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^noKErxKi or ma
THE
OEIENTAL
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
BY THE LATE
THOMAS WILLIAM BEALE
(aUTHOB op the MIFTAH-VLoTAWAlUKH.)
EDITED BT
THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
UNDEB THE SUFEBIKTEKDENCE OF
HENRY GEORGE KEENE, M. R. A. S.
A PBLLOW OF THE UNIYEBSITT OF CALCUTTA ; AUTHOR OF THE TUKKS IN INDIA, ETC.
CALCUTTA :
PRINTED BY J. W. THOMAS, BAPTIST MISSION PRESS.
PUBLISHED BY THE
ASIATIC 80CIETT, 57 PABK SIBEliX.
1881.
PREFATORY NOTICE.
soOOOOOOOaa
The author of this Dictionary was formerly a Clerk in the office of the Board of Revenue,
N. W. P. at a time when the Secretary was Henry Myers ElKot, afterwards well known as Sir
H. M. Elliot, K. C, B. It is probable that, in preparing his extracts from the Mohamadan
Histories of India, Elliot availed himself of the aid of Mr. Beale, of whose scholarship Prof.
Dowson makes justly deserved mention in the eighth volume of his valuable edition of the
work.* Mr. Beale died at a very advanced age in the summer of 1875, having before his death
expressed a wish that I would see his MS. through the press, and reduce i£e transliteration
into conformity with the system then recently adopted by the Government of India, and
founded (as I need hardly observe) upon the system of Sir W. Jones.
Accordingly, on the 5th October of that year I laid the MS. before Sir John Strachey,
the then Lieut.-GrOvemor, in the name of the Archaeological Society of Agra, of which he was a
Vice-Patron, in a letter from which the following is an extract : —
" This is no ordinary book. I have used it as a work of reference, for years : and have
lately had an opportunity of showing it to the eminent scholar Mr. E. B. Eastwick, C. B. who,
I am authorised to say, concurs with me in thinking that the Dictionary will be of unique
value to oriental students."
Sir J. Strachey took up the subject with that enlightened energy which always actuated
him in dealing with the past history of the country over whose administration he then presided.
The MS. and copyright were acquired at the expense of Government ; and it was ultimately
resolved — ^in view of the importance of the work and my own official occupations — ^that the
editing should be entrusted to the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
The Society confided the labour of seeing the Dictionary though the press to their
Philological Secretary, Principal Blochmann, of whose qualifications it woidd be presumptuous
to say more than that they have an oecumenical reputation. That distinguished man (of whom
it has been observed by Count v. Noer that he united the enthusiasm of an artist to the most
patient accuracy of researchf) undertook the task with his characteristic earnestness and
ability. But unhappily for oriental scholarship Mr. Blochmann's lamented death occurred
before he had completed the preparation of more than a few sheets ; and the duty ultimately
reverted to the local Archaeological Society of Agra.
Being soon after transferred from Agra, and being besides prevented by my public duties
from giving to the Dictionary the full attention which its importance required, I have availed
to a great degree of the aid of my colleagues, Mr. Sayad Mahmood, Prof. A. Thomson, and
Lala Bahal Eai. I have also (in the latter sheets particularly) had valuable help from Dr.
Hoemle, Philological Secretary of the Society. To these gentlemen, and to the Superintendent
of the Baptist Mission Press the work is indebted for its handsome and practical appearance
and character.
The substance is almost entirely Mr. Beale's ; and I cannot close this notice more fitly
than by giving the following extracts from the preface originally drafted by himself : —
" In preparing a work of this nature, intended to be used as a work of reference on
matters connected with Oriental History, it is proper to state that the greatest care has been
taken to ensure accuracy in the narrative, as also in the dates of births, deaths, and other events
recorded... Various MSS. have been collated whenever discrepancy was observed.... To
remove all doubt, chronograms indicating the dates with a certainty not to be found by any
other method and written when the events were fresh in the minds of men, have been inserted,
when available."
* The History of India, by its own Historians, Triibner & Co, 1877.
t Kaiser Akbar, Leyden, IbSO.
( iv )
I may here add that it has been judged expedient to omit these chronograms, for the
most part, in printing the book. In the chapter of Mr. Dowson's book abreadj cited, will be
found an account of this species of memoria technica. But it is chiefly interesting as machinery
for producing a certain result ; and when the residt has been produced is not of much more
use than the scaffolding of a building when the building is complete.
" The materials collected in this Biography are only from those works which were within
the reach of the author, and therefore it is to be considered as a nucleus to which those who
have access to other sources may add new materials.
" It may also be proper to add, that the dificulties and embarrassment which a writer of
such a work is liable to meet with is so great, (I quote here the words of a learned gentleman)
* that though of a minor order, comprehends in itself such a number of annoyances that the
writer of it, even if he had none other to make head against, might feel tempted to abandon
his pen in despair when considering it.'
" * In the East' says he, * there are but a few proper names of individuals. Abdidlah, Ali,
Hasan, Husain, Muhammad, for example, are common to thousands. To remedy the incon-
venience that might be supposed to residt from this tendency to homogenousness, the Orientals
annex to the family-name of the chronicled person, 1, a Eunia, or surname taken from the name
of his eldest son, as Abu Muhammad (father of Muhammad) ; Abu'l Hasan (father of Hasan) ;
2, the name of his father and often the name of his grandfather ; 3, a name taken from lus
place of residence; 4, a name taken from his birthplace; 5, an honorary title, chiefly
appended to the name of Eazfs, Sheiks and Lnams, Monks and Doctors, as Baliauddin (Splen-
dimr of Religion) y Jalaluddin (Glory of Religion) ^ Tdjuddin (Orovm of Religion) ; and in the order
of this nomenclature, the last name is put first. Thus to designate aright tiie famous physi-
cian Abdul Latif , we must call him MuwafiSkuddin Abu Muhammad Abdul Latif bin Yusaf
MousaH Baghdddi, viz.. The Protector of Eeligion, father of Muhammad, Abdul Latif, son of
Joseph, living at Mousal, bom at Baghdad. Yet this is by no means an exaggerated specimen ;
several other surnames of the same Mnd are frequently added. The perpetual recurrence of
such a multiplicity of names and titles must tend in many ways to confuse a literary historian ;
and the more naturally when he finds the same individual chronicled in one page under his
honorary title only, as Jalaluddin, in another under his family-name, as Abdur Bahman, in
the third under his father's name as Ibn Arabshah, somewhere else under the name of his
sons, as Abu'l Abbas, and perhaps again, and where one would least look for it, under the
name of his native province, Shahristan. D'Herbelot has recorded no fewer than fourteen
Persian writers, aU of whom pass, under the common cognomen of Earamani, from their
province Karaman. Here is perspicuity ! But this is not aU. The transcribers of the MSS.
nave frequently confounded the title Abu and Ibn, or else for abbreviation sake, have omitted
them altogether and written down Abdullah, or Abdur Bahman, him who was in fact the
father or tihe son of Abdullah or Abdur Bahman. Then there are a great many authors whom
public celebrity has been accustomed to distinguish so exclusively by one only of their adjunc-
tive titles, that even the native biographers find it impossible to trace either their family-
names or their surnames. Lastly, many hundreds of books bear the same name, and the
names of most books are conceived after such a many- worded and no-meaninged fashion, that
de Sacy, Schlegel, Casiri and von Hammer, to mention but a few investigators out of many,
have been foiled in the attempt to establish their signification.'
" To prevent such confusion and difficulties, the author has taken care to insert each
individual under his different appellations, viz., under his family-name, his surname, poetical
name, under his title or under the name of the place of his birth, referring at the same time,
if he is not to be found under one name, to look under the one referred to.
" In conclusion the author begs to add that most part of the materials collected in this
volume were procured by the assistance of his son tiie late lamented Mr. J. W. Beale, 2nd
Master of the Bareily College who was murdered by the insurgents on the 3rd June 1857 at
that station, and since he is now no more, the author is obliged to drop his pen ; but eamestiy
hopes that this work which is nearly the first of its kind in India, and the want of which has
already been much felt, may prove useful to the Student, the Scholar, the Historian, and the
genersJ reader."
This notice may well terminate with a repetition of this hope : and with an appeal to
scholars of larger leisure and opportunities for an indulgent treatment of a work produced by
( V )
a man who had never been in Europe nor enjoyed the use of a complete Library. Mr, Beale
had drawn up a list of more than thiriy books in various languages which had furnished him
with materials. In addition the editors have from time to time referred to the translation of
the Ain ATcbari and its invaluable notes by Mr. Blochmann, of which the 1st Volume (never,
alas, continued) was published in Calcutta some years ago.
One word more as to the inexhaustible subject of transliteration. The English as is
well known have three methods ; the Haphazard (which indeed is no method at all), the
Gilchristian, and the popularised Jonesian introduced by the Government of India under the
inspiration of Mr. W. W. Hunter. None of these is quitie satisfactory. The French adopt a
system of their own, and so do the Germans. Mr. Beale had followed an orthography,
compounded of the two first-named elements, which has been to some extent modified in
printing these pages. For the convenience of Continental European scholars the names have
also been printed in the Persian character ; and it is hoped that no practical difficulty will
be experienced by those who may have occasion to use the Dictionary.
H. G. KEENE.
Mebkut, September^ 1881.
A.
A'azz
A'aSB-tLddin, ( ^^^^tj^t ) Prince, Becond son of Shikh
*Alam Bah&dur Shah. He was bom on the 17th ^-l^a'da
1074 and appears to have died early.]
A'azz-Uddin, ( i^oJ^y^\ ) son of Mu'izz-nddin Jahind&r
Shah, emperor of Dilhi. He was blinded and imprisoned
by Farrukh-siyar, in the end of 1124 H.]
Aba Bakr (Mirz& or Sultin), the son of Sh&hmkh Mirz£ the
son of Amir Timur. He was murdered by order of his
brother Mirzi Ulugh Beg, A. D. 1448 (862 A. H.)
Aba Kaan or Abka Elian or Abaka Eliaii, u^f ^ M or
Cr^ ^^ a king of Persia of the tribe of Mnghnls or Tartars,
and descendant of Chingiz Kh^n, succeeded his father
HuUkdEhin in February 1265, A. D. (Rabf-u$.$&ni 663
A. H.), and was crowned on Friday the 19th June following
(3rd Ramaz&i.) He was a prince who added to the qualifica-
tions of courage and wisdom those of moderation, clemency,
and justice. His ambassadors were introduced in 1274
to the ecclesiastical Synod at Lyons. He proved to be a
formidable neighbour to the Christians who settled at Je-
rusalem. The intrigues of his court embittered the latter
years of his reign ; and his days were believed by many
to have been shortened by poison given to him by his
minister Khw&ja Shams-uddin Muhammad, which occa-
sioned his death on Wednesday the 1st of April 1282 A. D.,
(20th ^il-bijja 680 A. H.) after a reign of 17 years and some
months. He had married the daughter of Michael PalsBO-
logus, emperor of Ck>nstantinople, who had been betrothed
to his father, but arrived at Madtgha in Tabriz, the seat
of his government, after the death of that prince. Ab&-^&-
4n was succeeded by his brother Nekodlr, who embraced
Muhammadanism, and took the title of Ahmad Khin.
'Abbas, U**^, the son of 'Abdul-Mut^alib, and uncle of
the prophet Muhammad. He at first opposed the ambitious
views of his nephew, but when defeated in the battle of
Badr, he was reconciled to him, warmly embraced his reli-
gion, and thanked heaven for the prosperity and the grace
which he enjoyed as a Musalmiin. He served the cause of
Muhammad at the battle of ^unain by recalling his dis-
mayed troops to the charge, and inciting them boldly to
rally round their prophet, who was near expiring under the
scimitars of the ^akafites. He died on the 2lBt February,
663 A. D., (17th Bajab, 32 A. B.^ ; and 100 lunar years after,
Abul-'Abb^ Bunuuned As-Saffab, one of his descendants,
laid the foundation of the ' Abbisi or Abbaside family of the
Caliphs in Baghdad, which continued for 624 lunar years.
The tomb of 'Abb&s is in Madina.
'Abbasa, *^y a sister of HArdn-ur-Rashfd, the Khalffe
of Baghdid, who bestowed her hand on Ja'&r Barmakf,
lus mimster, on condition that she abstained from the
marriage rights. The promise was forgotten, and the
husband's life was sacrificed by the tyrant, and 'Abbasa
was reduced to poverty. This circumstance took place in
803 A. D. (187 A. H.). There are still extant some Arabic
verses which beautifiilly celebrate her love and her misfor-
times. See Ja'&r ul-Barmakf.
Abba
'Abbas 'Ally ^Jic (^U«, a physiciazi, and one of the Per-
sian magi, who foUowed the doctrines of Zoroaster. He
wrote A. D. 980, a book called ' Boyal Work*, at the request
of the son of the reigning Khali& of Baghdad, to whom
it was dedicated. It was translated into Latin by Stephen
of Antiochin 1127 A. D.
'Abbas ' All (M(rz£), whose poetical name is Bet&b, is the
son of Nawab Say&dat *Ali Khin, son of Ghulim Mu-
hammad Eh&n, the son of Fau-uUah Khan, Naw4b of
B^mpur.
'Abbas bin-' All Sliirwaiii,<^4r^<^i:;*cf^, author
of a history, containing the narrative of Sher Bh£h the Af-
ghan, who drove Humaytin from HindusUui, A. D. 1639,
and mounted the throne of Dilhi. This work was dedicated
to the emperor Akbar, and is called TuhfiEi-i-Akbarshahl.
The first part of this work was translated into Urd6 by
Maf har 'All Khan in the time of Lord ComwaUis and
is entitled ' Tirikh-i-Sher ShiUil.'
Vide Dowson, EUiot's History of India, IV, 301.]
'Abbas Mirza, a Persian prince, son of Fat^ 'AH Shah, was
bom in 1783. He died in 1833. His death was a great
loss to his country, although he could not prevent the
encroachments of Kussia. His eldest son, Muhammad
Mirz&, mounted the throne in 1834, on the death of Fat^
'All, under the united protection of England and Russia.
'Abbas Mirza, U/^ Cf • i whose title was Nawllb Iktidir-
uddaula, was the author of a Ma^nawi in Urdu verse,
containing a history of Christ. He was living in Lakhnau
in 1849 A. D., and was then about eighty years of age.
'Abbas (Shah) I, ^^ u"^> sumamed the Great, and
seventh king of Persia of the Sa&wi fiunily, was bom on
Monday the 29th of January 1671 A. D. (1st Hamaz4n, 978
A. H.). He was proclaimed king of Persia, in his sixteenth
year, by the chieft of Khur&s^n, and took possession of the
throne during the lifetime of his father, Sul(£n Sikandar
Shah, sumamed Muhammad Ehud4banda, A. D. 1688,
(996 A. H.). He was the first who made Is&ihiLn the
capital of Persia. He was brave and active, and enlarged
the boundaries of his dominions. He took conjointly with
the English forces, in 1622 A. D., the island of Ormus,
which had been in the possession of the Portuguese for
122 years. He reigned 44 lunar years, was contemporary
with Akbar and Jah£ngir, and died on Thursday, the 8Ul
of January, 1629 A. D. (24th Jumdd^ I, 1038 A. H.).
His grandson succeeded him and took the title of ShiUi
Safiu
He was a bigoted Shf a. In later histories he is gene-
rally called ^U fndz<; vide Kin Translation, 1, 446, 463.]
'Abbas (Shah) II, ^^^ «^ u-^, great-grandson of Sh&h
'Abbas I, succeeded his fiEtther Sh^ Safi to the throne of
Persia in the month of May, 1642, A. D. (Saftur 1062, A. H.),
when he was scarcely ten years old. Kandah&r, which
was lost by his fiither, was recovered by this prinoe be-
Abda
Abdu
fore he was sixteen yean of age. Shih Jahin made many
efforts to recover this city, but with no success. He
reigned 25 lunar years, and was cut off by the lues venerea
in his 34th year, on the 26th August 1666 A. D. (6th
Rabf -ul-awwal, 1077 A. H.) He was succeeded by his son
Sail Min^ who took the title of 8h£h Sulaiman. Ac-
cording to Chardin, he died on the 25th September which
corresponds with the 5th Babi'-u^Sani. Vide Orme's
Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire, p. 196,
Abdal ( J'**^' ) ^^ ^^ '-^^ ^ "^^ ®^ ^**^® ^^^
during the reign of Shih Jahan. He was captured, and
Adam Khan was appointed governor of Little Tibet. Vide
DowBon, Elliot's History of India, VII, 63.]
Abdal Chak, ( *S^ Jf«XJt ) imde of Ydsuf Khka Chak
(last king of Kashmir, who succumbed to the emperor
Akbar). Vide Am Translation I, 478.]
Abdali, i^'«^^ w^fe Ahmad Shah AbdAli.
Abdals, the forty, hence called ChihiUtandn, After Muham-
mad's death, the Earth complained to God that she would
henceforth be no longer honored by prophets walking on
her surfBUse. GK)d promised that there should always be
on earth forty (or, according to some, seventy-two) holy
men, called Abddle, for whose sake he would not destroy
the earth. The chief of the Forty is called *ahau».']
Abdar Begami /^ j'*^», one of the concubines of the
Emperor Akbar.
'Abdif L^*^» 1^ proper name is not known. He is the
author of the work called " Tarjama-i-Takmila," a trans-
lation of Yafi'f s Legends of j^idiriya saints into Persian
verse, completed in 1641 A. D., 1051 A. H., under Shah
Jahan.
' Abdi of Tun, C5*H*, a poet who had a predileotion for
Ma^nawis, and is the author of the " Gktuhar-i-Shih-
w&r," which is in the style of Ni^&mi's Makhzan-ul-Asrar.
He came to celebrity in Khurisan in 1545 A. D., 950 H.
Vide Khwaja Zain-ul-'Abidm 'All 'Abdi, who appears to
be the same person.
'Abdi, ij'^y and Nawedi, <^*My» vide Khw^aZain-
ul-'Abidin 'All 'Abdi.
Abdi C^^^ author of a heroic poem called Anwar-nima
in'praise of Nawab Anwar-uddin Kh&n of the KamAtik,
in which the exploits of Major Lawrence and the first
contests between tiie English and French in India are
recorded with tolerable accuracy. Vide AbjadL
'Abdul-* Ali (Maulana), entitied " Bahrul-'uldm" (t . e.
the Sea of Knowledge), the son of Mulla Ki^am-uddin
SihalL He is the author of the * Arkan Arba' Fi\ah'
and several otherworks. Hedied A.D. 1811 (1226 A. H.).
»AbdTll-*Aaiz,J^ v:;?>lW* *^, 8on of 'Umar (Omar)
the second Khalifa after Muhammad. He did not succeed
his fether in the khilifat. The Muhammadans consider
him a great lawyer.
' Abdul-* Azia,J^^ *H*, author of the Tfa&h-i-Husaini,
containing the life of the famous Sadr-uddin Muhammad
Husaini Gesti-Dardz, whose tomb is held in the highest
veneration at Kulbarga in the Dakhin. This work was
dedicated to Ahmad Shih Bahmani in 1445 A. D.
'Abdul-* Aziz bin-Ahmad Dairini (Shaikh),
f^ji^i an Arabian author who died 1294 A. D.
' Abdul-' AaiB Khan, vide 'Aiia.
>AbdiQ-*Azi« (MaiOana Shah), son of Shfeh Wall-
ullah, a learned Muaahnin of Dihli. He iathe author of a
Persian commentary on the ^uran, entitied '' Ta&ir Fatb-
ul-'Aziz", and several other works. His death took place
in June 1824 A. D. (7th Shawwdl, 1239, A. H.)
'Abdul-* Asia (Shaikh), yQ^\ ^^ ^, of Dihli, a
learned man who died in the time of the emperor Akbar,
A. D. 1567, 975 A. H. 'Abdul-l^adir of Badaon found
the chronogram of his death in the following words —
** ^u^b.i-TariVat-num4."
*AbduI-* Aziz, emperor of Turkey, son of Sultan Ma^6d,
succeeded his brother Sul^ 'Abdul-Majid on the 25th
June 1861, 1277 A. H.
'Abdul-* Aziz (Shaikh), yiyi\ Axp vxA. His poetical
name was 'Izzat. He held a mansab of 700 in the reign of
Aurangzib, and died in the year 1680 A. D., 1091 A. H.
He is the author of a poem called Sdlp-nima.
For a detailed biography vide the Majma'-un^afdie,']
'Abdul-Baki, <yM>«H^, author of tiie Mai^ir-i-Ba^jimi,
or Memoirs of 'Abdur-Ba^ Khin, Kh£n-Khiui^ and
of all the illustrious nobles, authors, and poets, who re-
sided at the court of Akbar. He completed his work in 1616
A D., 1025 A. H., and died about the year 1642 A. D., 1052
A. H., in the reign of Sh&h Jah&i.
For further notes vide Dowson, Elliot's History of India,
VI, 237.]
'Abdul Baki, MauULn^. He was a Sadr in the beginning of
Akbar's reign.]
*Abdul-BaBit, (MauUni), ^^\ «H^ li V, tiie son of
Rustam 'AH. He wrote a commentary on the ^urin
which he left incomplete. He also wrote a work called
'Ajib-ul-Bay4n ^ 'ulum-il-^ui«L He died in 1808 A. D..
1223 A. H.
*Abdul-Fattah» Jsa}\ (XXP, author of the Persian work called
'* Amid-i-Ghaufiya," on Sufbsm, and of one entitied *^ Jaw&-
hir-ul-Kayinit."
'Abdul-Ghaffkr, j^t«uc, whose full title is Shaikh Najm-
uddin 'Abdul-ahafil^ ush-Shilfi'i Kazwioi, is the author
of the "^dwi," "Fi^ah," «Lub4b,'' and "Shar^ Lubab "
He died in the year 1265 A. D., 663 A. H.
*Abdul-Ghaftir, of Lihor, C£l^^JJ^' •H*, was an
author and a pupil of 'Abdur-Ra|?man Jimf. He died in
the year 1506 A. D., 912 A. H.
'Abdul-GhafOr (Shah). Ji^^ ^ «^ commonly called
B4b6 Kapur, a saint wnose tomb is at Gw&liir. He was
a native of Kilpi, and a disciple of Sh&hMadir. He died
in the year 1571 A. D., 979 A. H.
Vide Ain Translation, I, p. 539.]
'Abdul-Ghafor, Shaikh, of A'zampur in SambhaL a pupil
of 'Abdul-Kuddds. He died in 995 H.]
'Abdul-Qhani (Mirzi), J^\ ^^ \jj^y a native of
Kashmir, wrote under the name of KabtU. He died in
the year 1726 A. D., 1189 A. H. ; vide KaWil.
*Abdul-Hakk (Shaikh), t£^A^ j«^| ^^ ^^ ^f py^^
Bumamed * Mul^ddi^', son of Saif-uddin son of Sa'd-ullah
Turk. He was a descendant of one of Amf r Timur's
followers, who had remained at Dihli, after the return of
the conqueror to his native land. He is the author of the
" T&rikh-i-Haldlji," which is more frequentiy styled
«* Ttokh-i-'Abdul-Hatt," compiled in the 42nd year of
the emperor Akbar's reign, 1596 A. D., 1005 A. H. He
went on a pilgrimage to Mecca and MftHfnR, where he dwelt
for a long time, and wrote works upon many subjects —
Commentaries, Travels, Sdfi doctrines, religion, and
history, and his different treatises amount altogetiier to
more than one hundred. The best known are the " Ma-
Abdu
Abdu
dina Sakfna," " Matla*-ul.Anw&," " Madwrij-un-Nxibuw.
wat," « Ja«b-ul.^:Til<ib", " Akhb^-ul-Akhydr" a book
on the Baints. He "was bom in the month of January
1551 A. D., Mubarraiu 958 A. H. In the year 1637 A. D.,
although he was then ninety years old, he is said to haye
been in possession of his &cultie8. He died in the year
1642 A. Dm 1052 A. H., aged ninety-four lunar years ; lies
buried on l^e bank of the If auz Shamsi in Bibli, and now
holds a high rank among the saints of Hindustan. His
son Shaikh Nur-ul*Ha]^ is the author of the Zubdat-ut-
Tawiuikh.
For further notes vide Dowson, Elliot's History of India,
VI, 175, 483.]
'Abdul-Hakim of Siyalkot, ^i^l*^» was a pupil
of ManlinA Kamil-uddin of Kashmir. He wrote the
Qashiya, or marginal notes, on the Tafsir Baizdwi and a
^ashiya on the marginal notes of *Abdul-Ghafil&r. He
died in the year 1656 A. D., 1066 A. H.
'Abdul-Halim bin-Muhammad, (H^t «>^» sur-
named KanalUdda^ an Arabian author, who died in the
year 1589 A. D., 997 A. H.
'Abdul-Hamid, vide Ahmad lY, emperor of Turkey.
'Abdul-Hamid of Lahor, was the author of the
FidshiUi-nama-i-Shihjahdni.
Regarding this history, vide Dowson, Elliot's History of
India, VII, 3.]
'Abdul-Hasan (Kazi), author of an Arabic work on
Jurisprudence called " A^k&m-us-Sultinf '.
'Abdul-Hay (Mir) Sadr, j'^ o^' ^^j^, a learned
man who wrote a chronogram on the death of the emperor
Hum&ydn, and one on the accession of Akbar in 1556
A. B., 963 A. H.
Vide Km Translation I, 480.]
'Abdul-Jalil (Mir or Sayyid) i^[^. <JHiW» c^^
j^y of BilgT&m in Audh. He was a great scholar and an
elegant poet, and his poetical name was Wasi^. In 1699
A. D., 1111 A. H., he -visited the camp of Aurangzib at Bf-
j4pur; and being presented to that monarch by M£rz&
'All Beg, the royal intelligencer, obtained a mansab and
a j&gir, with the joint offices of Bakhshi (Paymaster)
and News-writer of Gujr&t ; from which place he was
removed to Bhakar in Sindh, with sinular appointments.
Through some intrigues at court, he was recalled from.
Bhakar in the reign of Farrukh-siyar in 1714 A. D., 1126
A. H., but upon circumstances being explained, he was
restored in tiie most honorable manner, and was at
length permitted to officiate by deputy, whilst he himself
remained at Dihli until 1721 A. D., 1183 A. H., when
he resigned in favor of his son Mir Sayyid Muhammad.
He was the son of Sayyid Ahmad of Bilgr&m, was bom
on the 2nd June 1661 A. B., 13th Shaww£l 1071, and
died on Monday the 28th December 1724 A. D., 23rd
Kabf I, 1137, aged 66 lunar years, and is buried at
Bilgr&m close to his jfother's tomb. He is the author of
several works, one of which containing letters written in
Persian is called '* Adib-ul-Mursilin.
For a detailed biography, vide Az&d's SartO'i'Atdd, and
the Tabiirat'tm-Ndzirin by 'Abdul-Jalil*s son.]
'Abdul-Eadir (Sultan), was the descendant of a Ma-
rabaut family of the race of H&shim, who trace their pedi-
gree to the yiii^Kfim of the lineage of F&tima. His
father died in 1834. His public career began at the time
of the conquest of Algiers by the Frend^. In 1847, he
was defeated and surrendered himself^ but was after-
wards permitted to reside in Constantinople. He died in
1873.
'Abdul-Kadir bin-Abil-Waf^ al-Misri (Shaikh
Muhiy-uddin) Ksy^ ^ji\ij ^. jcfAi\ '^ y:,i^\
i^**^, author of the " Jaw4hir.ul-Maaiya fi Ta^Wt-
il-Qanafiya, a biographical dictionary giving an account
of the Qanafi lawyers, arranged in alphabetictd order. He
died in 1373 A. D., 775 A. H.
'Abdul-Kadir Badaoni (Shaikh), «^5'*»^jd^' «H*
^^' was the son of Muiak Shih of Bad^^ and pupil
of Shaikh Mub&rak of N^or. He is the author of a
work called '* Muntakhab-ut-Tawaxikh". He was a very
learned man, and was frequently employed by the emperor
Akbar to make translations into Persian &om the Arabic
and Sanskrit, as in the case of " Mu'jam-ul-Buld&n,"
** Jdmi'-ur-Bashfdf ', and the " IUnUlyan'\ He also com-
posed a moral and religious work, entitled **Naj&t-ur-
Hashid," and translated two out of the eighteen Sections
of the " Mahibhirat," and made an abridgment of the
Historv of Kashmir in 1591 A. D., 999 A. H. The year
of his death is not known, but he was living in 1596 A. D.,
1004 A. H., in which year he completed the Muntakhab-
ut-Tawarikh. His poetical name was K^dirf.
He died at Bad^^, in 1004. For a detailed biography
vide Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1869, Ft. I, p. 118 ;
and Dowson, V, 477.]
'Abdul-Kadir Suhrawardi, <^«li2n** J^^l «^,
author of the work called " Adab-ul-Murid."
•Abdul-Kadir Bedil (Mirza), J«^ j^l^t ^^ Vjy^
a celebrated poet, better known by his poetical name of
Bedil or Mina Bedil. He was a Tartar of the tribe of
Birlis ; in his youth he was employed by prince A'zam
Shah, son of Aurangzib, but being one day ordered by the
prince to write a panegyric in his praise, he resigned the
service and never afterwards served any one. He is the
author of several works, such as ** Mul^it A'zam" ; " Char
'Unsur"; '« Inshi-i-Beda", also called BuV&t-i-Bedil, and
of a Diw&n or book of Odes in Persian, containing 20,000
couplets. He died in the commencement of the reign of
Muhammad Sh&h, on the 24th November 1720 O. S., 4th
Sa&r, 1133 H. He is also the author of a work called
"Nuk&t-i-Bedil," containing the memoirs of Shailch Junaid,
third in descent firom the celebrated Shaikh Safi, and
grandfather of ShiLh Ism&'il Safawi, king of Persia.
Vide Sprenger, Catalogue of Oudh MSS., p. 379.]
'Abdul-Eadir aUani or Jilani or JiU (Shaikh),
also called Pir-i-Dastgir and Qhau^-ul-A'zam Mul^iy-ud-
din, a saint, who is said to have performed a number of
miiacles during his lifetime. He was bom in Gilin or
Jilan in Persia, in the year 1078 A. D., 471 A. H., and was
greatly revered for his learning, his piety, and the sanctity
of his manners. He died on the 22nd February 1166
A. D., 17th Rabf II, 561, aged 91 lunar years, and is buried
at Baghd&d, where he held the place of guwiian of Abd-
^anifa'8 tomb. The order of Dervishes, called after him
fhe Kddiris, acknowledge him as founder. His tomb
is held in high veneration amongst the Muhammadans.
He is said to have written many books on Mystical
Theology, amongst which are the ** Futut-ul-Ghaib",
«Malf6f&t-i-^4diri" in Arabic, and a translation of the same
in Persian, named '* Malf&zit-i-JiUni." Another woi^
of his in Arabic on Jurisprudence is called Ghunyat-ut-
T^bin, and another work on Sufism is entitled Bahjat-
ul-Asr^, and a book of Odes called Biwin-i-Ghauf-ul-
A'zam. Vide Muhammad Kasim (Sayyid) and Abdils.
Some say that he was bom at Jfl, a village near
Baghdad ; Ikenoe he should be called Jfli.]
'Abdul-Kadir (Malilaiia),cfi^">J'*^* *>+*l^V» of
DihK, the son of Maulawi Wali-uUah. He is the author
of an Urdu commentary on the J^urin, entitled ** Tafisdjr
M62i^-ul-^ux^''
'AlxLul-Eadir Wainl (Maulana), <^J^ j^lS^t ooi:^ ^
poet who was a native of N&in near Tafi^>i4Ti^ and contem-
porary with Shaikh Sa'dt
Abdu
iLbdu
'Abdul-Kadir, a resident of Devi, a village in the district
of Lakhnatu From the J&mi'-ut-Tawarikh of Bashid-
nddin he translated that portion which is called the
book of Pitanjal, into easy Persian, at the request of
Major Herbert in May 1823. It is a collection of all the
sciences, and one of the most valuable works of the sages
of Hind. It contains an account of their various sects, and
the history of their ancient kings,also the life of S4kyamuni.
'Abdul-Kahir Juijani (Shaikh), ij^j^^^ '^
son of 'Abdur-Rahm&n, was the author of the book
called " DaUil-ul-I*jaz," and several other works. He
died in 1081 A. D., 474 A. H.
'Abdal-Karim., (^j^^ ^^> sumamed Imim-uddin Abul-
Kasim, author of the « Sharb Kabir" and " Sharb Saghir".
'Abdul-Karim bin-Muhammad al-Hamadani,
author of a Persian Commentary on the Sirajiya of Saja-
wandi, entitled " Fardiz-ut-T£ji Sharb Faraiz-is-Siraji".
'Abdul-Karim Sindhi (Mulla), i^«i^ (^J^^^ «^,
a native of tiindh who served imder Khwija Mahmdd
Gawan in the Dakhin, and was living about the year
1481 A. D., 886 A. H. He is the author of the history
of 8ult4n Mahmud Bahmani, entitled " Tirikh-i-Mahmud-
Shilhf\
' Abdul-Karim« a native of Dihlt who accompanied K&dir
Shah to Persia, and wrote a history of that conqueror
about the year 1764 A. D., 1168 A. H., entitled '' Bayin-
i-W4ki' '*.
Regarding this work, vide Dowson, EUiot's History of
India, VIII, 124.]
'Abdul-Karim, Mfr, of Bnkh&r&, who died at Constanti-
nople about 1246 H. (1830 A. B.) He is the author of a
history of Afghinist6n and Turkistan (1740 to 1818 A. D.),
translated into French by C. Schefer, Paris, 1876.]
'Abdul-Karim, Munshi, who died about thirty years ago.
He is the author of the Tdrikh-i-Ahmadf a history of
Ahmad Shah Durr^ and his successors. The Persian
text was lithographed in 1266, and an Urdd translation
imder the title of WdkVdt'X'Durrdni was issued at Kinh-
pur in 1292 H. (1876 A. D.) 'Abdul-Karim also wrote a
larger work, entitled Muhdraba-uKdbul o Kandahar^ (1266
H.) which contains the heroic deeds of Akbar Khin, son
of Dost Muhammad Khin, and is chiefly based on the
Akbar-nama written in verse by Munshi K&sim J&n ; and
the Tdrikh-uPanjdb tuhfatan lil-ahbdb, (A.'H. 1266) on the
Sikh wars.]
'Abdul-Kuddus Gangohi (ShaiklO ltj*^^ ^^ ^
^jA^>iS, a native of Ghuogoh, near Dihli, was a descendant
of Abd-I^ani£ei of KufiE^ and a fisunous saint of India. He
died on the 27th November, 1537 A. D., 23rd Jumid^ II,
944 A. H., the chronogram of the year of his death being
" Shaikh-i-ajall." His grandson Shaikh * Abdun-Nabf held
a high post in the reign of Akbar, but was subsequently
imprisoned and murdered.
' AbdullAh, viWl «>^v:;J ^1 f^J^, the father of Muhammad
the Prophet, was a younger son of ' Abdul-Mu^t^b the son
of H^shim. He was remarkable for his beauty, and though
a driver of camels, he is said to have possessed such merits,
that his hand was solicited in marriage by the fairest and
the most virtuous of the women of his tribe. He was so
universally admired, that on the night of his nuptials one
hundred young females expired in despair. His wife Amina,
though long barren, at last became the mother of Muham-
mad. 'Abdullah died during the lifetime of his feither, eight
days (some say eight years) after the birth of Ids son,
and left his widow and infsmt son in very mean circum-
stances, his whole substance consisting of only five camels
and one female Ethiopian slave. 'Abdul-Mutt;alib, his
&ther, was therefore obliged to take care of his grandson
3£uhammad, which he did and at his death enjoined his
eldest son Abu-Talib to provide for him for the fdture.
'Abdullah died about the year 671 A. D.
'AbdiQlah bin-* All al-Halabi, was one of the first
writers on Shf a jurisprudence, as he was amongst the ear-
liest compilers of the traditions of that sect. It does not
appear that any of his legal compositions are extant.
'Abdullah, '^\^j ^. ^\AJ^^ son of Baw^ was an Arabian
poet who signalized himself in arms as weU as poetry.
He became an associate of Muhammad and was sent with
the army, of which Zaid was the chie^ against the Greeks,
and was killed at M^ta in Syria with Zaid and Ja'far the
brother of 'AH, in 629 A. D., 8 H.
'Abdullah son of Zubair^^j ^ aIJI^, was the first
Musalm&n bom at Madina amongst those who were called
'Muhijirfn', that is to say, fugitives from Mecca. After the
battle of KarbalA in 680 A. D., in which Husain the
son of 'All was slain, the inhabitants of Mecca and Madina,
perceiving that Yazid did all that lay in his power to
suppress the house of 'All, made an insurrection against
Yazid, the second khalifa of the house of Umayya, and
proclaimed 'Abdullah khalifa in the city of Mecca. The
Musalmfas of Syria also, after the death of Yazid and
Mu'&wiya the 2nd, acknowledged him for the space of
128 days, after which time Marw&n the son of ^akam
was proclaimed khalifa in the city of Damascus. 'Abd-
ullah still remaining in the city of Mecca, was besieged
there in 691 A. D., 72 A. H., by ^ajjij, general of the
khalffa 'Abdul-Malik. The siege lasted 8 months and
17 days, after which 'Abdullah made a sally upon the
enemy, destroyed a groat number of them with his own
hand, and was at length killed fighting valiantly in 692
A. D., 73 A. H. His head was cut off, and sent to the
khalifa 'Abdul-MaHk.
'AbduUah, ^^n^^ ^ ^f ooc, son of Mas' (id, companion
of Muhammad. He died in 662 A. D., 32 A. H.
'Abdllllah, u-*^ tH ^^, son of 'Abbiis the undo of
Muhammad, was distinguished as a teacher of the sacred
book. Before he was ten years of age, he is said to have
received inspiration from the angel Gabriel. He was bom
in 619 A. D., three years before the Hijra (622), and was
considered the ablest interpreter of the Kuran then in
existence. He was appointed governor of Basra by the
khaUfii 'AH, and remained there for some time. He
then returned to I^ij&z, and died at T^y^^ & town lying
60 miles eastward of Mecca, in 687 A. D., 68 A. H., ag^
70 years. His mother Umm-ul-Fazl was the sister of
Maimdna, one of the wives of Muhammad.
'AbduUah, *^ i^^ aUi aj^ son of 'Umar the second kha«
Ufa after Muhammad, was one of the most learned
Arabians amongst the contemporaries of Muhammad. He
died in 692 A. D., 73 A. H. He is fiimous for his
liberality.
'Abdullah, Ajyj 4^ AUi iSJ^, son of Yazid, was celebrated
as a lawyer in the 7th century. He was the disciple of
Abu-Huraira and Abii-'Abb&s, companions of Muhammad,
and lived till the hundredth year of the H^'ra, or 718
A. D., 100 A. H.
'Abdidlah, ^J^ 4^ aJJ) «^, the son of 'AH, son of
'Abdullah, son of 'Abbas, the uncle of Muhammad, was
the uncle of the first two khali&s of the Abbasides, viz.,
Abul-'Abbis al-Saffa^ and Al-Mansur, under whom he
served as general against t^e khalifisi MarwiLn, and hav*
ing vanquished tiiat prince, proclaimed his nephew Al-
ScSfi^. He was guilty of horrible cruelties on the family
of the Ommaides. When his eldest nephew died, his
brother Al-Manstlr took upon him the government, which
displeased 'Abdullah so much, that he raised an army
against him, but was defeated and afterwards perfidiously
murdered in 764 A| D., 137 A. H.
Abdu
Abdu
'Abdullah, ^j\j ^ aJJ| a^j the son of lULwand, was the
founder of an impious sect, who were called after him the
Rdwandites, during the EhiUfat of Al-Mansur the Abba-
side, about the year 776 A. B.
'Abdullah, dUtJAP, the son of Shams-nddfn, author of the
margfinal notes on the "Talwil^" entitled "J^Jishiya bar
TfJwi^" a work on jurisprudence.
'Abdullah, jA\J^ ^ dlf t Miy the son of T&tux, the general
of Al-Mimun. He succeeded his brother fal^a in the
govemment of Khurasdn about the year 828 A. D., 213
A. H., reigned 17 years, and died in 844 A. D., 230 A. H.
He was succeeded by his son '^ihir II.
'AbduUah Abu-Muslim, ^iJL^j^t &Ur ax^, author of
^ the Commentary on the ^ur^ called " Sa^ib Muslim/'
He was bom in 817 A. D., 202 H., and died in the year 875
A. D., 261 H. He is called by some writers Abul-Husain
Muslim bin-al-Qajj&j bin-Muslim al-Kushairi, and by
others Muslim bin-j^ajjdj Nfshiptiri, which see.
'Abdullah, ^^*.>i^^\ ^f*^ ^ aU| iXxp, the son of Jajjib
al-Sarakhsi, preceptor to the Ehalffa Mu'tazid Billah, by
whom he was put to death A. D. 899, 286 A. H. He is
the author of the " Bahr-ul-Mantik/' and fsiight\jf (a
commentary on the Isagoge of Porphyras).
'Abdullah, (^^^ ^ ^t «H^, the son of 'Adiy, author of
the Eitdb Kamil. He died in 975 A. D., 365 A. H.
'Abdullah, author of a collection of Letters, entitled Ihsh^
i-'Abdullah.
'Abdullah, ^^>^ ^ ^i.*><o ^ &U| iVap , the son of Muslim,
the son of ^utaiba, was tljte author of the work called
" Eit&b-ul-ma*&rif," and several other works. He died in
889 A. D., 276 A. H.
'Abdullah, AUt«>Af , author of the Persian work on jurispru-
dence, called ** Abk&m us-Saldt."
'Abdullah, JjjJS dSJ\,^^y of Kulbarga, author of a work
called " Fars-nima," written in 1407, A. D.
'Abdullah Ansari (Khwaja), (SJ^^ *^^ **^' ^^'
named Shaikh Abd Ism&'fl, the son of Abii-Manstir,
the son of Abu-Ayydb. He was bom at Hir&t in May,
1006 A. D., Sha'b^, 896 A. H., and is the founder of the
sect called Ans&ris in Hirftt and Khurdsan. He died on
the 2nd July, 1088 A. D.. 9th Rabf I., 481 A. H., aged
84 lunar years, and is buried at Hir&t in a place called
G&zurg&h. 'Abdullah was struck with stones by the boys
when he was doing penance, and expired.
'Abdullah bin-'Ali bin-Abu-Shu'ba al-Halabi,
^aJ| ajjti^t c:;i (^ e^ AUlAfP. One of the ear-
liest writers both on the ^adif and Law of the LniUniya
sect. His gpindfather, Abu-Shu'ba, is related to have
collected traditions in the time of the Imims Hasan and
Husain. 'Abdullah wrote down these traditions, and pre-
sented his work, when completed, to the Im^ Ja'far
Sadil^ by whom it is said to have been verified and cor-
rected.
'Abdullah bin-'Ali, author of the work called " 8£rak
ul-Hindi," which he paraphrased from the Persian into
the Arabic, for it had been originally translated from
Sanskrit into the Persian.
'Abdullah Ahrar,j!/*^f AUfi>^p^ author of the "Malfd-
z4t-i-Khwija 'Abdullah," containing the doctrines of the
NaVishband^ and of the '* Anis-us-Salikin."
'Abdullah, C^^ lH *^t*H*, the son of SaWm, author of
the questions which Muhammad was asked on the subject |
2
of his prophecy. He is also the author of a work, called
" 'A?mat.ul-Mankdl." Another work, called " Hasir Ma-
Biyil'\ is ascribed to him.
'AbduUah, ^^-^^ eH ^^ *H^ son of Muhammad, sur-
named KaUnfsi, an Arabian author. He died in 1121
A. !>., 515 A. H.
'AbduUah bin-Fazl-uUah, of Shfriz, author of the
" Tirikh-i-Wassif." •*
The first four volumes of this work, which may be looked
upon as a continuation of the * Jahdn-kushd^ ^ go as far as
Sha'bfen, 690, TMarch, 1300). Subsequently, the author
added a fifth volume which relates the events down to the
year 728 (1328 A. D.) ; vide Dowson, Elliot's History of
India, III, 24.] .
' Abdtjllah is also the name of the author of the Tdrikh-
uDditdiy an Afghan History, written during the reign of
Jahiingir ; vide Dowson, IV, 434.] •
'AbduUah, v5**^ i^^\ ^^^1 aU|iUp^ the son of 'al.
Ydfi'i Shafi'i, author of the Arabic work called " Eauzat-
ur-Ray4tin," containing a detailed account of the lives
of Muhanmiad, the twelve Imams, and of all the saints of
Arabia, Persia, and Hindustdn.
'Abdullah Shattari (Shaikh), (sj^^ *^\ •^, a de-
scendant of Shaikh Shih&b-uddm Suhrawardl. He came
fr^m Persia to India, and died in M41wa, A. D. 1406, 809
H., and is buried there.
Regarding the Shatt&rfs vide Journal Asiatic Society,
Bengal, 1874, Pt I, p. 216.]
'Abdullah Hatifl, vide Hitift.
'AbduUah Khan Uzbak, ^J^ o^ ^^ «5^, was a
renowned officer in the time of Akbar. He was made
governor of Mandd (Malwd) in 1662 A. D., and afterwards
rebelled against the king, but was defeated and compelled
to leave the country.
For further notes vide Kin Translation I, p. 320.]
'AbduUah Elian, •-^^jf c;^ *^' «H^, chief of the Uzbaks,
was the son of Sikandar Khan, the son of Jinf Beg
Kh^, a descendant of Jdjf Kh&n, son of Chingiz Elhin.
Aft^r the death of his father (during whose Hfe he had
several batties with him], he ascended the throne of
Samarkand and Bukhara in 1582 A. D., 990 A. H.,
invaded Khuris&n and took Hir&t aft^er a siege of nine
months in 1585 A. D., 993 A. H. Its govemor 'AU Kulf
Khin with several other chie& were put to death, and the
city was plundered. He was contemporary with Sh£h
'Abb&s of Persia and Akbar Shah, and died after a reign
of 16 years, aged 66, on the 12th Febmary 1697 A. D.,
5th Rajab 1005 A. H. The chronogram of the year of
his death is " Viy^ixiat Vayi^ shud," He was succeeded
by his son 'Abdul-Mumin Eh&n*
'Abdullah Khaa Firua- Jang, ^-^jjf;^ vyU. «ill ax^
a descendant of Khw&ja 'Abdullah Al^ritr. He came to
India in the latter end of the reign of the emperor Akbar,
was raised to the rank of 6000 by the emperor Jahingir,
and died in the time of ShiUi Jahin, A. D. 1644, 17th
Shaww&l 1054, aged nearly 70 years.
'AbduUah Khan (Sayyid), e^U. AAi»«H* o^^ styled
Kutbul-Mulk, was govemor of Allahibid from the time of
Bahadur Sh^ emperor of Dihlf, and his younger brother
Sayyid Husain 'All Kh&n, that of Bih^. These brothers
sprung from a numerous and respected family of the
descendants of the prophet, who were settied in the town
of B£rha, and in consequence of this origin, they are best
known in India by the name of Sddit, or Say3dds, of Barha.
Farmkh-siyar, who by the aid of these two brothers had
ascended the throne of Dihli, on his accession in Ja-
nuary 1713 A. D., 1125 A. H., made the former his prime-
Abdu
6
Abdu
minister, with the title of Kutb-ul-MuIk, and appointed
the latter Aniir-iil>Umar&. Husain 'AH Eh^ was
assassinated by M£r Gaidar Khin at the instigation of the
emperor Muhammad Sh&h on the 18th September 1720
0. S., 27th ^il-Va'da 1132, and his brother 'Abdullah Khan,
who made some resistance, was defeated and taken pri-
soner on the 4th November following, I4th Mu^arram
1133, and died in confinement after three years on the
'^IQth September 1723 O. S., 30th ^il-bijja 1136. The
remains of Hiisain 'All Ehin were transferred to Ajmir
for burial. His brother 'Abdullah was buried at Dihli.
Regarding the Sayyids of B&rha, vide Am Translation,
1, p. 390 ; and for 'Abdullah Kutb-ul-Mulk, vide Bowson,
VII, 447ff'.]
■
'Abdullah Kutb-Shah, ^Uwki iS)\o^, the sixth Sultin
oi^ the Ku^b-Shdhi dynasty of Qolkonda in Qaidax&bdd,
Dakhin. He succeeded Muhammad ICutb Shih, and
reigned many years under the protection of the emperor
Sh4h Jahan, to whom he acknowledged himself tributary,
and paid an annual sum ; but in the year 1656 A. D., 1066
A. H., he displeased that monarch, and brought upon him-
self much trouble. The emperor had conmianded him to
permit his prime-minister Mir Muhammad Sa'id and
his son Muhammad Amin to repair with their effects to
court. Kutb-Shih disobeyed the mandate, and confining
Muhammad Amin, then at Qaidarubad, seized part of
his wealth. The prince Aurangzib, then governor of the
imperial territories in the Dakhm, enraged at this conduct,
marched to ^aidardbad, which he took and plundered.
'Abdullah was obliged to purchase pardon by a contribution
of a crore of Rupees, and the gift of his daughter in mar-
riage to the son of his enemy, the prince Sultin Muham-
mad. From this time 'Abdullah, during the remainder of
his life, was in fact a vassal of the empire. 'Abdullah Kutb-
Shih died in June 1674 A. D., Rabf I 1086 H., and was
succeeded by his son-in-law Abul-Hasan.
'Abdullah MansuTy^^^^^Juo dUf «Xap, author of the Taijama-
i-Tabakat-i-Sufiya, containing the lives of the most cele-
brated Su£ls and Shaikhs.
'AbduUah Mirza, \jyo &JLf| «Xfc, was the son of Ibr&him
Mirzi, the son of Shlhrukh Mirzi, and great-grandson of
Amir Timur. Upon his fiither's death (about the year
1443 A. D.), he became possessed of the sovereignty of Fars,
or Persia; but four years after, he was dispossessed by
one of his cousins-german, named Mirza Abu-Sa'id, and
was obliged to fly to his uncle Mirz& Ulugh Beg, who then
reigned in Transoxiana, and who gave him his daughter
in marriage. Some time after, Ulugh Beg having been
defeated in a battle against his son Mirza 'Abdul- Lati^
and afterwards put to death by him in October 1449 A. 1).,
Ramazdn 863 A. H., and the latter not enjoying the success
of his parricide above six months, 'Abdullah, as son-in-law
to Ulugh Beg, took possession of his dominions: but
Mirza Abu-Sa'id, his cousin-german, declared war against
him, and defeated him in a pitched battle, in which he
perished. This event took place in the year 1461 A. D.,
866 A. H.
'Abdullah (Mauling), &U| ^xc^ [j^yo, son of Hahd&L He is
the author of Shar^ Miz&n-il.Manti^ and several other
works. He was a native of Dihii, flourished in the
reign of Sultan Sikandar, and died in 1616 A. D., 922 H.
'Abdullah, Mauling of Snlt&npur, a learned bigoted Sunni
at Akbar's Court He had the title of *Makhdiim-ul-Mulk.'
He played a prominent part in the religious discussions
which led Akbar to renounce IsUm. He died, or was
poisoned, in 990 H. Vide Ain Translation, p. 644, and
p. vii (of Abul-Fasl's Biography).]
'Abdullah Tamixni, ,^«j^ ^I t^y author of the Ara-
bic work called *^ Rauzat-ul-Abrar," which contains the
history of Mu|>ammad, and Memoirs of many of his com-
panions.
'Abdullah Tirmizi (Mir), ^o^ SSJ\ a^, was an elegant
poet and wrote an excellent Nasta'li^ hand, for which he
received from the emperor Jahangir the poetical name of
Wasfi, or praiseworthy, and the title of Mushkin-Kalam,
that is to say, out of whose pen flowed musk. He is the
author of several poems. His death happened in the year
1626 A. D., 1036 A. H. His tomb stands at a place in
Agra, called NagU Jaw^hir.
For the inscription on his tomb, and his son Muhammad
S^ Kashfi, vide Proceedings, Asiatic Society Benind,
1874, p. 162.]
'Abdul-Latify «^AjJLU| iXkp, a celebrated physician, bom at
Baghdad A. D. 1261, 660 A. H. To the acquirement of
medical knowledge he applied himself with diligence ; and
it was chiefly with this view that, in his 28th year, he left
Baghd&d in order to visit other countries. Having spent
a year in Mausil, he removed to Damascus in Syria and
thence to Egypt, where the people of the highest rank
continued to vie with each other in cultivating his friend-
ship. He afterwards travelled to Aleppo, and resided
several years in Greece. Of 160 treatises which he com-
posed on various subjects, only one, entitled "HistorifiB
-S:gyti Compendium," has survived the ravages of time.
He died suddenly at Baghdad in his 66th year.
'Abdul-Latlf, <JubJiJt «Xxp , a great-grandson of Amfr Ti-
mur. in October 1449 A. D., he defeated his feither Mirza
Ulugh Beg in an action near Samarkand, took him pri-
soner and put him to death. He did not long enjoy
his success, for he had scarcely reigned six months, when
he was murdered by his ovm soldiers on the 9th May 1460,
26th Rabf I, 864 A. H. His head was separated from'
his body and sent to Hirat, where it was placed on the
gate of the college built by his &ther.
'Abdul-Latify <>iAkU|«>AP, a native of Kazwin, and author
of the work entitled " Lubb-ut-Tawirikh," a history of
Persia, wiitten in the middle of the 16th century.
'Abdul-Latif (Mulla), eA^yJi ax^ ^, of Sult^pdr, was
the tutor of the prince AurangzH). In the last years
of his life he became blind, received from the emperor
8h4h Jahin a few villages free of rent for his support,
and died in the year 1632 A. D., 1042 A. H.
'Abdul-Latify author of a collection of Letters called
" Inshi-i-' Abdul-Latff."
'Abdul-Latif, ^.ftAkiJf i^xp, author of the work called
Lat4if-i-Ma'nawl, a commentary on the difficult pas-
sages of the Mainawi of MauUna R6m, written in 1640
A.D. He also is the author of a Dictionary, called
" Lataif-ul-Lughdt."
Regarding the author rkfo Journal, Asiatic Society, for
1868, p. 32.] ^
'Abdul-Maal, jU»Jf«Xxc, author of a system of Geography,
written in the Persian Language, and entitled ** Mas&^t-
nl-Arz," or the survey of t£e earth.
'Abdul-MajidEhan^Ooar^f i^^, the Turkish emperor of
Constantinople, was bom on the 23rd April, 1823, and
succeeded his £sither Mahmud II, on the 2nd July, 1839,
A. D., 1277 A. H. He died on the 25th June, 1861, aged
39 years, and was succeeded by his brother 'Abdul-' Aziz.
'Abdul-MajidEhaiLy ^^tpLiXAsr^l «^, entitled Majd-ud-
daula, a nobleman who was promoted by Ahmad Shih
of Dihli to the rank of 3rd Bakhshigari or paymastership,
in 1748 A. D., 1161 A. H. He died in the year 1762
A. D., 1166 A. H.
Abdu
'Abdul-Majid (Shaikh), txxs'^f a^ va^, a learned
man who flourished in the time of Sh£h Jakin, and wrote
a history of that emperor entitled Shah Jahiin-nama.
This seems to be a mistake for 'Abdul-I^amid.]
'Abdul-Malik, e^li/'^ er^ cJXjl jjx, the son of Marw&n I,
was the 5th Khalifa of the house of Umayya (Ommaides).
He succeeded his father at Damascus, on the 13th April,
685 A. D., 3rd Ramaz&n, 65 A. H., surpassed his prede-
cessors in military exploits, and extended his power as
far as Spain in the west, and India in the east. He was
so generous as not to take a church £rom the Christians,
which they had refused to grant him when he requested
it. He was called Abul-^ubab or " father of flies," because
his breath was so offensive, that it killed the very flies
that settled on his lips. He reigned upwards of 21 lunar
years and died in October, 705 A. D., Shaww&l, 86 A. H.
He was succeeded by Walid I, the eldest of his sixteen
sons, who greatly e^rtended the Moslem dominions.
'Abdul-Malik, ^U^elUt <H^, the son of S&lil^, the
son of 'Abdullah, the son of 'Abbas, was related in blood
to the prophet Muhammad; was invested by Hirun-ur-
Eashfd, the Khalifisi of Baghdad, with the government of
Egypt, in which he continued till about the year 794 A. D.,
178 A. H., when Harfin, suspecting that he was engaged
in some cabals, in order to obtain the empire, threw him
into prison, where he remained till Harun's death. His
son released him, and invested him with the government
of Syria, A. D. 809, 193 A. H.
'Abdul-Malik, jf^ v:^! iJU\ ^, tbe son of ?uhr, an
eminent Arabian physician, commonly called by Europeans
Avenzoar, a corruption of Ibn-^uhr. His full name is Abu-
Marwin 'Abdul-Malik ibn-?uhr. He flourished about the
end of the 1 1th or the beginning of the 12th century. He
was of noble descent, and bom at Sevilla, the capital of
Andalusia, where he exercised his profession with great
reputation. His grandfather and fiither were both physi-
cians. It is said that he lived to the age of 135 ; that he
began to practice at 40 or, as others say, at 20 ; and had
the advantage of a longer experience than almost any
one ever had, for he enjoyed perfect health to his last hour.
He left a son, also known by the name of Ibn-^uhr, who
followed his father's profession, was in great favour with
Al-Mansdr, emperor of Morocco, and wrote several treatLses
on physic. Avenzoar wrote a book, entitled " Taya^jur fl-1-
mud^wdt wat-tadbir**, which is much esteemed. This work
was translated into Hel^rew in 1280 A. D., and thence
into Latin by Paravicius, whose version has had several
editions. The author added a supplement to it, under the
title of Jind\ or Collection. He also wrote a treatise
"Fil-adwiyat wal-aghziyat", ». «., of medicines and food,
wherein he treats of their qualities. Ibn-?uhr was con-
temporary with Ibn-Rashid (Averroes), who more than
once gives him a very high and deserved encomium,
calling him admirable, glorious, the treasure of all know-
ledge, and the most supreme in medicine from the time of
Galen to his own.
'Abdul-Malik, ^£AJ\ Axp, king of Fez and Morocco, was
dethroned by his nephew Muhammad, but he afterwards
defeated Sebastian king of Portugal, who had landed in
Africa to support the usurper. The two African monarchs
and Sebastian fell on the field, 1578 A. D. (986 A. H.)
'Abdul- Malik (Khwija), a native of Samarkand who held
the office of Shaikh-ul-Islim in that city in th« reign of
Amir Timur.
'Abdul-Malik Samani I, ^UU v2lUt ^j^, akingof the
house of S&min, and son of Amir Nty> I, whom he succeeded
in 954 A. D. (343 A. H.). He reigned in Ehuriisin and
Mdwar4n-nahr seven and a half years, and was killed by a
fall from his horse while playiiig at ball in 961 A. D. (350
A. H.) He was succeeded by his brother Amir Mansur I.
Abdu
'Abdul-Malik Samani II, ^JUL^ vsUJf jap, an Amir
of the house of Sim^ was elevated to the throne of
KhurilsiLn, after his brother Amir Mansur II, in 998 A. D.
(388 A. H.). He was the last Amir, or king, of the race of
the Samanides. He reigned only a few months, and was
defeated in battle against Sultin Mahmud of Ghasni in
999 A. D., who took possession of his country. 'Abdul-
Malik was shortly after murdered.
'Abdul- Manaf, oUjf O^, or 'Abd-Manif; (t. e. slave of
the idol Man&f) the great-great-grandf&ther of Muham-
mad, was the son of ^usayy, who aggrandized the tribe of
the Kuraish by purchasing the keys of the E[a*ba from
Abu-Ghassan, a weak and silly man, for a bottle of wine.
Kusayy was succeeded by his second son 'Abdul-Manaf^
to whom the prophetic light, which is said to have mani-
fested itself in his face, gave the right of primogeniture.
After his death, his son Hashim, the fSsitiier of 'Abdul-
Mu((alib, succeeded.
' Abd-Makaf is also the name of a son of the Prophet,
who died in infancy.]
'Abdul-Mannan (Mir), ^UJt ^^ jxio, son of Mir
Nu*m^ Khin, son of Khwaja 'Abdur-Rabim Eli&n of
Andij&n. He served under the celebrated Ni^am-ul-Mulk
Asaf- J&h in the Dakhin for several years, was an excellent
poet, and is known under the poetical name of 'Ibrat.
'Abdul-Mumin, ^^^t <>ap, a man of obscure origin and
son of a potter, who seized the crown of Morocco after
destroying the royal family. He extended his dominions
by the conquest of Tunis, Fez, and Tremezen. He medi-
tated the invasion of Spain, when death stopped his
career in 1156 A. D. His son Tusuf who succeeded
him, carried his ambitious views into effect.
* Abdul-Mumin Khan, ^lU. ^^^^c^i «xap, the son of
'Abdullah Khin, chief of the Uzbaks, was raised to the
throne after the death of his &ither at Samarkand in the
year 1597 A. D., 1005 A. H. He took Mashhad and put
the inhabitants to the sword. He was soon after assassinated
by his own officers in 1598 A. D., 1006 A. H. ; the c^no-
gram of his death being contained in the words " Badbakht-
i-sar-burida." After his death, Din Muhammad Khim, the
son of 'Abdullah Eh&n's sister, was placed on the throne;
but he fell shortiy after, in a battle fought at Hiiit, against
Shih 'Abb&s, king of Persia.
'Abdul- Muttalib, %^JkJ\ t^, the grandfather of Mu-
hammad, the son of Hdshim of the tribe of Kuraish.
He is said to have been extremely affable and easy of
access, as well as just and generous. The well which Gkd
shewed Hagar the mother of Ishmael in the wilderness,
is said to have been miraculously discovered to 'Abdul-
Muf^b, about five hundred years after it had been filled
np by 'Amr, prince of the Jorhomites. The well is called
Zamzam by tiie Arabs and is on the east side of the Ka'ba,
covered with a small building and cupola. Its water is
highly reverenced, being not only received with particu-
lar devotion by the pilgirims, but also sent in botties as
a great rarity to most parts of the Muhammadan domi-
nions. 'Abdul-Mu^^b had ten sons, whose names are as
follows : Abd-T^b, the father of 'AH ; 'Abb^ the ances-
tor of the Abbasides who reigned at Baghdid; ^amza;
^^rif; Abd-Lahab; 'Abdullah the feither of Muhammad ;
Al-Ma^wwam; Zubair; Zir&r; ^ufam. His younger
son 'Abdullah, the fiither of Muhammad, dying eight days
after the birth of his son, 'Abdul-Mutfalib was obliged to
take care of his grandson Muhammad,^ which he not only
did during his life, but at his death enjoined his eldest son
Abd-TaUb to provide for him for the future. 'Abdul-
Muf^b died about the year 579 A. D., at which time
Muhammad was about eight years old.
' Abdul^Nabi (Shaikh), ^t ^ v^^ aon of Shaikh
Ahmad, and grandson of Shaikh 'Abdul- l^uddds of Qan-
Abdu
8
Abdu
goh. He was the tutor of the emperor Akbar, and was
honored with the dignity of Sadr-us-Sudur. No Sadr
during any former reign had so much favor. The king
was for some time so intimate and unceremonious with
him, that he would rise to adjust the Shaikh's slippers
when ho took his leave. At last, through the enmity of
Mnulana 'Abdullah Makhdum-ul-Mulk {vide p. 6) and
others, he fell in the king's estimation, and began to be
treated very differently. He was banished to Mecca, and
after his return was murdered in the year 1583 A. D.
(991 A. H.)
Vide Ain Translation I, 646, 638, and p. xiii (Abul-
Fazl's Biography) ; also Proc. Asiatic Society, Bengal,
January, 1876.]
*Abdul-Nabi Khan^ served under Aurangzib, and built
the large Mosque at Mathurd; vide Proc. As. Socy.
B'engal, 1873, p. 12.]
'Abdul-Bahim bin-Ahmad Sur, j^*» •^♦^' izri (^^j^\
«H^, author of the Persian Dictionary * Kashf-ul-Lughat.
Vide Journal, As. Society, Bengal, for 1868, p. 9.]
' Abdul-Bahim Khan, vy^'^e^^^ ij^fHe^-^' «H^, Kh&n-
Khanin, commonly called Khdn Mirza, was the son of
Bairam Khan, the first prime-minister of the emperor Akbar.
He was bom on the 17th December 1666 A. D. (14th Safar
964 H ) and was only four years old when his father
was assassinated. When of age, he received the appoint-
ment of his father with the same title of Khankhanan
and the government of Gujrat in 1585 A. D. (993 H.)
His daughter Jani Begam was married to prince D&ny£l
in the year 1599 A. D. (1007 H.) He translated the
" Wa^i*it-i-Babari" (Memoirs of the emperor Babar)
fi*om Turki into Persian. After Akbar's death, he served
under Jahangir for 21 years, and died a few months before
that emperor, shortly after the suppression of Mahabat
KhAn's rebellion, in the year 1627 A. D. (1036 A. H.),
aged 72 lunar years, and lies buried at Dihli near the
Darg4h of Shaikh Ni^am-uddin Auliya, where his tomb is
to be seen to this day. His poetical name was Baljiim.
For a detailed biography vide Ain Translation I, 384.]
'Abdul-Bahim, (^i^^^ <H^7 ^^^ of the principal nobles
who joined Prince Khusrau in his rebellion against his
&ther Jahangir in 1606 A. D. He was taken prisoner
with the prince and brought to the emperor at L&hor ;
by whose order he was sewn up in the raw hide of an ass,
kept constantly moist with water, in which miserable con-
dition he remained for twenty-four hours. He was after-
wards pardoned ; vide Am Translation I, 465.
'Abdnl-Eahim Khan, Khwija, J^ ^•iV *^^t>i.,
the son of Abul-^asim. He was a native of Andij&n
in FarghAna, came to India in the reign of the emperor
Shah Jahin, and served under Aurangzfb for several
years. He died in 1692 A. D. (1103 A. H.)
'Abdul-BahmazLy ^^^ ij^J {z;*^ji\ '^^ the son of
Muljim, the murderer of *A1(, son-in-law of Muhammad.
He was killed by Hasan, son of 'All, in January 661 A. D.
(Ramaz&n, 4iO A. H.)
No Shi'a would now-a-days call his son *Abd-urrabmAn,
just SB no Muhammadan would call his son Yazid.]
•Abdul-Rahman,^^! ujJ* er^^A <xwj^ the son of Abd-
Bakr, first Khalifa after Muhfunmad, and brother to
'Ayidia, the fevorite wife of the prophet. He died in the
same year that his sister died, t. «., in 678 A. D., 68 A. H.
'Abdul-Bahman, «^«4^ **^**^e,\' er^y'*H^, son of
Muhammad IJanif son of 'All. He raised a formida-
ble power against ^ajjaj, the governor of Arabia, de-
feated him in several battles, and at last, rather than fall
into his hands, threw himself from a house and died, 701
A. D., 82 A. H.
'Abdul-Rahman, a popular Afghan poet of PeshiwRr.
His verses are written with fierj- energy, which has
made them popular amongst a martial people, and yet
with natural simplicity which is charming to the lover
of poetry. Not far from the city is his grave, situated on
the road to Hazarkhana, the poet's native village.
'Abdul-Rahman^ cr*^f «^•^* , a Saracen general of the
Khalifa Hisham, (called by some of our authors Abder-
ames) who penetrated into Aquitain and Poitou, and was
at last defeated and slain by Charles Martel near Poitiers,
in 732 A. D., 114 A. H.
'Abdul-Rahman Mustafa, fjS,k^K e^^a^l o^^
who in Watkin's Biographical Dictionary is called Baba-
causchi, was mufti of the city of Caffa, in Tauris. He
wrote a book called * The Friend of Princes '. He died in
A. D. 1381, 783 A. H.
'Abdul-Rahman, u*^' *H^, also called by old writers
Abderames, a descendant of the KhaUfes of the house
of Umayya. He was invited to come to Spain, in
756 A. D., 139 A. H., by the Saracens who had revolted;
and after he had conquered the whole kingdom, he
assumed the title of king of Cordova. He was the founder
of the Ommaides of Spain, who reigned above two hun-
dred and fifty years, from the Atlantic to the Pj^enees.
He died in 790 A. D., 174 A. H., after reigning 32 years.
'Abdul-Rahman Ichl, {^^ er**^! •^j or fji, the
father of '^dzf 'A^d-uddin of Shfniz, a learned man and
native of fch, a town situated 40 farsakhs from Shfriz.
'Abdul-Rahman, U^^j^i «^ , called by us Abderames,
a petty prince in the kingdom of Morocco, who murdered
'Im&d-uddin, his predecessor and nephew, and was himself
after a long reign assassinated by a chieftain whose death
he meditated, 1606 A. D., 911 A. H.
'Abdul-Rahman, the Sultan of Fez and Morocco, bom
1778, was rightful heir to the throne when his fether
died ; but was supplanted by his uncle, after whose death
he ascended the throne in 1823. His eldest son Sidi
Muhammad (bom 1803) is heir to the throne.
'Abdul-Rahman Ehan, c)^ cr**:^' "H^*, Naw£b of Jhaj-
jar, who on account of his rebellion during the mutiny of
the native troops in 1857 A. D , 1274 A. H., was found
guilty and executed at Dihli before the Kotwili on the
23rd December of the same year. He waa a descendant of
Najdbat 'Ali Khan, to whom in 1806, when Sir G. Barlow
was Govemor-General of India, were granted the large
territorial possessions held by the late Nawab, yielding a
yearly revenue of 12J lacs, and consisting of Jhajjar,
Badli, Karaund with its fort, Ndmaul, &c. In addition
to these, expressly for the purpose of keeping up 400 horse-
men, the territory of Badwan and Dadri was granted. Up
to May 1867, he had always been looked upon as a staunch
friend of the British Government ; but when the rebellion
burst forth, he forgot all his obligationfl to the British,
and sided with the rebels.
'Abdul-Rahman Khan, ^LL^^^^t «>ac, Sadr-us-Sudur
of Kinhptir, a rebel and a staunch supporter of N&ni
Si^ib, when that ruffian commenced his career. He was
hanged at Kanhpur, in June 1868, 1274 A. H.
'Abdul-Rahman Sulami (Shaikh), author of the " Ta-
bakat Sdfiya", a work on Sufism. He died in 1021 A. D.,
412 A. H. He is also called Abd-'Abdur-ra^^.
'Abdul-Rahman, son of 'Abdul-' Aziz Ka^hbandi, the
father-in-law of Sulaimdn Shikoh, who married his
daughter in A. H. 1062, the 25th year of Shdh Jahan.
Abdul
9
Abdta
'Abdol-Bahman Chishti,
"A
^j4Aj)\ i>Af , anthor of
the Mir-dt'i'Ma»'udi^ which contains the legendary history
of S&l£r Mas'ud Ghizi, buried at Bahr&ich in Audh.
'Abnr-ra^^ died during the reign of Aurangzib in 1094
H. For extract translations vide Dowson, Elliot's History
of India, II, 513. An Urdd translation of the Mir-&t-i-
Mas'udi was lithographed at Einhpur, 1287 H., under
the title of ' Ghaz&-nama-i-Mas'ud.']
'Abdul- Bashid, ^^ji\ ObiP, was the son of Sul(&n Mas'dd
. of Ghaznf. He began to reign, after deposing and confining
his brother 'Ali in 1052 A. D., 443 H. He had reigned but
one year, when f^^"^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ nobles, assassinated
him and mounted the throne of Ghazni. f u^hril reigned
only forty days, and was murdered on the Persian New
Tear's day in March 1053 A. D., 444 A. H., when Fairukh-
z^ a brother of 'Abdur-Eashid, succeeded him.
'Abdul-Bashid (Mfr), <Xj^I <H^^«» son of 'Abdul-Gha-
fdr-ul-Husaini. He lived in the time of the emperor ShiUi
Jah&n, and wrote chronograms on his aocession to the throne
of Dihli in 1628 A. D., 1037 A. H. He is the author of the
Persian Dictionary called *' Farhang-i-Rashidf, also of the
" Muntakhab-ul-Lughit", a very useful Arabic Dictionary,
with Persian explanations, dedicated to the emperor Sh&h
Jahlm. Another work of his is called *^Eis&la-i-
Mu'arrabit."
The Farhang-i-Rashidi, which was written in 1064
(A. D. 1653), is the first critical dictionary of the Persian
language, and has been printed by the Asiatic Society of
Bengal ; vide Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, 1868, p. 20.]
'Abdid-Bashid Khan, e^U. ^J\ oop, son of Sul^
Abd-Sa'id Ehin, king of Kishghar. He was the con-
temporary of Humayiin, the emperor of Dihli. Mfrz&
Gaidar, author of the T&rikh-i-Bashidi, dedicated his work
to him.
Vide Dowson, Elliot's History of India, Y, 127; and
A(n Translation I, 460.]
'Abdul-Bazzak, Jl^ t o^, a chief of the SarbadiUs of
8abzw£r. He was at first employed by Sultin Abd-
Sa'fd Ehin as a Yas&wal, or mace-bearer, but after his
death, when confusion took place, he poss^sed himself of
£huriis&n in 1386 A. D., 737 A. H., and was slain, after
one year and two months, by his brother Wajih-uddm
Mas'iid in September 1337, Safor 738 A. H. Mas'M
reigned seven years, and was deposed by his brother
Shams-uddin, who after a reign of four years and nine
months was slain at Sabzw&r by Gaidar Kass&b. After
him Amfr Yahya l^ur&ti made himself master of Ehur^usan,
and gave the command of his troops to Gaidar l^ass&b.
In the month of December 1353 A. D., 754 A. H., Ts^y^
slew Tughin Timur, a descendant of the Mughul kings,
in battle, and was himself slain by his nobles, afl»r he
had reigned four years and eight months. After him
they raised Ehwija Lu^f-uUah, the son of Ehw&ja Mas'dd,
to Uio masnad. He was slain after a short time by Hasan
Dteghini, who reigned four years and four months, when
Ehwija 'Ali Muayyad slew him, and reigned eighteen
years in Ehur^&n, after which he made over his country
to Amfr Timur who passed Ehur&s&n in 1380 A. D., 782
A. H. 'AH Muayyad was killed in a battle in the year
1386, 788 A. H., and with him terminated the power of the
Sarbadils.
'Abdul-Bazsak, Kam^-udd(n, son of JaUl-uddfn Is-h4*
bom at Hir&t on the 12th Sha'bin, 816 (6th November,
1413). He is the author of the historical work entitled
' Matla'-us'sa'dain, He died in 887 (A. D. 1482) ; ifide
below sub KamiU, and Dowson, IV, 90.]
' Abdul-Razzak, ol)^! .H*, the son of MiraA XJlugh Beg,
the emperor Babar^s uncle. He was killed by the comma^id
of that monarch, before his invasion of India, for raising
disturbances at E&bul, about 1509 A. D*, 916 A. H.
'Abdul-RaBzak (MuUa), j^jJl oap iU, of Uhij&n,
author of the '' Ghiuhar-i-Mur&d," a dissertation on the
creation of the world and the pre-eminence then given
by God to man, dedicated to Shih 'Abbas II of Persia.
He lived about the year 1660 A. D., 1072 H. His poetical
name is Fayyas.
'Abdul-Salam, ^^^^i:ji(^^\ ^H*, son of Muhammad,
a celebrated learned man, and author of the ^'Tafsfr
Eabir," a commentary on the ^uriUi. He died in the
year 1095 A. D., 488 A. H.
'Abdul-Salam, {/^^'^.^^^^ «H* (^^, (¥fei) of Baddon,
son of 'A^&-ul-I^aV^. He is the author of the com-
mentary called "Tafelr Zid-ul-Akhirat" in Urdd, con-
sisting of 200,000 verses, which he completed about the
year 1828 A. D., 1244 H., as the name of the work shews.
'Abdul-Salam^ •JLJf «xxc^ a famous philosopher and phy-
sician, who died at Damascus in 1443 A. D., 847 H.
'Abdul-Salam, r*^' "^ ^» (Mulla) of L4hor, a pupil
of Amir Fatb-uUah Shir&zL He died in the year 1628
A. D., 1037 A. H.
Vide Am Translation I, 545.]
'Abdul-Salam. (*^*-^' 'H* ^» (Mull4) of DihU, was the
pupil of MulU 'Abdus-SaUm of I41ior. He wrote the
Shar^ or marginal notes, on the commentaries called
" Tahzfb", " ManAr*' &c., and is also the author of the work
on Sufism in Arabic, called ** Qall-ur-Rumiiz."
.'Abdul-Samad, A4-^t«>^» uncle of the two first Khah'fiw
of the house of 'Abbiis, died at a great age during the
khiU&t of H&rihi-ur-Bashfd in the year 801 A. D., 185
A. H. It is said of him that he never lost a tooth, for both
the upper and lower jaws were each of one single piece.
'Abdul Samady Ehwija, Os»^it iXu: ^t^^ a noble of
Akbar's court, also well-known as caligrapher. He was
the fSsither of Bhaiif^ Amir-ul-Umar& under Jahingir (vide
Ain Translation, I, pp. 495, 517)) and had the title of
Shirin'Kaiamj or sweet-pen.]
' Abdul-Samad, «*^^t -H*, nephew of Shaikh Abul-Fasl,
Secretary to the emperor Akbar. He is the compiler
of the work called ** Insh4-i-Abul-Fazl," which he col-
lected and published in the year 1606 A. D., 1015 H.
'Abdul-Samad Khan, e)^ •^♦^^ *H^» styled Naw£b
Saif-uddaula Bahidur- Jang, was the son of Khw^'a 'Abdul*
Karfm, a descendant of Ehwija 'XJbaid-uUfdi A^^rar.
The native country of his father was Samarkand, but he
was bom at Agra. In his childhood, he went with his
father to Samar^^d, where he completed his studies. In
the reign of Aurangzib he returned to India, and was, at
his first introduction to the emperor, raised to the rank of
600, and after a short time to that of 1500, with the title
of Ehin. In the reign of Jah&ndar Shih, the rank of 7000
and the title of 'Au-Jang were conferred on him. He
was made governor of L&hor in the time of Farrukh-siyar,
and was sent with a great army against the Sikhs, whom
he defeated and made prisoners with B&nda their chief.
He was made governor of Mult&n by the emperor Muham-
mad Shih with the title of Saif-uddaula, and his son
Zakariyi Ehin, Stibadir of Lihor. He died in 1737
A. D., 1150 A. H., a year before the invasion of Nidir
Shih. Vide Ehin-Daurin IV.
The Histories call him JHler-Jangy not *All-jang ; vide also'
Dowson, Vn, 456, 491, 511.]
'AbdiU-Samail Kban, ujlcL «x^( ^x^, Fa^Jdir of Sar-
hind, distinguished himself in the Maratha Wars, and was
at last beheaded by Bhio in 1174 A. H. (A. D. 1760) ; vide
Dowson, VUl, 278.]
'Abdul-Shukur (Maulana), j^' «H^ ^ V. His
poetical name was Bazmi. He lived in the time of ShiH
Jahin about the year 1634 A. D^ 1044 A. H. ; vide Basmi
Abdul
10
Abu
'Abdul Wahhab (Easi), vM*H*i^. lived in the
time of the emperor ' Alamgir, and died on the 26th No-
vember 1675 A. D., 18th Ramaz^ 1086 A. H. at Dihli.
He ifi the author of a Dast^-nl-' Amal, which he dedicated
to that monarch.
•Abdul Wahhab (Mir), vS^' •^'Lr^, author of the
" Taskira-i-Be-na^ir*', which he wrote about the year 1768
A. D., 1172 A. H.
'Abdul- Wahhab, v^pf "H^, author of the Mana^ib-i
Maulawf R(im, containing the memoirs of the celebrated
JaUl-nddin Bumi.
'Abdul- Wahhab bin- Ahmad, *i-^t erf v^V » ^"y .
author of the Arabic work on theology, called " Anwar
Al^adiya," written in 1548 A. D.
'Abdul-Wahhab, or Muhammad bin-' Abdul- WahhAb,
founder of the sect of the Wahh&biSf was bom at ^uraimala
in the province of Najd in Arabia about the year 1 750 A. D.
'Abdul- Wahid, ^^^J^ ^^j author of the Sab'a Sandbil,
essays on the duties of Instructor and Student, written
in the year 1561 A. B., 969 A. H.
'Abdul- Wahid (Mir), ^^^J^^ ^^'j^ a native of BU-
grim, in Audh, whose poetical name was Sh&hidi. He died
in his native country on the 11th of December 1608 A. D.,
3rd Hamax^ 1017 A. H. His son's name was Mir 'Abdul-
Jalil, the father of Sayyid UwaiSi whose son's name was
Sayyid Barkat-ullah.
'Abdul-Wahid (Mir), '^^^^ «*^-rt*, of Bilgrto.
He wrote under two assumed names, viz, Wahid and
^u^i, was an excellent poet in Persian and in Hindi, and
is the author of a work in prose and verse, called " Bhakar-
ist^-i-Ehay&l," wherein he has mentioned the names of all
kinds of sweetmeats. He was killed on the 13th October
1721 A. D., Friday, 2nd Mubairam 1184 A. H., in an
affray with the zamindars of Bahun in the Panjib, the
settiement of which place was entrusted to his father
Sayyid Muhammad Ashraf .
'Abdul- Wahidi, a Turkish poet, author of a DfwiLn com-
prising 30 ^asidaa, 200 GhaEals, 29 Tarikhs, and 54
Kub&'xs.
'Abdul-Wasi' of Hansi, (sy-^^ C-»y t a*^, author of
a Persian grammar, called after his name "BisiUa-i-
' Abdul- Wisi'." He flourished in the last century, and is
also the author of a Hinddstini Dictionary, entitled
** GhariLib-ul-Lughat".
For further notes vide Proceedings, Asiatic Society
Bengal, for 1877, p. 121.]
'Abdul-Wasi' JabaU, «^^ C^b-^l »H^ a celebrated
poet of Persia, who flourished about the year 1152 A. D.,
647 A. He, in the time of Sul^^ Bahr&m Shih, son of
BuHin Mas'iid, of Ghassni, and Sulfan Sanjar S^iiki, in
whose praise he wrote several beautiful panegyrics. He
died in the year 1160 A. B^ 555 A. H. ' Jabal' means a
mountain, and as he was a native of Ghurjistin, a moun-
tainous country, he chose *' Jabalf' for his poetical titie ;
vide Jabali.
Vide Sprenger, Catalogue of Oudh MSS., p. 443.]
Abengnefll, (a corruption of an Arabian name, spelt so in
Lempri^i'e's Biographical Dictionary), was an Arabian
physician of the 12th century, and author of a book, the
traiislation of which entitied * De virtutibus medicinarum
et ciborum', was printed at Venice in 1581, folio.
'Abhai Singh, aJ!Ju. ^^^t Aa^f; , B4j& of Jodhpdr, who had
acquired his power by the murder of his father fi^ji Ajit
Sineh BiLthauri in the beginning of the reign of Muham-
mad Shih, emperor of DihH, about the year 1726 A. D.,
1139 A. H. He served nnder the emperor, and having
in a battle defeated Sarbaland Kh4n, the usurper of
GujWlt, was appointed governor of that province in 1727
A. D., 1140 A. H. ; but his younger brother Bakht 8ingh
succeeded his father to the B&j of Jodhpur. Abhai Singh
was poisoned in 1752 A. D., and aftsr his death his son
Bijai Singh succeeded him.
*Abi Bakr, author of the " Jawfliir-ul-Ganj," and of a
another work on Sufism, called ** Mars&d-ul-'Ih6d.'^
*Abi Bakr Muhammad, «>♦** J^isiK author of an
Arabic *work in prose entitled " Adib-ul-Eitib," written
in 984 A. D., 874 A. H.
'Abid-Khan, ^Uk. oA^, a nobleman on whom Auiangzib
confenred the Stibadinhip of Multaa.
Abjadi, (^<^t, the poetical name of Mir Muhammad Ismi'il
Khin, tutor of the Naw&b 'Umdat-ul-T7m8r& of the Kama-
tik, who made him a present of 6,700 Bs. on the comple-
tion of the history, called ^^ Anwar-n&ma," a mafnawi, or
epic, containing an account of the exploits of Naw&b
Anwar Khin, the father of the patron of the author. It
was completed in 1760 A. D. (1174 A. H.), and in 1774
the title of Malik-ush-shu'ari, or poet laureate, was con-
ferred on the author. Vide Abd£.
•Abka Khan, c^^ **^»» vide AU ^On.
Abu-'Abbas, u-^-^^ the flrst khalife of Baghdad, of the
race of ' Abbis. Vide Abul-'Abbis.
Abu-'AbduUah, aUi <xxp^f . There are three Muhammadan
saints of this name, whose lives are written by Abii-Ja'fkr.
The first is sumamed ^uraisM, because he was of the family
of the Kuraishites and a native of Mecca. The second
bore the name of Iskandar, and the third that of Jauhari.
Abu-' Abdullah Bukhari, viA Muhammad Ism&'il Bn-
kh4rf.
Abu-' Abdullah, Ai^t ooP^t, Muhammad F^il, son of
Sayyid Ahmad, the son of Sayyid Hasan of Agra, author
of the poem called ** Mukhbir-ul-Wdsilm", written in
praise of Muhammad and his descendants, with the dates
of their respective deaths in verse. The titie of the book
is a chronogfram for 1106 A. H., in which year it was
completed, corresponding with 1650 A. D. He flourished
in the time of 'Alamgir and died in the year 1694 A. D.
He is also called Ma^har-ul-Qa^ which see.
Abu-' Abdullah, iJJU^I ^| (Xix^t, commonly called
Ibn-Milik, author of the " Sharif Sa^i^ Bukhiri" He
died at Damascus in 1273 A. D. (672 A. H.)
Abu-' Abdullah, *i)\ OJ^yr, the surname of Sh&fi'i; which
Abu-'AbduUah, u*^ c5j^» «*-^' c^^ *^» •>**^»,tiie .
son of Ahmad Ansari, an .Andfllnman author, who died
A. D. 1272 (671 a". H.).
Abu-'Abdullah, <^»h<a. ^\ cjop^I^ Muhammad ul-fla-
midi, son of Abd-Nasr, author of the work called *' Jam'
baina-l-Sa|^ibain" and the history of Andalusia, called
*' Titfikh Undulus". The former comprehends the collec-
tions of al-Bukhiri and Muslim, and has a great reputa-
tion. He died in 1095 A. D. (488 A. H.}.
Abu-'AbduUah Maghribi, «/^>^ A^' •^-^t, named
Muhammad bin-Isma'il, tutor of Ibrihun Ehawfis, Ibr&him
Abu
11
Aba
Shaib&n of TTirmJlnah ^ti, and of Ab6-Bakr of Bikand, and
pupil of Abul-Husaqi Zarrin of Hir£t. Ab6-' Abdullah
died in the year 911 A. D. (299 A. H.), and was buried on
Mount Sinai.
Abu-'Abdullah Muhammady
dUl iXAP^t, son
of Snfyin, a ^lative of ^airuw&n in Africa. He is the
author of the work called '' Hadi." He died in 1024 A. D.
(415 A. H.)
Abu-'AbduUah Mahammsd bin-'Ali ar-Bahibi,
O^^flB^ aJJf 50*^1, author of a short treatise, entitled the
" Bighyat-ul-B&^" consisting of memorial verses, which
give an epitome of the law of inheritance according to
the doctrine of Zaid bin-$abit.
Aba-'Abdullah Muhammad Ha^kim Eabir, j^
^Ia. J^^a-•AUf aAis^f, author of the work caUed
"Mustadrik". He died in 1014 A. D., 40o A. H.
Abu-'AbduUah Muhammad bin-Muhammad al-
Nu'maZLi) sumamed Shaikh Mufid and Ibn-Mu'allim,
was a renowned Shf a lawyer. Abu-Ja'fsir ut-fdsf de-
scribes him in the Fihrist as the greatest orator and
lawyer of his time, the most ancient Mujtahid, the most
subtle reasoner, and the chief of all those who delivered
Fatw§is. Ibn-Ea^ir-ush-Shimi relates that, when he died,
Ibn-Na^, who was one of the most learned of the Sunni
doctors, adorned his house, told his followers to con-
gratulate him, and declared that, since he had lived to see
the death of Shaikh Mufid, he should himself leave the
world without regret. Shaikh Mufid is stated to have
written 200 works, amongst which one, called the
^^Irshid", is well-known. He also wrote works on the
law of inheritance. His death took place in A. D. 1022,
413 A. H., or as some say A D. 102S, 416 A. H.
Abu-' Abdullah Muhammad bin-'Umar al-Wa-
kidi, uf^^y^^j^ ^a^ ^^^^ *^' •H^^t, an author
who wrote in Arabic the work, called " Taba^tat Wd^idf',
containing the history of the conquest of Syria by
the generals of 'Umar during the years 638-9 A. D.
He is said by some to have died in the year 824 A. D.,
219 A. H., but as he makes mention of Al-Mu'tasim Billah,
whose reign began in 888, he must have died about the
year 834 and not 824 A. D., 209 A. H. Vide Wil^di.
Abu-'AbduUah Muhammad bin-Husain al-Shai-
bani, <^*^» uHJ-*- cH ^^^ *^' •^^ ^^ commonly
called Im&m Muhammad, was bom at W&sif in 'Ir&k-
' Arab in A. D. 749, 182 A. H., and died at Bai, the capital of
Ehurisan in A. D. 802, 187 A. H. He was a follow pupil
of Abu-Yfisu^ under Abd-^^ani£E^ and on the death of
the latter pursued his studies under the former. EUs
chief works are six in number, of which five are consi-
dered of the highest authority, and are cited under the
title of the '* ?ahir-ur-Kiway4t ; they are " J4mi'-ul-Kabir",
'' J6mi'-us.Saghir", the '' Mabsuf £[ furu'-il-^anafiya",
the •* Ziyddit fi furii'-n-IJanaflya", the ** Siyar-ul-Kabir
wal-§aghir^* ; and the ** Naw&dir*', the sixth and last of the
known compositions of Im4m Muhammad, which, though
not so highly esteemed as the others, is still greatly re-
spected as an authority.
Abu-' Abdullah Sallh, 9%d4 Abd-' AU, Waz(r of Manstir I.
Abu-'Abdul-Bahman Ahmad bin-' All bin-Shu'aib
al-Wasai, t^^ **^^» er*^^ «>^^^ author of the
works called **Sunan Kubr^*' and "Sunan gughr^'.*'
The first is a large work on the traditions ; but as NasiU
himself acknowledged that many of the traditions which
he had inserted, were of doubtful authority, he afterwards
wrote an abridgement of his great work, omitting all
those of questionable authenticity : and this abridgement
which he entitiod Al-Mujtaba and is also called Sunan
Sughra, takes its rank as one of the six books of the
Sunna. Al-Nas&i was bom at NasiL, a city in Ehur&s^,
in 830 A. D., 303 A. H., and died at Makka in 915 A. D.
Abu-'Abdul-Bahman Sulami, ^Ad^ 'Abdul-Bahmib
Sulamf.
Abu-'Abdul-Rahman Tunas, Kj^ji e^*^' *H«^, the
son of I^abib, an excellent grammarian who died in the
year 798 A. D., 182 A. H.
Abu-'Abdul-Wahid, ^^IP' ^y\ an elegant Turkish
poet who flourished in Constantinople, in the earlier part
of the seventeenth century.
Abu-Ahmady (♦^^e^**^*^^y^the son of ^Asim, was
bom in the city of Amasia in Natolia A. D. 1483, 888
A. H. ; he publicly explained the book written by his
father A^mad bin-' AbduUah ul-Kirmi on the fundamental
points of Muhammadanism.
Abu-'Alif t5 "^ -^?^ the wazir of Mansiir I, the son of Nd^
prince of the Samanian dynasty of Khurisdn. In A. B.
963, 852 A. H., he translated the '' Tdrikh Jabarf' into
the Persian language from the Arabic. It is a general
history from the creation of the world, down to the 800th
year of the Hijra. In the course of eight centuries the
language of Abu-* All having become obsolete, Abd-
'Abdullah SiUil^ bin-Muhammad was persuaded by N<!ir-
uUah Ehin, prince of Tdrin, to put it into modem Per-
sian ; vidt Abu Ja'fu at-Tft^ai^ ^^^ Ta^>^*
AbU-'Ali Ismail, J^*»-»t ^/^yt, an Arabian author who
died in 967 A. D., 356 A. H.
Abu-'AU Kalandar, j<^ s}^y^, (Shaikh) commonly
caned Bd-'Ali Kalandar Shaikh Sharaf-uddin P&nipatl,
a celebrated and highly respected Muhammadan saint, who
•is said to have performed numerous miracles during bis
life. He was bom at 'Iri^ in Persia, but came to India
and fixed his residence at Panfpat, where he died, aged
about 100 years, on the 30th August, 1324 A. D., 9th
Eamaz&n 724 A. H. His tomb is held sacred and is visited
by the Musahnans to this day.
Vide Proceedings, As. Society, Bengal, for 1870, p. 126,
and for 1873, p. 97.]
Abu-'Ali Ahmad bin-Muhammad, the son of Ta'^db
bin-Maskawsdhi Khizin of Kai, author of the Arabian
work, entitied " Kit4b-ut-Tah£rat**, which was translated
in Persian by NlUir-uddin T^si, and named Akhl&^-i-
NiUiri. He flourished about ihe 12th century.
AbU-'Aliy c r *^ H ^ «J**-^^^ sumamed Muhandis, • the Geome-
trician', who excelled in that science. He flourished A. D.
1186, 530 A. H., in the time of Al-^ifif U-din-illah, Khalifa
of Egypt, and ii-BiUhid Billah, the son of Al-Mustarshid
of Baghdad.
Abu-'AU Sina, U^ J^^, «^ Abti-Sini.
Abu-'Ali 'XTmar, ^^is^ erLr^ a^-^^ ^^ of Muhammad,
was the author of the commentary, called '* Sharb Kabfr"
and *' Sharif §aghir." He died in the year 1247 A. P^
646 A. H.
Abtl
13
Abu
Abu-Ayynb y^t^f, ft companion of Muhammad who had
been with him in the battles of Badr and Ul^ud, and lost
his life in tiiie expedition of Constantinople (A. D. 668, 48
A. H.) in the reign of Mu'&wiya, the &«t Khalifa of the
house of Umayya. His tomb is held in such veneration by
the Mnhammadans, that the Sultans of the 'U^min, or
Ottoman, dynasty gird their swords on at it on their acces-
sion to the throne.
Abu-Bakr, or Aba-Bakr,^^t or jX^bf, son of Miran-
shih, was killed in battle A. H. 810, A. D. 1407.
Abu-Bakr Ahmad bin-'Umar al-Khassafy iji^st^)
j^ ^ (Xt^t^^^l^ author of several treatises, known
by the name of '' Ad^b-ul-l^^zl" H&ji Ehali& speaks
very highly of this work. It contains 120 chapters, and
has been commented upon by many learned jurists : the
most esteemed commentary is that of 'Umar bin-'Abdul-
'Aziz bin-Maja, commonly called ^usilm-ush-Shahid, who
was killed in 1141 A. D. Al-Ehassdf died in 874 A. D.,
261 A. H.
Abu-Bakr Ahmad, ^^^j^.yS% son of Husain BaihaH
vide Baiha^{.
Abu-Bakr Bakalani, t^^kjh -HN son of Tayyib.
He was of the sect of Im&m Malik, and author of the work
called ** Al-Taul^id," and several other works. He died
in 1012 A. D., 403 A. H. See B&^aUni.
Abu-Bakr Bikandi» a pupil of Abd-' Abdullah Magh-
ribi. He lived about the year 900 A. D.
Abu-Bakr, ^-JJ^ s^^ kji J^y^y sou of Abti-Shaiba, an
Arabian author who died in the year 849 A. D., 285 A. H.
Abu-Bakr SSangi, \J^j ui «^**« tH ^ ^^ son of 8a*d,
son of Zangf, one of the At^baks of Persia, who reigned at
Shfriz for thirty-five years, and died in the year A. D.
1260, 658 A. H. The celebrated Shaikh Sa*di of Shiriz
dedicated his Gulist&n to him in 1258 A. D.
Abu-Bakr Eattani, Shaikh Mohammed bin-' All Ja'&r, a
famous saint, who was bom at Baghdid, and died in A. D.
934, A. H. 322.]
Abu-Bakr bin-Has>ud al-EashaiO, ^^Wt ^^m.^^
iirij^' ji^f author of the work on jujisprudence, entitled
"Bad£iV» It is also called " Bad^r-us-SanAiV He died
in A. D. 1191, 587 A. H.
Abu-Bakr, {:ji'^^uij J^y^i l^i!^, (Maulini) sumamed
Zain-uddin, a learned Musalm^ who died at Tifb&d on
Thursday the 28th of January 1389 A. D., 30th Muhar-
ram 791 H.
For further notes vide Ain Translation I, 366.]
Abu-Bakr Muhammad al-Sarakhsi, ^^ v ^^t ^*^^
jri jvy whose title was Shams-ul-Aimma ; he com-
posed, whilst in prisoi^ at Uinai^d, a law book of great
extent and authority, entitled the ^^Mabsd^." He was
also the author of ti^e celebrated *' Al-Mu^it." He died
in A. D. Ip96, 490 A. H.
Abu-Bakr Shadan, vy^o^^ ^^^1 ^^, (Shaikh) of
Kazwm, a celebrated pious Musalm&n wko died at Kazwfn
in the year 1137 A. D., 531 A, H.
Abu-Bakr Shashbani, c^^^j^^l, a valiant com.
mander, bom in a village called ShashbAn in the province
of Mazandarin. He was one of the greatest oppoftsnts of
Amir Timur in his conquest of Asia.
Abu-Bakr Shibli, ^^J^,y\ >U, (Shaikh) a celebra-
ted doctor of divinity, bom and brought up at Baghdiul,
but the native country of his parents was Khur&s&n.
This Sufi followed the doctrines of the sect of Imim M£lik,
and had for his masters Junaid and other holy men of
that epoch. He died at Baghdad on Friday, Slst July,
946 A. D., 27th gil-^jijja 334 A. H., aged 87 years.
Abu-Bakr Siddik, &.^^j^.y), thefether of 'Ayisha,
the wife of Muhammad the prophet, by whom he was so
much respected that he received from lum the surname of
Siddflp, which signifies in Arabic "a great speaker of
trath," and at whose death, in June 632 A. D., he was
elected successor in opposition to 'All, the son-in-law of
the prophet. He supported with energy the new fEdth,
and reduced several of the Arabian tribes who wished to
abaiidon the new doctrines and return to the religion of
their feithers. Afterwards, he turned his arms against
foreign nations, and by the valour of his active general
Khilid, he defeated an army of 200,000 men, whom the
Greek emperor Heraclius had sent to ravage Syria. He
did not enjoy his victories : a dow fever wasted his
vigour, and he died the very day that Damascus was
taken ; but before he died he appointed for his successor
*Umar (Omar) the son of Khattib. He had reigned two
lunar years three months and nine days, and expired in his
63rd year on Friday the 23rd August, 634 A. D., 22nd
Jumida II, 13 A. H. He was buried close to the tomb of
Muhammad in Madina.
Abu-Bakr Tughluk, C^j^.y), the son of prince ?afer
KhAn, and grandson of Firuz Shih Tughluk, was raised
to the throne of Dihli after the assassination of his cousin
GhjyAf-uddin Tughluk, in February 1389 A. D., Safar
791 A. H. He reigned one year and sir months, after
which his uncle Prince Muhammad Tughluk, the son of
?^ii.^.*^ ^^° ^^ ** Nagarkot, (Kibgra)' proclaimed
himself king, and proceeded with an army towards DihH.
After some repulses he was victorious, entered Dihli, and
ascended the throne in the month of August 1390 A. D.
I^mazim 792 A. H. Abd-Bakr who had fled towards
Mewit, was taken prisoner on the 29th November of the
same year, 20th ^il-bijja, and sent to the fort of Mira^h,
where he died some years after. Vide Dowson, IV, 20.
Abu-Bakr Yahya, ifi^j^.ji^, author of the "Bahjat-
ul-Ma^fefil", or the Delight of Assemblies, containing
various anecdotes recorded of Muhammad, the four Kha-
Ufes, and other illustrious persons, in Arabic.
Abu-Darda, ^^J^ji^j a companion of Muhammad, who was
govemor of Syria in the time of the Khalifa 'Umar.
Abu-Daud Sulaiman bin-al-Ash'as, ••^^^a^Vi ^^
ljW-» .J^t J j^l, Bumamed Al-Sijistinf, author of a
" Kitdb us-Sunan", which coTitains 4,800 traditions, selec-
ted from a collection made by him of 500,000. It is
con8idere4 the fourth book of the Sunna. He was bom'
in 817 A. p., 202 A. H., and died at Basra in 888 A. D.,
Abu-Daud S^laimaa bin-'Ukba, (^^^\ ^
eH c>U4t» li^'J^I, sumamed Az-?ahiri. He is the
translator and commentator of Euclid in Arabic. He was
also the founder of a Sunnf sect, but had few followers,
and was called Az-^dhiri, because he founded his system
of jurisprudence on the exterior (zdhir), or literal meaning
of the ^uran and the traditions, rejecting the )fiji^
He was bom at Kufa A. D. 817, 202 A. H., and died at
Baghdid in 883 A. D., A. H. 270. Some authors say that
he died in 275 A. H. (888 A. J),). He vas a great
partisan of Sh&fi% ^
Abu
13
Abu
Abu-Hafs al-Bukhari, c^;'*^t u*^^', a ^^^ o^
Bukhari, and a very rigid Musalm&n. He was sumamed
Al-Kabir, the Great, to distinguish him from his son,
who was sumamed Al-Saghir, the Little, or the Younger,
and was also a learned teacher, but not so famous as his
&ther.
Abu«Hafii Haddadi 'Amr, son of Salama, of Niship^,
a saint, who died in 264 A. H.]
Abu-Hafs 'TJmar, »XiA.|^^^ i^fcJL:^y\^ son of Atunad,
author of 330 works, among which are " Targhib and
Tafiiir" and " Masnad". He died in 995 A. D., 385 A. H.
Abu-Hafis 'Ulnar al-Ghaznawi, (^yj^t j^ uoAa^^I
^oJf^UwM. sumamed Sir4j-uddin, a follower of Abu-i^a-
»i&^ and author of the Arabic work called " Zubdat-ul-
Ahkim", which expounds the practical statutes of the
different doctrines of the four Sunni sects. He died in
1371 A. D., 773 A. H.
Abu-Ha^tiid (Imam), ^Jlyi o.*«r* ^^ ^jcU. j^\ ^lc\^
son of Muhammad, sumamed Ghazzali. He is the author
of the Arabic work on theology, called ** I^y&u-'ulum-
id-din" and of many other works. He died in 1111 A. D.,
506 A. H. Vidt Ghazzili.
Abu-Hamza bin-Nasr al-Ansaori, ^jLaVjij^ ^
%y^:^y^\^ sumamed Axis bin-Malik, was one of the six
authors most approved for Muhammadan traditions. He
died at Basra, in the year 710 A. D., 91 A. H., aged 103
years, after having begot 100 children. He was tiie last
that was styled Sa^ba, that is to say. Mends, companions,
and contemporaries of Muhammad.
Abu-Hanifa (Imam), diJi^a^jJi ^Uf^ sumamed Al-Nu'-
m&n K6fi, the son of Sabit, a celebrated lawyer among the
Musalm&ns, was bom at Kufa in the year 699 A. D., 80 A.H.,
and is said to have been a descendant of the Persian king
Nausherwin the Just. Though he was imprisoned at Bagh-
dad by the khalifa Al-Mansur for denying the doctrines
of predestination, and died in his confinement, yet his
learning, his virtues, and moderation found partisans in
the East, and 335 years after his decease, Sul^ Malik-
sh^ Saljti^ erected a mausoleum in the city of Baghdad,
where his remains were deposited. There were not
wanting enthusiasts who declared that his name was men-
tioned in the Old Testament, and that his birth had been
foretold as well as that of the prophet. He died in the
year 767 A. D., 160 A. H., aged 70 lunar years. He was
the founder of the first of the four chief sects of Sunnfs,
and the principal of the Mujtahid Imams, who looked to
the l^jik as the main authority upon which to base deci-
sions. At the period of his birth, four, or as some authors
say, six of the companions of the Prophet, were still living.
Vide Qanifo (Imiun).
Abn-Hatim {^^jiU ^<^^Q^"^tedMusalmfai lawyer. Vide
l^iktim, sumamed Al-Asamm.
Abu-Hiiraira, S/J/*^!,^^^ i* "fiither of the kitten,"
* so nicknamed by Muhammad, because of his fondness for a
cat which he always carried about with him. He was
so constantly called by this name, that his true name is
not known, nor his pedigree. He was such a constant
attendant upon Muhammad, that a great many traditions
go under his name ; so many, indeed, that the multitude
of them make people suspect them. Nevertheless, others
receive them without hesitation as of undoubted authority.
He was Kigi of Mecca in the time of 'Ufman. He died
ui the year 679 A. D., 69 A. H.
AbuHuBain Zarrin, ^jj*} ^;A«»^jit,ofHirilt, and master
of Abii-' Abdullah Maghribf. He died at the age of 120.
Abu-Ibrahim Ismail, i/>^t5i*^ cH ^^4«^l r^iH*^,
son of Ta^y^ al-Macani, a distinguished disciple of Imim
ShiLfi'i, and author of the '*Jind* Saghir" and other
4
works. He died in the year 878 A. D., 264 A. H. He
was the most celebrated amongst ShafiTs followers for
his acquaintance with the legal system and juridical deci-
sions of his preceptor, and for his knowledge of the tradi-
tions. Amongst other works, he wrote the " Mukhtasir,"
the <'Man9<ir", the '"Rasdil-ul-Mu'tabira" and the "Eitib-
ul- Wa^iLik?' The Mukhtasir is the basis of idl the treatises
composed on the legal doctrines of Shifi'i, who himself
entitled Al-Mazanf '^ the champion'' of his doctrine.
Abu-Is-hak, son of Alptigfn, independent governor of
Ghazni. Abti-Is-hak handed over the reigns of the gov-
ernment to Subuktigin, who on Is-^a^'s death in A. D.
977, A. H. 367, usurped the throne.]
Abu-Is-hak, ^^^ ^J (^flt***! ^1, ^^ son of Muhammad,
an inhabitant of Syria, who wrote an excellent commentary
to Mutanabbi. He died in 1049 A. D., 441 A. H.
Abu-Is-hak Ahmad, <)^«a| c3^^t^^ ^^ Abnl-Is-hi^
Ibrdhim bin-Isma'il, author of the '* Kisas-ul-AnbiyiL'*
which contains an account of the creation of the world,
and a history of all the prophets preceding Muhammad ;
also the history of Muhamxnad till the battle of U^ud,
A. D. 623. He died in 1036 A. D., 427 A. H.
Abu-Is-hak al-Kaziruni, ^yj)J^\ c>*^***y^ ^ ^^'
hammadan saint who, they say, lighted a lamp in the
mosque of the college called **Takht Sir&j," which
continued burning for four hundred years till the time
of Bin-K&sim.
Abu-Is-hak HaUaj, ***^» ^^ i^^^J^K generally
called " Bus-^4^ At'ima", a poet and cotton-thrasher, who
never wrote a verse without mentioning in it the name
of a dish ; consequently they gave him the name of At'ima,
«. e, meals. His poetical name is Bus-^^. He lived in
the tune of Sikandar son of 'Umar Shaikh ; vide Is-^i^.
Abu-Is-hak Isfaraini, i/ib^^ (3***l ^', son of Mu.
hammad, author of the ** Jdmi'-ul-Jila," which refutes. the
doctrines of various sects. He died in 1027 A. D., 418 A. H.
Abu-Is-hak Shamii of Syria, a famous saint, who died
on the 14th Babl' U, 329, and Ues buried at 'Akka.]
Abu-Is-hak Shirazi, isjb^ &^^^JiK ^^^^^ o^ ^®
<* Tft^aV&t ul-FuVah^" a collection of the lives of celebrated
lawyers. He died A. B. 1083, 476 A. H.
Abu-Is-hak, O'^^y^ ^it^ 9^, (Shih Shaikh). His
father Amfr Muhammad Sh£h, a descendant of Ehw&ja
'Abdullah Ans&ri, was governor of Sbir&z in the reign
of SulfiUi Abii-Sa'id Kh£n, and was murdered during the
reign of Arp^ Khin in 1336 A. D., 736 A. H. His son
Anur Mas'dd, who succeeded him was also slain shortly
after, when his brother Abd-Is-hi^ took possession of
Shiriz in 1336. He reigned 18 years; but when Amir
Muhammad Mu^affar besieged Shfr&z in 1363 A. D., 764
A. H., Abd-Is-h&li: fled to Isfahan, where he was slain
four years after, on Friday the~12th May 1867 A. D., 21st
Jumid^ I, 768 A. H.
Abu-Ismail Muhammad, ^*«*<-k*<^t ^1, author of
the history called "* T^kh Futd^-il-Sh£m" the conquest of
Syria by the generals of 'Umar in forty-two battles,
during the years 638 and 639 of the Christian Era, trans-
lated and abridged from the '' Taba^t Wi^idi."
Abu- Ja'far, J^ J^», vide Al-Mansfir.
Abu-Ja'fto Ahmad bin-Muhammad Tahawi,
(sJ^ «X»de^^ O^A.! «AA^^fy an inhabitant of faifyif a
village in Egypt. He was a follower of the l^anafiya
sect, and is the author of the commentary on the Kurin,
called *< A^&m-ul-^urim," and other works, called
«* IkhtiUf-ul.'ulamA", " Ma'dni-l-A^Ar", "Nisikh and
Manstikh", all in Arabic. He died in the year 933 A. D^
821 A. H. He also wrote an abridgement of the ^lanafi
doctrines, called the *' Mukhtasir ut-Ta^^wi"
AbtL
14
Abttl
Abu-Ja'faral-Haddad^^tixsT'f^AAA.^ ) Two great
Ai^ -r %A. 1 « xn- li' I. • . / teachersofthe
Abu- Ja>fkr al-SaflRap, jUuflJjyuux ^t, J spiritual life ;
one was a locksmith, and the other a brazier.
The latter is called M'Haffdfy i. e., grave-digger, in
Jimfs Naft&Uul-Uns.]
Abu-Ja'far aJ-Tabari, jiyi- i:^} iSJ^^^j^y^j son
of Jarfr, author of the Tarikh Ta^ari» ^ ^cry authentic
history in Arabic, which he wrote in the year 912 A. D.
This work was translated and continued by Abfi-Muhammad
of Tabriz in Persian. Talari was the founder of the
seventh Sunni sect, which did not long survive the death
of its author. He was bom at Amul in Ti^baristim in 838
A. D., 224 A. H., and died at Baghd&d in 922 A. D., 310-
A. H. He is also the author of a commentary to the
Imuran.
Abu-Ja'far llCiihaminad bin-' Ali bin-Babwaihi al-
Kumi, o^^^\ ^y^. ii)^ iJ^ui ^^^ j^ ^',
sumamed As-Sadti^, one of the earliest of the many writers
of commentaries on the Kurin among the Shi'as. He lived
in the fourth century of the Hijra, and was a contempo-
rary of Rukn-ud-daula DaUami. He was one of the greatest
of the collectors of the Shi'a traditions, and the most celebra^
ted of all the Im&miya lawyers of Kum in Persia. This writer
composed a large and a small Tafsir. There is considerable
uncertaiaty as to the exact time when he lived. Shaikh Tusi
says in the Fihrist that Abu- Ja' far died at Rai in 331
A. H., A. D. 942, but this appears to be erroneous. Shaikh
Naj&shi, who died in A. D. 1014, states that Abu-Ja'far
^i8ited Baghdild, whilst yet in the prime of life, in A. H.
865, A. D. 965, which might well have been the case,
since Abul-j^asan 'All bin-Babwaihi, the fkther of Abu-
Ja'far, did not die until A. H. 329, A. D. 940. In addi.
tion to this, Ndr-ullah relates, on the authority of the
Shaikh ad-Duryasti* that Abd-Ja'far lived in the time of
Rukn-ud-daula Dailaml, and had repeated interviews with
that prince, who, as is well-known, reigned from A. H.
338 to A. H. 366, A. D. 949—976. He is also the author
of the '* Man U ya1;^»rhu al-Fakih," which is the fourth
of the four authentic books on Shfa tradition, called
Kutub Arba'. He is said to have written in all 172 works^.
and to have been especially skilled in Ijtih&d.
Abu- JaflEur Muhammad bin-Hasan al-Tuai, (Shaikh)
who was one of the chief Mujtahids of the Im&miya or
Shi'a sect, is the author of the work entitled ** Fihristu-
Kutub-ish'Shf a wa Asmi-il-Musannifin." It is a biblio-
graphical dictionary of Shi'a works, together with the
names of the authois. The greater part of this author's
works were publicly burnt in Baghdad in the tumult that
arose between the Sunnis and Shfas in 1056 A. D,, 448 —
460 A. H. Abii.Ja'£Ar died in 1067 A. B. He is also the
author of a very extensive commentary on the ^ur&n, in
twenty volumes, which is generally called the **Tafsir
ut-Tfisi," though it was entitled by its author the ** Majma'-
ul'Bay&n li-'ulumal-Kur&n." Among the Four Books
on Shi'a I^adi?, called Kutub Arba', the two first in order
were composed by him entitled " Tahzib-ul-Abkam," and
Istibsar. His chief works are the Mabsut and the Khili^
which are held in great estimation, as are also the Nihiya
and the Mul^it by the same author. The Kis&la-i-
Ja^fariya is likewise a legal treatise by at-Jiiisi^ which is
frequently quoted.
Abu-Jahl, JL^^t^ the uncle of 'Umar ibn-ul-Eha^b. He
was one of the most inveterate enemies of Muhammad
and his religion. Though his son 'Ikrima became a con-
vert to the tenets of Muhanrnrndj yet his father was for ever
shut out from paradise ; and so violent is the resentment
of the Musalmins against this first enemy of their prophet,
that they call the colocj-nth, in contempt, the melon of
Abii-Jahl. Abu-Jahl was cdain in the battle of Badr,
* Diiryasty a village near Bai, which is now called
Darasht.
which he fought against Muhammad, together with Al-As
his brother, in the 70th vear of his age, in the month of
March 624 A. D., Ramadan 2, A. H.
Abu-Lahab, vt'^^N ^® nncle of Muhammad, also called
'Abdul-' Uzza, was the son of 'Abdul-Muttalib and one of
the bitterest enemies of Muhammad and his doctrines.
He died of g^ief within a week after the defeat of Ab6-8uf^
yin in the battle of Badr, which took place about the be-
ginning of the year 624 A. D., 2 A. H. He was a man of
wealthy of proud spirit and irritable temper. His son
'Utba was engaged, or according to some, married to,
Muhammad's third dkughter Rukayya, but when Muham-
mad appeared as a prophet, the contract was dissolved, and
Rukayya married her lover 'U^m&n. Abu-Lahab was also
allied to the rival line of Kuraish, having manried Umm-
Jamil, sister of Abu-Sufy^. *
Abulr'Abbas, sumamed Al-Sa£fal7, which see.
AbuI-'Abbas bin-Muhammad', ^^x^ ^^ u*^*^'^^
author of the Arabic work '* Ma'rifat-us-Sa^iba," and
other books. He died in 1041 A. D., 432 A.'H.
Abul-'Abbas Ahmad bin-Muhammad, commonly
called Ibn-'U^da, was one of the greatest masters of the
science of traditions, and was renowned for his diligence
in collecting them, and the long and frequent journeys
which he undertook for the purpose of obtaining inform-
ation on the subject. Al-D&rkutnf, the Sunni tiuditionist,
is reported to have said that Ibn-'IJkda knew 300,000 tra-
ditions of the Ahl-i-Bait and the Banu-Hashim. He died
in A. D. 944, 333 A. H.
Abul-'Abbas Fazl, bin-Ahmad, of Isfar&fn, was minister
to Mahmud of Ghazni.]
Abul-'Aina^ 'H^'y^ ^ Musalmin lawyer celebrated for
his wit. When Mus^, son of the khaIi£Ei 'Abdul-Malik,
put to death one of Abul-'Aina's friends, and afterwards
spread a report that he had escaped, Abul-'Ain4 said ia
the words of the Lawgiver of the Hebrews, *' Moses smote
him and he died." The sentence was reported to the prince,
and Abul-'Ain6 was summoned to appear. Inst^id of
dreading the threats of the tyrant, he boldly replied in
the words of the following verse in Exodus, ** Wilt thou
kill me to-day as thou killedst the other man yesterday P"
The ingenuity of the expression disarmed the anger of
Musa, who loaded him with presents.
Abu-Lais Kasir Samarkandi, author of the work on
jurisprudence in Arabic called "Fikh Abu-Lai?," and
the ** Ghunyat-ul-Mubtad£."
Abul-'Ala, ^ijij, entitled Malik-ush-Shu'ara, or royal
poet, of Ganja, flourished in the time of Maniichihr, ruler
of Shirwin. The poets Falaki and Ehi^ani were his
pupils, and to the latter he gave his daughter in marriage.
Abul-'AIa Ahmad bin-'AbduUahal-Ma'arri,(j^ywJ(l
AlJt«>AP ^ d^4^] )bJ|^|^ a celebrated Arabian ph^oso-
pher, free-thinker and poet, bom at Ma'arra in Syria
on Friday the 26th December 973 A. D., Ist Rabi' I, 3^8-
A. H. Though he lost his sight in the 3rd year of his a^
by the small-pox, his poetry is animated and his descrip-
tions are beautiful and striking. He died on Friday
the 9th of May 1057 A. D., 1st Kabf I, 449 A. H. He was
the panegyrist of Al-kayim BiUah, the khalifa of Baghdid,
and has left a Diwan in Arabic. Vide Zeitschrift, D. M. G.,
xxix, p. 304.
Abul-'Ala, ^J^^^^J^\ ^f^l ji^, (Mfr), of Akbaribid or
Agra, Mir Abul-Wafa Hasani, was bom in the year 1582
A. D., 990 A. H. His grandfather Mir 'Abd-us-Salim
came to India from Samarlj^and, and went on a pilgrimage
to Mecca, and died after some years. His &ther Mir
Abul-Waf& died at Fatl^pur Sikri, from which place his
remains were conveyed to Dihli and buried close to the
college situated near the L41 Darwisa. When Bi^a Man
Singh was 84)pointed govemos of Bengal, Mir Abul-
Abia
15
Abol
'Ali accompanied him, and was honored with the rank
of 3,000, but he Boon left him and proceeded to Ajmir,
and thence to Agra, where he passed the remainder
of his life, and is said to have performed many miracles.
He died on Friday the 21st, January 1661 A. D., 9th Safar,
1061 A. H., aged 71 lunar years, and lies buried at Agra,
at a place near the karbald, where every year on the anni-
versary of his death a great number of people assemble
together and worship his tomb.
He was a NaVshbandi and a descendant of Khwija
A^?r&r.] ^ ^
Abul-Barakat NiBhapnri^ iSJiXi^ ^^i;^h-i^ , unihor
of the work called " Dastur-ul-Kitabat.*'
Abul-Barakat 'AbduUah bin-Ahmad, «>^^f cr^ ^^
^ ol^l jjt, vide Nasafi.
Abul-Barakat, Shaikh, brother of Abul-Fazl, bom A. D.
1662 ; vide Am Translation, p. xxxiii.]
Ablll-Farah, of Wasi^, the ancestor of the Sayyid families
of fi&rha, Bilgribn, Khairabad, Fathpur Ha^awa, and
oliher places. Vide Am Translation I, 390.]
Abul-Farajy ^J^^JiU (who in some of our Biographi-
cal Dictionaries is called Abulffiragius (G^rge), was the
son of Aaron, a Christian physician, bom at Malatia in
Armenia, near the source of the Euphrates in 1226 A. D.
He followed his father's profession, but afterwards studied
the Eastern languages and divinity, and was ordained
bishop of Guba in His 20th year, from whence he was trans-
lated to Lacabena and Aleppo. He wrote a work on
history, called ^*Mukhtasir-ud-Dawal," divided into dynas-
ties, which is an epitome of universal history from the
creation to his own time. The most excellent part of the
work is that which relates to the Saracens, Mughuls, and
the conquests of Chingiz Eh&n. Dr. Pocooke, Fl-ofessor
of Hebrew and Arabic at Oxford, published t^s work in
1663, in the original Arabic, with a Latin version of it.
Abul.Faraj died in 1286 A. D., 686 A. H.
Abul-Faraj 'Ali, ^rt***. (^. fjt^ ^j^^j^U *^ «>» o^
Husain bin-Muhammad Kuraishi Is^Eihdni, was bom in
t^e year 897 A. D., 284 A. H., and was brought up at
Baghdid. He is the author of a ftunous work called
EiUb-uI-Agham, or Book of Songs, an important biogra-
phical dictionary, notwithstanding its titie, treating of
grammar^ history, and* science, as well as of poetry. The
basis is a collection of one hundred Arabian songs, which
he presentcwl to Saif-ud-daula, prince of the race of Qam-
din, who ordered him a thousand dinilrH. The minister
of that prince, thinking this sumitoo small for the merit
of the work, on which the author had laboured- fifty
years, doubled it. The author of this celebrated work
died in 967 A. D., 366 A. H., having lost his reason
previous to his death.
Abal-Faraj al-Baghawi^^^^ytJi ^^i^t, | two great
Abur-Fliriv al-KHaUdi, c5*>J^I (r>^!>?l, | iw^' ""at
the court of the Sul^ Saif-ud-daula of the house of Qam-
d&n, who was a protector of men of letters, on whom he
bestowed large pensions.
Abul-Faraj ibn-Janzi, iSjy^- Ui^ ^J^^Ji^ sumamed
Shams-uddm, was the most learned man„the ablest tradi-
tionist^ and the first preacher of his time. He compiled
works on a variety of subjects; and was the tutor of the
celebrated Shaikh Sa'di of Shir&z. He died on the
16th June, 1201 A. D., 12th Ramagan, 697 A. H., and is
buried at Baghdad. Hi» Other's nam^-was 'Al^ and
that of his grandfather Jausi. One of his works is
called "Talbls Iblis"; "The Temptation of Satan."
AbolwFtoaj Buni, J^Ji) ^ j^' j^', of R6n, said to be
a place near Ldhor. He is the author of a Df w&n, and was
the panegyrist of Sultan Ibrahim, (the grandson of Sul^
Maluntid of Ghazni) who reigned from 1069 to 1088 I
A. D., 461 to 481 A. H. Anwarf imitated his style ; vide
Sprenger Oudh MS8., p. 308. He is often wrongly called
Abul-Fara^^ Ruwainf ; vide Dowson iv, 206.]
Abul-Faraj Saojari, (Sj^rj^^ M^ , » Persian poet
who lived in the time of the great irruption of the Tartars
under Ghingiz Khan.
Vide, however, Sprenger, Oudh MSS., p. 308, from which
it appears that Saiyari is a mistake for Sijizi, t. e, of
Sijist^.]
Abul-Fat^ Lodi, chief of Multin. Sulf6n Mahmdd of
Ghazni took Mult&n in A. D. 1010, and carried away
Abul-Fatl^ as prisoner to Ghazni
Abul-Fath Bilgrami, ^^ y.\ , (?fef) commonly
called Shaikh Kamal. It is mentioned in the work called
** Sharaif-i-'U|mini, that he was bom in the year 1611 A.
D., 917 A. H., and that in the reign of the emperor Akbar
he held the situation of ^a^i of Bilgrim, and died
in the year 1692 A. D., 1001 A. H. MuUa Firiiz 'U$m£ni
found the chronogram of the year of his death in the
letters of his name, viz. : Shaikh TTRtn^ l
Abul-Fath Busti, <^ ^ ^^!^', (Shaikh) a learned
MusahnAn of Bust> who lived in the time of Saltiin Mahmdd
of Ghazni, wrote excellent poetry on divinity, and died
in July, 1039 A. D., Shawwal, 430 A. H. He is the author
of a Diw&n in Arabic..
Abul-Fath, author of a Persian work called " Chahdr B^h",
or *the four gardens*, containing forms of letters on
different subjecto.
Abul-Fath, Muhammad bin^Abd-Bakr al-Marghln£nf al-
Samarkandi, author of the '* Fusdl-ul-'Imadiya", which
comprises forty sections containing decisions respecting
mercantile matters, and being left incomplete at the author's
death, which took place in A. D. 1253, 661 A. H., was
finished by JamAl-uddin bin-'ImiW-uddin.
Abul-Fath Gilani, <yV^'^t, sumamed Marf^-ud-
d£n, the son of 'Abdur-Razzak a nobleman of GjfUn, was a
physician in the service of the emperor Akbar. In the
year 1689 A. D., he proceeded to Kashmir with that mon-
arch, and during the emperor's progress from Kashmir to
Kibul, he died at a place called Dhantur, on the 20th
June of the same year, 16th Sha'ban, 997 A. H., and was
buried at BAbi Hasan Abddl. He had come to India with
his two brothers yakun Hum&m and Hakim Nur-uddm
¥:ariui about the year 1567 A. D., 974 A. H.
For further notes, vide Am Translation I, 424.]
Abiil-Fath Miihammad al-Shahristaai, c^^^^Vt^^
**^^^ ^^' y.^j author of the Arabic work called
•* Kitfeb ul-Milal wan-Ni^ial," or the Book of Beligions and
Philosophical Sects. This book, which gives a full ac-
count of the various Sunni sects, was translated into Latin
and published by Dr. Haarbriicker, in 1860 A. D., and into
English by the liev. Dr. Cureton. Shahrist^ini died in
A. D: 1163, 648 A. H.
Abul-Fath Nasir bin-Abul-Makanm Mutarrim,
LSJJ^ ^KJl^il e;i ^tj^l^t, author of the Aabic
Dictionary called "Mughrib." He died in A. D. 1213,
610 A. H. in Khwirazm. He was a Mu'tazilite and invited
people to that faith. He is also the author of ihe ^•'Shar^^
Ha^am^t Hariri, and of another wocL called <* Kit4b
Azhari." The inhabitants of Khwarazm used to call him
the master of Zamakhshari, and on his death the< poets
wrote move than seven hundred elegies in his praise.
AbtQ-Fath Nasir bin-Muhammad,
author of the " Jimi'-ul-Ma'drif."
►U ^t^if,
Abul-Fath Bukn-uddin bin-Husam S'agori,
Ui^\[jf; ^^\y\y authorof aworkon'jurispradence.
en-
Abul
16
Abul
titled the " Fatiwa Hammidiya" which he composed and
dedicated to his tutor, ^ammad-nddin Ahmad, chief -k&gi
of Naharwfila (Patan) in Gujrat. This work was litho-
graphed in the original Arabic at Calcutta in A. D. 1826.
Abul-Fath 'Usman, iJ^ f^'-^?^ sumamed Malik
ul-'Aziz *Im£d-uadin, second king of Egypt of the Ayyubite
dynasty. He acted as viceroy of Egypt during the ab-
sence of his fiEither, Sulf an Salih-uddin Yusuf ibn- Ayyub, in
Syria. On the demise of his Mhcr at Damascus in 1193
A. D., he took possession of the supreme power with the
unanimous consent of the great military officers of the em-
pire. He was bom at Uairo on the 7th January 1172
A. D., 8th Jimiada I, 667 A. H., reigned about five years,
and died at Cairo on the 2drd November, 1198 A. D., 2l8t
Muharram, 595 A. 9.
Abul-FazlBaihakt u^^ cUijf^l, author of several
works on history. Vide Baiha^.
Abul-Fazl 'Abdul-Malik bin-Ibrahim al-Hama-
dani al-Mukaddasi, ^-^^t «H^ cUiJl^jt, author of
the " Far&iz-ul-Mukaddasi ", a treatise on the law of inheri-
tance according to the ShiLfi'i doctrine. He died A. D.
1095, 489 A. H.
Ablll-Fazl Ja'far, jifts^ JLiiJi^t^ son of the khali& Al-
Muktafi, was a great astronomer ; vide Al-Mutawakkil.
Abul-Fazl Muhammad, •^^^^ tUiJi jJt, author of the
Arabic Dictionary called " Surilti-ul-Lughit."
Abul-Pazl (Shaikh), J-AftJI^f %U^ Akbar's &vorite Se-
cretary and Wazir. His poetical name was 'AlUmi. He was
the second son of Shaikh Mubarak of Nagor, and brother of
Shaikh Faizf. He was bom in the year 1651 A. D., 958
A. H., and was introduced to the emperor in the 19th year
of his reign. His writings testify him to be the most learned
and elegant writer then in the East. He is celebrated as the
author of the " Akbamima" and the '' Ain-Akbarf ', and for
his letters, called ** Maktdbdt-i-' Allami," which are consi-
dered in India models of public correspondence. The history
of the Mughul emperors he carried on to the 47th year of
Akbar's reign, in which year he was murdered. He was
deputed with prince Sultan Murad in 1597 A. D., 1006 A. H.,
as Conmiander-in-Chief of the army of the Dakhin, and
on his being recalled five years after, he was advancing
towards Narwar with a small escort, when he fell into
an ambuscade, laid for him by Birsingh Deo Bundela,
raj4 of l/f^ha in Bundelkhand, at the instigation of Prince
Balim (afterwards Jahangir) on suspicion of being the
occasion of a misunderstanding between him and the
emperor his father; and although Abul-Fazl defended
himself with great gallantry, he was cut ofi" with most of
his attendants, and his head was sent to the prince, who
was then at Allihib&d. This event took place on Friday
the 13th of August, 1602 A. D., 4th Rabf I, 1011 A. H.
Akbar was deeply afflicted by the intelligence of this
event ; he shed abundance of tears, and passed two days
and two nights without food or sleep. Abul-Fazl is also
the author of the ** 'Ay&r-DdniBh" which is a translation of
Pilpay*s Fables in Persian.
For a detailed biography vide Am Translation, I, pp. i
toxzxvi.]
Abul-Faal Tahir bin-Muhammad Zahir-uddin
Faryabi* «X««b^ JLoiifjjf a Persian poet ; vide l^ahir.
Abul-Pida Ismail Hamawi, c5>^ ik^^\ l»^» jJt,
whose fall name is Malik Muay>'ad Isma'il Abul-Fidi, son
. of Malik-ul-A^eal, a learned and celebrated prince, who
succeeded his brother Ahmad as king of I^amilt in 83rria
in the year 1342 A. D., 743 A. H. When a private man,
he published in Arabic an account of the regions beyond
the Oxua called " TaJkLwun-ul-Buldan,'/ which was first
edited by Grcevius with a Latin translation, London 1650,
and by Hudson, Oxford 1712. Abul-Fida died in 1845,
aged 72, at I^amit. The principal of Abul-Fida's other
works is his abridgment of Universal History down to
his time, called ** Tdrikh Mukhtasir." He is very exact,
and his style is elegant, on which account his works
are very much esteemed.
Abul-Paia, u^^^^ . Vide Faigi.
Abul-Faiss Muhammad bin-HuBain bin-Ahmad,
sumamed Al-Katib, or the Writer, is better known by the
name of bra- Ahmad. He was a wazir of Sul^ Rukn-ud-
daula, of the Boyidos. He was a great orator and a
poet, and brought Arabian caligraphy to perfection. He
died in 961 A, D., 860 A. H.
Abul-PutuhBazi Makki, t5^ isjb c^!^'» ^^^^^^^ o^
the Arabic work called ** Ris&la" or " Eit^bHasaniya", which
has a gfreat reputation amongst the Shf as, particularly in
Persia. It consists of an imaginary disputation between
a Shf a slave-girl and a learned Sunni lawyer, on the
merits of their respective doctrines, in which, as a matter of
course, the girl utterly discomfits her opponent. The ar-
gument is very ingenuously managed, and the treatise, taken
altogether, furnishes a good and concise exposition of the
tenets of the Shi'as, and the texts on which their belief ia
founded. This work was translated from Arabic into Per-
sian by Ibr&him Astar4b4di in 1551 A. D.
Abul-Ghazi Bahadur, j^^. iSj^^y.^, Khin of the Tar-
tars, was descended from the great Chingiz Eli&n.' He
came to the sovereignty of Ehwarazm on the death of his
brother ; and after 20 years, during which he was respected
at home and abroad, he resigned the sovereignty to his son
Aniisha Muhammad, and retired to devote ^mself to liter-
ature. He wrote a valuable genealogical history of the
Tartars, the only Tartar history known in Europe, but
did not live to finish it. He died A. D. 1663, 1074 A.
H., and on his death-bed charged his successor to complete
his history, which he performed in two years after his
fEither's death. This valuable work was translated into
German by Count Strahlenberg, and a French translation
appeared at Leyden in 1726.
Abul-Ghazi Bahadur, vide Sult&n Husain Mirzi.
Abul-Haras, M^ cH ^\ji ^,jyr^ '^j^^j^^j or
^ara?, commonly called ^ul-Rama, son of 'IJkba. He was
an Arabian poet, and was contemporary with Farazdak.
He died in A. D. 786, 117 A. H.
Abul-Hasan, cr^!^^ author of the " Siyar Niir Mau-
lud,*' a heroic poem on the wars of the prophet Muhammad,
Abul-Hasan, cr-* t^l, a poet who wrote a commentary
on the Diwan of Anwari, called Shar]^i-D(wan-i-Anwaxf.
Abul-Hasan 'AbdiOlah, ^ cr? ^^^^^ er«^W,
flmto), son of Mu^|:anna'. He translated Pilpay's Fables
from the Pahlawi language into Arabic by order of Abd-
Ja'&r Mansdr, the second khalifo of the house of 'Abbfis^
who reigned at Baghdad from 754 to 775 A. D. The book
is called £alila Damna.
Abul-Hasan >Ali, u^ tr-^f jff, author of the works
called *' Sunan'' and '' 'HaL" He died A. D. 990, 380 A. H.
