The Fates, Eastern
Water Carrier, AngeFs Whisper (1882) ;
Queen Catherine on the Eve of her Di-
vorce, Babes in the Wood, Gkune of Chess
(1883).— Athen., Nov. 7, 1885, 610 ; Sand-
by, ii 221.
THOREN, OTTO VON, bom in Tienna
in 1828. Animal and landscape painter,
studied in Brussels and Paris, taking up
painting in 1857, after having served in the
Austrian army in the campaigns of 1848-49 ;
returned to Vienna in 1865 and afterwards
settled in Paris. One of the best of living
animal painters. Member of Vienna and
Si Petersburg Academiea Medals : Paris,
1865 ; Munich, 1869 ; Vienna, 1882. Order
of Francis Joseph ; Russian Order of Vladi-
mir. Works : Death of Gtistavus Adolphus
at Ltltzen (1856) ; Horse in Stable, Cleaning
the Horse (1857); Mare with Foal (1858),
Konigsberg Museum ; After Battle (1859) ;
Cows at Pasture, Horses Ploughing (1861) ;
Cattle Thieves, Horse Thieves (1865) ; Au-
tumn Morning in Flanders, Ploughing Oxen
in Slovenia (1866) ; Near the Wolf (1870),
Vienna Academy ; The Forsaken Ones, Ap-
proaching Storm, Too Late (1867) ; Pasture
in Normandy (1873); Cows attacked by
Wolves, Museum, Vienna; Wood Land-
scape with Hungarian Oxen, Two Him-
garian Peasants on Horseback, Czemin Gal-
lery, ib.; Equestrian Portrait of Emperor
970
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THOKKDYKE
Francis Joseph (1866). — Wurzbach, xliv.
261 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iv. 114 ; vL 213 ;
ix. (Mittbeilimgen, ii. 11).
THORNDYKE, GEORGE QTHNCY, bom
in Boston in 1825. Landscape and marine
painter; studied in Paris in 1847. Pro-
fessional life spent in Newport. An associ-
ate of tbe National Academy, but rarely
exhibits. Works: Lily Pond; Swans in
Central Park ; The Dumplings — Newport ;
Wayside Lin ; View near Stockbridge —
Mass.; Long wood Marshes (1885).
THORNHILL, Sir JAMES, born at Mel-
combe Regis in 1676, died at ThomhiU,
near Weymouth, May 13, 1734. Pupil in
London of Thomas E^ghmore ; was patron-
ized by Queen Anne, who made him her
sergeant painter. When foreign painters,
such as the Riccis, Laguerre, and La Fosse,
were patronized, and native talent decried,
he decorated waUs and ceilings of public
and private buildings with mythological
and historical compositions, for which he
was but poorly remunerated at so much per
square yard. Of these the most important
are eight compartments of the cupola at St.
Paul's, the great hall at Blenheim, the ceil-
ing and walls of the hall at Greenwich
Hospital, and a saloon and hall at Moor
Park, Herts. His Finding of the Law, an
easel picture, is at All Souls' (College, Ox-
ford. Hifl portrait of Sir Isaac Newton in
his Old Age belongs to Lord Portsmouth.
In 1720 he was knighted by George L, the
first native painter, it is said, to receive that
distinction. In 1724 he endeavoured to
found a Royal Academy of Art, and failing,
opened a drawing ac^emy in his own
house. — Taylor, Fine Arts in Great Britain
(London, 1841) ; Redgrave ; Sandby, i. 13 ;
Portfolio (1872), 66.
THREE AGES, Lorenzo Lotto, Palazzo
Pitti, Florence ; wood, H. 2 ft. x 2 ft 6 in.
Three figures, half-length, the middle one
a youth in a black cap, with a sheet of music
in his hand ; to right, a middle-aged bearded
man ; to left, a bald-headed, gray-bearded
man. Look like portraits; handled with
Giorgionesque skill — C. & C, N. Italy, ii
502 ; Gal. du PaL Pitti, i PL 47.
By Titian, Bridgewater House, London ;
canvas, figures less than life-size. A shepherd
lover beneath a tree is taught by a maiden
crowned with flowers to place his fingers on
the stops of the reed-pipe ; in the middle
ground Cupid stepping over the forms of
two sleeping children ; in the distance an
old man dreaming over a pair of skulls on
the ground. Painted about 1518 for Gio-
vanni di Castelli, a gentleman of Faenza ;
passed through the hands of the Cardinal
of Augsburg into the collection of Queen
Christina of Sweden ; thence into the Or-
leans Collection, from which purchased by
the Duke of Bridgewater, Copies in Pa-
lazzo Doria and Palazzo Borghese, Rome ;
another belonging to Earl Dudley. En-
graved by Ravenet. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vii
435; C. & C, Titian, L 204; Waagen,
Treasures, ii 31 ; Cab. Crozat, ii PL 145.
THREE VIRTUES, Raphael See Pru-
dence. Fortitude, and Temperance.
THUILLIER, PIERRE, bom at Amiens,
June 17, 1799. died there, Nov. 19, 1858.
Landscape painter, pupil of Watelet and
of Gudin, and a close student of nature.
Medals : 3d class, 1835 ; 2d class, 1837 ; 1st
class, 1839 ; L of Honour, 1843. Works :
Valley of the Drac, Ruins of Castle of
Champ (1835), Amiens Museum ; Entrance
to a Forest in the Ardennes (1836), Lyons
Museum ; Rocks of Freilly (1836), Amiens
Museum; Timber near Chateau Renard,
Boulogne-sur-Mer Museum ; Ancient Abbey
of Done (1837), Due d'Aumale ; Castle and
Bridge of Voute-sur-Loire (1838), Puy Mu-
seum ; Ancient Tiburtine Road near Tivoli
(1843); The Puyen-Velay (1844); River
Duralle near Thiers (1845), Lyons Museum;
Elbiar near Algiers, Spring in the Moun-
tains of the Var (1848) ; Pasture in the
Mountains of Dauphiny (1853), bought by
Napoleon ILL ; Lake of Annecy (1854),
Geneva Museum ; Valley of Thuily in Dau-
phiny. His daughter Louise (Mme. Mor-
nard), bom at Amiens in 1829, is also a
sn
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THULDEN
landscape painter. Medal, 3d class, 1847.
Works: Entrance to Desert; Views in
North Africa ; Fog on Coast of Normandy
(1857) ; Portraits of Arab Sheiks. — Meyer,
Gesck, 767.
THULDEN (Tulden), THEODORUS
VAN, bom at Bois-le-Duc, baptized Aug. 9,
1606, died there about 1676. Flemish
school; history and genre painter, pupil
of Abraham Blyenberch and of Rubens ;
master of Antwerp guild in 1625, its dean
in 1639-^ ; spent some time in Paris
(about 1632-34 and 1647), worked at Lux-
embourg and Fontainebleau ; returned to
Antwerp in 1635, and married the daughter
of Henry van Balen ; called to The Hague in
1648, to decorate the Palace in the Wood.
Works: Christ appearing to the Virgin,
Louvre ; do. (1660), Copenhagen GWlery ;
Time and the Fates, Mystical Subject (1647),
Ghrenoble Museum; Martyrdom of St
Adrian, St Michael's, Ghent; Mother's
Jewels (1647), Museum, Toumay ; Christ on
his Way to Calvary, Cathedral, ib. ; Two
Sketches for Triumphal Arch, Antwerp Mu-
seum; Christ at the Pillar, Flemish Wed-
ding, Brussels Museum ; Triumph of Qala-
tea, Berlin Museum ; Oame Vender, Peasant
Woman with Fruit Basket (both with Jan
Fyt), Darmstadt Museum ; Marriage of St
Catherine, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ;
Thetis wreathing Peleus (1664), Amalien-
stift, Dessau; Finding of Moses, David
bringing the Head of Goliath to Jerusalem,
Schwerin Gallery ; Reconciliation of Jacob
and Esau, Visitation, Allegory (1654), Muse-
■ ■ , , > _» T ™a» Vienna ; A Tri-
Js,^/! , fvl umphal Progress,
—I- nnc» c» Herodias with Head
TvT. fVj.'ff-vV. of St John, liech-
T^CUiTUujUen. tensteinGaUery.ib.;
fO\/\* ' iCjZ. Christ in the House
rC i T'l /I **' Simon, Wiesba-
i.^an J h<4.Ue4^ den Gallery ; Or-
/
,/\*^- l6s>i pheus charming the
Animals, Discovery
of Purple, Madrid Museum. — Ch. Blanc,
£cole flamande ; Eramm, vi. 1620 ; Eugler
(Crowe), ii. 811 ; Michiels, viii 116 ; Van
den Branden, 771 ; Zeitschr. 1 b. K, xiv.
342^
THUMANN, PAUL, bom at Bschacks-
dorfy Lusatia^ Oct 5,
1834 Gtenre painter and
illustrator, pupil of Berlin
and (under Julius Htlb-
ner) Dresden Academies ;
worked in Leipsic as an
illustrator in 1860-63,
then studied in Weimar
under Pauwels; visited
Italy (1865), England
(1866), and France (1867),
and became professor at the Weimar Art
School in 1866, at Dresden Academy in
1872, and at Berlin Academy in 1875. Gold
medal, Berlin, 1879. Works : Departure of
the Bride (1868) ; Luther's Wedding, Bam-
berg Art Union; Squire George with the
Swiss Students at Jena ; Four Scenes in
Life of Luther, Wartburg near Eisenach ;
Return of the Germans after Battle in Teu-
toburg Forest (1883), Baptism of Wittekind
(1884), Gymnasium, Minden ; Inattentive
Scholar, Stettin Museum; Illustrations to
Goethe's "Wahrheit und Dichtung," Cha-
misso's and Heine's Poems, Voss's "Luise,"
Shakespeare's *' Midsummer Night's Dream,"
Tennyson's "Enoch Arden." — Rosenberg,
BerL Malersch., 314 ; Graph. K, ii. 49, 94 ;
Eunst-Chronik, xxi. 4 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
xix. 19 ; xxi 38.
THUSNELDA, See Germanicus.
THYS (Tyssens), PEETER, the elder,
bom in Antwerp in 1624, died there between
June 2, 1677, and Feb. 14, 1679. Flemish
school ; history and portrait painter, in man-
ner of Van Dyck, pupil of A. Deurwaerder.
Master of the guild in 16 4 4 4 5, and dean
in 1660. His historical pictures also show
the influence of Gaspard de Craeyer. Was
painter to the Emperor Leopold. Works :
Appaiition of Christ, Apparition of the Vir-
gin, St. Francis receiving Indulgence, Icarus
and Deedalus, Two Portraits, Antwerp Mu-
seum ; Adoration of the Host, St James's
87S
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TIARINI
Church, Antwerp ; Martyrdom of St Bene-
dict, and Portrait, Brussels Museum ; Temp-
tation of St. Anthony, Conversion of St.
Hubert, Consolation of Si Sebastian, Ghent
Museum ; Piet^ Basle Museum ; Marriage
of St Catherine, Copenhagen G^ery;
Achilles with Lycomedes, Stockholm Muse-
um ; Portrait of David Teniers the young-
er. Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Venus bewail-
ing Adonis, Vienna Museum; Vulcan and
Venus surrounded by various Weapons, Va-
rus with do., Hermannstadt Museum ; Mer-
cury and Herse (1664), Worlitz Gallery.
His son, Pieter Paul (bom, 1652), was also a
painter. — Eramm,vi 1629; Kugler (Crowe),
T
ii 309 ; Michiels, ix. 13 ; Booses (Beber),
329 ; Van den Branden, 934 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, xiv. 319.
TIABINI, ALESSANDEO, bom in Bo-
logna, March 20,
1677, died there,
Feb. 8, 1668. Bo-
lognese school ; pu-
pil in Bologna of
Prospero Fontana,
and of Bartolom-
meo Cesi ; fled, on
account of a quar-
rel, to Florence,
where he studied
with Passignano and assisted Poccetti. Af-
ter painting in Pisa, Pescia, and other places,
returned to Bologna, and improved his style
by studying the works of the Carracci His
Miracle of St Dominic, in S. Domenico, and
his Presentation in the Temple, in S. M. de'
Servi, established his reputation, and he soon
had many commissions in Beggio, Modena,
Cremona, Ferrara, and other cities, which
brought him fame and fortune. His early
pictures are in the style of Passignano ;
his later ones show the influence of Lodo-
vico Carracci. He was of a melancholy dis-
position, and his subjects are generally pa-
thetic and treated in sombre colours, but
admirably harmonized. Among his best
easel pictures are : Marriage of St Cather-
ine, St. Catherine in Ecstasy, Madonna in
Glory and Saints, Deposition, Bologna Gal-
lery ; Deposition, Brera, Milan. — Malvasia,
iL 119 ; Lanzi, iii. 117 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole
bolonaise ; Burckhardt, 764, 785, 788, 791 ;
Lavice, 16, 154.
TIBALDI, PELLEGRINO, Marquis of
Valdelsa, bom at Val-
delsa, near Milan, in
1532, died in Milan in
1592. Bolognese
school ; real name
Pellegrino di Tibaldo
de' Pellegrini ; some-
times called Pellegri-
no da Bologna; son
of a poor mason, who
removed to Bologna when his son was young.
After studying in Bologna, Pellegrino went
to Bome in 1547 and assisted Perino del
Vaga in the Castle of St Angelo, and Da-
niele da Volterra in Trinity de' MontL He
studied carefully the works of Michelangelo,
and imitated his style so successfully that
he was called by the Carracci, Michelagnolo
Biformato (the reformed Michelangelo). In
1550 he returned to Bologna, where he ex-
ecuted some admirable works in the Palazzo
Pozzi (now Palazzo dell' Instituto) and in
various churches, and won reputation both
as a painter and an architect In 1586 he
went, on the invitation of Philip H, to
Spain, where, during the following nine
years, he executed a great number of mural
paintings in the Escorial, the pictures of
Federigo Zucchero having been expunged
to make room for them. He returned to
Milan wealthy and ennobled by the King.
Domenico Tibaldi (1541-83), painter, en-
graver, and architect, was his brother, and
not his son, as Malvasia says. Works : St
Cecilia, Museum, Vienna ; Adoration of the
Shepherds, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Mar-
ms
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1
TIBERIO
riage of St Catherine, Bologna Qallery. —
Vasari, ed. Mil, viL 416 ; Malvasia, i. 133 ;
Burckhardt, 68, 761 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole bolo-
naise.
TIBERIO D' ASSISI, beginning of 16tli
century. TJmbrian school ; probably pupil
of Perugino, but not mentioned by VasarL
A painter of less power than Eusebio di
San Giorgio. His best fresco, a Madonna, is
in S. Martino, near Treiri He painted also
a Madonna and Saints (1510), in S. Fran-
cesco, Monte&lco, and a Madonna with An-
gels and Saints, in S. Domenico, near Assisi.
The latest date connected with him is 1524.
— C. & C, Italy, iii. 342 ; Ch. Blanc, fejole
ombrienne.
TIDEMAND, ADOLF, bom at Mandal,
Norway, Aug. 14, 1814,
died in Christiania, Aug.
25, 1876. Genre paint-
er, pupil in 1832-37 of
Copenhagen Academy,
then of DQsseldorf Acad-
emy under Hildebrandt
and Schadow; went in
1842 to Munich, thence
to Home, and returned
during the same year to Norway, where
he especuted several orders from the King,
and painted portraits for the University of
Christiania; in 1846-48 he lived again in
Ddsseldorf^ where he settled permanently
in 1849, spending the summer months usu-
ally in Norway. Contributed essentially by
his excellent works to the fame of the Dtts-
seld«rf school, and was made professor.
Member of Christiania, Stockholm, Copen-
hagen, Berlin, Dresden, Vienna, Amsterdam,
and Rotterdam Academies. Medals in Ber-
lin, 1848 ; Paris, 1855 ; Be8an9on ; Vienna,
1873, etc. Swedish Order of Vasa ; Nor-
wegian Order of Olaf ; Prussian Order of
Red Eagle ; L. of Honour. Works : Gus-
tavus Vasa addi*es8ing the Dalecarlians,
(1841); Norwegian Christmas Custom, Fam-
ily Scene, Peasants' Church (1846) ; Catechis-
ing in Country Church, Sad News, Domestic
Scene (1847) ; The Haugians (1848), DOs-
seldorf Gallery ; replica (1852), Lonely Old
Couple (1849), Christiania Gallery ; Bridal
Sail on Hardanger Fjord (1848), Christiania
Art Union ; replicas. Lord Ellesmere, Lon-
don, and Dr. Lessing, Berlin; Norwegian
Peasant Life (cycle of ten, 1850), Castle
Oscarshall near Christiania; Evening on
Norwegian Lake (1851), National Gallery,
Berlin ; Farewell of Norwegian Emigrants
(1851), Leipsic Museum; Night Fishing
(1851), Vienna Art Union ; Funeral on Sogne
Fjord (1852), Marquis of Lansdowne (last
three, together with Hans Gude) ; Neigh-
bour's Advice, Letter from America (1852) ;
Norwegian Sunday (1851), Wolf Hunter re-
lating his Adventures (1853), Funeral in
Norway (1854), Raven6 G^allery, Berlin ;
Wolf Hunter (1855), Hamburg Gallery;
Grandmother's Tale, Wounded Bear Hunter
(1856), Vienna Museum ; Visitation of the
Sick (I860), Christiania Gkdlery ; Adorning
the Bride (1860); Grandmother's Spectacles
(1861) ; I^st Communion of Old Norwegian
Peasant (1863), Eonigsberg Museum ; Duel
at Wedding Feast (1864) ; Grandmother's
Bridal Crown (1865), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Fa-
natics (1866) ; Baptism of Christ (1869),
Trinity Church, Christiania; Four Scenes
from Popular Life (1870) ; Resurrection
(1871) ; Farewell of a Dying Man (1872) ;
Wedding Procession crossing Brook (1873),
Mr. Forbes, London ; Laplanders hunting
Reindeer (1873); Christ (1875); Landing
of Colonel Sinclair at Bomsdaelen in 1612
(1876, the landscape by Morten Mtiller). —
Blanckarts, 117; Cat. Christiania Gbllery
(1885), 98 ; Ulustr. Zeitg. (1876), ii. 337 ;
Eunst-Chronik, xii. 5 ; Graph. K, i. 60 ;
Land und Meer (1874), ii 766 ; Wolfg. MtU-
ler, Diisseldf. K, 305 ; Springer, Gesch.,
165 ; Wiegmann, Zeitschr. 1 b. K, xiv. 393.
TIDEY, HENRY F., bom at Worthing,
Jan. 7, 1815, died in London, July 21,
1872. Portrait and subject painter in wa-
ter-colours; son and pupil of John Tidey,
who kept an academy at Worthing. Began
as a portrait painter in oils, having among
his sitters members of the royal family and
974
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TIEPOLO
other noted persons ; afterwards devoted
himself to water-colours, and in 1858 be-
came an associate and in 1859 a full mem-
ber of the Institute of Painters in Water
CJoloura Works: Feast of Roses (1859,
bought by Queen); Queen Mab (1860);
Dar Thule (1861) ; Christ blessing Little
Children, Saxon Captives at Rome (1863) ;
Night of the Betrayal (1864) ; Sardanapalus
(1870) ; Seaweeds, Flowers of the Forest
(1871); Casties in the Air (1872). His
brother, Arthur Tidey (bom, 1808), is a
miniature painter.
TIEPOLO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, bom
in Venice, April 16,
1696, died in Ma-
drid, Mar. 27, 1770.
Venetian school;
pupil of Gregorio
Lazzarini ; after-
wards influenced by
Giovanni Battista
Piazzetta, and still
more by Paolo Vero-
nese, whose equal he
was reputed to be, in the decadence of Vene-
tian art, though he was very far from being
so as a colourist But he has been rightly
called the last great decorative painter of
the Venetian school After painting frescos
in Milan and other Italian cities, he went to
Wurzburg in 1750, and on his return to
Venice (1753) was appointed first director
of the Academy of Painting. In 1761 he
was called to Spain by Charles HL, became
a favourite at the court of Madrid, and exe-
cuted, with the assistance of his son, Gio-
vanni Domenico (bom, 1726, died after
1777), frescos in the royal palace with such
success as to excite the jealousy of Raphael
Mengs, then court painter. Tiepolo pro-
duced some showy pictures, of which one of
the best is the Banquet of Cleopatra, Her-
mitage, Si Petersburg. Other works : Last
Supper, Louvre ; Martyrdom of St Agatha,
three others,Berlin Museum; Christ institut-
ing the Eucharist (1753), Copenhagen Gal-
lery ; Baptism of Clovis, Darmstadt Muse-
um ; Presentation in the Temple, Dresden
Museum ; Wedding of Noble Lady, Stadel
Gkdlery, Frankfort ; Adoration of the Magi
(1753), Two Scenes in the Story of Iphige-
nia, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Conception,
Last Supper, Car of Venus, Madrid Muse-
um ; Glory of Spain, Eoyal Palace, Madrid ;
Triumph of Aurelian, Turin Gallery ; Crown-
ing with Thoms, Triumph of Ferdinand
IIL, New York Museum ; Finding of Moses,
National Gbllery, Edinburgh; Saints in
Adoration, Verona Gkdlery ; Ferdinand over-
throwing the Moors, Buda-Pesth Gallery ;
Diana and Apollo on Clouds, Diana on
Clouds, Angels floating on Clouds, Dul-
wich Gkdlery. — Ch. Blanc, ificole venitienne ;
Dohme, 2iii.; Burckhardt, 270, 751, 776,
799; Cat Dulwich GaL (London, 1880),
164 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xi. (Mittheilungen,
iv. 43) ; xiv. 161, 198 ; xviii. 232.
TEESENHAUSEN, PAUL VON, Baron,
bom at Idser, Esthonia, Jan. 10, 1837, died
in Munich, Nov. 24, 1876. Marine painter,
pupil ill Munich of Millner, then of the
Academy and of lier. Works: Sea Har-
bour at Nightfall, Stuttgart Museum ; Ebb-
Tide ; Norse Night ; View in Heligoland ;
Coast of Esthonia; Agitated Sea; Bomar-
sund; Ebb in North Sea. — niustr. Zeitg.
(1876), iL 488 ; Kunst-Chronik, xil 364.
TIFFANY, LOUIS COMFORT, bom in
New York, Feb. 18, 1848. Figure, land-
scape, and decorative painter pupil of, In-
ness, Colman, and in Paris of Jjkm BeUy ;
he has sketched and painted in Spain, Italy,
Switzerland, Africa, France, and England.
Member of Society of American Artist&
Elected an A.N.A. in 1871 ; N.A., 1880.
Studio in New York, where he devotes
himself largely to decorative painting.
Works in oil : Dock Scene— Yonkers (1869);
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TILBORCH
Fruit Vender — under the Sea- Wall at Nas-
sau (1870) ; Street Scene in Tangier (1872);
Mai-ket Day outside the Walls — Tangier
(1873) ; Study at Quimper— Brittany (1877);
Duane Street — New York (1878) ; Algerian
Caravan, F. Harper, New York ; Harvesting
(1879) ; Bow-Zarea— Algiers ; Gray Day—
Mentone (1880) ; Reaper (1881) ; Old Fort
— St. Augustine, Study at St. Augustine
(1883). Water-colours : Meditation (1872) ;
Merchant of the East (1874); Shop in
Switzerland, Old and New Mosques at
Cairo, Lazy Life in the East (1876) ; Pal-
ace of the Pasha Ali Ben Hassein — Algiers
(1877) ; Cobblers at Boufarik, Market Day
— Morlaix (1878).— Sheldon, 177.
TILBORCH (TUborgh, Tilburg), EGIDI-
US or GILLES VAN, bom in Brussels in
1G25, died about 1678 (?). Flemish school ;
genre painter, supposed pupil of David
Teniers the younger ; master of the Brus-
sels gmld in 1654, its president in 1663
-64. He was a close imitator of Brouwer.
Works : Cavalcade of Princes, Brussels Mu-
seum ; Village Fete, Lille Museum ; Repast
of Painters, Hague Museum ; Flemish In-
terior, Rotterdam Museum ; Cobbler's Re-
past, Copenlmgen Ghdlery; Boy stealing
Purse from Man's Pocket, Darmstadt Mu-
seum ; Dutch Wedding, Dresden Ghdlery ;
Bagpiper, Hautboy Player, Qoiha, Muse-
um ; Peasants at the Inn (1657), Eunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Tavern Scenes (2), Old Pinako-
iliek, Munich;
Repast in Open
Air, Oldenburg
fy^ ^"^ Ghdlery; Guard-
I m /2/ Room ; Company
ww'w^i/'/ y y* Smoker, Rustic
^' J ^ cy Meal, Hermitage,
- St Petersburg ;
Old Woman with Basket, Czemin Gallery,
Vienna. — Charles Blanc, ificole flamande ;
Kramm, vL 1633 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii 329 ;
Michiels, ix. 183.
TILENS (Tilen), JAN, bom in Antwerp,
baptized April 6, 1589, died there, July 25,
"E
1630. Flemish school ; landscape painter,
in the manner of Lucas van Uden, probably
identical with Hans Tielens, master of Ant-
werp guild in 1612. Works: Valley vnth
Diana and Nymphs, Berlin Museum ; Moun-
H_^ I TK# tainous Landscape,
I '^ *^* Vienna Museum. —
Meyer, Gemalde kongl. Mus., 463 ; Van den
Branden, 657.
TILIUS, JAN VAN, bom at Bois-le-Duc,
beginning of 17th centurj^ died after 1681.
Dutch school ; genre painter, pupil of P.
van Slingelandt and of Caspar Netscher.
Works : Woman offering a Rose to a Man,
Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck; Bagpiper (1680),
Vienna Museum ; Young Woman Sewing
(1681), Dresden Gallery.— Kramm, vi 1633.
TILTON, JOHN ROLLIN, born in Lou-
don, N. H, in 1833. Landscape painter,
self-taught Professional life spent in Italy,
where he has studied chiefly the Venetian
masters. Has exhibited in London (1871),
New York; and Boston. Studio in Rome.
Works : Venetian Fishing Boats ; Palace of
Thebes (1873) ; Lagoons of Venice (1876) ;
Como, Venice, Martin Brimmer, Boston ;
Rome from the Aventine (1878), Corcoran
GaUery, Washington ; Island of Philse, Sam-
uel Hawk Collection, New York. — Tucker-
man, 558 ; Graves, 234.
TTM/FiNETUS, pamter, date unknown.
His pictures of a Wrestler, and a Water-
Carrier, in a building near the Propylsea^
Athens, are mentioned by Pausanias (i 22,
7).
TIMAGORAS, Greek painter, of Chalcis,
latter half of 5th century a a He defeated
Panceniis in a pictorial competition at the
Pythian Games, and celebrated his victory
in a poem. — Pliny, xxxv. 35 [58].
TIMANTHES, a celebrated Greek paint-
er, contemporary and rival of Zeuxis and
Parrhasius, native of Cythnus, about 400
Pliny says (xxxv. 36 [74]) that his pict-
RO.
ures suggested more than they actually ex-
pressed, and showed a genius even greater
than the art with which they were paint-
ed. Five only of his works are known : The
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TDIANTHES
Contest of Ajax and Ulysses for Arms of
Achilles, with which he won the prize in
competition with Parrhasius ; The Death of
Palamedes ; a Hero preserved in the Tem-
ple of Peace at Borne ; Sleeping Cyclops, a
small picture in which the subject was made
to appear gigantic by the introduction of
some satyrs measuring his thumb with a
thyrsus ; and the Sacrifice of Iphigenia, one
of the most famous of ancient paintings. In
this picture, which was painted in competi-
tion with Colotea of Teos, the artist repre-
sented Agamemnon veiled, because, most
critics say, he felt a father's grief to be be-
yond the power of his art; but it seems
more reasonable to believe that he did so
in obedience to that truly Greek sentiment
which demanded a certain dignity and re-
serve in treating the most tragic subjects.
The features of the King, distorted with
grief, would have violated this feeling, and
an impassive countenance would have ex-
posed the painter to the charge^f coldnesa
Wisely, then, he hid it from sight and left
its workings to the imagination. This pict-
ure is spoken of by Cicero (Orat, 22), by
Quintilian (ii 13), and by Valerius Maximus
(viiL 11, ext. 6). Timanthes probably took
the hint of veiling Agamemnon from Euripi-
des (Iphig. AuL, 1650). A supposed imita-
tion of this picture was fotmd on a house
wall at Pompeii (Mus. Borb., iv. 3).
» TIMANTHES, painter, of Sicyon, 3d cen-
iiixj B.a Plutarch praises (Arai, 32) his
picture of the Battle of Pelleni, in which
Aratus won a victory over the ^tolians
(240 Rc).
TIMARETE, painter, daughter of Micon
the younger. She painted a Diana, pre-
served at Ephesus, said by Pliny (xxxv. 40
[147]) to have been in a very ancient style
of art.
TDiBAL, LOUIS CHARLES, bom in
Paris in 1822, died there, Nov. 20, 1880.
Sacred history painter, pupil of Drolling.
Medals : 2d class, 1848, 1857, 1859 ; 1st
class, 1861 ; L. of Honour, 1864. Works :
Christ carried to Tomb, Virgin and Magda-
len at Foot of the Cross (1848) ; Christ's
Agony on Mount of Olives (1849); St. John
the Apostle at Ephesus (1851); Captive Jews
in Babylon, Resurrection of Jairus's Daugh-
ter (1852); Madonna (1853); Christ bearing
his Cross, and Portrait of Cardinal Donnet
(1855); The Church Triumphant, Pierrefitte
(1857) ; Obsequies of a Christian Martyr
(1857) ; Madame d'OseviUe, and Virgin at
Foot of Cross (1858) ; Mass at St. Peter's
(1859); St John at Ephesus, Lyons (1860) ;
The Studio (Princess MathUde), St Rose of
Viterbo (1861); Chapel of St Genevieve at
St Sulpice (1862-64) ; Chapel of the Cate-
chism at St £tienne du Mont (1865) ; A
Venetian (1865) ; The Muse and the Poet
(1866), Louvre ; The Agony of our Lord
(1867), Luxembourg Museum ; mural paint-
ings (1873-76), Church of the Sorbonne ;
four pictures (1877), Chapel of the Novi-
tiate, Rennes ; Burial of our Lord (1878) ;
Presentation of the Virgin, Church of Incar-
ville, Eure; Portraits of Vicomte Delaborde,
Church Leveque, £mile Saisset, Duke and
Duchess de la Rochefoucauld, Duchess de
Mirepoix, and M. G. des Seguina — ^Meyer,
Gesch., 364 ; Larousse ; L'Art (1880), xxiii.
216 ; CL Timbal, Notes et causeries sur TArt,
with a notice of his life and works by the
Vicomte H. Delaborde (Paris, 1881).
TIMOCLEA BEFORE ALEXANDER,
Dovienichino, Louvre ; canvas, oval, H. 3 ft
9 in. X 4 ft 11 in. Alexander, on a throne
before a tent, surrounded by guards, gives
her freedom to Timoclea, who is led be-
fore him by a Thracian soldier, and re-
stores her children to her ; in background,
at right, Alexander's troops entering Thebes
(Bceotia). Collection of Louis XIV., who
bought it in 1685. Engraved by Delignon.
— Villot, Cat Louvre ; Mus^e frangais, i.
Part 1 ; Filhol, ix. PI. 643 ; Landon, Vies,
PL 111.
TIMOMACHnS, a famous Greek painter,
of Byzantium, probably 1st century B.a,
though some place him earlier. Pliny says
(xxxv. 40 [136]) that Julius Caesar bought
his two pictures, Ajax, and Medea, for
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TIMOTEO
eighty talents, and placed them in the Tem-
ple of Venus Gtenetrix. The Ajax depicted
the hero in his madness, in a sitting posture,
contemplating suicide (Philos., Yit ApoL,
ii. 10 ; Ovid., Trist, ii. 525). In the other,
which is highly praised by the ancient writ-
ers, Medea was represented meditating the
murder of her children, but hesitating be-
tween the impulses of revenge for her wrongs
and of pity for her offspring. Other works
of Timomachus mentioned by Pliny (L c.)
are an Orestes (Anthol. Gr., iv. 183, 306),
an Iphigenia in Tauris, a Lecythion, and
the Gorgon (Medusa slain by Perseus).
TIMOTEO DA TJRBINO. See VUe, Ti-
moteo.
TD? OSO, EL. See Elizabeth of Hun-
gary, St
TINTI, GIAMBATTISTA, bom in Parma
about 1560, died before 1620. Lombard
school; pupil of Orazio Sammacchini, but
studied Pellegrino Tibaldi, and when he
returned to Parma took as his models the
works of Oorreggio and of Parmigianino.
He was the last of the painters of the old
school at Parma. Works; Magdalen, Parma
Gallery ; Mystery of the Passion, Louvre. —
Lanzi, ii 412 ; GL Blanc, &ole lombarde ;
Lavice, 256.
TINTORETTA, LA, bom in 1560, died
in 1590. Venetian
school Marietta Bo-
busti, daughter and
pupil of Jacopo Ro-
busti, called Tinto-
retto. Acquired a
considerable reputa-
tion as a portrait
"' ^ painter. — Eidolfi,
Marav., iL 259 ; OL Blanc, !^cole v^niti-
enne.
TINTORETTO, DOMENICO, bom in
Venice in 1562, died there in 1637. Vene-
tian school; son and pupil of Jacopo Robusti,
called Tintoretto. Followed in his father's
footsteps, but was inferior to him in inven-
tion and in colouring. More successful in
portraits than in historical painting, but
called n Tintoretto.
executed some large commissions in the
Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; among them, Naval
Battle at Salvore, Conquest of Constantino-
ple by Cmsaders (1204), and Surrender of
Zara. — Ch. Blanc, ficole venitienne.
TINTORETTO, JACOPO, bom in Venice,
Sept. 29,
1518, died
there. May
31,1594 Ve-
netian school.
Real name
Jacopo Ro-
busti; son of
a silk dyer
(tintore),
whence
Pupil of Titian, who
is said to have discharged him because he
feared in him a future rival ; but this is not
probable, as Titian was nearly sixty years
old at the time. Adopting as his motto
Titian's colouring and Michelangelo's draw-
ing, Tintoretto won a reputation second
to none in his time ; but whether he actu-
ally attained the high standard of excellence
which he had set for himself is a question
on which critics are divided. AH, however,
imite in regarding him as one of the great-
est of masters in composition, drawing, and
colour, and Ruskin places him above Titian
and beside Michelangelo. Recognizing the
unequal merit of his works, the Venetians
said that there were three Tintorettos— one
of bronze, one of silver, and one of gold ;
and Annibale Carracci said that, if some-
times equal to Titian, he was often inferior
to Tintoretto. With a rapidity of execution
which procured him the nickname of H Furi-
oso, he covered walls and ceilings with vast
compositions, some of which are so slight
in treatment and wanting in finish that they
are little more than decorations, though
often grand in design and marvellous in ef-
fects of light and shade. His Paradise, Pa-
lazzo Ducale, is the largest picture on canvas
in existence. One of his most famous pict-
ures is the Miracle of St Mark, in the Venice
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TINTORETTO
Academy. Tintoretfco often treated sacred
themes with a coarse realism unworthy of
religious art, as in The Pool of Bethesda,
and The Last Supper, in the Scuola di S.
Bocoo, Venice ; but his mythological pict-
ures are conceived more in harmony with
their subject& He was fond of paintiDg the
nude, and his female figures are charming.
His portraits are masterly, rich in colour,
and (those of old men especially) life-like.
Many of the pictures assigned to him in
European galleries are not genuine. Venice
contains many undoubted originals, among
which are : Bacchus and Ariadne, Mercury
and Ghraces, Minerva repelling Mars, Forge
of Vulcan, SS. Andrew and Jerome, St.
George and Dragon, Siege of Zara, Triumph
of Venice, Battle of Lepanto, Paradise, Pa-
lazzo Ducale ; Death of Abel, Expulsion from
Eden, Academy; Annunciation (2), Ascen-
sion, Assumption, Pool of Bethesda, Christ in
the Garden, Baptism of Christ, Circumcision
of Christ, Christ before Pilate, Temptation
of Christ, Procession to Calvary, Crucifixion,
Ecce Homo, Elijah at Brook Cherith, Ezeki-
eVs Vision, I\jII of Man, Flight into Egypt,
Sacrifice of Isaac, Jacob's Dream, Jonah,
Joshua, Last Supper, Baising of Lazarus,
Magdalen, Adoration of Magi, Fall of Manna,
St Mary of Egypt, Massacre of Innocents,
Miracle of Loaves and Fishes, Moses strik-
ing the Bock, Plague of Serpents, Resurrec-
tion, St Roch, St Roch in Glory, St Roch
in Heaven, St Sebastian, Adoration of Shq)-
herds. Visitation, Scuola di S. Bocco ; Mar-
tyrdom of St AgneSf Last Judgment, Moses
on the Mount, Presentation of Virgin, do.
of Jesus, S. M. dell' Orto ; Temptation of
St Anthony, Last Supper, S. Trovaso ; As-
cension, Christ with Saints, S. M. Zobenigo ;
Baptism of Christ, S. Silvestro ; Christ wash-
ing Disciples' Feet, S. Mois6 ; Presentation,
Circumcision, S. M. del Carmine ; Discovery
of Cross, S. M. Mater Domini ; Crucifixion,
Resurrection, Descent into Hades, S. Cassi-
ano ; Crucifixion, Madonna with the Camer-
lenghi, SS. Giovanni e Paolo; Martyrdom
of SS. Damian and Cosmo, Fall of Manna,
Last Supper, Coronation of Virgin, Resur-
rection, IkWtyrdom of St Stephen, S, Giorgio
Maggiore; St. Demetrius, S. Felice; En-
tombment, S. Francesco della Vigna ; Land-
scape, St Roch in the Desert, St Roch in
Campo d' Armata, Finding Body of St Roch,
St Roch in the Hospital, St Roch before the
Pope, Church of S. Bocco ; St Mark res-
cuing a Saracen, Bemoval of Body of St
Mark, Libreria Vecchia ; Marriage at Cana,
S. M. della Salute. Among the works of
Tintoretto in other cities are : Baptism of
Christ, Procession to Calvary, St. Jerome,
Muses on Parnassus, Susanna at the Bath,
Vienna Museum ; Christ on the Cross, Tu-
rin Gallery ; Concert of Women, Fallen An-
gels, Knight and Two Women, Madonna
with Saints, Madonna with Saints, Muses
and Graces on Parnassus, Woman taken in
Adultery, Dresden Gkdlery ; DeposUion from
Cross, Madonna, Resurrection, Venus with
Cupid and Vulcan, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
Entombment, Parma Gallery ; Ecce Homo,
Munich Gallery; Esther and Ahasuerus,
Muses in Olympus, Hampton Court, Eng-
land ; St George and Dragon, National
GWlery, London ; St George and Dragon,
Birth of John Baptist, Perseus and Androm-
eda, Hermitage, St Petersburg; Joseph
and Potiphar's Wife, Finding of Moses,
Judith, Baptism of Christ, Tarquin and Lu-
cretia, and portraits, Madrid Museum ; Leda
and Swan, Norton Collection, England ;
Luna and the Hours, Madonna, St Mark,
Berlin Museum ; Milky Way, Cobham Hall,
England ; Paradise, Susanna at the Bath,
Tintoretto (portrait). Louvre, Paris. Tinto-
retto painted many fine portraits, one of
the best of which is that of a young Vene-
tian in the gallery at CasseL — ^Vasari, ed.
Le Mon., xi 331 ; xiiL 109 ; ed. Mil., vi
587 ; Dohme, 2iiL; Ch. Blanc, £cole v6-
nitienne ; Burckhardt, 743, 761 ; Buskin,
Stones of Venice ; C. & C, Titian, L 437 ;
Seguier, 170 ; Bidolfi, Maraviglie, il 171 ;
Galanti, Tintoretto, Venice (1876); Osier,
Tintoretto, London (1879); Nord u. Sttd,
xi 141 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vii 366 ; xiv. 22a
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TINTORETTO
TINTORETTO, JACOPO, portrait, Tin-
toretto, Louvre ; canvas, H. 2 ft x 1 ft 8 in. ;
signed. Full face, short hair, and long white
beard ; in a black dress bordered with fur.
Painted in his old age. — Villot, Cat Louvre
(1875), 214 ; Filhol, v. PI. 299.
TINTORETTO PAINTING HIS DEAD
DAUGHTER, L6on Cogyiiet, Bordeaux Mu-
seum. Tintoretto, his hair white with age,
his eyes filled with tears, is painting the por-
trait of his dead daughter, Maria Robusti,
whose beautiful features and blonde tresses,
lighted by a lamp concealed behind a red
curtain, make her appear rather asleep than
dead. The face of Tintoretto is from his
portrait in the Louvre, but that of Maria is
much more beautiful than her portrait pre-
served at Florence. Engraved by Achille
Martinet. Lithographed by Aug. Lemoine.
— Larousse, xv. 218.
TIRATELLI, AURELIO, bom in Rome
in 1842. Genre and landscape painter,
pupil of Accademia di S. Luca, where he
at first studied sculpture and won fourteen
medals ; in 1873 took up painting. Medals :
Rome, Vienna, ChiH. Works : Cattle Mar-
ket in the Campagna ; Railroad Accident ;
Buffalo Team, Trieste Museum ; Harvest in
the Campagna, New York Museum ; Land-
scape (1878) ; The Charlatan, Sheep, View
near Rome (1879) ; Hermit in the Campa-
gna, Buffalo Fight, Bufiido Herd in Swamp
(1880).— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii 920.
TISCHBEIN, AUGUST ANTON, bom at
Rostock, Mecklenburg, in 1805 or 1806.
Genre painter, pupil of Cassel Academy,
then studied in Dresden and Munich, at the
latter place in 1832-37 ; he went thence
to Italy, spent some time in Venice, and
afterwards settled at Trieste. Works : Al-
pine Cowherd and Huntsman in Bavarian
Highlands (1831), do. (1833), Domestic
Scene, ib. (1836), Young Peasant Woman
in a Gothic Church (1835), Tyrolese Girl
Praying (1845), Schwerin G^allery. — Schlie,
100.
TISCHBEIN, JOHANN FRIEDRICH
(AUGUST), bom at Maestricht, March 9,
1750, died at Heidelberg, June 12, 1812.
Portrait painter, pupil at first of his brother
Wilhelm, then in Cassel of his imcle, Johann
Heinrich Tischbein the elder. Went to
Paris in 1780, and thence to Italy. On his
return he became court painter to the
Prince of Waldeck, and in 1800 professor
and director of Leipsic Academy. In 1806
-09 he was at Si Petersburg, where he
painted the imperial family. Works : Por-
traits of Princes and Princesses of Orange-
Nassau (9, one dated 1789), Amsterdam
Museum ; do. (2), Hague Museum ; Lute
Player (1786), National Gallery, Berlin;
Portraits of Man and Wife, Stadel Gkdlery,
Frankfort ; Portrait of Schiller (1804), Leip-
sic Museum ; Family Groups of Princes of
Nassau, of Prince of Orange, Baron von
Amim, etc. ; Portrait of the Painter and his
Family, Dr. Pinder, Berlin. — Immerzeel, iii
140.
TISCHBEIN, JOHANN HEINRICH, the
elder, bom at Hayna, Hesse-Cassel, Oct 3,
1722, died in Cassel, Aug. 22, 1789. His-
tory and portrait painter, first instructed by
the court painter, Freese, in Cassel ; went
to Paris in 1743 and studied five years un-
der Carle van Loo, but was also greatly in-
fluenced by Boucher and Watteau. In 1748
he went to Venice, where he studied under
Piazzetta, and after visiting Florence, Bolo-
gna, and Rome, returned to Germany in
1751 and became court painter to the land-
grave William VHL of Hesse. In 1776 he
was appointed director of the Academy of
Arts, then founded in CasseL Works : Por-
trait of Katharina Treu, Bamberg Gkillery ;
Portrait of Lessing (about 1760), National
Gkdlery, Berlin; Augustus and Cleopatra,
Antony dying before Cleopatra, Jupiter and
Callisto, Acis and Galatea, Venus adorned
by her Maids, Cassel Gallery ; Resurrec-
tion of Christ, Church of St. Michael, Cas-
sel ; Ecce Homo, Catholic Church, ib.; The
sso
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TISCHBEIN
Triumph of Arminins, Ch&teau Pyrmont ;
Heraclius (1776), Democritus (1784), Ar-
chimedes (1786), Belisarius (1786), Olden-
burg Gallery; Portrait of a Landgrave of
Hesse, Sohleissheim
Gallery ; Hermit in a
Grotto (2), Schwerin V ^-^
Gallery ; Portrait of a ?• / / • /,
Lady (1777), do. oi/lSCPOtLn p
Young Girl (1778), ^7^^
Weimar Museum. — Eugler (Crowe), ii. 564 ;
niustr. Zeitg. (1883), ii. 419.
TISCHBEIN, WILHELM, bom at Hay-
na, Feb. l5, 1751, died at Eutin, June 26,
1829. History, portrait, and landscape
painter, nephew and pupil in Cassel of Jo-
hannHeinrich Tischbein the elder; went
in r766 to Hamburg, where he restored
old pictures, copied after Berchem and
Wouwerman with great truthfulness, and
then devoted himself to portrait painting ;
in 1771-73 studied in HoUand after the
old masters, returned to Cassel, went to,
Berlin in 1777, and to Rome in 1779. Two
years later we find him in Zarich, mak-
ing drawings for Lavater, in 1782 at Milan,
and in 1783 again in Rome, whence he went
with Qt>ethe to Naples in 1787, and was
made director of the Academy there in 1789.
After the invasion by the French in 1799
he returned to Cassel, then moved to Ham-
burg, and in 1808 settled at Eutin, where
he painted much for «his patron, the Duke
of Oldenburg. Works : Arminius Deliverer
of Germany; Conradin of Suabia hearing
his Sentence (1784), View near Frascati,
Portrait of a Warrior, Qotha Gallery ; GK>tz
von Berlichingen ; Entrance of General
Benningsen into Hamburg (1816), Hamburg
Gallery ; Portrait of himself, do. of Young
Man, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Ama-
zons setting out for the Chase (1788), Bash-
kirs on Horseback (1814), Italian Landscape,
Idyls (43, 1819-20), Gallery, Oldenburg;
Rape of Helen, Hector and Andromache,
Hector's Farewell, Achilles and Penthesilea,
Ajax and Cassandra, Ulysses and Nausicaa,
Amazons setting out for Battle, Christ and
the Children, St Cecilia, Sicilian Landscape,
Grand-Ducal Palace, ib. ; Hermit in Cave,
Hermit Kneeling, Grand -Ducal Palace,
Schwerin ; Portrait of a Painter, do. of a
Boy, Weimar Museum. — F. von Alten, Aus
T.'s Leben (Leipsic, 1872); Andresen, ii 1 ;
N. NecroL der D. (1829), 516.
TISI, BENVENUTO. See Garofalo.
TISSOT, JAMES, bom at Nantes, Oct.
15, 1836. Genre painter, pupil of Flan-
drin and Lamothe ; at first' imitated the
Dutch mastera His later works are good
in colour and composition, and carefully
executed. Has not exhibited in the Sa-
lon since 1870. Studio in London. Medal
in 1866. Works: Meeting of Faust and
Marguerite (1861), Luxembourg Museum ;
Young Woman in Church, Confessional
(1866) ; Young Woman singing accompa-
nied by Organ, Confidence (1867) ; Break-
fast, Retreat in the Gkrden of the Tui-
leries (1868) ; Young Women looking at
Japanese Articles (1869); Giii in a Boat,
Party of Four (1870) ; Interesting Story,
Farewells (1872) ; Captain's Daughter, Last
Evening, Too Early (1873) ; London Visit-
ors, Waiting, Ball on Shipboard (1874) ;
Bunch of Lilacs, Hush! (1875); The Thames,
Convalescent (1876) ; Faust and Marguerite,
Mra H. R Maynard, Boston ; In the Louvre,
Morgan sale. New York (1886), $1,600.—
Meyer, Gesch., 665 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vi.
215.
TTTANIA AND BOTTOM, Sir Edwin
Landseer, private gallery, England. Scene
from Shakespeare's "Midsummer Night's
Dream." Titania is fondling Bottom's ass's
head, on which is the coronal of flowers
with which she has crowned him mon-
arch of her aflfections; before him stands
Mustard-seed ; on the right. Pease-blossom
rides on a supernatural white rabbit, while
Cobweb, Moth, and other fairies are in at-
tendance. Boyal Academy, 1851 ; sold to
Mr. Quilter (1884), £7,000.
TITIAN or TIZIANO, bom at Pieve di
Cadore in 1477, died in Venice, Aug. 27,
1576. Venetian school Beal name Tiziano
S81
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TITIAN
Vecelli or Vecellio. Learned rudiments of
painting at Gadore, where a Madonna in
fresco, at the Gasa
Yallenzasco, is
pointed out as his
first work; went to
Venice at the age
of nine or ten, and
was apprenticed by
' his uncle, Antonio
Vecelli, to an un-
known artist, per-
haps Seb. Zuccato.
After frequenting the workshops of Oentile
and Giovanni Bellini, where he met Palma
and Giorgione, he began to decorate house
fronts and to paint Madonna& A small
Madonna of this time, in the Vienna Muse-
um, though eclectic, is individual, while the
Man of Sorrows, in the Scuola, and the
Ghrist bearing his Gross, in the Ghurch of
S. Rocco, Venice, show that Giorgione then
influenced him, as Palma Vecchio did when
he painted the Sacred and Profane Love
(1503 ?), Palazzo Borghese, Rome. Other
early works are : Madonna with St Anthony
(1511), TJflazi, Florence; and portraits of
the Doge Niccol6 Marcdlo (1505-8), Vatican
Gallery, Rome, and of Marco Barberigo,
Palazzo Giustiniani, Padua. In 1508, either
in competition or in association with Giorgi-
one, Titian decorated the Fondaco de* Te-
deschi, Venice, with now destroyed frescos,
of whose style dwi^^idea may be formed
from the rapidly exe?fftted, masterly, and
brilliant frescos of Joachim and Anna^ in the
Scuola del Carmine, and of Three Miracles
by St Anthony (1511), in the Scuola del
Santo, Padua. In this year Titian entered
the service of Alfonso L, Duke of Ferrara,
for whom he painted the Christ of the
Tribute Money (1514), Dresden Gallery, and
the Bacchus and Ariadne (1523), National
Grallery, London. Between the frescos at
Padua and the Bacchus, he also produced
the Madonna with Saints (1512), in the
sacristy of the Salute, Venice ; Assumption
(1518), in Venice Academy ; Annunciation,
in S. Niccol6, Treviso, and the Scuola di
S. Rocco (1525), Venice ; a Madonna with
Saints (1520), S. Domenico, Ancona ; Al-
tarpiece of Brescia, in fite compartments
(1522), SS. Nazaro e Gelso, Brescia; Mor
donna di S. Niccol5 (1523), Vatican Gallery,
Rome ; and the Entombment, Louvre, Paris.
This and the St Peter Martyr are examples
of Titian's powers at their height. The life
of Titian was not marked by any striking
incidents or vicissitudes, and was spent in
imceasing labour in Venice, Mantua, Fer-
rara, and Padua, etc. In 1530, and again in
1532, he went to Bologna, where he met
Charles V.,who created him Count Palatine
and Knight of the Gk)lden Spur by letters
patent, bestowed many high privileges upon
him, and then, as afterwards, sat to him for
his portrait The finest among his pictures
of the Emperor is Charles V. at Mohlberg
(1548), Madrid Museum, once one of the
great masterpieces of painting. Among
Titian's earlier works are: Flora (1520),
Uffizi, Florence ; Laura Dianti at her Toi-
let (1523), Louvre; Madonna di Gasa Pe-
saro (1526), a M. de' Frari, Venice ; Mag-
dalen (1531 ?), Bella di Tiziano (1534), Pa-
lazzo Pitti, Florence ; Venus of the Tribune
(1537), UffizL In 1537 Titian decorated
the great Hall of the Ducal Palace with the
Battle of Cadore (burned in 1577) ; in 1639
he painted the Presentation of the Virgin,
Venice Academy, and in 1545 produced the
Danae of the Naples Museum. When paint-
ing, Titian covered his canvas with low-
toned opaque colour, glazed everything, and
in some instances spent years over a pict-
ure. '' Unlike the early Flemish painters,
he and the other great Venetians," says
Hamerton, " worked independent of drawn
lines, and in this gave evidence of greater
technical advancement They took things
by the middle and developed them in mass,
with a thorough study of modelling in light
and shade." Taken in their totahty, Titian's
pictures fairly entitle him to be called the
greatest of all painters; for while others
may have surpassed him in single qualities,
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TITIAN
none have equalled bim in general mastery.
In landscape as in figure painting, in sacred
as in profane subjects, in ideal beads as in
portraits, in frescos as in oils, be is ''facile
princeps;" and wbetber we cbiefly prize
grace, tenderness, cbaracter, and dramatic
power, or drawing, composition, texture,
colour, and cbiaroscuro, we are sure to ob-
tain tbe bigbest satisfaction in studying bis
works. Tbe following are works not previ-
ously mentioned : Annunciation, Transfigu-
ration, S. Salvatore, Venice ; Pietro Aretino,
Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; do., Palazzo Gius-
tiniani, Padua ; do.. Historical Society, New
York ; Ariosto, Cobbam Hall, England ;
do. (?), National Gallery, London ; Assump-
tion, Duomo, Verona; Bacchanal, Madrid
Museum; Beccadelli, XJffizi, Florence; Bel-
la di Tiziano, Hermitage, St Petersburg;
do., Palazzo Pitti, Florence; do., Palazzo
Sciarra, Bome ; do., Vienna Museum ; Pie-
tro BemJbo, Palazzo Barberini, Bome; do.,
Nardi Collection, Venice ; Twelve Ccesars ;
Charles V., Madrid Museum; do. (1548),
Old Pinakotbek, Municb ; Supper at £m-
maus, Louvre; Christ in tbe Gkirden, Es-
corial, Spain; Christ bearing tbe Cross,
Scuola di S. Bocco, Venice ; Christ appear-
ing to Virgin, S. Maria, Medole; Christ
crowned witb Tboms, Louvre; do.. Old
Pinakotbek, Municb ; Cbrist of Tribute
Money, National Gkdlery, London ; Caterina
Comaro, Uffizi, Florence ; Giorgio Comaro,
Castle Howard, England ; Comaro Family,
Alnwick Castle, England; Luigi Cornaro,
Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Crucifixion, S.
Domenico, Ancona; Danae, Madrid Muse-
um ; do., Naples Museum ; Allocution of
Alfopsod'w^txiZo^, Madrid Museum; Alfonso
d' Avalos, Louvre ; Cleopatra in a Grotto,
Holy Family, Alfonso d' Avalos, Cassel Gal-
lery ; D' Avalos and bis Page, Hampton
Court; Diana and Actseon, Bridgewater
House, London; Diana and Callisto, ib.;
St Dominick, Palazzo Borgbese, Bome ;
Ecce Homo, Madrid Museum ; do., Scuola
di S. Bocco, Venice ; do., Vienna Museum ;
Entombment, Alfonso d' Este, Madrid Muse-
um ; Isabella d' Este Gonzaga, Vienna Mu-
seum ; Europa, Bape of, Cobbam Hall,
England ; Alessandro Famese, Naples Mu-
seum ; Pier' Luigi Famese, ib. and Palazzo
Beale, Naples; La Fede, Palazzo Ducale,
Venice ; Francis 1, Louvre ; do., Palazzo
Gtiustiniani, Padua ; Nicbolas Granvelle,
Besan9on Museum ; Antonio Grimani, An-
drea 0}^ti, Palazzo Giustiniani, Padua;
Holy Family, Louvre ; Homme au Gant,
Louvre; Empress Isabella, Madrid Museum ;
St James of Compostella, S. lio, Venice ;
Jansenius, Palazzo Doria, Bome ; St Jerome,
Brera, Milan ; do.. Louvre ; John Freder-
ick, Vienna Museum; St John tbe Alms-
giver, S. Giovanni Elemosinario, Venice ;
St John in Wilderness, Venice Academy ;
Jupiter and Antiope, Louvre ; Last Supper,
Escorial, Spain ; Martyrdom of St. Lauy
rence, ib.; do., S. M Assunta dei Gesuiti,
Venice ; do.. Historical Society, New York ;
Allegory of Lepanto, Madrid Museum ; Lu-
cretia, Vienna Museum ; Madonna of An-
cona, S. Domenico, Ancona; Madonna of
Burleigb House, Burleigb House, England ;
Madonna of Cadore, Cburcb of Cadore ;
Madonna of tbe Cberries, Vienna Museum ;
Madonna del Coniglio, Madonna witb Saints,
Louvre ; Madonna witb SS. Jobn and Catb-
erine. National Gallery, London ; Madonna
witb Boses, XJffizi, Florence ; Madonna witb
S. Bridget, Madrid Museum ; Madonna di
S. Niccolb, Vatican ; Madonna witb Saints,
Vienna Museum ; do.. Louvre ; Madonna of
Serravalle, S. Andrea, Serravalle ; Madonna
of Zoppe, Cburcb at Zopp6 ; Cristoforo Ma-
druzzo, Salvadori Collection, Trent ; Magda-
len, Hermitage, St Petersburg; do., Palazzo
Pitti, Florence ; Adoration of Magi, Eoiigbt
of Malta, St Margaret, Madrid Museum ;
St Mark, S. M. della Salute, Venice ; Mater
Dolorosa, Madrid Museum; Ippolito de'
Medici, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; Giovanni
Moro, Berlin Museum ; NativUy; St Nicho-
las, S. Sebastiano, Venice ; Noli Me Tan-
gere. National Gkdlery, London ; do., Ma-
drid Museum ; Omnia Vanitas, Accademia di
a Luca, Bome ; Pope Paul EL, Paul TO.
988
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TITIAN
and his Grandsons, Naples Museum ; Jacopo
Fesaro, Antwei-p Museum ; Philip IL, Pa-
lazzo Giustiniaui, Padua ; do., Madrid Mu-
seum ; do., Naples Museum ; Pietd, Venice
Academy ; Marc Antonio Bezzonico, Spedale
Maggiore, Milan ; Eleonora della Bovere,
Francesco della Bovere, Uffizi, Florence ;
Salome, Madrid Museum ; Fabricio Salmre-
siot Vienna Museum ; Saviour , Palazzo Pitti,
Florence ; St Sebastian, Harracb Collection,
Vienna ; do., Hermitage, St. Petersburg ;
Filippo Strozzi, Vienna Museum; Summer
Storm, Buckingham Palace ; Supper at Em-
maus. Louvre ; Tarquin and Lucretia, Hert-
ford House, London ; Three Ages, Bridge-
water House, London; TUian (portrait),
Berlin Museum ; do., Madrid Museum ;
do., Vienna Museum ; Titian's Doctor, Vi-
enna Museum ; Titian s Uncle, Hampton
Court ; Tobias and Angel, S. Marcellino,
Venice ; Transfiguration, Marc Antonio Tre-
visard, Sterne Collection, Vienna ; Trinity
or La Gloria, Madrid Museum ; Benedetto
Varchi, Vienna Museum; Lavinia Vecelli,
Berlin Museum ; do., Dresden Gallery ;
Venus of the Tribune, UflSzi, Florence ;
Venus and Adonis, Alnwick Castle, Eng-
land ; do., Madrid Museum ; Venus Anadyo-
mene. Bridge water House, London ; Venus
and Cupid, Uffizi, Florence ; Venus equip-
ping Cupid, Palazzo Borghese, Home ;
Darmstadt Venus, Darmstadt Gallery ;
Toilet of Venus, Hermitage, St Peters-
burg ; Venus with Organ Player, Madrid
Museum ; Venus Worship, Madrid Museum ;
Andrea Vesaliv^, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ;
Woman in Adult-
TiZidA/O^^ / Brescia.— C. & C,
r' Tt+* Life of Titian ;
tC I a/vu5 J iil^t/lr Burckhardt, 714,
'Pi-ri^ A.ir^r ^722; Lermolieflf,
J ITlANl//£:^CXl4;Vasari,ed.Ma,
CW. 'f / Ml ' vii 425 ; Womum,
J ^ ^ Epochs, 250 ; Ch.
Blanc, ]^le v^nitienne ; P. G. Hamerton,
Art Essays, Atlas Series, No. 14 ; Northcote,
Titian (London, 1830) ; Bergmann, Tizian
(Hanover, 1865) ; M. F. Sweetser, Titian,
Artist Biographies (1877) ; R F. Heath, Ti-
tian (1879) ; Ridolfi, Maraviglie deU* Arte
(Padua, 1835, 1837) ; Eastlake, Five Great
Painters (London, 1883) ; Graph. K., iii 79 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xii. 601 ; xviL 286 ; xviiL
110 ; xix. 624 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, v. 196 ; xiL
9 ; xiii. 257, 305 ; xix. 102 ; Art Journal
(1886), 85, 132.
TITIAN, portrait, Titian, Berlin Museum ;
canvas, H 3 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft 5 in. Half-
length, in a close-buttoned doublet, with
shoulders covered by a pelisse of brown
cloth with fur collar, and black skull-cap.
Painted later than the Vienna picture. In
bad condition till regenerated in 1874 by
Pettenkofer process. Probably the original
of the portrait in the Uffizi, from the en-
graving of which by Agostino Carracci the
common pictures of Titian are taken. — C. &
C, Titian, ii 60 ; Vasari, ed. Mil, vii. 446, 458.
By Titian, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 2
ft 10 in. X 2 ft 1 in. Almost in profile to
the left; dressed in doublet, pelisse, and
black skull-cap, his beard and hair white.
Painted in 1562 (?) ; was in the Alcdzar,
Madrid, as early as 1621. Engraved by
Alphonse Fran9ois from a replica in Paris.
— C. & C, Titian, ii 62.
By Titian, Vienna Museum ; wood, H. 1
ft 7 in. X 1 ft 4 in. Bust picture, in fur
pelisse and black skull-cap. So repainted
as to show no trace of Titian's hand. Copy
by Teniers at Blenheim. Engraving by Vors-
terman in Teniei*8*s Gallery ; another in
Haas's Galerie de Vienne. — C. & C, Titian,
ii. 60.
TITIAN'S DAUGHTER. See Vecelli,
Lavinia.
TITIAN'S DOCTOR, Titian, Vienna Mu-
seum ; canvas, H.3ft6in.x2ft7in. A
beardless old man in black-silk robe& Per-
haps picture called Parma by Ridolfi in his
Maraviglie (i. 220). A masterly portrait,
but treatment unlike that of Titian. En-
graving in Teniers's Gallery. — C. & C, Ti-
tian, ii 425.
»84
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TITIAN'S MISTRESS
TITIAN'S MISTRESa See Bella di Ti-
ziano.
TITIAN AND HIS MISTRESS. SeeZ>i-
ariti^ Laura.
TITIAN'S UNCLE, Titian, Hampton
Court ; canvas, H. 3 ft 9 in. x 3 ft. 2 in.
Half-length, dressed in black, standing at a
table, a book in one hand, a golden apple in
the other. Named as above between 1842
and 1854, but for what reason is not appar-
ent Perhaps a portrait of Partenio, a poet
and friend of Titian, who wrote verses on
his pictures. — C. & C, Titian, ii 429 ; Law,
Hist. Cat Hampton Court, 38.
TITIAN, VISIT TO, Daniel Huntingtany
Samuel Hawk Collection,
New York ; canvas. Clem-
ent Vn. and Charles V.,
seated in centre, with court-
iers standing behind ; at
right, ladies seated ; at left,
Titian standing, uncovering
his picture of the Entomb-
ment, now in the Louvre ;
in background, through the
window, are seen the tow-
ers of Bologna. Scene in
1530, when Titian went to
Bologna to paint the por-
traits of the Pope und the
Emperor. — Art Treasures
of America, u. 25, 28.
TITUS AND VESPA-
SIAN, TRIUMPH OF, GiuHo Romano,
Louvre, Paris ; wood, H. 4 ft x 5 ft. 7 in. Ti-
tus and Vespasian, crowned with laurel, in a
chariot drawn by four horses, marching in a
procession which is passing under the tri-
umphal arch erected to commemorate the
conquest of Judea ; above, the Goddess of
Victory flies down to crown them ; in front
of the chariot a Roman officer holds by the
hair a Jewess — ^the personification of con-
quered Judea ; he is preceded by a soldier
bearing the seven-branched candle-stick.
Painted for Duke of Mantua, from whom
acquired by Charles L of England ; sold af-
ter his deatii to Jabach, who sold it to Louis
XIV. Engraved by Reindel ; L. Desplaces ;
A. Girardet — Musee royal, i. Part 1 ; Fil-
hol, X. PI. 704 ; Landon, Mus^e, xiv. PI. 61 ;
Villot, Cat Louvre ; Ch. Blanc, £cole ro-
maine ; Cab. Crozat, i. PL 50.
TKADUK See Kadlik,
TOBAR, Don ALONSO MIGUEL DE,
bom at Higuera, near Aracena, in 1678,
died in Madrid in 1758. Spanish school ;
pupil in Seville of Juan Antonio Fajardo, a
mediocre painter ; afterwards improved his
style by copying the works of Murillo, and
became the most noted of his imitators.
Probably much of his work passes under
the name of his great exemplar. In 1720
Triumph of Titus and Vespasian, Giulio Romano, Louvra, Paris.
he became a familiar of the Holy Office,
and in the same year executed for the Ca-
thedral of Seville his most famous original
work, Nuestra Senora del Consuelo (Virgin
of Consolation), which won him the favour
of Philip V. and the appointment (1729) of
court painter. Other works : Madonna, Vir-
gin appearing to St. Francis, Academia S.
Fernando, Madrid ; Virgin in Contempla-
tion, Portrait of an Infanta, Heirs of Don
Sebastian, Pau ; St Joseph and Infant Je-
sus, Berlin Museum. Copies after Murillo :
Portrait of Murillo, Museo del Prado, Ma-
drid ; Virgen de la Faja, Cadiz Museum ;
Good Shepherd, Infant St John, S. Isidoro,
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TOBIAS
Seville; Boy blowing Soap Bubbles, Her-
mitage, St Petersburg. — Stirling, iiL 1302 ;
CIl Blanc, £cole espagnole ; Yiardot, 227 ;
Curtis, 333 ; Madrazo, 677.
TOBIAS AND THE ANGEL, MurUlo,
William C. Cartwright, Aynhoe, Northamp-
tonshire, England ; canvas, H. 2 ft 9 in. x
3 ft. 7 in. The angel in a plum-coloured
robe, Tobias in a yellowish cloak with a fish
in his left hand, both bearing staves, walk-
ing in a rocky landscape beside a river ; a
dog looks up at the angeL — Curtis, 124.
TobJM and tne Angel, Salvator Rosa, Louvr*, Paris.
By Antonio Pollajuolo, Turin GWlery;
H. 5 ft. 11 in. X 3 ft 10 in. The archangel
clad in antique costume, and Tobias in cap,
mantle, buskins, and hose; a shaggy dog
trots before the archangel ; in background,
a city and castle, near a river, and two naked
men preparing to bathe. Painted for Or*
S. Michele, Florence. — ^Vasari, ed. Mil, iii.
292 ; C. & C, Italy, ii. 393.
By Salvator Bosa, Louvre, Paris ; wood, H.
11 in. X 8 in. The angel Raphael, with a wand
in his hand, commands Tobias to seize the
fish, which the latter, kneeling, is taking
from the water. Engraved by €tuttenberg.
— Mns^ fran9ais ; Landon, Musee, viL PL
7 ; Filhol, ii PL 111.
By Andrea del Sarlo or his school, Vienna
Museum ; wood, arched, H. 5 ft 8 in x 4 ft
10 in. The angel Raphael leading Tobias
by the hand ; on other side, St Lawrence
and a kneeling donor ; above, Christ with
his cross, in clouds. — C. & C, Italy, iiL 680 ;
Galerie de Vienne, L PL 11 ; Ch. Blanc,
£cole florentine.
By Titian, S. Marcellino, Venice ; canvas,
figures life-size, seen to elbows. The angel
and Tobias moving toward the foreground ;
a spotted dog in front of them ; St John
Baptist kneeling at foot of a tree. Painted
in 1539. Old copy in Dresden Gallery. —
Vasari, ed. MiL, viL 430 ; C. & C, Titian, IL
29.
TOBLER, VIKTOR, bom at Trogen,
Switzerland, Jan. 13, 1846. History and
genre painter, pupil of Munich Academy,
and of Wilhelm Lindenschmit Studio in
Munich. Works: Disputation of Zwingli
at ZOrich ; Checkmate ! (1877), Berne Mu-
seum ; Market Scene (1879) ; Wedding in
Amper Valley, Zttrich Gallery ; Cradle Song
(1885).— Mttller, 523.
TOCQUfi (Tocquet), LOUIS, bom in Par-
is, Nov. 19, 1696, died there, Feb. 10, 1772.
French school ; portrait painter, son of an
architecture painter, pupil of Nicolas Bertin
and Nattier. Member of the Academy, 1734;
councillor, 1744 Invited to St Petersburg
by the Empress, and remained there from
1757 to 1758 ; then visited Stockholm and
Denmark, and returned to Paris in 1760.
In 1769 he revisited Denmark, and was
elected associate of the Copenhagen Acade-
my. Was an excellent painter of stufb,
good draughtsman, and agreeable colourist
Works : Maria Leczinska, Louis of France
(1739), Mme. de Graffigny, M. Dumarsais,
Louvre ; Due de Richelieu, Rothan Gallei^y ;
Empress Elizabeth and Royal Family, Co-
S86
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TOJETTI
penhagen Gallery; Empress Elizabeth of
Russia, four others, Versailles Museum ; oth-
ers in Marseilles, Nantes, Amiens, and Ba-
yeux Museums. — Bellier, ii 578 ; Ch, Blanc,
</G
cxj^udu
Cat
ificole fran9aise; Jal, 1186; Villot,
Louvre ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 364.
TOJETT^ VIRGIIJO, bom in Rome,
Italy, in 1849. Figure painter ; studied in
Paris under G6r6me and Bouguereau. Re-
moved to America in 1870. First exhibited
at National Academy in 1881. Studio in
New York. Works : Richelieu (1881) ; Sleep-
ing Cupid, Sorrow (1882) ; Veiled Prophet
of Khorassan (1883) ; Out of the Gates of
Paradise (1884) ; Love's Temptation (1886) ;
The Favourite, A Little Accident (1886).
TOKEN, LAST. See Last Token.
TOL, DOMINICUS VAN, bom at Bode-
graven between 1631 and 1642, died at Ley-
den, buried Dec. 26, 1676. Dutch school;
genre painter, nephew and pupil of Gerard
Dou, whose manner he imitated so closely
that his pictures were frequently attributed
to that master. He is, however, generally
colder in colour. Works: Three Children
with Cat and Mouse Trap, Family Scene
(after Dou), Male Portrait (1673), Amster-
dam Museum; Woman frying Pancakes,
Leyden Museum ; Herring Seller, Old Man
lighting Pipe, Portrait of Gerard Dou, Rot-
terdam Museum ; Old Man eating Herring,
Old Woman winding Yam, Dresden Gallery ;
GKrl with Chicken,
Cas
Sch
Study, Copenhi
gen Gallery; Two
V Children vnth
Birds' Nests, Lace Maker at Cradle, Hermit-
' age, St Petersburg. — Kramm, vL 1636
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 412.
TOLEDO, Capitan JXJAN DE, bom at
Lorca in 1611, died in Madrid in 1665.
with Chicken, ^^ ^y
isel Gallery; c^ ) Xl ^
lolar in his 7JV. ^^^'
z BV-ToC.
Spanish school ; pupil of his father, Miguel
de Toledo ; became a captain of cavalry in
the wars in Italy, and made there the ac-
quaintance of Michelangelo Cerquozzi, un-
der whom he finished his artistic education.
Established himself at Granada, on his re-
turn to Spain, and painted many military,
marine, aud battle scenes, and some relig-
ious subjects, in which he was less success-
ful The last part of his life was spent
in Madrid. Works: Three Naval Engage-
ments, Madrid Museum. — Stirling, il 817 ;
Ch. Blanc, ]^le espagnole ; Viardot, 140 ;
Madrazo, 578.
TOLLES, SOPHIE MAPES, bom in New
York ; contemporary. Portrait, genre, and
still-life painter ; pupil of P. P. Rothermel in
Philadelphia, of the National Academy and
Cooper Institute in New York, and for two
years of Luminais in Paris ; vice-president
of the Ladies' Art Association. Exhibits at
the National Academy ; studio in New York.
Works : Cottage Door (1877) ; Portrait of
Linda Gilbert ; In Memoriam (1878); Chrys-
anthemums (1883).
TOM, JAN BEDYS, bom at Boskoop,
March 4, 1813. Landscape painter, pupil
of Andreas Schelfhout Works: On the
Heath (1866), Museum, Amsterdam; Flat
Country with Cattle, Museum Podor, ib.
TOM DIECK, AUGUST, born at Olden-
burg, March 23, 1831. History painter,
pupil of Dresden Academy under Adolf
Wichmann and Julius Schnorr ; went in
1857 to Italy ; studied in Florence after the
old masters, then for four years in Rome.
Works : St Cecilia (1854) ; Two Marys at
the Sepulchre (1859) ; Christ on Mount of
Olives (1862); Crucifixion (1863); Group
by the Cross (1871) ; Transfiguration of
Christ ; St Cecilia (1877), Dresden Gallery.
—Mailer, 623.
TOMA, MATTHIAS RUDOLF, bom in
Vienna in 1792, died there in 1845. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Vienna Academy.
Works: Rocky Landscape vnth Peasants,
Woodland with Two Boys (1831), Vienna
Museum ; Views in the Prater (1834, 1835) ;
t87
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TOMMASI
The Watzmann near Bercbtesgaden (1836) ;
The Great Eiger in Switzerland (1839);
View on the Danube (1841). — Wurzbach
xlvL 34.
TOMMASI, NICCOIA, of Florence, 14th
century. Florentine school ; his name ap-
pears, with that of Andrea Orcagna and
others, in 1366 in the list of the council of
S. Maria del Fiore, and in 1371 in the guild
of painters, Florence. His picture of Si
Anthony, dated 1371, in S. Antonio Abate,
Naples, shows that his style was not unlike
that of Orcagna.— C. & C, Italy, i. 335,
460.
TOMMASO DA MODENA, bom in Tre-
viso, lived latter half 14th century. Bolo-
gnese school ; though a feeble second-rate
painter, he was the first of any note in Mo-
dena ; style, a mixture of the Gubbian and
Bolognese. A St. Catherine in the Venice
Academy, dated 1351, ascribed to him, is
of the close of the 15th century (C. & C).
An altarpiece by him, in six parts, in the
Modena Gallery, is much repainted. In
1357 Tommaso went to Prague, where he
painted a Madonna with Saints, now in the
Vienna Academy. He is supposed to have
decorated the Castle of Carlstein for Charles
rV., after 1357, and an Ecce Homo and a
Madonna, still there, are attributed to him ;
also an altarpiece in the Modena Gkdlery,
and a wall painting in S. Niccold, Treviso.
— C. & C, Italy, ii 218 ; Burckhardt, 519.
TOMMASO DI STEFANO. See Giot-
tino.
TOMPKINS, CLEMENTINA M. G.,
bom in Washington, D. C. ; contemporary.
Portrait and figure painter, pupil of the
School of Design and of Bonnat in Paris.
Has exhibited at the Paris and Brussels
Salona Works : Little Musician (1876) ;
Rosa— la fileuse, little Artist (1878).
TOMYMS, Rubens, Earl Darnley, Cob-
ham Hall, England ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 8 in.
X 11 ft 9 in. Seventeen figurea Tomyris
commanding the head of Cyrus to be im-
mersed in blood (Herod., i. 205). The
Queen, in a white-satin robe embroidered
with gold, accompanied by a lady on her left,
and three others and two pages behind her,
stands at right on a dais, observing the
executioner, who, bending on one knee,
h^lds the head of Cyrus over a golden
charger filled with blood ; several courtiers
and soldiers look on. Orleans Collection ;
bought by Earl of Daraley for 1,200 guin-
eas. Engraved by P. Pontius ; Bagot ; Du-
change; Launay. — ^Waagen, Treasures, iiL
23 ; Smith, ii. 207.
By Rubens, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 8
ft 8 in. X 6 ft 6 in. The Queen, in a satin
robe and mantle lined with ermine, on a
throne at right, with two female attendants
at her left, an elderly female behind, and
a minister of state and two soldiers at
her right ; on the opposite side, an execu-
tioner holding the head of Cyrus over a
brazen vase, and a man in a crimson robe
looking on. Valued in 1816 at 100,000
franca — Cat Louvre ; Smith, ii. 117.
TOORENVLEET, JACOB, bom at Ley-
den in 1641, died there in 1719. Dutch
school; history, genre, and portrait paint-
er ; studied in Leyden and in Eome, whith-
er he went in 1670 ; also lived for several
years in Venice. Works : Old Woman Spin-
ning (1667), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Butcher
Shop (1677), Museum, Vienna; Men with
Books (6, five dated 1675, 1677), Man be-
fore Mirror (1676), two others (1679), sev-
eral, Liechtenstein Gtallery, ib. ; Woman
Singing and Organ Grinder (1678), Fish-
Seller at Window (1679), Jew with Book,
Man giving Flower to Woman (attributed),
Dresden Gallery ; Company of Four witii
Books, Brunswick Gallery ; Peasant hold-
ing Vessel, Woman looking out of Window,
Cassel Gallery ; Peasant between two kinds
of Wine, Moltke Collection, Copenhagen ;
Benediction being read in a Synagogue, The
Curse do., Christiania Gallery ; Soldiers at
Cards (1682), Old Woman placing Candle
in a Lantern, Darmstadt Museum ; Old Man
with Book, Gotha Museum ; Melon Vender,
Poultry Vender, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ;
The Quack Doctor, Schleissheim Gallery;
S68
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TOPHAM
Smoker, Landsknecht on Guard, Schwerin
Ckdlery ; Holy Family, Young Man in Cui-
J. Lor^^^^ /'
rass, Hermannstadt Museum. — Eramm, vi.
1640 ; Quellenschnf ten, xiv. 349.
TOPHAM, FRANCIS WILLIAM, bom
at Leeds, Yorkshire, April 16, 1808, died
at Cordova, Spain, March 31, 1877. His-
tory and landscape painter, in oil and water-
colours; began in Leeds as an engraver;
removed in 1829 to London, and became
a member of the Society of Water-Colour
Painters in 1848. He drew his subjects
chiefly from Ireland, Scotland, Spain, and
Italy. Works: Deserted Village, Rustic
Bridge— nkley (1843); Pilgrims to the
Holy Well— Ireland (1846) ; Mavoumeen I
MavoumeenI (1846); St Patrick's Day
(1847) ; Irish Courtship ; Spanish Gypsies;
Welsh Cabin; Preparing for the Fight,
Waiting by the Stile (1872) ; Bird's Nest,
Love Letter (1873) ; Leaving Church —
Charity (1874) ; Wayfarers, Welsh Stream
(1876) ; Blackberry Gkttherers, Haymaking,
Loiterers by the Sea (1876) ; Venetian
Water Carriers, Eve of the Festa (1877).—
Art Journal (1876), 210; (1877), 187;
(1880), 21 ; C. Carr, Essays, 198.
TOPHAM, FRANCIS W. W., bom in
London in 1838. History painter, son and
pupil of Francis William Topham, and
pupil of the Royal Academy ; has lived in
Italy and France. Works : Fall of Rienzi
(1876) ; Relics of Pompeii ; Dinner Time
(1877) ; Drawing in Italy for Military Ser-
vice (1878); Taming the Shrew, Home after
Service (1879) ; Renouncing the Vanities by
Order of Savonarola (1881) ; Content, Mes-
senger of Gk>od Tidings (1882) ; Roman
Triumph, Love and Labour, First Com-
munion (1883) ; Thank Offering, Sonata,
Festa dei Morti (1884) ; Sunday in Pom-
peii, Queen of the Tournament (1885) ;
God and Mammon, Rest, Quiet Harbour
(1886).
TORBIDO, FRANCESCO, first half of
16th century; living in 1546. Venetian
school ; commonly called II Moro. Ac-
cording to Vasari, he went as a youth to
Venice to study under Giorgione, but in
consequence of a quarrel had to return to
Verona. He gave up his profession for a
time, but finally became a pupil of Libe-
rale, who made him his heir. Throughout
his career he imitated various painters,
though always revealing himself. Second-
rate when most original. In his Venetian
style he resembles Pomponio Amalteo or
Cariani ; and when he works on Giulio Ro-
mano's cartoons he is Raphaelesque. Among
his works in Verona are a Maclonnar*with
Saints, in S. Zeno, altarpieces in S. Eufemia
and S. Fermo, and the frescos of the Na-
tivity, Presentation, and Assumption of the
Virgin (1534), in the choir of the Duomo.
The latter are from cartoons by Giulio Ro-
mano. Torbido was also an engraver. — C.
& C, N. Italy, L 508 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon.,
vi 107 ; vii 87 ; ix. 170, 180 ; Burckhardt,
192, 607, 746.
TORRENTS, STANISLAS, bom at Mar-
seilles ; contemporary. Portrait and fig-
ure painter, pupil of Couture. Medal, 3d
class, 1875. Works: Bacchante (1864);
The Repetition (1872) ; Death (1875), Mar-
seilles Museum ; Vierge au lis (1876) ; The
Test (1885) ; Investigation about Trichinse,
Man's Head (1886).
TORRES, MATIAS DE, bom at Espino-
sa de los Monteros in 1631, died in Madrid
in 1711. Spanish school ; pupil in Madrid
of his uncle, Tomas Taurino, an obscure
painter, and of Herrera el Mozo ; painted
chiefly large, coarse pictures for processional
decorations, but was quite successful in
landscapes and battlea— Stirling, iii. 1024.
TORSSLOW, STEN HARALD, bom in
Stockholm, Sweden, Feb. 10, 1838. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Stockholm Academy,
then in Dtlsseldorf of Gude, and studied
nature in Dalecarlia, Lapland, Austria, and
Tyrol (1864), and Norway (1874). Fellow
of Stockholm Academy in 1869. Works :
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TOUDOUZE
View in Stockholm Sharengarden ; View in
Lapland ; Saturday Dance in Dalecarlia. —
Mttller, 524
TOUDOUZE, £D0UAKD, bom in Paris
in 1844. History and genre painter, pupil
of Auguste Leloir, Pils, and of the £cole
des B. Arts, where he won the grand prix
de Rome in 1871. Medals : 3d class, 1876 ;
2d class, 1877. Works: Pirates Embark-
ing (1867) ; Death of Jezebel (1868) ; Tort-
ure of Brunhilde, Two Friends (1869);
Eros and Aphrodite (1874); Murder of
Agamemnon by Order of Clytemnestra
(1876); Lot's Wife changed into Salt
(1877) ; Beach at Yport (1878) ; Guardian
Angels (1879), Caen Museum ; Country
Recreation (1880); Coquetry (1881); Di-
ana's Triumph (1882). — ^Larousse, Supple-
ment .
TOULMOUCHE, AUGUSTE, bom in
Nantes, Sept 21, 1829. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Gleyre. Subjects generally piquant
scenes from daily life; paints satins and
velvets with great skill Medals : 3d class,
1852, 1859 ; 2d class, 1861 ; 3d class, 1878 ;
L. of Honour, 1870. Works: Curl-Papers
(1849) ; Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, A Girl
(1852); After Breakfast (1853), Princess
Mathilde ; First Step (1853), Empress Eu-
g6nie ; The Lesson (1855), Nantes Museum ;
The Terrace (1855) ; A Kiss (1857) ; Prayer,
A Lesson, Card-House (1859) ; First Cha-
giin. Sleep, Watch, Letter (1861) ; A Snub,
At Rest, The Hearth (1863); Confidence,
The Day after the Ball (1864) ; Forbidden
Fruit (1865), Sir Richard Wallace, London ;
First Visit (1865) ; A Marriage for Conveni-
ence (1866), K Matthews; White Lilacs,
Waiting (1867) ; Last Glimpse, A Festival
(1868) ; Love-Letter, Morning Toilet (1869) ;
The Appointed Time, Woman Reading
(1870) ; Winter (1873) ; Serious Book, The
Reply (1874) ; Flirtation, Summer (1876) ;
The Rose (1878); The Letter, In the
Grasp (1883); Tete-i-Tete (1884); In the
Library, The Adieu, W. H. Vanderbilt Col-
lection, New York ; Hour of Return, Samuel
Hawk Collection, ib.; In the Garden, Love-
Letter, Forbidden Fruit, New York, William
Astor, ib. — Bellier, ii 582 ; Meyer, Gesch,,
681, 696.
TOUR See La Tour.
TOURNKMTNE, CHARLES ttJMTT.P. VA-
CHER DE, bom at Toulon, Oct 25, 1814,
died there, Dec 22, 1873. Landscape
painter, pupil of Isabey. At first painted
views of Brittany and Normandy. In 1854
he went to the East, after which his pict-
ures were chiefly of Oriental subjecta As-
sistant custodian of the Luxembourg ; L. of
Honour, 1853. Works: Souvenir of Con-
cameau, River Oust (1846) ; Environs of
Vannes, Low Tide, Sunset (1847) ; Breton
Horsemen, A River, A Meadow, A Brook
(1848) ; Batz, Low Tide at Croisic, Breton
Pasture, Environs of St Martin (1849) ; A
Village, Low Tide (1850) ; Beach in Brit-
tany, Environs of Croisic, Pasture near
Smyrna (1852) ; Beach at Low Tide, Bretons
driving Cattle (1853) ; Girl Tending a Flock,
Turkish Shepherd, The Danube (1855);
Turkish Cafe, The Road to Smyrna, Turkish
Horsemen, Lake on the Borders of Tu-
nis, Souvenir of Asiatic Turkey (1857) ; De-
parture of Caravan, Dwellings near Ada-
lia. Souvenir of Tyr-Syria (1859) ; Cafe at
Adalia, Views on Lower Danube (3), Envi-
rons of Rosette — Egypt (1861) ; Gambols of
Fishing Birds in Egypt (1863) ; DweUing
at Adana — Asia Minor (1863), Prefecture,
Nantes ; Promenade of Turkish Women
(1863), Montpellier Museum ; Street leading
to Bazaar at Chabran-el-Kebir (1865), Toulon
Museum ; Return from the Chase in India
(1868), Marseilles Museum ; Festival in In-
dia, Hunting Episode in Africa (1869);
View of Luxor during Inundation (1870) ;
Elephant attacked by Lions, Sacred Lake in
Hindostan (1872) ; Ruins of a Temple in
Central India, Camp in Asia Minor (1873). —
Athenseum (1873), L 66 ; Bellier, ii 683 ;
Claretie, Peintres (1874), 278.
TOURNEUX, JEAN FRANCOIS EU-
GENE, bom in Banthouzel, Oct 6, 1809,
died in Paris, June 26, 1867. G^nre paint-
er, pupil of Marshal in Metz. Medal, 3d
990
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TOURNIEKES
class, 1843. Works : Hall of Oypsy Fam-
ily (1852), Meiz Museum ; Point d'orgue
(1859), Grenoble Museum; Faust and Wag-
ner (1861) ; Solitude (1864) ; Gypsy Woman,
Sunset (1865); Castle of Godfrey de Bouil-
lon, Gk>od Adventure (1866). He published
several volumes of poetry. — Bellier, ii 584 ;
Larousse.
TOURNlfcBES, ROBERT LEVRAC,
bom at Ifs, near
Caen, in 1668, died
at Caen, May 18,
1752. French
school ; genre and
portrait painter, pu-
pil of Lucas de la
Haye and of Bon
Boullogne. Made
rapid progress in his
art; admitted to
Academy as portrait painter in 1702, and as
history painter in 1716. Became assistant
professor in 1725, but after a quarrel with
his colleagues retired to Caen in 1750, and
gave up painting. Works: Daughter of
Dibutades drawing the Portrait of her
j OlJifUijitrtM
Lover (1716),
Louvre; Portraits
of Racine and
Chapelle,' Caen;
others in Ver-
sailles and Nantes Museums. — Bellier, L
1041 ; Ch. Blanc, I^le fran9aise; Yillot,
Cat Louvre.
TRAFALGAR, BATTLE OF, WiUiam
Clarkson Stanfidd, Senior United Service
Club, London ; canvas. Scene in centre
of combined fleet, at half-past two o'clock,
about an hour and a half after Nelson
received his death-wound ; the Victory, the
flag-ship, is in the act of disengaging herself
from the Redoubtable, French 74, at that
time lashed alongside the Tem^raire, British
98, at the moment when the Fougueux,
French 74, became the prize of the latter.
Royal Academy, 1836; original sketch in
National Gallery, painted in 1833. En-
graved by J. Cousen, in Art Journal — Art
Journal (1851), 287 ; Cat Nat GaL and R
Acad.
TRAINI, FRANCESCO, 14th century.
Florentine school Yasari calls him a pupil
of Andrea Orcagna, but he was already a
full master when he entered Orcagna's work-
shop in 1349. The earliest record of him
is of 1341, and his only extant pictures are
Transfiguration, Lodovico Carracci, Bologna Gallary.
the St Thomas, in S. Caterina, Pisa, and the
St Dominick (1345), in the Pisa Academy.
In these he shows a mixture of the Floren-
tine and the Sienese manner. — C. & C, It-
aly, i. 455 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iL 136 ;
Burckhardt, 497, 511 ; W. & W., i. 459 ;
Bonaini, Memorie inedite intomo alia vita,
etc, di Fr. Traini (Pisa, 1846).
TRANSFIGURATION (Matt, xvii 1;
Mark, ix. 2 ; Luke, ix. 28).
By Giovanni Bellini^ Naples Museum ;
991
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TRANSFIGURATION
wood, H. 5 f t 8 in. x 3 ft. 9 in. ; signed.
Christ, between the prophets Moses and
Elias, is rising from the ground ; below,
the wonder-stricken apostles just roused
from sleep. Painted about 1475-80; for-
merly in Famese Collection, Parma. — C. &
Transfiguration, Raphael, Vatican, Roma.
C, N. Italy, i. 169 ; Meyer, Kflnst. Lex., iii.
415 ; Museo Borbonico, iii. PI. 34.
By Lodovico Carracci, Bologna Gallery ;
canvas, H. 13 ft. 4 in. x 8 ft. 2 in. Christ
in glory, between Moses and Elias ; below,
three apostles gazing upward in awe. For-
merly in Church of Convent of S. Pietro
Martire, Bologna.— Pinac di Bologna, PL
11 ; ReveU, x. 656.
By Baphael, Vatican, Home ; wood, H. 13
ft. 4 in. X 9 ft 3 in. In two parts : 1. The
Transfiguration. Christ floating in a glory
of light, with Moses on his
right and Elias on his left ;
below them the summit of
a mountain (Tabor?), on
which lie prostrate Peter,
James, and John, dazzled
by the light from above;
at left, SS. Julian and Law-
rence, kneeling in adora-
tion, supposed to have been
added at the request of
Giulio de* Medici in hon-
our of his father and uncle,
who were named after
them. 2. The Demoniac
Boy (Matt, xvil 14 ; Mark,
ix. 14 ; Luke ix. 37). At
the base of the mountain,
at right, a confused crowd
of men and women is bring-
ing a boy possessed of an
evil spirit to be cured by
the disciples, the remain-
ing nine of whom are
grouped at left, expressing
by various gestures their
inability to aid the sufferer,
who is held by his father.
Raphaers last work, begun
in 1519 for Cardinal Giu-
lio de* Medici, who intend-
ed it for the Cathedral of
Narbonne, France, in his
bishopric, and who ordered
at the same time the Rais-
ing of Lazarus, from Se-
bastiano del Piombo. Raphael finished
only the upper part ; the lower part was
painted by Giulio Romano from the mas-
ter's designs, after his death. The picture
hung over Raphael's body, as it lay in
state, and was carried to the Pantheon in
si»
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TRAUT
the funeral processioD. Cardinal de' Med-
ici, who became Clement YIL in 1523,
sent Sebastiano's picture to Narbonne and
placed the Transfiguration over the high
altar in S. Pietro in Montorio, whence the
French took it in 1797 to Paris, where it
was cleaned and restored ; returned in 1816
and placed in Vatican, where it hangs oppo-
site the Last Communion of St Jerome, by
Domenichino. Many reproductions ; copy
in black chalk, by Casanova, in South Ken-
sington Museum. Many studies ; several
sketches in Oxford Collection. Engraved
by J. Chereau ; C. Cort ; N. Dorigny ; A.
P. Tardieu ; B. Eredi ; R. Morghen ; S.
Thomassin ; S. Vallu ; Desnoyers ; and oth-
era — Vasari, ed. Mil, iv. 371 ; Passavant,
ii 290 ; MOntz, 537 ; Jameson, History of
Our Lord, i. 342 ; C. & C. Raphael, iL 486 ;
Springer, 359 ; Ltlbke, Rafael, 142 ; Gut-
bier, i. PL 91 ; Pilhol, x. PL 715 ; Mus6e
fran.9ais, L ; Landon, Mus^, iii PL 69 ;
Perkins, 189 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole ombri-
enne.
By Titian, 8. Salvatore, Venice ; canvas,
figures life-size. Christ just leaving the
earth, which his right foot still touches ;
Moses on left, Elias on right, and three
apostles watching in foreground. Painted
about 1565. Shows marks of assistants ;
injured by repainting. — Vasari, ed. MiL,
viL 449 ; Ridolfi, Maraviglie, L 267 ; C. &
C Titian, iL 352.
TRAUT, HANS, 15th century in Nurem-
berg. German school ; mentioned in the
burgher roll of 1477. He was a follower
of Wolgemuth, though his style differed
less than his from that of the earlier Nu-
remberg BchooL Work : St. Sebastian, Uni-
versity of Erlangen. — Thausing (Eaton), L
91 ; W. & W., iL 123.
TRAUTMANN, JOHANN GEORG, bom
at Zweibrflcken in 1713, died in Frankfort
in 1769. German school; history, genre,
and portrait painter, pupil of F. F. Bellon,
then in Frankfort of Schlegel and of Eiese-
wetter ; became court painter to the Elec-
tor Palatine in 1761 ; painted jolly peas-
ant scenes in the manner of Brouwer, Ostade,
Teniers, etc., and bearded heads in Rem-
brandt's style. Works : Conflagration, Male
Head with Turban, Female do., Cassel Ghd-
lery ; Conflagration, Stadel GWlery, Frank-
fort; do., Augsburg Gallery. — Nagler, xix.
54.
TRAVI, ANTONIO, bom at Sestri, near
Genoa, in 1613, died in Genoa in 1668.
Genoese school ; sometimes called from his
deafness H Sordo di SestrL Colour-grinder
to Bernardo Strozzi, who gave him instruc-
tion; afterward studied under Gottfried
Waals or Waels, a Flemish landscape paint-
er settled in Genoa. Acquired considerable
reputation as a landscape painter in Genoa,
where most of his works are. — Lanzi, iiL
272 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole g^noise.
TRAYER, JEAN BAPTISTS JULES,
bom in Paris in 1824
Genre painter, pupil
of his father and Le-
quien. Paints fami-
ly scenes in which
the heads are of su-
perior merit Med-
als : 3d class, 1853,
1855. Works : Last
Bunch of Ghrapes,
Empty Basket, Last
Look, Interiors (1848) ; Shakespeare listen-
ing to the reading of one of his Plays in
the Crown Tavern, Leonardo da Vinci and
his Pupils (1850); Girl Sewing, Woman
Spinning, The Lesson in Embroidery
(1853) ; Sewing School, Too much Work
(1855) ; Retinue, Grain Market (1857) ; Se-
renity (1859) ; Tapestry, Prayer, Anxiety
(1861) ; First Sighs, Public Garden (1863) ;
Gathering Mussels at Dieppe (1864) ; Inte-
rior in Savoy, Twins (1865) ; Pancake Seller
(1866), Luxembourg Museum; Alphabet
(1868) ; Girls' School, Two Sisters (1869) ;
Sisters of Charity (1870) ; Seamstresses of
Pont-Aven (1872) ; A Little Sunlight (1873) ;
Seamstresses (1874) ; Young Woman and
Child (1875); Tr^port Fishwives waiting
for Low Tide (1879) ; Dozing (1882) ; Con-
Stt
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TREES
cameau Cloth Shop on Market Day (1883) ;
At Concarneau (1884) ; Rag Market (1886) ;
Young Lady cutting her Nails, Raven6 Gal-
lery, Berlin. — Bellier, ii. 588 ; Meyer, Geseh.,
635, 693.
TREES AND PLANTS, CREATION OF,
Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Rome ; fresco
on ceiling.
TREGO, WILLEAM THOMAS, bom at
Yardley, Bucks County, Penn., Sepi 16,
1859. Figure painter, pupil of the Penn-
sylvania Academy, where he was awarded
the first Charles Toppan prize in 1882 and
the Temple silver medal in 1883. Studio
in Philadelphia. Works: United States
Cavalrymen, T. B. Clarke, New York ; Bat-
tery en Route (1882), Pennsylvania Acad-
emy, Philadelphia ; The Pursuit (1884), Je-
rome B. Wheeler, New York ; Battery —
Halt ! (1886), Mr. Gibbons, ib.
TRETOLER, ADOLF, bom in Berlin in
1846. Genre painter, pupil of Berlin Acad-
emy under Daege, and of Julius Schrader ;
won the prize for Rome in 1872, and trav-
elled in Germany and Italy in 1873-74.
Medal, Vienna, 1873. Works: Electress
Elizabeth taking Communion after Protes-
tant Rite (1872) ; Francis L declining Con-
ditions of Peace by Charles V. (1877) ; In
Ischia (1884) ; Love Song (1885).— Rosen-
berg, Berl. Malersch., 250 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, ix. 64 ; XX. 41 ; Kunst-Chronik, xx. 748.
TREML, FREEDRICH, bom in Vienna,
Jan. 8, 1816, died there, June 13, 1852.
Military genre painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy under Fendi ; worked from 1849
almost exclusively for the Emperor Francis
Joseph, who possesses his best pictures.
Works : Procession of Corpus Christi (1841) ;
Marching out of Garrison (1844) ; Reception
of Consecrated Church Bell (1846) ; Smug-
glers in danger of Discovery (1847) ; Old
Peasant dreaming of Battle of Aspem
(1849), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Recruit
(1851) ; Return from Golden Wedding
(1852) ; Old Peasant dreaming of Battle of
Aspem, Munich GWlery. — Wurzbach, xlvii.
120.
TR^MOLLIERE (Trimoli^res), PIERRE
CHARLES, bom at Cholet in 1703, died
in Paris, May 11,
1739. French school ;
genre painter, pupil
of Jean Baptiste van
Loo. Won the sec-
ond grand prix de
Rome in 1726 ; after
living in Rome six
^ years returned and
painted altarpieces
for Lyons, and met
with much success. Became a member of
the Academy (1737), and assistant professor.
Works : Adoration -~ JP. C*
of the Shepherds, lRjEi\AOLU£R£
Lyons Museum; TYl 9 • />,
Springtime, Au- u!)^ ^^/nx^^ure
tumn, Hermitage, ^ y ^/} 8
St. Petersburg. — 'D r f p.
Bemer,ii590;Ch. i.<- . IremoCUU
Blanc, il^cole fran9aise ; Mariette^ Abeceda-
rio, V. 345.
TRENKWALD, JOSEF MATHIAS, bom
in Prague in 1824. History painter, pupil of
Ruben at Prague and Vienna Academies, also
influenced by Rahl, then studied in Rome,
1856-62, after the masters of the 15th cen-
tury ; became director of Prague Acjidemy
in 1865 and professor at Vienna Academy
in 1872. Member of Vienna Academy in
1866. Order of Francis Joseph, 1879;
Papal Order of Gregory. Works : Peasants
in Flight (1845), Scene in Peasants' War
(1848), Gallery, Prague ; Death of Charles
XH. (1847), Count Qam-Gallas, ib. ; Battle
of Lippa (1849) : SS. Cyril and Methodius
(1861) ; Annunciation and Assumption, in
Missale Romanum for Pope Pius IX. (1863) ;
Defence of Last Wagon-Bulwark by the
Hussites (1868) ; Entry of Leopold the Glo-
rious into Vienna in 1219 (1872), Vienna
Museum ; Transfiguration of Christ ; Life
of Mary (1883). In fresco : Arrival of St
Adelbert's Relics in Bohemia (1852), Abdi-
cation of Vladislav (1854), Foundation of
Prague University (1855), Battle of the Hus-
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TREU
sites (1862), Belvedere, Prague ; Christ in
Glory, Mary with the Apostles, Scenes in
Life of St. PaacaHs (1864-66), Burial Chapel,
Baron Bevoltella, Trieste ; Theological Vir-
tues, and Fathers of the Church (1865-67),
Academic Gymnasium, Vienna ; Cycle (1869
-77), Earolinenthal Church, Prague. In
tempera : Development of •Worship of Mary
(1883-85), Choir Chapels, Votivkirche, Vien-
na, — ^Wurzbach, xlvii. 156 ; Eunst-Chronik,
xix. 59 ; XX, 380 ; Oesterr. K Chr., i 23,
152 ; ii 26 ; iii. 14.
TREU (Trey), (JOHANN) NIKOLAUS,
born at Bamberg in 1734, died at Wtirzburg
in 1786. German school ; history and por-
trait painter, son and pupil of Marquard
Treu, then in Paris pupil of Carle Van Loo
and of Pierre ; returned to Wtlrzbuj^, then
spent several years in Bome, where he painted
Pope Pius VI. and won a prize of the Acade-
my of San Luca. Court painter at Wtirzburg.
Works : Bomulus killing Bemus, Little Boy
firing Pistol, St. Francis in Prayer, Portrait
of his Sister Katharina, Child with Fruits
and Bouquets (flowers and fruits in last two
by Katharina), Bamberg Gallery ; Abraham
and Sarah, Dominican Church, Wtirzburg ;
do., and Judith before Holofemes, Gallery,
ib. — Nagler, xix. 73.
TREU, (JOSEF) CHEISTOPH, bom at
Bamberg in 1739, died there in 1798. Ger-
man school ; landscape and marine painter,
son and pupil of Marquard Treu. Having
won considerable reputation at Stuttgart in
1765, he was called to Bruchsaal by the
Prince Bishop von Hutten, for whom he
painted at the castles in the principality of
Speyer; then studied, travelling in Germany,
Flanders, and Holland ; became court paint-
er to the elector at Cologne, returned to
Bamberg in 1771, and in 1780 was made
inspector of the Pommersfelden Gallery.
Works : Kiver Landscapes with Cattle, etc..
View of the Bhine near Bingen, Harbour
vrith many Vessels, Dead Birds in a Land-
scape, Bamberg Gkdlery. — Nagler, xix. 72.
TKETJ, KATHAIONA, bom at Bamberg
in 1742, died at Mannheim in 1811. Ger-
man school; flower and still-life painter,
daughter and pupil of Marquard Treu
(1712-96), painted already at ten years of
age, then studied at the Dtisseldorf Acad-
emy, became court painter to the Elector
Charles Theodore at Mannheim in 1769, and
professor at Dtisseldorf Academy in 1776.
Works : Fruit and Flower-Pieces (5), Bam-
berg Gallery; Fruit-Piece, Carlsruhe Gal-
lery ; do., Darmstadt Museum ; do., Stutt-
gart Museum. — Nagler, xix. 71.
TREU (Trey), MARQUARD, bom at
Bamberg in 1712, died there in 1796. Ger-
man school; history, portrait, landscape,
animal^ and still-life painter, pupil of Niko-
laus Grooth (died in 1797), and of Lorenz
Theisinger ; became inspector of the Pom-
mersfelden Gallery in 1766. Works: Grapes
and Flowers, Augsburg Gallery; Three
Chemists around a Table, Three Scholars
instructing a Boy by a Globe, Bamberg Gal-
lery. — ^Nagler, xix. 73.
TREYISANI, FRANCESCO, bom at
Capo dlstria, April 9, 1656, died in Rome,
July 30, 1746. Yenetian-Roman school;
history and portrait painter, son of Antonio
Trevisani (architect), and pupil at Venice of
Antonio Zanchi. He went to Rome about
the close of the 17th century and lived there
the remainder of his life. Works : Sleep of
Jesus, Louvre, Paris; Repose of Diana,
Rennes Museum ; The Dead Christ carried
by Angels, Vienna Museum; Massacre of
Innocents, Holy Family, Repose in Egypt,
Madonna and St John, Madonna and St
Elizabeth, Christ in Garden of Olives, St
Anthony of Padua, St Francis in Ecstasy,
Dresden Museum ; Magdalen Penitent, Leip-
sic Museum ; St Sebastian, Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Holy Family, Oldenburg
Gallery ; Diana and Endymion, Triumph of
Galatea, do. of Venus, Artist's Portrait, Cassel
Gallery ; Archangel Michael overthrowing
Satan, Portrait of a Bishop, Schleissheim Gal-
lery; Madonna, Uffizsd, Florence; Antony
and Cleopatra, Palazzo Spada, Rome. — Ma-
riette, Abecedario, v. 348 ; Reale gall, di
Firenze, iv. 147.
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TREVISANI
TREVISANI, MARC ANTONIO, Doge,
portrait, Titian, Sterne Collection, Vienna ;
canvas, H. 3 f t 3 in. x 2 ft. 10 in. Painted
in 1553 ; replica of original, burned in the
Palazzo Ducale, Venice, in 1577.— C. & C,
Titian, ii. 226.
TR]6ZEL, PIERRE F&JX, bom in Paris,
June 16, 1782, died there, June 16, 1855.
History painter, pupil of Lemire and
Prud'hon, in whose manner he painted some
large pictures. Medals : 3d class, 1822 ;
2d class, 1830 ; L. of Honour, 1855. Works :
Death of Marcus Aurelius (1806), bought by
State ; Death of Zopira (1808) ; First-Bom
(1810); Hector's Parting from Andromache
(1819), Bordeaux Museum ; Death of Moth-
er and Sister of Gustavus Vasa (1822);
Thetis plunging her son Achilles into the
Styx (1830) ; Portrait of the Seigneur de
Lautrec, Versailles Museum; Cain fleeing
after his Crime (1855) ; Pheedra judged in
Hell, Angers Museum ; St. John writing the
Apocalypse, Church of St John, Toulouse ;
Souls in Purgatory rising to Heaven, Cathe-
dral of Toulouse. — Bellier, ii. 590 ; Meyer,
Gesch., 163 ; Larousse.
TRIBUTE MONEY (Matt., xxiL 19;
Luke, XX. 24).
By Rembrandt, Hope Collection, England ;
canvas, H. 1 ft. 11 in. x 2 ft 7 in. ; dated
1645. Interior of a temple ; in foreground
twelve persons, among whom is a Pharisee
showing Jesus a piece of money. Robit
Collection (1801), 8,850 francs ; sold in 1840
for 600 guineas. Engraved by McArdelL —
Vosmaer, 469 ; Smith, viL 47.
By Rubens, Mr. Emerson, England (?) ;
wood, H. 5 ft. X 6 ft. Nine figures, life-
size, seen to knees. Christ holds the piece
of money in his left hand and raises the
right above his head. Van Loo Collection,
Amsterdam (1713), 1,150 florins ; Lord Cour-
tenay Collection (1816), 490 guineas ; John
Webb (1821), 441 guineas ; G. J. Cholmon-
deley sale (1831), 252 guineaa
By Titian, Dresden Gallery ; wood, H. 2
ft 8 in. X 2 ft ; signed. Cristo della Moneta.
Christ, full-face, tums towards the question-
ing Pharisee, who stands in profile with the
coin in his hand. A masterpiece of the ar-
tist Painted, according to Vasari, about
1514, for Alfonso I. of Ferrara, on the panel
of a cabinet; afterwards in gallery of the
Duke of Modena, whence it passed in 1746
to Dresden, Restored by Palmaroli ; no
original replica, but copies in the galleries
of Dresden and Parma, in the Uflfizi, the
Grosvenor Collection in London, and in the
Accademia di S. Luca, Rome. Engraved
Tribute Money, Titian, Dresden Galteiy.
by G. Eilers— C. & C, Titian, i. 116 ; Va-
sari, ed. Mil., vii. 435 ; Htlbner, Dresden
GaL, L 11.
By Titian, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 4 ft x 3 ft ^ in. ; signed.
Christ, tumed to left, points upwards with
right hand as the Pharisee presents the
coin ; behind the latter is a man wearing
goggles. Bought in 1852 at sale of Mar-
shal Soult, who brought it from Spain.
Perhaps the picture painted in 1568 for
Philip XL, but crude and unsatisfactory in
treatment (C. & C). Engraved by Martin
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TRIEBEL
Rota. Acquired by National Gallery in
1862.— C. & C, Titian, ii. 388.
By Valentin, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 3 ft.
9 in. X 5 ft At right, Christ with right hand
extended, as if speaking; at left, a Phari-
see, wearing spectacles, presents the piece
of money, to which a second one, standing
in centre, points interrogatively. Figures
half-length. Collection of Louis XIV. En-
graved by Baudet ; by Claessens in Mus^^e
fran9ais. — R^veil, vi 424.