Abul-Hasan 'All bin-al-^Husain al-Euml, ^^^
f^h^**^^ V:;i tr**"^^ J^t, commonly called Babwaihi,
who is said to have died in A. D. 940, 329 A. H., was the
author of several works of note, one of which is called
" Eatib-ush-Sharf a." This writer is looked upon as a
considerable authority, although his fame has been almost
eclipsed by his more celebratea son, Abu-Ja'far Muhammad
Ibn-Bib^^uhi (p. 14). When tiiese two writers are quoted
Abul
17
Abul
together, fhey are called the two §adiL^. He is alflo the
anthor of the Eit^b-ul-Maw&ri?, a treatifle cm the law of
inheritance.
Abul-Hasan 'All, 4>*--« jj^Ual^ ^H «^ er-^i>^t, the eon
of 8ul^ Mas'dd I, ascended the throne at Ghasni, on
Friday, 29th December, 1049 A. D., lat Sha'blUi, 441
A. H., reigned little more than two years, and was deposed
by his brother 'Abdur-Bashid in 1062 A. D., 443 A. H.
Abul-Hasan Ash'ari, di^^\ ui^ uj/^t ^r^!^', son
of Isma'iL He was a Mn'tazilite, but afterwards became
a Sunni. He is the author of nearly 400 works. He died
in the year 936 A. D., 324 A. H.
Abul-Hasan Juijaniy <y*^/^ cr*^!^*^ a celebrated
lawyer, a native of Jurj6n or Georgia. Vide Juij&nf.
Abul-Hasan Khan, u^ er^l ^^ ^i/*, (Mirz6) Persian
ambassador to the British Court in 1809 and 1819. He
is the author of a work called *^ I^airat-nima/' or book of
wonders, which title was given by it by Fat^ 'Ali Sh^
king of Persia. It contains a long account of the Ehin's
travels in India, Turkey, Russia, England, &c.
Abul-Hasan Eutb-Shah. »^ «t*^ tr*^W> whose
original name was Tlba Sh&h, was the son-in-law
of 'Abdullah ^utb-ShiUi, after whose demise, about the
year 1672 A. D., 1083 A. H., he succeeded to the throne of
Golkondain ^aidar&bid, Dakhin. This place was con-
quered by 'Alamgfr, after a siege of seven months, on the
22nd of September, 1687 A. D., 24th ^il-^'da, 1098 A. H.,
and Abul-Hasan was taken prisoner and confined for life
in the citadel of Daulatib4d. GoUtonda was then reduced
to a province of the empiro of Hindustin. Abul-Hasan
died in confinement about the year 1700 A. D., 1112 A. H.
He was the last Sult&n of the Ku^b-shihi dynasty. •
Abul-Hasan Bazin bin-Mu'awiya al-'Abdari, >^t
^jAAfcfl AjjU^ ^^ ^^j u-^t, author of a collec-
tion of traditions bearing the same title as the one written by
Baghawf, namely *' J4mi* baina-l-§al^4^ain." It comprises
the works of Al-BukhAri and Muslim, the Muwa^i of MiUik
ibn-Aus, the J^uni*-ut-Tirmizi, and the SunanJs of Abti-
D&Hd, and Al-Nasai. He died in 1126 A. D., 620 A. H.
Abul-Hasan, cr^W* «^, (Shfih) son of the lamous
Shih '^itdr of Ahmadnagar in the Bakhin, and minister
of 'AU ' Adil Sh^ I, about the year 1672 A. D., 980 A. H.
Abul-Hasan, the son of I'timid-ud-daula, prime minister of
the emperor Jahangfr, had three daughters, vtc, Aijmand
B&nti, also called MumtAz-Maball, married to the em-
peror Shih Jahim ; Sult&n Zaminia, the second daughter,
was married to Sul^im. Irarwiz ; and the third Badr-uzza-
minia to Sh4h 'Abdul-La^i^ the spiritual gvdde of the
emperor ' Alamgir. Vide Asaf Khin.
Abul-Hasan Turbati, (^y (^r^^J^t entitled Rukn-us-
Saltanat, an Amir who held the rank of 5,000 in the reign
of the emperor JahAngir, and died in the sixth year of
Shikh Jahin, A. D, 1632, 1042 A. H., aged 70 years.
Abul-Hunain Ahmad bin-^Ali al«Najashi, author of
a biographical work entitled " Eit£b-ur-Rij41**, comprising
the lives of eminent Shfas. Naj&shi died in A. H. 406
(1014 A. D.).
Abul-JBCusain bin-Abu-Yala al-Farra, i^ji^u*,
ij^^^ji\^ (^^0) author of the T&^V^t-ul-^anbaliya,
which comprises the lives of the most famous lawyers of
the sect of Ibn-J^anbal ; it was commenced by our auHior,
continued by Shaikh Zain-uddin 'Abdur-Rali^n&n bin-
Ahmad, commonly called Ibn-Rajab, and concluded by
Y6suf bin-Hasan al-Mukaddas{ : these three writers died
respectively in 1131, 1392, and 1466 A. J)., 626, 796, and
871 E.
Abul-Husain irhftyVittii, i^j^ {j^r^^y)^ anthor of
the '< Shaih-i-Makhzan-ul-Asrir," and *' Hir-&t-ul-Mu-
l^^l^ikin," containing an explanation of the ceremonies
used on the induction of a Sd^ and the rules of the order.
He died A. D. 986, 376 A. H.
Abul-Husain 'All bin-'Umar al-Darkutnl, k^J^
j*^ ij{ ur^ C/^'^W) a Sunni traditionist, whose col-
lection of traditions, like those of Abd-Bakr Ahmad-lnn-al-
Husain al-Baihaki, aro of the highest authority. He died
in 996 A. D., 386 A. H.
Abul-Husain Zarrin, vide Abd-Husain Zarrih.
Abul-Kasim al-Sahrawi, iSJl;^^ ^iy»>*f called
iu Lempri^'s English Biographical Dictionary "Alsaha-
ravius", an Arabian physician who lived about the year
1086, 478 A. H., and is the author of the *' Al-Tasrii^"
a treatise in 32 books on medical practice.
Abul-Kasim Namakin, ^Hi^ /M«^t ji^, a Sayyid of
Hir&t, served with distinction under Akbar and Jah^ngir,
and became a rich landowner in Bhakar in Sindh. He
built the great -mosque in Sukhar. His descendants
served under Sh^jah£i, ' Alamgxr, and Farmk-siyar. Vide
Afn Translation I, p. 470.]
Abul-Kasim Nishapuri, (Jj>i^ ^^'j<t, author of
a Persian work on Ethics, called '* Ganj.i-Ganj," and
of another work, entitled " Qulyat-ul-Mutta^."
Abul-Kasim 'Abdullah, *^'^ r*^'->^» eon of Mu-
hammad Baghawi, author of the book called Mu*jam, and
several other works. He died in the year A. D. 929,
317 A. H.
Abul-Kasim Isma^il bin-'Abbad, ii^^\(^^\ji\9
wazir of the Boyide prince Fakhr-ud-daula. One of the
most splendid libraries ever collected by a private indi-
vidual in the East was that of this nobleman. Ibn-Affr
relates that four hundred camels wero required to remove
the books.
Abul-Kasim Mirsa, son of Kimrin Mirs^, brother of
the emperor Hum4ytin. In the year 1667 A. D., 964
A. H., he was confined in the fort of Gwi^Uiir by the
emperor Akbar, who, when going to punish Ehlui-
Zam6n, ordered him to be murdered.
Abul-Kasim, u^lf ^^!^l, Kihl, of Is&hiA, though it
is usually said that he was of Eibul. He died at Agra.
Vide ]^&nm-i-Eihi.
Abul-Kasim, c^' (^^^y^j of ^illa, commonly called
Shaikh Muavyad, author of the ** ShariT-ul-IsUm", a
treatise on lawfiil and forbidden things. This book is
of great authority amongst the Muhammadans professing
Shf a doctrines. He is also called Shaikh Najm-uddfn
Abul-l^iisim JtJhx bin-Muayyad. He died A. D. 1277,
676 A. H.
Abul-Kasim 'XTbaidullah bin-'Abdullah bin-Ehurdidbih,
died A. H., 300, A. D. 912. He is best known as Ibn-
KhubdXdbxh. He wrote the " Eatab-ul-Mas^Uik wal-
Mam&lik," the 'Book of Beads and Kingdoms.' Vide
Ehurdidbih, and Dowson I, p. 12.]
Abul-Khair, iJ^JD\^j^bi^ ^V^MaulAni, of Khwi-
razm, a physician and poet whose poetical name wa»
'Ashi^. From his native country he went to Hirit in the
latter part of the reign of l^t^ Husain Mira&y and was
there till Muhammad Shaib^S, commonly called Shihf
Beg "Khin XJzbak, conquered that province, and took hint
to Miwar&n-nahr, or Tnmsoziana, where he died in 166^1^
A. D., 967 A. H. The chronogram of the year of hia
daath is << Faut-i-' AshiJI^" the doath of ' Adii]^
Abul
18
Aba
Abtll-Ma'aliy whose proper name is Muhammad Sadr-nddfn,
is claimed by the Turks as the first of their poets, though
his labours were not confined to their langfoage alone, for
he wrote in Arabic also, and was in Persian tiie riyal and
opponent of N&sir-uddm. He was contemporary with
Jalil-uddin Rumi and his son Walad, and died about the
year 1270 A. D. He is not, however, according to Baron
von Hammer, strictly considered to be a Turkish poet
by his countr3rmen ; but the mystic tone which he adop-
ted from Persian literature, and which he was undoubtedly
the first to impress upon the national mind, gives him
an unquestionable right to the place assigned him. The
names of his works, such as the ^* Seal of Perfection,"
and the " Key of Mysteries," indicate the peculiarity of
his taste and genius; but amidst all the confusion of
style and thought, some passages of great beauty and
even simplicity are found in his works. He is lost, how-
ever, in ihe fame of his successor ' Ashi^.
Abul-Ma'aU, «^^*^»4>J^ ^^ ^JUJl^l, the son of 'Abdul-
Majid, the most eloquent of the Persians, who flourished
in the time of Sultan Bahr&m Sh&h Ghaznawi, by whose
order, in the year 1118 A. D., 512 A. H., he wrote in
prose his " KalUa Damna" (or Pilpay's Fables) from a copy
which Rudaki, the celebrated poet, had formerly used
for poetry. This version continued in vogue till the time
of Sul^ Husain Mirz6, fourth in descent from 'XJmar
Shaikh, the second son of Amir Timur, when his prime-
minister Amir Shaikh Ahmad Suhaili got Husain Wi'if
to modernize it, in A. D. 1506, 910 A. H., under the
name of '* Anw&r Suhaili", or the Eays of Canopus. Abul-
Fazl, the able prime minister of Akbar, compressed this
work, and gave it the name of ** ' Ayar-D&nish," or the
touch-stone of knowledge. He is called by Daulat Shih,
Ij[amid-udd(n Kasr-ullah, Vide Nasr-ullah, the son of
'Abdul-IJamid.
Abul-Ma'aliy t5^l«^!>Jt »t^, (Shih) a chief in the service
of the emperor Akbar, who having revolted was com-
pelled to seek safety in Kabul, where Mirz£ Muhammad
l^akfm, the brother of Akbar, gave him his sister, named
Mihr-un-Nisd Begam, in marriage, and raised him to the
first office in that kingdom. The ungrateful refugee,
however, had not been many months in office, before he
aspired to the kingdom of Kdbul, and in March 1564 A. D.,
Sha*b4n, 971 A. H., basely assassinated Mirz& Muham-
mad Hakim's mother, his own mother-in-law, who was a
woman of imcommon abilities, and might with truth be
said to have ruled that kingdom. He then pretended to
act as regent to the young prince, who was still in his mi-
nority, with a view to get rid of him as soon as he could
conciliate the Umar&9. In the meantime Mirz& Sulaimin,
prince of Badakhsh^ attacked him, and slew him in a
battle on the 13th May, 1564 A. D., 1st Shaww&l, 971
A. H., and took possession of that country, which he held
for two years. Abul-Ma'&li was an elegant poet, and his
poetical name was Shahbadi.
Abul-Ma'ali, is^^'\M\ J\*J\ y,\ ;^^ (Shaikh) of
Allihabid, author of the work called "Tuhfat-ul-Kadi-
riya," or the life of Shaikh 'Abdul- Kfedir GiUnf/ He
resided in Lihor, and died there on the 6th April 1615,
16th Babf I, 1024.
Abul-Mafakhir Bazi, iSjbj^^^ -H^ a poet who flour-
ished in the reign of Sultan Muhammad Saljiiki.
Abul-Mahasixiy e>^^***^Wi author of the work called
« Manhal-i-Safi."
Abul-Makariin bin-' Abdldlah. There are three com-
ments on the Nikaya of 'UbaiduUa bin-Mas'ud, which
are much esteemed : they were written respectively by
Abul-Makilrim in 1501 A D., 907 A. H. ; Abu-'Ali bin-
Muhammad al-Biijindi in 1528 A. D., 935 A. H., and
Shams-uddin Muhunmad al-Khurlui&ni in 1584 A. D., 941
A. H.
AbUl-Ma'shaTy j ^ ^ * ^ j^, who is ealled by some older
authors Albumassar and Albumazar, was a learned
Arabism astronomer, who flourished in the ninth century
in the reign of the khalffist Al-M£mtin of Baghdad, and
wrote a treatise on the revolutions of the years. His full
name is Ja'far bin-Muhammad bin-'Umar Abul-Ma'shar.
He is called the prince of the Arabian astrologers. He
was bom in Balkh. In his famous work, called **■ Ulfif " or
" Kit4b-ul-Ul<if ", which he wrote from a Sanskrit work on
astronomy, he asserts that, when the world was created,
the seven planets were together in the first point of the
sign of Aries, and that it will end when the same planets
shall meet again in the last point of Pisces in their
' exaltation or Dragon's head. He died in A. B. 885, 272
A. H. His worlu were printed in Latin at Venice in
1586, 8vo.
Abul-Najib al-Btikhari, c»^»V^»y, poeti-
cally called also 'Am'a^, was a Persian poet who
flourished in the fifth century of the Hijra at the court of
the Sultan ^adr Kh^ king or khik&D. of Turkist&n, who
made him president of the academy of poets whidi he
had established. His poem of the loves of Tiisuf and
ZallklUs which can be read in two diflerent metres, is much
admired. He was particularly famous for his elegies. He
lived nearly 100 years. Daulat Shiih says, he lived in the
time of Sulfkn Sanjar, who requested him to write an
elegy on the death of his daughter Malik Khatun, which
he did, although he was then blind on account of old
age. He appears to have died some years before or after
1145 A. D., 640 A. H.
Abul-Sa'adat Mubarak Ibn-Asir, lsJj^^j^^ e^*
iJjUo oil*-Jl>Jt, al.Jazari, author of an Arabic Diction-
ary called "Al-Nih4ya fi gharib-il-IJadi?." He died in
1209 A. D., 606 A. H. ; wfo Ibn-A^fr.
Abul-Wafa, (Khwija), one of the great saints of Khw&razm,
and author of several works on Sufism. He died 1432
A. D., 835 A. H.
Abu-Maaz MUBlim, ^JU^ 3^ j^, ^^ Arabian gram-
marian, who died in 803 A. D., 187 A. H.
Abu-Mansur^ sumamedal-H&kimbi-amr-illah, succeeded his
father A1-' Aziz to the throne of Egypt in A. D. 990, 381 A.
H., when only 1 1 years of age. In the latter part of his reign
he femcied himself a god, and found no fewer than 16,000
persons who owned him as such. These were mostly the
Dararians, a new sect sprung up about this time, who
were so called from their chief, Muhammad Ibn-Ism&'fl,
sumamed Dar&ri. He is supposed to have inspired the
mad khalifft with this impious notion ; and as Daribri set up
for a second Moses, he did not scruple to assert that Abii-
Mansiir was the great creator of the universe. He was
assassinated in the year 1020 A. D. His son T^hir
succeeded him.
Abu-Mansur,J>•^*^>^^ author of the " Kittlb-ut-Taubid,"
and several other works.
Abu-Mansur >AbdiiI-Kahir al-fiaghdadi, author of
a treatise on the law of inheritance according to Shafi'i.
He died A. D. 1037, 429 A. H.
AbU-Mas'ud, sumamed Shaikh-ul-Islfem, a native of Con-
stantinople, and author of the valuable commentary on
the KuSn, entitled " IrahAd-ul-'akl," flourished in the
reign of Sul^An Salim Kh4n, emperor of Constantinople,
and died in 1516 A. D., 922 H.
Abu-Muhammad, t^ **^*^^y*, of Mecca, son of Abii-
Talib, author of a commentary on the ?lur4n, and several
other works. He died in 1045 A. D., 487 A. H.
Abu-Muhammady son of 'AbWla, the son of a sister of
Abu-Ja'&r bin-Muhammad bin-Jarir al-Tabari It is
Abu
19
A-ba
iaid that lie had hj heart 100,000 Teraea of dHFerent
anthoiB. He died in 993 A. D., 383 A. H., and was a
oontemporory of the author of the 'Ayy4r.
Abu-Muhammad Husain bin-Mas'ucL Farra al-
author of a collection of traditions, called the " Masilbi^''
in Arabic; also of the *' Ma'alim-ut-Tanza" and *' Shar^-
us-Sunnat" He died in 1122 A. B., 516 A. H. $e was a
vendor of furs, consequently he was called Farra. Baghawi
also wrote a " Jdmi' baiaa-l-Sahiljtain/'
Abu-Muhammad Hisham bin-al-Hakim al-Kin-
dl al-Shaibani^ who lived in the time of the Kha-
li& H&rtin-ur-Rashid, and died in A. D. 795, 179 A. H.,
is famed as one of the first compilers of Shf a traditions.
Abu-Muhammad Nasihi, ^y^^ ^^^^^^^^ ""^^^ ^
man of eminent learning in the time of Sultan Mas'ud I
of Ghazni. He wrote a book entitled ^^Mas'udi," in
support of the doctrine of Abu-I|anifa, which he presen-
ted to the king. He flourished about the year 1035 A. D.
Abu-Muhammad Bozbihan Bakall Shirazi,
iSJ}^ iJ^' e>^ JJ) *^**^ yU author of the " Safwat-
ul-Masharib." He died in July 1209 A. D., Mu^arram,
606 A. H. ; vide Rozbihan (Shaikh).
Abu-Muhammad Shatibi, ^^l^iJ^-^^j^t, avery learned
Musalman and author of the " Kasida Shikfibiya." He
died in 1194 A. D., 590 A. H. His proper name was
Kisim ; he was bom at Sh&tibiya in Andalusia, from which
he derived his title of Shitibi. He is also IJie author of
several other works.
Abu-Muhammad Tabriziy author of the Persian history,
called " Tdrikh-i-Tabarf *. The original of this book
was written in Arabic by Ab<i-Ja*far bin-Jarfr T&hari,
in A. D. 912, 300 A. H., and was afterwards translated
into Persian and continued by Ab(i.Muhammad, and
dedicated to Abu-S^U^ bin-N(i^ about the year 1118
A. D., 512 A. H. "
Abu-Musa Ja'far al-Sufl, whose poetical name is Jabar,
was the founder of the Arabian school of chemistry,
flourished towards the end of the 8th, or the commence-
ment of the 9th century. According to the majority of
authorities, he was bom at Tus in Khur^uidn. He wrote
an immense number of treatises on alchemy, also a work
on astronomy. An edition of his works in Latin was
published at Dantzic in 1662, and another in English by
Kussel in 1678.
Abu-MuBa al-Aah'ari, c£/*^^* (j^J^y.^y one of the
arbitrators between 'All and Mu'4wiya I, by whose decision
'AH was deposed in the year 658 A. D., 37 A. H. Eight
months after the battle of Siffm between ' Ali and Mu'&wiya,
the two arbitrators Abu-Mdsa and ' Amr the son of 'As
met at a place between Mecca and Ktiia, where a tribunal
was erected. Abu-Musa first ascending it, pronounced these
"Vfords with a loud voice: — **I depose 'AU and Mu'&wiya
from the Khilifat (or government) to which they pretend,
after the same manner as I take this ring from my finger,"
and immediately came down. 'Amr then went up and
said, ^* You have heard how Abu-Mus^ has on his part de-
posed 'All ; as. for my part I depose him too, and I give the
khil&fat to Mu'awiya, and invest him with it after the same
munner as I put this ring upon my finger ; and this I do
with so much the more justice, because he is 'U^man's heir
and avenger and the worthiest of all men to succeed him."
Abu-MuBlim> a great general, to whom the Abbasides
entirely owed their elevation to the khilafat, for which
he is commonly called S£l^b-ud-I>a'wat> or author of
the vocation of the Abbasides. For his good conduct and
bravery, he occupied the first posts in &e service of the
Ommaides. He was governor of Khuris^ A. D. 746, |
when he proclaimed the Abbasides the lawful heirs of the
kh]]£&t» and in 749 A. D. transfened the dignify of
Khalifa from the family of Umayya to that ci the
Abbasides. This revolution occasioned the death of above
600,000 men; and when Abu-Ja'f^r Al-Mansiir, the
second Khali& of the race of 'Abbds, was opposed on
his accession by his uncle 'Abdullah, son of 'AH, 'Abii-
HusUm was despatched against him. This general
having harassed him for five months together, at last
brought him to a general action, and having entirely
defeid«d him, forced him to fly to Basra. Notwithstand-
ing all his services, however, Abu-MusUm was soon after,
on Thursday the 13th February, 755 A. D., 24th Sha'biui
137 A. H., ungratefully and barbarously murdered by
Al-MansCur, and his body was thrown into the Tigris.
Ab^-MusLim took his origin (as Isfahini, a Persian
historian relates) from ffamza, who pretended to descend
from Gaudars, one of the ancient kings of Persia.
Abu-Na'im, ^ '^ t^ (^yN son of 'Abdullah, author of
the works called " 'Ulyi" and " DalAU-i-Nubuwwat."
He died in the year 1012 A. D., 403 A. H.
Abu-Nasr Farabi, ^\jiij^jj]^videFirihl
Abu-Nasr^ author of a Persian work on Sufism, called
** Anis-ul-TaUbm."
Abu-Naar Farahi, iS^lJ^J'^ y) » flourished about the year
1220 A. D. in the time of Bahrim 6h&h, son of Taj-udd^
ruler of Sist&n (also called Nimrii^), who began to reign in
the year 1215 A. I). He is the author of a vocabule^ in
verse, called " Nisib-us-Sibydn".
His real name is Muhammad Badr-uddin, and he belongs
to Farih, a town in Sijist4n ; vide Km Translation I, 4 lit.]
Abu-Nasr Isma'ilbin-Hammad al- Jauhari^^j^^A^t
liUft' erf tle^-^r j^j^t^ ig the author of the Dictionary
called §i^-ul-Lughat. He was bom at Farab, and died
about the year 1008 A. D., 394 A. H.
Abu-Nasr Khan, \J^y^y} v!y^ (Nawib) an amfr of
the reign of the emperor ' Alamgir. The mosque of Jajna-
gar in Ofisa was built by him in the year 1687 A. D.,
1098 A. H.
AbU-Nasr Maskati, ^J^^^^j^y\y & native of Maskat,
and author of the book called " Ma^&mit."
Abu-Nasr Sabur, (Shipur) son of Ardsher. He built in the
year 954 A. D. an edifice at Baghdad, dedicated to scientific
and literary exercises, and collected a large quantity of
books, designed for the use of MusalmiLns ; there were, it
is said, upwards of 10,400 volumes of all kinds, including
a hundred ^ur&ns, copied by the celebrated caligrapher
Ibn-Mu^.
Abu-Nawas, u^yji, al-Hasan bin-H&ni, a celebrated
Arabian poet, bom in the city of Basra. His merit was
acknowledged at the court of Harun-ur-Rashid. His
principal works have been collected by several persons,
on which account there is a great difierence between the
copies of his works. His proper name is Abii-'Ali. He
died A. D. 810, 195 A. H.
Abu-Baihan al-Birum>iyj^^t c^^^l^o'-^^^-^^^^^
Muhammad bin- Ahmad al-Birunf, was bom about the year
971 A. D. in the town of Birun, said to be situated in
the province of Ehwarazm. He was astronomer, geome-
trician, historian, scholar, and logician. Besides meta-
physics and dialectics, he studied and appears to have
drawn his chief lustre from attainments in the magical
art. Of this, the following instance is related. One day
Sul^ Mahmiid ordered him to deposit with a third
person a statement of the precise manner in which the
monardi would quit the hall where he then was sitting.
The paper being lodged, the king, instead of going out
by one of the numerous doors, caused a bi'each to be made
in the wall, by which he effected his exit ; — but how was
Abu
20
Abu
he amaied, when, on the paper being examined, there was
found in it a minute specnfication of the precise spot
through which he penetrated ! Hereupon the prince with
honor denounced this learned man as a sorcerer, and
commanded him to be instantly thrown out of the window.
The barbarous sentence was presently executed : but care
had been taken to prepare beneath a soft cushion, into
which the body of the sage sank without sustaining any
injury. Abti-Rai)^ was then called before the monarch,
and was required to say whether by his boasted art
he had been able to foresee these events, and the treat-
ment through whit^ he had that day passed. The
learned man immediately desired his tablets to be sent
for, in which were found regularly predicted the whole
of these singular transactions. He travelled into dif-
ferent ooun&es, and to and from India for the space
of 40 years. He wrote many works, and is said to have
executed several translations from the Greek and epitomized
* the Almajest of Ptolemy. His works are said to have
exceeded a camel load. The most valuable of all his works
is the ** T&rikh-ul-Hind." Another of his works ia the
Kia^n Mas'fidi, dedicated to Sult&n Mas'iid of Ghazni,
for which he received an elephant-load of silver coins.
He lived in the time of Sult&os Mahmud and Mas*6d
Ghaznawi, and died in the year 1039 A. B., 430 A. H.
For further notes vide Dowson, Elliot's Histy. of India,
11,1.]
Abu-Sa'id, AAJ| «>ap ^^^j o^Amji)^ the son of 'Abdullah, an
Arabian poet who flourished in the court of Sali^-ud-dfn,
and was his prime minister. He died in the year 1201
A. D., 597 A. H.
Abu^Sa'idy tT^^V^cH <>J|*-«^>, the son of Kulaib
Shishi, author of the book called " Masnad Kabfr." He
died in 946 A. D., 335 A. H.
Abu-Sa'id 'Abdid-Malik bin-Kuraib, V^y
^ iJUUJftXK^ dJAM^ty commonly called Asma% cele-
brated for his grammatical knowledge and eloquence. He
was bom in the year 740 A. I)., 122 A. H., and flourished
in the time of Al-Mansiir, khali&i of Baghdad (who reigned
from 754 to 775 A.'D.), and died at Basra during the
reign of Hirdn-ur-RasMd, or, as some authors say, in A. H.
216 (A. D. 832).
Abu-Sa'id 'Abdur-Bahman bin-Mamun al-Muta-
walli, author of the ** Fariiz MutawaUf, a treatise on
the law of inheritance according to Shifl'f s doctrine.
He died A. D. 1085, 478 A. H.
Abu-Sa»id Baizawi, tsM^.'H^Ji^y oi^i^ Ab6-
Sa'fd 'Abdullah Baiz&wf, author of the work caUod^Ki-
fdm-ut-Tawdrikh," an epitome of Oriental Histozy from
Adam to the overthrow of the Khilafat by the Tartars
• under HuUkti Ehin A. D. 1258, 674 A. H., written about
the year 1275. Fide Baiziwl.
Abu-Sa»id Fazl-tiHah, *^l J-^ •***-• yf, son of Abul-
Khair, a great Sdi^ of Mahna. His spiritual guide was
Abul-Fajl Lu^min of Sarakhs. He devoted himself to
ascetic exercises and spent fourteen years in the wilder-
ness. He is the author of the Quatrains, called Ruba'iy&t-
i-Abu-Sa'fd Abul-Ehair. He died at the age of 44 in the
year 1068 A. D., 440 A. H.
Abu-Sa>id Khan Bahadur, j^^u^.jA^.J^'^^^^,
a Sultan of the flimily of HuUkfi Eh£n, was the son
of Oljiitti, commonly called Muhammad Khudi-banda,
whom he succeeded to the throne of Persia in December
1316 A. D., Shaww^ 716 A. H., when he was only twelve
years of age. In his time Rashfd-ud-dfn, the author of
the J&mi'-ut-TawiLrikh, was put to death. This monarch
may be termed the last of the dynasty of HuUk^ Ehin
who enjoyed any power. The few princes of thai sover-
eign's &mily who were raised to the throne after Abu-
Sa'fd were mere pageants, whom the nobles of the court
elevated or cast down as it suited the purposes of their
ambition. Abd-Sa'fd reigned 19 lunar years, and died
of fever on the 30th November 1835 A. D., 13th Kabf
II, 736 A. H. The following is a list of the princes
of the &mily of Chingiz Eh4n, who were raised to nominal
power after the death of Abii-Sa'id Ehin.
Arp& Eh&n (Mu'izz-uddfn) was crowned in 1386, reigned
five months, and was killed in battle in 1336 A. D.
Mi^a Ehdn was elevated in 1336, reigned two years, and
was murdered in 1338 A. D^
S&ki, sister of Ab(i-Sa'(d Khin, was elevated to the
throne in 1338. She was married to Jahin Timur
who got the kingdom as her dowry, but was deposed
the same year. After him
Sulaim^ Khiin was declared king ; he left the kingdom
and went to Diyir-bakr in 1344.
Nausherw&n was elevated in 1834.
Abu-Sa'id Mirza^ 1^ ^>i^y.\ c^U^U, (Sultin) the son
of Sul^ Muhammad Mirz^ son of Mfrt^nah^li^ son of
Amfr Timur (Tamerlane). He was bom in 1427 A. D.
After the death of his father in 1441, he continued to live
with Mirz& Ulugh Beg, son of Mirzk Shahrukh at Samar-
kand, and served in his army when he was at war with
his son Mirzi ' Abdul-La^tf ; but when that prince was
murdered by his unnatural son in October 1449 A. D.,
Bamaz&n, 853 A. H., and he in his turn was slain after
six or seven months by his own soldiers, and Samar-
Vaiid was taken possession of by Mirz& 'Abdullah, son of
Mirza Ibr&him and grandson of MirzA Sh&hrukh, Abii-
Sa'id with the assistance of Ab6-Khair Uzbak having
defeated and taken 'Abdullah prisoner in a battle, put >iijn
to death and ascended the throne of Samar]|puid in 1451
A. B., 855 A. H. He also took possession of Khurisin
after the death of B&bar Sultiin, son of B&yasanghar
Mirz& in 1457, 861 A. H., and greatly extended his
dominions, but was at last tsiken prisoner in an ambus-
cade, and put to death on the 8th February, 1469 A. D.,
25th Hajab, 873 A. H., after he had reigned 18 years.
After his death, Sul^ Husain Bitilpi, sumamed Abul-
Gh&zi, a descendant of Amfr Timur, made himself master
of the empire. Abu-Sa'id at his death left eleven sons,
viz,f Mirza Sul^^ Ahmad, Mirz6 Sul^ Mahmtid, Mirz4
Sul^ Muhammad, Mirz& SlUhmkh, Mirzi Ulugh Beg,
Mirzil 'Umar Shaikh, Mirz& Ab&-Bakr, Mirzi SulOn
Murad, Mirzi SultAn Khalil, Mirz& Sul^^ Walfd, and
Mirza Sult&n 'Umar ; of whom four arrived to the dignity
of kings, viz, Mirzi Ulugh Beg to the throne of Kabul ;
Mirz& Sultin Ahmad to the kiu^om of Samarkand ; Mfrzd
'Umar Shaikh to the united thrones of Andijim and
Farghina ; and Mfrz^ Sultin Mahmiid to those of Eunduz
and Badakhshin. Abd-Sa'id Mirzi, says Bihar Shih,
though brought up in the city, was illiterate and unrefined.
Vide Genealogical Table attached to Am Translation.]
Abu-Sina Muhammad, author of the Arabic work called
'' Dal^&i^-ul-^al^," containing a collection of tradi-
tions.
Abu-Sixia>^^.^t, or Abii-'Alf Sfni, whom we oaU Avi-
cenna, was a fiEunous Muhammadan physician and philo-
sopher, who early applied himself to literature, botany,
and mathematics. At the age of eighteen, he began to
practise, and with such success that he became physician
to the court of Baghd&d. He was bom in the city of
Bukhiri in 983 A. D., 373 A. H., and died at Hamadin
in July, 1037, 427 A. H., aged 54 lunar years, with
the character of a learned man but too much addicted to
wine and effSsminating pleasures. His books on Medicine,
&c., were in number 100, now nearly all lost He is also
called Ibn-Sini. The following are the titles of his works.
Of the Utility and Advantages of Sciences, 20 books. Of
Innocence and Criminality, 2 books. Of Health and
Abu
21
Abu
Hemedies, 18 books* On the means of preserving Health,
3 books. Canons on Physic, 14 books. On Astronomical
Observations, 1 book. On Mathematical Sciences. Of
Theorems, or Mathematical and Theological Demonstra-
tionS) 1 book. On the Arabic language, 10 books. On the
Last Judgment. On the Origin of the Soul, and the
Resurrection of Bodies. Of the end we should propose to
ourselves in Harangues and Philosophical Arguments.
Demonstrations of the collateral lines in the sphere.
Abridgment of Euclid. On Finity and Infinity. On
Physics and Metaphysics. On Amrnftls and Vegetables,
&c., Encyclopaedia, 20 volumes.
Abu-Sufyan, ^j^ cH ivk^ y^U the son of ^arb, the
grandson of Umayya, and great-grandson of 'Abdul-Shams.
He was an able and ambitious man, of great wealth and
influence, and one of the most persevering and powerful
opponents of Muhammad. He was the father of Mu'awiya,
the first khah'fa of the house of Umayya, and one of the
heads of the tribe of Kuraish, to which Muhammad
also belonged. When Muhammad took up arms for the
propagation of his fsiith, Abu-Sufyan was made gene-
ralissimo of his enemies against him : and after the battle
of Badr, he stood very fair for the headship of that tribe.
But he was at last convinced (as it seems, by a signal
victory gained by Muhammad over his enemies), of the
truth of the prophet's pretensions, and was converted in
the 8th year of the Hijra, A. D. 629.
Abu-Sulaiman Baud, «>^b c>UJL« ^\^ bin-Abul-Fazl
bin-Muhammad Fakhr Bindkiti, so cialled from having
been bom at Binakit, or Finakit, a town in Transoxiana,
afterwards called Shahrukhiya. He is the author of the
" Tarikh-i-Bindkitf." Its correct name in full length is
" Rauzatu uli-1-albab ft Taw&nkh-il-Akabir wal-Ansib,"
«. e. the garden of the learned in the histories of great men
and genealogies. It is chiefiy an abridgment of the JAmi'-
ur-Eashidi, and was compil^ by the author only seven
years after that work in A. D. 1317, 707 A. H., and is dedi-
cated to Sultan Ab6-Sa'id, the ninth Mughul king of
Persia. The author was a poet as well as an historian,
and was appointed by Sult&i Ghdzin EMn, poet laureate
of his court. He died in or about the year 1330 A. D..
731 A. H.
Vide Dowson, Elliot's Histy. of India, HI, bb."]
AbU-Tahir, J^^^yh of Tortosa in Spain, author of the
"D^b-n4ma", an abridgement of Oriental Biography,
containing the lives of 2dliak, of Darius, of Philip of
Macodon, and of Alexander the Great : also Memoirs of
Galen and other Greek Philosophers, &c.
Abu-Tahir Khatuni, i^y^j^^y^}, a poet who fiour-
ished in the 12th or 13th centuries of our era. He is the
author of the History of the Saljtilp Idngs, entitled '^Ts-
rikh-us-Saljulfi," and of another work, called " Mana^pb-
nsh-Shu'arii."
Abu-Talib, V^^-^l, was the father of 'AH and the uncle of
Muhammad the prophet. He died 3 days before Khadfja,
the first wife of Muhammad, in August^ 619, A. B., aged
80 years.
Abu-Talib Husaini, author of the "Tuzuk-i-Timtiri."
This work contains an account of the first forty-seven
years of the life of Tamerlane, written by himself in Chagh-
tai Turki, and translated into Persian by Abu-Tilib, who
dedicated it to Shah Jahin. It has been translated into
EngUsh by Major Charles Stewart.
Vide Dowson, III, 389.]
Abu-Talib Kalim, t/*t«^^^ ^ ^^y}, whose poetical
name was Kalun, was a great poet of TT<^Tnfti^^{.Ti in Persia,
and came to India, the first time in the reign of the emperor
Jahangir, and returned home in 1619 A. D., 1028 A. H.
After some years he again visited India in the time of |
6
Shih Jahfo, who employed him and conferred on him the
title of " Mabk-ush-Shu'arA", or Poet Laureate. He was
twice weighed against gold and sUver, and the amount
was given to him as a reward for his poetical talents. He
died at Ldhor on the 19th November, 1651, 15th gU-tijja
1061 A. H. He is the author of a poem, called "?afer-
nima-i-Shih Jahan," or the conquests of Shdh Jahin, and
of a Diwan in Persian.
Abu-TaUb Khan, J^ V^U^I b>, (Mirzi) the son
of ^aji Muhammad Beg Kh4n, by descent a Turk, was
bom at Lakhnau in the year A. D. 1762, 1165 A. H. He
Ty?^"^^^ by Mukhtar-ud-daula, the prime minister
of Naw&b Asaf-ud-daula of Lakhnau, in 1776 A. D.,
Amaldar of Itawa and several other districts situated be-
tween the nvers Jamun& and Ganges. In this situation
he contmued for two years ; and after the death of his
patron, and the appointment of Haidar Beg Khan to his
oflice, he was superseded, and repaired to Lakhnau, and
was allowed by the NawAb 60,000 Re. per annum for his
support. After the expiration of one year, Colonel Alex-
ander Hanny, having been appointed Collector of Gorakh-
pur, requested the Nawab to take him with him as an
Msistant, m which situation he continued for three years.
He was afterwards employed by Mr. Middleton, the Resi-
dent of Lakhnau, in reducing the rebel rAja Balbhaddar
bingh, whom, during two years, he frequently defeated
a^d pursued. At length being surprised in his camp,
A V /S*i^ endeavouring to make his escape, was kiUed.
Abu-Tahb, after this falling in distress for some years,
embarked for Europe with Captain David Richardson, a
Scotehma^and left Calcutta in February, 1799, Ramazdn
1213 A. H. He visited England and other parts of
Europe, and was well known in London under the title
of the PeraiMi Prince. During his travels ho wrote a
Journal m which he daily inserted every event, and com-
mitted to writing such reflections as occurred to him at
the moment. On his return to Calcutta in 1803, 1218
A. H., having revised and abridged his notes, he pubHshed
Tr®™.,^?^°^ ^® ^*^Q of " ]Maigir-ut-Talib£ fi Bilad-i-
Ifraiiji. This work was translated by Charles Stewart, and
pubhshed m London in the year 1814. Abd-TaUb died
about the year 1806 A. D., 1221 A. H. He ii also the
author of the ** Khulasat-ul-Afkir."
Vide Dowson, VIII,' 298.]
Abu-Talib Mirza, mde Shaista Khin.
Abu-TaUb, ^^y\ ^, (Shaikh) the father of Shaikh
Muhammad 'AH ^azm. He died at Isfahin in 1715,
1127 A. H., and was interred in the cemetery, called MazAr
Baba Rukn-uddm, close to the tomb of the learned
MaulinA Hasan, Shaikh-ul-Islam of Gilan.
Abu-Tammam Habib ibn-Aus al-Tai,t^'lWl u-jf
e^' Vi^ C^y^y an Arabian poet. Having arrived in
the city of HamadAn, he was received with great distinc-
tion by Abul-Wafa bin-Salama. When about to depart
a heavy full of snow made the roads for a long time
impassable. Abul-Wafi conducted the poet to his library,
and placed it entirely at his disposal. Surrounded with
these literary treasures, Abu-Tammdm forgot his journey,
read the precious volumes with avidity, and devoted his
time to the composition of several works. The poetical
collection, entitled " Khamsa", was the principal fruit of
these researches, and attests the indefiitigable attention
with which the learned writer had ransacked this rich
library. Amongst the other works that he wrote one
is called " FuhtH-ush.Shu'ari". He was bom in A. D. 804,
188 A. H., at Jasim near Damascus, and died in A D*
845, 231 A. H. * *
Abu-Tayyib al-Mutanabbi, <^^^^ v^i>j^l, vide
MatanabbL
Abn
22
▲dam
Abn-Turab, Mir, vL^-Hl^r**,* ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^'
who served, with his son Mir Gadii, in Gujrit, and then
under Akhar. He died in 1006 H., and lies buried in
Ahmadab^ ; vide Kin Translation I, p. 506.]
AbU-'XJbaida, *<Hf^ y.\, a friend and associate of Muham-
mad, who had the command of the Moslem army in the
time of Abu-Bakr, the first khalifa, but being defeated in
a battle against the troops of the Greek emperor, he was
deprived of the command, which was given to Khdlid.
'Umar, on his accession to the khiUfat, replaced Abu-
•Ubaida in the command of the army in Syria, bemg
greatly displeased with the cruel and blood-thirsty disposi-
tion of Khilid. Ab^-'Ubaida extended his conquests over
Palestine and Syria, and drove the Greeks out of the whole
country extending from the Mediterranean to the Eu-
phrates. This conquest was completed in 639 A. D., 18
A. H., in which year Syria was visited by a dreadful plague,
in which the Moslems lost 26,000 men, among whom were
AbA-'Ubaida himself, Yazxd ibn Abu-Su^^an, and many
other men of distinction.
Abu-'ITbaida ibn-Mas'ud, o^«wo ^\ s.x^ jil,
a general in the time of the khalifa *Umar. He was
defeated and killed in battle by Farrukhzad, who com-
manded the army of Ttiran-Dukht, queen of Persia, about
the year 636 A. D.
Abu-'ITbaida Kam bin-Salam, author of a work on
" Kaxdat."
Abu-'Ubaida Ma'mar bin-Al-muaaimi, j^^iUl
\'Xij*^^ t^^y}, a famous Arabian grammarian, bom
in Basra, who lived in the time of Hariin-ur-Rashid, and
died A. D. 824, 209 A. H., aged 99 lunar years.
Abu-'XJmar Minhaj al-Juijani, fj^js^\ ^l^
j^'- j]\ author of the ** Tabakit-i-Nwirf ', a celebrated
history, written in 1262 A. D., 660 A. H., and dedicated
to SulUn Nasir-uddin Mahmdd of Dihli. VieU Minhij-i-
Siriy. •
Abu-Yahya bm-Sanjap,.r?^ cH' «/i*^>?S author of
a Diw4n in Arabic. He died in 1234 A. D., 632 A. H.
Abu-Yahya Ahmad bin-Daud al-Farasi al-
Juijani, •i^** eH «^**^l ijir^J^^y who was originally
a Sunnl, but became a convert to the Im&miya or Shfa
futh, is the author of a biographical work, entitled
" Kitdb fi ma'rifat-ir-Rijdl," containing the lives of emi-
nent Shf as.
Abu-Ya*kub al-War]yi.k, oll^'t ^j^ji^, vide Muham-
mad bin-Is-^k an-Nadim.
AbU-Yazid, jt^H*^**^^*, Maktabdir, secretary of
state in Egypt, who rebelled against Kiim, the second
khalifa of &e race of the F&timites. He was not punish-
ed for his rebellion till Ism^'il al-Mansur defeated him,
and confined him in an iron cage where he ended his
days.
Abu-Yusuf, *-^>iyt f*^, (Imdm) bin-?abib al-Kdfi, a
celebrated K&zi of Baghdid, and one of the first pupils of
Abd-Ijlanifii, dignified with the titie of ICazi^.^us^t, or
supreme judge, in the reigns of Hadi and Hardn-ur-Iiashid,
khalifas of Baghdid. He supported the tenets of Abu-
j^anifa, and maintained the dignity of his office by impar-
tiality. "When one day reproached for his ignorance of
one of the causes brought before him, for the decision of
which he received an ample allowance, he jocosely repliedi
that he received in proportion as he knew; but, said he,
if I were paid for all I do not know, the riches of the khi-
l&fat itself would not be sufficient to answer my demands.
He was bom 731 A. D., 113 A. H., and (Ued on the
13th September 798, A. D., 27th Rajab, 182 A. H., at the
age of 69 years, at Baghd&d. The only work known to have
been written by him, treats of the duties of a Magistrate,
and is entitled " Adib-ul-^a^i." The reputation of this
work has been eclipsed by that of another, having a simi-
lar title, by al-Khassif.
Abu-Yusuf Ya'kub bin-Sulaiman l8faraini,u;U^
^^ ^yutj uu»ji^\, author of the " Sharittt-ul-KhiU&t."
He died in 1096 A. D., 488 A. H.
Abn-Zakariya Yahya al-Nawawi, vide Nawawi
Abu-Zarr, \J^^J^ S^yS^ the father of the Karamstians in
Arabia, who not only opposed the religion of Muhammad,
but plundered and insulted the temple of Mecca and car-
ried away the black stone which was believed to have
fallen from heaven. He died 963 A. D., 342 A. H. Vide
IKLarmaf.
Abu-Zarr Yakut MauBiIi, ij^y^ «^^J«^^^ ^ <^^®'
brated calig^pher.
Abu-Zubaid, i^^^jf^ an author who has written on the
lion and aU its names in the Arabic language.
Abrakh Khan^ c^^ ^^t^ (the son of Kizdlb&sh Eh£n
Afshir, governor of the fort of Ahmadnagar, who died there
in the 22nd year of Sh&h Jahin) was a nobleman of high
rank in the time of 'Alamgir. A few years before his
death, he was appointed governor of Bar^, where he died
on the 24th of July, 1686 A, D., 3id Bama^iui, 1096 A. H.
Abru, Jt^t, fnd^ ^^ Abrd.
Abru, jyf^ poetical name of Shih Najm-uddin of Dihlf, aUae
Shih Mubirak, who flourished in the reign of the emperor
Muhammad Sh4h. He died in 1161 H. Vide Sprenger,
Oudh MSS., p. 196.]
Abtin, U^ ' ^ the father of FaridtLo, seventh king of Persia
of the first, or Peshdidian, dynasty. Abtin pretended that
he derived his origin from Jamahed, king of Persia of the
same dynasty.
Aohanak Begam, one of the concubines of the emx>eror
Akbar. She had built a garden on the banks of the Jamu-
ni at Agra, called Achinak Bigh. Some traces of it are
yet to be seen.
Aohohhe, ^^^ the poetical name of prince Baland-Akhtar,
a brother of the emperor Muhammad Sh&h of DihH. He
was familiarly called Achchhe S&^b, and therefore chose
Achchhe for his *• takhallus.' He is the author of a beautiful
poem, called " Nahid-o-Akhtar," t. e, Venus and the Star,
containing 366 verses, which he completed in the year 1726
A. D., 1139 A. H.
Adam, the first man. Hie Muhammadans place Adam's
Paradise in heaven ; hence after the fall Adam and ^aww&
(Eve) were hurled down to earth. As this event happened
about 7,000 years before the Hgra, Adam is often called
haft-hazi(Ui.]
Adam Elhan Oakkhar, j^ \J^ ^^T, chief of t£e
Gkkkhars, who defied the power of the emperor Akbar. In
970, at the instigation of Kamal Khan Gakkhar, Adam was
attacked, and defeated and captured at Hllan, south of Chi-
li&nw&li, near X)&9gali, Adam's stronghold. Vide Ain
Translation, I, 467.]
Adham
Adhatn, ^^f ^ the poetical name of Mini IbdUiim, a Sayyid
6f the Sa&wi race. He came to India in the time of the
emperor 8h4h Jahin. He died^ or was put to death in
prison, in the year 1650 A. D., 1060 A. H. He is the
author of aDiwin, and also of a Ma^nawi, oiJled Ba£[^-UA-
Bldikin, and a S^^-nama.
Adham Artamani, ^U3;| ^^t^ author of a Diw&a
in Persian.
Adham^ j^^\, v*de Ibrihfm-l-Adham.
Adham E!han, u;!^ ^«>^ ^^® ^^ ^^ M£hum Anaga. He
appears to be a royal ba8tard« His mother Mahum was one
of Akbar's nunes (anagaj, who attended on Akbar *■ from.
the cradle till after his accession.' She played a consider-
able part in bring^g about Bairn's fall. Adham Khin
(t. e, the Black !^an) was a commander of 5,000, and dis-
tinguished himself in keeping the rebellious Bhadauriya
clan near Hatkinth, south-east of Agra, in order. In 9(38
H., he defeated B&z Bahidur of Malw&. In the following
year (A. B. 1562), he stabbed at court his enemy Atgah
KhiUi, Akbar's fo8ter-£either, and was killed by the emper-
or's order. Mahum Anaga died forty days after from
griefs and was buried with her son in Dihli in a Mausoleum
erected by Akbar. Adham's brother "BOfi Kh&n, or Khan
Bilp EMn, died in the 30th year of Akbar's reign, as
Governor of Garha-Katanga (Central Provinces).]
Adhan, <:^dt, Shaikh, a Chishti saint^ who died at Jaunp^
in 970 H.]
Adiby Hr*!Jd'> the poetical name of Abd-Hasan 'Ali bin-Nasr,
an excellent philosopher, who was a judge in Egypt, under
the khilafat of Amm^ the Fdfimite.
Adib, u*:!jf . sumamed S&bir, a poet who was contemporary
with A^ir-uddin Futtil^ and Anwarf. Vide ShihiLb-uddin
Adib Sabir.
•Adil Ehan^ <yi;^ tt>^ J«>'*^ F£ru^I, ruler of Khandeah,
who is also called Mir&n Ghani, which see.
•Adil Khan II, Faruki, J^ sjy}^ J^ J^^, entitled
A'f am Hum&yun, son of Hasan, and grandson of Nasfr
Ehim F&rd^ by the daughter of Mahmtid Sh&h of Gi\j-
r&t. He succeeded to the throne of Ehindesh after the
death of Baud Khan Firuki in August, 1610 A. D., Jumida
I, 916 A. H., and removed from Tdlner to BurhanpuTj
which place he made the scat of his government, and died
there after a reign of nine or ten years in 1520, 926 A. H.,
and was succeeded by Mir&n Muhammad, his eldest son
by the sister of Bah&dur Shih of Gujr&t.
*Adil Khan, «;^ J^^y the eldest brother of Sul^ IsUm
Sh&h, king of Bihli. He fled to Patna after his defeat in
a battle against his brother, but he soon disappeared,
and was never hoard of afterwards.
Adina Beg Khan, ^(^ ui^J &vj^f^ son of Channti, an
Ax&in by caste, was bom at Sarakpiir near Ldhor. He
was brought up in a Mughul feimily, became a soldier, but
devoted himself to accounts. He was governor of Sul^-
piir when Nadir Shah invaded India. Subsequently, he
supported Abdali Sh&h Durrimi. He died without heirs at
Khinpur near Hoshyirptir, where a fine tomb was erected
over his remains.]
^Adli, fJ^^f ^0 nickname of Muhammad ' Adil Sh^ king
of Dihli. His name was Mubiris EhiUi, son of Ni^im
Khan. He succeeded Islam Shah in the very end of 960 H.,
defeated with the help of his general HimO, in 962, Mu-
hammad Shah of Bengal at Chhapparghat|a, east of Kilpi,
and was at last, in 964, one year after Akbar's accession,
defeated and killed in the battle of Surajgarh, near
23 Afisal
Munger, by Bahidur Shih, SultAa of Bengal EQs nick-
name ' Adli was often further corrupted to * Andhlf , * the
blind woman.']
^Adnan, ^^^Sfi^ one of the descendants of Ismi'il the son
of Abraham, with whom the genealogies of the Arabians,
and also that of Muhammad, terminate. For reckoning
up ftt)m 'Adnln to Ism&'il, the descents are very uncer-
tain, and the best historians confess that there is nothing
certain beyond 'Adnin.
Afl, 4^ I , poetical name of Ahmad Ylr Khan, author of a
small poem in Persian called " Ma^nawf Gulzir-i-Khayil,"
containing the story of Shdhzida and Gadi, written in
1848.
'Afif, vide Shams Sirij 'AfiLf.
Afirasyab, V^y^ an ancient king of Turin, the son of
Pashang. He overcame Nauzar, king of Persia of the
Peshdidian dynasty, and having killed him, ruled over
Persia for twelve years. He was subsequently defeated
in a battle against Kai-khusrau, king of Persia, of the 2nd
or Kaiinian dynasty.
Afria, C^ S poetical name of Shaikh ^alandar Bakhsh of
Saharanpiir, who is the author of a work, called Tu^fiat-
us-Sanii'.
Afrin, iJij^'iy the poetical name of Sh6h Fa^^fr-ullah of Li-
hor. He was a GOjar, embraced Muhammadanism, and is
the author of a Diwin, and of an epic, called ** Hir-wa-
Binjhi." Some say that he died in 1730, and others in
1741 A. D., 1143 or 1154 A. H.
Afbah, ^«Ait, ^^^^ '^H^ a pupil of Mirzi Bedil, died at
Lakhnau in 1192 H., and left a Diwim.]
Afsari, (j[/*»^l, the poetical name of a poet
Afshin, iiH^^ the surname of Qaidar ibn-Kiiis, a general of
the khalife al-Mu'tasim Billah of Baghdad. He was a
Turk by origin, and had been brought up a slave at the
khalifa's court, and having been employed in disciplining
the Turkish militia, had acquired the reputation of a great
captain. He was, however, executed about the year
840 A, D. by the khalifa, being accused of holding corre-
spondence with the khall&'s enemies.
AfliOB, c/y*^^ the poetical name of Mir 'Alf. He was first
in the service of Nawab Is-hilj: Khin, the uncle of Asaf-
ud-daula of Lakhnau, and subsequently of Mirzi Jawan-
Bakht, and was finally recommended to Lord Wellesley and
appointed a Munshi of the College of Fort William. He is
the author of the Ariiflh-i-Mahfil in Urdu, and of the
Gulistdii, translated by him into the same language. He
died in Calcutta in 1806 A. D., 1221 A. H.
Aftab, Uail the poetical name of ShAh'Alam, king of Dihli,
who died in the year A. D. 1806.
Afisal, the poetical name of Shah Ghulim A*?am, which see.
Affeal *AU Khan, (Nawib), ffide below A^al Khin (p. 24)
whose original name was Shukr-ullah.
Afzal, the poetical name of Muhammad Aftal, which see.
Afisali /JUail the poetical name of Shaikh Muhammad
Nasir, son of Shaikh KhAb-ullah of Allihibid. He died
in 1750 A. D., 1163 A. H.
Aftal Khan, ^jjlA-cUif, or Mir Muhammad Aftal. He
flourished in the reign of the emperor Muhammad Shih of
Dihli, and died in the year 1735 or 1738 A. D., 1148, 1151
A. H. His poetical name was §ibit, which see.
Afsal
Afisal Khan, ^J^ JLoil^ Shaikh 'Abd-uiral^m&n, son of the
celebrated Shaikh Abul-Fazl, minister and secretary to the
emperor Akbar, was Jahangir^s goyemor of Bihar in 1610
A. D., and died at Agra in 1613.
Vide Ain Translation, p. zxxy (Abul-Fazrs Biography)^
and Dowson, VI, 205.]
Af^al Khan, ^Ui> lL^I^ whose original name was Mnlla
Shukr-nllah, the son of 'Abdul-Hak^, came from Shiraz to
the Dakhin, and was introduced by 'Abdur-Rahim Khan,
Khdnkhanfija, to the emperor Jahangir, who conferred on
him the rank of an Amir. In the second year of Shah
Jahan, 1628 A. D., 1038 A. H., the office of WizArat-i-kuU
having become vacant by the dismissal of Irddat Khfin,
the brother of Asaf Kh£n Ja'far Beg, ho was honored with
that appointment. In the eleventh year of the emperor,
the mansab of 7,000 and 4,000 sawars was conferred on
him, but he died the next year at Labor on the 7th Janu-
ary, 12th liamazin, 1048 A. H., 1639 0. S., aged 70 years.
His poetical name was 'Allami. His tomb, called Chini
Kauza is in Agra, on the left bank of the Jamuna.
AAsal-ud-daula, (Nawab), Nizdm of Haidarabdd, suc-
ceeded his father NawiLb Naslr-ud-daula in May 1857,
15th ^il-ka'da, 1285 A. H., and departed this life on the
26th of February 1869, aged 44 years, leaving an infimt
son who, according to the succession guarantee granted by
Lord Canning, is now his successor.
Af^al-Uddin, (Mfr), Nawab of S6rat. He died on the 7th
August, 1840, at the age of 59 years, after enjoying his
nominal nawabship about 21 years. Hia son-in-law, Mir
Ja'far 'All, succeeded him.
Agah Khan, a eunuch of the emperor Sh^ Jahin, who died
on the 9th Rabf I, 1067 A. H. His tomb is near the
Mumt^-Malhiall in Tdjganj.
Agah, 8(f f ^ the poetical name of Maulawi Muhammad B&kir.
His parents were of Bijapur, but he was bom at Ellora in
1746 A . D., 1158 A. H., and died on the 3rd of March 1806
A. D., 14th ^il-l^jja 1220 A. H. He is the author of a
Diwdn.
He was a Naita (pi. Nawdit, said to be a corruption of
the Persian nau^dmad, a * new arrival'), a name given to
certain seafaring Arabs, settled in Western India.]
Agha Ahmad 'All, poetically styled Ahmad, son of Agh&
Shaja'at 'All, of Dhaka, a Persian grammarian of note,
who successfully defended, in his " Muayyid-i-Burhim,"
and the " Shamsher-i-Teztar," the author of the Burhin
Kati', a Persian Dictionary, against the famous Dihli poet
Ghilib. He also pubUshed the " Risala-i-Ishtikik", the
** Risala-i-Tarina", " Haft Asmdn," a History of the
Persian Ma^nawi, and edited several works for the Asiatic
Society of Bengal. He was a Persian teacher in the
Calcutta Madrasa, when he died (June 1873).]
Agha Husain Ehwansari, ^^Ul^ ^2)^"^ ^T» '^^^^
Husain Khwansdri.
Agha Mir, j^ Uf , entitled Mu'tamad-ud-daula, minister
of Gh^i-uddin Ijlaidar, king of Audh. He was dismissed
in 1826 A. D., 1242 A. H., and retired to Kanhpiir, where
he died on Monday 7th May, 1832, 5th Zil-l?ijja, 1247.
Agha Muhammad Khan, m>^ •^♦^^ ^t, vide Kifjk
Muhammad Khin Kdjar.
Agha MnUa, Xo Uf ^ sumamed ' Daw^tdar', < the inkstand-
holder,' the ancestor of the three Asaf Khans who served
under Akbar and Jahingtr. His genealogical table is
given in Ain Translation, I, 369.]
2^ Ahmad •
Aghar Khan, e)^^^ ^^ Muhammad, who served during
the reign of Aurangzib against Prince Shnji', in Asto,
and in K£bul. He died in A. H. 1102. His son, Aghar
Khan II, was still alive during the reign of Muhammad
Shih. The femily traced their descent from Aghar, a
descendant of Yafi? (Japhet), son of Nubi. Their villa
Agharabdd near Dihli is often mentioned in the histories.]
Ahi, (^ I , a poet who was a chief of one of the Chaghtai
hordes, and had assumed originally the poetical name of
"Nargisi," but changed it into " Ahf, because he found
that another poet of his time had adopted it. He is the
author of a Diwan which he dedicated to prince Gharib
MirzA, the son of Sultan Husain Mirz4 Bdikri. He died
in the year 1520 A. D., 927 A. H.
Ahl-i-Bait, i£<aj JU|^ * the people of the house', a general
name for the descendants of Muhammad, the Sayyids.]
Ahl-i-Kitab, sJjS JUi^ * the people of the book*, a collec-
tive name for the Jews, Christians, and Muhammadans,
who received a book, t. ^., revealed religion, from heaven.]
Ahli Khurasani, <^^L^ c£r^', a poet who died at
Tabriz in the year 1527 A. D., 934 A. H. He must
not be confounded with Ahli-i-Tur&ni, a Chaghtai noble-
man of profligate character, who lived at the court of
Sultdn Husain Mirzd, and died in 1497 A. D., 902 A. H.
Ahli Shirazi, f^jbi'^ 1^^ (Maulana) of Shfriz, an elegant
poet in the service of Shah Ismi'il Safawi I. He is the
author of several poems, amongst which are the " Sihr-i-
^alal", " Sham* wa Parwana", " Risdla-i-Naghz", Sd^'-
nama", and *' Fawaid-ul-Fawaid." He died in the year
1535 A. D., 942 A. H., and is buried at Shiriz, close to
the tomb of Ilafi^ .
Ahlia Bai, the wife of Madhu Eio Peshwd Sindia, built
a place in the time of Shah 'Alam, called Bisnan Ghit,
or a bathing-place for aU men, on the banks of the
river Jamun^ It extended from the trench of the fort
to the house of Dard Shikoh, and was in good preser-
vation in the year 1830 A. D. On one of the comers
a large gim of iron was lying, under the Haweli of Dirik
Shikoh, called Dhaul Dahani.
Ahlia Bai, tj^. *t^^', the wife of Khinde E4o, the son
of Malhir R£o Holkar I, of Indor, after whose death, in
1766 A. D., she had a jdgir allotted to her yielding an
annual revenue of 1,500,000 Rupees. Her husband Khande
Rio was killed in battle at "Di^ against Surajmal Jit
in 1754. Her son Mali Rio, who had succeeded his
grandfather Malhar Rao in 1766, died nine months after.
She was a woman of spirit and ability, and reserved in
her own hands the right of nominating a successor and
elected Tokaji to the raj.
Ahmad al-Makkari, «*♦^^ author of the History of the
Muhammadan Dynasties in Spain. This work was trans-
lated by M. Pascual de Gayangos, an erudite Spaniard,
London, 1810, in 4to., Vol. I. He was bom in the 16th
century, and died in Damascus in the year 1631 A. D.,
1041 A. H. After having composed a very detailed
biography of the celebrated and learned wazfr of Granada,
Muhammad Ibn-ul-Khatib, he added to it, in the form
of Ml introduction, a general history of the Arabs in
Spain from the conquest to their final expulsion.
Ahmad I, '^'•^ \i^. "^^^^I, emperor of Turkey, son and
successor of Muhammad III, whom he succeeded in Janu-
ary, 1604 A. D., Sha'ban, 1012 A. H. This prince was of
a good constitution, strong and active ; he would throw a
Ahma
25
Ahnriji.
horseman's maoe, of nine or ten pounds weight, {nrther
than any of his court. He was much given to sensual
pleasures, and had 3000 concubines. He died on the
16th November, 1617 A. D., loth ^il-^a'da, 1026 A, H.,
at the age of thirty, having reigned fourteen years. He
was succeeded by his brother Mustafa I.
Ahmad II, ^L^?' cr? «^^^N son of Ibrahim, succeeded on
the death of his brother Sulaiman II, in 1691 A. D.,
1103 A. H., to the throne of Constantinople, and died in
1695, 1106 A. H. He was succeeded by Mus(afi| II, son of
Muhammad lY.
Ahmad III,
^ d««<^t, son of Muhammad lY, was
placed on the throne of Constantinople in 1703 A. D., 1115
A. H., by the heads of a fsiction which had deposed his
brother Mustafa II. He granted a friendly asylum to
Charles XII of Sweden, after the battle of Pultowa ; and
the kindness and the hospitality which marked the whole
of his intercourse with that imfortunate monarch, are
entitled to the highest encomium. He was preparing an
expedition against Persia, when an insurrection hurled
him from his throne, and exalted his nephew Mahmiid I
from a prison to the sovereign power in 1730 A. D., 1142
A. H. He died of apoplexy in 1736, aged 74 years, 1148
A. H.
Ahmad IV, iX^^t i^A>*^\, (also called 'Abdul-^amid), son
of Ahmad III, emperor of Turkey, succeeded his brother
Mustafi^ ni in 1774 A. D., 1188 A. fl. He died after a
rei^ of 15 years on the 7th April, 1789, Eajab 1203
A. H*, and was succeeded by Salfm III.
Ahmad, ty*t^\^ an Arabian author who is known as the
writer of a book on the interpretation of dreams, a transla-
tion of which in Greek and Latin was published with that
of Artemidorus on the same subject, at Paris, by Rigault
A. D. 1603. He lived in the 4th century of the Hijra.
Ahmad Abu-Tayyib al-Mutanabbi, ^j^h vH^^t
***^t, a celebrated Arabian poet whom none excelled in
poetry. He is the author of a Diwan. He died in the
year 965 4. D., 354 A. H. ; vide Mutanabbi.
Ahmad al-Qhaffari, ^^lAiit o^^| . vid$ Ahmad bin-Mu-
hammad al-Ghaffar£ (p. 26).
Ahmad 'AJi Hashimi, ^^U ^ «x^t ^^ (Shaikh),
author of the Biographical Dictionary, called *' Makhzan-ul-
Ghar&ib", dedicated to Nawab Safdar-Jang of Fai^ibdd,
1(^0 died in 1754 A. D., 1167 A. H. His poetical name
wasKhidim.
Ahmad 'All Khan, Naw&b of lUmpiir; vide Fais-ullah
EMn.
Ahmad 'All Khan, J^iJ^ «^^^t V^, NawibofKamil.
A remission of revenue to the extent of Bs. 5,000 per
annum was g^ranted to him in perpetuity by the British
Government, and a khil'at of the value of Rs. 10,000 was
oonferred on him, in July 1858, for his distinguished loyalty
and for the eminent services rendered by hun during the
rebellion of 1857. In 1806, the Pargana of Eamti consisted
of a number of villages, yielding a revenue of Rs. 40,000
per annum. It was conferred by Lord Lake in jilgir
on three Mandal chiefs, named Muhammadi Khin, Ghairat
'All Kh4n, and Is-^k Khan, for their lives, and after their
death to descend to their heirs, subject to the payment of
Rs. 15,000 per annum in perpetuity. Kaw&b Ahmad 'AH
Khdn is the lineal descendant of Muhammadi Eh&n, and
holds 24 entire villages, besides a 3rd share in four others.
These lands are assessed at Rs. 24,000, on which the
Naw&b has hitherto paid a quit rent of Rs. 5,000, payment
of which sum the Government has now remitted.
Ahmad 'All Khan, Ji^ ^Js• «x*a.( <3^^ (Sayyid), Naw&b-
Naf im of Bengal, succeeded his brother 'All- Jih. He died
on the 30th October, 1824 A. B.
Ahmad ' Ali Khan, and Walidid Ehin, the rebel Naw4bs
of MiUagarh.
Ahmad Ayas, Malik Ehw^a Jah&n, served with distinc-
tion under Muhammad ShiUi bin-Tughlu]|^ of Dihli. On
the death of the king at Tatta, in A. H. 752 (A. D. 1352),
he tried to set up at Bihli a son of the late king, but had
to submit to Firuz Shah III, who allowed the nobles to
execute him before he himself entered Dihli.]
Ahmad Bakhsh Khan, (t^awab), entitled Fakhr-ud-daula,
was the j&girdar of Firuzpdr and Loh&ru in the district of
Dihli, after whose death his son Nawib Shams-uddin Ehin
succeeded him. The latter was executed for murder in
October, 1835.
Ahmad Barani, ^j\ tX^^I^ author of a Persian work,
called " Sifr-us-8iyar."
Ahmad Beg Kabuli, served in Kabul under Muhammad
^akun, Akbar's brother, and later under Akbar and Ja*
hangir. He was for some time governor of Kashmir.
He died about A. D. 1614.]
Ahmad Beg Khan, a son of (Muhammad Sharif) Nur
Jahan's brother. Me served under Jahingir in Bengal,
assisted I'rince Sh&hjahan during his rebellion, and was
subsequently made by Sh^hja^Ln governor of Tatta,
Siwistan, and of Multin. He received as j&gir J&is and
Ame^ in Audh, where he died.]
Ahmad bin-'Abdimah al-Kirmi, ^\^^ij{<^^^^l
author of a work on the fundamental points of Muham-
madanism. Vide Abii-Ahmad, the son of l^iisim.
Ahmad bm-Abu-Bakr, j^ (^^ er^ ^^^^\y an Arabian
author who wrote the " Mashra'-ul-Manikib", a minute
account of the events of Muhammad's life, with memoirs
of his successors and companions.
Ahmad bin-Abu-Bakr bin-Nasir Mustafia al-
Kazwini^ j^.y\ \j^ «>-t^l, author of the "Tarikh-i-
Guxfda", which contains the history of the four ancient
Persian Dynasties, viz. Peshdadians, Kaianians, Ashka-
nians, and Sas4nians, that is, from the year 890 B. C.
to 636 A. D., and memoirs of the several dynasties who
ruled over Persia, Tartary, &c., during the khilafat, and
to the year 1329 A. D. See also called I^amd-ullah
Mustaufi.
Ahmad bin-'Ali Baal, (Shaikh), ish J^ ^' •^^^
\^ sumamed Jass^, a fiunous lawyer. He was bom in
the year 917 A. B., 305 A. H., and died in 980 A. D., 370
A. H., aged 65 lunar years.
Ahmad bin-' Ali al-Khatib Kastalani, v^t^^^
e^ <X»A| J i,,-^ 5^as^alinL
Ahmad bin-Hasan Maimandi, c^^^^^^ er*^ c^
*^*^t, (Khwija) foster brother and fellow student of
his sovereign Sul^&n Mahmiid of Ghasnf. On the remo-
val of Abul-' Abbas Fi^l, two years after the succession
of Mahmud, Khwaja Ahmad was appointed prime mini-
Bter, whidi office he held uninterruptedly for a period of
18 years, when Alt^intish, the commander-in-cMe^ and
a number of other AmirB, brought before the court of the
Ahma
26
Ahma
king charges against liim. He was in consequence dis-
graced and imprisoned for 13 years in one of the forts
of India. He was released by Sult&n Mas'ud, son and
successor of Mahmud, and reinstated in the responsible
office of minister, which he held for some time. He died
a natui-al death in the year 1033 A. D., 424 A. H.
Ahmad bin-IdriB, U^J«i' (irf ^^••^f, a lawyer of the
sect of Mdlik, was the author of many works, and died
about the year 1286 A. D., 684 A. H.
Ahmad bin-Israll^ d^\^\ eH •^♦^1, a great astro-
loger who lived under the khildfat of Wd^il^ Billah of
Baghd&d.
Ahmad bin-Kasir, ^^ lH *>v*A.f^ also called Muham-
mad bin-Ea^ir and Ea^ir al-Farghdni, is the same person
whom we call Alfaraganius, a great astronomer, who
lived during the reign of the Khalifa al-Mamdn. Vide
Farghdn!.
Ahmad bin-Miihammad al-Ghafikvi al-Kazwini,
^jUxlf ,y^s!^ ^^ A^ft^f, a kazi, and a descendant of
'Abdul-Ghaffar, the author of the " UkwV. He is the
author of the work called ** Naskh-i- Jahan-ard" which he
composed in the year 1563 A. D., 971 A. H., of which
number the title forms the chronogram. It is also called
" Tinkh-i-Mukhtasir,'' an abridged history of Asia, from
Adam down to Sh^ Tahm^p of Persia, A. D. 152d. It
also contains memoirs of the Muhammadan kings of
Spdin, from A. D. 765 to 1036. It was dedicated to Sh4h
I'ahm&Bp. We are also indebted to him for the better known
work, entitled ** NigAristan". We learn from the " T^ikh
Baddoni*' that, having resigned his employment in Persia,
he went towards the close of his life on a pilgrimage to
Mecca, and that landing in Dibal in Sindh, for the pur-
pose of paying a visit to Hindustan, he died at that port
in 1667 A. D., 975 A. H.
Fide Dowson, EUiot's Histy. of India, II, 604.]
Ahmad bixi«-Muhammad al-EaBtalani^ ^4lt-^t
^'^^ {^. «x»^l^ an author who died in the year 1627
A. D., 933 A. H. ; vide I^astal^i.
Ahmad binrMuhammad Kuduri, c£J«^ «>^*«^ ciH
***♦*', author of a work on jurisprudence, called " Kudurf *,
and several other wor^LS. He died in 1046 A. B., 438 A. H.
Ahmad bin-Muhammad bin-' All Bakr al-Hanafi,
author of the " Khazanat-ul-Fatawa," a collection of deci-
sions made towards the end of the eighth century of the
Hijra, and comprising questions of rare occurrence.
Ahmad binrTuliin, ei>?^-^ ui «5^>^', ^e founder of the
Tulunide dynasty in Egypt ; vide Ahmad Ibn-Tulun.
Ahmad bin-Yahya bin-Jabir al-Biladnri, (^j^^\
or ^J''^^iK Bumamed also Abii-Ja*far and Abul-
Hasan, was the instructor to one of the princes of the
family of al-MutawakkU, and djed ix) A. H. 279, A. D.
892. His " FuttH?-ul-Buldan" is one of the earliest Arabic
chronicles. He sJso wrote a geographical work, entitled
"Kitdb-ul-Buldan," the Book of Countries.]
Ahmad bin-Yahya, isi^ t^ «X*a.|^ author of the mar-
ginal notes on the ** Wikiya'', a work on jurisprudence.
Ahmad bin-Yusuf, *^*Vi Ui •^•♦^•, an historian and
author of the " Akhbir-ud-dawal", written in 1699 A. D.,
1008 A. H., which is said to be an abridgement of Jan&-
bfs '^ Tarikh-ol- Janibi'\ called also '* BaJ^-uz-Zakhkh^'.
Ahmad Chap, Malik, was Nitib-Barbak under Firdz Shah
II (Khilji) of DihH, whom he warned in vain against
*Ala-uddin. He was blinded by *Ala-uddin after his
accession.]
Ahmad (Shaikh), ^^yj^ *^^^»'t i^^y ^^ Ghamf, author of
the work entitled ** Makdmat-i-Shaikh Ahmad," containing
the Life of Ahmad Jam, Shaikh-ul-IsUm of Nishapfir ;
with a minute account of the miracles performed by him.
Vide Ahmad Jam.
Ahmad (Shaikh), ^^t^o] (X*a.| u^^ commonly called
MuUa Jiwan, of Amethi, was the tutor of the emperor
* Alamgir, and author of the " Tafsir-i-Ahmadi." He died
in 1718 A. D., 1130 A. H. Vide MulU Jiwan.
Ahmad, Shaikh, second son of Shaikh Salim Chishti of
Fatljpur Sikri. He served under Akbar, and died in
986 H,]
Ahmadi, ^^^X^^]^ the poetical name of Mir Sayyid Lutf-
ullah, who died in 1633 A. D., 1043 A. H.
Ahmadi, ^^^^]^ a Turkish poet, whose proper name waa
Khwaja Ahmad Ja'fari, and of whom we have the follow-
ing anecdote. The great Tartar conqueror Amir Timur
rramerlane) being on his march through Anadoli, halted
for a while at Amasia, where Ahmadi lived ; and the poet
took the opportunity of presenting him with an ode.
This led to further intimacies, Timur being a* patron of
literary men ; and one day when both were in the bath,
the monarch amused himself by putting crochetty questions
to Ahmadi, and laughing at his answers. " Suppose now,"
said he, pointing to the suirounding attendants, " you were
required to value these beautiful boys, how much would you
say each was worth ?" Ahmadi answered with becoming
gravity, estimating one at a camel-load of silver, another
at six bushels of pearls, a third at forty gold wedges, and
so made the circuit of the ring. ** Very fair," said Timur,
" and now tell me. What do you value Me at ?" " Four
and twenty aspers," replied the poet, " no more and no
less." "What!" cried Timur, laughing, "why the
shirt I have on is worth that." "Do you really think
BO ?" asked Ahmadi, with the greatest apparent simplicity
— " at that rate you must be worth nothing, for I included
the shirt in the valuation !" Much to his credit, Timu^,
instead of being angry, applauded and rewarded the wit
and boldness of the poet. Ahmadi was a contemporary of
Shaikhi, and is^ the author of the " Kulliyat-i-Khwija
Ahmad Ja'fari." He also cozppose^ a heroic poem on
the actions of Tamerlane, and a Sikandar-nima i|i the
Turkish language. .He died in A. P. 1412.
Ahmad Ghafikri, vide Ahmad bin-Muhammad aJ-Ghaffarf,
Ahmad Ghazzali, vide Ghazzdlf (Ahmad)^
Ahmad Ibn-f' Arab-Shah, vide 'Arab-Shah.
Ahmad Ibn-Hanbal^ vide Qanbal (Imam.)
Ahmad Ibn-Tulmi, cJl^!^^ <J^t *^^^^, the founder of the
Tulunide dynasty in Egypt, a Turkish slave, who being
entrusted by al-Mu'tamid, the khalifa of Baghdad, with
the government of that country and Syria in A. D. 879,
set up for himselfi and maintained his authority notwith-
standing all attempts to depose him. He reduced Damascus,
^ims, J}amiU ^Cinnisrin, and ar-Ral^a, situated upon
the eastern bank of the Euphrates. His mosque in Cairo
may be seen to this day. He died in A. D. 884, 270
A. H., and was succeeded by his son £humiu*waih. Egypt
continued to be governed by his successors for several
years when it was again reduced in A. D. 906 by Muham-
mad, general of the khali& of Baghdad al-Muktafi-
Ahxna
27
Ahma
the last khalifa of Egypt having assassinated his predeces-
«or, and thereby rendered himself very odious. In the
year 933, Muhaxnmad the son of T&j, or Tajil, somamed
al-Ashhad, seized upon Syria and Egypt in the khil&fat
of ar-Kazi Billah, and his family retiuned the whole of it,
except a small part which 'Ubaid-ulla al-Mahdi, the first
of the FAtimite dynasty (the seat of whose empire was at
^airuwan near Tunis) had conquered in A. D. 910. His
, successor Abu-Tamim Ma'd, sumamed Mu*izz li-din-iUah,
conquered the rest of Egypt about the year 970, by his
general Ja'far, who built the city of al-](^4hira, conmionly
called Grand Cairo, whither his master soon removed his
court. The F&timite djnoasty ended in A. D. 1176, when,
upon the death of the last prince of this family, the king-
dom was usurped by the £sunous Sali^-uddin (Saladin).
Zist of ths Khalifat of Barhary,
'Ubaid-ullah al-Mahdi, first of the F&timite raoe«
Al-Kidm Mahdi, his son.
Ism^'il, sumamed al-Mansdr, son of al-]^itim.
Mu'izz li-dm-illah, son of al-Manstir, who conquered
Egypt and became the first khaii& of the F&fimite
dynasty in that country.
Ahmad Dkani, Ji!^\
vide Hasan Buzurg.
1^ also called Ahmad JaUyir ;
Ahmad Jafari, iSj^ *^^*^^ (Khw^ja) mde Ahmadi.
Ahmad Jalal Bukhari, (Sayyid) son of Sayyid Aluhammad
Bukhari.
Ahmad Jalayir,^^ «X«ak.|^ also called Ahmad flk^,
a descendant of ELasan Buzurg, which see.
Ahmad Jam, ^t^ <x*^|^ (Shaikh ul-Islam) entitled Abii-
Nasr and Zinda-Pil, a celebrated Muhammadan saint of
j;rishap6r, bom in the year 1049 A. D., 441 A. H. He
passed 18 years of his life in devotion in wilds and moun-
tains. He subsequently got married, and was blessed with
39 sons and 3 daughters. At the time of his death,
besides the 3 daughters, 14 of his sons were living, all of
whom became men of learning and authors of several works.
Ahmad J&m himself was an author, and among the dif-
ferent works that he wrote, are the following : ** Eisila
Samarkand!", " Anis-ut-T^hln", •* Miftal>-un-Najat",
" Bahrlul-Ijla^iikat", and " Sir4j-us-S4yirin". He died in
the reign of ISultdn Sanjarin February, 1142 A. D., Bajab
636 A. H.
Ahmad Jan (Sult&i) of Hirit. He died about the 6th of
April 1863, 17th Shawwal 1279 A.'H., and was succeeded
by his son Shah Nawaz Eh^
Ahmad Eabir, jiit^ •^^^^^ *H-», (Sayyid) a Musalmin
saint, whose tomb is at Uchcha in MulULn. He is the son
of Sayyid JaUl, and Uxe fetther of two other saints Sayyid
Jaliluddm, sumamed Makhdiim JahiLniyan Jah^-gasht,
and Riju IHLattil. Numerous miracles were wrought by
these two brothers.
Ahmad Khan, (Sayyid) C. S. I., of ' Aligarh, a distinguished
Muhammadaji reformer. He wrote a book on the life and
work of the Prophet, and founded the 'Aligarh College.
Ahmad Khan, oU^ «>-»a.I^ sumamed Nekodir (or Ni-
cholas) was raised to the throne of Persia after the death
of his brother Abik& Khan, the son of Hulak^ Khan, in
April, 1282 A, D., Jfil-biija, 680 A. H., and was the first
emperor of the race of Lhmgiz Eh4n who embraced the
Muhammadan religion. He is said to have been baptised
in his youth by the name of Nichdas^ but policy, or con-
viction, led him to abandon the doctrine of Christ for
that of Mohammad, when he assumed the name of Ah-
• mad EhiLn. In the first year of his reign, Majd-ul-Mulk
Tazdi, a nobleman of his courts being accused of sorcery,
I lost his life. He put his own brother to death, and
was successful in obtaining possession of the person of
his nephew, Arghdn Eh& : but that prince was not
only rescued from his violence by the Mughul nobles, but
by their aid was enabled to deprive him of his crown
and life on the night of Thursday, 11th August 1284
A. B., 26th Jum&d^ I, 683 A. H., and become his sac
cesser.
Ahmad Khan Bangash, lt^ u^ «^**^I, second son
of Muhammad Khin Bangash, Naw&b of Fazrukhib^
When the Wazfr Safdar-Jang« after the death of |^&im-
Jang, the brother of Ahmad Eh&n, confiscated his estates
in December 1749, A. D., 1163 A. H., he (Ahmad Khin)
collected an army of Afghins, defeated riji Nawal JEUu,
the Wazir's deputy, who was slain in the action, and ro-
covered the territories lately seized from his. family.
This circumstance took place on the 2nd Augfust 1750,
Friday, 10th HamaziLn, 1163 A. H. After this, Ahmad
Eh4n governed his country about 22 lunar years, and
died in November 1771, Sha'biui, 1185 A. H., when he
was succeeded by his son Diler Himmat Eh&n, who
received the title of Mu^afiar-Jang from the emperor
Sh&h ' Alam, who was then on his way to Dihli from iJUh-
&bad.
Ahmad Khan Mewati, one of the petty rulers ("mul&k-i
fawdifj who had usurped the chief parts of the Dihli
empire, during the Saypd dynasty (beginning of the
15th century). Ahmad Ehan held Mewat, his frontier
coming close up to Dihli. He had to submit to Buhldl
Lodi.]
Ahmad Khan 8lir ; vide Sikandar Ehlm Sur.
Ahmad Khattu, J^ «^-^t >i^, (Shaikh) surname of
Waj£h-uddm Ahmad Maghribi, who was the son of
Malik Ikhtiy&r.uddin, a nobleman at the court of Sultin
Firiiz Shah Tughluk of Dihli, and rekted to him. After
the death of his father, having squandered his wealth in
pleasure and dissipation, he became a disciple of Shaikh
B&bd Is-^a^ Maghribi, and turned very pious and
journeyed to Quirat, whero he acquired great tame.
During his residence at that place, he obtained such
celebrity, that Sult&n Mu^ afar Gujr^ti became his disciple.
He died in that country in the reign of Sul^&n Muham-
mad of Gujr&t, on Thursday, 6th of January 1446, 8th
Shaww&l 849 A. H., aged 111 years, and was buried
at Sarkich, near Ahmadibad. Elhattti is a place in N^lgor,
whero Shaikh Ahmad was bom.
Ahmad bin-Zhissrawaih, ^jj*^ u^ «3^^l, a celebrated
Muhammadan saint, was the disciple of Khw&ja J^dtim
Asamm. He died in the year 854 A. D., 240 A. H., and
is buried at Balkh.
Ahmad Maghribi, vide Ahmad Khat^ti (Shaikh).
Ahmad Mirzay IJ^ (X*ft.t vi^U^^ (Sultan), son of Abti-
Sa'ld Mirz^ after whose death, in 1469, he took possession
of Samarkand, and died about the yeai- 1495 A. D.
Ahmad (Mtdla), «^-^> ^, the son of a kaz£ of Tatta.
His ancestors who resided in Sindh, wero F&rdkis of the
^anifa sect, but he was a Shf a. He is the aufjior of a
work, called '* KhulAsat-ul-^ay&t", the Essence of Life. He
came fr'om the Dakhin to the court of the emperor Akbar,
in the year 1582 A. D., 990 A. H., and when that monarch
ordered the " Tinkh-i-Alfi" to be compiled, several authors
were employed in the oompilatioD, but sabsequently the
Ahma
28
Ahma
chief labour devolved apon Mulli Ahmad. The oompila-
tion of the first two Tolumes up to the time of Chingis
Kh&n. was just finished by him, when lt(^rz4 Fuiid
Birlis, during the month of January 1588, Safar, 996
A. H., persuaded the Mulli, who was always openly re-
viling the first khalifas, to leave his own house at midnight
on some pretence, and then murdered him in a street
of LiUior. For this act Mirza FuUd was sentenced to
death, was bound alive to the leg of an elephant in the city
of lihor, and dragged along till he died. The Mulla
expired three or four days after the Mirza. After the death
of Mulla Ahmad, the remaindei^ of the work was written
by Asaf Khan Ja'far Beg, up to the year 997 A. H., or
1589 A. D. Mulla Ahmad was buried at Labor, but
being a Shfa, who openly used to revile the first khalifas,
the people of Labor exhumated his remains and burnt
fhem.
Vide Ain Translation, I, 206.].
Ahmad Nizam Shah Bahri, sU^l^ «v«^l^ the founder
of the Nif 6m-Sh£hi dynasty of the Dakhin, was the son of
Nizam-ul-Mulk Babri, prime minister to Sul^ Mahmud
Shdh Bahmani. He had conquered many places in the
vicinity of his father's jigir, and was besieging the fort of
Dundi^pur about the year A. D. 1486, 891 A. H., when
he received intelligence of the assassination of his £Either,
and immediately returned and assumed the titles of the
deceased, and was generally known by those of Ahmad
Niz&m-ul-Mulk Ba^ri, to which the people of the Dakhin
added the title of Sh&h. As he had distingmshed himself
repeatedly as a general in the field, though the 6ul^
wuhed to remove him from power, none of his nobility
would accept the task of reducing him. He, however,
on the 3rd May 1490, 3rd Bajab 895 A. H., gained a
victory over the army of the Sul^n, and from that time
he sat without opponent on the masnad of royalty, and
by the advice of Yusuf 'Adil Shih, who had idready
become independent, having discontinued to read the
khufba in the name of the king, put in his own and
spread a white umbrella over his head. He laid the
foundation of the city of Ahmadnagar in A. B. 1496, 9U0
A. H., which was completed in two years, and became the
first of the Nif &m-Shsihi kings of Ahmadnagar. He died
in A. D. 1508, 914 A. H., and was succeeded by his son
BurhAn Ni^am Shah I. The following is a list of the
Nif 4m-Shihi kings of Ahmadnagar : —
Ahmad Ni?^m Sh&h I, A. D. 1490.
Burhan Ni^am Shah, 1508.
Husain Nizim Sh&h I, 1553.
Hurtaz^ Ni^am Hhah, 1565.
^Iir&n~Husain Nizam Shah, 1587.
Isma'n Ni^am Shah, 1589.
Burhan Nifam Shah H.
Ibrahim Ni^dm Sh^, 1594.
Ahmad Ni^am Shah II, son of Shih T^Uur, 1594.
Bahadur Ni^am :>hih, 1595.
Murtaza Ni^&m ShiLh II, 1598.
The Nif am Shahi dominions fall under the control of
MaUk 'Ambar, 1607.
Ahmad Pasha, L^U «)^«^l^ & general of Sulaimin I, emperor
of Turkey, who when appointed governor of Egypt, re-
volted from his sovereign in 1524 A. D He was soon
after defeated by Ibrahim, the favorite of Sulaimin, and
his head was sent to Constantinople.
Ahmad Bumi, <^J>; **♦*'> author of the FaiV-ul-IJa-
^ai^, a work written in imitation of the Ma^nawi of
Jalal uddin Rumi.
Ahmad Samani, j^L«U ♦*♦*►! ^', (Amir) second king
of the race of t^iuuin (Samauides;, succeeded his father
Amfr Ismi'il in the provinces of Khurds&n, &c., in 907
A. B., 295 A. H. He was a cruel prince, and contended
with his uncle, his brothers, and other relations for the
extensive possessions of his father, more by intrigues at
the court of Baghdad, than by arms. After a reign of
seven years, he was murdered . by some of his domestics
on Thursday, 30th January, 914 A. D., 23rd Jum&da
I, 301 A. H., and his son Amir Kasr, then only eight
years of age, was placed upon the throne of Khurisin
and Bukhi&ra. Ahmad was buried in Bukhara, and they
gave him the title of Sul^ Shahid, «'. e, the martyred king.
Ahmad Sarhindi, iS'^.J^ *^<^' f^^j (Shaikh) entitied
Mujaddid-i-Alf-i-^ani, a dervish celebrated for his piety
and learning, was the son of Shaikh 'Abdul-Wa^d Fard-
Ifi, and was bom at Sarhind in A. D. 1563, 971 A. H. He
was a disciple of Khw&ja B&lfi, a celebrated saint of Dihl^
and is the author of several works. He died on Tuesday,
29th November 1624, the last Tuesday in the month of
§afar 1034 A. H., and is buried at Sarhind. He was
called " Mujaddid-i.Alf-i-9inf \ or the " Renewer of the
second Millennium'', because he adopted the general belief
that every thousand yecirs a man was bom, who has a
thorough knowledge of the IsUm, and whose vocation it
is to revive and strengthen it. He believed that he was
the man of the second ffdni/ Millennium falfj,
Ahmad, Sayyid, of B&rha, brother of Sayyid Mahmud
Barha, served under Akbar in Gujrat. He was in charge
of Akbar's hunting leopards. His son, Say3rid JamiU
uddin, was killed by the explosion of a mine before
Chitor.]
Ahmad, Sayyid, of Bukh£r&, father of the renowned
Shaikh Farid-i-Bukhiui ; vide below.]
Ahmad Shah, sU i>«^|^ entitled MujiUud-ud-dfn Muham-
mad Abun-Nasr Ahmad Sh&h BahAdur, was the son of
Muhammad Sh&h, emperor of Dihli, whom he succeeded
on the 15th April 1748, 27th Eabf II, 1161 A. H. His
mother's name was Udham Bai. He was bom in the fort
of Dihli on Tuesday, 14th December 1725, 17th Rabi*
II, 1138 A. H. and crowned in Finfpat on Monday
19th April 1748, 2nd Jumid^ I, 1161 A. H. After
a reign of 6 years 3 months and 8 days, he was de-
posed and imprisoned, and afterwards blinded, together
with his mother, by his prime minister 'Im&d-ul-Mulk
Gh&zi-uddin Kh^ on Sunday, 2nd June 1754, N. S.
After this, he lived more than 21 years, and died on the
Ist of January 1775, from bodily disease. He was buried
in the front of the mosque of l^adam-Sharif in Dihli, in
the mausoleum of Maryam-Makani. After his imprison-
ment, 'Alamgir U, son of Jah&nd&r Shih, was raided to the
throne.
Vide Proceedings, As. Socy. Bengal, for 1874, p. 208.]
Ahmad Shah I, sU» <>«£kt^ second king of Gujr&t, was the
son of Tat&r Khan, and grandson of Muf afiar Sh&h, whom
he succeeded as king of Gujr&t. The author of the
Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh states, that his grandfather placed
him on the throne during his lifetime, in the year 818
H. or 1410 A. D., and that he survived that measure
five months and sixteen days. In the same year, he
laid the foundation of a new city on the banks of the
S&barma^ which he called after his own name, Ahmad-
&b4d, and which afterwards became the capital of the kings
of Gujrat. The date of the laying of the foundation of this
city is contained in the words ** Ba-khair", i. e. all welL
He died after a reign of nearly 33 years, on the 4th July
1443 A. D., 4th Rabf I, 847 H., and was succeeded by his
son Muhammad Shih.
Ahmad
29
Ahnrnui
Ahmad Shah II, ,yb »'Ji A^f, king of Gnjhlt. After
the death of MahmM Shih III, there being no relation
on whom the succeflsion might devolve^ I'dmid Ehin,
the prime minirter, resolved rather than Bee the kingdom
in absolute anarchy, to elevate a yonth, whom he asMrted
to be the son of prinoe Ahmad Khan, formerly governor
of AhmadAbid, and declared him the legal soocessor to the
crown of Gajr6t. He was forthwith placed on the throne
on the 18th Febmary 1564 A. D., 15th Rabf 1, 961 A. H.
He reigned 7 years and some months, and was found mur-
dered one morning at the foot of the palaoe wall. This
event took place on Monday the 2lBt April 1561 A. D.,
6th Sha'bin, 968 A. H. He was succeeded by Muf affar
Sh^ni.
Vide Afn Translation, I, 885.]
Ahmad Shah Abdali, ^J\^ 8^ '^>^^\, commonly called
Shih Durrinl, was the son of a chief of the Afghin tribe
of AbdiU, in the vicinity of the city of Hir4t. He was
taken prisoner in his in&ncy by Niidir Shih, who gave
him the post of a mace-bearer, and by degrees promoted
him to a considerable command in the army. The morn-
ing after the assassination of Nidir Sh&h, which took
place in the night of the 12th May, 1747, O. 8., he made
an attack, supported by a corps of Usbaks, upon the Per-
sian troops, but was repulsed. He then lefb the army,
and proofing by rapid marches to Kandah&r, not only
obtained possession of that city, but took aiarg^ convoy
of treasure which was coming from K&bul and Sindh to
the Persian camp. By the aid of these means, he laid the
foundation of a kingdom, which soon attained a strength
that rendered it formidable to the surrounding nations. He
not only subdued ^andahir and K4bul, but took Peshi-
war and L&hor ; and emboldened by this success, and the
weakness of the empire, he resolved the conquest of the
capital of Hindtist^. In the beginning of the year 1748,
1161 A. H., he began his march from L4hor. Muham-
mad 8h4h, the emperor of Dihli, being at this time too
indisposed to take the field, despatched his only son,
prince Ahmad, against the enemy, under the command of
the wazir ^Lamar>uddfn Khin, §afdar-Jang, governor of
Audh, and sevend other chie&, with a great army. For
some days several skirmishes took place between the
two armies near Sarhind. At length, on Friday 11th
March, 1748, 22nd Rabf 1, 1161 A. H., ^amar-uddin £hin,
the wazir, being killed as he was at his devotion in his
tent by a cannon ball, a panic prevailed in the Mughul
army ; the battle, however, continued tiU a magazine of
rockete taking ^le in the enemy's camp, numbers
of the troops were wounded by the explosion ; and Shih
AbdAH, either disheartened by the loss, or satisfied by the
plunder gained at Sarhind, thought it proper to retreat
towards &4bul, which he did unmolested. In the year
1757 A. D., 1170 A H., he again advanced as far as Dihli
and Agra, and after having plundered and massacred the
inhabitants of Mathuri, he returned to l^andahar. About
the year 1758 A. D., 1172 A. H., the Mara^ha power
had spread itself in almost every province of Hinddstin,
when Najfb-ud-daula, the Rohila, Shuj&'-ud-daula Naw&b
of Audh, and not only the Musalmuis but Hindiis also,
joined in petition to Ahmad Shih Abdili, that he would
march and assume the throne of Dihli in which they
promised to support him. The Abdili enraged at the
seizure of Labor by the Harathas, rejoiced at the invi-
tation, and advanced without delay across the LkIub,
and driving the Mara^has before him, he did not stop
till they reached the vicinity of Dihli. He engaged the
Marathas in several battles, and attained the highest
renown among Muhammadans by the memorable defeat
that he gave the hostile army on the plains of Finfpat.
This funous action was fought in January, 1761. After
this victory, Durrinf Shih returned to his own country,
but before' his departure, he acknowledged Shih 'Alam,
then in Bengal, as emperor of Hind6st6n, and commanded
Shuji'-ud-daula and other chiefs to submit to his autho-
8
rity. He died after a reign of 26 yeais in 1772 A. D.,
1182 A. H., aged 50 years, and was succeeded by his
son Timur Sh&. His tomb, covered with a gilt cupola,
stands near the king's palace, and is h^ sacred as an
asylum.
Ahmad Shah Wall Bahmani I, u^ ^J ^ *^*^^
(Sul^), was the second son of Sul^ Ditid Shih of the
Bahmani race. He ascended the throne of the Dakhin on
the 15th September, 1422 A. D., 5th Shawwil 825 A. H.,
ten days before the demise of his brother Sulfin Ffrds
Shih, who had resigned the crown in his &vor. He is the
founder of the city and fort of Ahmadibid Bfdar, the
foundation of which he laid in the year 1432 A. D., 836
A. H. It is said that the Sul(in, on his return from a
war at Bidar, took to the amusement of hunting ; and com-
ing to a most beautiful spot, finely watered, reserved to
biuld upon it a city, to be called after his name, Ahmadi-
bid. A citadel of great extent and strength was erected
on the very site of Bidar, the cuacient capital of princes,
who, according to the Hindti books, 5000 years ba(^
possessed the whole extent of Mirhat, Kamatik, and
Talingina. Riji Bhun Sen was one of the most cele-
brated of this house, and the history of the loves of his
daughter and Riji Nal, king of Milwi, axe famous
through all Hindustin. Their story was translated from
the Sanskrit by Shaikh Faisi, under the title of " Nal
Daman", into Persian verse, at the command of the
emperor Akbar Shih. Ahmad Shih reigned 12 lunar
years and 10 months, and died on the 19th of February
1435 A. D., 18th Bajab, 838 A. H. He ««ras buried at
Ahmadibid Bidar, and was succeeded by his son Sulfin
'Ali-uddm n.
Ahmad Shah Bahmani, II ^^ t^ «^«^^ (Sulfin).
On the death of his £ither Sultan Mahmfid Shih 11, in
October 1518 A. D., Shawwil 924 A. H., Amfr Barid, his
prime-minister, dreading that the surrounding powers
would attack him should he assume open independence,
placed prince Ahmad, son of the late king, upon the throne
at Ahmadibid Bidar, leaving him the palace, with the
use of the royal jewels and a* daily allowance of money for
his support The sum not being equal to his expenses,
the king broke up the crown, which was valued at 400,000
huns, or £ 160,000, and privately sold the jewels. He
died two years after his accession to the throne, in the
year 1521 A. D., 927 A. H. After his death Amir Barid
raised Sultin *Ali-uddin III, one of the princes, on the
throne. Two years after, he was imprisoned, and another
son of Mahmiid Shah, named WaU.uUah Shih, was placed
in his room. Three years after his accession, the minister
conceiving a passion for his wife, he caused him to be
poisoned, and espoused the queen. He then placed Kalim-
ullah, the son of Ahmad Shih 11, on the throne. This
prince enjoyed nothing but the name of sovereign, and
was never allowed to leave the palace. He was after-
wards treated with great rigour by Amir Barid, where-
upon he made his escape, first to his uncle Ismi'il 'Adil
Shih to BQipi&r, and thence to Burhin Nif im Shah of
Ahmadnagar, where he resided till his death. With him
ended the dynasty of the Bahmani kings of the Dakhin.
In &ct before this event, the Dakhin was divided into five
kingdoms— 'Adil-Shihi or kings of Bijipdr ; ]^utb-Shihi,
or kings of Gtolkon^a ; 'Imid-Shihi, or kings of Barar ;
Nif im-Shihi or kings of Ahmadnagar ; and Bar£d-Shihi,
kings of Ahmadibid Bidar.
Ahmad Shah of Bengal* ^^ <w^f^ succeeded his
&ther Jalil-uddm to the throne of Bengal in 834 H. or
1430 A. D., reigned about 16 years, and died about the year
1446 A. D., 850 A. H. He was succeeded by N^ir-uddin
Mahmdd Shih I, a descendant of Shams-uddfn UyiB
Shih.]
Ahmad Shah, or Ahmad»iillah Shah, '^ «^^^S
commonly called " The Maulawf ', a prominent character
Ahmad
30
Aka
in the neighbourhood of Shahjahanpdr and Muhammadi
during the mutiny of 1857. He is said to have been the
inspired Fa^ir who travelled through the upper provinces,
a few years ago, on a miraculous mission. He made a
pretty long stay at Agra, astonishing the natives and
puzzling tiie authorities. It seems probable that he
was even then busy in sowing the seeds of rebellion.
He held gpreat power within the city of Lakhnau, in
March, 1858, when the Commander-in-chief entered that
city and commanded a stronghold in the very heart of the
city. He was slain at Fiisain, on the 15th June 1858,
sixteen miles north-east of Shahjahdnp&r, and the raja of
that place sent the head and trunk to Mr. Gilbert Money,
the Commissioner.
Ahmad Shihab-addin Talish, ^JJQ eH^^V^^^'^^'i
vide Shihib-uddin Ahmad Talish.
Ahmad Suhaili, (^^t^t^^^^l^^t^ (Amrr), seal-bearer to
Sultin Husain Mirz& of Hirdt, to whom several of the
poets of his time dedicated their works. Husain Waif
dedicated his *' AnwiLr Suhailf ' to him. Vide Suhaili.
Ahmad- ullah Shah, commonly called <^The Maulawf' ;
see Ahmad Shah.
Ahmad Yadgar, Jf^lj A^a^i, author of the "Tirfk-i-
SaMtln-i-Afighina," a history of the Afgh&n kings of
India from Buhlid Lodi, composed by order of D&6d Shdh,
last king of Bengal. Vide Dowson, Y, 1.]
Ahmad Yar Khan, ^^)^J^ (W^t whose poetical name is
Yakt^ was of the tribe of the Turks called Birliis. His
fiither Allah Yir Kh&n held at different periods the stiba-
diri of L&hor, Tatta, and Mult^ and was afterwards
appointed to the Faujdari of Ghazni. Ahmad Y^ Khan
iJso held the B^badari of Tatta in the latter part of the
reign of ' Alamgfr. He was an excellent poet, and is the
au&or of seveittl poems. He died on the 21st September,
1734 A. D., O. 8., 23rd Jumad^ I, 1147 A. H.
Ahmad Yar Ehan, (Naw&b), of>Bareli, the son of Naw&b
^ul-fi]^-ud-daula Muhammad ^ul-fi]£ir Eh&n Bahadur
Dilawar-Jang of BareU. He ^as aHve in A. B. 1815,
1230 A. H.
Ahmad Zamik, ^jjj o^i^^t^ surname ^f Abul-Ubb&s Ah-
mad bin- Ahmad bin-Muhammad bin-*f s& Barallusi, author
of the commentary, called " Shar|^ Asmi'-il-^usna." He
died in 1493 A. D., 899 A. H.
Ahsan, ^r^^^^^ poetical name of 'Iniyat Ehin, the son of Ka-
wab ^far Khin. He was governor of K&bul in the reign
of 'Alamgfr and is the author of a Diw^ Vide Ashnd.
Ahsan-ullah Khan, sJJ|^J,m^\ ^*^^ (Hakfm), so well
known at Dihli, died in September 1873 in that city.
Ain-nddin (Shaikh), ^^i>Jt ^^ ^j^ of BQ&ptir, author
of the '* Mul])a^at", and Kit&b-ul-Anw&r, containing a
history of all the Muhammadan saints of India. He
flouridied in the time of 8nltin 'AU-uddin Hasan Bah-
manl
'Ain-lll«>MtlIk, vXlfJl ^^x^ f^^^j 9akfm, a native of Shi-
riz, and a well-educated and learned Musalm^n, wfis an
officer of rank in the time of the emperor Akbar. He
was an elegant poet, and his poetical name was Waf&.
He died in the 40th year of the emperor's reign in 1594
A. B., 1003 A. H.
For further notes, vide Mn Translation I, 481.]
'Ain-ul-Midk (Khwaja), iMJ\ ^^ ^^j^, « distin-
. guished nobleman of the court of Sult&n Muhammad 8h£h
Tughlu^ and his successor Sult&n Firdz ShiUi, kings
of Bihlf. He is the author of several works, one of
which is called " Tarsil 'Ain-ul-Mulk£." He also appears
to be the author of another work called " Fatt-nim4,"
containing an account of the conquests of Sult&n 'Al£-
uddin who reigned from 1296 to 1316 A. D.
'Aish, ij^, the poetical name of Muhammad 'Askari who
Hved in the reign of the emperor 8hih ' Alam.
'Aishi, ^^^-^^ a poet, who is the author of a Masnawf
called " Haft Akhtar'*, or the seven planets, which he
wrote in 1676 A. D., 1086 A. H.
Ajit Singh, Baja,al^ c:.aai.| a^\j^ aIUlthauriimp6t,and
hereditary zamfndir of Miprdf, or Jodhpiir, was the son of
R£j&Jaswant Singh Rathauri. He was reetoied in 1711
A. D. to the throne of his ancestors, and gave his daughter
in marriage to the emperor Farrukhsiyar in the year 1716
A. D. He was murdered one night, when £ast asleep, at
the instigation of his son Abhai Singh, who succeeded
him. This took place in the beginning of the reign of
the emperor Muhammad Shah.
Ajit Singh, a Sikh chief and murderer of Mah^dgfi Sher
Singh of L&hor. He also slew Dhaian Singh, another
chief; and was himself seized by Hlra Singh, the son of
Bhaiin Singh, and put to death together with Lena Singh
and others. This took place in September 1843.
'AJiz,^^U^ the poetical name of ' Arif-uddin EMn, who lived
about 1754 A. D., 1168 A. H.
'Ajiz, the poetical title of L^ Gangi Bishn, father of B&mjas
Munsh^ which see.
Ajaipal^ the T^ii who founded Ajmir about 1183 A. D.
Ajmal, <-^^ (Sh&h) or 6h£h Muhammad Ajmal, a Pir-
z&da of AlUhib&d, was a descendant of Sh&h £h6b-ul-
lah, and younger brother of ShiLh Ghul^ Kutb-uddin,
the son of Sh&h Muhammad Fakhir, the respectability of
whose &mily is well known at AlliUiib&d. He died in
the year 1821 A. B., 1236 A. H.
Ajmiri Khan, an inhabitant of Ajmir. He walked with the
emperor Akbar from Agra to Ajmir, on which account he
received the title of Ajmiri Khin from that emperor. He
had built a garden on a spot of 28 bighas of ground at
Agra. This place is now cidled Ajmiri Kh£n-k& Tila.
AJca Muhammad Khan Kigar, j^^ c>^ «)^»ar^
iif^ king of Persia, of the tribe of ]^&j&r, and son of
Muhammad Hasan Ehan Kaj&r, ruler of MasandeWb.
He was made an eunuch in his childhood by 'Adil Shih,
the nephew and immediate successor of N&dir Shih.
After the lieath of 'Adil Sh&h, he obtained his release,
and joined his father, who was afterwards slain by Earim
Jihtja. Zand, king of Persia. Agh& or Aka Muhammad
was obliged to surrender himself to him, and was a pri-
soner in the city of Shirdz. ^e had, for some time,
been very strictly guarded, and was never allowed to
go beyond the walls of the town, but afterwards he was
permitted to go a-hunting. When the last illness of
Karim Eh&n assumed a dangerous apjpearance, he con-
trived to leave that city on tjie usual pretext of hunting.
When intelligence was brought to him that the founder of
the Zand dynasty was no more, accompanied by a few
attendants, he commenced his flight, and favored by the
confusion of the moment, he reached his province of
Mazandarin in safety, and proclaimed himself one of
t|ie competitors for the crown of Persia. Soon after tl^o
Aka
31
Akhtar
death of ' All Mur&d KhAn, ruler of Persia, in 1785 A. D.,
he made himself master of Isfahan without a battle, but
had for several years to contend with Lutf *Ali Khan,
the last prince of the Zand family, before he became sole
master of Persia. Lutf 'All Khin was put to death by
him in A. D. 1796, 14th Muharram, 1212 A. H. K^i
Muhammad Khan was murdered on the 10th July, 1797,
by two of his attendants, whom he had sentenced to
death, in the 63rd year of his age. He had been a ruler
of a great part of Persia for upwards of 20 years, but
had only for a short period enjoyed the undisputed sove-
reignty of that countrv. He was succeeded by his ne-
phew Fath 'All Shih, who died in 1834, 1 260 A. H. After
him, his grandson Muhammad Shah, the son of 'Abbas
Mirzd, mounted the throne and died in 1847, when his
son Nasir-uddin Ahmad Shdh, the present king of Persia,
succeeded him.
Aka Razi, u^M^y a poet of Persia, who came to India,
and after his return home, died in 1616 A. D., 1024 A. H.
Aka Bihi, of Nishapur, an author.
Akbarabadi Mahall, <-^ iS'^^^y^^> A'azz-un-Nisi Be-
gam, was the name of one of the wives of the emperor
Bh4h Jah4n. The large red stone mosque at Faizb4zar
in Dihli was built by her in the year A. D. 1661, 1060
A. H., at a cost of 160,000 Rupees. She died on the 29th
January, 1677 A. D., 4th gil-tijja, 1087 A. H., in the reign
of 'Alamgir. There is also a masjid inside the city of
Agra built by her, called Akbar&bidi Masjid. She had
a villa also built at Agra.
Akbar Ali Tashbihi, ^st^J^j^^- He is men-
tioned in the KhuliLsat-ul-Ash'dr to have been the son
of a washerman. He went to India, and turned fakir, but
as he was an infidel, his ascetic exercises cannot have
been of much use to his souL He left a diwAn of
about 8000 verses, and a masnawi, called "Zarra wa
Khurshed". He was aHve in 1686 A. D., 993 A. H.
Regarding this poet vide Am Translation, I, 696.]
Akbar Ehaxiy the son of Dost Muhammad Kh£n. ruler of
K&bul by his first wife. He shot Sir W. H. Macnagh-
ten on the 26th December, 1841, when his father Dost
Muhammad Khin was a State prisoner in India. When
his &ther Dost Muhammad Khan came in possession
of Kabul after the retreat of the English in 1842, he
was appointed heir-apparent in preference to Muhammad
Afeal Khin, his eldest son by his second wife. He died in
1848, when his full brother Ghulam ^aidar KhAn was no-
minated heir-apparent, after whose death, in 1868, Sher
'All his brother, the present Amfr, was nominated.
Akbar (Prince) the youngest son of the emperor 'Alamgfr,
was* bom on the 10th September, 1667, O. S., 11th ^il-
hiiia, 1067 A. H., raised the standard of rebellion against
• hw father, and joined the Maratha chief Sambhuji in
June 1681. He afterwards quitted his court, and repaired
to Persia, where he died in 1706, 1118 A. H., a few
monthfl before his father, and was buried at Maahhad in
Khur&s&n. 'Alamgir, at one time, intended to make Akbar
his successor, and this preference arose from Akbar being
the son of a Muhammadan mother, the daughter of Sh£h
NawizKhan; whereas his brothers Sultans Mu'a??am and
A'zam were bom of Rdjpdt princesses.
Akbar Shah, «U^t, the Great, emperor of HindAstin,
sumamed Abul-Fat^^ JaUl-uddin Muhammad, was the
eldest son of the emperor Hum&y6n, and was bom in
Amarkot in the province of Sindh on Sunday the 16th Octo-
ber, 1642 A. D., 6th Rajab, 949 A. H., at a time when hia
father after being defeated by Sher Shdh, had taken refuge
with Bind Prashad. At the time of his father's death,
Akbar was at Kalinur, where he had been deputed bj his
father with a considerable force to expel the ex-king Sikan-
dar Shah S<ir from the Siwilik mountauw. When infor-
mation reached the prince of this mournful event, Bair&m
Khan, and other officers who were present, raised him to
the throne on Friday, 14th February, 1656, A D., 2nd
Rabf II, 963 A. H., Akbar being then only 13 years and 9
months old. He enlarged his dominions by the conquest
of Gujrdt, Bengal, ELashmir, and Sindh. Besides the forts
of Atak, Agra, and Allahab&d, many military works were
erected by him. He also built and fortified the town of
Fathpur Sikri, which was his principal residence, and which,
though now deserted, is one of the most splendid remains
of former grandeur of India. He died after a prosperous
reign of 61 lunar years and 9 months on Wednesday, the
16th October, 1606, Old Style, 13th Jumiida II, 1014
A. H., aged 64 lunar years and 11 months. The words
" Faut-i- Akbar Shah," (the death of Akbar Shah) are
the chronogram of his death. He was buried in the village
of Sikandra in the environs of Agra, where a splendid
mausoleum was built over his remains by his son Jahingir,
which is still in a high state of preservation. He received
after his death the title of '* Arsh-'Ashy&ni," and was
succeeded by his son Sul^ Salim, who assumed the title
of Jahingir. His mother's name was Ijlamida B&nu, com-
monly caUed Maryam-Makani. The history of this poten-
tate has been written, with great elegance and precision
by his wazir Abul-Fazl, in a work, entitled the " Akbar-
n&ma." In order to keep his turbulent Umaras, Turks,
and Afghans, in check, Hindu chiefs were encouraged by
Akbar, and entrusted with the highest powers, both
military and ciyil, as waa the case with Rdja M&ldeo of
Marw&r, Bhagw&nD&s of Amber, M&n Singh, his son, and
Bij& Todar Mai. He also connected himself and his
sons with them by marriage. Both Akbar and his suc-
cessor, Jahing^, had amongst their, wives several of
Hindti origin. Towards the middle of his reign, Akbar
became dissatisfied with the Muhammadan re^gion, and
invited to his court 'teachers of the Christian, Hindi&,
and Pars! religions, and took an interest in their discus-
sions. He adopted, however, neither, but attempted to
found a new system' of belief, called * Dm-i-Ilahi', which
acknowledged one God, and the king as his vicegerent.
..*
Akbar Shah II, ^J^ 8^^f, king of Dihli, whose title
in full iA Abul-Nasr Mu'in-uddin Muhammad Akbar Shiih,
was the son of the nominal emperor Shih 'Alam ; was
bom on Wednesday, 23rd April, 1760, New Style, 7th
Eftwiait^Ti, 1 1 73 H,, and succeeded his father at the age of 48,
on the 19th of November, 1806 A. D., 7th Bamdzdn, 1221
H., as titular king of Dihli. On his accession he made some
weak attempts to increase his infiuence and power. These
were properly resisted, but at the same time the pledge
given by Lord Wellesley, to increase the allowance of tie
imperial family when the revenue of the country improved,
was redeemed by an act of politic liberality. An augmen-
tation of ten thousand rupees per mensem was appropriat-
ed for the support of his eldest son, whom he had declared
heir-apparent. He sat on the throne of his ancestors
nearly 32 lunar years ; died on Friday, 28th September,
1837, 28th Jumida II, 1253 A. H., aged about 80 lunar
years, and was buried at Dihli, close to the tomb of
Bahidur Shih. His son Bahadur Shah II, the last king
of Dihli, succeeded him. Akbar some tjme wrote poetry
and used the word Shu* A' for his poetical name.
Akhfash Atisaty ^j\ fJki»-\ vas called Akhfash, because
he had small eyes. His proper name is Abul-Hasan Sa'iU
He was an author and died in the year 830 A. D.
Some say he was bom at Balkh and died in 376 A. H.
There were three persons of this name, all of whom
were authors. Akhfash Asghar, or the lesser, died in 846
A. D.
Akhtar, jSj^\ the poetical name of ?fis£ Muhammad Sidi^
Khixi, an excellent writer of prose and verse.
Akhtar, J^\ ^i© poetical name of Wajid 'All ShAh, the
last king of Audh, now of Garden Beach, Calcutta.
32
Al-Amin
'AkidatElian,^U is»«H^^ title of Hfr Mahmud, brother
of As&lat Kh&n Hashhadi. He came to India in the
14th y^ar of 'Alamgir, A. D. 1670, and wbb laised to the
rank pf 1,000 and 400 sawdrs.
'Akily JUftp^ ' AVa the brother of 'Ali. There is a story of
him that being displeased with his brother 'All the Khalifa,
he went over to Mu*4wiya, who received him with great
kindness and respect, but desired him to curse 'All ; and
as he would not admit of any refusal, 'Alpl thus addressed
the congregation : — " O people! you know that *Ali, the son
of Ab<i-T41ib, is my brother : now Mu'dwiya has ordered
me to curse him ; therefore, may the curse of God be upon
him." So that the curse would either apply to 'All or to
Mu'&wiya.
Akil Khan, ^,1*. J^U^ 'A^il Khin, nephew of Afeal Khin
wazir, a nobleman of 3,000, who served under the emperor
Shih Jahin, and died A. D. 1649, 1069 A. H.
Akil Khan, (Nawab), ^^U. dUU^y^ the title of Mfr 'As-
kari. He was a native of Khaw6f in Khurisan, and held the
office of wiz&rat in the time of the emperor 'Alamgir. He
was an excellent poet ; and as he had a great respect for
ShihBurhin-uddin, entitled Kiz-i-IUhi, he chose the word
Rizi for his poetical title. He is the autiior of several
works, among which are a Ma^nawi and Diw&n. He died
A. D. 1695, 1108 A. H. Vide Bid.
Akmal-uddin Muhammad bin-Mahmud, (Shaikh)
author of a commentary on the Hidaya, entitled *^ 'Inaya"
or '*al-'Iniya". There are two commentaries on the
Hid&ya, commonly known by that name, but the one much-
esteemed for its studious analysis and interpxetation of
the text, is by this author : it was published in Calcutta
in 1837. This author died in 1884 A. D., 786 A. H.
'Akrima, or more conrectly, 'Ikrima, ^^tr^> surname of
Abii-* Abdullah, who was a freed slave of Ibn-'Abbis,
and became afterwards his disciple. He was one of the
greatest lawyers. He died in the year 726 A. D., 107
A. H.
Aksir, or more correctly, Iksir (Mirsa), (^J^A^I j^t
llr^> of IffiEaiin, author of a book of elegies. He
served under Kaw&b Ni?im-ul-Mulk Asaf-J&hand Sa£iar-
Jang, and died in Bengal in 1766 N. S., 1169 A. H.
Alahdad Sarhindi, or more correctly, Ilahdad, poeti-
caUy styled Faizf, a native of Sarhmd, and author of a
Persian Dictionary called ** Madar ul^Afiicil".
Begarding this dictionary and its author, vide Journal,
As. Socy., Bengal, 1868, p. 10.]
Al-Ahnaf, ^-AVA.^I, uncle of Tasid, the second khalffii of the
house of Umayya. At the battle of Siffin he had fought
on the side of *Alf. Several sayings of this celebrated
chief are recorded in the Biographical Dictionary of Ibn
Ehallik&n. He outUved Mu'&wiya.
Alahwirdi Khan, c^^ iS^J^ *^^ or more correctly,
Ilahwirdi Khan, a nobleman of the reign of the
emperor Jahing(r. He was raised to the rank of 6000
in the time of Shih Jahin, and held several offices of
importance. He was appointed governor of Patna, and
espoused the cause of Sulfin Shuj&', brother of Aurangzib,
A. D. 1668, 1068 A. H., and after the defeat of Shuji',
accompanied him to Bengal, where he was slain together
with his son Saif-ullah by order of that prince in July
1669, 2il-Wda, 1069 A. H.
The word wirdi or wirdi means " a rope", God being
the habl^i-mat^f the strong rope which tiie fiuthful seize
so as not to perish.]
Alahwirdi Khan, c)^ (S^J3 ^U <» ™ore correctly,
Ilahwirdi Khan, title of Ja'feir Khin, the son of
Hihwirdi Khin the first. He was raised to the rank of
an amir by 'Alamgir, with the title of Ilahwardi Eh4n
'Alamgir-Sh&hi. He was appointed Subadir of Allih&bfrd,
where he died A. D. 1669, 1079 A. H. He wus an
excellent poet and has left a diwin.
Alahwirdi Khan ^f^^*^ J^ c^d^ *lif, or more
correctly, AUahwirdi Khan, styled MahiLbat- Jang, the
usurper of the government of Bengal, was originally named
Mirs54 Muhanmiad 'All. His father Mirz& Muhammad, a
Turkmin, a officer in the service of the prince A'f am Sh^
on the death of his patron in 1707 A. D., falling into distress,
moved from Dihli to Katak, the capital of Opaif in hopes
of mending his fortune under Shuj&'-uddin, the son-in-law
of Naw&b Murshid Kuli Ja'far Khan, Sdbaditr of Bengal,
who received him with kindness and after some time
bestowed on his son the Faujdari of B&jma^^all, and pro-
cured for him from the emperor a mansab and the title
of Allahwaidi Eh&n, and afterwards that of Mahibat-
Jang. After the death of Shuja'-uddfn, and the accession
of his son SarfELrdz EhiLn to the government of Bengal,
Allahwlrdi contrived to murder the latter in 1740 A. D.,
1163 A. H., and usurped the government. He reigned
sixteen years over the three provinces of Bengal, Bihir,
and Of&i, and died on Saturday, the 10th April, 1766,
N. 8., 9th Rajab, 1169 A. H., aged 80 years. He waa
buried in Murshid&bad near the tomb of his mother in
the garden of Khush-Bigh, and was succeeded by his
g^rand-nephew and grandson M{rz& Mahmtid, better known
by his assumed name of Sir&j-ud-daula. It does not
appear that AUahwirdi ever remitted any part of the reve-
nue to Dihlf.
Alah Yar Khan, ^^lLJJ aJf^, ^r more correctly. Hah
Yar Khan, (Shaikh}, son of Shaikh 'Abdus-Sub^ was
formerly emjidoyed by Naw4b Mublriz-ul-Mulk Sarbaland
KhAn, governor of Gujrit, and in the reign of the empe-
ror Farrukhfliyar was raised to the rank of 6,000, with the
title of Eustam Zamin Khim. In the time of the emperor
Muhammad Sh^ when Kij& Abhai Singh, the son of R^j^
Ajit Singh M4rw&ii was appointed governor of Ghijrit in
the room of Kaw&b Sarbaland Khan, the latter made some
opposition to his successor ; a battle ensued, and Shaikh
11^ T4r, who was then with the naw4b, was killed in
the action. This took place on the day of Dasahxi, 6th
October, 1780, 0. S., 8th Rabf II, 1148 A. H.
Alah Yar Khan, ^\^ ^Ur^l ^^J ^J^JL *J|^ or more
correctly, Ilah Yar Khan, son of lAdkhir Ehin Tuk-
m&n, a nobleman of the court of Shih Jahin. He died
in Bengal in A. D. 1660, 1060 A. H.
Alah Yar Khan Mir-Tiunik, ^j^j^ iv^jk^^
or more correctly. Hah Yar Khan, a nobleman in the
time of the emperor 'Alamgir, who held the rank of 1 600
and died A. D. 1662, 1078 A. H. ' '
Al-Amin, ^j^il\^ the 6th khalifii of the house of 'Abbis,
succeeded his father Hdriin-ur-Eaahid to the throne of
Baghdad, in Maroh, 809 A. D., 193 A. H. He was no
sooner seated on the throne than he formed a deeiim of
excluding his brother al-Mimtin from the succewion.
Accordingly, he deprived him of the furniture of the impe-
rial palace of KhurAsiin; and in open violation of his
father's will, who had bestowed on al-Mimtin the perpe-
tual government of Khurisan and of all the troops in that
province, he ordered these forces to march directly to
Baghdad. Upon the arrival of this order, al-M£m6n
expostulated with the general al-Fajl Ibn Eabf a, who com-
AlEonayo
S3
'Ala-ud^daula
manded liifl troope, and endeavoiired to prevent Mb march-
ing to Baghd&d; but -without effect, for he punctually
obeyed the orders sent by the khalifii. Al-Fa^l having
ingratiated himself wkh the khalifa by his ready compli-
ant with Ms (HxLers, was ohosen prime-minister, and
governed with absolute sway, al-Amin abandoning him-
self entirely to drunk^iness. Al-Fagl was a very able
minister; but fearing ul-Mimun's resentment* if ever
he fAtoaid asoend the throne, he gave al-Am&i such
advice as proved in the end the ruin of them both. He
advised him to deprive al-M&mun of the right of succession
ahsA had been given him by his father, and transfer it to
his own son Miis^, though then but an infeuit. Agreeable
to this pernicious advice, the khalifa sent for his brother
al-^aaim from Mesopotamia, and recalled al-MAmtin from
Khmraain, pretending he had occasion for him as an assist-
ant in his councils. By this ill-treatment al-Miuntin was
so much provoked, Uiat he resolved to come to an open rup-
ture with his brother. A war soon after broke out be-
tween them. T^^bir ibn-Husain, the general of al-Miundn,
laid siege to Baghd&d, took it, and having seized al-Amin,
cut off his head, and exposed it to public view in the streets
of Baghd&d. Afterwards he sent it to al-Mimtin in
Khur&s&n, together with the ring or seal of the khil&fat,
the sceptre and the imperial robe. At the sight of these,
al-M&m&n fell down on his knees, and returned thanks to
God for his success, making the courier who brought
the insignia a present of a mifiion of dirhams. The death
of al-Amfn took place on the 6th October, 813 A. D., 6th
Safar, 198 A. H. He was then 30 years of age, and had
reigned but four years and some months.
Alamayo, (Prince), the son of king Theod<ffe of Abyssinia.
After the fall of Magdala and the death of his father, 10th
April, 1868, he was sent to England to be educated.
'Alamgir I, st^^U^^xt^jU emperor of HindiiBt&n,s«mamed
Abul-^afiir Mubi-uddin Muhammad Aurangaib, took the
title of ' Alamgir on bis accession to the throne. He was
the third son of the emperor Sh&h Jahan, bom on Sunday,
10th October, 1619 O. 8., 11th gil-^a'da, 1028 H. His
mother's name was Arjmand Bind, sumamed Mumtiz-
M£4^. In bis youth, he put on the appearance of religious
sanctity, but in June, 1658, Rarngfai, 1068 H., during his
father's illness, he in conjunction with his brother Mur&d
Bakhsh, seized Agra, and made his father prisoner. Murad
was soon after imprisoned by 'Alamgfr, who marched
to Bihli, where he caused himself to be proclaimed em-
peror on the 21st July of the same year, 1st ^il-l^'da,
1068 H., but was not crowned till the first anniversary
of his accession, a circumstance which has introduced
some confusion in the chronology of bis reign. 8oon
after, he put Murid Bakhsh and his eldest lurother the
heir-apparent D&ri Shikoh to death. He greatly en-
larged his dominions, and became so formidable, that
all Eastern princes sent ambassadors to him. He was
an able prince, but a bigoted Sunnl, and attempted to
force the Hindis to adopt that faith, destroying their
temples, and levying the capitation tax (jizyaj from every
Hind6. The feudatory cldeft of B4jput^n£ successfully
resisted the impost. He died after a reign of 60 lunar
yean at Ahmad4bM in the Pakhin, on Friday, the 21st of
February, 1707 0. S., 28th ^il-^'da, 1118 H., aged 90
lunar years and 17 days, and was inteired in the court of
the mausoleum of Shaikh Zain-uddin, in Ehuldib&d, 8
hot from the city of Aurang&b&d. After his death,
he received the title of "^anat Khuld-MakiUi", (t. «.
He whose plaoe is in paradise^. He was married in the
19th year dT his age to a daughter of Sh&hnawilzEhAn, the
son of ' Asaf Eh4n the prime minister of the emperor Ja-
hingir, by whom he had 6 sons and 5 daughters. His
eldest Bon« named 8ul^ Muhammad, died before his
fikther; his second son was Muhammad Mu'asaam who
succeeded bun with the title of I3h^ ' Ahun Bahidur ShiOi ;
the third A'sam Shilh was slain in battle fought against the
latter ; the fourth Muhammad Akbar, who revolted against
9
his father, took refuge in Persia and died there ; the fifth
' K&m Bakhsh who was also slain in battle. The names
of his 4 daughters are, — ^Zeb-un-Nisi, Zinut-un-NiAi^ Badr-
nn-Nis^ and Mihr-un-Kis4.
'▲l^Qlgir II. 'Azlz-uddin, was the son of the emperor
Jahandar Sn£h by Anup B&i ; was bom in 1688 A. P.,
1099 A. H., and raised to the throne in the fort of
Dihli by 'Imid-ul-Mulk GhAzi-uddin Khin the wazir,
on Sunday the 2nd June, 1764, N. S., 10th Sha'b^,
1167 A. H., after the deposition and imprisonment of
Ahmad ShiUi, the son of the emperor Muhammad Sh&h.
He was, after a nominal jedgn of 6 years and some
months, assassinated by the same person who had placed
him on the throne, on the 29th November, 1769, N. S., 8th
Babi' II, 1173 H., and was interred in the platform before
the mausoleiun of the emperor HumiLyun. His son 'All
Grauhar (afterwards 8h4h 'Alam) being then in Boogal,
Mul^y-ul-Sunnat, son <^ Kim Bakhsh, the son of the em-
peror Aurangzib, was seated on the throne, with the title
of Sh£b Jahin, and insulted by the empty name of em-
peror for some months, after whidi on the 10th October
1760 N. 8., 29th Safax, 1174 H., the Marat\^ having
plundered Dihli, prince Mirz& Jaw£n Bakht, the son of
'Ali Gauhar, was placed on the throne by the Marat^
chief Bhio, as regent to his fisither, who was still in
Bengal.
Alap ArsaJLan, vide Alp Arsalan.
Alaptigin or Alptigin, ^J^r^fU one of the chief
nobles of Bukh^r^ and governor of Ehur&s&n during the
reign of the house of Siimin. Having in 962 A. !u. re-
nounced his allegiance to that court, he retired, with his
followers, to Ghazni, then an insignificant town, to escape
the. resentment of Amir Manstir Samini, whose elevation
to the throne he had opposed^ on the ground of his ex-
treme youth. He established a petty principality, of
which Ghazni became the capital. He cUed A. I). 976,
366 A. H., when his son Abd-Is-ba^ succeeded him ; but
that weak and dissipated prince survived his father but a
short time ; and the suffiage of all ranks gave the rule
to Subiktagin, a chief in the service of Alaptigin in
977 A. D., 367 A. H.
Al-Aswady iiy^'^i an impostor, vide Musailama.
'Ala-tld-dailla, ^^^^^^^, vide AlA-ud-daula.
'Ala-ud-daula, AJjO^JI^I/i^ ^'A (Wnce), the son of Bii-
ff ffTig Ti^r Mirz4 and grandson of Sh&hrukh Mirzi, after
whose death in A. D. 1447, he ascended the throne at
Hirit, but was soon driven from it by his uncle
Ulugh Beg. After the death of TJlugh Beg, A. D. 1449,
he was imprisoned and blinded by his brother Sult^
B&bar. He died in A. D. 1469, A. H. 863.
' Ala-ud-daula, *Jj«>Jt JIU ^\y, a Naw4b of Bengsfl. Vide
Saarfiariz Khin.
'Ala-ud-daula, (Mir or Miraa), *J,^iJl *^yp ^h^,
a poet whose poetical name was Eifl He is the author
of a biography of those poets who flourished in the reign
of the emperor Akbar. The time of his death is not
known, but he was living at the time of the conquest of
Chitor by Akbar in 1667 A. D., 976 A. H. There is
some mistake in his poeti(»l name ; he appears to be the
same person who is mentioned under the poetical name of
'^ j rni ^ which SCO.
'Ala-ud-daula Samnani, ^UU*. *^^ JrjH^, one of the
chief followers of the SiifL Junaid Baghdidl In his
youth he served Argh^ Khin, the Tartar long of
Persia, and his undle Sharaf-uddin Samnini was a noble-
man at the court. He died on Friday the 8th of March
1386 A. D., 23rd B^jab, 736 A. H., aged 77 lunar years,
six yeacB before Khwi^i JKirmftni.
'Ala-uddin
34
'Ala-uddin
'Ala-uddilly iiH^^^, a Muhammadan prince of the
Araacides or AaBaaama, better known by the appellation of
"The old man of the mountains". His residence was a
castle between Damascus and Antioch, and was surround-
ed by a number of youths, whom he intoxicated with
pleasures, and rendered subservient to his views, by pro-
mising still greater voluptuousness in the next world.
As these were employed to stab his enemies, he was
dreaded by the neighbouring princes. Vide Hasan Sab-
>Ala.uddin (Khwaja), '-^^ t^^t 5^ ^»>f^,
sumamed ' AtA Milik was the brother of Shams-uddin Mu-
hammad S^b, diwan, and is the author of a history called
" Jahinkusha".
'Ala-uddin >Ali al-Kuraishi ibn-Nafls, tr*^ i:^^
*-i*ji^\ jJLp ^^i)Jf 5^ author of the commentary termed
*'Miiji2-ui K£ntin fil-Tibb", being an epitome of the
canons of Avicenna. He died A. D. 1288.
'Ala-uddin Atsiz, >*^t i:^^^ J>^> ^^ sonof 'AU-nddin
Hasan Ghori. He defeated BahiUuddm Sim in 1210 A. D.
and reigned four years in Ghor. He fell in battle against
Taj-uddin Hdiiz A. D. 1214, and was the last of the kings
of Ghor, of the family of ' Ali-uddin Hasan.
'Ala-uddin Hasan, iSJ^ ^^r^ i:^*^' ^^> P™^® o^
Gh6r, entitled Jahan-s6z. His elder brother Kutb-uddin,
prince of Gh6r, was publicly executed by his brother-in-
law Bahrdm Sh4h of Ghazni in 1119 A. D., 613 A. H.
8aif-ud-diAila brother of the deceased took possession of
Ghazni in 1148 A. D., 643 A. H., but afterwards was
defeated, taken prisoner and put to death by Bahrim Shih
in 1149 A. D., 644 A. H. When the mournful news of
his brother's death reached 'Ali-uddin, he burnt with
rage and being determined to take revenge, invaded Ghazni
with a great army. He defeated Bahr&m 8h£h, who
fled to Lihor, took possession of Ghazni in 1162 A. D., 674
A. H., and gave up the city to flames, slaughter, and
devastation for several days, on which account He is
known by the epithet of " Jahan-B6z," or the burner of
the world. He carried his animosity so far as to destroy
every monument of the Ghazni emperors with the excep-
tion of those of Sultin Mahmud, Mas'ud, and Ibrahim ;
bat he defEused all the inscriptions, 'even of their times,
from every public edifice. 'AU-udd£n died in the year
1166 A. D., 649 A. H., after a reign of 6 years, and
was succeeded by his son MaUk Saif-uddin or Saif-ud-
daula who in little more than a year fell in battle with the
Ghiza Turkm&ns. He was succeeded by his eldest cousin
Ghiyi^-uddin Muhammad Ghori.
The following is a list of the kings of Gh6r :
1. 'AU-oddin Hasan Ghori.
2. Malik Saif-uddin, son of do.
3. Ghiyif-uddin Muhammad Ghori, son of Bah&-addin
S^n, the younger brother of ' Ali-nddin.
4. Shihab-uddin, brother of Ghiy&^-uddin.
5. Ghiy&f-uddin Mahmud, son of Ghiyd^-uddin.
6. Bahk-nddin Sam, son of Ghiya^-uddin Mahmtid.
7. Atsiz, son of Jahiui-s6z and last of the kings of Gh6r
of this branch.
»Ala-uddin (I), i/*ti ^^^ nr^ i:^^^^ 5**, Hasan
Kiingoh Bahmani, the first Bahmani king of the Dakhin.
He was a native of Dihli, and in the service of a
Brahmanical astrologer named Kangoh, or Gringoh, en-
joying high fEivor with the prince Muhammad Tughlu]^
afterwards king of Dihli. This Brahman assured Hasan
that he perceived from his horoscope that he would
rise to great distinction, and be eminently f&vored of the
Almighty ; and made him promise that ir he ever should
attain regal power, he would use the name of Kingoh and
employ him as his minister of finance^ a request with
which Hasan readily complied. The governor of Daulat&b&d
and others having revolted took possession of the place^ and
selected Hasan (who had then the title of ^far Ehim and a
jigir in the Dakhin) to be their king. On Friday, the 3rd
August, 1347 A. D., 24th Rabf n, 748 A. H., they crowned
him and raised him on the throne, with the tiUe of 'Ali-
uddin Hasan Kingoh Bahmani at Eulbarga, which place
became the royal residence and capital of the first Mu-
hammadan king of the Dakhin, and was named Ahsan-
4b&d. Towards the end of the reign of Muhammad
Tughlu^ of Dihli, he subdued every part of the Dakhin
previously subject to the throne of Dihli. The death
of 'Ali-uddin Hasan happened 10 years, 10 months and
7 days after his accession to the throne, about the 10th of
February 1368 A. D., 1st Rabf I, 769 A. H. He was
succeeded by his son Muhammad Sh&h I Bahmani. The
following is a list of the kings of the Bahmani dynasty
of Eulbarga or Ahsan&bid with the years of their acces-
sions:
'Al^uddin Hasan I, 74« H., 1347 A. D.
Muhammad Sh4h I, 769 H., 1368 A. D.
MujdhidShih, 776 H., 1376 A. D.
Ddiid Shih, 780 H., 1378 A. D.
Mahmdd Shih, 780 H., 1378 A. D.
Ghiyd^-uddin, 799 H., 1397 A. D.
Shams-uddm, 799 H., 1397 A. D.
Firiiz Sh^ Roz-afzun, 800 H., 1397 A. D.
Ahmad Shih Wali, 826 H., 1422 A. D.
'AU.uddin Ahmad n, 838 H., 1436 A. D.
Hum&y^n the cmeL
Nizim Shah.
Muhammad Shih II.
Mahmiid II.
Ahmad Shih n.
'Ali-uddin Uh
Wali-uUah.
Kalim-ullah, with whom the Bahmani d3masty termi-
nates, and is succeeded by Amir Band at Ahmadibad
Bidar.
>Ala.uddln II, ^^ nH^^ ^^ eAU, (gul^) son of
Sul^ Ahmad Shih Wali Bahmani, ascended the throne
at Ahmadibid Bidar in the Dakhin, in the month of
February 1436 A. D., 838 A. H., and died after a reign
of 23 years, 9 months and 20 days in the year 1467
A. D., 862 A. H. He was succeeded by son Humiyfin,
a cruel prince.
>Ala-uddin Khilji, ^ylJjdJX^ ^^s^ e^J^l^l^ ^:M^,
(Sultin) styled Sikandar-i-$ini, ^the second Alexander'
was the nephew and son-in-law of Sultin Jalil-uddin Firdz
Shih Khi^jl, whom he murdered at Kara-Minikpur in the
province of Allihibid on the 29th July, 1296 A. D., 17th
Kama^in, 695 A. H., and marching thence with his army
ascended the throne of Dihli in the month of October the
same year, ^il-^jja, 696 A. H., after having defeated and
removed Rukn-uddin Ibrihim, the son of Firdz Shih. He
was the first Musalmin king who made an attempt to con-
quer the Dakhin. HetQokthefortofChitorinAugust» 1303
A. D., 3rd Mu^arram, 708 H. It is said that tiie empire
never flourished so mudti as in his reign. Palaces, mosques,
universities, baths, mausolea, forts and all kinds of public
and private buildings, seemed to rise as if by magic. Among
the poets of his reign, we may record the names of Amir
Khusrau, Khwija Hasan, Sadr-uddin 'Ali, Fakhr-uddin
Khawi|, Qamid-uddiu Riji.'Maulini 'Arif, 'Abdul-Qakim
and Shihib-uddin Sadr-Nishin. In poetry Amir Khusrau
and Ehwija Hasan had the first rank. In philosophy and
physic, Maulina Badr-uddin Dimishl^. In divinity, Mau-
lixLi Shitibi. In astrology. Shaikh Nif im-uddin Auliyi
acquired much fEune. 'Ali-uddin died, according to Fi-
rishta, on the 6th Shawwil, 716 A. H. (or 19th December,
1316 A. D.) after having reigned more than 20 years.
Pe waii buried in the tomb which he had constructed ii^
'Ala^uddin
85
Al-Bnkliari
his UflB-time near the lifaniTiig.T Ma£jid in Old Dihlf. Amir
Khosrau in that part of his Diwan, called "Bakiya-i-
Na^ya" says that he died on the 6th Shaww^ 715 H., u e,
about the 30th December 1315 A. D. After his death,
Malik K&ib Eafur, one of the eunuchs of the king, placed
his youngest son Snltiui Shihab-uddm 'Umar, who was then
only seven years old, on the throne. After a short time,
however, the eunuch E&fur was slain, and Shihib-uddin was
set aside, and his elder brother Mub&rak E^h&n under the
title of Mub4rik Sh4h ascended the throne on the 1st April,
'1316 A. D., 7th Mul^arram, 716 H. but according to Fi-
rishta in 1 3 1 7. It was the boast of ' AK-uddin, that he had
destroyed one thousand temples in Baniras alone. He is
best ]mown now by the beautiful gateway to the Eutb
Mosque and the unfinished tower by which he hoped to
rival the Kutb Min&r.
'Ala-uddin 'Imad Shah, t^^^ eH*^^'*^, succeeded to
the government of Bar&r in the Dakhin after the death
of his father Fatl^-ullah 'Imid Shih about the year 1513
A. D., and following the example of other chiefs of the
house of Bahmani, declared himself king of Bar&r, and
established his royal residence at Gtewal. He contracted
an alliance by marriage with the sister of Ismi'il ' Adil
Shih, named Ehadija, in 1528 A. D., 935 A. H., and
died some time about the year 1532 A. D., 939 A. H. He
was succeeded by his son Daryi 'Im&d Sh&h.
'Ala-uddin Zaikubad, .>^^cH«^'j^, (Sultin) a
prince of the Salju|pan dynasty. When Sult^ Malik-
Shih conquered £^m or Anatolia in Asiatic Turkey,
he conferred on Sulaim&n the son of Eutlumish that
kingdom, whose descendants reigned there till the time of
Ab4V» KhAn, the Tartar king of Persia. 'Ald-uddfn
Kaikubid was a descendant of Sulaim4n Sh&h and died
about the year 1239 A. D., 637 A. H. ; vide Sulaimin bin-
Eutlumish.
' Ala-uddin Majzub, VJ^ ^J^^ ^^ »^> (Sliih) a
"M^b ftTT^TTift^ ^ftn saint of Agra, commonly called Sh&h ' Alil-
wal Balawal, son of Sayyid Sulaimin. He died in the
beginning of the reign of Islim Sh&h, son of 8her Sh&h
in the year 1546 A. D., 953 A. H. His tomb is in Agra
at a place called Nai-ki Man^i, where crowds of Musal-
m&ns assemble every year to worship it. The adjacent
mosque has sunk into the ground to the spring of the
arches.
'Ala-uddin Mas^ud, ^y*-^ i:H^^ 'y^, Sultin of Dihli,-
was the son of SulUn Rukn-uddin Fir6z, and grandson of
Shams-uddm Iltitmish, was raised to the throne of Dihli
after the murder of Bahriun Shih in May, 1242 A. !>.,
^il-ka'da, 639 A. H. He died on the 10th June, 1246
A. i)., 28rd Mu^arram, 644 H., after a reign of four
years, and was succeeded by his brother (or uncle) Sul^
K&sir-uddm Mahmud.
'Ala-uddin Muhammad, al-Samarkandi, (S^^
j*^\ {^^^\ 5^ «>♦**, (Shaikh) author of a compen-
dium of Al-Kudiiri's Mukhtasir, which he entitled the
" Tu^^t-ul-Fukah4." This work was commented upon by
his pupil Abd-Bakr bin-Mas' ud al-Kashinf, who died in
1 191 A. D., 587 A. H. This comment is entitled al-Badai*
as-Sanii\
♦Ala-uddin AU Shah, »U^ ^ji^\^J^y king of West-
ern Bengal. He usurped the government of tiliat country
after defeating Fakhr-uddin Mub&rak Shih and was assas-
sinated about 746 A. H. by the instigation of Khwaja
Hy&B, who succeeded him under the title of Shams-uddm
Hy^ Shih.]
^Ala-uddin Husain Shah, t^^j^--^ e^«^l5^> ^^^
of Bengal. He was the son of Sayyid Ashraf, and after
defeating Mu^affiEu: Shih at Gaor in 899 A. Q., aj^cended
the throne of BengaL He reigned with juBtioe for a
considerably longer period than any of his predecessors
until the year 1521 A. D., 927 A. H. when he died a
natural death, after a reign of 28 years. His son Nusrat
Shah succeeded him.
^Ala-uddin (Sultan), t^W** ci^t^lf^ ^^'ixU, a king
of the race of Saljuk, who reigned in Iconium,'and died in
the year 1301 A. D., 700 A. H.
»Ala-uddin (Siiltan), JLk^ «Lijb ^^ Ji^lf^ J^^^L^,
the last king of Dihli of the Sayyid dynasty, succeeded his
father Sultan Muhammad Shah to the throne in January
1446 A. D., Shawwa, 849 A. H. Bahl61 Lodi in 1451, 855
A. H., at the instigation of yamid Khin wazir, took
possession of Dihli during the absence of the king who
was then at Badio?. 'ida-uddin continued to reside at
Badaon unmolested tiU his death, which happened in the
year 1478 A. D., 883 A. H. His reign at DihU being
about six years, and his government of Bad&o? 28 years.
'Ala-uddin (Sayyid), of Oudh, whose poetical name was
Wasili, is the author of a Tarjf band, commonly called
" Mamulpman," with which word it commences. He was
a native of Elhur&sin, came to India about the year 1300
A. D., became a disciple of Nifim-uddin Auliya and fixed
his residence in Oudh.
'Ala-uddin Takash, ^JSJ ^,^\^j'i^^ a Sultin of Ehw&-
rizm, vide Takash.
•Ala-td-mulk Eotwal, Jfyy^Jjllt^SliJ ijXo^ (Malik).
He served under Sul^ ' AU-uddin Khilji, king of Dihlf,
and was the uncle of ^yi-uddm Bami, l£e author of the
" T4rikh Firuz-Sh^." He was then very old and so M
that he was not able to attend the court more than once
a month. He was living in A. D. 1300, 699 A. H.
'Al-AzizBillah Abu-al-Mansur Tarar, j|/^jj-^^!^
^^'jij^h son of Mu'izz-ud-dm-allah, second khallfo of
Egypt of the Fa^imite dynasty, succeeded his father
in A. D. 976, and committed the management of affairs
entirely to the care of Jauhar or Ja'fiir, his father's
long-experienced general and prime-minister. This feunous
warrior after several batties with Al-Aftakin, the amir
of Damascus and the Eaimatians, died in 990 A. D.,
881 A. H. 'Al-Aziz died in his way to Syria in the 21st
year of his reign and 42nd of his age and was succeeded
by his son Abul-Mansur.
Al-Baghawiy ^yuJl^ vide Abul-Faraj-al-Baghawi and
Abti-Muhammad Farr&f ibn-Mas'ud al-Baghawi.
Al-Batani, ^^^^1^ commonly called by European writers
Albategnius, was an Arabian astronomer who wrote a
treatise on the knowledge and the obliquity of the Zodiac
of the stars. He died in 929. He greatiy reformed
astronomy, comparing his own observations with those of
Ptolemy. This book was printed at Niiremberg, in 1537)
4to., and at Bologna in 1545. He died A. D. 929.
Al-Bimni, \j?3y^y an Arabian author whose original work,
entitled ^*Tdrikh Hind", was compiled in India in about
A. D. 1030-33. See Ab6-Bai|^.
Al-Bukhari, {s}^^i ^^^ received this name from Bu-
khdr^ the place of l]ds birth or his chief residence, was a
£unous lawyer by name of Muhammad Ismi'il. His collec-
tion of traditions on the Muhammadan religion, commonly
called Sa^-ul-Bukh4ri, is of the greatest authority of aU
that have ever been made ; he called it '* Al-Sahfj^" »'. e,
genuine, because he separated the spurious ones from those
that were authentic. He says, he has selected 7,275 of the
most authentic traditions out of 10,000, aU of which he
looked upon to be true, having rejected 200,000 4us false.
He died at Bukhara in the year 870 A. D*, 256 A. H.
Vide Muhammad Ismi'il Bukhirf.
Al-Dawani
36
'AU
Al-Dawani, vide Bawlbi.
'Ali, i-JLb^l ^^ ^^ son of Abd-Tfli^ ▼«« the coyain
ftnd Bon-in-law of Muhammad. He wae bom 23 yean
before the Hijn, i. 0., in the year 599 A. D., at the
very temple itselfl His mother's name wae Fatima,
daughter of Aaad the son of fi&shim. After the death
of Muliammad, he was opposed in his attempts to suc-
ceed the prophet by 'tJ^m&n and 'Umar, and retired
into Arabia where fak mild and enlarged interpretation
of the ^ur&n, increased the number of his proselytes.
After the death of 'U^m&n, the 3rd khalifa, he was acknow-
ledged khalifa by the Egyptians and Arabians in July,
655 A. D., but in less than 5 years after, he was compelled
to resign that title, and Mu'&wiya was proclaimed Idialifa
at Damascus. 'AH was subsequently wounded by 'Abdur-
Sahmin ibn-Muljim in a mosque at Kti&, whilst engaged
in his evening prayers, on Friday, the 22nd January, 661,
A. D., 17th Somazan, 40 A. H., and died four days after.
'AH after the decease of his beloved Fdtima, the daughter
of the prophet, claimed t3ie privilege of polygamy, and
had 1 8 sons and 1 8 daughters. The most renowned of them
are the two sons of Fatima, viz., Hasan and Husain, as
also Muhammad ^BxHi, by another wife. Among the
many surnames, or honorable titles bestowed upon 'AH,
are the following — Wasf which signifies ** legatee and
heir;" Murtaza, "beloved by Gk)d;" Asad-uHah-ul-GhiJib,
" the victorious Hon of God ;" flaidar, a " lion ;" ShiSi
Mard&n, ''king of men;" Sher Khud&, *'the lion of
God." His memory is still held in the highest venera-
tion by the Muhammadans, who say that he was the first
that embraced their reHgion. They say, moreover, that
Muhammad, talking of hun, said, '* 'AH is for me and I am
for him ; he stands to me in the same rank as Aaron did
to Moses ; I am the town in which all knowledge is shut
up, and he is the gate of it." However, these great eulo-
gies did not hinder his name, and that of all his fiunily,
from being cursed, and their persons from being excom-
municated through all l^e mosques of the empire of the
khalifas of the house of Umayya, from Mu'^wijra down
to the time of 'Umar ibn-'Abdul-'Asfz, who suppressed
the solemn malediction. There were besides severed kha-
Hfiis of the house of 'Abbis, who expressed a great
aversion to 'AH and aU his posterity ; such as Mu'tazid
and Mutawakkil. On the other hand, the Fil^imite kha-
Hfiis of Egypt caused his name to be added to that of
Muhammad in the call to prayer, (az&n) which is
chaunted from the turrets of the mosques. He is the
first of the twelve Im^ms, eleven of whom were his des-
cendants. Their names are as follows :
1. 'AH, the son of Abti-Talib.
2. Im&tn Hasan, eldest son of 'All.
Husain, second son of 'AH.
Zain-ul-'Abid£n, son of Husain.
Muhammad Bi^Lir, son of Zain*ul-' Abidfa*
Ja'fiEir S^]|^ son of Muhammad Bi|pr.
Miisa K^im, son of Ja'far Sidilf:.
AH Mdsa Baza, son of M6sa Kif im.
Muhamxnad Talfif, son of Mt&s^ Bas^.
'AH Na^, son of Muhammad Tal^
Hasan 'Askarf, son of 'AH Na^
Mahdf, son of Hasan ' Askacf.
As to the place of AH* s burial, snthars differ ; btitihe
most probable opinion is, tiiat he was buried in that
place widch is now caUed Kajaf Ashraf in Eiifii^ and this
18 visited by the Muhammadans as his tomb.
The followers of 'Al{ are called 8hf as, which agnifies
seotazies or adherents in general, a term flitt used about
the fourth oeu tu r y of the Hijia.
'AH is reputed the author of several works in Aiabic,
particularly a collection of one hondared flentences (para-
phrased in Persian by Baslhid-addi^ Wat^rat), «nd a
Diwlbi of didactic poems, often read in Madrasahs.
In mentLoning Alf • name, the Shi'a use the phrase
3.
n
4.
))
5.
»
6.
»
7.
»
8.
n
9.
M
10.
)9
11.
»
12.
••
'' 'alaihi aa-aaUbn," which is used after the names of pro-
phets ; the Sunnis eay, '^kazsama alliiha wajhahu," * may
God honor his fiEu».'
»Ali, \^J^ J^yy ui <i^^t 4jH ^^ Bon of Ahmad bin-Abd-
Bi^ Eikl£l, a resident of Ifch and authw of the history of
Sindh im Arabic called " Tu^t-ul-Kiiim". This work
was <(nmslated into Persian and called '* Chich N^uma", a
translation of which was made in English by Lieutenant
Postans and published in the Journal of the Asiatic So-
ciety in 1838.
'Ali, (S^^^y.J^^iT^ i^-^\iji fj^, son of Ahmad, com-
monly called W4l^di, was an Arabian author who wrote
three Commentaries, ^iz. : " Waait," ** Zakir", and " Ba-
sit", and also "Kitfib Nuziil". He died in 1075 A. D.,
468 A. H.
* All, i^^ trf u^, son of ^^amz4, author of the " T4rikh
Isfahimr'.
>Ali, ^^b e;*-^ U*. ij^, son of Husain Wii? Kishifi,
the fiunous writer of the Aftwdr't-Sohaih, author of the
work called '' La^if-u£-!par^r', containing the anecdotes
of Muhammad, of the twelve TrnLma^ of the ancient kings
of Persia, and of various other persons. He is also the
author of another work entitled ^* Eushbilt", containing
the Memoirs of the Sufi Shaikhs of the Nakshbandi order.
'AH died in 1532 A". D., 939 A. H. He is also called
'AH Waes. Vide Safi-uddin Muhammad.
*Ali, <^?^**y «>M**^ f^ ^^^ Bon of Muhammad Ktisanjl,
an astronomer, and author of the ^^ Shai^-ul-Jadid", the
new conmoientary. He died A. D. 1474, 879 A. H.
' Ali, (J^ tH i^y son of 'Upnfa Gflinf, author of the
'* Eashf-ul-Mabjub", containing a minute description of
ihetwelvo orders of Sufis, &o., written in 1499 A. P., 905
A. H. He is also called Pfr 'AH Higwiii.
'All, <:r-* t>i» «i VyAflLo ^^^ sumamed Abul-Hasan, vide
Abul-Hasan 'Alf.
'All, lM^^ ** v>aUr^ ^, the poetical name of MuUfi
N&Bzr 'All, whioh see.
'Ail, 45^^ the poetical name of a poet who converted the
Ghazals of ^6&z into Mukhammas.
»Ali >Adil Shah I, iSJJi^' »^ Jti^u^, of Bijiptir,
sumamed Abul-Mu^affar, succeeded to the throne of that
kingdom after the death of his father Ibr&h^ ' Adil Shih
I, in 1558 A. D., 965 A. H. He reigned about 22 lunar
years, and, as he had no son, he appointed in the year
1579 A. D. his nephew; Ibriihim, son of his brother Tah-
misp, his successor ; and the following year on the night
of Tliursday the 10th of April, 1580, 28rd Safar, 988 A. H.,
he was assassinated by a young eanuoh. He was buried
in the city of Bij&piir, where his tomb or mausoleum
is called by the people, " Bausa 'AH."
Vide Ain Translation, I, 466.]
>Ali »Adil" Shah H, uy^^ ^yO jjijl j^U Ji*^ of
Byapur, succeeded his fether Muhammad 'Adil Shfibin
his childhood in Korember, 1656 A. D., Muharram, 1067
H., and was unable to remedy the disoiden which had
occurred in his kingdom, bv the rebellion of the celebra-
ted Martotta chief Sew6j% who had possessed himself of
aU the strongholds in the Kokan country, and erected
several new forts. Under pretence of making his sub-
miasions to the Sul^ he begged an interview with the
Bijapor p^neral, Afisal Khin, whom he treacherously
stabbed m an embrace. Bustam KhAn was afterwards
ieot against him, and defeated. 'AH 'Adil Shfth died in
'AU
37
All
the year 1672 A. D., 1088 A. H. after a turbulent reign
of 1 1 or 12 years. He was succeeded by his son Sikandar
*Adil Shih.
»Ali Alimad, ^^^^ </^ ^, (Shaikh) the son of Shaikh
Hiisain Nakshf, a learned man and engraver who died
suddenly on hearing a verse of the poet Khwija Hasan of
Dihli repeated in the presence of the emperor Jah^ngir
An tba 13th of April, 1609 O. S., 18th Muharram, 1018 H.
'Ali Akbar, .J^ lS^s the eldest son of Im£m Husain) ,
killed in battle together with his fiither on the 10th Octo-
ber, 680 A. D.
'Ali Akbar, ^' f^, author of the work called " Majma*-
ul-Auli&", containing a detailed account of all the Mu-
hammadan saints, dedicated to the emperor Shah Jahin
who was a great admirer of saints, A. D. 1628, 1038 A. H.
'Ali Akbar, iS^^i^ V-r^* l^s of Allahabid, author of
the " Fasul Akbarf ', and "Usdl Akbarf', and seveial
other works.
*Ali Asghar, ja^^J^^ proper name of ImiLm Zain-nl-
'Abidin, which see.
'Ali Asghar, {/^jt^^j^ u^, of ?anauj, author of a
commentary on the KudLn called " Saw4kib-at-TanziI".
He died in the year 1727 A. D., 1140 A. H.
'Ali Bae, (S^- \^} (whose name is spelt in our English
Biographical Dictionaries Alf Bey) was a native of Nato-
lia, son of a Greek priest. In his 13th year he was carried
away by some robbers as he was hunting, and sold to
IbnJifm, a lieutenant of the Janissaries, at Grand Cairo,
who treated l^im with kindness. 'All distinguished himself
against the Arabe, but when his patron was basely assas-
sinated in 1768, by Ibrahim the Circassian, he avenged his
death, and slew the murderer with his own hand. This
violent measuro raised him enemies, and his flight to
Jerusalem and to Ptolemais or Aero with difficulty saved
him from the resentment of the Ottoman Porte, that had
demanded his head. Time, however, paved the way to
his elevation. Those who had espoused the cause of the
Circassian wero sacrificed to the public safety ; and 'AH
recalled by the public voice, governed the ^country with
benevolence and equity. In a battle fought against a ro-
belHous Mamluk to whom he hiad entrusted part of his
army, 'Ali saw some of his troops desert, and unwilling
to survive a defeat, he defended himself with the fury
of a lion, till he was cut down by a sabro and carried
to the conqueror's tent, whero eight days after he expired
of his wounds, April 2l8t, 1778, in his 45th year, and left
behind him a character unrivalled for excellence^ for
courage, and magnanimity,
'Ali Bae, (^^ {^y the titles by which he was known in
the Muhammadan countries, wero, al Amfr, al-Hakim, al-
Fa^ al.Sharif, al-H&j 'All Bie ibn Usmin Bie al-Abbas,
Sh&dim Baitullah al-Harim, %. e. the prince, the learned,
doctor of the law, of the blood of Muhammad, pilgrim,
'All Bie, son of Usman B&e, of the race of the Abbasidesf,
servant of the house of God. He was master of the
Arabic language, and had carofully studied the mathema-
tical and natural branches of science and knowledge. It
was in 1802 that he visited England. In June 1803 he
sailed from Spain to Morocco, and travelled through Tri-
poli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, and Turkey, and wrote
a history of his havels, which was translated into Eng-
lish and published in London in the year 1816, entitled
" The Travels of 'AM BAe." In his visit to the isle of Cy-
prus he surveyed some curious remains of antiquity that
have been usuaUy overlooked. Having been admitted
in his character of a Muhammadan prmce to sweep the
interior of the Ka'ba at Mecca, the most saored office that
10
a Mnsalmibi can perform, and to visit it ropeatedly, he
has given, from personal inspection a moro minute and
exact account of the temple of Mecca than other travellers
could lay beforo the public. His notice of the venerated
mountaija beyond Mecca, the last and principal object of
the pilgrimage to that city, and his description of the in-
terior of the Temple of Jerusalem, which no Christian is
permitted to enter, is said to contain much new informa-
tion.
'Ali Bahadur, J'^^ a^?'!y, Naw4b of Banda, eldest
son of Shamsher Bab&dur I, and grandson of the Mar-
hatta chief BAji RAo Peshwa I. He received the inves-
tituro of Bundelkhand from NtoA Famawis, the Piina
minister, about the year 1790 A. D. and accompanied by
his brother Gh&ni Bah&dur, and supported by a powerful
army, invaded Bundelkhand, but was opposed by N£na
Arjun, (the guardian of Bakhat Singh a descendant of
Rliji ChatursAl) who falling in the contest, and B^i Ba-
khat Singh being taken prisoner, AH Bahadur acquired
tire whole of that part of the r£j of Banda which belonged
to Bakhat Singh and all the riij of Panna. He roignad
about 11 or 12 years, and as at the time of his death,
which happened in 1801 or 1802 A. D., his eldest son
Shamsher Bahidur II was absent at Puna, his youngest
son Zulfikir Alf was proclaimed (in violation of the title
of his eldest brother) as his successor by his uncle Ghinf
Bah&dur and his Diw&n Himmat Bahidur Goshim.
Gh£ni Bahadur, however, was soon after expelled by
Shamsher Bahadur who took possession of the r^.
'Ali Bahadur Khan, c^**j.i V (J^, the last Naw£b of
Banda and son of Zulfikar AH Khan Bahadur. He is
the author of a dfwan and a masnawi called '^Mehr-
tillah." He was removed for alleged complicity in the
robelUon of 1857.
>Ali Band I, *^^ ^J^, succeeded his father Amfr Barid
to the throne of Ahmadabdd Bfdar in the Dakhan in the
year 1642 A. D. and was the first of this family who as-
Bumed royalty. He died after a reign of moro than 20
years in 1662 A. D., 970 A- H. and was succeeded bv his
son Ibrfhim Barid. ^
li Barid II, succeeded his father Kasim Barid II in the
government of Ahmadibdd Bidar in 1672 A. D. and was
deposed in 1609 by his relative Amur Barid II, who suc-
ceeded him, and was the last of this dynasty.
*Ali Beg, ^J^:i^^ a Pole, bom of Christian parents. "When
young he was made prisoner by the Tartars and sold to
the Turks, who educated him in the Muhammadan faith.
He rose in the Turkish court, and was appointed inter-
preter to the Grand Signior, and translated the Bible and
the English Catechism into the Turkish language. His
great work is on the liturgy of the Turks, their pilgrimages
to Mecca, and other religious ceremonies, translated into
Latin by Dr. Smith. He died 1676 A. D.
'All Beg, (Mirza), c^ ^^ \jyi^ anativeof Badakhshin
who held a high rank in the service of the emperor Akbar ;
and was honored with the office of 4,000 in the reign of
Jahingfr. He accompanied the emperor one day to visit
the shrine of the celebrated sain£ Shaikh Mafn-uddii
Chishtf at Ajmir, and happening to see the tomb of
Shahbaz Khhi Kambti, he embnu>ed it, and crjring out
with a loud voice, that, " he, when living, was one of his
oldest and best friends," gave up the ghost. This hap-
pened on the 11th of Maroh, 1616 O. S., 2nd Eabi I, 1026
A H.
»AU bin al-Huaain al-Masa^udi aI-Hudam,4^^^ju^
U^^i c;J 4^, the £ar-&med author of the Mar6j-uz-
Zahab, and who has been, with some justice, termed the
Herodotus of the East, was also a writer on the Shia'
traditions. He died in 967 A D., 346 A H.
'All
38
'AU
»Ali Boya or All ibn Boya, ^^.^^y entitled ImW-ud-
daula, the first of a race of kings of Fare and 'Ir&l^. The
flatterers of this family, which is called Dilami or Dialima
(from the name of their native village, Dilam) and B6ya or
Buyites (from that of one of their ancestors named B6ya),
trace their descent to the ancient kings of Persia : but
the first of this race that history notices, was a fisherman
of Dilam whose name was B6ya. His eldest son, 'AH
Boya, was employed by a governor of his native country
named Murawij, and was in the command of the chief
part of his army, with which he encountered and defeated
Yakut, the governor of Isfahan, and by the immense
plunder that he obtained from that victory, he became at
once a leader of reputation and of power. He pursued
Yakiit into Fars, defeated him again, and took possession
of the whole of that province as well as those of Kirm^,
Khiizistan and 'Ir&k in 933 A. D., 321 A. H. This chief
was afterwards tempted, by the weak and distracted state
of the KhiUfat or Caliphate, to a stUl higher enterprize :
accompanied by his two brothers, Hasan and Ahmad, he
^ marched to Baghdad. The Khalif al-Razi Billah fled,
but was soon induced to return : and his first act was to
heap honors on those who had taken possession of his
capital. 'All B6ya, on agreeing to pay annually 600,000
dinars of gold, was appointed viceroy of Fars and 'Irak,
with the rank of Amir-ul-Umra, and the title of 'Imiid-
ud-daula. His younger brother Ahmad, received the
title of Maiaz-ud-daula, and was nominated wazir to the
khalif. Hasan, who was his second brother, received the
title of Rukn-ud-daula, and acted, during the life of Ali
B6ya, under that chief. All B6ya fixed hia residence at
8hiHbs, and died on Sunday the 1 1th November, 949 A. D.,
16th Jamad I, 338 H., much regietted by his soldiers and
subjects. He was succeeded by his brother Bukn-ud-
daida.
SulUins of the race of Boya who reigned 108 lunar years
in Persia :
'Imdd-ud-daula 'Ali B6ya; Maizz-ud-daula Ahmad;
Eukn-ud-daula Hasan, sons of B6ya.
Azd-ud-daula ; Mouyyad-ud-daula ; Fakhr^ud-daula Ab^
Hasan, sons of Eukn-ud-daula.
Majd-ud-daula, son of Fakhr-ud-daula.
Izz-ud-daula Bakhty&r, son of Maizz-ud-daula.
^Ali Burdasdy ^.>^!y-»»JJ.> dj J^ ^)iyo^ (Moul£ni)
of Astarabad. A poet who was cotemporary with Katibi
Tarshizi who died in A. D. 1435, 840 A. H. He is the
author of a dfw&n. He was living in A. D. 1436, in which
year his wife died, on which account he wrote a beautiful
elegy.
'AU Qhiilam Astarabadi, LS^^!ij^\ C^i^, a poet
who served under the kings of Dakhin and was living
in 1666 A. D., 972 A. H., in which year Rimrij the raja
of Bij&nagar was defeated and slain in a battle against
the Muhammadan princes of Dakhin, of which eyent he
wrote a chronogram.
* Ali Hamdaniy ^^f*^^ 4^, ^Vfe Sayyid 'Ali Hamdanf.
'All Hamsa, ^y*^^^, author of the " Jawfliir-ul- AartLr",
a commentary on the abstruse meaning of the verses of
the Kxaia &c., being an abridgment of the " Miftah-ul-
Asr^", written in 1436 A. D. 'Ali Hamza's poetical name
is 'Azurl, which see.
'All Hasin, e;^ «/^ (Shaikh Muhammad) vide Hazfn.
'Ali ibn Isa, dr*^ cH ' «/^, general of the khalif al-
Amtn, killed in battle against T&hir ibn Husain, the gen-
eral of the khalif al-Mamun in the year 811 A. D., 196
A. H., and his head sent as a present to the khaUf.
'Aii ibn ul-Kijal, Ol^j)\ eH» ^, author of the Arabic
work on astronomy called *' Albto' ahkim Ni^6m."
'Ali Ibrahim Khan, c;^ /^Lh^ u**, a native judge of
Banaras who is the author of 28 mans and several other
works and a tazkira or biog^phy of Urdd poets which
he wrote about the year 1782 A. D., 1 196 H. His poetical
name is Khalil.
'Ali Jah, S^ ij^y the eldest son of the Niz&n of Haidaii-
bad. He rebelled ag^ainst his father in June 1796 A. D.
was defeated and made prisoner, and died shortly after.
'Ali Knsanji, i^^^^s^^y (MulU) vide MulU 'AH l^iisanjf.
ft
'Ali Zuflanji, J^^y i^^y (Mulla) author of the " Sharah
Tajrfd", and^Hashia KashshiLf. He died in 1406 A. D.,
808 A. H.
»Ali Kuli Beg of Elhiirasan, *^ <^ i^, author of a
tazkira or biography of poets.
•Ali KuliEhany M^^i^^^ (Nawab) vide Ganna Begam.
'Ali Ijala, (Shaikh Bazf-uddin) a native of Gbasnl. His
father Sayyid L£la was the uncle of Shaikh Sanai the poet.
He was a disciple of Najm-uddin Kubr& and his title Shaikh
ul-Shaiukh. He died A. D. 1244, 642 A. H., aged 76
lunar years.
'Ali Mahaemi^ (J^t^ (/^> & native of Mah&em in the
Dakhin, was the son of Shaikh Ahmad, and is the author
of the commentary on the ^uran entitled " Tafsir Bah-
mini." He died A. D., 1431, 836 A. H.
•Ali Mardan Khan, c>^ ^:^i^J^ (.5**, Amfr-ul-Umra, was
a native of Persia and governor of l^andahir on the part
of the king of Persia, but finding himself exposed to much
danger from the tyranny of his sovereign Sh&h Saft, he
gave up the place to the emperor Shah Jahin, and himself
took refuge at DihH in the year 1637 A. D., 1047 A. H.
He was received with great honour, was created Amfr-ul-
Umra, and was at different times, made governor of Kaah*
m(r and Eibul, and employed in various wars and other
duties. He excited univ^^ admiration at the court by
the skill and judgment of his pubUc works, of which the
oanal which bears his name at Dihli still afibrds a
proof, and the taste and elegance he displayed on all
occasions of show and festivity. He died on his way to
Kashmir, where he was going for change of air, on the
16th of April, 165? A. D., O. S., 12th lUyab, 1067 A. H.,
and was buried at Lahor in the mausoleum of hia mother.
He left three sons, 1^2., Ibrahim Ehim, Isma'il Beg and
Is-^aV Bog, of whom the two last were slain in the battle
which took place between DiLra Shik6h and 'Alamgir at
Dhaulp^ on the 29th Hay, 1668, O. 8., 7th Ramazan,
1068 H. He is believed to have introduced the bulbous
^ Tartar dome into Indian architecture.
'Ali Musi Baca, 4; is'^J^ iS^i ^e eighth Im£m of the
race of AU, and the son of Mdsi £azim the seventh Imim.
His mother's name was Umm Sayyid ; he was bom in the
year 764 or 769 A. D., 147 A. H. and died on Friday the
12th of August 818 A. D., 9th Safar, 203 H. His wife's
name was Umm Habil the daughter of the Khalif al-
Mdmiin. His sepulchre ia at Tiis in Khur&s&n. That
town is now commonly called Mash-had, that is, the place
of mart3ndom of the Imim. To the enclosure wherein
his tomb is raised, the Persians give the name of ** Uauzat
Bizawi," or the garden of Bazi, and esteem it the most
tacred spot in all Persia. The chief ornament and support
of Mash-had is this tomb, to which many thousands of
pious pilgrims annually resort, and which had been once
greatly enriched by the boimty of sovereigns. Nasir-nllih
Mirz4 the son of Nadir Shah carried away tiie golden
railing that surrounded the tomb, and Nidir Mirz4 son of
Shah-rukh Mirz4 and grandson of Nidir Shih, took down
the great golden ball which ornamented the top of the
'AU
39
'Alisher
dome orer the grave, and which was said to weigh 60
maunds or 420 pounds. The carpets fringed with gold,
the golden lamps, and everything valuable were plundered
by these necessitous and rapacious princes. Al£ Miis£
Razft was poisoned by the khaUf al-Mlbntin, consequently
is called a martyr.
'Ali Muhammad Ehaxii ^^ **♦** i^y founder of the
Rohila government. It is mentioned in Forster's Travels,
that in the year 1720 A. D. Bash&rat Khin and Daud
Khin. of the tribe of Bohilas, accompanied by a small num-
ber of their adventurous countrymen came into Hindustan
in quest of military service. They were first entertained
by Madan Shdh, a Hindi chief of Serauli, (a small town
in the north-west quarter of Rohilkhand) who by robbery
and predatory excursions maintained a large party of
banditti. In the plunder of an adjacent village, DAud
KhiLn captured a youth of the Ja^ sect, whom he adopted
and brought up in the Muhammadan fkith, by the name of
'AH Muhammad, and distinguished this boy by pre-emi-
nent marks of paternal affection. Some years after, the
Rohilas quarrelling with Madan Sh4h, retired from his
country, and associating themselves with Chind Eh^n the
chief of Bareli, they jointly entered into the service of
Asmat Ehin, the governor of Morad&bid. After the
death of D4iid Khin, who was slain by the mountaineers in
one of his excursions, the Bohila party in a short space of
time seized on the districts of Madan Sh&h and ' Alf Muham-
mad Ehin was declared chief of the party. From the negli-
g^ce of government and the weak state of the empire of
Dihli in the reign of Muhammad 8h^, he possessed himself
of the district of Katir (now called from the residence of
the Kohilas, Rohilkhan^) and assumed independence of the
royal authority. He was besieged in March, 1745 A. D.,
Sa&ir 1158 A. H., in a fortress called Bankar and 'AouU
and taken prisoner, but was released after some time, and
a jigir conferred on him. The emperor Muhammad Shih
died in April 1748, A. D. 1161 A. H. and 'Ali Muhammad
KlULn some time after him in the same year at ' Aoulil, which
he had ornamented with numerous public and private edi-
fices. He left four sons, vtz., Sa*d-ull&h Ehan, AbdulliLh
' Eh^ Faiz-ull&h Khan and Dunde Khin. Sa'd-uUih
TShka. succeeded to his father's possession being then
twelve years old. Vide Sa'd-ullah EhAn.
'All (Mulla), c^ y Muhaddis or the traditiomst whose
poetical name* was '^T&rf', died in the year 1573 A. D.,
981 A. H., and MulUl 'Alam wrote the chronogram of Mb
death.
>Ali MtlPad Khan, ij^ ^Ir* </^> a king of Persia of
the Zand family. He succeeded to the throne after the
death of Sadi^ Khin in March, 1781 A. D., and assumed
the title of wakil. He reigned over Persia five years and
was independent of the government two years prior to this
period. Persia during this time, enjoyed a certain degree
of peace. He continued to confine lus rival 'Ak4 Muham-
mad Kh&n to the province of Mazindariua. He died in
1785 A. D.
*Ali Murad, (Mir) presentohief of Khairplir (1869).
»Ali ITaki, %^ C5^ r•^^ (Imlm) was the tenth Im£m of
the race of 'Ali, and the son of Imim Muhammad Ta^
who was the ninth Im&m. He was bom in the year 828
A. D., 218 A. H., and died on the 17th of June, 869 A. D.
Srd Bajab, 255 A. H. His tomb is in Sarmanrie (which is
also CfJled Samira) in Baghdid, where his son Muhammad
Askari was also buried afterwards.
>Ali Naki Khan, J^i/^ i/^ V»y , (Naw4b) the father-
in-law and prime minister of W^'id 'Ali Bhih^ tiie last
king of Laldinau. He died at Lukhnau of cholera about
the 1st I>eoember, 1871, 17th Bami^ 1278 A. H.
'All IS'aki, t5^ (^ Dfwin of Prince Murad Bakhsh, son
of Shalyahi, whom he slew with his own hand.
'Ali Nawedi, (S'Hf^ 4/^> a poet and pupil of Shfch 'Pihir
Andjuii came to India, where he was patronized by AbiU
Fatha Husain Nizim Sh&h I. For some time he was in
disgrace with his patron and changed his Takhallus or
poetical name from Nawedi to N6-umaidi (or hopeless).
He died in 1567 A. D., 975 A. H., at Ahmadnagai in the
Dakhan.
*Ali Quli Beg, tide Shah Afgh&n Khin.
•Ali Shahab Tarshizi, c£>i^-P vSr^ i/^, a poet who
was a native of Tarshish. He flourished in the reign of
Sh&h-rukh Mirz4, and found a patron in his son Muham-
mad Jogi, in whose praise he wrote several panegyrics.
He was co-temporary with the poet Azuri, who died A. D.
1462, 866 A. H.
'Alisher, jl" * l * ^ J^} (Amir) sumamed Nisim-uddin,
was the prime minister of the Sulfin Husain Mirzi ruler
of Khur&s&n. He sprang from an illustrious family of the
Jaghtai or Chaghtai tribe. His &ther Qajklna Bahadur,
held one of the principal offices of government during the
reign of Sul^ Abtil Kdsim B&bar Bahidur, a descendant
of Amfr Taimur. His grand&ther, by his mother's side,
was one of the principal Amfrs of Sul^n Biikara Mirzd,
the grandfieither of Sult&a Husain Mirzi. AlLaher at-
tach^ himself originally to Sultan Abiil ^&rim B&bar
Mirzi, who was greatly attached to him, and called bim
his son. After his death he retired to Mash-had and
continued his studies there ; which place he subsequently
quitted for Samarkand, on account of the disturbances
which broke out in Khur&sin, and applied himself dili-
g^tly to the acquirement of knowledge in the college of
Ehwaja Fazl-uU&L When Sulf&n Husain Mirz& became
Tmcontrolled ruler of Khur&san, he requested 8ul(in Ah-
mad Mirzi^ at that time ruler of the countries beyond the
Oxus, to send 'Alisher to him. On lus arrival, he was
received with the greatest distinction, and raised to the
highest posts of honor. 'Alisher's palace was open to all
men of learning : and notwithstanding that the reins of
government were placed in his hands, in the midst of the
weightiest affairs, he neglected no opportunity of improving
both himself and others in the pursuit of knowledge. He
was not only honored bv his own SulUn and his officers,
but foreign princes also esteemed and respected him.
After being employed in the capacity of diwan and prime
minister for some time, love of study induced him to resign,
and bidding a final adieu to public life,^ he passed the re-
mainder of his days in composing Turkish and Persian
works, of which Sim Mini recounts the names of no lees
tbnTi twenty-one. Daulat SlUh the biographer, Mirkhlind
and his son Khdndamfr, the historians, dedicated their
works to him, and amongst other men of genius who were
cherished by his libetality may be mentioned the cele-
brated poet J4mi. HiB collection of Odes in the Chaghtai
or pure Turkish dialect, which he wrote under the poetical
name of Kawai, amounts to 10,000 couplets, and his
parody of Kizanu's five poems, containing nearly 30,000
couplets, is universally admired by the cultivators of
Turkish poetry, in which he is considered to be without'a
rivaL In the Persian language also he wrote a collection
of Odes, under the poetical name of Fini or Fanii, con-
sisting of 6,000 distiches. 'Alisher was bom in the year
1440 A. D., 844 A. H., and died on Sunday the 6th of
December, 1500 A. D., 15th Jamad I, 906 A. H., five
years before his royal friend and master Sultan Husain
Jfirz^. Khiindamir has recorded the year of his death in
an affeciionate chronogram : '* His highness the Amfr, the
asylum of divine g^dance, in whom all the marks of
' mercy were conspicuous, has quitted the thorny brake of
t^ world, and fled to the rose-garden of pity, fiinoe the
'AU
40
Al-Eahir
* b'ght of mercy' has descended on his sonL those words
represent the year of his departure." One of his works is
caUed '' Majilis-ul-Nafaes."
*Ali Tabar, J^ %^ '•i!>t^^ (Prince) was the son of
prince ' Azim Shah, and grandson of the emperor 'Alamgfr.
He died in the year 1734 A. D., 1147 A. H.
'Ali WaeZt ^^J L^y the son of the famous Husain Wiez
Kishifi of Hirit. " Vide 'All son of Husain Wiez,
•Ali Wardi Khan, {D^iS^J3 c5^> ^^ called Alah-
wardi Khin, which see.
»Ali Yezdi, iS^ji J^^ vide Sharaf.udd£n *Ali Yezdf.
Alexander the Qreat, vide Sikandar Zul-kamyn.
Al-Farghani, i/'^r^^ surname of Ahmad ibn Kathir or
Kajiir, an Arabian astronomer of the ninth century, author
of an introduction to astronomy. Vide Farghani.
Al-Paryabi, <^^;^», tnde F£ry£b£.
Al-Qhazzali, (/^fJ^^ vide Ghsizz6M,
'Alha and Udaly O^jf j t^JT princes of Mah6ba. There
is a heroic ballad sung or recited by the Hindid sepoys
in a kind of monotonous, but not unmnsirAl sort of
chaunt, accompanied by a sotto voce beat of the dh61,
which rise to a constrepito in the pause between the ver-
ses. Whoever has resided in a military cantonment must
have frequently observed the sepoys, when disengaged
from military duty, collected in small knots, listening to
one of the party reciting some poem or tale to a deeply
interested audience. The subject of this lay is the prow-
ess of 'Alh&', the ri^k of Mah6ba, a town in Bundelkhand,
of which extensive ruins remain. The hero is described
as the terror of the Muhammadans ; his triumphs over
whom are attributed not only to his own valour, but the
favor of the goddess K41i, whom he had propitiated by the
offering of his life. There are many songs, it is said, of
this prince, and his brother Udal, a warrior of equal esti-
mation ; but they are preserved only traditionally by the
Powars, and their amateur students. The verses are in
Bhakha.
Al-Hadi. C5<>^^ the fourth khalff of the house of 'Abbis
succeeded his father al-Mahdi on the 4th of August, 785
A. D., 23rd Muharram, 169 H., to the throne of Baghdad.
He reigned one year and one month, and having formed a
design to deprive his younger brother HiLrun-al-Raahid of
his right of succession and even to assassinate him, was
poisoned by his prime minister about the month of Sep-
tember 786 A. D., Babi I, 170 A. H. On his death his
brother the celebrated Hirun-al-Raahid ascended the
throne.
Al-Hakm, also called ibn Abd^l Hakm, an Arabian author
who (according to the chronological arrangement of the
Arab authorities by Howard Yyse and Dr. Sprenger, in
the former's second volume of * The Pyramids of Gizeh')
lived about 1450 A. D., or six hundred years after the
death of the khalif al-Mam^n of Baghdad, but by a ma-
nuscript note recorded by a gentleman of the British
* Museum, (1868) it appears that al-Hakm was nearly con-
temporary with that prince who flourished between 813
and 842 A. D. Al-Halnn writes that the Great Pyramid
in Egypt was built by a certain antediluvian king Saurid,
and filled by him chiefly with celestial spheres and figures
of the stars; together with the perfumes used in their
worship ; and that khalifii al-Mamun found the body of
a man deposited, with jewels, arms, and golden writing,
in the coffer, when he broke into the king's chamber of
the Great Pyramid. But neither Abti Mushar J&far bin
Muhammad Balkhi, who wrote in about 890 A. D. nor ibn
Khoidalbeh, in 920 A. D. have one word about al-Mamun,
or any opening of the pyramid. Bui when we descend to
Masatidi, in 967 A. D. he, after an astonishing amount
of romancing on what took place at the building of the
pyramids 300 years before the Flood, — mentions that, not
al-Mamun, but his father, khalifa Harun-al-Rashid, at-
tempted to break into the Great Pyramid ; and after pe-
netrating 20 cubits, found a vessel containing 1000 coins
of the finest gold, each just one ounce in weight, and
making up a sum which exactly repaid the cost of his
operations ; at which, it is added, he greatly wondered.
About the year 1170 A. D. or 340 years after al-Mamun's
age. that prince is mentioned by Abu Abd-ullah Muham-
mad bin Abdur Kahim Alkaisi, who states that he was
informed that those who went into the upper parts of the
Great Pyramid in the time of al-Mamun, came to a small
passage, containing the image of a man in green stone,
and within that a human body with golden armour &c. &c.
Al-Hasan> (i^***^^ an Arabian who wrote on optics, about
the year 1100 A. D.
Alif bin TSui Zashani, c5*^lO^ iui '-^', author of
another ^* Matla'-ul-Anw£r", besides the one of the same
name written by Mulla Husain Waez. This is a complete
history of Muhammad, his descendants, with Memoirs of
thekhalifs.
AljaitU) J*^^h a Tartar king of Persia, who assumed the
title of Muhammad Khudi Bandi on his accession to the
throne, which see.
Al-Kadir Billah, ^^. J^^^^, the twenty-fifth khalif of
the Abbaside family, was the son of Is-ba^ the son of
Mu]|ptadir Billah. He ascended the throne of Baghdad
after the dethronement of al-Taya' in 991 A. D., 381
A. H. He was a contemporary of Sul^ Mahmiid of
Ghazni; reigned 41 lunar years and 3 months, and died
in 1031 A. D., 422 A. H. He was succeeded by al-Ka-
em-bi-amr-illih.
Al-Kadiri or Eadiri, isb^^U ^ sect of Muhammadans.
These are a branch of the Muetazillis, and differ in their
opinions from the orthodox Musalmans, in that they
deny God's decree, and assert free will ; affirming that
the contrary opinion makes God the author of evil.
Al-Kaim BiUah or Al-Kaim-bi-amr-iUah, ^^
^lAJI^ sumamed Abd Ja'far Abdullah, the 26th khalif
of the house of 'Abbas. He succeeded his father Eidir
Billah to the throne of Baghdid in 1031 A. D., 422 A. H.,
reigned 44 lunar years and 8 months, and died in 1075
A. D., 467 A. H., which was soon after Sul^ Malikshih
the Saljd^f had ascended the throne of Persia, and as that
monarch was the real master of the empire, the nomina-
tion of a successor was deferred till he was consulted. He
deputed a son of his prime minister Nizam-ul-Mulk to
Baghd&d with orders to raise al-Mu^tadf the grandson of
al-K&im to the (nominal) rank of the commander of the
faiUifuL
Al-Eaim, (^^ second khalif of the Fitimite race of
Barbary; he succeeded his father Obeid-uUah al-Mahdi
A. D. 924, 312 A. H. During his reign we read of noth-
ing remarkable, except the revolt of Yezid ibn Kondat,
a man of mean extraction. Al-K&em reigned nearly 12
years and died in A. D. 945, 334 A. H. His son Ismail
al-Mansfir succeeded him.
Al-Eahir BiUah, *^'^ ^^^1, the nineteenth khalif of
the race of the Abbasides, and the third son of al-Mo'tacid
Billih, succeeded his brother al-Muktadir to the crown of
Baghdad in October, 932 A. D., Shawwil, 320 A. H. He
had reigned only one year five months and twenty-one
days, when his wazir ibn Makla deprived him of his sight
with a hot iron on Wednesday the 23rd April, 934 A. D.,
^Al-Eama
41
Al-Mamnn
6th Jamad I, 822 A. H. and raised al-Rizf Billah the son
of Molptadir to the throne. It is said that al-^&hir, after
this, as long as he lived, was obliged to beg for charity
in the mosque of Baghdad, calling out to the people that
assembled there, ** Have pity and give charity to one, who
had once been your khaUfA."
' Al-Eama) **^, son of ^ys was one of the pupils of Abd-
ullah bin Masaud, and an eminent man. He died in 681
A. D., 61 A. H.
Al-Eliassaf, O^^f^ vide Abfi-Bakr Ahmad bin-'Umar al-
Ehass^f.
' AUama Dawani, vide Daw^l.
'Allama HiUi, «^ ^^^ J^, (Shaikh) the great Shia
lawyer, whose fall name is Shaikh al-*Allima Jam£l-
uddm Hasan bin Yusuf al-Mutakhir Hilli, was the author
of the ** £[hul&8at-ul-Akwal*' a biography of eminent Shias.
TTia chief works on the subject of traditions, are the Istiksa
al-Ya'tb^, the Masabih al-Anwar and the Durar-wa al-
Marj£n. He died in 1326 A. D., 726 A. H. Vide Jamil-
nddia Hasan bin Yusai
' Allami, vide A£sal EhiLn.
'AUamiy i/^^j the poetical name of Shaikh Abdl Fazl the
&yorite wazfr and secretary of the emperor Akbar.
'AUami Sh]rasi» isjb^ Sr^' ^' *^® philosopher of
Shiriz, a very learned man, so generally called that his
proper same is almost forgotten. He is the author of a
celebrated collection of tracts on pure and mixed mathe-
matics, entitled Durrat-ut-Tt^'.
Al-Mahdiy C5*t*^^ *^® **"^ khalif of the race of Abbis,
succeeded his father Aba Ja'fer al-Mansdr to the throne
of Baghdad, and was inaugurated on Sunday the 8th of
October, 775 A. D., 6th «il-hijja, 168 A. H. From the
accession of al-Mahdi to the year 781 A. D., 164 A. H., the
most remarkable event was the rebellion of al-Ma^na (or
al-Makanna) which see. All this time war had been car-
ried on with the Greeks, but without any remarkable
success on either side. But after the suppression of the
rebellion of iJ-Malpia, the khalif ordered his son Hariin-
al-Rashid to penetrate into the Greek territories with an
armyof9d,000 men. Har(in,'then, having entered the
dominions of the empress Irane, defeated one of her com-
manders that advanced against him ; after which he laid
■wasbe several of the imperial provinces with fire and
sword, and even threatened the city of Constantinople
itself. By this the empress was so terrified, that she pur-
chased a peace with the khalif by paying him an annual
tribute of 70,000 pieces of gold, which for the present at
least, delivered her from the depredations of these barba-
rians. After the signing of the treaty, Hari!in returned
home laden with spoils and glory. This year (i. e. the
164th year of the Hijri or 781 A. D.) according to some
of the oriental historians, the sun one day a little after
his rising, totally lost his light in a moment without
being eclipsed, when neither any fog nor any. cloud
of dust appeared to obscure him. This frightful dark-
ness continued till noon, to the great astonishment of
the people settled in the countries where it happened.
Al-Mahdi was poisoned, though undesignedly, by one of
his concubines, named Hasana. She had designed to
destroy one of her rivals whom she imagined to have too
jrrjeat an ascendancy over the khalif by giving her a
poisoned pear. This the latter, not suspecting anything,
gave to the khalif; who had no sooner eaten it than he
felt himself in exquisite torture, and soon after expired.
This event took place on the eve of Thursday the 4th of
August, 786 A. D., 23rd Muhuiram, 169 H. in a village
called Ar B&d in the dependencies of H&aabadiiL He
was succeeded by his eldest son al-HW.
u
Al-Mahdi, iS^U a ^^al^ of Barbaty, vide Obeid-ullah
al-Mahdi and Muhammad al-Mahdi.
Al-Makna, or al-Makanna, e^*^^ * famous impostor of
Xhuras^ who lived in the reign of al-Mahdi the khalifa
of Baghd&d. His true name was H&kam ibn H&sham,
and had been an under secretary to Abu Muslim governor
of that province. He afterwards turned soldier, and passed
thence into M&warunnahr, where he gave himself out as a
prophet. The name of al-Ma^pa, as also that of al-Bur)j:ai,
that is, the veiled, he received from his custom of covering
his fSEu^e with a veil or girdle mask, to conceal his deformity ;
he having lost an eye in the wars, and being otherwise of
a despicable appearance, and a stutterer ; though his fol-
lowers pretended he did this for the same reason that
Moses did, viz,, lest the splendor of his countenance should
dazzle the eyes of his beholders. In some places he made
a great many proselytes, deluding the people with a num-
ber of juggling tricks which they swallowed as miracles,
and particularly by causing the appearance of a moon to
rise out of a well for many nights together ; whence he
was also called in the Persian tongue, S&zinda M&h, or the
Moon-maker. This wretch, not content with being reckoned
a prophet, arrogated to himself divine honors ; pretending
that ihe Deity resided in his person. He had first, he said,
assxmied the body of Adam, then that of Noah and subse-
quently of many other wise and great men. The last
human form he pretended to have adopted was that of
Abd Muslim a prince of KhuHLsan, from whom it proceeded
to him. At last this impostor raised an open rebellion
against the khalif^ and made himself master of several
fortified places in Ehurisfrn, so that al-Mahdi was obliged
to send one of his generals with an army against him about
the year 780 A. D., 163 H. Upon the approach of the kha-
lifa's troops, al-Ma^pna retired into one of his strong
fortresses which he had well provided for a siege. But
being closely besieged by the khalifa's forces, and seeiog
no possibility of escaping, he gave poison in wine to his
whole family and all that were with him in the castle ;
when they were dead, he burnt their bodies, together with
all their furniture, provisions, and cattle ; and lastly he
threw himself into the fiames. He had promised his
followers, that his soul should transmigrate into the form
of an old man riding on a greyish coloured beast, and that
after so many years he woiild return and give them the
earth for their possession ; which ridiculous expectation
kept the sect in being for several years. English readers
will remember the use made of this story by the author of
Lalla Bookh.
Al-Mamun, m>J^^^, sumamed 'AbduUih, was the seventh
khalif of the race of the Abbasides, and the second son of
HAriin-al-Bashid. He was proclaimed khalif at Baghd&d
on the 6th October, 813 A. D., 6th SafSar, 198 A. H., the day
on which his brother al-Amfn was assassinated. He con-
ferred the government of Khur&sin upon '^&tdT ibn Husain
his general, and his descendants with almost absolute and
unlimited power. This happened in the year 820 A. D.,
206 A. H., from which time we may date the dismember-
ment of that province from the empire of the khalifs.
During the reign of this khalif nothing remarkable hap-
pened ; only the African Moslems invaded the island of
Sicily, where they made themselves master of several
places. Al-M&mtin conquered part of Crete, had the best
Greek writers translated into Arabic, and made a collec-
tion of the best authors. He also calculated a set of
astfonomical tables and founded an academy at Baghdad.
In Ehurisin he made Tus, at that time the capital of the
kingdom, his place of residence. Under his patronage Ehu-
Haiai became the resort of learned men ; and the city of
Tds, the great rival of Baghdid. He died of a surfeit on
the 18th of August, 833 A- D., 17th Rajab218 A. H., after
a reign of 20 years and some months in Asia Minor, a^^
48 yean, and was buried at Tarsus a city on the frontiers
Al-Mansnr
42
AMffughira
ol Aoa Minor. His w(& named BiizAo, daughter of |
Hasan ibn Sahl his prime minister, outlived him 50 years,
and died on Tuesday the 22nd September. 884 A. D., 27th
KaM I., 271 A. H , aged 80 years. Al-MiLm^ was suc-
ceeded by his brother al-Mo'tasim Billah.
Al-ManBUr, Jr^^^, 2ndkhalifofBarbaryoftheFatimite
race, vide Ismifl, somamed al-Mansik.
Al-MansUTs JX^^^j whose former name was Abii Ja'far,
was called al-Hansfir, the yictorious, by his overcoming
• his enemies. He was the second khalif of the noble house
of Ban! Abbltf or Abbasides, and succeeded to the throne
of Baghdiwl after the death of his brother A\>^\ Abbas sur-
named al-SaffifUi, in 754 A. D., 136 A. H. He was op-
posed by his uncle, 'Abdullah son of AU, who caused
himself to be proclaimed khalif at Damascus, but was
defeated by al-Mansur's general, Abii Muslim. He laid
the foundation of the dty of Baghdid on the banks of the
Tigris in 762 A. D. and finished it four years after. He
was a prinee of extraordinary talent and taste, and an
ardent lover of science and literature. He got the Fah-
lawi copy of Pilpay's Fables translated into Arabic. In
the year 775 A. D., 158 A. H., the khalif set out from
Baghdid in order to perform the pilgrimage to Mecca ;
but being taken ill cm the road, he expired at Bir Maimdn,
whence his body was carried to Mecca ; where, after 100
graves had heea dug, that his sepulchre might be con-
cealed, he was interred, having lived, according to some
63, according to others 68 years, and reigned 22 lunar
years. He is said to have been extremely covetous, and
to have left in his treasury 600,000,000 dirhams, and
24,000,000 dinars. He is reported to have paid his cook
by RftgwiTig him the heads and legs of the animals dressed
in his kitchen, and to have obliged him to procure at his
own expence all the fuel and vessels he had occasion for.
He was succeeded by his son al-Mahdi. A Christian phy-
sician, named Bactishua, was very eminent at the coiut
of al-Mansdr, who understanding thai he had an old
infirm woman for his wife, sent him three beautifbl Greek
girls and 8,000 dinars as a present. Bactishua sent back
the girls and told the khalif that his religion prohibited
his having more than one wife at a time ; which pleased
the khalif so much, that he loaded him with presente, and
permitted him, at his earnest request^ to return to his own
oountiy of Ehur&sin.
Al-Mo'tamid Billah, ^^^i **JUJf, the fifl»enth khaMf
of the house of Abb&s, was the son of al-Mutwakkil Billah.
He was raised to the throne of Baghd&d by the Turks
after the murder of al-Mnhtadi in 876 A. D., 256 A. H.
This year the prince of the Zanjiins, Ali or al-Habib,
made mcurdons to the very gates of Baghd&d, doing pro-
digious mischief wherever he passed. In the year 874
A. D., Ya'kdb-bin-Lys having taken Khur&B^ from the
descendants of Tahir, attacked and defeated Muhammad
ibn W&ril (who had killed the khalif s governor of Fars,
and afterwards made himself master of that province)
seizing on his .palace, where he found a sum of money
amounting to 40,000,000 dirhams. In the year 879 A. D.,
265 A. H., Ahmad ibn Tdlan rebelled against the khalif
and set up for himself in Egypt There were now four
independent powers in the Moslem dominions, besides the
house of Umyya in Spain ; vtc. The African Moslems, or
Aghlabites, who had for a long time acted independently ;
Ahmad ibn Tdlan in Syria and Egypt ; Ya'kdb ibn al-
Lys in Khur&sin, and al-Habib in Arabia and I'r^ In
the year 883 A. D., 270 A. H., al-Habib was defeated and
slain by al-Muwafik the khalif s brother and coadjutor,
who ordered his head to be cut ofl^ and carried through
a great part of that region which he had so long disturbed.
In the year 891 A. D., 278 A. H. the Karmatians first
made their appearance in the Moslem empire, and gave
almost continual disturbance to the khalifi and their sub-
jects. Al-Mo*tamid reigned 22 lunar years U months
and some days, and died in the year 892 A. D., 279 A. H.
He was succeeded by his nephew al-Mo'tasid Billah the
son of al-Muwafi^.
Al-Mo'tasixn BiUah, ^^ (^''^^»J\, was the fourth son
of Hardn-al-Bashid, and the eighth khalif of the house
of Abb£s. He succeeded to the throne by virtue of his
brother al-Mam^'s express nomination of him to the
exclusion of his own son aL' Abbas, and his other brother
al-l^&Bim, who had been appointed by Hardn-al-Bashid.
In the beginning of his reign 833 A. D., 218 A. H., he
was obliged to employ the whole forces of his empire
against one B&bak, who had been for a considerable time
in rebellion in Persia and Persian Ir&^ and had taken
upon himself the title of a prophet. He was, however, de-
feated and slain. In the year 838 A. D., 223 A. H., the
Greek emperor Theophilus invaded the khalif s territories,
where he behaved with the greatest cruelty, and by de-
stroying Sozopetra the place of al-Mo'taysim's nativity,
notwithstanding his earnest entreaties to the contrary,
occasioned the terrible distinction of Amorium. He is
said to have been so robust, that he once carried a burden
of 1,000 pounds weight several paces. As the people of
Baghdad disturbed him with frequent revolts and commo-
tions, he took the resolution to abandon that city, and build
another for his own residence. The new ci^ he built was
first called Samira, and afterwards Sarmanri, (for that which
gives pleasure at first sight) and stood in the Arabian
IriJf, He was attached to the opinion of the MatasaliteB
who maintain the creation of the Imuran ; and both he and
his predecessor cruelly persecuted those who believed it to
be etemaL Al-Mo'tasim died on Thursday the 5th Janu-
ary, 842 A. D., 18th Rabi I., 227 H. He reigned 8 years
8 months and 8 days, was bom in the 8th month (Shaban)
of the year, was the 8th khalif of the house of Abb&s,
ascended the throne in the 218th year of the Hijri, died on
the 18th of Babi I., lived 48 years, fought 8 batties, built
8 palaces> begat 8 sons and 8 daughters, had 8,000 slaves,
and had 8,000,000 dinars, and 80,000 dirhams in his
treasury at his death, whence the oriental historians gave
him the name of al-Musamman, or the Octonary. He was
the first khalif that added to his name the titie of BillaJL
equivalent to the Dei Gratia of Christian sovereigns. He
was succeeded by his son al- W&thi^ or W£si^ Billih.
Al-Mo'tazid Billah, *Wb iX*ax*Jt^ ^^ ^^ of al-Muwafl^,
the son of al-Mutwakkil BilUh, was the sixteenth khalif
of the race of Abbas. He came to the throne of Bagh-
dad after the death of his uncle al-Mo'tamid BiUih in 892
A. D., 279 A. H. In the first year of his reign, he de-
manded in marriage the daughter of Khamarawia, Sul^
or khalif of Egypt, the son of Ahmad ibn Tdlan ; which
was agreed to by him with the utmost joy, and their nup-
tials were solemnised with great pomp in the year 895
A. D., 282 A. H. He carri^ on a war with the Karma-
tians, but very unsuccessfully, his forces being defeated
with great slaughter, and his general al-Abbis taken pri-
soner. The khalif some time after his marriage granted
to H^urdn, son of Khamar awia, the perpetual prefecture
of Aw&sam and Einnisrin, which he annexed to that of
Egypt and Syria, upon condition that he paid him an
annual tribute of 45,000 dinars. He reigned 9 years 8
months and 25 days, and died in 902 A. D., 289 A. H.
His son al-Muktafi BilUh succeeded him.
AI-Mugbira, ?;4*^^ the son of Sayyid and governor of
Edfa. in the time of Mu'iwia the first khalif of the house
of Umyya. He was an active man, and of very good
parts ; he had lost one of his eyes at the batUe of x ers-
nouk, though some say that it was with looking at an
eclipse. By the followers of Ali he was accounted to be
of the wrong party, and one of the chief of them. For
thus they reckon, there are five elders on Alfs side ; Mu-
hammad, Ali, Fitima, Hasan and Husain ; and to these
are opposed, Abd Bakr, 'Umar, Muawia, Amrd and al-
▲l^Mnlitadi
43
Al-Utistaa'sim
Magli£ra. He died in the year 670 A. D., 60 A. H., at
Kdfit. A great plague had been raging in the city, wluch
made him retire from it ; but retuining upon its violenoe
abating, he neverthelees oaaght it, and died of it.
Al-Muhtadi, <^<^V^^ the fourteenth khaUf of the Abba-
sidea, was the son of one of al-W&thi^'s ooncubinea named
£urb, who is supposed by some to have been a Christian.
Al-Muhtadi was raised to the throne of Baghd&d after the
dethronement of al-Muttai's BilUh in 869 A. D., 265
A. H. The beginning of his reign is remarkable for the
irruption of the Zanjians, a people of Nubia, Ethiopia and
the country of Caf&es, . into Arabia, where they penetra-
ted into the neighbourhood of Basra and K4fa. llie chief
of this gang of robbers, was 'Alt ibn Muhammad ibn Ab-
d^ Rahman, also called al-Habfl>, who fidsely gave him-
self out to be of the &mily of Ali ibn Abii Taleb. This
made such an impression upon the Shias in those parts,
that they flocked to him in great numbers ; which enabled
him to seize upon the cities of Basra and Bamla, and even
to pass the Tigris at the head of a formidable army. In
the year 870 A. D., 266 A. H., al-Muhtadi was barbcm>u8ly
murdered by the Turks who had raised him to the throne.
He reigned only eleven months and was succeeded by al-
M6'tamid.
Al-MukhtaTy J^ ^ a celebrated Muhammadan chief
who had beaten all the generals of the khalifii Tezid,
Marw&n, and Abdul MiUik, and had made himself sole
master of Babylonian I^ri^ whereof Ku£ei was the capitaL
He persecuted all those he could lay his hands on, who
were not of Husain's party ; he never pardoned any one
of those who had declared themselves enemies to the
fiunHy of the prophet, nor those who, as he believed, had
dipped their hands in Husain's blood or that of his rela-
tions. He sent an army against Ubeid-ullah the son of
Zayid, who was sent by me khalif Abd^ M&lik towards
Kdfa with leave to plunder it for three days, and slew
>iim in battle in August, 686 A. D., Muharram, 67 A. H.
alrMukhtir was killed at £&& in a battle fought with
Hisaa'b the brother of AbduIUh the son of Zuber, gover-
nor of Basra, in the month of April, 687 A. D., Ramyan 67
A. H., in the 67th year of his age. It is said that he killed
nearly 60,000 men.
Al*Mllktadi Billah, ^^ ij^^\, 8nmBmedAb41 ^Asim
Abd-uBih, the son of Muhammad, and grandson of al-
fAem Bill&h, was raised to the throne of Baghdid after
the death of his grand&ther in 1076 A. D., 467 A. H., by
orders of Sult&n Maliksh&h Saljtiki who was then the real
master of the empire. He was the 27th Idialif of the race
of Abbas, reigned 19 lunar years and 6 months and died
in 1094 A. IX, 487 A. H. His death induced Barkayiral^
the SaKiiki, the reigning Sul^ of Perua, whose brother
Mahmud had died about the same period, to go to Bagh-
dad, where he confirmed al-Mustazhir the son of the late
khalif as his successor, and was himself hailed by the new
loid of the faitkfol, as Sul^&n of the empire.
Al-Muktadir BiUah, ^^j^^^^, the eighteenth khalif of
the house of Abbfe, was the son of al-M6*ta2id BilUh.
He succeeded his brother al-Muktafi to the throne of
Baghdad in 908 A. D., 296 A. H. He reigned 24 lunar
years 2 months and 7 days, and was murdered by a eunuch
on the 29th October, 932 A. D., 26th Shawwal, 820 H.
He was succeeded by his brother al-K&hir BilUh.
Al-Muktafl Billah, *^ ,^^i^', was the seventeenth
khalif of the house of Abbfa who reigned in Baghdid.
He succeeded his &ther al.M6'tazid BiUih in 002 A. D.,
289 A. H., and proved a warlike and successful prince.
He gained several advantages over the Karmatians, but
was not able to reduce them. The Turks, however, hav-
ing invaded the province of M£warunnahr, were defeated
with great sUnghter ; after which al-Muktafi carried on a
BQoOessfiil war against the Greeks, from whom hd took
Seleucia. After this he invaded Syria and Egypt, which
provinces he recovered from the house of Almiad ibn Tfi-
lan in 906 A. D., 292 A. H. ; he then renewed the war
with success against the Greeks and Karmatians. Al-
Muktafi died in 908 A. D., 296 A. H., after a reign of
about six years and a half. He was the last of the kha-
Ufr who made any figure by their warlike exploits. His
successors al-Mu^tadir, al-^ihir and al-IUlEi, were so dis-
tressed by the Karmatians and numberless usurpers who
were every day starting up, that by the 326th year of
the Hijri 937 A. D., they had nothing left but the city
of Baghdad.
Al-MuktafL Bi-amr-illah, *' V^ o**^', the son of
al-Mustazahr was the 3 1st khalif of the house of Abb&s.
He succeeded his nei^ew al-R4shid in A. D. 1136, 630
A. H., reigned about 24 lunar years and died in 1160
A. D., 666 A. H., leaving his kingdom to his son al-Mus-
tanjad.
Al-MuBtaa'H Biliah, ^^ ij*^^\, the sixth Fatimite
khalif succeeded his father al-Mustanasar BilUh in the
government of Egypt and Sjrria. During his reign, the
power of that dynasty was impaired, and its authority
weakened, their political influence having ceased in most
of the Syrian cities, and the provinces of that country
having rallen into the possessions of the Turknmns oa one
hand, and the Franks on the other. This people (the
Crusaders) entered Syria and encamped before Antioch in
the month of October, 1097 A. D., Zil-)ada 490 A. H. ; they
obtained possession of it on this 20th June, 1098, 16th
Bajab, 491 A. H. ; the following year they took Maaratun
KonUn, and in the month of July, 1099, Sha'baa, 492
A H., they became masters of Jerusalem, after a siege of
more than 40 days. This city was taken on a fViday
morning ; during the ensuing week, a great multitude of
Moslems perished, and upwards of 70,000 were slain in
the Masiid al-A]|pB6 (or mosque of Umar) — ' — aUMusta-
a'Hwasbomat Cairo on tiie 24th August, 1076, 20th
Muharram, 469 A H., proclaimed khalu on Thunday the
28th of December, 1094, 18th ?il-)>ijja 487 A. H., and died
in Egypt on the 10th December, 1101 A. D., 16th Safar,
496 AH. His son Amar bi Ahkim-ulUh Abii Ali Man-
sdr succeeded him.
Al-HuBtaa'sim Billah, ^^. f^*^^, sumamed Abti
Ahmad AbdulUh, was tlie thirty-seventh and last khalif
of the race of Abb^. He succeeded his father al-MuS'>
tanasar to the throne of Baghdad in 1142 A. D., 640 A H.
In his time Halakd Khibi Tartar, emperor of the Mnghals
and grandson of the great conqueror Changiz fiUn,
besieged Baghdiwi for two months, and having taken that
place, seized al-Mustaa'sim and his four sons whom he
put to a most cruel death with 800,000 of its inhabitants.
Hal&kd Khan was very desirous of seizing upon Bagh*
did, and of adding the whole kingdom of Mesopotamia to
his already vast and numerous conquests ; but, partiy on
account of his own scruples, and partly from fear of
offending the prejudices of his Sunni followers, who were
all of the same fkith with the khalif, he refrained for a
time from entering the sacred dominion of one who was
considered as the head of their holy religion, and the true
representative of their beloved prophet But the glorious
days of the house of Bani Abbis had already been niun-
bered, the effenunate Mustaa'sim had personal vices enough
to lead to and excuse the final extinction of his race I
Ibn al-]^ama, his prime minister (who hated him more
than any other of his oppressed subjects) from within, and
Nasir-uddin Tusi, the preceptor of the Mughal prince
(wbo owed him an old grudge) from without, urged the
conqueror to the g^tes of Baghdad. Nasir>uddin had a
few years before been at Baghdid. seeking shelter from
persecution, when he was introduced to Mustaa'sim. the
latter asked him to what country he belonged F ** Tiis,
Al-Musta'in
U
Al-Mntaa'zz
please your holineBs", answered Kasfr-uddin. '* Art thou
of the asBes, or of the oxen of IMs?" said the khalif
(meaning the two principal branches of the Shia faith —
Akhbans and TJsiUis). Mortified as the illustrious refugee
was at this inhospitable insult, he still submissively an-
swered, *^ Of the oxen of Tub, please your highness."
" Where, then, are thy horns", said the insolent buffoon.
" I have them not with me'*, replied Nasir-uddin, " but, if
your holiness permit, I will go and fetch them." " Make
haste, hence, then, thou deformed animal", said the khalif,
*'■ and never again appear in my presence in so imperfect
a state !" Nasir-uddin kept his promise well, for, at the
moment when Baghdad was on the point of being sur-
rendered, and the khalif driven to the last extremity, he
sent him a message to the effect that the ox of Tus was at
the gate with hit Aomsj and inquiring, when it would
please his holiness to receive him ? Nasir-uddin had in
the city another old offender, whom he was anxious also
to chastise. This was ibn Hajib, also one of the khalif 's
ministers, and a person of great reputation for his learn-
ing ; but being an Arabian Sunni, and a very bigoted one
too, he had behaved still more cruelly than his master to
the distressed Persian Shia when he sought protection at
Baghdad. Ibn Hajib having been seized with depression
of spirits, the physicians had recommended him (and the
priests had g^nted him dispensation) to take, occasion-
ally, a little wine. This happened when Nasir-uddin
was at BaghdiLd. One day, ibn H4jib feeling himself
particularly melancholy, and having, in consequence, taken
a larger dose than usual, he became unusually merry, and
requested Nasir-uddin to accompany him on the Tigris.
Having reached the middle of the stream, he stopped the
boat, and produced the several volumes of Nasir-uddin's
works, which the learned refugee had presented to the
khalif — some of them in the original manuscript, and not
yet transcribed, and in the presence of their anxious au-
thior, he threw them all, one after another, into the river,
with such spiteful force, that the water was splashed
about in every direction ; when turning himself, on each
occasion, to his mortified guest, he exclaimed with a
sarcastic smile of triumph, '* How wonderfully it bubbles!"
When the turn of Nasir-uddin came, he, too, gave fall
vent to his revenge. He ordered ibn H&jib to be cased
up to his neck, in an ox's hide, just taken off the animal,
and, having filled the skin with air, he laid it for a few
hours in the sun, till it became quite dry, and sounded
like a drum. Then the victor advanced close to his half
exhausted enemy, gave him a kick of triumph, and, as he
rolled on the groimd, exclaimed, **How wonderfully it
rattles !" This melancholy event took place on Sunday
the 10th of February, 1268 A. D., 4th Safeu*, 656 A. H.,
from which time Baghdad was added to the ofher con-
quered provinces of this proud emperor. Al-Mustaa'sim
reigned 15 limar years and 7 months.
Al-MUBta»ill Billah, *^^ e^i*J^-^t, the son of Muham-
mad, the son of al-Mo'tasim Bill£h was the twelfth khalif
of the race of Abb^. He ascended the throne of Bagh-
dad in 862 A. D., 248 A. H., after the death of his cousin
or brother al-Mustanasar Billah, but was forced to abdi-
cate the throne in 866 A. D.. 252 A. H., by his brother
al-M6'tiz Billah, who afterwards caused him to be private-
ly murdered.
Al-Mu8tak£l Billah, ^^-^^ J^^^^\, was the 22nd khalif
of the Abbaside family, and the son of al-Muktafi the son
of al-M6'tazid BiUih. He succeeded his uncle al-Muttakf
in 945 A. D., 333 A. H , reigned in Baghd&d one year and
four months, and was deposed bv his wazir in 946 A. D.,
334 A. H. After him al-Mutia' Billah was raised to the
throne.
Al-Mustansir BiUah, «iHj^^-AiU Jt^ the son of T£hir,
was the fifth khalif of Egypt of the Fatimite race. He
succeede4 his fiither A. D. 1036, and with the assistance
of a Turk named Bas&siri, conquered Baghdad az^d im-
prisoned al'Kiem BilUh about the year 1054 A. D., and
for a year andpialf was acknowledge the only legitimate
chief of all the Musalmins. Bas&sin was defeated and
killed by Tughral Beg A. D. 1059, 487 A. H. Vide
Basisiri. Al-Mustanasar died in 1094, having reigned 60
years ; and was succeeded by his son al-Mustaa'li Bill£h
Ab^ Kasim.
aU'
t^ the eleventh
Al-Mustansir BiUah I,
khalif of the race of Abb&B, ascended the throne of Bagh-
dad after the murder of his father al-Mutwakkil in De-
cember 861 A. D., Shawwal, 247 A. H., and had reigned*
only six months, when he was cut off by the hand of death
in 862 A. D., 248 A. H. He was succeeded by his cousin
al-Musta'm BilUh.
Al-Mustansip Billah II, ^^.j^^^^^^, sumamed Abti
Ja'far al-Mansur, ascended the throne of Baghd&d after
the death of his father al-Tahir, in 1226 A. D., 623 A. H.
He was the 36th khalif of the house of Abb&s, reigned
about 17 years, and died in 1242 A. D., 640 A. H., leaving
his kingdom to his son al-Mustaa'sim Billih the last of
the khadifs.
Al-MuBtanjid BiUah, ^k «X«:*^^f, the thirty-second
khalif of the race of Abbiis, succeeded to the throne of
Baghd&d after the death of his father al-Muktafi, in 1160
A. D., 555 A. H., reigned 11 lunar years and died in 1171
A. D., 566 A. H., when his son al-Mustazi succeeded him.
Al-MuBtarshid BiUah, ^^, Ai^i-^Jf, the twenty-
ninth khalif of the Abbaside family, succeeded his father
al-Mustazahr to the throne of Baghdad in 1118 A. D.,
512 A. H. It is related by ibn Khallikdn4hat when Sul-
tiln Masaud the son of Muh.ammad the son of Malikshih
Baljuki was encamped outside of the town of Maragha in
Azurbejan, al-Mustarashid was then with him, and on
Thursday the 28th or according to ibn Mustauft, the 14th
or 28th Zil'kada 529 A. H. (corresponding with the 24th
August or 7th September, 1135 A. D.) a band of assassinB
broke into the khalif's tent and murdered >iiTn, Al-Mus-
tarashid reigned 17 lunar years and some months, and
was succeeded by his son al-R4shid Billih.
Al-Mustazhir BiUah, *^^ ^^SaL^\^ the son of al-
Mul^tadi, was the twenty-eighth khalif of the dynasty of
Abbas. He was placed on the throne of Baghdad after
the death of his fether in 1094 A. D., 487 A. H., by Bar-
kyarak Saljuki, the Sult^ of Persia. He reigned 25 lunar
years and some months, and at his death which happened
in the year 1118 A. D., 512 A. H., he was succeeded by
his son al-Mustarashid.
Al-Miifltazi Bi-amr-illah, *Llf^b ^yai-*J», the thirty-
third khalif of the Abbaside family, succeeded his fiither
al-Mustanjad to the throne of Baghdid in 1171 A. D.,
566 A. H. He reigned about seven years and died in 1179
A. D., 575 A. H., when his son al-Nibir BilUh succeeded
him.
Al*Mutaa'zs Billah, *^t?3«iJl, the son of al-Mutwak-
kil, was the thirteenth khalif of the race of Abb&s. He
deposed his brother al-Mustain in 866 A. D., 252 A. H.,
and having caused him to be murdered privately, ascended
the throne of Baghdad. He did not, however, long enjoy
the dignity of which he had so iniquitoualy possessed
himself being deposed by the Turkish Militia (who now
began to set up and depose khalifs as they pleased) in the
year 869 A. D., 255 A. H. After hia deposition, he was
sent under an escort from Sarr Manrae to Baghdad, where
he died of thirst and hunger, after a reign of three years
and about seven months. The fete of this khalif was
peculiarly hard: the Turkish towns had mutinied for
their pay ; and al-Mutaazz not having money to satisfy
their demands, applied to his mother named Kabiha for
50,000 dinars. This she refused, telling him that she had
Al-Mutia'
45
Al-Rashid
no money at all, although it afterwards appeared that she
was possessed of immense treasure. After his deposition,
however, she was obliged to discover them, and even depo-
sit them in the hands of the new khalif al-Muhtadi. They
consisted of 1,000,000 dinars, a bushel of emeralds, and
another of pearls, and three pounds and three quarters
of rubies of the colour of fire.
Al-Mutia^ Billah, *^^ Ci^^y t^® twenty-third khalif
of the race of Abb4s was the son of al-Mu]ptadir Bill&h.
He ascended the throne of Baghdad after al-Mustakfi in
946 A. D., 834 A. H., reigned 29 lunar years and 4 months
and died in 974 A. D., 363 A. H. His son al-Taya' suc-
ceeded him.
iU-Muttaki Billah, ^^. J^^, the son of al-Muktadir
was the twenty-first khalif of the dynasty of Abbis. He
succeeded his brother al-Baz{ BilUh to the throne of
Baghdad in 941 A. D., 329 A. H., reigned 3 years 11
months and 15 days and died in 945 A. D., 333 A. H.
He was succeeded by his nephew, al-Hustal^ the son of
al-Mukta£l.
Al-Mutwakkal, 'Al-aUah, *U|lU cUyJi. This was
the name and title assumed by Ab^ Fazl Ja'&r on his
accession to the throne of Baghdad. He was the tenth
khalif 'of the house of Abb&s, and the son of al-Md'tasim
BilUh. He succeeded his brother £j-Wathik or W&sik
in the year 847 A. D., 232 A. H., and began his reign
with an act of the greatest cruelty. The late khalif s
wazir having treated al-Mutwakldl ill in his brother's
lifetime, and opposed his election to the khildfdt^ was on
that account now sent to prison, and afterwards thrown
into an iron furnace lined with spikes or nails heated red
hot, where he was miserably burnt to death. During
this reign nothing remarkable happened, except wars with
the Qreeks, which were carried on with various success.
He was very intolerant, especially of the Jews and Chris-
tians, on whom he heaped many indignities. He did not
stop there. In his imbecility and ferocity he forbade the
pilgrimage to Karbala, and caused the sacred repository
of the ashes of Husain and the other martyrs interred
there to be razed. He reigned 14 years 9 months and 9
days, and was assassinated and cut into seven pieces on
the 24th December, 861 A. D., 17th Shawwal, 247 A. H.,
at the instance of his son al-Mustanasar who succeeded
him.
Al-Muwaflak BiUah, ^^. &^^y the son of al-Mut-
wakkil Bill&h, the khalif of Baghdad and brother and
coadjutor of the khalif al-Ma'tamid, to whom he was of
much service in his battles against his enemies. He died
of the elephantiasis or leprosy in the year 891 A. D., 278
A. H., and while in his last illness, could not help observ-
ing, that of 100,000 men whom he commanded, there was
not one so miserable as himself. His son M6'tazid, after
the death of his brother al'M6'tamid in 892 A. D., suc-
ceeded to the throne of Baghdild.
Al-KCuwyyid. (Isma'il), lIx**-*i( ^jfJ\, whose name Ib
spelt in Lempriere's Universal Biographical Dictionary,
** Alombuadad", and in Watkin's Biographical Dictionary
** Almuvadad") was an Arabian historian, who gave a chro-
nological account of the Saracen affairs in Sicily from 842
to 904 A. D. This MS. is in the library of the Escurial,
in Spain, and a Latin version of it is inserted in Mura-
toris' Berum Italicarum Scriptores.
Al-Huzani, ^Jj^^, vide Abti Ibiihun Ismafl.
Al-Nasir BiUah, ^^.j^^\, or al-Nasir-uddin allah, the
son of al-Mustaz£ succeeded his father to the throne
of Baghdad in 1179 A. D. He professed the Shia* feith,
and after a long leign of 46 lunar years and 11 months,
died in the year 1226 A. D. He was the 34th khalif of
the house of Abb^ and was succeeded by his son al-T&hir
Billah.
12
Alp Arsalan, \J^J^^^, (which means in the Turkish
language "the vaHant lion") was a king of Persia of the
Salj^ikian dynasty, and the son of Daud Beg Saljuki. He
succeeded his uncle Tughral Bog in 1063 A. D., 465 A. H.,
married the sister of the khalif l^aem Billih, and his name,
after that of the khalif^ was pronounced in the public
prayera of the Muhammadans. He was a warlike prince ;
and, having spoiled the Church of St. BasU in CsBsarea,
defeated Homonus Diogenes, emperor of the Greeks in
1068 A. D., 460 A. H., who was seized and carried to the
conqueror. Alp Arsalan demanded of his captive, at the
first conference, what he would have done if fortune had
reversed their lot. "I would have given thee many a
stripe", was the imprudent and virxilent answer. The
Sult4n only smiled and asked Romanus what he expected
would be done to him. " If thou art cruel", said the
emperor, '* put me to death. If vain-glorious load me with
chains, and drag me in triumph to thy capital. If gen-
erous, grant me my liberty." Alp Arsalan was neither
cruel nor vain-glorious, he nobly released his prisoner,
and gave all his oflSlcers who were captives dresses of
honor, and sent them away. Alp Ai-salan after a reign
of more than nine years was stabbed about the 15th of
December, 1072 A. D., 30th Kabi I, 465 A. H., by a des-
perate Khwarizmian, whom he had taken prisoner and
sentenced to death. He was buried at IVIarv in Khurasan,
and the following is the translation of the inscription en-
graved on his tomb : " All ye who have seen the glory
of Alp Arsalan exalted to the heavens, come to Marv, -and
you will behold it buried in the dust." He was succeeded
by his son Malikshuh.
Alp Arsalan, who is by some called Apal Arsalan, was the
son of Atsiz, a Sultan of Khwarizm, whom he succeeded
in A. D. 1166, 651—667 A. H. and died in 1162 A. D.
Alptakin or Alptagin, erfc^l, vide Alaptakm.
Al-Rashid or Harun al-Bashid, «>^^l ^X^y the cele-
brated hero of the Arabian Nights, was the fifth khalif of
the race of Abbas and son of al-Mahdi, he succeeded his
eldest brother al-Hadi to the throne of Baghdad in 786
A. D., 170 A. H. This was one of the best and wisest
princes that ever sat on the throne of Baghdad. He was
also extremely fortunate in all his imdertakings, though
he did not much extend his dominions by conquest. In
his time the Moslem empire may bo said to have been in
its most flourishing state, though, by the independency
of the Moslems in Spain, who had formerly set up a kha-
lif of the house of Umyya, hia territories were not quite
so extensive as those of some of his predecessors. He,
possessed the provinces of Syria, Palestine, Arabia, Persia,
Armenia, Natolia, Media or Azurbejan, Babylonia,
Assyria, Sindh, Sijistan, Khurisdn, Tabrist^n, Jurjkn,
Zabulistan, Mawarimnahr, or great Bukhdria, Egypt,
Libya, Mauritania &c., so that his empire was by fta the
most powerful of any in the world, and extended farther
than the Roman empire ever had done.
In the beginning of the year 802 A. D., 186 A. H., he
divided the government of his extensive dominions among
his three sons in the following nuinner : To al-Amin the
eldest, he assigned the provinces of Syria, Ir&k. the three
Arabias, Mesopotamia, Assyria^ Media, Palestine, Egypt,
and all the part of Africa extending from the confines of
Egypt and Ethiopia to the Straits of Gibraltar, with the
dignity of khalif; to al-MiUniin the second, he assigned
Persia, Kirmin, the Indies, Khur^n, Tabristan, Kibu-
listan and Zabulist&n, together with the vast province of
M&warunnahr, and to his third son al-]^4sim, he gave
Armenia, Natolia, Jurj&n, Georgia, Circassia, and all the
Moslem territories bordering upon the Euxine sea. As to
the order of succession, al-Amin was to ascend the throne
immediately after his fiither's decease ; after him, al-Ma-
mtin ; and then al-]|^asim, whom he had 8umamedfid-M6'*
tasim.
The most considerable exploits performed by this
khalif were against the Greeks, who by their perfidy pro*
Al-
46
Al-SafBfth
voked him to make war upon them, and whom he always
overcame. In the year 803 A. D., 187 A. H., the khallf
received a letter from the Greek emperor Nicephorus,
commanding him to return all the money he had extorted
from the Empress Irane, or expect soon to see an impe-
rial army in the heart of his territories. This insolent
letter so exasperated Hirun, that he immediately assem-
bled his forces and advanced to Heraclea, laying the
country, through which he passed, waste with fire and
sword. For some time also he kept that city straitly
besieged ; which so terrified the Greek emperor that he
submitted to pay an annual tribute.
In the year 804 A. D., 188 A. H., war was renewed with
the Greeks, and Nicephorus with a great army attacked
the khalif's forces with the utmost fury. He was, how-
ever, defeated with the loss of 40,000 men, and received
thi^e wounds in the action; after which the Moslems
committed terrible ravages in his territories, and returned
home laden with spoils. . The next year Harun invaded
Fhryg^a ; defeated an imperial army sent to oppose him,
and having ravaged the country, returned without any
considerable loss. In the year 806, 190 A. H., the khalif
marched into the imperii^ territories with an army of
135,000 men, besides a great number of volunteers and
others who were not enrolled among his troops. He first
took the city of Heraclea, from which he is said to have
carried 16,000 prisoners; after which he made himself
master of several oth^r places, and, in the conclusion of
the expedition, he made a descent on the island of Cyprus,
which he plundered in a terrible manner. This success so
intimidated Nicephorus, that he immediately sent the
tribute due to Hdrdn, the withholding of which had been
the cause of the war ; and concluded a peace upon the
khallf s own terms. Charlemagne respected his character,
and Hiurdn in token of his friendship presented to the
European prince a clock, the mechanism and construction
of which were regarded among the prodigies of the age.
H^Lrdn reigned 23 years and died in Ehur&sin on the eve
of Saturday the 24th March, 809 A. D., 3rd Jamad II,
193 A. H., and was buried at Tiis which is now called
Mashhad. He was succeeded by his eldest son al-Amln.
Al-Bashid Billah, ^^. ^[;i^, the thirtieth khalif of
the Abbasides succeeded his &ther al-Mustaraahad in
August or September, 1185 A. D., Zil'kad, 629 A. H., and
died in ite year 1136 A. D., 530 A. H. He was succeeded
by al-Mu^^taf[ the son of al-Mustazahir.
Al-Bazi, see B&zi.
AI-Bazi Billah, *^^ U^y^ the son of al-Muktadir and
the twentieth khalif of the house of Abb&s, was the last
who deserved the title of the Commander of the Faithful.
He was raised to the throne of Baghdad, after the de-
thronement of his uncle al-Kahir BilliUi by the wazir ibn
Ma]^ in April 934 A. D.\ Jamad I, 322 A. H. In the
year 936, the khalif finding himself distressed on all sides
by usurpers, and having a wazfr of no capacity, instituted
a new office superior to that of wazir, which he entitled
Amir-ul-Umra. This great officer, Ln&d-ud-daula Ali
B6ya, was trusted with the management of the finances
in a much more absolutt) and unlimited manner than any of
the khalifs waeirs ever hud been. Nay he officiated for the
khalif in the great mosque at Baghdad, and had his name
mentioned in the public prayers throughout the kingdom.
In short the khalif was bo much under the power of this
officer, that he could not apply a single dinar to his own
use without the leave of the AmXr-ul-Umra. In the year
937 A. D. the Moslem empire so great and powerful, was
shared among the following usurpers :
The cities of Waaat, Basra, Ku£bi with the rest of the
Arabian IHlf.^ were considered as the property of the
Amir-ul-Umri, though they had been in the beginning of
the year seized upon by a rebel called al-Baridi, who could
not be driven out of them.
The oountry of Fars, Faristan, or Persia properly so
called, was possessed by Imad-ud-daula All ibn Boya, who
resided in the city of Shir&s.
Part of the tract denominated al-Jabal, together with
Persian IrAk, which is the mountainous part of Persia,
and the country of the ancient Parthians, obeyed Rukn-
ud-daula, the brother of Imad-ud-daula, who resided at
Isfahto. The other part of the country was possessed by
Washmakin the Dflamite.
Dayir Babia, Dayar Bikr, Dayir Modar, and the city
of Mousal, acknowledged for their sovereign a race of
princes called Hamdanites.
Egypt and S3rria no longer obeyed the khalift, but Mu-
hammad ibn T&j who had formerly been appointed gover-
nor of those provinces.
Africa and Spain had long been independent.
Cicily and Crete were governed by princes of their own.
The provinces of Khmis^ and M&lvarunnahr were
under the dominions of al-Nasr ibn Ahmad, of the djrnasty
of the Sam&nians.
The provinces of TabrisUm, Juijan or Georgia, and
Mizindar&n, had kings of the first dynasty of the Dila-
mites.
The province of Eirmin was occupied by Abti Ali Mu-
hammad ibn Eylia al-Sam&ni, who had made himself
master of it a short time before. And
Lastly, the provinces of Yemama and Bahryii, including
the district of Hajr, were in the possession of Abiii Tihir
the Karmatian.
Thus the khalifs were deprived of all their dominions,
and reduced to the rank of sovereign pontiffs ; in which
light, though they continued for some time to be regarded
by the neighbouring princes, yet their power never arrived
to any height. In this low state the khalifis continued
till the extinction of the EhiU&t by Halakd Khitn the
Tartar in the year 1258 A. D., 656 A. H.
Al-R4zf Bill4h reigned 7 years 2 months and 1 1 days
and died in 941 A. D., 329 A. H. He was succeeded by
his brother al-Mutta^.
Al-Saharawi, iS^lx^^, vide AbiU ^isim.
Al-Safi[bh, ^Iwt^ surname of AbOl Abbis, the son of Mu-
hammad, the son of AH, the son of 'Abdullah, the son of
Abb^ the uncle of the prophet. He was proclaimed khalifa
by the inhabitants of Ku£a on Friday the 29th of November,
749 A. D., 13th Babi II, 132 A. H., upon which a battle took
place between ^i^n and Marwan II the last khalifa of the
house of Umyya or Ommaides, in which the latter was
slain, 5th of August, 750 A. D., 26th ?il-bijja, 132 A. H.
Al-Safiah after this victory investing himself with sover-
eign power, laid the foundation of the dynasty of the
Abbasides, which continued to be transmitted to his fEunily
frt)m father to son for 524 lunar years, during a succession
of 37 khalifs, till they were dispossessed by HaUkii Khin
the Tartar king of Persia in 1258 A. D., 656 A. H. By
the elevation of the house of Abb&s to the dignity of khi-
lafjBtt, began that glorious period during which Arabic and
Persian literature reached its highest perfection. With
some few exceptions these khalifas were the.noblest raoe
of kings that ever adorned the throne of sovereignty.
Abul Abb£s died, after a reign of more than four years, of
the small-pox. on Sunday the 9th of June, 754 A. D., 13th
^il-bijja 136 A. H., and was succeeded by his brother Abii
Ja'&r Almansur.
Litt of the khaUfas of the race of Abbde who
reigned at Baghdad.
1. Al-SaffiLh or AbiU 'Abb&9 al-Safiah.
2. Al-Manstir.
3. Al-Mahdf son of al-Mansdr.
4. Al-H^ son of Mahdi
5. Al-Bashid or H^run al-Bashid son of Mahdi.
6. Al-Amin, son of H&run.
7. Al-Mamtin^ son of Hinin.
Ibrahim son of Mahdf, competitor.
Al-Tahir
47
Aniftr
8. Al-Mo'tasim BiU&h, son of Hirtm.
9. Al-Wdthil;: or Waai^ son of Mo'taflim.
10. Al-Mutwakkil.
11. Al.Mustanasir Billih.
12. Al-Mustam BiUah.
13. Al.Mo'tix Billah.
14. Al'-Muhtadi Billah.
16. AI-Mo*tamid.
16. Al-Motazid BilUh.
17. Al-Muktafi BilUh.
18. Al-Muktadir Bfllih.
19. Al-Kalur Billih.
20. Al-lUzi BilUh.
21. Al-Muttaki BilUh.
22. Al.MuBt&kff BilUh.
23. Al-Mutia Billilu
24. AhTiyi BilUh.
26. Al.^idir BilUh.
26. Al-^^tem be-amr-uimi.
27. Al-Mu^tadi Billah.
28. Al-Mustazahir BiUah.
29. Al-Mustarashid Billah.
30. Al-Rahhid BUliik.
31. Al.Muktafi bi-amr-ulUh.
32. Al-Mustan^'ad BilliLh.
33. Al-Mustazi bi-amr-uUih.
34. Al-N&sir BilUh.
36. Al-T£hir bi-amr-ullah.
86. Al-Miutanaiiar BiU4h II. '
37. Al-Mo'tajom BilUh, the last khalif.
Al-Tahir bi-amr-iUah Muhammad, «*^«*^ ^Ul^b
^^^ succeeded his father al.N&sir Billih to the throne
of Baghd&d in 1226 A. D., 622 A. H. He was the thirty,
fifth khalif of the house of Abbiu, reigned 9 months and
11 days and died in 1226 A. D., 623 A. H. His son al-
Mustanasar II succeeded him.
Al-Taya' (or al-Tayi>) BiUah, *^^'e!^», the son of
al-Mutia' BilUh was the twenty-fourth khalif of Baghdad.
He succeeded his fiither in 974 A. D. reigned 17 years
and 4 months, and was deposed by Bahi-ud-daula in 991
A. D., when KiLdir BUUh the son of Is-^^ the son of
Mu^^tadir was raised to the throne.
Altimshy cA^'^ vide Shams-uddm Altimah.
Al-Walid, •ny I, vide Walfd.
Al-Wathik or al-Wasik Billah, &b^^, the ninth kha-
lif of the £Eimily of the Abbasides succeeded his father
al-M6'ta8im BilUh on the 6th January, 842 A. D., 18th
Rabi I, 227 A. H., to the throne of Baghdiid. The follow-
ing year, he invaded and conquered Sicily. Nothing
remarkable happened during the rest of his reign. He
reigned 6 lunar years 7 months and 8 days, and died in
847 A. D., 232 A. H. He was succeeded by his brother
al-Mutwakkil.
'Alwi, (S^j poetical name of Shaikh Wajiuddfn, which
AAA
'Alwi, iSJ^j poetical name of Mir TiLhir 'Alwi who died at
Kashmir previous to the year 1723 A. D., 1136 A H.
He is the author of a dfwan and a Masnawi, the latter
contains the story of the blacksmith and the cotton
cleanser, called J^issae Haddiul wa HaUij.
' Alwi Khan (Hakim), ^^ iS^y a physician, who was
invited from Persia by the emperor Muhammad ShiLh
and died at Dehli in 1748 A. D., 1161 A. H. His title
was Mo'tmid-ul-Maltik Sayyid 'Alwi Khin Hakim. He
is the'author of a medical work called " Jitma'-ul-Jawa'-
ma .
■Amad, oU^^ 'AmiLd Shih, 'Am&d-uddfn &c. vide Im&d,
Imid ShiUi &c.
'Ama-'ak or Uma-'ak Bukhari, cW^^ vide Abfil Na-
j£b-al-Bukhiri.
Amanat, ^^^f^ poetical name of Sayyid Aghi Hasan son
of JCghi Razwi, author of a Diw&n.
Amanat 'Ali, <^*^^, (Maulwf) author of a small work
entitled <<Bahir Ajam", oontaining 121 letters written
by him to different persons, in pure Persian.
Amanat Elhan Mirak, «-0^ ei^ oJUf^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^
Ma'in-uddin Ahmad Ehia Ehwift, a native of Khwif
in Khur^is&n. He was a nobleman of high rank in the
time of the emperor 'Alamgir, and died in the year 1684
A. D., 1096 A. H., at Aurang&b&d. He is the author of
the work called " Shariat ul-IsUm."
Amanat Khan, ij^ oJU|^ ^^^^ ^f -^^ Husain, son of
Aminat Khin Ehw&fi. He was honored with the title
of his father about the year 1688 A. D., 1100 A. H., by
the emperor 'Aiamgfr, and raised to the rank of a noble-
man. He held different offices under that emperor and
died at Surat A. D. 1699, 1111 A. H.
Amanat Khan, u;^ vc^iUf^ a celebrated NastlOiV writer,
who in the eleventh year of the reign of the emperor
ShiUi Jah&n wrote the inscriptions on the T^j at Agra.
Amani, {^^j^y (M£r) of Kabul died in 981 A. H. or 1673
A. D.
Amani, (^ ^^ poetical name of Mirzi Amin-ullih the eld-
est son of Mahabat Kh£n. He flourished in the time of
the emperor Sh4h Jah^n, and died in the year 1687 A. D.,
1047 A. H. He is the author of a diw£n. Vide Kh£n
Zamin Bahadur and Mahibat Khin.
Aman-uUah, A^'ci^' ^^) (Hifiz) of Benares was an
author and ^&zi of Lakhnau in the time of the emperor
'Alamgfr. He died in 1721 A. D., 1133 A. H.
Aman-uUah HuBaini, u^ir^ *^» ^:;^^ author of an
Inaha which goes by his name, ^'Inshie Amin-ulUh
Husainl"
Ahmad Shah Abdali, (^t<xil »U (X«a.t^ on his seventii
invasion of Hindustan arrived at the Satlaj in 1764, A. D.
Amar Singh waited on him, but was ordered to shave his
head and beard before entering the royal presence. By
a nazarana or present of a lac of Rupees, he purchased
permission to appear bearded and unahom, and received
investiture with the titie of Maha Baja Ri^agin Mahindar
Bakashr, which titie is now borne by the head of the Fa-
tiala £unily.
Amar Singh, ^^j^\ rij& of Fatiala, was the son of Sardal
Singh who survived his f&ther Bija Ala Singh two or three
years. Ahmad Amar Singh vide Bana Amar Singh.
Amar Singh Bana, son of Bama Fallal Singh of Chittore,
died in 1028 A. H.
Amar Singh, *^^/^^, son of Ghij Singh, a rajpAt chief
of the tribe of lUthor. He killed SaUbat Khin Mir
Bakhahf in the 17th year of Shih Jahin in the presence of
the emperor, on Thursday evening the 26th of July, 1644
O. S., 80th Jamadi 1, 1064 H., and was by the order of the
emperor pursued and cut to pieces after a gallant defence
near one of the gates of the fort of Agra, which is to this
day called Amar Singh Darw&za or Amar Singh Qate.
An account of this prince's early history will be found in
Tod's EJ^aathdn,
Amar
48
Amir
Amar Singh, *^^* y ^i of Benares whose poetical name
was KliuBhg6, held a goyemmont appointment in the
Koel district. He compiled a short history of Akbar's
palace and of the T6j of Agra and put the Bahar Danish
into verse and called it Tarjuma Bahir D4nish. This
book is to be distingxiished from the L^bar Danish, an
Urdu Ttanslation of Bahar Danish by Mnllazada at
Palnar.
Amar Singh, (Kana) son of Bana Purtab Singh vide Rana
Sankar.
Ambl^i Inglia, a r^a of Grwaliar who was living in 1803.
Amin, U^J^^^ the sixth khalif of the house of Abb&s. Vide
al-Amin.
Amin, cH?*^ poetical nadie of Shih Amfn-uddin of Axim-
6b£d who flourished about the year 1716 A. D., 1127 H.,
and left a diwan of Ghazals &c.
Amina Begum, (♦^ *^^ vide Ghasiti Begum.
Amin Ahmad or Amin Muhammad Bazi, c^t
fc\U Af ^t the author of the Biographical Dictionary called
" Haft Aklim," (The seven climates.) This book, which
he finished in the time of the emperor Akbar in 1694
A. D., 1002 A. H., contains a short description of the seven
climates of the Temperate Zone, and the Topography of
their principal cities ; with memoirs of the illustrious
persons and eminent poets which each has produced.
Amin-uddin Khan, Nawab of Lohari, one of the eldest
and most worthy of the chiefs of Dchli. Ho died on
the 31st of December, 1869 A. D., aged 70 years. His
eldest son Mirza ' Ala-uddin Khin succeeded to his estates
at Saharu, on the 11th of January 1870.
Aminiy u^^ poetical name of Amir Sul^ Ibrahim, a
contemporary of Khwdja *Asafi who died in 1620 A. D.
926 A. H. Amini wrote a chronogram on that occasion.
Amin-uddin, e^*^^ (i^'-y**> (Mir) a poet and a great
jester, was contemporary with the poets Moulana All K£hi
and Khwaja All Shahab.
Amin-uddin, {iH"^^ er^H^-^t, (Amir) vide Yemin-uddin
(Amir) and Tughr&i.
Amin-ud-daula Ahul Jin, u^^ji^ *^>«^l cr!f*t,
sumamed the Samaritan, was a physician and had been
wazir to MdHk Sklah Isma'fl. He was strangled at Cairo
in 1260 A. D., 648 A. H., and there were found in hi»
house, amongst other precious articles, about 10,000
volumes of vsduable workis, copied by the most celebrated
callig^phers.
Amin-ud-datda Elian, J^^j^^^jb^, a rebel, was
blown from the mouth of a gun on the 3rd August, 1867,
at Agra.
Amir bi Ahkam Allah, *^' c^ ^^', sumamed Abii
Ali Mansiir seventh khalif of the Fatimite dynasty of
£g3rpt, succeeded his father al-Mustaa'li Billih in Decem-
ber 1101. From this time to the reign of 'Azid li-d(n
Allah, during which period five khaliib ascended the
throne of Egypt, the history of that country affords little
else than an account of the intestine broils and contests
between the wazirs or prime ministers, who were now
become so powerful, that they had in a great measure
stripped the khalif of their civil power, and left them
nothing but a shadow of spiritual dignity. These con-
tests at last gave occasion to a revolution, by which the
race of Fatimite khalifiB were totally ezting^uished. Vide
'Azid U-dfn Allah.
Amir, J^^9 poetical name of Amir-ud-dauU Nasir Jang
commonly called llirsa Men^hd, son of Kawab 8huja-ud-
daula and brother to Nawab Asaf-ud-dauli.
Amiran Shah, «^ iJj^^, vide Mfrim Sh£h.
Amira Singh Tappa, ^ *^ i/i^y a chief of Nipfl.
He was the highest in rank and character of all the mi-
litary chiefs of Naipil. In 1 8 14 during his campaign against
Sir David Ochterlony in the Eamion hills, he evinced
equal valour and patriotism.
Amir Barid, I, ^y. ^ri*^ the son of J^&dm Barid whom
he succeeded in the government of Ahmadab&d Bidar in
1604 A. D., 910 A. H. During his rule the king SultAn
Mahmud ShahBahmani died in 1617, A. D. 928 A. H., when
Amir Barid placed Sul^&n 'Al&-uddin III, on the throne,
and after his death Sultan Ealim TJllah, who being treated
with great rigour by the Amir, fied from Bidar to Ah-
madriagar, where he died shortly after. With Ealim
ITUah ended the dynasty of the Bahmani kings of Dak-
han. Amir Barid reigned over the territories of Ahma-
dabdd Bidar with full power more than 26 years, and
died at Daulatabdd in 1642 A. D., 949 A. H. He was
buried at Ahmadabad Bidar, and succeeded b;y his son Ali
Barid.
Amir Barid, II, «^^ *Hr^-^S succeeded to the govem-
mont of Ahmadabad Biwar after deposing his relative Ali
Barid Shah II in 1609 A. D., and was the last of the
Barid Shahi dynasty.
Amirit LSji^h the poetical name of Maul4na Sul^n Mu-
hammad, a distinguished man who lived in the time of
6hah Tahmasp Safwi I. He praised this sovereign in his
poems, and is the translator of Amir Ali Sher's Tazkira,
called '* MajfiLU-ul-Nafaes", from Turki into Persian.
He is also the author of the *^ Bostan ul-Khayal."
Amir Khan, i:J^J^, titie of Mfr Ahtil Waf4, the eldest
son of Mir Kasim Khan Namkin, was a nobleman in the
time of the emperors Jahangir and Shah Jahan. At the
time of his death he was governor of Thatta, where he
died A D. 1647, 1067 A. H., aged more than 100 years.
His former name was Mir Ehan, but having made a pre-
sent of one lac of rupees to Shah Jahin, he was honored
^dth the title of Amir Khdn.
Amir Ehan, o^j^j^ ^y^/^'*^ sumimed Mfr Mir&n, the
son of Ehalil-ull&h Ehin Yezdi, was a nobleman of high
rank in the time of the emperors Shih JahiUi and 'Alam-
gfr, and a great favorite of the latter. He died at E&bul
on the 28th April, 1698 A D., 27th Shawwal 1109 H.,
and the emperor confeired the title of Amir Ehim on his
son.
Amir Khan, J^ji^^ v[y^ (Naw4b) entitied U^mdat-ul-
Hulk, was the son of the principal favorite of the emperor
' Alamgfr. of the same name, and a descendant of the cele-
brated Shah Na'mat-ullah Wali. He was himself a
favorite of the emperor Muhammad Sh4h ; was appointed
governor of Allahabad in 1739 A. D., 1162 A. H., and re-
called to court in 1743 A. D., 1166 A. H. He was naturally
free of speech, and the emperor, fond of his repartee, had
allowed him more license in conversation than was con-
sistent with respect to his own dignity, when he was on
hiisincss with the emperor, which by degrees disgusted
Muhammad Shah and made him wish his removal frt>m
office. He was consequently, with the consent of the em-
peror, stabbed with a dagger by a person who had been
discharged fr^m his service, and foil down dead on the
sx)ot. This circumstance took place on Friday the 26th
December, 1746, 23rd fjil-tijja, 1159 H. He was buried
after four days in the sepulchre of KhalH-ulUh Khin his
grandfather, which is close to the Sari^ of R^-ullih
Kh&n at Dehli. His poetical name was Anj&m. He com-
posed chiefly logographs, and has left Persian and Bekhta
Poems.
Amir
49
Amir
Amir Khan, U^ J^^^} til© famous chief of the Pin^aHfl
and ancestor to the present Kawab of Ton^. He was
originally in the service of Jaswant Rao Holkar, who
hecoming insane ui 1806 and incapable of the adminis-
tration of his own affairs, this Muhammadan chief endea-
voured to establish an ascendancy at his court, but soon
lefk it with the army he commanded to pursue the sepa-
rate object of his own ambition, and became the chief of
the Findaris. Treaty was ratified with him by the British
Gk)vemment on the 19th December, 1817. He had on
various pretexts avoided the ratification of the engage-
ments which his agent had concluded with the resident of
Dehli, but the movement of troops to his vicinity, and
their occupation of positions which left him only the op-
tion between engag^g in an unequal conflict and signing
this treaty, induced him to adopt the safer course. He
was confirmed in the possession of all the territories he
held from the Holkar family, but compelled to surrender
his large trains of artillery to the English Government,
and to disband that great body of plunderers which had
been for more than two years the scourge of M^wa and
Rijputana. Amir Eh4n died A. D. 1834, 1250 A. H.
Amir Khan, ^JLLJ^Je^^ whose proper name was Mfr Kh6n,
but was changed by the emperor 'Alamgir by addiijg
an alif to it into Aroir Khan. On a spot of seven bighas
of ground, he had built his house close to the place called
Guzar Tijara including the mahalla of ChhipitoU. In the
first year of the emperor 'Alamgir he was appointed gover-
nor of the fort of Shihjahanabad, and in the 11th year
of the reign of the emperor he was appointed SubadiLr of
Kibul.
Amir Khan Sindhi, «^'^^y^:ri*^ title of Mir Abdul
Karim, son of Amir Kh&n the son of Mur Abul Kisim
Namkin. He was employed in various offices during the
reign of 'Alamgir, BahAdur Sh&h and Farrukh-si}'ar, and
died some time before the accession of Muhammad Shah
to the throne of Dehli.
Amir Khoand, *^!>^^**^ vide Mir Khund or Khawind
Sh&h.
Amir Khiisro, JJ^^^J^^j «»<fo Khusro (Amir).
Amir Mahmud, C^y^^jii^ i:H'^^j^} a native of Fa-
reomud, sumamed Fakhr-uddin and commonly called Ibn-
Yemin, was the son of Amfr Yemin-uddin entitled Mdlik-
ul Fuzld, «'. «., the prince of the learned. Amir MahmQd
was an excellent poet and died on Saturday the 29th of
January, 1368 A. D., Jum^^ II, 769 A. H., in Persia.
He is mentioned in Dr. Sprenger's Catalogue, p. 67, to
have died in 749 Hijri corresponding with 1348 A. D.,
and in the Tazkira Daulat Shahi it is mentioned, that he
died in 745 A. H., 1344 A. D. Ho has left a Diwan.
Amir Mirza, b^^j^ v'y> (Naw6b) was the son of
George Hopkins Walters, a pensioned European Officer,
who with his family, consisting of a wife, two daughters
and one son, had established himself in Lakhnau as a
merchant, many years ago. After his death his family
through the intrigues of one Bakhsh All Khin, embraced
the Muhammadan religion, and the younger daughter not
long after was consigned to the Seraglio of king Nasir-
ud(^ Hydar and became one of the queens of that mon-
arch, under the title of Wilayeti Mahal, or the King's
European consort. The elder daughter also received tiie
name and title of Ashraf-un-nisa BeganL She remained
unmarried all her life. The brother Joseph Walters re-
ceived the name of Amir Mirz&. He was brought up as a
Musalm&n of the Shi'a sect, and always took a pride in
showing himself as an orthodox follower of the Crescent.
After Wilayeti Mahal's death, her elder sister Ashraf-
un-nisa Begam succeeded to her estate, consisting of
Government Securities valued at 1,14,00,000 rupees besides
13
jewellery, moveable and immoveable property of consider-
able value. In 1832 Ashraf-un*nisa died, and was suc-
ceeded by Amir Mirz& her brother, who, squandered
almost the whole property by his reckless prodigality.
Amir Mirz& died on the 10th of January, 1870, in his 66th
year.
Amir Mo'izzi, iSj^^ji^} a celebrated poet of Samarkand
who served under Sultan Malik Sh£h and Sul^ Sanjar
Saljiiiki, and was honored with the title of Malik-ush-
Shua'r^, or the Royal Poet. He was accidentally killed
by an arrow shot by the latter prince. His Diwan con-
tains 15,000 verses. His death happened in the year 1147
A. D., 542 A. H. Hi« proper name was Amir All.
Amir Shahi, LSJ^^Jr^i^^j^^y of SabzwAr, a poet who
«• «•
flourished in the time of Shihrukh Mirz4 about the year
1436 A. D. Vide Shihi (Amir).
Amir Taimnr, ^^^^^^ J^J^y styled Sihib Kirin,
because he reigned more than 30 years. He is also called
Timarlang (Tamerlane) from some defect in his feet ; was
bom at Kush in ancient Sogdania on Tuesday the 9th
April, 1336, A.D. 27th Sha'ban, 736 A. H. Some say he was
the son of a shepherd, and others, that he was descended in
a right line from Kdjuli Bahadur, son of Tumana Kh^
of the same lineage with Changes Khan the celebrated
conqueror of Persia. His father's name was Amir Turi-
ghai and mother's Takina Kh4t(in ; however, his ob-
scurity was soon forgotten in the glory of his exploits.
Distinguished by his courage and unbounded ambition,
he gained a number of faithfiU adherents, and seized the
city of Balkh, the capital of Khur^Ls&n, and having put
to death Amir Husain the ruler of that place, whose sister
he had married, he ascended the throne on Wednesday
the 10th of April, 1370 A. D., 12th Rarazto, 771 A. H. He
then subdued Kandahar, Persia, and Baghdid, and second-*
ed by an enthusiastic army, he penetrated to India, took
Dehli on Tuesday the 17th December, 1398 A. D., 7th
Babf II, 801 A. H., with its immense treasures, and return-
ed to punish Baghdad that shook ofif his yoke. The offend-
ing city was given up to piUage, and 80,000 of her inhabi-
tants put to the swoid. Now master of the fairer part of
Asia, he interfered, at the request of the Greek emperor,
in the affairs of Baiazid (Bajazet) emperor of the Turks,
and commanded him to abandon the siege of Constanti-
nople. The message roused the indignation of Baiazid ;
he marched against the new enemy, and was defeated
by him in Phrygia, after a battle of 3 days, on Friday the
2l8t of July, 1402 A. D., 19th gil-bijja, 804 A. H. Baiazid
fell into the hands of the emporor, and was carried about
in mockery in an iron cage. To these conquests Taimiir
added Egypt and the treasures of Cairo, and then fixed
.the seat of his empire at Samar]|^and, where he received
the homage of Manuel Paleeologus, emperor of Constan-
tinople, and of Henry III, King of Castile, by their ambas-
sadors. Taim^ was preparing fresh victories by the
invasion of China, when death stopped his career on
Wednesday the 18th of February, 1406 A. D., 17th Sha'-
b&n, 807 A. H., in the 36th year of his reig^ aged 71 years,
and was buried at Samarkand. He was the first who
founded the dynasty of the Mughul emperors of DehlL
After his death he received the titie of " fWaus Makani,"
f . 0., " May paradise be his place of residence." He had
four sons, Wz., Jahang^ Mirzd, Umar Shaikh Mirzi,
Mir4n Shih and Shi^ukh Mirz&. Tamerlane on Ms
death-bed named his grandson Pir Muhunmad son of
Jah&ngfr Mirz&, the imiversal heir of all his dominions ;
but the contempt with which his will was treated after
his death, was equal to the veneration which had been
paid to his authority during his life. The Sult&n Khalil,
another of his grandsons, immediately took possession of
the capital of Samarkand, and proclaimed himself emperor.
Pir Muhammad did not live long enough to assert his
rights, but was assassinated tax months after the death of
Amir
50
Anarkali
his grandfather. After his death, Shihrukh Mirz6 the
youngest of the two surviving sons of Tamerlane, suc-
ceeded to the inheritance assigned for Pir Muhammad.
Lift of the kinfft of Stmarkand of the ruee of Amir Taimur.
Khalil Sult&n, the son of Miran ShOi.
Shdhrukh Mirzi, son of Amfr Taimiir.
Ala-ud-daula Mirxi.
TJlugh Beg Mirza, son of Shflirukh.
Mina Babar who subsequently conquered Dehli and be-
came the first emperor of the Mughuls in India.
Mirz£ Abdul-Latif.
Hirz£ 8hih Muhammad.
Mirzi Ibrahim.
Sultan Ab<i Sayyid.
Mirza Y&dgar Muhammad.
ATwir Yemin-uddin, Kji^^ ii^^^.j^, entitled M61ik-
ul-Fu2l&, t. e.j the prince of the learned, was a Turk and
an excellent poet. He flourished in the time of Sultan
Muhammad IQiud^ Banda, and died in 1824 A. D., 724
A. H., vide Tughardi.
Amili, </*^'> a poet who is the author ofaDiwdn. This
person appears to be the same with Shaikh Baha-uddin
'Amili.
Amina, *^ i, the wife of 'Abdullah, and mother of Mu-
hammad the prophet of the Musalm^ns. She was the
daughter of Wahab the son of 'Abdul jManif. She is
represented as the most beautiful, prudent and virtuous
lady of her tribe, and consequently the most worthy of
such an extraordinary person as 'Abdullah. She died six
years after the birdi of her son Muhammad, about the
year 577 A. D.
Amjad 'All Shah^ S^ fJ^ *^^^; ^^ ^^ ^^ o^ Muham-
mad All Sb^ whom he succeeded on the throne of Lakh-
nau as king of Oudh with the title of Suria Jah, on the
17th of May, 1842, 6th Rabf II, 1258 A. H., and died on
the 16th March, 1847 A. D., 26th Safar, 1268 A. H.
He was succeeded by his son Wijid Ali Shih, in whose
time Oudh was annexed to the British Goverment on the
7th of February, 1866 A. D.
«*»
'Ammar ibn Hissan, ^u-j^ e^U^-^^ ^^ ^^^ general of
the horse, and was killed in battle fought by All against
Mu'&wia the first khalif of the house of Umaia, in the
month of July, 667 A. D., Safar, 37 A. H. He was then
about 90 years of age, and had been in three several en-
gagements with Muhammad himself. Ho was one of the
murderers of Usman the 3rd khalif after Muhammad.
Amra-al EaiSy (jeJ^t ^l/^'^ ^^ ^^ ^^ Hajar, one of the
most illustrious poets the Arabians had before Muhamma-
danism. He is ono of the seven poets whose poems have,
for their excellency, been hung in the temple of Mecca.
' These poems were called *' Muallakat," (suspended), and
as they were written in letters of gold, they were also called
<« Muzahhibat." The names of these seven celebrated poets,
are Amra-al-Kais, Tarafa, Zuhfr, Labid, Antar, Amru
and Harath.
Amra-al-Eais is the same person who is commonly called
Majniin, the lover of Laila, and Labid was his friend
and master. Vide Lover of Majnun and Laila trans-
lated into English.
Amrit RaOy j\j ta»^l^ > Mahratt^ chief who had been placed
on the masnad of Pun& by Holkar in 1803 A. D., but
deposed by the British and a pension of 700,000 rupees
was assigned for his support annually. He was the son
of Raghunith R£o commonly called Kaghoba. For some
time he resided at Banaras and then in Bundelkhand;
and died at the former station in 1824, A. D.
Amru bin Mua'wiA, ^^U« {j*^j^, ^ ancient Arabian
poet whose collection of poems are to be found in the
Royal Library at Paris, No. 1120.
'Amru ibn A1-' As, ^jpUJ ^)^|^^ a celebrated Muham-
madan, at first the enemy and afterwards the firiend of
Muhammad, of whom, it is reported by tradition, that
Muhammad said, ** There is no truer Musalman, nor one
more steadfast in the faith than 'Amrd.'* He served in the
wars of Syria, where he behaved with singular courage
and resolution. Afterwards ITmar the khaHf sent him
into Egypt, which he zinced in 641 A. D., 20 A. H., and
became lioutenant of the conquered country. TTsmdn
continued him in that post four years, and then removed
him ; whereupon he retired to Palestine, where he lived
privately till Usman*s death. Upon this event, he went
over to Mu'iwia upon his invitation ; and took a great part
in the dispute between 'All and Mu'Awia. The latter re-
stored him to the lieutenancy of Eg^pt, and continued
him in it till his death, which happened in 663 A. D., 43
A. H. Before he turned Muhammadan, he was one of the
ihiee poets who were famous for writing lampoons upon
Muhammad, in which style of composition 'Amrd parti-
cularly excelled. There are some fine proverbs of his
remaining, and also some good verses. He was the son of
a courtezan of Mecca, who seems to have numbered some of
the noblest of the land among her lovers. When she gave
birth to this child, the infant was declared to have most
resemblance to 'As, the oldest of her admirers, whence, in
addition to his name of Anmi, he received the designation
of Ibn-al-* As.
'Amru, *H*** e>^ Jlr*^^ the son of Sa'id was a cousin of the
khalif 'Abdul-Malik. In the year 688 A. D., 69 A. H., the
khalif left Damascus to go against Misaa'b the son of Zuber,
and appointed Amru to take care of Damascus, who seized
upon it for himself^ which obliged 'Abdul-Malik to return.
After three or four davs the khalif sent for him and killed
him with his own hand.
» Amru bin Lais, ^ e^Xr^; brother of Ya'kub ibn Lais,
whom he succeeded in the government of Khur&san, &c.,
in 878 A. D., 266 A. H., and ruled over those countries
for 23 years. He was at last seized by Amir Isma'fl Sa-
mani in 900 A. D., 288 A. H., and sent to Baghdad where
he was confined for some time ; his execution was the last
act of the Khalif Al-Mo'tazid, who gave orders for it a few
months before his own death in 901 A. D., 289 A. H. He
was blind of ono eye. With Amru fell the fortunes of his
family. His grandson Tahir, struggled for power in his
native province : but after a reign of six years, during
which he conquered Firs, his authority was subverted by
one of his own officers, by whom he was seized and sent
prisoner to Baghdad. The only other prince of the family
of Bani Lais that attained any eminence, was a chief of
the name of Khalafl who established himself in Sist^ and
maintained his power over that province tiU the time of
Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. by whom he was defeated and
made prisoner.
Amurathy names of several emperors of Turkey written so
by Ebagliah writers, being a corruption of Murid, which
Anandpal, J^^\, son of Jaip&l I, riji of Lihor whom
he succeeded about the year 1001 A. D., and became
tributary to Sul^^n Mahmud of Ghazni He died about
the year 1013, and was succeeded in the government by
his son Jaipal II.
AnarkaU, uf^J I a famous lady, who Uved in the time
of the emperor Jahangir. Her mausoleum is at a place
called Anarkali in Labor, which is now used as a church.
Different stories are told concerning the name An^kali by
which the mausoleum as well as the baz^ in its vicinity
is known. According to some, it was the name of a
Anand
51
Aohadit
princefiB in Jahingd's time, while others say, that An&r-
kali was a beautiM handmaid with whom JahiLngir fell
in love, and who, on Shih Jahin becoming aware of it,
was buried alive. These stories may or may not be true,
but this much is at least certain, that the woman, after
whose name the building ia called, lived in the time of the
emperor Jahibgir or Shih Jahin, that Jahangir or some
other prince was madly in love witii her, and that her death
took place under such mournful circumstances, as broke the
heart of the fond lover, and led V^im in the height of his
passion and love for the princess who was no more, to com-
pose the following couplet, and have it engraved on her
tombstone : ^* Oh could I see again the fiioe of my angel,
for ever would I repeat thanks to the Almighty."
Anand Bao, Gteikwar^jt^CJ jfj jiif^ a Ma^hatti chief
of Bar6da, with whom the English €k>vemment, had in
1812 concluded a subsidiary alliance. Before the treaty
he was a nominal dependant of the Peshwa.
Anas, urt} a poet of Arabia.
>Andalib, V^»^, videKhwiju-Niai.
Anifl, ijr^} poetical name of Mohan L&l, which see.
Anisi Shamlu, jJLoLm ^j»»xjf^ a poet named YtU KuU Beg.
He was an intimate friend and constant companion of
prince Ibr&him Mirzi, a grandson of Shih l8ma*il Safwi,
consequently took the tafiiallas of Anisi. When 'Abdul-
lah Khan Uzba^ took Hirit he made a proclamation in
his army, that the life of Anlsf be spared, and treated him
with great respect. He came to India and received a
salary of 60,000 rupees, and a jagir. He died at Barhin-
pur in 1605 A. D., 1014 A. H., and haa left a Diwin and
a l^lasnawl called Mahmud Aikz.
Ang or Ungh Khan, a king of the Trit Tartars who
resided at Karakoram, and to whom the celebrated Jangez
Khin was at one time a tributary. He is also called
Prester John by the Syrian Missionaries. Jangez Khin
having thrown off his allegiance, a war ensued, which
ended in the death of Ang Khan in 1202 A. D.
Anjam, c^^^y ^^ poetical name of Nawib Umdat-ul-Mulk
Amfr Khin, ifide Amfr Khin.
Anup Bai, ^Jlf *^y^y ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^® emperor Jahindir
Sh&h, and mother of Alamgfr II, king of Dehll.
Anuahtakill, (irtf^y^^ ^^ cup-bearer of Sultin Sanjar,
and father of Sultin Kutb-uddui Muhammad of Khwirizm.
ATiiy 13111 Malik, «JJU eH(j*^T> ^^^ -^^^ HamzabinNasr-
al-Ansiri
'Ansuri, ^^^oU a poet of the court of Sul^in Mahmud
Vide Unsari.
Antar, J^^ one of the seven Arabian poets, whose poems
were hung up in the temple of Mecca in golden letters
and from that circumstance were called Mua'Uakit (sus-
pended), or Muzahhibit (golden). The first volume of the
history of Antir, called "the Life and Adventures of
Antir,** was translated into English and published in De-
cember 1818, in England. Vide Amra-al-Kais.
Anwari* iSjy*^ & fleunous Persian poet sumamed Ashad-
uddin. He formerly took for his poetical name, " Khif-
wari," but he changed it aftorwards to " Anwari." From
the superiority of Ms poetical talents, he was called the
king of the poets of Kiiurasin. He was a native of
Abiward in Ehurisin, was the favorite of Sul(in Sanjar
Baljiikl, and the rival of the poet Rasbidi sumamed
Watwit, who espoused the cause of Atsiz the Sul(in of
E[hwiriznu Whilst the two princes were engaged in
war, the two poets assailed one another by rhymes sent
on the point of arrows. He is also iftid to have been the
greatest astronomer of his age. It so happened in the
year 581 or 582 A. H., September, 1186 A. D., that there
was a coi^'unction of all the planets in the sign of
Libra ; Anwari predicted a storm which would eradicate
trees and destroy every building. When the fiital day
arrived, it was perfectly calm, and there was the whole
year so little wind, that the people were unable to winnow
their com. He was therefore accused for his predictions
as an astrologer, and was obliged to fly to Balkh where he
died in the reign of Sultin Aliuddfn Takash in 1200 A. D.,
596 A, H. His death is mentioned in the Khulisat-ul-
Asha'&r to have taken place in 587 A. H. and others have
written 592 A. H. Anwari, when very young, was sitting
at the gate of his college called Manstiria in Tiis, when
a man richly dressed rode by him on a fine horse, with a
numerous train of attendants ; upon his asking who it
was, he was told, that it was a poet belonging to the
court. When Anwarf reflected on tiie honor conferred on
poetry, for which art he had a very early bent, he applied
himself to it more ardently than ever, and having finished
a poem, presented it to the Sultin, who approved the
work and invited him to his palace, and raised him even
to the first honors of the State. He found many other
poets at court, among whom were Salmin, ZaZilr and
Hashidi, all men of wit and genius. Anwarf has left us
a collection of highly esteemed poems, on various subjects
called Diwin Anwari. Yerses from his poems are quoted
by Sa'di in his Gulist&n.
Anwari BIhan, O)^ S^^' ^ corraption of Abii Haihfe,
which see.