TRIEBEL, KARL, bom at Dessau in
1823, died at Wernigerode in the Hartz,
Sepi 16, 1885. Landscape painter, pupil
of Beck, then in Berlin of
Karl Schidz, Krause, and
Biermann ; visited repeat-
edly Bavaria, Tyrol, Swit-
zerland, and North Italy.
Court painter to Duke of
Anhalt, 1851 ; made pro-
fessor by King of Prussia,
1855. Works : On Si Gbth-
ard Road ; EKntersee in the
Ramsau ; The High GoU ;
Thun Lake ; Landscapes in
the Hartz Mountains ; Lake
of Brienz ; The Dachstein ;
The Kyffhauser in Thurin-
gia ; Alpine Landscapes (2,
one dated 1854), Leipsic
Museum ; Landscape, Stet-
tin Museum ; Swiss Land-
scape, Lake of Luzerne,
Wiesbaden Gallery.— MoUer, 526 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xxi. 34.
TMGT, HENDRIK ALBERT VAN,
bom at Dordrecht, Oct 22, 1829. Genre
painter. Works: Service in Lutheran Church
in Norway (1866), Baptism in Norway (1875),
Amsterdam Museum ; Last Days of Eras-
mus (1879), Rotterdam Museum.
TRINITY, Mariotto AUbertineUi, Florence
Academy ; wood. Christ on the Cross in
a glory of angels ; above, the Dove and
God the Father, with right hand in act of
benediction and left holding an open book,
with the Alpha and Omega upon ii Paint-
ed about 1510 for S. Giuhano, whence re-
moved to Academy. — ^Vasari, ed. Mil, iv.
222 ; C. & C, Italy, iu. 488 ; GalL Accad.
di Firenze, PL 56.
By Rubens, Munich Gallery; canvas, H.
10 ft 5 in. X 3 ft 7 in. The Father and
the Son, represented by majestic figures,
the former with a sceptre, the latter with
a cross, both seated on clouds, with their
feet on a globe borne by three angels ;
above, the Dove, hovering in a flood of
light. Formerly altarpiece in the Augus-
tin Church, Munich. Engraved by Voster-
man, and anonymous. Lithographed by
Tribute Money, Valentin, Louvre, Peris.
Piloty. Same subject, with saints below,
in England.— Smith, ii. 75, 267.
By Titian, See Gloria.
TRINITY, ADORATION OF, Albrecht
Dilrer, Vienna Museum ; wood, arched at
top, H. 4 ft 4 in. X 4 ft ; signed, dated
1511. Gbd the Father enthroned, with the
Dove above in a glory of seraphim, holds
before him Christ crucified ; on each side
is a choir of angels with the instruments of
the Passion, and below them the saints —
on the left the martyrs of the New Testa-
ment, led by the Virgin, on the right the
heroes of the Old Testament, led by John
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TRINITY
Baptist ; below, the members of the Church
Militant — on the left the Pope and the
clergy, on the right a cardinal encouraging
the donor Landauer, who kneels with the
female members of his family behind him,
and the Emperor and laity ; at the bottom,
a coast landscape, with the figure of DOrer
himself standing at righi Painted for an
altarpiece for the chapel of the Landauer
Cloister, Nuremberg, which was dedicated
Adoration of the Trinity, Albracht Diirar, Vienna Museum.
to All Saints ; hence the picture is some-
times called All Saints. Sent by Nurem-
berg Council in 1585 to Emperor Rudolph
n. at Prague, whence removed to Vienna.
Original carved frame, made by DUrer, still
in Nuremberg. Copy by Johann Christian
Ruprecht at Chateau of Laxenburg, near Vi-
enna. Engraved in K FOrster's Denkmaler
der deutschen Eunst (vL 13) ; lithographed
by Jutie Primisser. — Thausing (Eaton), ii.
29 ; Fdrster, vi
TRINITY, DISPUTE OF THE, Andrea
del Sarto, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas,
a 6 ft 3 in. X 6 ft 6 in. ; signed. SS. Au-
gustine, Lawrence, Peter Martyr, and Fran-
cis, standing, and SS. Sebastian and Mary
Magdalen (likeness of Andrea's wife), kneel-
ing ; above, the symbol of the Trinity in
the clouda Painted about 1517 for the
convent of S. Agostino without the San
Ghdlo gate ; removed to S. Jacopo tra'
Fossi in 1529, where it was
damaged in the inundation
of 1555 ; transported to
Pitti in first half of 17th
century ; copy by Ottaviano
Vannini substituted for it
in S. Jacopo. Engraved by
Lorenzini; Marri. — Vasari,
ed. Mil, v. 27 ; C. & C, It-
aly, iii. 562 ; Gal. du PaL
Pitti, iv. PL 112 ; Rosini, iv.
206.
TRINQUESSE, L. R,
flourished in Paris and at
The Hague, second half of
18th century. French
school ; portrait and figure
painter, pupil of Largilli-
ere ; was received into the
guild at The Hague in
1767; rejected twice by the
Academy in Paris ; exhibit-
ed there as late as 1793.
Works : Portrait of Young
Lady with Music Leaf
(1774), Berlin Museum;
Portrait of Washington
(1779) ; Promenade in a Park, Two Women
and a Man in Doric Temple before Statue of
Cupid, Morning, Afternoon (1782) ; Oath to
Cupid, Oflfering to Cupid, Mother Reproach-
ing Young Man (1785) ; First Kiss of Cupid
(1787); Conversation in a Landscape, Couple
offering their Child to Cupid (1791) ; Senti-
mental Conversation in a Park, Lessons of
Young Mothers (1793).— Bellier, iL 592;
Eramm, vL 1644; Meyer, Gtem^de der
kongl. Mu& (1883), 466, 563.
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TRISTAN
TRISTAN, LUIS, bom near Toledo in
1586, died in Toledo in 1640. Spanish
school ; pupil of El Gh*eco, whom he excelled
in design and equalled in execution. In
1616 he painted a series of pictures for the
Church of Yepes, considered his best works.
Velasquez greatly admired him and left the
studio of Pacheco to study his pictures,
many of which are in Toledo. Works : Si
Anthony and others, Cathedral; St. Louis
giving Alms, S. Pedro Martir ; Last
Supper, Convent de la Sisla ; Male
Portrait, Madrid Museum ; Portrait
of Lope de Vega, Hermitage, St Pe-
tersburg. — Stirling, L 439 ; Viardot,
169 ; Ch. Blanc, !l^le espagnole ;
Madrazo, 579.
TRIUMPH OF C-ESAR See Cte^
ear.
TRITJMPH OF CHRISTIANITY,
PhiHpp VeU, Stildel Institute, Frank-
fort; fresco, H 9 f t 4 in. x20 ft;
wings, each, H. 9 f i 4 in. x 6 f t 3 in.
The introduction into Germany of
Art through Christianity. In centre,
a female figure representing Chris-
tianity, with an angel behind holding
an open book, offers a palm branch
to the people at right, who are lis-
tening to Si Boniface, who stands
with one foot on the Druid oak, just
felled ; in front a bard, the strings
of his harp broken, is sitting deject-
edly, turning his head from Chris-
tianiiy ; at the left, a group repre-
senting Chivalry, Poetry, and Music,
with children learning to read ; and
behind. Architecture, Sculpture, and Paint-
ing ; the city in background is Frankfort,
where the German emperors were elected.
— Fttrster, ix. 25.
TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY IN
GERMANY, Josef Filhrich, Schack Gallery,
Munich ; canvas, H 6 ft. 5 in. x 8 ft. 8 in.
The introduction of Christianity into Ger-
many. In centre, between two great trees,
a statue of the Virgin enthroned, holding
the child, with the inscription lux in tene-
BRis on the pedestal ; at the base, seated
on a stone, a pious hermit teaches chil-
dren ; in front, kneeling, a knight in adora-
tion ; at left, two German warriors stand-
ing, a huntsman reclining asleep, and a
woman cooking, and in background, the
chase ; at right, monks engaged in plough-
ing and in felling trees, and in background
a church and other buildings. — Fttr^ter, z.
28.
Dispute of th« Trinity, Andrea del Serto, Palazzo Pitti, Florence.
TRIUMPH OF THE CHURCH, Jan van
JEycky National Museum, Madrid ; wood, H.
5 ft. 6 in. (independent of central projection)
X 5 ft In three parts. In the upper part
the Almighty, enthroned imder a Gbthic
canopy, holds a sceptre in the left hand and
raises the right in benediction ; on one side
sits the Virgin reading, on the other St. John
the Evangelist writing ; at the foot of the
Almighty lies the Immaculate Lamb. Be-
low, a stream of water, in which sacramental
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TRIUMPH
wafers are floating, representing the ofBering
for the sins of the world, flows into the sec-
ond part, representing a flower garden, where
six angels play on musical instruments ; be-
yond these, on each side, are singing angels
under Gbthic canopie& In the third or
lower part, the water finally flows into a
Gothic fountain in the centre foreground,
with the blessed on one side, headed by the
Pope, who directs the attention of the Em-
peror, kneeling beside him, to the fount as
the source of salvation ; on the other side,
the High Priest, his eyes bound and holding
a broken standard, endeavors to prevent a
kneeling Jew from paying adoration ; beside
these are other Jews, in attitudes of horror
and despair. Dr. Waagen ascribes this
picture to Hubert van Eyck, but the pre-
ponderance of opinion is against him. It is
called also the Fount of Salvation. — Eugler
(Crowe), i. 68.
TRIUMPH OF DEATH. See Death;
Crescenzio, Antonio.
TRIUMPH OF FLORA. See Flora.
TRIUMPH OF LOVE, Damenichino,
Louvre ; canvas, H 4 fi 3 in. x 3 f t 4 in.
Love, seated in a chariot, drawn by doves,
holds a bow in his right hand and drives
with his left; near him a cupid scatters
flowers, while another takes them from the
crown of Love ; the whole surrounded by a
garland of flowers, painted by Daniel Se-
ghers. Came from Villa Ludovisi, Rome, to
Due de Mazarin; thence to collection of
Louis XIV. When placed in the gallery at
Versailles the garland was detached from the
main picture, and it was long supposed to
be lost, but it was foimd in 1858 and is now
restored to the picture. Engraved by C.
Randon ; Potrelle. — Villot, Louvre ; Mus^e
fran9ais ; Filhol, iz. PL 591 ; Landon, Vies,
PL 59.
TRIUMPH OP PETRARCH See Pe-
trarch,
TRIUMPH OF RELIGION. See Dilute
of the Sacrament ; Testament, Old and New.
TRIUMPH OF RELIGION IN THE
ARTS, Johann Friedrich Overbeck, Stadel
Gallery, Frankfort ; canvas, H 14 ft x 12 fi
The Madonna, with the Infant in her arms,
sits enthroned in mid-heaven, surrounded
by prophets, evangelists, and saints ; on the
earth below are some sixty painters, sculpt-
ors, and architects ; in the centre a foun-
tain, its upper waters rising into the sky,
emblematical of the heavenward direction
of Christian art as opposed to the idea of
the ancients, who represented the stream as
flowing downward from Parnassus, its lower
waters falling into two basins, one of which
reflects heaven, while the other receives
earthly objects, thus indicating the twofold
character of art Sometimes called the
Christian Parnassus and the Magnificat of
Art Painted in 1831-1840; cartoon in
Cai'lsruhe Gallery. Engraved by Amsler. —
Atkinson, 65 ; Overbeck, Religion Glorified
by Fine Arts (translated by Macray, Oxford,
1850) ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1864), xviL 135.
TRIUMPH OF TITUS AND VESPA-
SIAN. See TUus.
TIOVA, ANTONIO, bom at Reggio in
1626, died at Munich in 1699. Lombard
school ; history painter, pupil of Guercino,
whom he imitated successfully ; distin-
guished himself in various cities of North
Italy, including Venice, and finally was
called to Munich by the Elector Ferdinand
Maria of Bavaria, for whose castles he
painted mythological and historical pict-
ures; is said to have worked with either
hand equally well. Work : Cupid wiping
the Feet of Venus, Dresden Museum. —
Lanzi (Roscoe), ii. 364 ; Nagler, xix. 10.
TROGER, PAUL, bom at Zell, Tyrol,
Dec 30, 1698, died in Vienna in 1777.
German school ; history and portrait paint-
er, pupil at Fleims, South Tyrol, of Giuseppe
Alberti (1664-1730), then studied in Venice
and Bologna. Piazetta, G. Crespi, Solime-
na, and S. Concha are named as his masters.
Probably about 1728-30 he went to Vienna,
where his works at once attracted attention
and he was made court painter. Temporary
director of Vienna Academy in 1761-59.
Works : Christ on Mount of Olives, Vienna
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TROOST
Museum ; St James, St Philip, Christ and
the Adulteress, Solomon's Judgment, Salz-
burg Museum; Solomon's Idolatry, Abi-
gail, Christ and St John as Children, Cor-
pus Christi, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; St
Fiimcis in Prayer, Hermannstadt Gallery;
Many altarpieces and fresco paintings in
churches at Vienna, Salzburg, and in abbeys
of Lower and Upper Austria ; Portraits of
Imperial Family, of Eaphael and Mathias
Donner. — Tyrol K Lex., 252 ; Wurzbach,
xlvii. 227.
TROOST, CORNELIS, bom in Amster-
dam, Oct 8, 1697,
died there, March
7, 1750. Dutch
school; genre and
portrait painter,
pupil of Arnold
Boonen, but owed
his development
principally to his
own studies after
good masters and
from life. Excelled in genre, guard-house,
and private-life scenes, and in illustrations
of plays of the time. Painted chiefly in
gouache and pastel Was called the Dutch
Hogarth. Works : Portrait Group of Four
Children with an Ape (1723), Eegents' Piece
with Six Portraits (1724), do. with Eight
(1729), Anatomy Lesson (1728), Three Mem-
bers of Surgeons' Guild (1731), Alexander
the Great in Battle on the Granicus (1737),
Artist's Portrait (2), Amsterdam Museum ;
Portraits of Man and Wife (1744), Haarlem
Museum ; Nine Scenes from Dutch Comedies
(1737-41), Five Convivial Scenes (1739-40),
Epiphany Singers, Love Song (1745), Ar-
tist's Portrait (1745), EEague Museum ; Ly-
ing-in Boom in Holland, Botterdam Muse-
um ; Victory of Constantine over Maxen tins.
Naval Battle, Bamberg Gkdlery ; Eating his
Breakfast (1740), Schwerin Gallery.— Ch.
Blanc, ]^ole hollandaise ; Burger, Musses, L
285 ; Immerzeel, iii. 144 ; Kramm, vi. 1644.
TBOOSTWYCK, WOUTEE JOANNES
VAN, bom at Amsterdam in 1782, died
there in 1810. Landscape, animal, and por-
trait painter, pupil of Juriaan Andriessen
(1742-1819), -but studied chiefly from nat-
ure, and was much influenced by the mas-
ters of the 17th century, notably by Potter.
Works : Landscapes in Gelderland (2), Am-
sterdam Museum ; Landscape with Animals,
Rotterdam Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 146;
Kramm, vi. 1648.
TROTTER, NEWBOLD HOUGH, bom
in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 4, 1827. Animal
painter ; had no special master, though he
derived aid and instruction from William
T. van Starkenborg, cattle painter, at The
Hague ; studied chiefly from nature in this
country. Has painted in Boston and in Phil-
adelphia, where his studio now is. Works :
The Fading Race (1877), owned in London ;
Wounded Bison pursued by Wolves, The
Last Stand, After the Combat, Grizzly Bears
on the March, Indian Camp near Powder
River, painted for Gen. William T. Sherman
for War Department, Washington ; Bison
Fighting, Herd of Elk in Winter, A. Padel-
ford, Philadelphia; Pictures (3) represent-
ing progress of transportation in Pennsyl-
vania during fifty years, Henry H. Houston,
Pennsylvania Railroad; Fifty Years Ago,
El Mabdi (lion asleep). In the Soudan (lion
and lioness), owned in Philadelphia ; Jersey
Beauties (1880) ; Elk and Twins, Rocks at
Newport (1881) ; September (1883) ; Victo-
rious (1886) ; Range of the Bison (1887).
TROTTI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, Cava-
liere, bom in Cremona in 1555, died after
1607. Lombard school; called II Malosso
because when Agostino Carracci painted in
competition vrith him, at Parma, he said that
he had found a hard bone (mal osso) to crack.
Favourite pupil of Bernardino Campi, whose
niece he married and of whom he became
the heir. Studied also Correggio and Ber-
nardo Ghitti, whose manner he exaggerated.
He had a rich imagination and great facility
of execution, and painted many works for
churches in Cremona, Piacenza, and Parma.
His most noted works are frescos in the
Palazzo del Giordino, and in the cupola of
801
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TROY
S. Abondio, Parma, and Entombment, Bre-
ra, Milan. His nephew, Cavaliere Euclide
Trotti, was his pupil and imitator. He was
convicted of high treason when young, and
is said to have died of poison in prison. —
Lanzi, ii. 445 ; Ch. Blanc, !^cole lombarde ;
Lavice, 154.
TROY, FRANCOIS DE, bom at Tou-
louse in February, 1654, died in Paris, May
1, 1730. French school ; history and por-
trait painter, son and pupil of Nicolas de
Troy (portrait painter at Toulouse in 17th
century) and brother of Jean de Troy (his-
tory and portrait painter at Toulouse, born
1640, died 17 — ) ; pupil also of Nicolas
Loir and of Claude Lef^bvre. Member of
Academy in 1674, professor in 1693, direc-
tor in 1708, and adjunct-rector in 1722.
Works: Portraits of Duchesse d'Orleans,
Jules Mansart, and Nicolas Belle, Versailles
Museum ; Bathsheba, Angers Museum ;
Woman and Child, Grenoble Museum;
Woman Reading, Marseilles Museum ; Ariad-
ne and Bacchus, Montpellier Museum ; Por-
trait of Duchesse de Maine, Orleans Muse-
um; Nunc Dimittis, Assumption, Ascen-
sion, Rouen Museum ; Magdalen, Dream of
St. Joseph, Guardian Angel, Toulouse Mu-
seum ; Parting of Hector and Andromache,
Troyes Museum ; Portrait of Due de Maine
(1716), Dresden Museum.— Bellier, ii. 597.
TROY, JEAN FRANgOIS DE, born in
Paris, baptized
Jan. 27, 1679,
died in Rome,
Jan. 26, 1752.
French school;
genre painter,
son and pupil of
Fran9oi8 de
Troy. Having
failed to gain
\V the prix de
Rome (1702) his father sent him at his own
expense to Italy, where he was pensioned by
the king, for three or four years, and divided
his time between work and amusement un-
til he was forced to return home in 1706.
Member of Academy, 1708 ; assistant pro-
fessor, 1716 ; professor, 1719 ; in 1727 he
shared with Lemoine a prize competed for
by members of the Academy ; in 1737 he
was appointed secretary to the king, and in
1738 director of the French Academy at
Rome. Prince of the Academy of Si Luke.
Works : Henri IV. holding the First Chap-
ter of the Order of the Holy Ghost (1732),
Swooning of Esther (1737), Toilet of Es-
ther (1738), Male Portraits (2), Louvre;
Portrait of Marquis de Marignan, two
others, Besan9on Museum ; Pilate washing
his Hands, Dijon Museum ; Apollo and
Diana destroying the Children of Niobe,
Montpellier Museum ; Diana at the Bath,
Nancy Museum ; Punishment of Psyche,
and others, Nimes Museum ; Portrait of
Abb6 Desfriches, Orleans Museum ; do. of
Duchesse de la Force, Rouen Museum ;
Plague of Marseilles, Marseilles Museum ;
Martyrdom of St Stephen, Christ in the
Garden, Chapel of St. Suaire, Be8an9on ;
Lady at Breakfast in a Park (1723), Berlin
r^ -f^ Museum; Lot and
£)t * J^ *^ Daughters, Su-
sanna and the Elders
(2), Portrait of Ar-
tist's Wife, Hermit-
age, St Petersburg.
—Bellier, ii 597 ;
Ch. Blanc, ficole £ran9aise ; Jal, 1207 ; Vil-
lot. Cat Louvre ; Lejeune, Guide, i. 350 ;
Wurzbach, 17.
TROY, WAR OF, ancient pictures of. See
Calliphon, Cleanthes^ Polygnotus, Theodoras,
TROY, WAR OF, Peter Cornelius and
assistants, Glyptothek, Munich ; frescos on
ceiling and walls of the Trojan Hall (Tro-
janischer Saal). Ceiling : Centre picture,
circular. Marriage of Peleus and Thetis,
painted by Schlotthauer ; around this, in a
circle, are stucco reliefs, by Schwanthaler,
of the twelve great gods and goddesses of
Greece. Beyond these are four pictures of
similar shape and size : Judgment of Paris,
Marriage of Menelaus and Helen, Rape of
Helen, Sacrifice of Iphigenia^ all painted
e~frt>/
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TROYON
by Schlotthauer and Zimmermann. Beyond
these are eight pictures of similar size and
shape : Achilles with the Daughters of Ly-
comedes (painted by Zimmermann), Mars
and Venus wounded by Diomed (Schlott-
hauer), Agamemnon's Dream (id.), Venus
protecting Paris against Menelaus (Zimmer-
mann), Ajax overcoming Hector (Cornelius),
Nestor and Agamemnon awakening Diomed
(id.), Priam begging the Body of Hector
(Zimmermann), Farewell of Hector and An-
dromache (Schlotthauer). The arabesques
about these pictures were painted by Eb-
erle and Neureuther. Walls : On the three
walls are large paintings with colossal fig-
ures. 1. Assembly of the Greeks and An-
ger of Achilles ; 2. Combat over the Body
of Patroclus ; 3 Destruction of. Troy, all
painted by Cornelius, aided by Zimmer-
mann and Schlotthauer. Painted in 1825-
30.
TROYON, CONSTANT, bom at Sevres,
Aug. 28, 1810, died
in Paris, Feb. 21
(March 20, ?),
1865. Landscape
and animal paint-
er, pupil of Rio-
creux and Poupart
and influenced by
Roqueplan to
study nature, for
which he showed
an individual feeling in first exhibited
works, 1836. Visited Holland in 1847 and
completed his education. After 1848 intro-
duced cattle into his landscapes. Rose to
be one of the greatest, if not the first, of
modern French landscape paintera Medals :
3d dass, 1838 ; 2d class, 1840 ; 1st class,
1846, 1848, 1855; L. of Honour, 1849.
Works : Colas House at S5vres, Festival at
Sevres, Bit of Park of St. Cloud (1833) ;
View at Sevres, Palace of Si Cloud, Slopes
of Si Cloud (1835) ; View near Argenton
(1836) ; View at La Fert^Si-Aubin (1837) ;
St. Cloud, Black Road at Si Cloud, Land-
scape near Si Cloud, Country Fair in Li-
mousin (1838) ; Studies of Breton Scenery,
View near Orleans (1840) ; Tobias and the
Angel (1841); Women Bathing (1842);
View near Vannes (1843) ; Forest of Fon-
tainebleau, Below the Forest (1844) ; View
near Fontainebleau, View at Caudebec
(1845) ; Valley of Chevreuse, Clearing in the
Woods, A Poacher, Beneath the Woods at
Fontainebleau (1846) ; Forest of Fontaine-
bleau, HoUow Road in Normandy, Envi-
rons of Amsterdam, Environs of The Hague
(1848) ; Suzanne, Village of CorfeHa, The
Mill, Studies of Sheep, Landscape near
Paris (1849) ; Flock of Sheep, Drinking-
Place (Montpellier Museum), Cattle Mart,
Storm at Monton-Gluine (1850) ; Cows in
Pasture (1851), Leipsic Museum ; Valley
of La Tonque (1853), Comtesse Lehon ;
Drinking-Place at La Tonque (1853), Mont-
pellier Museum ; Hollow Road (1853) ;
Dogs in Leash (1854), Cattlepiece (1855),
Raven6 Gallery, Berlin ; Cattle and Sheep
driven across Meadow (1855), Kimsthalle,
Hamburg ; Oxen going to Work (1855),
Louvre ; Cows at a Drinking-Place, Dogs
Running, Dogs Let Loose, Dogs in Leash,
White Cow, Red Cow (1855) ; Return to
Farm (1859), Louvre ; Going to Market,
Cow in Pasture, Cows going to Fields,
Study of Dog (1859) ; View in Park of Neu-
illy, Amiens Museum ; Labouring Oxen,
Bordeaux Museum ; Flock of Sheep in a
Landscape, Simset, Havre Museum ; View
in Forest of Fontainebleau, Lille Museum.
Works in United States: Autumn Woods
with Cattle, Cattle, On the Road, Cows in
Landscape, William H. Vanderbilt, New
York ; Cow at Brook, Charles F. Woerishof-
fer, ib.; Sheep, T. A Havemeyer, ib.; Hol-
land Landscape and Cattle, Cow, Miss C. L.
Wolfe, ib.; Cattle Drinking, do. Grazing,
Water-Cart, A Belmont, ib.; Normandy
Cattle, J. H. Stebbins, ib.; Cow and Sheep,
R Hoe, ib.; Coming Storm, J. P. Morgan,
ib.; Under the Master's Eye, William Astor,
ib.; Repose, W. T. Waters, Baltimore ;
Cattle, Feeding Chickens, Borie Collection,
Philadelphia ; Crossing the Ford, H C.
808
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TRUMBULL
Gibson, ib.; Landseape, Q. A* Shaw, Bos-
ton ; do., Boston Museum ; and many
others. Sales: The Bridge (16,000 francs,
Everard sale, 1881); The Pond (31,500
francs, Wilson sale, 1881); Shepherd and
his Flock (25,500 francs, ib.); A Pasture
(40,600 francsi ib.) ; Drinking-Place (80,000
francs, Narischkine sale, 1883); Way to Mar-
ket (42,500 francs, ib.). At the Morgan
sale, New York, 1886, were sold: Return
from the Farm (1852), $6,550 ; Cow chased
by Dog, $9,100 ; Cattle and Horses, $1,050 ;
Coast near Villiers, $8,100; The Pasture,
$7,100, Knoedler & Co.; Going to the Fair,
$2,550; Pasturage in Normandy, $6,350,
Mr. Kimball, Boston.— Bellier, ii. 598; Ch.
Blanc, Artistes de mon Temps, 313 ; Hamer-
ton, French Painters, 46 ; Meyer, Gesch.,
757 ; Larousse ; Lecleroq, Caract^res, 195.
TRUMBULL, GUKDON, bom at Ston-
ington. Conn., in 1841. Landscape painter,
pupil of F. S. Jewett in Hartford, and of
James Hart in New York. He is noted for
his paintings of fish. Studio in Hartford.
Works: Plunge for Life, Over the Falls
(1874); Critical Moment (1876); Moorish
Watch-Tower on the Coast of Spain.
TRUMBULL, JOHN, bom at Lebanon,
Conn., June 6,
1756, died in New
York, Nov. 10,
1843. History
and portrait
painter; served in
the War of Inde-
pendence in 1775
y^S^^^^r-^^^^v^N as aide-de-camp to
/ "^^vK \^ Ax Washington, and
^^ ^ ^ in 1776 as deputy
adjutant - general
under Gkttes ; retired from service in 1777
with rank of coloneL Went to London in
1780 to study under Benjamin West, but
was imprisoned eight months, and returned
home in 1782 ; went again on the conclu-
sion of peace and resumed his studies. His
Battle of Bunker Hill (1786, engraved by J.
G. Mailer) was the first of a series of his-
torical works illustrating the War of the
Revolution. It was followed by the Death
of Montgomery (engraved by F. Clemens),
and the Sortie from GKbraltaor (engraved by
Sharpe). Returned to America in 1789, ac-
companied Mr. Jay to England in 1794 as
secretary of legation, and was engaged sev-
eral years in diplomatic work ; painted in
England in 1808-15, and was engaged in
1817-24 in painting four pictures (H. 12
ft X 18 fi) for the rotunda of the Capitol
at Washington, for which he received $32,-
000. Trumbull was president of the Acad-
emy of Fine Arts in New York from 1816
to 1825. Most of his pictures (54) are in
the Art Gallery of Yale College. Works :
Declaration of Independence, Surrender of
Burgoyne, Surrender of ComuxUlis, Resig-
nation of Washington at Annapolis, Capi-
tol, Washington ; original sketches of these.
Battle of Bunker Hill, Death of Montgom-
ery (1781), Battle of Princeton, Battle of
Trenton, Death of Qeneral Mercer, por-
traits of Washington (1792), do. (1793), Ham-
ilton (1792), Governor Trumbull, Rufus
King (1800), Duke of Buckingham, Duke
of Wellington, and others, Yale College
Art Gallery.— Amer. Art Rev. (1881), 181,
221.
_ TRUPHfeME,AUGUSTE JOSEPH, bom
at Aix (Bouches-du-Rhone), Jan. 23, 1836.
Genre painter ; pupil of S. Comu, H. Flan-
driu, and Henner. Medal, 3d class, 1884.
Works: Education of Daphne (1865);
Young Christian Martyr (1874), C. Hayera ;
Fawn frightened by a Viper (1875), F. Caire ;
Marguerite's First Step (1879) ; Pupils of
Communal School at Chatillon-sous-Ba-
gneux exercising with the Chassepot (1880) ;
Ploughing at Chatillon (1881) ; Wedding at
Chatillon (1882) ; Manual Labor in School
(1883); Singing Lesson in Public School
(1884) ; Cutting and Sewing at Girls' School
(1885) ; Breakfast in Public School (1886).
—Bellier, ii. 600.
TRUTH (La V^rit^), Jules Joseph Lefib-
vre, Luxembourg Museum, Paris; canvas,
H8ft7in. x3ft8in. A female figure,
ao4
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TRYON
full-length, nude, standing in a dark rocky
niche or cell, the symbolic well, with water
and flags at her feet, the left hand grasping
a rope extending from above, the right
raised on high above her head holding a
mirror which blazes with light Salon,
1870. Beplica in small (18 in. x 7 in.), S. A.
Ooale, Jr., Si Loui& Photogravure in Art
Treasures of America. — ^Art Treas. of Amer.,
iii. 51.
TRYON, DWIGHT WILLIAM, bom in
New York, Aug. 13, 1849. Landscape and
figure painter ; pupil of Jacquesson de la
Chevreuse, Daubignj, and A. Guillemette
in Paris. Sketched in Holland, Italy, and
the Channel Islands. Studied abroad, 1876-
81. Studio in New York, where he first
exhibited in the National Academy in 1872.
Works: On the Maas — Holland, Harvest
Time in Normandy (1881) ; Hay Making —
Westchester; Dordrecht on the Maas
(1883) ; Twilight — Connecticut, Early
Idoming — Dartmouth, October Evening
(1884). Water-colours : Twilight — Brit-
tany, Waning Moon, Connecticut Valley
(1884) ; October Afternoon, Qtbj Day in
October (1885).
TSCHAGGENY, CHARLES PHILO.
OtiNEE, bom in Brussels, May 26, 1815.
Animal, landscape, and genre painter, pupil
of K Yerboeckhoven ; excels in represent-
ing the horse, which plays a prominent part
in his pictures. Painted in London and at
Oxford in 1848-50. Gold medal, Brussels,
1845. Order of Leopold, 1851; OflScer,
1875. Works : Labourers at Rest (1845) ;
Mowers (1851), Cow Doctor, Royal Collec-
tion, Osborne ; Cart Horses before Tavern
(1854), Leipsic Museum ; Transportation of
Horses (1855) ; Flemish Wedding in Seven-
teenth Century (1855), Neuchatel Museum ;
Mail Coach in tiie Ardennes (1862), Brus-
sels Museum ; Smugglers on Franco-Belgian
Frontier; Episode on Battlefield, South
Kensington Museum ; Post detained by
Snow, Flemish Team (1867) ; Before the
Storm (1878) ; Rest at Blacksmith's Shop
(Latham sale, New York, 1878).— Art
Journal (1866), 334; Meyer, Conv. Lex.,
xix. 941.
TSCHAGGENY, EDMOND, bom in
Brussels in 1818, died there. Sept 5, 1873.
Genre and animal painter, brother of pre-
ceding, pupil of K Yerboeckhoven ; espe-
cially successful in characterizing the indi-
vidual traits of the different animal species.
Works: Bull Pursuing a Woman (1849),
Neuch&tel Museum ; Herd Resting, Leipsic
Museum ; Paul Potter Studying (1850) ;
Mounted Freebooters in Ambush (1851);
Giotto drawing Sheep (1852); Herd in
Storm (1861); New-Bom Lamb (1862);
Sheep at Pasture, Horse in Burning Stable ;
Arabs marching with Cattle; Anatomy of
Cattle (100 water-colours, 1865); Resting
Herd, Leipsic Museum.
TSCHAUTSCH, ALBERT, bom at See-
low, Brandenburg, Dec. 21, 1843. Paints
exclusively subjects from German legends
and fairy tales ; pupil of Schrader in Berlin,
where he settled after having visited Rome.
Works: Sleeping Beauty (1872); Snowdrop,
Titania and Oberon (1874) ; Undine (1876) ;
Cinderella (1879).— Rosenberg, BerL Ma-
lersch., 321.
TUCKERMAN, S. SALISBURY, bom in
Massachusetts; contemporary. Landscape
and marine painter ; pupil of William M.
Hunt, Boston, and studied in Pari& Rarely
exhibits. Studio at The Hague since 1882.
Works : Beach at Hastings, U. S. Frigate
Constitution escaping from British Fleet
in 1812 (1876) ; Dutch Fishing-Boats beach-
ing in a Gale (1882).
TULDEN. See Tktdden.
TUNICA, HERMANN, bom in Bruns-
wick, Oct. 9, 1826. History painter, son of
and first instructed by the portrait painter
Johann Christian Tunica, then pupil of
Brandes; studied the horse from nature,
then in Paris, copying Horace Yemef s bat-
tlepieces ; visited Brussels, Berlin, Dresden,
and Munich, and finally settled in Bruns-
wick. Works : Portraits and battle scenes
in life of Brunswick Princes, Grand-ducal
Palace, Brunswick; Great Parade near
805
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TURA
Nordstemmen ; Eeception of Henry the
Lion by Sultan of Iconium.
TURA, COSIMO (Cosm6 or Gosm6), bom
in Ferrara between
1420 and 1430, died
between 1494 and
1498. Lombard
school. Passed the
greater part of his life
in the service of the
Duke of Ferrara, who
made him his court
_^^ _^ painter in 1458. Va-
"^" '""^^ sari calls him the pu-
pil of Qftlasso, who worked with him at the
ducal seat of Belriguado, where Tura deco-
rated a chapel in 1471. Previously he had
furnished patterns for tapestry, and worked
in the ducal studio (1457). His works of
1456 and 1468 have disappeared, but the
doors of the orgism (1469), representing
the Annunciation, and St George and the
Dragon, now hang in the choir of the
Duomo, Ferrara. Other works by Tura are
SS. Jerome and Girolamo, Costabili Collec-
tion, Ferrara ; Pieta, Correr Museum, Ven-
ice ; Entombment, Madonna Enthroned, St
Jerome, The Virgin in Prayer, National
Gtdlery, London; and a Madonna with
Saints, Berlin Museum, which exhibits all
the marked peculiarities of his style, such
as extreme length of limb, violent contrasts
of colour, sharp and angular drapery folds,
and eccentric ornament Tura recalls Man-
tegna and Piero della Francesca in his use
of perspective, his treatment of architect-
ure, and his extravagance of gesture, but he
has neither the refined elegance and passion
of the first nor the delicate quaintness of
the second. He was an accomplished, vigor-
ous, and painstaking artist, but he had a
taste for ugliness which displays itself in
forms and features. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon.,
iiL 42 ; ed. Mil, ii. 143 ; C. & C, N. Italy,
L 516; Cittadella, Ricordi, etc.. Vita di
Cosimo di Tura (Ferrara, 1869).
TURCHI, ALESSANDRO, bom in Vero-
na in 1582, died in Rome in 1650. Vene-
tian school Commonly called L*Orbetto, be-
cause when a child he had served as guide
to a blind man ; or,
as some say, be-
cause he was blind
of one eye. Also
called Alessandro
Veronese. Pupil in
Verona of Brusa-
sorci the younger,
afterwards in Ven-
ice of Carletto
Cagliari. Later he
visited Rome, where by studying the great
masters he formed a mixed style, combining
Roman design with Venetian colouring. Of-
ten compared by his contemporaries to An-
nibale Carracci, but inferior to him. Most
of his pictures are small ; some painted on
marble and highly finished, equal care being
bestowed on all the figures. Works : Death
of Cleopatra, Deluge, Samson and Delilah,
Woman taken in Adultery, and Marriage of
St Catherine, Louvre ; Nativity, Simeon in
the Temple, Venus finding Adonis Dead,
do. with Body of Adonis in her Lap, Judg-
ment of Paris, four others, Dresden Gal-
lery ; Death of Portia, Leipsic Museum ;
Forty Martyrs, S. Stefano, Venice ; Dead
Christ, La Misericordia, Venice ; Madonna
della Neve, Magdalen Reclining, Brera,
Milan; Madonna and St. Joseph, S. Lo-
renzo in Lucina, Rome ; Magdalen, Salome,
Madrid Museum ; Christ bearing the Cross,
Bacchus and Ariadne, Hermitage, St. Pe-
tersburg ; Samson and Delilah, Saturn,
Mars, Venus, and Cupid, Stuttgart Muse-
um ; Christ in Purgatory, Entombment,
Adoration of the Shepherds, Descent from
the Cross, Vienna Museum. — Ch. Blanc,
.!^cole v6nitienne ; Bemasconi, Studii, 363.
TURNER, CHARLES YARDLEY, bom
in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 25, 1850. Figure
painter, pupil of National Academy and Art
Students' League, New York ; later studied
under Laurens, Munkacsy, and Bonnat in
Paris. First exhibited at National Academy
in 1882 ; elected an A.N.A. in 1884. Studio
806
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TURNER
in New York. Works: Scene on Grand
Canal — Dordrecht, Nooning (1882) ; Merry
Milkmaid, T. B. Clarke, New York ; Gone
a-Milking, Harvest Meal, Preparing for
Yearly Meeting (1883) ; Woman tending
Mowers in a Gkurden, Sunday Afternoon,
Ruth Huckaback, Courtship of Miles Stan-
dish (1884) ; Half Hours with the Poets,
Emblem of Mortality (1885) ; Bridal Pro-
cession. Queen of the Montauks (1886).
TURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WHJi-
lAM, bom in London,
April 23, 1775, died
there, Dec. 19, 1851.
Son of a hairdresser, in
whose rooms his draw-
ings were first exhib-
ited; entered schools
of Royal Academy in
1789, studied perspec-
tive under Thomas
Malton, and architect-
ure drawing with
Hardwick ; also worked with Girtin and
others, in house of Dr. Monro, the art pat-
ron, for whom he made drawings. He fre-
quently made excursions into the country,
[fetching views and making studies of riv-
er scenery, many in water-colours, but some
in pencil. In 1799, when he became an
A.RA., he had exhibited works from twenty-
six different counties in England and Wales.
He became an R A. in 1802, and about the
same time visited Scotland, France, and
Switzerland. Some of his best pictures in oil
were exhibited after his return. In 1807 he
became professor of perspective in the Roy-
al Academy, and began his Liber Studiorum,
a book of sketches in monochrome, in imi-
tation of the liber Yeritatis of Claude, in
emulation of whose style he painted about
this time. Turner visited Italy three times —
in 1819, in 1829, and in 1840. After a life
of almost unrivalled success, in which he
won all the honours his art could give, and
accumulated a large fortune, he died un-
married, leaving his pictures to the nation
and his funded property to found an institu-
tion for decayed artists. Thus the National
Gallery came into possession of more than
a hundred of his finished pictures, two of
which, Sun rising in a Mist, and Dido
building Carthage, were bequeathed on
condition that they be hung between two
Claudea Previous to 1802 Turner was
most remarkable in water-colour painting,
the development of which is largely due to
him. Between that time and his second
visit to Italy he was distinguished for
masterly execution and brilliant colouring.
Most of his finest works belong to this
period. During the last twenty years of his
life he sacrificed form to colour ; light, with
its prismatic variations, seeming to have
engrossed all his attention. '^He went,"
says Ruskin, '' to the cataract for its iris, to
the conflagration for its flames, asked of the
sea its intensest azure, of the sky its clear-
est gold." Turner exhibited 257 paintings
and drawings at the Boyal Academy, besides
which he left many sketches, etchings, and
book illustrations. His "Southern Coast
Scenery," ''England and Wales," "Rivers
of France," and "Rogers's Italy," are mon-
uments of his genius and taste. /Works:
Moonlight (1797), Buttermere Lake (1798),
Morning on Coniston Fells (1798), iBneas
with the Sibyl (1800), Mountain Scene
(1800), View in Wales (1800), Fishing Boats
in a Breeze (1801), portrait of himself
(1802), Clapham Common (1802), Tenth
Plague of Egypt (1802), Jason in search of
Golden Fleece (1802), Calais Pier (1803),
Holy Family (1803), Destruction of Sodom
(1805), Shipioreck (1805), Goddess of Dis-
cord (1806), Blacksmith's Shop (1807), Sun
rising in Mist (1807), Death of Nelson
(1808), Spithead (1809), Garreteer's Peti-
tion (1809), London from Greenwich (1809),
Harvest Dinner (1809), Bligh Sand (1809),
St. Mawes (1809), Rum (1809), Abingdon
(1810), Windsor (1810), Apollo killing Py-
thon (1811), Hannibal crossing the Alps
(1812), Cottage destroyed by Avalanche
(1812), Frosty Morning (1813), Deluge
(1813), Dido and Mneas (1814), Apuleia in
ao7
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TURPILIUS
search of Apuleius (1814), Crossing the
Brook (1815), Dido building Carthage
(1815), Temple of Jupiter Panhellenius
(1816), Decline of Carthage (1817), Field of
Waterloo (1818), The Meuse (1819), Rich-
mond TTiH (1819), Rome from the Vatican
(1820), /?or?ie— Arch of Titus (1820), Bay
of BaixB (1823), Carthage (1828), Scene from
Boccaccio (1828), Ulysses deriding Polyphe-
mus (1829), Loretto Necklace (1829), Orvie-
to (1829), Vision of Medea (1829), Regulus
(1829), Pilate washing his Hands (1830), (7a-
ligula's Palace and Bridge (1831), Watteau
Painting (1831), Lord Percy {1%^1\ ChUde
Harold's Pilgrimage (1832), Landing of
Prince of Orange at Torbay (1832), Shad-
rach, Meshach, and Abednego (1832), Venice
—the Dogana (1833), do., Canal of the Giu-
decca (1834), Lake Avemus (1834), Heidel-
berg Castle in Olden Time (1835), Apollo
and Daphne (1837), Parting of Hero and
Leander (1837), Phryne going to the Bath
as Venus (1838), Landing of Agrippina
(1839), Fighting Temeraire (1839), Bacchus
and Ariadne (1840), New Moon (1840),
Venice — ^Bridge of Sighs (1840), Burial of
WiMe (1842), Exile and Rock Limpet
(1842), Snow -Storm (1842), Shade and
Darkness (1843), Light and Colour (1843),
Opening of the Walhalla (1843), Approach
to Venice (1843), Sun of Venice (1843),
Fishing Boats and Disabled Ship (1844),
Rain, Steam, and Speed (1844), Venice
(1844), Venice Quay (1844), Venice at Noon
(1844), Whalers (1845), Venice at Sunset
(1845), do. at Evening (1846), do. in Morn-
ing (1846), Whalers (1846), Whalers in Ice
(1846), Queen Mab's Grotto (1846), Undine
giving Ring to Masaniello (1846), Angel in
the Sun (1846), Hero of a Hundred Fights
(1847), ^neas relating his Story to Dido
(1850), Mercury sent to admonish .^neas
(1850), Departure of Trojan Fleet (1850),
Visit to the Tomb (1850), and others. Na-
tional Gallery, London ; Landscape (1821),
East Cowes Castle (1828), Vessels in Dis-
tress oflf Yarmouth (1831), St Michael's
Mount (1834), Line-Fishing off Hastings
(1835), Venice (1840), South Kensington
Museum, ib. ; Venice — Grand Canal, Earl
Dudley, London ; Sea Storm, Bridgewater
Gallery, ib. ; Fin/o^e at Macon (1803), Wreck
of the Minotaur (1810), Lord Yarborough,
ib. ; Echo and Narcissus, Jessica, Thames at
Eton, do. at Weybridge, do. at Windsor, and
others, Petworth House ; Views of Lowther
Castle (2), Earl of Lonsdale ; Van Tromp's
Shallop (1832), Holloway Institute, Egham ;
Scene on French Coast (1831), Staffa (1832),
Lenox Library, New York ; Norham Castle,
Fountain of Indolence, William H. Vander-
bilt, ib. ; Slave Ship, Thornton Lothrop,
Boston ; Cicero's Villa (1839), Hermon sale,
1882, £1,890.— Monkhouse, Turner (1883) ;
Burnet, Turner and his Works (London,
1853) ; Watts, Liber Fluviorum, etc. (1853) ;
Art Journal (1856), 297 ; (1857), 1, 33, 226 ;
Athenaeum, Dec, 1851 ; Jan., 1852 ; Red-
grave ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole anglaise ; Dutton
Cook, 317 ; Ruskin, Mod. Painters, v. 303,
358 ; G. W. Thombury, Life (1862) ; Ham-
erton. Life ; Portfolio (1876), 28 et seq. ;
(1877), 44 et seq. ; (1878), 2 et seq. ; Sandby,
i. 316 ; Waagen, Art Treasures.
TURPILIUS, Roman painter, of Venetia,
1st century a.d. He was a knight, and
Pliny mentions him (xxxv. 7 [20]) as an ex-
ception to the low condition in life of the
painters of his day. He painted with his
left hand.
TURPIN DE CRISS£, LANCELOT
THEODORE, Comte de, bom in Paris in
1781, died there in 1859. Landscape and
architecture painter, son of the Marquis de
Turpin, who, forced by the Revolution to
leave France, died in America, leaving his
family without resources. Lancelot took up
painting, and after studying in Rome re-
turned to Paris, where he was patronized by
Napoleon and Josephine and by Prince Eu-
gene. He formed an art collection which
he bequeathed to the Angers Museum.
Works : Temple of Vesta at Tivoli, Angers
Museum ; Views of Tivoli (2), Dijon Muse-
um ; View at Roquebrune, Marseilles Mu-
seum; Entry of Emperor of Austria into
808
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TUSCHER
Yenioe, Grand Canal, Nantes Museum ; Pom-
peii, Temple at Paestum, Lyons Museum. —
Bellier, ii 602 ; Larousse, xv. 598 ; Nagler,
xix. 166.
TUSCHER, KARL MARCUS, born at
Nuremberg in 1705, died at Copenhagen in
1751. German school ; history painter, pu-
pil of Johann Daniel Preissler (1666-1737),
then studied in Italy; went in 1741 to
France, Holland, and England, where he
made the acquaintance of the Danish trav-
eller H. yon Norden, for whose work on
Egypt he made 158 etchings ; this brought
him in 1743 to Copenhagen, where he be-
came court painter and
professor at the Academy.
Work: Sappho and Cupid
(1748), Copenhagen Gal-
lery. — ^Nagler, xix. 171 ;
WeUbach, 718.
TUSQUETS, RAMON,
bom in Catalonia ; con-
temporary. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Fortuny in
Rome, whither he went
in 1864. First prize in
Madrid in 1865 ; medal,
1871. Works : The Beggar
(1865) ; Field Labourers
(1871); Farm Yard (1875) ;
Arab before his House;
Lady undressing after
Ball ; Women at the Well
— La Hustracion, 1877.
TWACHTMAN, JOHN H, bom in Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, Aug. 4, 1853. Landscape
painter, pupil of Duveneck, of the Academy,
and of Professor Loefftz in Munich in 1875
-77 ; studied in Venice one year. Visited
Europe again in 1880. Member of Society
of American Artists. Studio in New York.
Works : Italian Scene (1878) ; Dry Docks at
Venice, Campo Marti — Venice (1879); South
Cove— Jersey (1880) ; Boat Yard (1882) ;
Summer (1883) ; Meadow Brook (1884).—
Am. Art Rev. (1881), 45.
TWELFTH NIGHT, Jacob Jordaem, Vi-
enna Museum ; canvas, H. 8 ft X 9 ft 7 in.
Called also Feast of the Bean or of the
Bean King, and The King Drinks (Le Roi
boit). A company of men and women
around a well-spread table, at one end of
which the crowned king of the feast is seat-
ed in an arm-chair. The repast is nearly
ended, but the drinking is at its height
Other representations of the same subject,
by Jordaens, are in the Louvre, Paris,
lille Museum, Munich Finakothek, Bnms-
wick Museum, Cassel Gallery, and Berne
Museum.
TYR, GABIOEL, bom at Saint-Paul-de-
Mons (Haute-Loii-e), Feb. 19, 1817, died at
Twelfth Night, Jacob Jordaens, Vienna Museum.
Samt-:fitienne (Loire), Feb. 16, 1868. His-
tory and portrait painter, pupil of Victor
Orsel, whom he aided for twenty years in
the decoration of the Chapel of the Holy
Virgin at Notre Dame de Lorette. Works :
Old and New Testament (1850), Ministry of
the Interior ; Guardian Angel (1855), Christ
among the Doctors, Puy Museum ; Girl
with Sistrum (1859), Head of Christ, Si
£tienne Museum. — ^Bellier, iL 603 ; Gaz. des
R Arts (1860), viiL 345; (1863), xiv. 283;
Rev. des Deux M. (1851).
TYSSENa See Thys.
809
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UBERTI
UBERTI. See Farinaio.
UBERTINI, FRANCESCO, caUed
Bacchiacca, bom in Florence, March
1, 1494, died there, Oct 5, 1557. Floren-
tine Bchool ; called after his father, Frances-
co d* TJbertino ; family name, Verdi. His-
tory painter, pupil of Pietro Perugino and
of Francia Bigio ; further developed under
the influence of Andrea del Sarto ; visited
Borne, probably after 1524 ; excelled in pict-
ures with numerous small figures. Works :
Baptism of Christ, Berhn Museum; The
Three Pretenders to the Throne, Dresden
Gallery. — Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 454
UCCELLI or UCCELLO, PAOLO, bom
in Florence in 1396-97, died there, Dec. 11,
1475. Florentine school ; real name Paolo
Doni or di Dono, but called TJccello from
his fondness for painting birds. Appren-
tice of Lorenzo Ghiberti the sculptor, who
began his career as a painter. Paolo de-
voted himself to the study of perspective
vnth passionate fervour, and like Mantegna,
whom he knew at Padua, pushed its use
to the verge of excess. He drew vnth
a hardness of line which shows familiarity
with sculpture, but his studies are corrected
by the study of nature ; and though his
works show the crudeness of early art, they
had a very great influence upon his contem-
poraries and successors. In his frescos in
S. Maria Novella, Florence, principally sub-
jects from Genesis, he imitated bas-relief by
the use of dead colour and by the distribu-
tion of the scenes into distinct parts vnth
in given spaces. Of easel pictures by him
there remain three out of four panels rep-
resenting battle scenes one in the Louvre,
one in the XJffizi, Florence, and one in the
National GtJlery, London; the last, The Bat-
tle of St. Egidio. In the Louvre is also a
portrait group, and in the Duomo, Florence,
a portrait of the English Condottiere, Sir
John Hawkwood, painted about 1436. The
pictures attributed to XJccelli in the Munich
and Prato Ghilleries are not genuine. — C. &
C, Italy, iL 283 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iii.
87 ; ed. MiL, iL 203 ; Burckhardt, 494, 636,
576, 622; Ch. Blanc, l^cole florentine ;
Gaye, Carteggio, i. 146.
UCHTERVELT. See Ochlervell.
UDEN, LUCAS VAN, born in Antwerp,
Oct. 18, 1595,
died there, Nov.
4, 1672. Flem-
ish school; land-
scape painter,
son and probably
pupil of Artus
van TJden (master
of Antwerp guild
in 1587, died in
1627-28); devel-
oped under the influence of Bubens, in
whose pictures, as well as in those of Ten-
iers, he often painted the backgrounds,
while both masters supplied his landscapes
vnth figures. Master of the guild in 1626-
27. Van Dyck painted his portrait Works :
Mountainous Landscape, Bocky do. vnth
Hebe and Jupiter's Eagle (figures by Jor-
daens), Madrid Museum ; Bape of Proser-
pine, Ceres and Cyane, Louvre ; Landscape
in picture by Teniers, Brussels Museum ;
View of St Bernard's Abbey, MiU, Land-
scape vnth Figures, Antwerp Museum ; Five
Female Figures in a Landscape, Apollo,
Marsyas and Midas, Aschaffenburg Gallery ;
Castle on High Bock, Brunswick G^ery ;
Hilly Landscape (figures by Teniers the
elder), Berlin Museum; Woodland Scene
(vnth figures by Teniers), Christiania Gul-
lery; Landscape with Biver (1656), two
Landscapes with figures by Teniers, one
with figures by Pieter Bout, five others,
Dresden Gkdlery; Landscape at Sunset,
Feast of the Gbds before a Grotto, Old
Pinakothek, Munich; Landscape with fig-
ures by Teniers, two others. Hermitage, St
Petersburg; Banquet
of the Gbds, Christ
on Lake of Tiberias^
Landscapes (4),
Liechtenstein Gal-
lery, Vienna ; others in Cassel, Darmstadt,
Frankfort (2), Schleisaheim, and Weimar
L.VVDENI650.
no
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UDINE
(2). — Cat Antwerp Mas. ; Ch. Blanc, iScole
flamande ; Eramm, yi. 1654 ; Kugler (Crowe),
u, 299 ; Michiels, viiL 180 ; Booses (Beber),
263 ; Van den Branden, 687.
UDINE, GIOVANNI DA, See Giovanni
da Udine.
UDINE, GIOVANNI DI MABTINI DA.
See Oiovanni di Martini da Udine.
UDINE, MABTINO DA. See PeUegrino
da San Daniele.
UFFENBACH, PHTTJPP, bom in Prank-
fort in 1570, died in 1640. German school ;
history and portrait painter, pupil of Adam
Grimmer; formed himself after the old
German masters, and was
the teacher of Adam Els-
heimer. Works : Ascension
(1599), City Hall, Prank-
fort ; Annunciation (1600),
Vienna Museum. — Nagler,
xix. 212.
UGGIONE or UGLONE.
See Oggione, Marco d*.
UGOIiINO, Sir Joshua
BeynoldSy Earl Amherst,
Enole Park, England. Sub-
ject from Dante's " Divina
Commedia." Count Ugo-
lino della Gherardesca, who
had betrayed the Pisans in
their struggle with the Gen-
oese, was overcome in 1288
by the Archbishop Buggie-
ro Ubaldini, and imprisoned, with his sons
and grandsons, in Pisa in the Gualandi
tower (afterwards called Torre di fame. Fam-
ine Tower) and left to starve to death.
Painted in 1773 ; sold to Duke of Dorset
for 400 guineas. Engraved by J. Dixon ;
A. Baimbach.— Art Journal (1860), 359;
Northcote, L 278 ; Beechey, i. 196.
UGOMNO DA SIENA, 13th and 14th
century, died in 1339 (?). Sienese school ;
probably identical with Ugolino Neri, who
appears in Sienese documents in 1317. Dis-
ciple of Duccio. Vasari says he painted
many pictures and decorated various chapels
in different parts of Italy ; and that he al-
ways followed the manner of Cimabue rather
than that of GUotto. No authentic picture
by him is left in Italy, but an altarpiece in
seven compartments, executed for S. Croce,
Florence, afterwards in the Ottley Collection,
England, and now scattered among private
owners, shows a colour and technical ex-
ecution like those of Duccio and Simone.
A colossal Madonna, in the tabernacle of
Or San Michele, formerly supposed to be
his work, is more Florentine than Sienese
in style. The wonder-working Madonna^
which he painted on a pilaster of the origi-
nal granary which Orcagna transformed into
Ugolino, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Earl Amhertt, Knole Park, England.
a church, probably perished in the fire of
1370. A Betrayal of Christ, and a Proces-
sion to Calvary, are in the National Gallery,
London. — C. & C, Italy, ii. 53 ; Vasari, ed.
Le Mon., ii. 20 ; ed. MU., L 453 ; W. k W.,
i. 433.
UGRUMOPP, GREGOR IVANOVICH,
bom about 1764, died in 1825. History
and genre painter, pupil of Lossenko, after-
wards professor and rector of St Petersburg
Academy. Works: Conquest of Easan,
Accession to the Throne of the Romanoff
Family, Hermitage, St Petersburg.
XJHDE, FRTTZ, bom at Wolkenburg,
Saxony, May 22, 1848. Histoiy and genre
811
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UITEWAAL
painter, pupil in Paris of Munkacsj in 1879
-80, having until 1877 served as officer in
the Saxon cavalry; studied industriously
the Dutch masters of genre painting, and
settled in Munich. He paints in the man-
ner of the modem French realists. Medal,
Paris, 3d class, 1885. Works : The Singer,
(1880) ; Family Concert (1881) ; Wise Dogs
(1881) ; Seamstresses (1882) ; Dutch Tavern
Boom ; Arrival of the Organ Grinder, Drum
Practice of Bavarian Soldiers (1883) ; Christ
and the Children (1884), Leipsic Museum.
— Allgem. K Chr., ix. 585 ; L'Art (1882),
iii. 62-70 ; Kunstf. Alle, i. 207, 219 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xviii. 673 ; xxiL 10 ; Meyer, Conv.
Lex., XXL 920 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K., xvii. 100,
143; xix. 260; xx. 93.
XJITEWAAL (Uytenwael, Wte Wael,
Wttewael), JOACHIM, bom at Utrecht in
1566, died there, Aug. 13, 1638. Dutch
school ; history painter, pupil of his father
Antonie Wttewael, and of Joost de Beer ;
painted mythological subjects in the manner
of Bartholomeus Spranger, and of Cornells
van Haarlem, but on account of the reduced
scale more pleasing than either. At Padua
he made the acquaintance of the Bishop of
St. Malo, in whose service he remained four
years in Italy and two in France. Works :
Meeting of David and Abigail (1597), Am-
sterdam Museum; Mars and Venus sur-
prised by Vulcan (1603), Hague Museum ;
Fruit Seller, Portraits of Artist and Wife,
Utrecht Museum ; Lot and his Daughters,
Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Be-
past of the Gods (1602), Brimswick Gallery ;
St John Preaching (1618), Copenhagen Gal-
lery ; Lot and his Daughters, Berlin Muse-
um; Parnassus (1596), Dresden Gallery;
Madonna (1608), Gotha Museum ; Ceres,
Bacchus, Venus and Cupid, Hermannstadt
Museum ; Marriage of Peleus and Thetis,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Diana and Actaeon
(1607), Adoration of Shepherds (1607), Vi-
enna Museum ; do., Madrid Museum ; Judg-
ment of Paris, Historical Society, New York.
— Immerzeel, iii 149 ; Eramm, vi 1656;
Biegel, Beitr£ige, ii 170.
ULFT, JACOB VAN DER, bom at Go-
rinchem in 1627, died there after 1688.
Dutch school;
landscape and
architecture
painter, chiefly
painted views in
and about Rome,
numerous and
v^ell-grouped fig-
ures, also Dutch
scenery; com-
bined good draw-
ing with warm and powerful, though some-
times heavy, colouring. Execution free and
spirited. Probably studied under Both ;
visited Italy, where he painted many land-
scapes and ruins. Works : Roman Ruins,
Mr. Hope's Collection, London ; Square with
Antique Buildings, Fortified Town, Louvre ;
Roman Troops Marching (1671), Hague Mu-
seum; Italian Harbour, do. City, do. Mar-
ket, Museum, Amsterdam ; View of New
Town Hall of Amsterdam (1667), City Hall,
ib. ; Forum of Nerva — Rome, Haarlem Mu-
seum ; Continence of Scipio (1674), Rotter-
dam Museum ; Trajan's Forum in Rome
(1671), Berlin Museum; Seaport, Chris-
tiania Gallery ; Roman Buildings, Darm-
stadt Museum ; Landscape with Ruins and
Figures, Dresden Gallery ; View in Roman
Campagna, Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Dutch
Harbour, Oldenburg Gallery ; Triumph of
U '^/' qI
Scipio, Hermitage, St Petersburg. — Immer-
zeel, iii. 150 ; Eramm, vi 1658 ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii 510.
UTiLTK, HUGO, bom in Prague in 1838.
Landscape painter, pupil of Prague Acad-
emy under Haushofer ; worked as a deco-
rative and scene painter at Pilsen, Prague,
and Pressburg, then was instructor at the
industrial school in Prague, and settled at
Munich in 1874 ; has repeatedly visited the
819
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ULRICH
Bavarian Highlands, Tyrol, and Switzerland.
Works : Oaks (1860) ; View of Bdsig (1868) ;
View in the Bamsau ; do. near Buhpolding ;
Eyening on the Lake, etc Many in private
collections in Prague and other cities of
Bohemia. — ^Wurzbach, xlix. 1.
ULMANN, BENJAMIN, bom at Blotz-
heim, Alsace, May 24, 1829, died in Paris,
Feb. 26, 1884. History, genre, and portrait
painter, pupil of Drolling and Picot Won
the grand prix de Borne in 1859. Medals :
dd class, 1859; medal, 1866; 2d class,
1872 ; L. of Honour, 1872. Works : Dante
in Hades (1855); Junius Brutus (1859),
Melun Museum ; Sylla and Marius (1861) ;
Patroclus and Amphidamas, Le Mans Mu-
seum ; Samson and Delilah (1863) ; A De-
feat (1864); Ora del Pianto 4 Pipemo
(1867), Marseilles Museum ; Ariadne (1869) ;
Betum of Charles V. to Paris (1870) ; The
Bell-Bingers of Nuremberg (1872), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; El Ochavito del Jueves k
Burgos, Education (1873) ; Gitanos of the
Albaycin of Granada (1874) ; Cain's Be-
morse (1875) ; Lorelei on the Bhine, The
Great Battle of Nuremberg during the Ab-
sence of the Bells on Holy Thursday (1878) ;
Sylla and Marius (1878), Luxembourg Mu-
seum; Cato dragged from the Senate
(1879) ; Marguerite in Prison (1881) ; three
decorative paintings for the Palais de Jus-
tice, and one for the Palais Boyal. — Bel-
lier, iL 604 ; Bevue des Deux Mondes (1859) ;
Claretie, Peintres, 213, 335, 386 ; Meyer,
Gesch., 604 ; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 349, 397.
XJLBICH, lay brother in the monastery
at Maulbronn, early part of the 15th cen-
tury. German school ; executed in 1424 two
large wall paintings in the church at Maul-
bronn, in which the life-size figures are well
modelled and the expression of the Virgin
and Child is pleasing. — Schnaase, vi 467.
ULBICH, CHARLES FBEDEBICK, bom
in New York, Oct 8, 1858. Figure painter,
student of the National Academy ; later,
pupil of L5fftz and Lindenschmidt in Mu-
nich. Studied abroad in 1873-81. Elected
an AN. A. in 1883. Member of Society of
American Artists. Studio in New York.
Works: The Engraver, Spinner (1882);
Glass Blowers, Amateur Etcher (T. B.
Clarke, New York), Carpenter at Work
(1883) ; In the Land of Promise— Castle
Ghurden (William T. Evans), Symphony
(1884); Belies of Bygone Days, Waifs
(1885).
ULBICH, HANS JACOB, bom at Andel-
fingen. Canton Ztirich, about 1798, died at
ZOrich in 1878. Marine, landscape, and
animal painter ; was at first a merchant, but
took up art in Paris, and thence went to
Italy in 1828 ; having won reputation and
success at Naples, where he was made hon-
orary professor at the Academy, he returned
to Paris in 1831, visited England and the
Netherlands, and subsequently became pro-
fessor at the Polytechnic Institute in Ztirich.
His pictures are distinguished for beautiful
light effects, and supplied with well-drawn
and characteristic figures. Works: View
of Botterdam Harbour at Evening (1844),
Berne Museum ; Morning on Sea Shore, St.
Ghdl Museum ; Coast at Trouville, Forest
Brook, Garda Lake, Marine (last work),
Ztirich Gkdlery ; Burning Steamship on
Stormy Sea, lake of Lucerne (1845), Leip-
sic Museum.
ULYSSES, ancient pictures. See AthC"
nion, Euphranor, Nicomachus, Pamphilus,
Parrhasius, Polygnotus, Timanthes,
ULYSSES AND NAUSICAA, Claude Lor-
rain, M. H Amot, Elmira, N. Y. ; canvas,
H. 2 ft. 5 in. X 3 ft 3 in. ; signed, dated
Bome, 1658. A seaport ; on right, trees,
and beyond, part of a city with a fleet at
anchor ; in foreground, centre, Nausica£i,
her attention arrested by Ulysses, who is
issuing cautiously from behind a tree
(Homer, Od., vi). Painted for Francesco
Alberici ; passed to M. Famese, Humphrey
Morris, Earl of Ashbumham, and Duke of
Hamilton; Hamilton sale (1882), £840.
Engraved by P. Vivaria liber Veritatis,
No. 139. Picture called also Bacchus and
Ariadne. — ^Hamilton Cai, 149; Pattison,
Claude Lorrain, 78, 218.
818
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ULYSSES
By Rubens, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood,
H. 4 ft 1 in. X 6 ft 6 in. A mountainous
landscape, with the palace of Alcinotls at
left, and the city of Plueacia at right, near
the sea ; in the foreground, Ulysses, nude,
partly concealed by a bush, imploring aid
of Nausicaa, who is passing with several
women and attendants, two of whom are
taking clothing from a car ; above, Minerva,
protector of Ulysses, complaining to Jupi-
ter of the persecutions of Neptune. Taken
to Paris; returned in 1815. Engraved
by ParbonL — Smith, ii. 144 ; QuL du PaL
Pitti, i. PL 86.
ULYSSES DERIDING POLYPHEMUS,
Joseph M. W. Turner, National Gtallery,
London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 6 fi 7 in.
Ulysses, whose galley is on the point of put-
ting oflf from the island where Polyphemus
dwelt, is deriding the monster, who is
sprawling his huge bulk on the top of the
cliff, tearing his hair with impotent rage.
Close in shore are the remains of the fire
where Ulysses and his companions heated the
staff with which they put out the one eye of
the Cyclops. Royal Academy, 1829 ; Turner
Collection. Engraved by E. GoodalL —
Hamerton, Life ; Cai Nai (raL
ULYSSES, RETURN OF, Primaticcio,
Castle Howard, England. Penelope relat-
ing to Ulysses what has happened to her
during his absence. One of the most im-
portant works of the master ; the charac-
ters are noble, the drawing and modelling
correct and careful, but the colouring fee-
ble. — Waagen, Treasures, iii 322.
UMBRICHT, HONORS, bom at Obemai,
Alsace ; contemporary. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Bonnat, Feyen-Perrin, and
Hector Leroux. Medal, 3d class, 1884.
Works: Portrait of the Artist, do. of his
Mother (1880) ; St. Sebastian (1881) ; In the
Vosges Mountains (1884) ; Li the Woods in
Lorraine (1886) ; Old Wheelwright (1886).
UNCLE TOBY AND WTOOW WAD-
MAN, Charles Robert Leslie, National Gal-
lery, London ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft.
10 in. The two seated in the sentry-box ;
Unde Toby, said to be a portrait of Bannis-
ter the comedian, examining the widow's
eye. Royal Academy, 1831 ; replica (1832),
South Kensington Museum. Engraved by
Danforth; L. Stocks. — Cat Nat Gal;
Blackburn, Pictures at S. Kensington ; Art
Journal (1853), 33.
UNGER, JOHANNA, bom in Hanover,
March 6, 1837, died in Pisa, Feb. 11, 187L
History and portrait painter, daughter of the
etcher William Unger, pupil in Dttsseldorf
of Karl Sohn and of Rethel, then of Leutze ;
went to Munich, where she followed the
school of Piloty and was also active as a
teacher. Works : Sleeping Beauty (1863) ;
Jephthah's Daughter ; Two Marys at Christ's
Tomb (1864) ; Joan of Arc ; Deborah ; Cin-
derella's Sisters. — Blanckarts, 18.
UNKER-HENNXNG-LUTZOW, KARL
HINDRICK D', bom in Stockhohn, May 5,
1829, died in Dttsseldorf, March 24, 1866.
Genre painter, pupil of Dttsseldorf Academy
under Karl Sohn, then studied in Paris and
Amsterdam. Honorary member of Stock-
holm Academy ; Swedish court painter ; pro-
fessor. Gold medal, Amsterdam. Works :
Policeman's Report (1857), National Gkllery,
Berlin; Female Prestidigitator astound-
ing Peasants, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ;
The Toast ; Custom House Ofl&ce ; Circus-
Rider's Wardrobe ; Waiting Rooms of 1st,
2d, 3d, and 4th Class ; Playroom. — Jordan
(1885), ii 54
UNTERBERGER, CHRISTOPH, bom
at Cavalese, Tyrol, May 27, 1732, died in
Rome, Jan. 25, 1798. German school ; his-
tory and genre painter, nephew and pupil of
Franz (1706-76), and in Vienna of Michael
AngeloUnterberger; won first prize in 1753,
then studied in Venice and under Cignaroli
in Verona ; went in 1758 to Rome, where he
became a pupil of Raphael Mengs, studied
especially after Domenichino and Pietro da
Cortona, assisted his master in the decora-
tion of the library in the Vatican, and be-
came one of the most celebrated artists in
Rome ; employed by Pope Clement XIV.
and Prince Borghese. Works: Madonna
814
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UNTERBERGEE
with Si Jolin, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ;
Martyrdom of Si Pontianus, Spoleto Cathe-
dral; Assumption, Loreto Cathedral; Si
Julian, Si Agnes, Brixen Cathedral ; Kitch-
en Scene, Cellar Scene, Cleopatra, Liechten-
stein GkJlery, Vienna. — ^Wurzbach, xlix. 79.
UNTERBERGER, FRANZ, bom at Inns-
bruck, Aug. 15, 1838. Landscape painter,
pupil of Munich Academy, then in Milan of
Albert Zimmermann and in Dttsseldorf of
Andreas Achenbach; in 1860 visited Nor-
way, and settled in Brussels, where he fol-
lowed the Belgian school, and whence he
visited Southern France and Italy and
several times the coasts of England and
Scotland. Several medals. Order of Fran-
cis Joseph. Works: View near Chiavenna
(1859) ; Sogne Fjord in Norway (1861) ;
View near Innsbruck (1862) ; Norwegian
Landscape (1863) ; Moonlight (1864) ; View
in Oetz Valley (1865) ; View near Naples
(1868) ; View in Capri (1870) ; Achen Lake
in Tyrol (1872); Palermo (1878).— Wurz-
bach, xlix. 83.
UNTERBERGER, IGNAZ, bom at Cava-
lese in 1748, died in Vienna, Dec 4, 1797.
German school ; history and genre painter,
brother and, in Rome, pupil of Christoph
Unterberger, having at first been instructed
by his uncle Franz in his native place. In
Rome he was benefited by intercourse with
Mengs, Battoni, Maron, and others, but
was especially influenced by the works of
Correggio, whose style he imitated so suc-
cessfully that some of his copies were taken
for originals, even by competent judges, and
sold as such by art dealers. In 1776 he
returned home, and thence went to Vienna,
where his exhibited works were well re-
ceived and he was made a member of the
Academy, and subsequently court painter.
In great favor with Prince Kaimitz, he
received numerous commissions both at
home and abroad. Works : Picture of Ma-
donna carried by Angels^ Italian Church,
Vienna; two Pictures with Genii, Palais
Auersperg, ib. ; Nativity ; Hebe oflfering
Nectar to Jupiter's Eagle (bought by the
Emperor Francis) ; Hymen ; Allegory on
Peace and Love; Descent of the Holy
Ghost, Kdniggr&tz Cathedral; Portrait of
Count von Heister, Ferdinandeum, Inns-
bruck. — ^Wurzbach, xlix. 84.
UNTERBERGER, MICHAEL ANGELO,
bom at Cavalese, Aug. 12, 1695, died in
Vienna, June 27, 1758. German school ;
history painter, pupil of Giuseppe Alberti,
then in Venice of Piazetta ; painted for
some time at Passau, and in 1738 went to
Vienna, where he amassed a considerable
fortune, was much esteemed by the Empress
Maria Theresa, and from 1751 was director
of the Academy alternately with Paul Tro-
ger. Works : Expulsion of Hagar (1739),
Vienna Academy (?) ; Si Anthony of Padua
receiving into his Arms the In&nt Christ,
Si Stephen's, Vienna; Si Anthony of
Padua and Si Michael, Si Michael's, ib. ;
Death of the Vii-gin (1749), Brixen Cathe-
dral; Diana and Endymion (?), Ferdinan-
deum, Innsbruck. — Wurzbach, xlix. 93.
URBAN VI., VENGEANCE OF, Jean
Paul LaurenSf John G. Johnson, Philadel-
phia. Pope Urban VI, in his purple cape
embroidered with gold, stands in a dungeon
or torture-chamber, grimly gloating over
the blood-stained bodies of the cardinals
who had plotted against him in 1384,
which, clad in their red gowns, lie in a
ghastly row against the walL
URBINO, DUKE AND DUCHESS OF.
See Rovere.
URLAUB, GEORG, bom in Si Peters-
burg in 1845. History and genre painter,
pupil of Si Petersburg Academy, where he
won a gold medal, then in Berlin of Alexan-
der von Werner. Member of Si Peters-
burg Academy. Works : Job's Sufferings ;
Daughter of Jairus ; Merry Company (1882).
— Zeitschr. f. b. K, xvii 232, 336.
URLAUB, GEORG KARL, bom at Ans-
bach, Bavaria, in 1749, died at Marburg,
Hesse, in 1809. Genre, battle, and portrait
painter, studied in his native town, then
travelled extensively ; lived successively at
WOrzburg, Schweinfurth,Hanau, and finally
815
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URSULA
at Marburg, where he grew blind in 1804.
Works: Taking of Frankfort by Hessian
Troops in 1792, Cassel Gallery ; House-
keeper's Account (1798), Stadel Gallery,
Frankfort.
URSULA, ST., EMBARKATION OF,
Claude Lorraiu, National Gallery, London ;
canvas, H. 3 ft 8 in. x 4 fi 11 in. Seaport,
with ships ; at left, the saint and her vir-
gins coming down the steps of a magnifi-
cent temple, for the purpose of embarking.
cation after Death, H. 12 ft. 1 in. x 12 fi ;
signed, dated 1491. 3. Her Dream, H. 8 ft
10 in. X 8 ft 8 in. ; signed, dated 1495. 4.
Interview with the English Prince, H. 9 ft.
X 20 ft. ; signed, dated 1495. 5. Parting
Audience of English Envoys with King
Maurus, H. 9 ft x 8 ft. 1 in. ; signed. 6.
Return of Envoys to England, H. 9 f t 9 in.
X 17 ft ; signed. 7. Meeting of Ursula
and Virgins with the Pope, H. 9 ft 9 in. x
10 ft ; signed. 8. Reception of English
Emb«rfc«tion of St. Ursula. Claude Lorrain, National Gallery, Londort.
Painted in 1646 ; Liber Veritatis, No. 54.
Engraved by Armytage, in National Gallery ;
by J. Fittler (1787), in Angerstein Gallery ;
and by Le Eeux (1839). — Waagen, Treas-
ures, i. 339 ; Cat Nat GaL ; Pattison,
Claude Lorrain, 44, 228 ; Reveil, xi. 749.
URSULA, ST., HISTORY OF, Vittore
Carpaccio, Venice Academy ; nine canvases.
Scenes from legend of St. Ursula, painted
without regard to chronological order of
legend. 1. Arrived at Cologne, H. 9 ft x
8 ft. 4 in.; signed, dated 1490. 2. Glorifi-
Envoys by King Maurus, H. 9 ft x 19 ft ;
signed. 9. Death of Ursula, H. 9 f t 2 in.
X 11 ft 8 in. Begun in 1490 ; painted for
Scuola di S. Ursula, Venice. These works,
painted on canvas with an oil medium,
show Carpaccio's great skill in perspective,
his ability in managing large compositions
containing many groups and figures, with
rich architectural landscapes and back-
grounds, and illustrate his affinity to Gen-
tile Bellini, whose lead he followed. En-
graved by Giovanni del Pian; GalibertL
816
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USSI
Injured by restorations made in 1623 and
1752.— C. & C, N. Italy, i. 199 ; Vasari, ed.
Mil., iii 640 ; Zanotto, L PI. 24
By Hans MenUing, Hospital of St John,
Bruges. A series of pictures on the Shrine
of St Ursula, a Gk)thic chapel in miniature.
The long sides (H. 1 f t 8 in. x 3 ft) are each
divided into three arched spaces, containing :
1. The Fleet arriving at Cologne. 2. Dis-
embarkation of St Ursula and her Maidens
at Basle. 3. The Pope receiving them at
Rome. 4. The Pope accompanying them
back to Basle. 6. Gnie Attack upon them on
1849 - 1853 ; afterwards visited Egypt
Member of and professor at Florence Acad-
emy. Medal: Of Honour, Paris, 1867;
medal, Vienna, 1873. Works: Good Sa-
maritan (1843) ; Death of Bayard (1846) ;
liaising of Lazarus (1849); Expulsion of
Duke of Athens (1867), National Gallery,
-Florence ; Departure of Great Caravan for
Mecca (1873), Khedive of Egypt ; Scene in
Dante's Vita Nuova ; Marco Visconti with
the Standard ; Bianca Capello*s Attempt to
poison Cardinal de' MedicL — Mtlller, 629;
Land und Meer (1869), ii. 842.
Reception of English Envoys, History of St Ursula, VKtore Carpaccio, Venice Academy.
the Banks of the Ehine. 6. Martyrdom of
St Ursula. Gables (H. 1 ft 8 in. x 1 ft.) :
1. St Ursula sheltering theVirgins under her
Cloak. 2. The Virgin worshipped by Nuns.
Six medallions on the cover contain : Cor-
onation of the Virgin, Glory of St Ursula,
and four angels. Painted about 1486. Well-
composed groups, great minuteness of fin-
ish, rich and well contrasted in colour.
"More precious than a shrine of silver,"
says Van Mander. — W. & W., il 50 ; Van
Mander, 205 ; C. & C, Flemish Painters, 283.
USSI, STEFANO, born in Florence in
1822. History painter, pupil of Florence
Academy under Pollastrini ; won prizes in
1843, 1846, and 1849, studied in Bome in
UTRECHT, ADRIAEN VAN, bom in
Antwerp, Jan. 12,
1599, died there,
Oct 5, 1652.
Flemish school;
still-life and poul-
try-yard painter,
pupil of Harmen
de Neyt ; master
of Antwerp guild
in 1625, travelled
extensively in
France, Italy, and Germany, and was much
employed by the German Emperor and the
King of Spain. Works: Still-life (figures by
Jordaens), Dead Game and Fruit, Fruits
817
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UTRECHT
and Vegetables, Madrid Museum ; Kitchen
Interior, Brussels Museum ; Still-Life, Mu-
seum, Antwerp ; Arrival of Cardinal Infant
Ferdinand, City Hall, ib. ; Fish - Seller's
Shop, Ghent Museum ; Cock Fight, Lille
Museum ; Table with Fruit and Provisions,
Amsterdam Museum ; Poultry-Yard (1643),
Berlin Museum ; Lady among Kitchen Sup-
plies and Utensils (figure by Thulden), Carls-
ruhe Gtallery ; Still-Life, Cologne Museum ;
Fruit and other Eatables (1647), Dresden
Gallery ; Poultry (1652), Leipsic Museum ;
Kitchen Interior (1629), Cassel Gallery ; do.,
Weimar Museum ; Fruit-Piece (1647), Co-
penhagen Gallery ; do.. Hermitage, Si Pe-
tersburg; Dead Ghune, Leuchtenberg Gkd-
lery, ib. ; Breakfast -Table (2), Schwerin
Gallery ; Fruit Festoon (1644), Vienna Mu-
seum. — Ch. Blanc, £cole flamande ; Burger,
Musses, iL 157 ; Kramm, vL 1661 ; Kugler
(Crowe), iL 338 ; Michiels, ix. 187 ; Rooses
(Reber), 422 ; Van den Branden, 1082.
UTRECHT, CHRISTOPH VAN, bom at
Utrecht in 1491 (or 1498?), died at Lisbon
in 1550 (or 1557). Dutch school ; history
and portrait painter, supposed pupil of An-
tonis Moro (?), with whom he is said to have
gone to Spain, and thence to Lisbon, where
he painted altarpieces for churches, and
highly-esteemed portraits, and was much
honoured by John HL of Portugal — Kramm,
L 232 ; Nagler, xix. 268 ; Raczynski, Arts
en Portugal, 255.
UTRECHT, JACOB VAN, flourished at
Utrecht about 1523. Dutch school; por-
trait painter, possibly the same who was re-
ceived master of the guild at Antwerp in
1506. Signed himself Jacobus Trajectensis.
Works : Male Portrait (1523), Berlin Muse-
um ; do. (1524), Baron Minutoli's Collec-
tion, Schloss Fridersdorf, Silesia. — ^Meyer,
Gemalde der kongL Mus. (1883), 471 ; Zeit-
schr. f. b. K, xxi. 324
UWmS, THOMAS, bom at Pentonville,
near London, Feb. 25, 1782, died at Staines,
Aug. 25, 1867. Apprenticed to an engraver,
but became a student at Royal Academy in
1798 ; began as a water-colour painter and
illustrator of books. In 1814 he visited the
South of France and took up subject paint-
ing in oils ; studied in Italy in 1826-31, and
on his return established a reputation by
his Italian scenes ; became A.R.A. in 1833,
RA. in 1838, librarian in 1844, surveyor of
the Queen's pictures in 1845, and keeper of
the National Gallery in 1847. Works : Vin-
tage in South of France, Chapeau de Brigand,
Sir Guyon fighting for Temperance (Faerie
Queene, ii. 12), National Gallery. — Aii Jour-
nal, Sept., 1847; Oct, 1857; Cat. Royal
Acad. ; Redgrave ; Ch. Blanc, £cole anglaise ;
Sandby, ii 157 ; Mra Nevins, Recollections
of T. U. (London, 1858).
UYTENBROECK (Wtenbrouck), MO-
Z£S VAN, sumamed Little Moses, bom at
Delft about 1590, died in The Hague about
1650. Dutch school ; landscape painter, in
the style of Elsheimer and Bril, supposed
pupil of Poelenburg ; master of the guild at
The Hague in 1620 ; its dean in 1627 ; en-
livened his pictures with scriptural and
mythological scenes, which show a vivid im-
agination, great skill in grouping, and knowl-
edge of chiaroscuro. Works : Juno and
Argus (1625), Augsburg Gallery; Raising
of Lazarus, Aschafifenburg Gallery ; Feast
of Bacchus (1627), Jupiter and Mercury re-
ceived by Philemon and Baucis, Brunswick
Gallery; Triumph of Bacchus, Landscape
with Mars and Venus (attributed to Elshei-
mer), Cassel Gallery ; Moonlight, Copenha-
gen Gkdlery ; Bacchus and Ariadne, Prague
Gallery; Landscape with dancing Shep-
herds, do. with Nymphs, Museum, Vienna ;
do. with Herd, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ;
do. (attributed to Elsheimer), Pesth Muse-
um ; Lot and Daughters (1627), Count Bel-
giojoso, Milan; Landscape with Cascade,
Uffizi, Florence.— Bode, Studien, 337 ; Im-
merzeel, iii. 151 ; Eramm, vi. 1663 ; Riegel,
Beitr^ge, iL 213 ; Vosmaer, Rembrandt, see
pr^curseurs, 98.
818
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VACCARO
K
VACCARO, ANDREA, born in Naples
in 1598, died there in 1670. Nea-
politan school; pupil of Girolamo
Imparato ; followed first the style of Cara-
vaggio and later that of Guidg. After the
death of Stanzioni he was considered the
best painter in Naples, until Luca Giordano
came to maturity. Pictures in churches in
Naples, and Massacre of the Innocents, Bap-
tism of Si Candidus, Naples Museum ; Christ
appearing to Mary, Dresden Gallery ; Christ
at the Column, Infant Christ sleeping in the
Arms of St John, Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Christ on the
Cross, Germanic Museum, Nu-
remberg; Magdalen Penitent^
Hermitage, St. Petersburg. — ^Lanzi, iL 42 ;
Ch. Blanc, &ole napolitaine ; Burckhardt,
768, 792 ; Lavice, 224.
VACHE BLANCHE (The White Cow),
]fimil van Marcke^ Samuel F. Barger, New
York ; canvas. A fine study of a white cow
in a pleasing landscape, which, however, is
subordinate to the figure.
VADDER, LODEWYCK DE, bom in
Brussels, baptized April 8, 1605, died there,
buried Aug. 10, 1655. Flemish school ;
landscape painter, seems to have been in
Italy and studied Titian. Master of the
guild at Brussels, 1628. Excelled in ren-
dering early morning mist and effects of
light Approached Rubens in richness and
vivacity of colour. Works: Woodland
Scene, Darmstadt Museum; Two Land-
scapes with Figures, Ferdinandeum, Inns-
p bruck ; Horsemen
kothek, Munich ; Landscape, Stockholm
Museum. — Immerzeel, iii 152 ; Eugler
(Crowe), iL 341 ; Kramm, vL 1665 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xxi 523.
VAENIUS (Venius), OTHO, bom at Ley-
den in 1558, died in Brussels, May 6, 1629.
Flemish school Real name Octavio van
Veen. History and portrait painter, pupil
at Leyden of Isack Claesz Swanenburg,
called Nicolai, and at Li5ge (1572) of Lamp-
sonius, then in Rome (1575-80) of F. Zuc-
chero; returned to Li^ge and in 1584 to
Leyden; went
to Antwerp in
1593 ; master of
the guild there
in 1594, its dean
in 1602-3; be-
came court
painter to Al-
brecht and Isa-
bella, governors
of the Nether-
lands, who called him to Brussels as super-
intendent of the mint; received into the
guild there in 1620. He was the master of
Rubens, and a good poet and scholar.
Works : Portraits (2), Madrid Museum ;
Artist and his Family (1584), Louvre ; Cru-
cifixion, Christ bearing the Cross, Marriage
of St. Catherine (1589), Brussels Museum ;
Raising of Lazarus, Ghent Cathedral ; Ser-
pent on the Fig-Tree, Calling of St Mat-
thew, Charity of St Nicholas, Miracle by St
Nicholas, St Paul at Csesarea, Portrait of
Jean Miraeus, Museum, Antwei*p ; Christ and
the Repentant Sinners, The Virgin nursing
Infant Christ, La^l Supper, Raising of Lam"
ru8, Raising of Widow's Son, Entombment,
Cathedral, ib. ; Martyrdom of St Andrew,
St Andrew's, ib.; Twelve Scenes in History
of the Ancient Batavians (1613), Amsterdam
Museum ; Descent from the Cross, Aschaffen-
burg Gallery ; Allegory on Fall of Man, Bam-
berg Gallery ; Assumption (1608), Brunswick
Gallery ; Minerva protecting Youth, Stock-
holm Museum ; Unadvised Youth, Cologne
Museum ; Minerva and the Muses, Berlin
Museum ; Triumph of Catholic Church (6),
Fifteen Scenes in History of Christ and the
Virgin, Schleissheim Gallery ; Rape of Pro-
serpine, Stuttgart Museum ; Holy Family,
Portraits of Archdukes Aibrecht and Ernst,
Vienna Museum. — Ch. Blanc, ficole fla-
mande ; Van den Branden, 401 ; Lnmerzeel,
iii 157; Kramm, vL 1679; Messager des
sciences hist (1868), 328; (1877), 313;
Michiels, vL 352, 468 ; Rooses (Reber), 148 ;
819
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VAFFLARD
Van den Branden, 401 ; Ylaamsche school
(1862). 152.
VAFFLARD, PIERRE ANTOINE AU-
GTJSTIN, bom in Paris, Dec. 19, 1777, died
there after 1838. History and portrait
painter, pupil of J. B. Regnault ; in 1824 he
restored some of the paintings in the gal-
leries at Versailles, and in the gallery of
Diana in the Tuileries ; decorated several
churches and palaces in oil and fresco. Court
painter to the Due d' Orleans Medal, 1824
Works : Last Honours to Bertrand Dugues-
clin (1806), Rennes Museum; Column of
Rosbach (1810), Versailles Museum ; Electra
and Orestes (1814), Dijon Museum ; St. Mar-
garet cast off by her Father (1817), Sainte
Marguerite, Paris ; St. Ambrose saving an
Arian Priest (1819), Saint Ambroise, ib.;
Pythagoras inspired by the Muses (1819),
Versailles Museum ; Death of Si Louis,
(1819), Burial Chapel of Orleans Family,
Dreux ; Henri IV. in Notre Dame on Day
of his Entry into Paris (1819) ; Ulysses and
Nausicaft (1822) ; Last Benediction of Bishop
Bourlier of Evreux ; Communion of Mary
Stuart ; Henri IV. and the Abbess of Mont-
martre (1824).— Bellier, iL 606.
..VAGA, PERENO DEL, bom in Florence
in 1500, died in
Rome, Oct. 14, 1547.
Umbrian school.
Real name Buonac-
corsi, but called del
Vaga from a Floren-
. tine painter of that
name who had given
him instruction
Sometimes called
also Pierino. Pupil
of Andrea de' Ceri, of Ridolfo Ghirlandajo,
and of Vaga, who took him to Rome. Em-
ployed there by Raphael on the frescos in
the Vatican, where he painted history of
Joshua and of David. After death of
Raphael, he aided Giulio Romano and B
Fattore, whose sister he married, in com-
pleting their master's works. Painted also
in S. Marcello the Creation of Eve, which
shows influence of Michelangelo. After the
sack of Rome (1527), he went to Gtenoa,
where he decorated Hie Palazzo Doria with
frescos, now mostly destroyed. About 1542
he returned to Rome, where he painted
frescos in Trinity de' Monti and in the Cas-
tello S. Angelo. His later works were only
designed by him and finished by his pupils.
He was buried beside Raphael in the Pan-
theon. — ^Vasari, ed. Mil., v. 587 ; Ch. Blanc,
ficole ombrienne ; Burckhardt, 8, 177, 179,
181.
VAILLANT, WALLERANT, bom at
LUle, baptized May 30, 1623, died in Am-
sterdam, Aug. 28, 1677. Flemish school ;
portrait painter, pupil in Antwerp of Eras-
mus Quellin ; painted in 1658 at the Coro-
nation in Frankfort the Emperor Leopold,
and then many sovereigns of Germany.
Went with the Marshal de Grammont to
Paris, where he painted the Queen, and
many persons of distinction ; returned home
after four years, and settled in Amsterdam.
His brother and pupil, Jacob (1628-1670),
commonly called Leeuwerik (lark), was a
successfid history and portrait painter at
the court of the Elector in Berlin ; most of
his pictures are in the royal palaces of Ber-
lin and Potsdam. "Works : Portraits of
Man and Wife (1674), Lady with two Chil-
dren, Amsterdam Museum ; Managers of
Orphanage (1671), Orphan Asylum, Amster-
dam ; Portrait of Great Elector, Brunswick
Gbllery ; do., Roysd Palace, Berlin ; Sacrifice
of Iphigenia, Cassel GaUery ; Board with
Letters Attached (1658), Dresden Gkdlery ;
Male Portrait, Oldenburg Gallery. — Bellier,
ii. 607 ; Lnmerzeel, iii 152 ; Kramm, vi.
1670
1667 ; Kugler, ii 332 ; Riegel, Beitrage,
ii. 279.
VAINI, PIETRO, bom in Rome in 1847,
died in New York in 1875. Subject and
portrait painter, studied and painted in
m
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VALADON
Italy before settling in New York in 1872,
where he committed suicide. His morbid
nature shows itself in the sombre character
of his more important works. Works :
First Grief; After the War ; Veronica gaz-
ing upon the Face of her dead Bival;
Othello and the Handkerchief , Palette Club,
New York.
VALADON, JULES EMMANUEL, bom
in Paris, Oct 6, 1826. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Drolling, Cogniet, and
Henri Lehmann. Medal, 3d class, 1880.
Works: Brother and Sister, Two Friends
(1874) ; Bouquet Seller (1875) ; Artist's Por-
trait (1878), Orleans Museum ; During a
Funeral Service (1879); Charity (1881),
Ministry of Fine Arts (1881) ; Mary Magda-
len (1883) ; A Diogenes, Poor Man's Bevel
(1884); Bevery (1886); At Church, Old
Man (1886).— Bellier, ii 608.
VALCKENBOBCH, FBEDEEIK VAN,
bom at Mechlin about 1570, died at Nurem-
berg in 1623. Flemish school ; genre and
landscape painter, son and pupil of Lucas
van Valckenborch, whom he accompanied
to Nuremberg in 1566. Works: Annual
Fair (1694), Kirmess Festival (1596), Vien-
na Museum ; Woodland Scenes (2, 1622),
Christiania GkJlery ; Woodland with Nymphs
and Animals, Ftirstenberg Gallery, Donau-
eschingen. — Kramm, vi 1670.
VALCKENBOBCH (Valkenburg), LU-
CAS VAN, bom at Mechlin about 1530 or
1640, died in Germany about 1626. Flem-
ish school ; landscape and portrait painter ;
master of Mechlin guild in 1564 ; went in
1666 to Antwerp, where he seems to have
studied under Pieter Brueghel, then with
his brother Marten, and with Jan Frode-
man de Vries to Aix-la-Chapelle and Li^ge,
where they sketched many landscapes on
the banks of the Meuse. In 1670 he fol-
lowed the Archduke Matthias to Linz;
painted for him several years, was after-
wards associated with Joris Hoefnagel, for
whom he made drawings at Frankfort in
1594, and in 1697 was settled at Nuremberg,
where Sandrart knew him in 1622. Works :
The Mines, Smithy, Camel Drivers, Arch-
ducal Palace at Brussels, Madrid Museum ;
Winter View of Antwerp (1669), City View
(1693), Stadel Gallery, Frankfort; Bocky
Landscape with Mill (1696), do. Landscape
with Mineral Spring (1596) Brunswick Gal-
lery; Eirmess in Flemish Village (1574),
Gotha Museum ; Tower of Babel (1668), Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; View of Linz on the
Danube (1594), Oldenburg Gallery ; Peas-
ants' Brawl, Count of Burgau in Boman
Armour (1680), Mountainous Landscapes
(3, 1580, 1586), Summer (1686), Winter
(1686), Ladies and Gentlemen in^ a Park
(1587), Archduke Matthias Fishing (1590X
Tavern Scene (1698), Museum, Vienna ; Cily
on Biver in Mountainous Landscape, Liech-
tenstein GWlery, ib. — F^tis, Artistes beiges
k I'etranger, ii. 136; Kramm, vi 1671;
Michiels, vi 146; Neefs, i 223; Biegel,
Beitrage, ii. 21.
VALCKENBOBCH (Valkenburg), MAB-
TEN VAN, bom at Mechlin in 1533 or
1642, died in Frankfort Flemish school ;
landscape, genre, and portrait painter,
brother of Lucas, with whom he went to
Germany ; afterwards settled in Frankfort
Works : Burning of Troy, Mardi Gras, Four
Seasons, Frankfort Museum ; Flat Country
with Waggon, Gotha Gkllery ; Tower of Ba-
bel (1595), Dresden Gallery ; Kirmess, Mu-
seum, Vienna; Landscapes (11), Ambras
Collection, ib. ; Gillis van Valckenborch,
painter of the Defeat of Sennacherib (after
1600), in the Brunswick Gtallery, was prob-
ably his son. — ^Kramm, vi 1671 ; Nagler,
xix. 310.
VALCKEET, WEENEB VAN, flourished
at Amsterdam first quarter of 17th century.
History and portrait painter, supposed pupil
of Hendrik Gk>ltzius, in whose manner he
painted ; circumstances of life unknown.
Works : Four Members of Merchants' Gtiild
(1622), Four Begents of Lepers' House
(1624), Three do.. Military Organization
an
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VALDES LEAL
(1625), Reception of Children into Orphan-
age (1626), Distribution of Money and
Clothes by Regents of Orphanage (1627),
three others, Amsterdam Museum; Christ
and the Children, St. Catharine's (1620),
Utrecht; Mocking of Christ (1620), Uni-
versity Library, Copenhagen. — Immerzeel,
iiL 155 ; Eramm, vL 1672.
VALDES LEAL, Don JUAN DE, bom in
Cordova in
1631, died in
Seville, Oct
14, 1691.
Spanish
school; pupil
of Antonio del
Castillo, but
did not imi-
tate his style ;
removed to
Seville and became in 1660 an original mem-
ber of the academy founded by Murillo, and
afterwards (1663-66) president After Mu-
rillo's death Yaldes was the principal paint-
er in Seville, and executed many religious
compositions Works : Constantine Pray-
ing, Christ and the Doctors, Presentation of
the Virgin, Madrid Museum ; Miracle of St.
Basco de Portugal, Dresden Gallery ; Ado-
ration of the Shepherds, Baptism of Christ,
Descent from the Cross, Young Woman, Her-
mitage, St Petersburg. His wife, Isabel
Carasquilla, his son Lucas (1661-1724), and
his daughters Maria and Luisa were also
painters. — Cean Bermudez; Stirling, iii.
1093 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole espagnole ; Viardot,
204 ; Madrazo, 581 ; Washburn, Spanish
Masters, 161.
VALENCIA, JACOPO DA See Jajc(ypo
da Valentia.
VALENCIENNES (DevaUenciennes),
PIERRE HENRI, bom in Toulouse, Dec.
6, 1750, died in Paris, Feb. 16, 1819. His-
tory and landscape painter, pupil of Doyen.
Studied Claude and Poussin in Italy. Style
theatrical and wanting in nature. Nearly
all the landscape painters during the Empire
were his pupils. Member of Academy in
1787. L. of Honour, 1815. Honorary mem-
ber, Toulouse Academy. Works : View of
Trdcene, Vale of Tempe ; Cicero discover-
ing the Tomb of Archimedes (1787), Lou-
vre ; Historical Landscape, Toulouse Muse-
um.— Bellier, ii 609; Ch. Blanc, £cole
fran9aise ; Villot^ Cat Louvre.
VALENTm, LE, Jean de Boullongne,
called, bom at
Coulommiers
(Seine - et-Mame),
in January, 1591,
died in Rome,
Aug. 7, 1634
French school;
history and genre
painter, whose
^ real name was for
^ ^ a long time un-
known, and who was supposed to have been
a pupil of Simon Vouet, with whom he was
in Rome ; he formed himself, however,
rather after Michelangelo and Caravaggio,
and under the influence of Poussin. He
ranks among the best French painters of his
time. His career was cut short by a prema-
ture death, caused by an ill-timed bath in
the Tiber. Works : Recognition of Susan-
na's Innocence, Judgment of Solomon, 7H6-
uie Money, A Concert (2), Fortune Teller,
Tavern Scene, Louvre ; Soldiers at Play,
Besan9on Museum ; St John, St Peter and
the Angel, Dijon Museum ; Disciples at Em-
maus, Nantes Museum ; Conversion of St
Matthew, Rouen Museum; Judith with
Head of Holofemes, two others, Toulouse
Museum ; others in Museums of Avignon,
Metz, Montpellier, Lille, Toulon, Tours (6),
Valenciennes (2), and Versailles (2) ; Peter's
Denial, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Cha-
pelle ; do., Brunswick Museum ; A Prophet
with a Folio Volume, Carlsruhe Gtallery;
David with Head of Goliath, Cologne Muse-
um ; Carnival Scene, Copenhagen Gtallery ;
Musical Party, Darmstadt Museum ; Blind
Old Man playing Viol de Gamba accompa-
nied by Boy singing, Dresden Museum ;
Christ crowned with Thorns, Soldiers quar-
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VALENTINIAN
relling over Qsme of Dice, Herminia and
the Shepherds, Old Pinakothek, Munich;
Three Apostles in Conversation, Oldenburg
Gallery ; A Eepast, National Museum, Pesth ;
Christ driving the Money Changers from
the Temple, Peter's Denial, Soldiers at Dice,
A Concert, Hermitage, Si Petersburg ; St.
John the Baptist in Meditation, Stockholm
Museum ; Moses with the Law Tables, Mu-
seum, Vienna; Musical Trio, Liechtenstein
GWlery, ib. ; Si Cecilia with two Holy
Women and an Angel, Czemin Gallery,
ib. ; " You see the Beam in your Neigh-
bour's Eye," etc., Guitar Player, Mountain-
ous Landscape with Figures and Animals,
Uflfizi, Florence; Christ and the l)octors,
Pinacoteca Capitolina, Bome ; Martyrdom of
S. Processa and Martinian, Vatican, ib. (copy
in mosaic, by Cristofori, Si Peter's, ib.) ;
Joseph interpreting the Dreams, Palazzo
Borghese, ib. ; Peter's Denial, Palazzo Cor-
sini, ib. ; Boman Charity, Si John, Palazzo
Doria, ib.; Beheading of Si John, Bome Tri-
umphant, Palazzo Sciarra, ib.; Holy Family,
Palazzo Spada, ib. ; Christ at the Column,
Turin Gallery ; Martyrdom of Si Lawrence,
Madrid Museum. ^ - ^ . •
— BeUier, i. 141 ; /KL . VCXJu2/?iJuuri
Ch. Blanc, :ficole # \ iC^o
francaise, L; \ / Z^,^-/** , ..
Dauvergne. Le yaLenUTl /''^
Valentin (Alma- ^
nach du d^partm. de Seine-et-Mame, 1862),
116 ; Emeric-David, Nai hisi sur les chefis-
d'oeuvre de la peinture, etc. (Paris, 1854),
278 ; Mariette, Abecedario, v. 357.
VALENTINIAN L, Boman Emperor (a.d.
364-375), was an amateur painter and mod-
eller. — AureL Vici, Epii de Cses., 45, 7;
Ammianus Marcellinus, xxx. 9, 4 ; Over-
beck, Schriftquellen, 2135.
VALE OF BEST, Sir John EL Millais,
Bari, H. Tait, Streatham, England ; canvas.
Blustrating an ancient Scottish superstition,
that when a coffin-shaped doud is seen in
the sky it is a symbol of approaching death.
Scene in a convent garden, at sunset;
amongst the hillocks of graves, with gray
headstones looking sad in the waning light,
are two women, one, a novice, up to her
knees in a grave from which she is vigor-
ously throwing out the earth with a spade ;
the other, an older nun, sitting on a pros-
trate headstone holding a rosary, her face
showing that she has seen the coffin-shaped
cloud which hangs over the setting sun.
Boyal Academy, 1859. Graham sale (1886),
£3,000. Indian ink sketch (1858), H. V.
Tebbs.
VALEBO, CBISTOBAL, bom at Albora-
ya, Valencia, died at Valencia, Dec. 18, 1789.
Spanish school ; history and portrait paint-
er, pupil of Evaristo Munoz (1671-1737),
then in Bome of Sebastiano Conca ; after his
return he became a priest, and soon after
director of the newly erected Academy of
S. Barbara (1754), which was afterwards
made a royal institution under the name of
S. Carlos (1768), with Valero as its presi-
deni Honorary member of San Fernando
Academy, 1762. Works : Two Scenes from
Don Quixote, Madrid Museum ; pictures in
S. Francisco, S. Julian, S. Andrea, the Cap-
uchins, the Trinitarians and the Mfnimos,
Valencia; Portraits of Prelates, Archbish-
op's Palace, ib.
VALKENBUBG, DHtK, bom in Amster-
dam in 1675, died there in 1721. Dutch
school ; still-life and animal painter, pupil of
Jan Weenix, whose style he acquired so suc-
cessfully that his pictures are frequently
mistaken for his master's ; was also a good
portrait painter, and in 1695 went to Ger-
many, where he was employed by different
princes, and long resided. Works: Dead
Hare and Poultry (1704), Stadel Gallery,
Frankfort ; Bear attacked by Dogs (1703),
Gallery, Copenhagen ; Dead Qsme and Im-
plements of the Chase, Moltke Collection,
ib. ; Hunting Booty (4), Liechtenstein Qel-
lery, Vienna; do. (5), Harrach Gallery, ib.;
Immerzeel, iiL 154
VALLANCE, WILLIAM F., bom at Pais-
ley, Scotland ; contemporary. Marine paint-
er, pupil of Bobert Scott Lauder and of the
Boyal Scottish Academy. Studio in Edin-
8SB
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VALLEY
burgh. Elected an A.RS.A. in 1875, and
K.S.A. in 1881. Works : Sunday Morning ;
Leisure Hours ; Loch Fine ; Largo Bay ;
Fresh Breeze ; Reading the War News, Na-
tional Gallery, Edinburgh.
VALLEY FARM, John Constable, Nation-
al Gallery, London ; canvas, 4 ft 9 in. x 4
ft. 1 in. A farm house on the bank of the
Stour, near East Bergholt, Suffolk, property
of the painter's father. Called Willy Lott's
house i^om its former possessor. Painted
in 1835. Vernon bequest, 1847. Engraved
by J. C. Bentley.— Cat Nat Gal. ; Brock-
Arnold, Biog. Great Artists, 107.
VANAISE, GUSTAVE, bom in Ghent ;
contemporary. History and genre painter,
pupil of Ghent Academy and of CanneeL
Mention honorable, Paris, 1883. Works :
Louis XL and Olivier le Daim (1879) ; A
Mother, The Painter Willem Key over-
hearing Alva's Order for Execution of Eg-
mont (1880) ; Magdalen at Christ's Tomb
(1881) ; Young Girl at the Mirror (1882);
St Lievin (1883) ; Sunday Evening, (ramin
with Pigeon (1884) ; Good Samaritan, Por-
trait of C6sar de Cock (1885).
VAN BOSKERCK, ROBERT W., bom in
New Jersey in 1855. Landscape painter,
pupil of A. H. Wyant Studio in New
York. Works: Landscape (T. B. Clarke,
New York), Cedars at Saddle River (1880) ;
October Landscape (1881) ; Jei-sey Road-
way (1882), Midland Meadow (1883) ; Mid-
summer (1884).
VANDERLYN, JOHN, bom at Kingston,
N. Y, October, 1776, died there, Sept 23,
1852. Portrait and history painter, pupil
of Gilbert Stuart in New York. Studied in
1796-1801 in Paris, where he painted from
1803 to 1816. Medal at Paris (1808) for his
Marius among the Ruins of Carthage.
Other works : Murder of Jane McCrea by
the Indians ; Ariadne in Naxos, estate of
Aflher B. Durand, Orange, N. J.; Landing
of Columbus, Rotunda of the Capitol, Wash-
ington ; Portraits of Washington, Monroe,
Madison, Calhoun, and Clinton ; Zachary
Taylor, City Hall, New York; Study of
Head, Corcoran GWlery, Washington. He
became involved in pecuniary difficulties by
the exhibition of panoramas in a building
erected by himself in City Hall Park, New
York, and died in poverty.
VAN DYCK, Sir Antony. See Di/ck.
VAN DYCK, LTTTLR See Coques.
VAN ELTEN. See Kruseman van Elten.
VAN MARCKR See Marcke.
VANLOO. See Loo.
VANNI, ANDREA. See Andrea di
Vanni. '
VANNI, FRANCESCO, Cavaliere, bom
in Siena in 1563, died there, Oct. 25, 1609.
Sienese school Probably a pupil of his
half-brother, Ventm-a Salimbeni ; went when
sixteen years old to Rome, where he studied
with Giovanni de* Vecchi. Afterwards
worked at Parma, where he studied the
works of Correggio and adopted the manner
of BaroccL On his return to Rome he en-
joyed the favour of Clement VlLL, who
made him a knight. His pictures are in
several of the churches of Siena, especially
in S. Quirico, S. Spirito, SS. Concezzione,
and S. Agostino. Other examples : Repose
of the Holy Family, Martyrdom of St Irene,
Louvre, Paris ; Holy Family, Dresden Gkil-
lery ; St Francis in Ecstasy, Pitti, Florence ;
Sons of Jacob buying Wheat of Joseph,
Uffizi, ib.; Holy Women at Tomb of Christ,
Madrid Museum ; Linocence, Hermitage ;
Fall of Simon Magus, St Peter's, Rome (one
of the few oil paintings in that basilica). —
Lanzi, i. 314 ; Ch. Blanc, ]^ole florentine.
VANNI, TURINO DI, bom in Pisa;
flourished close of 14th century. Floren-
tine school A Madonna and Angels, signed
by him, is in the Louvre ; an altarpiece,
signed and dated 1397, in S. Paolo k Ripa,
Amo ; and a Virgin with Angels and Saints,
in the Convent of S. Martino, near Palermo.
Had a brother, Nello di Vanni, who finished
the history of Job, begun by Giotto in the
Campo Santo. — ^ViUot, Cat Louvre.
VANNUCCHI, ANDREA, See Andrea
del Sarto.