Anwar-uddin Khan, o^ iji'^^ jiP*, nawdb of the Kar-
natic, a soldier of fortune, who had attained power by
treacherous connivance to the murder of the legitimate heir,
a child whose guardian he had been appointed by Niz^-
ul-Mulk. He at first served under one of the emperors
of Dehli, and was appointed governor of Kor& Jahin&biui.
HI success, or perhaps ill conduct, preventing him from
being able to pay the usual revenues of his government
to the throne, he quitted it privately, and went to Ah-
madabad, where Ghizi-uddm Kh&n the father of Niz£m-
ul-Mulk, gave him a post of considerable trust and profit
in the city of Stirat. After the death of Ghazi-uddin, his
son who Imd succeeded in the Siibadari of the southern
provinces, appointed him Naw4b of Yalore or Yellore and
Bajmandrum, countries which he governed from 1725 to
1741 A. D., and in 1744 he was appointed governor of the
Eamatic. He was killed in battle fought against Mu-
zaffar Jang the grandson of Nizam-ul-Mulk, on the 23rd
of July 1749 O. S., 1162 A. H., who took possession of
the Xamatio. Anwar-uddfn was then 107 years old. His
eldest son was made prisoner and his second son Muham-
mad All fled to Trichinopoly. A heroic poem called
** Anwar Nama," in praise of this NawAb was written by
Abdl, in which the exploits of Major Lawrence, and the
first contests between the English and French in India,
are recorded with tolerable accuracy. (FufoSa'adat-ullah
Khfcn.) His son Muhammad AU was confirmed by
Kaw4b Nasir Jang in the government of the Kamatic in
1750, A. D.
Aohad Sabzwari, lSJ^Jj^ ^^J^ Ae^t>^, (Khw««a) poeti-
cal name of Khwnja Fakhr-uddfn, a physician, astronomer
and poet of Sabzwar. He died A. D. 1463, 868 A. H.,
aged 81 lunar years, and left a Dfwin in Persian contain-
ing Qhazals, Kasidas, &c.
Aohadi, C5"^^ the poetical name of Shaikh Aohad-uddin
of Isfiihan or Maragha, a celebrated Persian poet who put
into verse the " J4m-i-Jam," a book full of Muhammadan
spirituality, which he wrote in imitation of the Hadi^a
of Sanii ; he also wrote a Diw4n containing verses. He
was liberally rewarded by Arghtin Kh4n, the king of the
Aohad-
62
Ardisher
Tartars. He was a pupil of Aohad-uddin Kirm&nl ; died
in 1337 A. D., 738 A. H., and was buried at Maragha in
Tabreix.
Aohad-uddin Isfahani, (y^^l v:H«>^t«^jt, (Shaikh)
a Persian poet^ viiie Aohadf. *
Aohad-uddin Kirmani, tJ^J ui^^^j\, (Shaikh)
author of the " I^lisbah-ul-Arw&h.*' He flourished in the
reign of Al-Mustanasar Bill&h, khalif of Baghd^ and
died in the year 1298 A. D., 697 A. H. His poetical
name is Himid. He was a cotemporary of Shaikh Sa'di
of Shir&z.
Aohad-uddin, C^«>^f«^l, the surname of the celebrated
Anwari, which see.
Aoji, (^y> a poet who died in 1640 A. D., 1060 A. H.
Aurangy ^Jjl^j name of a lover whose mistress was Gul-
chehiu.
Aurangabadi Begam, ^^ (SJ^^jy^y one of the wives
of the emperor Aurangzeb ' Alamgir.
Aurangzeb, ^^Jr^Jjf} the son of Shilh Jahin emperor of
Dehli. On his accession to the throne, he took the title
of 'Alamgir, agreeably to the custom of the Eastern princes,
who always assume a new one on that occasion. Vide
*Alamgir.
Apa Sahib, V^*^ ^T, a nephew of IUlgh6jf Bhonsla II,
and cousin to Parsarim Bhonsla, commonly called B&U
S&hib, raja of N&gpdr or Bcfar. The latter succeeded his
father in March 1816, but being an idiot and unfit to rule,
'Ap& Sahib assumed the chief authority under the title
of Regent, and had the sole conduct of the public aflfairs.
Although he was in a great degree indebted for his ele-
vation to the English Government, he early evinced a dis-
position as inconsistent with the gratitude which he owed
to that State, as with the obligations of good faith. It
was also discovered that he had secretly murdered his
predecessor B4U S^b (Parsar&m) in order to obtain that
elevation which he had so disgraced. He was conse-
quently seized in the beginning of the year 1818, and
brought to the Kesidency, where he continued in confine-
ment till directed to be sent under a strong escort to the
Company's territories. "When arrived at Haichora, a
village within one march from Jabalp(ir, he contrived by
bribing some of his guards, to make his escape. It is
believed that, after having for a short period foimd a
refuge in Asirg^h, he fled to the Panj&b where he re-
mained a miserable dependant on the charity of Haja
Hanjit Singh. After the dethronement of 'ApiL Sahib,
the grandson of Raghoji Bhonsla was raised to the masnad
of N4gpur. Vide Part^p Singh Kardyan.
Apa Sahib, V^'^ '^ • ^ also called Shalyi, third brother
of Partap Singh Nar&yan, raja of Sat&ra. After the de-
thronement of his brother in 1839, he was placed on the
masnad of Sat&ra by the British Qovemmcnt, and died
on the 6th April, 1848. Before his death he expressed
a wish that he might adopt as a son, a boy by name Bal-
want Rdo Bhonsla, it was, however, determined to annex
Satiffa.
'Arabshah, JJ^*Tir*> author of a history of Amir Taimtir
(Tamerlane) called " Ajfeeb-ul-Makdur," and of a treatise
on the unity of God. He was a native of Damascus,
where he died in 1450 A. D., 864 A. H. He is also called
Ibn 'Arabshah, and Ahmad Ibn Arabshih.
Aram Bano Begam, f^y^ (♦!;'> a daughter of the
emperor Akbar, who died in the 40th year of her age in
1624 A. D., 1033 A. H., during the reign of Jah&ngir her
brother, and is buried in the mausoleum of Akbar at
Sikandra in Agra. Her tomb is of white marble. Her
mother's name was Bfbi Daulat Shad, and her sister's
name Shakr-un-nisa Begam.
Aram Shah, *^ f!;T, (Sultin) king of DehH, succeeded
his father SulUn Kutb-uddfn Aibak in 1210 A. D., 607
A. H., and had scarcely reigned one year when he was
deposed by Altimsh, (the adopted son and son-in-law of
Kutb-uddin) who assumed the title of Shams-nddfn
Altimsh.
Araru, JjrJ*} a zamind&r of Kor4 in the province of Alla-
h&bdd, was of the tribe of Ehichar, who taking advantage
of the weakness of the empire, slew Naw&b Jdn Nisitr Khin
(brother to the wazir's wife), chakladAr of 'that district
in 1731 A. D., 1144 A. H., upon which 'Azim-ullah Khin
the son of the deceased was sent with an army to chastise
him, but the zamindar took refuge in his woods, and for
a long while eluded his pursuer, who, tired out, returned
to Dehli, leaving his army under the command of Ehw&-
rizm Beg Khan. Arafu, emboldened by the Naw&b*s
retreat, attacked and slew the deputy ; upon which the
wazir Kamar-uddm Kh&a applied for assistance to Bur-
hdn-ul-Mulk Sa'fidat Khan Subadar of Oudh, for the
reduction of the rebel. Sa'adat Khan marched against
Araru in 1736 A. D., 1148 A. H., killed him in a battie
and sent his head to the emperor Muhammad Sh^. The
skin of his body was flayed off*, and sent stufied with straw
to the wazur.
Ardai Viraf, ^bj (S^Jy a priest of the Magian religion,
who lived in the time of Ardisher B&bag&n king of Persia,
and is the author of the " Ardai Virilf Kama" which he
wrote in the Zend, or the original Persian language. See
Nousherwdn Kirmani.
Ardisher Babakan, ij^^'^j\, or Bdbagan, the son of
B&bak, was, we are told a descendant of Sas&n the son of
Bahman and grandson of Isfandiar. He was the first
king of the Sasinian dynasty. His father Bilbak, who
was an inferior officer in the public service, aft^ putting
to death the governor appointed by Ardawan (Artabanes)
made himself master of the province Pars. The old man
survived but a short time. His son Ardisher, after set-
tling the aflairs of Pars, not only made himself master of
Isfahan, but of almost aU Ir&k before Ardaw^, who was
the reigning prince, took the field against him, about the
year 223 A. D. The armies met in the plains of Hurmuz,
where a desperate battle ensued, in which Ardawim lost
his crown and his life ; and the son of Babak was hailed
in the field with the proud title of Shahan Shih, or King
of kings. He was, contemporary with Alexander Severus
theKoman emperor. Ardisher (whom the Eoman his-
torians call Artaxerxes) having reigned 14 years as ab-
solute sovereign of Persia, resigned the government into
the hands of his son, Shdhp(ir, called by the T^manH^
Sapor or Sapores, in the year 238 A. D.
The following ie a list of the kings of Persia of the
JSdsdnian race.
1.
Ardisher.
16.
Hurmuz or Hurmuzd III.
2.
Shahpur I.
17.
Flr6z.
3.
Hurmuzd I.
18.
Balas or Palash.
4.
Bahr&m I.
19.
KubiUl.
6.
Bahrdm 11.
20.
J^^p.
6.
Bahrtim in.
21.
Nausherwibi (Kasra).
7.
Narsu
22.
Hurmuzd.
8.
Hurmuzd II.
23.
Khusro Parwez.
9.
Sh/lhp6r II.
24.
Sherdya.
10.
Ardisher II.
25.
Ardisher 111.
11.
Shahpur IH.
26.
Shabri^r.
12.
Bahr4m IV.
27.
Taran or Pfirdn Dukht.
13.
Yezdijard I,
28.
Azarmi Dukht.
14.
Bahr^m G6r.
29.
Farrukhzdd Bakhtiar.
16.
Yezdijard II.
30.
Yezdijard III.
Ardisher
53
Arzami
Ardisher, J^^J^y (or Artaxerxes) II sncceeded his father
Shihpdr II in the year 380 A. D., and sat on the throne
of Persia only four j^ears, during which period no event
of consequence occurred. He was deposed in 384 A. D.,
hy his brother Shahpiir III, who succeeded him.
Ardisher, ^ri^«^;^ (or Artaxerxes) III, a king of Persia,
of the S^anian race, who reigned about the year 629
A. D., at Sheroya.
Ardisher Darazdast, ^^*^^)b^ j^'^^J^ y an ancient king
of Persia, the Artaxerxes Longimanus of the Greeks,
sumamed Bahman, was the son of Isfandiar. He suc-
ceeded his grandfather, Grashtasp, as king of Persia in
464 B. C. He is celebrated for the wisdom he displayed
in the internal regulation of his empire. In the com-
mencement of the reign of this monarch, the celebrated
Rustam was slain by the treachery of his brother. This
prince is named Ahasuerus in Scripture, and is the same
who married Esther, and during the whole of his reign
shewed the greatest kindness to the Jewish nation. The
long reign of this monarch includes that of two or more
of his immediate successors, who are not noticed by
Persian writers. According to them, he ruled Persia 112
years, and was succeeded by his daughter Queen Hum&i.
Arghun Ehan, u^^ uyi)^ the son of Ab&k4 Khan and
grandson of Halaku Khiin, was raised to the throne of
Persia after the murder of his uncle Ahmad Kh&n, sur-
named Nekod&r, in August, 1284 A. D., Jamad I, 683
A. H. His reign was marked by few events of conse-
quence. Ho rtH-alled the celebrated Shams-ud'din Mu-
hammad Sahib Diwan his father's wazir, who, disgusted
with court, had retired to Isfah&n : but this able minister
was hardly re-established in his office, before his enemies
persuaded the prince that he had actually poisoned his
&ther ; and the aged wazir was in the same year made
over to the public executioner. Amir Buka, the rival
of Shams-ud-dm, rose, upon his fall, to such power that
he was tempt< d to make a grasp at the crown : but he
was unsucceh.<:>ful, and lost his life in the attempt. Arghun
Kh£n died on Saturday the 10th of March, 1291 A. D.~,
6th Rabi' I, 690 A. H., after a reign of 6 years and 9
months, and was succeeded by his brother Kaijaptd or
EaikhattL
Arghun Shah Jani Kurbani, (^^ ij^ «^ c^^^f
,jV^i (Amfr) who reigned in Naishapiir and Tiis about
the year 1337 A. D., and was defeated by the Sarbadals
of Sabzw&r.
'Arif , *^J^f the poetical name of the son of GhuUm Husain
Kh&n. He wag an excellent Urdu poet of DehlL and
died in 1862 A. D., 1268 A. H.
'Arifiy i^) (MauUna) a Persian poet who flourished in
the time of tho wazir khwaja Muhammad bin Is-hak,
and wrote a work in his name called " Dah Kama." He
lived in the 9th century of the Hijri era.
'Arifly i^J^y (Maulan&) son of Mub^k Maskhara, was a
learned Musalnmn, and was living in 1680 A. D., 988
A. H., when ho wrote a chronogram on the death of
Klbim Eiihi who died in that year, during the reign of
^e emperor Akbur.
Axjumand Bano Begam, (^» y^, <^^j^ enUtied
Mumt&z Mahil (now corrupted into TAj MahAl, and Taj
Bibi) was the favorite wife of the emperor Sh£h JahiLn,
and daughter of 'Asaf Kh&[i, wazir, the brother of the
celebrated Niir Jahan Begam. She was bom in the year
1692 A. D., 1000 A. H., and married to the prince Mirzil
> Khurram (afterwards Sh&h Jahin) in 1612 A. D., 1021
A. H., by whom she had several children. She died in
14
child-bed a few hours after the birth of her last daughter,
named Dahar Ari, on the 7th of July, 1631 0. S., lYth
^il-^^ijja 1040 A. H., at Burhanpui in the Dakhan, and
was at first buried there in a garden called Zainabad, and
afterwards her remains were removed to Agra, where a
most splendid mausoleum was built over her tomb, all
of white marble decorated with mosaics, which for the
richness of the material, the chastcness of the design, and
the effect at once brilliant and solemn, is not surpassed by
any other edifice either in Europe or Asia. It was
completed in 1645 A. D., 1066 A. H , and is now called
the " T4j," or " Taj Mah&l," which is said to have cost
the enormous sum of £750,000. The chronogram of her
death contains in the word " Gham," or Grief. She was
also called Kudsia Begam.
Aljun Singh, *^*^ e;^>)^ was one of the three sons of
Hija Mansingh. Vide Ain Translation, I, 486.
Arpa SIhan, U^^ V;^ one of the princes of the Tartar
family, was crowned king of Persia after the death of
Abu Sa{d Khin Bahadur, in November, 1336 A. D., 736
A. H. He reigned five months and was killed in battle
against Musi Khan in 1336 A. D., who succeeded him.
Vide Abd Said Khan Bahadur.
Arsalan Khan, c;^ yj^jj title of ArsaUn Kuli, the son
of Alahwardi Kh&n I, was a nobleman in the service of
the emperor Alamgir, and was living about the year 1696
A. D., 1108 A. H.
Arsalan Shah, ^ \J^J^f the son of Sultin Masa'ud III
of Ghaznf. He murdered his brother Sherz4d in 1116
A. D., 609 A. H., and having ascended the throne, he
imprisoned all his other brothers excepting Bahram Sh&h,
who fled to Khur^ls&n and sought assistance of Sultan
Sanjar his uncle. Sanjar in the year 1118 A. D., 612
A. H., marched to Ghazni and in a battle defeated
Arsalin 8h4h, who made his escape to L&hor but was
soon after taken prisoner and put to deaUi, when Bahr&m
Sh^ ascended the throne.
Arsalan Shah, S^t^^t, a king of Ehwaiizm and son of
Atsiz. Vide Alp Arsal&a.
Arsalan Shah Saljuki, k/j^^ *^ c^^j^ the son of
Tughral II, and grandson of Sultin Muhammad, brother
to Sultan Sanjar. Arsal4n ShiLh died in January. 1176
A. D., 671 A. H. His son Tughral III who succeeded
him, was the last Sultin of the family of the Saljdkides
who reigned in Persia.
'Arsh-Ashaiani, 4^^ i cA/^ the title given to the empe-
ror Akbar I, after his death.
'Arshi, iS^J^y whose proper name was M(r Muhammad
Momin, was a brother of Mir Silah Kashifi the son of
Mir AbduUih Mushkfn Kalam Husaini, who was a cele-
brated calligrapher under Jahangir. Arshf is the author
of a poem called " Shihid-Arshi," composed in the year
1659 A. D., 1070 A. H., also of another work entitled
" Mehr wa Wafi,*' and of a Dlwan. •
Artaxerxes, rtV& Ardisher.
Arzami Dnkht, *^*^^ j/^JdS a queen of the FendanSy
whose general named Mehrin being killed in a battle
against the Saracens, she- was deposed by the people, who
placed Yezdijard III upon the throne in her stead, a
young man of the royal family. But this did not much
mend the matter, the government of the new king of
theirs, being even more inauspicious than that of the
queen ; for in her reign the confines of the empire were
only invaded, but in his, all was entirely lost, and the
whole kingdom and country of the Persians fell into the
hands of the Musalmins. The accession of Tezdijard is
Arasani
64
Asaf
placed by Sir John Malcolm in 632 A. D., 11 A. H., but
Major Price fixes it in 636 A. D., 14 A. H. Vide Turdn-
dukht.
Arzani Begam, ^^. {^jj^y was the daughter of Shahriar
who was married, in the 16th year of Jahiingir's reign,
to Mihr-un-nisa the daughter of Nur Jahan. Vide Ain
Translation, I, 331.
Arzu, j)jh the poetical name of Siraj-ud-din All Khan,
which see.
Asa Ahir, ^*' ^T^ a shepherd chie^ who built the
fortress of Asirgarh in the Dakhan in the 14th century;
he had some 2000 retainers. The hill had long before
been encircl(;d by a wall to protect the cattle, and it was
to employ the poor that Asa constructed instead of the
fortifications which still remain beyond all comparison,
the strongest native built fortress in India. Asa was put
to death by Malik Nasir, the Jkluhammadan chief of
Khandais, who possessed himself of the stronghold by
treachery, and completed the foii>ifications. Two cen-
turies later Asfrgarh and all Nimar were conquered by
Akbar and inoorporat<>d with the Mughal empires. It
was taken by the British in 1817.
Asady *^^^ the poetical name of Mirza Asad-ullah Khan
usually called Mirza Noushah. Uis ancestors were of
Samarkand, but ho was bom at Agra ; but was brought
up and lived at Dehli whore he rose to great fame as a
poet and writer of the Persian language, whilst his com-
positions in^ Urdu were not less admired. He won the
favour of Bahadur Shah, the last king of Dehli, who con-
ferred upon him the title of Nawab and appointed him
royal preceptor in the art of poetry. He is the author of a
Persian Insha, a Masnawi in praise of 'Ali, and a Diwan
in Persian and another in Urdu. Both have been printed.
He was in 1852 A. D., sixty years of age, living at Delili,
and was engaged in compiling a history of the Mughal
emperors of India. His poetical name is Ghdlib, which
see. He died in the year 1869, 1286 A. H.
Asadi Tusi, i/*>^ *^**^ a native of Tusin the province of
Khurasan, and one of the most celebrated Persian poets
at the court of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, whom the
Sultan often intreated to undertake the Sh&h ^ama, but
ho excused himself on account of his age. His best work
is supposed to be lost. He waa the master of Firdausi,
who afterwards composed the Shah N£ma. It is said that
Firdausi on his departure from Ghazni requested bim
to finish the Shah Nama which was yet incomplete, and
that Asadi composed that part of the poem between the
Arabian conquest of eastern Persia under the khalif
'Umar, to the end, consisting of 4,000 couplets. The year
of Asadi' s death is unknown, but it appears from the
above circumstance, that he was living in 1010 A. D.,
401 A. H., in which year Firdausi departed froin Ghazni.
The most celebrated of the other works of Asadi now
extant, is his dispute between Day and Night, a trans-
lation of which in English verse is to bo found in the
*' Rose Garden of Persia," by Louisa Stuart Costollo, pub-
liihed, London, 1846. n
Asad Khan, c^^ **^' v!y^ (Kawab) entitled Asaf-ud-
daula and Jumlat-ul-]Mulk, was descended from an
illustrious family of Turkmans. His father who fled
from the oppressions of JShah Abbas of Persia into Hin-
dustan, was raised to hi^h rank by the emperor Jahangir
with the title of Zulfilcar Khan, and married to the
daughter of a new relation to his empress Nur Jahan.
His son Asad Khasi (whose former name was Ibrahim)
was very early noticed by Shah Jahan, who married him
to a daughter of his wazir 'Asaf Khiui, and promoted
him to the office of second Bakhshi, which he held till
the 15th year of 'Alamglr (1671 A. D.) when he was
raised to the rank of 4,000, and a few years afterward*
to the office of wazir and highest order of nobility, seven
thousand. In the reign of Bahadur Sh£h he was ap-
pointed "Wakil Mutlak (an office superior to wazfr), and
his son Isma'll made Mir Bakhshi or chief paymaster
with the title of Amir-ul-'Umra ZulfildLr Khan ; but on
the accession of Farrukhsiar, he waa disgraced, hia estates
seized, and his son put to death. Since that period, he
lived upon a scanty pension in a sort of confinement,
but much respected by all ranks. He died in the year
1717 A. D., 1129 A. H., aged 90 lunar years, andVa»
buried with great funeral pomp at the expense of the
emperor, in a mausoleum, erected by his fcither for the
family.
Asad-uUah al-GhaUb, V^^' ^\ «^t , the conquer-
ing lion of God, an epithet of Alf the son-in-law of
Muhammad.
Asad-uUah Asad Yar "Kh^Uj ad^ j^^^^ VS'^^N
(Nawab), he lived in the time of the emperor Muhammad
Shah, and died in 1745 A. D., 1158 A. H. His poetical
name was Ins^, which see.
Asad-uUah Khan, u^ V «^» l;>«,. (Mirzi) vide
Asad, and Ghalib.
Asaf, ^-^^1, a .1 itive of Kumm in Persia, who came to
India in the : i^n of the emperor Sh£h Jahin, and is the
author of a Div un.
Asafl, c5*^1' *^!>^, (Khw£ja) son of KhwAja Na'mat.ul-
Idh, was an elegant poet. Asaff is his poetical name,
which he took on account of his father having served in
the capacity of wazir to Sultan Abu Sa'id Mirza ; for,
they say, that Asaf or Asaph of the Scriptures, was wazir
to king Solomon. He was one of the contemporaries and
companions of Jimi, and took instructions from him in
the art of poetry. He died about the month of August,
1520, A.D., 16th Shaban 926 A.H., aged more than 70, and
was buried at Hirat ; but according to the work called
Khulasat-ul-Asha'ir, he died in 920 A. H. He is the
author of a Biwin or book of Odes called Diwan Asafi,
and a Masnawi in the measure of ** Makhzan-ul-Asrar."
Asaf Jah, »^ *-*'*T, the titie of the celebrated NizAm-nl.
Mulk of Haidardbid.
Asaf Khan I, e>^ ^^A^I, sumamed Abdul Majid, was
a nobleman in the time of the emperor Akbar, who in
1565 A. D., 973 A. H., distinguished himself by the
conquest of Garrak6ta, a principality on the Narbada,
bordering on Bundelkhand. It was governed by a queen
or Rani named Durgawati, who opposed the Muhammadan
general in an unsuccessful action, and when seeing her
army routed and herself severely wounded, she avoided
falling into the hands of the enemy by stabbing herself
with a dagger. Her treasures, which were of great value,
fell into the hands of Asaf Khan; he secreted a great
part, and the detection of this embezzlement was tho
immediate cause of his revolt. Ho was, however, subse-
quently pardoned, and after the conquest of Chittour,
that country was given to * Asaf Kh&n in jagur.
Asaf Khan II, U^ *-^T title of Khraj-Ghayas-ud-dm
Alf Qaiwanf, tho son of Aq4 MuUAnd uncle to Asaf
Khin J4far Beg. Ho held the Bakhshigari in the time
of the emperor Akbar, and after the conquest of Gujrat
in 1573 A. D., 981 A. H. in which he distinguished himself,
the titie of Abbis Kh^ was conferred on him. He died hi
Gujrat in 1581 A. D., 989 A. H., and after his death his
nephew Mirza JiEax Beg was buried with the title of
A^Kh^n.
Asaf
55'
'Ashik
Asaf Khan III, "^j^ u;^ ^^'^f commonly caUed
Mirzil Ja'fiar Beg, was the son of •]Mirz& :^adi-uz-Zamdn,
and grandson of Akk IMulU Kazwini. He was bom at
Kazwin, and came to India in his youth 1677 A. D., 985
A. H. At the recommendation of his uncle "Miizi Ghaias-
nd-din, who was a nobleman at the court of the emperor
Akbar, and bore then the title of Asaf Khdn, was received
with honor, and after the death of his uncle the office of
Bakhshigari was conferred on him with the title of Asaf
Khin, 1681 A. D., 989 A. H. He was an excellent poet,
and was one of the many that were employed by the
emperor in compiling the ** Tarikh Alfi," and after the
assassination of Mull4 Ahmad in 1588 A. D., 996 A. H.
the remainder of the work was written by him up to the
year 997 A. H. He is also called Asaf Khan Mirza
Ja'far Bakhshi Begi, and is the author of a poem called
"Shirin wa Khusro." The office of chief Diw&n was
conferred on him by the emperor in 1698 A. D., 1007
A. H., and in the reign of Jahangir, he was raised to the
high post of wazarat. He died in the year 1612 A. D.,
1021 A. H. In his* poetical compositions he used the
name of Ja'far. One of his sons who also bore the name
of Ja'far became an excellent poet and died in the time of
'Alamgir, A. D. 1682, 1094 A. H.
Asaf Ehan IV, c)^ ^-^t, the title of 'Abiil Hasan,
who had several other titles conferred on him at differ-
ent times, such as Ya'tkad Khan, Yemm-ud-daula, &c.,
was the son of the celebrated wazir Ya'tmad-ud-daula,
and brother to Nur Jahan Bogara. After his father's
death in 1621 A. D., 1030 A. H., he was appointed wazir
by the emperor Jahangir. His daughter Arjumand Bano
Begam also called MumtAz Mahsil, was married to the
prince Shah Jahan. 'Asaf Khan died at Lah6r in the
16th year of Shah Jahan on the 10th November, 1641
O. S., 17th Sha^ban, 1051 A. H., aged 72 lunar years,
and was buried there on the banks of the Rawi opposite
to the city of Lah6r. Besides Mumtaz Mahal, ho had
four sons: viz,, Shaista Khan; Mirai Masih who was
drowned in a drunken frolic in the river Behat in Kash-
mir ; Mirza Husain, of moderate abilities, and little note ;
and Shihnawaz Khan who rose to much reputation and
distinction. , ^
Asaf-ud-daula, *^J*^* '"*^'> ^ title of Asad Khan,
which see.
Asaf-ud-daula, *"!^»^^ *-*^' v'y^ (Nawdb) the eldest
son of Nawab Shujda'-ud-daula of Audh, after whose
death in January 1775, A. D., ^il-kada 1188 A. H., he
succeeded to his dominions, and made Lakhnau the seat
of his government, which formerly was at Faizabad. He
died, after a reign of 23 lunar years and seven months,
on Friday the 2l8t of September, 1797 A. D., 28th liabi
I 1212 A. H., and was buried in the Jmim Bafa at
Lakhnau of which he was the founder. His eldest
adopted son, Wazir Ali Khan, agreeably to his request,
WW placed on the masnad, but was after four months
depo^d by Sir John Shore, then Governor of Calcutta,
and Sa'adat Ali Khan, the brother of the deceased, raised
to the masnad. Asaf-ud-daula is the author of a Diwan
in Urdti and Persian.
Asalat Khan, c^^ vsJUl, title of Mfr Abdul Hadl son
of Mir Mirin Yezdi, was a nobleman in the service of
the emperor Sh4h JahM. He died in the year A. D.
1647, 1067 A. H.
Asalat Khan, e;^ ^^», title of Mirz4 Muhammad son
of Mirz4 Badia' of Mashhad. He came to India in the
19th year of Shah Jahan 1646, A. D., 1066 A. H., and
was raised to the rank of 6,000 by the emperor 'Alamgir,
in whose time he died 1666, A. D., 1076 A. H.
Asam or Aiham, (^^ poetical name of Hafiz-ullfih,
which see.
Asar, yh poetical name of Akhund Shi&'l or Shafui'ii of
Shirdz who died at Ldr in the year 1701 A. D., 1113
A. H., and left a Diwan containing 10,000 verses.
A8ar,^'> poetical name of Naw&b Husain All Khin, son of
Amir-ud-daula Haidar Beg Khan. He is the author of
a Piwiln.
'Asi, ij^^j the poetical name of Ghulam Sarwar, author
of the Kaf N4ma, which consists of Ghazals, all the verses
of which end in Kaf, hence the name ; another peculiarity
is that the first letter of every verse of the first Ghazal is
Alif, of the second Be, of the third Te, &o., a ghazal for
every letter of the alphabet.
Asir, J^^y poetical name of Sayyid Gulzar Ali, the son of
Nazfr, a poet of Agra. Ve is the author of an Urdti
Diwan, and is still living in ^gra, (1878).
Asir, -H^'> commonly called Alirza Jalal Asir, a celebrated
poet of Persia and a relation of Shah Abb^ the groat.
He flourished about the year 1600 A. D., never came to
India, and is the author of a Diwan in Persian. He died
in 1630 A. D., 1040 A. H.
Asir-ud-din Akhsikati, ^yXju^i ^^^^l jx^\ a native
of Akhsikat a city in the province of Farghdna, was an
excellent poet and contemporary with Khakanf. He died
in A. D., 1211, 608 A. H. He spent the greatest part
of his life at the courts of the Atibaks, and stood in high
favor with Arsalan Shah, the son of Tughral, Eldiguz
and Kizil Arsalan.
Asir-ud-din Aomani or Aamani, t5^^j' uri^^^,
a poet of Hamdan, who was a pupil of Nasir-ud-din Tdsi.
He is the author of a Diw&n in Persian and Arabic.
Asir-ud-din ibn-Umar al-Abhari, cs/t?^' -r^ (j^
^J{ jx^\^ author of the " Kashf," " *< Zubda," and
" Hidaya," which is also called Hidayet-ul-Hikmat, the
Guide to Philosophy. He died in 1344 A. D., 746 A. H.
Asghar, c)^ (iKr'^^r***^ Husain Kh£n (Nawdb) of Pup-
rukhib&d in 1874 went to Bombay intending to proceed
to Mecca on a pilgrimage.
'Ashrati, J^J^f fnde IshratL
Asha'ri, c^r*^', the surname of one of the most celebrated
doctors among the Musalmdna, named Abul Hasan All
bin-Isma'il. He died in 936 or 941 A. D., 324 or 329
A. H.
'Ashik, i3^^> poetical name of Mahdi Ali Khin, grandson of
Naw^b All Mard&n Kh^n. He is the author of 3 Diw^ns
in Urdu, two in Persian, a book called Hamla Haidari
and several works.
' Ashik, O^^j poetical name of Shaikh Niir-ud-dm Muham-
mad, the author of the Masnawi called " Aish wa Tarab,"
Enjoyment and Merriment, composed in 1668 A. D., 1079
A. H.
'Ashik Fasha, ^^ c^^ a Turkish poet, who was bom
at Hirshari, in the reign of 8ul(an Orkhan the successor
of Othman, and died at no very advanced age, in the
reign of MurAd I. He was, says Von Honnuz,
one of the richest Shaikhs of lus time, but lived
nevertheless the life of a simple darvesh, from conscien-
tious motives. His Diwin or great work, in imitation of
Jalal-ud-dfn Btimi's is a collection of mystical poetry
exceeding ten thousand distichs, .and divided into ten
booksy each book into ten parts.
'Ashik
66
Atabak
'Aahik, J-^^, poetical name of Mauland Abul Khair of
Khw&zizm, which see.
Ashk **^f, poetical name of Muhammad Khalfl-ullah
Khan, which see.
Aflhnay ^^^T^ poetical name of Mirz£ Muhammad Tahir
who had the title of Inait Khan. He was a son of
Nitwab Zafar Khin Ihsan, and died in 1666 A. D., 1077
A. H. His complete work is called '* KulUat 'Ashna,"
in which Kasidas are to be found in praise of Shah Jahin
and B&ri Shikdh.
Ashnay ^^T^ the poetical name of Ghaias-ud-din who died
in A, D. 1662, 1073 A. H.
Ashob, ^J^h the poetical name of Muhammad Bakhsh,
a poet who flourished in Audh during the reign of Asaf-
ud-daula and his father Shujaa'-ud-daula. He is the
author of a Diwan.
Ashraf, ^^i^^^j or Darwesh Ashraf. He flourished under
Baisanghar's son, and has left a Diw4n.
Ashraf Ali Khan Koka, ^^ c^^ iJ^ «4r^^
vide Fighin.
Ashraf, *>-?/^'^ poetical name of Mirzi Muhammad Sa'id of
Mazandaran, son of Mulla Muhammad Kana'. He came
to India and was appointed to instruct Zebun Kisa
Bcgam, the daughter of the emperor 'Alamgir. He died
at Mungair. He is the author of a Diwan and several
Masnawis.
Ashraf, ^^i/^^} the poetical name of Muhammad Hasan, son
of Shih Muhammad Zam&n of Allah&bdd. He was pro-
bably alive in 1862 A. D., and is the author of a Masnawi
caUed " Ma'dan Faiz.**
Ashraf Khan, c^^ **V**'^ title of Mirza Muhammad
Ashraf the son of Isl&m Khdn Mashhadf. In the reign
of Shah Jah&n, he held the rank of loOO, and the tiUu of
Ya'tmad Khan. In the time of 'Alamgir he was raised
to the rank of 3000 with the title of Ashraf Khan, and
died five days after the conquest of Bijapur on the 17th
September, 1686 A. D., 9th ^il-kada, 1097 A. H.
Ashraf Ehan, e;^ ^^^j whose proper name was Mu-
hammad Asghar, was a Sayyad of Mashhad, and held the
ofiice of Mir Munshi in the time of the emperor Akbar.
He wrote a beautiful hand, and was an excellent poet.
He composed a chronogram on the death of Muhammad
Yusaf in 1562 A. D., 970 A. H., another on the completion
of the mosque of Shaikh Salim Chishti at Fathapur
Sikri in 1671 A. D., 979 A. H., and one on the conquest
of Surat by Akbar on the 1st of January, 1573, A. D., 26th
Sha'ban, 980 A. H. He accompanied Munaim KMn
Khankhin^ to Bengal and died at Lakhnauti in the
year 1576 A. D., 983 A. H. At the time of his death he
held the rank of 2,000.
Ashraf, «-i;^'> a ^^^ o^ ^^ Afghans of the tribe of Ghil-
sai, who was elected on the 22nd of April 1726 O. S., by
the AfgTiAnn as successor of his cousin or uncle Mahmiid,
another chief of the same tribe, who had usurped the
throne of Persia in the time of bSul^dn Husain Safwi
whom he kept in confinement. A hraf on his accession
murdered the latter, and sent his corpse to be interred in
Kumm. He was defeated by Nair Kuli (afterwards
Nadir ShiUi) in 1729 A. D., 1142 A. H., who placed
Shah Tahmasp II, son of Sul^in Husain on the throne.
Ashraf was afterwards seized and murdered by a BiUoch
chief between Kirm&n and Kandahar in January, 1730
A. D.y 1143 A. H.y and his head sent to Sh&b. Tahmasp.
'Ashrat, <^j^j nVfolshiat.
' Ashrati, i^^j^^j name of a poet, vids Ishratf.
'Asif Khan, vide Asaf Kh&n.
'Asimi, iS*^^> an Arabian poet who lived in the time of
Khwi,ja Niz&m-ul-Mulk, and wrote beautiful paneg^^rics
in his praise.
'Afitjudi, C5«*?**", a powerful poet at the court of Sultan
Mahmiid of Ghazni, was a native of Marv, and one of the
scholars of 'Unsari. He evinced in his works much
genius; but they are scarce, and the greatest part of
them are lost.
Askaran, e^;^' *^!;^ (Baj4) brother of EAji Bihiri Mai
Kachhw&ha. He served under the emperor Akbar for
several years, and died some time after the year 1688
A. D., 996 A. H. After his death, his son Eaj Singh was
raised to high rank and honors.
'Askari, (Ar^^ (♦^^ (Imim) vide Hasan Askarf.
'Askari, (SJ^'^ bj^y (Mirza) third son of the emperor
Babar Shah. On the accession of his eldest brother
Humdyun to the throne of Dihli, the district of Sark^
Sambhal was conferred on him as jugir. He was sub-
sequently kept in confinement for some time on account
of his rebellious conduct by Humsyun on his return from
Persia. He afterwards obtained permission to go on a
pilgrimage to Mecca, but died on his way across the
deserts of Arabia in the year 1664 A. D., 961 A. H. He
left one daughter who was married to YCisaf Kh£n, an
inhabitant of Mashhad.
Asmai, (,£s*^'''> surname of Abii Said Abdul Malik bin
Kureb, which see.
'Asmat^ s£*.*rf»ap^ Qr Ismat, poetical name of Khw&ja Asmat-
uUah of Bukhara. He was descended from a noble family
of Bukhara tracing his ancestry to Ja'far, the son of Abu
Talib the father of Ali. He was successfiil in all kinds of
poetical composition ; and flourished in the time of prince
Mirza Khalil, the grandson of i^mir Taimiir, whom he
instructed in the art of poetry. He died in the year
1426 A. D., 829 A. H., and has left a Diwdn consisting
of 20,000 verses.
'Asmat-uUah, *1r' vs**-ap^ w^Asmat.
'Asmat-uUah, V» »-^-*-^ ^, (Mulli) of SahirajipAr,
was the author of the work called " Shurah KhuUsat
ul-Hisab." He died in 1626 A. D., 1035 A. H.
Asoka; ^y^^y the son of Bindusara, and grandson of Chandra-
gupta raja of Pataliputra in Magadha. He reigned for
about 40 years, until the year 223 B. C. His reign ia
most important. Numerous inscriptions made by his order
have been discovered in various parts of India.
' Assar, jr*^} (oil-presser) the poetical name of Shams-ud-din
Muhammad. He was a native of Tabrez, and author
of a romantic poem called ** Mehr wa Mushtari," the Sun
and Jupiter, which he completed on the 20th February,
1377 A. D., 10th Shaww£l, 778 A. H., and died in the
year 1^82 A. D., 783 A. H.
Aswad, ^J^j or Al-Aswad, vide Musailima.
' Ata, ^> the poetical name of Shaikh At^uUah a pupil of
Mirzi BediL He died at Dihli in 1723 A. D., 1136
A. H.
Atabak, •-^^■>*i or Atabig. This is a Turkish title, formed
from the word Atd, father or tutor, and Beg, lord; and
Atabak
57
Avank
Bignifies a goyemor or tutor of a lord or ]>rmc6. From
the time of the decline of the dynasty of Saljuk to the
oonquest of Persia by HaUkii Khan (which occupies a
period of more than a century,) that country was dis-
tracted by the contests of a number of petty princes, or
governors, called Atdbaks ; who taking advantage of the
weakness of the last' monarchs of the race of Saljfik,
established their authority over some of the finest pro-
Tinces of the empire. One of the most distinguished of
thoRe Atibegs, was Eldiguz, a Turkish slave, whose de-
scendants reigned over 'Azurbejan. The Atabegs of Fars
were descended from Salghur, a Turkish general. Vide
Eldiguz and Salghur, also *Imad-ud-din Zangi. There
were four dynasties of these Atabaks.
Atabak Abu Bakr,>e^» *-^^^ the son of Atibak
Muhammad, the son of Eldiguz, succeeded his uncle Kizal
Arsalin as prime minister to Tughral III Saljuki, in 1191
A. D., 687 A. H. He appears to have contented himself
with the principality of 'Azurbcjan, and fixed his resi-
dence at Tabrez. His long reign was only disturbed by
one war with his brother Kutla^ in which he was vic-
torious, ^utlak fied into Khwarizm and encouraged
Ala-ud-din Takash to advance against Tughral III whom
he defeated and slew in 1194 A. D., 590 A. H. Abu
Bakr died in 1210 A. B., 607 A. H., and was succeeded
by his brother At&bak Muzaffar.
Atabak Abu Bakr bin-Sa'd bin-Zangi, t/^ u.*
Atabak >Ala-ud-daula, *6^' *^ *^^», the son of
At&bak S4m, one of the Atabaks of Isfahan of the race of the
Dilamitea. He died in 1227 A. D., 624 A. H., aged 84
years.
Atabak Bldigua, j^^^ ^^> t^ Eldiguz.
Atabak Muhammad, *•** *-^^^ was the eldest son of
Eldiguz, whom he succeeded as prime minister in 1172
A. D., 668 A. H. When Tughral III a prince of the
Saljiikian dynasty (who was a child of seven years of
age) was placed on the throne in 1176 A. D., Muhammad,
who was his uncle, became the actual ruler of Persia.
This chief after enjoying power 13 years died in March,
1186 A. D., ^-hijja 631 A. H., in which year the con-
junction of £dl the planets took place. He was succeeded
by his brother, Ij^izal Arsal&n.
Atabak Muzaffar, >^ ^^1, the son of Atibak
Muhammad. He succeede.d his brother Abd Bakr in
1210 A. D., 607 A. H., and not only inherited Azur-
bejin, but a considerable part of 'Ira^. He enjoyed this
power 16 years; after which 'Azurbejan was invaded
and conquered by Sul(4n Jalil-ud-din the monarch of
Khwarizm A. D. 1226, 622 A. H. Muzafiar shut himself
up in the fort of Alanja^ where he died ; and with him
perished the power of the fiEunily of Eldiguz.
Atabak Muaaflte-ud-din Zangi, i/^j ^^ •-^^t,
a prince of Shiraz, and brother of Sun^, which see.
Atabak Sa'd bin-Zangi, vide Sun^.
*Ata Husain Khan, u^ kj^^^ ^, whose poefcioal
name was Tahsln, is the author of the " Nautarz MurassaV
an Urdd translation of the '* Chahir Darwesh." He
flooxiahed in the time of Nawab 'Asaf-ud-daula of Lakh-
nau, about the year 1776 A. D., 1189 A. H. As a
specimen of the Urdii language the Nautarz Murassa'
was rendered objectionable for students, by his retaining
too much of the phraseology and idiom of the Persian
and Arabio. On this account a simple version was execut-
ed by Mir Amman of Dihli in 1802 A. D., 1217 A. H.,
which is atyled the " Bi^ho-Bahir," vid$ Tahsin.
15
Atal, ^) a name assumed by Mir Abdul Jalil of Dehli
in his poetical compositions, who gave out that he was
,by inspiration the pupil of Ja'fur Za^alli, and wrote
poetry in Persian and Arabic.
'Ata Malik, ^-^ ^ vide At4-ud-dfnsumamed 'AtiMaHk.
Atash, U^'> poetical name of Khwaja Haidar All of
Lakhnau, who is the author of two Diwdns or books of
Odes consisting of Persian and Urdii verses. He died in
1847 A. D., 1263 A. H.
'Ata-uUah, *t'' ^> surname of several Musahn&n
authors, but particularly of T&j-ud-din Muhammad bin-
Ahmad bin-Ata-ullah, who is the author of a book en-
titled ** Hakam-ul-Atia" which treats on Musahndn law,
and is to be found in the Royal Library at Paris, No. 672.
There is one Ata-ulUh who is the author of a dictionary
called **Firdaus-ul-LughiLt."
'Ata-ullah, ^t ^> bin-Muhammad-al-HoBaini Kaishi-
puri, author of the " Rauzat-ul-Ahbab," containing the
history of Muhammad, of his companions, and of the
twelve Imims. This book was written at Hirat and de-
dicated to Amir *Alisher in 1494 A. D., 899 A. H. He
is also called Amir Jamal-ud-din Atd-uUah. He also
wrote another work on the art of writing poetry, entitled
'* Eit&b Takmil-us-Sanaa't*' dedicated to the same Amur
in which he calls himself 'Ata-ulliUi bin-Muhammad-al-
Husaini Naish^puri. He was wazfr to Sultan Husain
Mirzi of Hirat, and died in the beginning of the year 917
A.H.
At-har or Athar Khan, v:>^ j^i the son of Amir
Nie&m-ud-din Razwf ; he was a native of Bukhara, and
came to India in the time of the emperor ' Alamgir, where
he collected his poems into a Dfw&n.
Ashir-ud-din, {:ji^^ J^^j prononnced by the Indians
Asfr-nd-d(n, which see.
Atma% A*4i>l^ poet whose proper name is Abti Is-hd^
HalUy, which see.
AtsiZ, jT^j one of the Sulfinfl of Khwarizm called Atsiz
ibn-Auk by Ibn Ehallik&n. Tutush or Tortushsonof
Alp ArsaUn, who was lord of the countries to the east of
Syria, caused him to be arrested, and having put him to
death on the 21st of October 1078, A. D., 11th Babi n,
471 A. H., took possession of his kingdom.
Atsiz, JT^^i a Sult^Ui of Khwirizm called by ibn-Ehalli-
kin, Atsiz the son of ICutb-nd-din Muhammad the son of
Anushtakin. He was ootemporary with Sulf^ Sanjar
Saljdki, with whom he had several battles. He died in
1166 A. D., 6th Jamad II» 661 A. H., and was succeeded
to the throne by his son Alp ArsaUua who is idso called
Apa Arsalin. He died in 1162 A D., 19th Bi^ab^ 657
AH.
Atsiz, y^^i Bon of Ala-ud-dfn Hasan jTahin S6z, king of
Gh6r. He reigned after Bahi-ud-dfn Sim, and waa
killed in a battle against Tig-ud-din Eldiiz prince of
Ghazni some time about the year 1211 A D., 608 A H.
He was the last of the kings of Gh6r of this branch.
'Attar, )^y poetical name of Farid-ud-din Attir, which
Aurangzeb, Vt>^-y *> * n*^® ^^ *^® emperor 'Alamgfr,
which see.
Avank Ehan, \J^ "^^y <» ^^ ^^^^^ * P™^ ^^ **^«
tribe of Karit or Kirit, a tribe of Mughals or Oriental
Tartars, t^o made profbdsion of the Christian religion.
Aven
58
Azad
He was somamed Malik Ytihami& or king John. From
the name of this prince we have made John the Priest,
who was stripped of his dominions by Changez Kh4n in
1202 A. D., 599 A. H. They have since applied the
name of John the Priest or Prestre John, to the king of
Ethiopia, because he was a Christian. Avank Ehan is
by some authors called Avant Khkn, He was a very
powerful sovereign, and the greatest part of Tartary
was tributary to him ; but he was defeated and put to death
by Changeiz Khin.
Aven Bosohy vide Ibn Bashfd.
Avenzur, v»^ Abdul Malik bin-Zohr*
AverroeSy vide Ibn Rashid.
Avioexilia^ vide Abii Sina.
Aweis Karaniy «/ir* L^ii^ (Khw&ja) an upright Mu-
salm&n of the Stifi sect, who had given up the world,
used to say to those that sought him, ** Do you seek God ?
If you do, why do you come to me ? And if you do not
seek God, what business can I have with you P'' He was
an inhabitant of Yeman and of the tribe of K&ran. He
was slain in a battle fought by AM ag^ainst Mu'&wia I.
in 657 A. D., 17th Shaww^ 37 A. H. This man had
never seen Muhammad, and yet the Musalmins say, that
when he heard that Muhammad had lost a tooth in battle,
and not knowing which, he broke all his teeth.
Aweis Jalayer, ^^ uriy u^^*^^ (Sultiin) succeeded
his fSeither Amir Hasan Buzurg as king of Baghdad in July
1356, A. D., Rajab 757 A. H., and after a reign of nearly
nineteen lunar years died on Tuesday the 10th October,
1374 A. D., 2nd Jamad I, 776 A. H. He was succeeded
by his son Sulfin Husain Jaliiyer.
Aweis Mirza, })j^ cri^, a prince nearly related to Bai-
IfSXA Bahidur, was nephew to Abfil Ghizi Sultan Husain
Bahidur. He was murdered by Sult4n Ab6 Said Mirz&
between the years 1451 and 1457 A. D.
' Ayani, iS^^^ whose proper name was Abii Is-hi^ Ibrffliim,
probably flourished previous to the 8th century of the
Hijrat. He is the author of a Masnawi called ** Anbia
N&ma," a history of the prophets who preceded Muham-
mad.
AyaZy 3^^ a slave of Sultdn Mahmiid of Ghazni, who being
a great favourite of his master, was envied by the courti-
ers; they therefore informed the Sultan that they fre-
quently observed Ayiz go privately into the Jewel office ;
whence ^ey presumed he had purloined many valuable
effects. The next time when the slave had entered the
treasury, the Sulf&n followed by a private door, and
unobserved, saw Ajiz draw from a large chest a suit of
old dirty garments with which having clothed himself
he prostrated himself on the ground and returned thanks
to the Almighty for all the benefits conferred on >iin>
The Sultan, being astonished, went to him, and demanded
an explanation of his conduct. He replied, *^Most
gracious Sire, when I first became your Majesty's servant,
this was my dress, and till that period, humble had been
my lot. Now that, by the grace of God and your ma-
iesty's favor, I am elevated above all the nobles of the
land, and am intrusted with the treasures of the world
J am fearful that my heart should be puffed up with
vanity ; I therefore daily practice this humiliation to
remind me of my former insignificance.*' The Sultin
being much pleased, added to his rank, and severely re-
primanded his slanderers.
* Ayas (Kazi), (>^ t^, son of Mdsa, and author of the
** Sharah Sahfh Muslim," Mash4ri%:-ul-Anwir, and several
other works. He died in 1149 A. D., 544 A. fl.
'Ayesha, ^^, daughter of Abd Bakr, and one of the
most beloved wives of Muhammad, though she bore him
no child. She was his third wife, and the only one that
was a maid, being then only of seven years of age. On
which account (some say) her father, whose original name
was Abd-ullah, was named Abu Bakr, that is to say,
the &ther of the virgin. An Arabian author, cited by
Maracci, says, that Abu Bakr was very averse to the
giving him his daughter so young, but tiiat Muhammad
pretended a divine command for it ; whereupon he sent
her to him with a basket of dates, and when the girl was
alone with him, he stretched out his hand, and rudely
took hold of her clothes ; upon which she looked fiercely
at him, and said, " People call you the faithful man, but
your behaviour to me shews you are a perfidious one.".
But this story is most probably one of tiiose calumnies
against Muhammad, which were invented and found favour
during the Middle Ages. After the death of her husband,
she opposed the succession of All, and had several bloody
battles with him ; although violent, her character was
respected, and when taken prisoner by AU^ ghe was dis-
missed without injury. She was called prophetess and
mother of the fSuthful. She died aged 67 in the year
678 A. D., 58 A. H. Her brother Abdur Rahmin, one
of the four who stood out against Yezid's inauguration,
died the same year. There is a tradition that 'Ayesha
was murdered by the direction of Mu'&wia I, and the
, following particulars are recorded. 'Ayesha having reso-
lutely and insultingly refused to engage her allegiance
to Yezfd, Mu'&wia invited her to an entertainment, where
he had prepared a very deep well or pit in that part of
the chamber reserved for her reception, and had the moutli
of it deceptively covered over with leaves and straw.
A chair was then placed upon the fatal spot, and 'Ayesha,
on being conducted to her seat, instantly sank into eternal
night, and the mouth of the pit was immediately covered
with stones and mortar. There is, however, no trust-
worthy authority in support of this stx)ry.
'Ayn-uddin (Shaikh), u:!<^f v:^^
^^9
of BQ&p6r,
author of the ** MulhiVat," and Kit4b-ul-Anw&r contain-
ing a history of all the Muhammadan saints of India.
He flourished in the time of Sultan AJa-uddm Hasan
Bahmani.
'Ayn-id-Mulk (Hakim), «-^Ui| ^h^ ^^, a native of
Shir&z, and a well educated and learned Musalmin, was
an officer of rank in the time of the emperor Akbar.
He was an elegant poet, and his poetical name was WafiL
He died in the 40th year of the emperor in 1594 A. D..
1003 A. H. '
'Ayn-ul-Mulk (Khwaja), «-^r tHs* *e^!^, a dis-
tinguished nobleman in the court of Sult£n Muhammad
Shah Tughla^ and his successor Sultin Firoa Sh£h
Barbak, kings of Dehli. He is the author of several
works, one of which is called "Tarsil 'Ayn-ul-Mulki"
He also appears to be the author of another work called
" Fatha Nama," containing an account of the conquests
of SultAn 'AU-udd£n Sikandar BinL who reigned from
1296 to 1316 A. D. » -o
'Ayah, iJ^, poetical name of Muhammad 'Askarf who
lived in the reign of the emperor Sh&h ' Alam.
'Ayshi, iS^.^3 a poet who is the author of a Masnawi
called " Haft Akhtar," or the seven planets, which he
wrote in 1675 A. D., 1086 A. H.
Azad, •iljT, the poetical name of Mfr Ghul&m Ali of Bil-
gariun. His father Sayyad Nuh who died in 1752 A. D.,
1165 A. H., was the son of the celebrated Mir Abdiil
Jalil Bilgar&mf. He was an excellent poet and is the
author of several works in Persian, among which are
Azad
59
*'^M&6eL 'U««&", ** Sab-hat-Til-Mirjin," "Khazina
'Amira," and "Tazkira Sarv 'Azid." He died in the
year 1786 A. D., 1200 A. H.
Azad ^j^} ^^ poetical name of Captain Alexander Hider-
ley, in the service of the Raj4 of Alwar. He was a good
poet and has left a small Diwan in Urdd. His fitther's
name is Mr. James Hiderley and his brother's Thomas
Hiderley. He died on the 7th of July 1861, Zilhij 1277
A. H., at Alwar, aged 32 years.
Azad Khan, J^ «>0^> governor of Kashmir of the
Afghan tribe, succeeded his father HAji Karfm Ddd, a
domestic officer of Ahmad Shah Abdali, and who was at
the death of that prince advanced to the government of
Kashmir by Taimur ShAh, as a reward for quelling the
rebellion of Amir Khin the former governor. Az4d
Khan was only 18 years of age (in 1783) when he was
governor of Kashmir, but his acts of ferocity exceeded
common belief.
'Azaeri, KSJt^^^9 nVfoUzAeri.
Azal Jj^ poetical name of Mirz& M uhamma d Amfn who
died in 1728 A. D., 1141 A. H.
>Azd-uddiii (Kazi), c^^^* ^"^ if^^y o^ Shirfo, author
of several works, one of which is called the " Muwi^
'Azdia," a celebrated work in Arabic on Jurisprudence.
He flourished in the time of Sh4h Abu Is-hik governor
of Shiriw, to whom he dedicated the above work. He
died A. D. 1866, 766 A. H.
•Azd-ud-daula, ^J'^^ '^^y %8ultiUi of the Boyites, suc-
ceeded his father Rukn-ud-daula in September, 976
A. D., Muharram, 366 A. H., to the government of Fars
and 'Ir«^ as well as in the office of wazir or Amfr-ul.
Vmri tothe khalif Al-TAya BilUh of BaghdAd, in the
room of his cousin Izz-ud-daula the son of Majzz-ud-
daula, whom he killed in battle in 978 A. D., 367 A. H.
He built the mausoleum of 'Ali at Najaf Aahraf; em-
bellished Baghdad and other places by magniflcent pubhc
buildings, and died on Monday the 27th of March, 983
A. DTsth Shawwal, 372 A. H., aged 47 lunar years.
At his death the reigning khalif read the prayers at ^e
funeral of this good and great man. His name is stiU
fondly cherished in a country, over which he endeavoured
during the reign of his father and his own, bemg a space
of 34 years, to diffuse prosperity and joy. His power and
possessions became from the moment of his deaih, a subject
of contest between his brothers and nephews.
'Azim, (^^9 ^® son of MulU Kaidi, and a nephew of
Mulli Naziri, was a Persian poet of Naishiptir. He
flourished about the year 1663 A. D., 1074 A. H , and is
the author of a Diwan, and a Masnawi called " Fauz
Azfm," vide Azim Naishaptiri.
»Azim Jah (Wawab), ^^ (^ viy, Sir^-ul-Umrd the
Bon of Azim-ud-daula, Nawib of the Kamatic, was
installed by the British Government as Naw4b on the 3M
February, 1820. He died on the 12th November, 1826,
aged 34 years.
•Azim Jah, *^^ (^> Naw4b of Arkat, died 14th January,
1874, aged 74. He was the second son of Azim J^ one
of the Naw4b8 of the Kamatic, and the uncle of the late
Nawab GhuHm Muhammad Ghaus Khto. He received
a pension of 2600 rupees from the Government
'Azim-ud-daula (Nawab), ^J^^ (^ ^!y> of the
Kamatic, was the son of Naw4b Amfr-ul-Umra, the brother
of Umdat-ul-Umr4. On the death of Umdat-ul-Umr4,
the English resolved to take the functions of government
into their own hands, *AU Husain the next heir refused
to comply, consequently Ayun^nd-daula the nephew of
the deceased was placed on the masnad by the British
Government on the 31st of August, 1801. He died on the
2nd August, 1819, A. D. His son 'Azim J4h was in-
stalled as Naw&b of the Kamatic on the Srd February,
1820, A. D. In 1698, he allowed the Company te pur-
chase the zamlndarship of Sutanuti, Calcutta and Govind-
piir.
'Azim-ul-TTmra, Lr*^*^***^j minister of the Niz&n of
Hydar&bid. He succeeded Bukn-ud-daula about the year
1794 A. D.
'Azim-uUah Khan, v:)^ *^l ^^, says Mr. Sheppard in
his Narrative of the Mutiny, was a charity boy, having
been picked up, together with his mother, during the
famine of 1837-88, when they were both in a dying state
£rom starvation. The mother being a staunch heathen, she
would not consent te her son being christened. Ho was
adopted in the £jmp^ Free School under Mr. Patau,
School Master. After 10 years, he was raised to be
a teacher. After some years he attached himself to the
Nawab, who sent him to England for the purpose of
making a last appeal. Failing in his endeavours, he-
returned to India breathing revenge in his heart.
'Azimush Shan, u^ (•^^^ second son of the emperor
Bahadur Shah of Dehli. He was appointed by his grand-
father, the emperor 'Alamgir, governor of Bengal; he
made Patna the seat of his government and named it
Azimibid. On the news of his grandfather's death,
leaving his own son Farrukhsiar (afterwards emperor) to
superintend the affairs of that country, he came to Agra,
and was present in the battle which took place between
his fitther and his uncle 'Azim Shih in June 1707, A. D.,
1119 A. H. He was slain in the battle which ensued
after his father's death between JahMdir Shah and his
other brothers in the month of February 1712, O. 8.,
Muharram 1124, A. H. His second son Muhammad
TTitrtm was taken prisoner after the battle, and murdered
by order of Jahandir Shah who ascended the throne.
'Aziz, yO^f whose proper name was Abdiil Aziz Kh£n,
was a native of Dakhan. He is the author of a Diw^
also of a prose composition called ** Gulshdn Rang."
'Aziz Koka (Mirza), ^^jij^ ^Jj^j the foster-brother
of the emperor Akbar, vide 'Azim Khin, the son of Kh&n
'Azim commonly called Anka Kh&n.
>Aziz-ullah Zahidi, iS*^^J *^' ->i>*> author of a
Masnawi which he composed in the year 1407 A. D., 810
A. H. He is commonly called Aziz.
9A^A le din-aUah-bin-Ynsaf-bin-Haflz, ^^ ^:)»
y_P,^y L)i *^^ {:H^ *^^ *^® eleventh and last khalff of
Egypt of the Fatimite dynasty, succeeded his father Fiez-
bi-nasr-allah tsi bin-Zafir in the year 1 168 A. D., 663 A. H.
But the state of affairs in Egypt was now tottenng to its
faU. The descendants of 'Ali from the death of Al-
Musta'ali Billah A. D. 1101, had become puppets in the
hands of their wazir or Amir-ul-Jayush (generahssimo),
who wielded aU the regal authority of the state : two
Amirs, Dargam and Shawax, had contested in arms this
high dignity ; and the latter, defeated and expelled from
Egypt, sought reftige and aid from Nur-uddm styled
IMik-ul-'Adil Niir-uddin Mahmdd, the celebrated ruler
of Syria. The sovereign of Damascus eagerly embraced
the opportunity of obtaining a footing in Egypt, and m
1163 A.. D., 668 A. H., despatehed a force under Asad-ud-
din Shirakoh (the brother of Aiyub) and his nephew
Silah-uddin to reinstete Shiwar ; whose rival caUed m
the Christians of Palestine to his support; but ere
Amauri (the brother and successor of Baldwin III) oould
Asim
eo
»A2iiu
enter Egypt, Dugam had been oveipowered and dain
by Shirakohy who replaced Shawar in his former power.
But Shawar, fSuthless alike to £riend and foe, now entered
into arrangements with the Franks in order to elude the
fulfilment of his engagements with Nur-uddin ; and
bhiraJkoh, after maintaining himself for some time in
Belbes against the joint forces of Jerusalem and Egypt,
was compelled to enter into a convention with Amauri
and evacuate the country. But he was soon recalled by
6h&war to deliver him from the vengeance of his new
alliee to whom he had proved as perfidious as to those of
his own faith ; Cairo was closely besieged by the Franks,
and the Fatimite khalif 'Azid le-din-allah sent the hair of
his women, the extreme symbol of Oriental distress, to im-
plore the succour ofNur-uddin (1168 A. D.). Shir&koh
again entered Egypt with an army, forced Amauri to
retreat, and after beheading the double traitor Shiwar,
installed himself in the twofold office of wazir to the
F&timite khalif and lieutenant of Egypt in the name of
Niir^uddin ; but dying the same year, was succeeded in
his dignities by his famous nephew Salah-uddin, who
after the death of Niir-uddin in May, 1173 A. D., Shaw-
wal, 669 A. H., became the sole master of Egypt and
Syria. The khalif 'Azid died in 1171 A. D., 667 A. H.,
and the name of the Abbaside khalif Mustazi was sub-
stituted in the public prayers till the death of Nur-uddfn.
'AZUX1> f^^f poetical name of Sir&j-ud-daula Muhammad
Ghaus Eh£n, Naw&b of the Kamatic.
'AsilXly r^^f poetical name of Sayyad 'Axim 'Alf of Allahi.
\M, author of a Diw^ in ITrdd, composed in 1856 A. D.
' Asim All (Mir)» C5^ (^^ J^y of Agra, author of a
Sikandar NiLma in TJrd^ verse, translated from the one in
Persian, in 1844 A. D.
>Aaiin Humayim, e^^ f^^i vide Adfl KhAn F&rdM
n.
'Anm Humayim Shirwani, c5^llr^ e)j^ (^t, a
nobleman of the court of Sulf^n Sikandar Sh£h L6di. He
waa imprisoned by Sul^ Ibrihim and died in prison.
'Azim Khan, U^ f^^} or Ehin 'Azim, an officer of
state in the time of Humdytin and Akbar, emperor of
Behlf . He was commonly called Anka Kh&n, sumamed
Shams-udd{n Muhammad, was the &ther of Mirzd Aziz
E6ka who also afterwards held the title of 'Azim E!h£n.
He was a native of Ghaaof, and formerly served under
Prince Kiimran Mirza. It is said that he saved the life
of Hum&yun, or had been of some service to him after his
defeat by Sher Shih at Kanauj; for which service he
was handaomely rewarded by that emperor after his
having recovered the kingdom. He accompanied the
emperor to Persia, and as his wife Jiji Begam became the
wet-nurse of Akbar, the emperor's son, he was conse-
quently called Anka Khan. He was the first person that
was honored with the rank of '* Haft Haz&n," or Seven
Thousand, by Akbar. The office of WakH Mutla^ which
was taken away from Maham Anka, was also conferred
on him ; on which accoimt, Adham Khim Kokaltash, the
son of Maham Anka, took ofibnce, and assassinated Eh£n
'Azim on Monday the 18th of May, 1662 A. D., 12th
Bamzan, 969 A. H., in a room adjoining to that occupied
by the emperor. Adham Ehin was immediately bound
hand and foot, by oider of the emperor, and thrown
down headlong frt>m a window of the court at Agra, where
this circumstance had taken place, and crushed to death.
The remains of Ehdn 'Azim were sent to Dehlf, and
buried in the vicinity of the Dargih of Nizdm-uddm
Aulii, where a mausoleum was erected over his grave by
his son Mirz4 Azfz K6ka which is still to be seen at Dehll.
M&ham Anka died with grief one month after the death
of his son Adham Khin. The tomb of Adham KhiLn,
who is also buried at Dehli, is called BhdL Bhulian.
'Azim Ehan^ u;^ f^^, the inhabitants of the town of
Azimgarh, which is near Jaunpdr, say that the fortress
and town of Azimgafh was founded by a person who
belonged to the &mily of the B&jas of that place, and
who was forced by tiie emperor Jahing^ to become a
Muhammadan and received tiie title of Azim 'Shin.
'Azim Khan, c;'**' (^*, commonly called Mizx4 Azu
£6ka or Kokalt&sh, was the son of 'Azim Kh&n or Kh^
'Azim. He was called E6k& or Eokaltash on account of
his being foster-brother and playmate of Akbar ; for his
mother whose name was Jiji Begam, was Akbar's wet-
nurse. He was one of the best generals of the emperor,
who, in the 16th year of his reign conferred on him the
title of 'Azim Ehin. Ho held the government of Gujr&t
for several years together, and being absent from the
presence frt>m a long period, was summoned to court by
Akbar in 1692 A. D., 1001 A, H., but as that chief had
always entertained the wish to proceed on a pilgrimage to
Mecca, and his friends representing to him ttuit the king
was displeased with him, and merely sought an oppor-
tunity to imprison him, he placed his &mily and treasure
on board a vessel, and on the 13th of March, 1694 O. S.,
1st Rajah, 1002 A. H., set sail for Hej4z without leave
or notice. In a short time, however, he found his situa-
tion irksome in that country, and returned to India, where
he made his submission, and was restored at once to his
former place in the emperor's favor and confidence. He
died at AhmadabiUl Gujrat in the 19th year of the reign
of Jahdngir 1624 A. D., 1033 A. H. His remains were
transported to Dehlf and buried close to his father's mau-
soleum, where a splendid monument was erected over his
tomb all of marble. It consists of 64 pillars, and is called
by the people *^ Chaunsa'th Khambh."
'Azim Khan, vy^ f^', title of Mfr Muhammad B£kir,
the brother of ' Asaf Ehan JiSsx Beg. In the second year
of the reign of the emperor Jahingir 1606 A. B. 1016
A. H., he was honored with the mansab of 1000 and title
of Ir&dat Eh^. In the first year of Shah Jahin, 1628
A. D., 1037 A. H , the rank of 2000 was conferred on him
with the office of Wizarat Kull ; in the third year of his
reign he received the title of 'Azim Kh&n. He was ap-
pointed at different times governor of Bengal, AUaha*
bdd, €hijr&t and latterly of Jaunpiir, where he died in
1649 A. D., 1069 A. H., aged 76 lunar years, and was
buried there. After his deatib the title of 'Azim Kh^n
was conferred on his eldest son, who was slain in the battle
which took place between Dixk Shikoh and his brother
Alamgir in 1668 A. D., 1068 A. H., at Agra. His second
son Mir Khalil was honored with the title of 'Khkn Zamdn.
During the government of this viceroy in Bonga 1634
A. D., the English obtained permission to trade with their
ships in Bengal by the emperor Shih Jahdn, but were
restricted to the port of Pipley whore they established
their factory.
>Azim Elian Eoka^ *0^ J^ (•^^ the titie of Muzaffar
Husain commonly known by the appellation of Fidai
Ehan, a title conferred on him by the emperor Sh&h
JahiLn. His elder brother held the title of Eh^ Jahan
Bahidur Eokaltish, and were both foster-brothers to the
emperor Alamgir. Fidif Ehan was honored with the
title of 'Azim Ehin by Alamgir abeut the year 1676
A. D., 1086 A. H., and appointed governor of Bengal in
1676 A. D., 1087 A. H., which situation he held for a
whole year and died on his way to Behar on the 2l8t
April, 1678 0. S., 9th Babi I, 1089 A. H.
'Azim Khan, v&l^ (^^} ex-amir and a brother of Sher AU
EhAn, Amur of Eabul, died at Shah Bud on the 6th of
October, 1869.
'Azim XTaifihapttriy (SJJ^^ (^U author of a Diwin
found in the Library of Tipti Sul(^
'Azam
61
Babar
'Azam Shah, ^^ (♦^'j the third son of the emperor
Alamgir, was bom on the 11th July, 1653 0. S., 25th
8hiMn, 1063 A. H. After his father's death (his eldest
brother Bahidur Shah being then at Kdbul) he was
crowned in the garden of Sh&Umar at Ahmad&biui in the
Dakhan on the 4th March, 1707 0. S., 10th ^il-hyja 1118
A. H., but was soon after slain, together with his two sons
Bedar Bakht and Walajah, in a battle fought against
his eldest brother at Jajowan between Agra and Dholpur.
This circumstance took place on Simday the 8th of June,
1707 0. S., 18th U&bV I, 1H9 A. H., three lunar months
and eighteen days after his fiither's death. His mother's
name was Bano Begam, the daughter of Shiihnawaz Kh&n.
He was buried in the mausoleum of Hum^yun at Dehlir
His two youngest sons who surviyed him were 'All Tab&r
and Bedar Dil.
» Azmat-ullah, *t^' ^^ ^ p, (or Uzmat-ullih) SUhj author
of the " Mazhar-ul-Asrar," being a long dissertation on
the nature of the divinity, the soul, and other abstruse
subjects on Sufiism.
'Azra, lA*j name of the celebrated mistress of Wimi^.
Azraki; ijjj^ f*^^ commonly called Hakim ArzaH or
Azraki, was a physician and a poet. He was a native of
Mars, and flourished in the reign of Tughral III, Saljuki,
king of Persia, in whose name he wrote several books.
Arzaki died in 1189 A. D., 686 A. H. His Diwdn con-
tains nearly 2,000 verses. He is also said to be the
author of a work called »* KitAb Sindbdd." His proper
name is Abu'l Mahasin Abti Bakr Zain-ud-dfn, son of
Isma'il Warral^. He introduced himself into the society
and confidence of the Saljuki prince Tughdn Shih I, the
scat of whose government was Naishapur, by the com-
position of a most obscene book which he called **Alfia
Shalfia," illustrated with pictures. This book appears to
be a version of the K6k ShAshtar. He is called Aira^i
in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1844,
Vol. XIII, Part II, p. 620, and stated to be the author of a
history of Mecca, of which ancient work several MSS.
are in Europe, especially one at Cambridge which has
been left there by Dr. Burckhardt, who in the preface to
his Travels in Arabia, professes to have largely made use
* of it.
Azur y^"^} the poetical name of Lutf 'All Beg, author of
the Tazkira called " ' Ataishkada Azur." He was engaged
in the compilation of this work in 1765 A. D., 1179 A. H.,
and was alive in 1782 A. D., 1196 A. H. He never came
to India.
AzUPi BftZi, LSjb (Sy>^> a native of Bei in Persia, was
a celebrated poet who lived at the court of Sultdn
Mahmdd of Ghaznf. On one occasion he received a pre-
sent of 14,000 dirhams from the Sultan for a short pane-
gj-ric.
Azuri (Shaikh), (S)'^^ j^y Isfarieni, whose original
name was Jalil-nddin Hamaa, was a pious Musalmin
and an excellent poet. He came to Dakhan from Persia
in the reign of SultAn Ahmad Shdh Wall Bahmanf, 1432
A. D., 835 A. H., and returned again to Khurisin, his
native country, where he died in the year 1462 A. D.,
866 A. H., aged 82 lunar years. He is the autiior of
several works, among which are " Jawato-ul-Aarfcr,
»' Tughrie Humiyiin,'* and " Samrat Frmts, which con-
sistsof four books, viz, "Almakri Ttoa," "'Ajieb-ud-
dunia, «' ' Ajieb-nl-'Ala," and " Sa^i-us-Satt." He also
left a Diwdn of 80,000 verses. He adopted the poetical
name of * Azuri, because he waa bom in the Persian month
of Azur. His tomb is at IsfarAen, and was at the time
of Daulat Shih so sacred, that convicts found an asylum
there from the hands of justice. He is also the au^or
of another poetical work called " Bahman Nima. ' rui0
AliHamza*
16
>Azz.uddin Abdtd Aziz, yy^ «>^ cH*^' y, vide
'Azz-uddm.
B.
Baba, t ^> a Turkish impostor, who announced himself in
1260 A. D., as the messenger of God; and collected a
number of adherents, at whose head he laid waste Natolia.
He was at last overpowered and his sect dispersed ; vid*
Babak.
Baba Afzal Eashi, ^1^ *^^^ ^ ^ an author.
Baba Pighani, </J^ ^ ^, a poet of Persia who served
under Sultin Ya'^iib the son of TJzzan Hasan, and died
in the year 1619 A. D., 926 A. H., at Khurasan. He has
left a Diw&n containing 6,000 verses.
Baba Kaighuaiz, J-V*^^^ (Father without Anxiety) a
dervish who flourished in the reign of Murdd III, and
was author of the 'AbduUah-Nama.
Baba Lai Guru, «>/ J^^^, a Hindd of liie tribe of
Khattris, who was a Hindi poet and flourished in the time
of Jahing£r. He was an inhabitant of M41wa.
Baba 'Isa, ij"^^^ or 'fsa Langotesband. His tomb
is in Tatta in Sindh. The inscription gives the year 1514
A. D., 920 A. H.
Babak, ^ ^> the father of Ardsher B&b&ULn, which see.
Babak, ^^ t, an impostor, who first appeared in 816 A. D.,
201 A. H., when he began to take upon him the title of
a prophet. What his particular doctrine was, is now
unknown ; but his religion is said to have differed frvm
all others then known in Auia. He gained a groat
. number of proselytes in *Azarb&ijan and Persian 'Ira^
where he soon grew powerful enough to wage war witix
the khalff Al-Atimun, whose troops he often beat, so
that he was become extremely formidable in the begin-
ning of the khalifa Al-Mu'ta'sim's reign. The general
sent by the khalif to reduce him, was ^aidar-ibn-Eilus,
sumamed Afshin, a Turk by birth. By him Bibak was
defeated with prodigious slaughter, no fewer than 60,000
men being killed in the first engagement. The next year
835 A. D., 220 A. H., he received a still greater over-
throw, losing 100,000 men either killed or taken prisoners.
By this defeat he was obliged to retire into the Gk)rdian
mountains, where he fortified himself in such a manner,
that Afishin found it impossible to reduce him till the year
837 A. D., 222 A. H., when he was forced to surrender to
Afshin, upon that general's promising him pardon.
But Afiftiin no sooner had him in his power, than he first
caused his hands and feet, and afterwards his head to bo
cut off. Babak had supported himself against the power
of the khalifs for upwards of 20 years, during which time
he had cruelly massacred 250,000 people, it being his
custom to spare neither man, woman, nor child of the
Muhammadans or their allies.
Baba Batan, (Jb ^ ^ J^-K sumamed Abli Bazi, a pious
Musalmin, who is said, by Daulat Shah, to be one of the
disciples of Jesus Christ, and that he lived to an advanced
age of 1400 years, and died about the beginning of the
13th century of the Christian era.
Babar Shah, »^ ^ ^ *^^^** iJi^^ J^j sumamed
Zahir-ud-din Muhammad, the ancestor of the Mughal
emperors of Dehli, was the sixth in descent from Amir
Taimiir (Tameilane). His father 'Umar Shaikh Mirz&,
was the son of Abu Sa'id Mirzi, the son of Muhammad
Mirz4, the son of Mira^hiLh, the son of Amfr Taimur.
His mother's name was KuUagh Kigar, Khftnam, daugh-
Babar
62
Badr-nddin
ter of Ttinas EhiLn, king of Moghllist&n and sister to Mah-
mud Kh&n, a descendant of the famous Changes or Jenghiz
Kh&n. He was horn on the 15th February 1483, 6th
Muharram. 888 A. H., and succeeded his faUier in the
eovemmont of Fargh&na, the capital of which is Andj4n,
m Juno 1494, Rama^dn, 890 A. H. During eleven years
he fought several battles with the Tartar and Uzbak
princeSf but was at last obliged to leave his country and
fly towards K4bul, which place he conquered, without
opposition, together with Kandahir and Badakhshin.
He reigned for 22 years over those countries before his
conque&t of India. He then proceeded to Hinddst&n,
slew Ibrahim Husain Lodi, the Pafh&n king of Dehli,
in a battle at Pibilpat on Friday the 20th of April 1626,
A. D., 7th Bajab, 932 A. H , and became the founder of
the Mughal dynasty of India which ended in 1857.
Babar wrote his own life in the Turkish language, called
** Tuzak Babari" with such elegance and truth, that the
performance is universally admired. It was translated in
the reign of his grandson Akbar, by AbdtU R^hun Eh&n,
Khankhanan into Persian, and recently into English from
the Jaghatai Turki, by J. Leyden, Esq., and Wm. Erakine,
Esq. This monarch ascended the throne in his 12th
year and reigned 38 years, viz : at Andj6i 11 years, at
Kabul 22, and nearly 5 years in India, and died in
Agra on Monday the 26th of December, 1530 A. D., 6th
Jam&d I, 937 A. H. He was at first buried in a garden
on the left bank of the Jamna, then called the Niir A£-
shdn, and now Rambagh, fix>m which place his remains
were transported after six months to Kabul, where a
splendid mausoleum was built on his tomb by his great-
great-grandson, the emperor Shih Jahan in 1646 A. D.
His tomb on a hill near the city, surrounded by large beds
of flowers, commands a noble prospect. The chronog^ram
of the year of his death was found to consist in the words
"Bahisht-Pozibfid," or »* May heaven be his lot." After
his death, he received the title of " Firdaus-Mak^LnL He
was succeeded on the throne of Dehli by his eldest son,
the emperor Humdyiin. His other three sons were Mirz4
Kamran, Mirza 'Askari, and Mirzu Handil. Firishtd
says, that B&bar, who was much addicted to women and
wine, on occasions when he was inclined to make merry,
used to fill a reservoir in a garden in the neighbour-
hood of Kibul, with some wine, over which was inscribed
a verse to this purpose —
Give me but wine and blooming maids,
All other joys I freely spurn :
Enjoy them, B&bar, while you may —
For youth once past, will ne*er return.
Babar (Sultan), ^k c)^^^, sumamed Ab^l l^^sim, was
the son of Mirza Baisanghar and grandson of Shfihrukh
Mirza. After the death of Mirzd Ulagh Begtond his sob
'Abdul Latif^ he succeeded in January 1452, A. D., ^il-^ja
855 A. H., in murdering his own brother Sultan Muham-
mad and establishing himself in the government of Khurii-
sin and the neighbouring countries. A few months
before his death, the comet of 1456 A. D., 860 A. H.,
made its appearance and alanned the inhabitants of
Khur&s&n. He died at Mashhad on Tuesday the 22nd of
March 1457, 25th Rabf II, 861 A. H. After his death
KhuriLs&n was taken possession of by MirziL Abu 8a*id,
the grandfather of the emperor Bilbar Sh^ of Dehli.
Baba Soudai, vide Souddi (Babd). i^^iij^^
Babawia; ^ ■> or Bin Bdbawia, father of Ibn B^bawia,
vide Abii'l Hasan AU Bin-al-Husian at Kumari.
Badakhshi, i/^*^**?, a Persian poet who was a native of
the province of Badakhshin. He flourished in the reign
of the khalif Al-Muktafi, about the year 905 A. D., 294
A. H. His Diwim or collection of poems is written upon
the fortunes of the great men of the court ; and he says
that the varied scene in human affairs ought not to cpate
surprise as we see that life is measured by an hour-glass,
and that an hour is always above and the other below in
alternate succession.
BadakhsM (Maulana), (S^j^ ^^oj Ij3(^, of
Samarl^and, flourished in the reign of Ulagh Beg Mirza,
the son of Sh&hrukh Mirzi, and is the author of a Dfwan.
Badan Singh Jat, A^' *^ O*^, the son of Chtirilman
J&t, a riii of Bhartptir and the founder of the fort at pig.
He was living at the time of Nidir Shah's invasion of
India in 1739 A. D., 1152 A. H. After his death his son
Siirajmal Ja^ succeeded him, vide Ghurdman Jat.
Badaoni, (yjl*^^ AbdiU Kadfr of Badaon.
i-uddin, i:H^^^^. vide Shih Madir.
i-uddin (Shaikh), i:H*>^^^ ^, of Saharanpiir,
was a disciple of Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindl. Ho died in
the year 1632 A. D., 1042 A. H., and lies buried in the
yard of the masjid erected by him at Sahiranp&r.
Badi'-iizzaman Mirza, tj'^' C^^ ]i/^, was the
eldest son of Sulfin Husain Mirzi, after whose death in
1506 A. D., 912 A. H., he reigned conjointly with his
younger brother, MuzafFar Husain Mirzi, over KhurisAn.
He was subsequently compelled by the victorious Uzbaks,
and the usurpation of his brother, to take refuge in 'Irdk ;
and in the year 1514 A. D., 920 A. H., went to the court
of the Ottoman Sultan, Salim I, where, alter a few
months* residence, he died of the plague. He was the last
of the race of Taimur who reigned in Persia. In a work
called " Ship of the Time," a Persian Anthology, there are
to be found some verses of the royal poet's composition.
The following is a translation of a few lines :
Since not for me thy cheek of roses shines,
My bosom like the fading tulip pines ;
Who in his burning heart conc^ls its flame,
And mine, in absence, perishes the same.
Four wine — and let me as I drink suppose,
I see the colours of that blushing rose ;
Pour wine — and let it borrow every hue
Bom in the tulip's petals wet with, dew ; '
Till I believe thou may'st e'en yet be mine —
And let me never wake, nor that sweet dream leaiga.
Badr, J*V, poetical title of Ghmgi Parsh^ a Qindd.
Badr Chaohi, 4^^ J^} sumamed Fakhr-uz-zamin, a
celebrated poet of Ghich (the ancient name of T^hkand)
who flourished in the reign of Sul^ Muhammad TughlaV
Sh&h, king of Dehli, and died some time after the year
1844 A. D., 745 A. H. ^
Badr Muhammad, iSJ^^ a*^?*^ of DehU, author
of the Persian Dictionary called ** Adib-ul-FuzaU," dedi-
cated to Kadr KhiUi bin Diliwar KhAn, written in 1419
A. D., 822 A. H.
Badp Shirwani (Manlana), ^Itr*^ >^ ^X^o,
a Musalmin scholar and poet who was contemporary with
Kitibf who died in 1435 A. D.
Badr (Pir), vide Pfr Badar.
Badr-uddin Aiatabi, i^^^{::i^j^, an historian
who relates that the ^izi Ibn-al-Maghulf who died in
1281 A. D., 628 A. H., bequeathed a part of his vast ool-
lection of books to the library of the coUeffe founded in
Cairo by Milik'AshrafBorsabaL
BadP-uddin (Balbaki), i/^eH«*^t;Ai, a Syriac phy-
sician, who wrote a book called ** Musamhial-Naft."
He Uved in the 7th centoxy of the Hyrah.
Badi>uddin
63
Bahadur
Badr-uddin, Isma'il-al-Tabrisi, c£>^t Jt^***!
ii^i^b^y an Axabian author, Bomaoied BiziL
Badr-uddin Jajiirmi» «/*^^ crf*^!;****, an author
who died in 1287 A. D., 686 A. H., in which year also
died Majd-uddin Hamkar. He was a cotemporary of
Shams-uddin Muhammad Sdhih Diw4n, and of Sa'di.
Badr-uddin Lulu, yb^ iji^b'^, ruler of Mausal who
was living in the reign of HaUk^ Ehin the Tartar in
1268 A. D., and was in his 90th year.
Badr-uddin Mahxnud, .>j**^ cnl*^^*^, knowtiby the
name of Ibn-al-^azi Sim^wana, is the author of the
J&ma'-al-Fus^ilain," a collection of decisions on mercantile
matters. He died 1420 A. D., 823 A. H.
Badr-uddin Mahmud Bin Ahmad-al-'Aini,
^^H^l «^^l cr? d>*«* cri!«*^[;«^, author of a commen-
tary on the " Kana-ul-DakAek," called "Rama-ul-HalpAe^^."
He died in 1461 A. D., 856 A. H. He is also the author
of a collection of decisions entitled the '*Mas&el-al-
Badria."
Badr-uddin Muhammad Bin Abdur Bahman-al-
Dairi, iSji^^ c;^*^!'^^ cH «^**^ e^'^b^, author
of a commentary on the " Kanz-ul-Da]^4e]||:," entitled
" MaUab-ul-Fae^" which is much esteemed in India.
Badr-uddin Shashi Shirwani, cylj^t^^c;!}**^!;*^,
died in 764 or 864 A. H.
Badr-uddin Sufl, u?r*i^*^l;*^j author of the"Bahr-
ul-Hay&t," '^ the sea of life," containing many good rules
for moral conduct.
Badr-uddin, tH*^^ J^> of Sarhind, author of a Persian
work called Hazrat-ul-Kuds containing the miracles per-
formed by Ahmad Sarhindi.
Badshah Bano Begam, ^. y^. «^^^, one of the
wives of the emperor Jahingir. She died in 1620 A. B.,
1029 A. H.
Baghdad Khatun, ciP^ d\^, a daughter of Amfr
Ghobin or Jovian who governed the empire of the Tartars
in the reign of Sul(^ Abti Sa'id, the son of Alj&itu. Her
fjEither refusing to give her in marriage to that prince,
because she had been betrothed to Shaika Hasan JaUiar,
was the occasion of the Amir's disgrace and death. Hasan
who had married her, aftervrards repudiated her, and gave
her into the hands of Abii Sa*id. The prince publicly
married her, and for some time was entirely governed by
her ; but being at last disturbed, and dying a short time
after in -1336 A. D., 736 A. H., she was suspected to have
poisoned him, and Baidd Khin, the successor of Abd
Sa'id, put her to death.
Badr-un-nisa Begam, ^ UJIjAi^ the daughter of
'Alamgir died in March 1670 A. D., ^-(a'da 1080 A. H.
Badshah Begam, (•^ U^»>4> wife of the emperor Jahiui-
gir, died in the year 1029 A. H.
Baghuriy LSJ^^-f or Baghahdri, surname of Muhammad
bin Is-hik, an Arabian author who wrote on moral
subjects, ^ed in the year 1280 A. D., 679 A. H.
Baghwiy (Sj^'f v^ Abii Muhammad Farai-ibn-Masa'M
al-Baghwi.
Bahadur AH Husaini (Mir), i/^r^ «^ J^ V^r**,
chief Munshi of the college of Fort William, author of
the Akhl4 Hindi, or Indian Ethics, translated from a
Persian version, also of the ''Nasir Benaz(r/' a prose
translation of the enchanting Fairy Tale entitled **■ Sehr-
ul-BayiLn" commonly called "Mir Hasan's Masnawf.^'
This latter work was written by the request of Dr. Gil-
christ in 1802 A. D., 1217 A. H., and published at Cal-
cutta in 1808.
Bahadur Ehan Faruki, i^x^ e^^ J'^^., succeeded
his father B4j& All Khan in the government of KhAn-
desh in 1696 A. D., 1005 A. H. When the emperor
Akbar a few years afterwords arrived at M&n^e, ^th the
avowed intention of invading the Dakhan, Bahildur Khan
instead of adopting the policy of his father in relying on
the honor of Akbar, and going with an army to co-operate
with him, shut himself up in the fort of Asir, ana com-
menced preparations to withstand a siege. When Akbar
heard of these proceedings, he sent orders to the Kh£n-
kh^nin 'Abdur Bahim E^in, and the prince Danial Mirz&
to continue the siege of Ahmadnagar, while he himself
marched to the south and occupied Burhanpiir, leaving
one of his geneials to beseige Asir. The blockade of this
fortress continued for a length of time, till it surrendered,
and Bahidur Khin, the last of the Faruki dynasty hum-
bled himself before the throne of Akbar in the yeair 1699
A. B., 1008 A. H., while the impregnable fortress of
Asir with ten years' provisions and countless treasures fell ""
into the hands of the conqueror.
Bahadur Ehan Bohila, ^j) c;^>>^, son of Darii
Kh^ was an amir of high rank in the reign of the em-
peror Shih Jahan. He accompanied prince Aurangzib to
IKandahar, and died there during the siege, on the 19th
of July 1649 A. D., 19th Bajab, 1059 A. H.
Bahadur ITizam Shah, s^ c^J^^y the last of the
Nizam Shahi kings of Ahmadnagar in the Bakhan. On
the death of his &ther Ibrihim NiziLm Shih, which took
place in August 1695 A. D., ^I^jja 1003 A. H., sevexal
fi&ctions arose in Ahmadnagar, each setting up a nominal
sovereign. Mi&n Manjii, who possessed the city, and
acknowledged the title of Bahidur Nizam ShiUif then an
infant, being besieged by his competitors, invited Sulfin
Mur&d, son of the emperor Akbar, then governor of
Gujrit, to his assistance, for which he offered to become
tributfuy to the Mughal power. Sul^ Murid embraced
the proposal, and arrived before Ahmadnagar with a consi-
derable army. Miin Manj^ by this time, having over-
come his rivals, repented of his offers, and prepared to
oppose the prince. Having committed the city to the
charge of Nasir Khin his deputy, and the care of Chond
Bibi, great aunt to Sul^ Bahidur, he departed to raise
levies, and implore the assistance of Kutb Shih of 061-
kandUk and 'AdU Shah of Bijiptir. Sul^in Mur&d beseiged
Ahmadnagar, on the 16th of December 1695 O. S.^ 23rd
Babi II, 1004 A. H., which was gallantly defended.
Breaches were made, but were immediately repaired by
the heroic conduct of Chind Bfbi, who covering herself
with a veil, headed the troops. At length in the month
of March 1696, Bajab, 1004 A. H., supplies growing
scarce in the camp, and the allies of Bij&piir and GJ^lkan^
approaching, Sulfin Murid thought proper to accept of
some offers of tribute from Chind Bibi, and raise the
seige. Some money was paid, and the districts in Berar
belonging to the Nizim Shihf government were ceded to the
Mughals. In the year 1600 A. D., beginning of 1009 A. H.,
Ahmadnagar was taken by the Mughals, and Bahidur
Shih with all the childrcoi of both sexes of the royal
fiunily were taken prisoners and sent to perpetual con-
finement in the fortress of Gwiliar.
Bahadur Singh Kuohwaha> ^!^ ^^J'^^, brother
to Sakat Singh, died of hard-drinking in the year 1621
A. D., 1030 A. H.
Bahadur Shah, u^^^^^^^V^, an Aijghin, suooeeded
his fikther Mahmdd Ehin as governor of Bengal in the
Bahadur
64
Baha uddin
time of Salfm Sh4h, and became independent and reigned
five years. He was deposed in 1549 A. D., 956 A. H.
and succeeded by another of the nobles of Salim Sh4h
named Snlaimin l^irftni.
Bahadur Shah, J^[x^ »^ j^^ m)". »^ >»^^, the
second son of Muzaffar Shih II, of Gujrat. At the time
of his father's death, he was absent at Jaunpur, but when
Mahmud Shah his younger brother ascended the throne
of Gujr&t, after the murder of his eldest brother Sikandar
Shah, Bahidur returned from thence, and having deprived
Mahmtid of his kingdom, ascended the throne on the 20th
of August 1526, A. D., loth ^i-Ka'da 932 A. H. He con-
quered Malwa on the 26th February 1531, 9th Shab4n, 937
A. H., and the king of that place, Sult&n Mahmud II,
who was taken prisoner and sent to Champanir, was put
to death on the road. In the year 1536 A. I)., 942 A. H.
Malwa was taken by the emperor Hum^yiin, and Bahadur
being defeated was obliged to fly towards Cambay, where,
on hjs arrival, he heard that a fleet, in which there were be-
tween 4 or 5,000 Europeans, had arrived off the island of
Diu. He immediately repaired thither with a reinforcement
of troops, and on his arrival there, he ordered his barge and
went to visit the admiral, with the intention of killing him ;
but perceiving that he was betrayed, he arose, and was
attacked on all sides by the Portuguese, when a soldier
struck him over the head with a sword and threw him
into the water, where he was drowned. This event took
place on the 14th of February 1537, 3rd Kamazim, 943
A. H., and has been commemorated in two Persian chro-
nog^ms, comprising the numerals which form the date of
the year when it occurred. Their meaning is this : " The
Europeans were the slayers of Bahadur," and ^* The king
of the land became a martyr at Sea." Bahadur Shah was
20 years of age when he ascended the thi'ono, reigned 11
lunar years, and was slain at the age of 31. After his
death his nephew Mirdn Muhammad Shah was raised to
the throne of Gujr&t.
Bahadur Shah I, »^ j^h (^^ ^ t^«^lv*«,
Bumamed Kutb-uddm Shiih 'Alam, formerly called prince
Mua'zzim, was the second son of the emperor 'Alamgir I,
bom at Burh&npur in the Dakhan on the 4th October
1643 O. S., 30th Rajab, 1053 A. H. At the time of his
, father's death, which took place at Ahmad&bid, on the
21st February 1707 O. S., 28th ^i-Ka'da 1118 A. H., he
being then at Kabul, his younger brother, prince 'Azim,
was proclaimed sovereign of all India in perfect disregard
of the late emperor's will. Prince Mua'zzim, with better
reason, assumed the crown at E&bul with the title of
Bahadur Shah ; and both brothers prepared to assert their
pretensions by force of arms. They assembled very large
armies, and met at length at Bhaulpur not far to &e
south of Agra. A bloody battle ensued on Sunday the
8th June 1707, O. 8., 18th Rabf I, 1119 A. H., in which
prince 'Azim and his two grown-up sons Be(Ur Bakht
and Walajah, were killed. Bahadur Shah reigned nearly
fivo lunar years and died at Labor on Monday the 18th
of February 1712, O. 8., 2l8t Mu^arram, 1124 A. H., in
the 7l8t lunar year of his ag^. He was buried in the en-
virons of Dehli, near the tomb of Khwilja Kutb-uddin,
where he had built during his life a mosque entirely of
white marble named Moti Masjid. His tomb is also built
of the same stone. He received the title of *'Khuld
Manzil," t. f., " May his mansion be in paradise," after
his death. Ho left four sons, vtz., Ma'iz-uddin Jah&ndar
Sh&h, Azim-ush-Shan, Rafi-ush-Shdn, and Jahin Shah,
among whom a battle ensued, wherein the three latter
brothers were killed, and Jahindir Shih ascended the
throne.
Bahadur Shah II, »^ JJ^^, ^^^ ui^^j^^y^ji^,
the present and last king of Dehlf whose title in full
is AM'l Muzaffar Siraj-uddm Muhammad Bahadur Sh£h»
a lineal descendant from Amir Taimur ; is the son of
Akbar Shah II, on whose death he succeeded him on the
28th September 1887, 28th Jum£da II, 1253 A. H. He
was bom on Tuesday the 24th of October 1775, 2bth
Shabin, 1189 A. H. ; and Abu'l Muzaffar is the chrono-
gram of his birth. His mother's name was Lai Bai. A
stipend or pension of one lakh of rupees monthly was
allowed him by the British (Government. He is an ex-
cellent Persian scholar and an elegant Urdu poet, and
ZafEir is bis poetical name. His Diwan or Book of Odes
was printed some years ago at Dehli. He is supposed to
be the principal instigator of the mutiny of the native
troops throughout India in 1857, and is now deposed and
tried, but his life has been guaranteed. In October 1858
he was sent down to Calcutta, from, which place he em-
barked onboard H. M. Ship " Megara" on Saturday the 4th
December 1858, for Bangoon, accompanied by two of his
wives, a son and a grandson, and thus ended the royal
race of Taimur in India. His sons Mini Mughal and
Mirza Khwaja Sultan, and a grandson named AIirz& 'Abu
Bakr, who were known to have taken a prominent part
in the atrocities attending the insurrection, were captured
on the 22nd September 1857 at the tomb of Humayun,
and shot on the spot. During the mutiny in 1 857* Bahidur
Shah had struck a new coin with the following inscrip-
tion : —
Bahadur Singh (Bao)^ vide Bio Bahadur Singh.
Bahai, tj^-, rte^^ Bahi-nddin 'AmiH.
«
Bahar, J^., poetical name of Jek Chand, which see.
Baha-uddin, vyi«^ *^, a learned Arabian, known as a
favorite of Sultan Salah-uddin (Saladdin) and the historian
of that prince's life. He flourished about the year 1190
A. D., 586 A. H. An edition of his work appeared at
Ley den in 1756.
Bahar Bano, y^.J^f Daulat-un-Nisa, and Begam Sultin,
daughters of the emperor Jahangir. All of them died in
their childhood.
Bahar Bano,-^^ J V> daughter of the emperor Jahdnglr,
married to Prince Tahmuras, the son of Prince Dani&l in
their childhood.
Bahar Bano Begam, ^^y^j^.f another daughter of
Jahangir, was married to Tahmur a son of prince D&niiU.
Baha-uddin, iji^^ijr*^ k^. cH«^I *^^, the son of Shams-
uddfn, the son of Fakkhr-uddin. His father was the first
king of the second branch of the Sultans of Gh6r. Baha-
uddin was the second king, and is said to have reigiied
14 years. Imam Fakhr-uddin Razi who flourished in
his time and died in 1210 A. D., 606 A. H., dedicated the
work called '* Ris&la Haiyat," or book of geometry to him.
After the death of Baha-uddin, his son JaUl-uddin suc-
ceeded him. He was slain by Sultan Muhammad of Ehw&-
rizm, and appears to have been the last of this branch.
Bahadur Singh, *^ >>T!?i the only surviving son of
Kaji M&n Singh Kachwaha.
Baha-uddin, c;^» (^^ Ui'^* *'i^i governor of Isfa-
hin^ and author of the ** Muntakhab-ul-Akhbar," an
abridged history of the patriarchs and prophets, also of
Muhammad and his descendants, with a good description
of the cities of Mecca and Madina. He flourished about
the year 1271 A. D., 670 A H.
Baha-uddin 'Amili (Shaikh), i/^^i^M^.^^
a native of ' Amul in Persia, and son of Shaikh Husain.
His poetical name is Bahai. He is the author of several
works, one of which is a Masnawi or poem called *' Nan-
wa-Halwa," Bread and Pudding. He flourished in the
time of Sh4h 'Abbas the Great, king of Persia ; died at
Isfahan on Tuesday the 2l6t of August 1621, O; S., 12Ui
Baha
65
Bahu
Shaww^l, lOSO A, H., and was buried, aj^^ably to his
request, at Mashhad. Imid-uddaula Abu Talib, the prime
miuiflter of Sh6h 'Abb&s, found the chronogram of the
year of his death in the words " Shaikh BahA-uddin Wao.'*
Besides the above-mentioned Masnawi and many Arabic
works, he has left a Diwan and a Kashkdl, or Adversaria.
Baha-uddin Muhammad, ^-W^ iU«^^«x;f l^ ^,
Jalal or Jahl (Shaikh) of *AmiL This person is men-
tioned by H. M. EUiot, Esq., in his "Historians of
India,'' and appears to be the same with the preceding.
He was a Persian mathematician, says he, and lived in
the reign of Sh£h 'Abbds the Great. He was celebrated
among his countrymen for a supposed peculiar power
which he possessed over the magi and writers of talismans,
and was one of the most pious devotees of his time. His
works on various subjects are much read in Persia, par-
ticularly one entitled " Kashk6l" or the Beggar's Wallet,
being an universal miscellany of literature. The " Ja'ma'
ul-Abbasi," a concise and comprehensive treatise on Shia
law in twenty books, is generally considered as the work
of Bahil-uddm Muhammad 'Amili, but that lawyer only
lived to complete the first five books, dedicating hia work
to Shih 'Abbas. The remaining fifteen books were subse-
quently added by Niz4m Ibn-Husain-al-SAwai.
Baha-uddin Nakshband (Khwaja), «^i^ tri*^-^'
l^ Aa.t^^ a famous learned Musalraim who died on Mon-
day the 1st of March 1389 A. D., 2nd Rabf I, 791 A. H.,
and was buried at Bukh&ra.
Baha-uddin Nakshband (Shaikh,) '^^'^ u^^ ^
^-y**^ a celebrated saint and the founder of an Order of
Sufis, distinguished by the title of Nakshbandi. He is the
author of the *' Haiat Nama," an esteemed moral poem.
He died at Harafa in Persia 1453 A. D., 857 A. H. He
appears also to be the author of a work on Sufiism call^
" Dam-ul-'Ashi^m."
Baha-uddin Sam, (•**• e^*^' V> son of Ghayfo-nddfn
Mahm^d, king of Gh6r and Ghazni. He succeeded his
father in 1210 A. D., 607 A. H., at the age of fourteen
years, but was after three months defeated by AM-nddin
Atsiz, son of Jah&n S6z, who reigned four years in Gh6r
and Ghazni, and fell in battle against Taj-uddin Elduz in
1214 A. D. Baha-uddin Sam was, after his defeat, taken
captive by the governor of Hirdt, and sent to Khw&rizm
Shdh, who at the time of the invasion of Chingiz Eh&n,
threw him along with his brother into a river where both
were drowned.
Baha-uddin Shirazi, iSjb^^ eti'^i ^, a celebrated
Kizi of Shiraz, who died in the year 1380 A. D., 782
A. H.
Baha-uddin Wald (Maulana), *^j ^iH*^ ^. ^ V,
a native of Balkh and the father of the celebrated Jal&l-
uddin Maulawi Rumi. He flourished and enjoyed distin-
g^uished honors in the time of Sultan Muhammad, sumamed
$ Kutb-uddm of Khwirizm. He was an enthusiastic fol-
lower of the doctrine of the Sufis, and became so cele-
brated as a preacher and expounder, that people flocked
from all parts of Persia to hear him discourse. In the
latter part of his life, he left his native country and went
and dwelt at Konia (Iconium) in Asiatic Turkey, where
he died about the year 1230 or 1233 A. D., 628 or 631
A. H., and his son succeeded him as the head of the sect.
Baha-uddin Zikaria (Shaikh), ^.Jj ui^^ ^ ^i
a Muhammadan saint of Multdn, was the son of Kutb-uddin
Muhammad, the son of Eamal-uddin Kureshi. He was
bom at K6tkaror in Multan in 1170 A. D., 565 A. H.
After his studies he journeyed to Baghdad and became a
disciple of ishaikh Shahab-uddin Suharwardi. He after-
17
wards returned to Multin where he became intimate with
Farid-uddin Shakarganj. He died at Multan on the 7th
November, 1266 A. D., 7th Safar, 665 A. H,, aged 100
lunar yea is, and is still considered one of the most revered
saints of India. He left enormous wealth to his heirs.
His son Shaikh Sadr-uddin died at Multan in 1309 A. D.,
709 A. H.
Baha-uddin, e^^^t ^j (Badf-uddm or Bogo-neddm) a
Muhammadan saint whose tomb is in the neighbourhood of
Bukhara, called Mazdri Bogo-neddin. During the inva-
sion of the Bussians at that place, it is said, that a book,
written in verse in the Persian language, was found in
the tomb of this saint. It is said in this book that in the
82nd year of the Hijrah (1865 A. D..) the Christians
will rush upon Tashkand like a river. In the 84th year
(1867 A. D.,) they will occupy Samarkand, and sweep
it away like a prickly thorn. In the 88th year (1871
A. D.,) the Christians will take Bokhara, and convert it
into a level like the steppe. In the year 90th but one
(1872) the Khwdrizmians will run out of their own accord
to meet them like children.
Bahishti, (.5^^, poetical name of Sheikh Ramz&n, the son of
'Abdul Muhsin, an author who died 1671 A. D., 9?9 A. H.
Bahjat, ^-^'^^^ or Behjat, author of a Diwin which contains
chiefly Ghazals, and at the end a very silly Kaseada in
praise of the Europeans. He was living in Lakhnau in
1797 A. D., 1212 A. H.
Bahlol, ^J^y ^^o lived during the reign of the khalif
Hdriin-al-Kashid, was one of those people who pass
amongst the Musalmans either for saints or madmen.
Although sumamed Al-Majniin, or the Fool, he was pos-
sessed of a great deal of wit.
Bahloli. LfirV, a poet whose Diwia was found in the
Library of Tipu Sultan.
Bahlol Lodi (Stdtan), c5^y JA^ c^liaU^ ^ kiqg of
Dehli of the tribe of Afghans called L6di. His father
Milik Eala was the son of Ibrahim Eh£n or MiUik Bah-
rdm governor of Mult£n. In the year 1450 A. D., 864
A. H., Bahl61, during the absence at Badaon of Sult&n
Ala-uddin, son of Muhammad Sh&h, took possession of
Dchli. He, however, gave place to the name of the Sul-
\ia for some time in the khutba ; but when that prince
promised to cede to him the empire, upon condition that
he would permit him to live quietly in the possession of
Bad&on, Sult&n Bahl6l immediately threw the name of
'Ala-uddm out of the khutba and caused himself to be
crowned on the 18th of January, 1452 A. D., 2oth ^-bijj'a,
855 A. H. Bahl61 reigned 38 lunar years, seven months
and seven days, and died on the 1st of July, 1489 A. D.,
2nd Sha'bin, 894 A. H. He is buried at Debli near the
tomb of Nasir-uddm Mahmud, sumamed Chirdgh Dehli,
a Musalman saint, and was succeeded by his son Nizilm
ELhan, who assumed the title of Sikandar Sh^h.
The foltomng is a list of the kings of DehHaf the tribe
of L6di Afghans,
Bahl61 L6di.
Sikandar ShAh, son of Bahl6l.
Ibrahim Husain, son of Sikandar who was the last of this
race, and was defeated by B&bar Shih.
Bahman, t:^*t?^ an ancient king of Persia, better hnown in
history by his title of Ardisher Darizdast, which see.
Bahman Yar Khan, vy^ J^ ern^i son of Shiista Kh&i
and grandson of Asaf Ehin, a nobleman of the court of
the emperor 'Alamg^.
Bahu Begam, f^ yc^i the mother of Nawib Asf-uddanla
of Lakhnau. She died on the 28ih December 1816.
Bahram
66
Bairam
Bahram I, (*1^^ ( Vannes of the Greeks), the fourth king
of the Sasanian race, was the son of Hurmiiz (Ilonnisdas)
whom he succeeded to the Persian throne in the year 273
A. B. He was a mild and munificent prince, and much
beloved by his subjects. The most remarkable act of
his reign was, the execution of the celebrated Mani
(Mani) the founder of the sect of the Manichceans. Vide
M&ni. Bahram reigned only three years and three months,
after which he left the crown to his son Bahram II, about
the year 276 A. D.
Bahram II, fi^f (some authors term him the fourth of
that name), was the son of Bahram I, whom he succeeded
to the crown of Persia in 276 A. D. He reigned 17 years,
and after his demise, was succeeded by his son Bahram
III, about the year 293 A. D.
Bahram III, flrti} succeeded his father Bahr&m II to the
Persian throne about the year 293 A. D., reigned only
four months, and was succeeded by his brother, Narsi,
or Narses.
Bahram IV, fl^.f the twelfth king of Persia of the Sasa-
nian race, succeeded his brother Shahpur (Saporcs) about
the year 390 A. D., and is distinguished from other
princes of the same name, by his title of Kirmanshah,
which he received from having, during the reign of his
brother, filled the station of ruler of the province of Kir-
man : and he has perpetuated it by founding the city of
Kirmanshih. He reigned, according to some accounts,
eleven years : and to others fifteen. He was killed by
an arrow when endeavouring to quell a tumult in his
army, and was succeeded by Yezdijard I, who is called
Isdigerdes by the Greek authors.
Bahram V, (*!/t^> (or Varanes V,) the fourteenth king of
Persia of the Sasanian dynasty, who is known, in Persian
history, by the name of Bahrim G6r. He was the son of
Yezdijard I, whom he succeeded to the throne of Persia
in 420 A. I). The word G6r signifies a wild ass: an
animal to the chase of which this monarch was devoted ;
and it was in pursuit of one of these that he lost his life ;
having suddenly come upon a deep pool, into which his
horse plunged, and neither the animal nor his royal rider
were ever seen again. The first rhythmical composition
in the Persian language is recorded to have been the pro-
duction of Bahram and his mistress Dilir&m. Bahr&m
visited India, was contemporary with Theodosius the
emperor of Constantinople, and ruled Persia eighteen years.
Ho died in 438 A. D., and was succeeded by his son Yez-
dijard II.
Bahram, fljt^-i mi author who wrote the History of the
Faisls of Bombay in 1599 A. D., entitled Kissai Sanj4n.
Bahram Ohobin, iir^i^ fi^} or Joviin, a general of
Hurmnz III, king of Persia, whom he deposed ; he reigned
eight months about the year 590 A. D. Vide Hurmuz III.
Bahram Mirza, U^ fbt^i son of 8hiUi Sami'Q. Safawi.
He was a good poet and died in the prime of youth in
1560 A. D., 957 A- H.
Bahram Saqq.a, ***** (•!/t^^ a poet, was of Turkish extrac-
tion and belonged to the Bay&t tribe. It is said that the
prophet Ehizr appeared to him, and a divine light filled
him. He renounced the world and became a water-carrier.
Vide Ain Translation, Vol. I, p. 581.
Bahram Sarkhasi, ^cr^/^ firlr ^ & Fro6odian of Sorakhs,
a town between l^aishipur and Marv.
Bahram Shah, %^ (•trt^^ son of Svlxia Masa'ild III, as-
cended the throne of Ghaznf by the assistance of Sult&n
8anjar hifl luicle, after his brother AnaUn Shah, who was
pnt to death in 1118 A. D., 512 A. H. Bahrim Shah after
a prosperous reign of 35 lunar years was defeated in 1152
A. D., 547 A. H., by 'Ala-uddin Hasan Gh6ii, and fled to
Labor where he died the same year, and his son Khusro
Shah succeeded him in the government of Labor. The
poets Shaikh Sa'niii and Abu'l Majd-bin-*Adam-al-Ghaz-
nawi flourished in the time of Bahrdm Shah.
Bahram Shah, *^ (•W* sumamed Ma'iz-uddin, was
the son of Sul^&n Rukn-uddin Fir6z. He was raised to
the throne of Dehli after the murder of Sultana Bazia
the queen, on Monday the 21st of April, 1240 A. D. He
reigned little more thwi two years, and was slain by the
instigation of Mahzab-uddin wazir, about the 15th of
May, 1242 A. D., when Sultan *Al&-uddin Masa'ud,
another son of Sultan Altimsh, was raised to the throne.
I<^8hta says that Bahram was the son of AUnmal^ and
brother of Sultana Bazia.
Bahramand Khan, c;^ «>^8rt? y son of Mirzi Bahram,
and one of the emperor 'Alamgir's oldest nobility and his
friend. After the death of Kuh-ullah Khan, he was raised
to the post of Mir Bakhshi or chief paymaster by the
emperor in 1692 A. D., 1103 A. H., and died in the
Dakhan on the 17th October, 1702 O. S., 5th Jumada II,
1114 A. H. He was buried at his own request in a small
tomb at Bahadurgurh. He was succeeded in his office
by Zulfikar Khan Nasrat Jang, who notwithstanding this
appointment continued in the command of the army
against the Alarhattas in the Dakhan.
Bahr-Ul Hilfe, •^'Aar'f^^ (q, the Sea of Memory,) is the
title of Abu Usm&n-bin-'Amrd who wrote a book on the
manners and qualities of princes. He died 869 A. D.,
255 A. H.
Baidu Ehan, ^*>^ J*^^^ the son of Turaghdf and grand-
i son of Hal^ku Khin, succeeded Eaikhatu or Kaijaptd
Khan in January, 1296 A. D., Safar, 694 A. H., and en-
joyed the crown of Persia only seven months : he was
dethroned and slain by his nephew, Ghazdn EJidn, the
son of Arghun Khan ; who was compelled to attack his
uncle and sovereign to preserve himself from destruction.
This event took place in October the same year, ^il-hijja
694 A. H. In English Histories ho is called Batu. in
1235, at the head of half a million of Keptchak Mongols, he
conquered the east of Russia, destroying Riagftn^ Moscow,
Ylandimir and other towns.
Baikara Mirza (Sultan), D^ jj^k J^^L,^ the son of
Umar Shaikh Mirza, the second son of Amir Taimur. B£i-
ksura succeeded his brother as governor of Persia in 1394
. A. D., 796 A. H. His eldest brother, Pir Muhammad Jahan-
gir was slain in 1405 A. D., 808 A. H. Bail^ara Mirza was
slain by his uncle Shahrukh Mirz4 in 1416 A. D., 819
A. H., he left a son named Mansur, who became the fkther
of Sultan Husain Mirza, sumamed Abu'l Ghiizi Bahadur.
Baihaki, «^^> sumamed Abu'l Fazl, and whose proper
* name is Abu Bakr Ahmad, was the son of Husain Baihakf.
He is the author of the works in Arabic called " Surfin
Kubra and Sughra," and of one entitled *'Sha*b-ul-
Imfen.** He died in the year 1066 A. D., 458 A. H.
His collection of Traditions 'is also of the highest au-
thority.
BaiJll, J^} one of the most celebrated songsters of India,
besides Naek, Gop&l, and Fansin.
Bairam Khan, c;^ C^^y styled Khin Kh£n£n, or Lord
of lords, was one of the most distinguished officers of the
Mughal court. He was a Turkman and descended from a
line of ancestors who served for many generations in the
£simily of Taimur. BairiLm accompanied the emperor
Humiyun from Persia to India, and on the accession of
Bairam
67
Bakhtari
Yaa son Akbar, he whs honored with the title of Kh6n
Kh&ndn and the office of prime minister ; and had the
whole civil and military powers vested in his hands. When
Akbar in 1568 A. D., 965 A. H., thought he was capable
of acting for himself^ he dismissed Bairam Eh4n from the
wizdrat. Bairim at first had recourse to rebellion, but
being unsuccessful, was compelled to throw himself on the
clemency of his sovereign, who not only pardoned him,
b.ut assigned to him a pension of 50,000 rupees annually
for his support. Bairam soon after took leave of the em-
peror with the design of making a pilgrimage to Mecca,
and had proceeded to Gujrat in order to embark for Mecca,
but was slain by one Mubarik Khan Lohani, whose father
Bairdm Elhan had slain in battle with his own hand
during the reign of the emperor HumAjiin. This event
took place on Friday the Slst of January, 1661 A. D., 14th
Jum&da I, 968 A. H. He was at first buried near the
tomb of Shaikh Hisam at Gujr&t, but afterwards his re-
mains were transported to Masbliad and buried there. He
is the author of a Diw&n.
Bairam^ (*lH^j sometimes erroneously written by us for
Bahrdm.
«
Bairam Beg, •-^ f !r^^ was father of Munfm Khin. The
latter was a grandee in Hum&yun*s Court. Vide Ain
Translation, Vol. I, p. 317.
Baizawi^ C5j'*^ i^^> (Kazi) the surname of Nasir.uddm
Abu*l Khair Abd-uUah-ibn-Umar al-Baiz&wf. He was a
native of Baizd, a village of Shiriz, on which account he is
styled Baiz&wi. He held the office of Kazi or Judge of the
city of Shir&z for a considerable time, and died at Tabriz or
Tauris in the year 1286 A. D., 685 A. H., eras others say in
1292 A. D., 691 A. H. He is the author of the well-known
Commentary on the Kur&i called *'Tafsir Baizawi," which is
also called " Anwar-ul-Tanzil,'* and ** Asrtir-ul-Tawil".
Some say that he is also the author of a history entitled
** Niz&mut Tawdrikh," but the author of this work is said
by others to be Abu Sa'id Baiziwi, which see.
Baisanghar (Mirza), j^^^. ^jj^y son of Mirzd Shfih-
Tukh, the son of Amir Taimur. He was a learned and
noble prince, a great protector of letters and learned
men. He himself wrote six different hands, composed
verses in the Persian and Turkish languages, and constantly
had in his employment forty copj'ists for ^transcribing
MSS. He was bom in the year 1399 A. D., 802 A. H.,
and died before his father in 1434 A. D., 837 A. H., at
Hirat, aged 36 lunar years.
Baisanghar (Mirza), j^^^^M bj^y son of Sul^&i Husain
Mirzil of Hir&t. He waa killed by Ehusro Shih, king of
Kundaz.
Bajazety name of several Turkish emperors spelt so in Eng-
lish, being a corruption of B&yezid, which see.
Baji Bai, <y ^ i/^^f »^ ^all^ ^^'* ^^ which see.
Baji Eao I, lAi 3!; i^^*> (Peshwi,) thesonofBiUjfRio
Bishwan&th Peshwi, whom he succeeded in October 1720,
A. D. He was the ablest of all the Br&hmai^ dynasty,
and of all the Marhatta nation, except Sew&ji. He died
on the 28th April 1740, 0. S., 12th Safer 1163, A. H.,
and left three sons : viz. : Bal&ji Bio who succeeded him
as Foshwil: Kaghunith Mo commonly called R&ghoba,
who was at one tiihe much connected with the English,
and was the father of the last Feshwi B4j£ Rio II ; and
Shamsher Bahadur to whom (though an illegitimate son
by a Muhammadan woman, and brought up in his mother's
religion), he left all his possessions and pretensions in Bun-
delkhand.
Baji Eao II, \^^jb f^^f ^'^ ^^ Peshwa, was the
eldest son of lUlghoba or Bighun^th lULo of infamona
memory. He succeeded M&dho Bio, the infant Peshwi,
who died suddenly in October 1795, A. D. During the
reign of Madho Rio, he and his brother Chimniji were
confined in the fort of Juneir, near Pdna, and after his
death Chimniji was furtively invested, but he was soon
after deposed and Baji Rio was publicly proclaimed
Feshwi by Daulat Rio Scindhia on the 4th December,
1796 A. D. In May, 1818 a proclamation was issued
by Government deposing him ; and the Riji of Sitira,
Part&p Singh Nariyan released from confinement, had
a part of the Puna territories assigned for his support,
and was vested with the reality of HuBit power of which
his ancestors, in latter times, had enjoyed only the name.
Biji Rio was compelled to surrender himself to the Eng-
lish, and was pensioned on the 3rd June, 1818. The
pension allowed him by Government was 800,000 rupees
per annum. He died at Bithur near Cavmpdr in De-
cember, 1862 A. D., and was succeeded by his adopted
son DhondQ Pant, commonly called Nini Sihib, who
became a rebel in the disturbances of 1857.
Bakai (Mulla), ^S*^ ^, a poet who Hved in the time of
the emperor Bihar Shih. He is the author of a poem
or Masnawi which he dedicated to the emperor.
Bakaiy *4f '' ^^^^'^'^^^'^^ ^^ Ibrahim-bin-'Umar, a learned
Musalmin who is the author of several treatises on ancient
philosophers, on divination by numbers, a commentary
on the Kurin, &c. He died in the year 1480 A. D., 885
A. H.
Bakalani, t/* **^^ the author of a work called ** Ai'jiz-ul-
Kurin," or of the difficult things in the Kurin. See
AM Bakr Bi^alini.
Baki Muhammad Khan Eoka, ^0^ o^
i^^.j eldest brother of Adham Khin, the son of Miham
Anka, was an officer of 3000 in the time of the emperor
Akbar. He died at Garh Katka, where he had a jagir,
in 1585 A. D., 993 A. H.
Baki Khan, C^ t^ .^ a nobleman of the court of the
emperor Shih Jahin, by whom he was appointed governor
of tiie fort of Agra. In the 24th year of the reign of the
emperor he was raised to the rank of 1500. In the 49th
ye€u* of the emperor's reign, he still held the governorship
of the fort of Agra, and was raised to the rank of 2000 the
following year. He had built in the front of the gate called
Hathiapol, which is situated towards the Chauk and the
Jama Misjid, a fine bungalow which was still standing
about the year 1830 A. D.
Bakhat Singh, f^ '-^^^ or Bakht Singh Rithor, son
of Ajit Singh and brother of Abhai Singh, riji of Jodh-
pur. He was poisoned in 1752 A. D.
Bakhshi >Ali Khan, c;^ <^ (/*^* whose poetical
name was Hashmat, flourished in the time of Nawib
Salibat Jang of Haidaribid about the year 1751 A. D.,
1164 A. H.
Bakhshi Bano Begam^ f^ ^^ (^^^^ a sister of the
emperor Akbar the Great.
* .
Bakshu, y'^^j a singer, lived at the Court of Riji Bik-
ramijit Mansur ; but when his patron lost his throne,
he went to Rijih Kirit of Kilinjar. Not long afterwards
he accepted a call to Gujrit, whero he romained at the
Court of Sul^in Bahidur 1526 to 1536 A. D. Vide Ain
Translation, YoL I, p..611.
Bakhtari, iSj^-y one of the most celebrated Arabian
• poets, who died in the year 823 A. D. According to some
writers, he was bom in 821 A. D., 208 A. H., flourished
in the time of the khalif Al-Musta'fn Billih, and died in
his 68id year at Baghdid. He is also called Bin-Bakhtaii.
Bakhtawar 68
Balwant
Bakhtawar Ehan^ {J^JJ^^y an amfr who served
under tiie emperor Alamgir. The Sarie of Bakhtiwar-
nagar near Dehli was conBtructcd by him in 1671 A. D.,
1082 A. H. He is the author of the work called " Mirat-
ul-'Alam," a history of the first part of the reign of
'Alamgir. He died in 1684 A. D., 1096 A. H., vide
Nizir Bakhtaiar Ehan.
Bakhtaiar Beg Gurdi Shah Mansur, ^^ ^jr
%Sii J^*^> Turkman, was an Amfr and governed (1001)
Biwistan. Vide Ain Translation, Vol. I, p. 474.
Bakhtaiar Khilji, i/F°^J^^* vide Muhammad BakhtaiAr
Khilji.
Bakiliy ij^., surname of Ahu'l Fad Muhammad-hin-K^sim
al-Khwarizmi, who from his learning has the title of
Zain-uddin and Zain-ul-Mashaekh, or the ornament of
the doctors. He wrote a hook on the prayers of the
Musalm^Lns, on the glory and excellence of the Arabs,
called " Saldt-ul-BakUi." Ho died in 1167 A. D., 662
A. H., hut according to Haji Khalfa in 1170 A. D., 566
A. H. There was another Baldli, also a Muhammadan
doctor, who died in 982 A* H.
Bakiry J^^-y t^® poetical name of Muhammad Bd^ir Ali
Kh&n who flourished in the time of the emperor Muham-
mad Shah and wi-ote a Masnawi or poem called *' Ramiiz-
ut-Tahirjn", composed in 1726 A. D., 1139 A. H., also
another work entitled *' Gulshani Asrar," which he wrote
in 1732 A. D., 1146 A. H. Ho is also the author of a
Diwdn, and another poem called *' Mirat-ul-Jamal. \
Bakir AU Khan, ^s>^ K^y^-> vide Bdkii.
Bakir (Imam), J^^.C^^> v*^ Muhammad Ba]^ (Im£m).
Bakir Eashi, (^^J^^h whose poetical name is Ehirad,
was a contemporary of Zahtirf who flourished about the
year 1600 A. D., and is the author of a Diwdn.
Bakir Ehan, O^J^^i a nobleman in the service of the
emperor Shdh JahAn. In the latter part of his life, he
was appointed governor of Allahabad, whore he died in
1637 A. D., 1047 A. H., in whicn year died also Kh4n
Zamin Bahddur in Daulatibad.
Bakir Khan, k/^ (^ iJ^y^y sumamed Najm Sdnf,
an amir of the reign of Shih Jahdn. He was a very
liberal man ; fond of literature ; and was himself a poet.
Ho died in 1640 A. D., 1050 A. H., but, according to the
work " Masir-ul-Umra," in 1637 A. D., 1047 A. H. He
is the author of a Diwan or Book of Odes.
Baktash Kuli, 4/'* l^^> a Musalmin writer of the
Persian sect, who wrote a book, called " Bostdn-al-Kha-
vfil" or the Garden of Thoughts. Watkin's Biographical
Dictionary. See also Amiri, who also wrote a book of
that name.
BakhtiBhu, 9^*"^^-} name of a Christian physician in the
service of Hardn-al-Rashid.
Balaji Bao Bishwa Nath Peshwa, lAi V^^ 51;
A.l|b the founder of the Briihman dynasty ^f Peshwi,
was the hereditary accountant of a village in the Kokwi.
He afterwards entered into the service of a chief of the
Jddo family, whence he was transferred to that of the
r£ia Sdhd, son of Sambhiji, chief of the Marhattas. His
merits were at length rewarded with t^ office of Peshwi,
ftt that time second in the State. He died in October
1720, and was succeeded by his son B6ji Kio Peshwfc I.
Ziet of JSereditary Peshwds of Puna,
B&l&ji lUo Bishwanath Peshwd.
B&ji Kao Peshwi I, son of B&laji.
Balaji R&o, son of Baji Rao.
Madho Kao BiM, son of Balaji, succeeded under the re-
gency of his uncle Kaghunath Rao.
Narayan Rao Peshwa, brother of Madho Rao.
Righunath R&o, son of Baji Rao Peshwa I.
Madho Rio II, posthumous son of Narayan R£o.
Baji Rao II, son of Raghunath Bao, proclaimed himself
and was taken by Scindhia.
Chimnaji, furtively invested at Ptina, 26th May, 1796.
Bdji Rao II, publicly proclaimed, 4th December, 1796.
Surrendered to, and pensioned by the English, 3rd June,
1818, and Partap Singh N&r&yan the rija of Sitira
released from conflnement.
Balaji Bao, Jb J^^.y also called Bfl£ R£o Pandit Pra-
dhan, was the son of Baji Rao Peshwi I, and succeeded
his father in April, 1740 A. D. He was at Puna when
the battle between the Marhattas and Ahmad Shah
Abdali took place in January, 1761 A. D., but died some
time after in the same year, leaving three sons, v\z. :
Biswas Rao who was killed in the battle of Pinipat^
Madho Rao, and N&rayan Rio.
Baland Akhtar, j^^ *^, a brother of the emperor
Muhammad Shih. Vide Achchhe.
Balash, cr^'^^ rti^e Palish or Pilis.
Balban, u^, a king of Dehli, vide Ghayis-uddm Balban.
Balbhaddar Singh, *^^ J<V^^^ a raji lineally descended
from the ancient Hindu monarchs of Audh, who having
100,000 Rajputs at his command, considered himself as
equal to the Nawab "Wazir of Lakhnau, whose authority
he disclaimed. To reduce this riji, an army was sent,
about the year 1780 A. D., composed partly of the Nawab's
troops, and partly of the Company's sepoys ; but owing
to the intrigues of Haidar Beg Khan, the minister of the
Nawib Wazir Asaf-uddaula, and the native collectors who
extorted large sums from the zamindirs, this measure
failed of success. During two years he was frequently
defeated and pursued ; and at length being surprised in
his camp, he was killed in endeavouring to make his
escape.
Baldeo Singh, *^^«>^, the Jit rij& of Bhartpdr, was
the second son of Ranjit Singh. He succeeded to the
rij after the death of his eldest brother Randhir Singh.
Baligh, Ci^, author of the " Daliel Zahira," « Talauwan
Kudrat," and Makilima. He was a native of India and
was Hving in 1772 A. D., 1186 A. H.
Balin, erroneously written by some for Balban, which see.
Balkini, t^H^^ vide Bilkaiiii.
Balwan Singh, *^^ ^Ir"?^ (who was always called by the
natives of Agra as the Kashf-wala riji) was the son of the
celebrated Chait Singh, riji of Banaraa. BalVan Singh
was bom at Gwaliar, and after his father's death, he and
his family lived in the city of Agra for many years on a
monthly pension of 2000 rupees. He lost his only son
Kuwar Chakarbati Singh on the 17th of December, 1871,
and after a few days, on the 26th of the same month, he
resigned his unusually prolonged life. The only survi-
ving members of this family are the widow of Chakaj-bati
Singh and his children, a boy aged 9 and a giil aged 1 1
years. Balwan Singh is the author of a Diwin in Urdti.
Balwant Singh^ *^*^ •^V^i a riji or Eamfndir of
Banaras. He was the father or brother of the famous
Chait Singh who rebelled against the British, and was
Balti
69
Barkayarak
arrested and deposed by Mr. Hastings in 1781. Balwant
Singh succeeded his father Manaa llfim in 1740, A. D.,
reigned 30 years, died in 1770, and was succeeded hy
Kaj& CShait Singh.
Baltiy i^^> i!^*^ ^^^ ^*0» t^e daughter of r&ji Udaia
Singh Rathor, commonly called Motha rajA, she was
married to the emperor Jahangir and became the mother
of Shah Jahan. She died in 1619 A. B., 1028 A. H,
Balwant Singh, ^-^ ^>^^ raja of Bhartpur, suc-
ceeded his father Baldeo Singh in August 1824 ; was dis-
placed by one of his cousins, named Duijan Sal, in March
1826, but reinstated by the British Government on the
19th of January 1826. Bhartpur was stormed and taken
by the Bengal troops under Lord Combermere, on the
18th January. The British lost during the siege 46
officers killed and wounded, and 1500 men ; the enemy
lost some thousands, and the usurper Durjan Sal was seized
and sent to Allahabad. His father Baldeo Singh was the
second brother of Handhir Singh, the eldest of the four ,
sons of Rajijit Singh, the son of Kehri Singh, the brother '
of Ratan Singh, the brother of Jawahir Singh, the son
of Surajmal, the son of Churaman Jat, the founder of the
principality. Balwant Singh died aged 34 years on the
16th of March 1853, and was succeeded by his infant son
Jaswant Singh.
Banana *^^^ an Arabian poet whose full name is Abti
Bakr-bin-Muhammad bin-Banana. There has been an-
other Bin-Bandna, viz., Abu Nasr-ibn-ul-' Aziz-bin Banana,
who was a poet also, and died at Baghdad in 1009 A. D.,
400 A. H.
Banda, ^> vide Razi (Maulani).
Banda '^'^^ » K^"^ ^^ ^^®^ °^ *^® Sikhs, and successor of
Guru Gobind. This man obtained great power, and
committed great depredations in the province of Ldhor,
in the reign of Bahadur Shah I, and while the emperor
was in Dtikhan against his brother Kam Bakhsh, Banda
collected his followers, to revenge the death of his pre-
decessor's sons who were taken prisoners, and had been
put to death some time ago. He committed the greatest
cruelties on the Musalmans, in every advantage shewing
no quarter to age or sex, and even ripping up women with
child The emperor found it necessary to march in per-
son against him, and he was besieged in the fortress of
Lohgufh, which was taken, but Banda found means to
escape and raise new insurrections. In the reign of the
emperor Farrukhsir, 'Abdus Samad Khan governor of
Kashmii- was sent against the rebels with a great army.
After m£iny severe engagements, he forced Banda to take
refuge in a fortress, which was blockaded so eflfectually,
as to cut off every supply. The garrison was reduced to
the necessity of eating cows, horses, asses, and other ani-
mals forbidden by their laws ; when at length, having no
provision of any sort left, and being reduced to the ex-
tremity of famine and disease, they begged for quarter.
'Abdus Samad Khan, having planted a standard on the
plain, commanded them to come out and lay their arms
under it which they did. He then divided the meaner
sort among his chiefs, who cut off their heads ; and threw
their bodies into a river near the fortress. Banda and
other captives were sent to Dehli, through which he was
carried in an iron cage upon an elephant, dressed in a
robe of gold brocade. The Sikhs bore the insults of the
populace with the greatest fii-mness, and steadily refused
the emperor's offers of Ufe if they would embrace the
Muhammadan faith. They were put to death, a hundred
each day, on the ensuing seven days. On the eighth day
Banda and his son, were put to death without the city.
A dagger was put into his hands, and he was commanded
to km his infant son ; but refusing, the child was slain by
the executioner, his heart torn out, and forced into the
18
father's mouth. Banda was then put to death by the
tearing of his flesh with red hot pincers and other tor-
tures, which he bore with the greatest constancy. This
event took place in the year 1716 A. D., 1127 A. H.
Bano Begam, (^ y ^^ the daughter of Shilhnawiz Khin,
the son of the Wazir Asaf Khdn, wife of the emperor
Alamgir, and mother of ' Azim Shah.
Barahman, V^^*^/:^ poetical title of a Br&hman whose name
was Chandar Bh&n, which see.
Barbak> (»^f j^ the son of Bahlol Lodi, king of Dehli. Vide
Husain Shih Sharlp.
Barbak Shah, «^ '^.J^.y Piirbi, the son of Kisir Shah,
whom he succeeded to the throne of Bengal in 1458 A. D.
He reigned for a period of 17 years and died in 1474
A. D., 879 A. H.
Barbarassa (Aruoh)^ ^li jIj, a famous pirate. Being
called in to assist Salim, prince of Algiers, against the Spa-
niards, he murdered that monarch, and took possession
of his throne. He afterwards laid siege to Tunis, which
he took, and caused himself to be proclaimed sovereign.
He was besieged by the Marquis of Gomarez and reduced
to the greatest distress. He escaped by a subterraneous
passage, but was overtaken with a small number of Turks,
the whole of whom died sword in hand in 1518) A. D.
Barbarassa, aUajlfjU the famous Corsair. Sulaim&n, em-
peror of the Turks, gave him the title of Khair-uddin,
and made him afterwards Pashi of the sea. lie succeed-
ed his brother Aruch, who conquered the kingdom of
Algiers, after having killed Salim the Arabian king. He
took Tunis, 1533 A. D., 940 A. H., after having driven
out the Venetians, but Andre Doria retook it again, 1536
A. D., 943 A. H. After this, he ravaged several parts
of Italy, and reduced Yemin, ih Arabia Felix, to the
Turkish government. Khair-uddin died at Constanti-
nople in 1546 A. D., 963 A. H., aged 80.