VANNUCCl See Perugino.
«M
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VANNUTELU
VANNUTELLI, SCIMONE, Cavaliere,
bom in Rome ; contemporary. G^nre
painter, pupil in Vienna of Wurzinger, af-
terwards in Paris of Heilbuth. Medal :
Paris, 1864 Works : Carnival in Venice ;
Oabrielle d'fistroes ; Italian Danae ; The
Night ; Agreeable Beading ; Procession in
Venice ; Novices in a Soman Church, Trio
in the Garden (1883).
VAECm, BENEDETTO, portrait, TUian,
Vienna Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 8 in. x 3
ft Painted about 1550. Repainted about
the face.— C. & C, Titian, ii. 426.
VARGAS, LUIS DE, bom in Seville in
1502, died there
in 1568. Spanish
school; pupil of
Diego de la Bar-
rera ; went to It-
aly about 1627,
according to Cean
Bermudez, and y^
studied with \
Perino del Vaga
(?) ; returned to
Seville after an absence of twenty-eight
years. He is remarkable for grandeur and
simplicity of design, and for the purity and
grace of his female heads ; his drawing too
is correct, and his colouring good. Works :
Nativity (1656), and La Gamba (1561), Ca-
thedral of Seville.— Stirling, i. 307; Ch.
Blanc, £cole espagnole.
VARIN, QDENTIN, bom at Amiens in
1580, died about 1645. French school;
history painter, pupil of Gktgex and Bona-
Ventura in Amiens and Beauvais, and then
went to Paris, where he became an able
painter, and the master of Nicolas Poussin.
Works : Christ in the Temple, Si Germain
des Pr^s, Paris ; St. Charles Borromeo, St
Jacques de la Boucherie, ib. — Ch. Blanc,
£cole fran9aise.
VARLEY, CORNELIUS, bom at Hack-
ney, near London, Nov. 21, 1781, died at
Highbury, Oct. 2, 1873. Landscape paint-
er in water-colours, brother and pupil of
John Varley ; exhibited first at the Royal
Academy in 1803, and in the following year
was one of the foundation members of the
Water Colour Society. He painted chiefly
views in Ireland and Wales and classical
scenery. A younger brother, William Fleet-
wood Varley (1785-1866), was a water-col-
our painter and teacher of drawing at Ox-
ford.
VARLEY, JOHN, bom at Hackney, near
London, Aug. 17, 1778, died Nov. 17, 1842.
Landscape painter in water-colours; stud-
ied first under a portrait painter and then
with an architectural draughtsman ; exhib-
ited first, in 1798, View of Peterborough
Cathedral. He exhibited at the Royal Acad-
emy until 1804, when he became one of the
foundation members of the Water Colour
Society. He painted many views in Wales
and on the Thames, was a successful teach-
er, and the author of several drawing-books
and other works. His son, Albert Fleet-
wood Varley (1804-76), was also a water-
colour painter and teacher.
VARONI (Varonne, Varrone), JOHANN,
bom at Bellinzona, Canton Tessino, Switzer-w
land, in 1832. Landscape painter, pupil of
Vienna Academy and of Josef H5ger ; set-
tled in Vienna, whence he made frequent
study trips into the Austrian Alps, to Italy,
and Switzerland. Works : View of Ariccia,
do. in Roman Campagna, do. near Olevano,
Ruins of PfiBstum (1855) ; Pine Woods near
Frascati (1856) ; Well in the Campagna, St
Gotthard (1858) ; Well near Grotta Ferrata,
View of Vienna (1860) ; Nassfeld near Gas-
tein. Temple of Concordia near Girgente
(1861); Si Bemardino, Switzerland (1862);
Views in Austria, Salzburg, Tyrol, and Swit-
zerland (1863-73) ; Koltschach Valley near
Gastein (1877).— Wurzbach, xlix. 287.
VAROTARI, ALESSANDRO. See Pa^
dovanino.
VASARI, GIORGIO, bom at Arezzo,
July 30, 1511, died in Florence, June 27,
1574 Florentine school ; pupil of his fa-
ther, Antonio Vasari, and afterwards of An-
drea del Sarto and of Michelangelo. Went
to Rome with Cardinal Ippolito de' Medi-
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VASSILACCHI
ci, and laboured there several years with
Francesco SalviatL He afterwards painted
in Florence, Pi-
sa (1529), Bolo-
gna (1639), Ven-
ice (1542), and
Naples (1544).
In Florence he
was patronized
by the Medici,
for whom he
execated many
works, both ar-
chitectural and decorative. But he is best
known by his ** Vite de' pill eccellenti pit-
tori, scultori, ed architetti " (Florence, 1550,
2d ed. 1568) — the first important history
of modem ari As a painter he was a
weak imitator of Michelangelo. He left
many pictures, among which are : Ma-
donna in Glory and Saints, Arezzo Gal-
lery; Supper of St Gregory (1540), Bo-
logna GaUery ; Conception, Lucca Gallery ;
Holy Family, Palazzo Corsini, Home ; Por-
trait of Cosimo L de' Medici, Berlin Mu-
seum ; Piet^ Dresden Gallery ; Holy Fam-
ily, Leipsic Museum ; do. (2), Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; do. (1), and Christ driving
out the Money Changers, Vienna Museum ;
Three Graces, National Museum, Buda-
Pesth ; Angel's Salutation, Louvre ; Cari-
tas, Madonna and Angels, Madrid Muse-
um ; Three Saints, Liverpool Institute. —
Ch. Blanc, £cole florentine ; Vasari, ed. Le
Mon., i. 57; Burckhardt, 94, 157, 221;
Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 562.
VASSILACCHI, ANTONIO. See Ali-
ense.
VASTAGH, GYORGT (George), bom at
Szegedin, Hungary, in 1834 G^nre and
portrait painter, pupil of Vienna Academy,
after having fought as a honved in the revo-
lutionary war of 1848-49, and then wan-
dered about under great privations, paint-
ing portraits and studying national costumes
and manners. His pictures, exhibited in
Vienna in 1870, immediately attracted at-
tention, and forthwith he won fame with
his scenes from gypsy life, for which he
made studies in Transylvania and Rou-
mania ; thence he moved to Pesth, where
he has since become the favourite por-
trait painter of the Hungarian aristocracy.
Works : Group of Children (1871) ; Decla-
ration of Love at the Hedge, Turkish Gyp-
sies by a Bridge (1872) ; Gypsies resting in
a Church Buin, Boumanian Gypsies, For-
tune Teller, Boumanian Gypsy Girl gather-
ing Mushrooms (1873) ; G^sies dancing
and playing in Boumanian Peasant Boom ;
Moldavian Gypsies crossing Brook ; Woo-
ing in Boumania ; Peasant Girl about to
sell her Hair ; Gypsies at Cards in a Hut ;
Sunday in Wallachia ; Portraits of Count
Pechy (1872); Archduke Joseph; Arch-
duchess Clotilde ; Archduchess Maria Doro-
thea (1885).— Allgem. K. C, ix. 306, 622 ;
Land und Meer (1873), ii. 504 ; (1875), L
69 ; iL 690 ; (1877), L 29 ; (1879), ii 964 ;
(1880), ii. 949 ; N. illusi Zeitg. (1873), No.
43 ; Wurzbach, L 1.
VASTO, MABQUIS DEL. See Avdos,
Alfonso d'.
VAUCHELET, TH]gOPHTTiFi AU-
GUSTE, bom at Passfy (Paris), March 7,
1802, died in 1873. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Abel de Pujol and of Her-
sent ; won the second prize in 1827, and
the grand prix de Bome in 1829. Medals :
2d class, 1831 ; 1st class, 1846, 1861 ; L. of
Honour, 1861. Works : Portraits of Mar-
shals Prince Poniatowski (1834), Due de
Choiseul (1835), Due de Croy, of General
Lecourbe (1836), Capitulation of Magde-
burg in 1806, Versailles Museum ; Death of
the Virgin (1837) ; Martyrdom of Si Do-
natus and Si Bogatus (1839), Ministry of
Interior ; Battle of Ocana in 1809 (1839) ;
Christian Charity (1846), Amiens Museum ;
Man sustained by Beligion (1868) ; Mode-
ration, Power favouring the Gteod, Pru-
dence hindering Evil, Palais du Senat,
Paris ; Invocation of the Holy Spirit, Chap-
el of do.; Prophets Daniel and Ezekiel,
Jeremiah and Isaiah, Saint-Germain TAux-
errois, Paris; Decoration in Chapel of Si
896
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VAUTIER
Agnes, Saint Eustache, ib. ; Decorations of
one of the grand salons de reception in the
H6tel de Ville (burned under the Commune) ;
Ceiling of Victory in the Palace of the Tuil-
eries (destroyed under the Commune). He
made also designs for Gobelin tapestry for
the Apollo Gallery, Louvre. — Bellier, ii.
638.
VAXJTIER, BENJAMIN, bom at Morges
on Lake Geneva, April 24, 1829. Genre
painter, pupil at Geneva of Hubert and of
Lugardon, then (1850) in Dtlsseldorf of the
Academy and of Jordan ; studied peasant
life in ^e Black Forest and in the Berne
Highlands, then attracted by Knaus went
in 1856 to Paris, and six months later
settled in DQsseldorf, where he at once
achieved a brilliant success with his Church
Scene, exhibited at the historical exhibition
at Munich in 1858, and has since attained
a position by the side of Knaus as one of
the great painters of popular life. He has
made also masterly illustrations to works
by Auerbach and Immermann. Member of
Berlin, Vienna, Munich, Antwerp, and Am-
sterdam Academies. Professor in 1866.
Gold medals: Berlin, 1864; Paris, 1865,
1866 ; 2d class, 1867 ; 1st class, 1878. Or-
der of Francis Joseph, 1868 ; Order of Red
Eagle; Order of St Michael, 1869; L.
of Honour, 1878. Works: Church Scene
(1858) ; Auction in Old Castle (1859) ; Sun-
day Morning Toilet ; Women coming from
Church find their Husbands at the Inn
(1862), Leipsic Museum ; Sewing School ;
The Tutor ; Peasant and Broker, Involun-
tary Confession, Basle Museum ; Saying
Grace, Berne Museum ; Peasants at Trial,
Sick Mother, Musee Bath, Geneva ; Sunday
in Suabia ; Peasants in a Picture Gallery ;
Young and Old ; The Sisters ; Bepast after
Funeral, Cologne Museum ; First Dancing
Lesson (1868), National Gallery, Berlin ;
Antiquary in Peasant's Cottage ; Sail over
Brienz I^e to a Funeral ; Farewell of Dy-
ing Peasant Woman ; Interrupted Brawl
(1869) ; Entrapped Bat, Stettin Museum ;
Toast to the Bride (Bococo Costume, 1870),
Hamburg Gallery ; Buse for Buse, Public
Dinner (1871); Burial (1872); Consulting his
Lav^er, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Visit at
the Fireside (1873); Quarrel at Chess; Invi-
tation to the Dance ; Departure from Home
(1875) ; Before the Meeting (1876) ; Little
Barefoot; Intermission at Alsatian Wed-
ding (1878), Dresden Gallery ; The May-
or's Annual Dinner (Exi)osition universelle,
1878), John G. Johnson, Philadelphia ; Wait-
ing Boom at Post Station ; Arrest of Usurer
(1879) ; Visit of Young Couple (1880) ; Ob-
stinacy (1882), Dtlsseldorf Gallery ; Bota-
nist, Alsatian Woman (1882). — ^Illustr. Zeitg.
(1878), ii 463 ; (1879), ii. 274 ; (1881), ii.
10 ; (1882), ii 531 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 229 ;
Kunst-Chronik, L 85 ; v. 94, 143 ; vi. 119 ;
viii. 60, 627, 807; ix. 450, 578, 820; x. 139,
459 ; xi. 74, 273 ; xvii. 337 ; xviiL 740 ; Land
und Meer (1869), i. 54 ; Br. Meyer, stud. u.
Krit, 246; MtiUer, 531; Pecht, iii. 351;
Beber-Pecht, iii. 341 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iii.
166, 279 ; iv. 17, 177 ; vL 148 ; ix. (Mit-
theilungen, ii. 28); xii. 259 (Mii, v. 50).
VAYSON, PAUL, bom at Gordes (Vau-
cluse) ; contemporary.
Genre and flower
painter, pupil of
Gleyre and Laurens.
Medals: 3d class,
1875 ; 2d class, 1879 ;
L. of Honour, 1886.
Works : Hay Making
in Provence (1868);
Sheep in Provence
(1879); Departure of the Herd (1880);
Herds coming dovm from Mountains (1881) ;
Herd Beturning (1882) ; Fair of Si Trinity
in Provence (1883) ; Threshing Com ;
Hunter of Camargue ; Sleeping Shepherd-
ess ; Spring (1884) ; Truffle Gatherers, Bull
in Pasture (1886).
VECCHIA, PIETEO DELLA, bom in
1605, died there in 1678. Venetian school ;
pupil of Alessandro Varotari, who imitated
the style of Giorgione and of Pordenone so
successfully that some of his pictures have
been attributed to them. Most of his works
897
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VECCHIETTA
are in Venice : In S. Caterina, two scenes
from the Legend of St Catherine and the
Triumph of Virginity ; in S. Giustina, Si
Justina, one of his best works ; in S. Maria
del Fianto, a Madonna and Saints ; in S.
Bartolommeo, the Death of the Virgin ; in
S. Lione, a Crucifixion ; in S. Giovanni
Evangelista, four pictures ; and in the Acad-
emy, a Christ and the Money Changers.
Portraits by him in Louvre and Dresden
Gallery ; Young Man and Young Woman,
Berlin Museum. — Ch. Blanc, ificole veniti-
enne.
VECCHIETTA, IL, bom at Castiglione
di Valdorcia in the Sienese territory in
1412 (?), died in Siena, June 6, 1480.
Sienese school Real njime Lorenzo di Pie-
tro di Giovanni di Lando ; called H Vecchi-
etta (the little old man), perhaps from the
age of many of his habitual models. De-
spite the dryness of his style he was highly
esteemed during his lifetime, and stands
among the best painters of the later Sienese
school His masterpiece, an altarpiece in
the Cathedral at Pienza, painted about
1447, is a noble work. It represents the
Ascending Virgin, our Lord, Saints Cather-
ine and Agatha, Popes Calixtus and Pius H
(who ordered the pictiire), and in the upper
part, six saints, patriarchs, or prophets.
"In this work," says a late writer, " Vecchi-
etta joins to the sweetness of the Sienese
school a severity of drawing and a dramatic
force worthy of Florence." Among his
other works are frescos in the Hospital at
Siena (1441) and a relic press (1445), also
the decoration of several ceilings and part
of the tribune of the Sienese Baptistery
(1449-50), as well as an altarpiece, in the
Sienese Academy and a Madonna and
Saints in the TJffizi, dated 1457. Vecchietta
also painted frescos in the Palazzo Pubblico,
Siena, of which a St Catherine (1460), and
a Virgin of Mercy sheltering the people
under her mantle and attended by saints,
still survive. Much gilding, stamped and
cut out in patterns, according to the fashion
of the time, marks these works, which are
most carefully elaborated in a precise, for-
mal, and dry manner. This is also notice-
able in Vecchietta's bronze and marble
works, of which he executed many. He was
also an architect and a goldsmith. — C. & C,
Italy, iiL 59 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., iv. 209 ;
ed. Mil., iii. 75, 87 ; MUntz, Tour du Monde
(1882), No. 1117; Mtlntz, A travers la Tos-
cane, 342 ; Perkins, Hist. Handbook Italian
Sculpture (London, 1882), 67.
VECELLI (VeceUio), FRANCESCO, bom
at Cadore about 1475, died in 1560. Vene-
tian school Brother, probably younger, of
Titian ; went about 1487 to Venice, where
he studied first under Zuccato, and later
with Giovanni BellinL Having left the
school of the Bellini to become a soldier,
he returned to Venice after the League
of Cambrai and studied with his brother,
whose jealousy he is questionably said to
have aroused. His earliest picture is a Ma-
donna, in the Genova Chapel at the Pieve di
Cadore, which shows that he began to paint
with almost as much promise as Titian him-
self, but his later eflforts proved that he
was not of the stuflf of which great painters
are made, and he finally settled down to
commercial pursuits at Cadore. In his Ma-
donna with Saints, in S. Vito di Cadore, his
style is vastly below that of Titian'a His
frescos in S. Salvatore, Venice, and his pict-
ures on the shutters of the organ (1530)
show more power, more freedom of hand-
ling, and greater spirit than any other of
his extant works ; but they lack distinction,
and the figures are strained in action and
overweighted in muscle. His Nativity, in
Casa Ponte at Fonzaso, near Belluno, has
been assigned to Titian. Other pictures by
him are in the Venice Academy and the
galleries of Modena, Dresden, and Berlin. —
C. & C, Titian, ii. 476 ; Ch. Blanc, ficole
venitienne.
VECELLI, LAVINIA, portrait, Titian,
Berlin Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft 3^ in. x 2
ft. 7^ in. A robust girl, dressed in a yel-
lowish flowered silk, raises with both hands,
to the level of her forehead, a silver dish of
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VECELLI
fruit and flowers, as she glances back at the
spectator. Painted about 1555 for Niccolo
Grasso ; bought in Florence, in 1832, for
5,000 thalers, from Abbate Celotti, for Ber-
lin Museum. Beplica in Lord Cowper's
Collection, London, with a casket, instead
of fruit and flowers, on the silver dish ; from
the Orleans Gkdlery. — C. 4; C, Titian, ii.
136 ; Waagen, Treasures, u. 497 ; Kidolfi,
Marayiglie, L 253, 259.
By Titian, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 3
ft 8 in. X 3 ft 1 in. A young girl, dressed
in white damask silk, her yellow hair strewed
with pearls, and with ear-rings and necklace
of pearls, tucks up the train of her gown
with one hand and waves a palmetto fan
with the other. Painted about 1555 ; came
to Dresden from Modena; transferred in
1827 to a new canvas; fairly preserved.
Copy in the Cassel Museum ; another by
Rubens in Vienna Museum ; study in Al-
bertina Collection, Vienna. — C. & C, Titian,
iL 135.
By Titian, Dresden Ghdlery ; canvas, life-
size ; signed. A lady of mature years, in
dress of green velvei^ standing in a room,
waving a fan of plumes. The features are
different from those traditionally known as
Lavinia's, and resemble those of Venus with
the Whispering Cupid, in the TJffizi. Paint-
ed in 1558 ; sold with the Modena Collec-
tion to the King of Saxony. A masterpiece
of poi-traiture (C. & C). Engraved by Ba-
san. Transferred to a new canvas in 1826.
— C. & C, Titian, iL 267.
VECELLI (VeceUio), MARCO, caUed
Marco di Tiziano, bom at Venice in 1545,
died there in 1611. Venetian school ; his-
tory painter, grand-nephew and favourite
pupil of Titian, whom he accompanied in his
journeys to Germany and Rome, and whose
style, both in composition and colouring, he
imitated most successfully, whence his sur-
name. Works : Allegory on Peace of Bo-
logna in 1529, Doge Leonardo Donato
kneeling before Madonna, Victory of the
Venetians in the Morea in 1148, several
others, Palazzo ducale, Venice ; Christ illu-
minating the World, SS. Giovanni e Pao-
lo, ib.; Altarpieces in several other churches,
ib. ; Crucifixion and two Episodes in Life of
St Catherine, Parish church at Cadore. His
son Tiziano VeceUio, the younger, called
Tizianello (bom in 1570), degenerated under
the influence of the mannerism prevailing
at the beginning of the 17th century, but
was much esteemed as a portrait painter. —
Lanzi (Roscoe), ii. 168 ; Nagler, xix. 494
VECELLI (VeceUio), ORAZIO, bom in
Venice, 1515, died there in 1576. Venetian
school ; second son and pupil of Titian,
whom he served constantly as an assistant.
He accompanied his father to Rome, where
he painted Battista Siciliano, a celebrated
violin player, and other persons. His por-
traits are praised by Vasari, but he no
doubt had aid and advice from his father.
Being rich, dissipated, and indolent, he
painted but little, and gained little distinc-
tion. His Battle of Castle Sant' Angelo,
painted in competition with Tintoretto and
Paolo Veronese for the Great Council Hall
in the Palazzo Ducale, Venice, was burned
in 1574. His only known pictures are the
shutters of the altar in S. Biagio of Calalzo,
near Cadore. — C. & C, Titian, ii. 484 ; CL
Blanc, £cole vonitienne ; Vasari, ed. Le
Mon., XL 322 ; xiii. 36; Burckhardt, 739.
VECELLI, TIZIANO. See Titian.
VEDDER, EliTHU, bom in New York,
Feb. 26, 1836. Genre
painter, pupil of T.
H. Matteson, Sher-
boume, N. Y., and
of Picot in Paris.
In 1856 he went to
Italy, where he has
worked many yeara
Occasionally exhibits
at the National Acad-
emy ; elected N. A in 1865. Studio in Rome.
In 1883-84 Vedder made a series of 56
illustrations for the Rubaiyat of Omar
Khayyam (Boston, 1884). Works: Ques-
tioner of the Sphinx; The Lost Mind;
Identity ; Lair of the Sea Serpent, Boston
8S9
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VEEN
Museum of Fine Arts ; Young Medusa,
Death of Abel (1869) ; Ideal Head (1871) ;
Scene on the Mediterranean, Fete Champe-
tre (1874) ; Greek Actor's Daughter (1876) ;
Young Marsyas, Cumaean Sibyl, A Pastoral
(1878) ; Sleeping Girl ; Venetian Model ;
Golden Net, Waves oflf Pier Head (1882) ;
Le Mistral— The Strong North-West Wind
(1884); Nausicaa and her Companions, J.
P. Morgan, New York ; Maiden, E. D. Mor-
gan Collection, ib. ; Genius and Fisherman,
Martin Brimmer, Boston. — Am. Art Rev.
(1880), 325, 369 ; Mag. of Art (1885), viii.
120.
VEEN, MARTIN VAN. See ffeemskerk.
VEEN, OCTAVIO VAN. See Vaenius.
VEILLON, (LOUIS) AUGUSTE, bom at
Bex, Canton Wallis, Dec. 29, 1834. Land-
scape painter, pupil in Geneva of Diday,
studied in Paris and Rome and travelled in
Switzerland, Holland, and Egypt ; lived two
years in Venice. Works : Lake of Brienz
(1866), Berne Museum ; Evening in Venice,
Basle Museum ; View at Brunnen, Zurich
Museum ; Two Views on Lake Geneva ;
Evening on Banks of the Nile ; Arabian
Camp ; Lake Geneva, Evening near Cairo
(1882).— Mttller, 532 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii.
703, 741.
VEIT, PHHiTPP, bom in Berlin, Feb. 13,
1793, died in Mentz,
Dec. 18, 1877. His-
tory painter, pupil of
Dresden Academy un-
der Matthai, then went
to Vienna to his step-
father, Priedrich von
Schlegel; in 1813
he entered the German
army as a volunteer,
fought in the battles
of Dresden, Culm, and Leipsic, and was
decorated with the Iron Crosa In 1815
he joined in Rome the circle of Corne-
lius, Overbeck, and Schadow, with whom he
painted the frescos in the Casa Bartholdi
and Villa Massimi ; in 1830 made director
of the Stadel Institute at Frankfort ; re-
signed in 1843 and settled at Sachsenhau-
sen, whence, in 1853, he moved to Mentz
as director of the Gkllery. One of the chief
representatives of the religious-romantic
school. Works : Triumph of Religion, Vat-
ican Gallery, Rome ; Madonna in Glory,
S. Trinitil de' Monti, ib. (cartoon in Darm-
stadt Museum) ; Judith ; Christ on Mount
of Olives, Naumburg Cathedral ; Clirist
knocking at the Door ; Presentation in the
Temple (1829); Simeon in the Temple ; Ger-
mania ; Magnificat ; Repose in Egypt, Maiy
and Elizabeth, Portrait of Abb4 Noirlieu,
Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Assumption
(1846), Cathedral, ib. ; Charlemagne, Otto
the Great, Frederic H, Henry VTL, Romer,
ib. ; The Two Marys at Christ's Tomb, Na-
tional Gallery, Berlin ; St. George ; Good
Samaritan ; Egyptian Darkness. In fresco :
Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, Allegory on the
Seven Fruitful Years, Casa Bartholdi, Rome
(cartoon in Stadel Grallery) ; Pictures to
Dante's ''Paradise," Villa Massimi, ib. ; Al-
legory on Restoration of Coliseum, Museo
Chiaramonti, Vatican, ib. ; Triumph of
Christianity, Italia, Germania (1838), Stadel
Institute, Frankfort (cartoons in Carlsruhe
Gallery) ; Cartoons of Cycle (executed, 1868,
by Settegast, Lasinsky, and Hermann),
Mentz Cathedral His elder brother Jo-
hannes (died in Rome in 1852), studied in
Vienna and from 1811 in Rome, where he
was allied with Cornelius, Schadow, and
Overbeck, and took especially Perugino for
his model. In the Caiiiolic Church in Ber-
lin is an Adoration of the Shepherds by
him. He painted also excellent portraits.
—Art Journal (1865), 70 ; Dohme, K u. K.
des xix. JahrL, i. and ii ; Forster, iv. 221 ; v.
351 ; Jordan (1885), ii. 229 ; Kaulen, 31 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xvii. 19 ; Nagler, xx. 1 ;
Reber, iL 223 ; Riegel, Gesch. des Wieder-
auflebens. der d. K, 322, 345; Zeitschr. f.
b. K, iv., 62 ; xv. 29, 73.
VELASCO, LUIS DE, died in Toledo,
March 11, 1606. Spanish school Was
living in Toledo in 1564 ; became painter to
the Chapter there in 1581. Best works:
880
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VELASQUEZ
Incarnation, Madonna with Saints and An-
gels, St. Damian, and St. Cosmo, the last
three executed in 1585 by order of Cardinal
Quiroga, whose portrait he painted. His
son and pupil, Crist6bal de Velasco, was
painter to Philip IIL; he also left a son,
Matias de Yelasco, who painted some pict-
/)e Ve.^
CO tjv}
ures of merit atValladolid. — Stirling, i. 275 ;
ilL 1360 ; Cean Bermudez.
VELASQUEZ, portrait, Velasquez, Uffizi,
Florence ; canvas, H. 5 ft 10 in. x 4 ft. 10
in. Bust, three-quarters right ; with mous-
tache, and long hair on shoulders, wearing
a small skull-cap on back of head ; wide
linen collar over dark habit Engraved by
G. Rossi ; C. Colombini — Curtis, 81 ; Stir-
Hng, 1401.
By Velasquez, Uflfizi, Florence ; canvas, H.
3 ft 3 in. X 2 ft 8 in. Sixty years old, half-
length, standing, in black coat and cloak,
white collar, and sword ; a medal with cross
of Santiago on his breast ; left hand rests
on a table ; right partly conceals a key in
his girdle. Probably painted in 1659. En-
graved by F. Cecchini ; with changes. Bias
Amettler ; H. Adlard ; bust only, J. Min-
gnet — Ch. Blanc, &ole espagnole ; Stirling,
1401 ; Curtis, 81.
By Velasquez, Valencia Museum ; less than
life-size. Bust, turned partly to right ; al-
most identical with bust of Uffizi picture of
1659. Etched by Fortuny for the Baron
Ch. Davillier's "Memoire de Velasquez"
(Paris, 1874).— Curtis, 82.
VELASQUEZ, CONVERSATION OF.
See Arfists, Meeting of.
VELASQUEZ, DAUGHTER OF. See
Glara, St; Francisca; Velasquez, Family of.
VELASQUEZ, DIEGO RODRIGUEZ DE
SILVA Y, bom in Seville, baptized June
6, 1599, died in Madrid, Aug. 7, 1660.
Spanish school ; pupil of Herrera el Viejo,
and of Francisco Pacheco, whose daughter
he married in 1618. Examples of his first
manner are the Water Carrier, at Apsley
House and the Adoration of the Shepherds,
National Gallery,
London, in the style
of Ribera. In 1622
he went to Madrid,
hoping, but in vain,
to be allowed to paint
the king's portrait.
After some months'
study at the Prado
and the Escorial he
returned to Seville
and painted a portrait
of the poet Gongora, which attracted atten-
tion. In 1623 the Di^e of Olivares called
him back to Madrid, presented him to the
king, whose equestrian portrait he painted,
and by whom he was appointed court
painter. In the same year Velasquez paint-
ed a portrait of Prince Charles of England,
never finished, and now lost The visit of
Rubens to Madrid, in 1628, excited the
young painter's desire to visit Italy, for
which he obtained the royal consent, and
after finishing the famous picture of Los
Borrachos, he embarked at Barcelona, July
22, 1629. After passing a year in Rome
and some time in Naples, where he became
intimate with Spagnoletto, Velasquez re-
turned to Madiid early in 1631, to remain
for the next eighteen years, during which he
painted many of his finest works. In 1649
the king sent him to Italy to collect pictures
for the royal galleries, and for the Academy
which he wished to found at Madrid. With
his faithful servant and pupil Pareja, Velas-
quez successively visited Genoa, Milan, Pa-
dua, Venice, Parma, Rome (where he painted
Innocent X.), and Naples, returning home in
1651. In the following year the king ap-
pointed the great painter quartermaster-
general of his household, an office which he
held for eight years. During this period he
painted, among other famous works, his
pictures of Las Meninas (1656), and Las
HUanderas ; attended to the laborious duties
of his office ; superintended the placing of
881
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VELASQUEZ
pictures in the Boyal Palace, Madrid, the
Escorial, etc. ; accompanied the French am-
bassador on his artistic journeys in 1659,
and created a new school of painting with
the magical works of his third style. In
1660 a meeting of the French and 8x>anish
courts was fixed to take place on the Isle of
Pheasants in the Eiver Bidassoa, to celebrate
the nuptials of Louis XIY. and the Infanta
Maria Teresa. In March Velasquez was
sent to erect a paviUon on the island, itnd
prepare the Castle of Fuenterrabia for the
royal reception. The fatigue consequent
upon his great labours proved too much for
his constitution. After his return to Ma-
drid, July 31, he became alarmingly ill,
and a week later, Friday, Aug. 7, breathed
his last The corpse lay in state for two
days, habited in the full dress of a Knight
of Santiago, and was then carried by night
to the parish church of San Juan, where it
was buried in the vault below the family
chapel of the Fuensalida& Works : Adora-
tion of Magi, Christ on the Cross, Corona-
tion of Virgin, Anthony the Abbot and Paul
the Hermit, Los Borrachos, Forge of Vulcan,
Las Lanzas, Las HUanderas, Las Meninas,
Mercury and Argus, Portrait of Philip III,
do. of Margarita of Austria, do. of Philip IV.
(7), do. of Isabel of Bourbon, do. of Don Bal-
tasar Carlos (3), do. of Conde de Olivdres,
do. of Infanta Dona Maria, do. of Don Car-
los, do. of Don Fernando, do. of Doila 3Iari'
ana of Austria (3), do. of DoSa Maria Teresa
of Austria, do. of Luis de Gongora, do. of
Dona Juana Pacheco, do. of Francisca —
daughter of Velasquez, do. of Antonio Alon-
80 Pimentel, do. of Martinez Montanes, do.
of PabHUos de Valladolid, do. of Pemia, do.
of Don Juan de Austria, do. of El Primo, do.
of SdxLstian de Morra, do. of Don Antonio,
do. of El Niilo de Vallecas, do. of El Bobo
de Coria, .^op, Menippus, Mars, portrait of
Alonso Martinez de Espinar, and other por-
traits. Arch of Titus, Villa Medici (2),
Fountain of Tritons, Lake at Buen Betiro,
and other landscapes, Madrid Museum ;
Coat of Joseph, Escorial; Water Carrier,
Boyal Palace, Madrid ; Saint with Palm
Branch, Portraits of Philip FV., his Queen,
and seven others, two Landscapes, Salaman-
ca C^ery, ib. ; Portrait of Dofia Antonia de
Haro, Duke of Alva, ib.; Nativity, Still-Life
(2), Landscape, Portraits (2), Seville Muse-
um ; YouDg Cavalier, sketches for portraits
of Philip rV. and Conde de Oliv&res, Mont-
pensier Gallery, ib.; Portrait of Velasquez,
Valencia Museum ; Portrait of Infanta Ma-
ria Margarita, do. of Philip IV., do. of Don
Pedro de Altamira, Meeting of Artists, Lou-
vre, Paris ; Portrait of Don Baltasar C&rlos,
Landscape, Hague Museum ; Portrait of
Don Baltasar Carlos, Amsterdam Museum ;
Portrait, Brussels Museum; Portrait of
Alessandro del Borro, do. of Mariana — sist^
of Philip IV., Berlin Museum ; Portrait of
Conde de Olivdres, Personages of Court of
Philip rV., two male portraits, Dresden Mu-
seum ; Portrait of Cardinal Borgia, do. of
Infanta Margarita Teresa, Stadel GkUery,
Frankfort ; Portrait of Infanta Maria Tere-
sa, do. of Velasquez (?), Male Portrait, Mu-
nich Gallery ; Laughing Idiot, Family of
Velasquez, Portrait of Philip IV. (2), da of
Don Baltasar Carlos, do. of an Infanta, do.
of lufante Don Philip Prosper, do. of In-
fanta Maria Teresa, do. of Infanta Margarita
Maria, Vienna Museum ; Portrait of PhUip
IV. (2), Conde de Olivires (2), Pope Inno-
cent X., Peasant Laughing, Hermitage, St
Petersburg ; Portrait, Leuchtenberg Collec-
tion, ib.; Portrait of Philip IV., Stockholm
Museum ; Portrait of Philip IV., do. of Ve-
lasquez, two Male Portraits, Palazzo Pitti,
Florence ; Portrait of PhUip IV., do. of Ve-
lasquez, Baochanalian Scene, Uffizi, ib.; Ma-
donna, Palazzo Cataneo, Genoa ; Portrait of
Innocent X., Palazzo Doria, Rome ; Portrait
of Philip IV., Turin Gallery ; Portrait of
Philip IV. (2), Adoration of Shepherds, Boar
Hunt, Dead Warrior, Praying Children be-
fore Ecce Homo, National Gallery, London ;
Portrait of PhiUp IV., Dulwich Ghdlery, ib.;
Portrait of Philip IV., do. of Queen of
Philip rV., Hampton Court Palace, ib,;
Water Carrier, Fair with Gypsies, Fortified
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VELASQUEZ
Town, Portrait of Innoocnt X., do. of Velas-
quez, do. of Francisco de Quevedo, do. of a
Cardinal, Apsley House, ib.; Portrait of In-
nocent X., Marquis of Bute, ib.; Landscape
(2), Portrait of Philip IV., Bath House, ib.;
Portrait of Philip IV., do. of Velasquez, do.
of Son of Conde de Olivares, Bridgewater
House, ib.; Portrait of Philip IV., do. of
Don Baltasar Carlos, Grosvenor House, ib.;
Lady with Fan, Boar Hunt, Portrait of Don
Baltasar Carlos (3), do. of Infanta, do. of
Philip rV., do. of Conde de Olivdres, Sir
Richard Wallace, Hertford House, ib.; St.
Clara, Dona Juana Pacheco, Dudley House,
ib.; Field Marshal in Armour, Holford
House, ib.; Duke of Oandia, St. Charles
Borromeo, St. Francis Borgia, Landscape,
Stafford House, ib.; St. John Evangelist,
Bartle Frere Collection, ib.; Slag Hunt,
LordAshburton,ib.; Portrait of Don Adrian
Pidido Pareja, do. of Juan de Pareja, do. of
Velasquez, Longford Castle, Wilts; Portrait
of Don Adrian Pulido Pareja, male portrait,
Wobum Abbey ; Portrait of Philip IV. (2),
Virgin in Ecstasy, Miles Collection, Leigh
Court; Portrait of Pedro Alcantara, Duke
of Northumberland ; Head of Girl, Earl
Spencer, Althorp ; Portrait of Oliyares, do.
Innocent X. (?), Portrait of Velasquez, Child
in Bed, Landscape with Cavaliers (2), Mar-
quis of Lansdowne, Bowood ; Las Meninas,
Portrait of Cardinal Gksparde Borja, do. of
PhiUp IV., Banks Collection, Kingston
Lacy; Lot and his Daughters, Northvnck
Park, Worcestershire ; Finding of Moses,
Juan de Pareja, Earl of Carlisle, Castle
Howard; Portrait of Philip IV., Isabel of
Bourbon, Conde de Olivdres, Mrs. Henry
Huth, Wykehurst, Surrey ; Deliverance of
St. Peter, Francis Cook, Eichmond ; Venus
and Cupid, Robert Morrit, Rokeby Park,
Yorkshire ; Portrait of Mariana of Austria,
H. B. Brabazon, Battle, Sussex ; Incident in
Life of Pope Sixtus V., National G^allery,
Edinburgh; Supper at Emmaus, Earl of
Breadalbane, Perthshire ; Portrait of Don
Baltasar Carlos, Henry G. Marquand, New
York; Knight of Santiago, Aspinwall sale
(1886), ib.; Knight of Santiago, William P.
Douglas, ib.; PhiUp IV. as David, Portrait
of Infanta Margarita, Landscape, Still-Life,
Portrait of Cinq Mars, St John Baptist,
Lady and Children, Historical Society, ib.;
Fruits, Metropoli- x -i n*)
tan Museum, ib. — i^ u J^ajBouQua:^
Sir W. Stirling- T\ \ ^1 ^
Maxwell, Annals of Jj Jj. /duOLfcii^
Artists of Spain; ^ /^o>^/<— ^
Baron Davillier, ^ ^
Mcmoire de V. (Paris, 1874) ; W. Bttrger,
Tr6sor d'Art en Angleten-e (Paris, 1868);
Waagen, Treasures ; Madrazo, 586 ; G^az.
des B. Arts (1879), xix. 416 et seq.; Quar-
terly Rev., Oct, 1872; Stowe, Velasquez,
(London, 1882) ; Curtis, Velasquez and Mu-
riUo (New York, 1883); Washburn, Spanish
Masters, 109 ; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 175 ;
Zeitschr. f . b. K, v. 229 ; xi. 160 ; xviiL
389.
VELASQUEZ, FAMILY OF, Velasqaez,
Vienna Museum ; canvas, H. 5 f t x 5 ft. 7
in. In a well-lighted room are twelve fig-
ures, two-thirds life-size, commonly called
FamDy of Velasquez ; in foreground, his
wife Juana, seated, with two children stand-
ing at her knee ; on left, his daughter Fran-
cisca with three other children ; on extreme
left, J. B. M del Mazo, husband of Fran-
cisca, with a young man called a younger
brother of Juana ; in background, in an al-
cove, Velasquez, his back to the spectator,
painting a portrait of a lady, and a servant
and child. Curtis thinks this depicts the
family of Mazo instead of Velasquez. En-
graved by J. Kovatsch ; etched by W. lin-
ger. — Stirling, il 671 ; Haas, Gbd. de Vi-
enne ; Curtis, 15.
VELATA, LA See Donna Velata.
VELDE, ADRIAAN VAN DE, bom in
Amsterdam in 1636 or 1636, died there, Jan.
21, 1672. Dutch school ; landscape and an-
imal painter, son and pupil of Willem van
de Velde, the elder, then pupil at Haarlem
of Jan Wynants ; showed even as a boy an
eminent talent, and after having left Wyn-
ants, studied figure drawing under PhiHp
888
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VELDE
Wouwerman, and further developed under
the influence of Paulus Potter ; is almost
equally import-
ant as a painter
of figures in
the landscapes
of famous con-
temporaries,
like Van der
Heyden, Wyn-
ants, the Ruis-
daels, Hobbe-
ma, Frederik
Moucheron, etc. Painted some religious
and mythological subjects. Works : Farm
Cottage (1658), Forest Scene (1658), Frost
Scene (1668), three others, National Gal-
lery, London ; Hilly Landscape with Shep-
herdess (1659), Seashore at Scheveningen
(1660), Hunting Party (1666), four others
(1664, 1666, 1668), Buckingham Palace, ib.;
two, Lord Ashburton, ib.; do., Mr. Hope
and Mr. Munro, ib. ; Rendezvous de Chasse,
Mr. Baring, ib.; Strand of Scheveningen
(1660), Three Landscapes with Animals
(1661, 1664), Shepherd's Family (1668),
Frozen Canal (1668), Louvre ; Landscape
with Sheep, Antwerp Museum ; Herd Rest-
ing (1665), Arenberg Gallery, Brussels ;
Landscape with Animals (1663), View of
Scheveningen (1665), Hague Museum ; The
Ferry (1666), Artist and his Family in the
Country (1667), Hunting Party (1669), The
Hut (1671), Landscapes with Cattle and
Shepherds (2), Amsterdam Museum ; View
of Haarlem, Haarlem Museum ; Landscape
with Animals, Smithy (1658), Rotterdam
Museum ; Cows and Sheep, Basle Museum ;
Pastoral Scenes (3, 1662, 1669, 1671), Carls-
ruhe Gallery ; View near Scheveningen at
Ebb Tide, Landscape with Cattle, Cassel
Gallery ; Grazing Cows (1658), Wood Land-
scape with Herd (1668), River Landscape,
Berlin Museum ; Cottage and Grazing Cat-
tle (1659), Woman Drinking (1661), Land-
scapes (2, 1665, 1667), Winter Scene (1669),
Cattle and Sheep, Dresden GhiUery ; Deer
iJrazing (1658), Stag Hunt (1666), Shep-
herds with Flock by a Well (1668), Stadel
Gallery, Frankfort ; Horsemen starting from
Lm, Leipsic Museum ; Herdsman driving
Cattle (1660), Ferry with Peasants and Cat-
tle (1667), Idyllic Landscape (1669), two
others (1670, 1671), Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Cattle driven by Herdsman in Rainy
Weather, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Ro-
man Ferry Boat (1659), St. Jerome in a
Landscape (1668), Herd resting by a Brook
(1670), Schwerin Gallery ; Officer question-
ing Peasant (1659), Worlitz Gallery ; oth-
ers in Galleries of Aschaffenburg (2), Gotha,
Hamburg (1650), Innsbruck, Schleissheim ;
in Museum, Vienna (2, one dated 1664),
Liechtenstein (3, two dated 1663, 1665),
and Czemin Galleries, ib.; Baron Roth-
schild's Collection, ib.; in StroganofF Gal-
lery (5), St. Petersburg ; Landscape with
Animals, Historical Society, New York. —
Jl m ^ jf\ Ch. Blanc,
ger. Musses, L 135, 266 ; ii. 88, 259 ; Doh-
me, lii.; Havard, A. & A. holl., ii. 183;
Immerzeel, iii. 162 ; Kramm, vi. 1686 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii 441 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K,
vi. 331.
VELDE, ESAIAS VAN DE, bom in Am-
sterdam about 1590, died at The Hague,
buried Nov. 18, 1630. Dutch school ; land-
scape and battle painter. Entered the Haar-
lem Guild in 1612, and that of The Hague
in 1618. Works : Diner Champetre (1614),
Hague Museum ; Surrender of Bois-le-Duc
(1629), Frolic on the Ice, Prince Maurice
" bell-ing " the Cat (copy ?), Amsterdam Mu-
seum ; Wooded Landscape, Haarlem Mu-
seum ; Nocturnal Combat between Dutch
Cavalry and Spanish Infantry (1623), Man
on Horseback, Rotterdam Museum ; Cav-
alry Skirmish (1622), Suermondt Museum,
Aix-la-Chapelle ; Bulwark on Canal, Offi-
cer's Portrait (?), Berlin Museum ; Sacking
of ViUage at Night (1620), Moltke Collec-
tion, Copenhagen ; Buildings and Ruins on
Mountainside (1625), Christiania Gallery ;
Two Battle-Pieces, Amalienstift, Dessau ;
834
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VELDE
Two Skirmishes, Dresden Museum ; Battle
of Prague, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; Land-
scape with Cattle (1625), Winter Landscape
(1629), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Winter Scene
with Skaters (1615 or 1635 ?), Leipsic Mu-
seum ; Pleasure Party on the Ice in a City
Moat (1618), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Cav-
alry Fight, Museum, Vienna ; Stag Hunt,
Liechtenstein Gallery, ib.; Siege of Bois-le-
EVANDENVEtDE
1611-
Due, SchSnbom Gkllery, ib. — Ch. Blanc,
ificole hollandaise ; Burger, Musses, ii 203 ;
Dohme, liL ; Kramm, vi. 1687 ; Kugler
(Crowe), ii. 358 ; Van der Willigen, 305 ;
2ieitschr. f. b. K, TiL 154.
VELDE, JAN VAN DE, the younger,
bom in Haarlem about 1598 (?). Dutch
school ; landscape, animal, and still-life
painter, pupil of Jacob Matham, entered
the Haarlem guild in 1614, probably visit-
ed Italy ; better known as an etcher and
engi^aver. Works : Still-Life (1655), Brus-
sels Museum ; Landscape with Tobias and
the Angel, Brunswick Gallery ; Landscapes
with Figures (2), Christiania Gallery; do.
(1), Gotha Museum.— Bode, Studien, 322 ;
Havard, A. & A. holL, iv. 157 ; Eramm, vL
1689 ; Eep. f . Eunstwissenschaft, y. 245 ;
Van der Willigen, 303.
VELDE, WILLEM VAN DE, the elder,
bom at Leyden in 1610, died at Greenwich,
England, buried in London, Dec. 16, 1693.
Dutch school ; began life as a sailor, but
soon became known as a nautical draughts-
man, in which capacity he was employed
by the States of Holland. Charles H, who
had known him in Holland, invited him to
England in 1675 *' to make draughts of sea
fights," with a salary of £100, which was
continued by James IL There is a series
of twelve naval battles and seaports by him
at Hampton Court He was known in Eng-
land as Old Vandevelde, to distinguish him
from his son Willem, the younger. In the
Hermitage, St Petersburg, are two Views
of a Roadstead in Holland, by him.
VELDE, WILLEM VAN DE, the young-
er, bom in Am-
sterdam in 1633,
died at Green-
wich, April 6,
1707. Dutch
school ; marine
painter, son and
pupil of Willem
vandeVelde,the
elder, and pupil
of Simon deVlie-
ger. Accompanied his father on his sea
voyages, and entered with him, in 1675,
the service of Charles IL of England. In
1686 he returned for a short period to
Holland, but was called again to England
by James II He is the greatest marine
painter of the Dutch school. Works : Ship-
ping in a Calm (1657), Coast Scene (1661),
Storm at Sea (1673), twelve others. National
Gallery, London ; Sea Coast (1669), Fish-
erman Putting off (1671), two others, Buck-
ingham Palace, ib.; Dutch Coast (1656),
Scene from Naval Battle, five others. Bridge-
water Gallery, ib.; La petite flotte. Lord
Ashburton, ib.; two, Mr. Hope, ib.; four,
Mr. Munro, ib. ; two, Mr. Baring, ib. ; Fish-
ing Boats in a Calm, Engagement between
English and Dutch Fleets, National Gal-
lery, Edinburgh ; Flag-Ship, Dutch Fleet,
Calm Sea with Vessels, Louvre ; Calm Sea,
Antwerp Museum ; View of the Zuyder
Zee, Brussels Museum ; View of the Y,
Calm Sea with Vessels, Hague Museum ;
Flag-Ship Prince Royal striking her Col-
ours, Four Men-of-War in same Action,
Agitated Sea with Sailing Vessels, View of
Amsterdam (1686), Calm Seas (3), Coast of
Scheveningen, Breeze, Ship firing Volleys,
Amsterdam Museum ; Harbour of Texel
(1673), Rotterdam Museum ; Four Vessels
(1653), Cahn Sea, Cassel Gallery ; do., and
Marine View with Storm passing off. Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Dutch Frigates, Man-
of-War Firing, Berlin Museum; Agitated
886
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VfiLT
Sea with Vessels, Darmstadt Musenm ; do.,
Dresden Qallery ; do., and Calm Sea, St&-
del Gallery, Frankfort ; Calm Sea with Ves-
sels, Gk)tha Museum ; do. (1653), two oth-
ers, Hermitage, St Petersburg ; Storms at
Sea (2), Landscape at Night, Hermannstadt
Museum ; Calm Sea, Leuchtenberg Qsl-
lery, ib. ; Calm Sea with many Vessels
(1661), four others, Weimar Museum ; oth-
ers in Germanic Museum, Nuremberg, Stutt-
gart Museum, Wiesbaden Gallery, Vienna
Academy, Czemin, Harrach, and Schonbom
Galleries, Vienna; Marine Views (3), Ar-
rival of Dutch Fleet at Amsterdam, His-
torical Society, New York. His son, Cor-
nelius, also a marine painter, is remem-
bered only as a
7jJ0/^/^-J^^ copyist. — Ch.
)y yeMCJloSS Blanc £cole hol-
Musees, i. 155,
274 ; iL 148 ; Dohme, lii.; Immerzeel, iii
160 ; Eramm, vL 1691 ; Eugler (Crowe), ii.
497; Kunst-Chronik, xviL 283; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, vi. 331 ; xi. 215 ; De Stuers, 174.
V£LY, an at OLE, bom at Ronsoy
(Somme), Feb. 20, 1838, died in Paris, Jan.
11, 1882. History and genre painter, pupil
of Valenciennes Academy, and in Paris of
Signol, and the £cole des Beaux Arta Med-
al, 3d class, 1874 ; 2d class, 1880. Works :
Death of Abel (1866); Mater Dolorosa
(1868) ; Temptation (1869), Amiens Muse-
um ; Country Women ; Magdalen (1872) ;
Speaking WeU (1873), New York Museum ;
Lucia di Lammermoor (1874), Narbonne
Museum ; Meditation (1875) ; First Step
(1876) ; Love and Money (1878) ; Awaken-
ing of the Heart (1880).— Bellier, ii. 646 ;
Larousse.
VENETIAN EMBASSY AT CONSTAN-
TINOPLE, G^entile Bellini, Louvre ; canvas,
H 3 ft 10 in. X 6 ft 7 in. The embassy re-
ceived by the Grand Virier, who sits on a
divan in the court of his palace ; on steps
to right and in the court are groups of tur-
baned persons, some of whom are on horse-
back, with tame deer and an ape. Painted
in 1479-80, during Gentile's visit to Con-
stantinople. Carried into France by Raph-
ael Dufresne.— 0. & C, N. Italy, L 127 ;
Villot, Louvre ; MOndler, 36.
VENEZIANO, ANTONIO. See Antonio
Veneziano.
VENEZIANO, BONIPAZIO. See Boni-
fazio Veneziano.
VENEZIANO, DOMENICO. See Do-
menico Veneziano.
VENICE— THE DOGANA, Joseph M.
W. Turner, National Gallery, London ; wood,
H 1 ft 8 in.X 2 ft 8 in. Showing the Do-
gana. Campanile of S. Marco, Palazzo Ducale,
Bridge of Sighs, etc Royal Academy, 1833.
Engraved by J. T. WiUmore ; T. A. Prior.
—Art Journal (1849), 260 ; Monkhouse, 125.
VENICE, AND DOGE SEBASTIAN
VENIER, Paolo Veronese, Palazzo Ducale,
Venice. " An unrivalled Veronese ; far finer
even than the Europa." — Buskin, Stones of
Venice, iil 297.
VENICE ENTHRONED, Paolo Vertmese,
Palazzo Ducale, Venice. The Apotheosis of
Venice, in Sala del Maggior* Consiglio.
" One of the grandest pieces of frank colour
in the Palazzo Ducale.*' — Ruskin, Stones of
Venice, iii 297 ; Zanotto, 140.
VENICE— GRAND CANAL, Joseph M.
W. Turner, Earl Dudley, London. The canal
covered with gondolas and gaily dressed
shipping ; at right, S. M. dell' Salute ; at
left, Palazzo Ducale and Campanile. Sold at
Mendel sale (1875), to Messrs. Agnew for
£7,350 ; to Earl of Dudley for 8,000 guineaa
Another, painted in 1835, in Mimro Collec-
tion. Another (1844), different view. Na-
tional GWlery, London. — Art Journal (1850),
92 ; (1862), 192.
VENICE, TRIUMPH OF, Tintoretto, Pa-
lazzo Ducale, Venice. Above, Venice, draped
in blue, is surrounded by flying figures ; be-
low. Doge da Ponte and his senators receive
the homage of the conquered. — Ch. Blanc,
ficole v^nitienne.
VENIUS. See Vaenius.
VENNE, ADRIAAN VAN DER, bom at
Delft in 1589, died at The Hague, Nov. 12,
8»
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VENNEMAN
1662. Dutch school ; landscape, genre, and
portrait painter, pupil of the goldsmith Si-
mon Yalck, after having received a classical
and scientific education at Lejden ; master
of St Luke's guild at The Hague in 1625,
and one of the founders of the new guild
in 1656; painted historical and allegorical
scenes, battles, hunts, conflagrations, into
all of which he introduced numerous well-
drawn and finely executed figures, of a por-
trait-like character in the historical piece&
Works: Truce Festival (1616), Louvre;
Peche aux ames (1614), Prince Maurice
with his Brothers and Cousins on Horse-
back (1618), Prince Maurice visiting Kir-
mess at Ryswyk (1618), Prince Maurice and
Frederik Hendrik on Horseback, King of
Bohemia and Suite hunting (1627), Meeting
of Boudewyn van Heusden with English
Ambassador, Prince Maurice lying in State,
Amsterdam Museum ; Ronde de Gueux,
Scuffle between Shopkeepers (1637), Hague
Museum ; Prince Frederik Hendrik and
Suite (1635), Rotterdam Museum ; Assem-
bly before a Castle, Cassel Gallery ; Gypsy
Venus and Adonis, Gu«rcino, Or«sd«n Giall«ry.
Family in a Ruin, Brunswick Gallery ; Prince
Maurice and Brothers on Horseback, Darm-
stadt Museum ; Allegory on Poverty and
Wealth, Gotha GkiUery ; Summer and Win-
ter (1614), Berlin Museum ; Market Scene,
Christiania Gkllery ; Peasant having Tooth
extracted, Hermannstadt Museum ; Satyri-
cal Scenes (2), Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck.
— Archief voor ned. Kunstgesch., ii 108;
iil 258, 272, 275 ; iv. 59 ; Immerzeel, iil
166; Kramm, vL 1696; viL 152; Kugler
(Crowe), i. 246 ; Kunstkronijk (1867), 82,
83, 85 ; Riegel, Beitr&ge, ii. 207.
VENNEMAN, CHARLES FERDINAND,
bom in Ghent, Jan. 6,
1803, died in 1876.
Genre, landscape, and
animal painter, pupil
of Ghent Academy,
where he won several
prizes, and in Antwerp
of Braekeleer ; imitat-
ed the old Dutch mas-
ters. Medal, Antwerp,
1845. Works: Chicken Market, Interior
with Figures (1837) ; Musical Party (1839) ;
Peasants after the Chase (1842), Afternoon
Nap (1844), Toper (1846), Konigsberg Mu-
seum; Dutch Peasant Scene (1847), New
Pinakothek, Munich ; Card Players, Jolly
Peasant, Stettin Museum; Card
Players (1860), Ghent Museum.—
Immerzeel, iii. 165.
VENUS, ancient pictures. See
Apelles, Artemidoru8, Dorotheus,
NearchuB.
VENUS, Giovanni Bellini, Vi-
enna Museum ; wood ; H 2 ft. 2
in. X 2 ft. 4 in. ; signed, dated
1515. Figure seen to knees, seat-
ed on a cushion covered with a
Turkish carpet. Engraved by J.
A. von Premier ; J. Popel& — C. &
C, N. Italy, i. 193 ; Meyer, Ktlnst
Lex., iiL 419.
By William Bage, W. Bullard,
Boston; canvas, life-size. Full-
length, standing in a shell which is
drawn over the sea by doves. Painted in 1859.
By Palma Vecchio, Dresden Museum;
canvas, H 4 f t. x 6 ft 6 in. Venus, nude,
lying in a landscape. Bought in 1772 for
£300.— C. & C, N. Italy, iL 475.
887
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VENUS
VENUS AND ADONIS, Francesco Albani,
Louvre ; canvas, H. 6 f t 7 in. x 8 ft 3 in.
A cupid conducts Adonis, holding a dog iu
leash, to Venus, who lies asleep on cushions
in the shadow of trees, watched by other
cupids ; still others bathe in a river, and
two in the air are supporting a large white
veil. Collection of Louis XIV. Engi-aved
by Baudet; B. Audran. — Villot, Cat. Lou-
vre ; Landon, Musee, 2d Col., iii. PL 64.
By Guercino, Dresden Gallery; canvas,
H. 6 ft 7 in. X 8 ft. 3 in. Venus finds the
dead body of Adonis ; Cupid leads thither
the boar by the ear. In Guercino's third
V«nut and Adonis, Rubens, Hermitig«, St. Petersburg.
manner. Painted in 1647 for Cardinal
Mazarin, who ordered it as a pendant to
Cephdus and Procris ; belonged afterwards
to Prince de Carignan. Engraved by L. S.
Lempereur. Another (6 ft 7 in. x 8 ft 10
in.) in Dresden Gkdlery. — Gal. roy. de Dres-
de, iL PL 23 ; R6veil, vii. 475.
By Rubens, Blenheim Palace ; canvas, H.
6 ft 6 in. x 7 ft 10 in. Venus, seated on a
bank under a tree, endeavours to detain
Adonis, who, spear in hand and his dogs by
his side, is anxious to depart ; Cupid clings
round Adonis's leg. A grand picture of the
artist's middle period. Presented by Em-
peror of Germany to John, Duke of Marl-
borough. Blenheim sale (1886) £7,200, to
Agnew. — Waagen, Treasures, iii. 131 ;
Smith, il 245.
By Rubens, Hermitage, St Petersburg ;
wood, H. 2 ft 8 in. X 2 ft 11^ in. Venus,
just descended from her car, drawn by
white swans, endeavours to detain Adonis,
who, anxious for the chase with his attend-
ant dogs, tries to remove her arm from his
neck ; Cupid aids the goddess by clinging
to Adonis's thigh. Engraved by Tassaert.
Similar subject, Hague Museum ; engraved
by Lerouge in FilhoL— Smith, ix. 302 ; Fil-
hol, vii PL 470 ; Landon, Musee,
ii. PL 16.
By Rubens, Uffizi, Florence ;
wood, H 3 ft 2 in. X 2 ft. 8 in.
Venus, seated on a bank at foot of
a tree, endeavours to detain Ado-
nis, who, spear i^ hand, is re^dy
for the chase ; Cupid embraces his
knees, while the three Graces draw
aside the crimson drapery which
conceals her charms; five other
cupids play with Adonis's dogs. —
Smith, iL "^143 ; Lasinio, PL 82 ;
Larousse, xv. 882.
By Titian, Alnwick Castle, Eng-
land ; canvas, H. 2 ft 6 J in. x 3 ft
4 in. Venus, half-lying, half-sit-
ting, with her back to the specta-
tor, on a brown-red cloth on a
mound shaded by trees, clutches
at Adonis, who, with a spear in one hand
and a leash of three dogs in the other, is
striding away to the field. Probably the
original sketch of this subject, painted
about 1560; formerly in the Cammuccini
and Barberini Collections The principal
copy, long in the Famese Collections in
Parma and Bome, has disappeared. Oth-
er copies with variations in Venice Acad-
emy, Vienna Museum, and at Leigh Court
and Cobham Hall, England. The Leigh
Court copy (H. 5 ft. 10 in. x 6 ft 8 in.),
which once belonged to Benjamin West,
was bought in at Leigh Court sale (1884)
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VENUS
for 1,680 guineas. — C. & C, Titian, iL
160.
By Titian, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 6
ft X 6 ft 9 in. Variation of the Alnwick Ve-
n us, with Cupid asleep under a tree. Paint-
ed in 1554 as a companion-piece (though
larger) to the Danae of Madrid, and sent to
London to Philip, Prince of Spain, with
Titian's congratulations on his marriage to
Queen Mary. Philip acknowledged its re-
ceipt, Dec. 6, 1554, and complained of an
injury to the canvas, which had been rolled
and squeezed flat by acci-
dent. The crease is still
apparent Titian was prob-
ably aided by Orazio Ve-
celli in it, and by others
in the replicas in National
Gkllery, London, and in
the collection of Lord El-
cho. Modem copies in
Nostitz Collection, Prague,
and in Dulwich Gallery. —
C. & C, Titian, iL 237 ; Va-
sari, ed. Mil., vii. 451.
By Paolo Veronese, Na-
tional Gallery, Edinburgh ;
canvas, H. 2 ft. x 2 ft 8 in.
— ^Waagen, Treasures, iii
274
By Paolo Veronese, Ma-
drid Museum ; canvas, H.
7 ft X 6 ft 6 in. Adonis
reclining on the sward
asleep, with his head in
the lap of the goddess ; Venus looks towards
a cupid and a beautiful dog, anxious to de-
part for the chase. Bought by Velasquez in
Venice for Philip IV. A very fine example
of the painter. — Madrazo ; Larousse, xv. 882.
Subject treated also by Moretto, XJflfizi,
Florence ; Paris Bordone, Vienna Museum ;
Luca Cambiaso, Palazzo Borghese, Rome ;
Anton van Dyck, Hermitage, St Petersburg ;
Cornells Comeliszen, Caen Museum ; Joseph
Heinz, elder, Vienna Museum ; Abraham
Janssens van Nuyssen, ib.; Caspar Netscher,
Louvre, Paris; Giovanni Francesco Boma-
nelli, ib.; Johann Bottenhammer, ib. ; Ales-
sandro Turchi (2), Dresden Museum ; Nicolas
Poussin, Uffizi, Florence, Montpellier Muse-
um; Fran9ois Boucher, Barker Collection,
London ; Narciso Diaz (Salon, 1848, 1859) ;
Victor Muller (Salon, 1865).
VENUS AND ^SCULAPIDS, Edward J.
Poynter, South Kensington Museum, Lon-
don ; canvas, H. 6 ft x 8 in. Venus, attended
by the Graces, on one of whom she leans for
support, is showing the thorn in her foot to
.S^sculapius, who is seated in a garden un-
g^ft^fefe^r^
j^fiVag^. mkM(F.jMti-
V«nut and Adonis, Titian. Madrid Mustum.
der a porch covered with honeysuckle, with
a dog lying beside him and Hygieia stand-
ing behind holding a box of medicaments ;
doves and sparrows are flitting about ; in
the background a gateway leads into the te-
menos of the temple, and at right is a foun-
tain, from which an attendant is dipping
water for one of the Graces, who is holding
out her hand for it. Boyal Academy, 1880 ;
purchased for Chantry Collection. En-
graved by W. Bidgway. Water-colour
sketch, J. P. Haseltine.— Art Journal (1885),
324, 340.
889
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VENUS
VENUS ANADYOMENE (Rising, Le.,
from the sea). See Apelles; also, Venus,
Birth of.
V«nut Anadyomene, Titian, Bridgewater House, London.
By Dominique Ingres, Due d'Aumale,
Chateau de Chantilly. The goddess, yet
humid with the sea water, in which she is
standing, is twisting her
blond locks while cupids
play around her and car-
ess her feet and limbs.
Begun at Rome in 1808 ;
finished in 1848 for Fr6d-
eric Reiset, conservator of
the Louyre. Engraved by
Morse. — CL Blanc, Life,
161 ; Larousse, L 311.
By Titian, Bridgewater
House, London ; canvas.
Venus, nude, standing m
the sea, which covers her
knees, one arm raised to
hold her long hair, the
other combing its tresses ;
beside her floats a shell,
from which sometimes called Venus of the
Shell Painted in Ferrara in 1523. We
first hear of it in the Collection of Queen
Christina of Sweden ; thence passed to the
Orleans Collection, and sold in 1800 to
Duke of Bridgewater for £800. Engraved
by Si Aubin ; ReveiL— C. 4; C, Titian, L
276 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 31, 497 ; Cam-
pori, Raccolta, 341 ; Larousse, L 311 ; Re-
veO, xii 841.
Subject treated also by Giulio Romano,
Palazzo Spada, Rome; Cornelia de Vos,
Madrid Museum ; Heinrich Lehmann
(1855) ; Claude Dubufe (Salon, 1859) ; Jules
Joseph Meynier (Salon, 1863) ; Amaury Du-
val (1863), Lille Museum ; Charles Chaplin
(Salon, 1867) ; £mile Bin (Salon, 1874).
VENUS, BARBERIGO. See Venus with
the Mirror.
VENUS, BIRTH OF, Sandro BotticeUi,
UfBzi, Florence; canvas^ figures lifensize.
Venus, standing in a shell in the middle qi
the sea, is wafted to the shore by two flying
figures emblematical of the winds ; figure at
right represents Spring. Painted for Cosmo
de' Medici*s villa of Castello ; placed in Uf-
fizi in 1815.— Vasari, ed. Mil, iii 312 ; C.
& C, Italy, ii. 423 ; Soa Ed. GalL di Fi-
renze, PL 24.
By William Adolphe Bouguereau, Luxem-
Birth of Venus, Sandro Botticelli, \M^, Florence.
bourg Museum ; canvas, H. 9 ft 10 in. x 7
ft Venus, full-length, an*anging her hair,
which falls in a mass below her hips, stands
340
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VENUS
in a shell drawn by dolphins driven by
loves ; around her nymphs and tritons are
sporting in the waves, while above, the air is
filled with a cloud of genii.
By Alexandre Cabanel, Luxembourg Mu-
seum, Paris ; canvas, H.4ft3in.x7ft4
in. The goddess, just bom, is undulating
upon the foam, stretching, and half-opening
her dazzled eyes, which she shades with her
right arm ; above, five genii — ^two blowing
conch shells, the others hovering over her
head. Salon, 1863 ; Exposition universelle,
1867. Two replicas :
Smaller one, made for
engraving, H. C. Gib-
son, Philadelphia ; the
other, painted last, John
Wolfe, New York. En-
^graved by A. Pran9oia
Etched by L Flameng.
Photogravure in Art
Treasures of America. —
Art Treas. of Amer., L 56,
67 ; Larousse, xv. 882.
YENUS AND CUPID,
Lucas Cranachf the elder,
Berlin Museum ; wood,
H.5ft.6in.x2ft Ve-
nus, nude, walking to
right ; near her, Cupid,
complaining of being
stung by bees (Theoc.,
Id., xix.). Another in Berlin Museum, Ve-
nus walking to left, with Cupid on a pedes-
tal. — Meyer, Museen, 101.
By William Etty, Henry Bicknell, Caven-
dish House, Clapham Common, London ;
canvas. Venus, nude, recumbent, with
Cupid near her. — Art Journal (London,
1872), 91.
By Ouido Beni, Dresden Gallery ; canvas,
H 4 ft 5 in. X 5 ft 9 in. Full-length, nude,
reposing on a couch covered with white,
with a curtain in background ; she leans
upon her right elbow, and takes with her
left hand a dart from Cupid, who stands on
the couch near her feet Restored by Palen. |
— Httbner, Dresden GaL, L 19.
By Sir Joshua Reynolds, Lord Castletown ;
canvas. Full-length, nude, reclining in an
arbour under a red curtain in a wooded
landscape. Cupid peeps in on her through
the bough& Probably suggested by Venus
of Titian. Painted in 1759 ; selected by
Earl of Upper Ossory, when he had, by Rey-
nolds's will, choice of works in his studio.
Engraved by Raimbach ; Collyer. — Leslie &
Taylor, i. 173 ; PuUing, 22 ; Athen., Jan.,
1875, 56.
By Titian, Palazzo Borghese, Rome ; can-
V«nut and Cupid, Titian, Palazzo BorghaM, Roma.
vas, half-lengths, life-size. Venus, sitting,
binding the eyes of Eros, who leans on her
lap, while she turns to listen to another
cupid leaning on her shoulder ; two girls to
left — one carrying a quiver, the other a bow.
Painted about 1565 ; well preserved. En-
graved several times. — Ridolfi, Maraviglie, L
257 ; C. & C, Titian, ii 355 ; Heath, Titian,
71 ; Reveil, xiii. 871.
By IHtian, TJflizi, Florence; canvas, fig-
ures life-size. Venus, nude, lying on a
velvet couch (the cloth of which she holds,
together with a bunch of flowers, in one
hand), turns her head towards Cupid, who
whispers as he looks over her shoulder ; a
little dog at her feet snifb at an owl on the
841
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VENUS
balustrade ; in the distance, a landscape
with mountains. Paiuted about 1547 ; in
Urbino Collection. The Venus with the
Organ Player, Madrid, is in some re-
spects a repetition of it — C. & C, Titian,
iL 156.
By Velasquez, Robert Morrit, Bokeby
Park, Yorkdiire, England ; full-length, life-
size. The goddess, nude, her back to the
spectator, reclining on a purple couch, be-
hind which hangs a green and crimson
drapery ; her face is reflected in a mirror
da Pontormo, Uffizi, Florence ; Antonio
Bellucci, Dresden Museum ; Jan Brueghel,
Madrid Museum ; Luca Cambiaso, Palazzo
Pallavicini, G^noa ; Girolamo Carpi, Dres-
den Museum ; Carlo Cignani, Turin Muse-
um ; Lucas Cranach, Palazzo Borghese,
Bome; Christian Dietrich, Dresden Muse-
um; Guercino, Accademia di S. Luca, Bome ;
Eustache Lesueur, Louvre, Paris ; Pietro
Liberi, Vienna Museum ; Heinrich van Lim-
borg, Dresden Museum ; Fran9ois Boucher,
Berlin Museum ; Padovanino, Louvre, Paris ;
Fettlval of V«nut, Rub«nt, Vienna MuMum.
held by Cupid, who kneels on the couch
near her feet In Velasquez's latest man-
ner. Formerly iu Alcazar at Madrid (1666) ;
then in possession of Duke of Alva (1776) ;
bought from the Prince of Peace in 1813 by
Mr. Morrit for £500. — Buchanan, Memoirs,
ii. 243 ; Blusi Esp. y Amer., Nov. 8, 1874 ;
Curtis, 20 ; Bdrger, Tresors, 121 ; Larousse,
XV. 882.
Subject treated also by Lodovico Carrac-
ci, Berlin Museum ; Vienna Museum ; Jaco-
po Palma, younger, Cassel Gallery ; Jacopo
Georg Penckz, Munich GWlery; Rem-
brandt, Louvre ; Andrea Schiavone, Vienna
Museum ; Paolo Veronese, Bordeaux Muse-
um ; Palazzo Borghese, Bome ; Adriaan van
der Werfi^ Dresden Museum ; Joseph Ma-
zeroUes (Salon, 1861); £douard Toudouze
(Salon, 1874).
VENUS AND CUPID, HISTORY OF,
Raphael, Bath-room of Cardinal Bibbiena,
Vatican ; frescos on walk. Seven large
compositions, on a dark red background :
1. Birth of Venus; 2. Venus and Cupid
84S
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VENUS
borne by Dolphins ; 3. Venus, wounded,
complaining to Cupid ; 4. Jupiter and An-
tiope ; 5. Venus drawing a Thorn from her
Foot ; 6. Venus and Adonis ; 7. Vulcan and
Minerva. Corresponding to these are seven
smaller compositions on a black back-
ground, illustrating the Triumphs of Love.
Designed by Baphael, and painted by his
pupils about 1514. Engraved, in whole or
in part, by Marco da Bavenna ; Piroli ; Lan-
VENUS, CDPID, AND VULCAN, Tin^
torettOy Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood, H. 2
ft. 6 in. X 6 ft. 4 in. Venus, nude, reclining
on a green carpet, caressing Cupid ; Vulcan,
also nearly nude, kneeUng and raising a
white cloth which partly envelops Cupid ;
in background, a landscape, with Mars in
his chariot in the clouds, an allusion to the
parentage of Cupid. — Gal. du PaL Pitti, ii
PL 84.
Toll«t of V«nut, Franc«tco Albani, Louvre, Paris.
don ; A. Veneziano ; A. Campanella ; Pizzi ;
Maestri.— Mttntz, 446 ; Passavant, ii. 231 ;
Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 469; Larousse, xv. 881.
VENUS, CUPED, AND SATYRS, Domeni^
chinOy Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; copper, oval,
H. 11 in. X 1 ft 1 in. The goddess, nude,
lying on a stone, leaning on a cushion with
one arm, and pressing Cupid to her bosom
with the other. A figure in the background
tries to rob the quiver of its arrows, while
two satyrs look on from the other side. —
Cat PaL Pitti.
VENUS, DARMSTADT, TUian, Darm-
stadt Gklleiy ; canvas, H. 4 f t. 3 in. x 5 ft
6 in. A young woman, nude, asleep on
rose-strewn cushions, with one arm under
her head, a red cloth, on which she lies,
partly covering the ground and partly hang-
ing from an oak tree ; landscape in distance,
with a couple seated courting. Painted
about 1523 ; history unknown ; considered
by some of doubtful authenticity. Copies
with variations in Apsley House, London ;
Dudley House, ib.; Fitzwilliam Museum,
848
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VENUS
Cambridge ; Dulwich Gallery ; and Dresden
Gallery. None of them by Titian. — C. &
C, Titian, i. 273.
VENUS, FESTIVAL OF, Bubens, Vienna
Museum ; canvas, H. 7 f t. x 11 ft Votaries
present o£ferings to a statue of Venus in a
grove, while cupids dance around it, and
others sport among the trees or float in the
air with clusters of fruit ; at one side, two
beautiful women advance with offerings, and
at the other side, nymphs and satyrs daaoe ;
in background, the temple of the goddess on
a hill. Engraved by Prenner. — Smith, ii 98.
VENUS AND MARa See Jfar^.
VENUS WTTH THE MIRROR See Fe-
nus, Toilet of, Titian.
VENUS WITH THE ORGAN PLAYER,
Titian^ Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 4 ft 6
in. X 7 ft 6 in. Venus, nude, lying in same
position as the Venus and Cupid of the Uf-
fizi, but with different face ; instead of hold-
ing flowers, she pats with her hand a lap-dog,
the bark of which disturbs a man playing
an organ at the foot of the couch. Painted
about 1547, and probably taken to Augs-
burg in 1548 and sold to Nicholas Gran-
velle ; sold in 1600 by the Count of Cante-
croix to Emperor Rudolf H. ; said to have
been in Collection of Charles L of England ;
in Spain since 1665. Repetitions, with
changes, by followers of Titian, in Madrid
and Dresden Museums, and in Fitzwilliam
Museum, Cambridge. Other copiea — C, &
C, Titian, il 158, 185 ; MoreUi, 173 ; Httb-
ner, Dresden GaL, L 13 ; Larousse, xv. 882.
VENUS DEL PARDO. See JupUer and
Antiope.
VE^S AU PETIT CHTEN. See Venus
pi the Tribune.
■ VENUS OF THE SHfiLL. See Venus
Anadyomene, Titian.
VENUS, TOILET OF, Francesco Alhani,
Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 6 ft 7 in. x 8 ft
3 in. Venus, seated in front of a Doric por-
tico on the border of the sea, looking at
herself in a miiTor held by a cupid ; at left,
three cupids near a table on which is a vase
of flowers ; at right a fountain ; in back-
ground, a palace. Collection of Louis XIV.
Engraved by Baudet ; B. Audran. — Villot,
Cat Louvre ; Landon, Mus6e, 2d CoL, iii,
PI. 61; R^veil, xii. 878.
By Titian, Hermitage, St Petersburg;
canvas, H. 4 ft x 3 ft 4 in. Venus^ partly
draped, seated on a couch, with her head
turned to look in a mirror held by a cupid,
who, with his back to the spectator, staggers
under the load ; Eros, with one hand on his
mother's shoulder, tries with the other to
crown her with a garland. Painted in 1562 ;
came from Pomponio Vecelli to Barberigo
Toilet of Venus, Titian, Cobham Hall, England.
Collection, whence passed to Russia. Re-
plicas made for Philip H. of Spain and for
Niccold Crasso, but both missing. Copy
without Eros at Cobham Hall, from Orleans
Grallery; others in Dresden and Augsburg
Oalleries^ and an original sketch in Dresden.
Another, in the Hermitage, classed as a
school-piece, which came from the Malmai-
son Collection, presents two cupids hold-
ing the mirror ; replica lately in Lord Ash-
burton's Collection, London. Autotype by
Ad. Braun & Co., Pari& — C. & C, Titian,
ii. 333 ; Ticozzi, 59.
Subject treated also by Jacob Jordaens,
844
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VENUS
Ufi&zi, Florence ; Padovanino, Palazzo Bor-
ghese, Rome ; Theodorus van Thulden, Huis
ten Bosch, The Hague ; Antonio Triva,
Dresden Grallery ; Fran9ois Boucher, Stock-
holm Museum ; Paul Baudry (1859), Bor-
deaux Museum.
VENUS OF THE TRIBUNE, Titian, Tri-
bune of the Uffizi, Florence ; canvas, life-
size. Supposed by some to be the portrait
of a mistress of Guidobaldo H., Duke of
Urbino. Venus, nude, lies at the foot of
a green hanging, on a muslin sheet that
covers a red damask couch, one arm on
her person, the other on the cushions,
playing vnth a chaplet of
flowers ; a little dog is
curied up on the couch at
her feet, and handmaids in
distance are preparing her
dress. Painted in- Venice
about 1637 for Francesco
Maria della Rovere (?),
Duke of Urbino ; passed
in 17th century as an
heirloom to the Florence
Gallery. Replica in Uffizi
by a Venetian of Titian's
time ; adaptations in But-
ler-Johnstone and Hamp-
ton Court Collections En-
graved by P. Soutman ;
R Gay wood ; A. Nargeot ;
Strange . — Vasari, ed.
MU., vii 443 ; C. & C, Titian, i. 389 ; Gotti,
Gkl. di Firenze, 103 ; Ridolfi, Maraviglie, L
225 ; Law, Hisi Cat Hampton Court, 51 ;
MoUni, GblL di Firenze, i. 49.
VENUS, TRTOMPH OF. See Venus,
Birth of.
VENUS AND VULCAN, Francesco Alba-
ni, Louvre ; canvas, H. 6 f t. 7 in. x 8 ft 3 in.
Venus lying on a couch, with Vulcan reclin-
ing at her feet ; two cupids present the god-
dess a buckler pierced with arrows ; at
right, cupids forge and sharpen arrows, oth-
ers make bows ; Diana, in the clouds, at-
tended by two nymphs, holds a javelin.
Collection of Louis XIV. Engraved by
Baudet; B. Audran. — ^Villot, Cat Louvre;
Landon, Musee, 2d Col, iii. PL 62.
By Giulio Romano, Louvre, Paris ; wood,
H 14 in. X 9 in. Vulcan, seated beside
Venus, embraces her with his left arm, while
carrying a bundle of arrows on his shoulder
with his right ; Venus is putting arrows into
the quiver of a cupid who is bending his bow ;
another cupid presents her a butterfly, and
others bear a vase of flowers. Engraved by
Morace, — Filhol, vii. PI. 451 ; Musee fran-
9ais, i. Part 3 : Ch. Blanc, £cole romaine.
By Anton van Dyck, Louvre, Paris ; can-
vas, H. 7 ft 3 in. X 4 ft 9 in. Venus de-
Venu* of the Tribune, Titian, Tribune of the Uffizi, Florence.
manding of Vulcan arms for JEneas. The
goddess, nearly nude, pre^ ^ded by a cupid
bearing a sheathed swor^l; and sustained by
a second cupid, ad\ance8 towards Vulcan,
who has one knee upon a stone ; at left,
above the hend of Venus, another cupid
with a bow .ma arrows; in background,
two Cyclops will} hammera Collection of
Louis XIV.; f or?. .erly in Luxembourg. En-
graved by ^ian^^dois; C. Normand.— Cat
Louvre ; Filnol., iii. PL 170 ; Landon, xi.
PL 65; Ouif-rey, 254; Smith, iii. 39; Musee
fran9ai&
By Alitor, vjin Dyck, Vienna Museum;
canvas, H. ' ;i. 3in. x5ft Venus receiv-
845
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VENUS
ing from Vulcan the armour forged for
-Slneaa Vulcan, seated at right, extends
his hand to Venus ; a cupid and a cyclops
Venu* and Vulcan, Giulio Romano, Louvre, Paris.
hold a breastplate before her bosom, while
other cupids play with parts of the armour ;
above, a cupid aims an arrow at Vulcan.
Called also Minerva and Vulcan. Engraved
by J. Axman ; BA^ '' —Smith, iu. 27 ; Gal.
de Vienne, iii. i i. i Guiflfrey, 263 ; La-
rousse, xv. 882 ; IK.-^ " v'i. 983.
Subject treated > ^ietro Liberi,
Dresden Museum ; T.i. i- vV ucher. Lou-
vre, Paris ; Jan Brueglie , h ^zo Cambi-
aso, Gtenoa; Charles Joseph > itoire, Lou-
vre, Bordeaux Museum ; Mr: rjH-iUer Muse-
um ; Rubens, Brussels Muso;* j
VENUS WORSHIP, Tifb Ma^irid Mu-
seum ; canvas, K 5 ft. 8 i <^y ft 9 in.
Subject from Philostratus »:/ '^nes, i 6).
Venus, a marble statue on y. ^ i-stal^ with
two nymphs at her feet, r, , ' gifts ; a
stream at the base of the pe< i ' /aters the
edge of an undulating ground on which
winged cupids swarm, some plucking the
sacred apples, others tumbling, fighting, and
dancing. Painted before 1518 for Duke
Alfonso of Ferrara ; removed in 1598 to
Rome, by Papal Legate Cardinal Aldobran-
dini ; was in Palazzo Ludovisi until Cardinal
Ludovisi sent it to Count Monterey, Spanish
Viceroy at Naples, as a present to the King
of Spain ; carried to Madrid by Monterey
in 1638. Copy by Rubens in Royal Palace,
Stockholm.— C. & C, Titian, L 191 ; Sains-
bury Papers, 238, 353.
VENUSTI, MARCELLO, bom in Mantua
in 1615, died in 1576 or 1685. Roman
school ; history painter, pupil of Perino del
Vaga, afterwards of Michelangelo, whom he
assisted in his works in Rome and Florence.
He painted a great deal after that master's
drawings, and is distinguished by a delicate
Venus and Vulcan, Anton Van Oyck, Louvre, Paris.
and neat execution. Works: Christ appear-
ing to Souls in Purgatory, Colonna Gallery,
Rome ; Copy of Last Judgment by Michel-
840
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VERA
angelo, Naples Museum ; Nativity, Vienna
Museum ; Holy Family (1563), Leipsic Mu-
seum. — Eugler (Eastlake), ii 386 ; Labke,
Oescli. itaL MaL, iL 140.
VERA, Don ALEJO, bom at Vifiuela, Ma-
laga ; contemporary. Spanish school ; his-
tory and genre painter, pupil of Frederico
de Madrazo ; studied afterwards in Rome ;
contributed much to raising art in Spain to
a higher standard. Medals : 1862, 1871 ;
Philadelphia, 1876. Works : Burial of St
Lawrence in Catacombs of Rome (1862);
Oommunion of Early Christians in the Cata-
combs ; Pompeiian Lady at Toilet (1871) ;
Old Roman Woman with Parrot ; Jewelry
Store at Poibpeii ; Heroism of Numantines
(1881).
VERBEECK, PRANS, born at Antwerp,
baptized Feb. 21, 1686, died there, May 28,
1755. Flemish school; genre and battle
painter, pupil of Jan Baptist de Bie ; master
of the guild in 1710, and its dean in 1724,
1730, 1737, and 1746. He was also one of
the directors of the Antwerp Academy. His
only still known work is a Visit of the Ab-
bot of St Michael to the Fencers' Guild
(1713), Antwerp Museum. — Cat du Mua
d'Anvers, 526 ; Van den Branden, 1193.
VERBEECK (Verbeecq), PIETER (COR-
NELISZ), bom probably at Haarlem, flour-
ished about 1638-50. Dutch school ; ani-
mal and battle painter ; received as master
into the guild at Alkmaar in 1635, and at
The Hague in 1645. Works : Skirmish of
Oriental Horsemen (1638), Berlin Museum ;
Man and Woman on Horseback, Groom
holding Horse, Halt before Tavern (2), Cas-
sel Oallery ; Horse and Rider at Cistern
(1642), Moltke Collection, Copenhagen ;
Saddled Horse &stened to a Hedge, Old
Pinakothek, Munich. — ^Immerzeel, iii 167 ;
Eramm, vL 1701.
VERBOECKHOVEIN, EUOlfiNE JO-
SEPH, bom at Wameton, West Flanders,
June 9, 1799, died in Brussels, Jan. 19, 1881.
Animal painter, son and pupil of the sculp-
tor Barth^l^mi Verboeckhoven ; visited Eng-
land in 1826, Germany in 1828, France and
Italy in 1841, and settled in Brussels. Mem-
ber of Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Amster-
dam, and St. Petersburg
Academies. L. of Hon-
our; Commander of Or-
ders of Leopold and
Francis Joseph ; Bava-
rian Order of Michael ;
Portuguese Order of
Christ; Order of Iron
Cross (1830). Works :
Arabian Stallion (1824);
Horses attacked by Wolves (1836), Land-
scapes with Cattle (2, 1824, 1825), Muse-
um, Amsterdam ; Sheep and Lamb, Sheep
in a Grove, Landscape with Resting Cat-
tle, Museum Fodor, ib.; Wounded Lion;
Horses in Roman Campagna ; Return from
Market ; Market at Ghent ; Shepherd near
TivoU (1846), Bad Neighbours (1853), Herd
driven to Pasture (1856), National Gkd-
lery, Berlin ; Bull in a Landscape (1829),
Raczynski Gallery, ib. ; Cows in Pasture,
Raven6 Gallery, ib. ; Sheep Stable, Carls-
ruhe GaUery; do. (1841), Stftdel GaUery,
Frankfort; Woodland Scene with Cattle
(1836), Christiania €hdlery ; Sheep in Pas-
ture (1838), Sheep Resting, Donkeys and
Sheep (1839), Eunsthalle, Hamburg ; Man
with Calf, Ednigsberg Museum ; White
Horse by Cottage (1837), Peasant Asleep
with Horse watched by Dog (1839), Sheep
Pictures (4, 1838, 1840, 1846, 1859), Cow
and Goat in Stable (1841), Leipsic Muse-
um ; Sheep Stable (1844), New Pinakothek,
Munich ; Landscape wiUi Animals (1846),
Ghent Museum; Sheep surprised by Storm,
Souvenir of Roman Campagna, Brussels
Museum; Shepherdess in the Campine
(1855) ; Sheep in Downs of Ostend (1878) ;
Dead Sheep in Scottish Landscape, Scottish
CUoene j%t/e«ea^
(I 183^
Ponies, Bouquet (1880) ; Frightened Bull,
J. J. Astor, New York ; Sheep— Interior, H
8«7
(
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VERBOECKHOVEN
f\ * Marines in
E. Maynard, Boston. — Chronique des Arts
(1881), 52 ; lUustr. Zeitg. (1881), L 143 ;
Immei*zeel, iii 168 ; ELramm, vL 1702 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xvi 341 ; Michiels, x. 579.
VERBOECKHOVEN, LOUIS, born at
Wameton, West Flanders, Feb. 5, 1802.
Marine painter, brother of preceding, first
instructed by his father, then studied while
travelling on coast of North Sea. Member
of Amsterdam Academy. Medals at Brus-
sels, Cambray, Arras, and Lille. Works :
Marines in
)f
Antwerp (1839), and Leipsic (2). — Lnmer-
zeel, iii. 169.
VERBOOM( van Boom), ABRAHAM, bom
at Haarlem, died after 1657. Dutch school ;
landscape painter, imitated J. Ruisdael, and
influenced by Waterloo. He excelled in
painting trees, and his richly wooded land-
scapes are good in aerial perspective, though
somewhat heavy in colouring. Lingelbach,
Adriaan van de Velde, and Philips Wouwer-
man painted the figui*es in his landscapes.
Works : Wooded Hill, Mi\ Baring, London ;
Departure for the Chase, Brussels Museum ;
Wood Landscape with Huntsmen Resting
(1657), Rotterdam Museum ; do. with Trav-
ellers (figures by Lingelbach), Eunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Village, Oak Wood, Dresden Gal-
lery ; Village View (1656), Schwerin Gal-
lery ; Landscapes (2), Copenhagen Gallery ;
do., Schleiss-
A T / / heim Gal-
A \/0rO^OJ9t.lery; do.,
Historical
Society, New York. — Immerzeel, iii 169 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii 480 ; Kramm, L 121 ;
vi. 1702.
VERBRUGGE, JEAN CHARLES, bom
at Bruges, Aug. 25, 1756, died there, June
4, 1831. Gem*e painter, pupil of Hubert
de Cockq, then at the Bruges Academy of
Jean Gaeremyn, and finally of Legillon.
Works: Farm Interior (1790), do., and Sta-
ble Interior, Bruges Academy. — Weale, Cat.
Bruges Acad. (1861), 107.
VERBRUGGHEN, KASPER PEETER,
the elder, bom at Antwerp, baptized Sept.
8, 1635, died there, April 16, 1681. Flem-
ish school ; flower painter, pupil of Corne-
lls Mahu in 1645 ; master of the guild in
1650. Works : Garland (1670), Lyons Mu-
seum ; Flowers around Picture, Dunkirk
Museum; Flower-Pieces (2, 1651, 1679),
Schleissheim Gallery. — ^Van den Branden,
1137.
VERBRUGGHEN, KASPER PEETER,
the younger, born at Antwerp, April 11,
1664, died there, buried March 14, 1730.
Flemish school ; flower painter, son and
pupil of preceding ; master of the guild in
1677 ; its dean in 1691 ; worked also at
The Hague, where he seems to have been
settled in 1706-23. Works : Flower-Pieces
in the Louvre, Galleries of Aschaflfenburg
and Schwerin (2), Museums of Antwerp,
Cologne (2), Hermannstadt, Lille, Stock-
holm, and Wiesbaden. — Cat du Mus. d'An-
vers, 529 ; Immerzeel, iii 170 ; Kramm, vi.
1703 ; Van den Branden, 1139.
VERD^^DELISLE, Mme. MARIE £VE
ALEXANDRINE (nee Perignon), bom in
Paris, April 29, 1805, died there in 1866.
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Gros.
Works : Reading the Bible (1830) ; Charles
Vn. and Agnes Sorel (1831) ; Rubens as a
ChUd (1844); Meet (1846); A Thought, A
Souvenir (1848). — ^Bellier, ii 647 ; Larousse.
VERDIER, FRANgOIS, bom in Paris in
1651, died there,
June 20, 1730.
French school ; his-
tory painter, pupil
of Le Brun, whose
niece be married,
and with whom he
worked upon the
decorations of the
Versailles and Tri-
anon Palaces and the
Gallery of Apollo in the Louvre. Won the
grand prix de Rome in 1668. Member of
Academy, 1678 ; assistant professor, 1681 ;
professor, 1684. Works : Assumption, Lou-
848
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VERDIER
vre ; Cupid Fighting, Cupid at Rest, Tri-
anon Palace ; Orithyia carried off by Bo-
reas, Mercury with the Head of Argus,
Palais de Compi^gne ; Jupiter and Antiope,
Nantes Museum ; Flight into Egypt, Ni-
obe's Children pierced by the Arrows of
Diana and Apollo, Orleans Museum ; David
and the High Priest, Rennes Museum ; Last
Supper, Caen Museum ; Baptism of Christ,
Mythologi- ^^
cal Subject, XT/^ I '
Hermitage, / £^ €/ /JLJy^^smm
St Peters- ^ ^^^ ^
burg. — ^Bellier, iL 649 ; CL Blanc, ificole
fran9aise ; Jal, 1250 ; Villot, Cat Louvre ;
Lejeune, Guide, L 183 ; iii. 272.
VERDIER, MARCEL, bom in Paris, May
20, 1817, died there, August, 1856. His-
tory and genre painter, pupil of Ingres and
of the £cole des Beaux Arts. Medals : 8d
class, 1837 ; 2d class, 1848. Works : Holy
Family, First Criminal Thoughts (1837);
Philip baptizing the Eunuch (1840) ; Peni-
tent Magdalen, Death of Archimedes (1842);
Women and a Secret, Neapolitan Woman
(1847); See-Saw, Clairvoyante (1848); A
Mother after the Revolution of 1848, Man
between Two Ages and his Mistresses
(1849) ; St. Lawrence, Flower Girl (1850) ;
Artist's Discouragement, Conscripts Depart-
ing (1852) ; Scene of Modem Outlawry in
Clam^cy (1853), Arras Museum ; Christ
crowned with Thorns, Female Portrait,
Montpellier Museum ; Male Portrait, Nimes
Museum. — Bellier, ii. 649 ; Larousse.
VERDOEL, ADRIAAN, bom at Over-
mans in 1620, died in 1681. Dutch school ;
animal painter ; said to have been instruct-
ed by Bramer and Jacob de Witte, as well as
by Rembrandt, whose manner he followed.
Mentioned as member of the guild at Haar-
lem in 1649. His compositions are ingeni-
ous, his drawing is correct, and his colour-
ing powerful In the Schwerin Gallery are
two pictures vrith Pigs in a Stable. — TSj^-
vard, A. & A., iv. 88 ; Schlie, 649 ; Yosmaer,
Rembrandt (ed. 1877), 232 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, xvii. 127.
VERDUSSEN, JAN PEETER, bora prob-
ably at Antwerp, died at Avignon, March
31, 1763. Flemish school; battle painter
of considerable renown, was director of the
Art School at Marseilles imtil 1744, when he
went to Turin, accompanied the King of Sar-
dinia in his campaigns, and after visiting
several other courts, returned to France
and settled at Avignon. Works: Siege of
Saint Guilhain in 1746, Versailles Museum ;
Charge of Cavalry (2), Marseilles Museum ;
Italian Landscape with Herd (copy after
Berchem), Carlsruhe GWlery ; Army Bag-
gage attacked by the Enemy, Horse Fair,
Schleissheim Gallery. — Bellier, iL 650 ;
Kramm, vL 1707.
VERDUSSEN, PEETER, bom at Ant-
werp, baptized Feb, 10, 1662, died there (?).
Flemish school ; landscape and animal paint-
er, pupil of his father, Jacob Verdussen ;
master of the guild in 1697. Works : Land-
scape with Battle of Eeckeren, City Hall,
Antwerp ; Mountainous Landscape, Mu-
seum Plantijn, ib.; Meet of Huntsmen near
Roman Ruins, Augsburg Gkdlery. — ^Van den
Branden, 1080.
VERELST (van Elst), PIETER, bom at
Antwerp in 1614, died after 1668. Dutch
school; genre and portrait painter, flour-
ished about 1648-66 at The Hague, where
he settled in 1642 ; was one of the found-
ers of the new guild in 1656, and is men-
tioned in documents as late as 1668, when,
full of debts, he fled from his creditors.
Works : Farm Interior (1643), Copenhagen
Gallery ; Portrait of Old Lady (1648), Seam-
stress, Berlin Museum ; lady's Portrait,
Carlsruhe Gallery ; Card Players, Cassel Ghd-
lery ; Old Man by Coal Fire, Man Reading,
Dresden Gallery; Dutch Family (1665),
Haarlem Mu-
seum ; Peas-
ants Carous-
ing, do. Smok-
ing, Male Por-
traits (2), Vienna Museum. — Immerzeel, iii
171 ; Kramm, vi. 1708 ; Kugler (Crowe), iL
389.
f.9aj^tj
84»
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VERELST
VERELST, SIMON, bom at The Hague,
died in London (?) about 1721. Dutch
school ; flower, fruit, and portrait painter ;
perhaps son of Pieter Verelst ; mentioned
as master of The Hague guild in 1666.
Works : Female Portrait, Louvre ; Flower-
Piece, Cassel Gallery ; do., Brunswick Gal-
lery ; Man in Armour (attributed), Dresden
Gallery; Still-Life, Old Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Flowers, Schleissheim GWlery ; do.,
New York Museum. — Immerzeel, iii 171 ;
Kramm, vi. 1707 ; Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 441.
VERENDAEL (Veerendael), NICOLAAS
VAN, born in Antwerp, baptized Feb, 19,
1640, died there, buried Aug. 11, 1691.
Flemish school ; still-life painter, son and
pupil of Willem van Verendael ; approached
Seghers in careful detail and capital draw-
ing, but is greatly his inferior in power and
clearness of colour. Master of Antwerp
guild in 1656. Works : Eucharist, Ant-
werp Museum ; Flowers, etc., around Cru-
cifix (1686), Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Dead
Game and Flowers (figures by Teniers), Mon-
keys at Table (1686), Bouquet, Dresden Gal-
lery ; Garland around Relief of Madonna
(1670), Berlin Museum; Festoon (1662),
Schwerin Gallery ; Garland around Bust of
Pomona, Fruits around Bust of Flora, Still-
Life, Hermitage, Si Petersburg ; Four Bou-
quets around Madonna (1662), Liechtenstein
Gallery, Vienna; Festoon around do., Na-
ples Museum ; Flower-Pieces in Museums
at Aix-la-Chapelle, Cologne, Innsbruck ; Gal-
lery at Carlsruhe (2) ; UfiBzi, Florence. —
Eramm, vL 1709 ; Michiels, ix. 210 ; Rooses
(Reber), 433 ; Van.den Branden, 1141.
VERESCHAGIN, BASIL, bom at Tcher-
epovets, government of Novgorod, Russia,
Oct 14 (26), 1842. Battle and genre paint-
er, pupil of St Petersburg Academy, where
he won a medal with his first picture ; after
a visit to Paris, the Pyrenees, and Grermany,
went to the Caucasus to study Oriental sub-
jects, and in 1864 to Paris to study under
G^Tome and at the £cole des Beaux Arts,,
spending his vaca-
tions in the Cau-
casus and on his
paternal estates,
where he studied
the manners of Rus-
sian peasantry. In
1867-70 he accom-
panied General
Eauf mann to Turk-
estan, and after a
summer spent at Antwerp and Brussels,
went to the East as far as China ; in 1874-
76 visited India, and on his return settled
in Paris. Joined the Russian anny dur-
ing the Russo-Turkish War, was severe-
ly wounded, but after recovery reached
Plevna in time to see the fortress stormed.
After assisting as secretary in the peace ne-
gotiations he returned to Paris, whence he
again visited India in 1882 and 1884. The
realistic painter par excellence of the ter-
rors of war, he paints his pictures in cycles,
which he will not allow to be broken up.
Divided into two main groups — those treat-
ing of scenery and genre, and those dealing
with war scenes — his principal works are
classified by himself in three sections, deal-
ing with India, with Turkestan, and with the
Russo-Turkish War. Works: Unexpected
Attack ; Opium Eaters ; Before Victory ;
After Defeat ; Defence of the Citadel ; Look-
ing at the Trophies ; Assault on Plevna ;
After the Assault ; Apotheosis of War ; For-
gotten ; Wounded Returning ; Our Prison-
ers ; Victors ; Vanquished ; All Quiet at
Shipka ; Snow Trenches on the Shipka ;
Cycle from Campaign in Turkestan, do. (20)
from Russo-Turkish War, Moscow Muse-
um ; Cycle (20) from History of India. A
series of large paintings is in the TretjakofiP
Collection at Moscow ; Frescos in the Church
of the Redeemer, ib. In 1885 he exhibited
in Vienna 83 paintings, among which were :
Suppression of Indian Revolt, Entry of
Prince of Wales into Jeypoor, Pearl Mosque
860
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VERIIAAGEN
at Agra, Reception Hall in Palace at Agra,
Tomb of Abraham, do. of Joseph, do. of
Samuel, Dead Sea, Well of Jacob, Gilgal,
Valley of Esdraelon, Source of Oideon, Cave
of Endor, Wall of Solomon, Place where
Christ was Baptized, Road to Jordan, Mount
Tabor, Mount of Temptation, Hermits on
the Jordan, Holy Family, Christ in the Des-
ert, do. on Lake Tiberias, The Prophecy,
Resurrection. — Allgem. K. C, ix. 833, 855,'
873, 880, 901, 996 ; Art Journal (1885), 9,
38; Gaz, des B. Arts (1880), xxi -164 ; H-
lustr. Zeitg. (1882), i. 71, 111 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xvii. 49, 276, 387 ; xxL'273 ; Kunst J.
Alle, i. 201 ; Nord u. Sud, xxv. 359 ; Reber-
Pecht, iii 173 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xviL 195."
VERHAAGEN, JORIS. See Eagen. "
VERHAE&T (van Haecht), TOBIA!^
bom in Antwerp about 1561, died there in
1631. Flemish school ; landscape and archi-
tecture painter, master of Antwerp guild in
1590, its dean in 1595-96 ; went to Italy,
where be painted in fresco at Florence and
Rome. Stable as the first master of Ru-
bens. Works : Mountainous ,Xandscape
with River (1613), Suermondt Museum, Aix-
la-Chapelle ; Hunting Adventure of Emper-
or Maximilian L (1615), Brussels Museum.
— Immerzeel, iii. 172 ; Eramm, vi;. 1710 ;
MichielSj vL 343 ; Riegel,.3eitrage, i. 27^ ;
Rooses (Reber), 151 ; VandenBranden, 383.
VERHAGHEN, PIERRE JOSEPH, bom
at Aerschot, March 19, 1728, died at Lou-
vain, April 3, 1811. Histoiy painter, pupil
of Antwerp Academy under Beschey, but
formed himself chiefly by studying the works
of the great masters, of the 17th century.
In 1744 he settled at Louvain ; in 1771 ap-
pointed painter to Prince Charles of Lor-
raine, and sent to France and Italy by the
Empress Maria Theresa; well received in
Vienna on his return in 1773 from Rome,
where he bad been much distinguished by
Pope Clement XIV., but could not be in-
duced to stay, and returned to Louvain.
He was remark-
able as a colourist
Works: Hagar
and Ishmael, Ant-
werp Museum ;
Adoration of Ma-
gi, Brussels Mu-
seum,; Presenta-
tion in Temple
(l767),Ghe'nt;Mu-'
seum; JSt. Stephen,
King of ^ungary
receiving* Envoys of' Pope Sylvester H.
(1776),^ Vienna Museum.— Ch. Blanc, ficole
flamande ; Immerzeel,. iii. 173 ; EJramm, vL
1711 ;.Michi^ls^'x: 492. .
VERHAS, JAJSr] born at Termonde ; con-
temporary. Genre painter, especially of
scenes from child life. , Medals at Philadel-
phia, 1876 ; Brussels, 1878 ; Paris, 2d class,
1881; Vienna, 1882; Berlin, ISS^.'ISSG.
Order of Leopold, 1879 ; L. of Honour, 1881.
Studio in Brussels. Works; May I como
in? Mother's Portrait; Seashore at Blan-
kenberghe(187G); Inundation, Studi9(1877);
Girl in^ the Comer ; Procession of School
Cliildren (1880), Brussels Museum ; Preco-
cious *Master~- Painter, Ghent* Museum ;
Heyst-sur-Mer. (1883) ; Ride ^n. Shore of
Sea Resort (1884) ; On tli'e Lancling Bridge
at Blankenberghe (1885). f His brother,
Frans, paints in a similar manner. "Work :
The Liou (1874), Ghent Mii'seum.— MtHler,
534 ; D. Rundschau,
XX. 471 ; Zeitschr.
*f, b. K,xvii.
•^ .< VERHEYDEN,
J^RANCISCUS,
born at Louvain,
Marcl) 18, 1806.
Genre painter, pu-
^ pil in Paris of Je-
rome Langlois.
Medals: Ghent,
1844 ; Brussels, 1845 ; Order of Leopold.
Works : Harvest Festival ; Dealer in Plas-
861
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VERHEYDEN
ter Figures ; Parson's Maid ; Young Peas-
ant Woman ; The Dancers (1842) ; Eaves-
dropper (1850) ; Gh^pe Thieves ; The Arri-
val (1860) ; Boys* School ; Girls' School—
Immerzeel, iii 174 ; Kramm, vL 1712.
VERHEYDEN, JAN HENDRIK, bom
at Utrecht, Dec 22, 1778, died there, buried
Jan. 16, 1846. Landscape painter, first in-
structed by Osti, a painter of ornaments at
TJtrecht; then formed himself chiefly by
careful study of nature and copying after
Jan van der Hey den and the two Berck-
Heyde ; painted mostly city views, which are
to be found in many private collections.
Member of Amsterdam Academy in 1822.
Works: Fish Market in Utrecht (1818);
Geertekerk in Utrecht, City View, Rotter-
dam Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 175 ; Kramm,
vi 1713 ; Nagler, xx. 106.
VERHOEVEN - BALL, ADRIEN JO-
SEPH, bom in Antwerp, Aug. 7, 1824.
Genre painter, pupil of Leys and of Ant-
werp Academy. Several Medals. For ten
years president of section of Fine Arts in
Cercle artistique at Antwerp. Works:
Foundation of Brotherhood in Antwerp ;
Letter to Godfather (1856) ; Card Players
(1861) ; Weeuix in his Studio ; Return from
Mexico ; Still-Life (1873).— Mttller, 534.
VERHULST. See Huht
VERKOLJE, JAN, bom in Amsterdam,
Feb. 9, 1650, died
at Delft, buried
May 8, 1693.
Dutch school ; por-
trait and genre
painter, pupil of
Jan Lievens, but
nevertheless a
painter of high fin-
ish. He composed
with taste, his
drawing is tolerable, his colour warm and
clear, and his execution is tender and soft
Works : Mother and Child (1675), Louvre ;
Sportsman (1672), Rotterdam Museum ; Mu-
sical Assembly (1673), Amsterdam Muse-
um ; Portraits of Willem HL. and Consoii
)
(attributed), Haarlem Museum ; Lady and
Trumpeter (1678), Old Emit Vender and
Boy, Dresden Gallery ; Musical Assembly,
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Lady and Mu-
sician at Piano (1674), Schleissheim Gallery ;
Cupid and Psyche, Liechtenstein Gallery,
Vienna ; Musical Assembly (1673), Vertum-
nus and Pomona (1678), Worlitz Gallery. —
Immerzeel, iii. 177 ; Kramm, vi. 1723 ; Ku-
gler (Crowe), ii 414 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiv.
319.
VERKOLJE, NICOLAAS, bom at Delft
in 1673, died in
Amsterdam, Jan. 21,
1746. Dutch school;
history, genre, and
portrait painter, son
and pupil of Jan
Verkolje ;" imitated
the style of Van der
Werff in his his-
torical pictures.
Works: Proserpine
culling Flowers, Louvre; Male Portrait,
Amsterdam Museum ; Declined Booty, Ber-
lin Museum ; Toilet of Herse, Copenhagen
Galleiy ; Return from the Chase, Christi-
auia Gallery. — Lnmerzeel, iii. 178 ; Kramm,
vi. 1724.
VERLAT, CHARLES, bora in Antwerp
in 1824. History, portrait, and animal
painter, pupil of Antwerp Academy and of
Nicaise de Keyser ; studied in Paris, became
director of the Weimar Art School in 1869,
aftei'wards professor at Antwerp Academy,
and in 1885 was appointed its director.
Visited the East in 1875-77. Ranks high as
an animal painter. Medals: 3d class, Paris,
1853 ; 2d class, 1855, 1861 ; 1st class, 1878 ;
L. of Honour, 1868. Order of Leopold,
1855 ; Officer, 1866. Works ; Godfrey de
Bouillon in Sight of Jerusalem (1855) ; Ma-
donna; Mater Dolorosa (1866); Marriage
at Cana ; Vox Populi, Vox Dei ; Holy Fam-
ily (1868) ; The Jews Crying for Barabbas ;
Portraits of Himself, of Friedrich Preller
(1870), of Franz Liszt (1871), Weimar Mu-
seum ; of Grand Duchess of Saxe- Weimar ;
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VERUNDE
Rabbit Hunt (1866) ; Dog at Bay (1869) ;
Avidity ; Bad Neighbours ; Quarrelling over
the Booty; Wolf Hunt; Monkey shaving
before L(Grror ; Dogs waiting for the Start ;
Shepherdess with her Flock ; First Snow ;
Not Invited I Reynard in Hope ; Reynard
Deceived ; Storming of Jerusalem, Dog de-
fending Herd against Eagle, Brussels Mu-
seum ; BufiGftloes attacked by Tiger, Zoologi-
cal Garden, Amsterdam ; Dog and Parrot,
Rooster and Chickens disturbed by Fox,
Museum Fodor, ib. ; Ecce Homo, Cruci-
fixion (1885) ; Lost the Track, Boar Hunt
VE\(^
(Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).— Ulustr.
Zeitg. (1870), L 270 ; Kunst-Ohronik, v. 74 ;
xiiL 329 ; Mtlller, 534 ; Reber-Pecht, iii 95 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K., vL 25, 104 ; xx. 570, 700.
VERLINDE, PETRUS ANTONIUS, bom
at Winoxbergen, France, J^uary, 1801.
History painter, pupil of Bruges Academy
under Ducq, of Antwerp Academy imder
Van Br^, and in Paris of Gu6rin ; settled in
Antwerp, where he became professor at the
Academy in 1829 ; painted the great tri-
umphal arch for the Rubens festival in
1840, for which the city of Antwerp award-
ed him a medaL Member of Royal Society
of Fine Arts in Antwerp in 1830, of Royal
Society of Sciences and Arts in 1834.
Works: Interior of Studio (1827) ; Death of
St Louis ; Repose in Egypt ; Christ and
the Woman of Samaria ; Blind Man led by
his Daughter. — Immerzeel, iiL 179.
VERMAY or VERMATEN. See Ver-
meyen,
YERMEER (van der Meer van Delft),
JOHANNES, bom at Delf fc, baptized Oct
31, 1632, died there, buried Dec 15, 1675.
Dutch school ; portrait, genre, landscape,
and still-life painter, pupil of Earel Fabri-
tius, and further developed under the influ-
ence of Rembrandt. Master of the guild of
Delft in 1653, and was its dean in 1662-
63 and 1670-71. One of the greatest col-
ourists, excelling in admirable light effects.
Works: Music Lesson (attributed to Jan
Steen), Woman peeling Fruit (attributed to
Pieter de Hooch), Lord Hertford, London ;
Lace Maker, Louvre ; Soldier and Laugh-
ing Girl, Double Collection, Paris; Pearl
Weigher, Perier Collection, ib. ; Geographer,
do. (1665), Pereire Gallery, ib.; Portrait of
Young Girl, Arenberg Gallery, Brussels;
Guitar Player, Cremer Collection, ib.; View
of Delft, Hague Museum ; Woman Reading,
Amsterdam Museum ; Milkmaid, House in
Delft, Six GWlery, ib. ; Entrance to Forest
(attributed to Jacob van Ruisdael), Basle
Museum ; Girl with Wineglass (La Co-
quette), Brunswick Gallery ; Rustic Cottage
(now claimed for D. J. van der Laen, 1759-
1829), Boy blowing Bubbles, Young Lady
with Pearl Necklace, Berlin Museum ; Cour-
tesan (1656), Girl reading Letter, Dresden
Gallery; Geographer (1669), Stadel Gal-
lery, Frankfort; Woman peeling Apple
for ChUd (attributed to Terburg), Still-
Life (1659), Museum, Vienna ; The Prome-
nade, Academy, ib.; Family Reunion, Artist
in his Studio (attributed to Pieter de
Hooch), Entrance to Grove, Czemin Gal-
lery, ib.; Landscapes (2), Hermitage, St.
Petersburg ; Tavern Interior with Soldiers
(attributed to Jan Le Ducq), Borghese Gal-
lery, Rome.— / ^ . ^
daise ; Burger, Mus6es, i. 272 ; iL 67 ;
Dohme, IiL; Gaz. des R Arts (1866), xxL
297, 458, 542 ; (1883), xxviL 389 ; xxviii
213 ; Kramm, vi. 1725 ; Kugler (Crowe), iL
381 ; Eunst-Chronik, xviiL 68 ; xzL 234 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, iL 167 ; iiL 262 ; iv. 140,
360; X. 34; xL (Mittheilungen, iv. 11).
VERMEERSCH, IVO AMBROS, bom at
Maldeghem, near Ghent, Jan. 9, 1810, died
in Munich, May 24, 1852. Architecture
painter, pupil of Ghent Academy under P.
F. de Noter ; settled in 1841 at Munich,
whence he visited Italy several timea
868
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VERMEHREN
Works: Fish Market in Ghent (1826);
Dominican Church and Monastery, ib.
(1829); Ruins of St Macarius', ib.; do. of
St Bavon's Abbey, ib. (1830); Market
Square at Brunswick ; Views in Bruges,
Mentz, Limburg, etc.; View in Venice,
Carlsruhe GaUery ; Harbour View (1842),
Canal Grande in Venice (1851), City Gate
of Perugia (1850), Street in Italian Town
(1845), Tower and Bridge at Andemach
(1846), New Pinakothek, Munich; City
Gate and Bridge at Coblentz, Stuttgart
Museum. — Immerzeel, iiL 180 ; Kramm, vL
1728 ; N. NecroL d. D. (1852).
VERMEHREN, JOHAN FREDRIK, bom
at Ringsted, Zea-
land, May 12, 1823.
Genre, landscape,
and portrait painter,
pupil of Copenhagen
Academy ; took part
in the campaign of
1848; visited Italy
in 1855, 1857, and
1862, Holland and
France in 1862, and
became member of Copenhagen Academy in
1864 and professor in 1873. Danebrog
Order, 1869. Works: Cobbler in his
Kitchen; Woman Spinning ; Peasant Wom-
an bringing Coffee to her Mother (1851) ;
Bread Seller (1851, 1852) ; Jutland Shep-
herd (1853); Farewell of Reserve Soldier
(1849), Street in Italian Town (1857), Sow-
ers (1859), Domestic Occupation (1860),
Beggar Children in Farm Kitchen (1861),
Farmyard (1865), Copenhagen Gallery ;
Portrait of the Painter Sonne (1870) ; Man
filUng his Pipe (1882); Young Man of
Eighteenth Century (1883) ; Portrait of
G^eneral Jonquieres (1883), Frederiksborg
Gallery.— Sigurd Mttller, 365; Weilbach,
734.
VERMEHLEN, ANDRIES, bom at Dor-
drecht in* 1763, died at Amsterdam in 1814.
Landscape and marine painter, son and
pupil of Comelis Vermeulen (1732-1813) ;
painted especially winter scenes enlivened
by many figures, and of pleasing colouring.
Works : Winter Day on Dutch River with
Skaters, Copenhagen Gallery ; do. (1800),
Winter Sunday in a Village (1800), Stadel
Gallery, Frankfort ; Boat with Load of Pigs
crossing Frozen River, Gotha Museum,
where is also a Landscape with Cows and
Sheep by his father. — Immerzeel, iiL 130 ;
Kramm, vL 1728.
VERMEYEN (Vermay, Vermayen), JAN
CORNEUSZ, called El Mayo, and Juan de
Barbalonga, bom at Beverwyck, near Haar-
lem, in 1500, died in Brussels in 1559.
Flemish school ; history, portrait, and land-
scape painter ; in the service of Margaret of
Austria in 1529 ; summoned to Spain in
1534 by Charles V., whom he accompanied
to Tunis, where he drew the Siege of Tunis
and other events of the campaign. From
these drawings he executed several pictures,
now in the Castle of Coburg, and ten large
coloured cartoons (for tapestries), now in
the Vienna Museum. Afterwards he visited,
with Charles V., Naples, Germany, and
Flanders. His pictures in the Brussels Ca-
thedral were ruined by the Iconoclasts,
and various highly esteemed landscapes, in
the Palace of the Prado, Madrid, were
burned in 1608. In the gallery of Marchese
Mansi at Lucca are : Battle of Pavia (1525),
Taking of Rome (1527), and Siege of Tunis
(1535).— Engerth, Gem. der Belvedere Gel,,
ii. 522 ; Immerzeel, iii. 181 ; Jahrb. der
Eunsthisi Sammlg. des Allerh5chsten Eai-
serh., iL 145 ; Kramm, vL 1729 ; Eugler
(Crowe), L 236; Siret (1883), il 368; Wau-
ters, Peinture flam., 138.
VERNANSAL, GUY LOUIS, bom at
Fontainebleau, July 12, 1648, died in Par-
is, April 9, 1729. French school ; history
painter, pupil of Le Brun ; received into the
Academy in 1687, adjunct professor in 1695,
professor in 1704; travelled for several
years, painted in 1716 at Bonn for the
Elector of Cologne, then in Italy, chiefly
at Padua, where several of his works may
still be seen. Works: Renovation of the
Edict of Nantes (1687), Versailles Museum ;
864
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VERNET
Daughter of Jairus (1689), formerly in the
Louvre ; Si Maurice and Companions, An-
gers Museum; St Bathilda sold to the
Mayor of Archambault Palace (1700), Feast
in Olympus (1709), Bacchus consigned to
the Nymphs, Bacchus crowning Ariadne
(attributed), Orleans Museum; Jurispru-
dence (allegory), Benne Museum ; Immacu-
late Conception (fresco), San Canziano,
Padua ; Birth of the Virgin, Presentation of
the Virgin, St Ann's, ib. ; Nativity, Presen-
tation of the Virgin, Santa Clara, ib. ;
Scourging of Christ, The Paradise (ceiling),
San Gaetano, ib. ; Christ on Mount of Olives,
San Leonardo, ib. ; Christ on the Cross
healing a Wound of St Pellegrino Lariosi,
Servites, ib.; Birth of the Virgin (1720),
Nativity (1722), Church of Torresino, ib. ;
Magdalen (2), S. Maria de' Miracoli, Bome.
— Bellier, iu 652 ; Biog. univ., x]iiL 190.
VEBNET, (ANTOINE) CHABLES
(HOBACE), called
Carle, bom at Bor-
deaux, Aug. 14,
1758, died in Paris,
Nov. 27, 1836.
History and ani-
mal painter, son
and pupil of Joseph
Vemet and pupil
of L6pici6; won
second prize in
1779, for his Abigail bearing Presents to
David, and first prize in 1782, for his Prodi-
gal Son. In Italy he became a prey to
melancholy and wished to become a monk,
but being called back to Prance, resumed
the brush and painted the Triumph' of Paulus
-aEmilius (1789), in which he broke with tra-
dition and represented horses as he saw
them. Under the Directory he painted mili-
tary scenes ; accompanied the First Consul
to Italy and painted the Battle of Marengo
(1804), and the Morning of Austerlilz (1808),
both in the Vei^ailles Museum ; and under
the Bestoration produced hunting scenes,
genre pictures, and landscapes. Member
of Academy, 1789; member of Institute,
1809 ; L. of Honour, 1808 ; Officer, 1831 ;
Order of St Michael, 1827. Works: Char-
iot Baces at Funeral of Patroclus (1793);
Conqueror in the Chariot Baces returning
Home (1800); Bombardment of Madrid
(1810), Versailles Museum ; Battle of Bivoli
(1810) ; Exercises at Franconi ; Beview in
the Place du Carrousel; Imperial Hunt
(1812); Portrait of the Due d*Angoul6me,
Louis XVHL hunting at Bambouillet (1818) ;
Stag Hunt of Due de Berry at Sevres, De-
livery of Vienna by Sobieski (1819); Due
d'Enghien's Dog (1821) ; Capture of Pam-
peluna (1824), Versailles Museum; Deer
Hunt in Woods of Meudon (1827), Louvre ;
Greek Horseman fighting a Lion, Amiens
Museum ; Cossacks in Bivouac, Neuf chatel
Museum. — Bellier, ii. 656 ; Ch. Blanc,
!^cole fran9aise, iiu; Durande, Joseph,
Carle et Horace Vemet (Paris, 1865) ; Jal,
1256 ; Journal des Artistes (1836), xx. 378 ;
Larousse, — 399 ; Lemonnier, Notes biog.
sur Carle et Horace V. (Paris, 1864) ; Meyer,
Gesch,137;^^ ^ y
tremere de Quincy, Notice hist sur la vie,
etc. (Paris, 1837).
VEBNET, (CLAUDE) JOSEPH, bom at
Avignon, Aug. 14,
1712, died in Paris,
Dec. 23, 1789.
French school ;
marine painter, son
and pupil of An-
toineXemet(1689-
1753, decorative
painter), and pupil
of Adrien Mang-
lard ; went to Bome
in 1732 and studied with Fergioni, Panini,
and Sohmena. He became the first marine
painter in Europe, and was patronized by
many com*ts. After an absence qf twenty
years he returned to Paris in 1753, became
a member of the Academy the same year,
and a councillor in 1766. Commissioned
by the King to paint all the seaports of
SNT
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VERNET
France, he completed fifteen of the twenty,
when he became wearied of travelling and
settled in Paris. Works : Entrance to Port
of MarseiUes (1754), Interior of do. (1754),
Gulf of Bandol (1755), New Harbour of
Toulon (1756); City and Roadstead of Tou-
lon (1756), Old Harbour of Toulon (1756),
Roadstead of Antibes (1756), Port of Cette
(1757), City and Port of Bordeaux (1758),
do. from Castle of Trompette (1759), Ciiy
and Port of Bayonne (1761), do. from Bouf-
fler's Road (1761), Port of La Rochelle
(1762), Port of Rochefort (1762), Port of
Dieppe (1765), Cascades of Tivoli, Environs
of Rome, Environs of Marseilles (2), Bi-idge
and Castle of St. Angelo in Rome, Ponte
Rotto in Rome, and many others. Louvre ;
Hunt on Lago di Patria near Naples (1749),
Versailles Museum; others in Palais de
Compi^gne (4), in Museums of Aix, Angers,
Besan9on, Bordeaux, Caen, Chartres, Cher-
bourg, Dijon, Lille, Lyons, Marseilles, Mont-
pellier (4), Nantes (6), Nimes, Orleans, Rouen
(3),Toulon, The Hague (2); Shipwreck (1780),
Basle Museum ; Temple of the Sibyl at Ti-
voli (1751), Berlin Museum; Fishermen and
Washerwomen (1 737), Harbour of Marseilles,
Gotha Museum ; View of an Inlet (2, 1748,
1760), do. of Imperial Palaces in Rome at
Evening, Harbour in the Mist at Sunrise,
Seaport Town burning by Moonlight (1748),
Storm at Sea (2, 1760, 1770), Old Pinakothek,
Munich; Italian Seaports (6, three dated
1758, 1761, 1769), Shipwreck (1763), Storm
'at Sea (2; 1765, 1778), Death of Virginie
(scene from "Paul et Virginie," 1789), seven
others (three dated 1761, 1769), Hermitage,
St Petersburg ; View of Rome, Vienna Mu-
seum ; others in Galleries and Museums of
Aschaflfenburg, Bamberg, Carlsruhe (2), Cas-
sel, Christiania, Cologne, Dresden, Hamburg
(2, one dated 1787), Nuremberg, Schleiss-
heim (3), Stuttgart (2), Madrid (5), Liech-
tenstein (4), Harrach (6, 1760, 1751, 1752),
and Czemin Galleries, Vienna ; Uffizi, Flor-
ence ; Accademia di S. Luca, Rome ; Palazzo
Borghese, ib. (8) ; National Gallery, Lon-
don (2), and Dulwich Gallery. — L'Art (1876),
iii 254, 307; (1877), viiL 73; BelHer, iL
652; Biog. univ., xliiL 199; Ch. Blanc,
£cole fran9aise, iL ; Colbum'sNew Monthly
Mag., cxxxiii. 344; Durande, as above;
£m^rio-David, Not hist sur les chefis-
d'oeuvre, etc. (1862), 309 ; Houssaye, Hisi
de Tart fr. au xviii si^e, 284 ; Jal, 1256 ;
Lagrange, Jo& V. et la peint au xviiL siecle,
Joseph 14rtut
(Paris, 1864) ; Nouvelle biog. g^n., xlvi 3 ;
Portfolio, iiL 98; Rev. dea Deux Mondes
(1862), xiv. 109.
VERNET, (£mILE JEAN) HORACE,
bom in Paris, June
80, 1789, died
there, Jan. 17, 1863.
History and genre
painter, son and
pupil of Carle Ver-
net, and pupil of
Moreau and Vin-
cent When fifteen
years old he sup-
ported himself by
his drawing& In
1810 he exhibited his Capture of a Re-
doubt, in which he gave up the classical
style of David and thenceforth represented
nature with great trutL In 1812 he won a
first medal by his Taking of an Intrenched
Camp. In 1814 Napoleon decorated him
with the Cross of the Legion of Honour for
gallant conduct at the defence of the Bar-
ri^re de Clichy, which he subsequently
painted (1820). Notwithstanding his Bona-
partist tendencies he received many honours
after the Restoration, especially under Louis
Philippe. In 1826 he became a member of
the Institute ; in 1828-1839 he was director
of the French Academy in Rome. Visited
Algeria in 1833-35, St Petersburg in 1836,
1838, and 1842, Algeria again in 1837, 1846,
866
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VERNET
and 1853, and Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and
Turkey in 1839-40. Officer L. of Honour,
1825; Commander, 1842; Grand Officer,
1862 ; Medal of Honour, Paris Exhibition
1855. Vemet painted successfully military,
oriental, and biblical scenes, but after 1836
he devoted himself chiefly to battle-pieces
and pieces iUustrative of Arab life in Al-
geria. With wonderful facility of invention
and execution, he had little imagination or
depth of feeling. He is nevertheless to be
classed among the great French painters on
account of the change which he wrought
from pseudo-classicism to that observation
and close study of nature which characterize
the modem schools. Works : Taking of In-
trenched Camp at Glatz (1812) ; Dog of the
Regiment ; Horse with the Trumpet (1814) ;
Battle of Tolosa (1817), Versailles Museum ;
Massacre of Mamelukes (1819) ; Defence of
Paris in 1814 (1820), Louvre; Battle of
Jemappes, The Working Soldier, Soldier of
Waterloo, Last Cartridge, Camoens saving
his Manuscripts from Shipwreck, Scenes
from Moli^re's Plays (5), Artist's Studio,
Death of Poniatowski, Defence of Saragossa,
Joseph Vemet bound to the Mast (1822) ;
Beview on Champ de Mars (1824), Versailles
Museum ; Mazeppa (1825), Vaucluse Mu-
seum ; Mazeppa (1826), Avignon Museum ;
Last Hunt of Louis XVL at Fontainebleau
(1827) ; Julius IL directing the Building of
the Vatican (ceiling in the Louvre) ; Bridge
of Arcole; Escape of Lavalette, Edith
searching for Body of Harold (1828) ; Mag-
dalen Penitent (1828), Leipsic Museiun ;
Pope Leo XTT. carried to the Basilica of St
Peter (1829), Versailles Museum ; Battles of
Jemappes and Valmy, Brigands and Cara-
bineers, Brigand Confessing, Hunting in the
Pontine Marshes, Meeting of Raphael and
Michelangelo, Arrest of the Princes by
Order of Anne of Austria (1829) ; Judith
and Holofernes (1830), Louvre ; Campaign
in France ; Slave Market (1836), National
Gallery, Berlin; Soldier as Nurse, Baven^
Gktllery, ib. ; Portrait of the Emperor Nicho-
las, do. on Horseback, Capture of Warsaw
(1842) ; The Carrousel in May, 1842, Capt-
ure of Wola (1844) ; Capture of the Smala
of ^W-el-Kader (1844), Battle of Isly (1845);
Capture of Bome (1851), VersaUles Muse-
um ; Joseph sold by his Brethren, Betum
from Lion Hunt, Hunting wild Sheep in
Morocco, Mass in Eabylia (1852); Eques-
trian Portrait of Napoleon HI, Incident of
Crimean War (1855) ; Battles of Bouvines,
Fontenoy, Jena, Friedland, and Wagram
(1836), Siege of Constantine (3, 1838, 1839),
French Fleet forcing Entrance into the Ta-
jo. Attack of Citadel of Antwerp (1840), En-
try of French Army into Belgium in 1831
(1841), Occupation of Ancona in 1832,
Taking of Bougie, do. of Fort Saint Jean
dTJlloa (1841), seven others, Versailles Mu-
seum ; Expulsion of Hagar (1839), The Dead
Bide fast, Nantes Museum ; Portraits of
Marshals Gbuvion Saint Cyr (1824), Molitor
(1833), Bosquet, Canrobert, Bandon (1857),
MacMahon, Versailles Museum; Marshal
Vaillant, Dijon Museum ; General Drouot,
Nancy Museum. His works number about
800.— Art Journal (1863), 52; L'Artiste
(1842), i. 357; (1854), xiv. 62; (1857), ii
177 ; Les Beaux Arts, vi. 3, 4, & 5, livr. ;
Bellier, ii. 657 ; Bertholon and Lhote, H V.
ii Versailles, au Luxembourg et au Louvre
(Paris, 1863) ; Beul6, :filoge de H. V. (Paris,
1863) ; Biog. univ., xliii 208 ; Ch. Blanc,
]^cole fran9aise, iii. ; Claretie, Peintres, etc.
(1874), 65 ; La critique franyaise, Feb. 15,
1863 ; Durande, as above ; £tienne de Joux
and Jay, Salon d*H V. (Paris, 1822) ; Fine
Arts Quarterly, ii 126 ; Fourcault de Pa-
vant, H V. (Versailles, 1863) ; Goupil-Fes-
quet. Voyage en Orient fait avec H V.
^aris, 1843) ; Hamerton, French Painters,
30 ; LUlustration, Dec. 25, 1847 ; June 10,
1848 ; Sept 1, 1849 ; Feb. 21, 1851 ; Jan.
24, 1863 ; Jal, 1257 ; Jordan (1885), ii 231 ;
Journal des Debats, Jan. 24, 1863 ; Larousse ;
Laurent^ L^gendes d'atelier (Paris, 1859) ;
Lom^nie, Galerie des contemporains, H V.
(Paris, 1842); Meyer, Gesch., 188, 424;
Mirecourt, Les Contemporains, H V. (Paris,
1855-67) ; Moniteur, Jan. 23, 1863; ^{ou-
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VERNET-LECOMTE
velle biog. g6n., xlvL 9; Pietsch, H. V.
Album (Berlin, 1864) ; La Presse, Feb. 5,
1863 ; Rees, H. V. (London, 1880) ; Revue
artistique et litt6raire, Feb. 1, 1863, seq.;
Rev. des DeuxMondes (1863), xliv. 76 ; Rev.
du Nord de la France, iv. 312 ; Silvestre,
Lettres intimes de H. V. (Paris, 1856) ; La-
rousse ; Meyer, Gesch., 188 ; Fine Arts
Quarterly, ii. 126 ; fi. de Mirecourt, Horace
Vemet (Paris, 1858).
VERNET-LECOMTE, £MILE, bom in
Paris in 1821. Genre painter, pupil of
Horace Vemet and L^on Cogniet. Medals :
3d class, 1846, 1863 ; L. of Honour, 1864.
Works : Appeal to Neptune, Lille Museum ;
Agamemnon's Body-Guard ; Ajax ; Job and
his Friends ; Endiuring and Passing Love ;
Fellah Girl ; Moorish Girl opening a Pome-
granate ; Happy Future, Idyl of Mount Li-
banus (1880).— BelHer, L 958.
VERNIER, T^JMTT.y. LOUIS, bom at
Lons-le-Saulnier (Jura). Landscape paint-
er and lithographer, pupil of Collette. Paints
in the style of Corot. Medals : 1869, 1870.
Works: View near Besan9on, River Ain
(1864) ; Park of Champigny (1865) ; Street
in Champigny, View of Champigny (1866) ;
River I>oubs,RoadintheWoods(1867); Vil-
lage of Avane, River Loire (1868) ; View at
Cleron, River Lou6 (1869) ; Farm at Vaucotte,
Beach near ifitretat (1870) ; Boat No. 774 of
Yport, Beach of Yporfc (1872) ; Return to
Yport, Low Tide (1873); The Martigues,
Dry Dock in Marseilles, Cancale Boats
(1874) ; Return of the Bas-de-FEau (1875) ;
Tower of the Weeping Women, Country
People of Wiessant (1876) ; Boats drying
their Sails (1877) ; Before the Squall, Farm-
yard at Attainville (1878) ; Women gather-
ing Sea-Weed at Yport, The Seine at Bercy
in Winter (1879) ; Selling Shells (1880) ;
Gathering Sea-ViTeed at Concameau, The
Downs of Roscoff (1881) ; Shrimp Fishers
of Grand Champ, Launch of a Sloop (1882) ;
Breton Team, The Thames at London (1883);
Low Tide at Concameau, The Thames at
London (1884) ; Spring-Tide in ComwaU,
Moming, ib. (1885) ; Embarking of Fisher-
men, Return of Vessels in Stormy Weather
(1886).— Larousse ; UArt (1879), xvi. 310 ;
Bellier, ii. 661.
VERONESE, ALESSANDRO. See Tur-
chiy Alessandro.
VERONESE, BONIFAZIO. See Bmi-
fazio, Veronese.
VERONESE, PAOLO, bom in Verona in
1528, died in
Venice, April
19, 1588. Ve-
netian school ;
real name Paolo
Caliari or Ca-
gliari, son of
Gkibriele Calia-
ri, a sculptor;
pupil of his un-
/ cle Antonio
Badile, according to Ridolfi, and of Giovan-
ni Caroto, according to Vasari. After paint-
ing in Verona and in Mantua he established
himself in Venice, where he executed most
of his works. In 1563 he visited Rome in
the suite of the Venetian ambassador, but
the study of the pictures of the great masters
there did not affect his style. On his return
to Venice he gained great reputation by
many pictures and frescos painted in the
Palazzo Ducale and in churches, especially
in S. Sebastiano. As Titian was then very
old, Veronese shared with Tintoretto the
most important commissions. He received
orders from the Emperor Rudolph H, the
Duke of Savoy, and the Duke of Modena,
and was invited by PhiUp IL to decorate
the Escorial ; but preferring to remain in
Venice, he sent Federico Zuccaro to Spain
in his stead. With all his skill, splendid
use of colour, and &cile conunand of the
resources of painting for decorative pur-
poses, Veronese seems superficial when
compared with Titian. He gives us the
glitter, the pomp, the outward aspect of
Venetian life, making it the medium for the
representation of sacred as well as profane
subjects ; but while he thus fascinates the
eye he does not^ like Titian, move the feel-
ass
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VERONESE
ings or reyeal to the mind the hidden springs
of character. He fills his canvases with
men and women, in the rich costumes of
the time, sitting or standing near heavy-
laden banqueting tables, relieyed against
modem architectural backgrounds, and sur-
rounded by musicians, pages, attendants,
dogs, birds, and other objects, grouped in
the foreground with masterly effect. His
children are charming, his women models
of sensuous beauty, his mytholo^cal sub-
jects are especially well treated, and his por-
traits are remarkably life-like. Among his
works are ; Rape of Europa, Venice En-
throned, Venice with Justice and Peace, and
others, Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; Supper of
St. Gregory, Convent of Monte Berico, Vi-
cenza ; Venice and Doge Sebastian Venier ;
Feast in House of Levi, Annunciation, Vir-
gin and St Dominick, Madonna with Saints,
Assumption, Venice Academy; Martyrdom
of Si Sebastian, Martyrdom of SS. Mark
and Marcellinus, Madonna and Saints, Bap-
tism of Christ, Two Marys, and others, S.
Sebastiano, Venice; Fall of Manna, SS.
Apostoli, ib. ; Marriage of St. Catherine, S.
Caterina, ib. ; Martyrdom 6f St. Oeorge, S.
Giorgio Maggiore, Verona; Martyrdom of
St Afra, S. Afra, Brescia; Martyrdom of
St Justina, S. Giustina, Padua; Baptism
of Christ, Separation of Christ, Marys at the
Sepulchre, Presentation in Temple, St Bene-
dict, Veronese's Wife, Pitti, Florence ; Martyr-
dom of St Justina, Annunciation, -ffoZy Fami-
ly, Esther before Ahasuerus, Uffizi, Florence ;
Feast in House of the Pharisee, St ATiihony,
Marriage at Cana, Adoration of Magi, Brera,
Milan ; Judith, Palazzo Brignole-Sale, Gen-
oa; Marriage of St Catherine, Susanna,
Accademia di S. Luca, Rome ; Rape of Eu-
ropa, Magdalen, Capitol ; Venus and Cupid,
John the Baptist, Palazzo Borghese; St
Helena, Vatican ; Queen of Sheba and Solo-
mon, Feast in House of Simon the Pharisee,
Finding of Moses, Turin GaUery ; Adoration
of Magi, Madonna with Saints, Marriage at
Cana, Procession to Calvary, Stisanna, Find-
ing of Moses, Centurion before Christy Sup-
per at Emmaus, Presentation in Temple, Leda
and the Swan, Dresden Gallery ; Repose in
Egypt, Adoration of Magi, Death of Cleo--
patra, Munich Gallery ; Christ in House of
Jairus, Adoration of Magi, Annunciation,
Judith, St. Jerome, Vienna Museum ; Mar-
riage at Cana, Jupiter destroying Crimes,
Feast in House of the Pharisee, Supper at
Emmaus, Bebekah (?), Esther before Ahasue-
rus, Susanna, Lot and his Daughters, Ma-
donna with Saints (2), Louvre ; Venus and
Adonis, Christ and Centurion, Christ and
Doctors, Magdalen, Madonna with Saints,
Marriage at Cana, Susanna, Cain and his
Wife, Finding of Moses, Calvary, Woman
taken in Adultery, and others, Madrid Mu-
seum; Repose in Egypt, Pietd, Mars and
Venus, Holy Family and St Catherine, Her-
mitage, St Petersburg ; Adoration of Magi,
Vision of St Helena, Family of Darius, Con-
secration of St Nicholas, National Gkllery,
London ; Mars and Venus, Venus and Ado-
nis, National Gallery, Edinburgh ; Meixury
and Hers6, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge ;
Hercules led by Wisdom, Veronese between
Virtue and Vice, Hope Collection, London ;
Leda and the Swan, Munro Butler-Johnstone
Collection, ib. ; Death of Adonis, Judgment
of Solomon, Bridgewater House, ib. ; Supper
at Emmaus, Stafford House, ib. ; Adoration
of Magi, Devonshire House, ib. ; Judgment
of Paris, Earl of Wemyss, ib. ; Happy Love,
Infidelity, Respect, Disgust, Cobham Hall,
near Rochester, England. —
Vasari, ed. Le Mon., ix. 185;
xL 249, 337 ; ed. MiL, vi. 369 ;
Baldinucci, ii. 431 ; Ridolfi, Ma-
raviglie, ii 1 ; Burckhardt, 82, 246, 745, 752 ;
Dohme, 2m. ; Ch. Blanc, £cole v^nitienne ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, v. 196 ; xii 357 ; xiii.
388 ; xiv. 64.
VERONESE BETWEEN VIRTUE AND
VICE, Paolo Veronese, Hope Collection,
London ; canvas, H 6 ft 8 in. x 5 ft. 2 in.
A man, said to be Veronese himself, flees
from a woman with the hands of a harpy,
holding a pack of cards, to embrapse Virtue,
represented by a beautiful woman. From
loiua jDiau,
8fia
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VERONESE'S WIFE
Orleans Gallery; sold in 1793 for £500.
Engraved by K Deplaces. — Cab. Crozat, ii.
PL 23 ; Waagen, Treasures, ii. 113, 498.
VERONESE'S WIFE, portrait, Paolo
Veronese, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas,
oval, H. 2 ft. 6 in. X 1 fi 11 in. Bust, full
face ; black dress, white embroidered veil,
and pearl necklace. Half figure. — Cat Pal.
Pitti.
VERONICA, THK See Ecce Homo,
Murillo.
VERRIO, ANTONIO, bom in Naples in
1634, died at Hampton Court, England,
June 17, 1707. Histoiy painter ; after
painting for a while at Toulouse, France,
where he executed an altarpiece for the
Church of the Carmelites, he went to Eng-
land in 1671, at the invitation of Charles
IL, who employed him in the decoration of
Windsor Castle. He was paid nearly £7,000
for bis work there, in which he was contin-
ued by James H. In the great hall of Christ's
Hospital is a work by him ninety feet long,
representing the governor with the officers
and children returning thanks to that mon-
arch for the hospital charter. At the time
of the Revolution he refused to work for
William HE., but after employment at Chats-
worth and at Burleigh he painted his well-
known work, the great staircase at Hamp-
ton Court. — Redgrave.
VERROCCHIO, ANDREA DEL, bom in
Florence in 1435, died
in Venice, June 25,
1488. Florentine
school ; real name An-
drea da Michele di
Francesco de* Cioni.
Like Antonio Polla-
juolo, he was a gold-
smith, sculptor, and
worker in bronze, as
well as a painter. The
only example of his pictorial work, the Bap-
tism of Christy in the Florence Academy,
shows that he combined the peculiarities of
Fra Pilippo, of Andrea del Castagno, and of
Domenico Veneziano. His modelling is
conscientious, but his drapery is lifeless.
Verrocchio was the master of Leonardo da
Vinci and of Lorenzo di Credi. — C. & C,
Italy, ii. 400 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., v. 139 ;
ed. Mil, iii. 357 ; Burckhardt, 134, 351,
357 ; Ltibke, Gesch. itaL Mai., L 316.
VERSCHAEREN, JOANNES ANTONI-
TJS, bom in Antwerp, April 28, 1803, died
there. May 30, 1863. History, portrait, and
landscape painter, pupil of Herreyns ; formed
himself after old French and Italian masters
in England, France, Germany, especially at
Munich, and in Italy. Member of Antwerp
Academy in 1837. Professor ; Order of Leo-
pold, 1847. Works : Rebekah and Eliezer
(1836) ; Ruth and Boaz (1840) ; Descent
C/t/^ i^C^S^'ll^n/F Cross, St Mi-
4^oy /j chael's, Lou-
/ * vain ; Annun-
ciation, Bois-le-Duc Cathedral ; Portrait of
Herreyns, Antwerp Museum. — Immerzeel,
iii. 181.
VERSCHURINGH, HENDRIK, bom at
Gorinchem in 1627, drowned near Dor-
drecht, April 26, 1690. Dutch school ; bat-
tle and genre painter, pupil of Dirk Govertsz
and of Jan Both in Utrecht ; continued his
studies in Italy, and after his return to Hol-
land in 1662 frequented armies and camps,
where he sketched from life and painted a
number of skirmishes, camps, guard-houses,
etc., with great truth and felicitous inven-
tion. Works : Shoeing a Horse (1667), Rot-
terdam Museum ; Cavalry Skirmish, Bam-
berg Gallery ; Riding School (1679), Trav-
ellers attacked by Robbers, Distribution of
Booty, Brunswick Gallery ; Scene by Sut-
lers* Tents (1674), Berlin Museum ; Detach-
ment of Army Starting (1670), Christ con-
ducted to Golgotha, Dresden Gkllery ; Halt
of Travellers, Copenhagen Gallery ; Skir-
mish between Troopers, Christiania Gal-
lery ; Battle-Piece, Hermannstadt Museum ;
Piazza Aracoeli in Rome, Leipsic Museum ;
Dutch Coast View, Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Warrior and Peasant busy with Horses, Ol-
denburg Gkdlery; Ships at Anchor near a
seo
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VERSCHUIER
City, Schleissheim Gkdlery ; Italian Land-
scape, Schwerin Gallery ; Stag Hunt, Liech-
tenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Battle-Piece, Czer-
nin Gallery, ib.; Cavalry Skirmish, Sea in
Morning Light, Schonbom Gkdlery, ib.—
Immerzeel, iiL 184 ; Kramm, vi. 1732 ; Kug-
ler (Crowe), iL 433 ; Riegel, Beitrage, ii.
294.
VERSCHXJIER, LTEVE, bom in Rotter-
dam about 1630 (?), died there, buried Dec.
17, 1686. Dutch school ; marine painter,
pupil of Simon de Vlieger; went afterwards
to Italy to study nature in its light effects
upon landscape and water ; painted a great
number of sea-fights and water-views, en-
livened with ships and boats. He was an
imitator of Willem van de Velde. Works :
Arrival of Charles Stuart in Rotterdam,
Keelhauling of a Surgeon, Agitated Sea
with Vessels, Amsterdam Museum ; View of
Rotterdam, The Old Eastport — ib.. Moun-
tainous Landscape, Rotterdam Museum ;
Harbour Scenes (2), Hermannstadt Museum.
— Immerzeel, iii. 183 ; Bjramm, vi 1733 ;
Kugler (Crowe) ii. 504.
VERSCHUUR, WOUTERUS, bom in Am-
sterdam, June 11, 1812,
died at Vorden, July 4,
1874. Landscape and
animal painter, pupil of
Pieter Gerardus van Os
and of C. Steffelaar.
Member of Amsterdam
(1833) and Rotterdam
(1862) Academies. Med-
als: Amsterdam, 1831,
1832, 1838; The Hague,
1858, 1859 ; Officer Order of Oaken Crown,
1862. Works: Sleighing on the Zaan
(1838), Stormy Weather (1872), Horse Pair,
Amsterdam Museum ; Halt before Tavern
(1839); Stable, Horse at Plough (1840);
Landscape with Horses and Figures (1841) ;
Dogs resting by Fireside, Freight Waggon
and Horses in Stable, Museum Fodor, Am-
sterdam ; Messenger on Horseback with
Donkey, Goat, coid Dog (1846), Kunsthalle,
Hamburg; Horses in Stable, Leipsic Mu-
seum. — Immerzeel, iii. 183 ; Kramm, vi.
1733.
VERSPRONCK (Versprong), JAN, bom
in Haarlem in 1597, died there, buried June
30, 1662. Dutch school ; portrait painter,
son of Comelis Engelszen Verspronck (by
whom a Repast of Archers, 1618, is in the
Haarlem Museum), pupil of Frans Hals ;
master of Haarlem guild in 1632. Shows in
his later pictures the influence of Rem-
brandt Works: Portraits of Man and
Wife (1637), Male Portraits (2, 1641), Fe-
male Portrait (1650), Regents of the Hos-
pital (1642), Repast of Officers, Haarlem
Museum ; Portrait (1641), Amsterdam Mu-
seum ; Female Portrait (1653), Berlin Mu-
seum ; do., Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Male
Portraits (2, 1641, 1645), Female do. (1640,
1641), Oldenbui'g Ghdlery ; Young Couple
(1634, 1636), WoerHtz Gallery; Portrait,
Hermitage, Si Petersburg. — Bode, Studien,
107 ; Van der Willigen, 306 ; Zeitschr. 1 b.
K, xiv. 320.
VERSTEEG, MAGGIEL, bom at Dor-
drecht, Aug. 30, 1756, died there, buried
Nov. 14, 1843. Genre and landscape paint-
er ; formed himself chiefly by copying the
works of old masters, and painted at first
landscapes, afterwards scenes from burgh-
ers' life by lamp and candle light. In 1811
Napoleon L and Marie Louise visited his
studio at Dordrecht. Member of Antwerp
Academy in 1818. Works: Musical As-
sembly by Candle Light, Scullery Maid by
Ml
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VERTAN6HEN
Lamp Light, Museum, Amsterdam ; Kitchen
Interior, Teyler's Museum, ib.; Old Wom-
an Spinning, Botterdam Museum ; others
in Lille Museum. — Immerzeel, iii 186 ;
Kranun, vi 1737.
VERTANGHEN, DANIEL, bom at The
Hague in 1598, died there in 1657. Dutch
school ; history and landscape painter ; one
of the best pupils of Poelenburg, whom he
imitated most successfully in composition,
colouring, and execution. Painted falcon
hunts, bathing women, and dancing maidens
in attractive landscapes Works: Narcis-
sus, Cassel Gallery ; Diana and Nymphs,
Copenhagen Cbllery ; do. (2), Bathing Girls
surprised by Shepherds, Southern Land-
scape, Schwerin Gallery ; Landscape with
Bathing Nymphs, Kunsthalle, Hamburg;
Landscape with Diana and Dancing Satyr,
Brunswick Gallery ; Adam and Eve driven
from Paradise, Dresden Gallery. — Immer-
zeel, iil 187 ; Siret (1883), ii. 372.
VERTUMNUS AND POMONA, Paris
Bordone, Louvre ; canvas, round, 4 ft 3 in.
diameter. Life-size figures, half-length,
standing side by side, embracing. — ^Landon,
Musee, 2d CoL, iv. PI. 24.
By Francesco Meizi, Berlin Museum ;
wood, H. 6 ft. X 4 ft 5 in. Pomona, sitting
under an elm, in a rocky landscape, turns
towards Vertumnus, who is disguised as an
old woman (Ovid., Met, xiv. 623). For-
merly attributed to Leonardo da Vinci.
Original sketch at Windsor Castle. — Meyer,
Museen, 280.
VEKTUNNI, ACHILLE, Cavaliere, bom
at Naples ; contemporary. Landscape paint-
er, pupil of Fergola ; visited Egypt and the
East, and paints scenes in those countries,
as well as in Italy, vrith remarkable power
and brilliancy of colour. Medals : Vienna,
1873 ; Philadelphia, 1876 ; L. of Honour,
1878. Works: Daybreak near Cape Mise-
no ; Torrent near Temi ; Euins of Roman
Villa; Pine Forest near Ostia; View in
Austria ; Pontine Marshes ; Pool in Roman
Campagna ; Ruins of Psestum, FCirstenberg
Gtellery, Donaueschingen ; Seashore of Por-
to d' Anzio ; Castello della Pietra ; Pyra-
mids of Egypt ; The Sphinx ; Sunset at
Cape Fusano; On the Nile after Sunset
(1879) ; Lake Avemus, Paestum (1868), H.
P. Kidder, Boston, Mass.; Bay of Naples,
William H. Metcalf, Milwaukee, Wis. — Art
Journal (1870), 237; D. Rundschau, xx.
469.
VERVEER, SALOMON LEONARDUS,
bom at The Hague, Nov. 30, 1813, died
there, Jan. 5, 1876. Genre and marine
painter, pupil of Bartholomeus Johannes
van Hove ; visited the Rhine countries and
France, especially Normandy, and lived for
some time in Pari& Medals : Brussels, 1842,
1851 ; Philadelphia, 1876 ; Order of Leo-
pold, 1851 ; Officer Order of Oaken Crown,
1863 ; Order of Lion, 1874. Works : City
View with Mail Steamship Starting (1836) ;
Jewish Quarter at Amsterdam (1851) ; View
of Katwijk-aan-Zee, Ghent Museum ; View
of Noordwijk-aan-Zee (1865), View of Sche-
veningen in Rainy Weather (1873), City
View, Museum, Amsterdam ; Eirmess at
Scheveningen, Museum Fodor, ib.; After-
noon at Eatwijk-aan-Zee, Rotterdam Muse-
um ; Winter Scene (1846), Landscape (with
animals by Verboeckhoven), Kunsthalle,
Hamburg. His brother and pupil Elchanon
(bom at The Hague, April 19, 1826), paints
similar subjects ; studied also under Her-
man Ten Kate. Works : Little Smoker, Chil-
dren with Sleigh, Rotterdam Museum ; Re-
turn from the Walk (1883). — Immerzeel, iii.
188 ; Kramm, vi 1742 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex.,
xviL 944.
VERWfiE, ALFRED JACQUES, bom at
Brussels; contemporary. Landscape and
animal painter, son of Louis Pierre Verw6e
(bom in Brassels, 1812), pupil of Eugene
Verboeckhoven ; paints in Brussels vrith
great success, and his pictures are to be
found in most collections in Belgium.
80S
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VERWILT
Medals : Brussels, Paris (1864, 1878), Vien-
na ; Order of Leopold, 1871 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1881. Works : Banks of the Scheldt ;
Horses at Pasture ; View in the Ardennes ;
Zealand Team, Brussels Museum ; St Se-
bastian's Guild (1881) ; Ox and Bull Fight-
ing (1884).— Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix. 998.
VERWILT, FRANgOIS, bom at Rotter-
dam in 1598, died there in 1690 or 1691.
Dutch school; landscape, figure, and por-
trait painter, pupil of Comelis Dubois, then
of Poelenburg, whose style he imitated. His
works are extremely rare. Works : Son of
Admiral van Nes (1669), Amsterdam Muse-
um ; Magdalen Penitent, Cassel Ghdlery ;
Repose in Egypt, Czemin Gallery, Vienna.
— ^Immerzeel, iii. 190; Kunst-Chronik, xx.
508.
VESALIUS, ANDREA, portrait, TUian,
Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H 4 f t. 3
in. X 3 ft 11 in. The eminent anatomist,
author of "De Humani Corporis Fabrica"
(Basle, 1543), when an old man. Other por-
traits of him differ from this in features.
Engraved by T. Ver Cruys ; Paradisi. — C.
& C, Titian, ii 418 ; GaL du Pal. Pitti, iii
PL 122.
VESTAL TUCCIA, Hector Leroux, Cor-
coran Gallery, Washington ; canvas, H. 4 f t
6 in. X 8 ft 2 in. Tuccia, a vestal charged
with want of chastity, stands on the banks
of the Tiber, raising above her head with
both hands a sieve, praying to Vesta to al-
low her to bear it filled with water to her
temple in proof of her innocence. Salon,
1874 ; Paris Exhibition, 1878.— Art Treas-
ures of America, i. 6 ; Corcoran QsL Cat.
VESTAia, SCHOOL OF, Hector Lermix,
J. J. Astor, New York ; canvas, H 5 ft. x
10 ft Scene : Interior of Temple of Vesta,
Bome ; in foreground, a bronze tripod with
the never-dying fire, upon which the chief
priestess pours a libation while a vestal, at
her left, reads from a scroll ; in front, two
priestesses of superior dignity sit upon rich
chairs with footstools, and the novices stand
around in a semicircle. Salon, 1880. Pho-
togravure in Art Treasures of America, il 5.
VESTIER, ANTOINE, bom at Avallon
(Yonne), April 28, 1740, died in Paris, Dec.
24, 1824. Portrait painter, pupil of Pierre ;
received into the Academy in 1786 ; after
travelling for a long time in Holland and
England, settled in Paria Works: Por-
trait of Jean Baptiste Pierre (1786), &ole
des Beaux Arts, Paris ; Artist's Wife (1787),
Female Portraits (2), Louvre, ib. — Bellier,
ii. 665 ; Jal, 1263.
VETSAJO, Hi. See Bembo, Gian Fran-
cesco.
VETTER, nt&tSJFFE JEAN, bom in
Paris, Sept 21, 1820. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Steuben. Medals : 3d
class, 1843, 1867; 2d class, 1847, 1848,
1855 ; L. of Honour, 1855. , Works : Bay-
ard as a Child (1844); Molidre with the Bar-
ber of Pezenas (1847) ; Alchemist (1848),
Angers Museum; Studying by Lamplight
(1850) ; Quarter of an Hour with Babelais,
Master of Arms (1855) ; Smoker, Woman
Reading, The Story (1857) ; Woman Dress-
ing, Going out Walking (1859) ; Bernard
Palissy, The Declaration (1861); Molih^
and Louis XIV. (1864), Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Mascarille presenting Jodelet to Ca-
thos and Madelon (1865), Orleans Museum ;
Mignon playing with a Cup and Ball (1866);
In the Tavern (1867); Mazarin (1872), Lux-
embourg Museum ; Flight into Egypt (1874);
An Exquisite (1875) ; The Letter (18.78) ;
St John the Baptist, Saint Jacques du
Haut-pas, Paris; Two Angels, Saint Louis
d'Antin. — ^Bellier, ii. 665 ; Meyer, Gesch.,
662 ; Larousse.
VEYRASSAT, JULES JACQUES, bom
in Paris in 1825. Landscape and animal
painter, pupil of Lefman. Paints both in
oil and water-colour. Medals: 2d class,
1872 ; L. of Honour, 1878. Works : Drink-
ing Cider, Harvesters (1850) ; View at M.
Hereau's (1852); Manure Carts (1853); Pea»-
ants going to Fields (1855) ; Peasants din-
ing in Fields, Gleaners, Meal in Shadow of
MiU (1857); Tow-Horses on the Seine (1859),
Pau Museum ; Tow-Horse& in the Morning,
Harvest near Morlair, Harvest near Paris,
868
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VIARDOT
Peasants destroying a Stack of Wheat, Black-
smith shoeing a Horse, Shepherd Besting
(1859) ; Tow-Horses, A Ferry, Relays of
Horses, Hai*vest at Ezanville (1861); Drink-
ing Place at St Bernard Gate ; Horse Ferry,
Cascarottes au Lavoir (1863); Hoi-ses at the
River, Fountain at Hendaye (1864) ; Low
Tide at Grand-Champ, Washerwomen near
St Jean de Luz, Building Yard, Return to
the Yard (1865) ; Horses at Drinking Place
(1866); Ferry at Valvin, Tow-Horses on
Upper Seine (1867) ; Horses Drinking, Vil-
lage Blacksmith, Shepherd and the Sea
(1868) ; Return of Labourers, Watering
Place at Samois (1869) ; Basque Women
after the Bath, Village Street (1870) ; Re-
lays of Horses for Towing, Village Smithy
(1872) ; Summer, Vegetable Dealer (1873) ;
Last Sheaves, Cart in a Wood (1874) ; Wa-
tering Place, The Well, Street Carts in the
Woods of Fontainebleau (1875); The Little
Bridge at Samois, Relays of Tow-Horses
(1876) ; Carri^res k Paves, Horse Ferry for
Tow-Horses (1877) ; Fair of St Catherine,
Tow-Horses in Relays (1878) ; Information,
Market-Dues (1879) ; Tank for Tow-Horses
(1880) ; Old Horse at Door of Blacksmith's
Shop, Cock Crowing (1881) ; Early Wheat,
Blacksmith (1882) ; Cadi's Escort, Arabs
crossmg the Chelif (1883); The Relay,
Horse Ferry (1884) ; Arab Horsemen at the
Fountain, Horse Dealers (1885) ; Vintage,
River in a Village (1886).— Bellier, ii. 666 ;
PortfoUo (1875), 162.
VIARDOT, L:fiON, born at Dijon, Dec.
1, 1805. History, portrait, and animal
painter, pupil of Picot and Ary Scheflfer.
Medal : 2d class, 1835. Works : Corsican
Woman, Sultan (a dog). Sword of Damocles,
Roebuck driving away a Fox, Dogs drink-
ing after Hunt, Head of Little Spanish Dog
(1836-^5) ; Christ healing the Sick (1849) ;
Christ and the Samaritan Woman (1859) ;
Dog shaking a Partridge (1867) ; Hunting
and Puppies (1868) ; Meeting (1874) ; Head
of a Spanish Dog (1879); Spanish Dog
(1882) ; Woman Reading, Head of a Little
Girl (1883), Head of Setter Dog (1884) ;
Sweet Thought (1886).— Bellier, il 668;
Larousse.
VIBERT, JEHAN GEORGES, bom in
Paris, Sept 30,
1840. Genre
painter, pupil of
Picot and Barrias.
Medals: 1864,
1867, 1868; 3d
class, 1878 ; L. of
Honour, 1870.
Works : Repent-
ance, Siesta (1863);
Narcissus transformed into a Flower (1864),
Bordeaux Museum ; Christian Martyrs in
Lions' Den, Dead Sheep (1865) ; Daphnis
and Chloe (1866) ; Entry of Bull Fighters
(with Zamacois), Temptation (1867) ; Wan-
dering Barber, Convent in Arms (1868) ;
Paying the Tithe, Morning of Wedding
(1869) ; Persistent (1870) ; Departure of
Newly Married Couple in Spain (1873) ; A
Reprimand, Coquelhi as MascariUe, Monk
picking Radishes (1874) ; Grasshopper and
Ant, Painter Resting (1875) ; Monseigneur's
Antechamber (1876); Serenade (1877) ; Toi-
let of the Madonna, Apotheosis of Thiers
(1878); Rehearsing Amateur Theatricals,
Studio in Evening (1881) ; At Rest, Geor-
gette (1882). Works in United States : Rep-
rimand, Startling Confession, First-Bom
(1873), Selling Consecrated Palms, Miss C.
L. Wolfe, New York ; Spanish Diligence
Station, First-Bom, J. H. Stebbins, ib.; Car-
dinal's Menu, Morgan sale. New York (1886),
Mrs. Amott, Elmira, N. Y., for $12,500 ; Old
Sherry, Calvin S. Brice, ib.; Committee on
Moral Books, William H. Yanderbilt, ib.;
Model's Repose, William Astor, ib.; Bou-
quet, Why comes he not?, W. Rockefeller,
ib.; Sacred Concert, J. J. Astor, ib.; Pre-
text for Conversation, R G. Dun, ib.; Pre-
paratory Sermon, Dealer in Pottery, New
aerk (1877), On the Ramparts, Smoker, T.
R Butier, ib.; Standard Bearer, Mrs. Paran
Stevens, ib.; Theological Discussion, R. L.
Stuart Collection, ib.; Night Watch, Sharp-
ening Bull Fighter's Knife, D. O. Mills, ib.;
864
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VICENTINO
Priest burning State Fftpers, C. P. Hunt-
ington, ib.; Captain's Letter, R L. Cutting,
ib.; Missionary's Story (1883), Morgan sale,
ib., 1886, $26,600 ; The Arrival (1886), W.
Scbauss, ib.; Palm Sunday (1873), Morgan
sale, 1886, ^,000 ; Eyeis and Ears, Morgan
sale, 1886, $3,600 ; Toreadors before enter-
ing Arena, OuUiver and the Liliputians
(1870), W. T. Walters, Baltimore; Roll-CaU
after Pillage (1867), H. C. Gibson, Phila-
delphia ; and many others. — ^Bellier, ii 668 ;
Meyer, Gbsch., 602 ; Larousse.
VICENTmO, ANDREA. See Andrea
Michieli
VICES, WISDOM VICTORIOUS OVER,
Andrea Mantegna, Louvre ; canvas, H. 6 f t
3 in. X 6 ft 3 in. Minerva and other god-
desses expel the Vices from a garden, and
welcome the approach of Justice, Force, and
Temperance from heaven. Painted after
1492 ; one of a series of pictures for the
boudoir of Isabella, Marchioness of Mantua ;
carried ofif by the Germans at sack of Man-
tua in 1630 ; passed into France ; foratime
in palace of Due de Richelieu at Richelieu.
— C. & C, N. Italy, L 408 ; Villot, Cat Lou-
vre ; Mttndler, 137.
VICTOR (Fictor), JACOMO, Dutch
school, 17th century, alive in 1672. Paint-
ed chiefly birds ; as learned as Hondecoe-
ter, and even more original Probably con-
nected with Jan Victors. lived in Venice
about 1663, and, as Jacob van Ruisdael often
painted the backgrounds for his pictures, he
must have been settled in Amsterdam about
1670. Works : Domestic Birds (2), Stildel
Gallery, Frankfort; Dove-Cote (landscape
by Jacob van Ruisdael), Domestic Birds in
the Woods, Copenhagen Gallery ; do. in a
Park (landscape by Jacob van Ruisdael),
Berlin Museum ; Chickens and Dove, Di*es-
den Gallery ; A Barnyard (attributed to
Hondecoeter), Old PiDakothek, Munich ;
Rooster and Doves, Schleissheim Gallery.
— Eramm, vL 1761 ; Eugler (Crowe), ii
468 ; Burger, Musses, ii 39, 316.
VICTORS (Victoor, Fictoor), JAN, Dutch
school, bom about 1620, died at Amsterdam
after December, 1672. History, genre, por-
trait, and landscape painter, pupil of Rem-
brandt, probably about 1686-40 ; in his bibli-
cal scenes adhered closely to the manner of
his master. Works : Tobias blessing his Son,
Bridgewater Gallery, London ; Isaac blessing
Jacob, Girl at Casement (1640), Louvre;
Village Wedding, Antwerp Museum ; Joseph
explaining the Dream, Pork Butcher (1648),
Dentist (1664), Museum, Amsterdam ; Mar-
ket, Six Collection, ib.; Portrait of a Bur-
gomaster (1661), Haarlem Museum ; Proph-
etess Anna, Van der Schrieck Collection,
Louvain ; Lady's Portrait, Death of David
(1642), Jacob and Labau, Boaz and Ruth,
Copenhagen Ghdlery ; Halt before Inn, Uni-
versity, G5ttingen; Esther and Haman
(1642), Capture of Samson, David anoint-
ed by Solomon (1663), Brunswick Gallery ;
Hannah and Samuel with Eli (1646), Berlin
Museum ; Finding of Moses, Finding of the
Cup in Benjamin's Sack, Dresden Gallery ;
Boaz and Ruth, Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ;
Peasants in a, flat Landscape, Kunsthalle,
Hamburg; Tobias mocked by his Wife,
Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; Tobias recover-
ing Sight (1661), Old Pinakothek, Munich ;
Cyrus and Astyages, Oldenburg Gallery ;
Continence of Scipio (1640), Hermitage, St
Petersburg; Landscape with Peasant Cot-
tage, Wiesbaden Gktllery ; Mother and Child,
dan V/ftoors fee
Historical Society, New York.— Ch. Blanc,
£cole hollandaise ; Burger, Musees, ii. 29,
179, 316 ; Immerzeel, iii. 191 ; Kramm, vL
1762; Kugler (Crowe), il 379; Riegel,
Beitrage, ii 270 ; Vosmaer, Rembrandt, sa
vie, 101.
YLDAL, VINCENT, bom at Carcassonne
(Aude), Jan. 20, 181L Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Paul Delaroche. Paints
both in oil and water-colour. Medals : 3d
class, 1844 ; 2d class, 1849 ; L. of Honour,
1852. Works: Frasquita, N^edjm^ NoSmi,
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VIEN
Little Tony (1844) ; Oracle of the Fields,
Inquisitive Little Girl, Self-Love, Fatinit-
za (1845); Season for Roses, Satisfaction,
Woman Listening (1846) ; Season for Fruit,
Daughter of Eve, Darling Sin, (1847);
Fallen Angel, Tear of Repentance, Polyhym-
nia (1849); Flowers and Jewels (1852);
Poi-trait of the Empress Eugenie, Fancies
(1853) ; Loves of the Angels (1855) ; Bre-
ton Poacher, Rain in Brittany, Plouescat
Peasants returning Home, Muse of Luxury
(1857); Evening Prayer in Brittany, The
Muse of Candour, Prayer (1859) ; Broken
Thread, Flower Girl (1861) ; Farm in Brit-
tany, Loves of the Angels (1866) ; Breton
Trooper, Ferns (1868) ; Brittany in Autumn
(1870); Fever -Stricken Bretons, Hasty-
Pudding (1873); Edge of a Moor (1874);
Pond in Quimerch (1875) ; Farm in Finis-
terre, Pond in Quimerch (1879) ; The Helle,
Pond in Quimerets (1880) ; Hollow Road in
Brittany, A Heath (1881) ; Shore of a Pond,
Mill of Losten-Vir (1882) ; Calm on a Pond,
Ruins in an old Park (1883) ; Pike's Nest,
Moor in Brittany (1884) ; Beech-Tree Offal,
Autumn (1885) ; Glade, Beech-Tree Avenue
(1886).— Bellier, ii 670; Meyer, Gesch.,
388 ; Larousse.
VTEN, JOSEPH MARIE, Count, bom at
MontpeUier, June 18,
1716, died in Paris,
March 27, 1809.
French school; histo-
ry painter, pupil of
Giral and of Natoire in
Paris ; won grand prix
in 1743, spent five
years in Rome, and af-
ter his return became
member of the Acade-
my, and adjunct professor in 1754, and pro-
fessor in 1759. With Regnault, David, Vin-
cent, and Suvee, he founded the modem clas-
sical school. Li 1775-81 he was director
of the Academy at Rome, in 1781 became
rector and in 1788 chancellor of the Paris
Academy, in 1789 first painter to the king,
and in 1795 member of the Institute. Or-
der of St. Michael, 1775. Napoleon made
him a senator, count, and commander of the
Legion of Honour. Works: St. Germain
and St Vincent (1755), Dsedalus and Icarus
(1754), Sleeping Hermit (1750), Cupids play-
ing with Swans, Flowers and Doves (1758),
Louvre; Miraculous Draught of Fishes
(1759), Marseilles Museum ; Christ with the
Disciples at Emmaus (1759), Resurrection,
Hermit Asleep (study for painting in the
Louvre), Orleans Museum ; St Germain
giving a Medal to St Genevieve (1761),
Saint Louis, Versailles ; Rape of Proserpine
(1763), Grenoble Museum ; Marcus Aurelius
ordering Food to be distributed during a
Famine (1765), Amiens Museum ; St. De-
nis preaching the Gbspel in France (1767),
St Roch, Paris ; St Gregory (1767), Sacris-
ty, St Louis, Versailles; The Magdalen
(1775), Verdun Cathedral ; Briseis led from
the Tent of Achilles (1781), Return of Piia-
mus with the Body of Hector (1785), Angers
Museum ; Circumcision, Bordeaux Museum ;
Moses with the Law Tables, Douai Muse-
um ; Lot and his Daughters, Havre Muse-
um; Christ healing the Son of the Cap-
tain of Capernaum, Marseilles Museum ; St.
Gregory the Great, St John in the Desert,
Old Man Asleep, Academical Figure, Mont-
peUier Museum ; Religion, Nancy Museum ;
Christ on the Cross, Nimes Museum ;
Anger of Achilles, Rouen Museum. His
vrife and pupil, Marie Ther^se, n^e Reboul
(bom in Paris in 1728, died there, Dec. 28,
1805), was a good miniature painter, and
received into the Academy in 1757. Their
son, Joseph Marie (bom in 1762, died in
1848), was a portrait painter, pupil of his
father and of Vincent Portraits of himself
and his wife are in the Rouen Museiun ; a
portrait of his fa-
ther is in the Mont-
peUier Museum. —
0/'^^\^^w BeUier, iL 672 ; Bi-
UiK/i ffSn og.univ.,xliii.357;
^ ^^ f^^ Ch. Blanc, l^cole
fran9aise, iiL ; ifim^ric-David, Sur Vien (Pa-
ris, 1809) ; Jal, 1265 ; Le Breton, Not hist
JV
866
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VIERGE
sur la vie, etc. (Paris, 1809) ; Nouvelle biog,
g^n., zIyL 131 ; Eeyue univ. des Arts, xvii. 20.
VIERGE ATJX BALANCES. See Ma^
donna of the Scalea
VIERGE AU BAS-RELIEP. See Ma-
donna of the Bas-Relief .
VIERGE A LA CEINTURE See Ma-
donna a la Ceioture.
VIERGE AUX CERISES. See Madonna
of the Cherries.
VIERGE AU CHAPELET. See Madon-
na with Rosary.
VIERGE AU CHARDONNERET. See
Madonna del Cardellino.
VIERGE CONSOLATRICE. See Ma-
donna of Consolation.
VIERGE A LA COQUILLE. See Hdy
Family, Domenichino.
VIERGE COUP:^. See Madonna, Mu-
rillo, Lord Overstone.
VIERGE AU COUSSIN VERT. See Ma-
donna of the Green Cushion.
VIERGE A LA CROEL See Madonna
della Tenda.
VIERGE AU DIADiME. See Madonna
with Diadem.
VIERGE AU DONATAIRR See Madon-
na di Foligno.
VIERGE DE L'fiCHELLR See Pietd,
Correggio.
VIERGE A LA GRAPPE. See Madonna
with the Grapes.
VIERGE AU LAPIN. See Madonna del
Coniglio.
VIERGE AU L^IZARD. See Bepose in
E gypt
VIERGE AUMNGE. See Madmnamih
Diadem.
VIERGE DE LA MAISON D'ALBE.
See Madonna della Casa d'Alba.
VIERGE AU PALMIER See ifo^y Fam-
ily of the Palm.
VIERGE AU PANIER See Madonna
della Cesta.
VIERG^ AUX ROCHERa See Madon-
na among the Rocks.
VIERGE DE SEVTTJiE. See Holy Fam-
ily, Murillo, Louvre.
VIERGE DE LA VICTOIRE. See 3/a.
donna della Vittoria.
VIERGE AU VOILE. See Madonna with
Diadem.
VEG^E-LEBRUN. See Lebrun.
VIGER, (JEAN LOUIS) HECTOR, bom
at Argentan (Ome), Oct 25, 1819, died in
Paris, March 15, 1879. History painter,
pupil of Monvoisin, Delaroche, and Drol-
ling; afterwards influenced by Lehmann.
Works: St Ann and the Virgin (1847),
Saint Lazare, Paris; The Virgin working
in the Temple (1850), Saint Jean d'Angel,
ib. ; Death of Virgil (1857), Langres Muse-
um ; Christ on the Cross (1864), Palais de
Justice, Paris; Empress Josephine before-
the Coronation (1865), Marseilles Museum ;
Martyrdom of St Denis and his Compan-
ions (1867), Saint Jacques duHaut-pas, Paris ;
Pas de Gavotte (1868), Argentan Museum ;
Les libeUules (1870), Alengon Museum ; Je
ne pars plus (1870), Unexpected Return
(1872), Orleans Museum ; Corinne (1873),
Argentan Museum ; A Visit to St Peter's
in Rome (1874), Cherbourg Museum ; First
Distribution of the Legion of Honour in the
Church of the Invalids, Palais de la Legion
dlionneur, Paria — Bellier, ii 677.
VIGNE, FtUX DE, born in Ghent,
March 16, 1806, died Dec. 5, 1862. Histo-
ry and genre painter, son and pupil of Igna-
tius de Vigne (1767-1840), and in Brussels of
Paelinck ; was very successful in rendering
the character and costumes of the middle
ages ; distinguished also as a writer on art
IVofessor at the Academy and president of
Royal Society of Arts and Sciences in Ghent
Order of Leopold. Works : Mary of Bur-
gundy interceding for the Ministers Hugo-
net and Imbercourt; Philip van Artevelde
addressing People of Ghent ; Antiquity Cab-
inet of H. Goltzius ; Three Stages in Life of
Woman; Market in 15th Century, Ghent
Museum ; Wedding of the Painter Van der
Meere at Ghent; Abrocomas and Anthia,
Brussels Museum ; Children by a Wine-Cel-
lar, Pavilion, Haarlem. His brother, i^ou-
ard de Vigne (bom in Ghent, Aug. 4, 1808,
867
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VIGNON
died there, May 8, 1866), was a landscape
painter, pupil of Ghent Academy and of
Surmont de Volsberghe; visited Italy in
1836-38, and England in 1841. Works:
View of Subiaco, Capuchin Monastery at
Cava (1838), In the Forest of Alife, Ghent
Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 192 ; Kramm, vi.
1754 ; Sunaert, 109, 131.
VIGNON, CLAUDE, the elder, bom at
Tours, May 19, 1593, died in Paris, May 10,
1670. French school ; history painter, pu-
pil in Home of Caravaggio, but rather fol-
lowed the mannerism of his time, neglecting
the study of nature and of antique models.
Village Bride, Jean Baptiste Greuze, Louvre, Paris.
After his return to France, via Spain, about
1624, he was patronized by Maria de' Medi-
ci, for whom he bought pictures and statues
in Spain and Italy, by Louis XTTT. and Car-
dinal Richelieu. Received into the Acade-
my and made professor in 1651. Works :
Baptism of the Eunuch (1638), Notre Dame
de Paris ; Christ among the Doctors, Gren-
oble Museum ; Adoration of the Magi, Lille
Museum ; Christ washing the Feet of the
Apostles (1653), Nantes Museum ; Martyr-
dom of St. Catherine, Rennes Museum ;
Joseph in Prison, Rouen Museum ; Si Ce-
cilia, Toulouse Museum. His son, Claude
Fran9ois (1634-1703), studied also in Rome,
and was received into the Paris Academy in
1667. By him: The Daughter of King
Polemon of Armenia delivered by St. Bar-
tholomew of a Demon (1668), Notre Dame
de Paris ; and a portrait of his father, in
the ficole des Beaux Arts. — Bellier, ii. 681 ;
Memoires inedits, i. 269.
VILLAGE BRIDE (Accord^e de village),
Jean Baptiste Greuze, Louvre, Paris ; canvas,
H. 3 ft. X 3 ft. 10 in. An old man, seated
at right, gives a purse, the dowry of his
daughter, to a young man, standing in cen-
tre ; the mother, seated at left, clasps the
hand of her daughter, who
stands beside her husband
supporting a younger sis-
ter leaning upon her shoul-
der ; at right, foreground,
a notary. Salon, 1761; pur-
chased by Marquis de Ma-
rigny for 9,000 livres; at
his sale (1782), bought for
16,650 livrea Engraved
by J. J. FHpart (1770).—
R^veil, vi. 407 ; Filhol.
VILLAGE FESTIVAL,
David Teniers, younger, Vi-
enna Museum ; canvas, H.
2 ft. 5 in. X 3 ft 8 in. A
kirmess or fSte in a Flem-
ish village. Scene in the
court of an inn, from the
window of which is dis-
played a banner bearing the figure of the
Archduke Leopold, Governor of the Low
Countries. At the left, in foreground, a nu-
merous company at table ; in background,
many jovial drhikers ; in centre, peasants
dancing ; at right, Teniers himself and his
family arriving ; in background, another inn
with a May-pole and dancers. One of Ten-
iers's best worka Engraved by J. Ph. Le-
Baa — Reveil, xii. 851.
By Sir David WilHe, National Gallery,
London ; canvas, H. 3 ft 1 in. x 4 ft 2 in.
Formerly called Ale-House Door. Groups
of villagers carousing in the yard of a vil-
868
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VILLAGE
lage inn. Many small figoreB. Fainted in
1811 for J. Angerstein, who paid for it 800
guineas ; bought with his collection in 1824.
Engraved by C. W. Marr; O. Mosse; E.
Smith; W. Pinden; W. Greatbach; P.
Lightfooi — Cat Nat GaL ; Heaton, Works
of Sir D. W. ; Cat Angerstein Gal., No. 30.
VILLAGE LADTF^S (Demoiselles du vil-
lage), Gustave Courbet, Thomas Wiggles-
worth, Boston ; canvas, H. 6ft x 7ft Three
ladies, standing in foreground, giving alms
bacL— Heaton, Works of D. W. ; Painters
of Georgian Era, 51 ; Redgrave, Century,
iL257.
VILLAVICENCIO, Don PEDRO NU-
SEZ DE, bom at Seville in 1635, died there
in 1700. Spanish school ; pupil of Murillo,
and though only an amateur, won distinc-
tion. Becoming a knight of St John of
Jerusalem, went to Malta and studied there
under II Calabrese ; on his return to Seville
joined the Academy and resumed his friend-
Yillige Fettival, David Teniere, younger, Vienna Museum.
to a beggar girl ; a dog is beside them, and
two cows at right ; background, a landscape
of rolling hills. Painted in 1852 ; Paris Ex-
hibition, 1855. — Art Treasures of America,
iii. 84
VILLAGE POLITICIANS, Sir David
Wilkie, Earl of Mansfield, England. A
group of rustics in heated discussion
around a table in a kitchen, with others near
a fire in the background. Royal Academy,
1806 ; sold to Lord Mansfield for 35 guinea&
Sketch at Hadzor. Engraved by A. Raim-
ly relations with Murillo, who died in his
arms. Painted historical and genre sub-
jects and portrait& Works : Boys playing
Dice, Museo del Prado ; Infant Christ bear-
ing a Cross, Suermondt Museum, Aiz-la-
Chapelle ; Two Boys playing Dice, Hermit-
age, St Petersburg.— Stirling, iil 1104;
Ch. Blanc, £cole espagnole ; Madrazo ; Cur-
tis, 336.
VILLEGAS, JOSfi; contemporary.
G^nre painter, pupil of Marians Fortuny,
whose manner he follow& Studio in Rome.
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VILLEGAS
Works : The Christening, Dream of the
Arabian Nights, William H. Vanderbilt,
New York; Armourer's Shop, Miss C. L.
Wolfe, ib. ; Spanish Scene, August Belmont,
ib.; Bull Fighters, J. H. Stebbins, ib.; Rare
Vase, Cornelius Vanderbilt, ib.; Turkish
Shoe-Shop, J. P. Morgan, ib.; Devotional
Scene, D. O. Mills, ib.; Armourer's Shop,
R. L. Cutting, ib.; Poultry Market in Tan-
gier, Cairo Slipper Merchant (1872), W. T.
Walters, Baltimore ; Marriage of Doge Fos-
cari (1885).
VILLEGAS MAEMOLEJO, PEDRO DE,
bom in Seville in 1520, died there in 1597.
Spanish school ; supposed to have studied
Village Politicians. Sir David Wiikie, Earl of Mansfield.
in Eome, as his pictures are reminiscent of
Raphael and of the best traditions of the
Eoman schocrL Among his works, which
are rare, are : Visitation, Seville Cathedral ;
St. Lazarus, Hospital of the Lazarists, near
Seville ; Annunciation, Madonna, S. Lor-
enzo, Seville. — Stirling, i. 319 ; Ch. Blanc,
£cole espagnole.
VILLOLDO, JUAN DE, died after 1551.
Spanish school ; pupil of his uncle, Alonzo
Perez de Villoldo, a scholar of Juan de Bor-
gona. Painted in 1547-48 a series of forty-
five works on sacred subjects for the Carba-
jal Chapel in S. Andres, Madrid. — Stirling,
i. 148.
VINCENT, FRANgOIS ANDR^, bom in
Paris, Dec. 30, 1746, died there, Aug. 3,
1816. History painter, son of Fran5ois
£lie Vincent (1708-90, miniature painter) ;
pupil of Vien. Won the grand prix in 1768,
and studied three years in Bome. Member
of Academy in 1782, professor in 1792 ;
chevalier of Legion of Honour, and pro-
fessor in the £cole polytechnique. Works :
Belisarius asking Alms ; Alcibiades and
Socrates; St. Jerome (1777), Montpellier
Museum ; President Mole seized by Eioters
(1779) ; Combat of Komans and Sabines in-
terrupted by Sabine Women (1781), Angers
Museum ; Coecinna Poetus exhorted by his
Wife Arria to kill himself
(1785), Amiens Museum ;
Henri IV. meeting Sully
wounded (1786), Zeuxis
choosing Girls of Crotona
for Models (1789), Louvre;
William Tell upsetting the
Boat conveying Gesler
(1795), Toulouse Museum ;
Lesson in Field Labour,
Bordeaux Museum ; Por-
trait of Bishop de Jarente
(1787), Orleans Museum ;
do. of the Painter Houel,
Rouen Museum ; David .
Victor over Goliath, Valen-
ciennes Museum. His wife,
Mme. Adelaide Vincent
(bom, 1749, Labille des Vertus, married
first M Guyard, and died, 1803), was a por-
trait painter of repute. — Bellier, ii. 690 ; Ch.
Blanc, ^ficole fran9aise ; Villot, Cat Louvre ;
Meyer, Gesch., 55, 78 ; Larousse.
VINCENT, ST., Era Bartolommeo, Flor-
ence Academy ; wood. Painted about 1515 •
for S. Marco, Florence. — ^Vasari, ed. Mil.,
iv. 189 ; C. & C, Italy, iii. 468.
VINCENZO DA SAN GBflGNANO, bom
in San Gimignano, April 10, 1492, died
there after 1529. Eoman school Real
name Tamagno, son of Bernardo ; called by
Vasari a disciple and friend of Eaphael,
whom he assisted in the Vatican about 1512.
870
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VINCENZO
Won the commendation of Raphael and
executed other works in Rome, none of
which are existing. After Raphael's death
he returned to San GKmignano, where he
painted in 1522 a Madonna with Saints. He
was again in Rome in 1527, when the city
was sacked, and went thence to Montalcino,
where he painted for the oratory of the con-
vent of S. Rocco the Madonna del Soccorso,
now in the Church of the Soccorso. In
1528 he painted for S. Stefano d* Ischia^
near Orosseto, St. Joachim and St Anna.
His last known work, dated 1529, is a Ma-
donna with Saints, in the Chapel of S. Nic-
col6 di Tolentino. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 489 ;
Ch. Blanc, &ole ombrienne.
VINCENZO DA TREVISO. See Catena.
VINCHON, AUGUSTE (JEAN BAP-
TISTE), bom in Paris, Aug. 5, 1789, died
at Ems, Nassau, Aug. 16, 1855. History
and portrait painter, pupil of Gioacchino
Serangeli, of David, and the £cole des
Beaux Arts ; won the second prix de Rome
in 1813, and the first in 1814 L. of Hon-
our, 1828. Medal, 2d class, 1855. Works :
Diagoras carried in Triumph by his Sons
(1814), !ficole des Beaux Arts, Paris ; Devo-
tion of young Mazet (1822), Lazaretto, Mar-
seilles ; Death of Comola (1824) ; Jeanne
d*Arc (1824), Orleans Museum ; Greek Sub-
ject (1830), Amiens Museum ; Coronation
of Charles VIL at Reims (1837), Entry of
the French into Bordeaux— 1451 (1838),
Opening of the Session of Chambers by
Louis XVm. (1841), Enlisting of Volun-
teers (1849), Two Porti-aits, Versailles Mu-
seum; Achille de Harlay (1843); The
States General under Philip the Fair — 1302
(1846) ; Episode in History of Venice
(1847), formerly in Luxembourg Museum ;
Martyrs in the Time of Diocletian (1852) ;
Achille de Harlay and the Due de Guise
(1854) ; Grisailles in Salles 4, 7, 8, and 9 of
Musee Charles X., Louvre, Paris ; Presenta-
tion of the Virgin, Notre Dame de Lorette,
ib.; Abundance rewarding Industry, Truth
exposing Fraud, and six grisailles : City of
Paris, Agriculture, etc, Palais de la Bourse,
ib. In fresco : Two Episodes in Life of Si
Maurice, Angels decorating the Vault from
which the Souls of the Thebaian Legion
soar to Heaven (1822), St. Maurice's Chapel,
Saint Sulpice, Paria — Ballard, Not. sur les
peint. ik fresque, etc. (Paris, 1822) ; Bellier,
il 692 ; Meyer, Gesch., 431 ; Rev. univ. des
arts, i. 475.
VINCI, LEONARDO DA, bom at Vmci,
Val d' Amo,
near Florence,
in 1452, died at
the Chateau de
Clot or Cloux,
near Amboise,
May 2, 1519.
Florentine
school. Natu-
ral son of Sor
Piero d' Anto-
nio, Florentine notary ; pupil of Andrea del
Verrocchio, with whom he was associated
as late as 1476. The bright angel which
he painted in his master's picture of the
Baptism of Christ, Florence Academy, the
Medusa Head, at the Uffizi (if indeed it be
the original, and not, as has been conject-
ured, the work of Lomazzo), are the only
extant works of the earlier period of his life,
which closed in 1483, when he wrote the
famous letter to Lodovico Sforza, Duke of
Milan, whose statement of universal capacity
was in his case literally true. It led to his
appointment as court painter, director of
the newly founded Academy of Arts, gen-
eral organizer of fetes in whidi art played a
conspicuous part, and manager of all enter-
prises in which a knowledge of hydraulics,
engineering, and general science was neces-
sary. For the Duke he executed the famous
wall-painting of the Last Supper (1495-98),
in S. M. delle Grazie, and modelled an
equestrian statue, never cast, of his father,
Francesco Sforza, and with him he remained
until Lodovico was overthrown by the
French (1499), and sent to France to die in
a dungeon at the Castle of Loche& Leo-
nardo returned to Florence, but soon left it
an
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VINCI
for Venice, and the year after (1502) to visit
the fortresses of the principal cities of the
Eomagna as military engineer to Ceesar Bor-
gia. Between 1503 and 1505 he produced
the famous cartoon of the Battle of the
Standard, from which he was to have paint-
ed a fresco in the great Hall of the Palazzo
Vecchio at Florence. It hung side by side
with Michelangelo's cartoon of the Battle of
Pisa, in the Hfdl, where both were studied as
miracles of art by all the painters of the time
until after 1518, though Vasari erroneously
says it was cut to pieces in 1512. In Octo-
ber, 1507, Leonardo once more established
himself in Milan, where he remained, with
the exception of two short visits to Florence
in 1511 and 1513, until 1514, when he ac-
companied Giuliano de' Medici to Eome to
assist at the coronation of Leo X. Unless
he had previously visited Home, of which we
have no proof, Leonardo must at this time
have painted the admirable fresco of the
Madonna with Donor, in a lunette in S. Ono-
frio on the Janiculum. Leonardo went in
January, 1516, to France, at the invitation
of Francis L, and spent the last three years
of his life in the King's service. But one of
the many sides of this most many-sided of
great men can be considered hei*e, and that
very imperfectly — ^namely, his work as a
painter. Of this, unfortunately, very little
which can be regarded as certainly authentic
remains. His great mural painting of the
Last Supper, at Milan, is in such a degraded
and repainted condition that it is but a
shadow of a shade, of the original perfection
of which we can best judge by the fine
drawing for the head of Christ, in the Brera,
and to some extent by the copy by Marco
d' Oggione, in the Royal Academy, London,
and the well-known engraving by Raphael
Morghen. His cartoon survives only in the
drawing of one of its groups by Rubens, in
the Louvre, a Flemish copy of which was
probably used by Edelinck for his engrav-
ing of the Battle of the Standard. Few of
the easel pictures attributed to Leonardo
have stood the test of modem criticism;
one after another has been assigned to some
of his numerous disciples, until those beyond
dispute authentic are the following: La
Belle Ferroni^re (about 1497), Mona Lisa
(about 1500), Madonna with St. Anne, Ma-
donna of the Rocks, Louvre, Paris, and Na-
tional Gkdlery, London. Other works which
pass under Leonardo's name are : Bacchus,
St John Baptist (probably authentic). Lou-
vre ; Vanity and Modesty, Palazzo Barbe-
rini, Rome (painted by Luini or Salaino) ;
Madonna, Palazzo Belgiojoso, Milan ; Ma-
donna of the Scales, Louvre (Salaino or Ce-
sare da Sesto); Madonna and Infant St.
John, Louvre (by Bernardino Luini) ; Por-
trait of Charles d'Amboise, Louvre (by
Beltraffio) ; Resurrection, Berlin Museum ;
Salome with Head of John Baptist, Vienna
Museum (by Cesare da Sesto); Male Por-
trait, perhaps of Lodovico Sforza, Dresden
Museum ; St Jerome, Vatican ; The Gold-
smith, La Monaca, Palazzo Pitti, Florence (at-
tributed to Lorenzo di Credi) ; Portrait of Isa-
bella of Aragon, Ambrosian Library, Milan ;
Madonixa della Caraffa, Palazzo Borghese,
Rome ; Portrait of Leonardo (?), Annuncia-
tion (?), Adoration of the Magi (?), TJffizi,
Florence ; Madonna, fresco. Villa Melzi at
Vaprio ; Holy Family, Hermitage, St Peters-
^ y burg. — Vasari, ed.
7 //L/ Mil., iv. 17 ; Burck-
^^J^ hardt, 363, 625;
y^ • Mttndler, 112 ; Pater,
/ / 1>/L ^ V studies, 90 ; Dohme,
L/CK Vi4U>L. 2iii.. ch. Blanc!
O./;}^ V(/rvM /5'o)^c^l® florentine;
Houssaye, Hist de
Leonard de Vinci (Paris, 1869); Kugler
(Eastlake), ii 347 ; Gallenberg, L. da Vinci
(Leipsic, 1834) ; Archivio storico italiano.
Series HI., VoL 16 ; Amoretti, Memoire
storiche ; Bossi, Cenacolo ; Carl Brun,
Eunst und EOnstler des Mittelalters und
der Neuzeit ; Brown ; Heaton ; Richter ;
Symonds, Renaissance ; Eastlake, Five Great
Painters (London, 1882); Art Journal
(1882), 33 ; Jahrbuch der preuss. Eunst-
samml., v. 293 ; Eunst-Chronik, xx. 201,
zi%
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VINCI
261 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xvL 133 ; xvii 11 ;
xviiL 88, 127, 154, 190; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1886), xxxiii 857 et seq.
VINCI, LEONARDO DA, DEATH OP,
Jean Fran9ois Oigoux, Besanyon Museum ;
canya& The painter dying at Fontainebleau
in the arms of Francis! Painted in 1835. A
good picture, but historically incorrect, as
Leonardo died at the Chateau de Clot, May
2, 1519, when the King was at St Germain-
en-Laye. — ^Larousse, xv. 1081.
By Dominique Ingres, Comte de Blacas,
Paria The painter dying at Fontainebleau
in the arms of Francis L Painted in 1819.
Original sketch acquired by the Louyre in
1881.
VINCK, FRANS, bom in Antwerp ; con-
temporary. History and genre painter, pu-
pil of Leys, whose style he adopted. Medals :
Brussels, Vienna, Philadelphia. Works:
Passion of Christ (14 pictures with Hen-
drickx), Antwerp Cathedral ; Triumphal
Betum of Best Shot ; Flemish Burgher's
Wife in 16th Century ; Confederates in
Presence of Margaret of Parma. — ^MtOler,
537.
YENCK-BOONS (Vinckeboons), DAVID,
bom at Mechlin in 1578, died in Amster-
dam in 1629. Dutch school ; history, genre,
and landscape painter, son and pupil of
Philip Vinck-Boons (received into the Ant-
werp guild in 1580, and died in Amsterdam
in 1601) ; lived some time in Antwerp, but
most of his life in Amsterdam; painted
chiefly on a small scale. Bottenhammer
often supplied the figures in his landscapes.
Works: Flemish Eirmess, Antwerp Muse-
um ; Prince Maurice starting for the Chase
(attributed, but probably by Pauwels van
Hillegaert), Museum, Amst^am ; Lottery
by Torchlight, Old Men's Hospital, ib. ;
Landscape with Tobias and the Angel, Su-
ermondt Museum, Aix-la-Ohapelle ; Wood
Landscape with Castle on a Biver, do. with
Hagar and the Angel, Aschaffenburg Gal-
lery ; Popular Festival in Holland, Bamberg
Gallery; Flemish Eirmess (1608), Land-
scape with Wedding Procession, l^rrolese
Landscape, Brunswick Grallery ; Cattle sur-
rounded by Water, Cassel Gallery ; Fair in
Flemish Village, Hamburg Gallery ; Abra-
ham and Hagar in a Forest, Copenhagen
Grallery; Feeding the Poor, Landscape,
Stockholm Museum ; Woodland Scenes (2,
one dated 1618), Hermitage, St Peters-
burg ; do., Winter Palace, ib.; do. (2), Acad-
emy, ib. ; Feeding the Poor, Berlin Muse-
um ; do. and Eirmess, Bobbers sharing
Booty, Dresden Gkdlery ; Great Landscape,
Darmstadt Museum ; Madonna with Angels
in a Landscape, FOrstenberg Gtallery, Do-
naueschingen ; Eirmess in a ViUage, Stadel
Gkdlery, Frankfort; Annual Fair in Flemish
Village, Baptism of the Eunuch, Eunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Frolic in Dutch Village, Eonigs-
berg Museum ; Christ bearing the Cross
(1611), Old Pinakothek, Munich; Wood
Landscape (1624), Schleissheim Gallery ;
Bustic Love Couple (1629), Boys about
Bird's Nest, Schwerin Gkdlery ; Crucifixion,
Bepose in Egypt, do. (figures by Botten-
hammer), St Fulgentius in a Grotto, Muse-
um, Vienna; Wood Landscape, Liechten-
stein Gkdlery, ib.; Eirmess in Dutch Town,
Harrach Gallery, ib. ; Biver Landscape, Wei-
mar Museum ; Frolic on the
Ice, TJffizi, Florence. — Charles
Blanc, ^^cole flamande ; Immer-
zeel, iiL 194 ; Eramm, vi 1756 ;
Eugler (Crowe), I 250, 261 ; Michiels, vi
187 ; Neefs, L 238 ; Biegel, Beitr^e, u. 66.
VENEA, FBANCESCO, bom at Forli in
1846. Gtonre painter, pupil in Florence of
Pallastrini ; paints mostly scenes in the cos-
tume of the 16th and 17th centuriea Gk>ld
medal, Berlin, 1886. Works : First Visit
to Grandmother, Cheers, Three Cheers!
Capitano Molena (1883) ; C intendiamo.
Painter before Easel, Cook plucking Hen
(1884); Italian Dance Party, W. H. Vander-
bnt, New York.— niustr. Zeitg. (1884), i
31 ; il 495, 501 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xx. 114
VINNE, VINCENT LAUEENSZ VAN
PEB, the elder, bom in Haarlem, Oct 11,
1629, died there, Aug. 26, 1702. Dutch
school ; history, portrait, landscape, and
^
878
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VINTAGE
animal painter, pupil of Frans Hals ; en-
tered the guild in 1649, travelled in 1652-53
through Germany, Switzerland, and France.
After his return he painted portraits in the
vigorous style of his master. As few pict-
ures by him are known, though he was very
industrious, it is to be supposed that many
of his works pass under the name of Frans
Hals. Works : Organ Grinder, Museum,
Vienna ; Itinerant Musicians, Old Man's
Head, Old Woman's do., Liechtenstein Gal-
lery, ib. ; Male and Female Portraits, New
York Museum. His son Laurens (1658-
1729) was a landscape and flower painter,
pupil of Berchem, whose manner he imitat-
ed ; the latter's son, Vincent Laurensz the
younger, bom in Haarlem, June 10, 1686,
died there, May 16, 1742, painted the same
subjects. By him : City Hall of Haarlem
(1729), Haarlem Museum. Vincent Jans-
zoon van der Vinne (bom in Haarlem,
Jan. 31, 1736, died there, Jan. 15, 1811)
was a nephew of the last named. By him :
Mountainous Land-
scape with River,
Haarlem Museum. —
Gaz.desB. Arts (1872),
vi 477 ; Immerzeel, iii. 195 ; Kramm, vi.
1767 ; Su-et (1883), iL 380 ; Van der Wil-
ligen, 314.
VINTAGE FESTIVAL, -^Zma-Tadema,
Baron T. H. W. Schroder, Paris, Scene
in a sumptuous Bacchic Temple, Rome ;
in centre, an altar, past which is mov-
ing a procession led by a beautiful priest-
ess, followed by maidens playing the double
pipe, and by dancing girls beating tim-
brels ; after these march priests bearing
jars of wine. In the court of the temple
are more dancers and timbrel-players of
both sexes. Painted in 1870 ; Philadelphia
Exposition, 1876. Engraved by Aug. Blan-
chard.— Art Journal (1871), 147, 166 ;
(1883), 34.
VINTAGE AT MACON, Joseph M. W.
Turnery Earl of Yarborough, London ; can-
vas. Festival at the opening of the Vintage at
Macon, France. Male and female vintagers
zv.v
dancing under a gi*oup of trees on a terraced
hill-side overlooking a wide champaign, with
a smooth river flowing towards the left ; in
the mid-distance, a bridge connecting the
two parts of the town, which lie on opposite
sidea One of Turner's best pictures ; re-
calls Claude and Poussin. Boyal Academy,
1803.— Athen., Jan., 1875, 90 ; Waagen, Art
Treasures, iv. 70 ; Hamerton, Life.
VINTON, FREDEKICK PORTER, bom
at Bangor, Me., in 1846. Figure and por-
trait painter, pupil of W. M. Hunt in Bos-
ton ; in 1875 of Bonnat in Paris ; in 1876 of
Duveneck, Dietz, and Wagner, in Munich ;
and later of Jean Paul Laurens. Associate
of the National Academy, New York. Stu-
dio in Boston. Works : Celestina (1875) ;
Italian Girl, Head of Neapolitan Boy, Head
of Old French Peasant Woman (1878);
French Peasant Woman, T. B. Clai-ke, New
York ; Portraits of S. H. RusseU (1880),
Wendell ^PhiUips (1882) ; Street in Toledo
—Spain (1884) ; Portrait, T. G. Appleton,
Boston.
VIOLANTE, Palma Vecchio, Vienna Mu-
seum ; wood, H. 1 ft 6 in. X 1 ft 3 in. Bust
of a beautiful girl, virith rich tresses falling
upon her neck; dressed in blue bodice,
showing plaited chemisette, and yellow bro-
cade sleeves. Same figure, holding a palm,
in Palma's Madonna (attributed to Giorgi-
one) at Madrid. From collection of Paolo
del Sera.-C. & C, N. Italy, ii 480 ; Boschi-
ni. Carta del Navegar, 368.
VLOUNIST (Violinista or Suonatore),
Raphael, Palazzo Sciarra-Colonna, Rome ;
wood, dated 1518. Bust of a youth, about,
twenty years old, three-quarters face, wear-
ing a black cap, from which his brown hair
falls on his shoulders, and a green mantle,
trimmed vrith black velvet, with a fur col-
lar ; holds in left hand a violin bow and
some laurel leaves and immortellea Passa-
vant believes it a portrait of Andrea Ma-
rone, a famous improvisatore of Brescia in
time of Leo X. Engraved by J. Felsing.
— Passavant, ii 276 ; MUntz, 532, 636 ;
Springer, 211.
874
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VIOLLET-LE-DUC
VIOLLET-LE-DUC, l&TIENNE
ADOLPHE, born in Paris in 1817, died
there in 1878. Landscape painter, pupil of
L6on Fleury and of F. L. Fran9ais. Medals :
3d class, 1852, 1861 ; medal, 1870. Works:
Valley of Jouy (1870) ; do. from Heights of
Metz (1872) ; Isles of Hy^res, Environs of
Cannes (1874) ; West Entrance to Ferme du
Mont at :6tretat, East do. (1875) ; Aqueduct
of Buc (1876); Plateau of Amontat ^tretat.
Beach at do. (1877).
VIRGEN DE BELEN. See Madonna de
Belen.
VIRGEN DE LA FAJA. SeeMadonnak
la Ceinture.
VIRGEN DE LA MANZANA. See Ma-
donna of the Apple.
VIRGEN DEL PEZ. See Madonna del
Pesce.
VIRGEN DE LA SERVILLETA. See
Madonna de la Servilleta.
VIRGIN, BIRTH OF, Annibale Carracci,
Louvre, Paris ; canvas, arched, H 8 ft 10 in.
X 5 ft The Eternal, in a glory of angels^
presides over the birth of the Virgin, who is
cared for by women in foreground ; in back-
ground, St Anna in bed aided by attend-
ants ; near her, Joachim and two women.
Painted for church of pontifical palace at
Loreto ; later in Mus^e Napoleon. En-
graved by R V. Audenaerd. — Villot, Lou-
vre ; Landon, Mus^e, xii. PL 10.
By Domenico Ohirlandqjo. See Virgin,
Life of.
By MuriUo, Louvre, Paris; canvas, H 6
ft X 11 ft 10 in. In a chamber, around a
copper vessel prepared to bathe the babe, are
two angels and four women, one of whom
holds the infant while another brings linen ;
to left of them two cherubs, one playing with
a dog ; on extreme left, St Anna sitting in
bed, receiving St Joachim and others ; on
right, two women drying linen at a fire-
place ; above, five cherubs in a glory.
Painted in 1655 for Cathedral of Seville ;
carried off by Soult ; bid in at Soult sale
(1852) at 90,000 francs ; acquired by the
government in 1858 at 150,000 francs. En-
graved by A. Martinet ; L Massard ; A.
Masson ; etched by Damman. — C. Bermn-
dez, Carta, 59 ; Ford, Handbook, 180 ; Gaz.
des B. Arts (1875), xL 180 ; Klass. der Ma-
lerei, ii. PL 66 ; Curtis, 142 ; Reveil, viL
471.
Birth of th« Virgin, Annibal« Carracci, Louvra, Paris.
VIRGIN, CONCEPTION OF. See Con-
ception,
VIRGIN, CORONATION OF, Fra An-
gelico, Louvre ; wood, H. 7 f t x 6 f t 11 in.
Christ, enthroned, crowning the Virgin in
the presence of many angels and saints. In
predella, seven scenes from life of St Dom-
inick, called the Miracles of St Dominick.
Painted for S. Domenico, Fiesole, whence
taken by the French in invasion of 1812.
Engraved by Temite ; A. Fran9ois (1867) ;
875
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VIRGIN
chromolithograph by Kellenhoven (1855) ;
water-colour, J. Journy (Salon, 1861). — Va-
sari, ed. Mil, ii. 511 ; A. W. Schlegel (Paris,
1816); C. &C., Italy, i. 584; Larousse, v. 363.
By Fra Aiigelico, TJflfizi, Florence ; wood,
small figures. Christ places the crown up-
on the head of the Virgin in the midst of a
choir of angels, surrounded by a great num-
ber of saints, male and female. Painted in
1433 for S. M. Nuova, Florence, whence re-
moved to Uflfizi in 1825. A masterpiece,
magnificently composed. The predella, con-
sisting of the Marriage of the Virgin, Death
of the Virgin, and Birth of John Baptist, is
for S. Domenico, whence removed to S.
Francesco. — Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 162 ; Ri-
dolfi, Maraviglie, i. 95 ; C. & C, N. Italy,
i. 158 ; Meyer, KOnst. Lex., iii. 404, 416.
By Sandro Botticelli, Florence Academy ;
wood, H. 12 ft. 2 in. X 8 ft. 2 in. The Eter-
nal crowning the Virgin in the heavens, sur-
rounded by a choir of cherubs and dancing
angels ; below, SS. John Evangelist, Augus-
tine, Jerome, and Eloy. Painted about 1481
-84 for S. Marco, Florence. One of Botti-
celli's best works. Engraved by F. livy. —
Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 312 ; C. & C, Italy, ii
420 ; GaU. di Firenze, PL 45.
Birth of th« Virgin, Muriilo, Louvr«, Paris.
now separate in the Uffizi. The Marriage
is one of the greatest of his compositions.
—Vasari, ed. Mil, ii 516 ; C. & C, Italy, i.
586 ; Lasinio, i PI. 30, 105, 106.
By Giovanni Bellini, S. Francesco, Pe-
saro ; wood, H. 8 ft 6 in. x 7 ft 11 in.;
signed. The Virgin and Saviour on a
throne, the former bending to receive the
crown ; SS. Peter, Paul, Jerome, and Fran-
cis. Panel is in a rich frame, with pilaster
niches on sides containing eight saints, and
resting on predellas representing : Conver-
sion of St. Paul ; Martyrdom of St Peter ;
Nativity ; St. Jerome Penitent ; St Francis
receiving Stigmata. Painted about 1475
By Baffaellino del Oarbo, Louvre ; wood,
H. 9 ft 6 in. X 5 ft 4 in. Within a glory
the Virgin, seated, receives the crown from
Christ, while the Holy Spirit hovers over
their heads ; four angels play a lute, a dul-
cimer, a harp, and a viol ; below, at left, SS.
Benedict and Salvi, Bishop of Verona ; at
right, SS. Giovanni Gualberto Azzini, found-
er of the brotherhood of Vallombrosa, and
Bernardo degli Uberti, Cardinal and Bish-
op of Parma. Painted for S. Salvi, Flor-
ence ; carried to Paris in 1812. Much in-
jured.— Vasari, ed. Mil, iv. 238 ; VUlot,
Cat. Louvre ; Landon, Mus6e, 2d Col., iv.
PL 1.
8T8
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VIRGIN
By school of Domenico Ohirlandajo, S.
Qirolamo, Narm. Formerly attributed to
Raphael and to Lo Spagna.— C. & C, Italy,
iii. 310.
By Ouido Reni, Bologna Gallery ; can-
vas, H. 7 ft 5 in. X 5 ft 9 in. The Virgin,
in a glory, crowned by the Son and the
Father, with the Holy Ghost de-
scending from above ; below, SS.
Catherine, John Evangelist, John
Baptist, and Bernard. Formerly
in suppressed church of S. Ber-
nardo of the Olivetan monks.
Engraved by A. Marchi — Pinac.
di Bologna, PL 68 ; Felsihor, Pit-
trice, ii. 7 ; Lavice, 13.
By Quido Reni, National Gal-
lery, London ; copper, H. 2 f t 2
in. X 1 ft 7 in. A rich composi-
tion with refined forms and beau-
tiful heada Probably of first pe-
riod. Formerly in Madrid Gal-
lery, whence pai^ied to Sir Thomas
Lawrence ; then to Mr. Wells, who
in 1847 bequeathed it to Nation-
al Gallery. — Waagen, Treasures,
1337.
By Andrea Orcagna, National
Gallery, London ; wood, tempera,
H.9ft7in.xl3ftlin. Altar-
piece in three parts: in centre,
Christ crowning the Virgin, with
two angels standing on each side
and ten others below, some kneel-
ing and some playing musical in-
struments ; in each of side pict-
ures, twenty-four saints kneeUng ;
on left is St Peter, supporting on
his knees the model of S. Pietro
Maggiore, Florence, for which the
picture was originally painted.
Nine other pictures in National Gkllery also
formed part of this altarpiece.— Cat Nat
GaL
By Baphael, Vatican, Rome ; wood trans-
ferred to canvas, arched at top, H. 9 f t 2
in. X 5 ft 2 in. Christ crowning the Virgin
enthroned in the heavens, surrounded by
angels with musical instruments, and cher-
ubs above ; below, the apostles around the
empty tomb. Painted in 1503 at Citt^ di
Castello for Maddalena degli Oddi, and
placed in the Oddi Chapel of S. Francesco,
Perugia ; carried thence in 1797 to Paris,
where it was transferred to canvas : re-
Coronation of th« Virgin, Raphael, Vatican, Roma.
turned in 1815 and placed in Vatican. En-
graved by R Stolzel ; Graflfonara ; Couch6
fila Copy, dated 1518, in church of Civi-
tella Bemazzone, near Perugia. The pre-
della, — the Annunciation, Epiphany, and
Presentation, — also in Vatican, in separate
frame.— Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 317 ; C. & C,
m
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VIRGIN
Baphael, i. 141 ; Oiornale di Erud. Tosc,
235 ; Gruyer, Vierges de Eaphael, ii. 549 ;
MUntz, 64 ; Passavant, ii 12 ; Larousse, y.
363.
By Raphael, Giulio Romano, and H Fat-
tore, Vatican ; wood, H. 10 ft. 6 in. x 7 ft.
8 in. In upper part, Christ crowning the
Virgin in the heavens ; in lower, apostles
around the tomb of the Virgin. Ordered
of Raphael in 1505 for the Convent of
Monte Luce, near Perugia, but he had time
to make only the study for it. Upper part
finished, after Raphael's death, by Giulio
Romano, lower by H Fattore. Carried to
Paris in 1797 ; returned in 1815 and placed
in Vatican. Engraved by J. CappellL —
Pungileone, Raphael, 192 ; Passavant, ii.
309 ; C. & C, Raphael, i. 235 ; Gruyer,
Vierges de Raphael, ii. 570.
By Rubens, Brussels Museum ; canvas,
H. 12 ft. 11 in. X 8 ft. 2 in. The Virgin,
kneeling upon an inverted crescent, with
angels in clouds beneath, is crowned by the
Father and the Son. Painted for Church
of RecoUets, Antwerp. Carried to Paris,
1794 ; given to Museum of Brussels in
1802. Engraved by P. Pontius ; Van den
Enden. Replica, with variations, Berlin Mu-
seum ; another, burned in 1718 in Church of
Jesuits, Antwerp. — Smith, ii. 15 ; ix. 247 ;
Meyer, Museen, 388 ; Larousse, v. 364
By Lo Spagna, Church of Riformati, Todi.
Above, Saviour crowns Virgin under a can-
opy, in centre of a company of angels, proph-
et^ and sibyls ; below, SS. Jerome, Louis,
Bernardino, John Baptist, and others. Imi-
tated, with changes, from Florentine altar-
piece at NamL Painted in 1511. Replica
(1511), with changes, S. Martino, nearTrevi;
Magdiden and St. Catharine introduced be-
low, and view of S. Francesco at Assisi in
background.— C. & C, Italy, iiL 810, 312 ;
Vasari, ed. Mil., i. 594.
By Tintoretto, S. Giorgio Maggiore, Ven-
ice ; canvaa Above, the Vii'gin is crowned ;
below are SS. Benedetto, Gregorio, Placido,
Mauro, and five portraits. — Zanotto, 631.
By Velasquezy Madrid Museum ; canvas,
H. 5 ft 9 in. X 4 ft 4 in. The Virgin, en-
throned in clouds, with her robe upheld by
two cherubs, is about to be crowned by the
Father and the Son, while above hovers
the dove ; beneath are four winged heada
Painted, probably after second visit to Italy,
for the Queen's oratory in the palace at Ma-
drid. Considered the best of his religious
pictures. Engraved by Massard ; Nargeot ;
etched and lithographed by several. — Ma-
drazo ; C. Bermudez ; Jameson, Madonna,
23 ; Curtis, 3 ; Reveil, xiv. 955.
Coronation of Virgin, Velasquez, Madrid Museum.
Subject treated also by Cosimo Rosselli,
S. M. de' Pazzi, Florence, and Louvre, Par-
is ; Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Louvre ; Pinturic-
chio, Vatican ; Girolamo da Santa Croce,
Berlin Museum ; Giulio Romano and II Fat-
tore, Vatican ; Marco Palmezzano, Brera,
Milan ; Girolamo da Udine, Hospital at
TJdine ; Paolo Veronese, Venice Academy
and Schleissheim Gkllery ; Annibale Car-
racci, Duke of Newcastle ; Giovanni Lan-
franco. Louvre ; Padovanino, Venice Acad-
emy ; Carlo Francesco Nuvolone, Passione,
Milan ; Juan de Juanes, Madrid Museum ;
Hans Memling, Hospital of St John, Bruges ;
878
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VIRGIN
Hans Holbein, elder, Augsburg Gallery ;
Hans von Culmbacb, Munich Gallery ; Hans
Schauffelein, ib.; Hans Baldung Grien, Fri-
burg Cathedral; Adriaen van der Werffi
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Giotto, Church
of S. FracTcesco d'Assisi ; Claudius Jac-
quand, St Philippe-du-Eoule, Paris.
VIRGIN, DEATH OP, Michelangelo da
Caravaggio, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 12 ft.
1 in. X 8 ft The Virgin on her death-bed, the
apostles and their disciples in affliction ; in
D«ath of th« Virgin, Michelangelo da Cartvaggio, Louvre, Paris.
foreground, at right, a woman seated, her
head upon her knees, weeping. Painted
for S. M. della Scala in Trastevere, Rome ;
bought by Duke of Modena, who sold it to
Charles I of England ; bought by Jabach,
who sold it to Louis XIV. Engraved by S.
Valine; H Laurent; Claessens; Oortmann.
— ^Villot, Cat Louvre ; Mus6e royal, L; Fil-
hol, viL PL 476 ; Landon, Mus^e, iv. PL 32 ;
Meyer, Etlnsi Lex., i 615 ; Cab. Crozat, ii.
PL 91.
By Domenico Ohirlandajo. See Virgin,
Life ot
By Martin SchaffneVy Pinakothek, Munich ;
wood, H 9 ft 10 in. X 5 ft. 2 in. She kneels,
supported by two of the apostles, while an-
other, in priestly raiments, holds before her
a book ; at the right, two kneeling are read-
ing from a book and two others are visible
in background ; at the right, two more are
bringing a sprinkler and a censer ; above,
the soul of the dying, borne upwards by
angels to a glory, where it is received by
Christ On the reverse : Christ with the
Apostles, and half of the Departure of
Christ, the other half being on the back of
another picture in the Pinakothek These,
and other panels, formed once the wings of
the altar door of a convent at Weddenhau-
sen, near Ulm. They came into possession
of the Gk>vemment in 1803, when the con-
vent was broken up. Engraved by J. Bur-
ger. — POrster, v.
VIRGIN, EDUCATION OP, Jean Jou-
venety Uffizi, Plorence ; canva& The Vir-
gin, her hands joined, kneels before her
mother, who points with her finger to let-
ters on a paper spread out upon her knees ;
Joachim leans upon a chair in which St
Anna is seated ; in background, young girls
at work ; above, the heads of cherubim smil-
ing in the clouds. Engraved by Pierre Dre-
vet Several repetitions. — Larousse, viL 215.
By MurUlo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
7ft2in.x5ft5in. St Anna, seated on
a bench with an open book in her lap, teach-
es the Virgin, who stands on left ; above,
two cherubs about to crown the latter with
flowers; on left, a marble column and a
basket of linen ; in background, a balus-
trade. Painted about 1674 ; figures thought
to be portraits of wife and daughter of ar-
tist Prom Isabel Pamese Collection. Lith-
ographed by P. Decraene ; H. Eichens ; Ja-
cott ; and other& Study, Madrid Museum ;
sketch, Edward A Leatham, London. — Cur-
tis, 143 ; Gaz. des R Arts (1875) ; Madrazo,
478.
By Eiibena, Antwerp Museum ; canvas, H.
879
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VIRGIN
6 ft 4 in. X 5 ft. St. Anna, seated on a bench
in front of a balustrade, teaches the Virgin,
who stands beside her, to read from a book ;
behind, left, St Joachim, whose countenance
shows delight at the progress of the pupil ;
above, two angels with a crown of flowers.
Painted for the Church of the Unshod Car-
Education of th« Virgin, Rubens, Antwerp Museum.
melites, Antwerp. Engraved by Schelte ;
Bolswert ; C. Waumans. — Reveil, x. 748.
VIRGIN IN GLORY WITH SAINTS,
Simone Cantarini, Bologna Gallery ; can-
vas, H. 7 ft 5 in. x4 ft 3 in. The Virgin,
seated upon clouds in a glory of angels,
two of whom are about to crown her, with
one foot upon the crescent moon ; below,
SS. John Evangelist, Nicholas of Tolentino,
and Euphemia. Engraved by G. Asioli. —
Pinac. di Bologna, PL 20.
VIRGIN OF GRIEF. See Mater Dolo-
rosa.
VIRGIN, HOLY, Ouido Reni, Uflfizi,
Florence ; canvas, H. 4 ft 3 in. x 3 ft 1 in.
Half-length, with drapery over her head
and shouldera, her hands crossed upon her
breast, and her eyes turned upwards. En-
graved by E. Beisson. — Wicar, i. Part 10 ;
MoHni, GaL di Firenze, i. 141 ; Soc. Ed.
and Paris, PI. 117.
VIRGIN, LIFE OF THE, Domenico
Gfdrlandajo, S. M. Novella, Florence ; fres-
cos on the wall of the choir. Seven sub-
jects : 1. Joachim's Expulsion from the
Temple ; 2. Birth of the Virgin ; 3. Presen-
tation in the Temple ; 4. Marriage of the
Virgin ; 5. Adoration of the Magi ; 6. Mas-
sacre of the Innocents ; 7. Death and As-
sumption of the Virgin. Executed, with
the aid of assistants, about 1490, by order
of Giovanni Tomabuoni, to replace the dam-
aged works of Andrea Orcagna. Engraved
by Lasinio. — Vasari, ed. Mil, iii. 260 ; C. &
C, Italy, ii. 476 ; Larousse, xv. 1028.