Barbud, *^^> a femous Persian musician, master of music
to Khusro Parwcz king of Persia. He composed an air
called Aorangi, and invented a musical instrument (a sort
of lyre) which bears his name : vt«., Barbud or Barbut.
Barizi. iSJJ^} ^^ son of 'Abdul Rahim, an Arabian author
who wrote a commentary on the work called " Asrar-ul.
Tanzil." He died in 1337 A. D., 788 A. H. This author
appears to be the same with B^ziri, which see.
Bark, c5j^^ poetical name of Muhammad Baza.
Barkali cr^O^^ ^^ name of two Muhammadan doctors ;
the one" died in 1553 A. D., 960 A. H., and the other in
1573 A. D. 982 A. H. They are sometimes called Biu-
gili, which see. .
Barkat-uUah (Sayyad), ^\^y,'^, styled "SAhib-
ul-Barkit," was the son of Sayyad Aweis, the son of Mir
'Abdul Jalil, the son of Mir 'Abdul Wahid Shahidi of
Bilgnram. His poetical name was 'Ishki, and as his
grandfather's tomb was in Mahapa in the district of Agra,
he went and lived in that village till the day of his death
which happened on the 25th of July, 1729 A. D., 10th
Muharram, 1142 A. H.
Barkayarak (Sultan), iSj^ji J^^> ^^^ eldest son of
Sultan Malikshah Saljiiki, whom he succeeded in 1092
A D., 485 A. H. His usual residence was Baghdad.
His brother, Muhammad ruled over Azur-bejan; while
Sanjar, his third brother, established a kingdom in Khuri-
edn and Transoxiana, from whence he extended his con-
quests over the fidlen princes of Ghazni. Barkayte^
reigned twelve years and died in December, 1104 A. D.
Barmak
70
Baiazid
498 A. H. His brother Sul^in Muhammad sncoeeded
him.
Barmak, '■~r'i the name of a noble family, originally
from Balkh in Khurdsdn, and highly celebrated all oyer
the East for their generosity, magnificence, and distin-
guished patronage of men of genius. One of the most
illustrious was governor to the khalif Harun-al-Rashid,
and his son Ja'far, afterwards minister to that prince ; but
having incurred his displeasure, he with several of the
heads of the family was put to death. Vide Ja'far-al-
Barmaki.
Baroda^ \^jj^, r^j^ ot Vide Pelajf.
Basasiri, c^/ft** •> (a glutton) was the nickname, and
afterwards the surname of Arsalan, who fit)m a slave
became Commander-in-Chief of the amiies of Bah£-ud-
daula, the wazir of the khalif of Baghdad. Having
quarrelled with him he fled to Egypt and put himself under
the protection of Al-Mustanasir Billah, the fifth khalif of
Egjrpt of the Fatimite dynasty. After some time he came
to Baghdad. He took Kaem, the 26th khalif of the Ab-
basides, prisoner in Baghdad, deposed him, and caused
Mustanasir, to be acknowledged ihe only and legitimate
chief of all the Musalmans. He maintained Mustanasir
in the khilifat for one year and a half, after which Tu-
ghral Beg, Sult^ of the Salj6kides, put K&em on the
throne of Baghdad again, defeated and killed Bas4siri
1059 A. D., 451 A. H., and sent his head to Kaem, who
caused it to be carried on a pike through the streets o.f
Baghdad.
BaBhir-ibn-ul-Lais, *^t e;^'.^*^, or Laith, the bro-
ther of the arch-rebel Rafa-ibn-ul-Lais, who had revolted
against Hardn-al-Bashid the khalif of Baghdad in the
year 806 A. D., 190 A. H., at Samarkand, and assembled
a considerable force to support him in his defection ;
notwithstanding all Harun's care, the rebels made in 807
A. D., 191 A. H., great progress in the conquest of
Ehurils&fi. According to Abul Faraj, in the year 809
A. D., 193 A. H., Ba^r was brought in chains to Hiurun,
who was then at the point of death. At the sight of him
the khalif declared, that if he could speak only two words
he would say kill him ; and immediately ordered him to
be cut to pieces in his presence.
Basiti, ijh^^f poetical name of a person who is the author
of the biography of poets called " Tazkira B^iti.
BasUB, U^J^ '9 an Arabian woman, frt)m whom originated a
war, called Harb-i-Basus, which has since become a proverb
to express, ^* Great events from little causes." Two
Arabian tribes fought about 40 years, because a camel
belonging to this woman broke a hen's egg ; the owner
of the egg wounded the camel with an aiTow, and the two
tribes were instantly in arms.
Batalmiyusi, c5** Jit^ ^ ij an Arabian author, who died
in 1030 A. D., 421 A. H. He wrote a treatise on the qua-
lities requisite in a secretary and good writer, and another
on genealogies.
Batu Khan, \J^J^, the son of Jiiji Khib, and grand-
son of Changes Khan. He ruled at Kipchak and was
cotemporary with Pope Innocent IV.
B.;UWab^ vl^^i (or Bouwab) surname of Abu'l Hasan 'All
Kala, who is better known under the name of ibn-BouwAb.
It is he who improved the form of the Arabic Alphabet
after Ibn-Makla. He died in 1022 A. D., 413 A. H., or
as some say in 1032 A. D., 423 A. H. After him YA'ktib,
sumamed Mustaa'simf, reduced it to its present form.
Baian, \J^} the poetical name of Khw&ja Ahsan-uddfn or
Ahsan-ullah Khan of Agra, who was living at Dehli in
1760 A. D, 1174 A. H.
Baiazid I (Sultan), «^>i^ olt*-, whom we call
Bajazet, sumamed Bderim, or Lightning, sncoeeded his
father Murid I (Amurath) in 1389 A. D., 791 A. 9., as
8ultin of the Turks. He caused his elder brother Ya'kub,
his rival for the throne, to be strangled, an act of barbarity
which since his time has become a custom at the Turkish
court. He conquered Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Thes-
saly ; and after he had made the emperor of Constan-
tinople tributary to his power, he inarched to attack
Tamerlane in the east. He was, however, totally defeated
near Angoria on Friday the 21st July, 1402 A. D., 19th
^il-^jja, 804 A. H., and taken prisoner ; and when the
proud conqueror asked him what he would have done
with him if he had obtained the victory, Baiazid answered
that he would have confined him in an iron cage. " Such
then shall be thy fate," rejoined Tamerlane, and ordered
him to be carried about wiUi his camp in an iron cage.
Baiazid died on the 8th of March, 1403 A. B., 13th 8ha'-
b&n, 805 A. H., at Antioch in Pisidia during his confine-
ment in Taimur's camp. His son Musa, who was with his
father at the time of his death, brought his remains to
Brusa and buried there. During his (Musa's) absence in
the camp, his brother Sulaimin had ascended the throne.
Baiazid II, «^>!^ ci^^^, (Sultim) emperor of Turkey
succeeded his father Muhammad II. to the throne of
Constantinople in May, 1481 A. D., Rabf I, 886 A. H.
He extended the bound^es of his kingdom ; and obliged
the Venetians to sue for peace. His reign was distracted
by intestine discord, and he fell by the perfidy of his son
8alim I, who caused him to be poisoned in 1512 A. D.,
918 A. H., in the 60th year of his age and 31st of his
reign. He was a man of uncommon talents, and did
much for the improvement of his empire, and the promo-
tion of the sciences.
Baiazid Ansari, isJ^^ *^>!^, the AfghAn Apostle,
called Pir R6shan, founder of the S6fi sect called " R6-
shania," or "the enlightened." He hEid established amid
the mountains of Afghiinistin a temporal power upon the
authority of his spiritual character, which enabled him
and his successors to disturb the tranquillity of the Em-
pire of Dehli, when, under the celebrated Akbar, it had
reached the very zenith of its power.
Baiazid Bustami (B3iwaja), ^/^^ *^>!^ *^!^
the famous ascetic of Bnstim, whose original name was
Taifuri ; he is therefore sometimes called B&iazid Taifdri-
al-Bust^mi. His father's name was 'Isa-ibn-Adam-ibn-
'Isa-ibn-'Ali. His grandfather was a Gkbr or magian,
but became a convert to Islimism. These two brotiiers
Adam and 'All, were like himself, devout ascetics, but in
an inferior degree. He was bom in the year 777 A. D.,
160 A. H., lived to a great age, and died between the
years 845 or 848 A. D., 231 or 234 A. H., but according
to Ibn-Khalik&n his death took place in 875 or 878 A. D.,
261 or 264 A H. He is said to have been a cotemporary
of Ahmad Khizroya who died 240 A. H.
Baiazid Khan, {D^ *^J^ .^ feujdar of Sarhind, who was
commanded by the emperor Farrukh-siyar to pmush the
Sikhs, who had risen in rebellion ; he took the field, but was
assassinated in his tent when alone at evening prayers, by
a Sikh commissioned for that purpose by Banda their chiefs
and the murderer escaped unhurt. This drcumstanco took
place about the year 1714 A. D., 1126 A. H.
Baiazid (Sultan), '^iyi^. c;^^'^^. There is a cenotaph
at Chatigaon, called the Rauza of Sul^ Baiasfd. It
JB relateid that he was bom at Bustdm in KhuHUan, of which
coimtry he was king; but abandoning regal pomp and
cares for the tranquillity of the ascetic life, he came with
twelve attending disciples to Cha^gaon. Their arrival
was promptly opposed by the king of the fiuiries and the
Baiazid
71
Bekhud
attendant genii, who deuired them forthwith to depart.
Snlt^ Biiaiid, with feigned humility, entreated to be
allowed to remain that night and to occupy only as much
ground as could be illumed by a single lamp, called in
BengAIi, chati or cha( ; on obtaining their consent, he
kindled from his urine a lamp of such radiance, that its
light extended to T£k Naof, a distance of 120 miles, and
scorched the terrified genii, who fled frt)m its flame in dis-
may. In commemoration of this event, the place was
named Chatigram, in common parlance, Chatgion, signi-
fying the village of the lamp. This insult and breach of
confidence, led to implacable war on the part of the genii,
whom Sul^ B&iazid, in various conflicts, drove from the
field ; and in his strenuous exertions dropped a ring where
the cenotaph now stands — his Karanphdl, or ear-ring, fell
in the river, which thence was named the *' Karanphuli ;'*
and a sankh, or shell, dropped from his hand, into the
other stream, frt)m which it derived the name of San-
khauti. Sultin Baiazid then become a Gorchela (t. e., did
I)enance in the tomb) for 12 years : after endovnng it with
lands to keep it in repair and defray the expenses of pil-
grims and the twelve disciples, — he proceeded to Makan-
piiT, and was succeeded by lus disciple ShAh — who in the
hope of an eternal reward, performed the penance of
stuiding for 12 years on one leg, after which he also pro-
ceeded to Makanptir ; leaving the cenotaph under the
charge of Shah Pir, an attending disciple of Biuazid.
This place was therefore in after ages held in great repute,
and visited by nimierous pilgrims frt)m distant parts. It
is situated on a hill, ascended by a flight of steps, inclosed
by a wall about 30 feet square and 15 high, with mitred
battlements, and a pillar rising two feet above them at
each angle, similar to the buildings of the time of Akbar.
The tomb, about 12 feet by 9, is in the centre of the area,
with some shells and corals deposited at its head.
Baiazid Taifuri-aJ-Bustami, «/*l*»--i^ (SJi/^ •^^^^^
vide Baiazid Bustami.
Baz Bahadur^ J^^-J^j whose original name was M&Iik
Biiazfd, succeeded his father Shujia' Kh&a to the govern-
ment of Milwa in 1554 A. D., 962 A. H., and having
taken possession of many towns in Milwa which were
previouialy almost independent, he ascended the throne
under the title of Sult^ Biz Bah&dur. His attachment
to Riipmanl, a celebrated courtezan of that age, became
so notorious, that the loves of Biz Bahidur and Rdpmani
have been handed down to posterity in song. He reigned
about 17 years, after which the kingdom of Milwa was
tf;ken, and included among the provinces of the empire of
Dehli, by the emperor Akbar in the year 1670 A. D., 978
A. H. Biz Bahidur afterwards joined Akbar at Dehli and
received a commission as an officer of 2000 cavalry. Biz
Bahidur and Rupmanf both are buried in the centre of
the tank at TJjjain.
Bazil, J^^^ vide Rafi Khin Bizil.
Bazily iJ^-9 the poetical name of Badr-uddfn Ismafl-al-Tab-
rizi, an Arabian author.
Baziri, (JDJ-j author of a poem entitled " Eoukab-al-Dar-
riat" or the Brilliant Star, in praise of Muhanmiad. who
cured him, as he said, of the palsy in a dream. Every
line of the poem ends with an M, the initial of the pro-
phet's name, and it is so highly valued, that many of the
Muhammadans learn it by-heart, on account of its max.
ims. Lempriere's Univenal Dictionary under Bausirri.
Birizi and Biziri appears to be the same person.
Baz Khaily c/^ Jt> an amir in the service of the em-
peror Bahidur Shih. He was killed in the battle against
Azim Shih on the 8th June, 1707 O. S., 18th Rabi' 1, 1118
A. H., at Dhanlp^.
U i/^'i author of the Padmiwat in Persian verse.
He was a native of Karkh and resided for some time at
Shiriz. He came to Gujrit during the reign of the
emperor Jahingfr, and composed the abovemen^ned poem
in 1619 A. D., 1028 A. H. He was Uving at DehH in
the time of Shiih Jahin, about the year 1634. His proper
name is 'Abdul Shakfir.
Bazzaz, JLX^ the author of the '* Adib-al-Mufridit" or a
treatise on the particular conditions and properties of
traditions, and some other works on the Muhammadan
theology.
Bebadal Khan, c^^ ^^c^^^ a poet of Persia who came
to India in the reign of the emperor Jahingfr, and flou-
rished in the time of Shih Jahin, who conferred on him
the title of Bebadal Khin. Under his superintendence
the Peacock throne was constructed. Bebadal Khin
appears to be the former title of Abu Talib Ealim.
Bedar, J'^j the poetical name of Sanith Singh, a Hindu,
who was living in 1758 A. D., 1166 A. H.
Bedar, J'^} an author whose proper name was Imim
Bakhsh, a native of Ambila. He is the author of the
work called ^'Tirikh Sa'idat," being an account of the
progress of the dynasty which ruled over Audh frt)m
Shujia'-uddaula to Sa'idat 'Ali Khin, to whose name the
title is an illusion. It was composed in 1812 A. D., 1227
A. H. He is also the author of several Masnawis, one of
which contains the praises of Nawib Sa'idat 'All Khin,
called " Gulshin-i-Sa'idat." He was living in the tioie
of Nasir-uddin Haidar, king of Audh.
Bedar Bakht, *^**^^t«>xj, (Prince), son of 'Azim Shih.
He was killed in the battle fought by his father against
the emperor Bahidur Sh&h on the 8th June, 1707 O. S.,
1119 A. H.
Bedar Bakht, ^-^^^j'*^, son of Ahmad Shih, king of
Dehli. He was elevated to the throne of Dehli on the
Ist September, 1788 A. D., 27th^i-Ka'da 1202 A. H.,
when Ghulim Kadif imprisoned Shah Alam. Bedar
Bakht continued to reig^ until the approach of the Mar-
hattas towards Dehli. when he fled upon the 12th. October,
1788, but was subsequently apprehended and murdered by
the orders of Shih Alam.
Bedil (Mirza)y J'^ bj^» the poetical name of Saidaf
GHlani, which see.
Begam Sultan, c^^^*^ ff^-y a hidy of rank, whose tomb
is to be seen to this day, outside of the gate of Ya'tmid-
uddaula's mausoleum in Agra. From the inscription that
is on her tomb, it appears that she died in the time of the
emperor Humayun in 1638 A. D., 945 A. H., and that she
was the daughter of Shaikh E^amil.
Begaaa, **^^ the poetical name of Abd'l Hasan.
Bekasi (Maulana), </-^ ^ V^^ a poet who Uved in
the time of the emperor Akbar.
Bekasi (Haulana), «j-^^ ^ V, a poet of Shiriz who
was cotemporary with Ghizali, who died in the year 111 1
A. D., 606 A. H.
Bekhabar, j¥^, the poetical name of Mir 'Azmat-nllah,
son of Lutf-ullah of Bilgarim. He died in 1729 A. D.,
1142 A. H., at Dehli. He is the author of the work
called ** Safinae Bekhabar.'*
Bekhud, ^^^^y poetical name of Mnlla Jimi Lahauri
Namdir Khini, which see.
Bekhud
72
Bihari
Bekhudi ^J^^f poetical name of Sayyad Hadi 'Ali, son of
8ayyad N^Mr 'Ali 8ehr, and author of a Diwin.
Betaby V^^ whose proper name is Abbas 'Ali Khan, which
see.
Bengaly Sul^ns and Clovemon of, ride Muhammad Bakh-
taUr Ehilji, and Kh&n Jahan.
Berar, jtH ^b, r4j£ of; vide IUgh6ji Bh6sla.
Bhagwan Das (raja), u''*^!^^ ^j, caUed by Ab<i'l
Fazl Bhagwant Diis. was tho son of Raj£ Bihar:i Mai
Kachhw^ha of Ambhar or Amer, now Jaipur. His
daughter was married to the prince Mirz& Salim (after-
wards Jahangir) in the year 1585 A. B., 003 A. H., by
whom he had a daughter named Sultan-un-nisa Bogam,
and then a son who now was Sultan Khusro. Bhagwan
1)elb died five days after the death of liaja Todar Mai, i. e.,
on the 15th November, 1589 A. D., 19th Mul?arram 998
A. H., at Labor. After his death, the emperor Akbar,
who was then at K^bul, conferred the title of Kajd on his
Eon M4n ^ingh with tho rank of 5000.
Bhagwant Singh, *^ *^^, riuA of Dhaulpiir
(1857). He died on the 14th February, 1873.
Bhanbu Ehan, \J^J^^.j the son of Zabita Khan, which
see.
Bhau, ^^> a Marhatta chief. Vide Saddsheo BhiLd.
Bhau Singh, *^^ J^, also called MirzA R£j4, was tho
second son of Bi,}i Man Singh, the son of lUja Bhagwan
D^ Kachhw&ha. He succeeded to the raj after his
father's death in 1614 A. D., 1023 A. H, was raised to
tho rank of 5000 by the emperor Jah&ngir, and died of
drinking 1621 A. D., 1030 A. H. Two of his wives and
eight concubines burnt themselves on his funeral pyre.
Among Jahingir's courtiers the rajis of Ambur wore the
most {^dieted to drinking. His eldest brother Jagat Singh,
and Maka Singh his nephew, had likewise paid with their
lives for th($ir drunken habits, but their fate was no
lesson for liaj& Bhid.
Bhara Mai (Baja), f^ !;^, vide Bihirf Mai.
Bhartpnr, Jri ^J^ *^t^ rAj4 of; vide Chiiriman J4t.
Bhaskar Acharya, ^J^^j^^-> a most celebrated as-
tronomer of the Hindus, who was bom at Bidae, a city in
the Dakhan, in the year of Saliv&hana, 1036, correspond-
ing with the year 1114 A. D., 508 A. H. He was the
author of several treatises, of which the Xiil&wati and the
BuA Ganita, relating to arithmetic, geometry and al-
gebra, and the Siromani, an astronomical treatise, are
accoimted the most valuable authorities in those sciences
which India possesses. The Siromani is delivered in two
Hoctions, the G61a-Adhy4ya, or tho Lecture on the Globe,
and the Ganita Adhyaya, or the Lecture on Numbers, as
applied to astronomy. The LflAwati was translated into
Torsian by Faizi in tho reign of Akbar, and an English
translation has ^so been lately made by Dr. Taylor and
pubUshed at Bombay. Bhaskar died at an advanced age,
being upwards of 70 years. Lflawati was the name of
his only daughter who died unmarried.
Bhim Singh, *"^ (^^, rini of Udaipdr, was living in
1760 A. D.
Bhim Singh Bathonr, jJl^^J *^ /•H*. He usurped
the throne of Jodhpiir in 1793 A. D., on his grandfather's
death by defeat of Zilim Singh, and died in 1803. He
was succeeded by Min Singh.
Bhim« C^' *^'j> '^J^ ^^ Giyrikt, in whose time Sul^in
Mahmud Ghaznawi took the famous temple of Somnath
in 1027 A. D.
Bhoj (Baja), ^^ ^b, vide Raja Bh6j.
Bhori Bani, ^^^h t£2^> *^® ^*^ ^^ ^® wives of Maharaja
Banjit Singh, she died childless at Labor on the 5th of
April, 1872. Her adopted son Kuwar Bhup Singh
distributed large sums of money before and after het-
death as alms to the poor. The ^neral was very grand.
Her remains were burnt near the samddh of the late Ma-
haraji, and the ashes were sent to be thrown into the
Ganges at Hardwar. She drew a pension of 800 rupees
per mensem from our Government and held jagirs of
upwards of 60,0u0 rupees per annum.
Bhuchchu, J^^'i vide Zarra.
Bhuya, *i ^t^ c^ - ^ a nobleman of the court of Sultin
Sikandar Lodi, who built the masjid Math in DehU, but
was afterwards a8.sassinated by that prince without any
crime, only because people used to assemble at his place.
Bibi Bai, \s^^ sJ^-kj'} the sister of Muhammad Shih 'Adil
king of Dehli, married to Salim Shah Sur by whom she
had a son named Fir6z. After the death of Salim ShiLh,
when Firdz, then an infieint, was being murdered by his
uncle Muhammad Shah, she defended her son for some
time in her arms, presenting her body to the dagger, but
her cruel brother tore the young prince from her embrace,
and in her presence severed his head fr^m his body. This
event took place in May, 1554 A. D,
Bibi Datdat Shad Begam, (^. ^^ ^j«i i^J<^, one of
the wives of the emperor Akbar and the mother of Shakr-
unnisa Begam, who survived her father, and died in the
time of Jahangir.
Bibi Marwarid, ^.)bj^ iJkJ., wife of the Ute Amir
Afral Kh4n, died in September, 1874 A. B.
Bibi Zinda Abadi, c5*^' **^j 4^S?-> commonly called
Bfbi Jind Wadi by the people of Uchcha, was one of the
descendants of Sayyad Jalal. She is buried at Uchcha in
Multan. The dome in which she rests is erected of burnt
bricks and cemented by mortar. The whole of the edifice
is ornamented by various hues, and lapie lazuli of the
celebrated mines of Badakhshin. The size of this g^nd
building may be estimated at 50 feet high, and the cir-
cumference 25.
Bihari Lai, <-^ S?^^^ * celebrated Hindi poet, called by
Gilchrist the Thomson of the Hindus, and much admired
among them ; he appears to have flourished about the
beginning of the 16Ui century. Being informed that his
prince Jaisah of Jaipur was so infatuated with the beauty
of a vexy young girl he had married, as to neglect entirely
the afiairs of his country ; for ho never came abroad, hav-
ing shut himself up to contemplate the fascinating charms
of his beauteous, though immature bride ; Bihdrf boldly
ventured to admonish him by bribing a slave girl to con-
vey a couplet, which he had composed, under his pillow ;
the translation of which is thus given by Gilchrist.
'' When the flower blooms, what will be the situation of
the tret^ that is now captivated with a hud^ in which there
is neither fragrance, sweets, or colour." This had not
only the desired effect of rousing the prince frt>m his
lethargy, but excited in his breast a generous regard
for the man, whose advice came so seasonably and ele-
gantly disguised. Bihari received, ever after, a pension
from court, with a present of more than one thousand
pounds, for a work he published under the name of " Sat-
sai," from its consisting of seven hundred couplets.
Bihari Mai, *-^* tfi^^i alao called Bharamal and Pfiran-
mal, a r&ja of Ambhar or Ameir, now Jaipur, was a Wypdt
Bija
73
of the tribe of Kachhwiha. He paid homage to Babar
aboat the year 1527 A. D., and was on friendly terms
with the emperor Akbar, and had at an early peri(>i given
his daughter in marriage to him, of whom was bom the
emperor »Tah£ngir. Both he and his son R4ja Bhagwan
Das were admitted at the same time to a high rank in the
imperial army by the emperor. Bhagw&a D4s gave his
daughter in marriage to Jahangir in 1685 A. D., who was
married next year (1586) to the daughter of B^6 Udai
Singh, son of Kao Maldeo Rathor.
Bija Bai, ij^ ^, or Bijf Bai, the wife of Mah6r£ja
Daulat Rao Scindhia of Gwaliiu'. After the death of her
husband who died without issue, she elected Jhanko Rao
Scindhia as his successor on the 18th June, 1827. She
was expelled by him in 1833, and went over to Jhansi
where she had a large estate. She died at Gwaliar about
the middle of the year 1863.
Bijaipal) d^ {,^^'t a famous or fabulous rfija of Bayana,
regarding whose power, riches, and extent of dominion,
many curious tales are still current among the Bhartpur
Jat9*who assert their (spurious) descent from him. In
the *' Bijaipal Rasa," a metrical romance or ballad (written
in the Birj Bhakha) the Hindu scholar will find a full and
particular account of this great Hindu monarch, who is
fabled to have conquered rajA Jumeswar, the father of
Pirthi Rdj, the celebrated chauhan king of DehU, and to
have ruled despotically over the whole of India. The
Earauli r4j4 too boasts his descent from BijaipiU, and if
any faith can be placed in a " Bansaoli or genealogical
tree," he has a fair claim to the benefits, real or imaginary,
resulting therefrt)m.
Bijai Singh, *^^ *J^f son o( rdj4 Abhai Singh, the son
of MaharajA Ajit Singh, RAthor of J6dhp<ir, succeeded
to the rij in 1762 A. D., 1167 A. H. He became infe-
tuated with fondness for a young concubine ; his chiefs
rebelled, his femily were in hostility with each other,
and he left at his death the throne itself in dispute.
Haji M4n Singh at length succeeded, in 1804, to the
honors and the feuds of Bijai Singh.
Bijai Singhy *^^ ij^'y son of lUja Bhagw4n D6s..
Vide lUmjl.
Bikrami, iS^y^s ^^ poetical name of Mir * Abdur Rahm£n
Wiairat Khfen, brother of Kiwim Khin, the grandfiither
of Samsam-uddaula Shdhnawiz KhAn. He was promoted
in the reign of the emperor 'Alamgfr to the DiwAni of
M&lwa and BijApiir. He was an excellent poet, and has
left a DSw4n composed in a most beautiful style.
Bikramajit, '■^H^'^^, or more properly Vikramfiditya,
a celebrated sovereign of MAlwa and Gujrat, whose capital
was TJjain. His era c^led the Sambat is still used in
the north of India. Bikramijit died or ascended the
throne in the K41i Jug, year 3044, according to Wilford,
whose essays in the 9th and lOtii volumes of the Asiatic
Researches, contain the fullest information on the history
of the three supposed princes of this name, and of their
common rival Salivahana. The first Sambat year, there-
fore, concurs with the year 3045 of the Kali Jug year,
or 57 years before the birth of Christ. This prince was
a great patron of learned men ; nine of whom at his court
are called the nine gems, and are said to have been Dhan-
wantari, Kshapanaka, Amera Sifiha, Sanku, VetAlabhatta,
Ghatakarpara, Kdlid^sa, Virahamihira, and Variruchi.
Bikramajit (Bajah), '^^^j^.^^b, F»V«» Rae Patr D&.
A Khatre.
Bilal J^^ t^® name of the crier, who used to announce to
the people when Muhammad prayed. He was an African,
and a fr'eed slave of Muhammad. He died in the lime
19
of Umar the second Ehalif after Muhammad, in the year
641 A. B., 20 A. H.
Bilal Kimwar, jy^ JXj, the wife of the emperor *Alamgir
II, and mother of Sh&h 'Alam, king of Dehli. Her title
was Zinat Mahal.
Bilkainiy ^5^i^> whose proper name was Abti Hafs, is
the author of the works called *' Mahisin-ul-Istil^h,"
"Sharah Bukhirl," and "Tarandi." He died in 1402
A. D.. 805 A H. See Sir^-uddin son of Nur-uddln, and
Abu HafB-al-BukharL
Binaiy \Sf-} (MauUna), his father was a respectable
architect at Hirat, the birthplace of the poet, and his
takhallus or poetical name, is derived from Bina or Banna,
a builder. He is the author of a work called ** Bahrim.
wa-Bahr6z," a story which he dedicated to Sultan Ya'l^ub
the son of TJzzan Hasan. His conceit had roused the
jealousy of Amir Alisher, Binii tried to conciliate his
favour by writing a Kasida in his praise, but received no
reward, he therefore substituted the name of Sult&n Ah-
mad Mirzil for that of Alisher, saying that he would not
give a^ay his daughters without dowry. Alisher was
so enraged at this, that he obtained a death-warrant
against him. Binili fled to Mawarunnahr. He was
killed in the massacre of Sh£h Isma'il in 1512 A. D., 918
A. H. He has also left a Diwan consisting of 6,000
verses.
Bin Ahmady ^^^ U^j vide Ab6*l Faiz Muhammad.
Binakiti, iJ^^., vide AbA SulaimAn DAdd.
Biaayek Bao (raja), j>; *^^ *^!;^ the son of Amrit
Rao, a Marhatta chief. He died in July 1853, aged 50
years.
Bin Banana, *^^ c^^ surname of Abti Nasr-ibn-ul-*Aziz
bin-'Amrd, aiL Arabian poet who died at Baghdad in 1009
A. D., 400 A. H. ,
Bindraban, W^ l)*^> a Hindu author who flouriAed in
the reign of the emperor 'Alamgfr, and wrote a work
called '* Lubb-ut-Tawirikh,*' a summary history of Hin-
dustdn.
Birbal, <J^ J^S or Bfrb'ar, was a Br&hma^ of the tribe of
Bh£t- His proper name was Mahes Dfis. He was a man
of very lively conversation, on which account he became
one of the greatest personal favorites of the emperor
Akbar, who conferred on him the title of rdj4 and the
rank of 5000. He was also an excellent Hindi poet, and
was honored with the title of Kabr^ or the royal poet.
He was slain together with MuUa Sheri and other officers
of note, in a battle fought against the Yusafzai Afghans
of SawAd and Bijor (places between K&bul and Hindii-
st&n) in February 1586 A. D., Rabf I, 994 A. H. Akbar
was for a long time inconsolable for the death of Birbal,
and as the raja's body was never found, a report gained
currency that he was still alive among the prisoners, and
it was so much encouraged by Akbar, that a long time
afterwards an impostor appeared in his name ; and as this
second Birbal died before he reached the court, Akbar
again wore mourmng as for his friend. Many of Bfrbal*s
witty sayings are still current in India.
Hir Singh, *^^ *^!;^ a r^j* o^ *^® Bundeli tribe of
lUuptits. He was the founder of this family, and from
him the fomily of the Uicha chief is descended. The
irreater part of his dominions was wrested from him by
RAji Chatar Sa, who was the last sole possessor of the
Bundelkhand province. At that period its capital was
Kalanger, but the residence of the riji was Panni^ cele-
brated for its diamond mines.
Birgili
74
Burhan
Birg^y i^^j^.f Burmune of Mulla Muhammad-bin-Fir 'Ali,
a celebrated Arabian author, who wrote the ** Sharah
Arba'in," and died 1673 A. D.y 981 A. H. He ifi by some
called Barkali.
Biljis Kadap, J*^ U*"^^, whose original name waaRam-
z&n 'All, is the son of Wajid 'All, the ex-king of Lakhnau.
His mother's name is Ma'shuk Begam. At the outbreak,
he was crei^ted king with the unanimous consent of the
rebel soldiery in 1857 at the instance of Barkat Ahmad,
Bisalad&r, late 16th Regiment Irregular Cavalry, who
subsequently fell in battle. Birjis ^adar was then 10
years of age. Before his accession, his uncle Sulaiman
Sbikoh was much persuaded by the rebels to accept the
crown, but refused. Birjis Kidar was driven out of India
and is now with his mother at Elatmandd in Nepal.
Bisati Samarkandi, ^s^j-^ ^j^^'^.y a poet of Sa-
marl^and who flourished in the time of Sultan Khalil-ul-
lah, grandson of Amir Taimur. He was formerly a
weaver of carpets, and had assumed for his poetical title
''Hasiri/' but he changed it afterwards to Biaiil He
was ootemporary with 'Asmat-ullah Bukhari.
Bishr Hafll, «/*^7^, (*. «., Bishr the barefoot) a Mu-
hammadan doctor who was bom at Marv, and brought
up at Baghdad, where he died on Wednesday the lUth
of November 840 A. D., 10th Mubarram, 226 A. H.
Different dates are given of his death ; but it is certain
that he died several years before Ahmud Hanbal, and the
one given here appears to be very correct.
Bishun Singh (Kachwaha), *-^ i:r^., riji of
Ambhar or Amnir, was the son of Ram Singh and the
father of Mirzn Kajar Jaisingh Sewdi. He died about the
year 1693 A. D., 1106 A. H.
Bismil, O^'*^, the poetical name of Mirzi Muhammad
Sha'fi of Naishapur, uncle of Naw^b Safdar Jang.
Bismily tU^^ the poetical name of Amir Hasan EhiLn of
Calcutta, who was living in 1846 A. D., 1261 A. H.
Biswas Bao, j!; U^'-T^^ the eldest son of Bbli Rdo
Feshwd, the Msu-hatta chief. He was killed in the battle
against Ahmad Shah AbdaU on the 14Ui January, 1761
N. S., together with Sadasheo Bh&ti and other Marhatta
chiefs.
Bithal Das Gkiur, jy^ u^«3 ^1^*^, son of Gopal D&,
i-aja of Sheopur. On a spot of 10 bhigas towards Tajganj
on the banks of the river Jamna he had built his house and
a garden. In the town of sShaligahan he was raised to
3000, and appointed Kiladir of the fort of Agra. He was
afterwards raised to the rank of 6000, and in the year
1062 A. H. went home and died there.
Bo 'All Kalandar, J^^ y^^y.y vide Abti 'AU Kalandar.
Boya, *iy, rufo 'AM B6ya.
Bughra Khan, c;^ tr*J, surname of N4?ir-uddin Mah-
mud, the second son of SultAn Ghayas-uddin Balban, king
of Dehli. He was made governor of Lakhnau^i in Bengal
by his fatlier, at whose death in 1286 A. D, he being
then in that province, his son Eai^ubad was raised to the
throne of Dehli. Fid$ Nisir-uddin Mahmud.
Bukhari, iSJ^, wde Al-Bxikhiri,
Bnlbul, <^^^j vide Mlrzi Muhammad sumamed Bulbnl.
Bnrandaky O^J^j the poetical name of >IauUna Baha-
uddm. He was a native of Samar^nd, and a sprightly
satirical poet ; much dreaded by his contemporuies, on
account of his wit and caustic humour. He ma the
especial panegyrist of Sultan Baikara Mirz&, the son of
Umar Shaikh and grandson of Amir Taimiir. When
Prince B&i^ra ascended the throne in 1394 A. D., he
ordered that the sum of five hundred ducats (in Tnrki
bish yds altdn) should be paid to Bnrandal^. By a mis-
take of the Secretary, he received only two hundred ; and
therefore addressed the following lines to the Sul^ : —
'* The Shih, the terror of his foes,
"Who well the sound of flatt'ry knows,
The con(lueror of the world, &e lord
Of nations vanquish'd by his sword,
Grave, while he prais'd my verse, to me
Five hundred ducats as a fee.
Great was the Sultan's gen'rous mood,
Great is his servant's gratitude.
And great the sum ; but strange to say,
Three hundred melted by the way !
Perhaps the words in Turkish tongue
Convenient meaning may contrive ;
Or else my greedy ear was wrong,
That tum*d two hundred into five.*'
The Sult&n was extremely entertained at the readiness
of the poet ; and sending for him, assured him that the
words " bieh yitz aXtiirC' signified in Turkish a thtnuattd
ducats, which he ordered to be immediately paid.
Dublin University Magazine for 1840. The year of
Buranda^s death is unknown. He was cotemporarv
with Khwaja 'Asmat-ullah Bukhiri who died in 1426
A. D., 829 A. H
Burhan, e;^^ a poet of M^rindar^n, came to Dehli and
died there shortly after N&dir Shih had pillaged that
city. He is the author of a Dfw£n.
Burhan, \J^} the poetical name of Muhammad Hasan,
the author of the Persian Dictionary called Burhan Kata,
vide Muhammad Hasan.
Burhan 'Imad Shah, *^ ^^ ill^^J, one of the princes
of the *Imid Sh£tii dynasty. He succeeded his &ther
Daria 'Imad Shah in the government of Berar, when but
a child. His minister Taufal Khin, became regent ; and
before the prince was of an age to assume the reins of his
empire, Taufal Khim, assisted by the ruler of Khindesh
and by the Nizam Shahf court, usurped the government.
He eventually confined his sovereign in irons in the fart
of Pamala, and assumed the title of king. In the year
1668 A. D., 980 A. H., Nizam Sh£h marched against
Taufal Kh£n, under the pretence of releasing the impri-
soned prince from his conmtement. He took the fort of
Crawal by capitulation, defeated Taufal £Mn and made
him prisoner with his son ; but instead of placing the
captive monarch on the throne of Ber^r* sent him with
the usurper and his' son to be confined in one of the Nizim
Shahi forts, where they were <l11 subsequently strangled
by the king's order. Thus the family of 'Imad Shih and
that of the usurper Taufal Khan became extinct.
Burhan Nakid, *^^ vy^, a poet who is the author of
the poem entitled '^ Dil Ashdb," dedicated to the emperor
Sh£h Jahin. ^
Burhan Nizam Shah I, »*-* ^^ u^^^ ascended the
throne of Ahmadnajgar in the Dakhan after the death of
his father Ahmad Niz^ Shah in 1608 A. D., 914 A. H.,
in the seventh year of his age. He reigned 47 lunar
years and died at the age of 64 in 1664 A D., 961 A. H.,
and was buried in the same tomb with his father.
Burhan
75
Chaghtai
Durban Nisam Shah II, «^ c^ ^^J^f brother of
Murtaed Nizam I, ascended the throne of Ahmadnagar
in the Dakhan on the 15th May, 1691 O. 8., Ut Sha'ban^
999 A. H., after deposing and confining his own son
Isma'fl Niz&m Shah, who had been placed on the throne
daring his absence at the court of the emperor Akbar.
He was advanced in years ; but notwithstanding his age,
gave himself up to pleasures unbecoming his dignity.
His reign was marked by an unsuccessful war with the
king of BijApur, and a disgraceful defeat from the Portu-
guese, who had seized the sea coasts of his dominions.
He died after a reign of 4 years and 16 days, on the 18 th
of April, 1596 A. D., 18th Sha'bin, 1003 A. H., in the
40th year of the reign of Akbar, and was succeeded by his
' son Ibrahim Kizam Shah. MauUna Zahiiri dedicated his
Sakinima to Burhin Nizam Shah, containing nearly 4,000
verses.
Burhan-uddin Abu Is-hak-al-Pazari, (3****>^' ^'^^
^^y commonly called Ibn-Firkah, author of the " Faraez-
al-Faz&ri" a treatise on the law of Inheritance according
to Shifa'fs doctrine. He died in i328 A. D., 729 A. H.
Biirhan-uddin Bin Mazah-al-Bukharivy^'^l ej'^
author of the " Zukhirat-ul-Fat4wa,*' sometimes called
Zakhirat ul-Burhania'*, and of the *' Muheet-al-Burh&ni."
Burhan-uddin Ali Bin Abu Bakr-al-Marghinani
(Shaikh), t/^ CH"^^ c;^ f^f author of the "Hi-
diya Sharah Badaya, or the Lawyer's Guide," a very
celebrated book of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, which
during the period that ^ix. Hastings governed the British
dominions in India, was by his orders most ably translated
. by Charles Hamilton, Esq., and published in London, in
the year 1 791 A. D. Burhan-uddm was bom at Marghinan,
in Transoxania in 1136 A. D., 529 A. H., and died in 1197
A. D., 693 A. H. The Hidaya which is a commentary
on the Badaya-al-Mubtada, is the most celebrated law
treatise according to the doctrines of Abu Hanifa, and
his disciples Ab4 Yusaf and the Imam Muhammad. A
Persian version of the Hidaya was made by Maulwi
GhulAm Yehia Khan and others and published at Calcutta
in 1807. He also wrote a work on Inheritance entitled
the ** Far&ez-ul-UsmAni," which has been illustrated by
several comments.
Burhan-uddin Qharib (Shah or Shaikh), Vi^
• ^^ joJi ij^j*, ^, a celebrated Musahn&n saint much
venerated in the Dakhan. He died in 1331 A. D., 781
A. H., and his tomb is at Burhinpiir in Daulatdbid, and
is resorted to in a pilgrimage by the Muhammadans. He
was a disciple of Shaikh Nisam-uddin Aulia who died in
1326 A. Dm 726 A. H.
Burhan-uddin Haidar Bin Muhammad-al-Hirwi,
•i'**^ (iH (i^**^^ CJ^"*-^ author of a conmientary on the
Sirdjia of Sajkwandi. He died in 1426 A. D., 830 A. H.
Burhan-uddin Ibrahim Bin Ali Bin Parhun,
CfJ^^ cH c5** e^? C^ty^ tt^J*^"^' ^^y-f cliie^ biographer
of the Maliki lawvers, and author of the "Dib^j-ul-
Muzahhib." He died in 1396 A. D.. 799 A. H.
Burhan-uddin (Kazi), ui«^» *>>r» ^^, Lord of the
city of Sivas in Cappadoda or Caramenia who died m 1396
A. D., 798 A. H. After his death Biyezid I, Sultan of
the Turks, took possession of his States.
Burhan-uddin Mahmud Bin Ahmad, •^^t u^
^^«>il cf^j^'9 author of a " Muhlt," which, though
Burhan-uddin Muhammad Bakir (Mir), yU
«^^»** c;J«>Jl c;^ ji* i^, Kazi of KishAn. He
wrote a Diwan containing about 6000 verses. He was
living about the year 1686 A. D., 993 A. H.
Burhan-uddin (Shaikh), e^i**^' J^y. ^4^, or Sayyad
vide Kutb 'Alam.
Burhan-uddin (Sayyad), iiH^^ u^-rf *H-*, sumamed
Muhalfkilf. He died in the year 1247 A. D., 646 A. H.,
and was buried at Csssarea.
Burhan-ul-Midk Sa'adat Ehan, sj^ «a»,>U*» ^aU^i
c^^^, vide ba'adat Khan, and Mirza Nasir.
Burzui, \mS^Jjiy a Persian physician who lived under
Naushirwan the Just. He was sent by that prince to
India to procure a copy of the book called the Wisdom of
all Ages ; which he afterwards translated into Persian.
That which now exists is greatly altered from the original
version.
BUB-hak, O^^y- the abbreviated poetical name of Abu
Is-hi^ Atma', which see.
Buzaijimehr,^rtr^>L)^> the celebrated minister of Nau-
ahirwan the Just, king of Persia. He is said to have
imported from India the game of Chess and the Fab]t;s
of Pilpay. Such has been the fisime of his wisdom and'
virtues, that the Christians claim him as a believer in the
gospel ; and the Muhammadans revere him as a prema-
ture Musalm£n. He lived to a great age, and died in
the time of Hurmuz III, son and successor of Nauahirwan
the Just, between the years 680 and 690 A. I).
Busazjmehr Kummi, ^^^^t^jSHf a celebrated Per-
sian Prosodian of ^umn, who lived before the time of
Saifi, the author of the Uruz Saifi.
BUZUrg Ehanam, (^^ ^J y,, the daughter of Saif
Khan, by Malika Bano Begam, the daughter of Asaf
Khan Wazir, and wife of Zafar Khan, a nobleman of the
reign of the emperor 'Alamgir. She died before her
hunband in the month of May, 1669 A. D., Shawwal 1069
A. H.
Buzurg Umaid Khan, o^ «H*' *-?jl>*, son of Shaiste
Khan, an officer of rank in the time of the emperor Alam-
g^. At the time of his death, which took place in 1694
A. D., 1106 A. H., he was governor of Behir.
Euzuxg TJmaid, «H** <Sjy, or Kaia Buzurg Umaid, one
of the Ismailis, who succeeded Hasan Sabbih, the Old Man
of the Mountains, in June, 1 124 A. D., Rabi* II, 618 A. H.,
and reigned 24 years. After his death his son K&ia Mu-
hammad succeeded him and reigned 25 years.
c.
known in India, is not so greatly esteemed as the Muhit
as-Sarakhsi. The work of Burhin-uddin is commonly
known as the Muhit-al-Burh&nL
Caragossa, vide Kara Ghuz.
Chaghtai Ehan, o^ '^^^9 ^^^ ?^ *^© «»08t pious
and accomplished of all the sons of Changez Khan'; and
although he succeeded, by the wUl of his father, to the
kingdoms of Transozania, Baikh, Badakhshan, and Kash-
ghar in 1227 A. D., 624 A. H., he governed these coun-
tries by deputies, and remained himself with his eldest
brother, Okta J^aan, by whom he was regarded with the
reverence which a pupil gives to his master. He died
Chaghta
76
Chand
seven months before his brother in the month of June,
1241 A. D., ^i-Ka'da, 638 A. H. Karachir Nawian, who
was the fifth ancestor of Amir Taimur, was one of his
Amirs, and, at length, captain general of all his forces.
The dynasty that founded the so-called *' Moghul Em-
pire" of India was named after Ghaghtai.
Chaghta Sultan, c»^^*^ ^^^> a handsome young man
of the tribe of the Mughals and favorite of the emperor
B&bar Shah. He died at X^bul in 1546 A. D., 953
A. H.
Chait Singh, *^^ *^'^> son of Balwant Singh, a rdja
or zamindar of Banaras. He succeeded his father in
1770 A. D. In August 1781 demands were made upon
him, by the Governor-General, for additional tribute to
be paid to the Company, as the sovereign power now
requiring assistance in its exigency. The rdja declined,
pleading willingness, but inability. He was seized by
^Ir. Hastings' order, at Banaras ; a revolt took place in
his behalf on the 20th August ; nearly two companies of
sepoys and their officers were destroyed, — and the rija
escaped in the confusion. The Governor-General imme-
diately assumed control of the province ; and troops were
called in to oppose the raja, who now headed the numbers
flocking to his support. He was defeated at Latifpur —
and lastly, his stronghold of Bijaigu^h was seized, and
his family plundered by a force under Major Popham*
The r£j& had fled, on his reverses at Latifpur, to Bundel-
khand. His government was declared vacant, and the
zamindari bestowed on the next heir, a nephew of the
raja, a minor. After these transactions at Banaras, the
Governor- General proceeded to Audh, to obtain an ad-
justment of the heavy debts due to the Company by the
Wazir 'Asaf-ud-daula. The territories of the Begams,
(one, the mother of Shuja'-ud-daula, the late Nawdb— -the
other, the mother of the Wazir) were seized, on a charge
of aiding the insurrection of C*hait Singh. The r&j£
found an asylum in Gw&liar for 29 years, and died there
on the 29th March, 1810 A. D. The lands were transferred
to a collateral branch of the family, the present representa-
tive of which is named Haji Udat Xarain. See Balwant
Singh. His estates, with title of Raja, were presented
to his nephew Bab(i Muhip Karain, grandson of Raj4
Balwant Singh.
Chand, j^^> or Ch£nd, called also Trikala, from his sup-
posed prophetic spirit, was a celebrated Hindu poet or
bard. He flourished towards the close of the twelfth cen-
tury of the Christian era. He may be called the poet
laureate of Prithirij, the Chauhan emperor of Dehli who,
in his last battle with Shahab-uddm Gh6ri, was taken
prisoner, and conveyed to Ghazni, where his bard, Chand,
followed him. Both perished by their own hands, after
causing the death of their implacable foe, Shahdb-uddin.
Like the Greek bard. Homer, countries and cities have
contended for the honor of having been the place of birth
of this the most popular poet of the Hindis. Dehli,
Kanauj, Mah6ba, and the Panjab, assert their respective
claims, but his own testimony is decisive, whence it ap-
pears that he was a native of Uhor. In his * Prithirij
Chauh&n B4aa," when enumerating some of the heroes,
friends and partizans of his hero, he says, '* Niddar was
bom in Kanauj, Siluk and Jait, the father and son, at
Abii ; in Mundava the Parihiu*, and in Kurrik Edngra
the Haoli Bao, in Nagor, Balbhaddar, and Ch&nd, the
buxl, at Labor." «
Chand Saudagar, jr^^y^ ^^t a Bangali merchant.
Chand, '^W* <'«fe Te>k Chand.
Chanda Kimwap, JJ^^ t*^, the wife of Mah£r£ja
Kharag Singh of L&hor.
Chanda, ^«^!«5^, also called Mah-liki, a dancing girl
or queen of Haidarabid, was a poetess of much taste and
merit. She is the author of a Biw&n which was revised
by Sher Muhammad Kh£n Imin. In the year 1799
A. D., in the midst of a dance, in. which she bore . the
chief part, she presented a British officer with a copy of
her poems, accompanied with the following complimentary
observations, in the form of the usual gazal : —
Since my heart drank from the cup of a fiBUBcinating
eye,
I wonder beside myself^ like one whom wine bewilders.
Thy searching gluices leave nothing unseated ;
Thy face, bright as flame, consumes my heart.
Thou soughtest a Nazar : I ofier thee my head ;
Albeit thy heart is not unveiled to me.
My eyes fixed on thy lineaments — emotion agitates
my soul.
Fresh excitement beats impatient in my heart.
All that Chanda asks is, that, in either world,
Thou wouldst preserve the ashes of her heart by thy
side.
G&rcin de Tassy informs us that there is a copy of her
Dfw&n in the East India House Idbraiy, which she her-
self presented to Captain Malcolm on the Ist of Octo-
ber, 1799 A. D.
Chanda Sahib, yA^l-fitOA^^ surname of Husain Dost
Khiui, a relation of D6st 'All Khdn, Naw&b of Arcot, whose
daughter he had married. He had made his way to the
highest offices of the government by the services of his
sword, and was este^ed the ablest soldier that had of
late years appeared in the Camatic. He inveigled the
queen of Trichinopoly, and got possession of the city in
1736 A. D. He was taken prisoner by the Marhattais on
the 26th March, 1741 A. D., and imprisoned in the fort of
Sitara, but was released by the aid of Mens. Dupleix in
1748, and appointed Nawdb of the Camatic by MuzafFar
Jang. He was put to death in 1752 A. D., 1st Sha'b&n,
1165 A. H. by the Marhattas, and his head sent to Mu-
hammad 'All Khan who was made Nawab of Arcot by the
English, who treated it with ignominy.
Chandar Bhan, c:;**r^ U^J'^^ a Brahma? of Pati-
&la, well-versed in the Persian language, was employed as
a Munshi in the service of the prince I)ar& Shik6h, the
eldest son of the emperor Shih Jah&n. He is the author
of several Persian works, viz, : *' Guldasta," ** Tuhfi&t-ul-
AnwAr," " Tuhfat-ul-Fus-ha," "Majma'-ul-FukriL," one
entitled ^* Chir Chaman," another called ** Manshat Brah-
ma?" being a collection of his own letters written to dif-
ferent persons, and also of a Diwan in which he uses the
title of Brahma? for his poetical name. After the tragical
death of his employer, he retired to Banaras where he
died in the year 1662 A. D., 1073 AH. He had also
built a house at Agra, of which no traces now remain.
Chand Bibi (Sultana), kj^aJ- ^^y was the daughter
of Husain Nizam ShiUi I of Ahmadnagar in the Dakhan,
sister to Murtaza Nizam Shih, and wife of ' Alf 'Adil Shih
I, of Bijapur. After the death of her husband in 1580
A. D., 988 A. H., she had been queen and dowager-regent
of the neighbouring kingdom of Bij&pdr during the mi-
nority of her nephew Ibr^iim 'Adil Sh&h II, and was one
of the most able politicians of her day. The Mughals
under prince Mui^ the son of Akbar, proceed^ in
November, 1595 A. D., Babf II, 1004 A. H., and besieged
Ahmadnagar for some months, while Ch&nd Sult&na de-
fended the place with masculine resolution. At the same
time there being a scarcity of provisions in the Mughal
camp, the prince and Khin-Khimin thought it advisable
to enter into a treaty with the bed^^ed. It was stipulated
by Ch£nd Bibi that the prince should keep possession
of Befar, and that Ahmadnagar and its dependencies,
should remain with her in the name of Bahadur, the
grandson of Burhin Shih. She was put to death by the
Dakhanis in the year 1699 A. D., 1008 A. H.
Chandu
77
Churaman
Chandu Lai, JX>«^ isb^ a Hindu, who was appointed
Diwan to the Nizam of Haidardb&d in 1808 A. B. His
poetical name is Shaddn. He died in the year 1863 A. D.
Chandragupta, *^^*^> (called by the Greeks Sandra-
cottus). He seized the kingdom of Magadha, after the
massacre of the survivors of the Naida dynasty, whose
capital was the celebrated city Pataliputra, called by the
Greeks Palibothra.
Changez Ehan, nr^yir^, also called by us Geng:is,
Jengis, and Zingis, sumamed -Tamujin, was the son of
Yesuki, a Khin or chief of the tribe of Mughals. He was
bom in 1154 A. 1)., 649 A. H., and at the age of 13 he
began to reign, but the conspiracies of his subjects obliged
him to fly for safety to Avant Khan, a Tartar prince, whom
he supported on his throne, and whose daughter he mar-
ried. These ties were not binding. Avant Kh4n joined
against Changez, who took signal vengeance on his
enemies, and after almost unexampled vicissitudes, he ob-
tained, at the age of 49, a complete victory over all those
who had endeavoured to effect his ruin, and received from
the Khans of Tartary the title of Khakin in 1206 A. D.,
602 A. H., and was declared emperor of Tartary. His ca-
pital was KaraVurm. In the space of 22 years he conquer-
ed Corea, Cathay, part of China, and the noblest provinces
of Asia, and became as renowned a conqueror as Alex-
ander the Great. He died on Sunday the 29th August,
1227 A. D., Ramazan 624 A. H., aged 76 lunar years,
leaving his dominions (which extended 1800 leagues from
east to west, and 1000 from north to south) properly
divided to his four sons, Jtiji, Okt&i, Chaghtdi and Ttili
EJiitn.
List of the Mughal emperors of Tartary.
Changez Khin, 1206
Tuli Khdn, his son, 1227
0\tiU brother of Tdli, 1241
Turkina Khatiin, his wife, regent for 4 years.
Kaytik Khan, son of Oktai, 1246
Ogiilgan-mish, his wife, regent on his death, . . 1248
mLngd Kh&n, son of TdH KMn 1261, died 1269
After the death of Mangu, the empire of the Mughals was
divided into different branches, in China, Persia, in
Kapchalf:, &c.
Kabl&iKh&n, the brother of Mangd Kh6n,
' succeeded in China, and founded the Yuen
dynasty, 1260
Chaght&i Khan, son of Changez Kh&n, founded
• • the Chaghtii branch in Transoxiana, .... 1240
Jtiji, son of Changez Khin, founded the Kap-
chikdynafity, 1226
Vide, HaUkd Khan.
Chatrapati Appa Saheb, v^^ ^^ i^bh^, xi^i
of Sitae, who died in, or a year before, 1874 A. D., whose
adopted son was Rdja Bim.
Char Bagh, ^ . J ^ ^ name of a garden constructed by the
emperor B&bar on the bank of the Jamna, which it is
said was also called Hasht Bahisht ; it bore all sorts of
fruits ; no traces of this fiEunous garden are left now.
Chatur Sal, ^^J^^ Chhattar Sil, or, according to the
author of the " Mfisir-ul-Umri," Satar S41, was the son of
Chait Singh, chief of the Bundelas or inhabitants of Bun-
delkhand, of which province he was rdjd. To secure the
independence of his posterity against the encroaching
power of theMarhat^as, he entered into a close alliance wi&
the Peshw^ Bigi Hao I about the year 1733 A. D., 1146
A. H., and at his demise, he bequeathed him a third of
his dominions, imder an express stipulation, that his
posterity should be protected by the Pecdiw^ and his heirs.
20
Chatur Sal died 1736 A. D., leaving two sons, Hirde
Sah and Jagat Rdj. The division of the dominions of
Bundelkhan<J, bequeathed to the Peshwa, comprised the
Mahals of Kalpi, Sirounj, Kunch, Garra Ko^a and Hir-
dainagar. Gangadhar Bala was nominated by the Pesji-
wa as his naib to superintend the collections. After-
wards the principal leaders in Bimdelkhan^ having fallen
in battles, and the ruin of the country having been com-
pleted by the subsequent conquest of the Hj of Panna by
N&na Arjdn, the grandson of Bakhat Singh, a descendant
of Chatur Sal, it hence became the object of NinA Far-
nawis, the Pdna minister, notwithstanding the stipulations
by which the former Peshwa obtained from Chatur S41
one-third of his dominions, to annex the whole of
Bundelkhand to the Marhatta States. For this purpose
he gave the investiture of it to 'All Bahadur, son of
Shamsher Bahadur, an illegitimate son of the Peshwi Biji
RAo, whose descendants now are called the Naw&bs of
Banda. Vide Muhammad Kh&n Bangash.
Chatur Mahal, ^J^^-r^-, one of the Begams of the ex-
king of Audh. One KurbAn 'All, who had held a subor-
dinate position, and was latterly a Sharistadib under the
British Government, suddenly became a rich man by
marrying her. He formed the acquaintance of this young
and beautiful woman, and they resolved to be married.
But the Begam did not wish the union with a man so
inferior to herself to take place where she was known,
and so obtained the permission of the Chief Commissioner
to leave Audh on the pretence of making a pilgrimage to
Mecca. Once clear of Lakhnau, she was joined by Kur-
b&n 'All, and made for his home at Bijnaur in Bundel-
khand.
Chin Ealich Ehan, ii)^ ^ iiyi^, vide Kulich Khin,
Chin Kalioh Khan, vy^ ^t^ c;^, former name of
Nizdm-ul-Mulk Asaf Jih.
Chimnaji 'Apa, ^T ^^U^^ the younger son of the
Marhatta chief Raghimath RAo, (Ragh6ba) was furtively
raised to the masnad at Puna some time after the death
of Madho Rio II, the son of Narayan Rdo, on the 26th
May, 1796 A. D. ; but was deposed afterwards, and suc-
ceeded by his elder brother Bdji Rao II, who was publicly
proclaimed on the 4th December following.
Churaman 9 c^l)J^> an enterprising Jix who having
enriched himself by plundering the baggage of the emperor
'Alamgir's army on his last march to the Dakhan, built
the fortress of Bhartpur, fourteen k6s frn^m Agra, with
part of the spoil, and became the chief of that tribe. The
present raj^ of Bhartptir are his descendants. He waa
killed by the royal army in the battle which took place
between the emperor Muhammad Shah and Kutb-ul-
Mulk Sayyad 'Abd-ullih Khdn in November, 1720 A. D.,
Mul^arram, 1133 A. H. His son Badan Singh succeeded
him.
The following it a list of the JRdJds of JBhartpiin
Ghiiriman Jat.
Badan Singh, the son of Chfir&man.
Surajmal Jat, the son of Badan Singh.
Jawdhir Singh, the son of Sdrajmal.
Rio Ratan Singh, brother of Jaw&hir Singh.
Kehri Singh, the son of Ratan Singh.
Nawal Singh, the brother of Ratan Singh.
Ran jit Singh, the nephew of Nawal Singh and son of
Kehri Singh.
Randhir Singh, the son of Ranjit Singh.
Baldeo Singh, the brother of Randhfr Singh.
Balwant Singh, the son of Baldeo Singh.
Jaswant Singh, the son of Balwant Singh and present riji
of Bhartpior.
Chosroes
78
Dara
Chosroes ly of Persia, v^de NAushirw&n the Just.
Chosroes II, tfide Ehusro Parviz.
Dabir-ud^aula Amln-ul-Mulk (Nawab), v'y
fjXJ) ^jXK\ iJjJ\ jxici^ title of Khw^'a Fand-uddin
Ahmad Khan BahiLdur Muslah Jang, the maternal grand-
father of Sayyid Ahmad KhAn, Munsif of Dehli. Whilst
the British were in Bengal, and the Wakil of the king
of Persia was killed in Bombay in an affray, it became
urgent for the British Government to send a Wakil on
deputation to Persia. Dabfr-ud-danla was selected for this
high office. On his return, after fully completing the
trust, he was appointed 'a full Political Agent at Ava.
After this, in latter times, he held the office of Prime
Minister to Akbir Sh&h II.
Dai^ ^ytp, whose full name is NuEiUn-uddm Muhammad
D&f , was a disciple of Sh^ Na'mat-uU^ Walt and is
the author of a Diwan which he completed in the year
1460 A. B., 865 A. H.
Daghistaniy ^y ^^**^'<>> a poet of Uaghist&n in Persia, who
is the author of a Persian work called '^Rayilz-ush-Shu'ari,"
vide W&Hh.
Dahaily c>^'*)^ whose proper name is Ab6 Muhammad
Sa'id, son of Mubarik, better known as Ibn I>£h£n-al-
Baghdadi, was an eminent Arabic grammarian, and an
excellent poet. He died in 1173 A. D., 669 A. H.
Dailaxnites, the, a dynasty.
Dakiki) ^5^***^^ * famous poet at the court of Amfr Ndh
II, son of Amir Mansur S4m&ni, by whose request he had
commenced to write the Shah Nama, but before he could
finish a thousand verses of the story of Graahtasp, he was
slain by one of his slaves. The year of his death is not
known, but this event appears to have taken place during
the reign of his royal master, who reig^ied in KhohLs&n
twenty years, and died in 997 A. B., 387 A. H. His
proper name, according to the Aittohkada, was Mansur
bin-Ahmad.
Dalpat Sah, ^ ^^^y the husband of Rani Durgdwati,
which see.
Dalpat} *^*v^9 r4j& of Bhojpl!ir near Buxar, was defeated
and imprisoned, and when he was at length set at liberty
by Akbar, on payment of an enormous sum, he again
rebelled under Jahangir, till Bhojpur was sacked, and his
successor R4j4 PartiLb was executed by Shah Jahan, whilst
the B,itm was forced to marry a Muhammadan courtier.
Dalip Singh (Maharaja), *^ ^^ ^b^, the
youngest son of Maharaja Kaniit Singh, ruler of the Pan-
jib. He was only ten years of age when he was raised to
the masnad at Ldhor after the death of his nephew, R&ji
Sher Singh, in September, 1843. In his time the Panjab was
annexed to the British Government, 1846 A. B. " On the
19th of March," (1849) says Marshman, *' the young Ma-
h£raj& took his seat for the last time on the throne of
Kanjit Singh, and in the ])resence of Sir Henry Lawrence,
the Resident, and Mr. Elliot the Foreign Secretary, and
the nobles of his court, heard Lord Balhousie's proclama-
tion read in English, Persian, and Hindi, and then affixed
the initials of his name in English characters to the do-
cuments which transferred the kingdom of the five rivers
to the Company, and secured him an annuity of five lakhs
of rupees a year. Balip Singh was baptized on the 8th
March, 1835 A. B., and went to England where he is
still living.
Damad, ^^^^> poetical name of Muhammad Bilpr, which see.
Damaji, s^^^^, the first Gael^war of Baroda. His succes-
sor was Peliji.
Damishki, t^^^^ an illustrious Persian poet, named
Muhammad Bamishiji, who fiourishcd in the time of Fazl,
the son of Ahia or Yahia, the Barmecide or Baimaki
Danial Mirza (Sultan), b>* ^^^^ ^iM^, the third
son of the emperor Akbar. He was bom at Ajmir on
Wednesday the 10th September, 1572 A. B., and received
the name of Bani&l on account of his having been bom in
the house of a celebrated Barwesh named Shaikh B&niiL
His mother was a daughter of Kijd Bih&ri Mai Kachh-
w^Uia. After the death of his brother, prince Sult&n Mur-
id, he was sent to the Bakhan by his father, accompanied
by a well appointed army, with orders to occupy all the
Niz&m Shahi territories. Ahmadnagar was taken in the
beginning of the year 1009 A. H. or 1600 A. B.,
Sul^ Baniil died on the 8th April, 1605 A. B.,
Ist Zil-hijja, 1013 A. H., in the city of Burhdnp6r,
aged 33 years and some months, owing to excess in
drinking. His death and the circumstances connected
with it, so much a£fected the king his father who was in
a declining state of health, that he became every day
worse, and died six months after. From the chi*onogram
it appears that the prince BaniiU died in the year 1012
A. It., or 1604 A. B., a year and six months before Ids
£Either«
Danish^ ifi^^^j poetical name of Mir BJai who died in
1665 A. B., 1076 A. H.
I • * 4^ *i
Danishmand Khan, izr^ ^^^-^m, whose proper name
was Muhammad Shafi' or MuI14 Shaff , was a Persian
merchant who came to Surat about the year 1646 A. B.,
1056 A. H., from which place he was sent for by the
emperor Sh&h Jah^. He was soon after raised to the
mansab of 3000 and paymastership of the army, with the
title of B&nishmand Ehin. In the reign of 'Alamgir he
was honored with the mansab of 4000, and after some time
to that of 5000, and appointed governor of Sh£h JahAnil-
b&d, where he died in the month of July, 1670 A. B., 10th
Babf I, 1081 A. H. He used to speak much about the
Christian rdigion. Bemier, the French Traveller, who
accompanied ' Alamgir to Kasbmfr in 1664, has mentioned
him in his Travels.
f . * A *
Danishmand Khan, c)^ «^. v »***. ^ b^ whose original name
was Mirz& Muhammad, and poetical, Ali, was a native
of Shfr&z. In the year 1693 A. B., he was honored with
the title of Na'mat Kh4n, and the superintendence of the
royal kitchen by the emperor 'Alamgir. After the death
of that monarch, the title of Nawab B&nishmand Ehin
All was conferred on him by Bah&dur Shih, by whose
order he had commenced writing a Sh&hnama or history
of the reign of that emperor, but died soon after in the
year 1708 A. B., 1120 A. H. Vide Na'mat Ehin All.
Dara or Darab I, vb'«^ b^^9 the eighth king of the second
or Kaifaiian dynasty of the kings of Persia, was the son
of Queen Humai, whom he succeeded on the Persian
throne. His reig^ was distinguished by several wars;
particularly one against Philip of Macedon. He reigned
twelve years, and was succeeded by his son Dixk or Barib
Dara or Darab II, <-*!;'«^ b^^> is the celebrated Barius
Codomanus of the Greeks. He succeeded his father Bii^
I, as king of Persia, and was slain in battle against Alex-
ander the Great in the year 331 B. G. He was the last
and ninth king of the 2nd or Eai4nian dynasty of the
kings of Persia.
Dara
79
Dastam
Bara Bakht (Mirza),
\Jd \}j^, son of BaMdtip
Shih, the ex-king of Dehli. His poetical title is D&r£,
and he is the author of a DiwlLn.
Barab Beg (Mirza), ^ v!;'«^ ^Jj^> vide JbjL
Barab Khan, ul^ vb^<>^ commonly caUed Minli Birih,
was the second son of Abdul Bahim Khin, Khin Eh&nim.
After the death of his eldest brother Shahnaw&z Khan
in 1618 A. D., 1027 A. H., he was honored with the rank
of 6000 by the emperor Jahangir and appointed governor
of Bef&f and Ahmadnagar in the Dakhan. He was also
governor of Bengal for some time, and on his return to
the Dakhan, the emperor, being displeased with him on
some account, ordered Mah&bat Rh^ to strike off his
head, which he did, and sent it to the king. This circum-
stance took place 1625 A. D., 1034 A. H.
Barab Ehaily ij^ vt)'*>^ son of Mukht&r Kh&n Sabzwin,
a nobleman in the service of the emperor *Alamg£r. He
died on the 24th June, 1679 A. D., 25th Jumida I, 1090
A. H.
Bara Shikoh, ^^ b^^$ ihe eldest and favorite son of the
emperor 8h£h Jah&n, was bom on the 20th March, 1615
O. 8., 29th Safar, 1024 A. H. His mother, Mumt£z
Hahal, was the daughter of ' Asaf Kh4n, wazir, the brother
of Kur Jahin Begam. In the 20th year of his age, »'. «.,
in the year 1633 A. D., 1043 A. H., he was married to
the princess Nadira, the daughter of his uncle Sultan
Parwez, by whom he had two sons, viz., Sulaim&n
iShik6h and Sipchr Shik6h. In 1658 A. D., during the
illness of his father, several battles took place between
him and his brother Auraiigzib 'Alamgir for the throne,
in which Ddr& being defeated, was at last obliged to fly
towards Sindh, where he was captured by the chief of
that country and brought to the presence of Aurangzib,
loaded with chains, on a sorry elephant without housings ;
was exposed through all the principal places and then
led off to a prison in old Dehli, where after a few days, in
the night of the 29th of August, 1659 O. 8., 2l8t ^il-bijja
1069 A. H., he was murdered by the order of Aurangzib ;
hifi body exhibited next morning to the populaoe on an
elephant, and his head cut off and carried to the emperor,
who ordered it to be placed on a platter, and to be wiped
and washed in his presence. When he had satisfied him-
self that it was the real head of Diri, he began to weep,
and with many expressions of sorrow, directed it with its
corpse to be interred in the tomb of the emperor Humi-
ydn. Sipehr Shik6h, his son, who was also taken captive
and brought with his father, was sent away in confine-
ment to Gwaliar. Sulaimin Shikdh, his eldest son, who,
after the defeat of his father had taken refuge in Srmagar
for some time, was subsequently, in 1670 A. D., 1071
A. H., given up by the r&j4 of that place to the officers of
Aurangzib and conveyed to Dehli. He was then sent to
Gwiliar, where he and his brother Sipehr Shik6h both
died within a short space. D&ri 8hik6h is the author of
the work called ** Safinat-ul-Aulia," an abridgment of the
Life of Muhammad, with a circumstantial detail of his
wives, children, and companions, &c., also of a work en*
titled '* Majma'-ul-Bahrain," (•'. e,, the uniting of both
seas,) in which he endeavours to reconcile the Br&hma^
religion with the Muhammadan ; citing passages from the
^uribi to prove the several points. In 1656 he likewise,
with the same intent, caused a Persian translation to be
made by the Brdhma^s of Banaras, of the Apnikhat, a
work in the Sanskrit language, of which the title signifies
"the word that is not to be said;" meaning the secret
that is not to be revealed. This book he named " Sarr-i-
Asrfir," or Secret of Secrets ; but his enemies took advan-
tage of it, to traduce him in the esteem of his father's
Muhammadan soldiers, and to stigmatize him with the
epithets of K&fir and Rafizf (unbeliever and blasphemer),
andfixially effected his ruin; for Aurangzib his brother
made a pretence of that, and consequently had all his
bigoted Muhammadans to join him. Monsieur Anquetil
du Perron has given a translation of this work, in two
large volumes in quarto, on which a very good critique
may be found in the Second Number of the " Edinburgh
Review." There is also a copy of the Persian version of
this work in the British Museum, with a MS. translation,
made by N. B. Halhed, Esq. He is also the author of
Vie three following works, " HasnAt-ul-' Ariiin," " Risdla
Hak N«ma" and - Sakmat-ul-Aulia." His poetical name
was Kadiri. Catrou says that Dara died a Christian.
Bard (Mir), •D«>^r**, is the poetical name of Khwija Mu-
hammad Mir of Dehli, a son of Khw£ja N^ir who was
one of the greatest Shaikhs of the age. Dard was the
greatest poet of his time. He was formerly in the army,
but he gave up that profe^on on the advice of his father
and led the life of a devotee. When during the fall of
Dehli every body fied from the city, Dard remained in
poverty contented with his lot. He was a Sufi and a
good singer. A crowd of musicians used to assemble
at his house on the 22nd of every month. Some biogra-
phers say that he was a disciple of Shih Gulshan, meaning
Shaikh Sa'd-ulUh. Besides a Diwin in Persian and one
m Rekhta, he has written a treatise on Sufusm called
" Risala Wiridit.'* He died on Thursday the 8rd of Ja-
nuary, 1785 A. D., 24th Safar, 1199 A. H.
list of his Work$.
All Nala-wa-Dard.
All Said.
DaidDil.
Ilm-ul-Kitib.
Diw4n in Persian.
Diwdn in Urdd.
Bardmandy ^^^)^, poetical name of Muhammad Talph
of Dehlf, who was a pupil of Mirz4 J£n J4n^ Mazhar,
and the author of a Si^inima and of a Dfw4n. He died
at Murshid&bAd in the year 1762 A. D., 1176 A. H.
Baria Imad Shah, »^ oU* Oj^, the son of 'AU-uddm
'Imad Shah whom he succeeded on the throne of Ber&r ^
the Dakhan about the year 1532 A. D., 939 A. H. In
1543 A. D., 950 A. H., he gave his sister Rabia* SultAna
m marriage to Ibrahim 'Adil Shih, and the nuptials were
celebrated with royal magnificence. In 1558 A. D., 966
A. H., he gave his daughter in marriage to Husain Niz&m
Shah and reigned in great tranquillity with all the other
kings of the Dakhan until his death, when he was suc-
ceeded by his son BurhAn 'ImiLd ShAh.
Baria Khan Bohila, *^Jj \J^ kj^, a nobleman in the
service of prince Sh£h JahAn, who on his accession to the
throne, raised him to the rank of 5000. He afterwards
joined the rebel Khin JahAn Lodi. In a battle which
took place between him and Rija Bikarmajit Bundola, son
of RAj4 Chhaiiar Singh, he was killed, together with one
of his sons and 400 Afghans 1630 A. D., 1040 A. H. His
head was sent to the emperer.
Bapikutni, (/K)^.>, Wrf^ Abd'l Husain 'Ali-bin-'Umr.
Barimi, <^'<>, the son of 'Abdul RahnUn of Samarkand,
is the author of the work called " Musnad Ddrimf." He
died in the year 869 A. D., 255 A. H. He is also called
by some authors Abti Muhammad 'Abd-ullih-al-Darimi.
Barki, i^ K^J^i of Kumm in Persia, was a contemporary
of Shih ' Abb&s. He died in the Dakhan and left a Persian
Diw4n.
Basht Baiazi, j/^***^^, »«fo WaHofDasht Bayiz.
Bastam Ehan^ \s^ f^^} son of Rustam Khin Turki-
stini, was an Amfr of 3000 in the service of the emperer
Akbar. He died in 1580 A. D., 988 A. H. of his wounds
which he had received in battle against the three nephews
of Rij& Bihirf Mai, who had rebelled against the emperor
and were also killed.
Data
80
Dawar
Data Bam Brahman, er*^ cb ^^^} a poet who wrote
beantifiil Persian verses.
Dattaji Sindhia, ^Odju^ ^^13^, son of RAn4jf and
brother of Jaiip4 Sindhia, a Marhatta chief who had a
cavahy of 80,000 horse under him, and was slain in battle
against Ahmad Shah Abdali in the month of January,
1760 A. D., Jumada II, 1173 A. H., a year before the
death of Bhau, the famous Marhatta chief. Fide lUniji
Sindhia. '
Baud Bidari (MuUa), (SJ^ ^^^'^^ a native of Bidar
in the Dakhan. When twelve years of age, he held the
oflace of pa^ and seal-bearer to Sultan Muhammad Shah
Bahmani I, king of Dakhan about the year 1368 A. D.,
770 A. H. He is the author of the " Tahfat-us-SaUtin
Bahmani."
Baud Khan Farnki, u^jj^e>^ ^^^-^y succeeded his
brother Miran Ghani to the throne of Khdndesh in Sep-
tember, 1603 A. D., Ist Jumada I, 916 A. H., reigned seven
years and died on Wednesday the 6th of August, 1510
A. D. He was succeeded by 'Adil Khan Faruki II.
Baud Ehan Kureshi, i^^ e>^ ^^ o, son of Bhikan
Khan, was an officer of 6000 in the reign of the emperor
Alamgfr. In the year 1670 A. D., 1081 A. H.. he was
appomted governor of AUahabid.
Baud iQian Fanni, i/i ^^ oj^-^, son of Khizir KhAn
Pannf, a Path£n officer, renowned throughout India for
his reckless courage, and his memory still survives in the
tales and proverbs of the Dakhan. He served several
years under 'Alamgir, and when Bahadur Shah, on his
departure from the Dakhan, gave th<? viceroyalty of that
kingdom to the Amir-al-Umra, Zulfikar Khan, as that
chief could not be spared from court, he left the admin-
istration of the government to Daud Khan, who was to
act as his lieutenant. In the reign of Famikh-siyar when
^e Amir-ul-Umra Husain 'AH Khan marched towards
Dakhan, Datid Khdn received secret orders from the em-
peror to oppose and cut him off. Accordingly when the
Amir-ul-Umri arrived at Burh£npur, D4ud KhAn, who
regarded himself as the hero of his age, prepared to re-
ceive him. The engagement was very bloody on both
ndes ; a matchlock ball struck BiM Kh£n, and he fell
down dead on the seat of his elephant. This event took
place in the year 1716 A. D., 1127 A. H,
Baud Zaisari (Shaikh), (sj^ c^^^o ^iA, author of
anotiier commentary called **Sharah Hadis-ul-Arba'fn,"
besides the one written by Birgili. He died 1360 A. D.,
761 A. M. '
Baud Shah Bahmani (Sultan), ^^i »Li ^Sb
c;UaA-., the son of Sultan 'AU-uddm Hasa^ ascended the
throne of Dakhan, after assassinating his nephew MujAhid
?^A ""^ ^^^^^ of April, 1378 A. D., 2l8t Mu^a^tim,
780 A. M. He reigned one month and five days, and was
murdered on the 19th May the same year in the mosque
at KiUbarga where he went to say his prayers. He was
succeeded by his brother Mahmiid Shah I.
Baud Shah, i^lrT »^ j5'.3, a king of Gujrtlt, who
was placed on the throne after the death of his nephew
KutbSh4hin 1439 A^ p and was deposed after seven
days, when Mahmtid Shah, another nephew of his, a youth
of only 14 years of age, was raised to the throne.
Baud Shah, «^ ^^^^, the youngest son of Suhumfen
Kirini succeeded to the kingdom of Bengal after the
death of his eldest brother Biiazfd in the year 1673
A. D., 981 A, H. This prince was much addicted to
sensual excesses ; and the propensity was rendered more
degrading by his inclination to associate with persons of
low origin and mean connections, by whom he was in-
duced to attack the frontiers of the kingdom of Dehli.
He had several skirmishes with Munaim Khan, Khan
Kh^&n, governor of Jaunpur, who was subsequently
joined by his master, the emperor Akbar, when an obsti-
nate battle took place on the 30th of July, 1675 A. D.,
21st Rabf II, 983 A. H., in which Ddud Shah was defea-
ted and obliged to retire to a fort on the borders of Ka^k.
After this a peace was concluded, by which D4ud Shih
was invested with the government of Orisa and Ka^ak,
and the other provinces of Bengal were occupied by
Munaim Khan in the name of the emperor. The year
of this event is commemorated in a Persian Hemistich.
After the death of Munaim Khan which took place
the same year at Lakhnau^i, D&ud Khan re-took the
provinces of Bengal, but was soon attacked by Khin
Jah&n Turkman, who was appointed governor, when
after a severe engagement D§iud ^in was taken
prisoner, and suffered death as a rebel. From that
period, the kingdom of Bengal was subdued, and fell
under the subjection of the emperor Akbar. Thus ended
the rule of the P6rbi or independent eastern kings of
Bengal.
Baud Tai, ijr^ ^^^f^, a Musahnin doctor who was mas-
ter of several sciences. He had served Abd Hanifii for
20 years, and was one of the disciples of Habib Rai. He
was contemporary with Fazail Aiaz, Ibrdhim Adham
and Ma'rdf Karkhi, and died in the reign of the khaltf
Al-Mahdi, the son of Al-Mansur, about the year 781 or
782 A. D., 164 or 166 A. H.
Baud Khan, a^ lij'^, a general of Aurangzfb.
Bawal Bevi, (Sji^ Jjb, or DewalDevi, vide KauU Devi.
Bawani, t5^'>«^> the philosopher, whose proper name is
Jaldl-uddin Muhammad Asa'd Aldawdni, the son of Sa*d-
nddin Asa'd Daw4ni. He flourished in the reign of Sul-
tAn Abu Sa'id and died, according to Hdji Khalfa, in the
year 908 A. H., (corresponding with 1602 A. D.). He is
He also wrote the " Sharah 'Akaed," and marginal notes
on " Sharah Tajrid." The Akhlak Jaldli is a translation
from the Arabic, the original of which appeared in
the 10th century under the name of " Kitib-ut-Taharat,"
by an Arabian author, minister of the imperial house of
B6y4. Two centuries after, it was translated into Persian
by Abti Nasr, and named " Akhlak NiLsiri," or the morals
of Nasir, being enriched with some important additions
taken from Ab6 Sina. In the 16th century, it assumed
a still further improved form, imder the present designa-
tion, the Akhlak Jalili or morals of JalAl. This book
which is the most esteemed ethical work of middle Asia,
was translated into English by W. P. Thompson, Esq of
the Bengal Civil Service, London, 1839.
Bawar Bakhsh (Sultan), iM'jjh e;^ sumamed
Mirzi Bulakf, was the son of Sultan Khusro. When his
grandfather, the emperor Jahingir, died on his way from
Ka^ir to L4hor in October, 1627 O. S., Safer 1087
A. H., Asaf Khan, wazir, who was all along determined to
siipport Shah JahAn, the son of the late emperor, imme-
diately sent off a messenger to summon him from the
Dakhan. In the meantime, to sanction his own measureB
by the appearwice of legal authority, he released prince
JJdwar Bakhsh from prison, and proclaimed him king.
^ ur Jahan Begam, endeavouring to support the cause of
bhahnar, her son-in-law, was placed under temporary
restraint by her brother, the wazir, who then continued
his march to Labor. Shahriar who was already in that
city, forming a coalition with two, the sons of his uncle
Daira
81
Dilawar
the late pnnce Danial,. marched out to oppose 'Asaf Kh&a.
The battle ended in his defeat ; he was given up by his ad-
herents, and afterwards put to death together with Dawar
Bakhsh and the two sons of Dinial, by orders from Shah
Jahan who ascended the throne. Elphinstone in his His-
tory of India, says that Dawar Bakhsh found means to
escape to Persia, where he was afterwards seen by the
Holstein ambassadors.
Daya Mai, ^ ^^, vide ImtiyAi.
Daya Wath, ^^ ^.^ vide WafA.
Dayanat Khan, e;^ *^^k^, title of Muhammad Husain,
an amir of 2500, who served under the emperor 8h£h Ja-
hin, and died at Ahmadnagar in the Dakhan 1630 A. D.,
1040 A. H.
Baya Bam, (•!; S!«>, Pattha, a hero, renowned in the west
of Hindfist&n for extraordinary strength of body, extra-
ordinary courage, and extraordinary achievements. He
was a Gwdla by caste, and flourished in the reign of the
Emperor Famikh-siyar. The wonderful feats of this man
are sung or recited accompanied by the beat of a dh6l
throughout Hindustiua. A full and affecting accoimt of
this hero is given in the " Bengal Annual" published at
Calcutta in 1833, p. 169.
Daya Ham, (*!; ^^j a chief of Hatras, tributary to the
Honorable Company, who, about the year 1814 A. D.,
confiding in the extraordinary strength of his foi^t, shewed
a spirit of contumacy and disobedience. A train of
Artillery was brought against this place from CawnpAr,
and a few hours of its tremendous fire breached the
boasted fortification.
Dilami i^^<> and Siminf were two dynasties which divided
between them the kingdom of Persia towards the be-
ginning of the 10th century. They both rose to power
through the favor of the Khalifs of Baghdad, but they
speedily threw off the yoke. The Dil&mi divided into
two branches, exercised sovereign authority in Kirmdn,
Irik, Fdris, Khuzistfen, and Laristin, always acknowledg-
ing their nominal dependence on the Khalifi, and during
the whole period of their rule, one of the southern branch
of this family was vested with the dignity of Amir-ul-
TTmra, or vizir, and managed the affairs of the khalifate.
Several of the Diliuni were able and wise rulers, but
Hahmtid of Ghaznl put an end to the rule of the northern
branch in 1029 A. D., and the Saljtiks subjugated the south-
em one in 1066-A. D., by the capture of Baghdad, their last
stronghold. Their more powerful rivals, the Samanl, had
obtained from the'Khalif the government of Transoxiana
in 874 A. D. ; and to this, Isma'il, the most celebrated
prince of the feimily, speedily added Khwarizm, Balkh,
Khurasin, Sistan, and many portions of northern Turki-
st&n. Rebellions of provinciid governors distracted the
Samanida monarchy towards the end of the 10th century ;
and in 999 A. D. their dominions north of Persia were
taken possession of by the Khan of E&shghar, the Persian
provinces being added by Mahmud of Ghaznl to his domi-
nions. See Sam&ni.
Din Mtihaiiimad Elian, J^^^^'^uiC^, the son of
I&nf Beg Sultan, and 'Abd-ulUh Kh^ TJzbak's sister, was
raised to the throne of Samarkand after the death of
'Abdul M6min Ehin, the son of 'Abd-uUih Kh^ in 1598
A. D*) 1006 A. H. He was wounded in a battle fought
against Shah 'Abbas the Great, king of Persia, and died
shortly after.
Diwana, ^\j^^9 poetical name of Muhammad J£n, who
died in the year 1737 A. D., 1160 A. H.
Diwana, ^\yi^} poetical name of Bie Sarabsukh, a rela-
tion of ri^i Mahi Nar&yan. He wrote two Persian
21
Dfw£ns of more than 10,000 verses; most poets of L£kh-
nau were his pupils^ He died in 1791 A. B., 1206 A. H.
Diwana, ^i^«>^ poetical name of Mirz4 Muhammad 'All
E^hin of Ban^s, who was employed in the office of Mr.
Colebrooke at Jahanab&d.
Diwanji Begam, f^. t^^Ji^} she was the mother of
Arjumand Bano Begam Mumtaz Mahal, and t^e wife of
'Asaf Kh^ Wazir. On a spot of fifty bighas of land
on the bank of the river Jamna, close to the Bauza of
T&jganj, is to be seen her Bauza bust of white marble.
Deo iTarain Singh, *^ {:;ib^ji^, (K. C. S. I., Sir, E<j£)
of Baniras, died suddenly on the 28th August, 1870.
Dewal Devi, C5ry «^ Jji^, tide EauU Devi
Dhara, b ^^j the son of B&j& Todarmal. He was killed
in a battle fought against Mirz& Jinf Beg, ruler of Thattai
in November, 1591 A. D., Mu|^arram 1000 A. H.
Dhola BAOfjb «^«>> the ancestor of the Kachhwaha Bijas
of Ambfr or Jaipiir, he lived about the year 967 A. D.
Dhundia Wagh, ^b ^'^j^^j the free-booter, who had
for several yeai;p with a formidable band, pillaged and laid
waste the frt)ntiers of Mysore. This robber assumed the
lofty title of ^ing of the two worlds, and aimed, doubtless,
at carving out for himself some independent principality,
after the example of Hydar 'Ali, in whose service he ori-
ginally commenced his adventurous career. Subsequently
he incurred the displeasure of Tip(i Sult&n, who chained
him like a wild beast to the walls of his dungeons in
Serangapatam, from which " durance vile" he had been
liberated by the English soldiers after the taking of
Serangapatam. He now threatened Mysore with 5,000
cavalry. The Government of Madras instructed Colonel
Wellesley to pursue him wherever he could be found and
to hang him on the first tree. His subjugation and sub-
sequent death (in 1800) with the extirpation of his formi-
dable band of fr^e-booters, relieved the English Govern-
ment from an enemy, who, though by no means equal to
Hydar and Tip<i, might eventually have afforded consi-
derable annoyance.
Dil, ^^3 poetical name of Zorawar Eh^ of Sirkar Kol.
He is the author of a Diwin and a few Masnawfs.
Dilawar Ehan, tt^^J»J^<3, founder of the dynasty of the
Muhammadan kings of M£lwa. The Hindi! histories of
the kinedom of M^wa go back as &r as the reign of
B£j& Bikarmigit, whose accession to that kingdom has
given rise to an era which commences 57 years before
Christ. After him reigned Bij4 Bh6j and many others,
who are all mentioned among the rajas of Hindustan.
During the reign of Ghay&s-uddfn Balban king of Dehli
in the year 1310 A. D., 710 A. H., the Muhammadans first
invaded and conquered the provinces of M^wa; after
which it acknowledged alleg^iance to that crown until the
reign of Muhammad Shdh Tughla^ H, 1387 A. D., 789
A. H. At this period DiUwar EhiLn, a descendant on his
mother's side from Sulfin Shah&b-uddfn Gh6ri, was ap-
pointed governor of M41wa, previously to the accession of
Muhammad TughlaJj^, and he subsequentiy established his
independence. In the year 1398 A. D., 801 A. H., Mah-
miid Shah, king of Dehlf, being driven from his throne
by Amir TaimSr (Tamerlane,) made his escape to Gujrdt,
and then to M&lwa, where he remained three years, after
which, in 1401 A. D., 804 A. H., he, at the instance of
the Dehli nobles, quitted MAlwa, in order to resume the
reins of his own government. Dilawar Khiui shortiy af-
terwards assumed royalty and divided his kingdom into
estates among his officers whom he ennobled. DiUwar
tni^Ti on assuming independence, took up his residence
in Dhir, which place he conmdered as the seat of
Dilawar
82
Doulat
his goTemmdnt, but he fireqnently Tisited the city of Mibi^o, I
remaining there sometimes for mqpths together. He only
survived his assumption of the royal titles a few years ;
for in the year 1406 A. D., 808 A. H., he died suddenly,
and his son Alp Kh&n ascended the throne nnder the title
of Sul^&n H6shang Shih. Including Diliwar Kh4n
eleven princes reigned in M^lwa till the time of the em-
peror Humaytin, whose son Akbar eventually subdued and
attached it to the Dddl government. Their names are as
follow :
1. Dil&war Ehin Gh6rL
2. H6shang Shah, son of Dilawar.
3. Sultin Muhammad Shih.
4. Sultdn Mahmdd I, Khilji, styled the Qreaif son of
Malik Mughis.
6. Ghayas-uddin Khilji.
6. Nasir-uddin.
7. Mahmdd II.
8. Bahadur Shah, king of Gnjrtt.
9. Kadar Sh4h.
10. Shujaa' Khim, and
11. Baz Bahadur, son of Shujia' Eh£n.
Dilawar Khan, i^r^JJ^^s a nobleman of the reign of the
empeior Shah Jah^n, was the son of Bahddur Khan
Eohila. He died at Kabul in the year 1658 A. D., 1068
A. H.
Dildar Aga, Uf jt«iJ^^ one of the wives of the emperor
Babar, and mother of Mirz4 Handal.
Diler Himmat Khan, c/^ *^*^ jir^y original name
of Naw&b Muzoffar Jang of Farrukh£b&d, which see.
Diler Khan, cr^ J^'^i a DAudzai Afghan, whose proper
name was JaUl Khin. He was the younger brother of
Bahidur Khin Bohila, and one of the best and bravest
generaU of the emperor 'Alamgir. He held the rank of
5000, and died in the year 1683 A. J>,, 1094 A. H., in the
Dakhan«
Diler Khan, iJ^j^^} title of 'Abdul Kauf; the son of
'Abdul Karim, formerly in the service of the king of
Bfj&ptir. After the conquest of that country, -he joined
'Alamgir and received the titie of Diler Khdn and the
mansab of 7000. He died in the reign of Bahadur Sh&h
in the Dakhan, where he held a jigir.
Dilras Bano Begam, (^^ y ^ UV^^> daughter of
Shahnawdz Khdn Safwl, the son of Mirza Kustam Kan-
dhari, and wife of the emperor 'Alamgir. She had an-
other sister who was married to Mur4d Bakhsh, brother of
'Alamgir.
^ilBhad Khatnn, nfjl^^^d^ daughter of Amir Da-
mishl^ the son of Amir Juban or Jovian, and wife of Sul-
tan Abti Sa'id Kh£n. Amir Hasan Buzurg, who after
the death of the Sultan in 1336 A. D., took possession of
Baghdad, married her, but the reins of government were
in her hands.
Dilsoz, jy^^$ poetical title of Ehairdti Ehin, a poet who
lived about the year 1800.
Dost 'Ali, t^-^ ^^^j^j Nawib of Arkat and a relative of
Murtaza Kh&i. Under him the atrocious seizure of Tri-
chinopoly was perpetrated by Chanda Sahib. He was suc-
ceeded by his son Safdar ' Ali> who, after overcoming the
efifeets of poison prepared for him by Murtaza Khan, fell
by the poniard of a Pa^han assassin, hired for the work
by the same person. A storm was raised which he had not
the courage to encounter ; and disguising himself in fe-
male attire, he escaped firom Arkat to his own fort of
Yellore.
Dost Muhammad Khan, c^ **^** "^^J^, ruler of
KAbul and Kandahar, was one of the brothers of Patha
KhAn, the celebrated wazir of Mahmud, ruler of Hirat and
chief of the Barakzai clan. He was the most powerful chief
in Afghiuustan, and had for some years previous to the
restoration of Shih Shujaa'-ul-Mulk by the British in
1838, ruled that country. On the deatii of this prince,
Dost Muhammad again assumed the reins of government.
On the base and cruel murder of Fatha Khin by Mah-
mdd at the instigation of Prince Kiimr&n, his brothers
revolted from their allegiance under the guidance of
'Azim Khan, the governor of Kashmir, and drove Mah-
mtid and his son K4mr&n from Kabul. Azim Kh&n in.
the first instance offered the vacant throne to Shah Shu-
j^', but offended by some personal slight, withdrew his
support, and placed in his room, Aiydb, a brother of
ShiSi Shujaa', who was content to take the trappings with
the power of royalty. On Azim Khin's death, his bro-
thers dissatisfied with their position conspired against his
son, Habfb-ulUh Khdn, and seizing his person, by threats
of blowing him from a gun, induced his mother to deliver
up the residue of Azim Khin's immense wealth. Ai-
y^b's son was killed in these disputes, and he himself^
alarmed by these scenes of violence, fled to Ldhor. Dost
Muhammad Khan, the most talented of the brothers, then
took possession of the throne and became de facto king of
Kabul. Sher Dil Khdn, accompanied by four brothers,
carried off about half a million sterling of Azun Khin'»
money, and seated himself in Kandahir, as an indepen-
dent chieftain. He and one of his brothers died some
years ago ; and Kandah4r weis until lately ruled by
Kohan Dil Khan, assisted by his two surviving brothers
Rahim Dil and Mir Dil. In the year 1839 the British
army entered Kabul and placed Shah Shujaa' -ul-Mulk on
the throne on the 8th May, and Dost Muhammad Khin
surrendered to the British Envoy and Minister in K&bul
on the 4th November, after having defeated the 2nd Ben-
gal Cavalry by a desperate charge. He was subsequentiy
sent down to Calcutta, where he arrived, accompanied by
one of his sons, on the 23rd May, 1841. He was set tree
in November 1842 and returned to Kdbul, where he reign-
ed as before till his death, which took place on the 9th June»
1863 A. D., 21st ^il-bijja 1279 A. H., and his youngest
son Amir Sher All succeeded him.
Doiilat Khan Lodi, ts^j^iJ^*^J^} who, according
to Firishta, was an Afghan by birth, originally a private
Secretary, who after passing through various ofiices was
raised by Sultan Mahmud Tughlak, and attained the
title of 'Aziz Mumilik. After the death of Mahmdd, the
nobles raised him to the throne of Dehli in April, 1413
A. D., Mul?arram, 816 A. H. Tn March 1414, 16th
Kabi I, 817 A. H., Khizir Khin, governor of MultAn, in«
vaded Dehll, and after a siege of four montha obliged Doulat
Kh^ on the 4th June 1414, Jam4da I, 817 A. H., to
surrender. He was instantly confined in the fort of Fir6z&-
bad, where ho died after two months.
Doulat Khan Lodi, iS^j^ c>la.cJj^^ ^ho invited
B&bar Shah to India, was a descendant of the race of that
name who heretofore reigned at Dehlf. He was a poet
and a man of learning. He died a short time lefore
Babar conquered Dehli, ». «., in the year 1626 A. D. 932,
A. H«
Doulat Khan Lodi Shahu Khail, iS^^ iJ^ *^J^
J^ J^^p was the fether of the rebel Khftn Jahin Lodi.
He served under Mirz& 'Aziz K6ka, 'Abdul Eahim Khin
Kh&n Khin&n, and prince D&nial for several years and was
raised to the rank of 2000. He died in the DaUUin 1600
A. D., 1009 A. H.
Doulat Bao Sindhia (Maharaja)^ «jA,>^j|j cJ,^
^b^9 of Gwiliar, a Marhatta cfaie^ waa the grand-
Doulat
83
Dnrgawati
nephew and adopted son of Madhojf Sindliia, whom he
succeeded to the raj of Gwaliar in March, 1794 A. D.,
1208 A. H. Hia yiolence, rapacity and lawless ambition,
were the main causes of the war in 1802 with the con-
federate Marhatta chieftains. Hostilities having broken
out with the British, Sir Arthur Wellesley (afterwards
Puke of Wellington) defeated Doulat Bao at Assaye in
1803, while Lord Lake drove the Marhattas from the whole
of the Doab. He married Baji Bif, reigned 33 years,
and died on the 21st March, 1827, 2l8t Sh'aban 1242
A. H. He was succeeded by Jhanko H&o Sindhia.
Boillat Shah, ^ ^^^J^, son of Bakht Shih of Samarkand,
and author of the Biography of Poets called " Tazkira
Doulat Sh^hi." He flourished in the reign of Sultin
Husain Mirza of Hirdt, sumamed Abul Ghazf Bah4dur,
and dedicated the work to his prime minister, the celebra-
ted Amir Kizam.uddin 'Alisher. This work was written
in 1486 A. D., 891 A. H., and contains the Lives or Me-
moirs of ten Arabian, and one hundred and thirty-four
Persian poets, with various quotations from their works,
and anecdotes of the princes at whose court they resided.
It also gives an account of six poets then residing in
Hirdt; two of whom were principal ministers of the
Sult&n ; vit., *Alisher, and Amir Shaikh Ahmad Suheli.
Vide Faezi Kirmani. He died in 1495 A. D.
Dundey Khan, ^JJ c;^ ^^"^J^, a Rohila chief, and
son of 'All Muhammad Kh&n, the founder of the Rohila
Government. Jxl the partition of lands which were
assigned to the chiefs, in the time of H&fis Rahmat Eh&n,
Dundey Eh&n obtained the districts of BisauU, Murlida-
bddy ChiLndpur and Sambhal in Rohilkhand. He died
previous to the Rohila war which took place in 1774
A. D., leaving three sons, the eldest of whom Muhib-ullah
Khfa, succeeded to the largest portion of his teiritories.
Diinyapat Singh (raja), *^^ "^^^ ^b- His father
died in 1790 A. D., at which time he was only seven years
of age. He inherited from his grandfather Rup Rae the
ChaUas of K6iri, Fathap^r and Ka^a, but was dispossess-
ed by the Naw&b Wazir, and a Nankar allowance of
24,000 rupees granted to the rdja on his exclusion. This
was subsequently reduced to 7,500 rupees. The original
grant amounted to 52,000 per annum, payable from 14
mahdis, but in 1770 A. D., the Naw&b Najaf Kh&i
acquiring unlimited dominion over these provmces, dis-
possessed his father of eleven of the villages, by which his
income was reduced to 20,000 rupees. In 1787 his father
was dispossessed of the remaining three villages by Zain-
ul-'Abidin EMn, the 'Amil,but as the r&j& was about to
proceed to hostilities, the 'Amil agreed to allow him
10,000 Rs. for the first year, and 20,000 thereafter, but
failed in the fulfilment of his promise. In 1792 A. D.,
Zain-ul-'Abidm died, and was succeeded by his son B&l^ar
'All KhAn, and from that period up to 1802, the r&j& Du-
niapat Singh was allowed 8,000 rupees per annum, which
was confirmed by Government in 1805 in perpetuity.
DupleiXy a French officer, governor of Pondicherry. In
1750 A. D., he was elevated to the rank of a Haft Haz&rf,
or Commander of seven thousand horse, and permitted
to bear an ensign, assigned to persons of the highest
note in the empire, by Muzaffar Jang, viceroy oi the
Dakhan, after lus victory over his brother N4sir Jang
who feU in battle.
Dnrduzdy ^j^J^y ^^ 'Ali Durdozd of Astrabad.
Durgawati (Rani), J^J^J^ i/bj daughter of Bana
Sarika. Vide Silhaddl'
Durgawati (Bani), t^J^j^i^^', the daughter of the
rij4 of Mah6ba, who was much celebrated for her singu-
lar beauty. Overtures had been made for an union
with Dalpat Sah, raj& of Singalgurh (which is situated
on the brow of a hill that commands a pass on the road
about halfway between Garha and Sangar ;) but the pro-
posal was rejected on the ground of a previous engage-
ment, and some inferiority of caste on the part of the
Garha family, who was of the race of the Ghandeil r&j-
puts. Dalpat Sih was a man of uncommonly fine ap-
pearance, and this added to the cllebrity of his father's
name and extent of his dominions, made Durg&wati as
desirous as himself for the union, but he was by her
given to understand, that she must be relinquished or
taken by force, since the difference of caste would of itself
be otherwise an insurmountable obstacle. He marched
with all his troops he could assemble, met those of her
father and his rival, — gained a victory and brought off
Durgiwati as the prize to the fort of Singalgurh. Dal-
pat Siih died four years after their marriage, leaving a son
named Bir Nar&yan about three years of age, and his
widow as regent during his minority. Asaf Khin, the
imperial viceroy at Kara Minikpdr on the Ganges in the
province of Allahabad, invited by the prospect of appro-
priating so fine a country and so much wealth as she was
reputed to possess, invaded her dominions in the year
1564 A.D., at the head of 6,000 cavalry and 12,000 weU dis-
ciplined infiEmtry, with a train of artillery. He was met
by the queen at the head of her troops, and an action
took place in which she was defeated. She received a
wound from an arrow in the eye ; and her only son, then
about 18 years of age, was severely wounded and taken
to the rear. At this moment she received another arrow
in the neck ; and seeing her troops give way and the
enemy closing around her, she snatched a dagger from
the driver of her elephant, and plunged it in her own
bosom. Her son was taken off the field, and was, un-
perceived by the enemy, conveyed back to the palace at
Chdr&garh, to which Asaf Kh&n returned immediately
after his victory and laid siege. The young prince was
killed in the siege ; and the women set fire to the place
under the apprehension of suffering dishonor if they fell
alive into the hands of the enemy. Two females are said
to have escaped, the sister of Uie queen, and a young
princess who had been betrothed to the young prince
Bir Nariyan ; and these two are said to have been sent
to the emperor Akbar. In this district of Jabbalptir, the
marble rocks and the palace called Madan Mahal is worth
seeing. There is some doggrel rhyme about this palace
which is not generally known, though of some interest.
This building stands on a single granite boulder, and was
constructed by the Gond princess Rani Durgawati, at the
time of the Muhammadan invasion of Central India.
Years after the cession of the country to the British, a
wag of a Pa9<^it wrote on the entrance door of the palace
the following lines :
Madan Mahal k6 chhain m6,
Do t^g6n k6 bich,
Gafi nau lakh rupi,
Aur so;i4 k& do i^t.
Translation —
In the shade of Madan Mahal
Between two boulders
There are buried nine lakhs of rupees
And two bricks of gold.
It did not take long for the news of the appearance of
this writing on the door to spread abroad, and the very
person to fall a dupe to the Pandit's trick was Captain
Wheatley, at that time a Political Assistant at Jabalpur.
He mustered some peons and laborers, and having pro-
ceeded to the spot, commenced digging for the treasure
on the part of Government. The native lady, in whose
possession was the village lands on which the palace stood,
came rushing down to tibe Agent to the Governor-General
and represented that she was being plundered of her
Egypt
84
Fai2-ii]lah
treasure by Captain Wheatley. " Pagli," replied Sir Wm.
Bleeman, '* he is as mad as you are ; the Pandit would not
have divulged the secret were it of much Talue." Many
years have since elapsed, and many others not posseesed
of Sir William's wisdom have fcdlen dupes to the Pandit's
poetical trick ; and, but for the very durable nature of
the martas, there have been enough of excavations made
in and about the building to raze it to the ground.
E
Eg3rpt, kings of; vide Moizz-li-dfn-allih AM Tamfm Ma'd.
Ekkojly ^j^jxj^ the founder of the Tanjore family was the
son of Shahji Bhosla, and brother of Seiw&jf, but firom
another consort. The principality of Tanjore was one
of the oldest in the Marhatta confederacy, of which pro-
vince Ekkoji obtained possession in 1678 A. B.
F
Faek, (3i^> or Fayek, poetical name of Moulwi Muham-
mad Fdek, author of the work called "Makhzan-ul-
Fawaed."*
Faez> (j^^ ^' P^7^> poetical name of Shaikh Muham-
mad Faoz, a pupil of Muhammad Sa'id Ayaz. He is the
author of a short Diwan, and was probably living in 1724
A. D., 1136 A. H.
Faesi Blipmani, (/* ^r t5^- ^ a poet who rendered the
Tazkira of Boulat Shih in Persian verses in the time of
the emperor Akbar, and altered the division of the ori-
ginal, making ten periods instead of seven. Vide Lutf-
ullah Muhammad Muhaddis.
FaghfUr^ J3^^> the general name of the kings of China.
Faghfur Yezdi, KS^jiJJ^ (H^, (Hakfm) a phy-
sician and poet of Persia, bom at Yczd. Ho is the author
of a Diw&n or Book of Odes, and has written several
panegyrics in praise of the kings of Persia. He came
to India in 1603 A. D., 1012 A. H., and was employed
by prince Parwez, and died at Allah£blul about the year
1619 A. D., 1028 A. H.
Fahmi Kirmani, L^J ij^ "^^-^ e?:!*^!;^ ^^V,
(Moulana Sadr-uddin Muhammad), a poet who is the
author of a Masnawi called " Surat-wa-Ma'ani," and
also of some Kasidas, Ghazals, Satires, &c. He died in
the year 1584 A. D., 993 A. H., in the fort of Tabrez,
during the time it was besieged by the Turks.
FaiZy ^J^y the distinguished mystical philosopher and
theologist, Mulli Muhsin of 'Kash&n, commonly called
Akhiind Faiz. He flourished under Shah 'Abbds II of
Persia, who treated him with great respect. He has
written a great number of books, of which " Kit&b 'Asafi"
and " Eitab Safi are two Commentaries on the Kuran.
He died at "Kawh^n under, or after Sh&h 8ulaixn4n of
Persia, and his tomb is a place of pilgrimage.
« •
FaiSy U^> poetical title of Mir Faiz 'AH, an Urd<i poet
of Behlf. His father Mir Muhammad Taki was also an
elegant poet, and had assumed the title of Mir for his
poetical name. Both Faiz 'Ali and his &ther were living
at Behli in the year 1785 A. D., 1196 A. H.
FaiSy U^i a pupil of Mirza Katil, and author of a poe-
tical work containing amorous songs in Persian, called
** Biw&n Faiz." He was living in the time of Muham-
mad 'Ali ShiUii king of L&khnau, about the year 1840
A. D., 1256 A. H.
FaiZy U^i poetical title of Faiz-ul-Hasan of Sah£raa-
pur, author of the '* Kauzat-ul-Faiz," a poem composed in
1847 A. D., 1263 A. H.
Faizi (Shaikh), {^^^ Ij^y whose proper name was
Abd'l Faiz, was the son of Shaikh Mub&rik of K^or,
and eldest brother of Shaikh Abu'l Fazl, prime-minister
and secretary to the emperor Akbar Shah. He was bom
on the 16th September 1547, A. D., Ist Shaban, 954
A. H., and was first presented to Akbar in the 12th year
of his reign, and introduced his brother Abu'l Fazl six
years later. After the death of the poet laureate Ghizali
of Mashhad, about the year 1672 A. D., or some years
after, or, according to the " Misir-ul-XJmri," in the 33rd
year of the emperor, Faizi was honored with the title of
" Malik-ush-Shua'r&" or king of poets. In history, phi-
losophy, in medicine, in letter writing, and in composi-
tion, he was without a rival. His earlier compositions
in verse, bear his titular name of Faizi, which he subse-
quently dignified into Faiyazi, but he survived to enjoy
his last title only one or two months, and then met his
death. Being desirous of rivalling the Khamsa or the
five poems of Nizimi, he wrote in imitation of them his
" Markaz AdwAr," " Sulaiman and Bilkais," " Nal Da-
man," " Haft Kiskw£r," and ** Akbar Kama." The story
of Nal Daman is an episode of the Mahirbharat, which he
translated into Persian verse at the command of the em-
peror Akbar. He was the first Musalmiin that applied
himself to a diligent study of Hindu literature and science.
Besides Sanskrit works in poetry and philosophy, he
made a version of the " Bija Ganiti^" and " Lilawati,"
of Bhaskar Acharyi, the best Hebrew works on Algebra
and Arithmetic. He was likewise author of a great deal
of original poetry, and of other works in Persian. He
composed an elaborate Commentary upon the Kur&n,
malang use of only those IS out of the 28 letters of the
Alphabet which have no dots, and which he named
" Sawata'-ul-Ilh&m" ; a copy of this extraordinary monu-
ment of wasted labour (says Mr. Elliot) is to be seen in
the Library of the East India House. There is also
another book of the same description which he wrote and
called ** Mawarid-ul-Kalam." Faizf suffered from asthma
and died at Agrah on Saturday the 4th of October, 1696
O. S., 10th Safar, 1004 A. H., aged 49 lunar years and
some months ; and, as many supposed him to have been a
deist, several abusive chronog^ms were written on the
occasion, of which the following is one — "The Shaikh
was an infidel." There is also an Insha or collection of
Letters which goes after his name- His mother died in
January, 1590 A. D., 998 A. H., and his father in August,
1593 A. D., ^cka'd, 1001 A. H. He was a profound scholar,
well versed in Arabic literature, the art of poetry and me«
dicine. He was also one of the most voluminous writers
that India has produced and is said to have composed 101
books. Faizi had been likewise employed as teacher to
the princes ; he also acted as ambassador. Thus in 1000
A. H., he was in the Dakhin, from whence he wrote the
letter to the historian BudiLoni, who had been in tempo-
rary disgrace at Court. Vide Ain Translation I, 490.
Faiziy ^^AkS of Sarhind, vide Alahdad.
Faiz-uHah Anju (Mir), J^» *^' u^j*^, a K£z£
who presided on the seat of justice in the reign of Sult&n
Mahmdd Bahmani, king of Dakhan, who reigned from
1378 to 1397 A. D., 780 to 799 A. H. He was a good
poet, and a contemporary of the celebrated Khwaja Hafiz.
Once presenting the Sultdn with an ode of his own com-
position, he was rewarded with a thousand pieces of gold,
and permitted to retire, covered with honors, to his own
country.
Fais-uHah Ehan, c;^ *^' U^, chief of the Eohelas
and Jagirdar of R&mpdr, was the son of 'Ali Muhammad
Ehin Rohela. After the battle of Kutra in 1774 A. D.,
he retired to the Kamaon hills. By the treaty under
Colonel Champion, he had a territory allotted to him of
Fakhri
•85
Fakhr
the annual Talue of 14 laklis of rupees. He chose the city
of Rimptir as the place of his residence, and after an
uninterrupted and prosperous administration of 20 yeai-s,
he died in Septemher, 1794 A. D., Sa&r 1209 A. H., and
was succeeded by his eldest son Muhammad 'Ali Khan.
This prince, in the course of a few days, in 1794 was im-
prisoned and assassinated by his younger brother Ghulam
Muhammad, who forcibly took possession of the govern-
ment. The English, having espoused the cause of Ahmad
All, the infant son of the murdered prince, defeated and
took Ghulam Muhammad prisoner at Bithonra. He was
conveyed to Calcutta, where, under pretence of going on
a pilgrimage to Mecca, he embarked on board a ship,
probably landed at one of the ports in Tipu Sultan's
dominions, and thence made his way to the court of
KAbul in 1797 A. D., 1212 A. H., where, united with the
agents of Tipu in clamours against the English, ho urged
Zaman Shdh, the son of Taimur SMh, to invade Hindustan,
promising that, on his approach to Dehli, he should be
joined by the whole tribe of Rohelas. The Nawab Ahmad
Ali Kh£ndied about the year 1839 A. D., 1256 A. H.
After the death of Ahmad AH Khitn, Muhammad Said
Kh&n ascended the Masnad in 1840 ; aft^r him Muham-
mad Yusuf Ali Khan succeeded in 1865, who was li\dng
in 1872.
Pakhri, KSJ^ y son of Moulana Sultan Muhammad Amiri
of Hirat. He is the author of the " JawiLhir-ul-'Ajdeb,"
Gems of Curiosities, being a biography of poetesses. He
informs us that with the intention to perform the pilgrim-
age to Mecca, he came during the reign of Shih Tahmasp
Husaini to Sindh, the ruler of that country was then fsa
Turkhan (who died about the year 1666 A. D., 974
A. H.). Ilahi the poet calls the above-mentioned work
" Tazkirat-ul-Nisa." He is also the author of the " Tahfat-
ul-Habib," a collection of Ghazals from the best authors.
Fakhri; KSj^ , a poet who wrote a Diwdn of 10,000
verses in which he imitated most of the ancient masters,
but as he had not much education, he was not acknow-
ledged by other poets. He dug a grave for himself
outside the Isfahan Gate and made himself a tomb-stone,
and visited his grave every Friday. He was living in
1686 A. D., 993 A. H.
Fakir (Mir Shams-uddinX y^ \:^j^\ ^'^^jj^
of Dehli, who had also the poetical name of Maftun.
From Dehli he went to Lakhnau in 1766 A. D., 1179
A. H., and is said to have been drowned about the year
1767. He* is the author of a Diw4n and also of a Mas-
nawi called " Taawir Muhabbat," containing the story of
RAm Oh&nd, the son of a betel- vender, composed in 1743
A. D., 1166 A. H., and of several other poems.
H •
Fakir, J^y poetical name of Mir Nawizish 'Ali of Bil-
gaxam. He died in the year 1764 A. D., 1167 A. H.
Fakhr-uddin, \ai^)j^ } one of the princes of the Druses,
who, early in the 17th century, conceived the idea of
rendering himself independent of the Forte. He was
betrayed, carried a prisoner to Constantinople, where he
was strangled by order of Sul^ Mur&d lY. in 1631
A. D., 1041 A. H.
Fakhr-uddin Abu Muhammad-bin- Ali az-Zailai^
*
C5*^3 (/^ ^' '^^►^^-Hi i:H^\ J^, author of a Com-
mentary on the Kanz-ul-Da^ae^ entitled ** Ta'ba'fn-ul-
Ha^aeV* which is in great repute in India, on account of
its upholding the doctrines of the Hauafi sect against
those of the followers of Shi£BL'i. He died in 1342 A. D.,
743 A. H.
22
Fakhr-uddin Bahman, (Malik), ciHt^ e^J*^'^
-^to^ third Sultan of the dynasty of Kart or Kard, was
the son of MiUik Shams-uddin Kart II, whom he suc-
ceeded to the throne of Hirat, Balkh and Ghaznl in Sep-
tember, 1306 A. D., 706 A. H. He was contemporary
with Sultan Aljaitu, sumamed Muhammad Khuda Banda,
king of Persia, who sent an army against him which he
defeated. He died about the beginning of the year 1307
A. D., 706 A. H., and was succeeded by his brother
Malik Ghayas-uddin Kart I, who died in 1329 A, D.
Fakhr-uddin Iraki (Shaikh), kJ\^ {ji<^\j^ ^i^,
was the son of Shaikh Shahab-uddin's daughter, and
disciple of Shaikh Baha-uddin Zikaria of Multan, whose
daughter he married. Ho died on the 23rd November,
1289 A. D., 8th gU-ka'da 688 A. H., and lies buried at
Damascus. He was a native of Irak, and assumed the
poetical name of Iraki in his poetry. ' Doulat Sh£h says
tiiat 'Iraki died during the reign of Muhammad Khuda
Banda m the year 1307 A. D., 709 A. H. Vxde Irdki.
Fakhr-uddin Ismat-uUah Bukhari, i^}^- ^^
c:.*-Ai; e^Ji^Jr^. He died in 1426 A. D., 829 A. H.,
vide Asmat.
Fakhr-uddin Junan (Malik), yj^y^ nH^b^ «-^,
eldest son of Sultan Ghayfts-uddin Tughlak Shah I. On
the accession of his father to the throne of Dehli. he was
declared heir-apparent, with the title of Ulagh Khan, and
all the royal ensigns conferred upon him. The names of
his other brothers were Bahram Khan, Zafar Khdn, Mah-
mud Khan and Kasrat Khan. After the death of his
father in 1325 A. D., 725 A. H., he succeeded him with
the title of Muhammad Shah Tughla^ I.
Fakhr-uddin Kha'lidi (Maulana), is^^ nH'^jj^^
^h^) who was commonly called " Bihishti," is the au-
thor of a work called " Sharah-Faraez." He was the
master of Moulana Mo'in-uddm Jawini^
Fakhr-uddin Mahmud Amir, dj^'^i^J^l;^
^^^ son of Amir Yemin-uddfn Muhammad Mustuii'.
He is generally known by his Takhallus or poetical name,
Ibn Yemin, •*. «., the son of Yemin-uddin. According to
Dr. Sprenger's Catalogue, he died in 1344 A. D., 74$
A, H., and left panegyrics on the Sarabdal princes and
some ghazals, but it is particularly his Kita's which are
celebrated. Vide Amir Mahmdd.
Fakhr-uddin Malik, i:H»^l ^ vllLo^ ^,-^ Malik
Fakhr-uddin, king of Bengal.
Fakhr-uddin Miraa, iji^^ j^ 'J^, the eldest son
of Bahidur Shah II, ex-king of Dehli. He died before
the rebellion, on 10th July, 1866.
Fakhr-uddin (Moulana), {:)i^]j^ ^5[y«, son of
Nizim-ul-HaV, was styled Saiyad-ush-Shua'ri, or chief
of the poets. He is the author of several works, amon^
which are the following *»Nizam-ul-'Akied," '^Risala Mar-
jia" and *' Fakhr-ul-Hasn." He died in the year 1785 A.
D., 1199 A. H., aged 73 years, and lies buried close to the
gate of the Dargdh of Kutb-uddin Bakhtyar Kaki in old
Dehli. His tomb is of white marble and has an inscrip-
tion mentioning his name and the year of his demise.
His grandson Ghulam Nasir-uddm, sumamed KiM Sahibj
was a very pious and learned Musalman ; he too was a
good poet and died in the year 1852 A. D., 1268 A. H.
Farkhari
88
Fatha
Parkhari, ^S) J^s a poet who was in the service of Am(r
E&ikaus, and is the author of the story of ^* W&miJ^-wa-
Uzra," in verse.
Farkhunda AU Khan (Mir), J^ (^* «*^y ^^,
Niz&m of Dakhan. He succeeded his father Sikandar Jah
in the government of Haidarabad in 1829 A. D. Vide
Afzal-uddaula.
Faroghi Kashmiri, c&ri*^ «^JJ*^ a poet who died in
1666 A. D., 1077 A. H.
Faroghi (Maulana), i^^y ^i!>^> °^ Kazwfn in Isfa-
han ; he was a dealer in perfumes, but an excellent poet,
and lived in the time of 'Abbas the Great.
Farrukhi, KS^tr^ or Farkhi, a poet who flourished in the
time of Sult^ Mahmiid of Ghazni, was a pupil of Unsari
the poet, and a descendant of the royal race of the kings
of Si8t4n. He is the author of a work called " Tarjuman
ul-Baldghat" and of a Diwan in Persian. He wrote se-
veral panegyrics in praise of Abu'l Muzaflfar, the son of
Amir Nasr and grandson of Nasir-uddin, ruler of Balkh.
Farrukh Fa'l, u^ C-^*' * ^°^ ^^ ^^® emperor Humayun
by Mah Chuchak Begam, bom at Eibul in 1555 A. \).,
962 A. H.
Farrukh-Biyar(Miihammad),^r^^y a*«^, emperor
ofDehli,bom on the 18th July, 1687, O. S., ISthRamazan,
1098 A. H., was the son of Azim-ush-8han, the second son
of Bahadur Shah I, and great-grandson of the emperor
Alamgir. His father was killed in the battle fought
against Jahdndar Shah his uncle and prede<*ossor. One
of Jahandar Shah's first acts on his accession to the throne
had been to put all the princes of the blood within his
reach, to death : among those whom he could not get into
his power, was Farrukh -siyar, who was in Bengal at the
time of his grandfather Bahadur Shilh's death. But
when the information of his father's death reached him,
he threw himself on the compassion and fidelity of Saiyad
Husain AU Ehdn, the governor of Behar, who warmly
espoused his cause, and prevailed on his brother, Saiyad
Abdullah Khan, governor of AUahabdd, to adopt the same
course. By the aid of those noblemen, Farrukh-siyar as-
sembled an army at Allahilbdd, marched towards Agra,
defeated Jahind&r Shah, took him prisoner, and having
murdered him, he ascended the throne in the fort of
Dehli on Friday the 9th of January, 1713, O. S., 23rd
^il-tijja, 1 124 A, H. The former Amir-ul-Umra Zulfikar
Khan and many other nobles and dependants of the late
emperor were put to death by the bow-string and other
punishments. BiLj4 Subhchand, Diw&n to the late Amir-
ul-nmr&, had his tongue cut out : Aziz-uddin, son of Ja«
handir Shah, 'All Tabar, the son of 'Azim Shah, and
Hum&yun Bakht, younger brother to Farrukh-siyar were
deprived of their sight by a red hot iron drawn over their
eyes. On Farrukh-siyar's accession, AbduUdh Kh&n, the
eldest brother, was made Wazir with the title of Kutb-ul-
Mulk, and Husain Ali Khan raised to the rank of Amir-
ul-Umr4 (Commander-in> Chief) which was the second in
the State. His nuptials with the daughter of Raj£ Ajit
tiingh of M&rw&r, were celebrated with unprecedented
splendour in the year 1716 A. D., 1128 A. H. Farrukh-
siyar had not long enjoyed the throne, when a jealousy
arose between him and the Wazir Kutb-ul-Mulk. And on
the emiMsror's trying to form schemes for the recovery of
his independence, he was deposed, blinded and imprisoned
by the two brothers. This event took place on the 18th
February, 1719, O. 8., 8th Babf II, 1131 A. H., and not
long after he was murdered on the 16th May, A, D.,
9th Rajab, 1131 A. H., following, and buried in the court
of the mausoleum of the emperor Humayiin at Dehli.
He reigned 6 years 3 monthjs and 15 days. After his
deposal the Saiyads set up a prince of the blood to whom
they gave the title of Rafi-ud-Darj4t. It was from
Btirrukh-siyar that the East India Company obtained their
Farmdn of free trade, with leave to purchase thirty-
seven districts in Bengal, besides various privileges, but
little attention was however paid to it by the Subas, till the
English acquired force to give it weight.
•
Farrukhzad, ^^J^, a prince of Persia of the Sasdnian
race. Vide Tiiran Dukht.
Farrukhzad, ^^j^y son of Sultan Masa'dd I, of Ghazni,
began to reign after the death of his brother Sultin
Abdul Rashid in March 1053, A. D., 444 A. H. He
reigned 6 years and di(»d in the latter part of the year
1058 A. D., when his brother Sultan Ibrahim succeeded
him. ,
Farsi^ iS^J^ ^ ur*t^ or Farasi, surname of Abu'l Faw&ris
Ibrahim, a Persian author.
Farsi, tSV^y poetical name of Sharif Khan Amir-ul-Umr£,
which sec.
Faryabi, vide Zahir-uddin Fary£b£.
Faryad, .>^_y, the poetical name of Lala Sahib Rae, a
Knyeth of Lakhnau. Ho originally had assumed Kurb£n
for his poetical name, but latterly changed it to Fary&d.
He was living in 1782 A. D., 1196 A. H.
Farzada Kuli, J^^^^y^^ author of a Catalogue of books
in the Arabic, Persian, and Hindi languages, amounting,
on a rough estimate, to upwards of 2,000 volumes. From
its mentioning the Diwan of Sauda, it appears that it
was written within the last fifty or sixty years. It also
mentions the " Mustafa Nama," in the metro of the Shah
Kama, embracing the history of I*ersia from Mxihammad
to Tahmasp Shah Safwi, amounting to 104,000 couplets;
also of a Persian translation of the Mukdmat of Harizi.
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Ko. 11.
Farzadak; O^^jj^y the son of Gh&lib, called the master of
Arabian poets, was an author, and had the whole Kuran
by heart. Ho died in 728 A. D., 110 A. H., aged upwards
of 70 years. Ho flourished in the reirrn of Abdul M&lik,
the son of Marwan I, who imprisoned him because he
wrote a panegyric in praise of Imdm 'Ali Zain-ul-'Abidin,
son of Imam Husain, but was released, after the death of
the khalif, by his son Walid. His Diwan in Arabic is
much esteemed in Huj4z and Ira^.
Fasihi Ansari, l5J^ c^;^' t5*^^ of Hirat, a Per-
sian poet, who flourished about the year 1595 A. D., 1004
A. H. He never came to India. He died in 1636 A. D.,
1046 A. H.
Fasih-uddiD
Jughmrni."
Muhammad Kizami Matdana,
^oJ( ^^f^ ^'^y^i author of the *' Sharah
FasBiy £5"*^ surname of Fakih-uddin Muhammad-ibn-Ah-
mad *Ali-al-Husaini ; he was a native of Fass (Fez) on
which account he was called Fassi. He was an author
and Kazi of the city of Mecca, and died 1429 A. D., 833
A. H.'
Fatha AH Husaini, ij^ir^ {/^ ^, author of
the
biography called " Tazkirat-ush-Shua'rie Hindi." It
contains ^e Memoirs of 108 Hindi and Dakhani aathori,
with numeroQfi extracts from their works.
Fatha
89
Payyassi
Patha 'AU Shah, <^ <>» ^, king of Persia, was an , Fatha Shah, (s^jyi ^^ ^ Pdrb£, succeeded Ydsaf Shih
Afgh&n of the tribe of Eachar. He sncceeded his uncle
'Aka Muhammad Khan to the throne of Persia in 1797
A. D., 1212 A. H. He had received an excellent educa-
tion, and possessed some literary accomplishments ; was a
tolerable poet, and fond of the society of the learned,
whom he generously patronized. He reigned nearly 40
years and died in the year 1834 A. D., 1260 A. H. After
him Muhammad Shah, the son of 'Abb4s Mirz&, and grand-
son of Fatha *Ali Shah, mounted the throne and died in
1847 A. D., when his son Nasir-uddin Ahmad Shah, the
present king, succeeded him. It was to the court of Fatha
'All Shah that Sir John Malcolm in 1800 led the magnifi-
cent embassy which Lord Wellesly had despatched from
Calcutta, with the view of trumping Bonaparte's cards in
the East, and of playing oflf a Persian ally on our Indian
frontiers against an Afghan ill-wisher, the ambitious
Zaman Shah.
Fatha Haidar, j*)^^ ^^ the eldest son of Tippu Sultin.
Fatha-puri Mahal, ^^ (SJ^ f^j or Begam, one of the
wives of the emperor Sfidh Jahan. She was the founder
of the Fathapuri Masjid in Dehli.
Fathi, C5^^^> a poet of Ardastin, who died in 1635 A. D.,
1045 A. H.
t n *
Fatha Khan, ^ir^ ^j the son of Sultin Firoz Sh&h Bar-
bak, king of Dehli, and brother of Zafar Khan. Vide
Firoz ShahB4rbak. ^,
Fatha Khan, c;^ ,J^y Naw£b of Bhawalptir.
Fatha Khan^ iir^ f^^, brother of Dost Muhammad Khin,
ruler of Kibul. The celebrated Wazir of Mahmiid, ruler
of Hirat, and chief of the Barakzai clan, whose family
drove away the descendants of Ahmad Shiih Abdali from
Kilbul.
Fatha Khan, c;^ f^, the son of Malik 'Ambar, the
Abyssinian chief of Ahmadnagar in the Dakhan, who had
the Nizam Shahi dominions under his control for some
years. After his father's death in 1626 A. D., 1035 A. H.,
he succeeded to his authority ; but Murtaza Nizam Shah
II, being weary of his control, took him prisoner by trea-
chery, and confined him in the fort of Khybar. Having
made his escape, he rebelled, but was again taken, and
confined in Daulatabad. He was released in time, and
appointed generalissimo by the influence of his sister,
mother to Niz^m Shah. He shortly, to prevent another
removal from office, confined the Sultan under pretence of
insanity, and put to death twenty-five of the principal nobi-
lity in one day, writing to the emperor Shah Jahan, that
he had thus acted, to prevent them from rebelling against
him. The emperor in reply commended his attachment,
and ordered him to put the captive prince to death, which
he did about the year 1628 A. D., 1038 A. H., and placed
his son Husain, an infant of ten years, on the throne.
Fatha Khan, by offering a present of eight lacs of rupees,
and agreeing to pay tribute, was allowed to keep what
territory yet remained to the Niz&m Shahi sovereignty.
In the year 1634 A. D., 1044 A. H., Fatha Khan was
forced to surrender ; and the fall of this place put a final
period to the Nizam Shahi dyntisty, which had swayed
the sceptre for 150 years. Husain Nizam Shah was con-
fined for life in the fortress of Gwdliar, but Fatha KhiLn
was received into favour, and was allowed to retire to
Ldhor on a pension of two lacs of rupees, which he en-
joyed till his death.
Patha Waek, "-^^^ ^, the fether of Haidar 'All' Kh^, the
usurper of Mysore and Seringapatam. He died in 1738
A. D., and was buried at Kolar, a capital of seven parga-
maAf about 35 miles east of Bangalore.
23
to the throne of Beng41 in 1482 A. D., 887 A. H., and
after a reign of about eight years was murdered in 1491
A. D., 896 A. H., by the eunuch Sultan Shihzada, who
succeeded him.
Fatha-TiUah Imad Shah, »^ '^^ *Wt ^, originally
in the service of Sultan Mahmfid Shah II, Bahmanf, king
of Dakhan, was made governor of Berar. He became
independent about the year 1484 A. D., and died about
the year 1513. His son *Ala-uddin 'Imad Shah succeeded
him. Vide 'Imad-ul-Mulk.
Fatha-uUah, Mustaufl, ^Jy-^ ^\ ^, sumamed
Fakhr-uddin, was a good poet and served under KhwAja
Rashid-uddin, Fazl-ullah and his son Ghayas-uddin Mu-
hammad, as secretiiry. He is the brother of Khw£ja
Hamd-ullah Mustaufi, who died in 1349 A. D.
Fatha-uUah Shirazi Amir, cfJlr^^ *^l f^ J^^y
one of the most learned men of his time. He came from
Shiraz to Dakhan and passed a few years in the service
of Sultan All Adil ShsUi of Bijapiir. After the death of
that kmff, he left Dakhan and came to Dehli in the year
1582 A. D., 990 A. H , and had an honorable office assigned
to him. by the emperor Akbar, near his person, with the
title of Azd-ud-daula. He died on Wednesday, the 3rd
Shawwal 997 Hijri, the 24th Amardad Mah Ihihi, in the
84th year of Akbar's reign, corresponding with the 6th of
August, 1589 O. S., at Sirinagar the capital of Kashmir,
where he had proceeded with his royal master. The king
was much grieved at his loss ; and Sheikh Faizf wrote an
appropriate epitaph on the occasion. Fifteen davs after
his death died also the Hakim Abu'l Fatha Gilani, the
brother of Hakim Hamam, who was then with the king
proceeding to KAbul. Sarfi Sdwaji wrote the chronogram
of their death.
Fatima, *^l^, the daughter of Muhammad and his wife
Khudija. She was bom at Mecca five years before her
father gave himself out for a prophet, i. e., about the year
606 A. D., and died about six months after him in the city
of Medina on the night of Monday, the 23rd of November,
632 A. D., 3rd Ramaz4n, 1 1 A. H. She was married to
All, Muhammad's cousin-german, and became the mother
of the Imams Hasan and Husain. She passes for a very
holy woman amongst the Musalmans, and is also called by
them Batul, Tahira, Mathara, and Zahra.
Fatima bint Asad, *^^ *^ ^^^, the daughter of
Asad, the son of Hashim. She was the wife of Abu Tdlib
and mother of *Ali.
Fatima Sultan, w^^^ A^J^li, one of the wives of TJmar
Sheikh Mirzi, and mother of the prince Pir Muhammad
Jahangir.
FatimiteB, or kings of Barbary and Egypt of the Fatimite
dynasty, vide Muizz-li-dm-allah, and Obeid-ullah Almahdi,
Fattahi Naishapuri Moulana, (SJ^^^LS^^^^j^'y
an author, who died 1448 A. D., 852 A. H." vide Yahia
(MuUa).
Fawad Muhammad Pasha, ^^ ^^^^ ^[^, a Turkish
statesman and litterateur of Constantinople, son of Izzat
Mulla, and nephew of Laila Khatun, a Turkish poetess.
He is the author of several works. He was living in
1870 A. D., and has been loaded with distinctions by
European sovereigns.
Fayyaz, u*^^ ^^ ' Abdul-Razza^ of lihijin.
S'ayyasi, ^y^J, vide Faizi (Shaikh).
Fazal
90
Firdausi
Pazal Khan, tt>^ U^, govemor or kiladar of the fort of
Agra, was turned out by SArajmal Jat, who took possession
of the fort and plundered every thing he could lay his
hands upon.
Fazil, <>*^^, a poet who flourished about the year 489 A. D.
FaBl All Khan, a)^ lj^ (J^, a poet who flourished in
the time of the emperor Muhammad Shdh of BeUi, and
was living in 1739 A. D., 1162 A. H.
Pazl Ali Khan, u'^ u^ cLa^^ whose entire title was
"Nawdb Ya'timad-ud-doula Zaya-ul-Mulk Saiyad Fazl
'All Khdn Bahadur Sohrab Jang," was the prime minister
of the king of Audh Ghazi-ud-din Haidar, and was living
in 1829 A. D.