By MurUlOy Sir Richard Wallace, Bart,
London ; canvas, H. 2 ft 5 in. x 1 ft 10 in.
The Virgin and Joseph, holding each other
by the hand, accompanied by five male and
three female attendants, stand before the
High Priest ; above, the dove in a glory ; in
background, architecture and a crimson cur-
tain. — Curtis, 143.
By Pietro Ferugino, Caen Museum,
France ; canvas, life-size. Marriage of the
Virgin and St Joseph by the High Priest,
in presence of a group of men on one side
and of women on the other, in front of an
octagon temple. A modification of the De-
livery of the Keys to Peter, in the Sistine
Chapel. Contracted for in 1495 for the
Brotherhood of S. Giuseppe in Lorenzo,
Perugia, but not painted until after 1500 ;
carried to France in 1799 and not returned.
Raphael probably had a hand in it, and his
Sposalizio, at Milan, repeats the same con-
secrated type. — ^Vasari, ed. Mil., iii 581;
C. & C, Italy, iii. 217; Mttntz, 84.
^By Raphael, Brera, Milan ; wood, arched
at top, H. 5 ft 6 in. X 3 ft. 9 in. ; signed, and
dated 1504 Marriage of the Virgin and
Joseph by the High Priest in the court of
the temple ; group of men on one side and
of women on the other side of priest An
adaptation from Perugino*s Sposalizio at
Fano and at Caen. Painted for S. Francesco
880
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VIKGIN
of Citt^ di Casiello, where it remained till
June 28, 1798, when the municipal authori-
ties gave it up to Oen. Qiuseppe Lecchi,
commander of a French brigade then in the
town. Lecchi sold it in 1801 to Oiacomo
Sannazaro, of Milan, from whom the Milan
Hospital inherited it in 1804 ; purchased
by the State in 1806 for 53,000 franca Re-
stored in Milan by Molteni, but somewhat
discoloured. Copy, of 1506, by
Giovanni Andrea ^rZKim, in saciisty
of S. Giuseppe, Urbino ; another in
S. Agostino, Citt^ di Castello, a
third in Berlin Museum ; modem
copy in !lScole des Beaux Arts, Par-
ia Engraved by LonghL — ^Vasari,
ed. Mil, iv. 323 ; Pungileone, Raphr
ael, 282; C. & C, Raphael, L 163;
Passavant, iL 18 ; Klaa der Maler-
ei, L PL 31; Grayer, Vierges de
Raphael, ii. 3, 21 ; MOntz, 81 ; Eug-
ler (Eastlake), ii 413 ; Perkins, 59 ;
Reveil, ix. 577.
VIRGIN OP MERCY. See Mor
donna della Mis^ricordia.
VIRGIN AND ST. DOMINICK,
Paolo Veronese^ Venice Academy ;
canvaa The Virgin in glory and
Si Dominick distributing crowns
of roses to a pope, an emperor, a
king, a doge, etc. From S. Pietro
Martire, Murano.
VIRGIN OF SORROWS (Vfr-
gen de las Augustias), Anton Van
Dyck, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H.
3 ft 9 in. x3 ft 3 in. The Virgin,
seated, supports on her lap the
body of Christ, whose hand the
Magdalen kisses, while St. John
stands near by. Larger repetition in Mu-
seum of Amb^rea — Madrazo.
VIRGIN, SEVEN JOYS OF THE, Hans
Memling, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; wood,
H. 2 ft 7 in. X 5 ft 11 in. An extensive
landscape, in the centre of which is Jerusa-
lem with many tower& In the foreground,
middle, the Adoration of the Magi, on the
left the Nativity, on the right the Resurrec-
tion ; in the background. The Annunciation
to the Shepherds, the Journeying of the
Magi and their Re-embarkation on the Sea ;
their Visit to Herod, the Massacre of the
Innocents, and the Flight into Egypt On
the other side the Women at the Sepulchre,
the Appearance of Christ among the Women
and Disciples, taking Leave of his Mother,
his Ascension, the Death of the Virgin and
Marriage of th« Virgin, Raphael, Brera, Milan.
her Reception in Heaven, and lastly, on the
distant mountain peaks, the Three Magi,
kneeling, gazing on the Star of Bethlehem.
The title of this picture is misleading, as the
design includes many incidents in the life
of Christ and of the Virgin besides those
called the Seven Joys. Weale calls it Christ
the light of the World, and Michiels the
Triumphs of Christ Painted for Pierre
881
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VIRGIN
Bultjnck, a currier of Bruges, who present-
ed it to his guild in 1479; dedicated in
1480 in Chapel of the Tanners, Bruges,
where it remained until about 1780, when
it was presented to the Austrian Gk>yemor-
General of Brabant ; passed in 1813 from
the Brion family at Brussels to the Collec-
tion of the Boisseree brothers; acquired
thence by the Pinakothek Engraved by
R Schaflfer ; R Peztsch in Porster's Denk-
niale. Lithographed by Strixner, Frey-
mann. — Kugler (Crowe), i 97 ; Eastlake,
Notes, 139.
VIRGIN, SEVEN SORROWS OP THE,
Hans Memling, Turin Gallery ; wood, H. 1
ft 9 in. X 3 ft The story of the Passion, in
a landscape. In background, the Entrance
of Christ into Jerusalem ; then the Saviour in
the House of the Pharisee, and the Last
Supper ; next, nearer the spectator, the Be-
trayal by Judas, the Flagellation, the March
to Calvary, the Crucifixion, the Descent
from the Cross, the Resurrection, the De-
scent into Limbus, the Appearance to the
Magdalen, and the Supper at Emmaus.
In the foreground, a donor and his wife are
kneeling. There are hundreds of figures in
this miniature, all of them delicately finished
and brilliantly coloured. Probably the cen-
tral part of an altarpiece, painted in 1477-
78, by order of WiDem Vrelandt, for the
booksellers' chapel in Bruges. The donors
ore supposed to be Vrelandt and his wife.
The picture was sold in 1624 Saved from
the plunder of the Dominican Convent of
Bosco, near Alessandria, Piedmont, in the
Prench Revolution, and subsequently pre-
sented to the king. The wings are sup-
posed to be lost — C. &C.,Plemish Painters,
267.
VIRGINIA, DEATH OF, G. G. Lethiere,
Louvre ; canvas, H. 15 ft x 25 ft 8 in. ;
signed, dated 1828. Virginius, having slain
his daughter, holds up the bloody knife and
threatens Appius Claudius, the Decemvir.
Salon, 1831 ; presented to Louvre in 1848
by M. Bayard. Original study in Salon of
1795.
VISCH, MATHTAS DE, bom at Reninghe,
West Planders, in 1702, died at Bruges,
April 23, 1765. Plemish school; history
and portrait painter, pupil at Binges of Jo-
seph van den Eerckhove ; was the first to
win (1720) the prize at the newly founded
Academy, went in 1723 to Paris and thence
soon after to Italy, visiting Rome, Venice,
where he studied under Piazzetta, then
Parma and Piacenza; returned to Bruges
after nine years' absence, established a suc-
cessful life-model school in 1735, and be-
came professor at the Academy in 1739.
Works : Hagar consoled by the Angel, St
Jacques, Bruges; Allegory of Pine Arts,
Portraits of Himself (2, one dated 1740), do.
of the Painter Suweyns (1740), Academy, ib.
— ^Immerzeel, iiL 197 ; Weale, Cat Bruges
Acad., 91.
VISCHER, AUGUST, bom at Waldan-
gelloch, Baden, in 1822. History and genre
painter, pupil of Munich Academy under
Cornelius and Schnorr, and of Antwerp
Academy under Wappers and Deitmann,
then of De Block; settled in Munich in
1850, visited Paris in 1853-64 ; became Ba-
den court painter in 1864 and professor at
the Polytechnic Institute in Carlsruhe in
1870. Gold medal, 1851. Works : Sailors'
Dance in Dutch Tavern, Scene in Baden
Revolution, Diana of Poitiers before Prancis
I (1850); Capture of Olden Bameveld
(1851), Coligny at St Quentin surprised by
the Spaniards (1852), Carlsruhe Art Union ;
Capture of Gotz von Berlichingen ; Capture
of Prancis L at Pavia (1857) ; Berthold of
Z&hringen defeating the Milanese at Cassa-
no in 1158 (1864), Carlsruhe Gallery ; Storm-
ing of Rome by the Germans (1875). In
fresco : Storming of Ofen by Elector Max
Emanuel, Entry of Elector Max Joseph into
Munich in 1799, National Museum, Munich.
— Dioskuren (1870), 185 ; Kaulen, 310 ; Re-
gnet, iL 286.
VISITATION, Mariotto AlberHnetti, Uffizi,
Florence ; wood, small figures ; dated 1503.
Visit of Mary to EUzabeth (Luke i 39).
The Virgin and Elizabeth meet under a deo-
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VISITATION
orated portico ; in the predella, Annuncia-
tion, Nativity, and Presentation in Temple.
Painted for S. Martino, Florence ; passed
Vititation, Mariotto Alb«rtinelli. Uffizi, Flor«nc«.
in 1786 from the Florence Academy to
the Uffizi. Albertinelli's masterpiece. The
group is felicitous, the draperies are worthy
of Fra Bartolommeo, and the low-keyed
tone of colour is heightened by glazes ap-
plied with consummate skill Engraved by
V. deUa Bruna.— C. & C, Italy, iii. 486 ;
Vasari, ed. Mil., iv. 224 ; Molini, Gal. di Fi-
renze, i 69 ; Lasinio, L PL 21 ; Meyer, Etinst.
Lex., i 219, 222 ; Etruria Pittrice, i PL 39 ;
Eosini, iv. 47.
By Domenico Ohirlandajo, Louvre ; wood,
H. 5 ft. 7 in. X 5 ft. 3 in. ; dated 1491. The
Virgin receives the salutation of Si Eliza-
bethy who kneels in presence of Mary Cleo-
pas and Mary Salome. Begun for Church
of GesteUo, now S. M. Maddalena de' Pazzi,
Florence, by Domenico, and finished by his
brothers, David and Benedetto. Carried to
Paris in. 1812, and left to the Mus^ Napo-
leon in 1815 by the Florentine Commission-
ers.— Vasari, ed. MiL, iii 258; Villot, Cat.
Louvre.
By Pdma Vecchio, Vienna Museum ; can-
vas, H. 6 ft X 11 ft. 9 in. Joseph and Zach-
arias witness the meeting of Elizabeth and
Mary at outskirts of a village. — C. & C, N.
Italy, ii. 471.
By Sebastian del Piomho, Louvre, Paria ;
wood, transferred to canvas, H. 5 fi 6 in. x
4 ft 4 in. ; signed, dated 1521. Visit of
Mary to Elizabeth ; in distance, a man an-
nounces to Zacharias the coming of the Vir-
gin. Painted for Francis I Damaged by
restorations— C. & C, N. Italy, il 339 ; Vil-
lot, Cat Louvre ; Filhol, vii. PL 469 ; Lan-
don, Mus^ Triii. PL 44.
Vititation, S«t>attian del Piombo, Louvra, Paris.
By Eaphael, Madrid Museum; wood,
transferred to canvas, H. 6 ft 7 in. x 4 ft. 9
in. Elizabeth advances from left to meet
the Virgin and clasps her hand ; in back-
888
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VISITATION
ground, baptism of Christ, with the Eternal
blessing him from above. Painted about
1517 for Giovanni Battista Branconio of
Visitation, Raphael, Madrid Mussum.
Aquila, who presented it to S. Silvestro at
Aquila in the Abruzzi ; bought in 1655 by
Phihp rV. of Spain, who placed it in the
Escorial ; carried to Paris in 1813 and trans-
ferred to canvas ; retunied in 1822. Al-
most wholly by Raphael Engraved by A.
B. Desnoyers, and others. — Gruyer, Vierges
de Raphael, iL 63 ; Passavant, ii. 247 ; lila-
drazo, 189 ; Reveil, L 61 ; Larousse, xv,
1116.
By BemhraTidt, Grosvenor House, Lon-
don ; wood, H. 1 ft. 9 in. x 1 ft. 6 in. ; signed,
dated 1640. Elizabeth embraces the Virgin
at the bottom of the house steps, which the
aged Zacharias, who is supported by a
youth, is descending ; behind the Virgin, a
negress, and farther back a servant housing
an ass ; beside them a dog, a peacock, and
a hen with chickens. Formerly in Collec-
tion of King of Sardinia ; bought in Eng-
land in 1812. Engraved by J. Burnet
(1813).— Waagen, Art Treasures, ii. 165;
Vosmaer, 455 ; Smith, vii. 22.
By Buhens, Antwerp Cathedral ; wood,
H. 13 ft. 6 in. X 4 ft. 10 in. The Virgin is
received by Elizabeth at the entrance of a
house with a vast portico supported by col-
umns, while Zacharias greets Joseph, who
is mounting the steps ; behind the latter, a
maid-sei-vant with a basket on her head, and
in foreground a man-servant unlading an
asa Painted on the interior of one of the
wings of the Descent from the Cross. En-
graved by P. de Jode ; Ragot.
By Tintoretto, Scuola di S. Rocco, Ven-
ice ; canvas. The Virgin and Elizabeth,
with Zacharias behind them leaning on his
staflf. " Painted in his very best manner ;
exquisite in simplicity, unrivalled in vigour,
well-preserved, and, as a piece of painting,
certainly one of the most precious in Venice."
— Buskin, Stones of Venice, iii 332.
Visitation, Rubens, Antwerp Cathedral.
Subject treated also by Pinturicchio,
Vatican ; Cristofano Allori, Palazzo Strozzi,
Florence ; Federigo Barocci, Vienna Muse-
884
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VITALE
urn ; Carlo Bonone, S. M. in Vado, Perrara;
Callisto da Lodi, S. M. Calchera, Brescia ;
Lodovico Carracci, S. Domenico, Bologna ;
Domenichino, Cappella Nolfi, Fano ; Garo-
falo, Palazzo Doria, Borne ; Luca Giordano,
Vienna Museum; Guercino, Bouen Muse-
um ; Carlo Maratti, S. M. della Pace, Bome ;
Giovanni Maria Morandi, Ufl&zi, Florence ;
Bernardino Naldini, Duomo, Florence ; Er-
cole Procaccini, Naples Museum ; Andrea
Yicentino, Uffizi, Florence ; Vicente Joanes,
Madrid Museum, Carlsruhe Gkdlery; Yin-
cenzo Carducho, Madrid Museum.
VITALE DA BOLOGNA, early part of
14th century. Bolognese school A Ma-
donna signed and dated 1320 is in the Bo-
logna Gallery. Another, engrayed by D'A-
gincourt, was dated 1345. A third, signed
by him without date, is in the Museo Oris-
tiano of the Vatican. He was a second-
rate painter, who imitated the affected ten-
derness and delicacy of the Umbrians and
displayed the mechanical attainments of a
miniaturist. — C. & C, Italy, iL 207 ; Vasari,
ed. Le Mon., iii. 41 ; Ch. Blanc, ^o\e bolo-
naise, Introd., vi. ; Burckhardt, 518.
VTTALIS, PAPnUUS, Eoman painter,
date tmknown. — ^Fabretti, Inscr., 235, No.
622 ; R.R, Schom, 425.
V VITE, TIMOTEO, or Timoteo daUrbmo,
born in Ferrara in 1469, died in Urbino,
Oct 10, 1523. Umbrian school; son of
Bartolommeo di Pietro Vite. Brought up
a goldsmith, but painted with Francia in
Bologna in 1491-95, and settled as a master
at Urbino. About 1519, or perhaps a little
before, he became Baphaers assistant in
Bome, remaining there until Baphael's
death (1520), when he probably returned to
Urbino. The most important of his works
is the altarpiece (1504), Duomo, Urbino.
The outline and modelling are precise and
careful in finish, and the drapery is good,
but the effect is cold and chilling. Vite re-
calls Francia and Pinturicchio, though much
inferior to them. A Madonna with Saints,
Brera, Milan, is of this period. As he grew
older he adopted the Baphaelesque style, as
shown in the figure of St ApoUonia in the
Santissima Trinity Urbino. As Bapbael's
assistant he painted the Prophets, in the
Church of the Pace, Bome, and the draper-
ies of Baphael's Sibyls below them. The
Madonna di S. Luca, Academy of St. Luke,
Bome, attributed to Baphael, is now as-
cribed to him. To this period also belongs
his Magdalen, Bologna Gallery. — C. & C,
N. Italy, L 567, 577 ; Burckhardt, 586, 660,
684 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., viii 146 ; ed.
MiL, iv. 489 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole ombrienne ;
Lflbke, Gesch. itaL Mai., i 453.
VEVABINI or VEVABINO, ANTONIO.
See Antonio da Murano.
VIVABINI, BABTOLOMMEO, Venetian
school ; last half of 15th century. Associ-
ated in 1450 with his brother Antonio
da Murano, with whom he had probably
studied, but soon left him and founded
a separate studio. In his first works he
signs himself Da Murano, but in 1459,
when he produced his St John Capistrano,
now in the Louyre, he had taken the after-
wards celebrated name of Vivarim. In
1465 he painted a ifck^onna with Saints, now
in the Naples Museum, in which Venetian
and Paduan elements are commingled, but
the latter predominates in his later works.
After the introduction of oil-painting into
Venice by Antonello da Messina in 1470,
Bartolommeo was the first to adopt the new
method in two altarpieces, one of 1473 in
SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Venice (in parts, one in
the transept and one in the sacristy), and
the other, of 1474, St. Mark between Four
Saints, in S. M de' Frari, Venice. To paint
these fine works he must have studied the
best creations of Mantegna, whom he often
resembles in accurate execution, though he
is generally colder in colour. The later
pictures of Bartolommeo show the hand of
assistants and are of tmequal yalue. Of
these, the St Ambrose between Four Saints
(1477), in the Vienna Museum, is a good
example. Between this and 1499 he exe-
cuted many works, but never rose again to
his best stsmdard, and sank gradually into
886
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VIVARINI
comparative obscurity. Among his later
works is St. George and the Dragon (1485),
Berlin Museum.— C. & C, N. Italy, i. 39 ;
Burckhardt, 589, 590, 623 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole
T^nitienne ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., vi 86,
102, 126 ; ed. Mil, iii. 666 ; Lermoliefl^ 397 ;
Lflbke, Qesch. itaL MaL, L 514.
VIVAKINI, LUIGI or ALVISE, the elder,
Venetian school, beginning of the 15th cen-
tury. A Christ bearing His Cross, in the
sacristy of S. Zanipolo, Venice, has his sig-
nature, with the date 1414. The picture has
been so much repaints that the authentic-
ity of the inscription has been doubted by
many. Lermolieff and Crowe and Cavalca-
selle doubt the existence of an elder Luigi,
and the latter believe it to be the work of
Luigi Vivarini who lived at the close of the
15th century, following in this Lanzi and
others. Charles Blanc, however, who thinks
the date authentic, and believes in the ex-
istence of an elder Luigi, is supported in his
belief by Ridolfi, Zanetti, and Zanotto.
There are several single figures of saints at-
tributed to the elder Luigi in the Venice
Academy.— C. & C, N. Italy, i. 19, 58 ; Va-
sari, ed. Mil, iii. 159 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole v6-
nitienne ; Lermolieff, 396.
VIVARINI, LUIGI, the younger, Vene-
tian school, last of 15th century, died in
1503? He was a kinsman of Bartolom-
meo Vivarini, and probably studied either
under him or with Antonio da Murano, his
elder brother. His style for many years
is marked with the Muranese stamp, but
when Bartolommeo's powers began to de-
cline, Luigi crept up gradually to an imita-
tion of the Bellini, and in many qualities
soon rivalled Giovanni Bellini. One of the
best examples of his earlier works is the
Madonna with Saints (1480), now in the
Venice Academy. It shows correct aerial
and linear perspective and the proper dis-
tribution of figures, and proves that he
needed but a little more taste for colour,
more delicacy of selection, and greater ver-
satility, to equal his rivals. In 1488 he was
employed with the brothers Bellini in the
decoration of the Sala del Gran Consiglio,
but the fire of 1577 unfortunately destroyed
his work& While engaged in this he also
executed important private works, the three
largest and latest of which are a Madonna
witii Saints, Berlin Museum ; Madonna with
Saints and Angels (1501), same gallery;
and the Apotheosis of Si Ambrose in the
Frari, Venice, finished after Luigi's death,
by his pupil Basaiti. — C. & C, N. Italy, i.
52 ; Vasari, ed. Mil., iii. 159 ; Ch. Blanc,
£cole venitienne ; Lermoliefif, 398 ; Ltlbke,
Gesch. itaL Mai., i. 517.
VIVIEN, JOSEPH, bom at Lyons in
1657, died at Bonn, Dec. 5, 1735. French
school ; portrait painter, especially in pas-
tel, pupil of Le Brun in Paris, where he
went in 1677. Acquired such reputation
that all persons of note in Europe wished to
be painted by him. His portraits are excel-
lent likenesses and of fine execution. Mem-
ber of Academy, 1701 ; Counsellor, 1703.
Court painter to Elector of Cologne.
Works : Adoration of the Magi (1698), Notre
Dame de Paris ; Elector Max Emanuel of
Bavaria, Duke of Burgundy, Sculptor Gi-
rardon, three others, Musee des dessins,
Louvre ; Portraits of F6n61on, and the En-
graver Edelinck (attributed), Versailles Mu-
seum ; Cardinal Joseph Clement of Bavaria,
Elector of Cologne, Valenciennes Museum ;
others in Museums at Metz and Bouen ;
Duke Ferdinand Maria of Bavaria, Darm-
stadt Museum ; Pension, The Artist, Old
Pinakothek, Mimich ; Philip V. of Spain,
Dukes Charles de Berry, Louis of Bur-
Qf a I. f gundy. Max
(^/ JrUJiS/ryy Emanuel of
\J ^Q y^^^J Bavaria (2),
\JiK%lOj^ |^^g4;f eight others,
V Lo "^ Y'^''^^^ Schleissheim
//VV trait of him-
self, TJffizi, Florence.— Bellier, ii 698 ; Ch.
Blanc, :ficole fran9aise, iii; JaL, 1278.
VLEMCK, PEETER, bom at Courtrai in
1539, died at Toumai in 1681. Flemish
school; history painter, pupil of Charles
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VLEUGHELS
dTpres, worked for awhile at Malines, then
studied at Antwerp tinder Jacob Moris
(brother of Frans Floris) ; went to Italy
about 1559, and worked in Venice under
Tintoretto ; in Borne, where he studied the
works of Michelangelo, he assisted Girolamo
Muziano in the Vatican and in the Villa
d'Este, painting the figures in his land-
scapes. Having visited Naples, he returned
home via Germany; but in spite of his
great skill met with no success, and died in
poverty. He was the master of Karel van
Mander, in whose time, even, his works were
already rare. — Fetis, Les Artistes beiges h
r^tranger, ii. 360 ; Michiels, vi 125 ; Splen-
deurs de Tart en Belgique, 117.
VLEUGHELa See Wleughels,
VLIEGER, SIMON DE, bom in Rotter-
dam about 1600, died in Amsterdam shortly
before 1660. Dutch school ; marine and
landscape painter, supposed pupil of Willem
van de Velde the elder ; entered guild at
Delft in 1634, and became a citizen of Am-
sterdam. He was the first to represent
with great truth the ocean tmder its differ-
ent aspects. He had a pure feeling for
nature, and excelled in aerial perspective,
freedom of touch, and softness of execution.
Works : Coast of Scheveningen, Bridge-
water Gbllery, London ; Naval Battle on the
Slaak (1633), Amsterdam Museum ; Slight-
ly Agitated Sea (163-), Berlin Museum ;
do. (1632), Baron Minutoli's Collection,
Schloss Fridersdorf, Silesia ; Storm at Sea,
Fort Bath on the Scheldt, Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; Biver Maas with Vessels, Zuyder
Zee vrith Vessels, Marine (1660), Copenha-
gen Gallery ; Landscape with Htmters, Ma-
rines, Stockholm Museum ; Calm Sea with
Vessels (3, one dated 1654), Schwerin Gal-
lery ; do. (1649), Museum, Vienna ; Wood
Landscape (1640), Marines (2), Liechten-
stein Gallery, ib.; Storm at Sea, Czemin
Gallery, ib.; Arrival of Prince of Orange at
Vliessingen, Agitated Sea (1624), Hermitage,
St Petersburg ; Calm Sea (2), Peterhof ;
others in the Louvre, in Museums and Gal-
leries of Antwerp, Augsburg, Basle, Dres-
den, Frankfort, Gk)tha, K6nigsberg, and
Weimar. — Ch. Blanc, !l^ole hoUandaise;
Immerzeel, iii 202; Kramm, vL 1780 ; Kug-
ler (Crowe), iL 494 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xxi.
324.
VUET, HENDRIK CORNELISZ VAN
(van der), bom at Delft in 1611 or 1612,
died there in October, 1675. Dutch school ;
genre, portrait, and architecture painter,
pupil of his uncle Willem van Vliet, and of
Mierevelt ; painted church interiors with
fine aerial and lineal perspective ; also por-
traits, and genre pictures by lamplight, in
the style of Schalcken. Works: Lady's
Portrait (1671), Haarlem Museum ; Interior
of Protestant Church (1666), Rotterdam
Museum ; do. (1652), Moltke Collection,
Copenhagen ; do. (1659), Schwerin Gtallery ;
Interior of Church in Delft, Hague Muse-
um ; do. (1654), Amsterdam Museum ; do.,
Stockholm Museum; Merry Old Soldier
(1647), Copenhagen Gallery ; Monument to
William of Orange (1663), Amalienstift,
Dessau ; do., Stockholm Museum ; Betum
of Jephtha, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg.
Interiors : Ghent Museum (2) ; Berlin Mu-
seum ; Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Old Pinako-
thek, Munich ; Vienna Academy ; Hermit-
age, St Petersburg. — Burger, Musses, iL
312 ; Kramm, vi. 1780 ; Kugler (Crowe), iL
513 ; Stuers, 176 ; Schlie, 667 ; Zeitschr. 1
b. K, xxL 324.
VUET, WILLEM VAN DEB, bom at
Delft in 1586, died in 1644. Dutch school ;
history and portrait painter, whose works
are very rare. Works : Portrait of a Jesuit,
National Gkllery, London ; Male Portrait,
Brussels Museum ; do. (1632), Leipsic Mu-
seum; Female Portrait (1624), Liechten-
stein GkiUery, Vienna. By Jan Joris van
897
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VOELCKER
Yliet, bom at Delft about 1610, pupil of
Rembrandt, are portraits in the Museums at
Rotterdam and Leipsic, and a Baptism of
the Eunuch, in the Oldenburg Gallery.
VOELCKER^ GOTTFRIED WOMELM,
bom in Berlin, March 23, 1776, died there,
Nov. 1, 1849. Flower painter, pupil of Jo-
hann Friedrich Schultze, whom he succeed-
ed as director of the Royal Porcelain Factory.
Member of Berlin Academy in 1811. Pro-
fessor and privy councillor. Order of Red
Eagle ; Hanover Order of Guelph. Works :
Fruit in Glass Bowl (1827), Flower-Piece
(1837), National Gallery, Berlin ; Flowers
on a Table (1820), Raczynski Gallery, ib.;
Flowers and Fruit (1834), Eonigsberg Mu-
seum ; do. (1842), Schwerin Gallery. His
son, Friedrich Wilhehn (1799-1870), distin-
guished himself in the same brancL Work :
M^c,
Flower-Piece (1821), New Pinakothek, Mu-
nich. — Rosenberg, Berl. MalerscL, 351.
VOET, JACOB FERDINAND, bom at
Antwerp, baptized March 14, 1639, died
after 1691 (?). Flemish school; portrait
painter, formed himself under the influ-
ence of Van Dyck, then in Rome imder
that of Carlo Maratti ; flourished about
1660-91, chiefly in Rome, under the Popes
Alexander YH. and Clement IX., in Turin,
Paris, and Antwerp. Works : Portrait of
Cardinal Azzolini (1654), Berlin Museum ;
do. of Pope Clement IX. (1667).— Kramm,
vL 1782.
VOET, KAREL BORCHAERT, bom at
Zwolle about 1670, died in 1745. Dutch
school ; still-life painter, pupil of his broth-
er and another unknown master ; entered,
at the age of nineteen, the service of the
Earl of Portland, and accompanied him
several times to England. Finally lived at
Dordrecht Works : Memento Mori (1741),
Kitchen Scenes (2), Schwerin Gallery. — ^Im-
merzeel, iii. 203 ; Scblie, 669.
VOGEL, CHRISTIAN LEBRECHT, bom
at Dresden, April 4, 1759, died there, April
11, 1816. History and portrait painter, pu-
pil of Schenau ; invited to Castle Wilden-
fels in 1780 by his patron. Count Solms, he
painted there many portraits and family
groups of distinguished persons. Member
of Dresden Academy in 1800, professor in
1814. Was especially successful vnth chil-
dren's portrait& Works: Two Children
playing vdth lighted Candle, Christiania
G^ery; Artist's Children with Picture
Book, Dresden Museum. — ^Nagler, xx. 491.
VOGEL, HUGO, bom at Magdeburg,
Feb. 15, 1855. Historical genre painter,
pupil of Wilhelm Sohn at Dasseldorf . (}old
medal, Berlin, 1883. Works : Luther at the
Wartburg preaching from his Translation
of the Bible (1882), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ;
Beethoven at the Piano (1883) ; Reception
of the French Huguenots by the Great
Elector (1884) ; Duke Emst the Confessor
taking Communion at Celle — 1535 (1885),
Provinzial Museum, Hanover. — Eunst^hro-
nik, xviii. 549 ; xx. 753 ; xxi. 243 ; Kunst
f. Alle, L; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xxi. 256.
VOGEL, LXJDWIG, bom at Zflrich, July
10, 1788, died there, Aug. 21, 1879. His-
tory and genre painter, pupil of Heinrich
Fuessli and of Konrad Gessner, then of Vi-
enna Academy ; went in 1810 with Over-
beck to Rome, and, after having studied, at
Florence and Orvieto, Perugia, Siena, Pisa»
etc., the masterworks of Signorelli, Giotto,
and other Pre-Raphaelite masters, returned
to Zurich in 1813, and until 1820 studied
Svnss types on trips through his native
mountains. Works : Return Home of Swiss
Warrior in 16th Century (1810) ; Retum of
Victors at Morgarten (1813) ; Struthan von
Winkelried fighting the Dragon (1814) ; La
Benichon (1819); Flight of Charles the Bold
(1838) ; Xnrich ZwingU as Chaplain (1838) ;
Arnold von Winkelried at Sempach (1840,
1856) ; Capuchin Refectory (1852) ; Tell's
Chapel, Woman of Grisons in Suabian War,
Prayer at the Grave (1844) ; Reception of
Zurich into Confederacy, Ztlrich GaUery;
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VOGEL
Zwingli's Return from Berne (1865) ; Death
of Gessler (1867). — ^Andresen, ii 260 ; Kunst-
Ohronik, xviii. 742 ; Nagler, xx. 495.
VOGEL VON VOGELSTEIN, KARL,
bom at Wildenfels, Saxony, June 26, 1788,
died in Municb, March 4, 1868. History
and portrait painter, son and pupil of Chris-
tian Lebrecht Vogel (1759-1816), and pupil
of Dresden Academy ; went in 1807 to Mem-
el, Dorpert, and St. Petersburg, where he
painted many portraits, and in 1813 to Italy,
where he studied and copied after the old
masters ; in 1820 he became professor at
the Dresden Academy, and in 1824 court
painter ; visited London in 1834, Rome
again in 1840-42, and Venice in 1851-52 ;
resigned his professorship in 1853, and soon
after moved to MunicL Member of Berlin,
Munich, Vienna, St Petersburg, and Flor-
ence Academies ; ennobled by the King of
Saxony in 1831 ; Order of Albrecht, 1853.
Works: Temptation of Christ; Annuncia-
tion ; Baptism of Christ ; Susanna justified
by Daniel ; Christ Crucified (1821), Naum-
burg Cathedral ; St Joseph of Calazans
with the School Children ; Raising of Laza-
rus ; Madonna, Portrait of the Landscape
Painter Miville (1811), Basle Museum ;
Dante in his Relation to the Divine Com-
edy (1844), Palazzo Crocetta, Florence ;
Christian Martyr Perpetua in Prison ; Fran-
cesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta ; Fran-
cesca at the Bath (1845-46) ; Scenes from
Goethe's Faust (1852); replica, Palazzo Pitti,
Florence ; Portraits of Pope Pius VIL (1817),
Kings Frederic August (1823) and John
(1832) of Saxony, Dresden Gallery ; Lud-
wig Tieck, National Gkdlery, Berlin ; do.
(1834), and King Frederic August IL, Leip-
sic Museum ; Portrait of himself UfiSzi,
Florence ; Thorwaldsen ; Lucien Bonaparte.
In fresco : Ten Scenes in Life of the Virgin
(1826-29), Royal Chapel, Pillnitz.— Andre-
sen, ii 101 ; Blustr. Zeitg. (1868), L 267 ;
Jordan (1885), il 232 ; Nagler, xx. 481.
VOILLEMOT, ANDRfi CHARLES, bom
in Paris, Dec. 13, 1822. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Drolling and at the £cole des Beaux
Arts. His pictures, mostly ideal subjects,
produce a charming effect at a distance, but
on a close approach appear heavy in draw-
ing and colouring. Medal, 1870 ; L. of
Honour, 1870. Works: Zephyr, Cupid,
Dream (1859); Gallant Festival, Cupid,
Banquet of Stone (1863) ; Youth (1864) ;
The Nest (1868) ; Velleda (1869) ; Grass-
hopper and Ant (1870); Springtime (1873);
Woman with Roses (1874); Twilight (1876);
Innocence in Danger (1878); Revery (1880);
Recalling the Lovers (1883) ; Fantaisie es-
pagnole (1884). — Larousse.
VOIS, ARTE (Adriaan) DE, bom in Ley-
den in 1641, died there in 1698 (?). Dutch
school ; history, portrait, genre, and land-
scape painter, pupil of Nicolas Enupfer in
Utrecht and of Abraham van den Tempel at
Leyden ; further developed under influence
of Gerard Dou and Frans van Mieria He
painted, with minute finish, chiefly half-
length nude figures, in landscapes after the
manner of Poelenburg, animated in concep-
tion and clear and warm in colouring. A
rich marriage led him into idleness for thir-
teen years, until need compelled him to de-
vote himself again to art The pictures of
his last period pass for his best. Works :
Boy with Book, Bridgewater Ghdlery, Lon-
don ; Woman cutting a Lemon, Two Male
Portraits, Louvre; Jolly Toper, Brussels
Museum ; Old Lady, Antwerp Museum ;
Huntsman, Hague Museum ; Jolly Fish-
Seller, Violinist, A Lady, Peasant Smok-
ing, Amsterdam Museum ; Drinker, Cassel
Gallery ; Storm at Sea, Brunswick Gallery ;
Old Man's Head, Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ;
Venus and Adonis (1678), Berlin Mnse-
uni ; Lute Player, Gt>tha Museum ; Drinker,
Smoker, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Man
looking into a Mum-Glass, Shepherdess,
Landscape with Nude Figures (1666), Dres-
c/^^^g/S^
^<f
den Gallery ; Peasants before their Cottage,
Schwerin Gallery.— Ch. Blanc, £cole hollan-
sm
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VOLK
daise ; Immerzeel, iil 203 ; Eramm, vi 1784 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 413 ; Eiegel (Beitrage),
ii. 408.
VOLK, DOUGLAS, bom in Pittefield,
Mass., in 1856. Figure and subject paint-
er; son of Leonard Volk, sculptor; pupil
of GtTome in Paris, and studied in Rome.
Member of Society of American Artists.
Studio in New York. Works : Vanity, In
Brittany (1876) ; Domestic Life in Nor-
mandy (1878) ; In the Studio — Portrait
(1880) ; Puritan Girl (1881), T. B. Clarke,
New York ; Kept In (1882); Charity (1883).
VOLKERS, EMIL, bom at Birkenfeld,
Jan. 4, 1831. Genre and animal painter,
pupil in Dresden of Rietschel and Schnorr,
and in Munich of Albrecht and Franz Adam ;
studied the horse in the royal studs of Wftr-
temberg, and settled in Dttsseldorf in 1857 ;
Tisited Bucharest in 1867 and Italy in 1869.
Works: Four-in-Hand of Prince of Rou-
mania ; Market at Reni ; Tavem Scene in
Roumania; Roumanian Peasants Resting;
Market Scene in Bucharest; Scenes from
Campaigns of 1866 and 1870, Duke of Ol-
denburg.— MfUler, 539.
VOLKHART, GEORG WILHELM, born
at Herdicke, Westphalia, June 23, 1815,
died in Dttsseldorf, March 14, 1876. His-
tory and portrait painter, pupil of Dttssel-
dorf Academy; studied in Italy (1846-47)
after the old masters. Works : Christ the
Good Shepherd (1834) ; Fritjof and Inge-
borg (1836) ; Tancred and Erminia (1837) ;
Raphael and the Fomarina (1838) ; Murder
of Rizzio (1841) ; Abdication of Mary Stuart
(1842) ; Mary Stuart on the Scaffold (1844);
Leonardo and Blandine (1845) ; Death of
Admiral Coligny (1846) ; Charles IX. and
Catharine de' Medici visiting Coligny
(1849) ; Duke of Alva's Breakfast at Rudol-
stadt (1850) ; Wallenstein and Seni (1851) ;
Scene from Peasants' War (1852) ; Death of
Belshazzar ; Matathias overthrowing Altar at
Modin. His son Max (bom in Dttsseldorf,
Oct 17, 1848) is a successful genre painter,
pupil of Dttsseldorf Academy and of Eduard
von Gebhardt, then studied in Brussels, Ant-
werp, Bruges, and Ghent ; in 1878 visited
North Italy, and in 1881 Holland. Works:
Bandage Room at Gravelotte ; A Point of
Honour; Much Ado about Nothing; Au-
dience at the Burgomaster's ; Improvised
Dinner Party ; Rejected Suitor (1884). —
Blanckarts, 102; Cotta's KunstbL (1839),
43 ; Kunst-Chronik, xL 434 ; Meyer, Conv.
Lex., xvii. 966; xx. 998; Wolfg. MtiUer,
Dttsseldf. K, 152 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xviii. 36.
VOLKMAR, ANTONTE, bom in BerHn,
April 24, 1827. Genre and portrait painter,
pupil of Julius Schrader, and in Paris (1853-
57) of Cogniet ; returned to her native city,
where she won immediate success ; visited
Italy in 1862-64. Works : Artist travelling
(1847) ; Sale of the Last Jewel (1858) ; Ger-
man Emigrants (1860) ; The new (Governess
(1868) ; Beginning of Artistic Career (1870) ;
The Schoolmates (1880) ; Grandmother tell-
ing Stories, Stettin Museum. — Mttller, 539.
VOLLERDT, JOHANN CHRISTIAN,
bom at Leipsio in 1708, died at Dresden in
1769. German school; landscape painter,
pupil of Alexander Thiele in Dresden ;
aimed at representing atmospheric effects in
the style of Christoph Ludwig Agricola.
Works : Winter Landscapes (3), Landscape
with River, do. with Ruins (2), Cassel GkJ-
lery ; Thunderstorm, Rainbow in the Moun-
tains, Winter in do., River Landscape in do.,
Schwerin Gallery. — Schlie, 671.
VOLLMER, ADOLF, bom in Hamburg,
Dec. 17, 1806, died there in 1875. Land-
scape and marine painter, pupil of Suhr,
then in Altona of Rosenberg and in Copen-
hagen of Eckersberg ; studied in Munich in
1833-39, and travelled in Tyrol and Italy.
In 1866 he became blind. Works : two
Views of Heligoland, Woods near Reinbeck
(1831) ; Harbour in the Baltic (1835) ; Sea
in approaching Storm (1837) ; Lagoons in
Venice (1839) ; Hamburg Harbour (1846) ;
^ ^ Marine (1836); Stangenmtlhlen-
y^4/ Grand (1852), Hamburg Gal-
■^ lery ; Coast on Baltic Sea (1864) ;
The Elbe at Blankenese (1865).— Andresen,
iii 24.
890
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VOLLMERING
VOLLMEMNG, JOSEPH, bom at An-
holt, Westphalia, Aug. 27, 1810. Land-
scape painter, pupil of the Amsterdam
Academy in 1826-30 ; then travelled several
years in Germany, studying after nature,
especially in the valley of the Bhine ; from
1835 to 1844 studied with Barend Comelis
Koekkoek, with whom he made many sketch-
ing trips in the Rhine, Moselle, and Neckar
VaJleys. Removed to America in 1847 ;
elected an A.N.A. in 1852. Studio in New
York. Works : Indian Falls — near Cold
Spring, N. Y. (1848), painted for G. Kemble ;
View on the Hudson, J. J. Astor, New York ;
Holy Shrine at Sunset (1852), (Jeorge L
Seney, ib. ; Study of Trees (1865), L. M.
Rutherford, ib. ; Sunset Landscape (1869),
Adirondack Mountains (1869), F. H. Delano,
ib. ; The Hudson from Garrison's, C. de
Rham, ib. ; The Hudson from Hastings, F.
W. Lasak, ib. ; New York from Weehawken
Heights (1872), A. Havemeyer, ib.
VOLLON, ANTOINE, bom in Lyons,
April 20, 1833. Genre,
landscape, and
flower painter, pupil
of Riboi Colouring
harmonious ; in other
respects variable.
Medals: 1865, 1868,
1869; 1st class, 1878;
L. of Honour, 1870 ;
Officer, 1878. Works:
Art and Gluttony
(1864); Kitchen Interior (1864), Nantes
Museum ; Return from Market (1866) ; Mon-
key at the Accordeon (1866), Lyons Muse-
um ; Grapes in the South, Sea Fish (1867) ;
Old Fisherman, Curiosities (1868), Luxem-
bourg ; After the Ball (1869) ; Comer of
my Studio ; Sea Fish (1870), Luxembourg ;
Luncheon (1871) ; New Year's Day (1872) ;
The Kettle (1872), Lyons Museum ; Comer
of the Market (1874) ; The Kg, Armure Fish
(1875) ; Woman of the Pollet in Dieppe
(1876) ; Helmet of Henri H., Spaniard
(1878) ; Pumpkins (1880) ; Birds of the
South, Pot on the Fire (1883) ; Cruche de
Marseille (1885); Pottery, View of Treport
(1886); Still Life, Henry T. Chapman, Jr.,
Brooklyn, N. Y.— -Claretie, Peintres (1874),
196 ; Meyer, Gesch., 630 ; Larousse.
VOLLWEIDER, AUGUST, bom at Eich-
stetten, Baden, in 1835. Landscape painter,
pupil in Carlsruhe of Schirmer ; visited Mu-
nich and the Bavarian Highlands in 1858,
Cologne, DOsseldorf, and Belgium in 1861,
the Swiss Alps and Black Forest in 1865,
and Paris in 1867 ; instructor at the Carls-
ruhe Art School since 1855, and inspector
since 1861 ; resigned in 1874 and settled at
Berne. Works : Heidelberg Castle ; Spring
under Oak Trees (1865), Oak Wood with
Deer, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Storm Landscape
(1866) ; German Oaks (1867) ; The Wetter-
horn, Wttrzburg Art Union ; Rosenlaui Gla-
cier ; Susten Pass in Switzerland ; Ancient
Germans in Oak Wood. — ^Mllller, 540.
VOLMAR, GEORG, bom at Mengen,
Suabia, in 1770, died at Berae, April 27,
1831. Landscape painter, self-taught by
study of nature ; painted especially Swiss
scenery and costume pictures ; visited Italy
in 1807, and became professor at the Art
School in Beme. Works: Waterfall near
Meiringen, Beme Museum ; Mother and
Child under a Tree near Battlefield, Fdrst-
enberg Gallery, Donaueschingen. His son
Joseph (bom in 1795, died in Berne in 1865),
pupil of Horace Vemet, also became pro-
fessor at Beme. By him : Boar Hunt,
Leonore (after BOrger's ballad, 1829), Beme
Museum. By another son, Rudolf (died in
Beme, 1844), a View of the Giessbach, ib.
VOLTERRA, DANIELE DA, bom in
Yolterra in 1509, died in Rome, April 4,
1566. Florentine school Real name Dan-
iele Ricciarelli ; pupil of II Sodoma, after-
wards of Baldassare Peruzzi. When still
young he went to Rome, where, after work-
ing as assistant to Perino del Vaga, he be-
came the pupil of Michelangelo. His chief
works are in the Cappella Orsini in Trinity
de' Monti, Rome, where he spent seven
years in painting a series of frescos repre-
senting the history of the Crosa The prin-
891
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VOLTERRA
cipal composition, the Descent from the
Cross, is ranked among the great pictures
of the world. As
it is superior to
any other work by
Volterra, many
think he was aided
in the composition
by Michelangelo.
On the death of
Del Vaga,m 1547,
Volterra was ap-
pointed superin-
tendent of the works in the Vatican, but on
the death of Paul IH he lost the position,
and the rest of his life was devoted chiefly
to sculpture. After living in Florence and
other places he finally returned to Rome,
and was employed by Paul IV. to drape the
nude figures in Michelangelo's Last Judg-
ment, in the Sistine Chapel, whence he was
nicknamed II Bracchettone (breeches-maker).
Among his works are : Massacre of the Inno-
cents, Uffizi, Florence ; Madonna and Saints,
Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna ; Descent from
the Cross, Madrid Museum ; Beheading of
John Baptist, Turin Gallery ; David and Go-
liath, Louvre. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xii. 84 ;
ed. Mil., vii. 49 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole florentine ;
Burckhardt, 184, 648, 683, 756.
VOLTERRA, FRANCESCO DA, Floren-
tine school, 14th century. Supposed dis-
ciple of Giotto, but long settled in Pisa,
where in 1346 he had already executed an
altarpiece for the cathedral. Another work
is The Crucified, Angels and Saints, Sac-
risty of Ognissanti, Florence (1350). About
1370 he painted, according to late authori-
ties, the great frescos of the Trials of Job,
in the Campo Santo, formerly ascribed to
Giotto.— C. & C, Italy, i. 392 ; Burckhardt,
495, 497, 503.
VOLTRI, NICCOLO DA Genoese school ;
worked at Genoa in 1401 on an Annuncia-
tion, for the Church of the Madonna delle
Vigne ; also painted an altarpiece for S. Te-
odoro, Madonna and Child holding a small
Bird, with Kneeling Donor, inscribed Nico-
laus da Voltri, deposited in Museum of
Fine Arts, Boston. Shows study of German
masters. — Soprani, 11 ; Siret, 984.
VOLTZ, FRTEDRICH, bora at Nordling-
en, Oct. 31, 1817,
died in Munich,
June 25, 1886. An-
imal and idyl paint-
er, son and pupil of
the history and
genre painter Jo-
hann Michael Voltz
(1784-1868); then
studied at the Mu-
nich Academy and
from nature in the Bavarian Alps; visited
Italy in 1843-45 and in 1872, and the Neth-
erlajids in 1846, afterwards Paris, Vienna,
and Berlin. Professor at Munich Academy,
member of Munich (1863), Berlin (1869),
and Vienna ( 1870) Academies. Gold medals :
Berlin, 1856, 1861 ; WOrtemburg medal for
art ; Orders of Red Eagle and of St Micha-
el, 1867. Most of his works— nearly 2,000
— are in private collections. Works : Men-
agerie (1835), Cows Drinking (1868), Na-
tional Gtilleiy, Berlin ; Herd on Benedictine
Wall in Bavarian Highlands (1852), Konigs-
berg Museum ^ Herdsman and Cows near
a Village, Leipsic Museum ; Cow Stable,
Schwerin Gallery ; Simday Morning on the
Alp, Stuttgart Museum ; Cows by the Wa-
ter, Harrach Gallery, Vienna; Retui'n of
the Herd, St Gkill Museum ; First Storks
(1859), Duke of Oldenburg ; Pasture, En-
dangered Meal in the Stable (1860) ; Herd
Resting, Cologne Museum; Idyl (1862),
Carlsruhe Gallery; Cows in Stable, do. in
Pasture, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Re-
turn of Herd to Village (1863), New Pina-
kothek, Munich ; Cow Stable (1884); Water
ing Place for Cattle on Staraberg Lake in
Approaching Storm, Siesta in the Pasture
(1886).— Dioskuren (1861), 47, 55 ; Illustr.
Zeitg. (1857), i. ; (1870), L 371 ; Regnet, ii.
294; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 660; xxi. 652;
xxii 38 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, iL 209 ; v. 160 ;
vi. 247 ; xiii (Mittheilungen, vL 35).
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VOLTZ
VOLTZ, LUDWIG, bom at Augsburg
in 1825. Landscape and animal painter,
brother and pupil of
preceding, having
first been instructed
by his father, and in
1843-45 pupil of Mu-
nich Academy; is es-
pecially succes s f u 1
with horse portraits.
Works: Peasant with
Ploughing Team, St.
Gall Museum ; Stags
Fighting ; After the Chase ; Horses in Past-
ure ; Harvest Scene, Forester's Daughter
feeding Deer (1860).
VONNOH, ROBERT WTTiTJAM, bom in
Hartford, Conn., Sept. 17, 1858. Portrait
painter; pupil in Paris at the Academic
Julien, in 1881-82, under Boulanger and
Lef^bvre, where he won the prize for paint-
ing the male torso. His portrait of John S.
Conway, Milwaukee, Wis., was hung on the
line in the Salon of 1882, and he was award-
ed a gold medal at the Massachusetts Me-
chanics' Charitable Association Exhibition
in 1884.
VONWYL, JAKOB, bom at Luceme in
1595, died in 1621. Excellent painter in
the manner of Holbein ; many of his best
works were destroyed by fire ; his master-
piece. The Dance of Death, in seven large
panels and a small one, vdth twenty-four
groups, is in the Canton Library at Luceme.
— Meyer von Knonau.
VOOGD, HENDRIK, bom in Amsterdam
in 1766, died in Rome, Sept. 4, 1839. Land-
scape and animal painter, pupil of Amster-
dam Academy and of Juriaan Andriessen ;
went in 1788 to Rome. Member of Am-
sterdam Academy. Order of Lion. Works :
Landscape with BufiGaloes, formerly in Pa-
vihon, Haarlem ; View of the Campagna
(1809), Gotha Museum. — Immerzeel, iii
205 ; Kramm, vi. 1788.
VOORHOUT, JOHANNES, the elder,
bom at Uithoorn, near Amsterdam, in 1647,
died before May 12, 1723. History and
portrait painter, pupil at Qt)uda of C. Ver-
bout, and at Amsterdam of Johan van
Noordt; went in 1672 to Frederikstadt,
thence to Hamburg, and afterwards returned
to Amsterdam. Works: Annunciation of
Samson's Birth to Manoah and Wife, Endym-
ion and Luna, Venus and Cupid on Clouds,
Good Samaritan (1698), Brunswick Gallery ;
Lady with little Girl, Amalienstift, Dessau.
— ^Immerzeel, iii. 205 ; Kramm, vi. 1789 ;
Riegel, Beitrage, ii. 309.
VOORT, CORNELIS VAN DER, bom at
Antwerp in 1576, died at Amsterdam, Nov.
2, 1624. Dutch school; portrait painter,
probably pupil of Comelis Ketel at Amster-
dam, where he ranked among the distin-
guished artists of his day. Works: Re-
gents-Piece with six portraits (1618), do.
with five, Archery-Piece with twelve (1623),
do. with twenty-one, Amsterdam Museum.
Kramm, vi. 1790.
VOORT, MICHIEL FRANS VAN DER,
bom at Antwerp, baptized April 28, 1714,
died there, March 28, 1777. Flemish school ;
history painter, son and probably pupil of
Joseph van der Voort, or studied under one
of his relatives, all of whom were artists.
Dean of the guild in 1751-52. One of the
directors of the Academy in 1752-62.
Works : Entry of Prince Charles of Lorraine
into Antwerp (attributed to Jan Jozef Hore-
mans, the younger), City Hall, Antwerp;
Two allegorical Bas-reliefs, Museum, ib. —
Cat du Mus. d*Anvers, 437 ; Van den Bran-
den, 1194.
VORSTERMANS, JAN, bom at Bommel
in 1643, died about 1699. Dutch school ;
landscape painter, pupil of H. Saftleven ;
painted especially Rhine views with numer-
ous accessories, true in colouring and highly
finished. Later he went to England, and
painted a royal summer palace with many
courtiers for Charles H., for which he de-
manded so high a price that it was not ac-
cepted. Works : Landscape with Fortifica-
tions, Dresden Gtellery ; Two Landscapes,
Liechtenstein GkiUery, Vienna. — Immerzeel,
iii 206 ; Kramm, vL 1792.
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vos
VOS, CORNEUS DE, the elder, born at
Hulst in the summer of 1585, died in Ant-
werp, May 9,
1651. Flemish
school ; history
and portrait
painter, pupil of
David Bemeeus ;
master of the
guild of Antwerp
in 1608, its dean
in 1619-20. He
formed several
pupils, notably
Jean dossiers and Simon de Vos, with whom
he is often confounded. Belongs to the school
of Van Dyck, whose friend he was, and who
painted his portrait Works: Episode in
Life of St Norbert^ Adoration of the Magi,
Vow to the Virgin, several portraits. Muse-
um, Antwerp ; Descent from the Cross, Ca-
thedral, ib. ; Artist and his Family, Brussels
Museum ; Portrait of Young Lady (1620),
Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Alle-
gory on Biches, Botterdam Museum ; do.,
Bnmswick Museum; Male Portraits (2),
Cassel Gallery ; The Hutten Family, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Cleopatra before An-
tony at Tarsus, Portrait of a Lady (1617),
Oldenburg Gallery ; Two Scenes in Life of
St George, Stuttgart Museum; Married
Couple on Terrace (1629), Painter's Daugh-
ters, Berlin Museum ; Lady and Three Gen-
tlemen at a Game, Stockholm Museum ;
Family Group, Hermitage, St Petersburg ;
Solomon anointed King, Vienna Museum ;
Portraits of Frans Snyders and Wife, Turin
Gkdlery ; Triumph of Bacchus, Apollo and
Python, Venus, Madrid Museum ; Portrait of
Young Girl, New
York Museum,
— Ch. Blanc
!^cole flamande ; Cat du Mus. d'Anvers,
133 ; Kramm, vL 1793 ; Michiels, viii. 293 ;
Biegel, Beitrage, u. 92; Booses (Beber),
347 ; Van den Branden, 639, 653.
VOS, MABTEN DE, the elder, bom in
Antwerp in 1532, died there, Dec. 17, 1603.
lC/)( Vos
Flemish school ; history and portrait paint-
er, pupil of his father, Pieter de Vos (bom
in 1490), and of
Frans Floris, af-
terwards of Tin-
toretto at Ven-
ice. On his re-
turn to Antwerp
he established a
school; was re-
ceived into guild
of St Luke in
1559, dean in
1572. He was one of the most prolific paint-
ers of his time. Works : Baising of Lazarus,
Samson and Delilah, Madrid Museum ; St
Paul stung by Viper, Louvre ; Crucifixion,
Triptych with Incredulity of St Thomas
(1574), Temptation of St Anthony (1594),
thirty others. Museum, Antwerp ; several.
Cathedral, ib. ; Portraits of Man and Wife,
Brussels Museum; Holy Family (1585),
Ghent Museum ; Moses with the L&w Tables
(1575), Hague Museum ; Jesus on the Sea
of Tiberias (1589) ; Prophet Jonah cast into
the Sea (1589), Mythological Allegory, Su-
sanna and the Elders, Israelites crossing the
Bed Sea, Carlsruhe Gallery; Crucifixion,
Schleissheim Gallery; do., and Portrait of
the Artist, Museum, Vienna; Baising of
Lazarus, Liechtenstein Gallery, ib. ; Piet^
Baptism of Christ, Harrach Gallery, ib. ;
Hermit in Prayer, Wiesbaden Gallery;
Earthly Paradise, and several portraits, Uf-
fizi, Florence. His son, Marten (bom 1576),
was also a paint- ^
er. — Ch. Blanc, -^| ^r^ ^
£cole flamande, /tTtAt / ^t
Cat. du Mus.^ ICf UJ •Jf
d'Anvers, 122; ^-^
Immerzeel, iiL 207 ; Kramm, vi 1797 ;
Kugler (Crowe), L 239 ; Michiels, v. 420 ;
Booses (Beber), 101 ; Van den Branden,
216.
VOS, PAULUS DE, bom at Hulst about
1590, died in 1678. Flemish school ; ani-
mal painter ; most successful imitator of
Snyders, his brother-in-law. Painted a
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vos
great deal for the Emperor, the King of
Spain, and the Duke of Aerschot, his par-
ticular patron. Master of the guild in 1620.
Van Dyck painted his portrait Works :
Cats Fighting, Stags and Dogs, Bull pur-
sued by Dogs, and 13 others, Madrid Mu-
seum; Death of the Eoe Buck, Louyre;
Stag Hunt, Brussels Museum ; Boar Hunt
(figures by Van Thulden), Suermondt Mu-
seum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; do., and Bear Hunt,
Aschaffenburg Gkllery ; Dog barking at
Swans, Cassel Gkdlery ; Fight between Owls
and Martens, do. between Birds, Still-Life
(2), Hermannstadt Museum] Bear Hunt,
The Animals in the Garden of Eden, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Two Dogs Quarrel-
ling (3), Roe pursued by Dogs, Schleissheim
Gallery ; Horse pursued by Dogs, Horse
torn by Wolves, Fight between Bears and
Dogs, Stag Hunt, Fight between Leopard
and Dogs, Hermitage, St Petersburg. — CL
Blanc, ificole flamande ; Kramm, vL 1798 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 335 ; Michiels, ix. 229 ;
Booses (Reber), 260 ; Van den Branden, 679.
VOS, SIMON DE, bom in Antwerp, Oct
28, 1603, died
there, Oct. 15,
1676. Flemish
school ; history,
genre, and por-
trait painter, pu-
pil of Comelis de
Vos (1615) and of
Bubens; received
as master into the
guild in 1620, when only seventeen years of
age. Van Dyck painted his portrait. Works
Portrait of Young Man, Grenoble Museum ;
Resurrection, Lille Museum; do., Nantes
Museum ; Portrait of the Painter, Antwerp
Museum; Male Portraits (2, 1640, 1645),
Rotterdam Museum ; Punishment of Cupid,
Berlin Museum ; Abigail and David, Gotha
Museum ; Stag Hunt, Schleissheim Gkdlery ;
Spring, Autumn, and Winter (1635); Tavern
Scene (1640), Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna.
— Ch. Blanc, £cole flamande ; Eramm, vi.
1799 ; Michiels, viii. 301 ; Booses (Reber),
327 ; Van den Branden, 899.
VOUET, SIMON, bom in Paris, Jan. 9,
1590, died there,
June 30, 1649.
French school ;
history and por-
trait painter, son
and pupil of
Laurent Vouet,
a mediocre
painter; then
studied nature
and the great
masters. Even in his fourteenth year he
showed such skill that he was cklled to
England to paint the portrait of a refugee,
— a lady of high rank. Oharles L in vain
endeavoured to retain him, and he returned
to France to follow (1611) the French Am-
bassador Baron de Sancy to Constantinople,
where he painted Sultan Achmet L from
memory. In 1612 he went to Venice, where
he copied Titian and Veronese, and in Rome
(1613), Caravaggio and Guido Reni. Called
to Genoa by the Dorias, he remained there
two years before returning to Rome, where
he became director of the Accademia di S.
Luca. In 1627 Louis XTTT. recalled him to
France, whither sevecalof his pupils accom-
panied him. As first painter to the king,
he executed many decorative works for the
Louvre, the Luxembourg, and the Palais
Royal, for numerous churches and palaces
in Paris, and painted portraits of the King
and many of the nobles of his court Works :
Presentation of Christ in Temple, Madonna,
Christ on the Cross, Entombment, Roman
896
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VOYAGE OF LIFE
Charity, Portrait of Louis Xlll., Allegory
of Riches, Faith, Eloquence, Susanna and
the Elders, Louvre ; Dead Christ, Presen-
tation of the Virgin, Dijon Museum ; St
Stephen in Ecstasy, Douai Museum ; Temp-
tation of St Anthony, Repose in Egypt,
Grenoble Museum ; Entombment, Havre Mu-
seum ; Christ on the Cross, Lyons Muse-
um ; Madonna, Marseilles Museum ; Wisdom,
Montpellier Museum ; Nymph and Cupid,
Cupids playing with the Arms of Mnens,
Nancy Museum ; Apotheosis of St Eus-
tache (ceiling). Peace, Ave Maria, Nantes
Museum; St Paul Baptizing, Nlmes Mu-
seum ; Nymph with Grapes watched by
Touth, Orleans Museum ; Madonna with
St John, Rennes Museum ; Apotheosis of
St Louis, Rouen Museum ; Christ sur-
rounded by Angels, Strasburg Museum ;
Portrait of a Lady as Cleopatra, Troyes
Museum ; Finding of the Cross, The Brazen
Serpent, Toulouse Museum ; St Stephen in
Prayer, Valenciennes Museum ; St. Charles
Borromeo interceding for the Plague-strick-
en at Milan, Brussels Museum ; Allegory on
Glory of France, Madonna kneeling by a
Column, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Apotheosis of
St Louis, Dresden Museum ; Holy Family,
Martyrdom of St Sebastian, Hermannstadt
Museum ; Two Portraits of Princesses, Ma-
drid Museum ; Madonna in a Landscape,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Madonna (2),
Venus and Adonis, Death of Lucretia, Her-
mitage, St Petersburg ; Madonna, Schwe-
rin Gallery ; Annunciation, Uffizi, Florence ;
Jem on voujVC
Allegory on Painting, Turin (Jallery. — Bel-
lier, iL 702 ; CL Blanc, £cole fran9aise.
VOYAGE OF LIFE, Thomas Cde, Henry
B. Plant, New York ; allegorical series of
four pictures 1. The child, with its guar-
dian angel, in a boat heaped with flowers,
is floating down the stream ; 2. The youth,
with hope in his aspect, is taking eommaad
of the helm ; 3. The mature man, his boat
hurried onward by the rapids of the river ;
4. The aged navigator who is again joined
by his guardian angel as he is about enter-
ing the ocean of eternity. Painted in 1841
for Samuel Ward ; purchased after his death
by the American Art Union, and drawn as
a prize in 1848 by J. F. Bredt, Bingham-
ton, of whom bought by Rev. (}orham D.
Abbott ; passed next to John Taylor John-
ston and sold at his sale (1876) for $3,100.
Engraved by James Smillie. Replica, painted
in 1843, owned in the West
VRANCX, SEBASTIAAN, bom in Ant-
werp, baptized Jan. 22, 1573, died there.
May 19, 1647. Flemish school ; history,
hunt, and battle painter, pupil of Adam van
Noort, then went to Italy, and probably re-
turned about 1600, when he became master
of the guild at Antwerp; vras dean in
1612. He followed in the path of Jan
Brueghel and Hendrik van Balen, enliven-
ing his pictures with a multitude of well-
grouped figures, brilliant in colouring, but
somewhat stiff in drawing. Works : Camp
of Ambrosius Spinola's Army near Osteod,
Charge of Cavalry, Surprisal of a Convoy,
Woodland with Vehicles and Travellers
(landscape in last two by Jan Brueghel),
Madrid Museum ; Siege of Wachtendonk
by the Spaniards, Amsterdam Museum ;
Pillage, Promenade (2), Madonna, Rotter-
dam Museum ; Attack of Robbers, Caval-
ry Skirmish, Brunswick Museum ; Skirmish
about Travelling Coach (? attributed to
Peeter Snayers), Darmstadt Museum ; Mil-
itary Camp on Seashore, Cavalry Skirmish,
three others (attributed), Gotha Museum ;
Pilgrims encamped near a Town (1622), Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Pharaoh perishing in
the Red Sea, Hermitage, St Petersburg;
Surprisal of Travellers, Interior of Jesuit
Church at Antwerp, Vienna Museum. —
Kramm, H 609 ; vL 1801 ; Michiels, vil 268 ;
Riegel, Beitrage, iL 48; Rooses (Reber),
153 ; Van den Branden, 470.
VRIENDT, ALBERT and JUUAN DE;
890
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VEIENDT
contemporari6& History painters in Brus-
sels, with an archaic tendency in opposition
to the realism of the day. Order of Leo-
pold. Works by Albert : Charles V. at San
Yuste ; Jacobea of Bavaria interceding for
her Husband ; Pope Paul HL before Lu-
ther's Portrait (Munich Exhibition, 1883).
Works by Julian : Si Elizabeth expelled by
Inhabitants of Eisenach ; Last Days of Vir-
gin in Jerusalem, Palace Guard under Kings
of Judea, Si Cecilia in Prison (Munich Ex-
hibition, 1883).— Miiller, 541 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xix. 313.
VRIENDT, FRANS DE. See FUms.
VMES, ABRAHAM DE, bom at Rotter-
dam, died at The Hague before or in 1662.
Dutch school ; portrait painter, active at
Amsterdam about 1632, when he appears
to have been influenced by Dirck van Sant-
voort and Thomas de Eeyser, while after-
wards he followed the manner of Rembrandt.
Registered in the guild at The Hague in
1644 Works : Portrait of David de Moor
(1640), Amsterdam Museum ; Portrait of a
Burgomaster (1639), do. of Old Lady (1644),
Rotterdam Museum ; Portrait, Berlin Muse-
um ; Lady in Mourning (1692), Old Pin-
akothek, Munich. — Meyer, Gemalde kdnigL
Mus., 615 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xviiL 346.
VRIES, ADRTAAN DE, bom in The
Hague in 1601, died after 1643. Dutch
school ; portrait painter. The frequently
false signatures upon his pictures have rob-
bed him of well-deserved fame. Rubens
and Van Dyck, who were his friends, highly
esteemed his talent
Works: Portraits in
Leyden, Gotha
(1643), Dresden
(1639), New York, and Vienna Museums,
and Schleissheim Gallery. — (Jaz. des R Arts
(1872), vi 479 ; Kramm, vi. 1803.
VRIES, JAN FREDEMAN DE, bom at
Leeuwarden in 1527, died in 1608. Dutch
school ; architecture painter. First appren-
ticed for five years to the glass painter,
Reyer Gerritszen, in Amsterdam. Being
employed in 1569 on the triumphal arch
-/o.t>^
for the entry of Charles V. into Antwerp,
he was led to study the works of Vitruvius
and Serlio. He then painted in Mechlin,
Frankfort, Brunswick, Prague, Hamburg,
Dantzic, etc., many fine perspective views,
enlivened with well-drawn figures. His
compositions are ingenious and varied, and
treated in a delicate, clear tone. Works :
Ave Maria in a House Interior, Mr. Robin-
son's Collection, London ; Interior of Ant-
werp Cathedral (figures by Peeter Brueghel,
the elder), Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Interior
of Cathedral at Aix-la-Chapelle, Stuttgart
Museum ; Gothic Church Interior, Architec-
tural Pieces (4, two dated 1596), Vienna Mu-
seum ; Allegories, Town Hall, Dantzic — ^Im-
merzeel, iii. 210 ; Kramm, vL 1804 ; Kugler
(Crowe), L 262; Engerth, Belved. GaL, ii. 540.
VRIES, ROELOF (or Reinier) DE, 17th
century. Dutch school ; landscape painter,
in the manner of Jacob van Ruisdael, per-
haps his pupil ; flourished at Haarlem about
1643-69. Works : The Hunt (with Barend
Graat), Pigeon House, Coursing, New York
Museum ; Stag Hunt, Brussels Museum ;
Rustic Mansion, Amsterdam Museum ; A
Herd, Hague Museum ; Castle Ruins on a
River, Copenhagen Gallery ; Wooded Land-
scape, Brunswick Gallery ; Ruins on the
Water, Tower by Woods, Wooded Land-
scape with Herd, Berlin Museum ; Mill in
the Woods, Old Pinakothek, Munich. Oth-
ers in Stadel Gallery, Frankfort (4) ; Augs-
burg Gallery ; Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Fer-
dinandeum, Innsbruck (?); Leipsic Museum
(?) ; Schleissheim Gkd- ^
lery; Harrach, and ^vy
Liechtenstein Gal- OJ OKLM
leries, Vienna ; Turin .^/\\^ \/VCt/^ /
Gallery (3).— Archief ^ , ^ . / .
vor nederl.
gesch., ii. 80 ; Meyer,
Gem^de konigl Mu&, 516 ; De Stuers, 180 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, viL 278.
VROMANS, NICOLAAS, called the Snake
Painter, bom 1655 (?) or 1660, died 1719.
Dutch school ; painted plants and shrubbery,
with frogs, snakes, mice, spiders^ etc., with
-Archief -JTJ , /.
TVfpvAr ^
W
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VROOM
great trathfulness and careful execution.
Work : Snakes, Bojal Palace, Berlin.
VROOM, HENDMK CORNEUSZEN,
horn in Haarlem, in 1566, died there in
1640. Dutch school Earliest known
Dutch marine painter. Being employed by
his stepfather in painting faience, which was
not to his taste, he left Haarlem for Hotter-
dam, visited Spain, traversed Italy in all
directions^ and profited there by his intimacy
with Paul BriL From Italy he travelled
through France and Holland to Dantzic,
where he studied perspective. After return-
ing to Holland he revisited Spain, Portugal,
and England, where he executed for tapes-
tries ten sea battles between English and
Spanish vessels, and made a drawing of the
Defeat of the Spanish Armada for the Earl
of Nottingham. From 1597 he worked in
Haarlem. Works: Admiral Heemskerk
sinking Spanish Gkdleys (1617), View of the
T, Amsterdam Museum ; Arrival of Leices-
ter at Vlissingen, 1586 (1623), Burning of
Spanish Flag Ship in Battle of Gibraltar,
Ship sailing. View of Haarlem, Haarlem
Museum ; Seaport with Vessels, Augsburg
Gallery ; Woodland Scene, Christiania Gal-
lery; River Landscape (1630), Schwerin
G^ery. By his son and probably his pupil,
Comelis (bom at Haarlem about 1600, buried
there. Sept 16, 1661), is a Wood Landscape
in the Berlin Museum. By another son,
Frederik, is
his own por-
trait in the
Darmstadt
Museum. —
Immerzeel, iii.
211 ; Kramm, vi. 1814 ; Kugler, (Crowe), i.
261 ; Michiels, vL 207.
VUEZ, ARNOXJLD DE, bom at Saint-
Omer, March 10, 1642, died at Lille in 1719
or 1720. French school ; history and por-
trait painter, first instructed in his native
place, then pupil of Claude Fran9oi8 (better
known as Fr^re Luc 1615-85), in Paris,
whence, three years later, he went to Venice,
then to Rome in 1660. His marked success
VRoon
there involved him in several duels, which
caused his flight to Paris, where he assisted
Le Bmn ; forced to leave in consequence of
another duel, he went to Constantinople
with the French ambassador, and after his
return was sent by Louvois to paint in a
convent at Lille, which led to his settling in
that dty in 1692. Was received into the
Academy in 1681. Works : St. Francis of
Assisi receiving the Stigmata, Miracle of St
Anthony of Padua, Scenes in Life of St
Bonaventura (3), do. in Life of St Augus-
tine (2), Last Judgment, Christ and the
Woman taken in Adultery, Judgment of
Solomon, Death of Ananias, St Gregory the
Ghreat, and many portraits. Museum, Lille ;
The Miraculous Draught of Fishes, Annun-
ciation, St Andrew's, ib. ; St ' Francis de
Paula exhorting Louis XL on his Death-Bed,
Assassination of Thomas k Becket, Presenta-
tion in the Temple, King David in Prayer,
St Roch, St Magdalen receiving the Com-
munion from St Maximinius, Douai Muse-
um ; St Francis declining the Tiara, Valen-
ciennes Museum. — Bellier, \L 705.
VDHJiEFBOY, (DOMINIQUE) F^LIX
D£, bom in Paris,
March 2, 1841. Ani-
mal and landscape
painter, pupil of
Hubert and Bonnat
Medals: 1870; 2d
class, 1875 ; L. of
Honour, 1880.
Works : Coast of
Grace (1867); Roe
Bucks on the Snow,
Deer in Autumn (1868) ; Spaniards on the
Tagus, Team of Oxen (1869) ; Morning in
Bas Br6au, Environs of Chailly (1870) ; No-
vember (1872) ; Queen Blanche's Oaks at
Fontainebleau (1873) ; Mills in Plain of
Chailly, Grass (1874) ; AUemagne Street,
Free Market in Picardy (1875); Tending
Cows in Cantal, Market Place of Montfer-
i-and (1876) ; Souvenir of Morvan (1877) ;
Bad Weather on Cliffis of Dieppe, Bulls and
Heifers (1878) ; Herd of Cows in Oberland
896
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VULCAN
(1879); Return of Herd (1880), Luxem-
bourg Museum ; Stream (1880) ; Relays of
Dogs (1881) ; Field of the Fair, Breton
Moor (1882) ; New Grass, In the Meadows
(1883), Luxembourg Museum ; Summer
Morning, Autumn Day
(1884) ; Sale of Colts
(1885) ; The Brook, De-
parture of Colts (1886).— Bellier, ii. 706 ;
Larousse.
VULCAN, FORGE OF, Tintoretto, Pa-
lazzo Ducale, Venice ; canyas. *' A meagre
and vulgar study of common mcklels." —
Yu'iUf^j
Forg« of Vulcan, Velasquez, Madrid Museum,
Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 297 ; Ridolfi,
Marav., ii. 216.
By Velasquezy Madrid Museum ; canvas,
H. 7 ft 5 in. X 9 ft 6 in. Apollo, partly
draped, with a wreath on his head, from
which light scintillates, enters the smithy of
Vulcan to tell him of the infidelity of Venus ;
Vulcan and four half-nude cyclops, who are
aiding him, cease their work to listen.
Painted in Italy in 1629-31, after same mod-
els as Coat of Joseph. Engraved by Glairon ;
Enriquez. Etched by Alabem y Patjo. —
Curtis, 21 ; Madrazo, 598.
VXJLCAN AND VENUS. See Vemis and
Vulcan.
WAAGEN, ADALBERT, bom in Mu-
nich, March 30, 1834. Landscape
paintcu*, son of Earl Waagen (1800
-73), and brother of the art historian Georg
Friedrich Waagen ; pupil of Albert Zimmer-
mann, whom he followed to Milan ; returned
to Munich in 1859, and settled at Berchtes-
gaden in 1869. The finest of his landscapes
are in the possession of the Russian Prince
Apraxin ; many, also, are in England and
America. Other works : The Obersee ; Val
Sassina ; The High Goll ; View of the Bren-
ner Railway near Gossensass ; Ruin of Eah-
bach near Bozen ; Villa
Carlotta on Lake Como,
Duke of Saxe-Meiningen.
— MttUer, 641.
WACH, KARL WIL-
HELM, bom in Berlin,
Sept. 11, 1787, died there,
Nov. 25, 1845. History and
portrait painter, pupil of
Karl Kretzschmar and of
Berlin Academy ; took part
as an officer in the cam-
paigns of 1813-15, then
studied in Paris under Da-
vid and Gros, and in 1817
went to Rome, where he
aided in the revival of
modem Gterman art; re-
tumed to Berlin in 1819,
became member of and pro-
fessor at the Academy, and established a
school in Berlin, from which issued more
than seventy scholars. Court painter in
1827 ; senator of the Academy in 1829 ;
vice-director in 1840. Order of Red Eagle.
Works : Christ with SS. John and Matthew
(1807) ; Portrait of Queen Louise (1811) ;
Christ Cracified (1815), GamisonAirche,
Berlin; St John Baptist (1816), Schloss
Bellevue, ib. ; Male Head, Madonna En-
throned (1826), Psyche surprised by Cupid,
National Gallery, ib. ; Portrait of Countess
Raczynski (1827), Head of the Virgin, Christ
and Disciples (1828), Raczynski Gallery, ib.;
Three Divine Virtues (1828-30), Werder
89»
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WACHSMUTH
Church, ib.; Kesurrection (1819); Last Sup-
per (1819), SS. Peter and Paul's, Moscow ;
The Nine Muses (1820) ; Nymph (1835) ;
Holy Family ; Judith (1838) ; St. John in
the Desert ; Introduction of Christianity in
Pomerania ; Finding of the Cross (1843) ;
Bishop Otto in Stettin converting the
Wends, Head Studies (2), Stettin Museum.
—Jordan, (1885), ii. 234 ; Rosenberg, Berl.
Malersch., 9.
WACHSMUTH, FERDINAND, bom at
Mtihlhausen, Alsace, March 21, 1802, died at
Versailles, Nov. 11, 1869. Histoiy and genre
painter, pupil of Gros. Accompanied the
Orleans princes to Algeria, and was for a
time professor in the School of St Cyr.
Medal, 2d class, 1833. Works: Capture
of Algiers, View at Staouele (1833, bought
by State) ; Louis XI. and Francis de Paula,
Politics of the Bar, Bonaparte at Valence,
The Suicide, An Inundation (1833 to 1840);
St. Thomas de Villanueva (bought by State),
Sutler's Wife in Africa, St. Francis Xavier
preaching in India (bought by State), St
Louis de Gonzague (1840 to 1847) ; Zurba-
ran in his Youth, Giorgione (1848) ; Capture
of theTuaeries(1849); SalvatorRosa (1850);
Michelangelo in the Medici Garden (1857) ;
The Green Mamelon the Day after its Capt-
ure (1859) ; Siege and Capture of Fort St
Philippe in 1756 (1837), Capture of Fort
l*Empereur in Algiers (1838), Entry of
Charles X. into Colmar, Portrait of Due de
Luxembourg, and two others, Versailles
Museum ; Spanish Market, Avignon Muse-
um. — Bellier, iL 707 ; Larousse ; Vapereau.
WACHTER, EBERHARD GEORG
FRIEDRICH VON, bom at Balingen, Wtlr-
temberg, Feb. 29, 1762, died in Stuttgart,
Aug. 14, 1852. History painter, pupil of
Stuttgart Art School, then in Paris of David,
whose classical style he abandoned, under
the influence of \Carstens, in Rome, whither
he went in 1789. Having embraced Roman
Catholicism, he went in 1798 to Vienna,
where he inspired the younger generation of
artists, and in 1809 returned to Stuttgart.
His compositions are distinguished for po
etical conception, great dignity and noble
bearing of the figures, and fine grouping.
Works: Job and his Friends, Choice of
Hercules, Ship of Life, Bacchus Singing,
Combat of Centaurs, The Lion in Florence,
The Muse mourning on Ruins of Athens,
Bacchus tendering the Cup to Cupid, Eros
as Founder of Wedlock, Stuttgart Gallery ;
Ulysses resisting the Sirens ; Belisarius at
the Gate of Rome; Women at Christ's
Tomb ; Finding of Moses ; Charon ; Anac-
reon ; Cato the Elder ; Cimon in Prison ;
Andromache at Hector's Urn ; Death of
Socrates ; Julius Caesar in the Plain of Troy ;
Hecuba ; Mourning Muse on Ruins of
Greece ; PiettL— Haakh, Beitrage, 10, 313 ;
N. NecroL d. D. (1852) ; Wagner, L 464.
WAEL (Waal), CORNELIS DE, bom in
Antwerp, Sept. 7, 1592, died in Genoa in
1662. Flemish school; history and battle
painter, son and pupil of Hans de Wael
(1558-1633) ; went early in life to Italy, and
settled at Genoa before 1625. Painted
scenes from military life after the manner of
Peter Snayers. Employed by the Duke of
Aerschot and Philip HI. of Spain. Works :
Arrival of the Prince Cardinal at Sint Jo-
rispoort. City Hall, Antwerp ; The Trinity,
Vision of St. John, St. Gertrude's Chapel,
St James's, ib. ; Venetian Mountebank, Cas-
sel G^ery ; Passage through the Red Sea,
Vienna Museum ; Dentist, Men drinking at
Table, Nantes Museum ; Peter's Denial, S.
«^ Ambrogio, Genoa ; Cavalry Skir-
ruLf mish, Palazzo Rosso, ib. — Immer-
^ zeel, iii. 212 ; Kramm, vi. 1818 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 340 ; Rep. f. K, vi. 244 ;
Rooses (Reber), 409 ; Van den Branden, 664.
WAGENBAUR, MAX JOSEF, bom at
Markt-Grafing, Bavaria, in 1774, died in
Munich, May 12, 1829. Animal and land-
scape painter, pupil in Munich of Domer
and Mannlich, and studied nature in the
Bavarian Highlands. Member of Berlin,
Munich, and Hanau Academies. Court
painter and, in 1815, director of the royal
galleries. Works : View in Bavarian Alps,
Cows at Pasture, National Gallery, Berlin ;
400
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WAGNER
Landscape with Oattle, Saczynski Gallery,
ib.; Shepherd Family with Cattle and Sheep
Resting, Similar Subject (1812), Darmstadt
Museum ; Inn Valley near Niederandorf,
Ruin of Falkenstein (1828), View in Tyrol
(1826), Konigsberg Museum; Herd with
Boy (1823), Leipsic Museum ; Young Bull,
Landscapes with Figures and Animals (5,
three dated 1816, 1821, 1827), New Pinako-
thek, Mu- ^j ^. MA ^
nich ; Sheep N^if; -^Vpf^
and Cattle. ^^9,5 yo^ f ^
Pieces (6, ^^'^' /^^ ^
three dated 1810, 1816), View near Munich,
Schleissheim Gallery. — Jordan (1885), ii.
236.
WAGNER^ ALEXANDER, bom in Pesth,
April 16, 1838. History and genre painter,
pupil in Munich of Piloty. Won fame with
his first large picture, Isabella Zapolya's
Farewell to Transylvania, belonging to the
Hungarian Academy; visited Spain, and
is now professor at the Munich Academy.
Works : Episode in Siege of Belgrade,
Death of Titus Dugovich, Castle Vajda-
Hunyad with Matthias Corvinus and Hunt-
ing Suite, Pesth Museum ; Abduction of
Women (1868) ; Csikos Race at Debreczin ;
Picadores at BuU-Fight ; Spanish Mail at
Toledo ; CTiano/ Race (1876), G. Kirchner&
Co. , New York. Li fresco : Entry of Gusta-
vus Adolphus into Aschaffenburg, Marriage
of Otto of Bavaria, National Museum, Mu-
nich ; Banquet of Attila, Tournament of
Matthias Corvinus, Redouten Saal, Pesth.
— ^Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix. 1013.
WAGNER, ELISE. See Puyroche.
WAGNER, FERDINAND, bom at
Schwabmtlnchen, Bavaria, in 1819, died in
Augsburg, June 13, 1881. History painter,
pupil of Munich Academy under Cornelius,
Schlotthauer, and Schnorr; returned in
1848 to his native town, painted for differ-
ent churches in Bavaria, and in succession
the following works in fresco : Last Judg-
ment, Church at SchwabmOnchen ; Homage
of City of Augsburg to Rudolf von Haps-
burg, Augsburg offering Protection to Louis
the Bavarian, Foundation of the Fuggerei,
Anton Fugger interceding for Augsburg,
Emperor Max at Augsburg (1860-63), Fug-
ger House, Augsburg ; others at Constance
(1864), and in the City Hall and Catho-
lie Church at Breslau (1865-66); Palace at
Monaco (1867) ; Church at Memmingen ;
New City Hall at Munich ; Scenes from Life
of Christ, Church at Friedberg, Suabia. —
Kunst-Chronik, xvi. 618 ; Mailer, 543.
WAGNER, FERDINAND, bom at Pas-
sau, Jan. 25, 1847. History and genre
painter, pupil of Munich Academy and of
Quaglio ; visited Rome, and in 1876 Ven-
ice ; an artist of great imagination and ex-
quisite humour, and an excellent colourisi
Works: ChUdren's Ball, Architect Bar6,
Hamburg ; Lute Player ; Evening Devotion ;
Doings of Modem Art. In fresco : Tann-
hauser Scenes (1873); Walls and Ceiling
(1874), Rathskeller, Munich ; do.. Cafe Roth,
ib.; Five Senses (1881); Cycle of 17 pict-
ures representing Influence of Ancient Gods
on Aliments (1882) ; Hunting Train (1883),
Drachenburg on the Rhine ; Two Female
Figures (1883). — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xviii
993; Kunst-Chronik, xviL 210, 739; xix.
183, 447 ; lUustr. Zeitg. (1875), ii 83 ; All-
gem. K. C, viii. 547.
WAGNER, JOHANN MARTIN VON,
bom at Wtirzburg, June 24, 1777, died in
Rome, Aug. 8, 1858. History painter, pu-
pil of Vienna Academy (1797-82) under
Fttger ; won the first prize, and returned to
Wiirzburg ; went in 1803 to Paris and in
1804 to Rome, whither he returned in 1810
after a sojourn in Munich of two years. In
1812-13 he visited Greece, by order of Crown
Prince Louis of Bavaria, to buy antique works
of art Professor and secretary-general of
Munich Academy. Commander of Order
of Civil Merit and of Si Michael Works :
Holy Family, Holy Women returning from
Christ's Tomb (1802) ; Council of Leaders
before Troy (1808), Schleissheim Gallery;
sketch to this in Darmstadt Museum ; Por-
trait of Artist's Parents, Bearded Old Man,
Mary on her Journey to Elizabeth, Christ
401
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WAGNER
and Apoeiles taking Leave of Mary, Jupiter
urging Agamemnon to Combat^ WOrzborg
University. — ^Andresen, L 37 ; Cotta'sKunst-
bL (1836-47) ; Raczynski, ii 459.
WAGNER, MARIA DOROTHEA, bom
at Weimar in 1728, died at Meissen (?) in
1788. German school ; landscape and his-
tory painter, sister of Christian Wilhelm
Dietrich, whom she took for her model.
Works : Valley with Brook and Mill, Dres-
den Museum ; Landscape with Cottages
and Figures (2), Gk>tha Museum. Her son,
Johann Georg (1744-66), was also a land-
scape painter of merit, pupU of his uncle
Dietrich, and of Josef Roos. In the Chris-
tiania Gallery are by him: The Defile,
and Landscape with Hills and Woods.
WAGRAM, BATTLE OF, Horace Fer-
net, Versailles Museum ; canvas. Battle
fought on July 6, 1809. Napoleon, in the
saddle, watching through a glass the cav-
alry charge. Close behind him the horse
of Bessi^res, Duke of Istria, is struck down
by a cannon-balL Engraved by J. M. Fon-
taine. — GaL de Versailles, iv. No. 905.
WAGREZ, JACQUES CLEMENT, bom
in Paris ; contemporary. Genre and por-
trait painter, chiefly in water-colours ; pupU
of his father, of Farochon, Lenepveu, Pils,
and Henri Lehmann. Medal, 3d class,
1879. Works : Francis I. and the Duchesse
d':fitampes (1870) ; Etruscan Poet (1874) ;
Eros, Lion of Si Mark (1876) ; War and
Peace (1877) ; Education of Achilles, Diana
(1878) ; Perseus, Dreams of the Cup-
Bearer, and the Master of the Pantry
(1879); Orestes (1880); Hesiod (1881);
Cupid's Quadriga (1882); First Meeting
(1883, 15tii century scene in Florence) ; St.
Clara of Assisi (1884); Wedding in St
Mark's— Venice in 15th Century (1885).
WAHLBERG, ALFRED, bom in Stock-
holm, Aug. 6, 1834. Landscape painter,
pupU of DOsseldorf Academy, and in Paris
of Corot and Daubigny. Member of Stock-
holm Academy. Medals: Paris, 1870; 2d
class, 1872 ; 1st class, 1878 ; L. of Honour,
1874 ; Officer, 1878 ; Order of Vasa. Works :
Winter Landscape (figures by Wallander),
View in KolmArden, Stockholm Museum ;
Moonlight; Sunset on the Coast; Beech
Wood near Copenhagen ; Harbour of Wax-
holm at Night ; Coming Storm, Moonlight
on Biver Bank, Seney Collection, New York ;
Near Stockholm — Moonlight, Autumn Sun-
set — Waxholm, Miss C. L. Wolfe, ib.; Coast
of Norway, J. J. Astor, ib. ; Cascade of Husq-
vama— Sweden (1884).— MttUer, 543.
WALCH, JAKOB, bom in Nuremberg,
beginning of 15th century. German school ;
excellent portrait painter, not to be con-
founded with Jacob Walch, called Jacopo
de' BarbarL Works : Portrait of Emperor
Maximilian L, Munich Gallery ; do., Mu-
seum, Vienna ; do.. Emperor Frederic HL,
and Male Portrait, Liechtenstein Gallery,
ib.
WALDENBXJBG, ALFRED VON, bom
in Berlin, Dec 17, 1847. Landscape paint-
er, pupU in Munich of Franz Adam and
of Lier, and in Carlsruhe of Gude ; studied
nature in Silesia, Bavaria, Tyrol, Switzer-
land, Italy, and Southern Fnmce, and set-
tled in DQsseldorf in 1879. Works : Chap-
el near Amden, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Ziller
Valley, Strasburg Gallery ; Pegli near Genoa ;
On Chiem Lake ; Varenna on Lake Como ;
Villa Andreossy, ib.; View near Nice ; Boad
near Villafranca; Oaks near Aisching. —
Miiller, 544 ; Leixner, Mod. K., L 58.
WALDMULLER, FERDINAND
(GEORG), bom in
Vienna in 1793, died
there, Aug. 23, 1865.
G^nre and portrait
painter, pupU of Vi-
enna Academy ; went
to Presburg to paint
portraits, thence as
drawing teacher with
Count Gyulai to
Agram, where he mar-
ried an actress, with whom he wandered
through the provincial towns until she found
an engagement in Vienna ; there he became
professor and the custodian of the Lamberg
40S
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WALDO
Gallery, afterwards fused with the Academy,
and acquired the reputation of the fore-
most genre painter in Austria. In 1820 he
visited Italy, in 1821 Dresden, where he
copied after Euisdael and Gorreggio ; thence
to Leipsic, where he had great success with
his portraits (1827); visited Italy and Sicily
again in 1844 Order of Francis Joseph.
Works : Old Woman in Arm-Chair (1822),
Tyrolese Riflemen (1829), Beggar Boy on
High Bridge in Vienna (1830), Vienna Mu-
seum ; Child learning to Walk (1831) ; Rabbi
teaching Girl ; Tyrolese Family Resting
(1834) ; Travelling Beggar Family (1834) ;
Return of Husbandman to his Family (1835) ;
Dog beside Basket with Grapes (1840) ; Af-
ter School (1841), National Gallery, Berlin ;
Austrian Wedding; New Life in Spring
(1844) ; Return from Harvest ; Congratu-
lation of Grandchildren, Pilgrims before
Statue of Si John (1846) ; Ave Maria ;
Evening Devotions in Peasant's Cottage
(1846), Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Sun-
day Afternoon (1846), Konigsberg Muse-
um ; Harvest (1846) ; Supper in Peasant's
Cottage ; Bay of Messina (1847) ; Convent
Soup, Vienna Academy ; Spring Landscape
(1862); Portrait of Emperor Francis L
(1836) ; do. of Centenarian, Pesth Museum.
—Jordan (1885), ii. 237 ; Nagler, xxi 90 ;
Wurzbach, IL; Zeitschr. f. b. K, L 35 ; iv.
91.
WALDO, SAMUEL, bom in Connecti-
cut in 1783, died in 1861. Portrait paint-
er, first practised art in Charleston, S. C;
painted in London in 1806-9, and spent the
rest of his professional life in New York.
Pictures in Historical Society, and in City
Hall, New York.
WALDORP, ANTOINE, bom at Huis
in 't Bosch, near The Hague, March 22,
1803, died in Amsterdam in 1866. Marine
and city view painter, pupil of Brecken-
heymer ; visited France in 1833, afterwards
Germany and Belgium ; lived for several
years in Amsterdam, and returned to The
Hague. Member of Amsterdam (1836) and
other Academies. Order of Leopold, 1845 ;
Order of Lion, 1847 ; Order of Oaken Crown,
1849. Works : View of Dordrecht (1836),
Calm Sea, Museum, Amsterdam ; Draw-
bridge over City Canal, Harbour in Calm
Weather, View of Spaarnwoude, Interior of
Protestant Church, Museum Fodor, ib. ; Es-
cape of Hugo Grotius from Castle Loeve-
stein, Rotterdam Museum ; View of Dutch
City, Leipsic Museum ; do., Weimar Mu-
seum ; Dutch Fishermen's Boats in Storm ;
View of Jewish Quarter in Amsterdam ;
Haarlem Sluice ; Calm in Zealand (1853) ;
Boats Meeting (1861). — ^Immerzeel, iii. 214 ;
Kramm, vi. 1823.
WALKER, FREDERICK, bom in Lon-
don. May 24, 1840,
died at St. Fillan's,
Perthshire, June 6,
1875. Subject and
landscape painter in
oil and water-col-
ours ; pupil in Lon-
don of Mr. Baker,
architect, and of
the Royal Acad-
emy; afterwards
studied two years with Mr. Whymper, wood
engraver. Exhibited first work. The Lost
Path, at Royid Academy in 1863. Associ-
ate of Water Colour Society, 1864; mem-
ber, 1867 ; A.RA., 1871. Works in water-
colour : Spring (1864) ; Autumn (1865) ;
Wayfarers, The Street— Cookham (1866);
Designs for Miss Thackeray's Jack the
Giant Killer (1868); Fishmonger's Shop
(1872) ; The Village (1873) ; The Fireside
(1876). Works in oU : The Bathers (1867) ;
Vagrants in the Glen (1868) ; Old Gate
(1869); The Plough (1870); Harbour of
Refuge (1872) ; Right of Way (1875). At
William Graham sale, London, 1886 : The
Bathers, £2,625; The Vagrants, £1,858;
The Lilies, £1,365 ; Sunny Thames, £1,218 ;
Stobhall Garden, £567.— Art Journal (1876),
300 ; PortfoHo (1870), 35 ; (1875), 117.
WALKER, ROBERT, died in London
about 1658. Studied the works of Van
Dyck and became a portrait painter of great
408
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WALLANDER
merit under the Commonwealth. He paint-
ed the Protector and many of his princi-
pal officers, and is known as '' Cromwell s
portrait painter." One of his portraits of
Cromwell is engraved by Lombart, Godfrey,
and Picart ; another is in the Hermitage,
St. Petersburg ; a third at Warwick Castle.
Poi-traits of himself at Hampton Court and
at Oxford ; of Cromwell, Lambert, Ireton,
and Faithome, National Portrait Gallery,
South Kensington ; Lord Brooke, Warwick
Castle ; Admiral Blake, Wadham College ;
Sir Thomas Browne, Bodleian Library, Ox-
ford. — Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 45 ; Btirg-
er, Tr^sors d'Art, 358.
WALLANDER, JOSEF WHiHELM, bom
in Stockholm, May 15, 1821. Genre painter,
pupil of Stockholm Academy ; went in 1851
to DQsseldorf, whither he returned, after
having visited France and Italy, until 1856 ;
became professor at Stockholm Academy in
1867. Works : Market at Vingaker (1852) ;
Wedding at Osteracker ; Sunday Morning in
Silja, Dalecarlia ; Rendezvous at the Gate ;
Spinning Company at Delsbo ; The Bride is
Coming ; Moritz in a Strait, Mollberg with
the Bottle, Ulla at Toilet.— Mttller, 544.
WALLER, FRANK, bom in New York
in 1842. Landscape and genre painter, pu-
pil of J. G. Chapman in Rome in 1870 ;
sketched in Egypt in 1872 ; student of the
Art League, New York, in 1874 ; former
treasurer, and now president, of the League.
First exhibited in National Academy in
1866. Works : Tombs of the Caliphs near
Cairo ; Sta. Maria del Sasso — Lago Maggi-
ore, Parke Godwin, New York ; Ruins near
Cairo ; On the Desert ; Harmony, Record
of the Past (1880) ; Slave of the Shadoof
(1881); Dream at Rye Beach — N. R
(1882); Eventide— Venice (1883); On the
Mediterranean near Alexandria — Egypt,
Hop Picking at Cooperstovm — N. Y., At
Coney Island (1884) ; Hop Pickers, Testing
the Toledo, Lake Otsego (1885).
WALLER, SAMUEL EDMUND, bom in
Gloucester in 1850. Animal and figure
painter ; educated at Cheltenham College ;
pupil in Gloucester School of Art, and stu-
dent of his father in architecture ; pupil of
the Royal Academy, London, in 1868. Mr.
Waller has illustrated many books, and
has for several years been attached to the
staflf of the Graphic. Works : Illustrious
Stranger, Winter's Tale (1870) ; Jealous
(1875) ; Way of the World (1876) ; Home
(1877) ; King's Banner (1878) ; Empty Sad-
dle (1879) ; Suspense (1879) ; Where there's
a Will there's a Way (1880) ; King's High-
way (1880); Success (1881); Sweethearts
and Wives (1882) ; Day of Reckoning
(1883); The Orphans (1884); Outward
Bound (1885). His wife, Mrs. Mary L.
Waller, paints portraits. — Art Journal
(1881), 117.
WALSCAPELE (Walskapel, Wals-Kap-
pel), JACOB, flourished about 1670-80.
Dutch school ; flower and fruit painter, pu-
pil of Cornelis Kick ; lived in Amsterdam
before 1667, and until 1717-18 ; formed his
style after Jan D. de Heem, whom he so nearly
approaches in arrangement, harmony, and
truth of detail, that most of his pictures
were attributed to that master. Works:
Flowers, Insects, and Strawberries, National
Gkllery, London ; Festoon of Fruits and
Flowers, Berlin Museum ; Bouquet in Vase
(1677), Fruit-Piece, Stadel GaUery, Frank-
fort ; two pictures, Schwerin Gallery ;
Flower-Piece in Glass Vessel, Dresden Gal-
lery (ascribed to J. D. de Heem). — ^Kramm,
vi 1825 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 519.
WALTHARD, FRIEDRICH, bom at
Berne in 1818, died in 1870. Genre painter,
pupil of Barthelemy Menn (bom 1815) in
Geneva, and of Gleyre in Paris. Works :
Scene from Goethe's Faufi* (1846), Wound-
ed Rifleman of Berne bringing News of De-
feat at Grauholz— 1798 (1854), Last Day of
the old Republic of Berne (1867), Berne
Museum ; Bernese Soldier of 1798, Neucha-
tel Museum.
404
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WALTHER
WALTHER, WILHELM, bom at Neu-
hausen, Saxony, in 1826. History painter,
pupil of Dresden Academy under Julius
Hubner. Works : Christ appearing to the
Magdalen (1848), Flight into Egypt, Dres-
den Art Union, Sgraffito frieze : Festive
Procession of Saxon Princes (1876), Boyal
Palace, ib.— Kaulen, 209.
WALTON, FRANK ; contemporary.
Landscape painter in water-colours. Studio
in London. Works: From Unharboured
Heaths (1877) ; Evening at Dorking ; Near
the Thames ; Regatta at Bournemouth ; Au-
tumn, Copse on Furzefield Brow, Brick-
makers (1881) ; Noontide's Hush, Happy
Valley (1882); Gentle Autumn (1883);
Among Whispering Woods, World of Mead-
ows, Eynance Cove (1884) ; Surrey's Pleas-
ant Hills (1885) ; Summer Tide of Blos-
soming (1886).
WANING HONEYMOON, George H.
Boughton, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; can-
vas, H. 1 ft. 8 in. x 2 ft 6 in.; dated 1878.
A young pair are seated under a tree in late
autumn, the ground strewn with leaves ; he
is reading a book and carelessly caressing
his dog, while she is pouting prettily, but
thinking no pretty things of him.— Royal
Academy, 1878.
WAPPERS, GUST AAF, Baron, bom in
Antwerp, Aug. 23,
1803, died in Paris,
Dec. 6, 1874. History
and genre painter,
pupil at Antwerp
Academy of L J. van
Regemorter (1785-
1873), then of Van
Bree and of Herreyns ;
studied after Rubens,
Van Dyck, and Jor-
daens ; then in Amsterdam and The Hague
the old Dutch, and in Paris the Venetian
masters ; returned to Antwerp in 1830, be-
came professor at the Academy in 1832, and
was its director in 1840-53 ; made court
painter and baron in 1845 ; settled in Paris
in 1853. Meeting with great success at his
first appearance, he influenced modem Bel-
gian art as the chief representative of roman-
ticism, and formed many pupils ; his works
are meritorious in composition, poetical
treatment, and colouring. Member of sev-
eral Academies. Many medals : L. of Hon-
our, 1842 ; Officer, 1855 ; Order of Red
Eagle, 1847 ; Officer Order of Leopold,
1855. Works : Van Dyck in Love with his
Model (1827), View of Citadel of Antwerp
(1830), Amsterdam Museum ; Self-Devotion
of Burgomasters of Leyden (1830), Hague
Museum; Christ at the Sepulchre (1833),
St. Michaers, Louvain ; The Populace of
Brussels tearing down the Proclamation of
Prince Frederick (1835) ; Charles L taking
leave of his Children (1836) ; Charles IX. on
Si Bartholomew's Night ; Temptation of St.
Anthony ; Heloise and Abelard ; Charles
Vn. and Agnes Sorel ; Execution of Anne
Boleyn ; Peter 'the Great at Saardam ; Ca-
moens (1842) ; Genevieve of Brabant (1843),
Windsor Castle, Defence of Rhodes by
Knights of St John (1848), Versailles Gal-
lery ; Death of Columbtia; The Ommeganck
at Antwerp ; Louis XL at Plessis les Tours ;
Boccaccio and Joan of Naples ; Louis XVIL
in the Temple Prison ; Charles L on his way
to the Scaffold, Episode of September Days
of 1830, Brussels Museum ; Mother's Joy,
Museum, Antwerp ; Livocation of the Virgin,
Si Charles Borromeo's, ib.; Neuvaines of
the Family of Egmont (1866), Mr. Probas-
co, CincinnatL — ^Art Journal (1856), 124 ;
(1860), 142; (1865), 268; (1873), 241;
(1875), 76 ; Dioskuren (1875), 4 ; Immer-
zeel, iiL 217 ; Kramm, vi (1826) ; Rooses
(Reber), 466 ; Van den Branden, 1390.
WAR, Sir Edwin Landseer, National Gal-
lery, London ; H. 2 f i 10 in. x 4 f t. 4 in.
A dying and a dead horse, with their fallen
riders, lying among the burning ruins of a
cottage. Companion to Peace. Royal Acad-
emy, 1846. iigraved by T. L. Atkinson ;
Lumb Stocka— Art Journal (1854), 144.
WAR^ HORRORS OF, Rubens, Palazzo
Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 6 ft 5 in. x 9 ft
3 in. Mars, in armour and with sword and
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WAED
Rome, and after studying fresco painting
under Cornelius at Munich returned to Eng-
land and exhibited
his Cunabue and
Giotto. His Dr.
Johnson reading
the MS. of the Vi-
car of Wakefield
(1843) first brought
him into notice ;
elected an A.RA.
in 1846, and RA.
in 1855. In 1852
and later, he executed eight historic pict-
ures, six in fresco and two in water-glass,
in the corridor of the House of Commons.
In the National Gallery are : Dr. Johnson
in the Anteroom of Lord Chesterfield (1845),
Disgrace of Lord Clarendon (1846), South
Sea Bubble (1847), James H receiving News
of Landing of Prince of Orange (1850).
Other works : Charlotte Corday led to Ex-
ecution (1852) ; Execution
of Montrose (1853) ; Last
Sleep of Argyll (1854); Ma-
rie Antoinette parting with
the Dauphin (1856); Na-
poleon HL receiving Order
of the Garter (1859); Night
of Rizzio's Murder (1865) ;
Earl of Leicester and Amy
Bobsart (1866); Landing of
Charles H. at Dover (1873);
William HL and Mary re-
ceiving the Lords and Com-
mons at Whitehall (1874);
Last Interview between Na-
Horrore of War, Rubent, Paltzzo PItti, Florence. _ | t js r\ t •
poleon L and Queen Louisa
shield, preceded by Plague and Famine and
dragged on by Alecto bearing a torch,
rushes from the open temple of Janus,
trampling down the Arts and Sciences in
his progress ; Venus, Cybele, and Cupids in
vain attempt to restrain his warlike ardour.
Carried to Paris ; returned in 1815. En-
graved by Avril ; Paradisi — Smith, iL 150 ;
Landon, Musee, iv. PL 9 ; GaL du PaL
Pitti, iv. PL 88.
WARD, EDGAR M., bom in Urbana,
Ohio ; contemporary. Figure and genre
painter, younger brother of J. Q. A. Ward,
sculptor ; pupil of the National Academy,
New York, of the Ecole des Beaux Arts and
of Cabanel, Paris. First exhibited in Na-
tional Academy in 1871, and in the Paris
Salon in 1876. Elected an A.N.A. in 1876 ;
N. A. in 1883. Studio in New York. Works:
Brittany Washerwomeu (1876) ; The Sabot
Maker, Venetian Water Carriers, Washing
in Brittany (1878) ; Street Scene— Tr6port
(1879) ; Normandy Cooper (1880) ; Tobacco
Field— Old Virginny (1881) ; Feeling the
Edge (1882) ; Collar Shop (1883), T. B.
Clarke, New York ; Street in Tr^port —
Normandy (1884) ; The Cobblers, Resting,
The Blessing (1886).
WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW, bom in
London in 1816, died there, Jan. 15, 1879.
History painter, pupil of Royal Academy in
1835; then worked nearly three years in
of Prussia at Tilsit (1877).— Cat. Nat GaL;
Jas. Daflfome, Life, etc. (London, 1879) ;
Sandby, ii. 299.
WARD, HENRIETTA, bom in London
in 1832. Genre painter, granddaughter of
James Ward, RA., and wife of Edward M.
Ward ; has exhibited at Royal Academy many
yeara Works : Mary Queen of Scots quitting
Stirling (1863); Palissy the Potter (1866);
Childhood of Joan of Arc (1867) ; Lady Jane
406
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I
1
WAED
Grey (1868) ; Fortunes of little Fritz (1871);
Ghatterton (1873); Defence of Lathom
House (1874) ; Poet's First Love (1875) ;
Ugly Duckling (1876) ; Princess Charlotte
of Wales (1877) ; One of Last Lays of Bums
(1878) ; Melody (1879).
WARD, JAMES, bom in London, Oct
23, 1769, died at
Cheshunt, Nov. 17,
1859. Studied en-
graving under J. R
Smith, and after-
wards served an ap-
prenticeship under
his elder brother,
William James Ward,
mezzotint engraver;
practised as an engraver several years, but
soon began to paint, imitating the manner
of George Morland, his brother-in-law. In
1794 he was appointed painter and engraver
to the Prince of Wales, and shortly after-
wards devoted his talent entirely to the
painting of animals, especially horses and
cattle, in which he attained eminence.
Elected an A.RA. in 1807, and RA. in
1811; contributed to Academies 287 worka
His masterpiece is the Alderaey bull, cow,
and calf (Landscape with Cattle, 1820-22),
purchased by the National Gallery for
£1,500, which is said to have been painted
in emulation of Paul Potter's celebrated
picture at The Hague. The National Gal-
lery also possesses by him: Cattle-Piece
(1807), View of Harlech Castle, Gordale
Scar in Yorkshire. — Art Journal (1849),
179; (1862), 169; Kedgrave; Ch. Blanc,
tcole anglaise ; Portfolio (1886), 8, 32, 45.
WAKNBERGER, SIMON, bom at Pul-
lach, near Munich, in 1769, died there in
1847. Landscape painter, pupil of Munich
Academy, and studied nature in Austria and
Italy. Member of Munich Academy, 1824.
Works : Beech Wood (1820), National Gal-
leiy, Berlin ; Morning Landscape, Ruins of
Hermitage, Castle Falkenstein, Augsburg
Gallery ; Italian Landscape, two others,
Schleissheim Ghdlery. — ^Nagler, xxi 126.
WARRIOR, DEAD, Vdasquet, National
Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft 5 in. x 5
ft 5 in. Commonly called Orlando Muerto
(Dead Roland). The Paladin Roland, killed
at battle of Roncesvalles by Bernardo del
Carpio, is lying in his armour on his back,
a skull and bones near his feet ; above him
is suspended a brass lamp, the flame of
which has just gone out Purchased at
Pourtal^s sale in 1865 for 37,000 francs.
Authenticity doubtful. Old copy in collec-
tion of M. Cremer, Brussels. — Stirling, ii.
680; Gaz. des B. Arts (1865), xviiL 98;
Curtis, 17.
WASHINGTON, GEORGE, portrait,
Charles Wilson Fede, Gen. G. W. C. Lee,
Lexington, Va. Three-quarters length, in
imiform of a colonel of Virginia militia —
blue coat with scarlet facings, scarlet waist-
coat and breeches, and purple scarf over
left shoulder. Painted in 1772 ; the first
life-size portrait of Washington. Bust study,
Charles S. Ogden, Philadelphia. — Johnston,
Portraits of Washington (Boston, 1882).