Pazl Barmaki, U^C^- <-^» brother of 'Jafar-al-Barmaki,
the minister of" Harun-al-Rashid Khalifa of Baghdad.
Vide Jafar-al-Barmaki.
Fasliy sj^y a poet and author of the Loves of ** Shih-wa-
Mih"' a poem containing 12,260 Persian verses which he
completed in the year 1641 A. D.
Faal Hak, &^ ^^> the son of Fazl Imdm. He also
wrote prose and poetry as well as his father. His Kasidas
are much esteemed. At the outbreak of 1867, he joined
the rebel Kawab of Banda and others, and was at last
killed at Narod in an attack made by General Napier on
the 17th December, 1868 A. D., 1274 A. H. The *'Dehll
Gazette" of May 17th, 1869 mentions, that sentence of
transportation was passed on the rebels Loni Sangh, Ex-
lija of Mitauli, and the Maulwi Fazl Hak,
Fasl Imam C^^ J*^, an inhabitant of Khairab&d, who
wrote prose and poetry, and died in the year 1828 A. D.,
1244 A. H. ,
Fazl Basul Moulvi, t^j'*^ Jr-J ^^ cfiPr^, of Ba-
d&on, son of Maulri Abdul Majid, and author of the works
called " Bawarik," and " Tashih-ul-Masael.*' He was liv-
ing in 1864 A. t)., 1271 A. H.
Fazl-Ullah *"^' ci^, sumamed Khwdja Bashid-uddin,
a native of Kazwin or Hamdan and a Persian historian
who wrote at' the desire of his master the Sultan of Persia
a history of the Mughals, finished in 1294 A. D., to which
he afterwards added a supplement. He was beheaded in
July 1318, A. D. His name is spelt in some of our Bio-
graphical Dictionaries, Fadl-all^h. From the work of
Rashid-uddin, called Jama'-ut-Tawarikh, and from other
materials, Abu'l Ghdzi, king of Khwarizm, composed in
the Mughal language, his Genealogical History. Vide
Kashid-uddin.
Fazl-ullah Moulana, *^t J^ ^V*, Physician to
Amir Taimur, and the most celebrated and skilful practi-
tioner of the age in which he lived,
.Fazl-uBah Khan Nawab, ^^^ *^' ^^> an Amir of
the court of the emperor Babar, who built a mosque in
Dehli in the year 1629 A. D., 936 A. H., which is still
standing.
FttZuli Baghdad!, c5'^''^ i^-T^i ^ author who was
a native of Baghdad, and died in the year 1662 A. D.,
970 A. H., and left us a Diwan in the Persian and Tur-
kish language.
Fidai Elhan, ^^ c5^^*^> former title of *Azim Ehin
Koka, which see.
Fidai Mirza, j/*'^ bj^^ name of a poet.
Fidwiy LS^^f of L&hor, the poetical name of a person, who
was cotemporary with Mirza Rafi-us-Saudd. He is the
author of a poem in Urdu entitled " Yusaf-wa-Zaleikha,"
(th^ Loves of Joseph and Potiphar's wife). Mir Fatha
Ali Shaida has satirized him in his story of the '' Biim
and Bal^kal."
•
Fidwi, iS3^} author of a Persian Diwan. He flourished,
or was living in the year 1649 A. D., 1069 A. H.
Fighan, c^^^ the poetical title of Ashraf 'Ali Eh&n, the son
of Mirza *Ali Khdn, and the K6ka or foster-brother of
the emperor Ahmad Shah of Dehli. He is the author of
a Diwan in the Urdu language, containing about 2,000
verses. He died at Patna in 1772 A. D., 1186 A. H., and
was buried there.
Fighani, c^^^'t vide Baba Fighani.
Fikrat, ^^^tJ^^ poetical title of Miraa Ghai&s-uddin.
Fikri, iSJ^^, poetical title of Sa'id Muhammad of Hirat.
He was a weaver and is thei-efore called Jamabdf. He
came to India in 1661 A. D., 969 A. H., and gained
through his great talents for making epigrams, the favor
of the emperor Akbar. Ho composed only Ruba'is, and
died in 1565 A. D., 973 A. H.
Flraki (J^b^^ poetical title of an author named Abii'l Bar-
kat, who died in the year 1607 A. D., 913 A. H.
Firdausi or Firdausi Tusi, LS^J^i^J'^j^ ^ Lsr^^y^ ^®
poeticaltitle of Abu'l Kasim Hasan-bin-Sharaf Shah, a fa-
mous Persian poet, styled by us the Homer of Persia, whose
epic poem, called Shahndma, written by order of Sultan
Mahmud of Ghazni, is much celebrated. It contains the
annals of the ancient kings of Persia, from the reign of
the first king, Kaiamurs, to the death of Yezdijard UI,
the last monarch of the Sasanian race, who was deprived
of his kingdom 641 A. D., by the invasion of the Arabs
during the Khilafat of 'TJmar, the second Khalif after
Muhammad. It is the labour of 30 years, and consists of
60,000 verses, each of which is a distich. The following
circumstances respecting the origin of the poem and the
life of the poet, are chiefly derived from the preface
to the copy of the Shahnama, which was collated 1426
A. D., 829 A. H., by order of Baisanghur Mirza the
grandson of Amir Taimur. It appears from that preface,
tliat Yezdijard, the last king of the Sasanian race, took
considerable pains in collecting all the chronicles, histo-
ries, and traditions connected with Persia and the sove-
reigns of that country, from the time of 'Kaiomurs to the
accession of the Khusros, which by his direction were
digested and brought into one view, and formed the book
known by the name of " Siar-ul-Maluk," or the Bastan
Kama. When the followers of Muhammad overturned
the Persian monarchy, this work was found in the plun-
dered library of Yazdijard. In the tenth century one of
the kings of the Sasanian dynasty, directed Daki^^i the
poet to verify that extensive work, but the poet only lived
to finish a thousand distich b, having been assassinated by
his own slave. Nothing further was done till the reign of
Sultan Mahmud, when a romantic accident fumished the
Sultan with a copy of the Bastan Ndma, the existence of
which was till then unknown to him. From this work,
he selected seven stories which he delivered to seven poets
to be composed in verse, that he might be able to ascer-
tain the merits of each competitor. The poet Unsarf
gained the palm, and he was accordingly engaged to ar-
range the whole in verse. Firdausi was at this time at
■ Tus, his native city, where he cultivated his poetical ta-
lents with assiduity and success. He had heard of the
attempt of Dakiki^ and of the determination of the reign-
ing king Mahmud, to patronize an undertaking which
Firdaiisi
91
Firislita
promised to add lustre to the age in which he lived.
Having fortunately succeeded in procuring a copy of the
Bastan Kama, he pursued his studies with unremitting
zeal, and soon produced that part of the poem in which
the battles of Ziih&ls. and Fareidun are described. The
performance was universally read and admired, and it was
not long before his fame reached the ears of the Sultan,
who immediately inx-itod him to his court. It is related
that when Firdausi, on the invitiition of the Sultan,
reached the capital of Ghazni, he happened to pass a pub-
lic garden where the three royal poets, Unsari, A sjadi and
Farrukhi were enjoying themselves. The poets observed
him approach and at once agreed that if the stranger
chanced to have any taste for poetry', which they intended
to put to test, he should be admitted to their friendship,
and in order to decide as to his merits they settled among
themselves to rt'j)eat each in his turn a hemistich, and
leave to Firdjiusi to complete the fourth, but at the same
time satisfied in their own minds, that there was no other
word in the PcTsian language that would rhyme with the
three, which they had taken care to pre-occupy. Firdausi
i'oining them and hearing the proposal, promised to exert
lis powers. They then conmienced each with an extem-
poraneous hemistich :
Unsari TTie light of the moon to thy splendour is
weak,
Asjadi
The rose is eclipsed by the bloom of thy
cheek ;
Farrukhi .... Thy eye-lashes dart through the folds of
the Joshan,
Firdausi .... Like the javelin of Geo in the battle with
Pushan.
The poets were astonished at the readiness of the stran-
ger, and ashamed at being totally ignorant of the story of
Geo and Pushan, which Firdausi related as described in
the Bastan Nama. They immediately treated him with
the greatest kindness and respect, and afterwards intro-
duced him^ to Mahmud, as a poet capable of undertaking
the Shahnama. Mahmud considered himself never so much
honored as when Fiidausi set his foot at Ghazni; he was
never more proud, than that Firdausi was by his com-
mand, composing, in his faultless verse, a history of the
monarchs of Persia, his predecessors No reward then
appeared to him too great to oflfer, to induce the poet to
undertake the task, no promises too splendid to excite
him. *' Write, unequalled one," cried he, " and for every
thousand couplets a thousand pieces of gold shall be
thine." Fudausi obeyed, but resolved to accept no re-
ward till he had completed the work he had undertaken,
and for thirty years he studied and laboured that his poem
might be worthy of eternal fame. In this he succeeded,
and presented an elegant copy of his book to Mahmud, but
the patience of the Sultan was exhausted, his enthusiasm
was gone, his liberality had faded away, and when the
60,000 couplets of the Shahnama was ended, there was a
pause, which brought to the poet disappointment and to
the monarch such everlasting disgrace as has obliterated
all his triumphs. Mahmud received the book, coldly ap-
plauded his diligence and dismissed him. Many months
elapsed, and Firdausi heard no more of his work : he then
took occasion to remind the king of it by the following
epigram :
*Tis said our monarch's liberal mind,
Is like the ocean unconfined,
Happy are they who prove it so,
*Tis not for me that truth to know.
I've plunged within its waves, 'tis true,
But not a single pearl could view.
Shamed, picqued, and oflFended at this freedom, the Sul-
tin ordered 60,000 pieces of silver dirhama to be sent to
the author, instead of the gold which he had promised.
Firdausi was in the bath at the time the money arrived,
and his rage and amazement exceeded tdl bounds when he
found himself thus insulted. He immediately distributed
the paltry sum amongst the attendants of the bath and
the slave who brought it. The excited poet then re-
lieved his mind by a satii'e full of stinging invective, and
caused it to be transmitted to the favorite Wazir who had
instigated the Sultan against him ; it was carefully sealed
up, with directions that it should be read to Mahmud on
some occHsion when his mind was perturbed with affairs
of State, as it was a poem likely to afford him entertain-
ment. Firdausi having thus prepared his vengeance,
quitted the court and was safely arrived in M«J?nnf^Rr4^
where news reached him that his lines had fully answered
the purposiB he had intended they should do. Mahmud had
' heard and trembled, and too late discovered that he had
ruined his own repubition for ever. After his satire had
been read by Mahmud, the poet feared to remain too long
in one place : he sought shelter in the court of the Khalif
of Baghdad, in whoso honor he addud a 1000 couplets to
the Shahnama, and who rewarded him with 60,000 gold
dinars which had been withheld by Mahmud. Mahmtid
pretended to have discovered that his Wazir had deceived
him in attributing impiety to Firdausi, and he at onoe
sacrificed that favorite, dismissing him with disgrace.
Thinking, by a tardy act of liberality, to repair his former
meanness, Mahmud dispatched to Firdausi the 60.000
pieces he had promised, a robe of State, and many apolo-
gies and expressions of friendship ; but the poet was dead,
having expired in his native town full of years and honours,
surrounded by his friends and kindred. Firdausi died at
Tus (now called Mashhad) his native country in 1020 A. D.,
411 A. H., aged 89 years; but Haji Khalfa says, he died
in 1025 A. D., 416 A. H. Besides the Shahnama, he is
the author of other poems called " Abiat Firdausi."
FirdaU8i-al-Thauil, Jx^^l^J^ * Turkish historian,
and author of the Turkish work called " Shihndma"
which comprises the history of all the ancient kings of
the East. Bayazid or Bajazet II, to whom the book was
dedicated, ordered the author to reduce it from its original
bulk of 300 volumes to 80. Firdausi, however, fult so
mortified at this proposal, that he preferred leaving the
country altogether, and emigrated to Khur^an, in Per.
sia. Firdausi flourished in 15u0 A. D.
Firishta, ^^^*^} whose proper name is Muhammad K&sim,
and who is the author of the history called " Tarikh Firish-
ta," was bom at Aatrab&d on the borders of the Caspian Sea,
about the year 1670 or 1560 A. D., 978 or 958 A. H. His
father, a learned man, by name Ghulam 'Ali Hindu ShiUb,
left his native country when our author was very young
and travelled into I ndia. He eventually reached Ahmad-
nagar in the Dakhan during the reign of Murtaza Nizam
8h^h I, and was appointed by the Sultan to instruct his
son Miran Husain, in the Persian language, but he soon
died after his selection, and Firishta was left an orphan
in early youth. After the death of Murtaz& Nizdm Shdh
in 1589 A. D., 996 A. H., he proceeded to Bljapur, and
was presented by Dilawar Khan, minister to Ibr&him
'Adil Shah II, by whose request he wrote the history
which goes by his name, in the year 1023 Hijri (1614 A. D.)
The year of his death is altogether unknown. Briggs
supposes that it occurred in 1612 A. D., 1021 A. H.,
making him only 41 years of age. M. J. Mohl supposes
him to have revised his work up to at least 1623 A. D., 1033
A. H., making his age not less than 73, as he supposes him
to have been bom in 1560 A. D. Firishta styles his work,
" Gulshan-i-Ibrahimi," and "Nauras Ndma." Its for-
mer name is derived from the king to whom it was dedi-
cated; and hence it is frequently quoted under the name
of " Tarikh Ibrahimf." The latter name was given to it
in commemoration of the new capital, Nauras, which his
patron Ibrahim 'Adil Sh&h, commenced building in the
year 1699 A. D. The first and second books, giWng an
account of the Dehli emperors down to Akbar, were
translated into English by Colonel Dow in 1768. The
history of the Dakhan by Captain Jonathan Scott. But
Firoz
92
Firo2
the translation of the entire work by General Briggs in
four volumeB 8vo., 1829, has (according to Elliot)
thrown others into the shade, and is by far the most
Yaluable store-house of facts connected with Muhamma-
dan dynasties of India. — [v. Dowson's Elliot, VI, 207.]
FirOBy 3j J^> a celebrated Sufi of Agra, author of a Persian
work on Theology caUed " 'Akaed Sufia," written in 1626
A. D., 1036 A. H.
S*iroz I, JJj^9 (the Poroses of the Greeks), a king of Persia
of the S^nian race, was the eldest son of Yezdijard II.
He succeeded his younger brother Hurmuz, whom he
dethroned and put to death in 468 A. D. He lost his life
in a battle against the king of Transoxiana, after a reign
of 26 years, in 484 A. D. Balds or Palas or Balasus, his
son, succeeded him ; and after his death his brother Kubad
mounted the throne.
Firozabadi, C^'^^Ujj^j surname of Majd-uddm Muham-
mad-bin-'Yakub bin-Muhammad, a learned Persian, so
called from his birth-place Firozabdd, a village in Shi'rdz.
The stupendous work called Kamus or ** Karaus-ul-
Lughat," renowned as the most perfect Arabic Dictionary,
was written by him. Those who are acquainted with the
peculiarities of the Arabic language cannot open this work
without feeling amazed at the literary wonders wrought
by this learned man. He died 1414 A. D., 817 A. H.
Vide Majd-uddin Muhammad-bin-*Yakub.
Firozabadi, C5«>^' JJ-^'j a learned Musalmin, author of
" Al Tanbidh," or Tanbiz, or general information on the
Muhammadan law in the 11th century. Lempriere^s TJni-
Tersal Dictionary. Majd-uddin Muhammad-bin-'Ya'^ub,
author of the l^dmus, is also called Firozabadi.
Firoz MuHa, cr^l^ (^.JJJ^ ^> son of Kdus, chief
priest of the Parsi Kadinus of Bombay, author of the
" George Nama," a history of India from its discovery by
the Portuguese to the conquest of Puna by the English in
1817 A. D., 1233 A. H.
Firoz Jang Khan, o*^ *-^^3jl/^> t^® inscription on
the gate of the old fort of Patna, dated in the Hijra year
1042, attributes its erection to Firoz Jang Khan.
Firoz S:han Khwaja Sara ^j^ ^^j^ e^^jj^*, ^^^
held the rank of 300 in the time of Shahjahan.
Firoz Shahy *^ JjJ^i the son of Salim Shdh, was raised
to the throne of Dehli at Gwiliar after the death of his
father when he was only about 12 years old. He had
scarcely reigned three months (or only 3 days) when his
mother's brother Mubarik Khin murdered him on the
2nd May, 1664, A. D., 29th Jumada I. 961 A. H., and
ascended the throne with the title of Muhammad Shah
'Adil. See Bibi Bii.
Firoz Shah Bahmani Sultan, <yn^ «^ JJLHt* c;^*^,
king of the Dakhan, was the son of Sul^n D&ud Shdh.
After having deposed and confined Sultan Shams-uddm, he
ascended the throne on the 16th November, 1397 A. D.,
800 A. H., with the title of Sultan Fir6z Shah R6z Afzun.
He excelled his predecessors in power and magnificence,
and in his reign the house of Balnnani attained its great-
est splendour. On ascending the throne, he appointed his
brother Ahmad Khan, Amir-ul-UmrA, with the title of
Khankhanan, and raised Mir Faizullah Anju, his precep-
tor, to the office of Wazir-us-Saltanat, with the title of
Malik Naeb. He reigned 26 years, 7 months and 16 days,
and died on the 26th of September, 1422 A. D., 15th
Shawwal, 826 A. H., ten days after his resigning his
crown in favour of his brother Ahmad Kh&n, who ascended
the throne with the title of Sultan Ahmad Sh&h WaH
Bahmani.
Firoz Shah Khilji Sultan, ,js}^ t^^j3j¥ i:>^^^,
sumamed Jalal-uddin, son of Kaem Khan, ascended the
throne of Dehli after the murder of Sultan Muiz-uddin
Kaikub&d in 1282 A. D., 688 A. H. He reigned about
8 years, after which he was obliged to go down to Kaf&
Manikpur in the province of Allahabad to punish his
nephew and son-in-law 'Ala-uddin, the governor of that
place, who had rebelled against him. 'Ald-uddin hearing
of the king's departure from Dehli, crossed the Ganges
and encamped near Manikpur upon the opposite bank.
When the king reached the landing place, 'AU-uddm
appeared upon the bank with his attendants, whom he
ordered to halt. He advanced alone, met his uncle and
fell prostrate at his feet. The king taking him by the
hand, was leading him to the royal barge, when 'Ald-
uddin made a signal to his guards, and one of bis officers
struck his head off. 'Ala-uddin caused it to be fixed
on the point of a spear and carried through the camp
and city. This circumstance took place on the 19th of
July 1296, A. D., 17th Ramazan, 695 A. H., and 'Ala-ud-
din ascended the throne of Dehli with the title of Sikan-
dar Sani. Fir6z JShah was the first Sultar of the second
branch of the Turk of Afghan dynasty, called Khilji.
List of Kings of the KhVji dynasty .
1. Fir6z Shah Khilji.
2. 'Ala-uddin Khilji.
3. Shahab-uddin Umar.
4. Mubarik Shah Khilji, the
last of this dynasty, was
murdered in 1321 A. D.,
by Malik Khusro, a fa-
vorite slave, who ascended
the throne, but was soon
after slain by Ghaias-ud-
din Tughlak Shah, the
first of the 3rd branch of
Afghan.
Firoz Shah Purbi, K^.)yi ^^'jyj^y a king of Bengal,
whose former name was Malik Andil, an Abyssinian chief,
who after killing the eunuch Sultan Shahzada, was ele-
vated to the throne of Bengal in 1491 A. D., 896 A. H.,
with the title of Fir6z Shah. He repaired the city of
Gour, commonly called Lakhnauti, where he gave uni-
versal satisfaction to all classes of his subjects. He died
in 1494 A. D., 899 A. H.
Firoz Shah Tughlak Sultan, <i^ ^^j3j^ yJ^^y
called Fir6z Shah Barbak, was the son of Sipahs&Ur Rajah,
the brother of Sultan Ghaias-uddin Tughlak, and cousin
to Sultin Muhammad Tughlak, whom he succeeded to the
throne of Dehli on the 20th March, 1351, A. D., 21st Mu-
harram, 762 A H., at Thatta. He was a just and learned
prince. His soldiers and his subjects were equally happy
under his administration, nor did any one dare to e^^ercise
oppression in his time. He was himself the author of the
work called " Fattihdt Fir6z Shihi," t. ^., the conquests of
Firoz Shah. In August, 1387 A. D., he abdicated the
throne and resigned the reins of government to his son
Naeir-uddin Muliammad, but the prince gi^^ing himself up
entirely to pleasure, was soon after expelled and obliged
to fly with a small retinue to the mountains of Sirmour,
and Fir6z Shah again resumed his full authority. He con-
structed numerous buildings and canals, as also the fort of
Fir6zabad at old Dehli, and after a reign of 38 lunar years
and eight months, died on the 21st of September, 1388,
A. D., 18th Ramajcan, 790 A. H., aged upwards of 80 years.
The words '* Wafat Fir6z," (the death of Fir6z) comprise
the numerical letters of the year of his demise. He was
buried on the banks of the Hauz Khas, built by him in
old Dehli. and was succeeded by his grandson Ghaias-
uddm (the son of Fatha Khan) who was slain after five
months. After him another gi-andson of the late king,
named Sultan Abu Bakr, the son of Zafar Khan, was raised
to the throne. He had reigned one year and six months,
when his uncle N&sir-uddin Muhammad Shah, the son of
F{r6z Shih deposed him and ascended the throne of Dehli
in August 1390.
Firoz
93
George
FirOE Shah, *^ Jjj^, one of the sona of the ex-king Ba-
hidnr Sh&h II, king of Dehli, and one of the chief rebels
in the outbreak of 1857. He took a prominent part in
the rebellion of 1857, and the British Government offered
a reward of 10,000 rupees for his apprehension. It was
reported in 1864 that he made his appearance in the Se-
rony Jungles. Some Arabs, who have recently arrived
at Haidaribid, state that he is now (1866) in Arabia, and
supports himself by begging among the rich merchants.
Fitrat, o^^ the poetical name of Mir M6ix-uddm Mu-
hammad M4Bwi Khan, a mansabdar in the time of
'Alamgir employed as Diwan of Snba Behilr. He was a
Sayyad and lineal descendant of 'All Musi Razi. He
subsequently chose for his poetical name, Muswi. He
was bom in Persia in 1640 A. D., 1060 A. H., and came
to India, where he was much esteemed for his talents as a
poet and a critic. He is the author of a Tazkira or bio-
graphy called ** Gulshan-i-Fitrat," also of a Diwin. He
died in 1690 A. D., 1100 A. H. Vide Muswi.
Fotyiy {^^j poetical name of Mirzi Muhammad Mu-
^im ; he was bom at Shiriz, but came to India in the
time of ShiJi Jahan, and was attached to the service of
his son ShiJi Shujd'a in Bengal. After a long residence
in India he returned to his fiBither-land, but died in a
short time after his arrival there. He was living in 1649
A. D., 1059 A. H., and has left a Diw4n in Persian verse.
As he was employed in the army he derived his poetical
title from ^* Fouj," «. «., army.
Foulad Ehan (Shidi), c^«H-* ^J^ ^h^, an Abyssinian
who was a Kotwal in the time of the emperor Muhammad
Shih, about the year 1737 A. D., 1160 A. H., and on
whom a satire was written by the poet Sauda. He had
built a fine g^aiden in Agrah, of which no traces are to be
seen now.
Fouraky CDJ^y surname of Abd Bakr Muhammad, bin-
Hasaa, bin-Fourak, commonly called ibn-Foura^, was a
great Metaphysician and Schoolman, for which reason he
is styled Mutkallim. He was bom at Isfahan, and died
in the city of Kaishapiir, in Khurasan, 1016 A. D., 406
A.H. ^ ,
Furati, <y 'y^ 9ide MuUa Furitf.
Furkatiy kJ^J^f whose proper name was Abd Turdb, was
a poet. He died in the year 1617 A. D., 1026 A. H.
Fiursat, ***"^^ poetical title of Muhammad Beg, a poet,
who was in the service of Sh&h 'Abbas II, and died under
8h4h Sulaiman, kings of Persia. He has left a Diw&n of
Ghazals.
FuTBiy \STJ^i poetical title of Husain AH Shah, author of
the " NiBbat Nima Shahraiiri," a history of the Kutb-
shihi dynasty of Golkanda in 18,600 verses, from its
commencement to Muhammad Kuli Kutbsh&h, who died
in 1612 A. D., 1021 A. H.
Fuzail AyaSy ^Up U .x«rtf^ ^ pious Musalm&n whose
native country was either Kdfa, Khur£s&n or Samarkand.
He received instructions from Imam Ja'fiBu* Sadik, and was
the master of Bishr Hafi and Sari SaJf^tL He suddenly
fell down and died at the time of prayers at Mecca in
January, 803 A. D. Mu^arram 187 A. H.
G.
Gaj Singh Bathor. ^]r^ jy^^j *^ ^, a r&j& of
Mar w4r or Jodpdr of the tribe of Rathor rajpdts, was the
son of Suraj Singh and the father of Jaswant Singh. He
24
reigned about 18 yean and died in the year 1630 A. D. in
Gujr&t. The building called K^ Mah41 at Pipal Mandi
in Agrah, was constructed by him. His son Amar Singh
killed 8alabut Ehin. Sul^ Parwez married Gaj Singh's
Bister in 1624 A. D., and Sulaiman Shikoh, the son of
Sultdn Parwez, married the daughter of Gaj Singh in the
year 1066 A. H.
Ghlkkhar, jY^} a tribe whose residence is amongst the
mountains that lie between Bhat and Sindh. VicU
Kamil Ehib Gikhar.
Ganga Bai, (/^^ ^^ Rani of Jhinsi and widow of E^'&
Gangidhar Bao. At the outbreak of 1867, she joined the
rebels, and was the cause of the massacre at Jhansi. She was
killed in the battle of Gw&liar on the 17th of June, 1868.
She fell with her horse, and was cut down by a Hussar ;
she still endeavoured to get over, when a bullet struck her
in the breast ; and she fell to rise no more. The natives
hastily burnt her dead body to save it frx>m apprehended
desecration by the Firingis on the night of the 17 th and
18th.
Ganna Begam, f^. ^f vide Gunna Begam.
GiUpatiy (/V ^f a ti}i of Jagdespdr in south Bihdr, who,
and his brother Bain S&l, during the reign of the emperor
Akbar, defied the MughcJ armies for several years, though
the unequal combat led to their destruction.
Garshasp, V^^*^) an ancient king of Persia, vide Kar-
shisp.
Qashtaspy ^X^ ^^^^ was, according to Persian history, the
son of Lohr&sp, and the fifth king of the Kaianian dynasty
of Persia. In his time flourished Zardasht or Zoroaster,
who converted the Persians to the worship of fire. Gbsh-
t4sp, they say, reigned 60 years, and was succeeded by
Baiunan his grandson, whose father Isf&ndai&r was a
great warrior and was killed by Hustam some time before.
Gilan Shah, vide Kabds.
Gtosu Daraz Jb ^y^i ^^ Muhammad Geisu Baris.
George Thomas^ U»^^ 5-) •• The district of Hurriana
was once the field of the exploits of this famous adven-
turer. The Jats are a stalwart and brave race, and showed
what they could do under his leadership, but when left
to themselves they are so divided by fSeustions, that
Hurriana has always feillen an easy prey to every ad-
venturer who has taken it into his head to subdue it.
Thus it was overrun by the Marha^^, under Messrs.
Louis and Perron, by the Bohillas under Anur Kh^, and
another leader, and finally by the British. George Thomas
came out to India as a common seaman, and having deser-
ted his ship, first took service with Madho Rao Scindhia
about the year 1770 A. D. The fsunous Begam of Sir-
dhana was then in the aenith of her power, and he left
Scindhia to serve her, and shortly after, having collected a
body of men, he left her, and marched down to Hurriana,
and in no time carved out a kingdom for himself. He
made the city of Hansi his capital and built a strong fort
in it. He built another fort about 20 miles to the south
of the town of Rohtak, and called it after his own Chris-
tian name G^orgega^rhy eras the natives call Jahijgafh.
After a few years the Marhat^as under Mens. Louis
invaded his territories. He hastened to give them
battle, and throwing himself into the small fort of Jah&j-
garh, he fought them for three days, though his force
was infinitely smaller than theirs. His cayabry, which
was composed principally of that rascally tribe the Rau-
ghars, having gone over to the enemy, and his Lieutenant,
an Englishman, of the name of Hopkinaon, being killed,
his troops at length gave way, and he fied on a favourite
Arab horse, to Hansi, a distance of about 60 miles. Wo
are not aware how long he lingered in the neighlour
Ohaeb
94
Ghayas
hood after his defeat, but he died at Baniras on his way
to his native country, Ireland. His great-granddaugh-
ter is the wife of a writer on a humble salaiy at present
(1867) in one of the Government Offices in Agrah. There
is a ♦* Life of George Thomas'* written by a fiiend of his
in the Dehli Institute Library.
Ghaeb, Vi^, a poet who died in 1760 A. D., 1163 A. H.
Ghafll, c^^M^t Jil^, a poet of Agrah.
Ghairat Khan, c^^ *2*ri^, title of Khwija Kingir, the
nephew of 'Abdullah Khin, Firoz Jang and son of Sar-
dAr Ehia. In the year 1631 A. D., he brought the head
of Khan Jahan Jodi to Sh&h Jah&n, and was raised to the
rank of 2000 with the title of Ghairat Khdn. He died in
1640 A. D., 1060 A. H., at Thatta of which place he was
governor. He is the author of the " Jahangir N&ma."
Ghalib, V^^^ the poetical title assumed by Muhammad
Sa'd, author of a Diw^ which he completed in the year
1690 A. D., 1101 A. H.
Ghaliby V*^* the poetical name of Mir Fakhr-uddm, author
of a book of Kasidiis which he finished in the 6th year of
Muhanmiad Shah the emperor of Dehl^ 1734 A. D., 1136
X^» XL.
Ghaliby V^^, poetical titie of Sheikh Asad-ullih, son of the
sister of Sheikh Muhammad Afzal of Allah&bid. He died
inl760A. D., 1163A. H.
Ghalib, V^^» poetical name of Mirz& As&d-ullah Ehin,
author of a Diw4n, and a history of the Mughal emperors
of India. He was the son of ' Ali Bakhsh Kh£a, the brother
of Nawdb Ahmad Bakhsh Khan of Firozpiir and Lohari.
He died at Dehli in the month of February or March,
1869 A. D., 1286 A. H.
Ghani, ^J^y the poetical name of Mirzit Muhammad Tdhir.
He is commonly called Ghani Kashmiri on account of his
being a native of Kashmir. He was a pupil of Sheikh
Muhsin-Fani, whom he excelled in his learning and
became an elegant poet. He wrote a book of Odes called
" Diw&n Ghani," and died at T^A^hniir two years before
his master 1668 A. D., 1079 A. H. It is said that the
emperor 'Alamg^ wrote to Saif Kh&n the governor of
Kashmir to send Ghani to his presence. Gb^kni refused
to go, telling him at the same time to inform the emperor
that Ghani had become insane and was not worthy to be
sent to his presence. Saif Khan said, that he could
not call a wise man like him mad ; upon which Ghani
immediately got mad, tore his clothes, and died after
three days. He was a young man at the time of his
death, having enjoyed a brilliant reputation for poetical
excellence for about eighteen years. He sometimes uses
Tdhir for his poetical name.
Ghani Bahadur, J•^^r^ (J^^ son of Shamsher Bahidur L
and younger brother of 'Ali Bahidur,the Naw£b of Banda.
Vide 'All Bahidur.
• *
Ghanimat, *^*^f poetical name of Muhammad AkruTn^
author of a short Dfw^ and a Masnawi containing an
account of the Loves of Aziz and Shahid, called " Nairang
Ishlj^" composed in the reign of Alamgir.
Ghariby S^i/^i poetical name of Sheikh Kasir-uddin of
Behli. He is the author of a Diwln in Persian.
Ghariby ^t^J^^ poetical name of Sayyad Karfm-ullah of
Bilgr&m.
Ghasiti Begam, ff^. ^1j ^ aV^, the wife of
S hah & ma t Jang, and Amina Begam the mother of Nawilb
Sirij-uddaula, were daughters of Naw&b Mahabat Jang of
Bengal ; they were drowned in the river, close to Jahin-
gimagar, by order of Miran the son of Nawib Ja'far 'AH
Khdn, in June, 1760 A. D.
Ghayaa Halwai, (S^j^ ^^, of Shirilz, was blind
and died by a fall from the terrace of a house in the time
of Shih Safi. He is the author of a Diwin.
Ghayas-uddin, iiril*^^ ^^, author of a Pereian Die-
tionary called " Ghsyas-ul-Lughat," vide Muhammad
Ghayds-uddin,
Ghayas-uddin Bahmani, u^. e^i*^^! •i*^* ^Jialm
(Sultan) the eldest son of Sultan Mahm6d Shah I. He
amended the throne of the Dakhan in his seventeenth year,
after the death of his father in April, 1397 A. D. He
had reigned only one month and twenty days, when
Lalchm, one of the Turkish slaves, not being appointed
prune minister to which office he had aspired, put out
his eyes with the point of his dagger, and having sent him
in confinement to the fortress of Sagar, placed Shams-ud-
din, the late king's brother on the°throue. This circum-
place on the 14th of June, 1397 A. D., 17th
stance took ^
Ramaz&i, 799 A. H.
Ghayas-uddin Balban, iirih ui"^ '^k^ iJ^^y
(Sul^) king of Dehli. In his youth he was sold as a
slave to Sultin Altimsh, who raised him by degrees to the
rank of a noble, and gave him his daughter in marriage.
On the accession of his son Ndsir-uddin Mahmdd tothe
tiirone of Debli, Ghayis-uddin was appointed his wazir.
^r the king s deposal or death in February, 1266 A. D.,
664 A. H., he ascended the throne and reigned 20 years.
He died m 1286 A. D., 686 A. H., aged 80 years, and was
succeeded by his grandson Mdiz-uddin Kai^:ubid, the son
of Nasir.uddin Baghrii Kh&n, governor of Bengal who
was then absent in that province.
Ghayas-uddin Kart I (Malik), «»/e;j<iJ|^Ltf iJJU^
fourtti king of tiie race of Kart or Kard. He succeeded
hM brother M4hk Fakhr-uddm Kart in 1307 A. D,
■n^^t' I ^t^^ ^^^ *^^ 21 years over Hirat,
^n A 't?^^t?^^'"' ^^^ ^^ ^ ^e year 1329 A. D?
AAr^'^'^ ^® ^^ succeeded by his son Mdlik Shams-
uddinKart.
Ghayas-uddin Zart II (Malik), «*^^ *s>/^JJ^\,t»k^
^e eighth ^d last king of the dynasty of Kart^or Karf!
He succeeded his father or grandfather M6iz.uddin Hu-
sam Kart in 1370 a. D., 771 A. H., and reigned 12 y^
over Hu^^ Ghor, Sarakhsh and Naish4pdr, Td conqS
Tus and Jam. He was a great tyrant, and had seve^
battles with Ihe Sarbadils of Sa CS; and Z cuZft
Tn^ ^'"^r^- i^ ^^ y^ 1381 A. D., 783 A. H.. Amir
A^"^. (TamerlMie) conquered HiriLt, when Ghayis-
uddm together with his son and brother were taken nri
soners and put to death. This dynasty lasted one hunted
and nmeteen lunar years and two months.
Ghayas-uddin Khilji (Sultan), ^s^ iji^^ d»Ui^
c;l^^, succeeded his father Sult&a Mahm6d Khilji
on the throne of Gujr&t in May, 1469 A. B., Zi-Ka'd*. ft72
""^ ^- J^'^ I'' "f^ ^'^^ ?^ y^ and aivedlt I^
advanced age, hu two sons anxiously looked for his dea^
as an event which would secure to one of them the throne
of Malwa ; a jealousy arose between the two brothers whn
conspired against each other, till Nisir-uddm, the eM«Rf
havmg put his brother, ShujA'at Khan Hea^ on the
22nd of October, 1600 A. D., 24th Rabf II 906 A H
assumed the reins of government. A few diys afte;, hii
father was found dead m tiie seiaglio; and it was Lup!
posed that poison had been administered to him bv lua
son.
Ohayas
95
Ohazi
OhayaB-uddin Mahmud, c>j^^ e>i»*^t '^^y the gon
of Ohayis-uddm Muhammad Ghoii, succeeded his uncle
8hahib-uddfn in the kingdom of Gh6r and Ghazni in
1206 A. D., 602 A. H. He leigned about four yean, and
was assassinated by the people of Mahmud All Shih on
Saturday night, the Slst of July, 1210 A. D., 7th Safar,
607 A. H. He was at first buried at FIr6z K6h, but was
afterwards transported to Hirit and buried there. He was
succeeded by his son Bah4-udd^ Sim, who was after three
months defeated by 'AU-uddin Atsiz (son of AU-uddm
Hasan sumamed Jahin S6s) who reigned in Gh6r and
Ghazni for four years, and fell in battle against Malik
Nasir-uddin Husain Amfr Shik&r in the year 1214 A. D.,
611 A. H. After his death Ala-uddin Muhammad son of
Abu All, cousin of MiUik Ghay&s-uddfn Muhammad was
raised to the throne by T4j-uddin Elduz.
Ghayas-uddin Muhammad, (Stdtan), «>«ce^ ^^\
^Up JJalm^ the Bon of M£Kk Shih of the Saljfik dynasty.
In the time of his eldest brother Barkayitra]^ the empire
was divided, Barkayitra^ retaining Persia ; Ghayas-uddin
Muhammad, Syria and Axurbejan ; and Sultan Sanjar,
Khuras&n and Mawarunnahr. He reigned about the year
1095 A. D. Ftk^ Muhammad (Sul^).
Ghayas-uddin Muhammad Ghori, (S^y^ •^^•^^
^^1 ^Up^ i^g, q£ qjj^j. j^^ Ghazni, was the son of
Bah4-uddin Sam, the youngest brother of A14-uddin Ha-
san Gh6ri. He succeeded to the throne of Gh6r and
Ghazni after the death of his cousin Malik Saif-uddin the
son of the latter, about the year 1 157 A. D., and conferred
the gOTemment of Ghazni on his brother Shahib-uddln
sumamed Mo'iz-uddm Muhammad ; this illustrious ge-
neral subdued Ehur4s&n and a great part of India in the
name of his brother Ghay£s-uddin, who annexed those
countiies to his own dominions. Ghayis-uddm died on
Wednesday, the 12th of March, 1203 A. D., 27th Jum^a
I, 599 A. H., and was succeeded by his brother Shahikb-
uddin.
Ghayas-uddin Mahmud Ghori, iSJJ^ ^x^^^ ui^\
^H^, the son of Ghayas-uddm Muhammad Ghori, and
nephew of Shahab-uddin Muhammad Ghori, whom he
succeeded to the throne of Ghor and Ghazni in 1206 A. D.
Mahmud being naturally indolent, remained satisfied with
the throne of Ghor, and proclaimed Taj-uddin Eldtiz, king
of Ghazni. He died in 1210 A. D.
Ghayas-uddin Purbi, uijji \:fid^ ^^9 succeeded
his father Sikandar Pdrbi on the throne of Bengal in 1367
A. D., 775 A. H., reigned for a period of seven years,
and died in 1373. He was succeeded by his son Sult&n-
us-Salitm.
Ghayas-uddin Tughlak Shah I (Sultan), 6^
^j^joJl d>Up ^JiaL,^ king of Dehli. His lather Tughla^jt
was a slave of Sultioi Ghay&s-uddin Balban. He ascended
the throne of Dehli after murdering Khusro Shih on the
26th August, 1321 A. D., 1st Shaban, 721 A. H., reigned
three years and some months, and was crushed to death by
the &U of a temporary wooden building which his son had
raised for his entertainment on his return from Lakhnauti in
February, 1325 A. D., Babf I, 725 A. H. His son Muham-
mad Tughla^ succeeded him. The celebrated poet Amir
Khusro of Dehli, who lived to the end of this king's reign
and received a pension of 1000 tangas monthly, wrote the
history of this prince under the title of " Tughla^jL Ndma."
Ghayis-uddin was the first king of the 3rd branch of the
Afghim dynasty which is called TugUa^ Shihi. The
fdlowing IS a lust of the Sultans of this branch : —
Ghay£s-uddin TugUa^ I. MahmM Shih Tughla^ last
Muhammad Shah Tughlalj^ I. of this fiunily expelled by
Firoz Shah Tughlak. Amfr Taimur.
Ghayis-uddfn Tughla^: II. (Nasiat Kh£n).
Abii Bakr Shih. (Ikbal Khan).
Muhammad Sh^ Tughla^ II. Mahmfid ShiLh xestoi^d.
Ala-uddin Sikandar Sh&h.
Ghayas-uddin Tughlak II, (Sultan)> 6^ {:fi^^
,*,Up vi;UaU^ y,^ the son of prince Fatha Khin and
grandson of Firoz Shih Tughlak. He ascended the throne
in place of Firoz Shah in Dehli on the death of his
grandfather in 1388 A. D., 790 A. H., but giving loose to
his youthful passions, and neglecting the affairs of the
State, the chiefs together with the household troops re-
volted, and put him to death on the 19th February, 1389
A. D., 21st Sa&r, 791 A. H., after he had reigned
six months. He was succeeded by his cousin Abu Bakr
Tughlak the son of prince Zafar Kh&n, the third son of
Firoz Shih.
Ghazali, is^^y, vide GhazziH.
I. • . •
Ghazanfar Ehan, {:y^j^^^^y son of Alawardi Kh£n I and
brother of Alawardi Ehin II, a nobleman of the reign^ of
Shah Jahan and ' Alamgir. He was three times at different
periods appointed governor of Saharanpur and afterwards
of T^t^ in Sindh, where he died on the Ist May, 1666
A. D., 17th ^i-Ka'da, 1077 A. H. His remains were
brought to Dehli and buried there.
Ghasan Khan, u>^ cH}^i seventh king of Persia of the
Tartar tribe and fourth in descent from Halaku Khin,
was the son of Arghun Khin. He succeeded to the crown
of Persia after the dethronement of Biidu Ehin his uncle
in October, 1295 A. D., ^il-WiJa» 6^* A- B!. He was the
first emperor of the race of Ohangez Khan who embraced
the religion of Muhammad, and with him near one
hundred thousand of his followers followed their leader
into the pale of Islim. He was the first of this race of
kings who threw off all allegiance to the Khal^in of Tar-
tary, by directing that the name of that monarch (whom
he now deemed to be an infidel) should not, in future be
struck on the coins of Persia. After embracing Muhamma-
danism, he took the title of Sulfin Mahmud. He reigned
nearly nine years and died on Sunday, the 17th of May,
1304 A. D., 11th Shaww&l, 703 A. H., at Kazwin ; he was
interred in a superb mosque which he had constructed near
Tauris or Tabrez. He was succeeded by his brother
Aljaitii, who took the title of Muhammad Ehudi Banda.
Ghaziy LSJ^t the poetical title of a person who served as
Kiirbegi under the prince Sultin Muhammad Muizzim
the son of the emperor ' Alamgfr.
Ghasi^ C53 > o' Al-Ghizi» the son of Ortak, the first of
the Turkmin Ortakite princes who seized Jerusalem and
reigned in Mardin and Miafetrkin in Syria. The follow-
ing princes are his descendants :
A. D. A.H.
Husim-uddfn Taimdrtish son of Alghizf,
began to reign, 1122 516
Kajm-uddin Abd'l Muzaffar Albi or Alpi,
son of Taimurtish, 1162 547
Kutb-uddm Alghizt son of Albi, 1176 572
Husim-uddin Yulak Arsalan, the son of
l^utb-uddin, 1184 580
Malik Almansiir Nisir-uddin Ortak Arsa-
lan, son of Kutb-uddin 1201 697
Milik-us-Said Najm-uddin Ghizi, son of
Nasir-uddin Ortak, 1289 637
Milik-ul-MazafEar J^ari Arsalin, son of
Ntym-uddin, 1256 663
Shams-uddin Daiid, 1291 691
Milik-al-Mansur Najm-uddin Ghizi, .... 1293 693
Albi M&Uk-ul-Adil 'Imad-uddin 'All, .... 1812 712
Milik-us-Sikh Shams-uddin Silah, the last
prince of this race, 1312 712
Ghazl
96
Ohous
Ghazi-uddin Haldar, j'^^ ^.'^^ LS)^, the eldest of
the ten sons of Nawib Sa'adat 'Alf Khin of Audh. On
hifl father's death, which took place on the 11th July,
1814 A. D., 22nd Rajab, 1229 A. H., he succeeded to his
dominions as Nawab Wazir, and five years after, assumed,
with the concurrence of the British Government, the regal
dignity. His coronation took place on Saturday, the 9th
October, 1819 A. D., 18th ZU-bijja, 1234 A H., at
Lakhnau, when he took the title of Abu'l Muzaffar Maiz-
uddin Shah Zaman Ghazi-uddin Haidar Padshih. On
ascending the first step of the throne, the minister deli-
vered to him a radical crown, studded with diamonds and
jewels of great value. He then put it on his head and
was congratulated on the occasion by the Resident who
saluted him as king of Audh. Jewels and pearls to the
value of 30,000 rupees were then scattered over the heads
of the spectators, many were picked up by our fair ladies.
Ghazi-uddin Haidar died after a reign of more than 13
years, on the 19th of October, 1827 A. B., 27th Rabi' I,
1243 A. H., aged 68 lunar years, and was succeeded by
his son Sulaiman J&h Nasir-uddin Haidar.
Ghazi-uddin Khan I, ^^jjj^^ J^ ui^^ iSj^9
styled Fir6z Jang, whose original name was Mir Shahab-
nddin, was the son of Eulich Khan Sadr-us-Sudur, and
was raised to the rank of an Amir with the title of Fir6z
Jang, after his father's death, by the emperor 'Alamgir
in 1687 A. D., 1098 A. H. His son was the famous
Is izam-ul-Mulk 'Asaf Jah whose descendants are known
to Europeans as Kizams of the Dakhan. In the reign of
Bahadur Shah he was appointed governor of Gujrat, and
died at Ahmadabad in 1710 A. D., 1122 A. H. His re-
mains were transported to Dehli, and interred in the
yard of the college built by him outside the Ajmiri Gate.
Ghazi-uddin Khan II, jj^^^^^l iv^ c;J«xl! ^^jli,
Amir-ul-TJmrd, also styled Fir6z Jang, was the eldest son
of the celebrated Niz£m-ul-Mulk 'Asaf Jah. He was
elevated to the rank of Amir-ul-Umra after the death of
Khan Daurin, and departure of Nadir Shih to Persia,
in 1739 A. D., 1152 A. H., by the emperor Muhammad
Shih. Some years after the death of his father, when
his brother Nasir Jang, who had succeeded him, died in
the Dakhan, he proceeded from DehH to regain his pos-
sessions in that country, but died on his way at Aoranga-
bdd on the 16th of October, 1762 A. D., 7th ^il-bijja,
1165 A. H. New Style, His remains were brought to
Dehli and buried there. After his death the office of
Amir-ul-Umri was conferred on his son Shahab-uddin
with the title of 'Im4d-ul-Mulk Gh&zi-uddfn KhAn.
Ghazi-uddin Khan III, J^ {:fi^ isj^ l;^^^j^^,
Amfr-ul-Umrd, styled 'Imdd-ul-Mulk, was the son of
Ghazi-uddin Khin. Fir6z Jang, the son of Nizam-ul-
Mulk 'Asaf Jah. His original name was Shahib-uddin,
but after the death of his father in 1752 A. D., 1166
A. H., he was, by the recommendation of Nawib Safdar
Jang, wazir, appointed Amir-ul-Umr^ by the emperor
Ahmad Shah of Dehli with the title of 'Imad-ul-Mulk
Ghazi-uddin KhAn. This is that Ghazi-uddin Khdn, who
afterwards became wazir, imprisoned and blinded his
master the emperor Ahmad Shah, and assassinated
'Alamgir II. His wife was the celebrated Gunna Begam,
who died in the year 1775 A. D,, 1189 A. H. The year
of Gh4zi-uddin Khan's death is unknown, but according
to the biography of the poet called Gulzar Ibrihim, he
was living in 1780 A. p.. 1194 A. H., in straitened cir-
cumstances. His poetical name was Nizam. According
to the work called Masir-ul-Umri, he went to the Da-
khan 1773 A. D., 1187 A. H., and received a jigir in
Malwa ; subsequently he proceeded to Surat and passed
a few years with the English, and thence on a pilgrimage
to Mecca. He composed Persian and R«ikhta poetr>' and
left Arabic and Turkish Ghazals and a thick Persian
Diw&n and a Masnawi in which the miracles of Maulina
Fakhr-uddin are related. Some say he died at Kalpi.
Ghaznawi, KS^y^y vide Muhanmiad Khan (Mir).
Ghazzal. ^j]yfi^ (a seller of thread) title of WAsil-bin-'Ata,
a celebrated Musalman doctor who was thus sumamed.
Ghazni, i^J^y kings of; vide Subaktagin.
Ghazzali, cr^D^ ^-^^^ (•^^ or Ghazni (Imam Ahmad),
younger brother of Im&m Muhammad GhazziUi. He was
a doctor of the sect of Shaf&'i, and died at Kazwin in the
year 1123 A. D., 517 A. H., but according to Ibn Khal-
lik&n in 620 A. H., corresponding with 1126 A. D.
Ghazzali, */^!>* ^^^ (•^^ or Ghazali (Imam Muham-
mad) who is also entitled Hujjat-ul-IsUm, is the surname
of Abd Himid Muhammad Zain-uddin-al-Tusi, one of
the greatest and most celebrated Musalman doctors, and
author of a treatise on the different classes of science
which concern religion, called, ^^Kimiae Sa'^at," and
many other works such as the Yakut-ut-Tawib, also
called "Tafsir Jawahir-ul-Kurdn," "Akaed Ghazz41i,"
" Ahia-ul-'Ulum," and " TuhjEat-ul-Filasafa." He was bom
in the year 1058 A. B., 450 A. H., in a village called
Ghazz&la or Ghazala in Ttis, whence he and his brother
Ahmad, derived their names of Ghazzali. He died on the
18th December, 1111 A. D., 4th Jumada II, 605 A. H.,
aged 55 lunar years. Some authors say that his name
should be spelt GhaziUi and not Ghazz^ but the fol-
lowing verses from the Mukhbir-ul-Wdsilin, confirms the
latter.
He is said to have written ninety-nine works, mostly in
Arabic, a few in Persian.
Ghizali (Moulana), t/^D^ ^i(^, of Tds or Mashhad,
the royal poet. He mentions in one of his ^asidas
named Eauzat-us-Safa, that he was bom in the year 1524
A. D., 930 A. H. He first came &om Mashhad his native
country to the Dakhan, where being disappointed in his
prospects, he went over to Jaunpur, and was employed
for some years by Khan Zam&n 'Ali l^uli Khan, governor
of that province, during which time he wrote a poem
called " Naksh Badf a," for which he received from his
patron a piece of gold for each couplet. After the death
of Khan Zaman, who was slain in battle against the
emperor Akbar in 1568 A. D., 975 A. H., he fell into
the hands of that monarch, who took him into his service,
and conferred on him the title of M^lik-ush-Shua'ra, or the
King of poets. He was the first poet that was honoured
with this title in India. He accompanied his royal
master to the conquest of Gujrat, and died there of
venereal disease, on Friday the 5th of December, 1572
A. D., 27th Hajab, 980 A. H. He is buried at Ahmad-
abad, Gujrit, at a place called Sarkij. He is also the
author of a Diwan, and three Masnawis or poems, con-
taining from 40 to 50,000 verses ; their titles are : " Kit&b
Asrar," « Rishahit-ul-Haiat," and " Mirat-ul-Kaenit."
Ghous Muhammad Khan, ly^ «>.♦«* ifiyi, whose
title is Mohtashim-uddaula, is the present Nawib of
J4wara.
Ghoilfi-ul-'Alam, (^^' ^^^ a famous Sdfi, vide Mu-
hammad Ghous of Gh^&liar.
GhoilS-ul-*Azim, f^"^^^^, a title of the Muhammadan
saint 'Abdul Kadir GiUni.
Ghouwasi
97
Ghouwasi, iS^ iS^^J^y of Yezd, a poet, whose proper
name is Izzuddin. He is said to have composed 100,000
verses. This fertile poet, in a work which he wrote in
1543 A. D., 960 A. H., says: "The poetry which I have
written amounts to 1,960 books." He made 600 verses
a day, and it would appear that he put the " Rausat-ush-
Shohada," the history of Tahari, the legends of the pro-
phets, Kaleila-wa-Damna, and the Medical work called
"Zakhira Khw^rizm Shahi,*' and many other works into
verse. He died in 1653 A. D., 960 A. H., at an age of
more than one hundred years.
Ghulam >Ali, Mir, c>\j1 ^J}^ c^^r^, a poet whose
poetical title is 'Azdd, which see.
Ghulam ^Ali Khan, iy^ «^^ f^, author of the
" Lama'at-ut-Tihirm," a panegjTic on the actions of Mu-
hammad, and a number of mystical poems, dedicated to
the emperor 'Alamgir.
Ghulam >Ali, «^ c^, author of the work called " Shih
'Alam Nama," a history of the reign of the Emperor Shih
'Alam, who died in 1806 A. D., 1221 A. H.
Ghulam Husain Khan, Nawab Sayyad, i^^^
e;U e^w^ j#)U «>^ ^^Iji ^ sumamed Tiba Tib^ son of
Hiddet 'Ali Kh^ Bahadur Asad Jang, author of a Persian
work called "Siar-ul-Mutakhirin," written in the year 1780
A. D., 1194 A. H., and translated soon after into y^Tig1i>Ti
by a French Renegade, called Mustafii. It was again
translated into English by F. C. Balfour, Esq., LL. D.
He is also author of a Poem entitled " Bashirat-ul-
Imtoaf."
Ghulam Husain Khan, kj^ u^r^^ f^, author of the
Persian History of Bengal called " Rayaz-ussalatin" which
he wrote about the year 1780 A. D. at the request of Mr.
George TJdney of Malwa. He was a learned and respect-
able character, once of greater consequence, and afterwards
a member of the native court of judicature imder the most
worthy Nawab 'AH Ibrahim Khin.
Ghulam Imam Shahid, Maulana, ^^ f»^^ j*^
^J!^*> a poet who is the author of a Persian Diwdn, and
of a celebrated Kasida comprising the dispute between
Love and Beauty. His poetical title is Shahed and he is
Uving still, 1879 A. D.
Ghulam Kadir Khan, e)^^ jot* ^ilp^ gon of Z4bita
Khdn, and grandson of Najib-uddaula, the Rohila chief.
This is that traitor who after extorting aa much money as
he could from his royal master, the emperor Shah 'Alam
of Dehli, ordered his Rohilas to pluck out his eyes from
their sockets and placed Beidsu: Bakht, son of Ahmad
Shih, and grandson of Muhammad Shah on the throne.
This mournful event happened on the 10th of August,
1788 A. D., 7th ^i-ICa'da, 1202 A. H. After this, the
traitor endeavoured to make his retreat to his own terri-
tory Ghousgafh, but was pursued by the Marha^an who
took him prisoner, cut off his ears, nose, arms, and legs,
and in this mutilated state he was sent to Dehli; but
died on the road in the month of December the same
year, Rabl 1, 1203 A. H. His -tomb is in Aul, Parganna
Funah, Zila Agrah«
Ghulam Kutb-uddin Shah, fscM\ ^1 eh!«^( «rJJ
^JU jU of Allahdbid, whose poetical name is Musibat,
was the son of Shih Muhammad Fikhir. He was an
elegant poet eminently learned and accomplished, and is
the author of a work called " N&n ^alia," (Cakes and
Steaks) which he wrote in answer to a work entitled
'*Nin Halwi" (Cakes and Pudding). He was bom on
25
Ooshyar
the 29th August, 1725 0. 8., Ist Ma^arram, 1138 A. H.,
went on a pilgrimage to Mecca, and died there in the
year 1773-4 A. D., 1187-8 A. H.
Ghulam Muhammad, ix-^^^ ^iU ^^>„•«„^^ -^«
'"**' ***"^ r > (Irnnce,) son or
grandson of Tippd Sultan, was instaUed as a Knight
Commander of the Star of India on the 27th February,
1871 A. D. Seventy-two years ago he was a prisoner
m the hands of the English, and since then a recipient
of the highest honors. He died in Calcutta on the
mght of the nth August, 1872, aged 78 years.
Ghulam Muhammad Khan, ^^ ^-^^^ rH pre-
sent nawab of the Kamatic, whose title is Amir-ul-Hind
Wala J£h Umdat-ul-UmrA Mumtdz-ul-MumWik.
Ghulam Muhammad Khan, Nawab, J^^^^^a:^
r^vly^ Wdtf Faiz-ullah Khin.
Ghulam Ahia, d^ (^^y author of an Arabic work on
Logic, which goes after his name. Its marginal Notes
written by another author are called " Shams-uz-Zuhi."
Ghunchaohae IJmmaid, «^t ^^^> (•• «', a small
bud of hope), waa one of the wives of Umar Shaikh Mirz4.
the son of Sult^ Abti Sa'id Mirzi, and mother of Ndsir
Mirzi, and Mahd Bano Begam. She was a native of
Andjan.
Girami, iS^lr, the poetical name of a poet whose Diwin
was found in the Library of Tipti Sult^
Girdhar Das, u»b j^^J, of Dehlf, author of the history
of Ram, entitled " Rimdyan," translated from the Sans-
krit in 1722 A. D. This is a very celebrated Hindi poem,
containing the exploits of the famous demigod Ram, who
reigned over India for many years. His capital was at
Audh, and his conquests extended to Ceylon, where the
chain of rocks which nearly unite that island to the
continent, is still called Rim's Bridge. Besides this," there
are two other Ramayans, one translated by Tulshi D4s
in the Bh&kha dialect, and another by Khushtar in Urdd. .
Girdhar Singh, ^^j^i^, or Girdhar Bahidur, a
Rajptit chief who was governor of Malwa in the reign of
the emperor Muhammad ShiUi, and fell in battle against
the Peshwi Bajf Rao's officers in 1729 A. D. His ne-
phew, Dayi Rto, who succeeded him, and had opposed
a gallant resistance for some time, waa defeated by Chim-
niji the Peshwi's brother, and lost his life in battle about
the year 1732 A. D.
Gobind Guru, «^H^ ^, a chief of the Sikhs, vide
Guru Gk)bind.
Gopal or Nayek Gopal, J^J ^^, a celebrated
singer of India, who was a native of the Dakhan, and
flourished during the reign of Sultin 'AU-uddm Sikandar
Sim. He was a contemporary of Amfr Khusro who died
in 1326 A. D. It is related that when Gopil visited the
court of DehU, he sung that species of composition called
" Git," the beauty of which style, enunciated by the
powerful and harmonious voice of so able a performer,
oould not meet with competition :— At this the monarch
eansed Amfr Khusro to remain hid under his throne,
whence he oould hear the musician xmknown to him , The
latter endeavoured to remember the style, and on a sub-
sequenj; day, sung " Qoul" and " Tarfina" in imitation
of it, which surprised Gopfl, and, fraudulently deprived
him of a portion of his due honor.
Goshyar, Jn^jr^ an astronomer whose proper name is
Abu'l Hasan.
Ooohar
08
Habib
Gouhar Shad Begam, (^ ^^ j^J^y the wife of
Mirz& Shihrakh, the son of Amir Taimtir. She was slain
by Sult&n Abti Sa'fd Mini for creating disturbances, in
1467 A. D., 861 A. H., at Hirit, where she Kes buried
on tiie left bank of a stream called Anjir. The grave is
shaded by a very high gilt dome. She is said to have
been the most incomparable lady in the world. Some erro-
neously say Qiat she waa the daughter of Amir Taimtir,
and the sister of Shihrukh Mirz2» and that she never
married, but devoted herself to the perusal of the ^ur&n,
ifide Mohan Lai's Journal.
Goya, 'JTy poetical name of Hisam-uddaula Naw&b Fakir
Muhammad Khin of Lakhnau. He is the author of a
Diw&n.
Goya, ^J^9 the poetical name of Mirzi Kitmriln, a brother
of J6y&, which see.
Qoya> kj^j poetical name of Shaikh HaiiLt-ullah of Fur-
rukhib&d.
Gujar, J^J^9 grandson or son of the daughter of the Peshw&
IULgh6ji Bhoflla's daughter. He was raised to the masnad
of K^6r after the dethronement of 'Apii S^b in 1818
A. D.
Gulab Singh, *^ V** > of Jammd (Mahiriji) the in-
dependent ruler of Kashmir and the hills, which were
made over to him by the British ** for a consideration,"
after the battle with the Sikhs in 1846. He died 2nd
August, 1857 A. D , about three months after the outbreak
of the native troops. He was succeeded by hia son Banblr
Singh.
Gulbadan Begam, C^ iy*H**, a daughter of the
emperor B&bar Shih, sister to Humaytin and aunt to
Akbar Shih. She was married to Khizir Ehim, a descen-
dant of the kings of E&shghar. Ehizir Eh&n was made
governor of Labor in 1665 A. D., 963 A. H., and after-
wards of Behir, where he died about the year 1669 A. D.,
966 A. H.
Gulbarg Begam, f^ *-?/^^> daughter of the emperor
Babar Shih, she is also called Gulrang Begam, and Gul-
rukh Begam, which see.
Gulohehra Begam, ^^ 5;t^ ^ a daughter of the
empeior Bibar Shih and youngest sister of Humiyun,
by whom she was given in marriage to Abbis 8ult4n» an
Uzbak prince, at Eibul in 1648 A. D.
Gul Muhammad Khan, <3^^ c^^ *<^^ ^, a poet
of Dehli who died in the year of the Christian era 1848
A. D., 1264 A. H. His poetical name was N&tik, which
Gulrukh Begam, f^ ^J^i & daughter of the emperor
Bibar, who was married to Mirzi Niir-uddin Moham-
mad, a person of respectable family, by whom she had a
daughter named Sdlima Sultina Begam, who was mar-
ried in the beginning of the reign of the emperor Akbar,
to Berim Khiji, Khinkhinin, after whose death in 1661
A. D., 968 A. H., the emperor married her himsrif. Gul-
rukh Begam is called in the Misir-ul*Umra, Gnlbaxg
Begam, wd by some Gulrang Begam.
GiUrxikh Begam> f^* tf^ ^ daughter of E£mrin
Mini, the brother of the emperor Humiy6n, and first
cousin to Akbeu:. She was married to Ibrahim Hiisain
Mirzi, the son of Muhammad Sul(in Mini a descendant
of Amir Taimyr. Ibrahim Husain, who together with
hia other brothers had created great disturbances in the
country, wa« taken prisoner in 1678 A. D., 981 A. H.,
and shortly after put to death and his head sent to Akbar,
who ordered it to be placed over one of the gates of Agrah.
Gulrukh Begam survived him for several yean and was
living at Ag^ in 1614 A. D., 1028 A. H.
Gulflhaa, eA^^ the poetical name of Shaikh Sa'd-ullih,
a mystical poet, who resided for some years at Behli, and
left nearly 100,000 verses of Ghazals. He was a disciple
of Shih 'Abdiil Ahad Sarhindi, and made with him a pil-
grimage to Mecca. He died in 1728 A. D., or 1141 A. H.
GulBhani, ^^i the poetical title of Shaikh Sa'd-ullih,
which see.
Gunna or Ganna Begam^ f^. ^y a princess, celebra-
ted for her personal accomplishments, as well as for the
vivacity of her wit, and the fire of her poetical genius.
Several of her lyric compositiona, in the Hindustini
langpiage are still sung and admired, one of which is to
be seen in the first volume of the Asiatic Researches,
p. 66, She was the daughter of Nawib 'Ali Kuli Ehin
commonly called Chhanga or Shash Angushtf (from hav-
ing six fingers on each hand), a mansabdir of 6000 horse.
Ghmni Begam was betrothed to Shuji*-uddaula, the son of
Nawib Safdar Jang, but afterwarda married to 'Imid-ul-
Mulk Ghizi-uddln Khin, wazir, and this rivalship is said
to have in part laid the foundation of the mortal enmity
which afterwards subsisted between that wazir and Safdar
Jang. Adjoining to the village of N^ribid near Dhoul-
piir, two miles fr^m Choli Saiie, is a pretty large garden,
the work of the emperor Alamgir, built in the year 1688
A. D., 1160 A. H., over the gate of which is an inscrip-
tion bearing the chronogram of the year of its erection,
m., *' Dida Bigh Jim&l." Within this garden is tiie
monument of Ganni Begam. Her shrine bears the fol-
lowing inscription, " Ah gham Gunni Begam," which is
the d^nogram of the year of her death, viz,, 1776
A. D., 1189 A. H. The poets, S6z, Souda, and Minnat
corrected her verses.
Guru Gobind, ^.jr J^i the son of Tegh Bahidur, a
&mous chief of the Sikhs. After the death of his father
who was executed by order of the emperor 'Alamgir in
the year 1673 A. D., having collected his followers, he gave
them arms and horses, which till his time they had never
used, and began to commit depredations, but he was soon
obliged to fly, and two of his sons being taken prisoners,
were put to death. Being desirous of returning to his
home, he prevailed on some Afghins to conduct him,
disguised as one of their devotees, through the army sta-
tioned at Sarhind ; and for the remainder of his life kept
himself retired, having lost his faculties in grief for his
sons. He ordered his disciples to wear blue, and leave
their beards and the hair of their heads unshaved, which
they do to this day. He was succeeded by Banda, one of
his followers.
H.
Habib Ajmi, Ehwaja, <j
u
he was
called *Ajmi or the Persian, on account of his not being
able to read the Ijtuiin, or that he could not pronoonee the
words of it distinctiy. He was a pious Musalmin and dis-
ciple of Khwija Hasan Basrf. Hediedonthe28thAuinist,
788A.D., 7thKamaain, 120 A. H.
Habib-ullahy **^ •■••l!^> author of an Arabic work on
philosophy called ** Bahr-ul-MantiV," or the Sea of Logic.
Habib
99
Haflv
a celebrated
Habib-uUah, Shaikh, ^t
poet of Agrah.
Habib-ullah, Shah or Mir, ^< V4^ ^^, a descen.
dant of Shih Ni'mat-raiiUi Wall, and an amfr in the
service of the Bahmanf kings of the Dakhan. He was
imprisoned, and afterwards put to death in June, 1460
A. D., Sha'bin 864 A. H., by Sul|in Humiyiin Shih II,
Bahman(, a tyrant, who at the same time cast his brother
Hasan Khin, who had rebelled against him, before a
voracious tig«r, that sogn toie the wretched prince to
pieces.
Habfihi or Habaahi, c^^^^ a poet who having lost an
eye in a scuffle, was asked by Ibr&him Pishi, ** Where
is thine other eye ?" and making answer, ** It grew tired
of stopping at home in the socket, and flew out to see the
world ;" was imprisoned .ten years for his wit in the tower
of Hero and Leander, where he daily gave vent to his
feelings in such verses as the following : —
I will groan, till every stone in this cold prison-tower
shall weep,
I will cry, till earth and sky, and each dark rolling hour
shall weep,
I will maJce, that hearts shall break, and even the dewless
flower shall weep,
Tea, for me, the wronged Habshi, both Mnsalmin and
Qabr shall weep !
Hadj, iS^^i a khaUf of Baghdad, mVif Al.Hidf.
Hadi, is^^^y poetical name of Mfr Muhammad Jawid 'Ali
m
Ehin, who died in the year 1800 A. D., 1215 A. H., and
left a Diwim in Urdd.
Hafl, y^ > which means barefoot, is the surname of Zain-
uddin Muhammad, an author, who led an austere life,
and who always walking barefoot, was thus sumamed.
HafLs-uddin Ahmad, Moulwi, ^-^^ ^i^ ^H^^
i^jfy^i author of the '* Ehixad Afr6E," an TJrdii trans-
lation of the ^ Ajix Danish," or Pilpa/s Fables, which
he translated for the use of the College of Fort William
in 1808 A. D., 1218 A. H.
Hafla-uddin Nasaft-bin-Ahmady *^«^i u^. 4/^^^
iji^\ *4^, author of the Commentaries called "Ma-
dibik-ut-Tanzfl'* and '' HakieV-ut-Tan&wfl," in Arabic.
He died in the year 1310 A. D., 710 A. H., vide Nasafi
or Al-Nasa&.
Hafl«-uUah, Shaikh, ^'-^l ^^^ ^, a relation of
8iWy-udd(n 'Ali Khan Arzti. His poetical name was
Asam. He died in the 2l8t year of the emperor Muham*
mad 6h£h of Dehli, 1767 A. D., 1181 A. H.
Haflz Abru, JJ^ Ja^l^, sumamed Ndr-uddfn-bin-Lutf-
ulUh, author of the history called '* T&rikh H&fiz Abrd."
He was bom in the city of Hirat, but passed his in&ncy
in Hamdin, where he received his educatiozL He was
fortunate enough to secure the esteem of Amfr Taikn^,
who sought every occasion to do him service. After the
death of that tyrant, he attended the court of his son
ShAhrukh Mirsd, and received from the young prince
Mirz6 B&isanghar every demonstration of kintmess and
regard. To Imn he dedicated his works under the name
of '* Zubdat-ut^Taw&rikh B&isangham," which contains a
complete history of the world, and an account of the
institutions and religions of different people down to 1425
A. D.. 829 A. H. He died five years ^tcrwards in the
city of Zanjin, about the year 1430 A. D., 834 A. H.
HaflB Adam, f^i JbU>, « Musalmin devotee and disciple
of Shaikh Ahmad Sarhindi, who about the year 1673
A. p., in conjunction with the Sikh Gur6 Tegh Bahidur,
having collected his followers, levied contribulienB with
the neatest oppression from the inhabitants of his neigh-
bouxnood and pretended to royalty. He was banished
from the kingaom across the Indus by order of the em-
peror 'Alamgfr.
HbUz Halwai, iS^J^ ^^,a confectioner and poet of Hirat
who flourished in the reign of Shihrukh MirzA, the son of
Amfr Taim6r about the year 1430 A. D., 834 A. H.
Haflfly Khw^ja> "^ *^!>^i whose proper name is
Shams-uddfn Muhammad, was the most elegant lyric
poet of Persia. He was bom at Shfr£s in the reign of
the Musaffarians, and was living at the time when Amfr
Taimtir (Tamerlane) defeated Shih Mansdr the last
SulUm of that dynasty. The language of Hafiz has been
styled among the Musalmims, ** LisAn-ul-Ghaib," the lan-
guage of mystery. From his frequent celebration of love
and wine in his odes he has not improperly been deno-
minated, by some Orientalists, the Anacreon of Persia.
He died in 1389 A. D., 971 A. H. at Shiriz, where his
tomb is yet to be seen at a place called Musalla, and
is^ visited as a sacred spot by pilgrims of all ages. After
his death a collection of 669 of his odes was made by
Sayyad ^isim Anw^, entitled "Dfw&n Hafiz." A few
of his poems may be understood in a literal sense ; but
in general they are figurative, and allude to the Siifi
doctrines ; moist of them have been at different times
translated into some of the European languages. At the
head of the English translators, stand Sir W. Jones,
Messrs. Bichardson and Carlyle. There have been two
other Persian poets of the name of H&fiz, one of them
sumamed Halw^ that is to say, the confectioner, who
lived in the reign of SulUm Sh^liurukh, the son of Tamer-
lane, and the other was named Aj^ Rdmf. Many seal-
ous admirers of Hifiz insist, that by wine he invariably
means devotion ; and they have gone so fSeur as to compose
a dictionary of words in the langwige^ as they call it, of
the Stifis : in that vocabulary. Bleep is explained by me-
ditation on the divine perfections, and perfume by hope
of the divine fEivor ; gales are illapsee of grace ; kiesee and
Mi^MM, the raptures of piety; idolatore, injidele, and
libertineSf are men of the purest religion, and their idol
is the Creator himself; the tavern is a retired oratory,
and its keeper^ a sage instmctor ; beautg denotes the per-
fection of die Supreme Being ; tressee are the expansion
of his glory ; lipt the hidden mysteries of his essence ;
down on the dieek, the world of spirits, who encircle his
throne ; and a black mole, the point of indivisible unity ;
lastly, wantonnesif mirth, and inebriety^ mean religious
ardour and abstraction from, all terrestrial thoughts.
Haflz Muhammad, author of the **Hawf Saghfr."
Hafll Bahmat Khan, O^ '<='-**'j ^L*.^ ^ celebrated
Bohila chief. He joined his countrymen during the
administration of 'Ali Muhanunad TThft n ^ who advanced
him to an important station, and Pflfbhit and BareHy
were given to him and Murad4bid to another chief named
Dtinde Khin. Having attained his office, by military
ability and genius, he at lengUi wholly superseded the
authority of Sa'd-ullih Ehin, the son of ^Alf Muhammad
Khin, and was advanced to the supreme administration of
aflhirs. He fedled in his engagement to pay forty lacs of
rupees to Naw&b ShujA-uddauU of Audh for the protec-
tion of his country from the ravages of the Marha^^s,
was killed in a battle fought by l^e naw&b by the assis-
tance of the English on the 23rd April, 1774 A. D., lOth
Sa&r, 1188 A. H. His Life is translated by Mr. Elliott.
HaflB Bakhna^ **^J UL^^ ia the name of the person
who planted a large garden at Sarhind in the reign
Hafs
100
Hairati
of the Emperor Akbar and called it " B&gh Noulakb."
He died in 1692 A. D., 1000 A. H., and a beautiful chro-
nogram was written on the occasion.
Hafs, U**^, vtde Abti Hafs-ul-Bukhiri.
Hafsa, **^^^, a daughter of the Khalif Umar, and wife of
Muhammad, in whose hands Abd Bakr, the successor of
the prophet, deposited the original Kur£n. She outlived
her husband 33 years and died in 666 A. D., 46 A. H.
Halbat Jang, ^-^ *^^, title of Zain-uddm Ahmad,
the youngest son of H^ji Ahmad, and nephew and son-
in-law of Alahwardi Khan Mahdbat Jang, governor of
Bengal. He was the father of Nawab Siraj-uddaula,
who succeeded Mahabat Jang in the government of Ben-
gal in 1766 A. D.
Haibat Khan, nM- *^^A. He is the author of the
" Tarfkh Khan Jah£n Lodi,'* " Makhzan-i-Afghimi," con-
taining the history of Khan Jahan Lodi and of the Af-
ghans. Khan Jahan was a general of great reputation
during the reign of the emperor Jahangir, but rebelling
against Shah Jahan, was killed in an engagement wil£
the royal troops 1631 A. D., 1087 A. H. The above
work was written in 1676 A. D. There is also an abridge-
ment of this work, by the same author, called ** Majmua*
Afghani."
Haidar, J^^:^} a title of *Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad.
Haidar, ^j^ j^'^ ^ **^J<>^, «^ ^^^^ Haidar
Kultij or Haidar Kulicha, because he was by profession
a baker. Ho was a native of Hirdt, and is the author of
a Diwan in Persian and one in Urdu.
Haidar, J*H^> or Mir Haidar Shah of the Dakhan, a
gallant soldier in the service of Nawab Sarfardz Khin
governor of Bengal. He put the Diwin of Wall of the
Dakhan into Mukhammas and interspersed that of H&fiz
with verses of his own. He died at Hugli in the reign
of the emperor Ahmad Shih, a year or two before or after
1760 A. D., 1164 A. H., aged 100 years. Gracin-de-
Tassy thinks that he is the author of a Masnawl en-
titled " Kissae Chandar Badon and Mahyar."
Haidar AU Monlwi, ^j^jIjI u^ t5^ j»H^ t5>[^,
W — M
of Faizab&d, author of the " Muntahf-ul-KaJdm," and
several other works. He was living in Dehli 1854 A. D.,
1270 A. H.
Haidar Mir, j^ J'H^, ^^ Haidar Mirzi.
Haidar Mirza, \jy>j^'ii^, ^^^ ^ ^^ called M(r Haidar
and Mirzd Haidar Doghlat, was the son of Muhammad
Husain, and his wife was the aunt of Babar Shah. He was
formerly in the service of Kimr^ Mirzi, brother of the
emperor Humayun, but being disgusted with his conduct
abandoned his standard about the year 1639 A. D., 946
A. H., and joined the emperor, to whom he was afterwards
of great service. In 1640 A. D., 947 A. H., he was depu-
ted by the emperor to conquer Kashmi r , which he took in
a short time ; but as that emperor was soon after expelled
from India by Sher Shah, Haidar became the king of
that country. In the year 1648 A. D., 966 A. H., he
invaded Little Thibet, and not only succeeded in con-
quering that country, but subsequently added Great
Thibet, Rajora and Pogla to his dominions. He reigned
nearly ten years and was killed by an arrow in a night-
attack made upon his camp in 1661 A. D., 968 A. H.
Haidar Khan, Mir, o^ J^^ J^t the grandson of
Mfr Haidar who was the author of the " Tarfkh Rashfdf."
This person, on plea of presenting a petition, kiUed Hu-
sain 'All Khan Amir-ul-Umra, at the instigation of the
emperor Muhammad Shah, on the 18ih September, 1720
O. S., 27th ^-IKa'da 1182 A. H., and was himself cut to
pieces.
Haidar Malik, •-^ J'^^, entitled Eafe-ul-Mulk
Chughtai, author of the most authentic history of Kash-
mir, down to his own time. He was a nobleman in
the service of the emperor Jah&ngir, and was living about
the year 1619 A. D., 1028 A. H., in which year he ac-
companied that emperor to Kashmir.
Haidar Muammai, Mir, i^^*^^ j^^j^, sumamed
Rafisgi K^tshi. a punster who flourished in the time of Sh&h
Ismafl II, king of Persia, and wrote a chronogram at his
death, which took place in 1677 A. D., 986 A. H. He
was distinguished by his skill in making chronograms
and enigmas. He came to India in the time of Akbar,
and was drowned when returning by sea to Persia. He
was in charge of copies of Faizf s works for distribution
in Persia, and they were also lost. Vide Mir Haidar.
Haidar Razi, iSJb J^^9 a Persian historian who wrote
in the 17th century of the Christian Era.
Haidar, Sheikh or Sultan, j'H^ c;^^^, fether of
Shih Ismail I, Safwi. He was the son of Sultin or
Shaikh Junaid,the son of Shaikh Ibrahim, the son of
Shaikh or Khwaja Ali, the son of the celebrated Shaikh
Sadar-uddin Mtisa, the son of Shaikh Safif or Safi-uddin
Ardibeli, who was the 21st in a direct line from Musi
Kazim, the seventh Imto. He was killed in a battle
against Ya'kiib Beg the son of Uzzan Husan, at Shirw4n
in the month of July, 1488 A. D., Sha'ban, 893 A. H.
Hairan> u;rH^^ poetical name of Mir Haidar 'AH. He was
killed in zillah Bihar, but had the assassin put to death
before he expired.
Hairani, Moulana, «yt«UA ^^I^j^ lij^^ ^f Hamdin.
He 1b the author of several Masnawfs or poems, Wa;., "Bah-
rto-wa-Nahid." Dispute between Heaven and Earth,
entitled •* Manazira Arz-wa-Samd ;" Dispute between the
Candle and the Moth, called " Manizira Shama'-wa-Par-
wana ;" and Dispute between the Roasting Spit and the
Fowl, named " Manizira Sikh-wa-Murgh." He died in
1497-8 A. D., 903 A. H.
Hairat, *^j^^ Chl^^l f^, poetical name of ^layim-uddfn,
the author of the biography called "Tazkira Ma^^iUt-
ush-Shua'rd," which he completed in 1760 A. D., 1174
A. H.
Hairat, o;^^ poetical title of Pandit Ajuddhia Parshad,
a native of Kashmfr, who resided at Lakhnau. He is the
author of a small Diwan and a few Masnawis. He died
1234 A. H., in the 36th year of his age.
Hairati, i/I;^^ a poet of Marv. In reward of a l^asld&
which he composed in praise of Sh4h Tahmisp I, Safwi
he obtained the title of Malik-ush-Shua'r£ or king of
poets. Besides the work called " Bahjat-ul-Mubahij,**
he is the author of a Masnawi to which he gave the title
of Gulzdr. All his verses amount to about 40,000. He
was murdered at Kash&n 1664 A. D., 962 A. H.
Hairati, i^i/^, was the greatest poet of his time. He
had studied at Isfah&n, and was alive when Ta^ Kishini
wrote his Tazkira, 1686 A. D. Though he received a
liberal allowance from the Persian government, owing to
his extravagance, it was quite insufficient for his support,
and in 1681 A. D., 989 A. H., he came to India being
attracted by the prodigality of the Kntb-Shihi kings of
Golkanda.
Hajar
101
Hldar» J'^i a ▼ery great man among the foUowew of 'All,
and remai^ble for his singalar abstinence, piety and
Btrictness of Hfe, his constant purifications accordmg to
Muhammadan law, and exactness in observiog the honrs
of devotion. He was put to death in 666 A. D., by order
of Mu'awia I for speaking reproaehfally of him, afiEront-
ing his brother Zay&d governor of Kli&, and affirming
that the government did not^ of right, belong to any but
the family of 'AIL
Hajari* vide HigrC.
Haji Begam, (^ if^^9 "^o of the emperor Humiyiin.
Vide Hamida B4no Begam.
Haji Khal&, AaIa. 4^1^, a celebrated author com-
monly called Mustaufi H£ji Ehalfieu He is the author
of the work called " Fazkka," also of the Biographical
Dictionary called ** Eashf-us-Zonfin," and the work called
" Talfwfm-ut-Tawarikh Riimi." The latter is a Chro-
nological Table of remarkable events from the Creation
of the world to 1648 A. D., 1068 A. H^ translated £rom
the Turki^ during the reign of Sul^in M uhamma d lY
of Constantinople. The " Kashf-uE-ZuniSn" was printed
for the Orient^ Translation Fond in 1835-50, together
with a Latin translation by Professor FluegeL It ap.
pears that H4ji Khalfa formerly bore the titie of " KiUh
Chilpf," (which see,) and if this is correct, he died in 1667
A. D., 1067 A. H.
In Chamber's EncyclopsBdia the month and year of his
death is September, 1668 A. D., and that he is adso said to
be the author of the Tarikh Kabir " the Great History,"
which is a history of the world from the creation of Adam
to 1665 A. D., containing notices of 160 dynasties, princi-
pally Asiatic ; also a history of the Ottoman empire from
1591 to 1668 A. D., and a history of the maritime wars of .
the Turks, which has been translated into English.
Haji Muhammad Beg Khan, tt)^ «-^ <*^** «^^,
the fEither of •the celebrated Mirzd Abu Tilib £h£n,
author of the "Masir Tilibi." He was by descent a
Turk, but bom at 'Abb&sib&d in Is£Ediin. Whilst a
young man, dreading the tyranny of N&dir Sh&h, he fled
from Persia, and on his arrival ia India, was admitted
into the friendship of the Naw6b Abu'l Manstir Ehdn
Safdar Jang. Upon tiie death of Rdj& Nawul Bie, Deputy
Governor of Audh in 1760 A. D., 1163 A. H., Muham-
mad Kuli Eh&n, the nephew of the Nawab, was appointed
to that important office, and he (H^'Q was nominated
one of his assistants. On the death of Safdar Jang in
1768 A. D., 1167 A. H., his son Shuji-uddaula became
jealous of his cousin Muhammad Kuli EMn, arrested
him and put him to death. HiLji fled with a few of his
faithful servants to Bengal, where he passed a number
of years, and died at Murshid&bid in April, 1769 A. D.,
Za-^WiJa, 1182 A. H. a , ^ ,
Haji Mohammad Jan, </V** c^^ ****^ </^^,
of Mashhad. His poetical name is Kudsf . He flourished
in the reign of the emperor 6h4h Jah4n, who conferred
on him the titie of " Malik-ush-Shua'ra," or the Bo}^
poet. He is the author of a poem containing the con-
quests of the emperor, which he named ^^Ze^nima."
He died in the year 1645 A. D., 1066 A. H., and after
him the title of tiie royal poet was conferred on Ab6
TiUib Kalim. He is also the author of a Diwiin, and an
Xnsha.
Haji Muhammad Kandahaxi^ isj^^ «>♦** is^^'
He is the author of a history which goes by his name,
viz,t ** Tarikh Eiji Muhammad l^andahiri."
Haji Muhammad Kashmiri Moulana> c^^^^
^y^;^ 4/^^ ^^b^* ^^^ ^^ ^ forefathers who was a
native of Hamdin, came to Eashnur with Mfr Said 'All
Hamdani. Haji was bom in that province, but came to
26
Dehlf in his youth where he received his education. He
was an excellent poet, flourished in the time of Akbar, and
died on Thursday the 22nd of September, 1697 A. D.,
19th Sa&r, 1006 A. H., 0. S. He was a rdigious man,
and had many disciples, one of whom, named Moulini
H asa n, wrote the chronogram of his death,
Haji Muhammad Elian Sistani, iJ^^'"^ e/^
*^**'*^ i^^ He was at first in the service of Bairiun-
Kh£n, KhAnkhAnin, after whose digmign^i ]xe was ho-
nored with the rank of 3000 by the emperor Akbar. He
accompanied Munaim Ehin, TniJ^TiTr>i^T.^T^ to Bengal and
died at Gour in 1676 A. D., 983 A. H.
Hajjaj-bin-Yusaf-al-Sakafl or Thakafl, (/AfijJt
^''^^Ji lH (T*?^^ one of the most valiant Arabian cap-
tains, who was made governor of Arabia and Arabian
Irik by Abdulmalik the fifth Ehalff of the Onmiaides, after
he had defeated and killed Abdull6h-bin-Zubeir, who had
taken the title of EhalifiBt at Mecca. In the year 693
A. D., 74 A. H., he pulled down the temple of Mecca,
which AbdulUh had repaired, placing the black stone
on the outside of it again and restoring it to the very
form it had before Muhammad's time. He was a great
tyrant^ it is said of him, that in his lifetime, he had put
to death a hundred and twenty thousand persons, and
when he died had 60,000 in his prisons. He died in the
reign of the KhalifWalid I, in the year 714 A. D., 95
A. H., aged 64 years.
Hakikat, ^^^^i^, poetical title of Saiyad Husain BUh,
son of Saiyad Arab 8hih. He accompanied Col. Kydd
to Ghin&patan in Madras as head Munshi and died there.
He is the author of an Urdd Diwan and seven other
works, some of whiohare named "Tahfat-ul-*Ajam,'' "Ehazi-
nat-ul-Amsal," " Sanamkada Chin" and '*Haaht Guhnisht.'*
Vide Husain Sh£h.
Hakim I, ^ir^t the poetical titie of a person who was a
native of Mashhad, and was living about the year 1688
A. D., 1100 A. H. He was an Arabic and Persian scho-
lar, and is the author of a Diw&n and a Masnawi.
Hakim II, (^i^^ the poetical name of Shih Abdul Hakfm
of L0ior. He is the author of a work called " Mardum
Dida," compiled at Aurang&b^ in 1761 A. D., I175
A, H. It contains an account of those poets with whom
the author was acquainted.
Hakim-Ain-ul-Mulk, <-^^' eH^ ^i^, of ShiriU.
He was a learned man and a dever writer. He traced
his origin, on his mother's side, to the renowned logician
Muha^Vi¥*i-^&^^- The Historian Badaoni was a
friend of his. Akbar also liked him very much. Hakim
was a poet and wrote under the Lakhalus of Dawani.
He died at Handiah on the 27th ^il-Miia 1003 A. H.
Vide Ain, I. 481.
Hakim Ali, (/^ «^ (•i^, of GiUn, came to India in
indigent circumstances, but was fortunate enough to be-
come in course of time a personal attendant and friend
of Akbar. In the d9th year of Akbar's reign, he construc-
ted the wonderful reservoir which is so often mentioned
by Mughal Historians. In the 40th year Alf was a com*
mander of 700 and had the title of Jalinus Uzzamani the
* Galinus of the Age.' By Jah&ngir he was made a com-
mander of 2000. He died on the 5th Muj^arram, 1018
A. H. Vide Ain, I. 466.
Hakim Muhammad> ^^ a*«*. He was half-bro-
ther to the emperor Akbar, being bom of a different
mother. Vide Muhammad Hakim.
Hakim Nur-uddin Shirasi, <^3lH^ ii^oJt jy ^^^
who appears to have been either grandson or sister^s son of
Hakim
102
Hamid
AM*1 Fad, aasertB in his pie&ce to the << Hajit Dara Shi-
kohl,'* that he commenced his work in the 14th year
of the reign of Sh£h Jah&n 1642 A. D., 1052 A. H.» the
above name of the book gives the year of the Hijra, and
brought it to a conclusion in 1056 A. H.
Hakim-Xd-Mumalik^ iSUuJt ^♦^, titie of Mir Mu-
hammad Mahdi, a physician who held the rank of 4000
in the reign of the emperor ' Alamgir.
m
Hakiriy L^J^^f poetical name of MouUni Shahib-uddin
Mua'mm&f.
Halaki, 4^'*^^^ </^^' ^^ Hamdim, a Persian poet, though
illiterate, wrote a panegyric on the accession of Sh^ Is-
ma'il Safwi U, to the throne of Persia, in the year 1576
A. D., 984 A. H., for which he received a handsome pre-
sent from the king, while other poets who wrote on the
same occasion, received nothing.
Halaku Kaan or Ehan> i^^^ y**, also called El-
kh4n, was the son of TiiH Kh&n, and the fourth successor
and grandson of Changez Ehin ^e Tartar. In the reign
of hu brother Mangii E&&a, king of Tartary, he was de-
tached, in May, 1258 A. D., Babf I, 651 A. H., attended
by one hundred and fifty thousand horse to subdue Per-
sia, which he soon conquered, after which he extirpated
the power of the Isma'ilis, the descendants of Hasan
Sabb&h, the founder of the sect, and destroyed their strong-
holds in November, 1256. A. D., ^il-^ada, 654 A. H.
He next intended to march direct to Constantinople, but
was persuaded by Nasir-uddin Tdsf (whom he had made
his prime minister) to turn his aims against Baghdad.
He marched against that capital, and after a siege of some
months, took it in February, 1258 A. D., 4th Safer, 656
A. H. The Khalifa Mustaa'sim BilUh and his son were
seized, and with 800,000 of its inhabitants were put to
death. After these successes HaUkd was desirous of
returning to Tartary to take possession of the government
of his native country, which had become vacant by the
death of his brother, Mangd Kiin. : but the great defeat
which the general whom he had left in Syria suffered
from Sidf-uddm Fir6z, the prince of the Mamliiks of
Egypt, compelled him to abandon his design : and after
he had restored his affairs in Syria, he fixed his residence
at Mar£gha, in Azurbejan, where he died on Sunday the
8th February 1265 A. D., 19th Rabf IT, 668 A. H., after
a reign of twelve years from his first coming to Persia,
and eight years frt>m the death of his brother. During
his auspicious reign, the literature of Persia resumed its
former fiourishing state. The venerable Persian Bard
Sa'di of Shfriz was living in his time. Hal&ku was suc-
ceeded by his son Abakaan in the kingdom of Persia.
Ziit of Muffhal' Tartar or Tlhhdpi dynatty of
Persia,
HaUkti Eh&n, the son of Tuli E^hin, succeeded his brother
Mang^ E£4n in the kingdom of Persia.
Ab& E&an, the son of Halaku.
Nikod£r or Ahmad KhAn, brother of Abliki.
Arghiin Khin, son of AbildL
Kaikhatd Ehibi, son of Ab&kil.
Baidd, grandson of HaUkii.
GlUtz&n Khin, son of Aighdn Khin.
Aljaitu, the son of Arghun Ehin.
Abti Said Bahadur "Khiiu the son of Aljaptd, after whose
death the dynasty became dependent.
I9 U^ 1 poetical title of E&sim Beg, who was bom
and brought up in Teheran, and spent the greater part of
his life at l^azwin. He fiourished in the reign of 8h6h
Tahm&sp Safwi, and wrote the chronogram of the acces-
sion of SUh Ismafl II, in 1576 A. D.^ 984 A. H. He is
the author of a Diw&n in Persian.
HalimSy '^^i the name of Muhammad's nurse, who, it
]B said, had formerly no milk in her breasts, but immedi-
ately obtained some when she presented them to the new
bom prophet to suck.
Hall^j, (T^* This word, which properly signifies the
person that prepares cotton before it is manu&ctured, was
the surname of Abd Mughis Husain-bin-Manstir. Vide
Mansur Hallaj.
Hamd-uUah MuBtoufi-bin-Abu Bakr-al-Kaswi-
ni, Khwaja, J^.X^^j^, y^ itHj^y— • *^l «>^*^
^L^> also called Hamid-uddin Mustouft, a native of
IKazwfn, and author of the '* T&rfkh Guzida," or << Selec-
ted History," which he composed in 1329 A. D., 730
A. H., and dedicated to the minister Ghay&^-uddin, the
son of Rashfd-uddin, author of the '^ Jiuna'-ut-Taw&rikh,"
to both of whom Hamd-ulUh had been Secretary. The
<< TiLrlkh Guzida" ranks among the best general histories of
the East. Eleven years after the completion of this his-
tory, the author composed his celebrated work on Geo-
graphy and Natural History, entitled *^ Nuzhat-ul-Kultib,"
** The delight of hearts," which is in high repute with
Oriental Sdiolars, and which has obtained for liim ^m
D'Herbelot, the title of "le GeographePersan." Hamd-
ulUh died 1349 A. D., 750 A. H. He was the brother of
Fakhr-uddin Fath-ullih MustoufL See also Ahmad-bin-
Abti Bakr.
Hamid, ^i«^> a poet, who is the author of a poem called
'* Ismat N£ma," containing the loves of S&tin and Mlna,
composed in the year 1607 A. D., 1016 A. H., during
the reign of JahiUigir.
Hamida Bano, y^ »«H<^, the daughter of MalikaBano,
the sister of Mumtiz Mahal, was married to Khalil-
ullih Ehin, who died in 1662 A. D.
Hamida Bano Begam, ff^.yk^^^^y styled (after
her death) Mariam Hak£ni, and commonly called Hiji
Begam, was a great-granddaughter of Sheikh Ahmad
J^. She was married in 1541 A. D., 948 A. H., to
the emperor Humaytin, and became the mother of the
emperor Akbar. She is the founder of the Sarie called
Arab Sari, situated near the mausoleum of her husband
at old DehlL She had gone on a pilgrimage to Mecca,
and on her return, brought with her 800 Arabs, for whom
she built this place in 1560 A. D., 968 A. H. She died
at Agrah on Monday, the 29th of August, 1603 A. D.,
17th Shahrewar, 1012 A. H., aged about 78 years, and
was buried in the mausoleum of Humiytin at Dehli.
Hamid-uddin Kazi, C5>^^ ^^^iJlA^^ ^^^ ^f
Dehli, was the author of the "Sharah Hidiet-ul-Fi^ah,"
and several other works. He died in 1363 A. D., 764
A. H.
Hamid-uddin Mustoufi, Ehwaja, i^y**^ i:H^^
tXA»A. A^t^. Vide Hamd-ullih Mustouft.
Hamid-uddin Nagori, Easi, ua/^e;e«*^^ «H**^t5-«^,
a native of K&gor who held the appointment of Kiz{,
and died on the 11th July, 1296 A. D., 11th Bamazinj 695
A. H., and is buried at Dehli close to the tomb of Ehw&ja
Eutb-uddm Bakhti^r, commonly called Eutb Sh^. He
is the author of the book called <* Taw^Ua-ush-Shamiis,"
containing religious contemplations and speculative
opinions on the essence and nature of the divinity &c.,
&c. The year of his death is taken from an inscription
over his tomb.
Hamid-uddin Umar, Easi, j^ iiH^^ ***^ i/*^,
flourished in the time of Sul^in Sonjar, the Saljiikf king
Hamid
103
Harindar
of Persia, was a contemporary of the poet Anwari, and is
the author of a Commentary on the Knr&i called '* Ma-
kiniAt."
mid A]i, Mirza, u^ *^^ LJ/*, or more properly
Prinoe Mini H^mid ' Ali, son of W&jid 'Ali ShAh, the last
king of Lakhnau. He accompanied his grandmother the
Dowager Queen of Lakhnau to England to claim his
right, in 1866. Vide JawAd AH.
Hamid, *^*^, or Ahddl H4mid Yahia, a celebrated calli-
grapher, who reformed the Arabian characters in the
reign of the Ehalif Mu&wia II, of the house of Umaiya.
He died in 748 A. D., 182 A. H.
Hamid-uddin Ali-al-Bukhari, i^j^l (^ e^^^^^
^f author of a short Commentary on the Hid^ya, en-
titled the " Faw^led." He died in 12^ A. D., 667 A. H.
Hamid Kirmani, i^^jf «*^^ poetical name of Sheikh
Aohad-uddfn Kurmini.
Hamid-nllah Ehan^ u^^ ^t o^^a., author of the
Al^idis-ul-Khawanm, also called " Titrikh-i-^amfd," which
contains a history of Chi^wn (Chittagong). Printed at
Calcutta in 1871.
Hammady ^^*^f the son of Abti Hanlfa, who was a learn-
ed man, and died in the year 792 A. D., 176 A. H.
Hamza, Amir,
\ the son of Abdul Muttalib, and
uncle of Muhammad, who gave him the title of Asad-ulUh,
or the lion of God, because of his courage and valour,
and put into his hands the first standard he ordered to be
made, which was called " B&et-ul-Islam," the standard
of the faith. Hamza, who was also called Abid 'Umar,
was killed in the battle of Ohad which Muhammad fought
with the Kureshites, of whom Ab6 Sufian was the chie£
After the battle, Hinda, the wife of Abu Sufidn, puUed out
Hamza's liver out of his body and chewed and swallowed
some of it. This battle took place in the month of March,
625 A. D., Shaw&l, 3 A. H.
Hamza Bano Begam, f^.yk »>^, daughter of Sh4h
Jah&n by Kandahari Begam, daughter of Muzaffar Husain
Mirzd of the royal race of Sh£h Isma'il Safwi. She was
bom in the year 1019 ^ H.
Hamza Mirza, !3^ ^y*^i the eldest son of«6ult&n Mu-
hammad Khuda Banda, and the grandson of ffli4>*
Tahmisp I of the Safwi iamily of Persia. His father,
on account of a natural weakness in his eyes, which ren-
dered him almost blind, had at first entrusted the charge
of the empire to his wazfr, Mirzi Sulaim&n ; when that
nobleman was slain, he created his own son, Hamza
Mirzd, regent of the empire. This prince, by his valour,
extricated his weak father from aU the difficulties with
which he was surrounded. But this gleam of good for-
tune soon vanished. This g^allant prince was stabbed by
a beo'ber, in his own private apartments on the 24th of
November, 1586 A. D., 22nd ^il-bijja 994 A. H.
Hanbal^ Imam, *J^ f^^ or Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, the
son of Muhammad-ibn-Hanbal, was the fourth Imiun or
founder of one of the four orthodox sects of the Sunnis
called Hanbalites. This sect made a great noise in Bagh-
dad in the reign of the Ehalif Al-Mu^tadir in 929 A. D.,
817 A. H., Merouzi chief of the sect, had asserted that
God had placed Muhammad on his throne, which asser-
tion he founded upon the passage of the Kuran : "Thy
Lord shall soon give thee a considerable place or station. '
All the other sects of the Musalmins regard tiie explica-
tion of the Hanbalites aa a shocking impiety. They
maintain that this * eonaideroils place or ttation,* was
the post or quality of a mediator, whidi they affirm to
bdong to their prophet This dispute passed from the
sdiools to the pubUc assembUes. At length they came
from words to blows which cost the Uves of several
ttousands. In the year 935 A. D., 823 A. H., the
lianbahtes became so msolent, that they marched in arms
on the city of Baghd&d, and plundered the shops on
pretence that wine waa drunk m them. Ahmad Was a
traditionist of the first class, and composed a coUection
of au^enticated traditions called "Masnad" more copious
tHan those any other person had till then been able to
form : it is said that he knew by-heart one milUon of
those traditions. He was bom in the year 780 A D
^i^i ?;; ^^^.^ ?^ ^^ sifit Jiiiy, 855 a. d., 12th
Kabi I, 241 A. H., m the reim of the Zhalff ALMutwak-
kil, and was buried at BaghcUd. It was estimated that
the number of men present at his funeral was 800 000
and women 60,000; and it is said that 20,000 Christians!
J ews and Magians became Moslemsbn the day of his death!
In the year 835 A. D., Bamaa^ 220 A. H., some time
m the month of September, he waa required by the Khalif
Al-Motasim BiUih to dedare that the Kur&i was created,
but would not, and although beaten and imprisoned, peiSs-
ted in his refosal. The eternity of the Kurin, conodered
as the word of God, is the orthodox Moslem doctrine.
Handal Mirza, »>• 0\a1a^ son of the emperor Bihar
?^?^/^ brother of Hum£y6n, was bom in the year
1518 A. D 924 A. H. He lost his life in a night attack
made bj^ his brother Kfoirdn Mirzd on the emperor
Hum£^ near Khaibar in the province of KibuL on the
19th of November 1561 A. D., 21st ^i-Ka'da, 958 A. H.
?/V^ ^2??? a*^'^^ close to the tomb of tiie emperor
f'^ ?.^;. H^imiytin, out of affection to the memory
of Handal Mirz^ in the same year, gave the daughter of
that pnnce, Kama Sultana, to his son Akbar in mwriage.
Hani, {/^, surname of Muhammad-bin-* Al^ a poet who
died in the year 1333 A. D., 738 A. H.
Hanifa Imam, *^^ (*l*l, also called Abti Hanffe and
Im&m 'Azim, was one of the four Jurisconsults of Mecca •
viz., Jmim Hanifa, Imim Hanbil, Imim Shila'i and
Imim Milik, from whom are derived the various Codes of
Muhammadan Jurisprudence. He was one of the most
celebrated doctors of the Musalmins, and chief of the
sect of Hanifites ; and though his sect is the principal of
the four which they now indifferentiy follow, he waa ill-
used during his lifetime, and died in the prison at Baeh-
did 767 A. D., 150 A. H, His principal works are/the
" Musnad," i, «., the foundation or support^ wheroin he
established all the points of the Musidmfoi faith* a
Treatise entitied "Filkalim," or Scholastic Divini'ty •
and a Catechism called " Mua'Uun-ul-lBlim" t. e, tiie
Instructor. ' ''
His principal work is entitled the " Pi^di-ul-Akbar "
it treats of the Hm-ul-Kal&m, and has been commented
upon by various writers, many of whom are mentioned by
HAji Khalfa. Vide Ab6 Hani&. Some say that the
Musnad was written by Imim Hanb&L By the Shias
he is aa much detested and censured, as by their antago-
nists he is admired and exalted. For allowing his disci-
ples to drink fio^, which is a wine made of dates, he is
accused by the Persians of departing from the clear
injunction of the Prophet against all intoxicating bever-
ages.
Harindar Narain Bhup, Maharaja, y^ ^jjj/i
j^ *^!;^*, the r^a of KAch Behir, who died at Be-
niree on the 30th May, 1889, aged 70 years. He was of
the Bajbansi caste, and a follower of Siva, but his style
of living was very unlike that of a Hindfi. He used to
marry without any regard to caste, and entered into the
connubial relation with any woman he took a fancy to.
He did not even spare married women. The number of
his wives or rioia was no less than 1200 1
Hari
104
Hasan
Hari Bao Holkar, j^y^) iSj^i rfji of Indor, waa
the cousin and successor of Malh&r B&o m, the adopted
son and snccessor of Jaswant B&o Holkar. He died on
the 24th of October, 1843 A. D.
Haxirif i^jij^j whose foil name is Abd Hnhammad
Ka8im-bin.'Ali-bin-'ITsmin-al.Harfri-al.Ba8r£, was a na-
tive of Basra. He was one of the ablest writers of his
time, and is the author of the ^*Mnkim&t Hariri/' a work
consisting of 50 Oratorical, Poetical, Moral, Ecomiastic,
and Satirical discourses, supposed to have be^ spoken or
read in public assemblies ; but which were composed by
the author at the desire of Anti^erw&n-ibn-KhiLlid, wazir
to 8ulUn Muhammad Saljiiki. He died at Basra in the
year 1122 A. D., 516 A. H. Poets, historians, grammari-
ans and lexicographers look upon the Mu^m&t as the
highest authority, and next to the Kur&n, as far at least as
language is concerned. His book has been translated
either entirely or partially into nearly every Eastern and
European tongue.
Harkaran, \ii/j^y the son of Mathura D^, a Eamb6h of
Mult&n, was a Munshi in the service of Naw&b Ya'tbilr
Kh^ and is the author of a collection of letters called
** Inshae Harkaran," or the Forms of Harkaran, trans-
lated into English by Dr. Francis Balfour, M. D. The
second edition of this work was printed in England in
1804.
Harun-al-Bashid, ^^Ve^-'J^* Fufe Al-Rashid.
Hasan, ^-^^t** c;^ cr*^, son of Suhail or Sahl, was gover-
nor of Chaldea about the year 830 A. D., under the Ehalif
Al-Mamtin, who married Ttirin Dukht his daughter.
8ome attribute to this Hasan the translation of the Per-
sian book entitled " J&wedan Khirad" into Arabic.
Hasan, c;"*^^ poetical name of Muhammad Hasan who
flourished in the reign of the emperor Shah 'Alam of
Dehli.
Hftffftiri Abdal, J^*H^ p**^, or Baba Hasan Abdil,
a fiimous saint who was a Sayyad at Sabzwar in Ehur&s&n.
He came to India with Mirzi Shahrukh, son of Anser
Taimiir, and died at l^andahir where his tomb is resorted
to by pilgrims. Jahingir says in the Tuzak that the
place Hurasadak is 75 kos from Kashmir.
Hasan 'All, %^ ur^^y the poet laureate in the service
of Tfpti Sultibi of Mysore. He is the author of a book
called ^\ Bhogbal," or the " Kok Shistar." It is a curi.
ous but obscene satire on women, said to be a translation
or paraphrase from the Sanskrit in Hindi verse. There
is another translation of the same book in Persian prose
called *' Laszat un-Niaa," by Ziyi-uddin Nakhshabi.
Hasan Askari, Imam, t^j^ ^^^^f ^^ -^^^'1 ^^asan
'Ali-al-' Askarl, was the eleventh Imim of the race of ' AU,
and the eldest son of Imim 'All Nalj:! who was the tenth. ,
He was bom at Madina in the year 846 A. D., 232 A. H.,
and died on the 6th November 874 A. D., 22nd Muhar.
ram, 261 A. H., aged 28 years. He is buried at Sar-
mamrie in Baghdad dose to the tomb of his &ther.
Hasan Basri, Ehwaja, iSJ^ ci^**^ *^l^> a native
of Basra and a very pious Mnsalmfa, who is said to have
possessed all the branches of science, and was noted for
self-mortification, fear of Gk)d and devotion. He is the
author of a Diwin or book of Odes in Arabic. He was
bom in 642 A. D., 21 A. H., and died on the 11th October,
728 A. D., 1st Bajab, 110 A. H., aged 89 lunar years, and
was buried at Basra.
Hasan Beg, (Khani, Badakhshi), k^^. k/^ '-^^
Shaikh Umari was a good soldier. He was
made a commander of 2500 for his services in Bangash,
and was put towards the end of Akbar's reign, in charge
of Kabul, receiving Fort Bohtas in the Panjab as jagir.
Hasan Beg, after making a useless attempt to incriminate
otliers, was put into a cow-hide and in tius state he was
tied to donkeys and carried through the bazar. He died
after a few hours from suffocation. Vide Ain, I. 464.
Hasan-bin-Mnhamma^ Khaki-al-Shirazi ^
l^^t (V^ A^xfi ^^ i:r*°^> ^^^ ^^^^^ ^ India in the
time of the emperor Akbar and obtained different offices
under the government. He is the author of a history
also called ^ Muntakhib-ut-Taw&rikh," besides the one
written by Abdul J^idir Badioni. He commenced the*
work before the close of Akbar's reign, and completed it
in the fifth year of the emperor Jah4i^, i. «., 1610 A. D.,
1019 A. H., fk which year, he tells us, he was api)ointed
Diwin of Patna.
Hasan-bin-Muhammad Sharif, ^. j^
^.
i author of the " Anls-ul-'Ushshak," the lover's
companion, containing an explanation of all the meta-
phors and phrases used by the poets; with numerous
quotations from those held in the greatest estimation.
Vid$ yhadim.
Hasan-bin-Sabah, ^^ u^ iir*^^ vid$ Hasan Sabbah.
Hasan Bturarg, ^jy. vir*^; also called Sheikh Hasan*
Amfr Hasan fl^pinl, and Amfr Hasan Navian, Kayiik&i,
the son of Amir Ilkin JaUyer. He was an immediate
descendant of Sultim Argh&n Eh£n, king of Persia,
(whose sister was his mother,} and one of the principal
chiefr of the Mughals in the reign of Sul^ Abu Sa'id.
He married Baghdid Ehitiin, daughter of Amir Ohob&n
or Jovian, but the prince being deeply enamoured of her
charms, Amir Hasan, after the death of her fSEither, was
forced to resign his consort to him in 1327 A. D., 728
A. H. A f^w years after the death of Abu Sa'id, Amir
Hasan married his widow Dilshild Ehitiin, went to Bagh-
dad, seized that dty, and became the founder of a petty
dynasty of princes. His life was passed in contests to esta-
blish his authority over the territories of Baghdid, and he
died before this object of his ambition was accomplished,
in July 1366 A. D., Bajab, 19( A. H. His son Sul^in
Owes JfUyer was more fortunate : he not only succeeded
in completing the conquest his fEither had conmienced,
but carried his arms into Azurbejin and Ehuris&n.
Sul^ Owes died in October 1374 A. D., 776 A. H., and
left his government to his second son Sultdn Husain
JaUyer. This excellent prince, who is also alike cele-
brated for his benevolence and love of justice, lost hjA life
in an action in 1382 A. D., 784 A. H., with his brother
Ahmad, sumamed n^£ni, a cruel and unjust ruler,
whose enormities compelled his subjects to invite Amir
Taim6r (Tamerlane) to their relief in 1893 A. D., and
almost the whole of the future life of Ahmad passed
in an ineffectual straggle with that conqueror. He fled
to Egypt for safety, and when, after the death of Taimdr,
he returned to recover his dominions, he was taken and
put to death by Kara Ytisa^ a Turkman chief in 1410
A. D., 813 A. H.
Hasan Imam^ {^y^ ^^^j the eldest son of 'Ali, the son
of Abfi Talib, and F&tima, the daughter of Muhammad ;
waa bom on the Ist March 625 A. D., 15th Bamaf,&n, 8
A. H. After the death of his &ther in January 661
A. D., Bamaj^^n, 40 A. H., he succeeded him as second
Imim, and was proclaimed Ehalif by the Arabians, but
perceiving the people divided and himself iQ-used, he
after six months resigned the EhiUfiEkt to Mu'iwia, who
assigned to him about 150,000 pounds a year, besides
Hasan
105
Hasan
Ui^gfo presents. After this Hasan and his brother Hosain
retired and lived privately at ^ladina, where after a few
years he died of poison, administered to him by one of
his wives, whom Yazid, the son of Mu'awia suborned to
commit that wickedness, on the promide of marrying her
afterwards. But instead of a new husband, she was
forced to be contented with a good sum of money which
Mu'&wia gave her for hhr pains ; for Tazid was not so
mad as to trust himself to her embraces. This mournful
event took place on the night of the 17th March, 669
or 670 A. D., 7th Safieur, 49 A. H. He was buried in
Madina at a place called Bal^a, Hasan Ib said to have
been in person very like his grandfather Muhammad, who,
when he was bom, spit in his mouth and named him
Hasan. He had twenty children, fifteen sons and five
daughters. Though his wives were remarkably fond of
>>itnj yet he was apt very frequently to divorce them and
marry new ones.
Hawaii Kashiy Moulana, {^^ (^r**^ ^^J^j a poet who
was a native of Kashan. He is the author of many ]Ka-
sidas and Ghazals. The year of hi's death is not known,
but he appears to have flourished about the 8th century
of the Hijri era.
Hasan Ehwaja> er^ ^!^, vide Hasan Sanjari.
Hasan Kliwaja* i:;**"*^ *^L^> a darwesh, the son of
Khwaj& Ibrahim. He is the author of a Diw&n of Gha-
zals, in the last verses of each he has mentioned the
name of his beloved.
Hasan Koohak, Sheikh, •-^r^ cr*^ j^'^j a grand-
son of Amir Choubin or Jovi&n. Ho was one of the
chiefs, who, during the period of trouble and confusion
which took place after the death of Sultan Abu Sa'id, king
of Persia, in 1335 A. D., rose to eminence. Ho fought
several battles with Amir Hasan Buzurg, and met his
death accidentally by the hands of his quarrelsome wife,
in December 1343 A. D., Hajab, 744 A. H.
Hasan Maimandi, c^«»^<^^
It is recorded by
some that he was one of the ministers of SultiLn Mahmud
^f Ghazni. This statement is altogether incorrect and
unfounded, says Mr. Elliot, as it is not mentioned. by any
great historian. But his son who is commonly called
^hmad-bin- Hasan Maimandi was a mimster of that mon-
arch. Hasan Maimandi was, during the lifetime of Sul.
tan Nasir-uddin Subaktagin, employed as Diw&n or Col-
lector of Revenues at Kasba Bust ; but N&sir-uddin was
led by the secret machinations of his enemies to entertain
an un£Lvourable opinion of him, till he was at last, in
consequence of his having been convicted of extortion and
fraud to a large amount, hanged by order of that Sultan ;
so that the general notion which prevails that he was the
wazir of Sultan Mahmud, is erroneous.
Hasan^ Mir, iiy^^^) a Hindustani poet of Lakhnau,
and author of the novel called ^* Masnawi Mir Hasan,'*
containing the loves of Badr-i-Munir and Benazir in
Urd(i verse, which he completed and dedicated to Nawab
'Asaf-uddaula in the year 1785 A. D., 1199 A. H. It is
also called " Sahr-ul-Bayan." His ancestors were of
Hirat, but he was bom at Dehli and went early in life
to Lakhnau, where he was supported by Nawab Safdar
Jang and his son Mirza Naw&zi^ All Khan. He is also
the author of a Diwan of about 8000 verses, and of a
Tazklra of Urdu poets. He died in 1790 A. D., 1204
A. H. His other's name was Mir GhuUm Husain
Zihik.
Hasan Mirza^ ur**^ D^> son of Mulla Abdnr BasE^V
of Lahijan. He has left some noble compositionB, such
as, **The True Light on the articles of Faith.'* <«The
27
Beaaty of good Men in their Works." A pious treatise,
and some others. He died in the beginning of the 18th
century.
Hasan, Moolanai er^^ ^^!^^> & learned Musalmln who
lived in the time of the emperor Jahingir and wrote a
chronogram on the sudden death of Sheikh 'Ali Ahmad,
son of Sheikh Husain Nakshi, in the year 1609 A. D.,
1018 A. H.
Hasan MutkaUim, Moulana, (J^^ cr-^ ^h^,
a poet and pupil of Moul£n& Muzafiar of Hirit. He
flourished in the reign of Malik Ghayas-uddin Kart II,
in whose name he composed a book on the art of poetry.
Hasan BafL, CA e;^*^> a Persian poet.
Hasan Sabba ^^ ^r^, the founder of the dynasty
of the Isma*iliB in Persia. He was styled Sheikh-ul-Jabal,
an Arabic title, which signifies *' the chief of the moun-
tains.'' The name by which thia ruler and his descen-
dants are indiscriminately known in European history, is,
«• The Old Man of the Mountain." His foUowers or
descendants were also called Hasani, and the English word
" assassi n ,'* is supposed to have been formed from a cor-
ruption of this term. Hasan Sabb^h was at first a mace-
bearer to Sul^ Alp Arsalan ; but in consequence of a
quarrel with Kizto-ul-Mulk, the minister of that prince,
he retired to Rai, his native country : and from thence,
to Syria, where he entered into the service of a chief of
the family of Isma'il the son of Ja'far SadiV, and adopted
the tenets of that sect. The first object of Hasan was to
possess himself of a stronghold ; and he succeeded in
gaining by stratagem the mountain fort of Alahmdt,
situated between Kazwin and Gildn. The fort was built
by Hasan-bin-Zaid in the year 860 A. D., 246 A. H.,
and Hasan Sabbah took it in 1089 A. D., 482 A. H.
From this fortress he commenced depredations on the
surrounding country, and added several other hill forts
to the one ho had already seized. That of K6dbar, which
is also near Kazwin, was next to Alahmut in consequence.
Malik Shah Saljuki, the reigning Sultan, had sent a force
to reduce him, but without any success. In the month
of October, 1092 A. D., Ramazan, 485 A. H., Niz4m-ul-
Mulk, who was then following the royal camp from Is-
fahan to Baghdild, was stabbed by one of the followers of
Hasan Sabbdh who was his personal enemy. Hasan
Sabb&h died in 1124 A. D., 26th Habf II, 518 A. H.
Rukn-uddin, who was the last of this family, and who is
better known under the name of K&hir Shih or Khtiz
&h4h, after a weak and ineffectual stniggle fell before
Halakiii. That conqueror not only made him prisoner,
but took and dismantled all his strongholds. This event
took place in the month of November, 1256 A. D., ^i*
l^ada' 654 A. H. It was his father AU-uddin Muhammad
who forced Nasfr-uddin Tusi to remain with him for
some years, till he was released by Halaku Khim. Vide
Ismafl and Ismail fa. The successor of Hasan was Busurg
Timed.
Hasan Salimi, •^♦i^ er**', vide Salfmi.
Hasan Sanjari, Ehw^ja, c*r^^ er*** ^^J^y also
called KhwAja Hasan Dehlawf, a celebrated Persian poet
of Dehli, who was a contemporary of the famous Anur
Khusro, and had become at the age of 50 years a disciple
of Sheikh Nizim-uddin Aulia. He died, according to the
author of the '* Mirat-ul-Khay&l," in the Dakhan in the
year 1307 A. D., 707 A. H., and is buried at Daulat&b&d.
He is the author of several works, amongst which is a
Diwin, and one called '* Faw&ed-ul-Faw^," a collection
of letters written by Nizto-uddin Aulia to his disciples.
T&lib says he died in 1337 A. D., 738 A. H. His father's
name was Alai Sanjari.
Hasan
106
Hayat-ullah
Hasan, Shaikh, er*^ f^f the Bon of Shaikh Kazar-
ulUh. He ifl the author of a work called " Sarat Istakam."
He died in Mirat in the year 1078 A. H.
Hasan Ehan Shamlu, -^^ u^ u"^} governor of
Hir&t under Shih Abb&s U, and his son Sh&h Sulaiman.
He died in 1697 A. D., 1109 A. H., and is the author of
a Diw&n.
Hasan, Sayy ad, iS^^ e>*^ *H«^ of Ghazni, a poet who
flourished in the reign of Sultiln Bahr&m Shdh the Ghaz-
navida, and is the author of a Biw&n. He is also called
Sayyad Hasan-al-Husaini. He died in the way while
returning £rom Mecca, in the year 1170 A. D., 665 A. H.
Hasham, ^^^ *^ n^ f^^, the eon of Abdul MaUk,
and the tenth E[halif of the house of Umaiya or Ummaides,
succeeded his brother Yazid II in 724 A. D., 106 A. H.
He conquered the Eh£k&n of Turkistin, and made war
against Leo III, the Isaurian. He was always attended
by 600 camels to carry his splendid wardrobe. He
died after a reign of 19 years 7 months and 11 days ip
the year 743 A. D,, 125 A. H., and was succeeded by
Walid II, son of Yezid II. Li his time livedthe celebra-
ted Majnun, the lover of Laili.
Hashim, (^^> a poet who flourished at Burh£npiir in the
Dakhan in the reign of the emperor Jahangir and was a
disciple of Shaikh i^imad Fardl^, commonly called Shaikh
Ahmad Sarhindi. He is the author of a Diw&n and se-
veral other books, and was alive in 1646 A. D., 1056 A. H.
Hashim, (^^} the son of Abd61 Mxaiit, was the father of
Abdtil MuttaUb, who was the father of AbduU&h and
grandfather of Muhammad the prophet of the Musalm&ns.
He succeeded his father as president of the Ka'ba, and
raised the glory of his people to the highest pitch ; inso-
much that the neighbouring great men and heads of tribes
made their court to him. Nay, so great veneration is the
memory of Hashim held in by the Arabs, that from him
the family of Muhammad among them are called Hashi-
mites. He died at Ghaza in Syria, and was succeeded by
his son Abdiil Muttalib, who became president of the
Ka'ba.
Hashimi Kirmani, 4^*^ iJ*^^^> author of a poem or
Masnawi called *< Mazhar-ul-As^." He died in 1541
A. D., 948 A. H.
Hashmat, ^'♦*»»^, the poetical name of M£r Muhtashim
Ali KhiLn, whose ancestors were of Badakhshan, but he
was bom in Dehli. He died about the year 1748 A. D^
1161 A. H., and left a Diwan of 7000 verses.
Hashmat, ^
which see.
> the poetical name of Bakhshl AH Ehiin,
Hasrat> o^'**^^^ the poetical name of Sayyad Muhammad,
who died in the reign of the emperor Muhammad Shih.
Hasraty ^J***^} poetical name of Mfr Muhammad Hay&t
ofPatnawhohad the title of Haibat IKuH Ehin. He
was for some time attached to the service of Kaw&b
Shaukat Jang at Purania, and for some time to that of
Sirij-uddaula of Muishidibad. He died in 1800 A. D.,
1215 A. H., and left a Diw&n of 2000 verses.
Hasraty ^^^iJ^""^} poetical appellation of Mini Ja'fiur *Ali,
an Urdd poet who flourished in the latter part of the 18th
century, and gave instructions in the art of poetry to
Naw&b Muhabbat Khin at Lakhnau.
Hasrati, i^ir*^} ^^ Shefta.
Hatifi, Monlana, iJ^ ^ V'^ the poetical name of Abd-
ulUh, the son of Moulini Abdur Rahmin J&mf s sister.
He was bom in J&m a city of Hir&t, and died there in the
year 1521 A. D., 927 A. H., and was buried in the village
of Kharjard. He was a good poet, and author of several
works. Having finished his studies, under the patronage
and instruction of his uncle, H&tifi, with his permission,
secluded himself ftom the world. When ShAh Isma'il
Safwi fought the Uzbak Tartars in KhuriWn, and slew
Shihibeg Ehin their chief in 1508 A. D., 914 A. H., he
prevailed on our poet to quit his cell, and come to court.
Solely ambitious of rivalling the Ehamsa or five poems
of Niz&mi, he wrote in imitation of them his ^' Laili and
Majnfin," "Khusro and Shfrin," "Haft Manzar," the
" Taim^ N&mi," which is also called *' Zafamfana," and
in imitation of the Sikandar N^Una, he undertook a
heroic poem in praise of his patron, called "Fatuhat
Sh^" which he did not live to finish. Among the nu-
merous Persian poems on the story of Lailf and Majnun,
that of H&ti£i seems tmiversaUy esteemed the simplest and
most pathetic.
Hatim, tj^ (^^, commonly called H4tim T41, a famous
Arabian Chief of the tribe of Tki^ celebrated for his liber-
ality, wisdom and valour. He flourished before the birf h
of Muhammad, and his sepulchre may still be seen at a
little village, called Anwarz in Arabia. There is an ac-
count of his adventures in the Romance entitled *^ H&tim
T&f ' in Persian, which has also been translated into Urdu.
An English translation of this Romance was made by
Duncan Forbes, A. M., from the Persian.
Hatim^ ^^ (^^ sumamed Al-Asamm, that is to say, the
deaf^ was a great Musalm&n doctor, much-esteemed for
his piety and doctrine. He was a disciple of Shalpk
Balkhi and master of Ahmad Khizroya. He died 851
A. D., 237 A. H., in the reign of Mutwakkil the Khalif
of Baghdid, and was buried at Balkh in Ehuras^ his
native country.
Hatim Kashi, Maulana, </^l^(^^ ^V^ a poet of
Eishin in Persia, who flourished in the reign of Sbih
Abbas the Great.
Hatim, (^^) or Shah Hdtim, poetical name of Shaikh
Zahfr-uddin, a poet who was a contemporary of Wall.
He was bom at Dehli in 1699 A. D., 1111 A. H., and was
a soldier by profession. He gave the first impulse to
Urdu poetry in Dehli. In 1720 A. P., 1132 A. H., the
Diw&n of WaK was brought to Dehlf and verses of it
were on every body's lips ; this induced him and three
friends of his, N&ji, Mazmun, and 'Abrd to apply them-
selves to Rekhta poetry. Up to the time of H&tim, it
would appear, that Indian poete wrote in Persian. He
is the author of two Diw&us in Urdti, one in imitation of
Wall, and the other in imitation of Sauda and Mir Ta^
Hatim AH Beg, Miraa, ^ </^ f^ !>•> <^^
Mehr.
HawaSi U^J^y poetical title of Naw&b Mirz& Tal!^ son of
Kaw&b MJizi Ali Ehin. He is the author of the story
of Laili and Majni&n in Urdd, and of a Diw&n in which
every Ghazal contains the name of Laili and Majntin.
Haya, ^^^ poetical title of Shio lUmd&s, a Hindii, and
brother of RiSji Day& Mai Imtiyiz. He was a pupil of
Mirzi Abddl l^idir Bedil, and is tiie author of a Diw&n
of about 6000 verses.
Hayat-nllah Ahrari, iSjb^ *^' *a»^, author of the
work called " Hahata Alarfin," which contains the life of
Abisala. He died in 1061 A. H., and his tomb is in Agrah.
HayatiL
107
Hindu
Hayati MuUa, i/k^^, of Gflin, a poet.
Hazin, iirij^ (^ «Xi^ ^ ^^yo, the poetical name
of Houlina Shaikh Muhammad 'All, a Persian of dis-
tinction, eminently learned, and accomplished. He fled
into HinddstiLn from his native country to avoid the per-
secution of N&dir Sh&h in 1733 A. D., 1146 A. H. He
was a voluminous author both in prose and verse. He
wrote his Memoirs in 1741, eight years after his settle-
ment for life in India, and it contains a variety of personal
and historical anecdotes, excellent observations on men
and manners, besides an interesting account of his travels,
and remarks on many modem literary productions.
A translation of this work, entitled, '' The Life of Shaikh
Muhammad All Hazfn," was made by T. C. Balfour,
Esquire, and published in 1830. His father's name was
Shaikh Ab6 TdHb of GiUm, a descendant of Shaikh Tiy
uddin Ibr4him, commonly called Shaikh Zibid Gflizii,
who was the spiritual guide of Shaikh Safi-uddin Ardibeli.
He was bom at Isfahdn on the 7th January, 1692 O. S.,
27th Rabl' II, 1103 A. H., was in Dehli at the time of
N^ulir Shdh's invasion, and died in 1766 A. D., 1180
A. H., aged 77 lunar years, at Benaras (where he had
built his own tomb some time before his death) equally
admired and esteemed by the Musalm&n, Hindti and
English inhabitants of that place. He is the author of
several works in Persian and Arabic.
Hazik, Hakim, o/^^ (^^9 son of Hakfm Humim, the
brother of AWl Fatha Gil4ni. He was a noble of the
reign of the emperor ShSh. Jah&n, a physician and a poet,
and is the author of a Diw&n in Persian. He died 1658
A. D., 1068 A. H.
HeBBingy Colonel John William, of Holland. He
came to India and was at first employed by the Naw&b
Hizim All Kh&n of the Dakhan in the year 1763 A. D.,
1177 A. H., and afterwards by Madho Rao Scindhia
in 1784, after whose death in 1794, he continued
in the service of his nephew Daulat Bio Scindhia, by
whom he was appointed a Colonel in 1795, with the com-
mand of the fortress and city of Agrah. He died on the
21st of July 1803, and was buried in the Roman Catholic
Burial-ground at Agrah, where a splendid mausoleum of
red stone was built by his children, with an EngUsh in-
scription on his tomb which is of white marble.
Hidaety *^'«H^, poetical name of Hidaet Kh&a, the uncle
of Nisir-ullih Kh&n Fir&k. He died in the year 1215
A. H., and left a Diw&n.
Hidaet-iiUah, *^l *^I«HA, author of a work on arts and
sciences called " Hidaet-ul-Ramal," written in 1601 A. D.
mdaet-uUah Khan, O^ *^» «^t»^, great-grandson
of Khin 'Azim Mirz4 Koka. He is the author of a His-
tory caUed '* Tarikh Hidaet-ulUh Eh&n" written in the
year 1659 A. H.
HimUy J^^y a banian or Indian shopkeeper of the caste of
Dhusar, whom Salim Sh&h, king of Dehlf, had made su-
perintendent of the markets. In the reign of Muham-
mad Shih 'Adil, he was appointed his wazir, and intrusted
with the whole administration of affairs. This person in
the beginning of the reign of the emperor Akbar laid
siege to Agrah, and having reduced it proceeded to Dehlf
which also surrendered, and Tardi Beg, governor of that
place, who fled to Sarhind, was seized by Bairim Khin,
the minister of Akbar, and beheaded for abandoning
Pehli, where he might have defended himself. Hfmu
was afterwards defeated and made prisoner in a battle
fought at Panipat on Thursday the 6th of November, 1556
A. D., 2nd Mubarram, 964 A. H., and brought into the
presence of the king by Bair&m Eh&n, who begged him to
kill the infidel with his own hand. Akbar (who was then
in his fifteenth year) in order to fulfil the wish of his
minister, drew his sword and touched the head of the cap-
tive, while Bairto Ehin, drawing his own sabre, at a
single blow severed the head of Hunt! from his body.
Siiri, iSj^) the poetical title of a poet who was a native
of Eonb£n but lived in Bengal. He is the author of a
Diwan in which there is a l^asida of a most wonderful
composition. If you read the first letter of every Misra',
you have a Kita' in praise of Nawab Sayyad Muhammad
Aiza KhiD. Muzafiar Jang. Some letters in the J^asida
are written in red, if you read them by themselves, you
have a Ghazal, and certain letters in the Ghazal form a
Ruba'i, and certain letters in the Ruba'i form a Misra*.
He was living in 1766 A. D., 1180 A. H.
Hilal Eazwinl, </Hj>^ J**, an author who died in 1527
A. D., 934 A. H.
Hilali, c^obl/«| ^^JIU^ of Astaribiwi, was a Tartar of the
tribe of Jughtai or Chughtai, and author of a Dfw&n con-
sisting of amorous odes. In his youth he travelled to
Ehui^B^, and resided in Hirit, where the illustrious
Amir 'Alisheir conferred on him many favours. He was
a Sunnl by religion, and was, by the contrivance of his
enemies, who were Shias, put to death by order of one of
the Uzbak chiefs in the year 1530 A. D., 936 A. H., but
according to a book called Tuh& Shihi, in 1533 A. D.,
939 A. H. He is the author of the following works,
viz. " Shih-wa-Darweah," " Laili-wa-Majniin," " Sifllt-ul-
'Ashiiim," and a Diw£n.
Hilm, ^^, poetical name of Prince Mirz4 Safd-uddfn, com-
monly called Mirzi Faiyaz*uddin, son of Mirzi Ray&z-
uddin alias Mirza Muhammad J&n, son of Mirz& Ehurram
Bakht, son of Mirza Jahandar Sh£h, son of Sh^ Alam,
king of Dehli. He is the author of a Diw&n.
Himmat Bahadur Gnshain, e^^olt? '■s*^, Diwia
of GhanI Bah&dur, Kaw&b of Banda, and one of the Pesh-
wa's (B&ji Rao II) principal officers in Bundelkhand. He •
joined the British troops under the command of Lieut.-
Col. Powell in September, 1 803, and g^ve battle to Sham-
sher Bab&dur, Kawdb of Banda, who was defeated and
compelled to retreat with loss. Himmat Bahidur was a
powerful commander of a large body of horse, and of a
numerous party of Guahams or Nagas, a peculiar class
of armed beggars and religious devotees of whom he was
not only the military leader, but also the spiritual guide.
He died in 1814 and his £anuly is provided for by the Bri-
tish Government.
Himmat Elian, e)^ 04^^ ^^^ ti^e g^j^ ^f Kh&a Jahin
Shiesta Kh&n, the son of the wazfr Asaf Kh&n. He
built his house on the banks of tiie river Jamna in
a year with many other buildings such as gardens,
reservoirs, baths, &c., &c., of which nothing remain now.
But a bath, a reservoir, a Baoll, &c. &c., are still to be seen.
His proper name was Sayyad Muzaffar. Shih Jah^ con-
ferred on him the name of Himmat Khin. In the 19th
year of Alamgir he was appointed governor of Allahib&d.
In the 24th year of Alamgfr, the appointment of Bakhi-
gani was conferred on him; and in the 30th year of
Alamgir, he was again appointed governor of Allahitb&d.
Hinda> S«^^^ the daughter of Utba and wife of Abfi Sufiin.
Vide Hamiz& (Amir).
Hindal Mirza, Uy* J'*^, wVft? Handal Mirzi.
Hindu Bao, jb J**^^ the brother of By 4 B4(, the wife of
Mahar6j& Daulat R^ Sindhia. His Ko^hi or Rekka
House on a hillock is well-known at Dehli He died in
1855 A. D.
Hira
108
Humam
Hira 8ingh> *^H« \j^, a Sikh Chief and minister of Ma-
har6j& Dalip Singh of Lihor. He was murdered with
many others ahout the heginning of January, 1845.
HirpaldeOy Ji^^^j^, the son-in-law of Rdmdeo,Rij4
of Deogir, who by the assistance of the other rijas of the
Dakhan, had recovered his country from the Musahnilns,
hut Muhfoik Shih, the son of AU-uddln Khilji, in the
second year of his reign, 1318 A. D., 718 A. H., marched
towards the Dakhan, took HirpfUdeo prisoner, flayed him
aliye, and hung his body at the gate of Deogir which is
now called Daulatab&d.