By Charles Wilson Pede, Corcoran Gal-
lery, Washington (on deposit). Washing-
ton at Princeton. Full-length, standing, in
uniform of commander-in-chief, the left hand
resting upon a cannon, the right, holding
his chapeau, placed on his hip ; the conti-
nental flag, a circlet of stars in a blue field,
floats over his head, and captured British
flags are on the ground beside him. Paint-
ed in 1778-79 by order of Congress, but
left in the hands of the artist; taken to
Europe; purchased in Paris by Comte de
Menon, who returned it. Replicas: H.
Pratt McEean, Philadelphia ; Earl of Albe-
marle ; Versailles Museum ; others. — John-
ston, Portraits of Washington (Boston,
1882).
By Rembrandt Pede, Vice-President's
room, Capitol, Washington. Bust, citizen's
dress, head turned to lefi Purchased by
Congress in 1832. Many copies. — John-
ston, Portraits of W.
By Rembrandt Pede, Mount Vernon.
Washington before Yorktown. Mounted
407
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WASHINGTON
on a white horse, riding to right, accompa-
nied by his staff, rebuking a subordinate
oflScer for neglect of duty. Painted for the
rotunda of the Capitol, but left in the ar-
tist's hands ; presented by his heirs, in
1873, to the " Ladies' Mount Vernon Asso-
ciation." — Johnston, Portraits of W.
By James Sharpies, James Walter, Lon-
don. Two bust portraits, one full*face, in
continental uniform, the other profile, in
civilian's costume. These, together with a
portrait of Martha Washington, are said to
have been executed about 1796 for Kobert
Gary, of Cary & Co., London, mercantile
agents for Washington. The full-face pict-
ure was exhibited in New York in 1854, but
returned to England ; in 1882 all three were
taken to the United States and exhibited in
New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago,
and other cities. In November, 1886, Ma-
jor Walter presented to the Massachusetts
Historical Society the evidence in support
of the claim of these pictures to authentic-
ity, with a view to obtain its aid in an ap-
peal to the Government at Washington to
purchase them for the nation ; and on Jan-
uary 13, 1887, the committee of investiga-
tion reported adversely both to the authen-
ticity of the pictures and of the letters
published in Major Walter's " Memorials."
— Johnston, Portraits of W.; Walter, Me-
morials of W. (New York, 1887) ; Nation
(1887), xliv. 49.
By Gilbert Stuart, William F. Channing,
Providence, R L Half-length, in citizen's
dress, head turned to right, showing right
side of face. Painted in 1795 from a sketch
made in September of that year (destroyed
by Stuart) for Col. George Gibbs ; sold to
his sister, Mra William Ellery Channing,
and descended to her son. Beplicas : One
painted for Samuel Vaughan, now in Harri-
son Collection, Philadelphia ; another paint-
ed for J. Vaughan and taken to England ;
a third, owned by Mrs. Rogers, Lancaster,
Penn. — Johnston, Portraits of W.
By Gilbert Stuart, Museum of Fine Arts,
Boston, Mass. Bust, citizen's costume, head
turned to left, showing left side of face.
The head only is finished. Painted in 1796 ;
retained by Stuaii, and purchased of his
widow and presented with its pendant, Mrs.
Washington, to the Athenseum, Boston,
whence commonly called the Athenaeum
picture. About fifty replicas. — ^Mason, G.
Stuart, 103 ; Johnston, Portraits of Wash-
ington.
By Gilbert Stuart, John Delaware Lewis,
London ; canvas, life-size. Washington as
President Full-length, standing beside a
table, dressed in black-velvet suit and white
ruffles, the right hand extended, the left
holding a dress sword ; behind, right, an
arm-chair ; in background, two rows of pil-
lars and a drawn curtain. Painted in 1796
for Marquis of Lansdowne ; sold, at his de-
cease, to Samuel Williams for £2,000 (an-
other statement, £540 15a) ; disposed of by
lottery in 1824, forty tickets at 50 guineas
each, and drawn by father of present owner.
Exhibited at Centennial Exhibition, 1876,
and returned to England. Replicas : Henry
E. Pierrepont, Brooklyn ; Academy of Fine
Arts, Philadelphia ; a third, painted for
Gardner Baker, New York, was stolen and
carried to England (possibly the one now
owned by Russell Sturgis, of London) ; a
fourth. State House, Providence, R L; a
fifth. State House, Newport, R L; a sixth.
State House, Hartford, Conn.; a seventh,
with changes, Lenox Library, New York. —
Johnston, Portraits of W.; Mason, G. Stu-
art
By Gilbert Stuart, deposited by city in
Musevun of Fine Arts, Boston. Washing-
ton on Dorchester Heights. Full-length, in
uniform, standing beside a white horse,
holding the bridle in his left hand and his
chapeau in his right Painted in 1806 ;
presented to town of Boston by Samuel
Parkman ; long in Faneuil Hall, where re-
placed by Miss Jane Stuart's copy. — John-
ston, Portraits of W. ; Mason, G. Stuart
By John TrumhuU, City Hall, New York.
Full-length, in imif orm, standing by a white
horse, leaning his arm upon the saddle ; in
408
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WASHINGTON
background, British ships and boats leaving
the shore, and Staten Island in the distance.
Painted in 1790 by order of Common Coun-
ciL — Johnston, Portraits of W.
By John TrumbuU, Yale College ; canvas,
life-size. Washington at Trenton. Full-
length, military costume ; in background,
an attendant with white horse. Painted in
1791 for city of Charleston, but the citizens
preferring one in civil costume, TrumbuU
painted them another and retained this. A
bust portrait by Trumbull, painted in 1793,
also in Yale College Ghdlery. Trumbull
painted in 1780 a full-length of Washing-
ton, in military costume, for M. de Neuf-
ville, Amsterdam, Netherlands ; supposed to
be still in Europe. Cabinet portraits of
General and Mrs. Washington, painted by
Trumbull in 1794, are in the Patent Off-
ice, Washington ; and a full-length cabinet,
painted in 1790, belongs to Edmund Law
Bogers, Baltimore. — Johnston, Portraits of
W.; Amer. Art Beview, ii. 190.
By Adolph Ulric WertmiUlerf Charles A.
Davis, New York Bust, citizen's dress, with
lace frill on shiri Beplicas : Mrs. Corne-
lius Bogart, New York ; office of Secretary
of Interior, Washington. Painted in 1795. —
Johnston, Portraits of W.
WASHINGTON, APOTHEOSIS OF,
Constantino Brumidi, canopy of the rotun-
da of the Capitol, Washington. In centre,
Washington seated in majesty, with God-
dess of Liberty on his right and Victory
on his left hand ; encircling this group are
thirteen female figures, personifying the
original States; and around the border
are six groups, emblematic of the Fall
of Tyranny, Agriculture, Mechanics, Com-
merce, the Marine, and the Arts and Sci-
ences.
WASHINGTON CEOSSING THE DEL-
AWARE, Emanuel Leulze, Mrs. Marshall O.
Roberts, New York The general, wrapped
in his military cloak, standing in a theatri-
cal attitude in the bow of a boat which men
are forcing with oars and boat-hooks through
floating blocks of ice.
WASHINGTON, RESIGNATION OF,
John Trumbidly rotunda of Capitol, Wash-
ington ; canvas, H 12 ft. x 18 ft Washing-
ton appearing before Congress at Annapo-
lis, Dec. 23, 1783, to resign his commission
as Commander-in-Chief of the Continen-
tal Army. Among the spectators are Mrs.
Washington and her grandchildren. Paint-
ed in 1827 for $8,000. Original study in
Yale College Gallery.
WATELET, LOUIS J^TIENNE, bom in
Paris, Aug. 25, 1780, died there, June 21,
1866. Landscape painter ; studied nature
deeply, and became one of the foremost ar-
tists of his class. After having visited Italy
in 1822, he began, with his Lake of Nemi,
in 1824, a series of exquisite landscapes of
realistic character, which won him fame at
home and abroad. He was the master of
Paul Delaroche, and influenced Troyon,
Huet, Lapito, Corot, Aligny, and othei's.
Medals : 2d class, 1818 ; 1st class, 1819 ;
L. of Honour, 1825. Works : Herdsmen
(1810); Napoleon in Ludwigsburg (1815),
Versailles Museum ; Henri IV. in the Forest
of Ailas (1819), Fontainebleau ; Romantic
Landscape (1819), Amiens Museum ; St. Je-
rome in the Desert (1822), Louvre ; Lake of
Nemi (1824) ; Norman Village (1835) ; Val-
ley of Gisors (1840) ; Flight into Egypt
(1842), Palais de Saint-Germain-en-Laye ;
Views in Tyrol (1848, 1850, 1857) ; View of
Lyons, Aix Museum ; Landscapes in Muse-
ums of Bordeaux, Montpellier, Nimes, Neu-
chatel, KOnigsberg (2, 1835, 1845) ; Rac-
zynski Gallery, Berlin (1824). — Bellier, ii.
713 ; Jal, 1296 ; Journal of the Soc. of Arts
(1866) ; Meyer, Gesch., 732 ; Larousse.
WATEUN, LOUIS VICTOR, bom in
Paris ; contemporary. Landscape painter,
pupil of Diaz. Medal, 3d class, 1876.
Works : Artists* Path in Forest of Fontaine-
bteau (1870) ; Views in Oise (1873, 1874) ;
Mill at Gamaches, Communal Meadow at
Bouvaincourt (1875) ; Road of Lesnette
(1876) ; Willows of Bourbel (1877) ; Port of
Sevres (1878) ; Views in Gironde, Somme,
Picardy, and Normandy (1878-86).
409
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WATER CAREIER
WATER CARRIER^ Velasquez, Apdey
House, London ; canyas, H. 3 ft. 4 in. x 2
ft 6 in. A man in tattered brown doublet,
with his left hand on a large earthen jar,
hands a glass of water to a boy who stands
beside a table on which is a smaller jar ;
another boy drinks from a pot Earliest
recorded picture of Velasquez ; painted in
Seville about 1620. Carried off by Joseph
Bonaparte in his flight from Madrid, but
captured in his carriage at Vittoria, and
Water Carrier, Velaaquez, Apsley Houm, London.
afterwards presented by Ferdinand VH to
the Duke of Wellington. Engraved by B.
Amettler; outline, R Ling^e. — Ch. Blanc,
£cole espagnole ; Elas. der Malerei ; Qbz.
des B. Arts (1879), xx. 232 ; Stirling, 1396.
WATERHOUSE, JOHN WILLIAM, bom
in Rome, Italy, of English parents, in 1849.
Went to England in 1854 ; history painter,
pupil of Royal Academy schools. First ex-
hibited at the Royal Academy, in 1874, Sleep
and his Brother Death. Revisited Italy in
1883. Elected an A.RA. in 1885. Works:
Miranda (1875) ; After the Dance (1876) ;
Sick Child brought
into the Temple of
.Slsculapius (1877) ;
La Favorita (1879) ;
Rival Roses, Sum-
mer's Day (1881) ;
Diogenes (1882); Fa-
vourites of the Em-
peror Honorius, Bub-
bles (1883); Consult-
ing the Oracle (1884);
Si Eulalia's Crucifixion, By-way in Old
Rome (1885) ; Magic Circle, Flower Market
(1886).
WATER MILL, Meyndert ffobbema, for-
merly in Hamilton Palace Collection; wood,
H. 2 fi X 2 ft 9^ in. On the right, a thick
cluster of trees, the foliage of which partly
conceals the cottages and overshadows the
mill in the centre ; in foreground, the mill
stream, fringed with bulrushes and aquatic
plants, and with two pollard willows on the
bank ; a man fishing, another looking on,
and a third crossing a rustic bridge. Hamil-
ton Palace sale (1882), to Sedelmeyer, Paris,
£4,252 10s. Another in Dutuit Collection,
Paris, bought at De Momy sale (1852),
105,000 francs. A third, Pereire sale, Paris
(1872), 30,000 francs. Others in Bucking-
ham Palace, Bute Collection, Bridgewater
Collection, and National Gkillery, London.
— Smith, vi 166 ; Larousse, xi. 634
WATERING PLACE, Thomas Gainsbor-
ough, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H.
I f t. 11 in. X 2 ft 6 in. Evening ; a wooded
landscape, with village church in distance ;
at left, a figure sitting under a wall ; at
right, a man and dog, with cattle in a pool.
Engraved by W. Miller. — Art Journal
(1853), 184.
By Thomas Gainsborough, National Gal-
lery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft 10 in. x 5 ft
II in. Evening ; a thickly wooded land-
scape, with figures to left ; in foreground,
to right, some cattle and goats standing
in a pool See, also, Brook. Presented in
410
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WATERLOO
\ '-- •
1827 by Lord Farnborough. Engraved by
W. Miller ; and in Jones's National Gallery ;
etched by R S. Chattoek in Portfolio. — Cat
Nat GaL ; PortfoUo (1875), 49.
By Philips Wouwermany Munich Gkdlery ;
wood, H. 1 fi X 1 ft 2 in. Men watering
horses at the side of a river, which is seen to
a great distance at right ;
cattle are being ferried
across. At left, an old wall,
and a gateway from which \^ -
a muleteer is issuing. lith-
ographed by F. Hohe. — ^R6-
veil, xiiL 898.
WATERLOO, ANTHO-
NIE, bom at Lille about
1618 (?), died at Amster-
dam after 1673. Dutch
school ; landscape painter,
whose works are distin-
guished for facile treatment
and faithful representation
of nature. His atrial per-
spective is always good;
trees and plants are correct
in colour and of great vari-
ety. Landscapes in Muse-
ums and Galleries of Am-
sterdam, Dresden, Gbtha,
(2), Hanover, Stuttgart, Munich, Wiesbaden,
/fA\ ,^ and Florence. — Ch.
ft/l) A A r Blanc, tcole hollan-
U^w^ry V* j^ig^. Dioskuren
(1860), 177, 185, 196, 202 ; Havard, A. & A.
hoL, ii 189.
WATERLOW, ERNEST A., London ;
contemporary. Landscape and genre paint-
er. Works : Last of the Shower (1877) ;
Close of Midsummer's Day (1879) ; Out-
ward Bound, Bluebells (1881); Home Again,
Sheep-WaeOiing, Woodland Gleanings (1882);
Beltein — Midsummer Eve in Cornwall,
Fisherman's Garden (1883) ; Sand Dig-
ging, Breezy Tintagel, Shepherd's Return
(1884) ; Scant Fuel, From the Ferry (1885) ;
Sunny Hours, Waiting, Rough Sea (1886).
WATERMAN, MARCUS, bom in Provi-
dence, R L; died in 1888. Genre painter.
Worked in New York and Boston before he
went to Europe in 1878. Was an A.N.A.
Work : Gulliver in Lilliput (1876).
WATSON, GEORGE, bom at Overmains,
Berwickshire, in 1767, died at Edinburgh,
Aug. 24, 1837. Portrait painter, pupil of
Alexander Nasmyth and of Sir Joshua Rey-
Watering Plac«, Philips Wouwerman, Munich Gallery.
nolds. He settled in Edinburgh, where he
was long the rival of Sir Henry Raebum.
From 1808 to 1812 he presided over the
Society of Associated Artists of Scotland,
and on the foundation of the Royal Scottish
Academy, in 1826, he was elected president,
and held that office imtil his death. Por-
traits of Benjamin West, Archibald Skirving,
and of himself. National Gallery, Edin-
burgh.
WATSON, JOHN, bom in Scotland in
1686, died in New Jersey, Aug. 22, 1768.
Portrait painter, pupil of the Trustees'
Academy, Edinburgh. He emigrated in
1715 to New Jersey, where he is said to
have amassed a property by the practice of
his profession.
WATSON, WHiLTAM SMELLIE, bom
in Edinburgh in 1796, died there, Novem-
411
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WATTEAU
ber, 1874. Portrait painter, son and pupil
of George Watson ; studied also in the
Trustees' Academy, Edinburgh, in the Royal
Academy, London, and under Sir David
Wilkie, whom he assisted in the Penny
Wedding and other works. He was one of
the original members of the Royal Scottish
Academy. Work: The Student, National
Gallery, Edinburgh.
WATTEAU, ANTOINE, bom at Valenci-
^ , ennes, Oct. 10,
-/^"'7C:Z^>-. 1684, died at
Nogent-sur-
Mame, July
18, 1721.
French school;
genre painter,
first instructed
by an obscure
painter in Va-
lenciennes ;
went to Paris
in 1702, and entered the studio of Gillot,
where he acquired a taste for the humorous
subjects for which he was afterwards dis-
tinguished. After a further apprenticeship
imder the decorative painter Claude Audran
3d, he exhibited two pictures for which he
was received into the Academy in 1717.
Meanwhile he had continued his studies in
copying the masterpieces of Rubens and
Paolo Veronese. His great reputation rests
on a series of pictures of conventional shep-
herds and shepherdesses, dancers and com-
edians, painted with unrivalled freshness,
grace, and charm. More than 563 plates
after his pictures were engraved by Thom-
assin. Cochin, and Cardon. Works : Em-
barkation for Cythera (1717), Gilles of the
Gom^die italienne, L'indifif6rent, La finette,
Assembly in a Park, Juggler, Jupiter and An-
tiope, three others. Louvre ; Fete Champetre,
Angers Museum ; Harlequin meeting Panta-
loon, Pierrot, and Colombine, Foot Soldier
Reconnoitring, Nantes Museum ; Monkey
Sculptor, Orleans Museum ; Country Scene,
Landscape, Troyes Museum ; Conversation
in a Park, Portrait of the Sculptor Antoine
I Joseph Pater, Valenciennes Museum ; Con-
cert Champetre, Two Lovers Surprised,
Buckingham Palace, London ; Rendez-vous
at the Chase, Village Fete, Sir Richard
Wallace, ib.; do., Sir T. Baring, ib.; French
Pastoral, Fete Champi^tre, Toy Windmill,
National Gkillery, Edinburgh ; Love in
French Comedy, do. in Italian Comedy, La
Colation, Berlin Museum ; Assembly mak-
ing Merry in a Park (2), Cassel Gallery ;
Conversation on a TeiTace, Company resting
on a Lawn, Dresden Museum ; Tender Con-
versation, Eonigsberg Museum ; Young Girl
with Sunshade, Schwerin Gallery ; The
Minuet, The Savoyard, The Serenade, Fa-
tigues of War, Alleviations of War, Hermit-
age, St Petersburg ; Guitar Player, Vienna
Museum ; Lady and Cavaliers in a Gkrden,
Ufl&zi, Florence ; Marriage Contract and
Fete Champetre, Assembly in Park of St.
»P . Cloud, Madrid Muse-
Wo. J. IV. um.— Art Journal, iil
t^«r /.(*«/<. l^Mj^ 77 . Bellier, ii. 714 ;
Cf^t V\/attlau. Bentley's Mag., IviL
|V^ 304; Ch. Blanc,
ol/YrT/^ ificole fi-an9aise, ii.;
^^^^^^^-^^CLCO ao., Les peintres des
fetes galantes (Paris, 1853); Cellier, Ani
Watteau (Paris, 1867) ; Cousin, Tombeau
de W. (Paris, 1866) ; Denaux, Notice sur A.
W. (Valenciennes, 1834) ; Dohme, 3 ; Du-
mont. Ant Wat. (Paris, 1866); Goncourt,
Cat. raisonne (Paris, 1875) ; do., L*art du
xviii. si^clo, i. 1 ; Hedouin, Watteau, es-
sai sur la vie, etc. (Paris, 1845) ; Houssaye,
Hist, 161 ; Larousse, xv. 1287 ; Lecarpen-
tier, Suite de la galerie des peintres c^l^bres
(Rouen, 1815) ; Portfolio, iil 18 ; Stothert,
110 ; Wurzbach, Fr. MaL d. xviii. Jahrh., 21 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, xi. 86.
WATTIER, CHARLES ^MHJE, born in
Paris, Nov. 17, 1800, died there, Nov. 22,
1868. Genre painter, pupil of Lafond and
of Gros ; imitated the style of the masters
of the 18th century, especially Watteau and
Boucher. Works : Prayer at Church ; Com-
ing from Church ; Ambuscade ; Ninon de
LTEnclos ; Entering the Bath ; Dinner in
41S
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WATTS
the Bower ; First Spring Day ; From the
History of Psyche ; Boudoir of Princess
Gkditzin. — Bellier, ii. 718 ; Larousse, xv.
1289 ; Meyer, Gesch., 613, 665.
WATTS, GEOEGE FREDERICK, bom
in London in 1818.
Subject and portrait
painter, pupil of Roy-
al Academy, where he
exhibited in 1837;
first attracted notice
in 1842 by his car-
toon, Garactacus led
in Triumph through
the Streets of Rome,
for which he was awarded a prize of £300
in the competition for the decoration of the
Houses of Parliament. After studying some
time in Florence, he won a prize, in 1847, of
£500 for a cartoon of Alfred inciting the
Saxons to prevent the Landing of the Danes
by meeting them at Sea. He has painted
some important frescos, chief of which is
the School of Legislation, in the dining-hall
of Lincoln's Lin. Mr. Watts has exhibited
many ideal pictures, but his chief honours
have been won in portraiture, in which he
has few rivala He is also noted as a sculp-
tor. He was elected an A.RA. in 1867, and
R A. in 1868. Medals : 1st class, Paris, 1878 ;
L. of Honour, 1878 ; Ist class, Antwerp Ex-
hibition, 1885. Among his principal sub-
ject pieces are : The Window-Seat, Sir Gal-
ahad (1862); Virginia, Ariadne (1863); Esau
(1865); Thetis (1866); Lamplight Study
(1867); Wife of Pygmalion, Jacob and Esau
(1868); Retumof theDove,RedCrossKnight
and IFna (1869); Daphne, Fata Morgana
(1870); The Prodigal (1873); To all Churches
(1875) ; By the Sea (1876) ; Love and Death
The Dove, Lady Lindsay of Balcarres
(1877) ; Britomart and her Nurse, Florence
(1878) ; Paolo and Franceaca, Orpheus and
Eurydice, Enid and Geraint, Dorothy (1879);
Psyche (1880) ; Dean's Daughter, Lucy
(1880) ; Arcadia, Carrara from Pisa (1881) ;
Katie, Condottiere of 15th Century, Rider
on Pale Horse, do. on White Horse, do. on
Black Horse, do. on Red Horse (1883) ; Love
and Life, Rain passing Away, IJldra, Alice,
Happy Warrior (1884); Ararat (1885); Death
of Cain, The Soul's Prism, Hope (1886).
Among his portraits are those of Tennyson,
Browning, Swinburne, William Morris, Car-
lyle, Stuart Mill, Matthew Arnold, Dean
Stanley, W. K Lecky, Gladstone, Duke of
Argyll, Leslie Stephen, Holman Hunt, Burne-
Jones, Millais, Leighton, Lord Lyndhurst,
Sir Alexander Cockbum, Viscount Stratford
de Redcliflfe, Sir C. W. Dilke, Viscount Sher-
brooke, Mrs. Frederick Myers, Marquis of
Salisbury (1884), Earl Lytton (1884). A
collection of his works was exhibited at the
Metropolitan Museum, New York, in 1884-
85. Mr. Watts has lately announced that
he will work hereafter for the nation only,
and not for private individuals. — ^Meynell,
225 ; UArt (1882), ii 8 ; PortfoUo (1870),
65 ; (1879), 129 ; Art Journal (1884).
WAUTERS, CHARLES AUGUSTIN,
bom at Boom, near Antwerp, April 23,
1811. History painter, pupil of Mechlin
and Antwerp Academies ; then studied in
Paris, and in 1836 returned to Mechlin.
Member of the Amsterdam Academy, 1855.
Medals : Brussels, 1836 ; Order of Leopold.
Works: Unhappy Family, Death of Mary
of Burgundy (1836) ; Episode in History of
Mary of Burgundy (1839) ; Martyrdom of
St Lawrepce (1840) ; Glorification of St
Rombout ; Last Supper ; Peter the Hermit ;
Crucifixion (1862) ; Calvaert instructing his
Pupils in Anatomy ; Anniversary of Battle
of Waterloo ; Entry of Great Council into
Mechlin ; Fair Edith ; Gentleman compar-
ing Time on his Watch with Clock, Carls-
ruhe Gallery. — Immerzeel, iiL 222 ; Kramm,
vL 1833.
WAUTERS, :^MTTiFi, bom in Brussels,
Nov. 29, 1846. History painter, pupil of
Portaels, then in Paiis (1867) of Gerome ;
visited Italy and Germany in 1868, and
Egypt in 1869. Member of Brussels, Vien-
na, and Madrid Academies. Medals : Par-
is, 2d class, 1875, 1876 ; of honour, 1878 ; L.
of Honour, 1878 ; Orders of Leopold and of
413
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WAVE
Francis JosepL Works: Morning after Bat-
tle of Hastings (1868) ; Mary of Burgundy
interceding for her Min-
isters (1870), li^ge Mu-
seum ; Madness of Hugh
van der Gbes (1871),
Museum, Brussels; Mary
of Burgundy's Oath to
respect Privileges of the
Commons (1876, origi-
nal owned by John G.
Johnson, Philadelphia),
Citizens of Brussels de-
manding Constitution of Duke John IV.,
City Hall, ib.; Scene in Cairo ; Burial of a
Monk.— MttUer, 547.
WAVE, THE (La vague), Gustave Cour-
bety Luxembourg Museum ; canvas, H 3 f t.
9 in. X 5 ft. 3 in. A strip of sandy, pebbly
beach in foreground, with two fishing-boats
drawn up at left ; in background, the sea,
with a single sail in the offing and a long
crested wave rolling inward and about to
break on the shore. Salon, 1870.
WAY, A. J. H., bom in Washington,
D. C, in 1826. Still-life painter, pupil of
J. P. Frankenstein in Cincinnati, of Alfred
Mttller in Baltimore, and of Drolling in
Paris (1860). Entered the Academy at Flor-
ence in 1851. After four years' absence in
Europe, he opened a studio in Baltimore,
and became vice-president of the Maryland
Academy, which he was instrumental in
founding. Exhibits at the National Acad-
emy, New York. Works : Christmas Morn-
ing (1870) ; Purity, Flora and Pomona, Dr.
Zollicoffer, Baltimore ; Prince Albert Grapes
(1874), W. T. Walters, ib.; Black Grapes,
White Grapes, K P. C. Lewis ; Flamme de
Tokay Grapes — California (1880); Pomona's
Oflfering (1881) ; Bed Head Duck (1882) ;
Cherries, Oysters, and Ale (1883); Gros
Colmo Grapes, Canvas-Back Ducks (1884) ;
Under the Vines (1885).
WEBEB^ ADOLPHE, bom at Boulay
(Lorraine), March 4, 1842. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Laurent Mar^chal,
of Cogniet, and of CabaneL Medal, 1867.
Works : Child's Slumber (1866) ; Awaken-
ing of Psyche (1867), Orleans Museum
Venus carried by Zephyr to Cyprus (1868)
Echo and Narcissus (1869), Metz Museum
Mystical Marriage of St. Catharine (1870)
Grandmother, Ischys and Coronis — Victims
of Apollo's Jealousy (1872) ; Cupid and
Psyche (1880); In the Country (1881);
Psyche whipped by Order of Venus (1884) ;
Temptation (1885) ; Legend of St. Herman
of Steinfeld (1886).
WEBEK, AUGUST, bom in Frankfort,
Jan. 10, 1817, died in DUsseldorf, Sept. 9,
1873. Landscape painter, pupil of Biosen-
kranz, then in Darmstadt of Schilbach, with
whom he visited Switzerland ; then studied
two years at the Stadel Institute in Frank-
fort, and one year at the Dfisseldorf Acad-
emy. Cultivated ideal landscape painting
and formed many pupils at Ddsseldorf,
where he settled ; made professor by King
of Prussia. Works: Westphalian Land-
scape (1868), National Gallery, Berlin ; Ital-
ian do. (1849), Evening do. (1851), Raven6
Gkdlery, ib. ; do., Ddsseldorf Gallery ; others
in Museums of Cologne, Leipsic, Eonigs-
berg (1855), and Stettin. — Blanckarts, 67 ;
Cat Cologne Mus., 232 ; Jordan (1885), ii.
238 ; Wolfg. MuUer, Dttsseldf. K, 327.
WEBEB^ OTTO, bom in Berlin, killed in
the war of 1870. Genre, landscape, and
animal painter, pupil in Berlin of Steffeck,
and in Paris of Couture ; settled in Milan.
Medals: Paris, 1864, 1869; Utrecht, 1866.
Works : Wedding in Brittany (1864) ; On
the Bleachery ; Colts ; First Snow on the
Alp (1866) ; In Fontainebleau Forest ; Cat-
tle Grazing ; The Ploughing, Under the
Chestnut Trees (1867) ; Deer Quarry, Ren-
tr6e du Bois de Chauflfage (1868) ; Ox-Team
(1869) ; Springtime, Annunziata (1870) ;
Hay Gatherers, F^te in Brittany, Mr. Wal-
ters, Baltimore. — Hamerton, Painting in
France.
WEBER, PAUL, bom in Darmstadt in
1823. Landscape painter, pupU of Lucas,
and in Frankfort of the Stadel Institute ;
went to Munich, where he studied chiefly
414
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WEBER
from nature, visited the East in 1846, then
studied in Antwerp under Deichmann. In
1848-58 he travelled in America and lived
in Philadelphia ; after his return, visited
Switzerland, France, and Great Britain, and
settled in Munich. Many of his pictures
are in America. Works : Twilight ; Mill in
Black Forest ; Storm on Ohiem Lake ; View
in Catskill Mountains ; Beech Wood with
Farm House ; Forest Brook (1874), Darm-
stadt Museum ; Herd returning from Past-
ure (1880) ; Autumn Morning in Park of
Darmstadt (1883) ; Morning at Berchtes-
gaden (1884).— Illustr. Zeitg. (1865); Kunsi-
Chronik, xviiL 497.
WEBER, THEODOR ALEXANDER,
bom in Leipsic, May 11, 1838. Marine and
landscape painter, pupil in Berlin of Erause ;
went in 1856 to Pans, where he studied
under Isabey, and soon acquired great repu-
tation ; went to London in 1870, and settled
in Brussels in 1874. Member of Societas
Artie et Amicitise, Amsterdam, and other
European art societies Medals: Rouen,
1866 ; Havre, 1868 ; London, 1871 ; Phila-
delphia, 1876. Works: Mont Orgueil in
Jersey ; Spreewald ; Sea View in Normandy ;
Coast near l^tretat ; Sassnitz in ROgen ;
Return in Winter ; Shipwreck near Dieppe ;
Banks of Seine ; Sunrise on Coast of Brit-
tany; Rock of L6id6 (1866); After the
Storm ; Harbour of F6camp ; Ebb at Ostend
(1875) ; King of Belgium ; Mail-Ship be-
tween Ostend and Dover ; Shipwreck in Bay
of Douamenez, Evrard Qallery, London ;
Arrival of French Mail-Ship at Dover,
Willis Gkdlery, ib.; la Harbour of Vlissing-
en, Lemm^ Gallery, Antwerp ; Li Harbour
of Ostend, Hauff Gallery, Paris ; Shipwreck
near Tr^port, Avignon Museum ; Twilight
on Seashore, Thiem Collection, Berlin. —
Illustr. Zeitg. (1864) ; Meyer, Conv. Lex.,
xix.1022.
WEBSTER, THOMAS, bom in Pimlico,
March 20, 1800, died in 1886. Genre
painter, student in 1821 of Royal Academy,
where he took the first prize for painting in
1825 ; elected an A.RA. in 1840, and RA.
in 1846; retired in 1877. In his pictures
children are generally the principal actors.
Works: Gunpowder Plot (1829); Village
School (1833); Football (1839); Punch
(1841); Sickness and Health (1843) ; Dame's
School (1845) ; Village Choir (1847) ; SHde,
See-Saw (1849) ; School Playground (1852);
Hide and Seek (1856); Sunday Evening,
Grace before Meat (1858) ; Autumn, Win-
ter (1860) ; PoUticians (1869) ; Volunteers
at Artillery Practice (1871) ; Odd or Even
(1872) ; Interested Adviser (1873) ; Wreck
Ashore (1874) ; Youth and Age (1876) ; The
Letter (1877) ; Released from School (1879).
— Sandby, iL 177 ; Art Journal (1886), 351.
WEDDED, Sir Frederick Leighton, Syd-
ney Museum, New South Wales ; canvas.
Two figures walking under the arches of a
terrace, in glow of orange and purple ; back-
ground of blue sea and sky. Purchased for
£1,500.— R Acad., 1882.
WEDDING-FEAST, RUSSIAN, Kon-
stantin Makovslciy Charles W. Schumann,
New'^ork ; canvas, H. 8 ft x 13 ft.; signed,
dated 1883. The wedding-banquet in the
house of a wealthy Boyar in the seventeenth
century. The company, gathered around a
splendidly appointed table, have turned to
greet the bride and groom, who stand at
the head of the table at right, and wait with
filled cups to drink to their happiness when
the young husband, who now sees his wife
for the first time unveiled, shall have given
her the husband-kiss ; at the left, a group
are making merry over the bride's slipper,
which they have secured and hidden ; an at-
tendant is entering with a large dish, and
others are looking through the doorway.
Exhibited at the International Exposition,
Antwerp, 1885, where it was awarded the
medal of honour.
WEDDING-GOWN, CHOOSING THE,
William MvUready, South Kensington Mu-
seum ; canvas, Klft9in.xlft5in.
Scene suggested by opening passage in
"Vicar of Wakefield." Royal Academy,
1846 ; Sheepshanks OoUection. Engraved
by F. A. Heath.— Art Journal (1869), 4.
416
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WEDDING
WEDDING UNDER THE DIREC-
TORY, Prederik Hendrik Kaemmerer, Jay
Gk)uld, New York ; canvas. A gay wed-
ding-party in the time of the Directory
(1796-99), or government of the first French
republic. Salon, 1879. Bought originally
by Thomas A. Howell, Brooklyn, who sold
it to Mr. Gould.
WEED GATHERERS, Jules Breton,
Comte Duchatel, Paris. Sturdy peasants
gathering seaweed. Painted in 1861. One
of the painter's most characteristic works.
WEEKS, EDWIN LORD, bom in Bos-
ton in 1849. Landscape and figure paint-
er, pupil in Paris of the £cole des Beaux
Arts, Bonnat, and Gerome. Sketched and
painted in Cairo, Jerusalem, Damascus, and
Tangier, and is particularly noted for pict-
ures of Eastern life. Member of the Bos-
ton Art Club. Honourable mention, Paris
Salon, 1885. Works: Jerusalem from the
Bethany Road ; Cup of Coflfee ; Pilgrimage
to the Jordan ; Scene in Tangier, T. G.
Appleton, New York ; Alhambra Windows ;
They toil not, neither do they spin ; Arab
Story Teller (1876) ; Moorish Camel Driver
(1878).
WEENIX (Weeninckx), JAN BAPTISTA,
bom in Amsterdam in 1621, died at Huis
ter Mey, near Utrecht, before Oct 31, 1664.
Dutch school; genre, landscape, and ani-
mal painter, pupil of Jan Micker, then of
Abr^am Bloemart in Utrecht, and of Nico-
laas Moeyaert, whom he closely imitated;
went to Rome in 1643, and was employed by
Cardinal Pamfili, afterwards Pope Innocent
X. After his return in 1647 he lived in Am-
sterdam, then at Utrecht, where he appears
among the managers of the guild in 1649.
He represented equally well historical sub-
jects, genre, landscapes, harbours, archi-
tecture, and animals, with a warm and
pleasing colouring and a free and ingeni-
ous touch. Works : Italian Seaport, Finiit-
Piece, New York Museum ; Figures among
Roman Ruins, Stafford House, London ;
Repulse of Pirates, Louvre ; Dutch Lady at
Toilet (attributed), Brussels Museum ; Ital-
ian Seaport, Antwerp Museum ; do., Copen-
hagen Gallery ; Tobias asleep under a Vine
(1662), Rotterdam Museum ; Musical Party,
Roman Ruins with Shopherd, Brunswick
Gkdlery ; View of Venice, Carlsruhe Gal-
lery ; Dogs by Fallen Horse, Partridge and
Duck, Fruit-Piece, Cassel Gallery ; Erminia
begging for Shelter, Berlin Museum ; Tink-
er (1674), Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Meet-
ing of Jacob and Esau, Hen and Dog, Dres-
den Gbllery ; Peasants near Antique Ruins,
Still-Life, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Carpet
Seller, Huntsman with Game (1665 ?), Sleep-
ing Girl with Tambourine, Knife Grinder,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Kitchen Interior,
do. (1652), Shepherd Life in the Campagna,
Merry Company on Seashore, Schwerin Gal-
lery ; Shepherd resting by Antique Monu-
ments, Dead Game, Stuttgart Museum ; Sea-
port, Museum, Vienna; Landscapes with
Animals, Academy and Czernin Gallery, ib. ;
Landscapes (2, one dated 1654), Dead Game
Birds (2), Liechtenstein GkJleiy, ib.; Prog-
ress of Abraham, Harrach Gallery, ib.; Ital-
ian Landscape with Sheep, Hermitage, St
Petersburg; Seaport, Leuchtenberg Gal-
lery, ib.; Milking a Goat, Dead Game, Pe-
(^i/ja^
Yf^/€2/l(^.
terhof.~Ch. Blanc, ]ficolehollandaise ; Bode,
Studien, 174 ; Dohme, lii.; Fetis, Cat Brus-
sels Mus., 495 ; Immerzeel, iii. 223 ; Kramm,
vi 1835 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii 453 ; Meyer,
Gemalde kongL Mus., 522 ; Riegel, Beitrage,
iL379.
WEENIX, JAN, bom in Amsterdam, Dec,
1640, died there, Sept 20, 1719. Dutch
school ; animal, landscape, still-life, and
portrait painter, son and pupil of Jan Bap-
tista, and, like him, painted also seaports,
architecture, and figures with equal excel-
lence. In 1702-12 he painted for the
Elector John William, in his Castle Bens-
berg, near Cologne, a series of hunting and
animal pieces which belong to his most
416
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Google
WEEPER
admirable productions. Most of them are
now in Munich. lived several years at
Utrecht, where he is
inscribed in records
of guild in 1664
and 1668. His dead
hares are famous for
fine brush work.
Works : Dead Game
and Dog, Hunting
Scene, National Gal-
lery, London ; Dead
Hs^e, Buckingham
Palace, ib. ; Hare, Swan, Dog, and Parrot,
Two Companion Game-Pieces, Mr. Hope,
ib. ; ten first-rate specimens, Sir Bichard
Wallace, ib.; Seaport in Spain, Game-Piece,
Blenheim sale, London, 1886 ; Gtime and
Utensils of Chase (1671), Dog watching
Dead Game (1696), Seaport (1704), Lou-
vre, Paris; Dead Game and Fniit (1705),
Brussels* Museum ; Boe and Swan, Dead
Game, Hague Museum ; Dead Ghtme (2),
do. and Fruits (1704), Country House (1714),
Dogs, Male Portrait (1682), Peacock and
other Birds (1716), Rotterdam Museum ;
Dead Hare and Weapons of Chase, Musee
Bath, Geneva ; do. (1701), Dead Game and
Dog, Copenhagen Gallery ; Elizabeth Char-
lotte of Orleans (1697), Dead Game (2),
Bouquet, Berlin Museum ; Dead Hare and
Lnplements of the Chase (1681), Portrait of
Dutch Merchant, Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ;
Dead Qsme Birds (1718), Genre Scene,
Gotha Museum ; Dead Game (10, six dated
1665, 1702, 1703, 1706, 1708, 1712), Wom-
an Asleep watched by Dog, Boar Hunt, Old
Pinakothek, Munich ; Dead Hare and Birds
(1691), two others, Hermitage, St Peters-
burg; do. (1), Leuch-
tenberg GWUery, ib. ;
others, principally
Dead Ghtme-Pieces,
in Galleries and Mu-
seums of Bruns-
T^ick, Carlsruhe (2,
rr ^^'^
LX
1681, 1683), Oassel, Dresden (4, three dated
1689, 1690), Schleissheim (8, one dated
1714), Schwerin (2, one dated 1687), Vien-
na (1690), Wiesbaden ; Academy, Czemin,
Liechtenstein (4), and Schonbom (3) Gkdler-,
ies, Vienna. — Ch. Blanc, £cole hoUandaise ;
Dohme, liL ; Gool, i. 78 ; Lnmerzeel, iil 224 ;
Kramm, vi. 1835 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii 456 ;
Stuers, 180 ; Zeitschr. 1 b. K, x. 352.
WEEPER See Eberhard.
WEERTS, JEAN JOSEPH, bom at Bou-
baix (Nord), May 1,
1847. History and
portrait painter, pu-
pil of Cabanel, Mils,
and Pils. Medal,
2d class, 1875; L
of Honour, 188 4.
Works : Old Soldier's
Bepose (1869) ; Nazli
(1873), Lima Muse-
um, Fais ce que dois (1873), Boubaix Mu-
seum ; The Captive (1874) ; Descent from
the Cross (1875) ; Legend of St. Francis of
Assisi (1877, bought by the State) ; The Vir-
gin fainting at the Foot of the Cross (1878) ;
Assassination of Marat (1880) ; Joseph Bara
(1882); Death of Joseph Bara (1883) ; St
J.J.WEEMS
Francis of Assisi borne to Santa Maria de
Porciuncula (1884).— Bellier, ii. 719.
WEGELIN, ADOLF, bom at Cleve in
1810, died in Cologne, Jan. 18, 1881.
Landscape and architecture painter, pupil
of Dttsseldorf Academy under J. W. Schir-
mer, then studied in Nuremberg and Mu-
nich, and in 1836 settled in Cologne, where,
after 1842, he was especially employed for
Frederick William IV., by whose order he
visited Belgium and Holland to paint his-
torical buildings. Court painter in 1861.
j^ ijj^ Almost all his works are
^^f f)^ in the Eoyal Collection at
Berlin. Works : Mediseval Castles (2), Co-
logne Museum. — Kunst-Chronik, xvi. 296.
WEGENEB, FBIEDRICH WELHELM,
bom in Dresden, April 20, 1812, died at
Gruna, near Dresden, July 11, 1879. Ani-
mal and landscape painter, pupil of Copen-
417
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WEGMANN
hagen and Dresden AcademiiBS — at the lat-
ter under Dahl ; afterwards travelled in Ger-
many, Denmark, France, Switzerland, and
North Italy. Saxon court painter in 1860.
Works : Fallow Deer (1847), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Prairie Fire in America (1846),
Stags crossing Water (1855), Dresden Gal-
lery ; Principal Christian Feasts at Seasons.
— Meyer, Con v. Lex., xvii. 991.
WEGMANN, BERTHA, bom at Soglio,
Switzerland, Dec. 16, 1847. Genre and por-
trait painter, pupil in Copenhagen of Fred-
erik Helsted and Frederik Christian Lund ;
went in 1867 to Munich, and there studied
under Lindenschmit and Kurzbauer, having
meanwhile spent a year in Florence ; then
visited Paris. Mention honourable, 1880;
3d class medal, 1882 ; Thorvaldsen medal,
Copenhagen. Works: Sick Child (1873);
Widow with her Child (1877) ; Portrait of
her Sister (1882) ; Artist's Studio, Young
Mother with her Child in a Garden (1883) ;
Portrait of herself (1885).— Sig. Mtlller, 369.
WEGUELIN, J. R, born in England ;
contemporary. Genre painter, exhibits at
Royal Academy and at Grosvenor Gallery.
Works : Tired Dancer (1879) ; The Vintage
(1880) ; The Fishers, Roman Acrobat (1881) ;
Evoe Bacche, Habet ! Feast of Flora (1882) ;
Maidens* Race, Libation to the Nymph, A
Secret (1883) ; Herodias and her Daughter,
The Bath (1884) ; Swing Feast, An Egyptian
Difficulty in Time of Augustus (1885) ; Ob-
sequies of an Egyptian Cat, Summer After-
noon, The Fair Girl (1886).
WEIER, JACOB, bom in Hamburg (?),
died there. May 8, 1670. German school ;
history and genre painter, mentioned as
master of the Maleramt at Hamburg in
1648. His works are extremely rare.
Works : Crucifixion, Falcon Chase, Schwe-
rin Gallery ; Crucifixion, Provinzial Muse-
um, Mttnster ; Capture of a Standard, Ky-
burg Gallery, Switzerland. — Schlie, 687.
WEIGAND, KONRAD, bom at Nurem-
berg, Dec. 12, 1842. History painter, pu-
pil of Munich Academy. Medal, Munich.
Works : Religious Convei'sation between
Ulrich von Hutten, Franz von Sickingen,
and Martin Bucer; Luther's Entry into
Worms (1879); Robber Knight brought
captive into Nuremberg in 1472 (1885). In
fresco : Marriage of Albrecht Dttrer and
Agnes Frey.— Mtlller, 650 ; D. Rundschau,
XX. 460 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xxii. 14.
WEm, JOHN FERGUSON, bom at West
Point, N.Y., Aug. 28,
1841. Subject and
portrait painter, son
and pupil of Robert
Walter Weir. Visit-
ed Europe in 1868 ;
in 1869 became di-
rector of the Yale
School of Fine Arts.
Elected N.A in
1866. Studio in
New Haven. Works : Culprit Fay ; Christ-
mas Bell, D. O. Mills, New York; Gun
Foundry (1867) ; Forging the Shaft (1868) ;
West Point, R L Stuai-t, New York ; The
Confessional (1876); Venice; Tapping the
Furnace ; An Artist's Studio ; Morning
(1881) ; Theological Faculty of Yale College
(1882) ; Portrait of S. Wells Williams, Pro-
fessor of Chinese Language and Literature
at Yale College (1883); A Shimmering
Landscape, Pompilia (1886). — Sheldon, 175.
WEm, JTILJAN ALDEN, born at West
Point, N. Y., Aug.
30, 1852. Portrait
painter, son and
pupil of Robert
Walter Weir, and
pupil of G6r6me in
Paris in 1872-76.
Sketched and paint-
ed in Spain and Hol-
land. One of the
founders of the So-
ciety of American Artists ; exhibits at Paris
Salon and National Academy, New York.
Honourable mention, Paris Salon. Studio
in New York. Elected AN. A. in 1885, N. A
in 1886. Ideal works : Scene in the Park
(1878) ; Good Samaritan (1879) ; Flower-
418
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WEIR
Piece (1881) ; Dutch Peasant (1883), Muse
of Music, Metropolitan Museum, New
York ; Breton Interior, The Mother, Flow-
ers (1884). Water-colours : An Interior ;
Sunday Morning, Portrait of Sleeping Dog
(1884). Portraits: Robert Weir (1880);
Warren Delano (1881); Richard Grant
White (1883); Peter Cooper (1884); A
Revery (1886).
WEm, ROBERT WALTER, bom in New
Rochelle, June 18,
1803. History paint-
er, pupil of Jarvis ;
began to paint por-
traits in 1821, and
in 1824 went to
Florence, where he
studied with Ben-
venuti ; afterwards
studied nature and
old masters in Rome
(1825). Elected N.A. in 1829, and profes-
sor of drawing at the West Point Military
Academy in 1837, which position he held
for forty-two years. Studio in New York.
Works: Belle of the Carnival (1836) ; Land-
ing of Hendrik Hudson (1842) ; Embarka-
tion of the Pilgrims (1845), Capitol at Wash-
ington ; Evening of the Crucifixion (1867) ;
Virgil and Dante crossing the Styx (1869) ;
Titian in his Studio, Christ in die Garden
(1873) ; Our Lord on the Mount of Olives
(1877) ; Columbus before the Council of
Salamanca (1884).
WEIROTTER, FRANZ EDMUND, bom
at Innsbruck, May 11, 1730, died in Vienna
in 1771. German school ; landscape paint-
er, studied at Innsbruck, Vienna, and Mentz,
then in Pans under the engraver Johann
Qeorg Wille ; visited Italy, and became pro-
fessor at the Vienna Academy in 1767. Land-
scapes by him are in the Bamberg Galler}'
(2), the Ferdinandeum at Innsbruck (2),
and the Stuttgart Museum. — WurzbacL
WEISER, JOSEF (EMANUEL), bom at
Patschkau, Silesia, May 10, 1847. Gknre
painter, pupil of Munich Academy under
Wilhelm Diez ; visited Germany, Austria,
and Italy ; paints with striking humour and
keen satire. Works : Visit to Nunnery ;
Theatre in Eighteenth Century ; Acquitted ;
Harvest Festival in Silesia ; Defence of
Monastery ; Full Glasses — Warm Heads !
Last Refuge, Dresden Gallery; Church
Militant (1879) ; Storming of Maidens' Cas-
tle (1882) ; After the Surprise (1883) ; Plun-
dering Scene in Thirty Years' War (1884) ;
Outpost, Hay for the Monastery (Jubilee
Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).— Allgem. K C,
viiL 378 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1877), ik 9; (1884),.
il 37 ; (1885), i 412 ; Kunst-Chronik, xv.
432 ; xvii. 632 ; xix. 630; xx. 744.
WEISHATJPT, VIKTOR, bom in Munich,
March 6, 1848. Animal painter, pupil of
Munich Academy under Wilhelm Diez, after
having served in the war of 1870-71. Gk)ld
medal, London. Works : Cattle Herd by a
Windmill (1876) ; WHd Bull (1879) ; Water-
ing Place for Cattle, Herd returning Home
(Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).— Illustr.
Zeitg. (1880), ii. 72; Kunst-Cronik, xxii.
39 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xv. 224
WEISS, FERDINAND, bom at Magde-
burg, Aug. 10, 1814, died in Berlin, Jan.
23, 1878. Genre and portrait painter, pupil
of Berlin and DOsseldorf Academies under
Schadow. Made himself especially known
through his excellent illustrations for his
brother Hermann's splendid history of cos-
tume. In the National Gallery at Berlin is
by him : The Return of the Knight (1837).
—Jordan (1885), ii. 239.
WEISS, JOSEF ANDREAS, bom at
Freising, Bavaria, in 1814. Architecture
painter, first instructed by his father, an
amateur, then pupil of Domenico Quaglio
in Munich. Lived for some time at Si Pe-
tersburg as court painter to the Duke of
Leuchtenberg, travelled in Russia, then set-
tled in Munich. Works : Views in Munich
(4, 1873, 1877, 1879, 1884, two with miUtary
groups). New Pinakothek, Munich ; St
Isaac's in St. Petersburg ; The Kremlin in
Moscow.— MtUler, 551.
WEISSENBRUCH, JAN, bom at The
Hague, March 18, 1822, died there, Feb. 15,
419
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WEISZ
1880. Painter of landscapes and city views,
pupil of Salomon, Leonardus Verveer ;
travelled in Holland and Belgium. Mem-
ber of Amsterdam Academy, 1846 ; of So-
ci6t6 beige des Aquarellistes, 1858 ; of So-
cieto des Artistes beiges, and of Rotterdam
Academy, 1862. Medals : Rotterdam, 1844 ;
The Hague, 1857 ; Brussels, 1859. Officer
of Order of Oaken Cro>vn, 1861. Works :
Market Square at The Hague, Stuttgart Art
School ; St. Mar}''s in Utrecht, Societas Artis
et Amicitiffi, Rotterdam ; View of Leerdam,
another City View, Amsterdam Museum ;
View in Amsterdam, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ;
Courtyard in Old Town ; Copper Gate at
Amersfoort ; Views of Waudrichem, Boxtel,
Kuilenborg, etc. — Kramm, vi. 1838 ; Mai-
ler, 551.
WEISZ, ADOIiPHE, bom at Budapest;
contemporary, naturalized Frenchman.
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Jala-
beri Medals : 3d class, 1875 ; 2d class,
1885. Works: Mendicant Nun, Alsatian
Fiancee (1875) ; Young Mother watching
her Sleeping Child, The First Tooth (1876) ;
Jealousy, Moravian Fiancee (1877) ; Alsatian
Centenarian, In 1815 (1878) ; Asking for
Publication of Bans, Fiancee (1880) ; Her-
cules and Omphale (1881) ; Ren6 and Bob
(1882) ; Namouna (1884) ; Enamoured Lion
(1885) ; Nymph Discovering the Head of
Orpheus (1886).
WEITSCH, FRIEDRICH GEORG, born
in Brunswick, Aug. 8, 1758, died in Berlin,
May 30, 1828. History painter, son of the
landscape painter Johann Friedrich Weitsch
(1723-1803), pupil in Cassel of Wilhelm
Tischbeiu ; visited Holland and Italy, re-
turned to Brunswick in 1781, went as court
painter to Berlin in 1787, and became di-
rector of the Academy in 1797. In 1808
called to Stettin to paint Marshal Soult.
Works: Abbot Jerusalem, Alexander von
Humboldt as a Young Man (1806), National
Gallery, Berlin; Portrait of his Father
(1797), Brunswick Gallery ; do. of the Ar-
chaeologist Hirt (1785), Fttrstenberg Gal-
lery, Donaueschingen ; do. of the Poet
Tiedge (1817), Kunsthalle, Hamburg. There
are four landscapes (1763-93) by his fa-
ther in Brunswick Gallery. — Jordan (1885),
ii. 240 ; Nagler, xxL 268 ; N. Necrol. der
D. (1828), i. 439.
WELL-BRED SITTERS, Sir Edwin
LandseeVy private gallery, England. A large
black dog, with a badger-hair brush in his
mouth, sits, as if before an artist, a model
of dignity and self-possession ; by his side
a fawn-coloui'ed dog is posed with great
elegance ; in the foreground, several dead
doves, a pheasant, and a purple-velvet cigar-
case. British Institution (1864). Coleman
sale (1881), £5,250.— Stephens, Sir K L.,
106.
WELLER, THEODOR LEOPOLD, bom
at Mannheim, May 29, 1802, died there,
Dec. 10, 1880. Genre painter, pupil of
Mannheim Art School, then of Munich
Academy under Langer ; lived in Rome in
1825-33, and is now director of the Mann-
heim Gallery. Works : Peasant Woman at
her Boy's Sick-Bed, Visit to Prisoner (1835),
National Gallery, Berlin; Italian Woman
with Jug, Fortune
Teller, Carlsruhe Gal- ^Sfn » .»^.^A»
lery; Italian Field '»W»<-'»^^'7
Labourers passing Vv/
through Old Gate /« >V^
(1831), New Pinako- ^^^
thek, Munich ; Old Peasant at Olevano ;
Public Scribe.— Jordan (1885), iL 240.
WELLS, HENRY TANWORTH, bom in
London in 1828.
Portrait and land-
scape painter ; an
eminent miniature
painter, but since
1860 has contributed
many large portraits
and some ideal can-
vases to the Royal
Academy. Elected
an A.RA. in 1866,
and RA in 1870. Works: Old Stone-
breaker and Child, The Laurel Walk (1879) ;
Picnic, Victoria Regina (1880) ; Ethel (1882);
490
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WELTER
Quarry on the Hill, Leaving the Oommon
(1883) ; Piiends, Loading at a Quarry, An
Old Crone (1884) ; Quarry Men of Purbeck
(1885). Mrs. H. T. Wells (Johanna Mary
Boyce 1831-61) was a genre painter of con-
siderable skilL
WELTER, MICHAEL, bom in Cologne
in 1806. History painter ; studied in Berlin
and in Paris, and devoted himself to deco-
rative and monumental painting. Works :
Frescos in the Temple House, Cologne;
Choir of St Kunibert's, ib. (encaustic,
1856-59) ; religious pictures in the Chapel
and life-size portraits of the old landgraves
in the Rittersaal of the Wartburg, near
Eisenach (1859-61) ; Life of St Godehard
(1861-63), Qodehardi Church, Hildesheim.
— Mtaier, 551.
WENCKER, JOSEPH, bom at Stras-
bourg, Nov. 3, 1848.
Genre painter, pupil
of G^rome and of the
£cole des Beaux Arts.
Won grand prix de
Rome in 1876. Med-
al: 2d class, 1877.
Works: Intimacy
(1873); Under the
Leaves (1874) ; Girls
putting on Flowers
(1875); Stoning of St Stephen (1876);
Priam asking Achilles for Hector's Body
(1876) ; St Elizabeth of Hungary (1879) ;
Saul consulting the Pythoness (1880) ; St.
John Chrysostom Preaching (1882) ; Woman
Bathing (1883).— Larousse.
WfiNETZIANOFF, ALEXEI GAVRHiO-
VICH, bom at Nejine (Nezheen) in 1780,
died in the government of Tver, Dec. 5,
1846. G^nre and portrait painter, pupil
and afterwards member of St. Petersburg
Academy. Works : Young Russian Peasant,
Hermitage, St Petersburg ; Peasant Girl at
Communion, Prianishnikof Collection, ib. ;
Interior of a Bam.
WENGLEm, JOSEF, bom in Munich,
Oct 5, 1845. Landscape painter, pupil of
Munich Academy, of Steffim, and of Adolf
Lier ; paints well-conceived views in the high
plains of Upper Bavaiia, treating with es-
pecial predilection old giant trees on the
steep banks of the Isar. Royal Professor
in Munich. Numerous medals. Works:
Mountain Ridge with Ruin (1875) ; Simsee
in Upper Bavaria (1877); Spring Song, Lake
Chiem, Autumn Landscape vnth Hunting
Party, Winter Landscape on the Isar, Moor
in Upper Bavaria (1880) ; Temple of Posei-
don at Paestum (1882) ; Limestone Gather-
ers in the Isar Bed (1883), New Pinakothek,
Munich ; Isar Valley near Baierbrunn (1883) ;
do. near TOlz (1884), Cologne Museum ;
Autumn Landscape, In the Moss. (1884). —
Mailer, 552 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviii. 580 ; xx.
347; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xix. 159 ; xx. 72.
WERESCHAGIN. See Vereschagin.
WERFF, ADRIAAN VAN DER^bom at
Kralinger-Am-
bacht, near Rot-
terdam, Jan. 21,
1659, died in Rot-
terdam, Nov. 12,
1722. Dutch
school ; history,
genre, and por-
trait painter, pupil
of Comelis Pico- 7 //^ ;;^
lett, portrait
painter ; then for four years of Eglon van der
Neer. At seventeen years of age he painted
his own portrait, and thenceforth worked
independently. In the art cabinets of the
wealthy amateur and collector Flinck, son
of Gbvaert Flinck, and of the burgomaster
Jan Six, in Amsterdam, 1692, he became ac-
quainted vrith many masterpieces of Italian
art which influenced his taste considerably.
In 1696 the Elector Palatine John William
visited his studio in Rotterdam and ordered
his portrait and the Judgment of Solomon,
made him court painter, and in 1703 he
knighted him. Works : Lot and Daughters,
Boy with Ghiinea-Pig and Girl with Kitten,
Buckingham Palace, London ; Si Margaret,
Lord Ashburton, ib.; Magdalen, Incredulity
of Thomas, Lot and Daughters, Mr. Hope,
4U
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WERFF
ib.; Repose in I^pt (1706), Grosvenor
Ghtllery, ib.; A Burgomaster and his Wife,
National Gkdlery, Edinburgh ; Chastity of
Joseph (1710), Dancing Nymphs (1718),
Nativity (1720), Antiochus and Stratonice
(1721), Adam and Eve, Finding of Moses
(1722), Magdalen, Group looking at Antique
Statues, Louvre ; FUght into Egypt (1710),
Portrait (1689), Hague Museum ; Entomb-
ment (1696), Artist's Portrait (1699), Ve-
nus and Cupid, Holy Family (1714), Shep-
herd and Nymph (1718), Lovers (1694),
Amsterdam Museum ; Allegory on Charity
(1702), Entombment, Rotterdam Museum ;
Holy Family, Pastoral Scene, Flora and
Genii, Diana and Endymion, Children Ca-
ressing, Genii Hovering, Cassel Gallery ;
Chess Players, Dido Mourning (1687), Adam
and Eve (1711), Portrait, Brunswick Gal-
lery ; Young Girl before Flower Vase, Gal-
lery, Copenhagen ; Fall of Man, Adam and
Eve after the Fall, Moltke Collection, ib^ ;
Diana and Callisto, Bamberg Gallery ; Alle-
gory of Painting (1710), Darmstadt Muse-
um ; Pastoral Scene, Berlin Museum ; do.,
Artist and Family (1689), Lot and Daughters
(1694), Venus and Cupid (1699), Hermit
(1705), Magdalen (1711), Judgment of Paris
(1712), Infant Christ and John (1715), An-
nunciation (1718), Diogenes, Abraham cast-
ing oflf Hagar, Chess Players, Dresden Gal-
lery ; Girl and Boys with Bird (1687), Ecce
Homo (1698), Sarah conducting Hagar to
Abraham (1699), Portraits of Elector John
William and Consort (1700), Expulsion of
Hagar (1701), Repose in Egypt (1702,) En-
tombment (1703), Diana and Callisto (1704),
Magdalen Penitent (1705, 1707), sixteen
scenes from Life of Christ and the Virgin
(1705-15), Allegory (1716), Children playing
at Night, Male Portrait, Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; Temple of Fine Arts (1694), Ve-
nus and Cupid, Solomon's Judgment^ Por-
trait of Grand Duke Don Graston of Tuscany,
Schleissheim Gallery; Portraits of Artist
and his Wife (1679), Game of Chess (1679),
Samson and Delilah, Schwerin Gallery ; The
Magdalen, Girl playing Guitar, Stuttgart
Museum ; Gentleman's Portrait (1694), Mu-
seum, Vienna ; Entombment, Liechtenstein
Gkdlery, ib.; Christ and the Woman of Sa-
maria, Czemin Ckdlery, ib. ; Woman in
Prayer, Boy playing Cwrds, Schdnbom Gal-
lery, ib. ; Venus and Cupid, Wiesbaden
GkJlery ; Artist's Portrait, Engagement Ring
(1678), Boy with Cat and Bird, Bathsheba
conducting Abiahag to David, Entombment
(2), Lnmaculate Conception, Ecce Homo,
Magdalen (1720), Adam and Eve chased
from Paradise (1700), Holy Family, Hermit-
age, Si Petersburg ; Girl Bathing, Leuch-
tenberg Gallery, ib.; Adoration of the Magi
(1703), Judgment of Solomon, XJffizi, Flor-
ence ; Portrait of Duke of Marlborough,
Palazzo Pitti, ib.; (Enone and Paris (1707),
Death of Abel,
Turin Gallery. —
Ch. Blanc, Ecole
^Q hollandaise; Doh-
me, liL ; Immer-
zeel, iii 227 ; Eramm, vL 1842 ; Eugler,
(Crowe), iL 426 ; Riegel, BeitrSge, ii 342 ;
Schlie, 689 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xviL 180.
WERFF, PIETER VAN DEB, bom at
Eralinger-Ambacht in 1665, died in Rotter-
dam in 1718. Dutch school ; history and
genre painter, brother and pupil of Adriaan
van der Werfi^ whom he often assisted in
his picture& While there is much resem-
blance in the colouring of his works to
those of Adriaan, they are lacking in feel-
ing and spirit Works : Si Jerome (1710),
Girls crowning Statuette of Cupid (1713),
Girl drawing Statue of Venus (1715), Young
Hercules, Young Bacchus, Amsterdam Muse-
um ; Magdalen Penitent, Portrait of Johannes
TexeUus (1718), do. of himself, two others,
Rotterdam Museum ; Madonna with St.
John, Boys playing with Birds, Girls with
Bvd'Werff fecit
I7QI.
Flower Festoons, Cassel Gkdlery ; Girl throw-
ing Mouse out of Window, Men at Table, St
4Xt
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WERNER
Jerome (1707), Dresden Museum ; Lot and
his Daughters (1721), Schwerin Gallery;
Venus rising from her Couch, Liechten-
stein GWlery, Vienna ; Children playing with
Bird, Uflfizi, Florence. — Immerzeel, iiL 229 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii. 539.
WERNER, ANTON ALEXANDER VON,
bom in Frankfort-on-the-
Oder, May 9, 1843. His-
tory and genre painter
and illustrator, pupil of
Berlin Academy in 1859
-62, then in Carlsruhe of
Lessing and Ad. Schrod-
ter; visited Paris in 1867
and Italy in 1868-69;
settled in Berlin, where
he became director of
the Academy in 1875. Has furnished mas-
terly illustrations to the works of Josef Vic-
tor von Scheffel, to Herder's " Cid," and to
Schiller's dramas. Member of Venice and
Caraccas (Venezuela) Academies ; court
painter ; Officer of Order of Italian Crown ;
several other orders and many medals.
Works: Intimate Conversation, Quartette,
Convent Life, The Suitor, Don Quixote
with the Shepherds (1864-70) ; Luther be-
fore Cajetan (1865), Conradin in Prison
(1866), Archbishop Hanno of Cologne kid-
napping Henry IV. (1867), Struggle and
Victory (1871), Symbolic Picture of Battle
of Sedan, Allegory of German Union, Molt-
ke before Paris, Moltke in his Study, Proc-
tarnation at Versailles (1876), Royal Palace,
Berlin ; Count von Moltke (1872), Kunst-
halle, Hamburg; Luther at the Diet of
Worms, Stuttgart Museum ; Baptism in
Artist's House, Berlin Congress (1878),
Emperor's Entry into Saarbrttcken (1880) ;
Moltke at Sedan (1883). In fresco: Lu-
ther at Worms, Summons of Volunteers in
1813, Gymnasium, Kiel; Proctamation at
Versailles, Coronation of First King of
Prussia (1884), Arsenal, Berlin. — Allgem.
K C, ix. 292 ; Graph. K, i 65, 68 ; iv. 23 ;
Kunst-Chronik, ix. 345 ; xii. 430 ; xvi. 481 ;
xix. 730 ; Eunst 1 Alle, i. 193 ; Land und
Meer (1875), i. 46 ; Leixner, Mod. K, i. 64;
Nord u, Sud, xviii. 185 ; Rosenberg, BerL
Malersch., 234; D. Rundschau, viii. 432;
ix. 474 ; xiii. 329 ; xxL 146 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, iii.^ 182 ; iv. 16 ; vi. 174 ; xvi. 142 ; xx.
36 ; xxi. 36 ; xxii. 42 ; Art Journal (1887), 5.
WERNER, FRITZ, bom in Berlin, Dec.
3, 1828. Genre painter,
pupil of Berlin Academy
under Daege, then of
Menzel; studied in 1855
-63 in Paris, and again
in 1867 under Meisso-
nier, whose elegant treat-
ment of stufis and acces-
sories he adopted, while
in conception and col-
ouring he successfully imitated the style of
Menzel, whose most talented pupil he is.
Member of, and Professor at, Berlin Acad-
emy. Medal, Berlin, 1878. Works: Sur-
prised Chambermaid (1863); Huntsman ar-
ranging his Traps, Old Gentleman served
with Coflfee (1864) ; Ornithologist, Prussian
Grenadier on Guard, Admonition, Picture
Amateur (1866) ; Fishmonger in Antwerp
(1867) ; Amateur of Engravings (1868) ;
Souvenir of Paris, Market Scene in Antibes,
View of Nice, Old Gentleman feeding Birds,
Street in Antibes, Picture Dealer, After Din-
ner, Fortifications in Antibes, Huntsman in
Tavern, At the Zoological Museum, Gentle-
man Reading, Soldier Smoking, Would-be
Politicians, Gentleman at Table, Interior of
Hunting Castle, Smoker by Tile Stove (all
of 1868-69) ; Boy with Hare (1870) ; Man
with Dog and Hare, Trumpeter of Hussars,
Painter in Studio, Picture-Dealing, Man at
Draughts, Standard-Bearer, Peasant Hunt-
ing, Drummer, Child blowing Soap-Bubbles
(all of 1870-73) ; Smoker and Child, Cava-
lier jesting with Girl (1873) ; Frederick the
Great in his Library ; A Conversation ; From
the Dresden Gallery (1880) ; Ridiculous
Story (1881) ; Sutler Women between Regi-
ments of Dessau and Baireuth (Jubilee Ex-
hib., Berlin, 1886).— Anderson, v. 89 ; Ulustr.
Zeitg. (1882), i. 10 ; Leixner, Mod. K, ii.
4M
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WERNER
100 ; Rosenberg, BerL Malersch., 279 ; D.
Rundschau, ix. 475 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vi
174; xvL 147,272; xxii. 42.
WERNER, JOSEF, bom at Berne in
1637, died there in 1710. German school ;
history and portrait painter, pupil of his
father and in Frankfort of IVIatthias Meri-
an ; then studied in Rome under Pietro da
Cortona and Andrea Sacchi ; devoted him-
self for a time to miniature painting in imi-
tation of Carlo Maratti, was called to France
by Louis XTV., for whom he painted many
portraits and allegories, as he did also for
the Elector of Bavaria, having gone to Augs-
burg in 1667 ; moved to Berne in 1682, and
was director of the Berlin Academy in 1696
-1707. Works : Union of Justice and Wis-
dom, City HaU, Berne ; Experience, Repub-
lic of Berne, Justice, Gk>lden Age, Caval-
ry Skirmish in 17th Century (attributed).
Museum, ib.; Temptation of St. Anthony,
Augsburg Gkdlery ; Allegory on Avarice,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Tobias burying
his Countrymen, Vienna Museum. — Des-
camps (Marseilles ed., 1842), u, 230.
WERNER, KARL, bom in Weimar, Oct.
4, 1808. Genre and
architecture painter,
pupil of Leipsic Acad-
emy under Veit Hans
Schnorr ; went in 1829
to Munich and in 1833
to Italy, where he re-
mained twenty years ;
visited England in
1851, Spain in 1856,
the East in 1862-64,
and Greece in 1875, making many sketches.
Ranks among the first painters in water-
colours. Professor at the Leipsic Academy
since 1881. Member of Venice Academy,
of Royal Society of Painters in Water Col-
ours, Saxon Order of Albrechi Weimar
gold medal for Art and Science. Works :
Market Square of Pipemo ; Venice in Pros-
perity ; do. in Decline ; Return of Andrea
Contarini ; Scene from Shylock ; Study
from Pompeii ; Lion Court of Alhambra ;
View of Beirout ; Isle of Philse ; Mosque at
Damascus ; Bazaar in Cairo ; Arabian Pal-
ace, ib.; Jewellery Shop, ib.; Column of
Memnon ; The Jordan near Jericho ; Tem-
ple of Isis at Thebes ; Antiquary by Tem-
ple at Eamak ; Castle Lahneck ; Literior
of Church at Frankfort ; Gate of Justice at
Cairo ; Church Interior (1833), Interior of
Cefalti Cathedral (1838), Palace Interior at
Palermo (1852), National Gallery, Berlin ;
Palace of Diocletian, Leipsic Museum ;
Abandoned Church in Pontine Swamps,
Schack Gallery, Munich. — Ulustr. Zeitg.
(1874), ii 31 ; Jordan (1885), ii 240 ; Zeit-
schr. f. b. K, iiL 104.
WERTHEIMER, GUSTAV, bom in Vi-
enna; contemporary. History and genre
painter. Works : Shipwreck of Agrippina ;
Venus Anadyomene ; Peeping; Fisherman's
Dream (1880); Coast Watchman ; The Wave's
Kiss ; Flowers* Revenge ; Fisherman's Dream,
The King's Breakfast (1884).— AUgem. K. C,
viii 619 ; Dlustr. Zeitg. (1883), L 375 ; iL
160 ; (1884), L 554 ; (1885), ii 229.
WERTMtJLLER, ADOLF TJLRICH,
bom in Stockholm in 1751, died at Wil-
mington, DeL, in 1811. History and genre
painter, supposed pupil of Pilo (1713-94) ;
went early to France, where he became
member of the Academy in 1782. Swedish
court painter in 1787 ; returned to Sweden
about 1789 ; came to America in 1794 and
painted several portraits of Washington ;
went home in 1797, but came back, mar-
ried, and became a citizen. Works: Ari-
adne Forsaken, Marie Antoinette and her
Children (1785), Stockholm Museum ; Por-
traits of Gustavus UL and his Queen, of
Gustavus rV., of Bachelier and Oaffieri. —
Gaz. des R Arts (1874), x. 223 ; Revue univ.
des Arts, iv.
WEST, BENJAMIN, bom at Springfield,
Penn., Oct. 10, 1738, died in London, March
11, 1820. Began to draw when seven years
old, and took his first lessons in preparing
coloiirs from Cherokee Indiana After a lit-
tle instruction from a painter named Will-
iams, he set up, when eighteen years old, in
434
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WESTALL
Philadelphia as a portrait painter ; thence
removed to New York, and in 1760 went to
Italy, where he re-
mained, studying the
antique and Michel-
angelo, until 1763t
when he settled in
London. His pictures
of Agrippina bringing
Home the Ashes of
G^rmanicus, painted
for the Archbishop
of York, and the Departure of Regulus,
bought by George HL, won him royal pa-
tronage and favour, which he long en-
joyed. From 1769 to 1801, during which
time he received all orders from the king,
who made him his historical painter (1772),
West gained £34,187. The seven pictures
illustrating Bevealed Beligion, which he
painted for the Oratory at Windsor, brought
him in £20,705, and his many portraits of
members of the royal family were also high-
ly remunerative. In the Death of General
Wolfe (1771), now in Grosvenor House,
and Perm's Treaty with the Indians, West
had the courage to protest successfully
against the treatment of modern subjects in
classic garb, according to the fashion of the
time. On the death of Sir Joshua Reynolds
(1792) West succeeded him as president of
the Royal Academy, of which he had been
one of the founders in 1768, and, with the
exception of a few months, held that office
until 1815. The 400 historical and relig-
ious pictures which he painted show skill
in composition and considerable inventive
power, but they have no real vitality. Tame
in style, poor in imagination, monotonous
in colour, they ceased to interest the pub-
lic when the painter disappeared from view.
Among the most important of his works
are : Christ healing the Sick (1802), Nation-
al Gallery, which he painted for the Quaker
Hospital in Philadelphia, and sold to the
British Institution for £3,000, sending a
copy to America ; Death on the Pale Horse,
Pennsylvania Academy ; King Lear, Boston
Museum of Fine Arts ; and Baising of Laz-
arus, Winchester Cathedral Seventeen of
his pictures are at Hampton Court ; among
them the Death of Chevalier Bayard, and
the Death of Epaminondas, both painted in
1771, as companion pieces to the Death of
Wolfe. Alexander the Great and his Phy-
sician is called by Waagen one of his best
pictures Many of his ^^ \Pl +
works were engraved. — ^ 3 • (Rf^^K^
Gait, Life (London, i j^t%€%
1820); Cunningham; ^ Q^^
Redgrave, Century, i. 186 ; F. de Conches,
277; Ch. Blanc, Jficole anglaise; Waagen,
Treasures ; Law, Hist. Cat. Hampton Court,
100 ; Art Journal (1863), 218 ; Sandby, i.
290 ; PortfoUo (1873), 150.
WESTALL, RICHARD, bom at Hert-
ford in 1765, died in London, Dec. 4, 1836.
Subject and landscape painter ; entered
Academy schools, London, in 1785 ; elected
an A.R.A. in 1792, and RA. in 1794 ; paint-
ed in oil and in water-colours, and claimed
to be one of the founders of the latter
method. His book illustrations were very
popular. Late in life he was drawing mas-
ter to the Princess Victoria. Works : Cas-
sandra (1797), South Kensington Museum ;
Esau, Sappho, Mary Stuart going to Execu-
tion, Elijah, Christ crowned with Thorns
(altarpiece at All Souls' Church, London).
His brother William (1781-1850) was an
A.RA., and painted in both oil and water-
colours. His illustrated publications con-
tained his best work. — Redgrave ;. Sandby,
i 306.
WET, JACOB DE, flourished at Haarlem
about 1636-71. Dutch school ; history and
genre painter, imitator of Rembrandt ; was
established at Haarlem as early as 1636,
dean of the guild in 1661, and still living in
1671. Works : Girl with a Peach, Haarlem
Museum; Adoration of the Lamb (1647),
Copenhagen GkQlery ; Expulsion of Hagar,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; The Men in the
Fiery Furnace, Schleissheim Gallery. —
Eramm, vL 1845 ; Schlie, 694 ; Van der
Willigen, 324
\
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WET
WET, JAN DE (Johann Dtiwett), bom in
Hamburg in 1617 (?). Dutch school ; his-
tory painter, pupil of Rembrandt in Amster-
dam, whither he went early in life. Like
his master he painted biblical and mytho-
logical subjects, well composed, better drawn
than Rembrandt's, and more finished in de-
tails. His pictures were often sold under
Rembrandt's name. He afterwards returned
to Hamburg. Works : The Seven Works
of Mercy, Haarlem Museum ; Elijah and
the Widow, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-
Chapelle; Christ in the Temple (1635),
Burning of Troy, Brunswick G^allery ; Rais-
ing of Lazarus (1633), Darmstadt Ghdlery ;
Tobias and the Angel, Kunsthalle, Ham-
burg ; others in Frankfort, Gottingeu, Han-
over, and Oldenburg Galleries. — Kramm,
VL 1845 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 378 ; Riegel,
Beitrage, ii. 265 ; Vosmaer, Rembrandt, sa
vie, etc. (1868), 62.
WETTE, FRANS DE, Dutch school, 17th
century. This master is exclusively known
by his biblical subjects on a small scale, in
the style of Rembrandt, which are remark-
able for arrangement, and fine expression in
the heads, but of somewhat brown tone.
Works: Christ and the Adulteress, Augs-
burg Gallery ; The Three in the Fiery Fur-
nace, Raising of Lazarus, Schleissheim Gal-
lery. — Kugler (Crowe), iL 390.
WEYDEN, ROGIER VAN DER (Roge-
let de la Pasture,
Roger de Bruges),
bom at Toumay in
1399 or 1400, died
in Brussels, June 16,
1464. Flemish
school; history
painter, pupil in
Toumay (1426) of
one Robert Campin,
and master of the
guild there, Aug. 1, 1432 ; removed to
Brussels before April 21, 1435, and thence-
forth his name appears in its Flemish form.
First mentioned as city painter, May 2,
1436. He also lived and worked at Louvain,
perhaps also at Bruges; but whether he
really was in Italy, especially at Ferrara
and Milan, as some circumstances seem to
indicate, and at Rome, during the jubilee in
1450, is not as yet ascertained. He was the
founder of the school of Brabant, highly es-
teemed in his own country, and actively em-
ployed throughout the Burgundian realm.
Although in technic and the realism of his
style Rogier belongs to the school of the
Van Eycks, with one of whom, Jan, he may
have had personal relations, he worked with
a deeper feeling and a rehgious intensity
which betrayed him into exaggeration of
sentiment and violence of action. The four
great pictures which he painted in the gold-
en chamber of the Town Hall at Brussels
were destroyed in 1695. Works : Entomb-
ment (attributed). National Gallery, Lon-
don ; Alfcarpiece, Grosvenor House, ib. ;
Portrait of Charles the Bold, Head of Weep-
ing Woman, Brussels Museum ; eight others
(attributed), ib.; Triptych with Seven Sacra-
ments, Annunciation, Portrait of Philip the
Good, Antwerp Museum ; Descent from the
Cross, Madrid Museum ; replica (1443), St.
Peter's, Louvain ; altarpiece with Last Judg-
ment (before 1450), Hospital, Beaune (Cote
d'Or) ; Descent from the Cross, Hague Mu-
seum ; St. John, Rotterdam Museum ; Ma-
donna with Saints, St John Altar, Stadel
Gallery, Frankfort ; Triptych with Piet^ (be-
fore 1445), do. with Life of St John, do.
with Nativity, BerUn Museum; Figure of
the Virgin, Fttrstenberg Gkdlery, Donau-
eschingen ; Christ on the Cross, Dresden
Museum ; Triptych with Adoration of the
Magi, St Luke painting the Virgin, Munich
Gallery; Triptych with Crucifixion, The
Virgin Nursing Christ, St Catherine, Vienna
Museum; Pieti (attributed), Uffizi, Flor-
ence. — Ch. Blanc, !l^le flamande ; 0. & C,
Flemish Painters, 182; Dohme, Ii; F6tis,
Cat du Mus. royal, 162 ; Gaz. des B. Arts
(1866), xxi. 201, 349 ; Kramm, vi 1846 ;
Kugler (Crowe), i. 77 ; Kunst-Chronik, xvii.
441 ; Meyer, Gemalde kongL Mu&, 528 ;
Michiels, iii 7 ; v. 451 ; Schnaase, viiL 165 ;
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WEYMOUTH
Van den Brandon, 48 ; Wauters, R y. d.
W. (Brussels, 1856) ; do., Peinture flamande
(Paris, 1885), 56 ; W. & W., ii 29 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K., in. 230 ; xvii. 293, 323.
WEYMOUTH BAY, John Constable,
Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H 2 ft. 11 in. x 3 ft
8 in. The bay on the approach of a storm.
Painted in 1827. Engraved by D. Lucas ;
presented by John W. Wilson in 1873. —
Gat Louvre.
WHARTON, PHHiff P., bom in Phila-
delphia in 1841, died at Media, July 27,
1879. Genre painter, pupil of the Pennsyl-
vania Academy ; studied in Dresden, and in
the Atelier Suisse in Paris. Professional
life spent in Philadelphia. Works : Perdita
at the Sheep-Shearing Festival ("Winter's
Tale," 1876) ; Waitmg for the Parade (1878),
etc.— Am. Art Rev. (1880), 503.
WHISTLER, JAMES ABBOTT
McNeill, bom
in Lowell, Mas&,
in 1834. Figure
and portrait paini-
er, educated at
West Point; pupil
for tviro years of
Gleyre in Paris;
settled in 1863 in
London. Is as well
known by his etch-
ings as by his works in oils. Medal, Paris,
3d class, 1883. Elected in 1886 president
of the Society of British Artista Works :
The WhUe Girl (1862), Thomas D. Whistler,
Baltimore ; Coast of Brittany, Ross Whist-
ler, ib.; Last of Old Westminster, Westmin-
ster Bridge (1863) ; Princesse des pays de
la porcelaine (1865) ; At the Piano (1867) ;
Portrait of my Mother, do. of Carlyle
^ (1872) ; Gold Girl, Nocturne in Blue and
Gold, Nocturne in Blue and Green (1878) ;
Harmony in Gray and Green (1881) ; Noc-
turne in Blue and Silver, Blue Girl, En-
trance to Southampton Water (1882) ; Great
Fire Wheel (1883) ; Harmony in Brown and
Black (1884).— Gaz. des R Arts (1881),
xxiii. 365 ; (1882), xxv. 620 ; (1884), xxix.
484, 534 ; Scribner's Magazine (1879), xviii
481.
WHITE, EDWIN, born at South Hadley,
Mass., in 1817, died at Saratoga Springs,
N. Y., June 7, 1877. History and genre
painter ; studied in Paris, Rome, Florence,
and Dasseldorf in 1850 and in 1869. Elect-
ed member of the National Academy in
1849. He lived in Europe many years, but
returned in 1875 and opened a studio in
New York. Among his important works
are: Pocahontas informing Smith of the
Conspiracy of the Indians (painted for Gen-
eral Kearney) ; Washington resigning his
Commission (Annapolis, bought by the
State) ; Age's Reveiy, Military Academy,
West Point ; Death-Bed of Luther ; Mil-
ton's Visit to Galileo ; Requiem of De Soto ;
Old Age of Milton, Art Union ; First Print-
ing of the Bible ; Thoughts of Liberia, Old
Woman Spinning, R L. Stuart, New York ;
Evening Hymn of the Huguenot Refugees.
He bequeathed to the Metropolitan Muse-
um, New York, The Antiquary ; to Amherst
College, Leonardo da Vinci and his Pupils ;
and to Yale College, the unfinished picture
of the Signing of the Compact on the May-
flower. — Tuckerman, 438.
WHITE, JOHN BLAKE, born in South
Carolina in 1781, died in Charleston, Au-
gust, 1859. History painter ; began the
study of law, but in 1803 went to London
and became the pupil in art of Benjamin
West. Among his works are : Mrs. Motte
presenting the Arrows ; General Marion in-
viting the British Officer to Dinner ; Battle
of Eutaw ; Battle of New Orleans. He was
also the author of several dramas.
WHITE GIRL, James McNeiU Whistler,
Thomas D. Whistler, Baltimore ; canvas, H.
about 6 ft X 3 ft.; signed, dated 1862. A
tall girl, with dishevelled hair and dressed
wholly in white, standing before a white-lace
curtain on a wolf-skin, the head of which
lies in front, spread on a parti-coloured rug.
Never engraved.
WHITEHORN, JAMES, bom at Walling-
ford, Yty in 1803. Portrait painter, pupil
m
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WHITTREDGE
of the National Academy, New York, and as-
sisted in his studies by Robertson, Trum-
bull, Morse, and Dunlap. Professional life
passed in New York, with the exception
of two winters, 1844-46, in Washington,
D. C. Silver medal. National Academy, in
1827. Elected N.A. in 1833. Studio in
New York. Works: Silas Wright, City
Hall, New York ; Henry Clay addressing
the Senate (design for engraving published
in 1846) ; Rachel and Bella (1879) ; Family
Portrait (1881).
WHITTREDaE, WORTHINGTON, bom
in Springfield, O.,
May 22, 1820. Land-
scape painter, pupil
of Andreas Achen-
bach in Dasseldorf.
Visited Europe in
1850, spent four
years in Rome, and
travelled through
England, France,
Holland, Belgium,
and Italy. Returned to New York in 1860,
and elected N.A. in 1861. In 1864 sketched
in the Rocky Mountains. President of the
National Ac^emy in 1874. Studio in New
York. Works: Old Kentucky Home, Coast
of Rhode Island (1867) ; Home by the Sea-
side (1872) ; Study of Rocky Mountain As-
pens ; Old Hunting-Ground ; In the Bernese
Alps, C. P. Huntington, New York ; View of
Rocky Mountains from the River Platte,
Century Club, ib.; Trout Brook, H. G.
Marquand, ib.; Window, R L. Stuart, ib.;
Forest Brook, Platte River (1878) ; Catskill
Brook (1879) ; On the Plains (1880) ; Old
House by the Sea, Nook on the River
(1881) ; Twilight on the Hudson, Sunny
Day in the Woods (1883) ; Old Road to the
Sea, Pool in the Woods, On the Plains —
Colorado (1884) ; Sunrise over the Sea, -The
Old Farm (1885) ; Brook in the Woods,
Brook among the Hills (1886).
WIC AR, JEAN BAPTISTE, bom at Lille,
Jon. 22, 1762, died in Rome, Feb. 27, 1834.
History and portrait painter, pupil of David ;
went in 1784 to Florence to make drawings
of the works in the gallery, for engraving.
In 1793 he became a member of the Paris
Conservatory, and in 1796 commissary for
the art exploration of Italy. Settled about
1800 in Rome, where he won reputation
as a portrait painter; in 1805 he became
a member of the Academy of St Luke, and
from 1807-10 was director of the Academy
at Naples. Left his splendid collection of
drawings by the old masters to his native
city, where they are preserved in the Mu-
see Wicar. Works : Portraits of Duke and
Duchess Torlonia, of Murat, of Pius VIL,
of himself, Joseph explaining the Dream
(1784), Concordat between Pius and Napo-
leon (1806), Youth at Nain (1816), Solo-
mon's Judgment, Virgil reading the .S^eid
before Augustus and Livy, lille Museum ;
Resurrection, Themistocles at the House of
Admetus^ Marriage of Mary, Peter and
/^ yn /-! i 9 ^*°^ Perugia Ca-
P reading the -ffineid
/ 7 f^r JHuJilxeL toAugustus(1818),
Coriolanus ; Ores-
tes ; Pylades and Electra. — Bellier, ii 721 ;
Dufay, Notice sur la vie de Wicar (Paris,
1844) ; Larousse.
WICHMANN, ADOLF, bom at CeDe,
Hanover, March 18, 1820, died in Dresden,
Feb. 17, 1866. History and genre painter,
pupil of Dresden Academy under Bende-
mann ; then studied in Venice and also
in Rome (1847-51) after the old masters.
Gold medals: Dresden, 1845; Berlin, 1851.
Works : Allegory on Music (1845) ; Come
Ye that are Heavy Laden (1851) ; Grant-
ed Request (1853), New Pinakothek, Mu-
nich ; Pietro Aretino reading at Titian's
(1865), Dresden Gallery ; Mary and Eliz-
abeth watching the Sleeping Infant Christ,
Li^ge Gallery ; Wedding Repast at Frei-
burg ; Painters' Festival at Titian'a— Eunst-
Chronik, i. 23.
WICHMANN, OTTO GOTTFRIED, bom
in Berlin, March 25, 1828, died in Rome,
March 17, 1858. Genre painter, pupil of
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WICKENBERG
Bobert Fleury in Paris, whence he went to
Italy to study the later Venetian masters.
Works : Paolo Veronese in Venice (1856),
Catherine de' Medici at the Alchemist's,
National Gallery, Berlin. — Jordan (1885), ii.
242.
WICKENBERG, PETER, bom at Stock-
holm in 1808, died at Pau in 1846. Genre
and landscape painter, pupil of Stockholm
Academy ; then went to Paris, where his
genre scenes met with much favour. After-
wards he painted views in Holland, and
winter landscapes of realistic conception,
but with careful execution of details, clear
and powerful colouring, and beautiful light
eflfects. Legion of Honour, 1842. Works :
Mother sewing by her Child's Bed (1839),
Fishing in Winter (1839), Fisher Family in
Cottage (1840), Leipsic Museum ; Winter
Landscape, Museum Fodor, Amsterdam.
WIDOWER, Luke FUdea, Sydney Muse-
um, New South Wales ; canvas. Royal
Academy, 1876; bought by Thomas Tay-
lor, of Wigan ; Taylor sale (1883), £2,205.
Etched by L. Flameng.
WIEDER, WILHELM, bom at Stepnitz,
Pomerania, Feb. 16, 1818, died in Berlin,
Oct 15, 1884 Genre painter, pupil in
Berlin of J. S. Otto ; lived for some time
in England, three years in Russia, four in
Paris, one in Antwerp, and twenty-four in
Italy ; returned to Germany in 1873, and
settled in Berlin. Works : Mass at Aracoeli
Church in Rome (1856), National Gallery,
Berlin; Confession on Holy Thursday in
St. Peter's, Rome. — Kunst-Chronik, xx. 57.
WIEGMANN, MARIE (nee Hancke),
bom at Silberberg, Silesia, Nov. 7, 1826.
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of DOs-
seldorf Academy under Hermann Stilke and
Karl Sohn ; married the architect and paint-
er Rudolf Wiegmann, and visited afterwards
Germany, Holland, England, and Venice.
Gold medal, Berlin. Works: The Elves
(1847); Damajanti (1850); The Two Grand-
mothers (1852) ; Reunion ; Undine (1860) ;
Portrait of Earl Schnaase, National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; do. of Karl Sohn, Heinrich
von
556.
Sybel, Countess Hatzfeld. — Mailer,
WIEGMANN, RUDOLF, bom at Aden-
sen, Hanover, April 17, 1804, died in DUs-
seldorf, April 17, 1865. Architecture paint-
er, studied in Italy, especially in Rome, in
1828-34 ; removed in 1835 to DQsseldorf,
where he became professor of architecture
at the Academy in 1839. Wrote a work on
the DQsseldorf Academy. Works : St. An-
gelo Castle in Rome (1833), Via Sacra (1834),
Outlook from Vatican (1836), Cloister in
Bonn Cathedral (1842), Interior of St
Mark's in Venice (1845). — Andresen, ii.
157 ; Dioskuren, 1865 ; Wiegmann, 90.
WIERINGEN, CORNELIS CLAESZ
VAN, bom in Haarlem between 1570 and
1580, died in 1635. Dutch school ; marine
painter. Destined for the navy, he made
several sea voyages before devoting himself
to art, in which he showed a great talent for
representing the sea in its various aspects.
Works: Arrival at Vliessingen of Elector
Palatine Frederic V. in 1613, Taking of
Damietta, Haarlem Museum ; Naval Battle,
Madrid Museum. — ^Van der Willigen, 330.
WIERTZ, ANTOINE JOSEPH, bom at
Dinant, Feb. 22, 1806,
died in Brussels, June
18,1865. History and
portrait painter, pupil
of Antwerp Academy
under Herreyns and
van Br6e ; then stud-
ied in the Louvre, won
the grand prize at the
Antwerp Academy in
1832, and went via
Paris to Rome, where he took Michelangelo
for his model, as afterwards Rubens be-
came his ideal, and in 1837 was made mem-
ber of the Accademia di S. Luca. After his
return he lived at Liege, and in 1848 estab-
lished himself at Brussels, where in 1850
the government built for him, after his own
design, a large studio, now known as the
Mus^ Wiertz, and containing his collected
great works, from which he never allowed
4S9
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WEESCHEBRINK
himself to realize a farthing, supporting
himself and his old mother exclusively by
painting portraits. In his studio he tried
to bring to perfection a process of painting
combining the merits of fresco and of oil,
and really invented a new method, excluding
reflection, which he called "peinture mate'*
— unpolished painting. He was an artist
of undeniable, although undisciplined, ge-
nius, possessed of great power and individ-
uaUty of execution, and of deep philosophic
thought, combined with a fancy, in a marked
degree, for the horrible, the grotesque, and
the fantastic. Of his writings on art the
"Eulogy on Rubens" (1840) and the "Me-
moir on the Flemish School of Painting"
were crowned by the Brussels Academy.
Works : Greeks and Trojans contending
for the Body of Patroclus (1835) ; The
Brigand ; Carnival of Rome ; Education of
the Virgin ; Sleep of the Virgin ; Revolt of
Hell against Heaven ; Plight into Egypt ;
Death of St Dionysius ; Christ as Judge ;
Beacon of Golgotha; Triumph of Christ
(1848) ; The Present regarded by the Man
of the Future ; Last Cannon ; Civilizatipn
of the Nineteenth Century ; Genius of War ;
A Blow from the Hand of a Belgian Wom-
an ; The Orphans (1863); Burnt Child;
Thoughts and Visions of a Head cut off;
A Second after Death ; Precipitate Inhu-
mation ; Hunger, Folly, and Crime ; Satan ;
Suicide ; Scene in Hell ; Power of Man ;
Pride.— Art Journal (1869), 349, 365 ; Era-
ser's Mag. (1872), V. 541 ; Harper's Mag.
(1873), xlvi 823 ; Immerzeel, iiL 232 ;
Eramm, vL 1859 ; Labarre, A Wiertz
(Brussels, 1867) ; London Soc. (1872), xxiL
23 ; PortfoUo (1875), 124, 133, 152 ; Van
Soust, iiStudes, etc. (Brussels, 1858) ; Wat-
teau. Cat. raisonn^ du Mus. Wiertz (Brus-
sels, 1865) ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, L 273 ; Amer.
Art Review, ii. 13.
WXESCHEBRINK, FRANZ, bom at
Burgsteinfurt, near Munich, March 14,
1818, died at DUsseldorf, Dec. 13, 1884.
History and genre painter, pupil of Diissel-
dorf Academy in 1834-40 ; painted at first
biblical scenes, but soon turned to the rep-
resentation of peasant family life, excelling
in scenes with children for the principal
actors. Spent two years in Paris. Works :
Tobias and the Angel (1839); Liberation of
Peter (1841) ; Children at the Grave of their
Parents (1841) ; The Sons of Jacob with Jo-
seph's Coat (1842); Visit to the Sick (1842);
Thunderstorm (1844); Children stealing Tid-
Bits(1845,1847); Pouting, EiaPopeia (1845);
Domestic Scene in the Morning, Grand-
mother and Child (1848), Museum Fodor,
Amsterdam; Paternal Joys (1849, 1852);
Farewell (1850); Sunday Walk of a Philis-
tine ; How do you like your little Brother ?
(1865) ; Convalescent, Provinzial Museum,
Hanover. His son Heinrich (bom at Das-
seldorf, Oct. 25, 1852), pupil of the Academy
there under Julius Roting, is also a genre
painter. Works : Prosit (1873); The Fam-
ily Uncle (1874) ; Alone at Home (1874) ;
At the Almsbox (1875) ; Home Devotion
(1876); Ave Maria (1879). — Dioskuren,
1865; Wolfg. Mtiller, Dttsseldf. K, 270;
Wiegmann, 324.
WIGGINS, CARLETON, born at Tura-
ers, N. Y., in 1848. Landscape and cattle
painter, pupil of the National Academy, New
York ; studied in France in 1880-81. Ex-
hibited first at National Academy in 1870.
Studio in Brooklyn. Works : Edge of For-
est — Barbizon, France, T. B. Clarke, New
York ; Cattle in Landscape, Evening at
Grez, Calf in Landscape, Henry T. Chap-
man, Jr., Brooklyn ; On the Road (1879);
September Day (1880) ; Hillside near Fon-
tainebleau (1882) ; October Morning (1883) ;
Come Bossy, Gathering Seaweed, September
Harvest (1884) ; Summer Morning (1885) ;
Three -year -old Heifer, Landscape near
Meudon (1886).
WIGHT, MOSES, bom in Boston in
1827. Genre and portrait painter, pupil in
Paris of H6bert and Bonnat ; was in Europe
in 1861-54, went again in 1860, and in 1865
settled in Paris, where he was still living in
1884. Ideal works: Lisette; Confidants;
Old Cuirassier; Sleeping Beauty; Eve at
4ao
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WILBERG
the Fountain; Sixteenth Century; Pet's
First Cake ; John Alden And Priscilla ; Tete-
ii-Tete, At her Ease (1879) ; Vieux Docu-
ment (1884). Portraits: Yon Humboldt;
Everett ; Sumner ; Agassiz ; Josiah Quincy.
— ^Tuckerman, 504.
WILBEKG, CHEISTIAN, bom at Havel-
berg, Nov. 20, 1839, died in Paris, June 3,
1882. Architecture and landscape painter,
pupil in Berlin of Eduard Pape and of Paul
Gropius, then in Dasseldorf of Oswald Ach-
enbach ; made several study trips to Italy
(1871-73, 1875-76), Austria, and Southern
Germany ; settled in Berlin and won repu-
tation, especially by his interiors of Italian
churche& Visited Pergamus in 1880. Med-
al, Vienna, 1873. Works: Interior of St
Mark's in Venice (several) ; Doge's Palace ;
Palazzo Borghese ; Palazzo Colonna ; Tem-
ple of Juno Lacinia at Qirgenti ; Cappella
Palatina in Palermo ; Grotto of Egeria ;
Roman Park ; View in Greece, Eunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Bay of Naples, Bay of Baiae
(1880) ; View of St. Peter's from Villa Pam-
fili (1881) ; Memento mori, Dresden Muse-
um.-^ordan (1885), ii 243 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, ix. 43 ; xvii 543, 560 ; xviii 1, 22 ;
Rosenberg, BerL Malersch., 349.
WILDENS, JAN, bom in Antwerp in
1586, died there, Oct. 16, 1653. Flemish
school ; landscape painter, pupil of Peter
Verhulst ; master of the guild in 1604.
Intimate with, and perhaps pupil of, Ru-
bens, for whom he painted backgrounds,
as well as for Snyders and Diepenbeck.
Subjects well chosen, facile brush, good
colour, skies and distances light and airy.
Rubens made him one of the executors of
his wilL Van Dyck painted his portrait.
Works : View of Antwerp (1636), Amster-
dam Museum ; Winter Landscape (1624),
Dresden Gallery ; Waters of Spa, Hunt,
Gypsy telling Fortunes, Country Scene,
Madrid Museum ; Wood Landscape, Bridge-
water Gallery, London ; Landscape (Holy
Family by Rombouts), Antwerp Museum ;
do. (Eliezer and Rebekah by Jordaens),
Brussels Museum; do. (Allegory by Van
Balen), Carlsruhe Gkdlery. — Ch. Blanc, £cole
flamande ; Immerzeel, 235 ; Eramm, vL
1862 ; Kugler m | ^
(Crowe), ii 298; >7 Wfi^OAnA
Michieis, viii. J rrtcc/ic'r>Q
174 ; Rooses (Reber), 261 ; Van den Bran-
den, 683.
WILES, LEMUEL M., bom at Perry,
Wyommg County, N. Y., in 1826. Land-
scape and figure painter, studied under
William Hart, and with J. F. Cropsey in
New York. After painting in Washing-
ton, Albany, and Utica, he settled in New
York in 1863. Sketched in Panama, Cali-
fornia, and Colorado in 1873-74 Studio
at Ingham University, Le Roy, N. Y. (1884),
where he conducts the department of paint-
ing. Works : Mt San Jacinto ; Vale of
Elms, Ingham University ; Reminiscences
of Travel — 28 small pictures, A R Froth-
ingham, Brooklyn ; Long Pond — Seneca
Lake, J. C. Lord, New York ; Moonrise,
Cardinal McCloskey ; Sunshine and Shad-
ow (1879); Panama, Across the Moor (1880);
Meadow Lands (1881); Snow-Bound (1882);
Camp of the San Diego Indians (1883) ; Si
Catherine's Window — Dryburgh, Albany
(1884); Midwinter (1885); Summer-Day
Sketch (1886). His son, Irving R Wiles,
is a genre and portrait painter in New York.
WILHELM OF HERLR See Meister
Wilhelm.
WTTiKTR, BURIAL OF, Joseph M. W.
Turner, National Gallery, London ; canvas,
2 ft 8 in. square. EnUtled Peace : Burial
at Sea of the Body of Sir David Wilkie, who
died on board the steamer Oriental, off Gib-
raltar, on his return from the East, June 1,
1841. Royal Academy, 1842 ; Turner Col-
lection. Engraved by J. Cousen ; etched
by Brunet-Debaines in Portfolio, 1874 —
C^i Nat. QsH ; H&merton, life.
WILKIE, Sir DAVID, bom at Cults,
Fifeshire, Nov. 18, 1785, died in Bay of Gib-
raltar, June 1, 1841. Studied in Trustees'
Academy, Edinburgh, from 1799 to 1804,
and on his return to Cults painted, besides
portraits, Pitlessie Fair (1804), and the Vil-
481
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WILLAERTS
lage Recruit (1805). In 1806 be went to
London and entered the Royal Academy as
a student with a cer-
tain reputation which
was acknowledged by
leading artists. In
1806 he produced
the Village Politi-
cians, which at once
brought him fame.
. ^ -^ ^-^ ,v^x, This was followed by
'^v'^^/ *^® ^^^"^ Fiddler
' / y^ ' (1807, National Gal-
lery, London), Alfred in the Neatherd's
Cottage (1807), Card Players (1807), and
Bent Day (1808). In 1809 he was elect-
ed an ARA, and in 1811, RA In the
latter year he painted the Village Festival
(National Gallery, London). These works
are full of character, well composed, and
carefully drawn, but they are thinner in
colour and less highly finished than the
Blind Man's Buflf (1812, Buckingham Pal-
ace), Distraining for Rent (1814), Duncan
Gray (1814), Babbit on the WaU (1815),
Penny Wedding (1818), Beading the Will
(1820, New Pinakothek, Munich), Chelsea
Pensioners (1821), Parish Beadle (1822,
National Galleiy, London), and the High-
lander's Home (1825), all of which belong
to his middle and "best period, in which the
influence of the Dutch and Flemish mas-
ters is conspicuous. In 1814 Wilkie visited
Paris, in 1816 Holland, and in 1817 Scot-
land, where he was entertained at Abbots-
ford, and painted his group of Sir Walter
Scott and his Family. In 1832 he exhib-
ited John Knox preaching before the Lords
of the Congregration (National Gallery,
London), one of his most esteemed pictures
in his second manner ; and in 1835 a series
of "Irish subjects, a portrait of Queen Ade-
laide, for the Bodleian Library at Oxford,
and that of William IV., by whom he was
knighted in 1836, for Waterloo Chapel at
Windsor. In 1825 Sir David again went
to Paris, and visited also Italy, Germany,
and Spain, returning to London in 1828.
In 1840 he went to the East for his health,
but grew worse in the following year, and
dying on shipboard in Gibraltar Bay he was
buried at sea. In his third manner, the re-
sult of his Italian and Spanish studies, Wil-
kie aimed at Venetian eflfects of colour, and
produced pictures less esteemed than those
of an earlier time in which subject, concep-
tion, and technical treatment are in har-
mony. Other works: The Bagpiper (1813),
Newsmongers (1820), Wooded Landscape
(1822), The First Ear-Ring (1834), National
Gallery, London ; John Knox dispensing
the Sacrament at Calder House, Pitlessie
Fau', Portrait of his Sister, National Gal-
lery, Edinburgh ; Cotter's Saturday Night
(Moore sale, 1872, 690 guineas) ; Only
Daughter (do., 630 guineas) ; Errand Boy
(Knowles sale, 1864, 1,050 guineas); Cut
Finger ; Sunday Morning ; Jews-Harp ;
Pedlar ; Village School ; Maid of Saragos-
sa ; Guerilla Council of War ; Monks in
Cathedral of Toledo ; Columbus at La Ra-
bida ; and many portraits. Most of his
pictures have been engraved. — Cunning-
ham, Life (London, 1843) ; Redgrave ; Ch.
Blanc, ificole anglaise ; F. de Conches ;
Mollet, Biog. Great Artists ; Heaton, Works
of Sir D. W. (London, 1868) ; Painters of
Georgian Era, 49 ; L'Artiste (1882), ii 97 ;
Sandby, i. 336.
WILLAERTS, ABRAHAM, bom at
Utrecht in 1613 (?), died there in 1671 (?).
Dutch school ; marine and portrait painter,
son and pupil of Adam Willaerts, then stud-
ied under Jan Bylert, and in Paris under Si-
mon Vouet ; master of the guild at Utrecht
in 1624. Works : Portrait of an Admiral,
481
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WILLAERTS
Amsterdam Museum ; Family Group (1659),
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Coast Views with
Tower (1653, 1662), Brunswick Museum;
Storm near Bocky Coast (1653), Liechten-
stein Gkdlery, Vienna. — Immerzeel, iil 236 ;
Kramm, vL 1863.
WILLAERTS, ADAM, horn in Antwerp
in 1577, died in Utrecht before 1662.
Dutch school ; landscape, marine, and genre
painter, especially of coast and harbour
scenes, enlivened with numerous character-
istic figures ; also burning ships, houses
and villages, markets and festive scenes.
Mentioned as member of the guild at
Utrecht in 1611, among the managers in
1620-37, as still living in 1649, as dead in
1662. Works : Two Sea Battles, Utrecht ;
Festival at Tervueren, Antwerp Museum ;
Attack of Dutch Fleet in Battle of Gibral-
tar (1639), Sea Fight between Spanish and
Dutch Gblleys, Haarlem Museum; Mouth of
the Meuse (1633), Rotterdam Museum ; Two
Sea Battles, Utrecht Museum ; Fight near
Coast between the Dutch and Spanish (1641),
Copenhagen Gkdlery ; Embarking of Troops
on Dutch Canal (1624), Germanic Museum,
Nuremberg ; Marines in Arenberg Gallery,
Brussels ; in Museums and Ghdleries of Ber-
lin (1635), Augsburg, Dresden (1620), Gotha,
Frankfort (1638), Madrid (1627), Vienna
(Museum, 1631 ; Liechtenstein Ghdlery,
1616). By his son, Isaac, who was a mem-
ber of the guild at Utrecht in 1637, and its
dean in 1666, is a Kiver View in the Rotter-
dam Museum. — Immerzeel, iii. 235 ; Eugler
(Crowe), L 261 ; Kramm, vi 1863 ; Riegel,
Beitr&ge, ii 179 ; Booses (Reber),. 419.
WILLE, AUGUST VON, bom at Cassel
in 1829. Landscape painter, pupil of DOs-
seldorf Academy in 1847-53 ; lived for sev-
eral years at Weimar, then settled at
DQsseldorf; his pictures are of poetical!
conception, and well supplied with fine ar-
chitecture and many figures, executed with
great technical skill. Works : Planning of
Erection of Monastery (1859), Eunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Luther s Arrival at the Wart-
bui*g by Moonlight, Provinzial Museum,
Hanover ; Park Landscape ; Elizabeth's
Well at the Wartburg ; Gate of the Wart-
burg ; Feeding the Dogs ; Woodland Scene
with Huntsmen ; Inner Court of the Wart-
burg with Luther*s Arrival ; Tavern life in
Seventeenth Century ; City Hall at Bingen ;
Peasant and Antiquary; Testing Wine in
Convent Cellar ; Street in Marburg ; Burn-
ing of DOsseldorf Academy. — Dioskuren
(1861-65) ; Kunst-Chronik (1870-77) ; Mol-
ler, 558 ; Wiegmann, 383.
WILLEBORTS. See Bosschaert.