Hisam-bin-Jamil, <-Hi^ cr? f*'**^^ Bumame of Abti
Sahl-al-Baghdidi, who passed for one of the best tradi-
tionisto of Musalminism. He died in 722 A. D., 104
A. H.
Hissan, *^^ i:?^ u^**^^ the son of Sabit was a poet and
companion of Muhammad. He is the author of a Diw£n
in Arabic. When Muhammad overcame his enemies at
the battle of Khanda^:, Hissdn wrote a few verses on that
occasion ; the prophet was so much delighted, that he gave
him Shirfn the sister of MiUia ICabti, for wife.
HiBSan-al-Hind, **H^ tt>^-^> that is, the Hissan of
India, a title which Mir Gulam 'Ali Az&d assumed.
HolkaTi vide Mulh&r Hao I.
HonnisdaS^ vide Hurmuz.
Hoshang, ^^xmjA^ second king of the first or Pishdidian
dynasty of Persia, was the son of Sayamak, and grandson
of Ky6mur8 whom he succeeded. He reigned 40 years
and was succeeded by his son Tahmurs, commonly called
Deoband, or the Magician binder, a title he derived from
the success with which he warred against the enemies of
his family.
Jloshang Shah, ^^ ^f^j^, (formerly called Alp Khan)
was the first Muhammadan king of Malwa, and the son of
DiUwar Khan Ghori who was governor of that place
from the time of Muhammad Shah, son of Firoz Sh£h
Tughlalf:, king of Dehh'. After his father's death, which
happened about the year 1406 A. D., 808 A. H., taking
advantage of the times, he became entirely independent
and assumed the title of Sult^ Hoshang Shih. He
reigned 30 lunar years, and died on the 17th July, 1434
A. D., 9th ^il-^jja, 837 A. H. He was buried in a stone
vault, and a splendid mausoleum of white marble was
built over it which is still to be seen at Mando. The date
of his death is to be found in the three last words of a dis-
tich translated thus by General Briggs.
When death had sealed the glorious Hoshang's £Eite,
And ho prepared to tread on Lethe's shore,
I asked a poet to record the date,
Who briefly said, '^ Shah Hoshang is no more."
He was succeeded by his son Sul(&n Muhammad Shiih,
who was poisoned after a reign of one year and nine
months by Mahmiid Khan (the son of his Wazir), who
took the title of Mahmud Sh&h and ascended the throne
of Milwa on Tuesday the 15th of May, 1436 A. D., 29th
Shaww^ 839 A. H.
Zitt of the kings of Mdlwa^ whose capitals were Dhdr^
Matulo or Shddidbdd,
Diliwar Khin Ghori, governor.
Hoshang Shah Ghori.
Muhammad Sh&h Ghori (also called Ghazni KhiLn),
Mahmiid ShAh Khilji.
Sult&n Ghay&s-uddm Khilji.
Sultan N&sir-uddLn Khilji.
Suli^n Mahmtid II, the last of the Khiljis.
In his time M&lwa was incorporated with the kingdom
of Gujrat by Bahadur BhOu
Hoshdar Khan, c»^jt.x^^ a title of Hidiiet-nll£b
Kh&n, the son of IriLdat Kh&n W4zah. He was honoured
with this title by the emperor Farrukh-siyar, and after his
father^s death with that of Irddat Khan and the Faujdan
of Duhipereya in the province of Malwa. In the sixth
year of Muhammad Shah, 1724 A. D., 1136 A. H., he atten-
ded Nizlim-ul-Mulk 'Asaf J&h to the Dakhan, and after
the victory over Mubdriz Khdn, was appointed Diwan of
the Dakhan with the rank of 4000. He was afterwards ap-
pointed governor of Kulburga in the Dakhan and died in
the year 1744 A. D., 1157 A. H. He had many sons,
most of whom died in his lifetime. His eldest surviving
son, Hafez Khan, succeeded him in the government of
Kulbarga which he held at the time. Shihnaw4z Khdn
wrote the " Misir-ul-Umra," or Biography of Nobility.
Hoshmand Begam, (^ oi^^A^ daughter of Sultin
Khusro, married to Prince Hushang, the son of prince
D&nial in the year 1035 A. H.
Hujjat, *^^ , poetical name of NIsir Khusro, which see.
Huiiat-Tll-l8lam, (•^i'l *■=-«*', a title of Muhammad
Ghazzali, a celebrated doctor of the Musalm&n law, vide
Ghazzali.
Hum a, *♦*> poetical name of Sayyad Imtiyiz Kh£n, a son
of Mo'tmid Khin, and a brother of Sayyad Ahmad, whose
takhallus was Zamir. Qe is the author of a Diw&n.
Humaiy Queen, (S^> was the daughter of Bahman, who
is also called Ardisher Darizdast (Artaxcrxes Longima-
nus of the Greeks). She succeeded her father as queen of
Persia, in the fourth century before Christ. She built
the city called Simrah, which the author of the ** Labb-
Tawarikh" says, bore also the name of Simirem, and is
the same which is at this day called Jarbadakan. The
Persian authors state, that when she ascended the throne,
she was pregnant by her own father. Shame led hsr to
conceal this circumstance : and the child, of which she
was delivered, was given over to a nurse to be put to
death. The life of the child, however, was miraculously
preserved ; and the unnatural mother first recognised her
son, when his fortune and valour had advanced him to
the rank of a victorious general in her army. Humai
immediately resigned the crown to him, and retired to a
private life after she had reigned 32 years. Her son
reigned about 12 years, and is called by the Persians Dir&
or Darah I.
Huinam, Hakiniy (^^^i^, brother of Hakim Abiil
Fatha Gil&ni, a well educated and learned man in the
service of the emperor Akbar. He was sent by that mon-
arch on an embassy, in company with Say}'ad Sadr Ja-
han, to Abdullah Elhin Uzbak, ruler of KhuriLs&n, about
the year 1689 A. D., 997 A. H. Ho died in 1595 A. D.,
1004 A. H., and left two sons, Hakim Sidil;: and Hakim
Khiishhal.
Humanly T^ poetical name of KamiU-uddiu Muhanmuui
bin-Abdul-Wahhib, styled by Arabshah, " One of the
most illustrious doctors of the member of the S&dit," that
is to say, of the race of Ali. He lived in the time of Amir
TaimAr (Tamerlane) and died in 1457 A«. D., 861 A. H.
He is author of a Commentary on the Hidiya. His pro-
per name is KamAl-uddin Muhammad-al-Siw&si, which
see.
Humam Tabrezi, Ehwaja^ iSJi/^ f^t a celebra-
ted Persian poet of Tauris or Tabrez, and author of a
collection of Kubais or quatrain verses called '* Rub&yit
Mir Hum&m." He was a cotemporary and rival wit of
Shaikh Sa*di. Meeting one day in a bath, Humlm, ob-
serving Sa'di to be very bold, presented to him a bason
with the bottom upwards; asked him, ^*Why do the
Humam
109
Hurmuz
headB of the people of Shfraz resemble this f Sa'df, Ixav-
ing tanied the basoa with tiie empty side upwardB, re-
plied, " First tell me, why do the hefuls of the people of
Tabres resemble this P" Many other anecdotes are rela-
ted of them. Himi4m died in the reign of Aljaitd, emper-
or of the Mughals, in the year 1313 A, D., 713 A. H., and
was buried at Tabree. He is also called Ehw^jaHu-
mim-nddin TabreEi.
Humam-uddm Tabreai, i^tji^ ui^^ r^> <»*
Humim Tabrezi.
Humayun, ci^^ iX*** ^^j^\jXA>^ emperor of Hin-
diistan, somamed Kasfr-nddin Muhammad, was the
eldest son of the emperor B&bar Shah, was bom at E^iLbnl
on the night of Tuesday the 7th of Mardi, 1508 A. D.,
4th ^i-Ka'da, 913 A. H., and his mother's name was
lyr^ViftTn Begam. He succeeded his father on the throne
at Agzah on the 26th December, 1630 A. D., 6th Jum^
I, 937 A. H., and conferred the government of K4bul« J^an-
dahir, Ghamf, and the Panjdb on his brother Mirzi E£-
mir^ to Mirzi Askarl he gave the government of Sark^
Sambhal, to Mirz& Hand&l, Sarkar ALwar, and the govern-
ment of Badakhshin to Mirzi Sulaimin, the son of Khin
Mirzl^ the son of Sul(&a Muhammad, the son of Sultin
Abti Said. Humiydn was defeated the first time by Sher
Khim (afterwards Sher Shih) in a battle fought on the
banks of the Ghauns& in Beh&r on the 26th June, 1589
A. D., 9th Sa&r, 946 A. H., and the second time at ^an-
noj on the 17th of May, 1540 A. D., 10th Muf^airam,
967 A. H. The capital no longer afforded him a place
of refuge ; even hiis brothers became his enemies, and
would not grant him shelter in their provinces. He fled
from one place to another, subject at tunes to the greatest
hardships; and was at last obliged to quit the king-
dom and seek an asylum in Persia, where he arrived in
July, 1544 A. D., 951 A. H., and was hospitably and
honorably entertained for some time by Shih Tahm&sp
of Persia, who assisted him with troops. During the
absence of Humayun, which extended to a period of
fifteen years, five kings ascended the throne of Dehli, viz,
Sher Sh&h, his son Salfm Shdh, Muhammad Shih Adili,
Ibrihim Kh£n, and Sikandar 8h£h. HuaUlydn having
overcome his brothers at K^bul and Kandahir, com^
menced his march from the former city in the month of
January, 1555 A. D., Safar, 962 A. H., towards India. He
took the Panj&b, and advancing towards Dehli, defeated
Sikandar Shib on the 22nd of June, 1555 A. D., 2nd Sha-
b^ 962 A. H., in a batUe fought at Sarhind. Sikandar,
after his defeat, fled to the mountains of Sew&lik, and
Humiyfin having reached Dehli in triumph, became a
second time emperor of Hinddst&n. Bair&m Eli&n, to
whose valour and talent the king was principally indebt-
ed for his restoration, was rewarded with the first offices
in the state with the title of Ehin Ehanin. The year of
this victory was found by Bairam Ehitn to be contained in
the words, ** The sword of Humaydn.** Seven months after
this victory, on the 21st January, 1556 A. D., as Humiytin
was coming down at the time of evoodng prayers from the
terrace of the Library at Dehli, he fell headlong over the
steps, and died on the 25th January, 1556 A. D., 11th
Babf I, 963 A. H. The words ^* Alas I my sovereign fell
from the terrace," contain the year of his demise. He was
buried at Gilokhari, a distance of four kos from the city
of Shihi&himaUul on the banks of the river Jumna ; and
a splendid monument was erected over his remains some
years after, by his son Akbar, who succeeded him. Hu-
miydn died at the age of 49, after a reign of 25 years,
including the fifteen years of his banishment from his ca-
pital. The foundation of his mausoleum was laid in 1565
A. D., 973 A. H., was superintended by Hiji Begam
mother of Akbar, and was finished in 16 years at a cost
of 15 lakhs of rupees. Farrukh-siyar, 'Alamgir II, Din
6hik6h and other princes are also buried in this mauso-
leum. Ham&y^, after his death, received the title of Jan-
nat 'AabiAni.
27
Humayun^ Amir, o^^^*f, of Isfar&en, a poet who
went early in life to Tabrez, and was supported by K&sd
' jTs'a and Sultim Y&'^tib, who called him Ehusro Sini, that
is, the second Khusro and Ehusro E6chak. After the
death of his patron, he went to y^^^ and died there
in 1496 A. D., 902 A. H. He is the author of a THwin.
Hmnayim Shah, Bahmani, Stdtan, uHr^ >^
itj^UA ^;UiL«^ sumamed Zfidm, or the Cruel, was the
eleventh king of the Bahmani dynasty. He succeeded
his father Sulfin 'Ala-uddin II Bahmani in the year 1458
A. D., 862 A. H., and causing his brother Hasan Khan's
eyes to be put out, ascended the throne of the Dakhan. Ac-
cording to the will of his father, he conferred the office of
Wakil'Us-Saltanat on Ehwdja Mahm6d Giw^ with the
title of MaJik-ut-Tajj^ and the government of B(jdp^.
He was an unjust prince and a great tyrant, on which
account he was sumamed " the Gruel." He reigned 3
years 6 months and 6 days, and was murdered with one
stroke of a heavy club on the 1st of September, 1461 A. D.,
28th ^i-:iKa'da, 865 A. H., during a fit of intoxication by
his own servants who were wearied out with his inhnwiRn
cruelties. He was succeeded by his son Sul^in Nix&m
Shih, then only eight years of age.
Hlinain, iJ^^f surname of Abii Zaid 'Abdur Rahm&n
Hunain, son of Is-hiVf son of Hunain, was a celebrated
Ghristiaii physician who translated many books out of the
Greek into Syriao and Arabic.
Hturmuz or Hunnuzd I, •^>!^ ^yt;^} the third king of
Persia, of the Sasfmian race, was the son of Shihptir I,
whom he succeeded in 272 A. D. He is the Hormisdas
of the Greek authors, and is said to have resembled, both
in person and character, his grandfather Ardisher. The
mother of this monarch was the daughter of Miihmkh a
petty prince, whom Ardisher had put to death, and whose
fiimily he had persecuted, because an astrologer had pre-
dicted that a descendant of M£hrukh should attain the
throne of Persia. This lady had fled to the tents of a
shepherd where she was seen by ShiLhpiir when hunting.
This prince became enamoured, and married her privately.
His father Ardisher, going one day unexpectedly to his
son's house saw young Hurmiu. He was greatly pleased
with the appearance of the child and made enquiries,
which compelled Sh&hptir to confess all that had happen-
ed. The joy of the old king was excessive. "The pre-
diction of the astrologers,'* he exclaimed, " which gave
me such alarm, is, thank God, confirmed, and a descen-
dant of Mihrukh shall succeed to my crown." Hurmuz
was a virtuous prince, but reigned only one year and ten
days. He died about the year 273 A. D., and was suc-
ceeded by his son Bahxiaa I. ^ ^
HurmilZ or Hurmuzd II, {^^ ^J^> the eighth king of
Persia of the S&slmian race. He succeeded his fiither
Narsi about the year 303 A. D., ruled Persia seven years
and five months .and died 310 A. D. No events of any
consequence occurred during the reign of this prince. At
his death he left no son : and the kingdom was on the
point of being thrown into confusion, when it was de-
clared that one of the ladies in the harem was pregnant,
and that there were certain indications of the embryo be-
ing a male. When the child was brought forth, it was
named ShiUipiir : and every care was taken to give the
young sovereign an education smted to his high duties.
Hurmuz or Hurmuzd III, ^^ 4>^i the second son
of Tesdigard II, succeeded his fiither, of whom he was al-
ways the &vourite, 456 A. D. His elder brother Firoa,
though at first compelled to fly across the Oxns, soon
returned to assert his right at the head of a large army,
which aided by a general defection of ^e Persians, who
deserted his weak brother, obtained an easy victory, and
the unfortunate Hurmus was, after a short reign of little
more than one year, dethroned and put to death 457
A,D.
Hurmuz
110
Husain
Humms or Hnnntud IV, ffj ^J^i (theHonmsdaB in
of fhe Greeks) mM dedared saooeBSor to hi« fiither the
great Ohosroes, Bumamed Kauaherwin the Jiut> and
afloended the throne of Penna 679 A. D. His subjectB
revolted against him at the instigation of Bahrim GhoMn
or Yaranes his general, whom he had offended by sending
him a female dress because he had been defeated b^ the Ko-
mans. They confined Hurmos and put out hxs eyes to
disqnalii^ hmi from ascending the throne, and soon after
pnt him to death 590 A. D. His son Khnsro Porrez
having collected a lovce to oppose BahWhn, who with the
intention of taking the government into his own hands
was advancing towaxds MadAin, was defeated ; and with
great dlfficnlty effected his escape to tbe temtories of the
BomanS) from whose emperor, Manrice^ he met with the
most friendly and hospitable reception. Bahdon Chobln
took possession of the vacant government : but his rule
was dioit : for within eight months from the period of
his taking possession of Had^ he was defeated by an
army of Romans and Persians commanded by Khnsro,
and fled to Tartaiy.
HtlBainy {J^r'^y poetical name of MuasafEar Husain, an
autlior who is slso called Shahid or Martyr. He is the
author of the work called ** Bay&z.us-S&lik(m.*'
Husain AU Ehan Bahadur, ^W- ^^ </^ cHr^>
second son of Alahwardi Ehin, a nobleman of high rank
who served under the emperor 'Alamglr, and died on the
3rd of October, 1686 A. D., 26th ^i-l^a'da 1097 A. H., a
day after the fort of B(j&pdr was taken.
HnBaiii AU Khan, Sayyad, m>^ uI^ iiri*"^
j^mir-nl-Umr^ Vide AbdulUh Ehin (Sayyad).
BuBain-bin-Alim, ^ ui ert-^, author of the « Nua-
hat-ul-Arwih." contsining interesting anecdotes of the
most celebrated SfiflS) mde Husain-bin-Hasan-al-Hasani.
Husam^bin-Muhaxiimad, as-Sama'ani, i^^*^\
*>^*«* c/f K:rir^9 author of the «• B3iaa4nat-al-Muftiin"
which contains a large quantity of dedsionsv and is a book
of some authority in India. It was completed in 1839.
A. D., 740 A. H.
m-f
HuBaln-bin-Hasan-al^Husaini, t/H**^
I
\
Ui
*j a native of QrhJbr and author of several work% vit,
« Kanx-ul-Bamfic,*' <«8i Nama," « Nuahat-ul-Arwfii,'*
<<Z&d.Bl-Musi£ufn," « Tarab«ul.l£ajtiis," ''B^-ul-Ar-
w«h/' '< BtrA^ul-Musta^fm," and of a Dfw&i in Arabic
and Persian. He diedi says Jinof, in the year 1817 A. D.,
717 A. H., and is buried at Hfrit Ilrishta calls him
Amfr Husaini S&dit, and says, that he with his fi&ther
Sayyad Ni^m-udd(n came to India as merchants and be-
came the disciples of Shaikh BalUUuddlh Zikaria at Mul-
tan, and died at Hirit on ist December, 1818 A. J>^ 6th
8haww£l, 718 A. H.
Husain Dost dambhali, Kir, i/^f*^ <i^jA \a^r^
ykfo^ son of Ab6 Tilib of SambhaL He is tiie author of a
biography of poets called ^^Taskira Husaini," which ap-
pears to have been compiled a few vears after the deatiti
of Muhammad Shfli the emperor of Behli who died in
1748 A. D., 1161 A. H.
Hiisaini) y*fe *^ j author of the '^Asm^ Huaaiaf' and
"Haktdbit Husaini"
Hnsain Ghamawi^ ij^^O^ 41^^**^^ author of the story
of Padmiwat In Persian poetry eaUed '' Pnae FftdmiU
wat"
4*
Hnsain Hallaj, Shaikh, ^^iO^ir^j^, the son of
Hans6r HalUy. Many fitbles hav« been invented to ac-
count for the imprudence of tiiis wise teacher. One of
these states, that he observed his sister go out every even-
ing : he fbUowed her ; having seen her oomflnmioate with
tiie Ht&ries, and receive from these cdestial nymphs a cup
of nectar, he insisted on drinking one or two drops that
remained of this celestial liquor. His sister told him he
oould not contain it, and that it would cause his death.
He persisted; from Uie moment that he swallowed it, he
kept ezdaaming Aurul-Ha]^! that is, *< I am the truth r
tiU he was put to death. Fide Mansdr Hallij.
Hnsatn» Imam, isl^**^ (*^t, the seoond son of 'Ali, the
son-in-law of Muhanmiad. He was bom at Medina in
January, 626 A. D., Shabin, 4 A. BL^ and was the third
Im&m of the raoe of 'AH. Having refused to acknowledge
Taxid the son of Mu*&wia, fer the lawfdl KhaUf, he was
obliged to leave Medma, and to fly to Mecca, but was over-
taken on his way and killed by order of ITbaidulUh-ibn-
Zayid, one of Yasfd's captains, on the 10th October,
680 A. B., 10th Mu^arram, 61 A. H. When his head
was brought to TJbaidulUh at Kiife, he struck it over the
mouth with a stick, and treated it with great contempt.
He then sent it along with his femily who were made
captives, to Damascus where Yazfd then reigned. The
day on which he was killed, is still a great day amongst
the Musalmins. He is buried at a plaoe called Karbala
in Babylonian M^ or Chaldea near Kdfe. Some pretend
to show that Husain's head was buried near the river of
Karbala; others say, that there are no traces of it re-
maining. However, the first Sul^lnof the raoe of Boyaides
built on that spot a sumptuous monument, which is visited
to this veiy day with great devotion by the Musalmfas.
It is called '* Gunbas Faix,*' or the dome of grace.
Husain-ibn-Mnin-uddin Maibadi, ^^H^ ui^
^^AMt ^t {jtr*^^* author of a work on religion, entitled
"JViwitah.""
Hnsain Jalayer, Snltan, ,^^ uir^ c>***^> grand-
son of Amir Hasan Buiurg, succeeded his fether Sulfibi
Awes Jal&yer, to the throne of Baghdid in October, 1374
A. D., 776 A. H., and lost his lijfe in an action with his
brother Sulfim Ahmad in 1382 A. D., 784 A. H. Vide
Hasan Buzurg.
Hnsain Kashi^ i/^^ C^i^^j an author, who died in 1544
A. D., 951 A. H.
Husain, Kashmiri, iSJ^*^ ui"»^^ author of the Per-
sian work, entitled, " Hidiyat-ul-'Ami," the Quide to the
Blind, containing essays on various religious subjects,
S(ifi doctrines, &o.
Hnsain Khonsari, ^;t»Jt^ ur^**^, was one of the
celebrated philosophers of Persia, suraamed from his
birth-place Ehonsibr, a town between Teheran and Ea-
shan. He flourished in the latter part of the 17th century.
Hnsain Langa I, ^ nHr^y third king of Mult&n,
succeeded his fitther Kutb-udd^ Mahm:dd Langa in
1469 A. D., 874 A. H. He entered into a treaty of alli-
ance with Sikandar Lodi, king of Dehli, and died about
the year 1498 A. D., 904 A. H., oracooxdingtosome, on
Sunday the 88th August, 1602 A. D., 36th ga&r^ 908
A. H., after a reign of 80 or 84 yeaza. He was suooeeded
by his grandson Mahmtid Ehln Langa. Firishta says,
that the ''Xawirfkh Bahidur Shihl," which contains &»
history of this prince, is ftdl of errors, and the author
of the <' Mirat-Sikandarf' decUoee it to be absolutely
unintelligible.
Hnsain Langa II, ^ i:fir^, fifth and last king of
Mult6a, was, after the death of his fiither MahmlSdEhin
Langa in 1624, raised to the throne, although a minor.
He was only a pageant hi the hands of his sister's hus-
band, ShijiUt'-ul-Mulk, who assumed the office ad protec-
tor. Sh4h Husain ArghiJm, Jring of T^^ nnder the
orders of the emperor Bibar Shih, soon after besieged
the place v^ch was at length, hi the year 1526 A. D.
982 A. H., canied by escalade, after a siege of fifteen
months. Husain Arghiin having nominated ooe T^^Vfi r
Hasain
111
Hmreiri
Khia hii depaty, retomed to TM^ When BIbar
Bhah, dnxing his illneM, abdioated Uie throne in &Yor of
his flon Hnmiyibi, the latter prince gave the Pazgib
in jiLffir to Mnrai Kimr&n his brother, who on his
arriyal at Lihor, sent for Tiaihkar Khia and made
over the district of Kibul to him, in lieu of that of Mol-
t^ since whid^ time the kingdom of Mnltib has conti-
nned a province of the empire of DehlL
Hnsain Karwi» Kf>j^ \a^r^i «Mfe Ehw^a
MarwL
Husain ICinay [^/^ s:3^r^i vide Bult&i Husatn
Husain Mashhadi. c5*H^ ui^^j ft Ftesian poet
Husain Moin-uddin, ii^^iji^ eHh*^i aathor of the
" Fawitah Sab»" on Theology.
Husain Maibasi, Muin-uddin, c5^fV» u^r^ i:f^^^
U^^, author of the " Sajai^jal-ul- Arwdh," or Minor of
Spirits, a selection from the Persian and Tnrkf poets.
He flourished in the tenth century of the H\jnu
Husain Muammai, Mir, is^^^ e;*-**'^^^ a celebra-
ted punster who died in the year 1498 A. D., 904 A. H.
Husain Nakshi, Mulla, i/^ crt-^ ^, a learned
Musalmin of Dehli who was a good poet and an excellent
engraver in the time of the emperor Akbar. He died on
the 16th of July, 1681 A. D., 14th Jumidf II, 989 A. H.
Husain Niaam Shah I, ^ (•^ iy**-^, ascended the
throne of Ahmadaagar in the Dakhan in the 30th year
of his age, after the death of his fiither Bnrhin Nisim
8hih I in the year 1564 A. D., 961 A. H. In 1666
A. D., 972 A. H., an alliance was formed between him
and the three Sultibs, Ws^ 'AU ' AdU Shih of BQipiir,
IbWOiim l^utb Shih of O^lkan^ and Amir Baxid of Ah-
madabfrd 'Bidar, affunst BiUnr&j, Hji of BQanagar, who
was defioated and sudn. Huaain Kisam ShAh died eleven
days after his return from this expedition, on Wednesday
the 6th of June, 1666 A. D., 7th Si-SLa'da, 972 A. H., and
his son Murtasi Niz£m Shlh succeeded hun. The death
of Nisim Shih has been commemorated in the following
chronogram: '*The son of the Dakfaan has become bb«
soured. ^
Husain Niaam Shah II, (/^ <^ f^ c;^^, a nominal
prince of the Nisim Shihi dynasty. Vide Fktha Khin,
the son of M&lik ' Ambar.
Husain Sabawari, ififjij^ ijir^t anativeof Sabiw&r,
and author of the works entitled '<LatM Was£e(" and
** BAbat-ul-Arwih," books on S6fyisnit containing the
best means of obtaining aalvatioa, and znlas for moral
oondoot
Husain Sadat, TSir, <a»tdU ^^^^r^ji^, 9%d$ Husain
t^in-Haiim'il ' Husninf
Husain Shah Lohani, Pip, jH i/^ »^ trt-^
a Iffuhammadan saint whose tomb is in M^mghfr, wiiere
both Hindds and MahawmadsTis make offerings espeeiaUy
on fhab mamagsB and other special occasions.
Husain Shah Sharki« Sultan, i^j^ <^ uHh^
e /» ***, ascended the throne of Jaanpiir after his brother
Huhammad-Shlh, wiio was slain in battle about the year
1462 A. Dm 866 A. H. He fought several battles with
Bshl61 Lodl, the kins of Dehli, and was at last defeated*
and so closely pursued that he left his horse and escaped
on foot The army of Dehli advanced without any o&er
oheok to Jauap6r which foil to tiie ems of Bahl6 J, while
Hunin Shih, abandoning his capital, was obliged to con-
tent himself with a small tract <tf country yietdiog only
a revenue of five lakhs of rupees. Bahl61 having delivered
over Jaunptir and its kingdom to his own son Biffbak,
enjoined him not to deprive Husain 8faih of the small
tract to which he was confined, terming it his family
estate. This event took place about the year 1476 A. D.,
881 A. H., and the subversion of the Shar^^ dynasty may
be dated from that year. The reign of Husain ShiLh
lasted for a period of 19 lunar years. Some years after
the death of Bahl61 Lod£ (which happened in 1489 A. D.,
894 A. H.) Hnsain Sh£h incited the prince Barbak to rise
up against his brother flikandar Lod^ king of Dehli, and
wrest the government out of his hands; lut Birbak was
defeated in the first action and retired to Jannpili^ to
which place he was pursued by the king. Jaunptir fell
shortly after, and was added to tiie kingdom of Dehli.
Husain Shih was now induced to seek refuge with 'Ali-
uddin Ptirbi, king of Bengal, by whom he was treated
wiUi the respect due to his station till his de^h which
took place in 1499 A. D., 906 A. H. With him the royal
line of Jaunpiir was extinguished.
Husain Shah, <^ iji''^ of Bengal ; vide 'AU-uddln
Husain Sh£L
Husain Shah, Sayyad, «^u4-«^«H-«, author of the
story of Bahram G6r, entitled " Hasht Gulgsaht," which
he made into prose from the ** Hasht BahishV of Amir
Khusro in the year 1800 A. D., 1216 A. H., on the re-
quisition of M. Charles Perron, who served under Daulat
Bio Sdndhia, vide Hak-ik-at.
Husain Waesi Maulana, ^b u^r^ ^^J^ sumamed
lUshifi, was a man of consequence in the time of Bul^
Husain Mini, sumamed Abdl Ghisf BahAdur of KhuriL-
s^ and held the oflBkse of saored herald in the city of
Hirit till the Hijr{ year 910, on the last day of which he
expired, t. s., on the 8rd June, 1606 A. D., 80Ul ^il-^fty
910 A. H. He is the author of a conunentazy on the
]^ur4n, commonly called '^Tafsir Hnsain^" which he
entitled "* Mawihib 'Uli^" also of one entiUed «* Jawi-
hir-ut-Ta£(sfr." Besides these, he wrote several other
works, amongst which are the ** Bonsat-ush-flbuhadA,"
an exodlent history of Muhammad with a minute detail
of the battle of Earbala, dedicated to Sul^ Husain liir-
si in 1601 A. D., an abridgment of which is called '' Dah
Mulis." The << AkhU^ Muhsini" a very valnable system
of £thios, troating upon worship, prayer, patience, hope,
chastity, Ac., dedicated to the same Sulflbi 1494 A. J).,
900 A. H., the tilde of which gives the year of its oomple-
tion. The ^Anwfor SoheU," (Emanations of the star
Oanopus) being a translation of Pilpay's Fables in Per-
sian, dedusated to Amfr Shaikh Ahmad Suheli, seal-bearer
to the Stt^in. He calls himself in this book Manlina
Husain-bin-*AU-al-Waes sumamed Kishifi. He also
made an abridgment of Moulwi Bdmf s Masnawi which
he called " Lubb-i-Labib." He is also the author of the
works called **HaUuan-uUndii," <*Sab»" Eishifia (on
astrology) ''Asrir l^&Edmi" " Matla-'ul-Anw^,*' and of a
coUedaon of Anecdotes called <* Lat&ef-ut-Tawie^" This
author is by some writers called KamiLuddfn Husain-al-
Wies-al-Kishifi-us-8ubzwiri
Husain-uddin Husain«hin-Ali, ^ u^. ^jir^
4;;^«>ilt ^ ""^f who is said to have been a piq[nl of Burhln-
udd(n*All, was the first who wrote a commentaiy on the
Hidiya, entitled the Nih&ya.
Husuri, HiTy i^}y^j^f son of Amfr Sayyid 'AUHuh-
tasih. He lived inthethneof SUh Isma'fl Safwi, and
wrote a chronogram on his accession to the throne of Peraia
in the year 1676 A. P., 984 A. H, BeistheMlthMrof a
Diwta.
Ibn
112
Ibn
I.
Ibn«Abi Tai^ ^ ^\ ^1^ author of the work called
£it&b *< Ar Raiuatain."
Ibn-Abu Usaibia, Muwaffik-uddin Abul Abbas
Ahmad, ^^*r^y^ t^i •^^t crM^i iji^\ tH^, au-
thor of the Axahic work called << ' Ayiin-al-Anbi-fi-Tahl^t-
ul-Atibbi^" t. e^ Fountains of Information respecting the
classes of FhjsicianB. This book was translated by the
author into Arabic from the Sanskrit at the commencement
of the 13th century of our era. In the 12th chapter of
this work, he gives an account of all the Physicians who
were from India. Of one, whom he calls Kanka-al-Hindi,
he says, He was skilful as a philosopher amongst the
ancient philosophers of India, and one of the greatest of
men. He investigated the art of physio, the power of
medicines, the nature of compound substances, and the
properties of simple substances. He was the most learned
of all men in the form of the universe, the composition of
the heavenly bodies, and the motions of the planets. An
extract from the above work is given in the " Journal of
the Boyal Asiatic Society, No. 11," by the Rev. W. Cure-
ton; with remarks by Professor H. H. Wilson. Ibn-
Abd Usaibia died in 1269 A. D., 668 A. H.
Ibn>Arabi, 4/ir^v:^?^ surname of Shaikh Muhi-uddin
Abd'Abdulldh-bin-Muhammad-bin-'Ali-al-Tii-al-Hatimi-
al-AndalusI, a celebrated doctor of Damascus to whom,
the Muhammadans pretend, was dictated or inspired, or
sent from heaven, by their prophet in the year 1229 A. D.,
a book of mystical divinity, called ** Fas^B-ul-Hakam."
It contains 27 Hukams or Instructions ; each of which is
attributed to one of the ancient patriarchs or prophets,
excepting the last, which belongs to Muhammad, and is
entitled ** Hakam Fardiyit Muhanmiadiat" The Musal-
m£n doctors are very much divided as to the merit of
this work ; for some praise it, and others absolutely reject
it^ as being full of superstition and falsehood. He is also
the author of several other works, one of which is called
«« Fat6h£t Makkia." He died in 1240 A. D., 638 A. H.
There appears to be another Ibn-' Arab! who died in
Sarmanrae in Baghdid in the year 1040 A. D., or 431
A. H., and who was also an author of several works.
Ibn-Arabshahy ^^j^ e^l, surname of Ahmad-bin-Mu-
hammad, a native of Damascus, who besides a collection
of Tales, wrote several other works in a very polished
style, the most celebrated of which is a history of the
life of Amfr Taimtir (Tamerlane) entitled "'Aj&eb-ul-
Ma^dtir." He died at Damascus in the year 1460 A. D.,
864 A. H. Vide Arab Sh£h.
Ibn-Amiziy Lfi^^ ui^f vids Ibn-Yamln or Amfr Mahmiid.
Ibn-Asiry ji^ i:H^ al-ShaibIbi Hajd-udd(n, also called
Jaxari, a most celebrated Arabian author of whom we
have several works. He is the author of the Arabian
work on Jurisprudence entitled ** J&ma'-yd-TJstil," a work
having great authority. Another of his works is called
«« Eamil-ut-Tawftfikh." He is by some authors called
. Abul Sa'^dat. Mub&rik-bin-Asfr-al-Jazari, commonly
called Ibn-Asfr. He died 1209 A. D., 606 A. H. Vide
JasarL
Ibn-Askar, jr-^^ cH^ an author who wrote the history of
Damascus.
Ibn-Babawia^ fir?^ uiU ^^^ ^^ Ja'fSar Muhammad
bm-'AH-bin-BAawia. .
Ibn-Batuta, ^jl^. c^^ the Arab traveller whom Muham-
mad TughlaJj^ made Judge of Dehlf , was the author of
the work called "Travels of Ibn-Batdta," which has
been translated from Arabic by the Bev. 8. Lee, B. D.
London, 1829. Ibn-Batdta performed his pilgrimage to
Mecca in 1832 A. D., 732 A. H. His work contains few
&cts concerning Arabia. His whole account of Mecca is
" May God ennoble it"
Ibn-Bauwab, v!^ c^t; vide Bauw&b.
Ibn-Dahan, ^^^ u^i vtVfoDihiUi.
Ibn-Darastnyay *^jl^}^ kjtj commonly called so, but his
proper name is Abd Muhammad 'Abdullah, the son of
Ja'&r, a very learned! Musalm^n who died 968 A. D., 347
A. H., at Baghdid.
Ibn-Duredy '^}^ CH^ author of a dictionary and of a work
entitled *' Gharib.ul*Kur&n" which is also called " Jam-
hira." He died at Baghdid in 933 A. D., 321 A. H.
Ibn-Pakhp-uddin Anju, ^' e^J«^^ e;^^ author
of the *' Farhang Jahangfri," vide Jamal-udd(n Husain
Anju.
Ibn-Faraty «s»r^ ^t^ author of the Geographical Memoirs
of Egypt.
Ibn-Farghaniy «^4;* isHi, Shaikh Abii Bakr Wasiti,
a saint, who died about 320 A. H.
Ibn-Pourak, O}^ eH^ vide Foura^:.
Ibn-GhayaSy <^^^ u^j vide Kamil-uddfn Muhammad
(Ehw^'a).
Ibn-Hajar> Shahab-uddin^ j^'^^ ii^^i*^' vV^>
son of 'All 'TJskaUuii, an Arabian author who wrote more
than a hundred books, among which are " Lisin-ul-
Mizin," and As^ba. He died in 1449 A. D., 863 A. H.,
vide Shahib-uddin Abd'l Fazl-al-'UskaUni.
Ibn-Hajar Yehsami or Yehthami^ i^f**^ j^
iji^y son of Badr-uddin, author of the work called ^ Sa-
wail^ Muhri^a," and several other books. He died in
1666 A. D., 974 A. H.
Ibn-Hajiby Sr*^'^ tH^ an Arabian author of several
works. He died at Alexandria in the year 1 248 A. D.,
646 A. H. He is the author of the two conmientaries
called "* Kiifia and Shafia."
Ibn-Hanbal, ^J^ t^^ whose proper name is Abd 'Ab-
dullih Ahmad-ash-Shaib^f-al-Marwazi, but generally
known by the name of Ibn-Hanbal, was the founder of
the fourth Sunnf sect. This learned doctor, who was a
pupil of Sh£fii'i, strenuously upheld the opinion that the
]^uriuiwas uncreated, and that it had existed from all
eternity. Since, however, it happened unfortunately that
the Khalifa Al-Mustansir maintained tho contrary doc-
trine, Ibn-Hanbal was greatly persecuted for his persistent
opposition to that monw^h's &vorite beliect Vide Hanbal.
Ibn-Hanbali^ U^^ u;^'^ surname of Muhammad-bin-
Ibiihim HanbaH, author of the *' Uddat-ul-Hisib-wa-
Umdat-ul-Mas&hib," a book of Arithmetic He died 1663
A. D., 971 A. H., and is the author of several other
works.
Ibn-Hasham, f^^i:;^^ the author of the Sfrat-ul-
Basul or Biography of the Prophet His native place was
Old Cairo, where he died in 828 A. D., 213 A. H. An
abridgment of his work was made at Damascus in 1807
A. D., 707 A. H., by one Ahmad Ibn-Ibrahlm.
Ibn-Hasham, *^^ji i:^ ^^^ {d^U son of Yiisa^ author
of several Arabic works, among which are "Touzlh,**
** Sharah Alfla," &c. &c. He died 1361 A. D., 762 A. H.
Ibn
113
Ibn
rbn-Hibban, O^ e^^ whose proper name wm AbIt-
nddin Muhammad, the son of Yfisaf. Was the author
of several works. He died at Damascus in the year 1344
A. D, 745 A. H.
Ibn-Hilaly J^ uri^j also called 'AUl, is the author of a
work, entitled " Minhaj-ul-T&libm," which is also called
" T&Hkh *A16S," and is dedicated to 8h&h Shujaa' Kir-
mini.
rbn-Houbal, ^J^ iif^y a celebrated physician and au-
thor, who died in the year 1213 A. D.
Ibn-Houkal, ^j^ e^^S an Arabian, and author of the
work, entitled " Ashkfl-ul-Bilid," containing maps and
geographical description of several countries, which he
wrote in the year 977 A. D., 367 A. H.
Ibn-Humaniy C^ ^y author of a Commentary on the
Hidiya, entitled " Fath-ul-Kadir,** which is also called
« Sharah Hiddya." He died in the year 1467 A. D., 861
A. H. He is also called Humam, which see.
Ibn-Husam, f^*"^ cHS of Khawif; surname of Shams-
uddfn Muhammad, author of an heroic poem m praise of
'All, containing the principal events of his life ; his dis-
putes, wars, &c., entitled «* Khiwar N4ma." He died 1470
A. D., 875 A. H.
Ibn-Ibady ^^ c^*> surname of Abii'l Kasim Ismifl,
Kifu who was wazfr and first minister of state to the
Sultins Muwaiyad-uddaula and Fakhr-uddaula of the race
of B6ya. He died 996 A. D., 386 A. H., and is said to
haveleftalibrary consisting of 112,000 volumes, and to
have passed for the most generous and most liberal man
of his time. He was also styled K^-ul-Kafit.
Ibn-Imady ^^ cH^ a poet of Khurdsfin who flourished
in the latter end of the 14th century of the Christian Era.
He resided in Shir&z, and is author of a Diwin or a love-
story, called " Dah Kama", in Persian.
Ibn-Jinxdi t5*^ C^^^ whose proper name was Ab6'l Fatha
'Usm&n, a learned Musalmfin, but blind of one eye. He
died at Baghdad 1002 A. D., 892 A. H.
Ibn- Jouzi, iSJJ^ e^^ ^^ ^^^'^ Farah-ibn-Jouzi.
Ibn-Kamal Fasba, *^^ J'^ eHt, surname of Mufti
Shams-uddfn Ahmad-bin-Sulaimfin, author of the " Sha-
rah Hadfs-al-'Arbain." He died 1683 A. D., 940 A. H.
Ibn-Kattaa, t^ e^» *im^» J^j^iiriiS^,
suniame of ' Ali-bin-Ja*fer Si^plli, an Arabian author, who
died 1121 A. D., 616 A. H.
Ibn-KhaXdlin, ctf'^^eHt, the African philosopher. His
name and titles are in Arabic : " Wali-uddin Abtl Zaid
»Abdurrahman-bin-Muhammad-al-Hazrami-al-l8hbili,"but
he is better known by the single patronymic name of Ibn-
Ehald6n. His fother sumamed Khald^ was a native
of Amazirg or Berber (in Africa), but his wife, descending
from a femily of the Arabian province Hazram4t» made
her son adopt the surname of Al-Haxrami. He was bom
in Tunis in the year 1332 A. D., and passed his youth in
Egypt He then served a short time under Taim6r, as
chief justice at Damascus. He returned to Egypt where
he became Supreme Judge, and died in the year 1406
A. D. HiB principal and most remarkable work is the
History of the Arabs, the Persians, and the Barbers.
The whole composition is commonly called Tadkh-ibn-
Ehaldfin.
29
Ibn-Khallikani iJ^-i}^ u^, whose full name is Shams-
uddfn Abti'l Abb^ Ahmad-ibn-Muhammad-ibn-Abu Bakr-
ibn-KhalUk&n, drew his descent from a &mily of Balkh.
This very eminent scholar and follower of Shi£ei'i doc-
tiines, was bom at Arbela, but resided at Damascus,
where he had filled the place of chief ]^&e{ till the year
1281 A. D., 680 A. H., when he was dismissed, and from
that time till the day of his death he never went out of
doors. He was a man of the greatest reputation for
learning, versed in various sciences, and highly aocom-
pUshed ; he was a scholar, a poet, a compiler, and an his-
torian. By his talents and writLags, he merited the hon-
orable title of " the most learned man," and the ablest
historian. His celebrated Biographical work, called the
Wafi&t-ul-Aiyin or deaths of eminent men, is the acme
of perfection. This work was translated from the Arabic
by Baron MacGucklin De Slane, Member of the Council
of the Asiatic Society of Paris, &C., and published in 1842
A. D. This translation is a most valuable work to those
who wish to gain a knowledge of the legal literature of
the Muhammadans, as he has added to the text numerous
learned notes, replete with curious and interesting infor-
mation relating to the Muhammadan law and lawyers.
Ibn-Ehallik&n was bom on Thursday the 22nd of Sep-
tember, 1211 A. D., 11th Rabf II, 608 A. H., and died on
Thursday the Slst of October, 1282 A. D., 26th Rajab,
681 A. H., aged 73 lunar years, in the Najibia College
at Damascus and was interred at Moimt Easiyiin.
Ibn-Ehurdadbihy ^,d\dj^ e^t^ an historian, who died
about the year 912 A. D. Vide Eliurd&siba.
Ibn-Kutaiba, '■H^cH^ surname of Shaikh al-Im&m
Abu Muhammad AbduUah-bin-Muslim Dinwarf, author
of the "Ayun-ul-Akhbiu'," and many other works. He
died 889 A. D., 267 A. H.
Ibn-Mega^ ^^ erf^ whose proper name is Abd Abdul-
lah Muhammad-bin-Yezid-bin-Maja-al-Kazwini, was the
author of a collection of traditions, and of a commentary
on the Kuriin. The first, which is entitied ** Kitab-us-
Siman," is the sixth book of the Sunna, and is commonly
called ^* Sunan Ibn-M&ja.' ' Ibn-M&ja was bom in the year
824 A. D., 209 A. H., and died in 886 A. D., 273 A. H.
Ibn-Makla, *^ Ui^> wazfr of the khalff al-lKlhir Billih
of Baghdid, whom, with the consent of other Umras, he
deposed and having deprived him of sight, raised Al-
EiUsi Billah to the throne. Not long after, his hands and
tongue were cut off by the order of K&zt because he had
written a letter to the Khalif s enemy witiiout his Imow-
ledge, from which he died in the year 939 A. D., 327
A. H. Ibn-Ma^la is the inventor of the present Arabic
character which was afterwards improved by Ibn-Bauwib.
Ibn-Marduya, ^^ C^S commonly called so, but his
proper name is Abd Bakr. He is the author of the work
«« Mustakharij Bikhirf ' and of a commentary and history.
' He died 410 A. H.
Ibn-Malik, "^^ uH^ ifide Abd AbdulUh-ibn-M&Uk.
Ibn-Mliallim, f^ i:^^^ vide Shaikh Mufid.
Ibn-Rajaby vide Zain-uddfn-bin-Ahmad.
Ibn-Bashid, «H^ iiM^t surname of Abd'l Walld Muham-
mad-bin- Ahmad, whom the Europeans call Averroes and
Aven Bosch, was one of the most subtile philosophers that
ever appeared among the Arabians. He was bom at
Cordnba in Spain, where his fieither held the office of high
priest and chief judge, under the emperor of Morocco.
His knowledge of law, divinity, inathematics, and astro-
logy was very extensive, and to this was added the theory
rather than the practice of medicine. On the death of
his father, he was appointed to succeed him. Falling
Tim
114
Ibrahim
wdor the sospicion of heio^) }ie w^ dopri^od of lup
posts, and thrown into prison, from whence he was at
uft deliTeved aad reinstated in his offiee of j^ds^* ^^
wrote It tmaitiM on 4be aii of physie, an Epitome of
Ptolemy's AJmagest, a treatise on astrology, and many
amoTons venes ; but when he grew old, he tlffew the three
huit into th« fire. Aa to religion, his opimons were, that
Ghfistiasiity is ahenrd; Jndusm, the religion of children ;
and Midiammadanism, the religion of swine. The best
edition of his works is that of Venice, published in 1608.
fie is saad to have died in 695 A. H., corresponding with
119§ A. D., hvt Lampii^ in his XJnivenal Biognaphy
says, tibat he died at Morocco in 1206 A. D.
R)n^Sabb8igll^al-Shafai, i^^^ ^k^ e^^l, snmame
of Abd Nasr 'Abdtil 84id-bin-Miihammad, author of
the '* nddat-«l«'Alim Wit Tari^-ul-Salim." He died
1084 A. D., 477 A. H.
Ibn-Sfld, ^^^ t:^^ author of the Taba^it.
Ibn-Sina, ^U^, videAMSina.
IbllpShalia1>-ll»*Eoliri9 usn^' V^ u;f^ an Arabian
author who flouziahed during the Ehili&t of 'XJmar-ibn-
'Abdul 'Azfs.
Ibn-Sirajy ^Ir^ ei^^ whose proper name is Abii Bakr
Muhammad, was an Arabian author, and died in 928 A. D.
316 A. H.
nm-Uk'bay ^^iiri^t 0iu»asne of Jamal-uddfn Ahmad,
author of the <<nmdat^trT£lib." He died U24 A. D.,
828 A, H.
Ibn-Ufcda, l«^ u^^ «m^ Ah6'r Abb&s Ahmad-bin-Mu-
Ibn-Ul-Arabi, i/j^^ ui^j vide Ibn-A^abL
rbn-Ill-H«jar,./*^^ C;^^ vide Ibn-Hajar.
Ibn-nl-JaiaTi-bin-Miihammad, is:ij^^ nf^, an Ara- ;
bian au&or who died in the year 1480 A. J)., 833 A. H.
Ibn-Hl-Khashaby v*-**^* cH*, whose proper name is Ab6
Muhammad 'Abdullah, was an excellent penman. He
died at Baghdad in U72 A. P., 667 A. H.
Ibll«tiL*BuiDi> ^^Jlr^ U^N a fimous Arabian poet who was
co-temporary with Ayicenna. He Is the author of a
Diwin in Arabic.
Ibn^nl-Warda, ' Aj^t i:;^^ author of an Arabic history
called "Mukht&sir Jdma-ut-Taw&rikh," a valuable gen-
eral history from 1097 to 1643 A. D.
Ibn-Ufl-Salehy ^Wl ^^\^ whose proper name is Abii
'Amrd 'Uaniin.bin-'Abdur Bahmin-ash-Shahrsdri, author
of a coUeotion of decisions according to the docibrine of
Shi&% entitled *'Fatiwi Ibu-us-Haleh." He died in
1244 A. D., 642 A. H.
Ibn-Yemin, ui:*^ u^t^ a celebrated poet, whose proper
name was Amfr Mahmiid, which see.
Ibn-YunaSy %f^Ji c^^ astronomer to the EhaUf of Egypt^
who observed three eclipses with such care, that by means
of them, we are enabled to detennine the quantify of the
moon's aeoeleration since that time. He lived about a
century or more after Al-Batanf.
Ibn-Zobr, j^ ^^\^ vide Abdul Malik Ibn-Zohr.
Ibn-SiTiryky ^j^ cH', Taniiki, an author.
Ibrabiniy ^AjjS the patriarch Ahnham.
UM^abtelf f^bi^f im empevoroC the Ifoors of Africa in the
X2th century, who wan dethroned by his mbjects, and his
crowp usurped by 'Abdul Mumin*
Ibpahim, Bultan, ^i;i^ ^jUJ^, emperor of the Turin,
was the son of Ahmad (Aehmat). He eoeoeeded hjs bn>>
ther Murid lY (Amarath) in February, 1640 A. D., 1049
A* H., and spent a great part of his reign in the war of
Crete against the Venetians, but without any great suc-
cess. He was assassinated for his debaucheries and re-
peated cruelties in 1649 A. D.^ 1069 A« H. His son Mu»
nammad IV, succeeded him.
Ibrahim, ^f^t^ the son of Alashtar, killed in 690 A. D.,
71 A. H., in a battle fDught between the UiaUf 'Abdul
Malik and Misaa'b the ^ther of 'Abdullah, the son of
Zubair whose £uthfal friend he was.
Ibrahim, (^biU ^^ "^'Q o' Ibrfiifm Mahrin, a very
frmous doctor of the sect of 6h6la'f, and author of several
works.
Ibrahim Adham, ^^^ (^LH^ & king of Balkh, who
retired from, the world, became a Dervish and died be-
iTween the yeam 876 aod 880, aged 110 years. It is said
that he saw in a dream, a man on the top of a house
looking for something. He asked him, wba^ he was look-
ing for P The man replied, that he had lost his oameL
What a fool you must be, said the king, to be looking
for your camel on the roof of a house. The man rejoined.
And what a fool you must be to look for CKkL in the cares
and troubles of a crown ! Ibr&him from that day abdi«
oated his throae, and became a wandering Dervish.
Ibrahim 'Adil Shah I, ^J^^ (^i^!/iU Sui^ of bi-
Jipiir, Bumamed Abii'l Nasr, son of Ismafl 'Adil 8hih,
succeeded his broker Malld Adil Shih, on the throne of
Bij&ptk in the Dakhan in I5d6 A. D., 941 A. H. He
married the daughter of 'Ala-uddin 'Imid ShAh, named
Babia Sult4na in 1643 A. D., 960 A. H., reigned 24 lunar
years and some months, and died in 1658 A. D., 965
A. H, He was buried at Edki near the tombs of his
fitther and gnmd&ther, and was succeeded by his son 'Ali
'Ada Shfth.
'A4U Shah H, $^h^(^!^, ofBfj4p6r,
sumamed Abd'l Muxafihr, was the son of Tahmiusp the
brother of 'AH 'Adil Shih, whom he succeeded in April,
1680 A. D., Safar, 988 A. H., being then only in his
nixLth year* The management of public affairs was given
to £amil Eh&Q. Dakhani, and Chind Bfbi Sult&na,
widow of the late king, was entrusted with the care oi the
education of the minor monarch. For some time Kamal
Kh4n behaved with due moderation in his office ; but at
length was g^ty of some violence towards Chind Sul-
tiLna, who tuned her thou^ts to elfeet his desfrnctum.
She secretly sent a message to Haji Eiehwar Ehin, an
officer of high rank, who caused him to be murdered.
After this event Kishwar Ehfin, by the support and pa-
tronage of Chind Bibi^ gnurped the authority of the State,
and ruled with uncontix>lled sway, till he was assassinated,
AkhUs Khin next assumed the regency ; but after some
time he was seised by DiUwar ElULn, who put out his
eyes, and became regent of the empire. He was expelled
by the king in 1690 A. D., and his eyes put out and himself
confined in 1699 A. D. IbrdhM 'Adil Shih died after a
reign of more than 88 lunar years in 1626 A. D., 1036
A. H., and was succeeded by ids son Muhammad 'Adil
Bhih. The first building of any importance we meet at
Bfjipiir, IB the Ibrflbfm Bausa, the tomb of Ibrfitiun
'Adil ShiUi n. On a high-raised platform of stone,
separated^ by a square, in the midst of which is a houx
or fountain, stand the rousa and mosque opposite each
other, and oorresponding in sise and contour. The tomb
Is most elaborately ornamented, the waUa being covered
Ibrahim
115
Ibrahim
with ixuGriptiozta from the JgLnWun in raised stone Arabic
letters, which formerly were gilt, on a blue ground,
though now the colouring has worn away. The mosque
also is a beautiful building.
Ibrahim Ali Khan, e)^<^ (H* Wj the new chief of
Maleir Eotia is a minor of about 15 years of age (1872),
and is recdying his education in the Wards* School at
UmbaDa.
Ibrahim AH Khan, 0^4/^ (***tH^ nawib of Tonk,
grandson of the famous Pindara chief Amfr Kh&n. His
&tber Muhammad 'All Eh£n was deposed by the British
Ooveomment on account of the Lowa massacre in 1867*
He was installed as naw4b of Tank on the 19th January,
1871 by the British Govemment.
Ibrahim Astaraba(ii,c5«>^I^ ^bi^i an author who
tnuudated the Bisala or " Kitilb Hasania*' of Abii'l Fatiih
lUbi Makki from the Arabic into Persian in 1651 A. D.,
958 A. H.
Ibrahim Barid Shah, >^ ^J (H*L^^ succeeded his
htixer 'All Barid in the government of Ahmadabid Bidar
about the year 1562 A. D^ 970 A. H. He reigned seven
years and died about the year 1569 A. D., 977 A. H.
His brother JfjBigim Barid II, succeeded him.
Ibrahim Bayn, MaJik, J*^ ^!^» •-^. In the
provinoe of Behar there is a hillock called P£r Pahiirf, on
the top of which there is a tomb with Persian inscriptions
in verse, intimating that Malik Ibr&hfm Bay! died in
tiie reign of SnlUa Ffroi Shiih on a Sunday in the month
of ^-|ijja 753 A. H., which corresponds with January,
1858 A. D., but who he was we are not informed.
Ibrahim-bin-Aghlab, V** 'eH ^[xi^ i an Arabian cap.
tain who was appointed governor of Egypt and Afiica
by the Ehalif Hirtin-al-Bashid in 800 A. D., 184 A. H.
The descendants of this governor who settled in A&ica,
bore the name of A^hlabia or Aghlabites, and formed a
dynasty of princes who reigned there till the year 908
A. D., 296 A. H., when they were driven out by the Fa-
timites.
Ibrahim-bin-Ali, <^c^ j^lrl^ author of the work
called **Majma'-ul-Ans£b," or the Genealogy of the dif«
ferent dynasties of Persia, till 1233 A. D., 630 A. H.
Ibrahim-bin-Haririy iSji/^i:^ (H*W, author of the
"Tkikh Ibr^Lhimi." an abridged history of India, from
the earliest times, to the conquest of that country by the
emperor B&bar Sh&h, who defeated Sul^im Ibrihim Hus-
sain Lodf , king of Dehli, and became the founder of the
Mughal dynasty. It was dedicated to Bibar Bhihin
1528 A. D., 934 A. H.
Ibrahim*bi]X«pMiihammad«al-Halabi, 8 h a i k h^
on Theology called "Aljied Sunnia," and of the " Hul.
ta]^i-al-Abhir." This work, which is an universal code
of Muhammadan law, contains the opinions of the four
chief Mivi^^d Imima, and illustratea them by those of
the principal jurisconsults of the school of AM Hanlfiei.
He died 1649 A. P., 956 A. H., Hde Jmim 'Alam-bin-
'Ata.
Ibrahim-bixi*Naya], J^c^^^iHt, brother of Tughral
Bog's mother, a chief who defeated Tugh^n Shah I, a
prince of the Sa^f^pan £imily, in battle, took him pri-
Boner and blindoid him. Ibrihun was murdered t^ter
some time in 952 A. D^ 451 A. H., by Tughzal Beg, the
unde of Tukhin SlUUu
Ibrahim-bin-Saleh, ^^ i^ /^!^^ cousin of Hirdn-al.
Bashid. A curious story is given of him in the Journal
of the Boyal Asiatic Society, Ko. 11, that when he died,
Mauka-aloHindi the philosopher restored him to life,
and that Ibrdhim lived long after this circumstance, and
married the princess 'AH 'Abbasa, daughter of Al-Mahdi,
and obtained the government of Egypt and Palestine,
and died in Egypt.
Ibrahim-bin- Walid II, t5*^ ^^uff^^j^^t a Khalif of
the race of TJmaiya, succeeded his brother Yazid HE, in 744
A. D., 126 A. H., and had reigned but seventy days, when
he was deposed, and slain by Mu'iwia II, who ascended
the throne in Syria.
Ibrahim Hnsain, Khwi^a, cHe-^ f*i*W ^b
a celebrated caligrapher in the service of the emperor
'Akbar, who wrote a beautiful Kastali^ hand. He died
in the year 1593 A. D., 1001 A. H., and 'Abdul ^ddir
Bad^^f found the chronogram of his death to be contained
in his very name with the exception of the ^isk letter in
Ibrahim, viz,, Alif.
Ibrahim Hiuaixi Lodi^ Sultan, is^j^ Lf^'^ (^]y^
iiT^j ascended the throne of Agra, after the death of
his fftther Sikandar Shih Lodi in February, 1510 A. D.,
2i-]^'da 915 A, H. He reigned 16 years, and was defea-
ted and slain in a battie fought at Panipat with the em-
peror B&bar Shih on Friday the 20th April, 1526 A. D.,
7th Bigab, 932 A. H., an event which transferred the
empire of Dehli and Agrah to the family of Amur Taimtir.
From this batUe we may date the mil of thePa^h^n
empire, thougii that race afterwards made many efforts,
and reeover^ it for a few years in the time of the em-
peror Hum&y^
Ibrahim Hiisain Mirsa^ Ij^ ert-^ (^i^tHl, ason-
in-law of the emperor Humiiytin, and the second son of
Muhammad Sulf in Mini, who had four other sons be-
sides him, vw., Ist, Muhammad Husain Mixzi, 2nd,
Ibr&him Husain Mirzi, Srd, Masa'tid Husain Mirzi, 4th,
TJlagh Mini, who died in 1567 A. D., 975 A. H., and
6th, Shih Mirzi. They were styled, "The Minis,"
and were, on account of weir ill-conduct, confined in the
Fort of Sambhal by order of the emperor Akbar. When
that monarch marched in the year 1567 A. B., 975 A. H.
for the purpose of subduing Milwa, they made their
escape and sought an asylum with Chingix Khin, a
nobleman at Baroach. They took Ghampaneir and Siirat
and also Baroach in 1569 A. D., 977 A. H., and created
a great disturbance in the surrounding countries. Ibri-
him Husain was taken prisoner in 1578 A. D., 981 A. H.,
and shortiy after put to death by Makhstis IThAn^ gover-
nor of Multin, and his head sent to the emperor ; who
ordered it to be placed over one of the gates of Agrah,
(vide Gulrakh Begam) and caused his brother Masa'^d
Husain Mirzi to be confined in the fort of Gwiliar where
he soon after died.
Ibrahim-ibn-Aghlab, V^^tt^(^lr^»,akingof Barbary.
This country was reduced by the Saracens in the Khili-
l&t of 'Umar, and continued subject to the Khalif of
Arabia and Baghdid tiU the reign of Hirilin-al-Rashid,
who having appointed Ibrihfm-ibn-Aghlab governor of
the western parts of his empire, that prefect took the
opportunity, first of assuming greatar powers to himself
than had b€«n granted by the Khalif and then erecting a
principality altogether independent of the Khalif. The
race of Agnlab continued to enjoy their new principality
peaceably till the year 910 A. P., 298 A. H., during
which time they made several descents on the island of
BicUy, and conquered a part of it. About this time, how-
OTer, one Obeidullih surnamed ' Al*Mahdi^ rebelled against
Ibrahim
116
Ibrahim
the houae of Aghlal), and aaflnmed the title of Ehalif of
Kairwi&a.
rbrahim, Imami (^\y^ f^> This Ibxihfm who bean
the title of Imlun, or chief of the religion of Muhammad,
ia not of the number of the twelve Imims of the posterity
of 'Ali. He was a son of Muhammad, the son of 'All,
the son of 'Abdullah, the son of ' Abb^ the nnde of the
prophet, and eldest brother of the two first Ehalifs of the
house of 'AbbiU ; but was himself never acknowledged
for a Ehaltf. He was put to death by order of Marw&n
n, sumamed Himio-, last Ehallf of the house of TJmayya,
in the month of October, 749 A. D., Safar, 132 A. H.
Ibrahim Khan, u^^ (^Ji^9 the son of the celebrated
Amir-uLUmr& ' Ali Mard£n EMn. He was honoured with
the rank of 6000 in the second year of the emperor 'Alam-
gir 1659, A. D., and appointed governor, at different
periods, of Kashmir, Labor, Bihdr, Bengal and other
places, and died in the reign of Bahadur Sb&h.
Ibpahim Khan Patha Jang, *-^^ ^ J^ (^LH^
was a relation of the celebrated Ndr Jahan Begam, whose
mother's sister he had married. When l^asim Khiin the
grandson of Shaikh Salim Ghishti was recalled to court
from the government of Bihir in the twelfth year of the
emperor Jah&ogir 1616 A. D., 1025 A. H., Ibrahim Kh&n
was appointed governor of tliat province with the rank of
4000. He was killed at Dacca 1623 A.D., 1 032 A. H., in bat-
tie agfainst prince Khurram (afterwards Shih Jahin) who
had rebelled against his father Jah&ngir. His wife Rfih
Parwaz Khinam lived to a great age, and died in the
reign of the emperor ' Alamgfr.
Ibrahim Elian Snr, jr* iJ^ (H*W, son of Ghiai
Eh£n, governor of Bay&na, was the brother-in-law of Mu-
hammad Shih 'Adili, whose sister he had married. He
raised a considerable army and took possession of Dehli
and Agrah on the 28th February, 1555 A. D., 6th Jumada'
I, 962 A. H. He had no sooner ascended the throne, than
another competitor arose in the province of the Panjab,
in the person of Ahmad Khjin, a nephew of the late Sheir
8hih. He defeated Ibrahim Khan in a battie, and the lat-
ter retreated to Sambhal, while Ahmad Ehin took posses*
sion of Agrah and Dehli, and assumed the titie of Sikandar
Shah in May the same year. Ibrihim Khan was killed
by Sulaimim, King of Bengal, in Oriasa in a battle fought
in 1567 A. D., 975 A. H., and is buried there. Amongst
the incidents of the year 1555 A. D., 962 A. H., was tiie
explosion in the fort of Agrah, when enormous stones and
colimms were sent flying several kdt to the other side
of the Jamna, and many people were destroyed. As the
whole Fort was called B&dalgafh, the date was found in
the words, " The fire of B^dalgarh."
Ibrahim Ehawas, Lfb^ f^l;^N a pupil of Ab6
'Abdullah Maghrabi who died 911 A. B. He was called
Khaw&B, which means a basket-maker.
Ibrahim Kutb Shah, «^ V^ (^W> was the son of
ICuli Kutb 8hah I, sovereign of Gtolkan^a. On the death
of his brother Jamsheid Kutb Shih, the nobles of the
court elevated his son Subhan Kuli, a child of seven
years of age, to the throne ; but as he was unable to
wield the sceptre, Ibr^m was sent for from Bij&nagar,
where he then resided, and was crowned on Monday the
2Sth of July, 1550 A. D., 12th Rajab, 957 A. H. In the
year 1565 A. D., 972 A. H., he, in conjimction with the
other Muhammadan monarchs of the Dakhan, marched
against Ramr&j, the riji of Bij^agar, who was defeated
and slain, ana his territories occupied by the conquerors.
In 1571 A. D., 979 A. H., the fort of lUjmandrf was
taken from the Hindiis by Rafa't Ehim, the general of
IbHttiim ; the following chronogram commemorates the
date of its occnrrenoe : ** The temple of the infidels has
£Bdlen into our hands." Ibr&him Kutb Shih, after a
prosperous reign of 32 years, died suddenly on Thursday
the 5th of June, 1581 A. D., 2l8t Babf II, 989 A. H., in
the 51st year of his aee, and was succeeded by his son
Muhammad Eutb Shah.
Ibrahim Mirza^ U;^ (H^l^^ the son of Bahram Mirg£ and
grandson of Shih Ismaf 1 Safwf. His poetical name was
Jihf . He was murdered by order of his grandfather.
Ibrahim Mirza> Sidtan, U/^ ^]y^ iiM^, was the
son of Shihrukh Mirzi and grandson of Amfr Tuimtir. He
was governor of Fars during the life of his father, and died
a few years before him in 1435 A. D., 839 A. H. After
his death, his son 'Abdullah Mirxi succeeded him, and was
kiUed in battie ag^ainst Mirzi Abti Sa'id his cousin-ger-
man in 1451 A. D., 855 A. H.
Ibrahim Mirsa, l;/* f^M^ his poetical name was
Adam, which see.
Ibrahim Mirza, ^[y^ l^^ the son of Mini SuUimin
of Badakhshan, was bom in the year 1534 A. D., 941
A. H. When his father with the intention of conquering
Balkh went to that coimtry, prince Ibrihim accompanied
him, and was taken prisoner in battie and put to death
by order of Pir Muhammad Khin, ruler of Balkh in the
month of September, 1560 A. D., ^il-l^jja, 967 A. H.
Ibrahim Nayal, J^ (H^ir^N vide Ibiihfm-bin-NayiL
Ibrahim Nizam Shah, <^ r^ (^^lH^ succeeded his
fiither Burhin Nizim Shih 11, in the kingdom of Ah-
madnagar Dakhan in the month of April, 1595 A. D.,
Sha'bin, 1003 A. H., and was slain in action against the
troops of Ibrihim 'AdU Shih II, of Bijip^, after a reign
of only four months in the month of August, 1595 A. D.,
^il-bijja, 1003 A. H. Miin Manju, his Wazir, raised
to the throne one Ahmad a boy, said to be of the Nizim
Shihf feunily.
Ibrahim Fasha, '^^ (^!/^^ ^ adopted son of Mu*
hammad 'Ali Pasha of Egypt, was bom in 1789 A. D.,
and gave the first proo& of his gallantry and generalship
in 1819 A. D., in quelling the insurrection of the Wahabis.
He afterwards made several conquests. In 1848 A.D. when
Muhammad 'Ali had sunk into absolute dotage, Ibrihim
went to Constantinople, and was installed by the Porte
as Viceroy of Egypt ; but on the 9th November, 1848,
he died at Cairo.
Ibrahim Shah Sharki, Sultan, ^^J^ »^(^W u^*»^,
ascended the throne of Jaimp^, after the death of his
brother Mubirik Shih in 1402 A. D., 804 A. H. He was
£unous during his reign for the encouragement he affor-
ded to literature ; and we find that in those times of
anarchy and confusion which prevailed in Hindtistin,
Jaunpur became the seat of learning; as appears (says
Firishta] from several works now extant, dedicated to
Ibrihim Shih. He died in 1440 A. D., 844 A. H., after
a long reign of upwards of 40 years. He was beloved
in life, and he was regretted by aU his subjects. His
eldest son Mahmdd Shih Shar^ succeeded him.
Ibrahim Shah Pir,^S^ r^I^H^i a Muhammadan saint
whose tomb is in the district of Each thirty miles above
Lakpat. Fuitf Transactions Eoyal Asiatic Society, Vol. in,
p. 568.
Ibrahim Shaikh, (^l;i^ ^, tiie son of Shaikh Miisa,
the brother of ShaUch Salim Chishti. He served Akbar
for several years in the military line, and when that
emperor was proceeding to Kabul after the death of his
brother, Muhammad Hakim, Shaikh IbzihiiBi aooompanied
Ibrahim
117
Ikbal
him as for u Th&ieaar, where he fell sick throagh ex-
eese of dzinking and died on the 16th Mehr, in the 80th
year of Akbar^s reig^ corresponding with September,
1585 A. D., ShawwiU, 998 A. H. According to the work
" Miifiir-iil-nmr&," he was left behind by the emperor and
ordered to take charge of the fortress of Agrah, where he
died 1591 A. D., 999 A. H.
Ibrahim, Shaikh, ibn-Miifrij-tiB-Soiiriy tsjr^^
^J'^ 4^t ^f^l ^, author of the history of Alex-
ander the Qieat and of Khizir in Arabic, called '* Eit&b
Tarfkh al-Iskandar Zulkamain-al-Bumi-wa-Waifrat-al-
Ehizr." This is one of those substructures of truth upon
which Eastern nations haye erected a lai^e and romantic
edifice of fable, much in the same manner as the tales of
chiyaby of the Middle Ages, which though fictitious, were
partly attributed to real characters, as in the romances of
the Knights of the Bound Table and the Peers of Charle-
magne.
Ibrahim Shirwanl, Shaikh, i/^^ r**LH» f
- 9
ruler of Shirwin, who reigned about the beginning of the
ninth century of the Hijra. Maulani KkUhi flourished
in his time and died in 1435 A. D,
Ibrahim Shaibasi, ^/k^ {^1^^$ of Eirman BhShy a
pupil of Abti 'AbdulUh MaghrabL He liyed about the
year 900 A. D.
Ibrahim, Silltan, ^!j*^ ij^^, the son of 6ulUn Ha-
sa'ud I of Ghaznl, succeeded his brother Farrukhz^ in
1059 A. D., 450 A. H. He was a pious, liberal and just
prince. In the first year of his reign he concluded a
treaty of peace with Sult6n Sanjar the Saljukide, at the
same time his son Masa'ud espoused the daughter of
Maliksh^ sister to Sultan Sanjar, and a channel of
friendship and intercourse was opened between the two
nations. He afterwards came to India and took several
forts ajxd obtained the title of conqueror by the extent
of his yictories. Sult&n Ibrihfm had 86 sons and 40
daughte r s by a variety of women, the latter of whom he
gave in maniage to learned and religious men. He died
after a reign of more than forty years in 1098 A. D., 492
A. H., ag^ 76 lunar years^ and was succeeded by his son
Bultin Masa'ud II or III. AocordiDg to the work called
«Tarik Guzida" he reigned 80 years and died in the
year 1086 A. B., 481 A. H.
'Ibrat, ^'^J^f the poetical name of Ahmad 'AH Khim,
ooosin of Kawib Sa'4dat Eh^ Zulfilpur Jang.
'Ibrat, ^ji^j ^e poetical title of Mir Zaya-uddin, a poet,
who wrote the first part of the story of Padm&wat in TJrdii
veise, and died ; consequently the second part was written
by GhuUm 'All 'Ishrat, and finished in the year 1796
A. D., 1211 A. H., the chronogram of which he found
to ooaZtain the words " Taoiif Dosha'ir."
'Ibrat, ^'^J^f the poetical name of 'Abdul Mannfa, which
■AA
DvOa
'Ibrat, ^t2^> the poetical name of Ahmad, a musiciaa of
DehlL who, from the instructions that he received from
Mirza 'Abdul Kidir Bedil, became an excellent poet.
He at first had assumed " Maftilm" for his poetical name,
but afterwards changed it for ** Ibrat." He was a co-
temporary of N^ir 'All the poet, and was living about
the year 1688 A. D., 1100 A. H.
'Ibraty «^f2/^^y the poetical title of M£r Zias&-uddfn, author
of the first portion of the story of Padm^wat in Urdd
verse. He died about the year 1795. A. D. Vide Padmiiwat.
Idris or Adris-bin-Hisam-uddiii, Mulla, tt;^^f
30
fim^ (1^ i/*^^t ^^ author of the history called " Ta-
rikh Hasht Bahisht," or the Eighth Paradise, containing
the Memoirs of the most illustrious characters of the
Mahammadan retigion, who flourished horn 1451 to 1506
A. P.
'Idrisi, (S^J^U (Ab6 'Abdullah Muhammad-ibn-' Abdullah
Idris), also called SharCf-al-Idriif-al.8i^ author of a
system of Arabian geography, composed in 1153 A. D.
He is said to be one of the most eminent Arabic geo^-
phers and descendant of the rojral fiunily of the Idrisites.
He ?ras bom at Ceuta or 8ibt& (Givitas) in the year 1090
A. jy. The title of the above work is " Nuzhat-al-Mush-
ta^" and it has been translated ittto lAtin by several
authors.
• •
Iftikhar Slian, J^J^^^, title of Sul^in Husain, the
eldest son of Mir *Abd61 Hidf, entitled AsAlat Ehin Mir
Bakhshi, who died at Balkh in the 20th year of the em-
peror Shih Jahin 1647 A. D., 1057 A. H. In the first
year of 'Alamgfr, 8ultiii Husain was honored with the
title of Iftikhar Eh&n. Some time before his death he
was appointed Faujdir of Jounp^, where he died in 1681
A. D., 1092 A. H.
IfHSkt BanOy y* v£«A^^ daughter of the emperor Jahingur.
Her mother was the daughter of Said Ehim of Kashghar.
Bhe died at the age of 3 years.
Ihsaziy e)t«*^t, the poetical name of Mirz4 IbsjinulUh, com-
monly known by the title of Nawib Za&r Eh£n, who at
one tune was governor of E&bul when the poet Muham-
mad 'All 8aeb of Persia came to see him there. He died
in 1662 A. 1)., 1078 A. H., and is the author of a Diw&n
in Persian.
Ihsan, cf^«-»^t, the poetical name of 'Abdur Bahm^ Ehin
of Dehli, who wrote exoellent poetry in Urdii, and died
some time after the year 1844 A. D., 1260 A. H.
Ihsaxiy i^^^^^^y the poetical title of a Hindd named Chunni
Ul, who was Uving at Agrah in 1760 A. D., 1174 A. H.
Ihtisham Khan, O^ (•UJa.f, title of Shaikh Farfd of
Fathapdr Sikri, the son of ]K:utb-udd£n Shaikh Ehiiban.
He served \mder the emperors, Jahingir, 8hih Jahin uid
'Alamgfr ; and was raised to t^e rank of 3000. He died
in 1664 A. D., 1075 A. H.
Qad, ^^^ the poetical name of Mfr Muhammad Ihs6n,
who died in the year 1721 A. D., 1133 A. H,
Ika Pandity ^^'^ ^j aMarha(tawho,inthetfaneof8hih
Alam and Madho B^ Scindhia, held the appoiiitmeiit of
Uie Stibadarship of the fort of Agrah.
Ikbal Khan, O^ J^y was the son of Za&r EhIn, the
son of Ffros Shih Tughlak- He defeated Nasrat Ehin
and ascended tiie throne of Dehli about the beginning of
the jear 1400 A. D., 802 A. H., and was slain in a battle
against Ehizr Shin, the governor of Multin, in Novem-
ber, 1405 A. D., 19th Jumid^ I, 808 A. H. After his
death Snltin Mahm^d 8hih, who was defeiO^d by Amir
Taimyr and had fled to Qujrit and then to (anauj, re-
turned on the invitation of Daulat Ehin Lodi who com-
manded at Dehli^ and took possession of the empire.
Ikl>al-nddai]la Mnluiin AH Khan, «^ u^ c^-««^
A^t J^^j the son of Shams-uddaula Ahmad 'Ali
Ehin, the s(m of Nawib Sa'idat 'Al£ Ehin of Lakhnau.
He sailed for England to claim the throne of Audh in
January, 1838, A. £>., and aiter trying in vain to obtain the
recogmtien of his olaim m Englaftd, detenniBed upon
Ikhlas
118
Hinad
passing the lemainder of his days in a life of sanctity in
Turkish Arabia. He is the author of the work cfiJled
" Ikbal Firang."
Ikhlas Khan Husain Beg, ^ e^i-^ o^ u^*^^
a nobleman of the reign of the emperor 8h&h Jahioi who
died in the year 1639 A. D., 1049 A. H.
Ikhlas Khan Ikhlas Keish, i^ u^^t u^ uP^^i
was a Hindu of the tribe of Khattri of L4hor. He was
well-yersed in Persian, and served under the emperor
'Alamg^, who conferred on him the above title. In the
time of Farrukh-siyar he was raised to the rank of 7,000.
He wrote the history of that emperor and called it <* B&d-
Bh£h Kama." See Eishun Chand.
Ikram Khan, iiy^ (b^^y ^^e son of IslAm KMn and Lfedli
Begam, the sister of Ab41 Fazl, the prime minister of the
emperor Akbar. Vide Islam Kh&n.
Ikram Khan, e^^ fl/^^ title of Sayyad Hasan, an amir,
who served under the emperor 'Alamgir, and died in 1661
A. D., 1072 A. H.
Ikram All, {J^ (•i^S author of the Urdd " Akhwin-us-
Saf^" which he translated from the Persian in the year
1810 A. D., 1225 A. H.
Ikram-uddaula, ^J*^' (•]/ 1, the brother of 'Ali Nakf
Khin, the prime minister of Wajid 'All Shah, king of
Lakhnau, died Augpist 1869, A. D.
>Ikrima, ^^j^y son of Abd Jahl.
>Ikrima, ^^tJ^y ^^ Akrima.
Iksir, Miraa, U^.r^^ vide Aksfr.
Hah Wirdi Khan, c)^ iS^jJ *^^j
Ilah Yar Khan, ^2)^ jij aUi,
Ilahi. LS^^ ^^ author who, according to the work called
" EhuUsat-ol-Aflha'&r/' died in 1538 A. D., 945 A. H.
Hahi, Mir, kSr^^/^i name and poetical title of a person
who was a descendant of the Sayyads of Eashid&b&d in
Himid^. He came to India in the latter part of the
reign of Jahingir, and served under his son 6h^ Jahim.
He is the author of a biography called ** Khazma Ganj
Ilahi," and of a Diw&n containing amorous songs. The
author of the "Mirat Jahan" says, he died in 1648
A. D., 1057 A. H., but from the chronogram which
Ghani Kashmiri wrote at his death, it appears that he
died in 1654 A. D., corresponding with 1064 A. H.
Ilahi, Shaikh, c5r' ^^> & philosopher of Baylna, who
in the time of Salim Sh£h, king of Dehli, made a great
stir, by introducing a new system of religion. He called
himself Im&m Mahdi, who, according to the Shia's, is still
living and is to conquer the world. Having raised a
great disturbance in the empire, he was in the year 1547
A. D., 954 A. H., scourged to death by order of that em-
peror.
HdigOZ, Atabak, ^^ «^^^ was a Turkiah slave,
sold to Sul^ Masa'ud, one of the Saljuki princes. He
is said to have so completely established himself in the
feivor of his royal master, that he advanced him to the
highest stations in the kingdom : and the able manner
in which Ildiguz executed every duty that was assigned
to him, led at last, not only to his being charged with the
education of one of the young princes, which gave him
the title of At&bak or Atabeg, but to his marriage with
the widow of Tughral II (tiie brother of Masa'tid, and
i^ephew of 8ul^ Sanjar), and within a shoirt period
vide Alah Wirdi
Khin.
he became the most powerful noble of the Persian empire.
He died at HamdAn in 1172 A. D., 568 A. H., in the
reign of Arsalan Shah, and left his power and station
to his eldest son At&bak Muhammad.
List of the Atdbaks of the race qf Ildijfuz.
Atdbak Hdiguz, died 1172
„ Muhammad, son of Ildiguz, ^ H^
„ l^izal Arsalin, son of ndiguz, slain 1191
„ Abii Bakr, son of Muhammad, .... died 1210
„ Muzaffar , son of Muhammad, he was defeated 1 1 26
by Sultin Jalal-uddin of Khwa-
rizm, and died some time after.
He was the last of the At&baks
of the race of Hdiguz who reigned
in 'Azurbejan.
nham, (•V^ vide MaWl.
Umas *Ali Khan, ij^ c5^ U»^'^ the celebrated rich
and powerful eunuch of the Court of Naw4b Asif-uddaula.
He died in 1808 A. D.
ntitmish, LT^^ vide Altamish.
'Imad-al-Katib or imad-uddin-al-Katib, ^^
sJ»\^\ 4^i>j| ^l^ b vj'^t, that is, 'Im4d the Secretary,
was the surname of Muhammad, the son of * AbdulUh, the
son of Samad, also called Isfah&ni. He was a celebrated
author, and has written in Arabic the history of S^fch-
uddin (Saladin) the SulUn of Egypt and Syria, in seven
volumes, entitled ** Bark-ush-Shdmi,'* the Lightning of
Syria. He died 1201 A.D., 597 A. H.
'Imadi, LS^^i surname of Jam£l-uddin-bin-Imad-uddfn
Hanafi, author of the Arabic work called "Fusdl-ul-
'Imadi."
»Imad Pakih Kirmani, Khwaja, i/f/ ^ ^^
Aa.|^^ a Muhammadan doctor who lived in the time of
Sh&h Shujia' of Shir&z. His death is mentioned in the
♦* Jawfliir.ul-Asha*£r" to have happened in 1391 A. D., 798
A. H., but according to the poets lUhi and Daulat ShAh
he died in the year 1371 A. D., 773 A. H., which appears
to be correct. Ilahi also mentions to have seen 12,000
verses of his composition, and that he is the author of
the works called "Muhabbat N&na," and **Mehnat
Nama,'* adding that he wrote in all a " Panj Gkmj," that
is to say, five Masnawis or Poems. It is mentioned in
the " Habfb-us-Siar," that Khwaja 'Imid had a cat that
would stand up to prayers with him, and do what he did.
This was believed by ShAh Shujaa* to be a miracle of the
Khw4ja; but Khwija Hifiz who was his cotemporary,
and would not take it for a miracle, but a deceit of the
doctor, wrote a ghazal on that occasion ; the following is
the translation of a couplet from the same : " O thou
charming bird, where art thou going, stand still, and be
not proud (or think thyself to be safe) because the cat of
the saint says prayers." Imid Khwdja was buried at
Kirman, the place of his nativity.
'Imad Khwaja, ^^ ^J^, vide Imid Fa^ih.
'Imad Shah; *^ ^^^ vwfolmAdul Mulk, commonly called
Fatha-ulUh,
»Imad-uddin Katih, ^^ c^^'^bU^, vide 'Imid-al-.
El^tib.
'Imad-Uddin, e;J«>^'<»^, surname of ?aw Arsalin-bin-
D6ud-bin-Sukmdn-bin-Artai:. Ndr-uddin Mahm6d wa&
his son, to whom Silah-uddin (Saladfn) the Sult&i oi
Egypt gave the city of 'Amid or ^axa Amid, 1183 A* P^^
579 A. U.
Imad
119
Imami
^Itaiad-uddiHy i:^^^^^, author of a poem called the
" Qnldasta" or the Nosegay, which he composed in 1664
A. D., 1076 A. H. He was a native of IndiiL
'Imad^uddin, Ui^^^^^ author of the hiBtoiy of the
Saljdkides.
'Imad-uddin Zangi, ^) e^«)^l ^^, the son of Afsa-
IfSTf was one of the Atdbaks or ruling ministers under
the latter princes of the Saljiikian race. He was the
first of that branch that had the government of Mousal.
He received the governorship of that province in 1127
A. D., 521 A. H.) from Sul^&n Muhammad, the son of
Sultdn Malikshih S^juki, reigned 19 years, and was
murdered by one of his daves in 1145 A. D., 540 A. H.
The following is a litt of thejmncea of this race,
A. D.
'Im&d-uddin Zangi, began 1127
Saif-uddin Ghaci-bin-Zangi who defeated the
French at Damascus, began 1145
Kutb-uddin Maudud, son of Zangi, .... 569 A. H. 1149
Kur-uddm Mahmiid, son of Zangi, he reigned at
Aleppo and formed another branch, died 569
A.H
Malik S&lah, son of Nur-uddm, succeeded his £&-
ther and reigned at Aleppo and died 1174, ....
Al-Muizz Saif-uddin Ghazi-bin-Maudud, .. began 1170
Azz-uddin Masa'iid-bin-Maudud, ...... ........ 1 180
Ntir-uddin Arsalan Sh&h-bin-Masatid, 1193
Malik-ul-E£hir Azz-uddin Masa'tid-bin-Nur-uddin, 1210
Niir-uddin Arsalin Sh&h-bin-K&hir, 1218
Niior-uddm Mahmud-bin-Kahir, 1219
Al-Malik-al-Rahun Badr-uddin Luld, 1 222
Al-Malik-us-S61ah Isma'il-bin-Ltilti, 1269
Sakib or AUppo hraneh,
*Imid-uddin Zangi, , 1127
Kdr-uddin Mahmud-bin-Zangi 1146
Al-Malik.us-Salah Isma'A-bin-Niir^uddin, 1174
'Imid-uddfn Zang^-bin-Kutb-uddm-bin'Maudiid,
deHvered Aleppo to Salah-uddfn (died 1197 A. D. 1181
His son Muhammad reigned at Singara.
•Imad-uddaula, *^ i^ *^j«^l «i^, sumamed 'AM
B6ya, was the son of B6ya, a fisherman who rose to the
command of the armies of the Sul^ of Dilam and ob-
tained possession of Persia, &c., which he divided with
his two brothers. He fixed his residence at Shfrdz 933
A. D., 321 A. H., and died in the year 949 A. D., 338
A. H. Vide 'Ah' B6ya.
'Imadld Mulk, ^*^t ^^, commonly caUed PathulUh
'ImidSh&h, founder of the 'Imid Sh&hi dynasty in the
Dakhan, was descended irom the Kanarese iiifidels of
Bijanagar. Having been taken prisoner in the wars wiUi
that country when a boy, he was admitted among the
bodyguE^s of Ehin Jahin, commander-in-chief and
governor of Beraf. In the reign of Muhammad 8h4h
Bahmanl, through the influence of Ehw^ja Mahmiid
Gaw&n, he received the title of 'Im&d-ul-Mulk, and waa
subsequently raised to the office of commander of the
forces in Berar. After the murder of his patron Ehw^'a
Mahmiid Gawan in 1481 A. D., 886 A. H., he retired
to his government of Befap. On the accession of Sulf^n
Mahmiid Bahmanf, he was honored with the office of
wiz^t, which he held for some time, but being soon
after disgusted with the court, he left it and declared his
independence in the year 1485 A. D., 890 A. H. Elich-
piir was his capital. He died about tiie year 1513 A. D.,
919 A. H., and was succeeded by his eldest son 'AU-uddin
'Iqiad Sh&l\.
List of the kings of the *Imdd Shdhi dynasty of Bsfdr.
Fath.ullih 'Imild Shih.
'Al^-uddin 'Im&d Shih, son of Fath-ulUh.
Baria 'Imad Sh&h, son of 'AU-uddm.
Burh&n 'Imid 8hih.
Tufal Khin, prime minister of Burhan 'Imid 8hih« who
usurped the throne, but was opposed from Ahmadnagar,
and the £Eimily of 'Imid Sh^ and Tufid extinguished in
1568 A. D.
^Imad-ul-Miilk» *2UJ|^U^^ title of that Ghizi-uddm
Khin who murdered his nuister 'Alamgir II, emperor of
Dehli. Vide Ghazi-uddin Khan III.
'Imad Zangi, cA *>U<», tnVfo 'Imid-uddin Zangf.
Imaniy f^t & ^1^ priest or head or chief in religious mat-
ters, whether he be the head of all Muhammadans, as the
Khalifa or the priest of a mosque, or the leader in the
prayers of a congregation ; but this sacred title is given
by the Shias only to the immediate descendants of 'Ali,
the son-in-law of the prophet, which are twelve, *Ali be-
ing the first. The last of these, Im4m Mahdi, is supposed
by them to be concealed (not dead), and the tide which
belong^ to him, cannot, they conceive, be given to an-
other : but among the Sunnis it is a dogma, that there
must be always a visible Im&m or " father of the church."
The title is given by them to the four learned doctors
who are the founders of their faith, viz. : Im&ms Hanifa,
M&lik, ShiLfa% and Hanbal. Of these four sects, the
Hanbalite and Milikite may be considered as the most
rigid, the Sh^'ite as the most conformable to the spirit of
Isliuidsm, and the Hanifite as the wildest and most phUo-
Bophical of them all. Two other Im^ms, Abii Piiid-ujB*
Zahiri, and Sufiim-us-Sauri were also chie& of the ortho-
dox sects, but their opinions had not many followers, and
after some time were totally abandoned. Ibn-Jarir-ut-
Tabari, whose reputation as an historian is so faniiliftr to
Europeans, founded also a particular sect, which disap*
peared soon after his death. The following are the names
of the twelve ImiLms of the race of 'All
Imiun 'All, the son-in-law of the prophet.
I, Hasan.
„ Husain.
„ Zain-ul 'Abidin.
„ Bi\xi or Muhammad Bi^pr.
„ Jafar Sddi^.
„ Miisi Kazim.
„ 'All Miisi Baza.
„ Tal^f or Muhammad Ta^£«
'All Na^f.
Hasan Askari.
Mahdi.
Imani 'Alam-bm-'Ala-al-HaxLafl, ^ftLsr'iJU ^ ^u
^^1, author of a large collection of Fatwaa in several
volumes, entitled " Fat&w4 Titiurkhinia," taken from the
«* Muhit-al-Burh&uI," th© " Zakhirat," the " Kh£nia" and
" Zahiria." Afterwards, however, a selection was made
frt)m these decisions by the Imam Ibr£him-bin-Muham-t
mad-al-Halabt and an epitome was thus formed, which
IS in one volume, and still retains the title of '^ Tatar-
khania."
Imam Bakhsh^ Shaikli, cA^ r^f ^^, vide Sah£b(.
Imam Baldish^ Shaikh, cr^ r^* ^^a v*^ Kdsikh.
Imam Bakhsh, Moulvi^ l^ f^ ^Jt^t vide Sahbif*
Imam 'Asiiny title of Aba Hanifa.
Imami Hirwi, Moulana, ^^ {/^^ ^h^, he is
called Hirwi, because he was a native of Hir&t He was
an excellent poet and co-temporary with the oelebzated
TinftTn
120
Iradat
ShAikh Sa'di of Shdis, whom, in the opinion of some
writers, he snrimssed in the E^asida. He died about the
year 1281 A. P., 680 A. H^ and has left a Diw&n.
Imam Malik, tr^» iifi^ *fiUU ^lo\^ gon of Anas, one of
the four Imlma or JuiiaconBiilts of Mecca. He died on
the 28th of June, 795 A. D., 7th Babi' II, 179 A. H., in
the tame of the Ehalif Har^in-al-Baahid. Vide M&lik-ibn-
Anas.
^Uf ^j a Mnfti in the
Imam Muhammad,
reign of H&rdn-al-Rashid the Khalifa. He died at Bagh-
dad in 802 A. D., 186 A. H., and is said to have written
999 works. He was a pupil of Imim Ab6 Y^saJ^ who
committed his notes to him, and he (Muhammad) made
great use of tibem in the composition of his works. Vide
Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad-bin-Husain.
Imam-uddin Amir Katib-bin-Amir Umar,
J*^j^^ 4:^ V^K/i*^ ^'^^ C^^9 author of a Commen-
tary on the Hid&ya entitled *' Kif&ya" which he finished
in 1346 A. D., 747 A. H. He had previously written
another explanatory gloss of the same work, and entitled
it the " Ghdyat ul-Bayin."
Imdad Ali, t5^ «>t«>*l, the rebel Deputy Collector, who
was hanged at Banda together with the rebel Tahsfld&r
of Pailani Muhammad Muhsin on the 24th of April, 1858.
Imrit Bao, jb *rir*^ vide Amrit B4o.
Imtihani, t^^*^^'> poetical name of Imim-uddfn Beg.
Imtiyaz, i^^ the poetical name of raji Dayi Mai,
whose father was Diwan of Asad Khin the Wazir of
'Alamglr, and he of Ghazi-uddfn EMa, styled 'Imid-ul-
Mulk.
Imtiyas Khan, Sayyad, u^^ cj^ j^^ «H-,
whoso poetical name is Khillis, was a native of Isfahan or
Mashhad. He came to India in the time of the emperor
'Alamgv, was appointed governor of Gujrat for some time,
and was slain by Khuda YAr Khan in 1710 A. D., 1122
A. H., in Sindh. It is said that l^daam Ali Kh^n, the
Nawab of Bengal, was his grandson. He is the author of
a Diw&n.
Ina'amuUah Khan, e)^ ^ C^^, vide Yeldn.
Inayet Khan, ^T ij^ ^A^^ ^hose poetical titie is
'Ashn& or Ahsan, and proper name Muhammad T&hir,
was the son of Zafar KhAn. He was an excellent poet,
and is the author of the work called '' Shah Jahdn Nama,"
a history of the emperor Shih JahAn. Besides the above-
mentioned work, he is the author of a BiwAn and a Ma;-
nawi He died in 1666 A. D., 1077 A. H,
'Inayet-nJlah, Shaikh, c5^^ *^i *s^^ ^, of
Dehll, author of the work called " Bah&r DAniah," a col-
lection of amusing tales, principally satires on women.
Several of these tales were published by Colonel Dow,
under the titie of " The Tales of 'Iniyet-ullah," and the
whole work was translated in the year 1799 A. D., by
Jonathan Scott, Esq., in three volumes, octavo.
'Inayet-iillah Khan, ij^ *^» ^J^, the son of Shuk -
ullih EMn, a descendant of Sayyad Jam&l of Naishiptir.
His mother Hafiz Maziam was tutor of the princess Zeibun
NisA Begam, the daughter of the emperor 'Alamgfr ; by
her influence her son 'Iniyet-uU&h EMn was raised by
degrees to the rank of 2500. In the reign of Farrukh-
siyar the rank of 4000 was conferred on liim^ and in that
of Muhammad Shah, of 7000. He is the author of the
work called " Ahkim 'Alamgirf," and compiler of the
•' Kahnit "TaiyabAt" He died 1726 A. D., 1139 A. H.
Indarman Bnndela, Raja, *k^. u^J^ *^J> tt©
brother of BijA SnjAn Singh. He died in the Dakhan
about the year 167$ A. D., and his zamindiri of Urcha
and the titie of rijA were conferred upon his son Jaswant
Bing^ by the emperor 'Alamgfr.
Inaaf, ^^•'^^j the poetical name of Muhammad IbdUifm.
His fiither was a native of E^hur&s&i, but he was bom in
India. He was a cotemporary of Sarkhush the poet,
was living about the year 1688 A. D., 1100 A. H., and
died young.
Insan, c^t, the poetical titie of Naw&b Asad-uUih Asad
Yar Khin. He held the mansab of Haft Haz&ri in the
reign of Muhammad Shah, and died in April, 1745 A. D.,
Babi' I, 1158 A. H. His remains were brought to Agrah
and buried there in the cemetery of his ancestors.
Infliha or Insha AUah Khan, o^ ^^ k ^t, a poet
and eon of Mlshi AlUh Eh6&. He is the author of four
Diw^ of different kinds.
Intikhabi, iS^^^U * poet who was a native of Ehurfisin,
but was brought up in India. He is the author of a
Diwin.
Intizam-uddaula Khan Khankhanan, e)^^ ci^
AJjaJi ^l^t^ the second son of Nawib Jglamar-uddin
Eh&n Wazir. He was appointed to the rank of second
Bakhshi on the accession of Ahmad Sh4h to the throne
of Debli in 1748 A. B., 1161 A. H., and was honored
with the appointment of Wazir in 1763 A. D., 1166 A. H.,
after the dismissal of Naw&b Safdar Jang fr<nn the office.
He was murdered by 'Imid-ul-Mulk Gh£d-uddfn Khin
on the 26th November, 1769 A. D., 5th Babi' n, 1173
A. H., three days before the assassination of the emperor
'Alamgir II.
Iradat Khan, c)^ «^•>l)^ tiie titie of Mir Ishil^ or IshAV
Khin, the son of Nawab 'Arim Khan who held a high
rank in the reign of the emperor Jahingir. Ir&dat Khan
held various offices under Shih Jah&n, and in the first
year of 'Alamgir's reign he was appointed governor of
Audh, but died after two months in October, 1668 A. D.,
^il.j^jja 1068 A. H.
Iradat Khan, ^j u>^ ^^% the titie of Mirzi Mu-
barik-ullah, whose poetical name was Wazah. His father
lB-h4k Khan (who afterwards held the titie of Kifiyet
Khan) was the son of Nawib 'Azim Khan. Both his
grandfather and father were noblemen of high rank. The
former was Mir Bakhshi to the emperor Jahingir, and
was afterwards appointed Faujdir of Jaunpur, where he
died in 1649 A. D., 1069 A. H., the latter held various
offices of importance under Shah Jcdiin and 'Alamgir,
and died soon after his appointment to the government of
Audh in 1668 A. D., 1068 A. H. His title was also Iri-
dat Khdn which was conferred on his son after his death.
In the 33rd year of 'Alamgir our present poet was ap-
pointed Faujdar of Jigna, and at other periods, of
Aumgibad and Mindo in Milwa. In the rei^ of Shih
'Alam Bahidur Shih, he was governor of the Boib, and
the intimate friend of Mua'zzim Khin, Wazir. In the
latter part of his days, he led a retired life, became a Ka-
land&r, and died in 1716 A. D., 1128 A. H. His abilities
as a poet were great, and he left a volume of poems be-
hind him. He is the author of the " Kahn£t 'Aliilt,"
(Sublime discourses,) " Mina Biusar" and of a history of
AurangzeVs Successors, which latter was translated into
English by Jonathan Scott, Esq., in 1 786 A. D. After
his death, which happened in the time of Farrukh-siyar, his
son Mir Hidiet-ulUh received the title of Hoshdar Khdn,
held the rank of 4000, and died at Aurang&bid 1744 A. D.,
1167 A. H.
( 121 )
Ishrat
\/\}^y whose proper name is Fakhr-nddin Ibrihim-
bin-Shahiy&r, was a native of Hamdan in 'Ir&V, and a
pupil and grandson by the mother's side of the great
Shaikh Shsdiib-uddfn Suharwardf, author of a host of
mystical works highly esteemed by the Sdfis. 'Ira|p
offended his parent and master, in consequence of some
love attachment, and went to India, where he remained
some time, regretting his native country, and uttering his
complaints in moving verse. He lived in company with
the Shaikh Bahi-uddin Zikaria of Multan, whom he ac-
companied on his journey and became his disciple. 'Ir&ki,
after a long sojourn in India, proposed returning to his
own master, Shah&b-uddm ; but the latter had died, and
our poet continued his wanderings to Syria, where he
expired after a long life of eighty-two years on the 23rd
November, 1289 A. D., 8th 2i-Ka*da, 688 A. H., and was
buried at S&lahi in Damascus close to the tomb of Shaikh
Muhi-uddfn Ibn-ul-'Arabi. His son Shaikh Kabir-uddin
is also buried there. 'Iraki is the author of a work called
" Lama'&t," f>ide Fakhr.uddfn 'Ir&ki.
'Irfaily iJ^J^y poetical name Muhammad Ri^l^ the son of
Muhammad Jan Irfan, author of the '* Kir N&ma," con-
taining the exploits of 'All Mardin Eh^, the Amir-ul-
TTmriS. of the emperor Shah Jah&n.
IrtiBa 'Ali Elian Bahadur, j^^rJ u^ uh ^N
author of the *^ Fariez Lrtizia," a concise treatise in Per-
sian on the law of Inheritance, which appears to be the
principal authority of that law in the Dakhin. It was
printed in Madras, but without a date.
'Isam-uddin rbrahim-bin- Muhammad Isfaraeni,
i/ij^\ 6*«*^^ ^1^1 ^^J\ j.Up, an Arabian author,
who died 1536 A. D., 943 A. H., and is the author of the
marginal notes in Arabic called ** Hashia Is&m-uddin."
^Isa-ibn-Musa, «|/r>^ cHt d^'H^f the cousin-german of
the Khalif Abti Ja'feur Mansur, after whose death in 776
A. D., 158 A. H., he entertained thoughts of setting up
for himself at Ktifa where he then resided ; and in order
to facilitate the execution of his scheme, fortified himself
in that city. But al-Mahdi, the son of Manser, being
apprised of his defection, sent a detachment of 1000 horse
to bring him to Baghdad ; which being done, al-Mahdi
not only prevailed upon him to own allegiance to him,
but also to give up his right to the succession (he being
the next apparent heir to the crown) for 10,000 according
to some, and according to others 10,000,000 dinars.
Isa Bawajiy c^J^ ^-^i a poet of S&wa who was a "Kiti,
He died in 896 A. D., 291 A. H.
*l8i Turkhan, Mirsa, c^^y ^sr^ !iy*> was a Turk-
min and commander-in-chief of Shih Beg Arghun, king
of Sindh's army, after whose death he took possession of
Thaft^ of which he was then governor, and assumed the
title of king. He reigned 13 years and died in 1567
A. D., 975 A. H., when he was succeeded by his eldest
son Mini Muhammad B£]pi Turkhin, who, during his
rule always maintained a friendly intercourse with the
emperor Akbar of Dehli, frequently sending presents,
and acknowledging fealty to that monarch. He died
after a reign of 18 years in 1585 A. D., 993 A. H., and
was succeeded by his grandson Mirzi J&ni Beg.
IsdigerteSy ^Jt^^, ^^ Yezdljard.
Isfithani, 4^ ^t***^ author of the " Danish NAma," a sys-
tem of natural philosophy.
Isfan or Stephen, u^^^tj is the name and takhallns of
a Christian, bom at Dehli. His fsither was a European.
He was alive in 1800 A. D., 1216 A. H.
31
Is&ndiyar, jU^^iUil, the son of Kisht&p or Gasht&ip
(Hystaspus) the fifth king of the £ay&nidn dynasty of
Persia, was a great warrior, and appears to be the Xerxes
of the Greeks. He was killed by Rustam before his
other's death.
Is-hak; (5****f^ the poetical title of JamiU-uddfn, a cotton-
thrasher of Shir4z. He was an elegant poet, and has left
us a Diwin called " Aksir-ul-Ishtiha," the Elixir of Hun-
ger, full of amorous songs and parodies on the odes of
Khwaja Hafiz, each verse of which contains either the
name of a sweetmeat or a dish. He lived in the time of
prince Sult4n Sikandar, the son of Umar Shaikh, who
much esteemed him. His proper name is Abd Is-h&lj:,
which he uses in poetry by abbreviating it into Bus-hi^
vide Ab6 Is-ha^.
Is-hak-bin-'AU, ij^ er^ (5**^», author of a Dfwin in
Arabic, and of a work called " Zuhr-ul-'Adib.'* He died
in 1022 A. D., 413 A. H.
Is-hak-bin-Husain or Hiinainy uir^ cH C^***t,
^»j»xa, an Arabian author who translated the Almagastf
of Ptolemy from the Greek into Arabic under the title of
" Tahrlr-al-Majasti:" This book is to be found in the
French King's Library, No. 887. Sh^^i has written a
commentary on this work, and entitled it *' Hall Muahki-
l&t-al-Majastf."
l8-hak Khan, O^ o^^^f, styled M6'tamin.uddaula,
whose original name was Mirzi Ghullim 'Ali, was a no-
bleman of high rank, and a great fsLvourite of the emperor
Muhammad Shih of Dehli. He was a good poet, and
used for his poetical name Is-hal^. He died in the 22nd
year of the emperor 1740 A. D., 1153 A. H., and after
his death, his daughter was married to Shuja-uddaula, the
son of Naw4b Safdar Jang, and the nuptials were cele-
brated with uncommon splendour, 1746 A. D., 1159 A. H.
Is-hak, Maulana^ O^^^^ ^^^> a learned Musalm^n
who was bom at Uchcha in Mul^. In his youth he
dedicated himself under the guidance of his uncle Sayyad
Sadr-uddm lULju Kattal, whose sister was his mother.
He died in 1456 A. D., 860 A. H., and waa buried in the
compound of his own house at Sahdranpur.
l8-hak Mousaliy U^J^ c5^***^ a celebrated Arabian
author, bom at Mousal. It is related in the Kit&b Ala-
gh&ni, that when he was on a journey, he carried with
him eighteen coffers full of books, though he declared,
that if he had not been anxious to make his luggage as
light as possible, he would have brought double the
quantity.
'Ishk, i^^j poetical title of Sh£h Rukn-nddin who
flourished in the reign of the emperor Sh&h ' Alam.
Ishkiy i^^^^^} the title of a poet who flourished in the reign
of the emperor Muhammad Sh&h, and is the author of a
Diw&n. He died in 1729 A. D., 1142 A. H.
^Shki, ^/^^i poetical title of Shaikh Muhammad Wajih,
son of GhuUm Husain Mujrim of Patna. He was for
ten years under the English government Tahsildar of
Eharwar ; was living in 1809 A. D., 1224 A. H., and is
the author of a Diwan.
'Ishraty C97^9 poetical name of Mirzi 'Alf Riz£, who col-
lected his poems into a Diw&n under Muhammad Shih in
1747 A. D., U60 A. H., and died shortly after.
'Ishrat, ^J^9 author of the last part of the story of Pad-
mawat in Urdii verse, which was complete4 by him 1796
A« D« Vidi Padmawat and Ibiat.
'Ishrati
( 122 )
Isma'il
'iBhrati. c^ir^^i poetical name of a poet who ia the aathor
of a small Dfw^. His name is Aka 'AH of Isfahan, he
came to India, and on his return died at Mashad.
Ishtiyaky O'^^N poetical name assumed by Sbih Wall
TTlUh of Sarhind, who was the grandson of Shaikh Ah-
mad Sarhindi. He was a distinguished Theologian and
Sufi. He died in 1748 A. D., 1161 A. H., and left several
works. Shah 'Abdul *Aziz of Dehli, the most celebrated
Indian Theologian in modem time, was one of his sons.
Ishuri or Ishwari Singh, *^ iSJ^^t the son of
Baj& Jai Singh Saw&i, whom he isucceeded to the rij of
Jaipur in 1743 A. D. He died in 1760 A. D., and was
succeeded by his son Madho Singh.
Ishiiri Farshad Narain Singh Bahadur ur>^^
>>lH *^^ 4:^!/ i>^^, rij&ofBenara8(1869).
Iskandar, j«>^^l, Alexander the Great. Vide Sikandar
Zulkamain.
Iskandar Manishi, j^^^i^j**^!, whom Stewart in his
" Catalogue of Tippii Sult&n's Library " calls Sikandar
Hamnaahmt is the author of the ''Tankh 'Alam 'Arae
'Abbisf/* a history of the Persian king^ of the Safwi
dynasty, from Sh&h Isma'il I to Shah 'Abb&s iha Great,
to whom it was dedicated in 1616 A. D., 1025 A. H.
iBlam Khan, o^ ^^^ t^^^e of Mir ZayA-uddfn Huaain
Badakhshi, whose poetical name was WlUd. He senred
under the emperor 'Alamgir, and waa raised to the rank
of 6000 with the title of IsUm Ehin. He died in the
year 1663 A. D., 1074 A. H., at Agrah, and the chrono-
gram of his death was written by Ghani Kashmiri. He
was the fsither of Nawibs Himmat Kh^ Saif Kh^ and
'Abdur Bahfm Ehfuu
Islam Khan, U^ (*^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^ 'Stika. and grand-
son of IsUm Khin Mashhadi, was Siibad^r of Lah6r in
the time of the emperor Farru^-siyar, and was raised to
the rank of 7000 in the reign of Muhammad Sh&h.
lalam Khan Mashhadi, Nawab, <^^t^ ui^ f^^
v!y 9 (he is by some called Isl^ Khin Rtimi, but that is
a mistake). He was a native of Maahhad, and his
original name was Mir ' Abdus SaUm. In the time of Ja-
hangir he held the mansab of 6000, and the Siibadjiri
of Bengal ; and in the time of Shah Jahin was raised to
the rank of 6000 with the title of Motam-uddaula and held
the appointment of second Bakhshig£ri and govemor-
ship of the Dakhin. He afterwards was again appointed
governor of Bengal. In the 13th year of Shah Jahin he
was raised to the rank of Wizdrat with the title of
Jumdat-ul-Mulk. Shortly after he was raised to the rank
of 7000, and the Subadiri of the Dakhin. He was wazir
to Shah Jahan and held the mansab of 7000, with the title
of Islim Khan. He was some time before his death ap-
pointed governor of the Dakhin where he died in the 21st
year of the emperor, on the 2nd of November, 1647 A. D.,
14th Shawwal, 1057 A. H., and was buried at Auranga-
b^.
Islam Khan Bnmi^ iji^jo cM" (*^*, title of Husain
P&sh^ son of 'All Fashi. He was governor of Basra, but
being deprived of that situation by his uncle Muhammad,
he left that country and came to India in 1689 A. D.,
1080 A. H., where he was received by the emperor 'Alam-
gir with the greatest respect, and honored with the rank
of 6000 and title of Islam Khin. He was killed in the
battle of Bijapur in the Dakhin on Ihe 13th of June,
1676 A. D., 11th Babi' 11, 1087 A. H. He had built his
house at Agrah on a piece of ground consisting of four
bigas and seven cottas, and a garden on a spot of three
bigas and nine cottas, on the banks of the river Jamna
near the Ghit called Taj&ra close to the fort of Agrah.
Islam Khan, Shaikh, o^ c^\ i**, styled Nawtt
Ya'tzid-uddaula, was a grandson of Shaikh Salun Clushti,
and son-in-law of Shaikh Mubarik, the father of the cele-
brated 'Abu'l Fazl, whose sister, named Li^i B^^am, he
had married. He was appointed governor of Bengal by
the emperor Jah&ngir in 1608 A. D., 1017 A. H. Nawib
Ikrim Khin was his son, and l^&sim Khin his brother.
The latter succeeded him in the government of Bengal in
1613 A. D., 1022 A. H., in which year IsUm Khin had
died. His remains were transported to Fathapur Sikri
where he was buried.
Islam Shah, <^ ^^^^ vide Salim ShiOi.
Isma'il, C> &* »^>, or Ishmael, the son of the patriarch
Abraham.
Isma'il, O^^J^^ f^^ cH tli*<-»', the eldest son of
Imim Ja'&r S&dilj:, from whom the sect of Isma*ilis or
Isma'flias take their name. They maintain, that Isma'il,
who was the eldest son, but died during his father's life,
should have succeeded to the dignity of Imam, and not
Musi K&zim, who was his younger brother, and became
the seventh Imam. Hasan Sabbah was of this sect. Vide
Isma'ilis.
Isma'il I, Safwi, Shah, isy^ Ji**^l »Li, the son
of Sultan Haidar, was the first monarch of the Safwian
dynasty of kings who reigned in Persia. He traced his
descent from Mtisi Kasim the seventh Imam, who was
descended in a direct line from 'All, the son-in-law of
Muhammad. Almost aU his ancestors were regarded as
holy men, and some of them as saints. The first of this
fEimily who acquired any considerable reputation was
Shaikh Saii-uddin, who had settled at Ardibel, and from
whom this dynasty takes its name of Safwia or Safwi.
His son Sadr-uddm Musa, as well as his immediate de-
scendants, Khw&ja All, ^laikh Ibrahim, Sul^ Junaid,
and Haidar, acquired the greatest reputation for sanctity.
Cotemporary monarcha, we are informed, visited the cell
of Sadr-uddin. The great Taimiir (Tamerlane), when he
went to see this holy man, demanded to know what £Eivour
he should confer upon him. '^Release those prisoners
you have brought from Turkey," was the noble and
pious request of the saint. The conqueror complied ;
and the grateful tribes, when they gained their liberty,
declared themselves the devoted disciples of him to whom
they owed it. Their children preserved sacred the obli-
gation of their fathers ; and the descendants of the cap-
tives of Taimiir became the supporters of the family of
Safi, and enabled the son of a devotee to ascend one of the
most splendid thrones in the world. Khwaja 'AH, after
visiting Mecca, went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and
died at that city. His grandson Junaid, sat on the mas-
nad as a spiritual guide after the death of his father
Shaikh Ibrahim ; and so great a crowd of disciples atten-
ded this holy man, that Jahin Shih, the chief of the tribe
of the Black Sheep, who at that time ruled Azurbejftn,
became alarmed at their numbers, and banished him from
Ardibel. Junaid went to Dayarbikar, whose ruler, the
celebrated Uzzan Hasan, received him kindly, and gave
his sister in marriage to Junaid. He afterwards went
with his disciples to Shirwan, where he was slain in a
conflict with the troops of the king of that province in
1456 A. D., 860 A. H. His son SultiUi Haidar succeeded
him, and his imcle, Uzzan Hasan who had now by his
overthrow of Jahan Shih and Sulfin Abfi Said, become
sovereign of all Persia, gave him hia daughter in mar-
riage. The name of this princess according to Muham-
madan authors, was 'Alam Shoa', but we are informed by
Isma'il
( 123 )
Isma'il
a ootemporary European 'vmter, that she was called
Martha, and was the daughter of Uzzan Hasan by the
Christian lady Despina, who was a daughter of Calo
Joannes, king of Trebizond. Snlt&n Haidar also lost his
life from the wound of an arrow which he received in a
battle with ttie troops of Shirw&n Shih and Ya'l^tib Beg
in July, 1488 A. D., Shab&i, 893 A. H. SulUm Haidar
had three sons by this princess ; Sulf^n 'Aii, Ibrahim
Mirz& and Bh&h Isma'il. When Isma'il attained the age
of fourteen (his elder brothers having died some years
before), he put himself at the head of his adherents, and
marched against the greai enemy of his family the ruler
of Shirw&n, called Shirwin 8h£h, whom he defeated
1600 A. D., 906 A. H., and soon after ; by another victory
gained over Alwand Beg, the son of Ya'kiib Beg, a prince
of the dynasty of the White Sheep, he became the master
of the province of Azurbejdn, and established his resi-
dence at the city of Tabrez ; and in less than four years
became the acknowledged sovereign of the kingdom of
Persia. He was bom on the 17th July, 1487 A. D., 26th
Bajab, 892 A. H., died after a reign of 24 limar years on
Monday the 23rd of May, 1624 A. D., 19th Hajab, 930
A. H., aged 38 years, and was buried at Ardibel. Mu-
hammadan historians fix the commencement of his reign
from the year 1600 A. D. He left four sons ; Tahmasp,
who succeeded his father, Sam Mirz^ Bahrim, and Ikh-
1^ Mirzd, and five daughters. He composed a Turkish
Diwin in which he uses tiie Takhallus of Ehitabi
Thefolhwing is a lUi of the Safwi kings of Persia,
1. Shih. Isma'il Safwi, 1st son of Sul^in Haidar.
2. Shih Tahmasp Safwf I, son of Isma'fl Safwi.
3. Sh&h Isma'fl II.
4. Muhammad Khud4 Banda.
6. Hamza, son of Khud& Banda.
6. 8h^ Isma'il III, son of Ehud& Banda.
7. Sh&h 'Abb&B I, son of Khud& Banda.
8. Sh4h Safi, the son of Saf( Mirzd, the son of 'Abb^
9. ShiUi 'Abb^ II, son of Sh4h Safi.
10. Sh£h Sulaim&n, son of 'Abb£s 11.
11. Sh&h Husain, son of Sulaim&n.
12. Sh&h Tahmasp 11, last of the Safwi dynasty.
Mahmiid, an Afgh&n.
Ashraf, an Afghan.
18. Sh^ 'Abb/is III, otVfe N4dir Sh^.
Nadir Shih.
Isma'il II, Safwri, Shah, J^is>^^^^^^^ «^, Becond
son of Sh&h Tahmasp I, Safwi. whom he succeeded on the
throne of Persia in May, 1676 A. D.. Safar, 984 A. H.,
by the aid of his sister Pari Kh&nam, who sent for him
£rom the fort of Kahkah where he was confined by his
father for the last 18 years. The short reign of this
unworthy prince was marked by debauchery and crime.
Immediately on his accession, he directed the massacre
of all the princes of the blood-royal that were at ^azwin,
except 'Ali Mirz£ whose life was spcured : but even he
was deprived of sight. His eldest brother Muhammad
Mirzi, who had a natural weakness in his eyes, which
rendered him almost blind, and was during his iSEither's
life, employed as governor of Ehuras&n, was then at
Shidiz. Orders were sent to murder him and his son
'Abbiis, but before they could be executedi Isma'il was
found dead one morning in a confectioner's house, sup-
posed to have been poisoned by his sister. His death
happened at Kazwin on Sunday ihe 24th November, 1677
A. D., 13th Ramaj^n, 986 A. H., after a short reign of
one year and six months. He was succeeded by his eldest
brother, Muhammad Mirz& who, on his accession to the
throne, took the title of Muhammad Ehudi Banda.
Isma'il, <J^**^^ Bumamed al-Manstir, third or fourth Khalif
of Barbary of the race of the Fatimites, succeeded his
fitther al-K&em 946 A. D., 334 A. H., and having defea-
ted and slain Y^d-ibn-Eondat who had rebelled against
his father, caused his body to be flayed, and his skin
stuffed and exposed to public view. Al-Mansur died after
a reign of seven years and sixteen days in 962 A. B.,
30th Shaww&l 341 A. H., and was succeeded by his son
Abti Tamim Ma'd sumamed Mo'izz-uddin-allih.
Isma'il 'Adil Shah, Sultan, «Li Jo^ di«4^l, of
B^jiptir, sumamed Abu'l Fatha, succeeded his father
Yusaf 'Adil Sh£h on the throne of Bij^pur in the Dakhin
in 1610 A. D., 916 A. H., and died alter a glorious reign
of 26 lunar years on Wednesday the 27th of August,
1634 A. D., 16th $afar, 941 A. H., and was buried at
Eiiki near the tomb of his father. He was succeeded by
his son Mallil 'Adil Sh&h.
Isma'il-bin-Hasan, er*^ c^ ^^*»<-»^ , author of the
work called " Zakhira Ehw^rizm Shih." He flourished
in the reign of AU-uddin Takash, Sul^ of Ehwirizm
who died in 1200 A. D., 696 A. H., and was a cotemporary
of KbayAni the poet.
Isma'il, Sayyad-bin-Husain Juijani, i^i^^\
^L^ c;i*«^ U^. «H-«, author of two medical works
in Persian, called " Aghr&z-ut-Tibb," and " Ehiff-i-'Alii,"
which he dedicated to Alp Arsalim, Sult&n of Ehwirizm.
Isma'ili, (/A*»^l or Isma^ilia, ^^^--t, a family of
chiefs, who had through the means of superstition, esta-
blished an influence over the minds of their followers, that
enabled them to strike awe into the bosoms of the most
powerful sovereigns, and to fill a kingdom with horror
and dismay for a period of nearly two centuries. Their
ruler, who may be justly termed the chief of the assas-
sins resided on a lofty mountain, called Alahmtit, and
fate was in his hands ; for there was no shape which his
followers could not assume, no danger that they could not
brave, to fulfil his mandates. These were the Isma'ilis
or assassins, well-known by the Crusaders, as subjects of
the Old Man of the mountain. They were completely
extirpated by Halikti, the Tartar king of Persia, in the
year 1266 A. D. Vide Isma'il and Hasan Sabb&h.
Isma^il Hakki, Shaikh, «^ J**^» ^, author of
a commentary on the Kur&n called " Eiih-ul-Bay&n," and
of the "Hadis-ul-Arba'in."
Isma'il Mirsa, lir** tt ** *.^^, of Isfahan, an author.
Isma'il Nizam Shah, »^ f^ J**^!. His father,
prince Burhdn Sh&h, having been defeated in an attempt
to dethrone his brother Murta'z& Niz4m Shah, had fled
for protection to the court of the emperor Akbar. On
his departure he left behind him two sons, named Ibra-
him and Isma'il, who were kept confined in the fortress
of L&h^gurh. On the death of Mirin Husain Sh&h, the
younger being raised to the throne of Ahmadnagar by
Jam^ Ehin in the month of March, 1689 A. D., Jum£da
1. 997 A. H., took the title of Isma'il mzim Shah. His
finther Burh&n Shih having received assistance from the
emperor Akbar, marched against his son, but was defea-
ted. However in a short time after this, he renewed his
attempts, and being joined by a great majority of the
chiefs and people, attacked JamiU Eh&n the king's min-
ister, who was HUed in the action on the 27th April,
1691 0. S., 13th Bajab, 999 A. H. Isma'il, who had
reigned little more than two years, was taken prisoner
and confined by his f&ther, who ascended the throne of
Ahmadnagar with the title of Burh^ Niz&m Shih II.
Isma'il Fasha, ^^ tl^^^^t, the present Ehaddev or
king of Egypt^ son and successor of Muhammad * A1f
Pa^ba, who died in August^ 1849 A. D.
Isma'il Samani, Amir, (^^^ <-lii*^t^;H, the first
Eing or Amir of the race of Simin, called S^mAni, tiaced
Ismat
( 124 )
Ihia
his descent from Bahr&m Ghobin, the warrior who con-'
tended for the crown of Persia with Khusro Parvez.
S&m£n, the great-grand&ther of Isma'il, is termed, by
European writers, a keeper of herds, and a robber : but
this merely designates the occupation of a Tartar chief.
His father Nasr Ahmad, the son of Asad, the son of S&-
Tci&n, was appointed governor of Mawarun Nahr by the
Khalif Mo'tamid in the year 875 A. D., 261 A. H. On
his death his son Isma'il succeeded him. Ismail, after
his conquest over Amru-bin-Lais, whom he seized and
sent to Baghdad, in 900 A. D., became independent.
The power of the dynasty of the Samanis extended over
Ehuraa&n, Seistin, Balkh and the countries of Trans-
Oxania, including the cities of Bukh&ra and Samarkand.
This justly celebrated prince died after a reign of twenty
years in 907 A. D., Safar 296 A. H., aged 60 years, and
was succeeded by his son Amir Ahmad Samani.
The names of the kings of this £Eunily who were called
Amirs, and who continued to reign for a period of 128
lunar years, are as follow : —
1. Amir Isma'il S£mani. 6. Amir Mansdr I.
2. „ Ahmad SamAni. 7. „ Ntih II.
3. „ Nasr-bin-Ahmad. 8. „ Manser 11.
4. „ Ntih I, son of Nasr. 9. „ 'Abdul Mdlik II,
5. „ Abdul Malik. the last of this
»
race.
'Ismaty ^^^^^^^j vide Asmat.
^startLSlli, c5fLr*^"*^^ wai? Muhammad-bin-Mahmiid.
Istagliaiia» "*J^' . poetical title of * Abdul Basdl.
Itabiy ifi^f a poet, who died in the year 1614 A. D., 1023
A.H.
Itkad Elian, U^ .^laipt^ the brother of 'Asaf KhAn,
Wazir, and son of Ya'tmid-uddaula. He was appointed
governor of 'R'afiliTnir by the emperor Shith Jah&n, which
situation he held for several years. He died at Agrah in
1660 A. D„ 1060 A. H.
Itkad Khan, iJ^ o^^\, the title of Mirzi Bahman
Y&r, the son of 'Asaf Ehiin and grandson of Ta'tmad-
uddaula. He was raised to the rank of 4000 in the 26th
yearofShih Jahin 1661 A, D., 1061 A. H., with the
title of Ya'tkad Ehin, which his father held for some time
as well as his uncle the brother of 'Asaf Khan. In the
6th year of 'Alamgir 1662 A. D., 1072 A. H., the rank
of 6000 was conferred on him. In 1667 A. D., 1077
A. H., he proceeded to Dacca in Bengal, to visit his bro-
ther Shaista Kh&n who was then governor of that pro-
vince, and died there in the year 1671 A. D., 1082 A. H.
Itkad Ehan, U^ 6^^^, former tiUe of ZulfiV&r Ehiin
Nasrat Jang.
Itmad Ehan Eliwaja Sara, Lr» ^^'ty^ c>^ jW^t,
an eunuch and officer in the service of the emperor Akbar.
He was stabbed by his servant Mal^sud 'Ali in 1678
A. D., 986 A. H., and was buried at a place called Itm£d-
pur, twelve miles from Agrah, which he had founded in
his lifetime.
Itmad Khan, m)^ ^^^^, title of Shaikh *AbdAl ^awi,
an Amir of the reign of the emperor ' Alamgir. He was
murdered by a ](^alandar in 1666 A. D., 1077 A. H.
Itmad-uddaula, ^J^^ ^ W^l, title of Khwija Ayfo or
Ghay&s the fisither of the celebrated Nur Jahin Begam,
the &yourite wife of the emperor Jahangir. He was a
Tartar and came from Persia to India in the reign of the
emperor Akbar. In the time of Jahangir, he was raised
to the high rank of Wazir, with the title of Itmid-ud-
daula, and his two sons to the first rank of 'Umra with
the titles of 'Asaf Khin and ItUd Eh&n. He died near
K6t Kingji where he had accompanied Jahangir on his
viray to Kashmir in February, 1621 O. 8., Rabi' I, 1030
A. H. His remains were transported to Agrah, and
buried on the left bank of the Jamni, where a splendid
mausoleum was built over his relics by his daughter Nur
Jahan. It was completed in 1628 A. D., and is still in a
high state of preservation. It is said, but it seems not
to be true, that she intended to raise a monument of silver
to his memory, but was reminded by her architect, that
one of less covetable material stood a fairer chance of
duration. After his death, his son 'Abti'l Hasan was ap-
pointed Wazir with the title of 'Asaf Khan. No private
family ever made such alliances with royal blood, as this
Tart^ ; for, his own daughter, his son's daughter and the
daughter of his g^ndson, were married to three successive
emperors of Hindust&n; and another daughter of his
grandson, to prince Mur&d Bakhsh, who disputed the throne
with 'Alamg^, and for some days thought himself in
possession of it. The place where he is buried, was a
garden built by Itmdd-uddaula during his lifetime.
There are two tombs of yellow stone under the Rauza,
one of which is of Itm&d-uddaula and the other is
said to be his wife's. It has a very large gate towards
the east, built of red stone. It has two minars on both
sides in the same number as there are two on the side of
the Jamna towards the west. There is on the chabtitra
towards the Jamna a fish made of stone ; if the water
runs in and rises as far as its mouth, the whole of
AUah&bdd will be inundated.
'Itmad-Uddaula, ^^J*^^ •i^^, title of Muhammad Amir
Kh^ the prime minister of the emperor Muhammad
Shah. Vide Muhammad Amir Kh&n.
Itmad-uddaida, ^j^^ .iUi*l, son of Muhammad Amin
Khin, Wazir. Vide l^amar-uddin Kh&n.
Itsam-uddin, Shaikh, ui^\ (•^-«*^' ^, author of
the ** Shagarf Kama-i-Wiliet," being the travels of the
author in Great Britain and France, some time before or
after the year 1766 A. D., 1180 A. H. This work has
been translated into English.
Ihia-bin-^ Abdul Latif-al-HtLBaim of Kazwin,
Amir, (J^r^^ diMi^ avc ^, ^^^h author of
the "Lubbut Taw^Uikh," which he composed in 1641
A. D., 948 A. H. Hiji Khalfa gives his name as Isma'il-
bin-' Abdul La^if, and in the Misir.ul-TJmra, he is called
Mir Ihia Husaini Saifi. He was patronized by Shah
Tahm&sp Safwi, but his enemies, envious of his good
fortune, endeavoured to poison his patron's mind c^ainst
him, and at last prevailed so fSsLr as to induce the king
to order him together with his son Mir Abdul Lati^ to be
imprisoned, the latter, however, made his escape, but
Mir lahia died in prison after one year and nine
months' imprisonment in 1666 A. D., 962 A. H., aged 77
years. His second son AU-uddaula Imown by the poeti-
cal name of Kami, is the author of the work called
" Nafais-ul-M&ir." His eldest brother Mir 'Abdul La^if
who had fied to Gilan, came afterwards to Hindtist&n
with his family some time after Akbar had ascended the
throne. By him he was received with great kindness and
consideration, and was appointed his preceptor. He is
said by some authors to have died at Sikri in 1663 A. D.,
971 A. H., but the author of the »' Masir-ul-'Umra" writes
that his death took place in 1573 A. D., 981 A. H.,
and that Kasim Arsaldn foimd the chronogram of his
death to be " &khar&lyas." His eldest son Ghayas-
uddin 'Ali was also endowed with an excellent disposi-
tion, and served Akbar for a long period. In the 26th
year of Akbar's reign, 1681 A. D., he was honored with
the title of Nakiib Khan, by which he is now best
known. In the time of Jahingir he attained still far-
ther honors, and died at Ajmir in 1614 A. D., 1023
^Izzat
( 125 )
Ja'far
A. H. He was buried there in a marble tomb witiim the
area of Mo'in-uddin ChiahtTs maosoleum, where his wife
also lies buried by his side. Nalpb ISh&Di was one of the
compilers of the first portion of ^e " T&rikh Alfi," and
, the translator of the ** Mah&bh£rat," though this honour
is nsually ascribed to Faizi. He left a son named Mfr
'Abdul Latlf who was a person of great worth and ability
and attained high honours, but died insane.
lyar Muhammad Khan, Mir, e)^ «>^^*^^^*, the
son of Mir Mur&d 'Ali, former ruler of the Haidar&bad
portion of Sindh. He is a brother of Muhammad "Khan,
who being dispossessed and kept for some time a prisoner on
the annexation of Sindh under Sir Charles Napier, was
allowed to return, and now resides at Haidar&b&d as a
private gentleman upon a pension from Goyemment.
laid Bakhflh, Miraa, tA*^ 4>5* lirii*. His poetical
name was Baai ; he was the grandson of ' Asaf Khin Ja'far
Beg who was Wazir to Jahingir. Izid Bakhsh was at
first employed by the prince 'Azim Sh&h, and then by his
fEither tiie emperor 'Alamgfr in the capacity of Munshi.
On the accession of Fairukh-siyar, he was disgraced by that
emperor on accoimt of his casting some reflections on his
father Azim-ush-Shan at the time of the battle which
took place between 'Azim Sh&h and his brother BahiLdur
Shah. By the order of the emperor, the hairs of his mus-
taches were plucked out one by one, and afterwards he
was cruelly murdered. This eyent took place about the
beginning of the year 1713 A. D., 1125 A. H. His .tomb
is still to be seen in the compound of the Xgrah College.
'Izsat, ^^^ poetical name of (Shaikh) 'Abdul 'Aziz, which
see.
'Izsaty ^^^9 poetical name of Sangham L&l, which see.
'Izzaty ^0^9 poetical title of Jaikishun, which see.
Izzaty <^^} poetical appellation of Shaikh Wajih-nddin.
'Izzat-uddaiOa Mirza Muhsin, bj^ ^J^\ «i>*
(^y^f brother of Naw&b Safdar Jang. He was sent to
Persia on an embassy to N&dir Sh£h after his invasion of
Hinddstin, by the emperor Muhammad Shih. Vide
Najaf T^y^^n and Muhammad l^uli Eh&n.
'Izz-uddin Abdul Aziz-bin-Abdus-Salam Da-
mishki, Shaikh, c^\^ u^>!>^'«H** i:ri:^\y
VM^ ^J^^^, author of the ** Sht^rat-ul-Ma'irif:" He
^ed in the year 1261 A. D., 660 A. H.
laa-uddin Husain, crt-^ iiH'^^y^ He was created
by Sultiui Ibrahim of Ghazni, Amir H^ib, in which sta-
tion he conducted himself so well, that the king gave him
a princess of the house of Ghazni in marriage. He rose
dMly in fevour and estimation, till Sul^in Masa'iid the son
of Ibrahim, put him in possession of the principality of
Gh6r. By the princess of Ghazni, he had seven sons
entitled the seven stars. One of them, Fakhr-uddfn
Masa'dd, became king of Bimyin. The second was Kutb-
uddin Muhammad, who married his cousin, a princess of
Ghazni, the daughter of Sultin Bahrfim Shih. The third
was *AU-uddin Hasan, prince of Gh6r, who destroyed
Ghazni. Izz-uddin during his lifetime paid tribute to
the Saljtillp as well as to the Ghaznavides.
'Izz-uddin Khalid Khani, 4/^^ ^^ ui^iy,
author of the work called " Dalief Fir6z Shihi," which
he translated into Persian by order of Fir6z Shih, fifom a
Hindi book which treated on philosophy, astrology and
divination.
32
-uddaula Bakhtyar, j^*^ *!W!>^i the son of
Mu'izz-uddaula-ibn-B6ya. He succeeded to the kingdom
of 'IraV the same day on which his father died, m.,
Monday the 1st of April, 967 A. D., l7th Rabf H, 366
A. H. The Khalif al-Tdya Billdh in the year 974 A. D.
gave him his daughter in marriage, on whom a dowry of
one himdred thousand dinirs was settied by her husband.
He was a noble prince, and possessed such bodily strength
that he would seize an enormous bull by the horns and
throw him to the ground. A contest which arose be-
tween him and his cousin 'Azd-uddaula relative to their
respective possessions, caused a breach between them
which led to a war, and on Wednesday the 29th May,
978 A. D., they met and fought a battie, in which Izz-
nddaula was slain, aged 36 years. His head was placed
on a tray and presented to 'Azd-uddaula, who on seeing
it, covered his eyes with his handkerchief and wept.