WILLEMS, FLORENT, bom at Li^ge,
Jan. 8, 1823. Genre painter, pupil of
Mechlin Academy ; studied especially the
old Dutch masters, and attracted attention
as early as 1840 ; the great success of his
picture, exhibited in Paris in 1844, induced
him to settle there. Medals: Paris, 3d
class, 1844 ; 2d class, 1846 ; 1st class, 1855,
1867, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1853 ; Officer,
1864 ; Commander, 1878 ; Officer of Order
of Leopold, 1851. Works : Visit to Young
Mother (1844) ; Musical Pai-ty ; The Widow ;
Visit of Maria de* Medici to Rubens ; Guard
Room ; Woman by Spinning- Wheel (1850),
Eunsthalle, Hamburg ; Auction (1851), Ra-
vene Gkdlery, Berlin ; Three Ages of Man ;
Engagement Ring ; Silk Mercer's Shop in
1660 (1855), Napoleon IH; Adorning the
Bride, Brussels Museum ; Presentation of
the Future, The Widow (1863); Going
Out, LAccouchee (1864) ; Aux Armes de
Flandre (1877) ; Lady with Lap-Dog, Czer-
nin Gbillery, Vienna ; Page vnth Dog, Paint-
er before Easel, Museum Fodor, Amster-
dam. Works in United States: Victor of
Crossbowmen (1844), John G. Johnson,
Philadelphia; tPy ^tais! Sealing the Love
Letter, Mrs. W. P. Wilstach, ib. ; Judgment
of Paris, Mrs. T. A Scott, ib. ; Good News,
W. B. Bement, ib. ; Artist, August Belmont,
488
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WILLERS
New York ; Departing for the Promenade,
Miss C. L. Wolfe, ib. ; Plucking the Rose,
Israel Corse, ib. ; Betrothal Ring, Mi*s.
Paran Stevens, ib.; Female Figure, T. A.
Havemeyer, ib.; Waiting Maid, Robert Hoe,
ib.; Mirror, John Hoey, ib.; At the Window,
C. P. Huntington, ib. ; Revery, R L. Stuart
Collection, ib.; La Bague, J. T. Martin,
Brooklyn ; Important Response, Health of
the King, W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Read-
ing, J. W. Gurrett, ib. ; Morning Walk, H. O.
Gibson, Philadelphia; The Letter, W. Mason,
Taunton, Mass.; Love Letter, Charles Crock-
er, San Francisco ; Music Lesson, Morgan
sale. New York (1886), $1,255.— Dioskuren,
1863-66; D. KunstbL, 1853-57; Immer-
zeel, iii.
WILLERS, ERNST, bom at Oldenburg
in 1804, died in Munich, May 1, 1880.
Landscape painter, pupil of Dilsseldorf
Academy under Schirmer ; went afterwards
to Rome, where he was long aUied with
Josef Anton Koch ; thence he visited Sicily
and twice Greece ; finally settled at Munich.
His works, recalling the heroic landscapes
of Koch and the ideal style of Karl ]VIark6,
are of grand conception and poetical colour-
ing. Among the best are : The Acropolis at
Athens, Temple of Jupiter, ib. ; View of the
Piraeus and Isles, Acrocorinth, View near
Palermo, Grand Duke of Oldenburg ; Valley
of Egeria near Rome, Grand Duchess of
Weimar ; The Acropolis at Athens, Schack
Grallery, Munich ; Outlook towards the Sea
from Chigi Park near Aiiccia. — Meyer,
Conv. Lex., xviL 1011 ; Schack, Meine
Gemaldesammlung, 213.
WILLIAM, ST., TAKING THE MONAS-
TIC HABIT, Guerdno, Bologna Gallery;
canvas, H. 10 ft. 6 in. x 6 ft 10. William,
Duke of Aquitaine, having determined to
renounce the world, presents himself, at the
head of his warriors, before St. Felix, and
puts on the monastic habit ; above, in
clouds, the Virgin and child sustained by an
angel, and at left, SS. Peter and Paul.
Painted about 1620 for S. Gregorio, Bo-
logna ; carried to Paris in 1796 ; returned
in 1815. A masterpiece of Guercino's first
period. Engraved by G. Trabalesi ; G. Mi-
telli ; G. Tomba. — Landon ; Mus^e, xiL PL
64 ; Pinac. di Bologna, PI. 48 ; Meyer,
Ktlnsi Lex., iii. 2 ; Lavice, 3.
WILLIAMS, EDWARD, bom in Lam-
beth, London, in 1782, died at Barnes, June
24, 1855. Son of Edward Williams, engraver,
and pupil in painting of his maternal uncle
James Ward ; then apprenticed to Mr. Hil-
St William taking the Monastic Habit, Guercino, Bologna Galleiy.
Her, carver and gilder, but finally devoted
himself to miniature and landscape painting.
For many years his favourite subjects were
moonlight scenes, and later the scenery of
the Thames. His six sons were all painters.
Work : Landscape with Figures by Moon-
light, National Gkdlery, London. — Redgrave ;
F. de Conches, 347.
WILLIAMS, FREDERICK DWIGHT,
bom in Boston ; contemporary. Landscape
and figure painter. Studio in Paris.
484
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WILLIAMS
Works: Scene at Pont Nien, Shepherdess
and her Flock, The Mame, Farmyard at
Finistere (1878); Autumn Day — France,
Fifine and her Geese (1881). His wife,
Mrs. L. Lunt Williams, paints figure and
cattle pieces. Work : Mange Done ! (1884).
WILLIAMS, HAYNES, bom at Worces-
ter, England, in 1834. Genre painter, pupil
of the Art School in Birmingham ; went to
Spain in 1862, and has since painted many
Spanish subjects, exhibiting in the Boyal
Academy in 1870 his Desesperados y Ines-
perados. Works : Prayers for One Wound-
ed (1872) ; A los Toros (1873) ; Billeted, El
Saludad (1874) ; Modem Occupants of An-
cient Homes, ArsLonga — ^Vita Brevis (1877) ;
Foundlings in Spain in 1790 (1878) ; Con-
gratulations (1879); The Stepmother (1880) ;
His First Oflfence (1881) ; The Sermon (1882) ;
Gleam of Sunshine (1883) ; Called to Court,
At the Fountain, Going to the Fountain
(1884) ; Benediction, Interruption in the
Dance (1885); Cellini awaiting an Inter-
view with Fran9ois I (1886). — Meynell,
185.
WILLIAMS, ISAAC L., bom in Phila-
delphia in 1817. Landscape and portrait
painter, pupil in Philadelphia of John R
Smith and John Neagle. Visited Europe
in 1866-67. Member of the Philadelphia
Academy. Work : View near Meriden —
Conn., October (1876).
WILLIAMS, PENRY, bom at Merthyr
Tydvil, Glamorganshire, about 1798, died in
Bome, or Wales, February, 1886 (?). Land-
scape and subject painter; exhibited at
Royal Academy first in 1824 ; went to Italy
in 1827, and thenceforth resided in Bome,
whence he sent many pictures to England.
Works: Procession to the Christening (1832);
FeiTy on the Nynfa (1835) ; Madonna del
Arco (1837); H Voto or the Convalescent
(1842); TheFountain— MoladiGaeta(1849);
Rustic Toilet (1853) ; Neapolitan Peasants
at Fountain (1859), National Gkdlery ; Mass
for the Reapers in the Campagna (1860) ;
Italian Mother and Child (1861).— Art Jour-
nal (1864), 101 ; PortfoUo (1886).
WELLIAMSON, JOHN, bom in Scot-
land in 1826, died at Glenwood, N. Y.,
May 28, 1885. Landscape painter, taken
to America when a child. Associate of the
National Academy, New York, in 1861.
Works : Passing Shower — Connecticut Val-
ley (1869) ; Hook Mountains (1870); Return
of the Hunters (1871) ; Reminiscence of
Berkshire County (1873) ; After the Storm
—Blue Ridge (1877) ; In the Mohawk Val-
ley. Sugar Loaf Mountain (1878); Palisades
—Hudson River (1879) ; Lovers' Walk-
Glen Lea (18jB0) ; Trout Fishing— CatskiU
Mountains (1881) ; Long Years Saw Mill —
Ulster County, N. Y. (1883).
WILLICH, CASAR, bom at Franken-
thal, Bavaria, in 1825. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under
Jacob Schlesinger (1793-1855), then in Mu-
nich (1846) of Karl Schom ; lived in Swit-
zerland in 1848-49, went in 1850 to Ant-
werp, studied there for several years, then
for three years in Pans under Couture ;
visited Italy in 1858, stayed chiefly in Rome
until 1861, when he settled in Munich.
Works : Tribunal during Time of Witches*
Trials, H. Wesendonk, Zdrich ; Pfityche with
the Ointment Box ; Sleeping Nymph and
Faun ; Resting Amazon and Deer ; Young
Gypsy Girl with Lizard ; Nymph Fishing ;
Portrait of Richard Wagner. — Dioskuren
(1866-68) ; MtOler, 559.
WILLMANS, MICHAEL, bom at Kdn-
igsberg in 1629, died at a country-seat
near Leubus, Silesia, Aug. 26, 1706. Ger-
man school ; history and portrait painter,
pupil of his father Peter Willmans ; went
early to Holland, where he formed himself
under Jacob Backer and Rembrandt ; after
his return he worked at Konigsberg, Prague,
Breslau, and Berlin, and was made court
painter by the Great Elector. Works : Rape
of Europa (1679), Schwerin Gallery ; Por-
trait of a Boy, Dresden Museum. — Schlie,
697.
WILLROIDER^ JOSEPH, bom at Vil-
lach, Carinthia, in IMi . Landscape paint-
er, self-taught from I860 in Munich and
/
" '--.I •'
. J
^^^
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WILMARTH
during travels in Bavaria, the Austrian Alps,
and Holland ; his pictures show great feeling
for the picturesque in
their composition,
masterly treatment of
trees, and clear col-
ouring. Lives in Dtts-
seldoi*f. Order of Ba-
varian Crown, 1884.
Works: Wood Land-
scape on Lake Ossi-
ach. Wood Interior,
View in Upper Ba-
varia, View on a Lake, View near Munich,
On the Elbe, Carinthian Landscape, Walk
to Emmaus (1879) ; Meteorological Station
in Carinthia (1882) ; Dies irae, Munich Art
Union. His brother and pupil, Ludwig
(born at Villach in 1845), is also a landscape
painter of merit ; lives in Munich, where he
has done much towards reviving interest in
the art of etching, and is honorary member
of the Academy. — Allgem. K C, viii. 48 ;
Dioskuren (1866) ; Kunst-Chronik, xxi. 62 ;
Kunst fttr Alle, i. 184 ; MtiUer, 560 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, X. (Mittheilungen, iiL 75).
WILMARTH, LEMUEL EVERETT,
bom at Attleborough, Mass., Nov. 11, 1835.
Genre painter, pupil of the Pennsylvania
Academy in Philadelphia ; studied at Mu-
nich under Kaulbach in 1859-62, and in
1864 at the £cole des Beaux Arts, Paris,
under Gerome. In 1870 professor . of the
National Academy free schools ; elected an
AN.A in 1871, and N.A in 1873. Studio
in New York. Works: Sparking in the
Olden Time (1864); Little Pitchers have Big
Ears (1865) ; An Afternoon at Home (1871) ;
Guess what Tve brought you? (1873) ; In-
gratitude (1875) ; Study of Peaches (1877) ;
Pick of the Orchard (1880) ; Who Wins
may Wear (1883); Jack's Return, Please
may I keep Him ? (1884) ; Country Artist
(1885).— Sheldon. 110.
WILMS, JOSEF, bom at Bilk, nearDtts-
seldorf, Aug. 2, 1814. Still-life and genre
painter, pupil of DQsseldorf Academy un-
der Schadow and Theodor Hildebrandt ; vis-
ited Strassburg in 1848 and Amsterdam in
1862. Works: Peasant Still-Life (1834),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Student enriched
by Heritage (1838); Punch Service by Lamp-
Ught (1840) ; Boar's Head (1841) ; Squirrel
(1842); Revolution in Painter's Studio (1851);
MQnchhausen (1856) ; Breakfast with Cham-
pagne. —Mailer, 560 ; Wiegmann, 410.
WILS, JOHANNES, bom probably at
Haarlem, died there before 1670. Dutch
school ; landscape painter, entered the guild
at Haarlem in 1628, and was one of the mas-
ters of Berchem, who married his daughter.
His rare works are compared to those of Jan
Booth and Jacob Ruisdael. Works : Moun-
tainous Wood and River Landscape, Chapel
in the Forest, Schwerin Galleiy. — Schlie,
697.
WILSON, RICHARD, bom at Pinegas,
Montgomerys h i re,
Aug. 1,1713, died at
Llanberris, Carnar-
vonshire, May, 1782.
Landscape painter,
pupil for six years
of Thomas Wright,
a London portrait
painter of little
ability. After
painting portraits
with some success, he went, in 1749, to
Italy, where, by advice of Zuccarelli, he de-
voted himself to landscape painting. Re-
turning home in 1755, he was disappointed
to find that his classic style was not appre-
ciated by the public. Though unfovoured
by fortune, he continued the struggle, and
in 1760 his ability attained some slight rec-
ognition when his picture of Niobe was ex-
hibited at the Society of Artists, of which
he was a member ; yet he never became
popular, and died in comparative indigence,
a disappointed man. Long after his death
the popular taste became educated to his
standard, and he is now regarded as one of
the greatest of English landscape painters.
Wilson was one of the original members of
the Royal Academy, and in 1776 was ap-
4S6
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WILT
pointed its librarian. Works : Villa of Msb-
cenas at Tivoli, Destruction of Niobe's Chil-
dren, Lake Avemus, On the River Wye, and
other landscapes, National Gkdlery, London ;
Apollo and the Seasons, River Dee, Qrosven-
or House ; View of Tivoli, Dulwich Gallery ;
Landscape, Earl of Wemyss ; Italian Land-
scape, R C. L. Bevan ; Landscape with
MiU, Rev. W. H. Wayne; Italian Land-
scape, River Scene witii Figures, National
Gallery, Einburgh.— Cai Nat GaL ; Red-
grave ; Wright, Life (London, 1824) ; Cun-
ningham ; P. de Conches, 179 ; Ch. Blanc,
&ole anglaise ; Sandby, i. 106 ; Portfolio
(1872), 82.
WILT, THOMAS VAN DER, bom at
Piershil, Holland, Oct. 29, 1659, died at
Delft in 1733. Dutch school. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Jan Verkolje at Delft, where he
was repeatedly one of the trustees of the
guild in 1690-1714. His works show also
the influence of Ter Borch and Ochterveli
In the Berlin Museum is one of his princi-
pal works : Lady and two Gentlemen at
Game of Draughts. — Kramm, vi. 1870 ;
Meyer, Q«m. kongL Mua, 536.
WINDSOR BEAUTIES, Sir Peter Lely,
Hampton Court Palace, England ; canvas,
H 4 ft. 1 in. X 3 ft 4 in. each. Portraits
of beauties of the Court of Charles H, so
called because they were formerly hung in
the queen's bedchamber at Windsor Castle.
All of them are three-quarters lengths, in
landscapes, and all of one type — bare-head-
ed, vdth hair arranged in coquettish curls
on the forehead, short sleeves, and with
draperies disposed in graceful negligence,
freely exposing the busta Lely painted
eleven originally : 1. Barbara Villiers, Duch-
ess of Cleveland, as Minerva ; daughter and
heiress of Viscount Grandison and wife of
Roger Palmer, afterwards Earl of Castle-
maine. 2. Frances Stewart, Duchess of
Richmond; daughter of Captain Walter
Stewart and wife of Duke of Richmond. 3.
Mrs. Jane Middleton, daughter of Sir Roger
Needham. 4. Elizabeth Wriothesley, Count-
ess of Northumberland ; daughter of the
Earl of Southampton and wife of Joscelin,
Lord Percy ; married second, Ralph, Lord
Montague, but retained her first title. 5.
Anne Digby, Countess of Sunderland ;
daughter of the Earl of Bristol and wife of
Robert Spencer, Earl of Sunderland. 6.
Elizabeth Bagot, Countess of Falmouth ;
daughter of Colonel Hervey Bagot, wife of
Lord Falmouth and afterwards of Lord
Dorset. 7. Elizabeth Brooke, Lady Den-
ham ; daughter of Sir William Brooke and
wife of Sir John Denham, the poet. 8.
Frances Brooke, afterwards Lady Whitmore ;
sister of Elizabeth Brooke and wife of Sir
Thomas Whitmore. 9. Henrietta Boyle,
Countess of Rochester ; daughter of Rich-
ard, Earl of Cork and Burlington, and wife
of Lawrence Hyde, afterwards Earl of
Rochester. 10. Eliza Hamilton, Countess
de Gramont, as St. Catherine ; sister of
Count Anthony Hamilton and wife of the
Chevalier de Gramont. 11. Madame d'Or-
leans. This picture is lost. — Law, Hisi Cai
Hampton Court, 56 ; Mrs. Jameson, Beauties
of Court of Charles H ; Hamilton, M6moires
du comte de Ghramont ; Pepys's Diary.
WINGE, MARTEN ESKIL, bom in
Stockholm, Sept 21, 1825. History paint-
er, pupil of Stockholm Academy, where he
took the first prize in 1857 ; then studied in
DOsseldorf, and under Couture in Paris;
went to Rome, and returned in 1863 via
Munich to Sweden ; became member of
Stockholm Academy and court painter in
1864, and professor in 1867. Works :
Eraka (1862), Hjabnar and Orvar Odd
(1865), Loke and Sigyn, Thor's Fight with
the Giants (1868), Stockholm Museum ; In-
geborg, Gothenburg Museum ; Olof Tryg-
gvesson and Sigrid I^XUfr&da at Eonghall ;
Christ on Mount of Olives ; Resurrection ;
Descent from the Cross. His wife Hanna,
n^e Sengelin (bom Dec. 4, 1838), is a good
genre painter, pupil of Boklund and of
Stockholm Academy. — Mailer, 561.
487
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WINGHE
WINGHE (Wingen), JODOCUS (Joost)
VAN, bom in Brussels in 1544, died in
Frankfort in 1603 or 1605. Flemish school ;
history and portrait painter ; went early to
Borne, where he lived four years at a car-
dinal's ; after his return became painter to
the Prince of Parma, and in 1584 went to
Frankfort, meeting there and in Hanau
with great success. Works: Banquet and
Masquerade, Amsterdam Museum ; Portrait
of Patrician Lady, Stadel Gallery, Frank-
fort ; Lot and his Daughters, Gotha Muse-
um ; Apelles painting Gampaspe (2), Vienna
Jo?uouuS ct MK^
Museum. — Immerzeel, iii 239 ; Kramm, vL
1871 ; Michiels, vi 465.
WmNE, LEAVEN DE, bom in Ghent in
1821, died in Brussels, May 13, 1880. Por-
trait painter of great excellence, pupil of
Felix Delvigne. Medals: Paris, 3d class,
1861 ; 2d class, 1863 ; 1st class, 1878 ; at
Brussels, and London, at the principal ex-
hibitions h'om 1860. L. of Honour, 1865 ;
Officer, 1878. Works: Portrait of King
Leopold L, Brussels Museum ; Prince of
Arenberg ; Count of Flanders ; Paul De-
vigne ; Felix Delvigne ; £mile Breton ; Fir-
min Rogier ; Duchess of Arenberg ; Minis-
ter Frere-Orban, etc. — Gaz. des B. Arts
(1859), iii 255 ; Meyer, Conv. Lex., xix.
240.
WINT, PETER DR See De Wint,
Peter.
WINTER, HEINRICH, bom at Frank-
fort in 1843. Landscape and animal paint-
er, pupil of Jacob Becker at the Stadel
Institute ; was induced in 1868, by Adolf
Schreyer, to visit Hungary, where he studied
the different breeds of horses on the large
plains. After his return he took part in the
campaign of 1870-71 as a volunteer, and in
1874 visited the East Works: Rendez-
vous ; Horse Thieves ; Transportation of
Fi'ench Prisoners through Loigny ; Prison-
ers and Wounded Soldiers on a Waggon in
the Snow.— Kaulen, 191 ; Mailer, 561.
WINTER, LOUIS DE, bom at Antwerp,
March 23, 1819. Landscape and marine
painter, pupil at Antwerp Academy of Ja-
cobus Jacobs and of Jan Baptist de Jonghe.
Travelled in France and Germany. Gold
medal, Brussels, 1854. Order of Leopold,
1861. Works: Fishermen throwing out
their Nets by Moonlight (1853), Ghent Mu-
seum ; Coast View by Moonlight (1856),
Ravene Qrallery, Berlin ; Crossing a Ford ;
View in the Ardennes ; Simset ; Moonlight
Scenes and Marines.
WINTER, Nicolas Poussin. See Deluge.
WINTERHALTER, FRANZ XAVER,
bom at Mengenschwand
in the Black Forest, April
20, 1806, died in Frank-
fort, July 8, 1873. Por-
trait and genre painter,
pupil of Munich Acad-
emy and of Stieler ; went
in 1828 to Carlsruhe,
where he was made court
painter ; spent several
years travelling in Italy, Spain, Belgium, and
England, and in 1834 settled in Paris, where
for more than thirty years he was the por-
trait painter par excellence of royalty and
of the aristocracy, especially of women. Med-
als : Paris, 1836, 1837, 1855 ; L. of Hon-
our, 1839 ; Officer, 1857 ; Order of Red
Eagle, 1861 ; Wtlrtemberg Crown Order,
Commander Order of Francis Joseph, and
many others. Works: Roman Genre Scene,
Portrait of Grand Duke Leopold of Baden,
Carlsrahe Gallery; do. of Grand Duchess
Sophie (1828) ; Mile. Tascher de laPagerie ;
Louis Philippe and his Queen ; Princes and
Princesses of Orleans; King Leopold of
Belgium and Queen ; Royal Family of Eng-
land ; Queen Isabella of Spain ; Emperor
and Empress of Russia ; do. of Austria ; do.
of Mexico; King and Queen of Prussia;
do. of Wtlrtemberg ; Napoleon m and Eu-
genie ; Italians in a Landscape, Kunsthalle,
Hamburg ; Maiden of Ariccia (1835) ; Dolce
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WISLICENUS
far uiente, Decameron (1836) ; Fisherman^s
Family in Mid-day Sun ; Scene at a Well
near Naples ; Florinde (1852), William R
Webb, New York; Queen Maria Christina
of Spain (1841), Marshal Count Sebai^tian
(1841), Queen Victoria (1842), Duchess of
Kent, Versailles Museum. — Bellier, ii. 724 ;
Kunst-Chronik, viiL 835 ; Land und Meer
(1873), ii. 902 ; Meyer, Gesch., 390 ; Nagler,
xxi. 546.
WISLICENUS, HERMANN, bom at
Eisenach, Sept. 20,
1825. History paint-
er, pupil of Dresden
Academy under Ben-
demann and Schnorr ;
went in 1853 to Home,
where he was allied
with Cornelius and
other prominent mas-
ters ; after his return
in 1857 he lived ten
years in Weimar, became professor at the
Art School there in 1866, and at the DOs-
seldorf Academy in 1868. Works : Abun-
dance and Poverty (sketch for curtain in
Royal Theatre), Dresden Gallery ; Myth of
Prometheus, History of Hercules, Leip-
sic Museum ; The Four Seasons (1876-77),
National Gallery, Berlin ; Night and its
Retinue ; Chari^ (1857) ; Fancy borne by
Dream-Gods, Schack Gkdlery, Munich ; Ger-
mania keeping Watch on the Rhine (1874).
In fresco : Religious Subjects, Grand-Ducal
Chapel, Weimar ; Cornelia — Mother of the
Gracchi, Brutus condemning his Sons, Stair-
case of Roman House, Leipsic ; Cycle from
History of German Empire (1879^- ), Kai-
serhaus, Goslar. — Jordan (1885), ii. 244 ;
Kunst-Chronik, ix. 376 ; xii. 23 ; xix. 155 ;
XX. 4 ; Miiller, 562 ; Reber (Pecht), ii. 218 ;
iii 326 ; Schack, Meine Gem&ldesammlung
(1884), 186; Zeitschr. f. b. K, ii 181.
WISNIESKI, OSKAR, bom in Berlin,
Dec. 3, 1819. G^nre painter, pupil of Ber-
lin Academy ; visited North Italy, and re-
peatedly Pari& Paints scenes siter poets
and from history, especially fine costume
pictures of the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. Works: Sophie Charlotte and
Leibnitz in Park of Ltitzelburg ; Lady Pat-
roness and the Village Poor ; Dance in
Open Air ; Wolf Hunt ; Return Home, Page
and Country Maid (1881), National Gallery,
BerUn.— Jordan (1885), ii. 245.
WISSING, WILLIAM, bom in Amster-
dam in 1656, died at Burleigh, near Stamford,
England, Sept. 10, 1687. Portrait painter,
pupil at The Hague of Dodaens, then studied
in Paris, and lastly in London (1680) under
Lely, whose manner he imitated. After Le-
ly's death he became the fashionable rival
of Kneller, and was appointed by James H.
his principal painter. Among his sitters
were the Royal Family and the Duke of
Monmouth, and he was sent by the King to
Holland to paint William and Mary, then
Prince and Princess of Orange. Works:
Lord Cutts, Duke of Monmouth, Prince
George of Denmark, Mary of Modena, Mary
H, National Portrait Gallery, London. —
Redgrave ; Feuillet de Conches, 62.
WIT, JACOB DE, bom in Amsterdam in
1695, died
there in 1754.
Dutch school ;
h i s tory and
porta^it paint-
er, pupil of Al-
bert van Spiers
and of Jacob
van Halen, but
formed himself
chiefly by study
of Rubens and Van DycL Painted children
with much success, and excelled in repre-
senting white marble and other substances
en grisaille. His knowledge of anatomy
and of perspective enabled him to depict
the most difficult foreshortenings on his
ceilings in the most natural manner.
Works, Ceiling and Wall Paintings, Town
Hall, Amsterdam ; Allegory on Science,
Museum, ib. ; Sketch for a Ceiling (1744),
Haarlem Museum ; Faith, Hope and Charity
(1743), Minerva and Four Children, Rotter-
489
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WITHERENGTON
dam Museum ; Portrait of Isaac Newton,
Carlsruhe Gkdlery ; Four Seasons, two oth-
ers, Cassel Gkdlerj ; Cbildren with Attri-
butes of the Chase (1753), Dresden Gallery ;
Cupid as a Hunter, Allegory on Science and
Art (1748), Children's Bacchanal (2, 1748),
Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Groups of Chil-
dren at Play (2, 1752, 1754), Liechtenstein
Gallery, Vienna — Ch. Blanc, £cole hollan-
daise ; Immerzeel, iii. 240 ; Kramm, vL
1873 ; Van den Branden, 1212.
WITHERINGTON, WILLIAM FRED-
ERICK, bom in London, May 26, 1785,
died there, April 10, 1865. Student in
1805 in schools of Royal Academy ; painted
landscapes with figures and rustic figure
subjects; works thoroughly English and
pleasing. Elected A.R A. in 1830, and RA.
in 1840. Works: The Stepping Stones,
The Hop Garland, National Gallery ; Hop
Garden, South Kensington Museum. — Red-
grave ; Cat Nat GaL ; Sandby, il 164.
WTTHOOS, MATHIAS, bom at Amers-
foort in 1627, died at Hoorn in 1703. Dutch
school ; still-life painter, pupil of Jan van
Campen ; in company of Otto Marseus van
Schrieck he went to Italy, where he painted
rich compositions of flowera and plants, with
butterflies, spiders, snakes, etc., for Cardi-
nal de* Medici Works : View of the Vatican
and St Peter's, Schwerin Gallery ; Roman
ParkLandscape(1671),MentzMuseum. Jan,
Pieter, and Frans, sons of Mathias, and his
daughter Alida, all painted similar subjects.
— Immerzeel, iii. 243 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii
5(13 ; Burger, Musees, ii. 320 ; Schlie, 698.
WITT, JOHN HARRISON, bom in
DubHn, Wayne County, Ind., May 21, 1840.
Genre and portrait painter. Began to study
art in Cincinnati in 1862 ; first exhibited in
the National Academy in 1868. Elected an
A.N.A. in 1885. Works : Afternoon Nap,
Rags (1880) ; Queen of the Day, Dreaming
of the Future (1881) ; Out-Door Luxury,
One More Spring (1882) ; At Home, Dis-
graced (1883) ; A Clammer*s Home, Hookey
(1884) ; Writing to Santa Claus (1885) ; Por-
trait of Lady and Horse (1886).
WTTTE, EMANUEL DE, bom at Alk-
maar in 1607, died in Amsterdam in 1692 ;
Dutch school ; ai*chitecture painter, pupil
at Delft of Evert van Aelst, but formed his
style rather on Aelbert Cuyp; master of
guild at Alkmaar in 1636, at Delft in 1642 ;
settled in Amsterdam before 1650. At first
painted portraits and historical subjects,
afterwards devoted himself exclusively to
interiors of churches and other perspective
views, and brought this branch of art to the
same perfection as Ruisdael did that of
landscape, and Willem van de Velde that of
marine painting. With correct drawing he
combined a masterly treatment of chiajros-
curo, and a touch of admirable impasto. His
figiires are always carefully drawn and are
introduced with picturesque eflfeci Works :
Church of Delft, Church Interior (1685),
Brussels Musevun ; Church Interior (2), Am-
sterdam Museum ; Fish Market at Amster-
dam (1672), Rotterdam Museum ; Church
Interiors (2, one dated 1667), Synagogue of
Amsterdam (1680), Berlin Museum ; Inte-
rior of Gothic Church (1656), Brunswick
Gallery ; do., Gotha Museum ; do. (2, 1667,
1668), Weimar Museum ; others in Eunst-
halle, Hamburg (2, one dated 1656), Schwe-
rin Ghdlery, Stockholm Museum ; Czemin Ghd-
n "^ V A M ^®^' Vienna ;
/r Jt \AM RothanGal-
La U ^ 1^ leiy, Paris;
1^ ]fN y ^ g ^ National Gal-
bl'e.Wi.'rtt i^L^c^
£cole hoUandaise ; Immerzeel, iiL 244 ;
Kugler (Crowe), ii 512.
WITTE, GASPAR DE, bom at Antwerp,
baptized Oct 5, 1624, died there, March
20, 1681. Flemish school ; landscape paint-
er, son and pupil of Pieter de Witte (1586
-1651), went early in life to Italy, thence to
France, and returned to Antwerp in 1651,
when he became master of the guild. Works :
La bonne aventure (1667), Christ healing
the Blind (1671), Antwerp Museum ; Wood-
land Scene, lille Museum ; Mountain Land-
scape with a Castle, Aschaffienburg Gallery ;
440
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WTTTE
Interior of Gbihic Church, Gbtha Museum ;
Landscape with Buins of Aqueduct, Muse-
um, Vienna ; Rocky Wood Landscape with
Fishermen, Liechtenstein Gbllery, ib. ; An-
tique Buildings, Turin Gallery. — Cat du
Mu& d'Anvers, 143 ; Booses (Beber), 412 ;
Van den Branden, 1062.
WTTTE, PEETEB DE, called Candido,
bom in Bruges about 1548, died in Munich
in 1628. Flemish school ; history painter ;
went early to Italy, and in Florence made
the acquaintance of Vasari, who took him to
Bome and employed him as his assistant
there and later in Florence. In 1578 he
entered the service of Duke Albert V., and
after that prince's death that of William V.
of Bavaria As court painter to the next
duke, Maximilian L, he made most of the
designs for the decoration of his newly
built palace, and painted several ceilings in
it He exerted considerable influence up-
on art in Munich. Works: Holy Family
adored by Angels, Eunsthalle, Hamburg;
Madonna with Saints, Oldenburg Gallery;
Hunt, Falcon Chase, Fishing, Daughter of
Jephtha, two portraits, Schleissheim Gal-
lery ; King David playing the Harp, Baron
Mhiutoli's Collection, Schloss Fridersdorf,
Silesia ; Death of St. Ursula, Holy Family,
do. with St Stephen, Vienna Museum. —
Immerzeel, iii. 244 ; Kramm, vL 1878 ; Eug-
ler (Crowe), L 242 ; B^, Peter Candid und
seine Werke (Leipsic, 1885).
WITTKAMP, JOHAN BEBNABD, bom
at Bieseubeck, Westphalia, Sepi 29, 1820.
History painter, pupil in Botterdam of Wil-
lem Hendrik Schmidt, then of Antwerp Acad-
emy under DeKeyser ; visited France, Italy,
Switzerland, and Germany in 1853. Medals
at Brussels (1845), The Hague, Bruges, Lon-
don. Honorary Member of Amsterdam and
Philadelphia Academie& Works : The Dutch
passing the Winter on Nova ZemJoiA in
1596 (1845) ; The Jailer (1850), Ghent Mu-
seum ; Arrival of Hugo Groiius at Bostock
(1851) ; Betum of the Dutch from Nova
Zembla (1854) ; King Lear ; Bomeo and
Juliet; John Parricida's Flight over the
Alps; The Women of Cr^vecoeur (1857);
Cruelty of Duke Adolphus of Gueldres to
his Father (1860); Pariaina (after Byron,
1876).— D. KunstbL, 1852, 1853; Mailer,
563^
WITTMEB, JOHANN MICHAEL, bom
at Mumau, Bavaria, Oct 15, 1802, died in
Bome, May 9, 1880. History painter, pu-
pil of the Miuiich Academy under Langer ;
went in 1828 to Bome, whence he visited
Naples in 1831, and accompanied the Crown
Prince Max in 1833 on a tour to Naples,
Sicily, Malta, Corfii, Greece, Constantino-
ple, and Smyrna. He lived afterwards alto-
gether in Bome, but visited Germany in 1844
and 1858. Works : Christ Crucified (1826);
Two Altarpieces (1827) ; Bebekah at the
Well, Burial of St Catherme (1828); Hagar
(1829) ; Healing of the Blind (1830) ; Sweet
Waters in Asia (1835) ; Mbo^ telling his
Fables ; Antioohus and Stratonice, Homer,
Flight into Egypt, Six Oriental Views, Cof-
fee-House in Smyrna, Birth of Si John
(1843) ; Procession of Pius IX. to the Lateran
(1846) ; Blessing the ChUdren (1848) ; Ma-
donna (1849) ; Coronation of Virgin (1858);
St Ann with Virgin, St. Joseph, St Igna-
tius (1861); Maria Immaculata (1866); Bur-
ial of Si Catherine (1851), Birth of St John
(1862), Adoration of the Shepherds, New
Pinakothek, Munich. — Andresen, iL 288 ;
Kunst-Chronik, xv. 627 ; xxL 218 ; Cotta's
KunstbL, 182^-43.
WLEUGHELS, NICOLAS, bom in Paris,
baptized Dec 11, 1668, died in Bome, Dec.
5, 1737. Flemish and French schools; his-
tory and genre painter, son and pupil of
Philippe Wleughels (bom at Antwerp about
1622, died in Paris, buried March 23, 1694,
pupil of Comelis Schut) ; then studied un-
der Pierre Mignard, went to Italy in 1694,
and after a sojourn of two years in Bome
and Venice returned to Paris, where he was
received into the Academy in 1716. Ap-
pointed director of the French Academy in
Bome in 1724, and while there made chev-
alier of the Order of Saint Michel He vms
very intimate with Watteau, and his works
441
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WOENSAM
were engraved by such masters as Jeaurat,
Charles Simoneau, Larmessin, Tardieu, Su-
rugue, and Cochin. Although his compo-
sition and colouring often suggest the in-
fluence of the Venetian school, he followed
on the whole the \mtrue mannerism of his
epoch. Works : Apelles painting Campaspe
(1716), Chateau de Compiegne ; Vulcan pre-
senting to Venus the Arms for ^neas, Tou-
louse Museum ; The Levee, Evening Toilet,
Valenciennes Museum ; Christ in the House
of Simon (1727), Marriage at Cana (1728),
Schleissheim Gallery ; Visitation of Mary
(1729), Holy Family, Hermitage, St. Peters-
burg. — Ch. Blanc, ficole flamande ; Fetis,
Les Artistes beiges, ii. 226 ; Jal, 1302 ;
M^moires in^dits, i. 354 ; Michiels, ix. 302.
WOENSAM (Wonsam), ANTON, called
Anton von Worms, flourished in Cologne
about 1528-61. German school ; the only
painter from the Lower Rhine in whose rare
pictures the influence of Albrecht Dttrer is
perceptible. This master drew well, and
was not without a certain feeling for beauty.
Works : Carthusian Monks under the Cross,
Taking of Christ (1529), Museum, Cologne ;
Madonna, St Severinus* and St Ursula's,
ib.; do., Darmstadt Gallery; Last Judg-
ment, Berlin Museum. — Kugler (Crowe), i
229 ; Merlo, 617 ; W. & W., il 491.
WOLF, AUGUST, bom at Weinheim,
Baden, April 22, 1842. History painter,
pupil in Carlsruhe of the art school, and
of Hans Canon ; went in 1868 to Dresden,
and copied there a Madonna by Titian, and
the portrait of Charles I. by Van Dyck,
which procured for him a commission from
Coimt Schack, to copy in Venice the princi-
pal works of the Venetian masters for his
gallery in Mimich ; this task, performed
with a singular understanding for the in-
dividuality of those masters, occupied him
for ten years in Venice, where he still lives.
Among his original works are : Banquet at
Murano in 16th Century ; Apollo among
the Muses ; The Three Parcee ; Old Vene-
tian Wedding Procession ; Resurrection, in
the Burial Chapel of the Schack Family,
Schwerin. — Meyer, Conv. Lex., xxi. 975 ;
Schack, Meine Gemaldesammlung (1884),
290.
WOLF HUNT, Bubem, Ashburton Col-
lection, London ; canvas, H. 8 ft 1 in. x 12
ft 5 in. Three figures mounted, two of
them portraits of Bubens and Isabella
Brandt, and five on foot, attacking two
wolves and three foxes. Painted in 1612
for the Spanish General Legranes; inher-
ited by Count Altamira, Madrid ; taken to
Paris, returned in 1815 ; purchased (1824)
by Smith, picture dealer, for 50,000 francs.
Engraved by Soutman ; Van der Leeuw.
Replica (6 ft 7 in. x 9 ft 2 in.), Methuen
Collection, Corsham House, England. — Waa-
gen. Treasures, ii. 102 ; Smith, ii. 273.
WOLF, JOHANN ANDREAS, bom in
Munich in 1652, died there, April 9, 1716.
German school ; history painter, pupil of
his father, Jonas Wolf, an obscure painter,
and of the scvdptor Ableitner ; took Schon-
feld and Earl Loth for his models, and
afterwards studied especially copies after
Raphael's works. Works : Artist's Portrait,
Old Pinakothek, Munich ; St. Rupert, Met-
ropolitan Church, ib. ; Death of St Joseph,
St Joseph's Hospital Church, ib.; Immacu-
late Conception, Church of the Holy Ghost,
ib.; Communion of the Virgin, The Virgin
on the Globe, Schleissheim Gallery ; St An-
drew, Freising Cathedral — Nagler, xxii 51.
WOLFAERTS. See Wolfardt.
WOLFE, DEATH OF, Benjamin Wesi,
Grosvenor House, London ; canvas, H. 5 f t
X 7 ft Battle at Quebec, 1759. General
Wolfe, lying on the ground in the agonies
of death, supported by several officers, and
surrounded by others in various attitudes
expressive of grief, is told of his victory by
soldiers running from left, where the battle
is still raging ; in foreground, an Lidian
sitting on the ground. Li this picture
West repudiated the traditions of the clas-
sical school and dressed his characters in
the costume of the period represented.
Painted in 1771. Engraved by WooUett
Replica at Hampton Court ; several others.
443
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WOLFFORDT
— Ch. Blano, !£cole anglaise ; Law, Hist
Cat Hampton Court, 102 ; R^veil, xiv. 992.
WOLFFORDT, ARTUS, bom at Ant-
werp in 1581, died there in 1641. Flemish
school ; history painter ; entered in 1603
the guild at Dordrecht, whither he had
been taken when three months old ; in
1616 was received into the guild at Ant-
werp. Enjoyed great reputation in his
time, and Van Dyck painted his portrait
Works : Flight into Egypt, Repose in
-69), in Tyrol and North Italy (1858, 1860,
1867), in Austria and Hungary, and the art
centres of Germany. Works: Barbara Cor-
ner in Breslau (1857), Breslau City Hall
(1859), City Gallery, Breslau ; Linnen House
at Breslau (1861), City HaU, ib.; St Mary
Magdalen's (1867), and Literior of St Vin-
cent's, (1869), National Museum, ib.
WOLFVOET, VICTOR, the younger,
bom in Antwerp, baptized May 4, 1612,
died there, Oct 23, 1652. Flemish school;
^j^Z^^,^^
0««th of Wolft, Btnjamin W«ct, Grotv«nor House, London.
Egypt, Madrid Museum. His son, Jan Bap-
tist (bom at Antwerp in November, 1625),
was a good landscape painter ; he went ear-
ly to Italy, and afterwards settled in Hol-
land. By him is a Mountainous Landscape
with Animals, in the Rotterdam Museum. —
Rooses (Reber), 379 ; Van den Branden,
632.
WOLFL, ADALBERT, bom at Franken-
stein, Silesia, May 9, 1827. Architecture
and landscape painter, pupil in Breslau of
Ernst Resch, but principally self-taught dur-
ing travels on the Rhine and Moselle (1858
history painter, son and pupil of Victor
Wolf voet, the elder, then pupil of Ruben&
Master of Antwerp guild in 1644 Works :
Visitation (1639), St James', Antwerp ; Head
of Medusa, Dresden (Jallery. — Kramm, vi.
1883 ; Rooses (Reber), 318 ; Van den Bran-
den, 798.
WOLGEMUTH (Wohlgemuth, Wolge-
mut), MICHAEL, bom in Nuremberg in
1434, died there, Nov. 30, 1519. German
school ; history and portrait painter. After
receiving instruction in art, probably from
his father, he, like other apprentices, spent
443
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WOLGEMUTH
three years in wandering about Oermanj
and the Netherlands, and then settled at
Nuremberg, where he
first appears as a cit-
izen in 1474. He
opened a large stu-
dio, or rather work-
shop, in which he and
his numerous ap-
prentices painted re-
ligious pictures to or-
der, and made designs
for such wood-cuts as
those which fill the pages of the famous
" Chronicle of Nuremberg." Rather a skil-
ful mechanic than an artist, Wolgemuth's
on the Cross, Coronation of the Virgin,
Pieta, last three with portraits of donors,
Aschaflfenburg Gallery ; Death of the Vir-
gin, Cologne Museum ; four altar wings
with Resurrection (1465), Crucifixion, Mar-
riage of St. Catherine, Departure of the
Apostles, Old Pinakothek, Munich ; Pe-
ringsddrflfer Altar (1488), Christ on Mount
of Olives, Crucifixion, Portitiit of Old Man
with Felt Hat, do. of Canon Schonbom,
Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; Portraits
of Ursula Tucher (1478) and Elizabeth
Tucher (1499), Cassel Gallery ; two por-
traits of same family, Weimar Museum ;
Portraits of Man and Wife (1475), Amalien-
stif t, Dessau ; Old Man's Portrait, Liechten-
Wom«n taktn in Adultery, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre.
fame rests more upon the fact that he had Al-
brecht DOrer as his pupil than upon his ar-
tistic work. The pictures attributed to him
are very unequal in merit, probably because
many of them were for the most part paint-
ed by his assistants. The best show con-
siderable di*amatic feeling, and are painted
in clear, strong colour. Works : Christ be-
fore Pilate, Louvre ; Entombment, Christ
stein Ckdlery, Vienna ; The Three Magi,
Czemin Gallery, ib.; Altarpiece (1479) in
Church of the Virgin, Zwickau ; do. (1506
-08) in Church at Schwabach ; four scenes
from Childhood of Christ, Twelve Sibyls,
Figures of Emperors (about 1500), City
Hall, Goslar ; Pilate washing his Hands,
and Crucifixion, Liverpool Institution. — Ch.
Blanc, £cole allemande ; Eugler (Crowe), i
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WOLTZE
148 ; do., Kl. Schriften, ii 28 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xxL 218 ; Nagler, xxii. 29 ; Schnaase,
viii. 382 ; Thausing (Eaton), DOrer, i. 62 ;
W. & W., ii. 119 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiL 1,
38 ; xiv. 390 ; xviii. 169.
WOLTZE, BERTHOLD, bom at Havel-
berg, Brandenburg, in 1829. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Berlin Academy, where be won
the grand prize in 1854 ; studied in Home
in 1855-56, then visited Paris and the
Netherlands. Works : Moses striking the
Rock (1854) ; The Oath (1873) ; Into hos-
tile Life ! (1874) ; Scene of Accident in the
Mountains (1874) ; Dangerous Operation ;
riage.— Cat. Louvre ; Landon, Mus4e, L PL
53 ; Smith, viiL 51 ; R^veil, xiiL 899.
By Rembrandt, National (Jallery, London ;
wood, arched, H. 2 fi 8| in. x2 ft 1^ in.;
signed, dated 1644. Fifteen principal and
many subordinate figures. The woman in
teai-s, bending on one knee on the summit
of steps in a temple, is confronted by her
accusers before Christ, who wears a robe of
tawny yellow ; among the group stands a
Roman soldier ; in background, a splendid
altar, with priests and worshippera Collec-
tion of Burgomaster W. Six (1734) ; taken
to England in 1807 and bought in at Chris-
Wom«n taktn in Adultery, Tintoretto, Dretdtn Galltry.
Hurrah, Napoleon Caught ! Gypsy Woman
in Prison ; Stoppage of Payment ; When
the Workmen Strike.
WOMAN TAKEN IN ADULTERY,
Nicolas Poussin, Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x
6 ft. 4 in. In a public place, decorated with
fine buildings, the woman, in tears, kneels
before Christ, who stands surrounded by
Scribes and Pharisees ; at right, three per-
sons ; at left, five persons ; in background,
a woman with a child in her arms. Painted
in 1653 for M Le Notre ; Collection of
Louis XIV. Engraved by G. Audran ; C.
M. Vermeulen ; G. Fonbonne (1709) ; Ma-
tie's at 5,000 guineas ; sold to J. J. Anger-
stein (1807), £6,000 ; bought for National
Gkllery at Angerstein sale (1824). Engraved
by Burnet ; De Frey ; G. R Philips (1835).
— Vosmaer, 192, 468 ; Smith, vii. 47.
By Rubens, Leigh Court, England ; wood,
H. 4 ft 8 in. X 7 ft 4 in. Five principal and
seven subordinate figures, seen to knees,
rather more than life-size. Woman in cen-
tre, with Christ at her right hand, and a
corpulent priest and a tall Pharisee on the
other side, probably not intended for Luther
and Calvin, as has been suggested. The
other principal figure is said to be a portrait
446
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WOMAN
of Rubens's master, Otto Venius. Said to
have been painted for family of Van Knyf
at Antwerp ; in Collection of Canon Van
Knjf, Antwerp, in 1780 ; bought at Henry
Hope sale (1816), for £2,000 ; bought in at
Leigh Court sale (1884), for £1,785. En-
graved by Mile. Simons and Tassaert ; Car-
don, in Tresheim's British Gallery ; Brom-
ley, in Forster Gallery. — Waagen, Treasures,
iiL 181 ; Smith, ii. 223.
By £mile Signol, Luxembourg Museum ;
canvas, H. 4 ft 6 in. x 3 ft. 8 in. The
woman kneels in contrition at right, at the
base of a fluted column, her face buried in
her hands ; at left, Christ, standing, indi-
cates her with his left hand while turning
to speak to her accusers, who are not seen.
Salon, 1840.
By Tintoretto, Dresden Gallery ; canvas,
H. 6 ft 2 in. X 11 ft 8 in. Christ, seated in
the Temple, turns towards the left, where
the woman, surroimded by her accusers, is
standing ; at right, another group, and in
the background many people entering
through an arched doorway. Painted for
the Counts Vidmarie ; afterwards in Prague
Gallery, whence obtained in 1748. En-
graved by Philip Andrew Kilian.
By Titian (?), lately in S. Afra, Brescia ;
canvas, half-lengths, life-size. Christ turns
to address one of the Pharisees, whilst the
woman, surrounded by her accusers, to
right, bends before him ; in distance, a
grove and a temple ; in foreground, to left,
two figures standing, probably portraits of
members of the family for whom the picture
was painted. Probably by Givdio Campi.
Engraved by Sala. Copy in Tadini Collec-
tion, Louvre. The original in S. Afra has
lately passed into private hand& — C. & C,
Titian, ii 437.
WOMAN WITH FAN, Rembrandt, Buck-
ingham Palace ; canvas, H. 3 ft 5^ in. x 2 ft
8|^ in.; signed, dated 1641. A lady seen to
knees, with light hair, in a black silk robe
attached in front by black ribbons over a
yellow bodice, and point lace kerchief and
ru£9es, a pearl necklace and bracelets, a dia-
mond brooch and a tiara, standing at a win-
dow, with a splendid fan in her right hand.
Bought by Nieuwenhuys in Holland in 1814 ;
sold to Lord Charles Townsend for 1,000
guineas ; at his sale (1819) purchased for
the king at 720 guineas. Engraved by J.
P. Quilley. — Smith, vii. 164 ; Vossmaer,
460.
WONDER, PIETER CHRISTOFFEL,
bom at Utrecht, Jan. 10, 1780, died at Am-
sterdam, Jvdy 13, 1852. Genre and por-
trait painter ; formed himself by study from
life and after the works of famous masters,
then in Dttsseldorf (1802-1804), where he
copied after the antique and the works of
Rubens and Van Dyck. After his return he
rapidly acquired reputation with portraits
and genre scenes treated in the manner of
the old Dutch masters, and represented
by lamp or candle light In 1823-31 he
lived in London. Gold medal, Amsterdam,
1817 ; member of Amsterdam Academy.
Works : The Time (1810), Amsterdam Mu-
seum ; Herring Seller, Rotterdam Museum.
— Immerzeel, iii. 248 ; Kramm, vi. 1884.
WOOD, GEORGE B., Jr., bom in Phila-
delphia in 1832. Genre and still-life paint-
er, pupil of the Pennsylvania Academy, of
which he is a member. Works : Freddy
Flechtenstein's Shop ; Early Spring, Interi-
or of Mr. Childs*s Private Office, G. W.
Childs, Philadelphia ; Philadelphia Library,
George Whitney, ib.; Hunter in Luck;
Summer (1879) ; Interior (1881) ; Chip
Gatherer in Dry Dock (1882).
WOOD, THOMAS WATERMAN, bom
in Montpelier, Vt., Nov. 12, 1823. Portrait
and genre painter, pupil of Chester Harding
in Boston ; studied in Paris in 1858-60, and
visited Italy and Switzerland. He painted
in Louisville and Nashville before opening a
studio in New York in 1867. Elected an
A.N.A. in 1869, and N.A. in 1871. Works:
Contraband, Recruit, Veteran, Village Post-
Office (1867), Charles Stewart Smith, New
York ; Every Man his own Doctor, T. B.
Clarke, ib. ; No Smoking Here !, H. B. Hurl-
but, Cleveland; Quack Doctor (1879);
44«
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WOODFORDE
Joint Investment, G. N. Moore, Louisyille ;
Strictly Confidential (1880) ; Uncle Ned and
I (1882) ; Neglecting Trade (1883) ; Portrait
of Professor Torrey (1884), Vermont Uni-
versity ; The Difficult Text, The Jack-o'-
Lantem (1885) ; Putting on Airs, The Se-
cret (1886). Water-colours : Dull Times
(1879); Sunday Morning, Poor White,
Charles Stewart Smith, New York ; Think-
ing it Over, Cup that Cheers (1881) ; Local
Reporter (1883) ; First Business Venture,
Good Night! (1884).— Sheldon, 109.
WOODFORDE, SAMUEL, bom at Castie
Cary, Somersetshire, in 1763, died at Bo-
logna, Italy, July 27, 1817. Portrait and
history painter ; student at Royal Academy
in 1782, and in Italy in 1786 ; elected an
A.RA. in 1800, and RA. in 1807. Among
his principal works are: Calypso lament-
ing the Departure of Ulysses, Diana and
Nymphs, Charles I. taking leave of his Chil-
dren, and Spanish Shepherd and Dog. —
Sandby, L 328.
WOODS, HENRY, bom at Warrington,
Lancashire, April
23, 1846. Genre
painter; pupil of
Warrington and
South Kensington
Art Schools ; be-
came a magazine
illustrator, and was
long attached to the
London Graphic;
in 1876 accompa-
nied his brother-in-law, Luke Fildes, to Ven-
ice and has since remained there. Elected
an A.RA. in 1881. Works : Street in Ven-
ice, Sunshine (1877) ; Convalescent (1878) ;
Venetian Ferry, Street Life in Venice (1879) ;
Three Venetian Sketches (1880) ; At the Foot
of theRialto — Venice, Gondolier's Courtship
(1881); Bargaining for an Old Master (Hol-
brook Gaskell, London), Venetian Fan Seller
(1882) ; Preparation for First Communion
(1883) ; In the Sun, Zucca Seller in Venice,
II mio Traghetto, Venetian Cloisters (1884) ;
Cupid's Spell (1885) ; Choosing the Summer
Gown, Water- Wheels of Savassa (1886).—
Art Joumal (1886), 97.
WOOL-CAEIDER, Jean Fran9oi8 Millet,
Mrs. Paran Stevens, New York. A woman
seated, carding wool ; on each side, a bas-
ket of wool ; in background, a spinning-
wheeL Painted in 1862 ; Salon, 1863.
WOOTTON, JOHN, bom (?), died in Lon-
don, January, 1765. Pupil of John Wyck
(died 1702), battle painter ; began as a paint-
er of race-horses at Newmarket, and later ex-
ecuted landscapes and hunting scenes. His
horses are well drawn and spirited, but his
landscapes are coarse. Works at Blenheim,
Althorp, Ditchley, and other country houses.
— Redgrave ; F. de Conches, 341.
WOPFNER, JOSEF, bom at Schwaz,
Tyrol, March 19, 1843. Genre and land-
scape painter, pupil of Piloty in 1869-72,
having for years endured great hardships
as apprentice to house painters in Munich.
In 1872 he first began his studies from
nature at the Chiem Lake, whither he has
since returned every summer, and which
has furnished the motives for his finest pro-
ductions. Works : Wood Interior ; School
Children frightened by Boar ; Procession
on Stamberg Lake ; Fugitive Alsacians look-
ing back upon their Burning Village ; Hansl
and Gretl ; Rttbezahl ; Schneewittchen ;
Daumling ; Das Lachspassen ; Ave Maria
(25 times) ; Going to Baptism ; Going to
Communion ; Fishermen Family on Chiem
Lake ; Pursuit of Poachers on Chiem Lake
(1884).— AUgem. K C, viii. 222, 531 ; ix.
877 ; Illustr. Zeitg. (1886), i. 187 ; Kunst-
Chronik, xviii 419 ; xix. 631, 659 ; xx. 279 ;
Zeitschr. £ b. K, xx. 74.
WORLD, CREATION OF THE, Raph-
ael. See RaphaeVs Bible.
WORMS, ANTON VON. See Woensam.
WORMS, JULES, bora in Paris, Dec. 16,
1832. Genre painter, pupil of Lafosse.
Has travelled in various countries, especial-
ly in Spain. Medals: 1867, 1868, and
1869 ; 3d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1876.
Works : Field Forges, Dragoon courting
Nurse (1859) ; Arrest for Debt (1861) ;
447
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WORNDLE
Fountain in Burgos (1863), LaTal Museum ;
Tayern in the Asturias, Departure of Smug-
glers (1865) ; Kitchen
in Valencia, Bace in
Valencia (1866) ; Scene
in Old Castile (1867) ;
Romance h la Mode
(1868), Luxembourg
Museum ; Welcome
Visitor, Precocious Tal-
ent (1869) ; Selling a
Mule, Box of Letters
(1870); Sheep-Shear-
ing in Granada (1872) ; An Aunt by Succes-
sion (1873) ; Littie Cabinet-Maker (1874) ;
Sensational News, One's Vocation (1875) ;
Dancing the Vito in Granada, Gbing to the
Review (1876) ; Fountain of the Bull in
Granada (1877), Miss 0. L. Wolfe, New
York ; Distracted Barber, Every Age has
its Pleasures (1878) ; Pastoral Tournament
(1879) ; Before the Alcalde (1880) ; PubHc
Writer (1882) ; Politicians (1883).— BeUier,
iL 725 ; Larousse.
WORNDLE VON ADELSFRIED, AU-
GUST, bom in Vienna in 1829. History
painter, pupil of Vienna Academy. Works :
Journey of the Magi with their Retinue,
Vienna Museum ; Jacob and Rachel at the
Well (1860) ; Hannibal crossing the Alps ;
Count Starhemberg on the Earthwork (1871).
In fresco : The Stations, Arcades of Ceme-
tery, Innsbruck ; Scenes in Life of Christ,
Chapel of Castle Ambras, near Innsbruck.
WORNDLE VON ADELSFRIED, ED-
MUND, bom in Vienna in 1827. Land-
scape and figure painter, brother of pre-
ceding, pupil of Vienna Academy under
Steinfeld and Thomas Ender, and much in-
fluenced by Ftlhrich ; went in 1855 to Pal-
estine, then studied for a year and a half in
Italy, and settled at Innsbruck in 1859.
Many of his works are in private collections
there, and several are in possession of the Im-
perial family. Keen observation of nature
and strong contrast of colouring are the
main features of his pictures, and he is
equally happy in the representation of the
sunny south and the grandeur of his native
glaciers. Works: Eight Tyrolese Views
in tempera. Savings Bank, Innsbruck ; Orvi-
eto, Ideal Eastern Landscape with Samson
and the Lion, Ferdinandeum, ib.; Castle
Tyrol, Crown Prince Rudolph of Austria ;
Apollo among the Shepherds ; Orpheus in
Erebus ; Multiplication of the Loaves ;
Christ and the Woman of Samaria ; Par-
cival Cycle (18 cartoons, 1883).--AIlgem.
K. C, viiL 398, 720.
WOROBIEFF, MAXTME NIKIFORO-
VICH, bom in 1787, died in Si Peters-
burg in 1855. Architecture and landscape
painter, pupil of Schtschedrin and of Alex6-
jeff ; visited the East and Italy, and became
professor at St Petersburg Academy in
1825. Works: View of Moscow (1818),
Interior of Armenian Church in Jerusalem,
Interior of Church of Golgotha (1824), Sub-
terranean Church at Bethlehem (1838), Her-
mitage, Si Petersburg ; View of Constanti-
nople ; The Neva Quay in a Summer Night.
— Cotta's EunstbL, 1842 ; Raczynski, iiL
538.
WOUNDED, SALUTING THE (Salut
aux blesses), £douard Detaille, Samuel
Hawk Collection, New York ; canvas. A
convoy of German prisoners, on foot, pass-
ing a French general and his escort, mount-
ed, on the highway ; the latter salute the
captives with military politeness, the offi-
cers by raising their caps, the cuirassiers
by the ordinary gesture. Painted in 1875
by commission from Mr. Samuel Hawk from
a sketch submitted by the artist This
sketch, also in Hawk Collection, represents
French prisoners escorted by helmeted Ger-
mans, but the artist finally changed the re-
spective uniforms out of regard to the feel-
ings of his friends, who objected to sending
to America a painting of French prisoners.
At Detaille's request, the picture was re-
turned to France for exhibition in the Sa-
lon of 1877 ; but the objection was again
raised that it would be ridiculous to exhibit
in public a scene representing Cterman pris-
oners, so the artist redressed the captives
448
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WOUTERS
with water-colours as Austrians, maldng the
picture an episode of Solf erino. On return-
ing the canvas to Mr. Hawk, these water-
colours were washed away, and the picture
remains now as originally painted. — ^Art
Treasures of America, it 25.
WOUTERS, FRANS, bom at lierre,
Brabant, baptized Oct 2, 1612, died in Ant-
werp in 1659. Flemish school ; history and
landscape painter, pupil of Pieter van Avont
and of Rubens ; master of Antwerp guild
in 1634 ; went soon after to (Germany, where
we find him in 1637 as court painter to Fer-
dinand n., with whose ambassador he went
to England and there became painter to the
Prince of Wales, afterwards Charles 11.; had
returned to Antwerp in 1641, and was dean
of the guild in 1649. Works : Dance of
Amorettes, Hampton Court Gkdlery ; Pro-
metheus Bound, Nude Figure vrith Cbr-
land, lille Museum ; Venus and Adonis,
Copenhagen Gallery ; Sacrifice to Priapus,
Royal Palace, Berlin ; Two Landscapes, Cas-
sel Gallery; Conflagration in Dutch City,
Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Rape of Europa,
Gotha Museum ; Diana Hunting (1630), Vi-
enna Museum. The two pictures, in the
same museum, representing Si Joachim and
Si Joseph, formerly ascribed to him, are by
Magdalena Woutiers, of Mons, Hainault, who
flourished in the first half of the 17th cen-
tury. — Immerzeel, iii. 248 ; Michiels, viii.
192 ; Rooses (Reber), 319 ; Van den Bran-
den, 805.
WOUWERMAN (Wouverman), JAN,
bom in Haarlem, baptized Oci 30, 1629,
died there, buried Dec. 1, 1666. Dutch
school ; landscape painter, brother of Phil-
ips Wouwerman, entered Haarlem guild in
1655. He painted hilly landscapes, views of
canals, and wide plains, with strong colour-
ing and light effects, and enlivened them
by figures and animals. Very few of his
pictures exist, and several are probably at-
tributed to Jan Wynants, whose manner his
own closely resembles. Works : Landscape
with Horsemen, Arenberg Gallery, Brus-
View in Haarlem, Haai*lem Muse-
um ; Hilly Landscape, Rotterdam Museum ;
Rocky Ravine with Figures, Liechtenstein
Gallery, Vienna ; The Halt, New York Mu-
seum. — Burger, Mus^s, ii. 303 ; Dohme,
Iii.; Van der Willigen, 341.
WOUWERMAN, PHHJPS, bom in Haar-
lem, baptized
May 24, 1619,
died there, May
19, 1668. Dutch
school; land-
scape, genre, and
animal painter,
first instructed by
his father Pau-
wels Joosten,
then pupil of Jan
Wynants, whose
influence is traceable in his backgrounds.
He introduced groups of horses, hunts, sol-
diers, in the manner of Pieter van Laer, but
with far more variety. His figures and ani-
mals are well drawn and animated, and the
general tone is tender and harmonious. He
painted nearly eight hundred pictures,
including many repetitions of the same
motive. In his first style the brown tone,
heavy race of hoi*ses, and angular drawing of
figures remind one of Pieter van Laer. His
second style is distinguished by the pure
golden tone and slender build of horses, and
the third by the prevalence of a dull silvery
tone. Works : Belle Laiti^re, Interior of
Stable, Fishwomen on Seashore, Gathering
Faggots, Landscape, Stag Hunt, Skirmish,
Two Vedettes on Watch, National Gallery,
London ; Two Horsemen and Lady, Coup
de Pistolet, Farmer attacked by Robbers,
Hawking Party, six others, Buckingham
Palace, ib.; three in Bridge water Gallery,
ib. ; Ferme au Colombier, four others. Lord
Ashburton, ib.; Hawking Party, Huntsmen
halting before Inn, Mr. Hope, ib.; Horse-
Fair, Grosvenor Gkdlery, ib. ; Horseman with
Hounds, Inn with Tents, Mr. Baring, ib.;
Racing for the Herring, four others, Mr.
Holford, ib.; Riding Party, Hawking Party,
Alfred de Rothschild, ib. ; Woman and Child
44»
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WOUWERMAN
on a Hill, three others, Mr. Neeld, ib.; six
in Dulwich Gallery ; Procession of Boeuf
Gras, Start for Chase, Stag Hunt, eleven
others, Louvre, Paris ; Start for Hunt, Milk-
ing the Goat, Brussels Museum ; Chariot ii
Foin, Battle-Piece, seven others, Hague Mu-
seum ; Peasants* Brawl, Riding School, Far-
rier, ten others, Amsterdam Museum ; Sol-
diers Plundering, Equestrian Portrait, Rot-
terdam Museum ; Horsemen by a Sluice,
Basle Museum ; Destruction of English
Fleet in 1667, Mus^e Rath, Geneva ; Fal-
coners, Seaport, Battle, nineteen others,
Cassel Gallery ; Ascension, Brunswick Gal-
lery ; Landscapes (2), Hamburg Grallery ;
Stag Hunt, Halt before Inn, Copenhagen
Gallery ; Riding School, Halt of Hunting
Party, foui* others, Berlin Museum; Stag
Hunt, Battle of Nordlingen, Pillage, Water-
ing Place, twelve others, Old Pinakothek,
Munich ; Annunciation to Shepherds, St.
John Preaching, sixty-four others, Dresden
GkJlery ; Travellers Attacked, four others.
Museum, Vienna ; others in Academy, Liech-
tenstein (7), Czemin (2), and Harrach Gal-
leries, ib. ; nine in Stockholm Museum ;
forty-nine (3 dated 1650, 1653, 1656), Her-
mitage, St. Petersburg ; ten in Madrid Mu-
seum ; others in Galleries and Museums of
Aschaffenburg, Christiania (2), Frankfort
(5), Gotha (3), Hamburg (3), Leipsic (3),
Oldenburg, Schleissheim (2), Schwerin (6),
Stuttgart (3), Worlitz (2), Turin (3) ; Moltke
Collection, Copenhagen (4) ; Historical So-
ciety, New York (5) ; Landscape (£74),
Skirmish of Cavalry (£320), Storming of a
Town (£450), Blenheim sale, London, 1886.
y^^ y^^ — Ch. Blanc, iJcole
Vv^ Jfy/' (J ^j y/V. hollandaise, Bur-
W^A^. <16 ^^l/y ger, Musses, i. 126,
^ffV)^^ w 268 ; ii. 96 ; Doh-
y>?'/i^W,te4.na^ ^e, lil; Immer-
zeel, iii 249; Kramm, vii. 167; Eugler
(Crowe), ii. 430 ; De Stuers, 187 ; Van der
Willigen, 338 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, vi. 48 ; x.
(Mittheilungen, iiL 44) ; xii. (Mii, v. 35).
WOUWERMAN, PIETER, bom in Haar-
lem, baptized Sepi 13, 1623, died in Am-
sterdam, buried May 9, 1682 (?). Dutch
school ; landscape, genre, and animal paint-
er, pupil of his father Pauwels Joosten and
of his brother Philips, whom he probably
assisted in his pictures, the gi*eat number of
which could otherwise hardly be explained.
Lived in Amsterdam about 1662, and proba-
bly also in Paris about 1664 Though he
never attained the silvery tints and brilliant
colouring of his brother, whose pictures he
often copied, many of his works pass under
the latter's name. Works : View of Porte
de Nesle, Louvre, Paris; Riding School,
Museum, Brussels ; Falcon Chase, Stag
Hunt, Arenberg Gallery, ib. ; Assault on a
City, Hunting Party, Amsterdam Museum ;
Kirmess, Haarlem Museum ; Broken Milk-
Pot, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Mowers, Stag Hunt,
Bargaining for Fish, Rotterdam Museum ;
three, Cassel Gallery ; View of Pont Neuf,
Horseman and Beggar Woman, Hunting
Booty, Brunswick Grallery ; View of Paris,
Castle on the Cliff, Gallery, Copenhagen ;
Military Camp, Combat between Polish and
Swedish Horsemen, Moltke Collection, ib. ;
Hunters Resting, Huntsman on 'Horseback,
Stockholm Museum ; Siege of Fortified
Town, Berlin Museum ; six in Hermitage,
St Petersburg ; others in Galleries and
Museums at Augsburg, Gotha (2), Olden-
burg, Stuttgart, Wiesbaden, New York ;
Czernin Gkdlei-y, Vienna ; Uffizi, Florence.
— Ch. Blanc, ]ficole hollandaise ; Dohme,
IiL ; Van der Willigen, 340.
WRAGE (JOCHIM) HINRICH, bom at
Hitzhusen, Holstein, March 12, 1843. Land-
scape painter, first instructed by an obscure
painter at Kiel, then pupil of Oswald Ach-
enbach at the Dasseldorf Academy, whence
he made study trips to Copenhagen, Hol-
land, Antwerp, and Brussela After a winter
spent at the art school in Weimar he visited
the Isle of Sylt, went in 1871 to Munich,
studied in the Bavarian Alps and in Tyrol,
then went to Italy and Sicily, and in 1875
to Berlin, where he studied figure painting
at the Academy. Since 1879 he has lived at
Gremsmtlhlen in Holstein.
460
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WRIGHT
WRIGHT, GEORGE FREDERICK, born
in Washington, Conn., Dec. 19, 1828, died
in Hartford, Jan. 29, 1881. Portrait paint-
er ; after studying in a studio and in the
life school of the National Academy in New
York, he settled in Hartford and painted
portraits for five years ; then studied two
years in Europe, chiefly in Munich under
Albert Grafle, but partly in Rome. He
painted at various times at Springfield, DL,
and in other Western and Southern cities,
but worked principally in Hartford, Conn.
Among his portraits are many of the gov-
ernors and other prominent men of Illinois
and of Connecticut, and he was one of the
first, if not the first, to paint Abraham Lin-
coln. He was an excellent colourisi
WRIGHT, JOSEPH (Wright of Derby),
bom at Derby, England, Sept. 3, 1734, died
there, Aug. 29, 1797. Went in 1761 to Lon-
don, and studied under Thomas Hudson, the
master of Reynolds ; became at first a por-
trait painter, but afterwards devoted him-
self chiefly to landscape and genre subjects.
Was in Italy in 1773-75, and made many
sketches of flame effects, especially in an
eruption of Vesuvius^ and with lights in the
caves at Capri. In 1775 he became a stu-
dent in the Royal Academy ; in 1781 he was
elected an A.R.A, and in 1784 RA, but de-
clined, though he continued to send pict-
ures to the exhibitions. In landscape he
was almost equal to Richard Wilson, and in
portraiture he was a near rival of Gainsbor-
ough. Works : The Air-Pump (1765), Na-
tional Gallery, London ; The Orrery, Cor-
poration of Derby ; The Alchemist ; The
Forge ; Miravan ; Girl with Doves ; Boys
with a Bladder, William D. James, Esq.;
The Gladiator ; The Captive ; Old Man and
Death, Sir Henry Wilmot, Bari; Edwin
(Beattie's "Minstrel"), Lord Houghton;
Maria (Sterne's "Sentimental Journey"),
William Bemrose, Esq.; Antigonus in the
Storm ("Winter's Tale"), Haskett Smith;
Eruption of Vesuvius ; Belshazzar's Feast ;
Head of TJUeswater ; Dead Soldier. — Red-
grave ; Ch. Blanc, !^le anglaise ; Art Jour-
nal (1883), 205 ; Wm. Bemrose, Life of Jo-
seph Wright (London, 1886).
WRIGHT, JOSEPH, bom at Borden-
town, N. J., July 16, 1756, died in New
York in 1793. Portrait painter ; taken in
1772 by his mother, a noted wax-modeller,
to London, where he was aided by Benjamin
West and by John Hoppner, who married
his sister. He visited Paris in 1782, and
returned to America the following year and
painted General and Mrs. Washington for
Comte de Solma In 1787 he lived in New
York, but in 1790 he followed Congress to
Philadelphia, and in 1792 was appointed die-
sinker to the newly-established mini He
painted Mr. Madison and other noted men.
Work : Portrait of John Jay (1786), Histor-
ical Society, New York. — Dunlap, i. 312.
WRIGHT, JOSEPH MICHAEL, bom in
Scotland about 1625, died in London about
1700. Pupil of Gteorge Jamesone ; went to
England when about sixteen years old, and
soon won reputation as a portrait painter ;
afterwards lived several years in Italy, and
was elected in 1648 a member of the Acad-
emy of St Luke, Florence. Painted many
persons of distinction, among them Prince
Rupert and the Judges of Guildhall. At
Hampton Court is a portrait by him of
Lacy the actor (1675). His nephew, of the
same name, was educated in Rome and be-
came a famous portrait painter in Ireland.
— Redgrave.
WRIGHT, RUFUS, bom in Cleveland,
O., in 1832. Portrait and genre painter,
pupil of the National Academy and of
George A. Baker in New York. Has paint-
ed in New York, Washington, and Brook-
lyn ; elected member of the Brooklyn Acad-
emy in 1866. Ideal works : Inventor and
the Banker, Morning Bouquet (1876) ; Thank
you. Sir ! (1877) ; Concerned for his Sole
(1878) ; Feeding the Birds (1880) ; Portraits
of Chief Justice Taney, Secretaries Seward
and Stanton, Isaac H Read, and othera
WTE-WAEL See Uitewad.
WUCHTERS (Wugters), ABRAHAM,
bom in Holland about 1610-15, died at So-
451
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WUEST
roe, Denmark, in May, 1683. Dutch school ;
history and portrait painter ; called to Den-
mark in 1638 by Christian IV., and went
there, probably in company with his brother-
in-law, Karel van Mander, the younger ; was
court painter for twenty-five years, then re-
tired to Soroe. Works : Prince Waldemar
Christian of Denmark, Male Portrait, Co-
penhagen Gallery ; Female Portrait, Chris-
tiania Gallery ; Portrait of a Jeweller (1644),
Darmstadt Museum (?) ; Continence of
Scipio, Konigsberg Museum (?) ; Christian
IV. of Denmark, Vienna Museum. — Kramm,
vi. 1883 ; Nagler, xxii. 122 ; WeUbach, 760.
WUEST, ALEXANDER, bom in Amer-
ica ; contemporary. Landscape painter in
Brussels ; paints mountain views from Scan-
dinavia and North America, with good col-
ouring. Medals: Brussels and The Hague,
1866; Vienna, 1873. Works: Mountain
Torrent in Norway, New York Museum ;
The Catskills, New Haven Gtdlery ; Nor-
wegian Waterfall ; Huntsmen on Sogne
Fjord ; Life in Canadian Woods.
WULFFAERT, ADRIANUS, bom at Ter
Goes, Zealand, in September, 1804. History
and genre painter, pupil of Ducq and of
Bruges Academy, then studied in Paris
(1829-32), and after his return won the first
prize at Ghent Works : Corps-de-Garde of
Bmges (1831), Child leaving the Bath,
Bruges Academy ; Venus at Grave of Adonis
(1832) ; Foster Brothers (1838), Ghent Mu-
seum ; Kirmess, Brussels Museum ; Death
of Admiral Ruyter ; Waking and Sleeping ;
Christ at Gethsemane ; Maria Consolatrix.
His wife Clara, nee Rooman, is a good
genre painter ; medal, Ghent, 1835, for
Maternal Lesson. — ^Immerzeel, liL 251.
WUNNENBERG, KARL, bora in DUs-
seldorf, Nov. 10, 1850. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Dasseldorf Academy under Deger and
Eduard von Gebhardt ; went in 1876 to
Rome, and became professor at the Cassel
Academy in 1882. Works : Praying Wom-
an in Choir of Church ; In the Confession-
al ; Li the Park ; Lady with Kittens (1878);
Centaur ; Old Italian IdyL—MttUer, 567.
WURMSER, NICOLAUS, of Strassburg,
14th century. German school ; history
painter, who came to Bohemia in 1348, en-
tered the service of Charles IV. in 1359,
and in the year following was appointed
court painter. His figures are hard in
tone, and weak in the extremities, but de-
spite these defects his pictures are notable
for independent thought, ideality, and pow-
erful colour. Works : Scenes from the Apoc-
alypse, Chapel of Burg Karlstein, near
Prague ; Christ on the Cross, Vienna Mu-
seum. — Kugler (Crowe), L 38; do., Kl.
Schriften, ii. 498 ; Schnaase, vi 439 ; W. &
W., i 394 ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1873), vil
148 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, x. 366.
WURZINGER, KARL, bom in Vienna
in 1817, died at Dobling, near Vienna,
March 16, 1883. History painter, pupil of
Vienna Academy ; won the grand prize in
1845, and went to Rome in 1847, where he
remained ten years ; afterwards became pro-
fessor at Vienna Academy. Medals : Ber-
lin, 1866 ; Paris, 3d class, 1867. Orders of
Francis Joseph and of St. Michael Works :
Joseph explaining the Dream ; Death of
King Ottokar (1847) ; Emperor Ferdinand
n. refusing his Signature to the Protestant
Delegation (1856), Vienna Museum ; Saul
and David; Count Starhemberg wounded
at Siege of Vienna. — Mdller, 567; Kunst-
Chronik, xviii. 431.
WtJST, (JOHANN) HEINRICH, bom at
Ztirich, May 14, 1741, died there in 1821.
Landscape painter ; for six years appren-
ticed to a house painter, then went to Hol-
land, destitute of means, and at Amsterdam
was befriended by the portrait painter Ja-
cob Maurer, of Schaflfhausen, and the art
patron Ploos van Amstel, who procured for
him commissions there and in Rotterdam.
After five years in Holland he spent two in
Paris, and returned home in 1769, when his
landscapes found immediately great favour.
Works : Forest Idyl, Berne Museum ; Even-
ing Landscape, two others, Zurich Gkdlery ;
Moonlight, Huts and Oaks by a Brook,
Aschaffenburg Gallery; Waterfall (1797),
45S
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WUTKT
Landscape with do., Darmstadt Museum ;
Two Landscapes, Stuttgart Museum. —
Faessli, Gesch. der besten Mai. in der
Schweiz, iv. 180.
WTJTKY, MICHAEL, bom at Krems,
Nether Austria, in 1739, died in Vienna in
1822. Landscape painter, pupil of Vienna
Academy under Meytens in 1759, when he
successfully followed historical painting,
and won four prizes ; later went to Italy
and, studying especially after Poussin and
Claude Lorrain, soon established his repu-
tation as an excellent landscape painter ;
spent six years (1781-87), chiefly in Bome,
returned to Vienna, and visited Italy again
in 1805. Member (1770) of, and professor
in, Vienna Academy. Works : Eruption of
Vesuvius, Lake Avemus near Naples, Har-
rach Gkdlery, Vienna ; Landscapes with Cat-
tle, Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck ; others in
Johanneum, Gratz. — Nagler, xxiL 137.
WYANT, ALEXANDER H., bom in
Port Washington, O., Jan. 11, 1836. Land-
scape painter ; went abroad about 1866, be-
came a pupil of Hans Gude in Carlsruhe,
and student of the works of Turner and
Constable in London. Exhibited first at
the National Academy, New York, in 1865.
Elected an A.N.A. in' 1868 and N.A. in 1869.
Studio in New York. Works in oil: A
Storm (1861) ; Staten Island from Jersey
Meadows (1867) ; Scene on Upper Susque-
hanna (1869) ; Pool on the Au Sable (1871) ;
View on Lake George (1875) ; Old Field,
Morning— Essex County, N. Y., T. B. Clarke,
New York ; New England Landscape (1878) ;
Old Clearing (1881), Robert Gordon ; In the
Township of Greenwich, Scene in the Adi-
rondacks (1882) ; Anywhither (1883) ; Old
Stubble -Field, Forenoon — Adirondacks
(1884) ; Evening, Summer (1885) ; Sunset,
Near Killamey (1886). Water-colours:
Scene on Upper Little Miami (1867) ; New
Jersey Meadows (1870); Sunset on the
Prairie (1876) ; Beminiscence of the Con-
necticut (1878).
WYCK, THOMAS, bom at Beverwyck in
1616, died in Haarlem, buried Aug. 19, 1677.
Dutch school ; landscape, marine, and genre
painter ; registered in the Haarlem guild in
1642, was its dean in 1660 ; studied chiefly
in Italy, especially in the enyirons of Na-
ples, where he made many sketches which
he afterwards used for his coast Tiew&
Italian markets, charlatans, alchemists, eta,
with palatial buildings in the background,
were among his favourite subjects. He fol-
lowed in one respect the style of Pieter de
Laar ; but^ although his pictures are good
in composition, drawing, and execution,
they are cold and heavy in colour. Works :
Boman Euin, Haarlem Museum ; Alchemist,
Eustic Interior, Amsterdam Museum ; Wom-
an and Children at Home, Botterdam Muse-
um; Italian Seaport, AschafFenburg Gkd-
lery ; do., Bamberg Gallery ; Alchemist (3),
Cassel GkiUery ; do., and Start for the Chase,
Brunswick Gallery ; Lane in Italian Town,
Moltke Collection, Copenhagen ; Italian
Mountain Scenery, Christiania Gallery;
Italian Coast Views (3), Hamburg GkiUery ;
Scholar in his Study, Darmstadt Museum ;
Alchemist (2), Italian Landscape, Dresden
Gtdlery ; Buins on Seashore, Old Building
with Well, Museum, Vienna ; Seaport, Acad-
emy, ib.; others in Galleries and Museums
at Augsburg, Copenha-
at Augsburg, Copenha- ^ m
gen (2), Frankfort (2), fT^/"^U
Innsbruck, Kdnigsberg, \Jwr \j C/V
Leipsic, Munich, Schwe-
rin (3), Stuttgart ; Her-
mitage, St Petersburg
(3) ; Liechtenstein (3,
one dated 1647), Ozer^
nin (2), and Schonbom
(2) Gkdleries, Vienna ; UfiSzi, Florence. —
Ch. Blanc, £cole hollandaise ; Immerzeel,
iii 252 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii. 454 ; Kegel,
Beitr&ge, ii 373 ; Van der Willigen, 342.
WYLD, WILLIAM, bom in London;
contemporary. Landscape and architecture
painter ; studied mostly in travelling in It-
aly, Spain, and Algiers, and settled in P^ui&
His vFater-colours are especially creditable.
Medals: dd class, Pans, 1839; 2d dass,
1841 ; Legion of Honour, 1866. Works :
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WYLIE
Bagn^res de Bigorre ; View of Bayonne ;
Elcantara in Algiers ; Milan Cathedral ;
Piazetta in Venice ; Corso Vittorio Emanu-
ele in Milan ; Strada Nuova in Genoa ;
Street in Prague ; Forest Border near
Tours, Ghent Museum ; Mont Saint-Michel
(1869), Luxembourg Museum ; Ideal Land-
scape, Berne Museum ; Armenian Convent
in Venice (1883); Sunset near Tarent (1884);
Isle of St George— Venice (1885) ; Palm-
Trees of Bordighera, Bab-a-Zo\m Street in
Algiera (1886).
WYUE, ROBERT, bom in the Isle of
Man in 1839, died in Brittany in 1877.
Genre painter, brought to America when a
child ; pupil of the Pennsylvania Academy,
Philadelphia, by the directors of which he
was sent in 1863 to France to study. Med-
al : 2d class, Paris Salon, 1872. Works :
Reading the Letter from the Bridegroom
(1869) ; Breton Portune-Teller (1872) ; Bre-
ton Neighbours reading Hugo's "'93," D. HI
McAlpine, New York ; Five Brittany Chil-
dren, J. H. Stebbins, ib.; Breton Group,
Mrs. W. P. Wilstach, Philadelphia ; Mendi-
cants in Brittany, Card-Players in Brittany,
G. A. Drummond, Baltimore ; Death of a
Vendean Chief (1876-77), Metropolitan Mu-
seum, New York.
WYNANTS, JAN, bom in Haarlem about
1615, died after 1679. Dutch school ; land-
scape painter, whose pictures are character-
ized by a certain prosaic ti*uthf ulness, fine
aerial perspective, silvery toned backgrounds,
and careful execution of details. Adriaan
van de Velde, Lingelbach, and Wouwerman,
also Barent Gael, Schellinks, and Helt-
Stockade, supplied his foreground figures.
Works : Landscapes (4), Sandbank in a
River, National Gkdlery, London ; others in
Buckingham Palace, and in collections of
Lord Ashburton and Mr. Baring, ib.; For-
est Border (1668), Landscapes (2), Louvre ;
Landscapes (4), Brussels Museum ; do. (2),
Antwerp Museum ; do. (2, 1659, 1675),
Hague Museum ; do. (8, one dated 1669),
Amsterdam Museum ; do. (8, three dated
1651, 1666, 1672), Munich GaUery ; do. (3),
Dresden Gallery; do. (2, one dated 1674),
Vienna Museum ; do. (1666), Liechtenstein
Gallery, Vienna ; do. (2), Czemin Gallery,
ib. ; do. (3) Schonborn Historical Society,
ib.; do. (8, three dated 1666, 1675, 1679),
J Hermitage, St. Pe-
/^Vl 0/ tersburg ; others in
^^^^[Oj Augsburg, Copenha-
n ^if^ gen (1660), Stock-
J M/^. r ^^^^» ^^^* (^^^1)'
^ VIXyy^CUilA Aschaffenburg,
I AAJ V( I^armstadt (1671),
J/V^^ruuu)^ and Stadel (1671)
JO CL Galleries. — Immer-
•^ zeel, iii. 253 ; Kramm,
vi. 1891 ; Kugler (Crowe), ii 463 ; Dohme,
liL; Burger, Musses, L 138 ; Zeitschr. f. b.
K, xiii. 63.
WYNFIELD, DAVID WILKIE, bom in
1837. Grand-nephew of David Wilkie.
History painter, pupil in London of J.
M. Leigh ; exhibited first in 1859, Undine.
Works : Meeting of Edward IV. and Eliza-
beth Woodville (1863); Rival Queens (1864);
Last Days of Elizabeth (1865) ; Death of
Cromwell (1867) ; Cromwell's First Appear-
ance in Parliament (1868) ; Rich Widow
(1869); Communication of Importance (1870);
Round the Fountain ; Confidences (1871) ;
Arrest of Anne Boleyn (1872) ; The Ladye's
Knight (1873); Visit from Inquisitors (1874);
Queen Elizabeth and Essex (1875); New
Curate, Market Morning (1876) ; David be-
fore Saul, Discovery of Gbld in Australia,
Harvest Decorations (1877) ; Joseph and
his Brethren, Sunny Hours (1878) ; Ruth
and Boaz (1879) ; At Traitor's Gate (1880) ;
Origin of the English Woollen Trade (1881);
Royal Musician (1882) ; Courtship of Will-
iam n. of Orange (1883); Last "On dit"
(1884) ; Fall of Queen EHzabeth Woodville
(1886).— Portfolio (1871), 84
WYNTRACK, D., 17th century, bom in
Drenthe, Netherlands. Dutch school ; ani-
mal and landscape painter ; very skilfully
represented poultry, with which he often
supplied the landscapes of Wynants and
RuisdaeL His own landscapes are animated
464
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WYTMAN
with birds true to nature. Works : Farm-
yard, Louvre; Interior of Dutch Kitchen,
Hamburg GhJlery ; Autumn Landscape,
Christiania Museum ; Ducks in Landscape
by Wynants (1671), Stadel Gallery, Prank-
foi-t ; Two Village Views, Hermitage, Si
Petersburg.
WYTMAN, MATHEUS, born at Gorinch-
em about 1650, died about 1689. Dutch
school ; genre, landscape, and still-life paint-
er, pupil of Hendrik Verschuuring and J.
Bylaert in Utrecht, painted elaborate genre
pieces in the style of Caspar Netscher, with
carefully executed landscapes for back-
I ,. grounds. Later
tA . \\yyTrn^a/n^ he devoted him-
self successfully
to fruit and flower painting. Works : Girl
turning Leaves of Music Book, Dresden Mu-
seum ; Two Portraits, Schwerin Gallery. —
Immerzeel, iiL 254.
XANTHE AND PHAON, ^Zma-Tadema,
W. T. Walters, Baltimore; water-
colour, dated 1883. Scene from
"A Question," by George Ebers. "The
marble seat, on which the young people's
fate was decided, was called by the grand-
children of the wedded pair, who lived in
old age in love and harmony, the bench of
the question."
XENO, Greek painter, of Sicyon, pupil
of Neocles, date unknown. Mentioned by
Pliny (xxxv. 40 [146]) as of fair reputation.
XYLANDER, VHiHELM FERDINAND,
bom in Copenhagen, April 1, 1840. Ma-
rine and landscape painter, pupil of Copen-
hagen Academy, then in Munich of Christian
Morgenstem ; lived in Copenhagen in 1862-
68, visited London in 1866, and settled in
Munich in 1868. Works : Moonlight on
Lake Stamberg ; do. near Hdgen^ ; do.
on North Sea ; Coast of Southampton ;
Mouth of the Thames ; Hamburg Harbour ;
Isle of Sylt ; Flensburg Harbour ; Moon-
light on Roadstead of Portsmouth ; do.
near Hellebeck on the Sound. — Mdller,
669 ; Weilbach, 764.
YANEZ, HERNANDO, bom at Alme-
dina, La Mancha, died between 1660
and 1660. Spanish school ; painted
in 1631 a series of pictures on panel for
chapel of the Albomoces, Cathedral of Cu-
enca. Their resemblance to the manner of
Leonardo da Vinci led to a belief that he
might have studied in his school — Stirling,
L 162.
YARMOUTH PIER, John Constable.
Foreground, a beach, with pier at right ;
at left, vessels at sea. Royal Academy in
1831. Engraved by D. Luca& — Brock-Ar-
nold, 106.
YARZ, EDMOND, bom at Toulouse;
contemporary. Landscape painter. Men-
tion honourable; Medal, 3d class, 1884.
Works : Under the Apple-Trees, Cross-
Road (1876) ; Vineyards near Toulouse,
(Jate of the Louvre (1878) ; Arab Cbrden
in Morocco (1879) ; Heaths in Bloom near
Fontainebleau, Fountain of Touarc (1880) ;
Spring in a Park (1881) ; Entrance to the
Canal of Giudecca, Autumn Morning (1882);
Quay of the Slavonians in Venice at Twi-
light, Night in Venice (1883) ; Entrance to
Grand Canal, Statue of CoUeone at Venice
(1884) ; (rardon River, Rocks of Malpas
(1886).
YEAMES, WILLIAM FREDERICK,
bom at Taganrog,
South Russia, De-
cember, 1836. His-
tory and genre
painter; taken by
his father, British
Consul at Tagan-
rog, to Italy in
1842-43 ; studied
in Dresden from
1843 to 1848, when -
he became a pupil in London of J. S. West-
macott and of George Scharf ; in 1862 went
to Florence, and studied two years under
Professor Pallastrini and Ra&elle Buona-
juti; later studied in Rome, and returned
to England in 1868. Exhibited at Royal
Academy, in 1869, The Staunch Friend;
465
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YELLAND
elected an A.R A. in 1867, and R A in 1878.
Works : Meeting of Sir Thomas More with
his Daughter (1863) ; La Eeine Malheureuse
(1864); The Stepping-Stones, Arming the
Toung Knight (1865); Queen Elizabeth's
Reception of the French Ambassador after
St Bartholomew's Day (1866); Dawn of
Reformation (1867) ;* Chimney Corner, Lady
Jane Grey in the Tower (1868) ; Fugitive
Jacobite, Alarming Footstep^ (1869) ; Maun-
dy Thursday, Love's Y.oung Dream (1870) ;
Dr. Harvey and Children of Charles t (1871) ;
Old Parishioners (1872) ; The Suitor (1876) ;
Last Bit of Scandal (1876) ; Amy Robsart,
Wakiiig (1877) ; La Brigolante, When did
you last see youx Father? (1878) ; Here we
go round the Mulfeeny Bush, Dolce far
niente (1881) ; Prmce Arthur and Hubert,
March Past, Welcome as Flowers in Spring
(1882) ; TenderThougiits (1883)^ Toast of
the Eitcat Club, Tpots (188^); Prisoners
of War in 1805, Dessert (1885) ;, IVfalyina,
Catastrophe (1886). — Meynell, 116.; Art
Journal (1874), 97 ; PortfoHo (1871), 81.
YELLAND, RAYMOND ' D., born in
London in 1848, and brought to America
in his third year. Landscape painter, pu-
pil of the National Academy and of William
Page, Wilmarth, and Brevoort in New York%
Elected an AN.iJ of the Califomiji. Art As-
sociation in 1874, and assistant directgr of
the School of Design in 1877. Studio in
San Francisco. Works : Half-Moon Beach
— Gloucester Harbour ; Seal Bocks — Gul-
den Gate, San Francisco ; Point Bonita
from Point Lobos— Golden Gate (1882);
Mi Hood from Whit6 River Canon — Ore-
gon (1883) ; Cypress Trees at Monterey —
California. (1884) ; Seal Rocks— San Fran-
cisco (1886).
, YELLOWSTONE, CASTON OF THE,
Thomas Moran, Capitol, Washington. Paint-
ed in 1872.— Scribner's Mag., v. 499. ^,
YEOMAN OF THE GUARD, Sir John
Everett MUlais, Mrs. Henry Hodgkinson,
London ; canvas, H.4fi8 in.x3ft9in.
A life-size, three-quarters length figure of
one of the Queen's Yeomen of the Guard
in his state uniform of scarlet, embroidered
with black and gold, with medals and claq>s
upon his breast, a baldric across his shoul-
der, a white rufif around his neck, and the
official cap of black velvet on his head.
The old man, a veteran,, of Waterloo, sits
upright in his chair, holding in his right
hand his staff of office and in his left a
folded paper containing his last orders.
Boy^ Acadepiy, 1877 ; Exposition univer-
splle, Paris, 1878 ; Fine Art Society, Lon-
don, 1881 ; Grosvenor Gallery, 1886. ...Nev-
^ jengraved. . Etched by Paul Eajon for
Cyclopkdu op Painters and PAiNnNos,
1887. , . , /. '
. ITEWELL, GEOBGE HEajRY, bpm at
Havre-dfi-Grace, Md., Jan. 20, 1830. Land-
scape ^d still-life painter, pupil of Thomas
Hicks in N^w York, and of Couture in Paris.
Lived several years in Bome. Elected N. A
in 1880. Studio in New York. Works l
Venice (1871) ; First Communion, Country
Girl (1872) ; Senate Chamber— Interior of
Ducal Palace (1877) ; Carpet Bazaar— Cairo,
Mosque of Kait-Bey— Cairo (1878) ; Oriental
Bric-^-Brac, Pulpit in S. Marco — Venice
(1879); Village Street in Umbria— Italy
(1880) ; Old Houses near Titian's Birthplace
(1882); 'On the Bolton Eoad— Lake.Geprge,
Portrait of, Alexand^^ Mitchell (1883) ; In
the. Studio (1884) ; Entrance to Old Slave-
Market in Cairo (1886) ; New Cordial, Old
Music (1886) ; Young Monk (1886), William
Walter Phelps.
YKENS, FKANS, bom in Antwerp, bap-
tized April 17, 1601, died there, probably
in 1693. Flemish school ; still-life painter,
pupil of Osias Beert; travelled in Fitmce
about 1629, and became master of the guild
at Antwerp in 1630 ; lived also in Brussels
about 1666-67. Works : Flower-Piece, Mu-
seum Plantin-Moretus, ' Antwerp ; Garland
around Madonna, St. James's, ib.; Still-Life
(1636), Ghent Museum; Fruit-Piece, Ber-
lin Museum ; Festoon of Fruits (1662), Carls-
ruhe G^ery ; Bouquet, Vienna Museum ;
Game and Fruit, Madrid Museum. — Booses
(Reber), 431 ; Van den Branden, 1180.
466
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YKENS
TKENS, PEETER^ bom at Antwerp,
baptized Jan. 30, 1648, died there shortly
after July, 1695. Flemish school ; history
and portrait painter, son and pupil of Jan
Ykens (1613-79, sculptor and painter); mas-
ter of the guild in 1673, dean in 1689.
Works : St Catharine disputing with the
Philosophers (1684), Two Portraits (1690,
1693), Museum, Antwerp ; Last Supper
(1687), St. Andrew's, ib.; Portrait of Canon
Emanuel van Horenbeeck, St James's, ib.;
Christ giving the Keys to St Peter (1690),
Church at Wommelghem ; Christ appearing
to the Husband of St. Elizabeth of Hungary,
Two Episodes in Life of St Francis Xavier,
St Mary's Hospital, Mechlin ; Christ ap-
pearing to St Theresa, Lille Museum. His
sister, Catharinft (born in February, 1659),
was a flower and fruit painter, pupil of her
father, and master of the guild in 1688. In
the Madrid Museum are by her a Festoon
of Flowers and Fruits, and a Garland, both
around small landscapes. His son, Jan
Peeter (bom in /T\
1673), was also a />* *
good painter. —
Cat. du Mus
d'Anvers, 548; Booses (Beber), 431; Van
den Branden, 951, 1146.
YON, EDMOND CHABLES, bom at
Montmartre, Paris, ^ ,
Feb. 2, 1836. Land-
scape painter, pupil
of Lequien. At flrst
practised wood en-
gitiTing, but since
1875 has painted
many charming
views from the en-
virons of Paris.
Medals : 3d dass, 1875 ; 2d dass, 1879 ;
L. of Honour, 1886. Works : Two Views
near Montereau (1875) ; Branch of the
Mame, Seine near Gravon (1876) ; Before
the Bam (1878); Banks of the Mame (1879);
Canal of La ViUette, Isle-les-Yillenoy on the
Mame (1880) ; Villerville, Marsh of Cricque-
bceuf (1881); Biver Eure (1882), Luxem-
J.'yKEhiS'F!
bourg Museum ; San Marco (1882) ; The
Squall (1883); The Dune, Mouth of the
Dive (1884); The Meuse at Dordrecht
(1885); Frog Fishers, The Carp Hole (1886).
— Bellier, ii. 728.
YOBICK AND THE GBISETTE, GU-
bert Stuart Netotorif National Gkllery, Lon-
don ; canvas,* H. 2 ft 5^ in. x 1 ft 10^ in.
Interior of a hosier's shop. Yorick pur-
chasing gloves, the beautiful grisette meas-
uring them one by one across his hand
(Sterne's ''Sentimental Journey'^. Boyal
Academy, 1830. Vernon Collection. En-
graved by W. Watt ; H. Bourne.
YOSEMITE VALLEY, Albert Bierstadt,
Lenox Library, New York. Painted in
1866. Bierstadt painted also Looking down
the Yosemite (1865), W. H. Crosby, New
York ; and Domes of the Yosemite, an al-
most panoramic picture, formerly owned by
Le Grand Lockwood.
By Thomas Hill, Charles Crocker, San
Francisco. Painted in 1871 ; Philadelphia
Exhibition, 1876.
YOUNG BXJLL, Paul Potter, Hague Mu-
seum ; canvas, H. 8 ft x 12 ft ; signed,
dated 1647. The young bull, brownish-red
vrith patches of white, standing on rising
ground under a tree, beside which a cow
and a ewe and her lamb are lying down, and
a ram is standing ; behind a fence is a
herdsman, vnth one hand on the tree, look-
ing at the bull ; background, a Dutch dairy
farm, with cattle. A masterpiece ; the ani-
mals, of life-size, appear to live and breathe.
Sold in Fabricius Collection, Haarlem, in
1749, for 630 florins ; carried to Paris ; re-
turned in 1816. Engraved by Le Bas ;
Couche ; Battard ; etched ^ Denon. —
Smith, V. 118; Ch. Blanc, Kcole hollan-
daise ; Beveil, xL 789.
YOXJNG, EDUABD, bom in Prague in
1823. Genre and landscape painter, pupil
in Munich of Piloty in 1864, having first
studied at Linz, Upper Austria, and in Vi-
enna, then (1855) in Munich, and been in-
structor in drawing of King Frederick VH
in Copenhagen, where he received the great
467
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YOUTH
gold medal and the title of professor. Med- 1 Children ; Judith praying before her Deed,
al, Vienna, 1873. Works: Girl on the Alp ; j — Cotta's Kunstbl. (1831, 1832) ; Immer-
Smugglers ; Wedding Procession in the zeel, iii. 255.
Mountains ; The Best Shot ; Prize Bull ;
Return from Rural Festival.— MolJer, 570.
YOUTH, FOUNTAIN OF, Lucas Cranach,
elder, Berlin Museum ; wood, H 4 f t x 6
ft; signed, dated 1546. In the centre a
water-basin, from which rises a fountain
with a statue of Venus and Love ; on one
side old men are bringing, on waggons.
Young Bull, Paul Potter, Hague Museum.
wheelbarrows, and stretchers, their aged and
ugly wives, and dumping them into the
water-basin, on the opposite side of which
they are emerging as young and comely
maidens, who are led away by knights to a
tent where a feast and a dance await them.
— Schuchardt, iL 18 ; Jul. Meyer, D. konigL
Mus. Gemalde, 99.
YSENDYCK, ANTONIUS VAN, bom in
Antwerp, Jan. 26,1801. History, genre, and
portrait painter, pupil of Mattheus van Bree ;
obtained the grand prize in 1823, spent four
years in Italy and ten years in Paris ; be-
came director of the Academy at Bergen in
1840. Member of Amsterdam (1828) and
Antwerp (1829) Academiea Medals : Paris,
1840 ; Brussels, 1842. Order of Leopold.
Works : Ecce Homo (1828) ; Group from
the Deluge, Italian Robber Scene (1830);
Sons of Roman Mother (1832) ; Jealousy
(1833); Charity (1840); Christ and the
YUNK, ENRICO, bom in Turin about
1849, died in Pisa, Nov. 18, 1878. Genre
painter, pupil of Turin Academy, then in
Paris of Gerome and of Picot ; after his re-
turn painted chiefly rural scenes, went to
Constantinople, afterwards to Spain and
settled in Rome, but soon left for Cairo
and finally moved to Pisa. Works : Cana-
vese Nurse, Canavese Washer-
woman ; Scenes from Turin
Theatre. — L' Blustr. italiana
(1878), No. 48.
YVON, ADOLPHE, bom
at Eschwiller, Lorraine, Feb.
1, 1817. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Delaroche.
Went to Russia in 1843 and
was sent to the Crimea to
paint the incidents of the war.
Medals : 1st dass, 1848 ; 2d
class, 1856 ; of honour, 1857 ;
2d class, 1867 ; L. of Honour,
1855 ; Officer, 1867. Profes-
sor at the £cole des B. Arts.
Works : Christ driving out the Money
Changers (1845) ; Punishment of Judas Is-
cariot in Hell (1846) ; Battle of Koulikoro
in 1378 (1850) ; Fallen Angel, Party of La-
dies (1852) ; First Consul descending Mt
St Bernard
^' '^^ (1863), Palace
of Compi5gne ;
Marshal Ney
during Retreat
from Russia
(1856), Capture
of the Malakoff
(1857), Gorge of
the Malakoff,
Curtain of the Malakoff (1859), Versailles
Museum ; Battle of Solferino, Portrait of
the Prince Imperial (1861) ; Portrait of Na-
poleon HL (1868), W. T. Walters, Balti-
more ; From Solferino (1863), Battle of In-
kerman (1867), Genius of America (H. 22
468
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ZACHAEIAH
ft X 36 fi), SmaU RepUca (1867), A. T. Stew-
art Collection, New York ; Street in Con-
stantinople, State Secrets (1873) ; Countess
of Caen, Caen Museum ; Charge of Cuiras-
siers at Beichsoffen (1875); Christian Legend
(1882).— Bellier, ii. 729 ; Perrier, Etudes ;
Larousse ; Hamerton, French Paintera
ZACHARIAH, Michelangelo, Sistine
Chapel, Rome ; fresco on ceiling.
ZACHARIE, PHILIPPE ER-
NEST, bom at Radepont (Eure) ; contem-
porary. Figure painter, pupil of Guillemet
andMorin. Medal : 3d class, 1883. Works:
Un vieux bouquiniste (1875) ; Field Flow-
ers, Evening of Epipluuiy (1876) ; Punish-
ment of Caiaphas (1877) ; Good Samaritan
(1878) ; St Jerome, Woman with Pigeons
(1883) ; Irene and Sebastian (1884) ; Even-
ing in the Grove (1886).
ZACHO, CHRISTIAN, bom nearGrenaa,
Denmark, March 31, 1843. Landscape paint-
er, pupil at Aarhus of the animal painter
Goldberg (bom in 1807), then of the Copen-
hagen Academy ; began to exhibit in 1865,
went to Italy in 1872, and visited Paris in
1875-76, and agam in 1878. The winter
of 1881-82 he spent at Mentone. Medal :
Copenhagen, 1884. Works: First Snow
in Brittany (1881), Copenhagen Gallery ;
Woodland Scene, Coast Promenade near
Copenhagen (1881) ; View in Deer Park
(1882).— Sig. MftUer, 373.
ZACHTLEVEN. See Safl-Jjeven.
ZAGANELM, FRANCESCO, of Raven-
n2^ bom at Cotignola latter half of the 15th
century, died after 1518. Bolognese school
Sometimes called Francesco da Cotignola.
Pupil of Rondinello, but also connected
with school of Palmezzano. His Madonna
and Saints, Brera, Milan, dated 1505, shows
little talent ; but his Si Sebastian of 1513,
Constabili Gkdlery, Ferrara, and his Madon-
na with portraits of the Pallavicini family of
1518, in the Church of the Nunziata, near
Parma, show greater skill in arrangement
and better drawing. In the Berlin Museum
is an Annunciation (1509). Francesco had
a brother Bernardino, sometimes called
Bernardino da Cotignola, who was probably
his assistant, with no claim to rank as an
independent artist. — C. & C, N. Italy, L
596 ; Ch. Blanc, ificole bolonaise ; Siret,
566.
ZAHRTMANN, KRISTIAN, bom at
R5nne, Denmark, March 31, 1843. Genre
and portrait painter, pupil of Copenhagen
Academy in 1864-68 ; went to Italy in 1875,
studying in Rome and Siena until 1878, and
again in 1882 on his way to Greece, whence
he returned in 1884. Medal : Copenhagen,
1873. Works : Leonore Christine in Prison
(1871) ; Christian H. and Sigbrit settling
Accounts, Scene at Court of Christian VH
(1873) ; Leonore Christine leaving her
Prison (1874) ; Roman Fmit Shop, Abbate
Asleep (1876) ; Sabine Woman by ChUd's
Cradle (1877) ; Orange Harvest, The Wise
and Foolish Virgins, Fruit-Vender of Amalfi
(1878) ; Flower Girl of Florence (1880) ;
Leonore Christine at Maribo Convent, Death
of Queen Sophie Amalie (1882), Copenha-
gen Gkdlery ; Scene from Rome's Period
of Decline ; Women carrying Lime (1883) ;
Italian Family Scene.— Sig. Moller, 378.
ZAMACOIS, EDUARDO, bom at BUbao
in 1842, died in Madrid, Jan. 14, 1871.
G^nre painter, pupil at Bilbao of Balaco,
then of Madrid Academy under Federico de
Madrazo, and in Paris of Meissonier ; treated
seventeenth century subjects with great suc-
cess. Medals : Paris, 1867 ; Munich, 1870.
Works : Enlisting of Cervantes, Diderot and
d'Alembert (1863) ; Conscripts in Spain
(1864) ; Entrance of the Toreros (with Vi-
bert). First Sword (1866) ; Buffoon of the
Sixteenth Century, Indirect Contribution,
Jester of the Sixteenth Century (1867) ;
Good Pastor (1869) ; Platonic Love, Educa-
tion of a Prince (1870). Works in United
States : Faust and Marguerite, H. P. Kid-
der, Boston ; Waiting for an Audience, R
C. Taft, Providence ; Rival Confessors
(1868), J. J. Astor, New York ; Message,
M Graham, ib.; Costume Shop, T. R Bui-
4B»
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ZAMPIERI
ler, ib.; Return to the Convent (1869), R L.
CuttiDg, ib.; Minion of Henry lEL, Fletcher
Harper, ib.; The Suitor, C. P. Huntington,
ib.; Door of Mosque, M. K Jesup, ib.;
Antechamber, Hunter in the Forest, D. O.
Mills, ib.; Disputed Game, W. Rockefeller,
ib.; Puzzled Musician, C. S. Smith, ib.;
Court Jester (1867 ?), Levying Contribu-
tions, J. H. Stebbins, ib. ; Court Jesters
in Antechambers (1867), Begging Monk
(1877), A. T. Stewart Collection, ib.; Stroll-
ing Players, J. T. Martin, Brooklyn ; Too
St. Zanobiut Raising • Dead Child, Ridolfo Ghirlandajo, Uffizi, Florence.
much Crimson I, Useless Cavalry Boot,
Trooper attaching his Spurs, Mrs. W. P.
Wilstach, Philadelphia ; Armourer's Shop,
Mrs. T. A. Scott, ib.; Gardener, W. B. Be-
ment, ib.; Decoration, Fairman Rogers, ib.;
Occupation of Spain by the French in 1812
(1866), W. T. Walters, Baltimore ; Refec-
tory of the Trinitaires at Rome (1868), Lu-
cius Tuckerman, Washington ; Spanish No-
tary, Judge G. Hoadley, Cincinnati ; Mor-
gan Sale, New York, 1886, Singing Lesson
(1866), $6,300, Charles Crocker, San Fran-
cisco.— Art Journal (1871), 88 ; Qaz. des
B. Arts (1867), xxiL 632 ; (1868), xxv. 19 ;
(1869), iL 10 ; (1870), iv. 49 ; La Hustracion
(1871) ; Larousse, xv. 1461.
ZAMPIERI. See Domenichino.
ZANOBIUS, ST., BURIAL OF, Ridolfo
Ghirlandajo, Uffizi, Florence ; wood, figures
life-size. The body carried by six bishops
from S. Lorenzo, where it was first buried,
to S. M. del Fiore ; in passing the Piazza di
S. Giovanni, a dead elm, which the coffin
happens to touch, revives and puts forth
leaves again. Painted about 1612
for brotherhood of S. Zanobi, Flor-
ence. One of Ridolfo's best pict-
ures — Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 637 ;
C. & C, Italy, iii 627 ; Lasinio, L
PL 53.
ZANOBIUS, ST., RAISING A
DEAD CHILD, Ridolfo Ghirlan-
dajo, Uffizi, Florence ; wood, fig-
ures life-size. Bishop Zanobius
kneeling in the street in the atti-
tude of prayer, surrounded by a
wondering crowd ; in foreground,
the child reviving ; at left, the
mother and other women kneeling.
Painted about 1612 for brother-
hood of S. Zanobi, Florence. Mas-
terly in drawing, modelling, chia-
roscuro, and warm and rich in
colour. — ^Vasari, ed. MiL, vi 637 ;
C. & C, Italy, iii. 627 ; Lasinio, I
PI. 62.
ZARA, SIEGE OF, Tintoretto,
Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; canvas, H.
15 ft. X 13 ft. " A mere battle-piece, in which
the figures, like the arrows, are put in by
the score. There are high merits in it, and
Tintoret may possibly have made the sketch
for it" — Ruskin, Stones of Venice, iii. 396 ;
Ch. Blanc, £cole venitienne.
ZARATO or ZAROTTO. See Morto da
Feltre.
ZEEGELAAR, GERRIT VAN, bom at
Loenen, near Utrecht, July 16, 1719, died
at Wageningen, June 24, 1794. Gtenre
and portrait painter; worked probably at
460
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ZEEMAN
Utrecht^ and about 1773 at Amsterdam.
He was a deaf-mute. Works: Peasant at
Luncheon, Mother nursing Child, Stadel
Gallery, Frankfort— Kramm, vL 1899.
ZEEMAN, KEINIEB, bom in Amsterdam
about 1612, died there after 1663. Dutch
school ; marine painter ; real name Eemi-
gius Nooms ; called Zeeman because in his
youth he was a sailor. He yisited France
(about 1650) and England, and later is said
to have resided long in Berlin. Occasion-
ally painted architecture pieces, but repre-
sented especially well all kinds of vessels
and the waves of the sea. Works : View of
the Ancient Louvre, Louvre, Paris ; Naval
Battle near Leghorn in 1653, View of Am-
sterdam, Amsterdam Museum ; Calm Sea,
Rotterdam Museum ; Calm Sea with Boats
and Fishermen (2), Berlin Museum ; Two
Men-of-War, Cassel Gallery ; Italian Coast
View (1659), Brunswick Gallery ; two Sea-
ports, Copenhagen Gallery ; Seaport (1663),
Schwerin Gkdlery ; Marine, Seaport, Land-
scapes (2), Stockholm Museum ; Storm at
Sea, Mwrine View with many Vessels, Stutt-
gart Museum ; Vessels and Harbour, Vienna
Musemn. — Ch. Blanc, £cole hollandaise ;
Immerzeel, iiL 258 ; Kramm, vL 1898 ; Ku-
gler (Crowe), ii 495 ; Nagler, Mon., v.
422 ; Biegel, Beitr^ge, ii. 355.
ZEEUW, MARINUS DR See Marinus
van Boymerswale.
ZEGERS or ZEGHERS, DANIEL. See
Seghers.
ZEGERS (Seghers), GEERAARD,
bom in Antwerp, baptized March 17, 1591,
died there, March 18, 1651. Flemish school ;
history and genre painter. Said to have
studied under Hendrik van Balen and
Abraham Janssens ; master of the guild in
1609. Really formed himself in Rome,
where he was sent by two rich merchants,
Goetbenck, and studied particularly the
works of Caravaggio and Manf redL For a
time employed at the court of Madrid by
Philip in. Returned to Antwerp in 1620.
Friend of Rubens and of Van Dyck, who
painted his
portrai t.
Works: Christ
with Martha
and Mary, Ma-
drid Museum;
St. Francis in
Ecstasy, Lou-
vre ; Adoration
of the Magi,
Toulouse Museum ; Descent from the Cross,
Dijon Museum ; St Jerome, Lille Museum ;
Christ at the Pillar, St Michael's, Ghent ;
Christ healing the Blind, Raising of Laza-
rus, St Lievin raising a Woman, Martyrdom
of St Lievin, Cathedral, ib.; Adoration of
the Magi (1630, masterpiece), Notre Dame,
Bruges ; Marriage of the Virgin (master-
piece), St Louis of Gonzaga, Ecstasy of St
Theresa, Resurrection, St. Clara, Virgin with
the Rosary, St Norbert, Museum, Antwerp ;
St Francis of Assisi, Cathedral, ib. ; Holy
Family, St Andrew's, ib.; Adoration of the
Magi, Christ appearing to Magdalen, St
James, ib.; Erection of the Cross, St Charles
Borromeo's, ib.; Repast* of the Gods, Ab-
duction of Europa, Brunswick Gallery ; Be-
heading of St Dympna, Schleissheim Gal-
lery ; Madonna (2), Hagar and Ishmael,
Holy Family (2), Triumph of Silenus, Muse-
um, Vienna; Adoration of Magi, Liech-
tenstein Gbllery, ib.; Madonna in Glory,
Uffizi, Florence. — Ch. Blanc, £cole flamande;
Cat du Mus. d'Anvers, 554 ; Immerzeel,
iii 33 ; Kramm, v. 1509 ; Kugler (Crowe),
iL 293 ; Michiels, viiL 411 ; Rooses (Reber),
264 ; Van den Branden, 879.
ZETTBLOM, BARTHOLOMAUS, flour-
ished in Ulm, 1484-1517. German school ;
history and portrait painter, and the most
eminent master of the school of Ulm ; at
first studied engraving under Schongauer,
then painting under Schtlhlein, whose
daughter he married in 1483. Although
influenced by the school of Franconia, he
developed an individual style. We find in
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ZELGER
his pictures heads pure and truthful in ex-
pression, natural flesh tones, a deep glow of
colour, and careful
execution, together
with a serious, often
grand conception.
Works : Altar Wings
(1488), Altarpiece
(1497), Archaeologi-
cal Union, Stutt-
gart; Altarpiece
(1490-95), Stuttgart
Museum ; Four
Scenes from Legends of St. Valentine, Two
Saints, Pope Alexander (1504), Augsburg
Galleiy ; St. Peter, Tlie Holy Handkerchief,
Berlin Museum ; Altar Wings with Saints (2),
Priest at the Altar raising the Host, Carls-
ruhe Galleiy ; St. Lawrence, Darmstadt Mu-
seum ; Visitation of Mary, SS. Magdalen and
Ursula, Pttrstenberg Grallery, Donauesching-
en ; St. Catharine, Gotha Museum ; St.
Margaret, St. Ursula, St. Bridget, Old Pina-
kothek, Mimich ; St. Ann and other Female
Saints, Mary and St. John, Pieta, Germanic
Museum, Nuremberg ; The Manna of the
Old and New Testament, Schleissheim Gal-
lery ; Eight Scenes in Life of Mary the Vir-
gin, Hohenzollem Museum, Sigmaringen ;
St Jago de Compostella, St. Gall Museum ;
Annunciation, St. John Baptist (2), Visita-
tion of Mary, Bishop Valentine of Terracina
raising a dead Boy, St Gregory the Great,
Nativity (about 1470), Pictures of Saints
(6), Stuttgart Museum ; Male and Female
Portrait, Liechtenstein Gallery, Vienna. —
Ch. Blanc, £cole allemande ; Dohme, li. ;
GrUneisen & Mauch, Ulm's Kimstleben, 42 ;
Kugler (Crowe), i. 145 ; Schnaase, viiL 423 ;
W. & W., ii. 111.
ZELGER, JOSEF, bom at Stanz, Swit-
zerland, in 1812. Landscape painter, pupil
at Geneva of Diday ; is very successful in
representing the grandeur of Alpine nature ;
execution minute, colouring somewhat cold.
Works: View near Emmatten, Ruins of
Castle Unspunnen (1868), Berne Museum ;
View in Canton Unterwalden, Neuchatel
Museum; In Albula Pass, View near Lu-
cerne, Zurich Gallery. — Nagler, xxiL 255.
ZELLER, KONRAD, bornatffirslanden,
near Zttrich, in 1807, died about 1857.
German school; genre painter, pupil of
Leopold Robert in Rome, whither he went
in 1832, having for years practised as
an amateur. Works : Girls at the Bath,
Shepherd Family in the Campagna, High-
bora Visitor, Zttrich Gallery ; Saltarello in
Villa d'Este near Tivoli (1840), Female-Head
(1851), Leipsic Museum ; Festival of St
Annunziata near Rome (1846). — Cotta's
Kunstbl. (1843-46).
ZELOTTI, GLIMBATTISTA, bom in
Verona about 1632,
died about 1592.
Venetian school ;
educated in the
school of Antonio
Badile, where he
was a fellow-pupil
and friend of Paolo
Veronese. Called
by Vasari, Battista
Farinato, whence
some have supposed him of kin to Paolo
Farinato. Vasari also numbers him among
the pupils of Titian. He was a man of
genius, full of ideas and of imagination,
and a worthy rival of Paolo Veronese, with
whom he worked much in collaboration, es-
pecially in fresco painting, in which he ex-
celled ; but he was without ambition or
confidence in himself, and died obscure and
miserable. Among his frescos, those in the
Palazzo Ducale, which have been attributed
to Paolo Veronese, and those in the Library
of St. Mark are the best Of his pictures
in oil. The Conversion of St. Paul, and the
Miraculous Draught of Fishes, Vicenza,
Duomo, are much admired. — Ch. Blanc,
l5cole v6nitienne ; Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 595 ;
Burckhardt, 749, 750, 754
ZENALE, BERNARDINO, bom at Tre-
viglio (?) in 1436, died in Milan, Feb. 10,
1526. Lombard school ; , real name Ber-
nardino Martini. Disciple of Vincenzo
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ZEPPENFELD
Foppa, th© elder, and partner of Buttinone,
with whom he generally painted in com-
mon. A few pictures are ascribed to him
alone, as Madonna in the Ambrosiana, Vir-
gin with Saints and Kneeling Duke and
Duchess Sforza, in the Brera (1494-96),
and Annunciation in the Casa Borromeo,
Milan ; but Lermolieff says there is no au-
thenticated picture by him in existence.
After 1501 he gave most of his time to ar-
chitecture. In 1616 he became architect of
Santa Maria sopra San Celso, and in 1619
of the Duomo, Milan. He wrote a treatise
on perspective in 1624 — C. & C, N. Italy,
ii. 33 ; Vasari, ed. Le Mon., vii. 127 ; xL
271 ; Burckhardt, 608 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole
milanaise ; Ltlbke, Gesch. itaL MaL, i. 489 ;
Lermolieff, 469.
ZEPPENFELD, VICTOR, bom atGreiz,
Beuss-Greiz, in 1834 G^nre painter, pu-
pil in Hamburg of Gensler, then studied in
Munich and under Jordan in Dasseldorf,
whence he visited Germany, Switzerland,
and North Italy. Works : Morning before
Riflemen's Festival : Grocery Shop ; Recov-
ery ; Blind Musician ; At the Post-Office ;
Mouse-Trap Seller ; Summer Theatre ; Sil-
ver Wedding ; Eaulbach's Arrival in Olym-
pus, A Burial (1871), Kunsthalle, Hamburg.
— Mtlller, 571.
ZEUXIPPUS. See Zeuxis.
ZEUXIS, one of the most famous of
Greek painters, native of Herackea (proba-
bly the Pontic), latter part of 6th century
B.a Ionic school Called Zeuxippus by
Socrates in the Protagoras of Plato (Brunn,
ii. p. 77). It is uncertain whether his mas-
ter was Demophilus of Himera or Neseas of
Thasos, but he probably owed more to
Apollodorus, who was at the height of his
reputation when Zeuxis went to Athens,
than to either of them. Pliny says (xxxv.
36 [61]) that Zeuxis entered the doors of
art which had been thrown open by Apollo-
dorus, and Apollodorus himself complained
in verse that Zeuxis had robbed him of his
art His characteristics were close imita-
tion of nature and sensuous charm. In his
works the highest standard of human beauty
was reached, and the closest representation
of those objects in nature which are incapa-
ble of an ideal representation. But, accord-
ing to Aristotle (Poet, vi 6), they were want-
ing in character, or that which elevates the
moral sentimenta His Helen, in which
were combined the physical charms of the
five most beautiful virgins of Crotona, was
celebrated as the embodiment of the perfec-
tion of female loveliness. It was consecrat-
ed in the Temple of Juno in that city, but it
was probably carried to Rome, as Pliny men-
tions a Helena by Zeuxis in the Portico of
Philip. Other pictures mentioned by Pliny
(1. a) are : The Infant Hercules Strangling
the Serpent in presence of Amphitryon and
Alcmena, probably the same as the Alcmena
which the artist gave to the people of Agri-
gentum, after he had arrived at the conclu-
sion that there was no price large enough to
set on his works ; A Jupiter Enthroned sur-
rounded by the other Deities ; A Marsyas
Bound, preserved in the Temple of Con-
cord, Rome, supposed to have been similar
in design to a picture found at Herculane-
um ; a Pan, which he gave to King Arche-
lads of Macedonia, whose palace at Pella he
decorated; and a Penelope. Lucian de-
scribes (Zeuxis, 3) also his picture of the
Centaur Family or Hippocentaur, a female
centaur suckling her yoimg in the fore-
ground, with the male in the background
holding up a lion's whelp to frighten the
little one& Lucian saw only a copy of this
picture, the original having* been lost in a
vessel off Cape Malea on its way to Rome,
whither Sulla had sent it from Athens. An
engraved gem in the Florentine Museum is
supposed to have been copied from it A
picture of Eros crowned with Roses is men-
tioned by the scholiast to Aristophanes, a
Menelaus by Tzetzes, and a Boreas or Triton
by Lucian (Timon, 64), as among the works
of Zeuxis. That Zeuxis elaborated his
paintings with great care may be inferred
from his reply to Agatharcus, who boasted
of the ease and speed with which he worked :
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ZEVIO
'* I confess I take a long time to paint ; but
I paint works to last a long time " (Plut.
Per., 13, De Amic. Mult., 5). Pliny relates
(L c.) that Zeuxis, having entered into a
pictorial contest with Parrhasius, painted
some grapes so naturally that the birds
were attracted to them. Elated with his
success, he haughtily demanded that the
curtain should be drawn aside from his op-
ponent's picture in order that he might see
it, but was obliged to admit his defeat when
he found that the curtain itself was Parrha-
sius's picture. Zeuxis afterwards painted a
boy carrying grapes, when the birds pecked
at them as before. This vexed him greatly,
and he exclaimed : " I have painted the
grapes better than the child, or the birds
would have been afraid of him " (Pliny, 1.
c). Festus relates (s. v. Pictor) that Zeuxis
met his death by choking with laughter at a
picture of an old woman he had just paint-
ed, but the time of his decease is unknown.
ZEVIO, STEFANO DA. See Stefano da
Zevio.
ZICHY, MICHAEL VON, bom at Zala,
Hungary, in 1827.
History and genre
painter, pupil of Vi-
enna Academy and
of Waldmtlller, on
whose suggestion he
was called to St. Pe-
tersburg to instruct
one of the grand
duchesses; left the
Russian court in
1850, but returned there in 1856 and became
court painter in 1859 ; moved to Paris in
1874 Works: The Prisoner (1847) ; Wound-
ed Knight at Communion ; Closing the
Coffin ; Descent from the Cross ; life-Boat ;
Empress Elizabeth beside Deck's Coffin,
Pesth Museum ; The Weapons of the De-
mon of Devastation (1878). — Kunst-Chronik,
xiv. 180 ; Mailer, 572.
ZICK, JANTJAEIUS, bom in Munich in
1733, died at Ehrenbreitstein in 1812. Ger-
man school ; history and genre painter, son
of Johann Zick (1702-62), pupil of his fa-
ther and of Mimich Academy ; went in 1757
to Basle, where he
painted pictures in
Rembrandt's manner,
and in 1758 was in
Home, where he is said
to have studied under
Eaphael Mengs ; hav-
ing visited France, he
settled at Coblentz in
1761, and became
court painter to the
Archbishop of Treves
in 1764. Works: Old Scholar Reading,
Bamberg Galleiy ; two Genre Scenes with
Fauns, etc.. Artist's Poiirait, Gallerj', Co-
blentz ; Four Evangelists, St. Castor's, ib.;
Trinity, Hospital Church, Mannheim ; Mag-
dalen Repentant, Wiesbaden Gtellery. In
fresco : Justice, etc., Aurora, etc., Four
Evangelists, Royal Palace, Coblentz ; Wash-
ing the Disciples' Feet, Marriage at Cana,
St. Florin's Stift, ib.; Jupiter, etc. (1789),
Royal Palace, Mentz. — Ch. Blanc, £cole
allemande.
ZifiGLER, JULES, bom at Langres
(Haute-Marne), Mju:ch 16, 1804, died in Di-
jon, Dec. 29, 1856. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Ingres in Paris ; visited
Italy and Germany, allied himself to Cor-
nelius in Munich, and devoted himself es-
pecially to fresco painting. After his re-
turn he painted historical subjects and por-
traits ; subsequently executed the wall
paintings in the Madeleine, for which he
was made Officer of the Legion of Honour in
1838. Appointed director of the Museum at
Dijon in 1852. His pictures lack expression
and deep feeling, but they are excellent in
drawing and colour. Works : Venice at
Night (1831) ; Giotto in Cimabue's Studio
(1833), Bordeaux Museum ; Death of Fos-
cari (1833), Henri IV. and Marguerite de
Valois, Arras Museum ; Prophet Daniel
(1838) ; The Dew spreading its Pearls on
the Flowers (1844) ; Jacob's Dream (1847) ;
Judith at the Gates of Bethulia (1847),
464
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ZIEM
Lyons Museum ; Charles V. having prepared
his Funeral receives a Portrait represent-
ing him at the Ceremony (1848) ; Summer
Shower (1850), Bordeaux Museum ; Peace
of Amiens (1853), City Hall, Amiens ; The
Bepublic, lille Museum ; St George slay-
ing the Dragon, Nancy Museum ; Daniel
in the Lions' Den, Moonlight at Venice,
Nantes Museum ; Louis XIV. receiving at
Fontainebleau the Apology made in the
Name of Pope Alexander VIL by Cardinal
Chigi, portraits of Philippe VL, John 11.,
Charles IE. of ^ ^^^t Q
sailles Museum. C^
— Bellier, iL 730 ; Meyer, Gesch., 359, 361 ;
Ch. Blanc, ficole fran9ai8e ; Kunstlb. (1851-
67) ; Larbusse.
ZIEM, FT^JiTX, bom at Beaune (C6te
d*Or), Feb. 25, 182L
Architecture and ma-
rine painter, pupil of
Art School at Dijon ;
travelled in 1845-48
in Southern France,
Italy, and the East.
His pictures, particu-
larly his views of
Venice, have won for
him a world-wide rep-
utation. Medals: 3d class, 1851, 1855;
Ist class, 1852 ; L. of Honour, 1857 ; Offi-
cer, 1878. Works : View of the Bosphorus
(1849) ; Evening in Amsterdam, Hut near
The Hague (1852) ; View of Venice (1852),
Luxembourg Museum; Interior of Mar-
seilles Harbour, Venice at Evening (1853) ;
Festival at Venice (1854) ; View of Antwerp
(1855); The Golden Horn at Constantino-
ple, St Mark's Place in Venice (1857);
Views of Constantinople (2), Sunset (2,
1859); Triptych with Si Mark's Place,
Bridge of Sighs, and Doge's Palace (1861) ;
Pilgrims embarking for Mecca, View of Trip-
olis (1863); Cleopatra in Tipper Egypt
(1865) ; Venice after Bain, Stamboul at Sun-
set (1866) ; Bucentaur adorned for Cere- 1
mony of Doge's Marriage with the Adriatic,
Beheading of Carmagnola (1867) ; Party of
Pleasure at Venice, View at the Old Port of
Marseilles (1868) ; Doge's Palace in Venice,
Eaven6 Gallery, Berlin; do., and Marine,
Luxembourg Museum ; Banks of the Am-
stel — Holland, Bordeaux Museum ; View of
Quai Saint-Jean at Marseilles, Marseilles
Museum ; Sunset, Montpellier Museum.
Works in United States : Sweet Waters near
Constantinople, T. Wigglesworth, Boston ;
Venice, W. Bichmond, Providence ; do., J.
A. Brown, ib.; Constantinople, J. J. Astor,
New York ; F^te-Day in Venice, William
Astor, ib.; Inundation of Piazza S. Marco —
Venice, Miss C. L. Wolfe, ib.; Canal Grande,
August Belmont^ ib.; Dogana, M. Graham,
ib. ; Morning on the Lagoon, Bobert Hoe,
ib.; Canal, Israel Corse, ib.; Doge's Palace,
R L. Stuart, ib.; Suburbs of Venice, M. K
Jesup, ib.; Canal Grande, D. O. Mills, ib.;
do., H. V. Newcomb, ib.; Shipping at Ven-
ice, W. Eockefeller, ib.; Doge's Palace, Quai
dei Schiavoni, A. T. Stewart Collection, ib.;
Golden Horn with Pilgrims starting for
Mecca, Venice by Twilight, C. S. Smith, ib.;
Across Canal Grande, J. H. Warren, Hoosac
Falls, N. Y. ; Venetian Doorway, Entrance to
(Jarden, Fairman Bogers, Philadelphia ;
Holland (1851), Marseilles (1863), Venice
(4, one dated 1863), Tunny Fishing, Morn-
ing, Mid-Day (1868), Evening, W. T. Wal-
ters, Baltimore ; Entrance to Canal Grande,
J. W. Garrett, ib.; do., H. L. Dousman, St
Louis ; Tyrrhenian Sea, Judge G. Hoadley,
Cincinnati ; Marriage of the Adriatic, Hurl-
but Collection, Cleveland ; Arsenal — ^Venice,
Charles Parsons, St. Louis. — Larousse, xv.
1483 ; Meyer, Gesch., 753 ; Kunst-Chronik,
xviL 323.
ZIER, VICTOR CASmiR, bom at War-
saw, Sept 26, 1822. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Norblin and L6on Cogniet
in Paris, whither he went as early as 1825.
With Norblin he decorated in 1868 the
Chapel of St Susanna in St Boch's, Paris.
Works : Magdalen Penitent (1844) ; Faith,
Daniel in Lions' Den (1846) ; St Genevieve
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ZIERMANN
(1850) ; The Virgin and Magdalen (1862) ;
Holy Family (1855) ; Christ appearing to
the Magdalen (1861) ; St. Francis of Assisi
receiving the Stigmata (1863) ; Ecce Homo
(1864) ; St Ann instructing the Virgin
(1865) ; Departure from Bethlehem (1867) ;
St Peter healing the Lame (1868) ; Christ
Entombed (1869) ; Broken Ears of Grain
(1870) ; Ecstasy of St Paul (1874) ; Glorifi-
cation of St Leonard (1875) ; Elizabeth of
Hungary driven from her Palace (1877) ; St
Margaret of Scotland (1878) ; Flight into
Egypt, Morning Dew (1879) ; Artist's Por-
trait (1880) ; Echo bewailing Narcissus
(1881) ; Psyche, Bibbs (1882) ; Slumber of
St Magdalen (1883).— BeUier, ii. 730 ; Mey-
er, Conv. Lex., xix. 1041.
ZIERMANN, KARL, bom in 1850, died
at Berka, near Weimar, Feb. 14, 1881.
Genre and landscape painter, pupil of Wei-
mar Art School under Gussow and Baur ;
won at once reputation with his first pict-
ure, exhibited in 1875, and was especially
successful in wood interiors, enlivened with
characteristic figures. Gold medal, Ber-
lin, 1878. Works : Journeyman afraid of
Dog (1875) ; The Botanist (1878) ; Broken
Pitcher ; At the Procession ; Barred Pas-
sage ; Pinch of Snuff ; The Caught Fowler ;
Wood-Choppera — Kunst-Chronik, xvL 426 ;
xvii. 497 ; D. Rundschau, xvii. 313.
ZIESENIS, JOHANN GEORG, bom at
Copenhagen in 1716, died at Hanover in
1777. German school; portrait painter,
pupil of his father ; went to DQsseldorf,
and in 1764 became court painter to the
Elector of Hanover, in which capacity he
painted many German princes, among them
Frederick the Great He took Hyacinthe
Rigaud for his model. Works : Portraits
of William V. of Orange (3), and his Wife,
Hague Museum ; Male and Female Portrait,
Provinzial Museum, Hanover; Princesses
of Bavaria (4), Schleissheim Gkdlery. — Na-
gler, xxii 279 ; Weilbach, 766.
ZIMBRECHT. See Simbrecht.
ZIMMER, WILUELM, bom at Apolda,
Saxe- Weimar, April 16, 1853. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Weimar Art School under
Kalckreuth and Hagen ; has made a name
for himself with his humorous scenes from
village life, in which the peasant types are
very characteristic. Works : Unsuccessful
Sleigh Ride; Jolly Sleigh Ride; Sunday
Pleasure in the Country (1876); Potato Har-
vest in Thuringia ; Farm Yard in Thuringia ;
The Departure (1880); On Furlough (1884);
Intermission (1886).— Mailer, 573 ; lUustr.
Zeitg.(1875), i. 167 ; (1877), iL 416; (1885),
L 513 ; (1886), i. 481.
ZBIMERMANN, ALBERT, bom at Zit-
tau. Saxony, Sept 20, 1808. Landscape
painter, mostly self-taught ; studied in Dres-
den and Munich, became professor at the
Milan Academy in 1827, and at the Vienna
Academy in 1859. His landscapes, to a cer-
tain degree ideal, show grand conception of
mountain scenery, masterly execution, and
powerful light effects. Member of Munich
and St. Petersburg Academies ; Bavarian
Order of Michael. Works: Jewish Cem-
et^iy (1834) ; Mountain Landscape vnth
Torrent, Rocky Landscape with Centaurs
and Leopards (1850), Landscape with Wa-
terfall, New Pinakothek, Munich; Faust
and Mephistopheles on the Brocken, Gol-
gotha, Schack Gallery, ib. ; Chiem Lake in
Storm (1841) ; View in T^l after Storm,
do. in Bavarian Highlands, Stadel Gullery,
Frankfort ; Historical Landscape (with Fight
between Centaur Women and Lions, by
Rahl); Landslide, The High G611, Moming
Dawn on the Gross Venediger, Partridge
Him ting. Sunset on Hintersee (1858); Prayer
of Miners (1861) ; View on Ammer Laie,
Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Afterglow on
Lake Piano (1863) ; Moonlight on the Weser,
The Stony Sea near Berchtesgaden ; Lago
di Lugano (1869) ; Biblical Landscape
(1871) ; Spring Landscape with Sheep,
Dresden Museum ; The Obersee near Berch-
tesgaden, Stuttgart Museum ; Lake Como,
R. L. Stuart, New York. His brother and
pupil, Maximilian (bom at Zittau, July 7,
1811, died in Munich, Dec. 30, 1878), painted
landscapes in the style of RuisdaeL Works :
466
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ZIMMERMANN
Ammer Lake ; Outlook into the Plain ;
Wood Landscapes (3, 1845, 1848, 1860),
New Pinakothek, Munich. — Cotta's Kunst-
blatt (1834-43) ; Dioskuren (1860, 1861,
1863); KunsirChronik, xiv. 243; Mflller,
573 ; Sohack, Meine Gemaldesammlung
(1884), 200 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, ii. 29.
ZIMMERMANN, CLEMENS VON, bom
in Dusseldorf, Nov. 8, 1788, died in Mu-
nich, Jan. 24, 1869. History and portrait
painter, pupil of Ddsseldorf Academy under
Peter von Langer, whom he followed to
Munich in 1808, to continue his studies at
the Academy there ; obtained the first prize
in 1812 ; visited Italy in 1816, and having
been director of the Augsburg Art School in
1817-25, became professor at the Munich
Academy. There he executed frescos in the
Glyptothek and Pinakothek, after sketches
by Cornelius, besides several successful oil
paintings ; was made director of the Central
Gallery in 1846, and visited Italy again in
1856-57 and 1859. Works: Mercury and
Argus (1811); Noah's Sacrifice (1812); The-
seus and his Mother, Flight into Egypt
(1814); Madonna, Farewell of Tobias (1817);
Portraits of King Maximilian L (1820) and
of Queen Hortense ; Pilgrimage of Italian
Peasants to Loretto (1820), New Pinakothek,
Munich ; Joseph sold by his Brothers (1826);
Marriage of St. Catharine (1829); St. Cecil-
ia with Angels (1836) ; Farewell of Tobias
(1837) ; The Three Theological Virtues
(1840); Cimabue finding Giotto (1841), New
Pinakothek, Munich ; Mars and Venus
(1843); Madonna (1846); Assumption (1852);
Paul's Expedition to Damascus (1867); Por-
trait of King Louis L of Bavaria, Schleiss-
heim Gallery. In fresco: Investiture of
Otto von Wittelsbach with the Duchy of
Bavaria in 1180, Arcades of Royal Garden,
Munich. His son and pupil, Julius, bom
in Augsburg in 1824, studied also in Bome
and Paris, painted at first portraits and
genre (Young Musician, 1848), [afterwards
excellent landscapes in water-colours.
Works : On Lake Vierwaldstaedt ; Beichen-
bach Falls ; Boad to Bosenlaui Glacier. —
Andresen, iii. 145 ; Dioskuren (1869), 59 ;
Kunst-Chronik, iv. 70 ; Nagler, xxii. 237 ;
Baczynski, ii. 316.
ZIMMEBMANN, EBNST, bom in
Munich, April 2 4,
1852. History and
genre painter, son of
Beinhard Seb^tian
Zimmermann, pupil
of his father, then of
the Mimich Acad-
emy under Strahu-
ber and Anschtitz
and Wilhelm Diez ;
visited Venice, Paris,
and Vienna, and has, since 1879, acquired
deserved reputation as a fine colourisi
Medals : 2d class, Mimich, 1883 ; Berlin,
1886. Works : Monk mending Violin ;
Bope Dancers in a Bam ; Walk of Young
Princess ; Scenes from Fishermen's Life
on Lake Constance ; Travelling Menagerie,
Mrs. D. D. Colton, San Francisco ; Christ
among the Doctors (1879) ; Game and Fish
Seller as Business Friends (1881) ; Con-
founded Dice Playing !, Fish Seller (1882) ;
Adoration of the Shepherds (1883), New
Pinakothek, Mimich ; Flute-Player, Ma-
donna in Bose Bower, Christ in House of
Lazams (1884) ; Tyrolese Wrestlers (1885);
Christ and the Fishermen (Jubilee Exhi-
bition, Berlin, 1886).— MftUer, 573 ; Ulustr.
Zeitg. (1883), ii. 583, 588 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xviL 306 ; xviii. 386, 402 ; xix. 447 ;
xxL 60 ; Beber-Pecht, iii. 285 ; Zeitschr.
f. b. K, XV. 191 ; xix. 132 ; xx. 52 ; xxi
332.
ZIMMEBMANN, FBIEDBICH, bom at
Diessenhofen, Switzerland, in 1823, died in
Geneva in 1884. Landscape painter, pupil
of Calame in 1852-56. Works : AroUa Gla-
cier in Canton Wallis, White Bock at the
Prado near Marseilles, View near Geneva,
Berne Museum ; Ancasca Valley on Monte
Bosa, Langres Museum ; On the Engstlen
Alp, Turin Gallery ; Interior of Oakwood,
Duchess of Genoa; View in Bemer Ober-
land, Boyal Academy, London.
467
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ZIMMERMANN
ZIMMERMANN, REINHARD SEBAS-
TIAN, bom at Hagenau, on Lake Constance,
v^ Jan. 9, 1816. Genre paint-
^f^ er, pupil of Munich Acad-
emy, where he i^as much
influenced by Robert
Eberle; lived in 1844-
45 in Paris as portrait
painter, and after visit-
ing England and Belgi-
um returned to Munich
in 1847, and attained
his first great success
in 1850 with the humorous Three Magi,
followed by numerous masterly and charac-
teristic genre pieces of brilliant execution.
Member of Berlin Academy, 1886. Gold
medal, Berlin. Works: Expensive Bill,
Peasants at the Castle (1853) ; Beggar Mu-
sicians (1854) ; Interior in Schleissheim Cas-
tle (1856), New Pinakothek, Munich ; Vac-
cination Room (1858) ; Love Letter (1869),
Carlsruhe Gallery ; Anniversary in Munich
(1861), Cologne Museum ; Fisherman's Hut ;
Newspaper Reader in Tavern Room (1862),
New Pinakothek, Munich ; Anteroom of a
Piince, St Gall Museum ; Quartering of
French Soldiers ; Circulating Library, Peas-
ant Wedding (1867) ; Interrupted Game of
Cards (1869) ; Public Dinner ; News of Vic-
tory (1875) ; Village Youth as Landwehr,
Convent School in Ottobeuern (1879) ; Be-
fore Music Rehearsal (1880) ; Monk Artists,
Quartette, Scene in Village Inn (1881) ;
Monastery Oi-phanage (2, 1882). Works in
United States : Love's Messenger, Betrothal,
W\ Mason, Taimton, Mas&; Tinker, R L.
Stuart Collection, New York; Politicians,
Wine Tasters, John T. Martin, Brooklyn ;
Musical Rehearsal, Home for Boys, D. W.
Powers, Rochester; Sudden Storm, J. W.
Bates, Philadelphia; Discussing the War
News, J. Carey Coale, Baltimore. — Diosku-
ren (1860), 365 ; MQller, 674 ; Kunst-Chro-
nik, xvii. 306, 696 ; Regnet, ii. 306.
ZIMMERMANN, RICHARD, bom at Zit-
tau, March 2, 1820, died in Munich, Feb. 4,
1876. Landscape painter, brother and pu-
pil of Albert Zimmermann, studied after-
wards under Ludwig Richter ; went in 1838
to Munich, and afterwards lived for several
years in Prague. Gold medal, Berlin. Works:
April Landscape (1842), Leipsic Museum ;
Shipwreck on the Coast at Carolin (1848),
Dresden Museum ; Potato Harvest (1862),
Winter Landscapes (3, 1849, 1863, 1869),
New Pinakothek, Munich; Winter Night,
Schack Gallery, ib.; View near Rosenheim
(1861); Moonlight (1862); Rocky Land-
scape, Provinzial Museum, Hanover ; Fish-
ermen on Coast of North Sea (1863) ; Cows
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La Zingarella, Correggio, Naples Museum.
and Sheep in Ravine ; The High Goll ; Al-
pine Snow-Storm, Blacksmith Shop, John
T. Martin, Brooklyn. — Cottars KunstbL
(1843-48); Dioskuren (1861-63); Kunst-
Chronik, x. 439.
ZINGARELLA, LA (The Gypsy), Cor-
reggio, Naples Museum. The Virgin, with
an Oriented turban on her head, sitting un-
der a palm, bending over Jesus, who sleeps
in her lap ; above her, among the branches
and clouds, hover cherubs ; a rabbit in the
grass, whence called Madonna del Coniglio.
The Zingarella is commonly supposed to
468
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ZINGARO
be a portrait of Correggio's wife. Paint-
ed about 1520 (?). Bought from Famese
Collection, Parma (where it was in 1587),
with one hundred other pictures, in 1740,
by Charles IIL of Naples. Much repainted.
Several copies. Engraved by Frezza ; Bossi ;
Bernard; Porporati; Toschi; etc. — Meyer,
Correggio, 328, 480 ; Kunst Lex., i 000 ;
Landon, (Euvres, viii PI. 5.
By Oarofalo (?), Pitti, Florence ; wood, H.
9 in. X 6 in. Half -figure of a woman, with
a blue cloth striped with yellow on head,
a white dress, and red mantle lined with
green ; gold chains and jewels on forehead
and neck. " Painted without doubt by Boc-
caccino " (C. & C.).— C. & C, N. Italy, ii. 446.
ZINGARO, LO, bom in Venice or at
Civit^ di Penna, near Chieti, about 1382,
died in Naples in 1455 (?). Neapolitan
school ; real name Antonio Solario ; said to
have been a smith and to have become a
painter for love of Colantonio del Fiore's
daughter ; to have studied in Bologna with
Lippo Dalmasio, and in Venice, Florence,
Ferrara, and Rome, imder the Vivanni,
Bicci, Galapo, Pisanello, and Gentile da
Fabriano. His existence has been doubt-
ed, but the pictures attributed to him show
the effect of an Umbro-Florentine training.
Among them is a Madonna with Saints,
Museum, Naples ; an altarpiece of the early
part of the 16th century. Other pictures
in Berlin, Munich, and Naples, which have
passed under his name, are now proved to
be the work of other artists. — C. & C, N.
Italy, ii 100 ; Burckhardt, 612 ; Ch. Blanc,
&ole napolitaine ; Lanzi, ii 5 ; Ltlbke,
Gesch. itaL Mai., L 564
ZIPPER (Cipper), GIACOMO FRAN-
CESCO. German school Works: Fam-
ily Concert, Vegetable Market, Group of
Fortune-Telling Gypsies, Itah'an Peasants
at a Meal, Mr. Thomas Walesby, London ;
four pictures in Hampton Court Gallery. —
Gaz. des R Arts (1859), L 182.
ZO, ACHTTjTiFi, bom at Bayonne, France,
July 80, 1826. Genre painter, pupil of Cou-
ture. Conservator of the Bayonne Museum.
Medal, 1868 ; L. of Honour, 1886. Works :
Henry IV. of England and the Prince of
Wales (1853) ; Adventurers playing Cards
(1855) ; Gitanos of Monte Sagrado at Gra-
nada (1861) ; Posada San Rafael at Cordova
(1863) ; Blind Man of Porta Doce-Cantos at
Toledo (1863), formerly in Luxembourg Mu-
seum ; Plaza San Francisco at Seville (1865),
Marseilles Museum ; Tribunal of Moorish
Kings at Granada (1868) ; Evening, Jewess of
Morocco (1869) ; Dream of a Believer (1870) ;
Ambuscade of Gitanos (1874) ; Siesta^ W.
Rockefeller, New York.— Bellier, ii 732.
ZOFPANY, JOHANN, bom at Ratisbon
about 1733, died in London, Nov. 11, 1810.
Real name ZaufiEely. Portrait painter, pu-
pil in Ratisbon of Speer; went to Rome,
where he remained for twelve years. After
his return he made an tmfortunate marriage,
and in 1758 went to England, where at first
he assisted the portrait painter Benjamin
Wilson; but he attracted the notice of Lord
Bute by a portrait of Garrick, and soon
acquired reputation ; sent to Italy by the
king in 1775, he painted there his famous
picture. The Tribune of Florence, and in
1778, for the Empress Maria. Theresa, the
Imperial Family of Tuscany, for which jrict-
ure he was made a baron. After his return
to England he went to India, in 1783, and
amassed a great fortune. Member of Lon-
don, Bologna, Florence, and Parma Acad-
emies Works : Portraits of Earl of Barry-
more, King George IDL, and Queen Char-
lotte with Family, of Gkirrick, Foote, and
Weston, of all Members of Royal Academy in
one picture ; Embassy of Hyder Beg (with
100 figures) ; Cock-Fight; Tiger Hunt;
Portrait of Archduchess Maria Christina^
Vienna Museum. — Redgrave, 496.
ZOLL, FRANZ JOSEF, bom at Mdh-
ringen, Baden, in 1772, died at Munich in
1833. History and portrait painter, first
instructed by his &ther, a sculptor and
painter, then by his unde, a fresco painter
at Trostenberg, Bavaria, and finally studied
at the Munich Academy under Hauber, and
Domer, the elder ; painted at first portraits,
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ZONA
then yisted Paris and Vienna, and studied
two years in Borne. In 1821 he became
professor of drawing at the University of
Freiburg, and in 1823 director of the gal-
lery and professor at Mannheim. Works :
Hercules and Hebe in Olympus, Gallery,
Carlsruhe ; several Biblical Scenes, Protes-
tant Church, lb.; Besurrection, Church at
Mohringen.
ZONA, ANTONIO, bom in 1810. His-
tory and portrait painter, pupil of Venice
Academy; distinguished for the classical
style of his paintings, especially his por-
traits in the manner of the Venetian mas-
ters of the 16th century. Lives in Venice.
Works: Farewell of Tobias, Annunciation
(1844) ; Baphael instructed by his Father,
Titian meeting Paolo Veronese (1862) ;
Liberation of Admiral Pisani (1863) ; Gone
Astray, The Flower Girl Glycera, Our First
Italian Queen. — Cotta's KunstbL (1844);
Dioskuren (1863) ; Perseveranza (1863).
ZOPPO, MABCO, latter half of 15th cen-
tury. Bolognese school ; pupil in Padua of
Squarcione, whom he aided probably in
the decoration of the EremitanL Lived for
a time in Venice, painted many altarpieces,
and finally settled in Bologna, where he
lived until at least 1498. In his earlier ef-
forts he shows a tendency to imitate the
stifihess and reflected modelling of brass,
but he shows a better art in his Bolognese
pictures. Works: Altarpiece, CoUegio di
Spagna ; Crucifix, and Altarpiece, Cappucci-
ni ; Piet^ and Head of Baptist, S. Giovanni
Evangelists^ Pesaro ; St. Dominic as Insti-
tutor of the Bosary, National G^ery, Lon-
don; Madonna Enthroned (1471, master-
piece), Berlin Museum. — C. & C, N. Italy,
L 345 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole bolonaise ; Burck-
hardt, 677, 579 ; Lttbke, Gesch. itaL MaL, i
456.
ZOEG. See Sorgh.
ZXJBEB, JEAN HENM, bom at Eixheim
(Alsace), June 24, 1844 Landscape paint-
er, pupil of Gleyre. Medals: 3d dass,
1875 ; 2d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1886.
Works: Chinese Junk (1870); Nymphs at
the Bath (1873), Chalons-sur-Mame Muse-
um ; Marshes of Ferrette ; Mill at Mtihl-
hausen ; Biver 111 ; Mussel-Hunters of the
Mame at Low Tide, Evening on Heath near
Dinard (1876) ; Biver 111 in Alsace, Geese at
Seppois-le-Haut (1877) ; Dante and Virgil,
Autumn Evening, De-et-Vilaine (1878);
Biver Flon at Massignieu, Souvenir of Men-
tone (1880); Evening, Daytime, Morning,
Souvenirs of the Comiche Boad (1881) ;
The Ford (1882); First Bays of Dawn in
Alsace, Herd of Yieux Ferrette in Alsace
(1883); Bad Weather, Coming Storm
(1884) ; September (1885) ; The HoUandsch
Diep (1885), Luxembourg Museum ; Lost
Path, After the Harvest (1886).
ZUBEB-BtJHLEB, FBITZ, bom at Locle,
Switzerland ; contemporary. History, genre,
and portrait painter, pupil of Louis Gros-
daude, Picot, and the £cole des Beaux
Arts. Works : Infancy of Bacchus (1850) ;
Dust to Dust and the Soul to God (1850) ;
Poetry (1851), Neuchatel Museum ; Early
Education (1853) ; B^veil, Sarah, Gour-
mandise (1859) ; Visit to the Nurse, Les
trouble-f^te (1861) ; La reine bacchanale, A
Farmer-General (1864); Domestic Happi-
ness (1865); The Golden Age (1875); Numa
Pompilius and Egeria (1876); Birth of
Venus (1877); Emancipation of Woman
(1879) ; Eose Harvest (1882) ; Little Co-
quette (1883) ; Big Brother's little Christ-
mas (1884) ; Spring as Doctor (1886) ; The
Doll, Neuchatel Museum; Award of Idle-
ness, C. H. Wol^ Philadelphia.
ZUCCABELLI (Zuccherelli), FBANCES-
CO, bom at Pitigliano, Tuscany, in 1702,
died at Florence in 1788. Florentine
school ; landscape painter, pupil in Flor-
ence of Paolo Anesi, then in Bome of Gio-
vanni Maria Morandi, and of Pietro Nelli ;
practised at first history painting, and after
staying for some time in Venice travelled
in Germany, Holland, and France ; was in-
duced by the British consul at Venice to
visit London, where he was employed for
five years in painting decorations for the
Opera House, and views on the Thames.
470
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ZUCCHERO
After his return to Venice he painted some
of his best landscapes, but having become
known and admired in England by engrav-
ings from his works, he went again to Lon-
don in 1752, and was largely patronized by
the royal family and aristocracy, in whose
collections many of his works may still
be found. He was a member of the In-
corporated Society of Artists, and in 1768
one of the foimdation members of the
Royal Academy ; returned to Florence in
1773, and having invested his savings in
the security of a monastery, which soon
after was suppressed, he was left indigent,
and compelled to resume his art. Many of
his works are in Venice (21 in the Palazzo
Reale). Works: Landscape with Italian
Buildings, do. vnth Ruins and Waterfall,
Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Waterfall with Fish-
ermen, Basle Museum ; do. with Sheep and
Girl on Mule, Bamberg Gallery ; two Land-
scapes, Gotha Museum ; Landscape with
Horsemen, Kunsthalle, Hamburg ; Land-
scape, Stuttgart Museum ; do. with Herds,
do. with Fishermen, Museum, Vienna ; do.
with Busy Groups of Peasants, Abraham's
Departure for the Promised Land, Liechten-
stein Gallery, ib.; Woodland Scenes (4),
Bergamo Gdlery ; Woodland with Si John
Preaching, Brera, Milan ; Landscape with
Horsemen, Fondazione Poldi Pezzoli, ib.;
do. with Holy Family (2), two others, Venice
Academy. — Lanzi (Roscoe), i. .562 ; ii. 316 ;
Nagler, xxiL 323 ; Redgrave, 497.
ZUCCHERO (Zuccaro) FEDERIGO,
bom in S. Agnolo in
Vado, Urbino, in
1543, died at An-
cona in 1609. Ro-
man school Brother
of Taddeo Zucchero,
in whose studio he
laboured many years
as pupil and assist-
ant Taddeo, al-
though his brother was very useful to him,
aided him to get commissions of his own.
Among other work% Federigo painted the
Grimani Chapel, in S. Francesco della Vi-
gna, Venice, which Battista Franco had left
unfinished. Soon after his return to Rome
his brother died, and Federigo finished his
works and executed others in S. Caterina
de' Funari, SS. Apostoli, S. M. dell' Orto,
and other churches. In 1572 he went to
France, and soon after to Flanders, Holland,
and England. He painted several portraits
of Queen Elizabeth and other distinguished
personages (21 were exhibited in 1866). In
1574 Federigo painted the cupola of the
Duomo, Florence, which had been left un-
finished by VasarL In 1582 he painted, in
the Palazzo Ducale, Venice, Barbarossa at
the Feet of Pope Alexander HI. After
working a while in Rome, he went in 1585
to Madrid, at the invitation of Philip H,
and painted several pictures in the Escorial.
But his style did not please the Spaniards,
and he returned to Rome. He founded the
Academy of St. Luke, was its first president,
and left all his property to it He was the
author of a treatise on painting, sculpture,
and architecture. Among his easel pictures
are : Deposition from the Cross, Palazzo
Borghese, Rome ; Galumny, Hampton Court ;
Portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh, Kensington
Gallery ; The Gk)lden Age, The Silver Age,
Mythological Allegory, Uffizi, Florence ;
Descent of Christ into Limbo (1585), Brera,
Milan. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon., xii. 109, 133 ;
Ch. Blanc, !^ole ombrienne; Burckhardt,
185, 235, 754 ; Siret, 1030.
ZUCCHERO, TADDEO, bom in S. Agno-
lo in Vado,
Urbino, Sept
1, 1529, died
in Rome,
Sept 2, 1566.
Roman
school ; s o n
and pupil of
Ottaviano
Zucchero, a
poor painter, \^ ?»
and elder brother of Federigo Zucchero.
Went to Rome when very young, and after
4n
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ZtJGEL
suflfering great privations was brought into
notice by his decoration of the Palazzo Mat-
tel Became a popular painter, and was
buried near Eaphael in the Pantheon.
Among his best works are frescos of the
Passion of Christ, in S. Consolazione, and a
series representing the Glories of the Far-
nese Family, in the villa built by Cardinal
Famese at Caprasola. — Vasari, ed. Le Mon.,
xiL 104 ; Ch. Blanc, £cole ombrienne ;
Burckhardt, 186 ; Siret, 1030.
ZtJGEL, HEINKICH, born at Murrhard,
WOrtemberg, Oct. 22,
1850. Animal painter,
pupil of Stuttgart Art
School ; studied in 1873
in Vienna, and settled
in Munich. Works:
Sheep in Alder Grove
(1875), National Gal-
lery, Berlin ; Sheep-
Shearing ; Sheep-
Washing; Span of Oxen
(1875) ; Herd fleeing from Storm ; Plough-
ing Oxen ; Nobody at Home ; Runaway
Bull; Sheep and Lambs, Knoedler & Co.,
New York.— MttUer, 575; Illustr. Zeitg.
(1880), L 129 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xiiL 128.
ZUND, ROBERT, born at Lucerne,
Switzerland, in 1827. Landscape painter ; ex-
cels in representing the poetry of the woods,
and, by a silvery tone, imparts a peculiar
charm to his landscapes, which are general-
ly supplied with biblical figures. Lives at
Lucerne. Works : The Harvest, Prodigal
Son tending Swine, View near Lucerne, On
Lake of Lucerne, Basle Museum ; Autumn
in the Woods (figures by Rudolf Koller),
Berne Museum ; Near the Battle Chapel of
Sempach, Oakwood, Zurich Gallery.
ZURBARAN, FRANCISCO (DE), bom at
Fuente de Cantos, Estremadura, Nov. 7,
1598, died in Madrid in 1662. Spanish
school ; son of simple labourers ; pupil of
Juan de las Boelas, afterwards imitated style
of Caravaggio, whence called the Spanish
Caravaggio. In 1625 he painted a series of
scenes from the life of St. Peter for the
Chapel of S. Pedro, Cathedral of Seville, and
about the same time his Glory of St Thom-
as Aquinas, his
best work, now
in the Seville
Museum. In
1633 he signed
himself painter
to the king — an
honour which he
shared with Ve-
lasquez. He
painted in 1650 the Labours of Hercules, in
ten pictures, for the palace of Buen Retiro,
now in the Madrid Museum. Zurbaran
painted several large compositions, but pre-
ferred simple ones requiring but few figures,
and generally religious subjects, especially
those displaying the rigours and austerities
of monastic life. He is the painter of
monks, as Raphael is of Madonnas. Other
works: Miracle of Si Hugo, Si Bruno
before Urban XL, Madonna de las Cuevas,
Two Dominicans, Seville Museum ; Sleep of
Jesus, Vision of S. Pedro Nolasco, Appa-
rition of Si Peter to S. Pedro Nolasco,
Si Casilda, Madrid Museum ; Annunciation,
Adoration of Shepherds, Adoration of Magi,
Circumcision, Montpensier Gallery, Seville ;
SS. Peter Nolasco and Raymond de Pegna-
f ort. Funeral of a Bishop, St. Apollina, Lou-
vre; Franciscan Monk, National Gallery,
London ; Holy Family, Suermondt Muse-
um, Aix-la-Chapelle ; Christ after the Scourg-
ing, Si Bonaventura, Museum, Berlin ; Ma-
donna adored by Monks, Raczynski Gal-
lery, ib.; Si Coelestine declining the Papal
Crown, Dresden Museum ; St. Francis of
^C/ 1650
Assisi in Ecstasy, Old Pinakothek, Munich.
—Stirling, ii 767 ; Viardot, 75 ; Ch. Blanc,
479
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ZUSTRIS
Nicole espagnole ; Madrazo, 545 ; Meyer,
Oem^de kdngL Mus., 547; Washburn,
Spanish Masters, 96.
ZUSTRIS (Sustris), bom at Amsterdam
in 1526, died in Munich in 1599 (?). Dutch
school ; history and portrait painter, son of,
and first insbructed by, Lambert Zustris,
who is probably the same as Lamberto
d*Amsterdamo mentioned by Yasari as a
pupil of Titian in Venice ; then pupil of Jan
Swart of GrOningen, afterwards went to
Florence and there allied himself to Yasari,
who makes honourable mention of him in
1568 as Federigo di Lamberto Fiamingho.
Later on he appears as court painter and
architect to Duke William V. of Bavaria
Works : Venus and Cupid, Louvre, Paris ;
Holy Family, Cassel (lallery. — Kramm, iii.
936 ; Nagler, xviii. 17 ; Vasari, ed. Mil, vii.
590
ZWENGAUEB, ANTON, the elder, bom
in Munich, Oct 11, 1810, died there, June
13, 1884 Landscape painter ; studied from
nature in the Bavarian Highlands and in
Southern Tyrol His evening and sunset
landscapes are especially fine. In 1853-69
Conservator of Schleissheim Ghillery, since
1869 of Munich Gallery. Works : Noon on
the Alp (1841); Chiem Lake after Sunset
(1847), Harrach Gallery, Vienna ; Evening
Landscape with Stag (1851), Evening on
the Alp (1856), New Pinakothek, Munich ;
Bay of Kochel Lake, Schack Gallery, ib. ;
Deer on a Lake after Sunset, Leipsic Muse-
um ; Four Seasons (1858), Swantreep Ghd-
lery, Christiania ; Evening in the Bushes
(1861); Sunset in Bavarian Highlands, Basle
Museum ; Village in the Evening (1863) ;
Betum of the Herd (1883). His son, An-
ton (bom June 12, 1850, pupil of Munich
Academy and of his father), paints in the
latter's style. Works : View on the Isar ;
Mill in Nether Bavaria. — Allgem. K. C, viii.
510 ; Kunst-Chronik, xix. 627 ; MuUer, 576 ;
Zeitschr. f. b. K, xii 63.
ZYL, GERABD PIETERSE VAN, bom
in Amsterdam or in Leyden, probably about
1615. Dutch school; portrait and genre
painter; was in London with Van Dyck,
and painted so much in the style of that
master, that he was called Little van Dyck ;
returned to Amsterdam in or soon after
1641, is mentioned as living there in 1655-
58, and painted genre pieces, especially
merry assemblagea Works : Portraits of
Alan and Wife, Brunswick Gallery ; Com-
pany of Ladies and Gentlemen, G^lery,
Copenhagen; Music Lesson, Moltke Col-
lection, ib. — Lnmerzeel, iiL 262 ; Biegel,
Beitrage, ii 291.
478
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SUPPLEMENT.
Containing names omitted, corrections, and additions, to 1887. Articles
preceded by an asterisk (*) are supplementary to articles in the text.
*ADAM, Franz, died in Munich, Sept.
29, 1886.— KunstrChronik, xxii. 19.
AGACHE, ALFRED PIERRE, bom at
Idlle ; contemporary. Gtenre painter, pupil
of Pluchard and Colaa Medal, 8d class,
1885. Works : Old Woman (1880) ; Little
Girl (1881) ; The Fates (1882) ; Decorative
Figure (1884); Fortuna (1885); Kaled
(1886).
AGGHAZY, GYULA, bom in Hungary ;
contemporary. Genre painter. Works :
The Power of Music (1881) ; Market Scene
(1882), Emperor of Austria ; Village Gossip
(1883), Hungarian Art Union ; Washer-
women, Hemp-Roasting, Evening Land-
scape (National Exhibition, Buda-Pesth,
1885).— niustr. Zeitg. (1881), i. 103.
♦ALMA-TADEMA, LAURENZ. Add to
works: Hadrian in England— visiting a
Romano-British Pottery (1884) ; Reading
from Homer, My Youngest Daughter, Who
is it? (1885) ; An Apodyterium, A Foregone
Conclusion (1886). At the Morgan sale.
New York, 1886, Roman Lady feeding Fish,
and Spring, sold respectively for $5,000 and
$7,000.
♦AMAURY-DXJVAL, EUGi:NE EM-
MANUEL, died in Paris, Dec 27, 1885.
*AMERLING, FRIEDRICH, died in Vi-
enna, Jan. 14, 1887.— Allgem. K. C, xi 90.
• ♦ANATOMY, LESSON IN, Rembrandi;
iread Hague Museum instead of National
Ghdlery, Amsterdam. The picture in the
'Amsterdam Gallery is a fragment of the
Lesson in Anatomy of Dr. Deymim, paint-
. ed by Rembrandt in 1656. It was greatly
{ damaged by fire in 1723 ; sold in 1842 to
' Mr. Chaplin, an Englishman, for 660 florins ;
bought in London, 1882, for the Amster-
dam Museum for £100. The Hague pict-
' ure was etched by W. Unger in 1873 ;
lithographed by C. Binger ; H. J. van den
Hout ; H. J. Zimmerman ; CCA. Last ;
J. L. Huijgens.
^AURORA, Ouercino, Palazzo Ludovisi,
Rome (voL i., p. 82, line 3). Read Aurora
instead of Apolla
BAIL, JOSEPH (CLAUDE), bom at
Limonest (Rhone); contemporary. €knre
and still-life painter, son and pupil of Jean
Antoine Bail. Medal, 3d class, 188a
Works: Bibelots (1880); The Pig (1881);
M^re Brune, Violoncello Player (1882);
Glass of Water, Cooks (1883) ; The Wind
of the Lamb, Little Dogs (1884) ; Cluny
Bibelots (1885) ; Bibelots from Museum of
Cluny and from the Drap6 Collection
(1886).
BAKER, WILLIAM BLISS, died at
Ballston, N. Y., November, 1886.
474
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SUPPLEMENT
*BABGTJE, CHARLEa At the Morgan
sale, New York, 1886, was sold : The Sen-
tinel (1876, from John W. Wilson sale,
Paris, 1881), $12,300, J. L. Martin, Brook-
lyn, N. Y.
BAKON, TKfiODORE, bom in Belgium ;
contemporary. Landscape painter. Gbld
medal, Antwerp, 1879 ; Order of Leopold,
1880. Works : Pool in Forest of Fontaine-
bleau in Winter, Summer in Neighbourhood
of Paris (1888).
♦BASTIEN-LEPAGE, JULES. Add to
works: The Wood-Gtetherer (an old man
with fagots and child gathering wild-flow-
ers), The Mowers (two men in meadow
partly cut), Edward P. Allis, Milwaukee,
Wia
♦BAUDOm, PAUL ALBERT. Awarded
a 2d class medal for his Decorative Panel
for the Mayoralty of Saint-Maur, Salon,
1886.
♦BAUDRY, PAUL, died in Paris, Jan. 17,
1886. A collective exhibition of his works
was held in Paris in the autumn of 1886. —
Oaz. des R Arts (1881), xziii 478 ; (1882),
XXV. 688 ; xxvL 131 ; (1884), xxix. 311, 609 ;
(1886), xxxiii. 106, 396 ; Claretie, Peintres
(1884), iL 33; Kunst-Chronik, xxi 279;
Mag. of Art, ix. 468 ; Zeitschr. f. b. K, xxii
1,66.
♦BECKWITH, JAMES CARROLL, elect-
ed A.N.A., 1886.
♦BEHRENDSEN, AUGUST, died at Me-
ran, Tyrol, April, 1886.
♦BELLOWS, ALBERT F., bom at Mil-
ford, Masa, Nov. 29, 1829, died at Auburn-
dale, Masa, Nov. 24, 1883.
♦BENCZURi, GYULA. Work in United
States : Verlassen, W. H. Metcalf , Milwau-
kee.
♦BENJAMIN-CONSTANT, JEAN JO-
SEPH. Add to works: Judith, Justinian
(1886). The latter picture, a very large
canvas, representing tiie Emperor Justinian
seated on his throne among his councillors,
is owned in St Paul, Minn. The Justice of
the Ch^rif (Salon, 1886) is owned in New
ToA.
♦B^RAUD, JEAN. The Public Ball
(1880) is owned by T. T. Kinney, Newark,
N.J.
BEROH, RICHARD, bom at Stockhohn ;
contemporary. Gtenre and portrait painter,
pupil of Stockholm Academy and in Paris
of Jean Paul Laurens and of K Pers£u&
Medal, 3d class, 1883. Works : End of the
Meeting (1884); Li Sweden at Nightfall
(1885) ; My W ife (1886).
BERTHELON, EUGlSIE, bom in Paris ;
contemporary. Letndscape and marine paint-
er, pupil of Eugene Lavieille and of Beme-
Bellecour. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works :
Coast at Mesnilval near Treport, Near the
Coast in Thick Weather (1884); Depart-
ure of the Pilot, Forest of Fontainebleau
(1885) ; Old Jetty at Tr6port in Stormy
Weather (1886).
♦BINET, VICTOR Awarded a 2d class
medal for his Spring Morning at Saint-
Aubin-sur-Quilleboeuf, and The Plain at do.,
Salon, 1886.
♦BISI, LUIGI, died in Milan, Sept 11,
1886.
BLAYN, FERNAND, bom in Paris ; con-
temporary. Gtenre painter, pupil of Alex-
andre CabaneL Medal, 3d class, 1886.
Works : A Rescue, A Poor Reception
(1880); Old Warrior (1881); Retum of
Fishermen, On the Beach (1882) ; Low
Water at Cayeux, Idyl on the Beach (1883) ;
Burial of a Child in Brittany (1884) ; St
Francis of Assisi (1885) ; Funeral of a
Young Girl in Picardy, Retum of the Geese
—Normandy (1886).
♦BODENMULLER, ALFONS, died in-
sane in Munich, June 18, 1886. Works:
The Schaffler Dance in Munich during the
Plague, The Foster Child, Carita&
BOMPARD, MAURICE, bom at Rodez
(Aveyron) ; contemporary. jQenre and por-
trait painter, pupil of Boulanger and Jules
Lef^bvre. Medal, 3d class, 1880. Works :
Study of Birds, Model's Repose (1880) ; D6-
but at the Studio (1881) ; Jack in the Bowl
(1882) ; Tunisian Butcher (1884) ; A Studio
Comer (1885) ; Prayer at the Mosque (1886).
475
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SUPPLEMENT
*BONHEUB, (MABIE) BOSA. At the
Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were sold
the following : Calf and Cow — Scotch High-
lands (1876), $12,200 ; Deer in Forest (1867),
$7,150, Mr. Sutton, New York
♦BORDES, ERNEST DOMINIQUR
Awarded a 2d class medal for his Death of
Bishop PrsBtextatns, Salon, 1886.
♦BOSSHARDT, KASPAR, died in Mu-
nich, Feb. 10, 1887.— Kunst-Chronik, ttia.
828.
♦BOUGUEREAU, (WILLIAM)
ADOLPHK Medal of honour, 1885; Com-
mander of L. of Honour, 1885. To pictures
owned in the United States add : The Lost
Pleiad, W. H. Metcalf, Milwaukee; The
New-Bom Lamb (1873), Return from the
Harvest (1878), A. T. Stewart Collection,
New York ; The Bathers, Dr. Judson, ib.
At the Morgan sale. New York, 1886, Cupid,
Nut-Oatherers (1882), Italian Mother and
Child, and Madonna and St John (1882),
sold for $6,500, $7,250, $3,050, and $9,000.
♦BOURGEOIS, (LfiON PIERRE) UR-
BANL Add to works: Martyrdom of St
Andrew (1886), Convent of Gray Nuns, Mon-
treal, Canada.
♦BRfiTON, JULES ADOLPHR Mem-
ber of Institute, 1886. Add to works : The
Communicants (H 4 ft x 6 ft 2 in.. Salon,
1884), Morgan sale. New York, 1886, $45,-
500, to Donald Smith, Montreal, Canada.
Same sale. Bird Nest (1884), and Returning
from the Fields (1878), sold respectively for
$3,600 and $9,500.
♦BROUILLET, (PIERRE) ANDRfi.
Awarded a 2d class medal for his Wounded
Peasant, Salon, 1886.
BURGERS, HENDRIK JACOB, bom
at Huissen, Guelderland ; contemporary.
G^nre painter, pupil of Amsterdam Acad-
emy and in Paris of Lionel Boyer. L. of
Honour, 1878. Works : Surprise, The Fa-
vourite (1876) ; The Bath (1878) ; After the
Departure, Mother and Child (1879) ; Win-
ter, Autumn (1880) ; In the Country (1881) ;
Ship Builder, The Duo (1882) ; Farrier, A
Symphony (1883) ; Sick Sister, Baptistery
of St Mark's— Venice (1884) ; Fisherwoman
of Zandvoort, The Cooper of Dives (1885) ;
The Brook, The Forge (1886).
BURNAND, EUGiOT!, bom at Moudon,
Switzerland ; contemporary. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Menu and of G^r6me. Works :
Dominican Novices (1878) ; Spinning Wom-
an, Wood Cutter in Prayer (1879) ; Horse
Drove in Camargue (1882) ; Swiss Farm,
Shepherd in the Garrigues (1883) ; Old Age
of Louis XIV., A Day's Mowing (1884);
Alpine Bull, Proven9al Shepherd (1885);
Change of Pasture (1886).— N. illustr. Zeitg.
(1880), ii 790.
♦BURNEJONES, EDWARD. Add to
works: Flamma Vestalis, Morning of the
Resurrection, Sibylla Delphica, Depths of
the Sea (1886). The last-named picture is
the first one ever exhibited by the painter
in the Royal Academy. Philip Bume-Jones,
son of Edward Bume-Jones, exhibited in
the Grosvenor Gallery, 1886, An Unpainted
Masterpiece, representing the studio of a
poor artist^ suggested by Henry James's
story, "A Madonna of the Future."
♦BURNTTZ, KARL PETER, died in
Frankfort, Aug. 18, 1886.
CARABIN, JACQUES, landscape painter
in Brussels ; contemporary. Medals : Lon-
don, 1878, 1874 ; Dunkirk, 1876 ; Algiers and
Nimes,1881; Sydney, 1880; Melbourne, Ist
class, 1881 ; Lyons, 1882. Order of Libera-
tor of Venezuela. Works: Under the Portico
del Marocco at Riva, Fountain at Corbole
(Exposition universelle, Amsterdam, 1883).
♦CARAVAGGIO, MICHELANGELO
DA (vol L, p. 241, col. 2, line 40). Read
Gk>od Samaritan instead of St Sebastian.
CARBONELL Y SELVA, Don MIGUEL,
bom in Spain; contemporary. Pupil of
Barcelona Academy. Works : Sappho (1881);
Catalonian Lace Maker (1882); Patria, Fides,
Amor (1884).— La Ilustracion (1882), L 282 ;
(1884), L 395.
♦CASADO DEL ALISAL, Don JOSfi,
bom in Valencia, Spain, in 1832, died in
Madrid, Oct 10, 1886. — Kunst-Chronik,
xxii. 43.
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SUPPLEMENT
CASANOVA Y ESTORACH, ANTONIO,
bom at Tortosa, Spain ; contemporary.
Genre painter, pupil at Barcelona of Clau-
dio Lorenzale and at the Madrid Academy
of Federico de Madrazo; then studied in
Borne, and finally in Paris, where he still
reside& Works : Preparing for a Visit
(1874), A. T. Stewart Collection, New York ;
Victims of Pillage (1876) ; Court Favour-
ites, Temptation (1877) ; Van Dyck at the
Court of Charles L, Chocolate (1878) ; Mar-
riage of a Prince, Indiscretion (1879) ; Hero
of the Fete (1880) ; In the Comer of a
Garden, Gourmet (1881) ; Episode in Siege
of Paris— 1590, At Figaro's (1882) ; A ris-
ing Star (youth of Mme. de Pompadour),
Always the King (1883) ; The Gourmand
(1883), at Morgan sale, New York, 1886,
$1,750 ; Writing his Memoirs, Theologian
(1884) ; Last Moments of Philip TL of Spain
(1885) ; St Ferdinand, King of Spain (1886).
CASTBES, jfiDOUABD, bom at Gene-
va ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil in
Geneva of Menn and in Paris of Zama-
cois. Medals : Paris, 2d class, 1872, 1874.
Works : A Collector (1870) ; Japanese Ba-
zaar; International Ambulance in the Snow
(1872) ; Prisoner's Narrative (1873) ; Con-
vent Fountain, Gypsies Travelling, After the
Shot (1874) ; At Cairo, Eetum from Mar-
ket, Beggar Monk (1876) ; Gratuitous Con-
sultation, Caravan (1876) ; Gypsies travers-
ing Simplon Pass, Game at Quoits on
Convent Terrace (1877) ; Belays at Hospital
on Simplon Pass, Japanese Woman at the
Bath (1878); Intermpted Meditation, A
Trick (1879) ; Crossing the Frontier, Be-
tum from Mountains (1880) ; Little Con-
valescent (1881); The Bivouacs (1882);
Hamlet on Fire (1883); Christmas Eve
(1884); Country life (1886); The Con-
scripts (1886).
CAVE, JULES CYBTTiTiFi, bom in Paris ;
contemporary. History and portrait paint-
er, pupil of Bouguereau and Tony Bobert-
Fleury. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works:
A Martyr of the Catacombs, Portrait of
Mile. Germaine S. (1886).
♦CESBBON, ACBOLLR Awarded a 2d
class medal for his Flowers of Sleep and his
LUac Tree, Salon, 1886.
♦CHABNAY, ABMAND. Awarded a 2d
class medal for his Terrace of Chrysanthe-
mums at Chateau de Ghisthellier, Salon,
1886.
CIABDI, GUGLTELMO, bom at Treviso ;
contemporaiy. Marine and landscape paint-
er in Venice. Gold medal, Berlin, 1886.
Works: Malamocco — ^Venice, Calm in the
Lagoons, Chioggia (Exhibition, Munich,
1883) ; Messidoro, Spring Clouds (1886).
♦CLAIBIN, GEOBGES (JULES VIC-
TOB). Add : Medal, 2d class, 1886.
CLEMENS, WILHELM Genre painter
in Munich ; contemporary. GK)ld medal,
Berlin, 1886. Works : Monks Quarrelling
(1882); Poacher's End (1886).
CLEMENTE, Don SALVADOB, bom
at Cadiz, Spain ; contemporary. Genre
painter, pupil of Art School at Cadiz and
of Domingo Marques. Works : Cavalier of
Court of Louis XTTI. ; Sparrow Day at Se-
ville ; Yolverfin las oscuras golondrinaa —
La Bustradon (1883), ii 131.
COESSm DE LA FOSSE, CHABLES
ALEXANDBE, bom at Lisieux (Calvados),
Sept 7, 1829. Genre painter, pupil of Pi-
cot and Couture. Medal, 3d class, 1873.
Works : Theseus (1866), Lisieux Museum ;
Man and Fortune (1870); Politics at the
Palais Boyal— 1793 (1873) ; Chanson de Bo-
land, Lansquenet (1874) ; Procession of Par-
don de Ploumanach (1884) ; Adieus (1885) ;
Dressed for the Procession (1886).
COOSEMANS, JOSEPH THfiODOBE,
landscape painter in Brussels ; contempo-
rary. Order of Leopold. Works: Entrance
to Gbrge aux loups in Fontainebleau Forest
(Exposition universelle, Amstei'dam, 1883) ;
Boad in Heath of Genck, Plateau Belle
croix at Fontainebleau (Munich Exhibition,
1883) ; Autumn Landscape (Jubilee Exhibi-
tion, Berlin, 1886).
COBELLI, AUGIJSTO, genre painter in
Bome ; contemporary. Gk)ld medals : Ant-
werp, 1885 ; Berlin, 1st class, 1886. Works :
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SUP PLEMENT
Peasants surprised by Thunder-storm;
Lady in Drawing-Boom, Oriental Costume
(Munich Exhibition, 1883) ; My Poor Maria,
Forest God (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin,
1886).
♦COBOT, (JEAN BAPTISTE) C AMILLR
At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were
sold the following : Landscape, $9,000 ;
Nymphs Bathing, $4,800; Evening on a
Biver, $4,050 ; Landscape and Cattle,
$4,200; Near YiUe d'Avray, $3,500 ; Land-
scape, $3,300 ; Environs of Lake Nemi
(1866), $14,000 ; Wood Gatherers (1875),
$15,000.
CBAMEB, ALFONS VON, died at PegH
Multedo, Italy, Jan. 4, 1884.
♦CBANK, CHABLES ALEXANDBE
(voL i, p. 348). Listead of CBANK read
CBAUK
CUBTIS, CALVIN, bom at Stratford,
Conn., July 5, 1822. Portrait and land-
scape painter, pupil in 1841 of the National
Academy and of Daniel Himtington. After
painting for several years in New York, he
returned in 1849 to Connecticut, and lived
in Birmingham and Waterbury until 1859,
when he settled in Bridgeport. Though
hampered by disease, he has been able to
accomplish much good work. Among his
sitters have been Chief Justice Thomas B.
Butler, Judge S. B. Beardsley, General
William N. Noble, Gideon H. Hollister, Bev.
Nathaniel Hewitt, and William R Seeley.
♦DAGNAN-BGUVEBET, PASCAL
ADOLPHE JEAN. Add : Legion of Hon-
our, 1885.
♦DANBT, THOMAS (son of Francis),
died in London, March 25, 1886.
♦DAUBIGNY, CHABLES FBANgOIS.
At the Morgan sale. New York, 1886, were
sold the following : Boats on the Shore,
$1,325 ; Cooper's Shop (1872), $6,300 ; On
the Seine (1873), $6,200 ; On the Mame
(1873), $5,500.
♦DAUBIGNY, KABL PIEBBE, died at
Auvers-sur-Oise, in May, 1886.
♦DECAMPS, ALEXANDBE GABBIEL
At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were
sold the following : Bazaars in Cairo, $2,450 ;
Walk to Emmaus, $3,100.
♦DELAUNAY, JULES fiUR Add to
medals : 1st class, 1878 ; Officer L of Hon-
our, 1878 ; Member of Institute, 1879.
DELP£b£E, T^^MTTjE, genre and por-
trait painter in Lidge ; contemporary. Med-
al, Ghent, 1877 ; gold medal, Brussels, 1871 ;
Order of Leopold, 1883. Works : Betum
from the Garden, Portrait of Professor van
Beneden (Exposition universelle, Amster-
dam, 1883) ; Interruption of Jubilee Pro-
cession at Li^e in 1875 (Munich Exhibi-
tion, 1883).
♦DESTBEM, CASmiR Awarded a 2d
class medal for his Buth and Boaz, Salon,
1886.
♦DEVILLY, TH]60D0BE, died at Nancy,
France, Dec 24, 1886. — Chronique des Arts
(1887), 5.
♦DIAZ DE LA PEf^A, NABCISO VIB-
GUJO (vol. i., p. 405, line 30). For Diana
and Poictiers read Diana of Poitiers. At
the Morgan sale. New York, 1886, were
sold the following : Oriental Woman (1865),
$1,550 ; Lane near Fontainebleau (1865),
12,500 ; Study of the Nude, 11,375 ; Edge
of a Wood, $2,750 ; Moonlight Concert,
$2,400 ; Pool in the Woods (1873), $2,600 ;
Toilet of Venus (1877), $3,300 ; Flowers,
$500 ; lie des Amours (1857), $3,900 ; Chil-
dren and Kid (1860), $2,750 ; Persian Wom-
en (1860), $2,925 ; Bepose after Bath, $1,600 ;
Boy with Hunting Dogs (1855), $4,500 ;
Holy Family (1853), $4,100 ; Sunset after
Storm (1871), $8,650; Bathers, $2,400;
Persian Woman and Child, $3,500.
DILL, LUDWIG, bom at Gemsbach,
Baden, Feb. 2, 1848. Marine painter in
Munich ; self-taught Medal, Nuremberg ;
gold medal, Stuttgart ; Munich, 2d class,
1883. Works: After the Storm (1882),
Munich Art Union ; Canal in Venice (1882),
Stuttgart Museum ; Sirocco, Lagoon Vil-
lage (Exhibition, Munich, 1883) ; Venetian
Fishing Boat (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin,
1886).— Kunst-Chronik, xvil 8, 386 ; xix.
447 ; Zeitschi-. f. b. K, xix. 159.
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SUPPLEMENT
DIX, CHARLES TEMPLE, bom in Al-
bany, N. Y., Feb. 25, 1838, died in Rome,
March, 1872. Landscape and marine paint-
er ; served in the civil war on the staff of
his father. General John A. Dix, and at its
close went to study in Rome, where he re-
mained until his decease. Works : Phantom
Ship ; View of Gibraltar ; Sunset at Capri ;
Sark Channel Islands ; Coast Scene (1871).
♦DOREUR, LR Add to bibliography:
Jal, 1046.
♦DUBUFE, EDGUARD. Add to works :
Love's Diversion (1860), Circassian Girl
(1867), Lady and Parrot (1871), Prodigal
Son (1867), A. T. Stewart Collection, New
Tork. The Prodigal Son, the study of the
larger picture (Exposition universelle, Paris,
1878, burned in Cincinnati a few years
later), is in three parts in one frame : cen-
tre, H. 4 ft x 7 ft 6 in.; wings, each, H. 4
ft X 1 ft 4 in.
♦DTJPRfi, JULES. At the Morgan sale.
New Tork, 1886, were sold the following :
Stormy Weather, $1,700 ; Driving Cows to
Water, $1,850 ; Cloudy Day, $2,500 ; Mom-
ing, $8,050 ; A Symphony, $8,100.
♦DUPRfi, LfiGN VICTOR, died in Paris,
Nov. 1, 1879.— L'Art (1879), iv. 168.
DURANGEL, LEOPOLD VICTOR, bom
at Marseilles ; contemporary. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Horace Vemet and
of Ferdinand Wachsmuth. Medal, 3d class,
1886. Works : Deposition from the Cross
(1878) ; Providence (1879) ; Jesus Dead on
the Cross, Butterflies — ^Decorative Panel
(1880) ; OUve Harvest (1881) ; The Flute
Prize (1882) ; The Fish and the Shepherd
that plays the Flute, Onmis Homo (1885) ;
Resignation (1886).
ERDTELT, ALOIS, genre painter in
Munich ; contemporary. Gold medal, Ber-
lin, 1886. Works : Genre Scene, Two Por-
traits (Munich Exhibition, 1883) ; At the
Tailor's, Portrait of the Artist, do. of his
Father (Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).
FAIVRE, L:60N MAXTMFi, bom in
Paris ; contemporary. Genre and portrait
painter, pupil of G^rome and of Boulanger.
Medal, 3d class, 1884 Works : Interior of
GerOme's Studio (1877) ; Demi^re victoire!
(1880) ; WiUiam the Conqueror (1881) ; La
muse au cabaret (1882) ; Female Portrait
(1884) ; An Invader in the Stone Age
(1885) ; Surprised by the Tide (1886).
FERRY, JULES, bom at Bordeaux,
France, Jan. 1, 1844 History and genre
painter, pupil of John Lewis Brown and of
Alexandre Cabanel. Medal, 3d dass, 1886.
Works : Astyanax thrown from the WaUs of
Troy by order of Ulysses (1869) ; Gteme
Seller (1870) ; Return from Hunting (1873) ;
HallaU of the Wild Boar (1876) ; Recall of
Dogs from Boar Chase (1879) ; The Guard's
Breakfast (1880) ; Market Day— Road to
Evreux (1884) ; Diana at the Bath (1886).
♦FILDES, (SAMUEL) LUKE, elected
R A., 1887. Add to works : The Flower Girl,
A Daughter of the Lagoons (1886).
FIRLE, WALTHER, genre painter in
Munich ; contemporary. Gold medal, Ber-
lin, 1886. Works : Morning Devotions in
Dutch Orphanage, Sunday School (Jubilee
Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).
♦FORTUNY Y CARBO, MARIANO. At
the Morgan sale. New York, 1886, were sold
the following: Italian Woman (water-col-
our), $450 ; Spanish Lady with Fan (water-
colour), $575 ; The Rare Vase (1870, water-
colour, J. W. Wilson sale, Paris, 1881),
$7,100.
FOURlfi, ALBERT, bom in Paris; con-
temporary. Genre painter, pupil of Jean
Paul Laurens and of Gautherin. Medal, 3d
class, 1884 Works: Recreation in the
Cloister (1879) ; Judith, A Numismatist
(1881) ; Etienne Marcel and the Dauphin
(1882) ; First Communion at Crosne (1884) ;
Last Mourning (1886) ; A Fete-Day (1886).
♦FRfiRE, CHARLES (toOUARD). In-
stead of Medal, 2d class, 1848; Medal,
1865, read : Medal, 3d class, 1883.
♦FRfelffi, (PIERRE) £dOUARD, died at
]6couen. May 23, 1886.— Athenceum (1886),
L723.
FRIESE, RICHARD, bom at Hamburg,
Germany ; contemporary. Animal painter.
479
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SUPPLEMENT
pupil of Berlin Academy. Medal, 3d class,
Paris, 1885 ; gold medal, Berlin, 1886.
Works : Brigands of the Desert (Salon,
1885) ; Hard Fight between Ure-Oxen, End
of a Noble of the Forest (Jubilee Exhibi-
tion, Berlin, 1886).
♦GAGLIAKDINI, JUUEN GUSTAVE.
Awarded a 2d class medal for Picard j Farm,
Court Yard in Auvergne, Salon, 1886.
GEBHARDT, KABL, bom in Munich,
March 23, 1860. History painter, pupil of
Loefftz and Lindenschmit at the Munich
Academy, where he won several prizes ; then
studied in Italy. Medal, Nuremberg, 1879.
Works: A Bookworm (1877), owned in
America ; Loki and Sigrun (1878) ; Hero and
Leander (1879), Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Min-
nesinger (1881) ; Death of Virginia (1882) ;
Eve by the body of Abel (1883).— Dlustr.
Zeitg. (1886), i. 109 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviL
436 ; xviii 549; xix. 351; Zeitschr. 1 b. K,
xix. 135.
GELHAY, £D0UARD, bom at Braisne-
sur-Vesle (Aisne) ; contemporary. Portrait
and genre painter, pupil of Jules Goupil
and of Alexandre Cabanel. Medal, 3d class,
1886. Works: Atelier of Tony Eobert-
Fleury (1885); Foundling Asylum (1886).
♦GfiROME, JEAN L^ON. Add to
works : (Edipus, First Eiss of the Sim
(1886). At the Morgan sale, New York,
1886, were sold the following : Vase Seller
—Cairo, $4,600 ; The Tulip Folly, $6,000 ;
Coffee House— Cairo, $4,800.
GESELSCHAP, FRIEDRICH, bom at
Wesel, Prussia, May 5, 1835. History paint-
er, pupil of Dresden Academy and in Dds-
seldorf of Mintrop ; studied in Home in
1866-71. Professor, member, and sena-
tor of Berlin Academy. Great gold medal,
Berlin, 1886. Works: Roman Triumphal
Procession, Four Cardinal Virtues, Re-erec-
tion of German Empire, Allegory on War,
do. on Peace, Defence of the Country
against Foreign Invaders, Union of North
and South through Prussia (1883-87),
Arsenal, Berlin ; Decorations on Staircase
of Ministry of Commerce, ib. — D. illustr.
Zeitg. (1886), v. 231 ; Kunst-Chronik, xviL
314 ; xviii 451 ; xix. 730.
GILBERT, RENfi JOSEPH, bom in
Fkuis ; contemporary. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Alexandre GabaneL Medal, 3d dass,
1886. Works : A Bad Blow (1882) ; Sun-
day (1885) ; The Tapestry Mender (pastel,
1886).
♦GmARD, ALBERT. Awarded a 2d
class medal for his La premie heure —
Banks of the Seine, Salon, 1886.
GREGORY, JAMES ELIOT, bom in
New York ; contemporary. Portrait and
figure painter, pupil of the i^cole des Beaux
Arts and of Carolus-Duran. Studio in
Paris. Works: Portraits of Mrs. C. H.
Baldwin (1882), of General Cullum (1883),
Mrs. K S. Higgins, Child of W. W. Astor
(1884), and Mra Sherwood (1885); Co-
quetry (1884).
GRIDEL, JOSEPH •fcMTTiE, bom at
Baccarat (Meurthe), Oct 16, 1839. Animal
painter, pupil of Augustin Feyen-Perrin.
Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : Wounded
Boar (1865) ; A Double Blow (1869) ; Re-
turn from Boar Hunt in the Yosges (1879) ;
Bosnian Bear Exhibitor (1880) ; Capture of
a Wild Boar (1886).
GROLLERON, PAUL, bom at Seignelay
(Yonne) ; contemporary. History and genre
painter, pupil of L6on Bonnat. Medal, 3d
class, 1886. Works: When the Masters
are Away (1874) ; Game of Piquet (1875) ;
Each in his Tum (1878) ; When the Cat's
away the Mice, eta (1879); Episode of 1870
(1881) ; Combat in 1870 under Walls of
Paris (1882) ; La partie fine (1883) ; On the
Look-out, At Buzenval (1884) ; An Inquiry,
Chatillon— Oct 13, 1870 (1885) ; Episode
of the Battle of Loigny (1886).
GUfiTAL, LAURENT, bom at Vienne
(Is^re) ; contemporary. Landscape painter.
Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : La B^rarde-
en-Oisans (1882) ; Banks of the Drao (1883) ;
Mont- Aiguille and the Valley of Chichilianne-
en-Tri^ves in Dauphiny (1884) ; The First
Snow (1885); Lake of L6chauda in the
Hautes-Alpes, A Sea in Winter (1886).
480
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SUPPLEMENT
HAANEN, CECIL VAN, bom in Vienna,
in November, 1844. Genre painter, son of
and first instructed by Eemj van Haanen,
then pupil of Vienna Academy, and for six
years in Antwerp of Van Lerius and Verlat ;
having for six months been employed in
London as draughtsman for leading maga-
zines, he visited Venice in 1873 and was
greatly influenced by Passini, and this, in
connection with Pettenkofen's advice, im-
parted a new stamp to his style. He is a
brilliant colourist, with a broad and vigorous
touch and a fine faculty for composing and
placing his figures. Medals : Paris, 3d
class, 1876 ; 2d dass, 1878. Works : The
Bead Stringers (1876) ; A Water Carrier, A
Street Wrangle (1877); The First Dip
(1880) ; Luncheon Time in a Venetian Sar-
toria. Cobbler's Shop (1881) ; Gypsy Girl,
Mask Shop in Venice (1882) ; Afternoon
Coffee (1883); Death of Juliet (1884).—
Mag. of Art, x. 1.
HALKETT, FRANCOIS (JOSEPH CL A-
MENT), bom at Brussels; contemporary.
Genre painter, pupil of Jules Lef^bvre,
Gustave Boulanger, and Portaels. Medal,
3d class, Paris, 1886. Works: Joueuse
d'osselets, A Nun (1883) ; Under the Fir
Trees (1884) ; Candy Sorters, Interior of a
Candy Shop (1885) ; Li the Fir Forest,
Souvenir of the Dune (1886).
HAQUETTE, GEORGES, bom in Paris;
contemporary. Gtenre painter, pupil of A.
Millet and of Cabanel. Medal, 3d class,
1880. Works : Scene at PoUet— near Di-
eppe (1878); Francine's Muff, Interior at
Pollet (1879) ; Wandering Musicians in a
Cabaret Fish Dealer at Dieppe (1880) ; In-
terior of la m^re Panotte, P6re Mazure
(1881) ; Departure for Newfoundland, At
the Wharf (1882) ; Le salut au Calvaire, A
Baptism (1884) ; Landing from Fishing, A
Wind Squall (1885) ; Man of the Sea (1886).
HASLUND, OTTO, bom in Copenhagen,
Nov. 4, 1842. Landscape, animal, and fig-
ure painter, first instructed by Frederik
Helsted (1809-75), then pupil of Copen-
hagen Academy, of Boed, Marstrand, Si-
monsen, and Skovgaard ; won a prize in
1871, and went to Italy in 1873. Works :
Landscape with Sheep (1867) ; Old Horse
seeking Shelter behind Boat (1868) ; Land-
scapes and Animal-Pieces (1869-71) ; Re-
turn from Market (1871) ; Donkeys on the
Eoad in Ischia (1874) ; Roman Abbot
smoking clandestinely (1875) ; Monk start-
ing out in Rainy Weather (1878) ; Milk-
maids as^ting one another in writing to
their Lovers, Two Old People keeping Sun-
day, Behind a Mill of an Afternoon (1882) ;
In Tule-Tide (1883).— Sigurd Mtlller, 146.
HAWKINS, LOUIS WELDEN, bom at
Stuttgart of English parents ; contempo-
rary. Genre painter, pupil of Bouguereau,
Jules Lefdbvre, and Boulanger. Medal, 3d
dass, 1881. Works : Potato Harvest, The
Orphans (1881) ; Lavatory at Ores, Peasant
Woman and Geese (1882) ; Fisherman's
Mother, Evening (1883) ; Poor People (1884).
♦HENNER, JEAN JACQUEa Add to
works : Orpheline, Solitude (1886). At the
Morgan sale. New York, 1886, were sold the
following : Sleeping Nymph, $2,075 ; Re-
pose, $3,100 ; Fabiola ^eroine of Cardinal
Wiseman's story of same name), $4,100;
La Source (Salon, 1881), $10,100, Walter
Watson, Montreal, Canada.
JACOMIN, MARIE FERDINAND, bom
in Paris ; contemporary. Landscape painter,
son and pupil of Jean Marie Jacomin (1789-
1858). Medal, 3d class, 1883. Works: End
of a Winter Day (1880) ; View in Forest of
Saint-Germain (1881, 1884, 1885) ; do. in
Forest of Marly (1881, 1882, 1883, 1886).—
Bellier, i 809.
*JACQXJEMART, N&JE (voL ii., p. 328,
line 10). For Drury read Duruy.
♦KNAUS, LUDWIG. Add to works:
The Witch, George L Seney, New York.
At the Morgan sale, New York, 1886, were
sold the following : A Farmer's Daughter
(1884), $2,300 ; Young Satyr, $3,150 ; St
Martin's Day (1877), $6,700 ; Hunter's Re-
past (1867), $16,400, Mrs. Amott, Ehnira,
N. Y. ; Country Store (1883), $10,400, a P.
Avery, New York.
481
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SUPPLEMENT
KOVALEVSKI, PAUL, bom at Kasan,
Russia; contemporar}'. Genre painter in
St. Petersburg ; professor. Member of Ber-
lin Academy. Medals : 2d class, Paris, 1878;
Berlin, 1886. Works : Transportation of a
Millstone (1877) ; Excavations in Rome
(Jubilee Exhibition, Berlin, 1886).
*KRAY, WILHELM. Undine listening
to the Tale of a Playmate (1879) is owned
by T. T. Kinney, Newark, N. J.
LAHAYE, ALEXIS MARIE, bom m
Paris ; contemporary. Genre painter, pu-
pil of Pils, of Corot, and of Carolus-Duran.
Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works : Banks of
the Allier at Beaurecueil (1877) ; Idleness,
Dreaming (1878) ; Under the Olives (1879) ;
Gitanos of the Albaycin at Granada (1880) ;
Marguerite (1881); Little Child (1882);
Edge of the Water, Pierre (1883) ; Susanna
(1884) ; Two Sisters (1885) ; Revery, First
Step (1886).
LALAING, Count JACQUES DE, bom
in Belgium ; contemporary. Genre paint-
er, pupil of Portaels and of Cluysenaar.
Medals : Paris, 3d class, 1883 ; 2d class,
1884 ; do., Berlin, 1886. Studio in Brussels.
Works: The Intercepted Courier (1882);
Prisoners of War (1883) ; Equestrian Por-
trait (1884) ; The Wrestlers (1885).
LARSSON, KARL, born in Stockhohn,
Sweden ; contemporary. Landscape and
genre painter, pupil of the Stockholm Acad-
emy. Medal, Paris, 3d class, 1883. Works :
In the Country (1883) ; Petite fille (1885) ;
In Sweden (1886).
LATOUCHE, GASTON, bom at Saint-
Cloud (Seine-et-Oise); contemporary. Genre
painter, pupil of Corot. Is also a sculptor
and engraver. Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works:
Conversation (1880) ; Le trepasse, The View
(1881) ; Fire in London, Interment of a
Child at Juvigny-sous-Andaine (1882) ; Mis-
ery, The Wheedler (1883) ; A Vow, Legende
du point d'Argentan (1884) ; The Infirm at
the Monastery of Perron, Solitude (1885) ;
Wilhelmshohe, Holy Family (triptych, 1886).
LAURENT, ERNEST JOSEPH, bora in
Paris ; contemporary. Portrait and genre
painter, pupil of Lehmann, Hubert, and
Merson. Medal, 3d class, 1885. Studio at
£couen in 1885. Works : Portrait of my
Mother (1882) ; Clarissa Hariow (1883) ;
On the Banks of the Brook (1884) ; Annun-
ciation (1885).
♦LAWRENCE, Sir THOMAS (voL iii, p.
39, lines 11 and 41). For Gonsalvi read
Consalvi
LECHEVATiTER-CHEVIGNARD, ED-
MOND, bom at Lyons, France, Feb. 3,
1825. History and portrait painter, pupil
of Michel Martin Drolling in Paris. Med-
als : 3d class, 1857, 1863 ; L. of Honour,
1885. Works : Ancient Comedians (1860) ;
Benedicite (1859) ; Marriage of the King of
Navarre (1863) ; Antonello da Messina and
Giovanni Bellini (1872) ; Chateaudun (1885),
H6tel-de-Ville at Chateaudun.
LEHOUX, PIERRE FRANgOIS, bom
in Paris, June 27, 1823. Landscape and
genre painter, pupil of Horace Vemet and
of Gros. Medal, 2d class, 1833. Works :
View of Alexandria, Ruins of Thebes (1831);
Emigration of Arabs in a Caravan from
Upper Egypt, Bedouin Camp, Mosque in
Alexandria (1833); View of BejTOut (1839) ;
Maronite Monks of Mount Lebanon (1840);
Valley of the Jordan (1846) ; Plain of Thebes
(1866) ; Quarries of Silsilis — Upper Egypt ;
Siesta on the Field of the Dead — Syria
(1882) ; Siesta in the Harem, Lake of Tibe-
rias (1884) ; View at Bellevue, Terrace at
Beyrout (1885).
LELlt:VRE, IVIAURICE (CHARLES
MARIE), bom at Lille (Nord) ; contempo-
rary. Genre and landscape painter, pupil
of Dubufe, MazeroUe, Harpignies, and Jean
Paul Laurens. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Paints
chiefly in water-colours. Works : Environs
of Tlemcen (1877); Halt in the Desert (1878);
Blind Man at Door of Mosque (1880) ; Ac-
tseon (1881); Dance of Nymphs (1882); En-
virons of Toulon, Environs of Cannes (1884);
Pool in a Forest (1885) ; Banks of the Loire
near Beaugency, On the Loire at Baule (1886).
LE POITTEVIN, LOUIS, bom at Neu-
ville-Champ-d'Oisel (Seine-Inferieure) ; con-
482
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SUPPLEMENT
temporary. Landscape and genre painter,
pupil of Gustave Morin, of Zacharie, and of
Bouguereaa Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works:
Norman Landscape, Paternosters of the Sei-
gneur de Gurzon (1880) ; Evening at £tre-
tet (1881) ; Behind the Farm (1882) ; Vale
of Antifer (1883) ; The Plain (1884) ; The
Little Valley (1886) ; The Ascent of Benou-
ville— Jfitretat (1886).
♦LEROLLE, HENRL Add to works:
Close of the Day (1886), Henry T. Chap-
man, Jr., Brooklyn, N. T.
LEROT, PAUL ALEXANDRE ALFRED,
bom in Paris ; contemporary. History and
portrait painter, pupil of Alexandre CabaneL
Medal, 3d dass, 1882. Works : Jesus with
Martha and Mary (1882) ; Portrait (1883) ;
Mordecai (1884) ; ' Recreation, Friday at
Sidi-Abd-er-Rahman (1886).
*LOIR, LUIGL Awarded a 2d class
medal for his La fum^ du chemin de fer.
Salon, 1886.
LONGCHAMP, MUe. HENREETTE DE,
bom at Saint-Dizier (Haute-Mame) ; con-
temporary. Flower and fruit painter.
Medals : 3d class, 1847 ; 2d class, 1848.
Works : Offering to the Holy Virgin (1846) ;
Fruit (1847) ; A Road-side Cross (1848) ;
Offering to Si Genevieve (1863) ; Chrys-
anthemums, Tea Roses (1874) ; Noisette
Roses (1882); Group of Roses (1883);
Roses near Water, Study of Roses (1884) ;
Autumn Roses (1885) ; Hundred-Leaf Roses
(1886).
LUCAS, F£lIX MARIE HIPPOLTTE,
bom at Roohefort-sur-Mer (Charente-Li-
f^rieure) ; contemporary. Genre and por-
trait painter, pupil of Pils and of Henri
Lehman. Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works :
Eclogue (1880) ; Dying Sappho (1881) ; For-
saken — Souvenir of Venice (1884) ; Sacred
Spring (1886) ; PortraitofMlle.deV.(1886).
MACMASTER, WHiLIAM K, bom at
Ballston, N. Y., May 22, 1823. Portrait,
genre, and landscape painter ; entered Na-
tional Academy School, New Tork, in 1843 ;
studied with Charles L. Elliott in 1843-45,
and with John Vanderlyn in 1848. He
painted portraits in Washington until 1852,
having among his sitters Thomas H. Ben-
ton, Daniel S. Dickinson, Henry Clay,
James K Polk, Zachary Taylor, and William
H. Seward. In 1852-70 he painted in New
Tork ; in the latter year he went to Europe,
studied under Albrecht Schenck at £couen,
and spent several years in Paris. Li 1878
he accompanied William H. Seward to Cali-
fornia and painted in the Yosemite Valley.
Among his other works are: The Opera
Belle (bronze medal. Exposition universelle,
Paris, 1867) ; Mont Blanc from Chamounix
(1868), George W. Allen, MUwaukee ; The
Jungfrau (1871), A. V. H. Carpenter, ib.;
Emption of Vesuvius (1878), L. R Conrad,
Philadelphia; and portraits of Presidents
Pierce (1852) and Buchanan (1856), General
H. W. Slocum (1866), Thomas C. Durant
(1868), Alexander MitcheU (1871), General
Winfield S. Hancock (1880), and RosweU P.
Flower (1882).
♦MARfeCHAL, CHARLES LAURENT,
died at Bar-le-Duc, January, 1887. — Chro-
nique des Arts (1887), 31.
MAREST, Mile. JULIA, bom in Paris ;
contemporary. Gtenre and portrait painter,
pupil of Charles Chaplin and of Gervex.
Medal, 3d class, 1885. Works : La Rous-
sotte (1881) ; Satisfied (1882) ; Far niente
(1883); Teasing (1884); Marquise Nina
(1885) ; Portrait of Mme. R (1886).
MASSARANI, TULLO, bom in Mantua,
Italy ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil
of Induno. Officer of Legion of Honour,
1878. Studio in Milan. Works : Lifancy in
Greece, Lady of the Manor and a Vassal
(1880) ; L'esclave aux colombes (1885).
♦MEISSONIER, JEAN LOUIS ERNEST.
At the Morgan sale. New York, 1886, were
sold the following : A Standard Bearer
(1857), $15,000, In the Library (1876),
$16,525, Charles Crocker, San Francisco ;
The Vedette— 1812 (1883), $15,000, S. P.
Avery, New York.
MERCI^ (MARIUS JEAN) ANTHa
NIN, bom at Toulouse, France; contem-
porary. History and portrait painter, pupil
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SUPPLEMENT
of Jouffix>y and of Falgui^re. Medal, 8d
class, 1883. Is far better known as a
sculptor, in which department of art he
has received many decorations and is an
Officer of the L. of Honour (1879). Works :
After the Funeral — Souvenir of Brittany, De-
lilah (1881) ; The First Halt (1882) ; Venus
(1883) ; Leda (1884) ; Michelangelo studying
Anatomy J1885) ; Blood of Venus (1886).
MESLE, JOSEPH PAUL, bom at Saint-
Servan (Lie - et - Vilaine) ; contemporary.
Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Lton
Bonnat Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works:
Landscape (1880) ; Breton Girl (1881) ; do.
and Portrait of Mme. D. L. (1882) ; Little
Peasant Girl (1883) ; A Mother (1884) ; Two
Sisters (1886).
*MEYER, JOHANN GEORG (Meyer
Ton Bremen), died in Berlin, Dec 4, 1886.
MIOHEL, GEORGES, bom in Paris in
1763, died in 1843. Landscape and genre
painter, pupil of Taunay. He was an ex-
cellent copyist, and was employed in the
restoration of the pictures of Cardinal Fesch.
Though he had but little reputation in his
day, his pictures are now much sought
after. Works: Horse Market (1791) ; Swiss
Landscape (1793) ; Military Convoy, Halt of
Cavahy (1800) ; Rainy Landscape (1808) ;
Animals going to Drinking Place (figures
by Taunay), Nantes Museum. Some fine
examples of his work are owned in this
country by John W. Mason, Brooklyn, N. Y.,
and Henry T. Chapman, Jr., ib.
♦MILLET, JEAN FRANgOK. At the
Morgan sale, New York, 1886, wei*e sold the
following : Shepherdess and Sheep (water-
colour), $1,525 ; Gathering Apples, $2,575 ;
Wool Carder, $3,650; Feeding Poultry,
$4,000 ; Dressing Flax (1854), $4,975 ; The
Chumer (Laurent Richard sale, Paris, 1878),
$8,100; Gathering Beans, $6,300; Wood
Cutters, $5,000 ; Woman in Kitchen, $650 ;
The Spaders, $3,800 ; The Spinner, $14,000.
MORENO, Don MANUEL GOMEZ, bom
at Granada ; contemporary. History paint-
er, pupil of Granada Art School, and under
Federico Madrazo of Madrid Academy (1857
-60) ; won two competition prizes at Gra-
nada in 1861 and 1862, and was appointed
professor of drawing at the royal college of
San Bartolom^ y Santiago in 1867. Went
to Rome in December, 1878, and studied
there for two years. Gold medal, 1875.
Works: Pieta (1861); Clirist on Calvary
(1862); St Teresa (1867); Conception
(1875),' Granada Universiiy; Courtyard of
the Mosque in the Alhambra (1875) ; Read-
ing the Bill (1876) ; Scene during First Ex-
pulsion of the Moors under Philip XL (1877);
Chamber where Queen Aixa visited her dis-
graced Son Boabdil (1871) ; San Juan de
Dios saving from the Flames the Infirm of
the Hospital at Granada (1880).— La Hus-
tracion (1881), i 410.
♦NEUVHiLE, AliPHONSE (MARIE)
DK Add to works: Assault on Tel-^-
Eebir (1883, episode of the war in Egypt),
Enoedler k Co., New York.
OIIVE, JEAN BAPTISTE, bom at Mar-
seilles ; contemporary. Marine painter, pu-
pil of Yollon. Medals : 3d class, 1885 ; 2d
class, 1886. Works: Rocks at Tr^port
(1879); The Mediterranean (1880); Old
Port of Marseilles, Still-Life (1881) ; Beach
of the Prado during the Mistral (1882) ;
Promenade of la Croisette at Cannes (1883);
Entrance to Old Port of Marseilles, Sea
Shore at St Laurent (1885) ; Mistral in
Isle of the Prado— Marseilles, ^paves de la
Navarre near Marseilles (1886).
PERRANDEAU, CHARLES, bom at
SuUy - sur - Loire (Loiret) ; contemporary.
Genre painter, pupil of Alexandre CabaneL
Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works: Ecstasy
(1881) ; Death of Jesus (1882) ; A Widow,
Fatigue (1883) ; The Scholar of the Village,
Young Sardini^re (1884) ; Return from Mar-
ket (1885) ; Wretchedness (1886).
♦PRINCETEAU, RENfl Awarded a 2d
class medal for his Return to the Farm
during an Inundation, Salon, 1886.
PROUVJfi, VICTOR ^MTTiFi, bom at
Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle) ; contemporary.
Figure painter, pupil of Devilly and of Ca-
baneL Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works:
484
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SUPPLEMENT
Adam and Eve (1882) ; Jeanne (1883) ; Rosy
Visions (1884) ; Sardanapalus (1885) ; Mad-
eline, Nourmahal (1886).
RICHEMONT, ALFRED (PAUL MA-
RIE) DE, bom in Paris; contemporary.
History painter, pupil of Bin, DouiUard,
and Michel. Medal, 3d class, 1886. Works:
The Monk (1880) ; Comer in the Church at
Dieppe (1881) ; The Old Vagabond (1882) ;
A Gave during the Bombardment of Paris
in 1871 (1883) ; Refugees— Notice posted in
Paris, Jan. 18, 1871 (1884) ; Volunteer En-
rohnent— 1870 (1886) ; Legend of St Mary
of Brabant— 1290(1886).
♦ROUSSEAU, THfiODORR Add to
works : Road through Fontainebleau (H.
2 ft 10 in. x3 ft 10 in.), Henry T. Chap-
man, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.
RUEL, (PIERRE) L&>N (HORACE),
bom in Paris ; contemporary. History and
genre painter, pupil of Isidor Pils. Med-
al, 3d class, 1886. Works : De Profundis
(1870) ; Idyl (1878) ; Breakfast (1879) ; The
Sense of Smell (1881) ; Surprise of a Hos-
tile Post by Franc-Tureurs in 1870 (1882) ;
Leda (1883) ; Comer of the Studio (1884) ;
Temptation of St. Anthony (1885) ; Homage
to Admiral Courbet (1886).
SAIN, PAUL (JEAN MARIE), bom at
Avignon (Vaucluse) ; contemporaiy. Land-
scape painter, pupil of Guilbert d'Anelle
and of L^on G^r6me. Medal, 3d class,
1886. Works: Cabin at Billancourt in
Winter (1880) ; Torrent in Woods at Bre-
nets — Switzerland (1881) ; Evening on
Banks of the Seine at Billancourt, Morning
on Banks of the Rhone at Avignon (1882) ;
End of Autumn at Avignon (1883) ; An-
cient Road of Chdne-Vert near Avignon,
November Twilight (1884) ; Evening in
February at Avignon, The Rhone (1885) ;
Sunset in Isle of Piot near Avignon, MiH of
St Cen6ry near Alen9on Q886).
♦SERVm, AMAD^E ELIE, died at Vil-
liers-sur-Morin, May, 1884.
♦SORTIE OP THE BANNING COCK
COMPANY. Add to bibUography : Gaz.
des B. Arte (1887), xxxv. 175.
♦STONE, MARCUS, elected RA, 1887.
♦TERBURG, GERALD. Add to bibU-
ography : Gkiz. des B. Arte (1886), xxxiv.
388 ; (1887), xxxv. 40, 125.
THOMAS, CHARLES ARMAND, bom
in Paris ; contemporary. Still-life painter,
pupil of Victor Leclaire. Medal, 3d class,
1886. Works: June Flowers (1880); A
Comer of the Conservatory (1881) ; Cellar
of P^re Jacquemin (1882) ; A Gtey Morning
(1883) ; Comer of Vineyard in Burgundy
(1884) ; In the Studio (1885); Eve of the
P^te (1886).
♦TROYON, CONSTANT. Add to works:
Going to Market (H 1 ft 2 in. x 1 ft 10 in.),
Henry T. Chapman, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.;
Cattle (1856), Landscape and Cattle (H 2
ft 7 in. x3 ft 8 in.), A. T. Stewart Colleo-
tion, New York.
TURNER, ROSS STERLING, bom at
Westport, Essex Counly, N. Y., June 29,
1847. Landscape painter, studied in Mu-
nich, Venice, Florence, and Rome. Studio
in Salem, Mass. Works in oils : A Roman
Villa (1883) ; La Salute (1884) ; A White
House Ashore. Water-colours : A White
Study (1883) ; An Old Garden (1886).
*VALADON, JULES EMMANUEL.
Awarded a 2d class medal, Salon, 1886.
♦VERBOECKHOVEN, EUGtaiE JO-
SEPH Add te works : Dog tessed by a
Bull (H 2 ft x3 ft), Henry T. Chapman,
Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.
♦VIBERT, JEHAN GEORGES. The
Missionary's Story (1883, Morgan sale,
1886, $25,500), was bought by C. P. Hunt-
ington. New York.
VEMONT, fiDOUARD, bom in Paris,
Aug. 8, 1846. History painter, pupil of
Alexandre Cabanel and of Maillet Medal,
3d class, 1886. Works : CephalusandPro-
cris (1870) ; The Sirens (1874) ; Lucretia
(1875) ; St Genevieve (1876) ; The Fable
and the Tmth (1880); A Gallic Oracle
(1881) ; Hercules between Vice and Virtue
(1883) ; St Columba (1884) ; Folly guides
the Shafte of Lotc (1885) ; ViteUius saluted
Emperor (1886).
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*VUILLEFROY, (DOMINIQUE) FfilJX
DK Add to works : Peasant Boy with
Oxen at a Roadside Shrine, Henry T. Chap-
man, Jr., Brooklyn, N. Y.
WINTER, PHARAON (ABDON LlfiON)
DE, bom at Bailletd (Nord) ; contemporary.
History and genre painter, pupil of Alexan-
dre Cabanel, Jules BrC^ton and Colas. Medal,
3d class, 1886. Works: St. Sebastian
(1875); Prodigal Son (1876); Judith (1877) ;
Old Woman in Prayer (1878) ; In the Fields
(1880) ; Tryptich— Birth of Christ— Death
of Christ— Holy Women (1881) ; The Sheep-
Tender (1884) ; At the Convent (1886) ; At
the Dispensary (1886).
486
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