J.
Jabali, <x t^^ the son of Ayham, last king of the tribe of
Ghass&i, who were Christian Arabs. He became a Mu-
hammadan, and afterwards attempted to assassinate
Umar, the second Khalif after Muhammad. He died 673
A. D., 63 A. H.
Jabali, %J^9 surname of Abt!i 'Ali Muhammad-bin*' Abdul
Wahilb, who was the master of the celebrated Abd'l Hasan
al-Asha'ri, chief of the sect of the AahiiriftTia^ and one of
the four InUUns of Musalmanism.
Jabaliy *^**^> poetical name of 'Abdul W^ who was bom
in the mountains of GhurjisUui, hence his takhsdlus
which means mountaineer. He found a patron in Bahriun
Sh^ of Ghazni, and served Sul^ Sanjar Saljdki four-
teen years. He died in 1160 A. D., 666 A. H., and left a
Diw^ of Easidas. Vide 'Abdul Wis^.
J^}}9iTfJ^t poetical name of Ab&Mdsa Ja'&r-al-Saf^ which
see.
Jabila Bam Nagar,^ ^b ^^9 a Hindd chief who
was governor of AUah&bad, and died there in the com-
mencement of the reign of Muhammad Sh&h in 1720
A. D., 1132 A. H. His nephew Girdhar was appointed
governor of Andh after his death, and in 1724 A. D., 1136
A. H., the government of Milwi was conferred on him,
and the Subadiiri of Audh was given to Burhin-nl-Mulk
Sa'&dat Ehan. B4j& Girdhar died at M£lw& during the
invasion of B&ji R&o Marhatta, the general of Riga S&h4
about the year 1729 A. D., ii42 A. H., and was succeeded
by Day& Bahiidur his relation, who continued gallantly to
resist the enemy, and fell in battle about the year 1780
A, D., 1148 A. H., when Muhammad Ehin Bangash was
appointed governor of that province.
Jabir, *Wt<H* {:)* ^^, the son of 'Abdullah, was a com-
panion of Muhammad and a traditionist. He was present
in nineteen batties which Muhammad fought, and died in
the year 692 A. D., 73 A. H., aged 94 years.
Ja'far, ^^AA^y poetical title of 'Asaf EMn, commonly called
Mirz4 Ja'£u Beg.
Jaf ar^ ^/^^^^i a soldier by profession. He is the author of
a Ma^nawf, which he dedicated to the emperor Shih
Jah&n.
Ja'far
( 126 )
Ja'far
Ja'far-al-Barmaki, d^ eH J^j^^ j^> 8on of
Ahia or Yahia and grandson of KhAlid, the 8on of Barmak
who was originally a fire-worshipper. He succeeded his
fether Ja'fer as wazir to the Khalif Harun-al-Rashid ;
his grandfather having been wazir to Abti'l 'Abbas
Saffto, who was the first of all the Khalifs who had a
wazir. This wazir Ja'far, was a great favourite of H4-
rdn-al-Rashid, who gave him 'Abbasa, his sister, in
marriage, under the condition to have no carnal con-
nection with her, but he transgressed the command, for
which the Khalif ordered his head to be struck off. He
also threw his brother al-Fazl and his father Ahia into
prison, and there left them to die. Ja'far was only 28
years old when he was executed, having been in the favour
of Hardn-al-Raahid for the space of seventeen years.
Ja'far was beheaded on Sunday the 29th of January, 803
A. D., 1st Safar 187 A. H., his body was gibbetted on
one side of the bridge of Baghdad, and the head stuck up
on the other.
Ja'far ah Khan, tt>^ t5^ J^*^} commonly called Mir
Ja'far, whom the English placed on the masnad as
Naw4b of Bengal, Behar and Orisai, after the defeat and
death of Nawdb Sir&j-uddaula, in June, 1757 A. D.,
Shawwal 1170 A. H. He was, however, deposed in 1760
A. D., 1174 A. H., on account of his neglect in the affairs
of his government, and was obliged to retire on an ample
pension, when his son-in-law, i&ir Kdsim 'Ali Khdn was
raised to the masnad. This man after his elevation, in-
tending to drive out the English from Calcutta, was
defeated in a battle fought at Udwa Nala on the 2nd of
August, 1763 A. D., 22nd Mu^rram, 1177 A. H., and
expelled, and Mir Ja'far was again placed on the masnad
by the English. He died on Tuesday the 6th February,
1765 A. D., 14th Shabin, 1178 A. H., and his son Mir
Phulwarf, who assumed the title of Najm-uddaula, was
elevated to the masnad. Ja'far All's cemetry is at Mur-
shidabdd, where his Begam and his son Miran are also
buried.
List of the Natodba of Murshiddbdd.
Ja'far *Ali Khin, died 6th February, 1766.
Najm-uddaula, son of Ja'far
AliKhdn, died 3rd May, 1766.
Saif-uddaula, 2nd son of Ja'far
'AliKhin, died 10th March, 1770.
Mubarik-uddaula, 3rd son of
Ja'far 'All Kh&n, died September, 1793.
Nazir-ul-Mulk, son of Mubarik-
uddaula, died April, 1810.
Zain-uddin 'All Khan.
Sayyad Ahmad 'Ali Khin, . . died 30th October, 1824.
Humiydn Jah.
Mansur 'Ali Khan Nasrot Jang, present Naw&b (1868).
Jaf ar Barmaki, ^J^yj^^^i »©« Ja'far-al-Barmaki.
Ja'far-bin-Abu Ja^far-al-Manstir, j^y^ i^j^
jj^A^I, the Khalif of Baghdid. His daughter Zubeda
was married to Hariin-al-Rashid. He died in the year
802 A. D., 186 A. H.
Ja'far-bin-Abu Talib, V^-^^' i:H j^^ was the
brother of 'All the son-in-law of the prophet. He was
killed in a battle fought at Muta in Syria against the
Roman army in 629 A. D., 8 A. H.
Ja'far-bin-Miihanunad Husaiiii, ^^^^^ \yy^*^
•
^Ir^y author of the " Muntakhib-ut«Taw&r£kh," a very
judicious abridgment of Oriental history from Adam down
to Shlhrokh Mirza, son of Amir Taimiir. TMb work
was dedicated to Biisanghar Bahadur, third son of ShiUi-
rukh, in 1417 A. D., 820 A. H. Many authors have com-
piled works under this title, one of which was written by
Shaikh 'Abdul Kadir Baddoni.
Ja'far-bin-Tufail, JiiJ? ^ j^^, ^^ Arabian philo-
sopher in the 12th century, author of a romance, called
the " history of Hai-ibn-Yokdhan," in which he asserts
that by the light of nature, a man may acquire a know-
ledge of things, and of God. Vide Lempriere's Uni-
versal Dictionary, under Jaaphar.
Ja'far Khan, Ja^Jlx^^ entitled «Umdat-ul-Mulk," was
the son of Sadik Elhan Mir. Bakhshi, and sister's son and
son-in-law of Yemin-uddaula 'Asaf Khan, wazir. He
held the rank of 6000 under the emperor Shkh Jahan, was
appointed prime minister by 'Alamgir about the year
1662 A. D., 1073 A. H., and died in the 13th vear of that
emperor, 1670 A. D., 1081 A. H., at Dehli.* After his
death the office of wizarat was conferred upon Asad
Khan with the title of Asad-uddaula. It seems that
after the death of Ja'far Khan his remains were trans-
ferred to Agrah, where his tomb is to be seen still stand-
ing on the right bank of the Jamna.
Ja'far ^han, O^j**^^ whose original name was Mur-.
shid Kuli Khan, was appointed governor of Bengal by
the emperor 'Alamgir in 1704 A. D., 1116 A. H. He
founded the capital of Murshidabad and named it after
his original title. He was the son of a Brahman convert-
ed to Muhammadanism by Haji Shafia' Isfahani. He
died in the reign of the emperor Muhammad Shdh about
the year 1726 A. D., 1138 A. H., and was succeeded by
his son-in-law Shujd-uddin (also called Shujd-uddaula).
The following is a list of his successors : —
A. D.
Murshid Kuli Ja'fer Kh&n, 1704
Shuj4-uddin, son of Ja'far Khdn, 1726
'AU-uddaula Sarfaraz Khdn, 1739
Alahwardi Kh&n Mahilbat Jang, 1740
Sirij-uddaula, grandson of ditto, 1766
Ja'far 'Ali Khan (dethroned in 1760), 1767
K&sim 'All Khan, son-in-law of ditto, 1760
Ja'far 'Ali Khan, restored in 1733
Najm-uddaula, son of ditto, 1764
Saif-uddaula, brother of Najm-uddaula, 1766
Mubarik-uddaula, 1769
Nazim-ul-Mulk Wazir-uddaula, ((Ued April 28lii,
1810, 1796
Sayyad Zain-uddin 'All Khin, son of ditto, 1810
Sayyad Ahmad 'All Kh&n.
Humayun Jah.
Manstir 'Ali Khan, Nasrat Jang.
Ja'far Khan, c^^ 6^^ c^? J^j^, son of Sddik
Khan, king of Persia. He was recognised by the prin-
cipal noblemen in Fars, after the death of 'Ali Murad
Kh&n in 1785, and the people were forward in acknow-
ledging his authority, but unable to resist his enemy 'AkiL
Muhammad Kh&n, who now ventured to embrace a -more
extensive field for the exertion of his talents, and '<5om-
menced his march against Isfah^. Ja'far Khdn'. was
treacherously murdered in 1788 ; his head was sevel^pd
from his body, and cast before the citadel, the sport
children, and the outcasts of the city.
Ja'far Khan, \J^y^*^y a nobleman who in the first year
of the emperor Bahadur Shah was appointed governor of
Kashmir in the room of Nawazish Khin 1707 A. D. III9
A. H. He proved to be a bad governor and a mob set
fire to bis residence. He died in Kashmir of drink and
excess 1709 A. D., 1121 A. H., and according to the re-
cord of his death, must be faring badly at present.
Ja'far
( 127 )
Jahandar
Ja'ftr
(SJ^!'^* -7**^f an anthor who completed
the work caUed " Latief Khayal," in 1742 A. D., 1155
A. H., which was commenced hy Mirzk Muhammad
Salah.
Ja'flGUr Sadik, d-^^-r**^^ or Ja'£ar the Just, He was
the eldest son of Muhammad Bakir, the grandson of
Imam Husain. He is reckoned the sixth Imam; was
bom at Madina about the year 702 A. D., 83 A. H., and
died in the same city imder the khilaiat of Abu Ja'far
Al-Mansur, in 765 A. D., 148 A. H, He was very fa-
mous for his doctrine amongst the Musolmans, was in-
vited to court by Al-Mansur, that he might profit by his
counsel : Ja*far returned for answer, " Whoever has a
view duly to this world, will not give you sincere advice,
and he who regards the next, will not keep your com-
pany." He was buried in the cemetry of Al-Bakia at
Madina. The same tomb contains tho bodies of his fietther.
Imam Bakir. his grandfather 'All Zain-ul 'Abidin, and his
grandfather's uncle, Hasan, son of 'All. His mother's
name was Umm Farwah, daughter of Kasim, the son of
Muhammad, the son of Abu Bakr Sadik, tho first Khalif
after Muhammad. Ho is said to be the author of a book
of &te called " Fal Kama."
Ja'flBlf Zatalli, Mir, i^jj^J^"^, a Sayyad of Nar-
noul, cotemporary with Mirzil Bedil. He served under
prince 'Azim Shdh, the son of the emperor 'Alamgir, who
was slain in battle in 1707 A. D., 1019 A. H. Ja'far was
the most celebrated humoristic poet of Hindustan ; his
compositions are a mixture of Persian and Urdu. He is
the author of a Shahn&ma in Rekhta. He was put to
death in 1713 A. D., 1225 A. H., by order of the
emperor Farrukh-siyar, on account of a satirical verse he
had written on the accession of that emperor to the throne
of DehU.
Jagat Gtoshaini^ isH ^^ *^*^ vide Jodh Bi£.
Jagat Narayan, iiHb^ '■^^^ a Hindd poet who wrote
some kasidas in praise of Nawab 'Asaf-uddaula of Lakh-
nau, who died in 1797 A. D., 1212 A. H.
Jagannath, B^ja, V^^ ^L) the son of Bhara Mai. He
held the rank of 5000 in the time of the emperor Jah&ngir,
about the year 1605 A. D., 1014 A. H.
Jagat Singh, *^ *^**^, the son of Makund Singh
Hara, lived in the time of the emperor 'Alamgfr 1659 A. D.
Jagat Singh, *^^ '•^-^j raja of Jaipur or Jainagar, was
the son of dlj& Partap Singh, the son of Madho Singh,
the son of Ishuri Singh, the son of the celebrated r&ja Jai
Singh Sawai, who lived in the time of the emperor Mu-
hammad ShiUi. Jagat Singh succeeded his father in 1803
A. D., and is said to have been an effeminate prince.
Though he died without issue, he was succeeded by Hjik
Jai Singh, a posthumous son, believed supposititious.
Jagnath Kalanwat, ^ji^ ^^^^ a musician who
was employed by Sh&h Jahan, who conferred on him the
title of Mahi Eabraj.
Jaghtai, iS^^*^ vide Chaghtaf Eh&n.
Jagnath,^^^^ brother of B&J& Bhagwin Dis. He dia-
tingnished himself in the war with IUj& Partip Singh.
He slew the renowned champion lUm Das, son of
Jagmah.
Jahan Ara Begam, f^. b* ^^y daughter of the em-
peror Sh^ Jahan, by Mumt&i Mahal, daughter of 'Asaf
Kh&n, wazir; was bom on Wednesday the 23id of
March, 1614 A. D., 21st Safar, 1023 A. H. One of tho
most beautiful examples of female modesty to be found
in the annals of woman is recorded of this princess, cele-
brated in song and history as the heroic, the witty, the
generous, the elegant, the accomplished, and the beauti-
ful Jahin Ar& Begam. One night, (26th March, 1644
A. D., 27th Muharram, 1054 A. H.) as she was returning
from her father's apartments to the harem, in one of the
passages which connect the latter building with the body
of the palace, her flowing draper)* was unhappily ignited
by the flame of a lamp. Her whole dress, which was of
the finest muslin, was instantly in flames, and of course
her life was in imminent peril ; but, knowing that she
was then within hearing of many young nobles of the
court, she would not rai^ an alarm, lest they should run
to her assistance, and behold her unveiled, or lay their
hands upon her in order to extinguish the flames. Heroi-
cally enduring all the agonies which fire could inflict, she
withheld her cries, and rushed forward until she reached
the women's apartments, and there sunk upon the floor,
almost lifeless. For a long period, no hopes were enter-
tained of her recovery, but she was ultimately restored to
health by an English physician named Dr. Boughton who
was then at Surat, and had been sent for by the emperor
her father then in the Dakhin, although her beauty was
cruelly impaired. The emperor, in rewiurd for Dr. Bough -
ton's services, besides other favours, granted him, at his
disinterested request, a patent for his countrymen to
trade free of customs throughout his dominions. The
large Masjid of red stone adjoining the fort of Ag^ah
near the Tripolia (now demolished) was built by her in the
year 1648 A. D., 1058 A. H., at a cost of five lacs of
rupees. She died in the reign of her brother the emperor
'Alamg^ on the 5th September, 1680 A. D., 3rd lUmazim,
1092 A. H., and lies buried in the yard of the mausoleum
of Nizibn-uddm Aulia at Dehli. The name of Jah&n Ar&
will ever adorn the pages of history as a bright example of
filial attachment and heroic self-devotion to the dictates
of duty, more especially when we view it in contrast with
the behaviour of her sister Roshan Ari, who, by aiding
the ambitious designs of Aurangzib, enabled him to de-
throne Sh4h Jahin. The amiable and accomplished
Jahdn Ari not only supported her aged father in his ad-
versity, but voluntarily resigned her liberty and resided
with him during his imprisonment in the fort of Xgratu
Her tomb is of white marble, open at the top, and at the
head is a tablet with a Persian inscription inlaid in black
marble letters, to the following effect : *^ Let no one
scatter over my g^ve anything but verdure, for such
best becomes the sepulchre of one who had a humble
mind.*' On the margin is written, "The perishable
fakir JahiLn Ar& Begam, daughter of ShAh Jah&n, and the
disciple of the saints of Chishtl, died in the year of the
Hijra, 1092 A. H."
Jahan Bano Begam, (^y^. ^^r^» the daughter of
Prince Mur&d, the son o/ the emperor Akbar. She was
married to Prince Parwez, the son of JahiLngir, by whom
she had Kadira Begam, who was married to Dara Sheko,
the eldest son of Shih. Jahin.
Jahandar Shah, '^ J^^W^ sumamed Muhammad
Mui'zz-uddin, was the eldest son of the emperor Bahidur
Shih, and grandson of 'Alamgfr. He was bom in the
Dakhin on Wednesday the 8th April, 1663 A. D., 10th
Ramasin, 1073 A. H. The death of his f&ther, which
took place in February, 1712 A. D., Muharram, 1124
A. H., was followed by ike usual struggle among his sons
for the crown. The incapacity of Jahimdir Sh&h the
eldest, had given a great ascendancy to the second whose
name was Azim-ush-Sh&n. He was supported by moat
of the nobility and of the army, but his other brothers
joined their interests, and were kept together by the per-
suasions and fidse promises of Zulfikar Khan the Amir-
Jahandar
( 128 )
Jahan
nl-'Umri. Their concord wM of short duration, and
lasted only until the defeat and death of Azim-ush-Shdn ;
after which a bloody battle ensued between the three
soryiTing brothers, two of whom, viz.^ Jahin Shih with
his son Farkhunda Akhtar, and Bafi-uah-Shin, being
Idlled, Mui'zz-uddin by the intrigues and support of the
Amlr-ul-'Umr&, remained undisputed master of the throne,
and was crowned at Ii&h6r on Thursday the 10th of
April, 1712 A. D., 14th Rabf I, 1124 A. H., with the title
of Jah^dir Shih. He was in himself a weak man,
effeminately careful of his person, fond of ease, indolent,
and totally ignorant of the art of govemment. He made
the vast empire of Hinddst^n an offering to the foolish
whims of a public courtezan, named L&l Kui^war, which
tortured the minds of worthy subjects loyal to his family.
He reigned only nine months, was defeated in a battle
fought near Agrah, and afterwards taken prisoner and
muidered in the month of January, 1713 A. D., ^il-hijja,
1124 A. H., by order of his nephew Farrukh-siyar (the son
of the late Azun-ush-Sh&n), who became emperor. His
corpse was exposed to public view, and then interred in
the platform before the mausoleum of the emperor Hu-
mayun at Dehli. His mother's name was Nizam fiai.
Jahandar Shah, Prince, ^ J^^ »«»!>t-^^ the
eldest son of the emperor Shih 'Alam. In April, 1784
A. D., on account of the unsettled affairs of his father, he
made his escape from Dehli and repaired to L&khnau,
where Mr. Hastings had arrived to regulate the concerns
between the wazir, Asaf-uddaula, and the Company. He
accompanied Mr. Hastings to Benaras, which place he
chose for his residence. He had an allowance of five
lacs of rupees per annum from the Nawab wazir at the
eaiffiest request of Mr. Hastings. He died in Benaras on
the Ist of April, 1788 A. D., 25th Shabin 1202 A. H.,
after an illness of little more than twenty-four hours ;
aged about 35 years, and was buried with every honour
due to his rank near the tomb of a venerated Muham-
madan in Benaras. The English Resident and principal
people of the city attended his funeral. He left behmd
him three sons, whom, with the rest of his funily, he re-
commended to the care of the English, under whom they
still enjoy a comfortable asylum and allowance at Bena-
ras. Gar9in-de-Ta88y informs us, that there is a work of
his in the India House, which has the title of ^^ Bayaz
Inayet Murshidzada." He is also called Mirzi Jaw&n
Bakht, and his poetical title is Jahindir. The narrative
written by this prince, was translated by Mr. Scott, and
published in the appendix to Mr. Hastings' Beview of the
state of Bengal.
Jahangir, j^^ «^*** cr?*^Ll^, (emperor) sumamed
Niir-uddin Muhammad, was the eldest son of the emperor
Akbar the Great; was bom in the village of Sikri on
Wednesday the 31st of August, 1669 A. D., 17th Rabf I,
977 A. H., and was named Mini Salim on account of his
coming into the world, as supposed, by the prayers of
Shaikh Salim Chishti, a venerable Shaikh and dervish
who resided in the village of Sikri, now called Fathapiir
Sikri, in the province of Agrah. His mother, who re-
ceived the title of Mariam Zamman, was the daughter of
Bija Bihari Mai Eachhwihi. After the death of his
father, which took place on the 16th of October, 1605
A. D., he succeeded him by the title of Ndr-udd^ Mu-
hammad Jahingir. He reigned 22 lunar years, 8 months
and 15 days frt>m the day of his father's demise ; and died
in camp on Sunday the 28th of October, 1627, A. D., 28th
Safiar, 1037 A. H., on his way to Lih6r from Kashmir,
aged 59 lunar years, 11 months and 12 days; and was
interred in the suburbs of Lih6r in the garden of his
favourite wife Nur Jahin Begam. He was succeeded
by his son Mirzi Ehurram, who took the title of
Shih Jahin. His &vourite Sultina Nur Jahin, who
survived him 18 years, is also buried in the same mau-
soleum. Jahingir, after his death, received the title of
*' Jannat Makini." It was to this prince that Sir Thomas
Boe was sent as ambassador by King James I. Sir Thomas
has given a good description of the grandeur of the court
of Hindust^ ; but very little notice is taken of this em-
bassy in the chronicles of the East. In 1612, Jahingir
permitted the Company to establish factories at Sdrat,
Ahmadibid, and Cambay. Jahingir wrote his own
Memoir in Persian, called, '* Tuzak Jahingfrf ' which has
been translated by Major David Price, London, 1829, 184
pages 4to. It is also called Jahingir Nima.
Jahangir Ktili Khan, Kabuli^ ^If c^^t5^/4^^^,
an amfr of the rank of 5000, who was appointed governor
of Bengal by the emperor Jahingfr in 1607 A. D., 1016
A. H., and died there in 1608 A. D., 1017 A. H.
Jahangir y .jir^^lc^y a cousin and husband of Sikandar
Begam of Bhopal. His unde was one of the Pathin or
Afghin soldiers of fortune, who under Aurangzfb carved
out principalities, and on that emperor's death, declared
himself independent at Bhopal; and on his death his
wife was declared Regent by the army, and his daughter
Sikandar Begam, heir. She married Jahingir who died
in the year 1845 A. D.
Jahangir Knli Khan, c;^ iJ^j^^y son of Khin
'Azim Mirzi 'Aziz K6ka, served under the emperors
Akbar and Jahingir, and died in the fifth year of Shih
Jahin 1631 A. D., 1041 A. H.
Jahangir Mirza, U/®^r^^> the eldest son of Amfr
Taimdr. He died before his father 1574 A. D«, 776 A. H.
His son's name was Pir Mohammad, which see.
Jahangir, Miraa, J^^ lit/*, the eldest son of Akbar
Shih II, king of Dehli. He was, in consequence of hav-
ing fired a pistol at Mr. Seton the Resident at Dehli, sent
as a State prisoner to Allahibid, where he resided in the
garden of Sultin Khusro for several years, and died there
in 1821 A. D., 1236 A. H., aged 81 years; a salute of 31
guns was fired from the ramparts of the fort of Allahibid
at the time of his burial. He was at first interred in the
same g;arden, and subsequently his remains were trans-
ferred to Dehli, and buried in the court-yard of the mau-
soleum of Nizim-uddin Aulia.
Jahanian Jahan Gashty Makhdum, ch^hfi^
^jSi!^ ^Z^JL£il^^ W<fo Shaikh Jalil.
Jahan Khaton, c^y*^ ^^9 a famous lady, who after
the death of her first husband, got married to Khwija
Amfn-uddin, minister of Shih AbA Is-hi^ ruler of Shiriz.
She is said to have been a very beautifial woman, and a
good poet.
Jahan Shah Turkman, ^yU^y $^ u^^t^, son of Kari
Yiisaf Turkmini was the brother of Sikandar Turkmin,
after whose death in 1437 A. D., 841 A. H., the govem-
ment of Azurbejin was conferred on him by Shihrukh
Mirzi, the son of Amir Taimiir. He held it till the
death of that prince in 1447 A. D., 850 A. H., after which
he conquered most part of Persia, and carried his arms as
far as Dayirbikar, and fell in a battle which he fought
against Hasan Beg, commonly called Uzzan Hasan, the
ruler of that province, on tiie 10th of November, 1467
A. D., 12th Rabf II, 872 A. H., aged 70 years. He
reigned more than 30 lunar years, and as he was slain in
battle against Hasan Beg, the chronogram of the year of
his death was found to contain the words ^* Slain by
Hasan Beg.*'
Jahan
129
Jai
Jahan Shah^ «^ {J^ »d!>r^, (prince) the third son of
the emperor Bah&dnr Shiih. He was slain in the hattle
which took place at I^hor after the death of his fiather
between his brothers in March, 1712 A. D. His man-
gled body with that of his brother Bafi-ush-Sh&n and his
son, was conveyed to Dehlf and interred without cere-
mony and pomp in the mausoleum of the emperor Hu-
miytin, the general receptacle of the murdered princes of
the imperial family.
Jahan Soa> jy* u;^, a title of Sul^ ' AU-uddin Hasan
Ghori.
tTahiy ij^^i the poetical name of IbriUiim Wni (Sulfin)
which see.
Jahiz or A^jahiz, ^^1 k ^^, the surname of Abd
'XJsm&n 'Umar bin-Mahbfib Eana'dna, a man of great
learning, but of a Tery eccentric tendency of mind. He
wrote a book on the Commerce of the Arabians early in
the third century of the Hijra, entitied " KitAb-al-Nazrat
fil Tajarat," which is frequently quoted by Nawerf.
J6idz died 868 A. D., 265 A. H., at the age of 96 years.
Jaiapa, ^^^ ^^, Sindhia, succeeded his fether Rinoji
Sindhia, the founder of the Sindhia fiunily, in 1760 A. D.,
1163 A. H. and was murdered in his tent in 1759 A. D.,
1172 A. H. He was succeeded by his brother M£dhojf
Sindhia.
^, the last Bilt^6r monarch of
Jaiohand, ji>^b
Ejinauj. He ruled the country from Buxar to Kanauj
and reigfned about the Sambat year 1400 A. D., 1348
A. H. His favourite residence was near the city of Joun-
piir which he had built in 1359 A. D., 1416 Sambat.
The present city of Jounpur vms built by Fir6z Shih in
the year 1370 A. D., 772 A. H., in the name of his uncle
Fakhr-uddin Muhammad J^4n, the date of which is
found in the words ** Shahr Jounpiir." According to
Colonel Tod, Jaichand reigned about the 12th century
of the Christian era, and one of his grandsons named
Seoji, with a few retainers, planted the Ba0i6r standard
in M&rwar in the year 1212 A. D.
•
Jai Ghand^ *^ (j^> a Hji of Kagarkot or Kangra, who
lived in the time of the emperor Akbar.
Jaikishlin, i:^ 4^9 a Kaahmfri Bitiunan whose poeti-
cal name was 'Izzat, was the agent of Naw&b Is-hi^ Ehin.
Jaimaly <>^^j a rij4, fSeimous in history as " the bravest
of the brave." In 1568 A. D. Udai Singh, the son of Rana
Sanka or Sanga, and the founder of the capital Udaipur
in Chitt6r, came imder the displeasure of the emperor
Akbar. The recreant chief fled and left the defence of his
capital (Chitt6r) to Rajil Jaimal, who was killed by
Akbar himself in 1568 A. D.
Jaipal 1, U>* J^i^9 son of Hitp^riji of L^or of the BHOl-
man tribe, who reigned over the country extending in
length from Sarhind to Lamghan, and in breadth frx>m
the kingdom of Kashmir to Mult^i. He was once defea-
ted by Subaktagin, the Sul^ of Ghoznf, with great
slaughter, and again on Monday the 27th November, 1001
A. D. by his son Sult^ Mahmiid, when Jaip&l with
fifteen of his principal chiefs, being his sons and brethren,
were taken prisoners, and 5000 of his troops were slain
on the field of battle. He was afterwards released by
Mahmiid, but in compliance with a custom which prevailed
among the Hindds, that whatever Hji was twice over-
powered by strangers, became disqualified to reign, he
33
ordered a fiinend pile to be prepared, and having set ^re
to it with his own hands, perished t>»^Tei"- He was
succeeded by his son Anandp4L
Jaipal II, ^^ J^ *a^»;, Hji of Uhor, son of Anandpfl
whom he succeeded in 101 3 A. D. He was routed in a great
battle by Sultan Mahmtid in 1022 A. D. on the banks
of the river Ravi, the result was the permanent oc-
cupation of L&hor by a Muhammadan governor, and the
appointment of a Viceroy of Ldhor by M^miud. This
was the foundation of the Muhammadan empire in India.
Jai Singh I, Jj» *^ (/^ ^b, (rij&) of the tribe of
Kachhwihi, commonly called Mirzi R&J4, was the son of
tiji Mahi Singh, the son of Part4p Singh, the son of Hji
MiLn Singh. He served under the emperor Sh&h Jah£i,
and was made governor over the conquered provinces of
the Dakhin about the year 1664i A. D. by the emperor
'Alamgir. He was recalled to court in 1666 A. D., but
died on the road, soon after his arrival at Burhdnpiir, 28th
Mul>arram 1078 A. H. According to Orme's Historical
Fragments of the Mughul Empire, Jai Singh died at
Burhanpiir soon after the pretended revolt of Sultin
Muazzim the son of the emperor, and seems to have been
poisoned by the procurement of 'Alamgir. There never
was a prince among the r&jputs equal to him in accom-
plishments. He was completely learned in Hindi, and
understood the Turkish, Persian, and Arabic languages.
He left two sons, Hdm Singh his eldest, and Kirat Singh.
The former was honoured after his fsither's death with the
title of rij&, and put in possession of his father's terri-
tories. Jai Singh had built several fine edifices at Agrah
of which no sign remains now, but the name and place on
which the buildings stood is still called Jaisinghpilja.
Jai Singh n, Sawai, </^^i5r!r»*^(^, arijiofthe
tribe of Eachhwdhi riijputs, was the son of Bishun Singh,
the son of Eashun Singh, the son of £Um Singh, the son
of Mini Rijil Jai Singh. He is commonly called Mirza
IU0& Jai Singh Sawa(. He was tiie zammdar or riji of
a considerable territory in the province of Ajmir named
Amer, but since the prince's founding a new city called
Jaip^, the r^jaship has also taken that name. Bishun
Singh, the father of Jai Singh and Bijai Singh, died
about the year 1693 A. D., Sambat 1750, and after his
death the title of raja was bestowed on Jai Singh by the
emperor 'Alamgir with the rank of 1500, and subsequent-
ly with that of 2000. After the death of that emperor,
he espoused the cause of ' Azim Shah, the son of 'Alamgir,
whilst his brother Bijai Singh aided Bah^ur Shah, who
on his accession to the throne conferred the rank of 3000
on the latter. Bijai Singh quarrelled with his brother •
for the lij ; and the emperor, not willing to displease
either, confiscated their estate, and appointed Sayyad
Husain All Khim of Barha, as Faujdiir of that place.
When the emperor marched to the Dakhin to punish his
brother Kambakhsh, 1708 A. D., 1120 A. H., Jai Singh,
with the aid of rij& Ajit Singh IUlth6r, engaged the
Faujddr in battle and having kUled him took possession
of the province. In the reign of Famikh-siyar he was
honourod with the title of Dhiri^ K&ji Jai Singh, and in
the time of Muhammad Sh4h, with that of SawaL In the
year 1732 A. D., 1145 A. H., he was appointed governor
of Mfidwa. His love of science makes him one of the
most remarkable persons of his nation. He built five
observatories for astronomical studies, namely, at DehU,
Banaras, Mathrik, Ujain and Jaiptir, and published a
work on astronomy called *^Zij Muhammad Sh^hi"
He also erected a Earavinsarae and market in every
province of Hinddst^ for the convenience of travellers at
his own ezpence. After his death, which took place in
September, 1743 A. D., 9th Shab^n, 1156 A. H., three of
his wives with many concubines burned themselves on
his fimaFal pilo. He waa snooeeded by his mm Ishori
Jdi
130
Jalal
Singh, $ABt irhdse dMth in 1700 A. D^ Vaiho mo^ his
Mft BUQOBedad hiziL
list of Xachhicdhd S4fd9 tfAnur or Jaipitr.
Bhaia MaL Jai Singh 8aw^
Bhagwin Dfa. Ishuri Singh.
HAn Singh. Madho Singh.
Bhio Singh. TiiM Singh.
Kahi Singh. Part&b Singh.
Jai Singh Miizl Sijl Jagat Singh.
Bte Sin^h. Jai Singh.
Bishnn Singh.
Jai Bingh m, <^^ *^ «^, (tiji) of the tribeof Kachh-
wihk Hljptiis and iij& of Jaip^, vna a poflthumous eon of
B&J& Jagat Singh who died in 1818 A. D. Jai Singh was
miudered by his kiond^, whose name was Jhota B4m,
in the Sambat year 1891, or in Janoary, 1834 A. D., and
his io&nt son Bim Singh sucoeeded him.
Jai Singh, *^^ t^, or Mai Jai Singh of Udaip6p, a de-
scendant of Ban4 Sanka who lived in the time of the em-
peror Akbar, succeeded his&ther H&ni Eaj Singh, 1680
A. B., 1091 A. H.
Jai Singh, *^ i^, (riji) who held the stibahdiirBhip of
Agrah in the time of the emperor Muhammad Shdh. He
bmlt the ShiLharpanah round the city of Agrah. It had
several gates, but only three recently were remaining, viz.^
(1) Ajmiii Darwaz^ (2) Kara at ChhangaMudfs bridge,
(3) Kans Darwasi at Gokalpura. After the mutiny of
1867t the British for 9omQ reason or other, palled down the
Ajmirf Darwazi.
Jalal Asir, j^^ J*^, vide Asir.
Jalal *irwi, Sayyad^ «^^ J*^ *H**, a poet who
flourished in the reign of Muhaanmad Musaffar, ruler of
Fars and his desoendants. He is the author of a JHwia.
Jalal Bnkhari, iS^ J^ *H^> or Sayyad Jalil Bu-
kb&ri. He came to India from Bukh&r& and beoame a
disciple of Shaikh Bah&-uddin Zikarii of Mult&n. He
resided at Uchcha in Mult&n and died there. He had
three sons, Sayyad Ahmad Kabfr, Sayyad Bahi-uddm
and Sayyad Muhammad. Sayyad Ahmad Kabir, who
succeeded his father as spiritual guide, had two sons,
Makhdum Jahanian, also called Shaikh JaUl, and Shaikh
Sadar-uddm, commonly called B^A Kattfl.
y, B, — There is some confusion between this man and
Shaikh JaUtL Vide Shaikh JaliL
Jalal Bukhaji, Sayyad, ls^^- J*e^ ^^, » <l«cen-
dant of Sayyad Ahmad KabCr, and son of Sayyad Muham-
mad Bukhm. He was bom in the year 1594 A. D., 5th
Juraid^ II, 1003 A. H., and was highly respected by the
emperor Shih Jahin, who conferred on him the office of
Sadist of all India with the maufab of 6000. He some-
timee amused himself in writinjg poetry, and had adopted
the word BadL for his poetical title. He died on the 25th
of May, 1647 O. S., 1st Jumid^ I, 1057 A. H., and is
buried at T^jgwij in Agrah. His grand&ther Sayyad
Ahmad Kabtr lies buried at a place in Dehli called Bijai
Handil. Jalti Bukhari left three sons, vtiz., Sajryad
Ja'iar, Sayyad Alf styled Baswi Khim, and Sayyad Musa,
on whom high tiUes were conferred by Shihjahan, but
his eldest son Ja'ftf obtained the plaoe of his father.
Jalal, (Hakim), iJ^Jir* J*^ f^t a physician and
poet, who was a native of Sh{rw&n. He flourished in the
reign of Muhammad Muzaffar and his son Shih Shnjaa',
rulers of Shiras, both of whom reigned from 1353 to 1384
A. D. He is the author of apoeoi eatitfed ** Gml-wa*Nau-
10^" which he wrote in 1334 A. D., 734 ▲• H. Hob
also called Jalil-uddfn Tabib.
Jalali or Jalal, J*^ ^; (/^^, commonly called Sayyad-i-
'AUm Jam or Jalill, was a native of AKmmlftbM, and
his fSeither and spiritual guide was Mir Sayyad Jal41 bin- '
Hasan. He is the author of a Diw&n.
Jalal, Shaikh, J^ ^, vidt l^udkh Jalil, commonly
called Makhddm Jahiniin. He was the son of Savyad
Ahmad Eabir, and grandson of Sayyad Jalil Bukhin the
first.
Jalal, Shaikh, ULT*^^ J^ ^i of Thanesar, W*
Shaikh Jalal of Thanesar.
JaJali, (^ . ^ poetical name of Badr-uddin.
Jalal-udduL Ahmad Afbal-lsin-Muwaiyad, ^y
^ ^Xci\ 04A.| ^^^1 J^, an author.
Jalal-uddin Aldawani, J^y^ ai^ J^, author of
m
several works. Vide Dawini.
Jalal-uddin Farahani, s^^y ^:/i^ J^, a poet
Jalal-uddin Piroa Khilji, ^^«^ jjj^ cii*'' J^j
vide Fix6z Shih Ehilji.
Jalal-uddin Mahalli, i/^*^ c^*^' <J^, see JaUl-
uddin Sayfiti. He is sometimes called Jalil-oddfn Mu-
hammad bin-Ahmad-al-MahlL
Jalal-uddin Malikshah, 3*^^ e^r jlU., vide
Malikuhiih.
Jalal-uddin lOian, c/^ cH^ J^, the brother of
Mahmtid Ehin, nawib of Bijn6r, a robel of 1857. Vide
Sa'd-uUih K M i f.
Jalal-uddin Muhammad-bin-ABaM Aldawani,
^ylj^; AM^\ ^^ A^^r* ^^dJ| J JU^ ^i^ Dawini.
Jalal-uddin Kuhammad Akbar, j^\ '^^^^ uH<^'
J^^} vide Akhar.
Jalal-vddin Purbi, f^.jJi mH^^ J^, king of Ben*.
gil, whose original name was Jitmal, ascended the throne
of Bengil on the death of his f&ther Riji Kans in 1392
A. D., 794 A. H. He became a convert to the Muham-
madan fEuith and received the name of Jalil-uddin. He
ruled with such justice, that he became entitled to the
appellation of the Nausherwin of the age. He reigned
17 years and died in 1410 A. D., 812 A. H., when his son
Ahmad succeeded him.
Jalal-uddin Humi, Maulana, </*jj ir^i** J*^ ^h^,
commonly called Maulini or Maolwi R6mi, was the son
of Bahi-uddin Wald Balkhi. He is not less esteemed as
a poet than as a metaphysician, and is the author of the
astonishing work entitled the " Ma^nawi Maulwi Rdmi."
He founded an order of Derwishes or Stifiis in the city
of CSonia (Iconium) in Asiatic Turkey. He was bom at
Balkh on the 30th of September, 1207 A. D., 6th Rabf I *
604 A. H., and died in the time of Abka Khin on the
17th of December, 1273 A. D., 6th Jumid^ U, 672 A. H.
He was buried in a monastery at Conia, and his tomb was
visited for many centuries by his devout countrymen who
considered his works as the effect of inspiration, and only
inferipr to the ^uiin. His Diwin contains 30,000 verses.
Jalal
131
Jamal
and hif Ma^fiawi mare than 47|O00. In his Dlw^ in-
stead of his own title, he has inserted the name of Shams
Tahred his master.
Jalal-uddin Sayntiy is^j^ cH^t J^y sonof'Ahdnr
RahnUm hin-Abi Bakr, an Egyptian author of some merit,
who died in 1505 A. D., 911 A. H. He is said to be the
author of 400 works, amongst which are the commentary
on the *' Durr-al-Munshtirf " and the last half of the
** Taftir JaUlain," the author of the other half was JaUl-
uddin Mahali who died in 1460 A. D., 854 A. H. Ano-
tiier work of Sayuti is called ** Lubb-ul-Lubilb." It is a
dictionary of patronymic names, and of others under
which the Arabic authors are much more frequentiy
quoted than under their proper names. The confusion
under which the Arabs labour to identify men known
under different names, has induced theon to prepare
dictionaries for obviating this difficulty. S^Lm^nf (or
SanminQ in the sixth century of the Hijra published
one, entitled, '* Fil Ansdb," in which he does not only
explain the sense and origin of these names, but also
mentions with regard to every word the true names of
the authors who have had them. This work was abbre-
viated in the succeeding century by Ibn-ul-Asir, and this
extract shortened by Saydti. There is anotiner work of
Sayuti called ** Kashfus-Salsala-un-Wasfus Zalaala,"
containing an account of all the earthquakes which took
place from the year 713 A. D., 94 A. H., to his time.
He wrote this work on the occasion of an earthquake in
Egypt, with a view of shewing to his countrjrmen, that
earthquakes are ordained by God to punish men for their
sins. This work was translated from the Arabic by
A Sprenger, Esq., K. D. Vide Journal, Asiatic Society,
Vol. XVII, Part II, p. 741. Sayuti is also the author
of the " Jamu'-ul-Jawima, " containing a collection of
Traditions of which he afterwards made an abridgement
and called it Jama'-us-Saghir."
Jalal-uddin, Sultan, i:^*^ J*^ ^y^aL^, the son of
8ul(£n Muhammad, sumamed Kuib-uddm, 6ul^ of
Khwiuizm. Vide Muhannaad (Sultin).
Jalsyar, ^ < > the name given to a raoe of kings of Bagh-
a •
d&d, the first of whom was Hasan Buzurg, commonly called
Hasan Jal&yer.
JaUnuB, kfj^*) prince of tiie Gre^ physicians after
Hippocrates, whom we call Ghden.
Jam Afira, \j^ f^9 vide N£sir-udd£n Kabb&cha.
Jama Baf, *^^ ^^, vide Mir Sayyad J4ma Bif.
Jamal, J ^9 the name assumed by Ab61 Fail Mnham^
mad, the son of 'Umar, the son of KhiUid. He is the
author of the "Sardh," a dictionary of Arabic words
explained in Persian by him, being a translation of a very
celebrated Arabic dictionary, entitied the *' Sahilh."
Jamali KhalifiEb, *^*^ %J^i smmame of Is-hi^ Ka-
ramimi, another author of the commentary called " Sharah
Hadis-ul-Arba*in.'* He died 1626 A. D., 933 A. H.
Jamali, Shaikh, i^^ ^> ^^^ Shaikh Jamilf.
Jamal IPakih, Ehwaja, *t^ J^ ^>^, a poet.
Jamal Kill, Shaikh, y^ J^ ^> an inhahitaat
of l^azw{n in Isfiih&n. He lived in the tfane of Sulfibi
' Ala-uddfn the Ismi'iU, ruler of the fort of Alahmiit, who
highly respected hhn. It is said that he secretly followed
the tenets of ti^e Ism&'iUs, but the people thought other-
wise. He died on Monday th« 29th Bepiember, 1253
A. P., 4th Shawwil, 661 A. H.
Jamal Khan, ij^ <J^9 a commander of 6000 horse in
the reign of 8h£h Jah^. It is related that the emi>eror
had ordered that all the ladies at court should provide
precious stones, and bring them to a market-place that he
had erected, and there shev their wares publicly to all the
noblemen at court, who were ordered to buy them at
whatever prices the ladies put upon them ; and that the
king himself* was to be a buyer, to put the greater honour
on the new ereeted market. The ladies obeyed, and took
their booths, as they thought fit. On the market day,
the king and the noblemen came to market, and bought
the jewels and other trifles the ladies had to dispose of.
The king coming to the booth of a very pretty lady,
asked her what she had to sell. She told him die had
one large fine rough diamond still to dispose of. He
desired to see it, and he found it to be a piece of fine
transparent sugar-candy of a tolerable diamond fig^ure.
He demanded to know what prioe she set on it, and she
told him with a pleasant air, that it was worth a lakh of
rupees, or £12,600 sterling. He ordered the money to be
paid, and, falling into discourse with her, found her wit
was as exquisite as her beauty, and ordered her to sup
with him that night in his palace. She accordingly
went and stayed with him three nights and days, and
then went back to her husband, whose name was Jam&l
EMn. The husband received her very coldly, and told
her that he would continue civil to her, but would never
live with her again but in the same manner as if she was
his sister. Upon which she went to the pakce, fell at
the emperor's feet, and told him what her husband had
said. The king in a rage gave orders to carry her hus-
band to the elephant garden, and there put him to death by
an elephant. The poor man was boob apprehended, and
as they dragged him from his house, he begged to have
leave to speak to the king. A friend of his ordered the
messengers of death to stop awhile, tiU he had acquainted
the king with the request, which was accordingly done,
and he was ordered to be carried into the court of the
palace, that the king might hear what he had to say ;
and being carried thither, the king demanded what he
would have. He answered, that what he had said to his
wife was the greatest honour which he was capable of doing
his king, because, after he had honoured his wife with his
embraces, he thought himself unworthy ever after to cohabit
with her. The king, after pausing a little, ordered him
to be unbound, and brought to his own room, where, as
soon as he came, the i^g embraced him, and ordered a
royal suit to be put upon him, and gave him command
of five thousand horse more, but took his wife into his
own harem. — Asiatic Journal^ YoL XXX, p. 216.
Jamal-uddin Ahmad, Shaikh, <»^^ uH<^t JUa^
iei'^j a celebrated Muhammadan saint of Hans^ and
grand&tfaer of Shaikh Kutb-uddin Manawwar.
Jamal-uddin Ataullah, Amir, *^» ^ ^A J^
j^i nephew of Sayyad AsH-uddin 'Abdullah. He is
the author of the work called ** Bausat-ul-Ahb&b," vide
Atilullah bin-Muhammad al-Husaini Nish&p<iH.
Jamal-uddin-bin-'Abdol Bazzak, i:>i^^ <J^
^3»jy|,>AP ^^j a celebrated poet of Isfiahin, and author of
a Piwin. He is the father of Kam&L-uddia Ism&'il and
Mu'm-uddm 'Abdul l^larim, both of whom were also
poets. Jam&l.'nddin died in 1192 A. D., 588 A. H.
Jamal-uddin Hasan bin-Yusaf bin-al-Matahhir
aJUHiih, ^^Ji i:;^ <:r-* cH^I JU*., entitled
Shaikh al-*Allilma, is called the chief of the lawyeos o€
HiUa. He is the author of tho *< EhnlasMt-iil'Alk^ir&l."
Jamal
132
Jani
HIb legal works are very numerous, and frequently
referred to as authorities of undisputed merit. The most
famous of these are, the " TalkhSs-ul-Marim," the *• GhAet-
ul-Ahkam" and the " Tahr£r-ul-Ahkdm," which last is a
justly celebrated work. The " Mukhtalif-ush-Shia" is also
a well-known composition of this great lawyer ; and his
" Irsh^-al-Azhan" is constantly quoted as an authority,
under the name of the '' Irshiul-i-' Allima." Vide All^a
al-Hilli
Jamal-uddin Husain Anju, ^^ cHi-^ t;i«^l J^,
son of Fakhr-uddin Kashmiri, author of the Persian
Dictionary called ^' Farhang Jahingirf," which he dedi-
cated to the emperor Jahingfr in 1605 A. D., 1014 A. H.
The author of the *' Misir-ul-'Umra" calls him Mir JamiU-
uddin Anjti, and says that he is a descendant of the Say-
yads of Shir^, and came to theDakhin and thence to Agrah
1685 A. D., 993 A. H. in the time of Akbar who raised
ViiTTn by degrees to the rank of 3000. In the reign of
Jahangir, Uie rank of 4000 was conferred on him witii the
title of 'Azd-uddaula.
Jamal-uddin-ibn-Malik, ^^ i:H» ui^^ J^, au-
thor of an Arabic work on philosophy, called " Alfia,"
Jamal-uddin Kashi, u:^^ cr<^' J^, author of the
history called " Zubdat-ut-Tawdrikh." A work of the
same title is mentioned under Shaikh Ktir-ul>Hak of
Dehli.
Jamal-uddin Muhammad Abdul Haazak, J^
OD^'^'H^ •^♦*^c;i'^', vide Jamia-uddfn bin-' Abdul Razzdk.
Jami, </^^ e^^^^t'H* ui^^ jy, the poetical name of
Ndr-uddm 'Abdur Bahmin, a celebrated Persian poet, the
son of Maul&nil Muhammad or Ahmad Isfahanf ; was
bom on the 7th November, 1414 A. D., 23rd Shabdn,
817 A. H.» at a village in Hirdt called J&m, from whioh
he derived his poetical name ** J&mi." He was remark-
ably polite, of a very gentle disposition, and endued with
such extensive learning, that it was supposed there was
not throughout the empire of Persia, so complete a master
of the hmguage as himself. Even princes, who were
themselves men of erudition and exalted talents, have
lavished upon him the most unbounded praises and the
highest honours. He was very intimate with SulUin Abu
6a' id Mirzi, of Hirat, who continued the Mend of Jami
so long as he lived. After his death, our poet enjoyed
the same favours from his son and successor Sul^ Husain
Mirza. He was a cotemporary of the esteemed Biogra-
pher, Baulat 8h£h, who recorded his &me in the Lives of
the Persian poets, called '* Tazkira Daulat Sh&hi." J&mi
was the author of more than 44 works. Hiw poem on the
Loves of Joseph and Zalikha is one of the finest compo-
sitions in the language ; it contains about 4000 couplets.
He is also the autibior of the book called ** Kafah&t-ul-
Ins," a very celebrated abridgement of the Lives of the
8<ifi[ Shaikhs, translated from the Arabic **Tabk&t-us-
Suffa," and dedicated to the celebrated wazir 'Alisher in
1476 A. B., 881 A. H. It may be here observed, that the
celebrated poets, as H&fiz, B&df, Jimi, &c. &c., were
professed Sufis. The following are the works, commonly
known, composed by Jami : —
1. Bilsilat-U2-Zahab, dedi.
cated to Bayazid 11.
2. SaUm&n-wa-Abs6L
8. Tuhfat-ul-Ahr£r.
4. Sabhat-ul-Abr^.
6. Yusaf-wa-Zalikha.
6. Laili-wa-Majn6n.
,7. Ehizad-nanuu
8ikandar-n£ma.
Na&hit-ul-Iiis.
Bahirist^.
Fatiih-ul-Haramain.
Khurshed-wa-Mih.
Lawaeh Jdm£.
ShawlOdd-ul-Nabf^t
Jimi died at the advanced age of 81 lunar years,
on Friday the 9th of November, 1492 A. D., 18th Mu-
^arram, 898 A. H., mourned by the whole city of Hir&t :
his funeral expenses were de&uyed by Sultan Husain,
and a magnificent train of the most illuatrious nobles
accompanied his body to the tomb. 'Alisher, his firiend
laid the first stone of a monument which he caused to be
raised to his memory, and his fame became immortal in
the minds of his countrymen. He is also the author of a
Ta&ir or commentary of some note,
Jami Lahouri, MiiUa, ^^ ^f vide Mulla J4mi.
fTamila^ * ^ ! ♦ *> > the poetical name of a Persian poet.
Jamil-ibn-Mi'mar, J^**^ c:r*t ^M^^, a celebrated Ara-
bian poet who lived in the time of the khalif * Abdulmilik,
and died in the year 701 A. D., 82 A. H. He was co-
temporary with two other famous poets named 'Umar the
son of 'Abdullah, and Kathir Azza. Jamil was the lover
of Shanba, one of those pairs of lovers, whose constancy
and fidelity the orientals praise in their histories and
poems.
Jamshed) ^ i ^^ ^ f (also called Jam) was one of the ancient
kings of Persia, and the fourth of the First or Pishd^ian
dynasty. He is celebrated as the founder of Persepolis,
which is to this day called Istakhr and Takht Jamshed.
He introduced the solar year and ordered the first day of
it, when the sun entered Aries, to be celebrated by a
splendid festival. His country was invaded by Zuhkk,
a Syrian king, and the unfortunate Jamshed was obliged
to fly before the conqueror. He was pursued by the
agents of ZuhAk, through Sist4n, India, and China, and
was at last seized and carried before his cruel enemy
like a common malefactor, who ordered him to be placed
between two boards and sawn asunder with the bone of a
fish. We are told by Firdausi that his reign lasted 700
years. He is supposed to have flourished 800 years be-
fore the Christian era. His goblet, called Jam Jamshed
and J&m Jam, was wondrous. A hundred marvellous
tales are told of his celebrated cup, which used to dazzle
all who looked on it, and has often been employed by
the poets to furnish a simile for a bright eye.
Jamshed) «>|^ ^» ? , this title is sometimes given by the
Musalm&ns to king Solomon the son of David, and they
say that his magic ring and throne possessed extraordi-
nary powers, and his control was absolute over g^nii and
men.
Jamshed Kutb Shah^ tl^^-t^ioj a ^um> ^ go^ of ^uli
^utb Sh&h I, ascended the throne of G61kon4a in the
Dakhin after the death of his &ther in September, 1548
A. D., Jumid^ II, 950 A. H. He reigned seven years
and some months, and was succeeded by his brother Ibra-
him l^utb Shih in 1550 A. D., 957 A. H.
Janabiy </? • ^ the surname of Abti Muhammad Mustafa
bin-Sayyad Hasan-al-Husaini, a celebrated historian and
author of a work called ** Tarikh-al-Jan&bi," of which
the correct name is supposed to be ** Bahr-uz«Zakhkh&r,"
the Swelling of the Sea ; it comprises a general history
from the beginning of the world to 1589 A. D., 997
A. H. It was originally written in Arabic, and trans-
lated by the author into Turkish. Janibi died in 1591
A. D., 999 A. H.
Janiy (^ •• There have been three authors of this name.
The first Abti 'Abdullah Muhammad ibn-M£lik Atii a
native of Damascus. The second Basar Jini; and the
third Muistir bin-'Umar-al-Adib, a native of Is&han, who
died 1025 A. D.
Jani
ISS
Jarullah
Jead, (y^> the poetical name of Mirz& J^n, the father of
Mirz^ J£n Jdnin.
Jani Begam, (*Hrf ^^^ daughter of 'Abdul Rahun
KhAn, Khin-KhftTiAn, who was married to prince Diniil,
the son of Uie emperor Akbar in 1599 A. D., 1007 A. H.
Jani Beg Sultan, u;(lJL« %Jli ^yU-. son of 'Abdullah
EMn Uzbak's sister. His son, Dm Muhammad Eh&n,
was raised to the throne of Samarkand after the death of
'Abdul Momin Kh^n, the son of 'Abdullah Ehin Uzbak.
Jani Beg Turkhan, Mirza, *ylV '-^ i/^ 0^,
ruler of fhat^, succeeded his grandfather Mirzi Muham-
mad "B&kif in the government of Thatta, the remaining
province* of Sindh, in 1684 A. D., 993 A. H. Akbar
8h^ who before the death of Muhammad Baki had gone
to L^or, and had remained there for some years, ex-
pected a personal visit from Jani Beg ; but being disap-
pointed he proceeded to take measures for the subjugation
of that country. He therefore in the year 1591 A. D.,
999 A. H. directed his commander-in-chief 'Abdul Rahim
^lan, the son of Bair&m Kh&n to proceed and occupy
the place in his name. The first action took place on the
3rd November, 1591 A. D., 26th Muljarram 1000 A. H.
when the Sindhis were totally defeated. Notwithstand-
ing, daily skirmishes took place between the two armies ;
at last Mirzd Jani Beg offered to acknowledge fealty
to the emperor and to proceed to the presence. Shortly
after, 'Abdul Hahim Khan celebrated the nuptials of his
son Mirz4 f rich with the daughter of Jani Beg, and after
the rainy season of the year 1592 A. D., 1001 A. H.
accompanied Mirz& J&ni Beg to the presence of Akbar
who created the latter a noble of the realm ; and from
that date the whole kingdom of Sindh reverted to the
sovereignty of the empire of Dehli. Mirzi Jani Beg
died at Burh&ipur in 1699 A. D., 1008 A. H., and the
government of Tham was conferred on his son Mirz&
Ghdzi.
Jan Fishan Elian Bahadur, j^^j ^^LL ^^iJ^ ^U.
c^ty nawaby of Sardh^a. He, for his conspicuous
loyalty during the mutiny of 1867, was ordered by Gov-
ernment to be rewarded with a pension of 1000 rupees
a month in perpetuity to his male heirs, and a per-
petuity in confiscated villages of 10,000 rupees per annum
to be conferred upon him with remission of one half of
revenue for his life, and a quarter for two generations.
Jangez Klian, {J^^ir^i vide Changez Khin.
Jan Janan, Mirza, u^^ \J^ ^Jj^j son of Mirzi Jin,
a learned Musalm&n and a good poet, distinguished no
less for the grace and spirit of his compositions than for
the independent spirituality and anti-idolatrous nature of
his sentiments. His poetical name was Mazhar; was
bom at Agrah about the year 1698 A. D., 1110 A. H.,
but resided at Dehli. In the month of Mu^^arram or
3rd January, 1781 A. B., 7th Mubarram, 1196 A. H.
having expressed his contempt for a superstitious cere-
iQony — the commemoration of the death of Husain —
he was shot on the terrace of his own house, by a vindic-
tive partizan of that martyr, and died on the 6th of that
month, 10th Mul^arram, 1196 A. H. He is the author of
aDiwin.
Jan Muhammad, Munshi, ^^^oW^j^^, author of
an Inshi or collection of letters which goes by his name.
Jannat Ashyani, i^^^ ^^^, the title given to the
Emperor Humiy4ii after his death,
34
Jannati, i^^) a poetical name.
Jan Nisar Khan, o^^j^u^, title of Kamil-uddin
Husain, an Amir of 3000 under the emperor Shah Jahin.
At the time of his death he was governor of Sistan, and
died there 1639 A. D., 1049 A. H.
Jan Nisar Khan, Nawab, e;^j^u^v^>^, viras
the brother-in-law to the wazir Kamar-uddin Kh&n who
had married his sister. He was appointed Ghakladar
of the districts of Kord Jahanibad in the province of
Allahiibad, and was assassinated by Arapu named 'Bhag-
want Singh, a zamindir of that place in 1731 A. D., 1144
A. H. '
Jan Nisar Khan, Sayyad, e;^ j^ vs)^ «H-, son-in-
law of the wazir Kamar-uddin Khan, was put to death,
together with several others by Nadir Shah, on account
of the resistance shewn by them in endeavouring to pro-
tect their family in the general massacre. This event
took place in March, 1739 A. D., «U-^^ijja 1161 A. H.
Janoji BhOBla, *^^t^ {J^y^> the second rdji of Bepar,
succeeded his father Ilagh6ji Bh6sla in 1749 A. D., and
died in 1772 A. D. He was succeeded by his younger
brother Madh6ji Bh6sla. Vide Ragh6ji Bh6sla the first
raja of Befar.
Janubi, ^^UL^Oo L5^y^i ^^ Badakhshin, a poet and
punster who flourished about the year 1521 A. D., 927
A. H.
Januni, isi>^f vide Jununf.
Jan, v-A^L« M)'^ or Jin Sahib, poetical name of Mir Yar
' Ali, who is the author of a Diwan.
Jansipar Khan Turkman, tt/*0^ n)^ J^o^»
an Amir of 4000 in the reign of the emperor Jahingir.
He was appointed governor of Allah&b&d in the first year
of Shah Jahin 1628 A. D., 1037 A. H., and died there
the same year.
Jansipar Khan, ts)^J^{J^, second son of Mukhtfo
Khan Sabzwari, an amir of the reign of the emperor
'Alamgir. At the time of his death he held the suba-
dari of Haidarabad, and died there in 1701 A. B., 1113
A. H.
Jarbardi, (S^jijW, surname of Fakhr.uddin Ahmad
bin-Hasan, an author who wrote the '* Sharah Shifia,"
and the marg^al notes on the ** KashshAf." He died
1346 A. D., 746 A. H.
Jarir, J^^y ^^ Jurir which is the correct pronunciation.
Jaijis, ijr^/^9 Gteorge, and in particular St. G^rge the
martjT, very well-known in the East, and even by the
Muhammadans, who put him amongst the number of the
prophets, and confound him with Elias.
Jaij Tamas, u^^ S-^ • » w* George Thomas.
Jarraz, jt;^, ^^ surname of Ahmad bin-Ibr^im-al-Tabib-
al- Afiriki, who is often cited under the name of Ibn-Jarr&z«
He was a physician and an author, and a native of A&ica.
He died 1009 A. D., 400 A. H.
JaruUah Zamakhshari, iSj^*'^) ^b^t samame of
Mahmiid bin-'Umaival-Zamakhshari, the Ifa'tzalite of
Jassas
184
Jawaliir
ZamakliBliar, a village in Khwaiizm. He is the autiiop
of an excellent commentary on the Kurin called " Kash-
ahAf;" which he wrote in the name of one of the princes
of Mecca. He obtained the surname of Jdnillah (or
neighbour of God) on account of his residing for a long
period at Mecca. He was bom in 1074 A. B., 467 A. H.,
and died in the place of his nativity in the year 1142
or 1144 A. D., 637 or 539 A. H. He is also the author
of many other works, such as —
Kitab Fasl-dar-Nahr.
Asas-ul-Balaghat-dar-IiOghat.
« Kabi-ul-Abrar.
Fasus-ul-Akhbar-wal-Fajaez-dar-Hm Faraez.
Kaus-ul-Masiel-dur-Fika.
Sharah Abiat Sebtiya.
Mustakazi-dur-AmsiU 'Arab.
Himam-ul-Arbia.
Sawaer-ul-Isldm.
Shak&ek-ul-Na'm&n-wal-Kistds-dar-urdz.
Mu'aj,jam-ul-Hadtid.
Manhaj-dar-XJsuL
Mnkaddima-al-Adab.
Diwin-ul-Tamsil.
Diwan-ul-Rasdel.
Diw^-UBh'Shua'r&.
JassaSy U^^^^^f surname of Shaikh Ahmad bin-'Ali Razi,
which see.
Jasw&nt BaOy LSb '^^y^y a Hindd who was a poet
and the author of a Diwan. His Diwan was found in the
Library of Tipu Sultdn.
Jaswant Hao Holkar, j^Jb *^'' y **'>> the son of
Takoji Holkar, and brother of Kishi Eao, whom he suc-
ceeded on the masnad of Indor about the year 1802.
He made a rapid incursion into the Doab and committed
some ravages, but was defeated aud pursued by Lord
Lake to the Sikh country as far as the Bias in 1803, and
all his territories occupied by a British force. The whole
was restored to him at the peace. He became insane
in 1806, and Tulshi Bai, his wife was acknowledged re-
gent. He died on 20th October, 1811, and was succeeded
by Malhar li^ III, his son, by a woman of low birth.
Tulshi Bai, however, continued to act as regent. On the
20th December, 1816, a company of armed men seized
Tulshi Bai, conveyed her forcibly to the neighbouring
river of Sipra, and cutting off her head on the bank,
threw the lifeless trunk into the water.
Jaswant Singh Bundela, *^**^ *^^ *■* > -*»> son of
E£ja Indarman. He held a suitable rank in the army
in the reign of the emperor ' Alamgir, and died about the
year 1687 A. B., 1099 A. H. After his death the zamm-
dill of Urcha was conferred on Bhagwant Singh his son,
an infant of four years, with the title of Baj&, but he
dying about the year 1693 A. D., 1105 A. H., there
remained no one of the family of Bajis Shujan Singh or
of his brother Indarman, to succeed him ; upon which
the Hani Amar Kdnwar, grandmother to the deceased
prince, placed on the raj Udaut Singh, who was descend-
ed from Madhukar Sah, father to Raji Bir Singh Deo,
which was approved by the emperor, who conferred on
him the title of raji, and a suitable man^ab.
Jaswant Singh, Maharaja, **^ ^j^a. ^b^i
the celebrated r^ja of Jodhptir or M&prdr, of the tribe of
B&fhor Kajputs, who acted so capital a part in the
competitions of 'Alamgir and his brother D4ra Shik6h
whose cause he espoused, and was guilty of great impro-
priety. He was the son of Rajd Gaj Singh and a descen-
dant of Bao M&ldeo. Jaswant Singh, subsequently,
became one of the best generals of 'Alamgir, and held the
rank of 7000 for several years. He died near Sibul
about the 11th December, 1678 A. D., 6th ^il-^ada 1069
A. H. He had built a fine house at Agrah on the banks of
the Jamna, the surrounding walls of which are still stand-
ing, and his followers brought his infant children and his
women who did not bum with him, towards their native
country. Orders were sent by the emperor 'Alamgir to
conduct them to court, where on their arrival, he insisted
on the children being made Musalmans. Upon this the
rajput attendants, determined to die rather than submit
to this order, fled with their charge towards the r&j&'s
territories, and being pursued by the emperor's troops,
fought valiantly, and were mostly cut to pieces, but tiie
women and infants arrived safe at Jodhpur ; they were,
however, compelled to take refuge in the hills and the
woods, and on the death of 'Alamgir in 1707 A. D., re-
gained their former possession. Ajit Singh, his son, was
restored to the throne of his ancestors in the year 1711
A. D., by the emperor Farrukh-siyar who married his
daughter. Ajit Singh was murdered by his son Abhai
Singh in 1724 A. D.
Jaswant Singh, '-^ *^>*^j rAj4 of Jodhp^ Mirwfa-,
succeeded to the gaddi after the death of his fsither
Takhat Singh in February, 1873 A. D., 1289 A. H.
Jaswant Singh, *^ "^ir^^ son of Balwant Singh
Maharaja of Bhartpur. He was bom on the 28th Feb-
ruary, 1851, and succeeded his father on the 16th of
March, 1863 when he was but two years old.
Jaswant Singh, Kxinwar, *^ ^^Hr**^ Jj^9 vide
Parw&na.
Jat^ «S»*^^ a tribe of Hindu labourers who made no figure in
the Mughul empire, as a nation, till the reign of 'Alamgir,
in whose expedition to the Dakhin, they were first heard
of as a gang of banditti, under an intrepid fellow called
Churaman. They were then so daring as to harrass the
rear of the imperial army. After the death of that mon-
arch they took advantage of the growing imbecility of the
empire, and fortifying themselves, spread their depreda-
tions to the gates of Ag^h. Mukham Singh, who after
the death of Churdman commanded the J£ts, took upon
himself the title of rdj&, but their power increased under
Badan Singh and Surajmal, which last was dignified with
titles from the emperor. Vide Churiman Ja(.
Jawad 'Ali, Mirza, iLr^ (/^ «^!>^^ or more properly
Prince Mirzd Muhammad Jawid 'All Sikandar Hash-
mat Bahadur, son of Amj^ 'AH Shah, and brother
of Wajid 'All Shah the ex-king of Lakhnao. He accom-
panied his mother, the dowager Queen of Lakhnau, after
the annexation of that country to the British possessions
in 1856, to England, and died there after the death of his
mother, on the 25th February, 1858, aged 30 lunar years.
The body of the prince was transferred from London to
Paris, to be buried on French soil beside that of the
Queen his mother. An immense crowd had assembled to
witness the procession, attended by Prince Mirzd Hamid
'All, the nephew of the deceased.
JawaMr Singh, *^^lr^, vide Jouhar.
Jawahir Singh, *^^t>^, tiie Jat riji of pig and
Bhartptir, was the son of Surajmal Jat. He succeeded
to the rij after his father's death in December, 1763
A. D., 1177 A. H., was secretly murdered in 1768, and
was succeeded by his brother Rao Batan Singh, who
did not escape suspicion of having been accessory to his
brother's murder. Hatan Singh reigned ten months and
thirteen days and was stabbed by a fakir named Rup&-
nand, who pretended to transmute copper into gold. Vid0
Hatan Singh.
Jawahir
135
Jouhar
^avahir Singh, **^*^!>^, a Sikh chief who became
the minister of Maharij4 Dalip Singh after the death of
Hiri Singh, and was murdered by the troops at LiLhor on
the 21st September, 1845. Raja L&l Singh succeeded him.
Jawahir Singh, Maharaja, *^*- ^!y^ ^b^9
son of Dhyan Singh and nephew of MaharsjiLGuUb Singh,
ruler of £[ashmir.
Jawan, ^J^9 the poetical appelLition of Mirzi Ij^azim
'All, a Hindustani lyric poet, attached to the college of
Fort William. He is the author of an TJrdii Diwan and
also of a Barah M&s& which he composed in 1802 A. D.,
1217 A. H. He was alive in 1812.
Jawan Bakht, Mirza, U/* ^^**^ ^b^^ the youngest
son of Bahadur Shah, the ez-king of Dehli, who accom-
panied his father to Rangoon in 1858, and now resides
under surveillance at that place. Government has sanc-
tioned the grant of a separate pension and an allowance
of 250 rupees to his wife Zamani Begam in 1873 A. D.
Jawed Khan, O^ '^jh'y an eunuch and a great &Yoa-
lite of the emperor Ahmad Shah and his mother, who
raised him to the rank of an amir with the title of Naw&b
Bahadur. Kawab Safdar Jang, who was much disgusted
at the influence he had over the emperor, invited him to
an entertainment, and murdered him during the banquet.
This event took place on the 28th of August, 1752 O. S.,
28th Shawwil 1165 A. H.
Jaweni, iS^J^y whose proper name was Abu'l Ma'^
'Abdulmalik bin-' Abdullah, was a doctor and a very cele-
brated metaphysician, who bore the title of " Imim-ul-
Haramain." He flourished in the reign of M&lik Shih
the Saljukide, and professed the doctrine of Shufa'i at
Kaishapur, where the famous Ghazz&li was his disciple.
He is the author of several works, amongst which are the
two following : " Tarikh Jahan Kuahao," and " Akidat-
ul-Nizdmiat." He died in 1085 A. D., 478 A. H.
Jaweria, ^J^t one of the wives of Muhammad whom he
married in the sixth year of the Hijra 627 A. D. She is
said to be a woman of great beauty, and was brought
among the captives. She died about the year 670 A. D.,
56 A. H.
Jawini, i^J^} •*<fe Moin-uddfn Jawinl
Jayesi, <y^^> ^^ Malik Muhammad JijeeL
Jazarif (SX^i surname of those who were bom at a city
caUed Jazarat-ul-'Umar, situated on the Tigris, to the
northward of Nineveh and MausaL One of the most
illustrious amongst the men of letters this city has pro-
duced, was Ibn-Asir ul-Shaibani Majd-uddin, who died
1209 A. D., 606 A. H., and of whom we have several
works. Vide Ibn-Asfr.
J^ighis Khan, c^^ Jt^> vide Change* Khan*
Jent Farkas, Lala, cr'Oi *"=*H^> author of a poem
called " Bastur Ish]^," containing the story of Sass£ and
Panan in Persian verse. It appears that his correct name
is J6t.Parka8h.
Jhankoji Sendhia, '^^'^ ijr^J^y son of Ji^pa
or Jyap4 Sendhia, was killed in titie last battle which took
place between Ahmad ShiLh Abdali and the Marhattas on
the 14th of January, 1761 N. S., at Panipat.
Jhanko Bao Sendhia, ^^-•jbj^^, also called
Mukki Rao, on the death of Baulat B^ Sendhia was
elected by his widow Biji Blu as Wlj& of Gwfiiar, and was
put on the masnad on the 18th June, 1827; but being
then only nine years of age, B&ji Bii acted as regent.
He assumed the reins of government in 1838, reigned 15
years and some months, and died on the 4th of February,
1843, aged 24 years. He was succeeded by his adopted
son Jiaji Sendhia the present raja of Gwaliar, with whom
Bij& Bai appears to have resided until the time of the
mutiny.
JiUJi Bao Sendhia, ^^^^ j[; i/^k^y the present
r£ja of GwaHar, whose name in full is, MahWja 'AH
Jah Jiaji R&o Sendhia, was the adopted son of Jhanko
Rao Sendhia, on whose death he succeeded to the govern-
ment on the 4th February, 1843. His installation took
place on the 20th of January, 1844 when Lord Ellen-
borough visited the fort.
Jiapa Sendhia, '^«>^ ^^, vide Jyapa Sendhia.
Jiji Begam, ^*iii «^-^, the wet-nurse of the emperor
Akbar, and the mother of Mirz& 'Aziz E6ka, who was
raised to a high rank by the emperor with the title of
Kh^ 'Azim. She died in the year 1599 A. D., 1008
A. H. The king carried her coffin on his shoulders and
shaved his beard and mustachoes.
Jiwan, Mulla, ^ ej^> vide Mulla Jlwan.
Jodha Bao, jb ^^J^y raja of M&rwdr, and a descendant
of Seoji, the grandson of the celebrated Jaichind, the last
Rath6r monarch of Kanauj. He in the year 1432 A. D.
founded the modem capital of J6dhptir, to which he trans-
ferred the seat of government from Mand6r.
Jodh Bai, v^Tt ^j^j (whose maiden name appears to
be Jagat Goshaini and also B&lmati), was the daughter of
R^ja Udai Singh of Jodhpur or Marw&r, the son of R&j£
Maldeo. She was called Jodh Bai, because she was a
princess of J6dhpur. She was married to Mirz4 Salim
(afterwards Jah^gfr) in 1585 A. D., 994 A. H., and
became the mother of the emperor Sh&h Jah&n who waa
bom in 1592 A. B., 1000 A. H. at Lahor. She died at
Agrah in 1619 A. D., 1028 A. H., and was buried in
Sohigpura built by her where her palace and tomb are
stUl to be seen in a ruinous state.
Jogi, Stiltan, s^^-^^i^J^, vide Muhammad Jogf.
Josh, Wi^i poetical title of Ahmad ECasan Khin, who is
femiiliarly called Achchhe 84hib. He was living in
Lakhnau in 1853 A. D., 1269 A. H., and is the author of
an Urdu Diw&n. He is the son of Nawdb Mukim Elhan,
the son of Naw&b Muhabbat Khan, the son of Hafis
Rahmat Ehim.
Joshish, cA* V ' m poetical title of Muhammad Hasan or
Muhammad R6shan of Patna, who flourished in the time
of the emperor ShiUi ' Alam.
Jot Farkash, lala, ^ ij^^ '^J^ aHinddEiiyethand
an author. This appears to be the correct for Joint Par-
k&Bh, which see.
Jouhar, J^y^y the poetical appellation of Jaw&hir Singh,
a Hindu, who was the pupil of the poet MuUa Nati^ of
Naiflh&pur. He is the author of a Diw&n in Persian and
Urdu, and was Hving in 1851 A. D., 1267 A. H.
Jouhar, j^y^y the poetical name of Munshf Sewa "Bim of
Shihjahanpiir, who flourished in the time of Akbar Shiih
II, and ia the author of Beyenl works in Penian, such
Jonliari
136
Jurjanl
as " Jouhar-ul-Talfin," « Jonhar-Til-Tarkfl),'» &o., the last-
named work he wrote in 1820 A. D., 1235 A. H.
Jouhari Farabi, u^!;^ iSJ^J^t surname of Abd Naar
Ismi'fl bin-Hammfid. Although he was a Turk, yet he
made such progress in the Arabic language, which he
studied in Mesopotamia and Egypt, that he was styled
" InUlm-ul-Lugh&t," or master of the language. He is
the author of a very large Arabic Dictionary entitled
" Sahih-ul-LughiLt,*' the purity of the tongue. He is
often called after this work, " Sahib-us-Sahah" or the
author of the Sahih. He is commonly called F&r&bi or
FArabi-al-Turki, because he was a native of F&rab in
TurkistAn. He died 1002 A. D., 393 A. H. Some au-
thors say that his death took place in 992 A. D., 382
A. H.
Jouhari Zargar, jSjj (Sj^J^y a poet who flourished in
the time of Sulaim^ Shah and Arsalan Sh£h of the house
of Saljuk. He is the author of a poem containing the
story of " Amfr Ahmad and Mahasti."
Joimpur, jyi^J^, kings o^ vide Khwdja Jah£n.
Jouzi, (SJj^f vide Abd'l Faraj ibn-Jauzi.
Joya^ ^y^y poetical appellation of Mirzil Darib Beg, a
poet whose native country was Eilshmir. He died in
1706 A. D., 1118 A. H., and is the author of a Biwia,
The poetical name of his brother MirziL Eamr&n, was
66y&.
Juban Cboban or Jovian, Amir, u^j^ j^^y the
tutor and general of the armies of Sultan Abd Sa'id Khan,
son of Alj4itti, king of Persia. He was put to death by
Malik Ghayis-uddin Eaxt in November, 1327 A. D.,
Mu^arram, 728 A. H., by order of the Sultan, because
he refused to give him his daughter, Baghdid Kh&tun,
in marriage. Vide Baghdad Ehatun.
Juber, yi'^i a companion of Muhammad.
Judaty ^>l^^9 a poetical appellation.
Jllghtai, </^^, f»t<fo Chaghtai.
Jugal Kishor, Ji^ *-^^, an inhabitant of Behli whose
poetical name was Sarwat. He was wakil to the K&zim
of Bengal for several years.
Jigi Khan, u;^ f^J^> ^^ the eldest son of Chingis
Khin the Tartar, from whom he had received for his
share the wide regions of IKapchd^ ; but this prince died
a few months before his father in 1226 A. D., and left
his territories to his son Batu Ehin, who conquered Rus-
sia and Bulgaria, and ravaged the countries of Poland,
Moravia, and Dalmatia, and had marched into Hungary
in order to attack Constantinople, when death ended his
victorious career.
Juna Shah, ^^ ^^, a brother of Muhammad Tughla^
Sh£h, king of Dehli, who built the city of Jounptir which
goes after his name.
Junaid Baghdadi, Shaikh, ks^\^ <^ ^,
a celebrated ascetic whose father was a glass-blower of
Nah&wand. He was bom and brought up at Baghd&d,
and became one of the best disciples of 6h&fa*i, but
followed the system of Sd£t&n Sourf. He made thirty
pilgrimages to Mecca, alone and on foot. He died at
Baghdiid in the year 911 A. B., 298 A. H., and was
buried near the tomb of his mastcnr and maternal uncle,
Sari Sa^tf .
Janaid, Shaikh or Bnltan, «H*^ o^^*^, third in
dfifloent from the celebrated Shaikh Safil-uddin Ardibeli,
and grand&ther of Shdh Ism&'il I of Persia, founder of the
Safwi dynasty which was extirpated by Nadir Shah. He
was a Sufi or mystic philosopher, but being expelled
from Azurbejan by the Turkmim ruler Jahin ShiUi, es-
tablished himself in Dayarbikar. In the latter period
of his life, he went to Shirw^ with his disciples, and was
killed in 1466 A. D., 860 A. H., in a conflict with the
troops of Amir Khalfl-ulUh, ruler of that province. VidA
Ismi'fl I Safwi. The book called NukkAt Bedil, written
by Mirzd Bedil, contains his Memoirs.
•
Junoni, (/l^j author of a poem called " Latdef Shou^,"
a collection of entertaining and witty tales which he
composed in the year 1689 A. D., 1100 A. H., and dedi-
cated to the emperor 'Alamgir, but many were rather
obscene.
Juniini, Maulana, (/!>^ ^^y*> a sprightly satirical
poet of Hirat who flourished in the time of Amur Ghayas-
uddin Sultan Husain, son of Firoz Shah about the 9th
century of the Hijri era.
Jurats ^]j^y poetical title of Ealandar Bakhsh, a son of
Yehia Am&n and pupil of Hasrat. He was flrst supported
by Nawab Muhabbat Khin, but in 1800 A. D., 1215
A. H., he was in the service of prince Sulaimdn Shik6h
at Lakhnau. Though in the prime of life, he became
blind, but became a good musician and an excellent
plaver on the g^tar. It appears that Jurat and his family
had the family name of Yehia M&n, because they said
that they were descended from Yehia Bao Man who re-
sided in a street at Dchli which is close to the Chandnf
Chouk, and is still called the Rae Man street. It is also
stated that this Rae Man was executed by Nddir Shih.
Jurat died in the year 1810 A. D., 1225 A. H. He is
the author of an Urdu DiwiLn and two Ma^nawis.
Jlirir, jij^} or Abti Hazr& Jarlr ibn-Atiya, was one of the
greatest and most celebrated poets. He flourished in the
reign of the Khalif 'Abdulmalik of the house of Umayya,
and received from him a handsome salary. He was once
rewarded by the prince for a single panegyrical ode, with
100 camels, 18 slaves and a silver jug. Abii'l Faraj ibn«
ul-Jauzi places the death of Jurir in the year 111 Hijri
or 729 A. D., Ill A. H., aged 80 yeais.
Jurir-ibn-'AbduUah, *Uf«>^« t:^f ^^, a general of
the army in the time of 'Umar, the second Ehalifa after
Muhammad.
Jurir-ibn-uI-Tabari, C5r^^* ^^jij^y or Jurir-ut-Ta-
bari, a celebrated Arabian historian, author of the '* Tarikh
Tabari." He died in the year 922 A. D., 310 A. H. His
son Muhammad, who was also an author, died in 942
A. D., 330 A. H. Vide Abd Ja'far-at-TabarL
Jllljani, iJ'^^tJ^t which see.
Jmjani, i^^j^y a native of Juij^n or Georgia. Al->
Sayyad-ush-Sharif Abiil Hasan (or Husain) 'All, was
thus sumamed because he was bom in that country. He
was one of the most celebrated Musalmin docton ; was
bom in 1339 A. D., 740 A. H., and died at Shfrliz 1413
A. D., 816 A. H. There have been several other authon
of this surname, as Al-Sharif-al-Husaini, a son of the first,
who was a famous physician and lived in the time of
Atsiz, Sultan of the EhwiLrizmi&ns. Also Abdl Wafa,
a mathematician, Abfi Bakr bin-' Abdul E&hir, a gram-
marian, and Muhammad Jirj&n£, a valiant captain of the
8ult4n of Khw&rizm, and governor of the city of Hir&t
who was killed in defending that place against Tdli £haD,
son of Chaogez £hia«
Eaan
137
Eadar
K
Kaaziy vide EMn.
Ka'b, .J^i tH* *y^, or Kaa'b ibn-Zahir of Mecca, was an
Arabian poet, and author of the *^ Kosied B&nat Sa'ad,"
a poem in Arabic held in the highest estimation, contain-
ing a panegyric on Muhammad. A translation of part
of it may be found in Bir William Jones's Second Volume
of the Asiatic Hesearches. The author was a Jewish
Babbi, contemporary and opponent of Muhammad, and
had written some satirical verses upon him ; but after-
wards being desirous of a reconciliation with the prophet,
he wrote the above poem, which had the desired effect.
Some authors say that he died in the first year of the
Hijra, that is, 622 A. D., 1 A. H. But, according to
Ockley's History of the Saracens, *^ Kaa'b came in the
ninth year of the Hijra, and made his peace with Muham-
mad, with a poem in his praise." By this it appears that
he was living in 631 A. D. He is said to have assisted
Muhammad greatly in the compilation of the Kuran.
Wilkin's Biographical Dictionary under Coah.
Ka'b-al-* Ahbar,^*^^ V^> a famous traditionist of the
tribe of Eamyar, who embraced IsUmism in the reign
of 'XJmar, and died in 652 A. D., 32 A. H., during l^e
reign of 'Usman.
KabiTy J^ > & celebrated Hindi poet, by trade a Musalmin
weaver, who, according to the Akbar-nama, was cotem-
porary with Sikandar Shdh L6di, king of Dehli. Eabir
was a Sufi or Deist of the most exalted sentiments and
of benevolence unbounded. His poems which are still
universally esteemed, inculcate the purest morality, good
will and hospitality towards all men ; and breathe so
fine a spirit of toleration, that both Hindis and Musal-
mans contend for the honour of his having been bom of
their religion. From the disinterested, yet alluring, doc-
trines his poems contain, a sect has sprung up in Hindu-
stan, under the name of Kabir FantM, who are so uni-
versally esteemed for veracity, and other virtues, among
both Hindtis and Musalm&ns, that they may be with
propriety considered the Quakers of this country. The
time ofKabir's death seems involved in equal obscurity
with the manner of his decease and burial. They relate
that he lived a long time at Edsi (Ben&ras) and Gay4,
and sojourned also at Jagamath, where he gave great
oflence to the Brdhmans, by his conduct and tolerant doc-
trine. When stricken in years, he departed this life among
a concourse of his disciples both Musalmans and Hindiis.
He is buried at Ratanpur, where his tomb is said to be
seen to this day.
Kabir, Shaikh, J^ ^^y sumamed Bala Pir, was the
son of Shaikh K&sim K&dir(, whose tomb is at Chun£r.
Shaikh Kabir died at Kanauj on Monday, the 4th of
November, 1644 A. D., 12th Ramazan, 1064 A. H., where
a splendid Mausoleum was built on his tomb by one of
his sons named Shaikh Mahdi who died in 1677 A. D.,
1088 A. H., and is also buried there.
Kabir-uddin, i^b^ ^.^\ ^ ^. w:!*^' j^y son of
Taj-uddin 'Iral^i, lived in the time of Sult&n Al&-uddfn
king of Dehli, and wrote a book on his conquests.
Kablai Kaan, «;•" **^*, or Elh£n, or more properly
Kawaila K£&n, Grand Khin of the Mongols and Emperor
of China, was the son or brother of Mangu Kh4n
emperor of Tartary, and great-grandson of Chingiz Khin.
He succeeded his brother about the year 1259 A. D., 655
A. H., and founded the Yueen dynas^ in China. Being
ordered by his brother Mangii, then Ehakan of the
35
Mongols, to subjugate Corea and China, he entered China
with an immense army in 1 260 A. D., drove out the Tartars
of the Kin dynasty and took possession of North China.
In 1279 he completed the ruin of the Song dynasty by
invading and subduing Southern China so that his dominion
now extended from the Frozen Ocean to the Straits of
Malacca and fi^m Corea to Asia Minor— an extent
of territory, the like of which had never before, and has
never since, been governed by any one monarch. The
rule of the Mughuls, hitherto severe and barbarous,
changed its character in the reign of this prince, who
adopted entirely the manners of the Chinese, and who is
regarded, even by that people, as one of the best and
most illustrious of their emperors. He died in 1294
A. D., 693 A. H.
Kabul, Jj^, the poetical appellation of MirzA *Abdul
Ghinf Beg of Kashmir, who was a S(ifi and a pupil of
J6ya, the brother of G6yi, He died in 1726 A. D., 1139
A. H.
^bU8, u^yr^y a prince of the house of Shamgir, or Dash-
magir, whose capital was Rei, and afterwards Jurj&n in
Khur&sfin. Shamgir was succeeded by his son Bistun,
of whom nothing particular is related. But the next of
this family, K^btis, whose title was " Shama'-ul-Mulk,"
or the candle of the kingdom, is celebrated for his extra-
ordinary wisdom and learning. He was, by the instiga-
tion of his son Manuchchr, slain by his own mutinous
officers 1012 A. D., 403 A. H., whose excesses he had
probably desired to restrain. He was succeeded by his
son Manuchchr, who submitted to the power of Sultin
Mahmud of Ghazni : but that monarch not only conti-
nued him in his family possessions, but gave him his
daughter in marriage. He died 1070 A. D., 463 A. H.,
and was succeeded in the government of Juij&n by his
son Gilan Sh&h. K4bus is the author of several works,
one of which is called " Kamal-ul-Balaghat."
Kabuli Mahal, cU^t^l^, a wife of Sh^hzahan.
Kachhwaha, the title of the Bajas of Amber or Jaiptir.
Vide Bhari Mai.
^adard, ^J^^} the son of Ja'far Beg D&dd, and brother
of Alp Arsaliin of the race of Saljuk. He was installed
by Tughral Beg his uncle in 1041 A. D., 433 A. H., and
became the first Sultan of the Saljuk dynasty of Kirm&n
where he reigned 32 years and died of poison in 1072
A. D., 465 A. H., by order of Malik Sh&h.
The following is a list of the Sultdns of Kirmdn
of the race of Sa^uk.
A. D. A. H.
Kidard, the son of Ja'far Beg Bi^d, began 1041 433
Sultan Sh&h, the son of Kadard, 1072 465
Turan Shdh, brother of Sultan Sh4h, 1074 467
fran Shih, son of Tur&n Shah, a tyrant
who was slain in 1100, 1096 489
Arsalan Shiih, son of Kirm&n Sh&h, reigned
42 years, 1100 494
Mughfs-uddm Muhammad, son of ArsaUn, 1141 536
Tughral Shdh, son of Muhammad, • 1156 551
Bahrdm, Arsal&n, and Turin ShiUi, sons of
Tughral, dispute succession, 1 169 566
Muhammad Shah, son of Bahram Sh&h who
after the death of his father and two
uncles ascended the throne of KirmiLn, was
dispossessed by Malik Din&r, a Turk of
the tribe of Ghuz in 1187 A. D., 583
A. H. Thus ended the Saljuk dynasty
of Kirmin of the race of Kidard.
Iptdar Khan^ o^jo^. Vide ?:adr Khin.
Eadir
138
Eaikaos
^llAdir, J^^, the poetical tiUe of Shaikh 'Abdul ^idir Ba-
diLonL Vide 'Abdul Kiwiir.
^[adir^ >^ > the poetical appellation of Wazir Khan, an
inhabitant of Agrah, who waa in great favour with ' Alam-
gii and his two successors. He died in 1724 A. B., 1136
A. H., and is the author of a DiwiLn.
itf J^^} the poetical name of Shaikh 'Abdul ^adir, who
was employed as Munshi by Prince Muhammad Akbar,
son of 'Alamg^. He is the author of a Diwan.
Billah, V^j^^. FtVfo Al-Kddir Billah.
^[adir or ]^diri, iSJ^^ ^J^^^ the poetical name of
'Abdul I^adir of Badion.
^diri, iSJ^^) the poetical titie of Prince Diri Shik6h, the
eldest son of the emperor Shah Jahan.
IfsuAir Shah, Z^j^^, of Malwi. After the occupation
of M&lwa by the emperor Humaytin, that monarch had
left his own officers in the government of that kingdom,
but shortly after his return to Agrah, Mallu Khan, one
of the officers of the late Khilji government, retook all
the country lying between the Narbada and the town of
Bhilsa, after a struggle of twelve months against the
Dehli officers; whom having eventually subdued, he
caused himself to be crowned in IVIando, under the titie
of Kadir Shah of Malw& He reigned till the year 1542
A. D., 949 A. H., when Sher Shih took Malwi^ and con-
ferred the government to Shujaa' Khin his minister and
relative.
Q[adr Khan, is^^j^^, king of Ehutan, who was a con-
temporary of Sultin Mahmud of Ghazni. He was living
between the years 1005 and 1024 A. D. It is related of
him that he was very fond of music, and that four bags
were constantly placed round his sofk, and as he listened
to the song, he cast handfuls of gold and silver to the
poets.
l^ael, ^^9 poetical name of 'Abdullah, a Persian poet.
^Sueli or ^^biliy c5^ > o^ Sabzw&r, is the author of a
biography or Tazkira of poets. He died in 1548 A. D.,
955 A. H.
]^aein-bi-amr-nllah, *^y»l^ ^, was the son of
Mahdi, the first Khalif of the Fatimites in Africa. He
rebuilt the city of Massilah in Africa in the year 927
A. D., 315 A. H., and called it Muhammadia.
9Aem BiUah, V^ (^9 KhaUfa of BaghdiUi, vide Al-
K&em Billah.
l^aem Jang or l^ymn Jang, ^-^^ ^9 the son of
Muhammad Kh^ Bangash, nawab of Farrukhib^d, whom
he succeeded in June, 1743 O. S., Jum&d^ I, 1156 A. H.
He made war by the instigation of tiie wazir, nawab
Safdar Jang, with the Rohelas of Kater now called Ho-
hilkhan4t after the death of their chief, 'AH Muhammad
Kh4n, but was defeated and slain on the 10 th November,
1749 O. S., 10th ^-^jja, 1162 A. H., and his estates
confiscated by the wazir. The principal servants of the
deceased were sent prisoners to Allahabad; but his
mother was allowed to keep the city of Farrukhib&d and
twelve small districts for the support of the family, as
they had been conferred on it in perpetuity by the em-
peror Farrukh-siyar. The oonqucored country was com-
mitted to the care of the wazfr's deputy, Biji Naw4b lUe,
who was soon after slain in battle against Ahmad Khan
the brother of Kaem Jang, who took possession of the
country.
Kaem^ ^^*, poetical appellation of K^m Khto who held
the post of Captain in the service of Wazir Muhammad
Khan, Nawab of T6nk, the son of Amfr Khin. He is the
author of an Urdd Diwan, which he completed and pub-
lished in 1863 A. D., 1270 A. H.
•.
Kafl, i^*5, surname of Ta^i-uddin 'AUbin-'Ali, an Ara-
bian author who died in the year 1355 A. D., 756 A. H.
His name is spelt in some of our Biographical Dictionaries,
Cafi.
Kafi or Kami^ is^^, poetical name of Mirzd 'A14-uddaula
who flourished in the reign of the emperor Akbar. Vide
Ala-uddaula (Mirza), and Kami.
Kafi, (j^^, whose proper name was Kifayet 'AH, was a
poet of Muradabdd, and author of the " Bahib Khuld,"
which is a translation of the ^* ShimiLel."
Kafi-ul-Kafat, ^^^ ij^i) vide Ibn-'Ibdd.
Kafur, Malik, JJ^^i lSLo^ ^ favourite eunuch of Sult£n
*AlA-uddin Khilji, king of Dehli, who was raised to the
high rank of wizarat. After the king's death, the first
step which the traitor took, was to send a person to Gw&-
liar, to put out the eyes of Khizir Khan and Shadi Khin
the two sons of the deceased Sultan. His orders were
inhumanly executed. He then placed Shahab-uddin the
king's youngest son (a boy of seven years of age) on the
throne, and began his administration ; but was assassina-
ted thirty-five days after the king's death, in January, 1317
A. D., 716 A. H., and Mubiuik the third son of the king
was raised to the throne.
Kahaj Tabrezi, Shaikh, C5>?^ ^ ^, a learned
Musalman who held the oflSoe of Shaikh-ul-IsUm at
Tabrez during the reign of Sultan Aweis and Sultin
Husain of Baghdad. He is the author of a Diwan.
Kahi, is^^, vide Kiudm K£hL
5ahir BiUah, *t^^^^, vide Al-K4hir Billah, Khalifa of
Baghdad.
ig^ahkari, iSj^j vide Najm-uddin Abd'l Hasan. In
some of our Biographical Dictionaries his name is spelt
GahcarL
KaikailB> U^jr^y second king of the Kayanian dynasty
of Persia, was the son of Kail^ub^d. He was vain and
proud : and appears to have been in continual distress
from the unfortunate result of schemes that his ambition
led him to form, but which he wanted ability to execute.
His life is connected with a thousand fables, which though
improper in this place, form excellent materials for Fir-
dausi, who has given, in his history of this period, the
extraordinary and affecting tale of the combat between
Bustam and his unknown son, Suhr4b, who is killed by
his father. This part of the ShiUi-nama has been beauti-
fully translated in English verse by J. Atkinson, Esq.,
Assistant Surgeon on the Bengal Establishment, and
member of the Asiatic Society in 1814. Kaikaus when
grown old, resigned his crown in favour of his grandson
Kaikhusro, the son of Siawakhsh.
KaikaUB, Ainir> uvf^j^^y grandson of Kilbtis, prince
of JuijiUi, and one of the noblemen who lived at the court
Eaikhusro
139
Ealhana
of Sulf^ Maudiid, the grandfion of Sul^xi Mahmiid of
6hazn{. He is the author of the work called ** K&bds-
nama. '
Kaikhusro, Jtr'"^^ 9 the third king of the Kayanian
dynasty of Persia and the grandson of Kaik&us. He
ascended the throne in the lifetime of his father who
resigned the crown in his &ivour. He had several battles
with Afriisi&b the king of Turan, who was at last defea-
ted, taken prisoner, and slain. Soon after these events
Kaikhusro resolved to devote the remainder of his life to
religious retirement : he delivered over Kabul, Zabulistan
and Nimr6z to Rustam, as hereditary possessions ; and
resigned his throne to LuhHLsp the son-in-law of Kaik&us
and his own son by adoption and affection. After these
arrangements, he went accompanied by some nobles
to a spring which he had fixed upon as the place of his
repose. Here he disappeared, and all those that went
with him were destroyed on their return by a violent
tempest. He lived 90 years and reigned 60.
KaikhlUirOy JLT**** ^ the son of Sult&n Muhammad Khin,
governor of Multan, who was the eldest son of Sultan
Ghayas-uddin Balban, king of Dehli. After his father's
death in 1285 A. D., he was made governor of Multan by
his grandfather, and after his decease in 1286 A. D.,
was murdered at Rohtak by Malik Nizam-uddin, wazir of
Kai^ubad who ascended the throne as king of Dehli.
Kaikubad, ^^^^y the founder of the second or Kayanian
djTiasty of the kings of Persia, was a lineal descendant
of Mandchchr, according to some accounts he was his
great-grandson. This prince had retired to the mountain
of Alburz, from which place he was brought by Kustam
the son of Zil and proclaimed king of Persia. Ho com-
mitted the administration of government into the hands
of Zal, whose son Rustam, was appointed to lead the
Persians against the dreaded Afrdsiab who had again
passed the Oxus and invaded Persia. In this battle, Rus-
tam overcame Afraaiab, and afterwards a peace was
concluded, by which it was agreed that the Oxus should
remain as it had been heretofore, the boundary between
the two kingdoms. Kaikubad lived some time after this
in peace : he is said to have reigned 120 years. He left
four sons: Kaikaus, Arish, Hum and Armen. To the
former he bequeathed his throne, and enjoined all the
others to obey him.
List of kings of the second or Kayanian dynasty.
1. Kai^ub&d.
Kaikaus.
Kaikhusro (Cyrus the Great).
Luhrasp.
Gushtasp (Hystaspes of Grecian History).
Isfandiar (Aspanda or Astyages of ditto).
Bahman or Ardisher Darazdast (Artaxerxes
Longimanus).
Humai, daughter and wife of Bahman.
Darab or D4ra, son of Bahman.
Dara, son of Darab (Darius overcome by Alex-
ander the Great).
Kaikubad i^^^ } sumamed Mu'izz-uddin, the g^randson of
Sultin Ghayia-uddin Balban, whom he succeeded in 1286
A. b., 685 A. H., on the throne of Dehli in the absence
of his father Nasir-uddin Baghr4 KhAn who was then
in Bengal. In the year 1287 A. D., 686 A. H., his father
having heard the state of affairs at Dehli, marched from
Bengal to visit and advise his son. They met on the
banks of the GhAgra at BehAr, and the whole scene was
so affecting, that almost all the court shed tears. On
this occasion the celebrated poet Amir Khusro wrote the
poem called the " Kiran-us-Sadain," or the conjunction
of the two phinets. Kai^ubAd was aasassinated through
2.
8.
4.
6.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
the instigation of Fir6z Malik Khiyi in 1288 A. D., who
ascended the throne by the title of Jalal-uddin Fir6z
Shiih Khilji, and became the first Sultan of the 2nd
branch of the Turk d^-nasty called Khilji.
Kaiomurs, \M*J^} tiie first monarch of Persia according
to all Muhammadan writers. This king is stated to have
reclaimed his subjects from a state of the most savage
barbarity. They say he was the grandson of Noah, and
the founder of the first dynasty of Persian kings called
Pishdidian. His son Siamak was killed in one of the
batties with the barbarians or Devs; and when that
monarch carried Hoshang, the infisoit son of Siamak, to
share in the revenge he meant to take upon his enemies,
his army was joined by all the lions, tigers and panthers
in his dominions, and the Devs were routed and torn to
pieces by the auxiliaries, who had left their native forest
to aid the just king. After this victory, Kaiomurs re-
tired to his capital Balkh. He reigned 30 years, and was
succeeded by his grandson Hoshang.
The following is a list of kings of the first or
liehdddian dynasty.
1. Kaiomuis.
2. Hoshang.
8. Tuhmurs, sumamed Deoband.
4. Jamshed reigned at Persipolis.
5. Zuh&k, sumamed Alwani.
6. Faridiin, restored by Kawa.
7. Manuchchr.
8. Naudar or Nauzar.
9. Afrasi^b, king of Turkistin.
10. Zab, brother of Kaudar.
11. Garshisp.
Kaisar, J^^i a poet of the tribe of Shimld, who is com-
monly called ICaisar Shamlu.
^aisar, J^^y poetical name of Prince Khurshaid ^adr
the son of Mirza Asm&n Kadr, the son of Mirzi Khurram
Bakht, the son of Prince Mirza Jahandibr Shah, the son
of Sh&h ' Alam, king of Dehli.
^aisari Kirmani, ^^J^ fSji^y a poet of Kirmania.
Kaiuk Khan, c*^ vi>^, ^icu Kaydk.
Kakafl, s^^y vide Ahmad bin-Idris. He is mentioned in
some of our Biog^phical Dictionaries under the name
of Cakafi.
Kakafly i^^j ^*^ Ahmad bin-Idris.
E[alandar, J^^j author of the work called "8iriLt-ul-
Mustakim," which he composed in 1406 A. D., 808
A. H., and dedicated to Abu'l Muzaffar Husain Shah
bin-Mahmud Shah bin- Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpur.
Ealanifliy u^^> surname of 'Abdullah bin-Muhammad,
an Arabian author, who died in 1121 A. D., 615 A. H.
Kalb Ali Khan, J^ 4^ V^j Nawab of Rfimpiir in
1869-70.
Kalb Husain Khan, Mirsa, o^ iif^"^ *t*^ [)^,
Deputy Collector of Etiwah, the son Ahtarim-uddaula
Dabir-ul-Mulk Kalb 'Ali Khan Bahidur. He is the
author of four Diw&ns and a biography called ^* Shaukat
Nidiri." He was Uving in 1864 A. D., 1281 A. H.
Kalhandy ^^^9 a Brihrnan and author of a history of Kash-
Kali
140
Eamal-uddin
mfr called " Rijitarangini." There are four chronicles
of the history of Kashmir written in Sanskrit verse ; the
first by Kalhan4, bringing the history of Kashmir to
about 1148 after Christ ; the second, a continuation of
the former, by Jadarajd, to 1412 A. D. ; the third, a conti-
nuation of the second by Srivara, a pupil of Jauar&j&, to
1477 A. D. ; and the fourth, by Prajyabhatta, from that
date to the conquest of the valley by the emperor Akbar.
The author of the work, the Pandit Kalhanfe, of whom we
merely know that he was the son of Champaka, and
lived about 1150 A. D., under the reign of Siiiha Deva of
Kashmir — reports that before entering on his task, he had
studied eleven historical works written previously to his
time, and also a history of Kashmir by the sage Nila,
which seems to be the oldest of all. Kalhani begins his
work, with the mythological history of the country, the
first king named by him is Gonarda, who, according to
his chronology, would have reigned in the year 2448
B. C, and the last mentioned by him is Sinha Deva, about
1160 after Christ.
Kali DaSy 0*^<^ iS^^f ^ celebrated Hindd poet who lived
towards the conmiencement of the Christian era. Ho
was one of the nine splendid gems that adorned the court
of Kaj& Bikarmijit (Yikr&maditya). Some say that he
flourished in the time of IUj& Bh6j. He wrote the ** Na-
lodia'* for the purpose of exhibiting his unbounded skill
in alliteration. In four books, containing on the average
fifty-four stanzas each, he has given such illustrations
of their subject as can never be surpassed. This work
has been published in Europe, with a Latin translation
by a continental scholar, Ferdinandus Benary. No reason
can be imagined, why Kali D&s should again write the
history of Nala and Damayanti, after it had been so
elegantly written in flowing verse by Vyisa Deva, except
that he intended in this simple story to shew forth his
ingenuity in alliteration. He is also the author of the
poem called " Kumira Sambhava," and of another called
" Mah£ Natak."
Kali Sahiby V^^ i^^y surname of Ghulim Nasir-
uddin, the son of MauUn^ Kutb-uddin, the son of Maulan&
Fakhr-uddin. Although he was the Murshid or spiritual
guide of the king of Dehli, he preferred the habit of a
Derwiah. He died in 1852 A. D., 1268 A. H.
Kaliniy (^^> ^^ poetical name of AM. Talib Kalim, which
see.
Kalim-ullahy ^^^^j a title of Hoses the prophet.
Kalim-nllah, *^I(H^, the Itet king of the Bahmanf
dynasty of Kulbarga or Ahmadabad Bidar in the Dakhin.
He was expelled in 1527 A. D., by Amir Barid his wazir,
who mounted the throne and took possession of that
kingdom.
Kalixn-ullah, *^^(^, author of a work called "Kash-
kol Tasauwaf/' an exposition of the mystical phrases of
the Stiffs.
Kamaly J^> a poet of Isfahin.
TTamal, J^> poetical title of Mfr Kamil 'AH of Gaya
Manpur. He wrote Persian and Rekhta verses, and is the
author of a large work called " Kamil-ul-Hikmat^" on
philosophy, and one called **Chah£rdah Dariid,'* ». e.,
the fourteen blessings containing an account of the
Im^ms. He died in 1800 A. D., 1216 A. H., and the chro-
nogram of the Hijri year of his death is contained in the
word Dareghil.
Kamal Ghayas, Maulana, iSjb^ ^^J" J^ ^V^
of Shir&z, a poet and physician who flourished in the
time of Ibrihim Sul(4n«
Kamal Kazi, J^ ls^^, vide Ab<il-Fath Bngrfanf.
Kamal Khan> Gikhar, ji^ ii>^ J^^ prince of the
Gikhars, was the son of Sultin S&rang, the son of Malik
Kal4n 11, the son of Malik Kal&n 1, the son of Malik
Khar, who was the founder of the principality of the
Gikhars. Their country lies among the mountains be-
tween Bhat and Sindh, which formerly belonged to the
government of Kashmir. Malik Kalan 11 had several
battles with Sher Shah, but was at last taken prisoner
and put to death by that monarch, and his son or grand-
son Kamal Khan imprisoned in the fortress of Gw&li&r.
He was, however, after some years released by Salim Sh£h
the son of Sher Shah, but during his confinement, his
uncle Sultan Adam had taken possession of the countr}%
In the first year of the reign of Akbar he was introduced
to that monarch and was employed in his service. He
by degrees rose to the rank of 6000, and was afterwards
put in possession of his dominions by that emperor, and
Siiltin Adam his uncle taken prisoner and made over to
Kamdl Khin who put him in confinement where he died.
Kamal Khiin who became tributary to Akbar, died in
1662 A. D., 970 A. H.
Kamal Khujandi, iS^^^ J^y vide Kamal-uddfn
KhujandL
Kamal-uddin 'Abdul Bazzak, Shaikh, J^ fi^
^\jjJ\t^ 4jj«»J(^ ig the author of several works, among
which are the following " Tafsir T£wil£t," '* Kitib Isti-
lahat Sufia," " Sharah Fastis-ul-Hikam," " Sharh Ma-
nazib-ul-Sabirin," &c. He was a contemporary of Shaikh
Rukn-uddin 'Ala-uddaula. [He died in 1482 A. D.l 887
A. H, Vide 'Abdul Eazzi^.
Kamal-uddin Isma'il, cU^I ^^^\ JUr^ son of
Jamal-uddin Muhammad 'Abdul Razzak of Isfahikn, a
celebrated poet of Persia, styled, Malik-ush-Shu'ara, that
is to say, king of the poets, and is the author of a Diwan.
In the year 1237 A. D., 2nd Jumdda I, 636 A. H., on
the 21st of December, when O^tai Khan, the son of Chan-
gez Khan, invaded Isfahan, and massacred the inhabi-
tants of that city, he also fell a martyr. It is said that
he was tortured to death by the Mughuls who expected
to find hidden property in his house.
Kamal-uddin Khujandi, Shaikh, {:)e^\J^ ^
4/*^^^> was a great Shaikh and lyric poet, and a cotem-
porary of H&fiz, who, though they never saw each
other, much esteemed him, considering him and Salm&n
Sawaji as amongst the first poets of their time. He is
commonly called KamiU Khujandi, bom at Khujand. a
town situated in one of the most beautiful and fertile
districts of Persia. After having made the pilgrimage
to Mecca, he settled at Tabrez, a place which he found
extremely agreeable during the reign of the princes of
the family of Jal&yer. The principal personages of
Tabrez became his pupils, and he led a life of literary
ease and enjoyment; but when Tul^tamish Khan sur-
prised Tabrez, Shaikh Kamil was made prisoner, and was
carried to Serai in Kapjak by order of Mangu Khan the
grandson of Changez Khin, where he remained four
years, after which he was permitted to return to Tabrez,
near which city the Sul(&n Awes JaUyer built him a
house. Kamal did not sing the praise of princes in
^asida, nor did he write Ma^nawis, but only Ghazals, and
fragments. He died in the year 1390 A. D., 792 A. H.
and was buried at Tabrez. A MS. of the Diw4n of Kamii^
which had been the property of a Sultdn, is possessed by
the Imperial Library at Vienna, and is a great treasure
as a specimen of splendid writing, and, also, for the
superbly executed miniatures which adorn it^ illustrating
Eamal
141
Kaplan
the poemB. These plctureB are not more than a square
inch in size : there are two on each side of the conclud-
ing' verse; and though so small^ represent, with the
greatest correctness, eitiier allegorically or simply, the
meaning of the poet. — Dublin Univernty Magtainefor 1840.
Kamal-uddin Masa'ud, Maidana, e^^^-'i J^ ^^^^
^\^y^ *)^**»»* of Shirwin, a celebrated logician and
author of the marginal notes on the **Sharah Hikmat
A(n."
Kamal-uddin Mtiliammad bin-' Abdul Muna'im
Jujari, Shaikh, f^^^ ^^ er^ «***^ \ji^\ J^ ^,
\S^J^ an author who died in 1484 A« D., 889 A. H.
Kamal-uddin Muhammad-al-Siwasi, u^"^' ^^^
^g/9»\ymi\ 4X«A^ oommonly called Hum&m and Ibn-
Hum&m, author of a commentary on the Hidiya entitled
«< Fath-ul-Kadir lil 'Ajiz-al-Fallpr." It is the most com-
prehensive of all the comments on the Hidaya, and includes
a collection of decisions which render it extremely usefuL
He died in 1457 A. D., 861 A. H« Vide Humam and Ibn-
Hum4m.
Kamal-uddin Muhammad^Khwaja, A^^^c^i-^U^
^t^^ ibn-Ghayils-uddin Shfr&ssi, was a physician and a
poet, and flourished in the time of Sulf&n Ibrahim Mirzi.
For his poetical title he used Ibn-Ghay4s.
Kamal-uddin Musa bin-Yunas bin-Malik,
•-^ eH u^ eH dr^ ^-^^ J*^,name of an Imim,
who was one of the most celebrated Musalm&n doctors.
Kamal-uddin, Shah, sU ^«>Jf ^l^^vide Lutf-ulUh.
^amar-uddin, Mir, j^ ic^i^^j^y whose poetical title
is Minnat, which see.
]j:amar-uddin Khan, wazir, jij3 c;^ kj^^j^^
whose original name was Mir Muhammad FazU, was the
son of Ya'tm£d-uddaula Muhammad Amm EhiLn, wazfr,
and was himself appointed to that office with the title of
Ta'tmid-uddaula Nawib Kamar-uddin EhiUi Bahidur
Nasrat Jang, by the emperor Muhammad Shah, after the
resignation of Kiz&m-ul-Mulk Asaf J&h, in 1724 A. D.,
1137 A. H. He was sent under Prince Ahmad on the
first invasion of Ahmad Shih Abdili to oppose him, but
was killed by a cannon ball, while at prayers in his tent
during the battle of Sarhind on the 11th March, 1748
O. S., 11th Kabf I, 1161 A H.
Kam Bakhsh, cA*^l^ *'^Lit^> (prince) youngest son
of the emperor 'Alamgir, a vain and violent young man,
who had received from his father the kingdom of the Dak-
hin, but as he refused to acknowledge the sovereignty of
the emperor Bahidur Sh&h, his eldest brother, and struck
ooin in his own name, that monarch after attempting in
vain to win him over by concessions, marched against
him with a powerful army to the Dakhin, and defeated
him in a battle near Haidar&bid, where K£m Bakhsh
died of his woimds on the same day in the month of
February or March, 1708 A. D., 2?il-tijja, 1119 A. H.
His mother's name was Udaipfiri Muhal, and he was bom
on the 25th February, 1667 A D., 10th Bamagan 1077
AH.
^[ambari, uyji^ S?-^> ^^ Kanbari, a poet of Nai-
sh^pur, flourished in the time of Sul^ B&bar who died
1467 A D., 861 A. H.
Kftwiij KS^y whose proper name is Mirz& AU-uddaula
l^azwini, was the son of Mir Yahya bin-* Abdul La^if, and
is the fiuthor of the work called ** Kaf&is-ul-M^lsir," a
36
Biographical Dictionary of Persian poets. It contains
notices of about 360 poets in alphabetical order. Most
of them flourished in India during the reign of Akbar
to whom the book is dedicated. It was finished in 1671
A. D., 979 A. H., but there occur much later dates in it.
He is supposed by some to have died in 1563 A. D., 971
A. H., and by others in 1573 A. D., 981 A. H., but the
latter date appears to be correct. The discrepancy arises
from the chronogram of his death, in which the number
of the last word is considered by some to be 60 and by
others 70, a difference of ten years. Vidt Yahya bin-* Abdul
La^if.
Kami], ^o , author of a poetical work, entitled '^ Chiragh-
nima.** It consists of Ghazals all of which rhyme in
Chir&gh (lamp) and the first letter of every verse of the
first Ghazal is f or A of the second ^ or B, and so on.
Kamran Mirzay ^jj^ i*;!^l^> second son of the emperor
B&bar Sh&h, and brother to the emperor Hum^yun who,
after his accession to the throne in 1630 A B., 937 A. H.,
conferred on him the government of Kabul, Kandah&r,
Ghazni and the Panjab. He was deprived of his sight by
Hum&yun when at Kilbul in the year 1663 A. D., 960
A. H., on account of his repeated offences, and continu-
ally raising disturbances in the government. The opera-
tion was performed by piercing his eyes repeatedly with
a lancet. Kimr^ bore the torture without a gproan until
lemon-juice and salt were squeezed into his eyes, when
he called out ^* O Lord my GK)d ! whatever sins I have
committed I have been amply punished in this world,
have compassion on mo in^e next.** K&mran eventually
obtained permission to proceed to Mecca, where he resided
three years and died a natural death in 1656 A. D., 964
A. H. He left three daughters and one son named Abfi'l
IC^sim Mirzi^ who was imprisoned in the fort of Gwdliar,
and put to death by order of the emperor Akbar his
cousin in the year 1666 A. D., 973 A. H.
Kamran Shah, \:}j^ **^, the present ruler of Hirat,
is the son of Mahmud Sh&h, the son of Timur Sh£h, the
son of Ahmad Shih Abd^. On the death of his father
Mahmtid Sh^ in (1829 A D.) he succeeded him on the
throne of Hiriit.
^[andahari Beg^m, f^, cs;^*^> the first wife of
the emperor Shih Jahin. She was the daughter of
Muzaffar Husain Mirz& Safwi, of the royal house of
Persia, who was the son of Sult&n Husain Mirzd, the son
of Bahr&m Mirza, the son of Shah Isma'il I of Persia.
When Akbar Shih, in the third year of his reign, made
over Kandahir to Shah 'Abbas, king of Persia, the latter
conferred the government of that province on his nephew
Sultan Husain Mi^zi^ after whose death his son Muzaffar
Husain succeeded him. His three brothers came to India
in the 38th year of Akbar (1692 A. D.), and Muzaffar
Husain followed them afterwards, was received by the
emperor with the greatest kindness, and honoured with
the rank of 6000, and the j&gir of Sambhal. His sister
Kandahllri Begam, was married in September, 1610
A. D., Rajab, 1019 A. H. to Prince Ehurram (afterwards
Shih Jah£n) the son of the emperor Jahangir, and re-^
ceived the title of Kandahari Begam, because she was
bom at Kandah&r. The year of her death is unknown.
She lies buried at Ag^ah, in the centre of a garden called
^andah&ri B^h. The building on her tomb, which is
in the vault, is converted into a dwelling place ; it is a
beautiful edifice, and now belongs to the B^i of Bhartpur.
KailBy vuf? Kaik&iiB.
^plan Begy ^A? u> »*^ of the Kushchi fiunily, was
bom in India and served under Eh&n-Eh£n&n in the
Dakhin with great distinction, and was in high favour
Eapurihflla
142
Eashi
with Jahingfr. He is the author of a Biwln and a
Ma^nawi, the latter is called ** Mah Dost," which cele-
brates the love of Bustam and Rudiba.
Kapurthala Rajah. Fide Kihal Singh.
^Cara Arsalan^ u^^^;! \ji, (which signifies in Turkish,
a black Hon,) was sumamed 'Imid-nddfn, the Bon of
Diud, the son of Sukmdn bin-Artak. Nur-addin Mah-
miid was his son, to whom Sdlah-nddm (Saladin) gave
the city of 'Amid or ^ara 'Amid in Mesopotamia 1183
A. D., 597 A. H. His name is to be foimd in some of
our Biographical Dictionaries under Cara Arslan.
^araohar Nawian, iiMy J^b^, name of the wazir
and son-in-law of Cbangez Khin.
^[ara Ghuz^ Jr'^l^} a Beglarbeg of Natolia whom our
historians call Caragossa. He was impaled near Kara
Hisar by Sh4h ^uli in the reign of Bayazid II, emperor
of the Turks.
]$!ara Khan, e;"^ ir*^ v<de Sadr-uddin bin-Ya'kub.
^arak Shah, ^^ ^y, vide Sh£h Ka^ak.
Karanii pj^^ author of the " Harbae Haidari," a history
of All and his son Husain in verse, composed in 1723
A. D., 1136 A. H.
^ra Muhammad Turkman, c^U(P «u«* j^i. The
TurkmiUis of Asia Minoi^ were divided into two great
tribes, the Kara Koinl^, and Aka Eoinlii, i. e., the tribes
of "black and white sheep," from their carrying the
figures of these animals in their respective standards.
Kara Muhammad, the foimder of the first dynasty, left
his small territories, of which the capital was Van, in
Armenia, to his son, Kara Yusuf, who though possessed
of considerable power, was compelled to fly before the
sword of Timur. When that conqueror died, he return-
ed from Eg^-pt, and was victorious in an action with
Sultin Ahmad JaUyer flk^ni, the ruler of Baghdad,
whom he made prisoner and put to death in 1410 A. D.,
813 A. H. After this success he collected an army of
100,000 men, and was preparing to attack Sultan Shah*
rukh the son of Amir Timur, when he was suddenly
taken ill and died near Tabres in 1411 A. D., 814 A. H.
He was succeeded by his son Sikandar Turkm^ who
was defeated by Shahrukh in 1421 A. B., 824 A. H.
Bikandar after this had several battles with Shihrukh,
but was at last slain by his son ^ubad 1487 A. D., 841
A. H., when Shahrukh added Rei to his own possessions,
and gave Tabrez to Jahan Shah the brother of Sikandar.
Jahan Shah, after a long reign of 30 lunar years, fell in
one of the fiirst actions he fought with XJzzan Hasan, chief
of the Turkm&ns of the white sheep, in November, 1467
A. D., Rabi' II, 872 A. H.
Karari. isA^^ a Persian poet, vide Abul Fath Gilinf.
Kara YuBUf, ^^^ji ]j*y vide Kara Muhammad.
Karim^ ^Jr^ poetical name of Mir Muhammad Kazim the
son of Fikr. He flourished in the time of Kutbsh^ of
the Dakhin, and is the author of a Diw&n.
Karim Khan, e;^ Hj^} *^® murderer of Mr. W. Fraser,
Commiijsioner of Dehli. See Shams-uddm Khin (nawdb).
Karim Khan, O^ ^iry a Pindari chief^ who surrendered
himself to the British Government on the 16th February,
1818, and received for his support the Talfika of Borhia-
par in the Gorakhpiir district, which was held by his
descendants up to the mutiny in 1857.
Karim Khan Zand, <^J ei^ (^jf* The history of
Peroa, from the death of Nidir Shih till the elevation of
' Al^a Muhammad, though it occupies nearly half a cen-
tury, presents no one striking feature, except the life of
Karim Khan, a chief of the tribe of Zand. He collected
an army chiefly composed of the different tribee of Zand
and Mafi, defeated the Afghans in several engagements,
finally drove them out of the country, and secured* to
himself the kingdom of Firs, or the southern division of
Persia, while Khmisdn partially remained in possession
of the descendants of Nidir ShAh; and the countriea
bordering on the Caspian Sea were retained by Muham-
mad Hasan Kh4n Kichir, ruler of MAzindarim the great-
grandfather of *A^i Muhammad Shfth KAchdr. Karun
KhAn, after subduing his enemies, enjoyed independent
power for twenty-six years ; and during the last twenty,
viz., from 1769 to 1779, he had been, without a competitor,
the acknowledged ruler of Persia. His capital was Shi-
rdz. He died at an advanced period of life on the 2nd
March, 1779 A. D., 13th Safar, 1193 A. H., being nearly
80 years of age. After his death Zaki Khin assumed the
reins of government, and was assassinated two months
after. SAdik Khan, brother of Karim Khan took pos-
session of Shirdz after the death of Zaki Khan, and was
put to death on the 14th of March, 1781 A. D., 18th
Rabf I, 1195 A. H., by *AH Mur&d Khan, who now be-
came the sovereign of Persia, and died on the 11th Janu-
ary, 1786 A. B., 28th 8afar, 1199 A. H. After his death
. Lutf *Ah' Kh4n reigned for some years at Shiiiz. He
was defeated in 1794 and slain afterwards by 'Al^ Mu^
hammad Khan J^AchAr, who took possession of Peisia.
j^armaty ^^^j^f or l^armata, a famous impostor, named
Abti Zar, who in the year 891 A. D. became the head of
a sect called Karmati or Karamatians, which overturned
all the principles of Mnhammadanism. He came ^m
Kh6zist&n to the villages near Kufa, and there pretended
great sanctity and strictness of life, and that God had
enjoined him to pray fifty times a day ; pretending also
to invite people to the obedience of a certain Imam ol
the family of Muhammad ; and this way of life he con-
tinued till he had made a very great party, out of whom
he chose twelve apostles to govern the rest, and to pro-
pagate hia doctrines. Afterwards his courage failing
him, he retired to Syria, and was never heard of any more.
This sect began in the Khilfifat of Al-Mo*tamid : they
multiplied greatly in Arabian IrA^ or Chaldea, and
maintained perpetual wars against the Khalif. In the
year 931 A. D., they beseiged and took the city of Mecca,
filled the well Zamzam with dead bodies, defiled and
plundered the temple and carried away the black stone •
but they brought it again in 960 A. D., and fastened it
to the seventh pillar of the portico, giving out, that they
had both taken it away, and brought it back again, by
express order from heaven. This sect was dissipated by
degrees, and at last became quite extinct. Vide Abii-Zarr
Karma^.
• *
^rmati, {J*^} or Karamatian, a follower of j^armat,
which see.
Karshasp, V^^r^> or Garshdsp, the son of Z6, and the
last king of the first or Pishdadian dynasty of Persia.
Vide Zd.
Karty ^J^3 kings of the dynasty o^—Vide Shams-udd£a
Kartl.
Kashi^ Mulla, ij^^ ^, surname of Kamfl-uddin Abd'l
*
Ghanam 'Abdul Razzak bin-Jam&l-uddin, a celebrated
doctor, placed amongst the Musalman saints, was author
of several works. He died young about the year 1320
A. D., 720 A. H.
Eaahi
143
Easim
Kashi Bao Holkar, j^3b ^/'^i the eldert of the
four sons of Tak6ji Holkar, after whose death in 1797
A. D. disputes arose between Eishi Bio and his brother
Mulh&r Bio, and both repured to the court of the Peeh-
wi at Piina ; where, on their arrival, Paulat Bio Sindhia,
with a view of usurping the possessions of the family,
espoused the cause of Kifilii Bio, and made a sudden and
uneacpected attack in the month of September on Mulhir
Bio, whom he slew with most of his adherents. After
this Sindhia pretended to govern the possessions of the
Holkar fEunily in the name of Kishi Bio, whom he kept
in a state of dependence and appropriated the revenue to
his own use. A long contest ensu^ between Daulat Bio
and Jaswant Bio Holkar, the brother of Elahf Bio, and
continued till the year 1802, when Jaswant Bio appears
to have taken possession of Indor the territory of his
&ther.
• -
Kashfly ui^^f the poetical name of Shih Muhammad Sali-
mat-ullih. He is the author of a Dfwin in Persian
which was printed and published before his death in 1279
A. H.
Kashfl, %^k^y takhullus of Mir Muhammad Silah, who
flourished in the reign of the emperor Jahingir, and is the
author of a Tarjihband called ''Majmiia' Biz," which
he composed in 1621 A. D., 1030 A. H., containing
270 verses. He died in the year 1660 A. D., 1060 A. H.,
at Agrah and lies buried there.
Kashifl, {.^^^y the poetical name of Maulini Husain bin-
AH, also known by that of W6ez or the preacher. He
wrote a full commentary on the ^urin in the Persian
language. He was a preacher at the royal town of Hirit
in Khurisin. He died in 1505 A. D., 010 A. H. Vide
Husain Wiez.
Kashmir^ kingjs of, — tn<fo Shih Mir.
EaBim> (S'^^^ /^' ^^y o^ -^g"^ author of the " Zafar-
nima Akbari," or book of the victory of Akbar Khin,
the son of Dost Mi^ammad Khin, which he completed
in 1844 A. D., 1260 A. H. It is a poem and contains an
account of the late wars in Kibul by the British.
•ymrim, f^^, the poetical name of HaJdm Mfr j^ndrat-
ullih who is the author of a Tazkiza or Biography of
poets.
ynaim All KhaH, MiP, sJ^^ ^^J^y commonly
called Mir Kisim, was the son-in-law of Mfr Ja'far 'AH
Khin the Nawib of Bengal. The English, deceived by
his elegance of manners, and convinced of his skill in the
finances of Bengal, raised him to the maenad in the room
of his father-in-law in 1760 A. D., 1174 A. H. He, in
the latter years of his government, retired to Mun^er,
and actuated by a keen resentment against the Enghsh,
for their extensive encroachments on his authority, and
the commerce of his country, formed the plan of throwing
off their yoke, and annihilating their influence in Bengal ;
but was deposed and defeated, in a battle fought on the
Odwa Nila on the 2nd August, 1763 A. D., 22ndMu^^uTam,
1177 A. H., and the deposed Nawib Ja'f&r *Ali Khin
was again placed on the maenad. Kisim 'Ali, incensed
to madness at these reverses, fled to Patna from Hunger,
and there cruelly ordered the massacre of the English in
his power : there were 60 gentlemen, Messrs. Ellis, Hay,
Lushington, and others, and 100 of lower rank. On the
6th October, they were brought out in parties, and bar-
barously cut to pieces, or shot under the direction of a
German, named Samrti or Sombre. Munger fell to the
English early in October. Patna was stormed on the
6th November, and the Ex-Nawib Kasim *AU fled to the
wazir of Audh, with his treasures, and the remnant of
his axmy. On the 23l^ of October, 1764 A. D., Major
Camac fought the celebrated battle of Buxar, completely
routing the wazir Shuja-uddaula's army. The following
day the Mughul emperor Shih ^Alam threw himself on
the protection of the British, and joined their camp with
the imperial standard of Hind^tibi. The British army
advanced to overrun Audh. The wazir refiised to deliver
up Kisim 'Ali, though he had seized and plundered him.
IKisim 'All made his escape at first into the Bohela coun-
^, with a few fnends and some jewels, which he had
saved from the fiings of his late ally, the wazfr, and found a
comfortable asylum in that country ; but his intrigues
rendered him disagreeable to the chief under whose pro-
tection he resided, he was obliged to leave it, and took
shelter with the Bini of Gohad. After some years' resi-
dence in his country, he proceeded to J6dhpi(!ir, and from
thence came to try his fortune in the service of the em*
peror Shih 'Alam about the year 1774 A. D., 1188 A. H.,
but was disappointed, and died shortly after in 1777
A. D., 1191 A. H., at Kotwal an obscure village near
Dehli, unpitied even by his own family. With l^isim
'All ended, virtually, the powei-s of the Sdbadirs of
Bengal.
IJ^asim Ali Khan, Nawab, vi;***** f^ %Jy, uncle to
the nawib of Bimp(ir. He was living in Bareli in 1869,
and his daughter was murdered on the 22nd December
of that year.
]pb0im Anwar, Sayyad, J^^ (***^ ^^> sumamed
Ma'in-uddin All, a great mystical poet, called from his
knowledge and writings, the " diver into the sea of truth,"
the ** falcon of the transcendant plains," the " profoimd
knower of the world of spirits," the '* key of the treasury
of secrecy," &c. He was bom at Tabres; and was a
member of a considerable fEunily of the tribe of Sayyad,
descended from the same stock as the Prophet. In his
youth he dedicated himself, under the guidance of Shaikh
Sadr-uddm Musi Ardibeli, to the contemplative life and
deep study of the Sufis. He then journeyed to Gilin,
where he soon acquired great fsune; and subsequentiy
went into Khurisin. During his residence at Hirit, he
obtained such celebrity, and was surrounded by so many
princes and learned men, his followers, that Mirzi Shih-
rukh (the son of Amir Timur), moved by jealousy of
the Sayyad, and attentive to the danger of the increase
of the Sufi oreed, commanded him to retire from the
capital. In order to mitigate the harshness of this com-
mand, Biisanghar, the son of Shihrukh, a learned and
noble prince, took upon himself to make it known to the
Sayyad, which he did in the most humane manner, in-
quiring of him, in the course of conversation, why he did
not follow the counsel contained in his own verse. The
Sayyad inquired in which vexse, and Biisanghar imme-
diately quoted the following : —
*' Kisim cease at once thy lay ;
Bise and take thy onward way ;
Other lands have waited long,
Worthy thy immortal song :
Give the bird of paradise
What the vulture cannot prixe ;
Honey let thy friends receive,
To thy foes tiie carrion leave."
The Sayyad thanked him, and immediatelv set out for
Balkh and Samarkand, where he remained for a time.
He afterwards, however, returned to Hirit, where as
before, he was constantly followed by great and powerful
men. His death occurred in the village of Kharjard in
Jim near Hirit, where a garden had been bought for
him by his diaciples, in which he greatly delighted. This
event took place in the year 1431 A. D., 835 A. H., and
his tomb was erected in the very garden which he so
much enjoyed. Amir Alisher afterwards piously endowed
it. A book of Odes is the only work he has left behind,
in which ho uses ** Kisim" for his poetical name.
Easim
U4
Ea4italaiii
^Casiin Arsalan^ (^Aj^ ^J^j\ ^^, of Mashhad, a
poet who was a descendant of ArsaUn JiLzib, a general of
Sultan MahmM of Qhazni. He flourished in the time of
the emperor Akbar, and was in great favour with that
monarch. He died in 1587 A. D., 995 A. H., and has
left a Diw&n.
^^asim Barid Shah I, «^ ^.y, ^^, was the founder
of the Barid Sh£h£ dynasty in the Dakhin. He was a
Turkish or Georgian slave, became by degrees the wazir
of Mahm6d Shah II, king of the Daklun, and assumed
such power as to take upon himself the entire govern-
ment of the kingdom. He treated the king as a mere
pageant, and about the year 1492 A. D., 898 A. H., by
the advice of 'Adil Shih, Kizdm Shih and 'Imad Shah,
became entirely independent, and leaving to the king
only the town and fort of Ahmad&b£d Bidar, read the
public prayers and coined money in his own name.
After having ruled his estate for a period of twelve years,
during the lifetime of his sovereign, he died in the year
1504 A. D., 910 A. H., and his son Amir Band succeeded
him in office, and assuming still greater power, deprived
Mahmud Shih of what little power had been left hun by
his father. Seven persons of this family have reigned
since their establishment in the capital of Ahmaddbad
Bidar ; their names are as follow :
A. D.
Kiisim Barid I., Began 1492
Amir Band, „ 1504
All Barid ; first who assumed royalty, .... », 1542
Ibrahim Barid Shah „ 1562
K^isim Barid Shah II, „ 1569
AH Barid Shdh II, „ 1572
Amir Barid ShAh II, „ 1609
Easim Barid Shah II, S^ «H/? (^^y succeeded his
brother Ibrahim Barid Sh^ to the government of Ah-
mad4bad Bidar in 1569 A. D., 977 A. H., and died after
a reign of three years in 1572 A. D. He was succeeded by
his son Mirzd 'Ali Barid II, who was deposed after a
reign of 27 years by his relative Amir Barid II who
ascended the throne in 1609 A. D., and was the last of this
dynasty.
IpiBim Beg Halati, </^^ *^ (^^y vide Hfflatt
yaBim Diwanay ^bi^ (^^9 a poet who was probably
alive in 1724 A. D., 1136 A. H., and is the author of a
Diw^.
jpksim ]puliri, Shaikh, iS)^^ (^^ ^, also called
Shih Kiisim Sulaimini, a Musalm^ saint whose tomb is
at Ghun^. His son Shaikh Kabir commonly called
BiM Fir is buried at Kanauj where he died in the year
1644 A. D., 1054 A. H. The shrine of Shdh Kasim
Sulaim£ni at Chuniur is the onlv notable Muhammadan
endowment in the Mirz4p^ District supported from the
income of rent-free lands and a Ma'&sh Bozina pension.
Kasim Kahi, Maulana, {^^ ^^ ^^^, a Sayyad,
whose proper name was Najm-uddin and surname Abd'l
Kasim. He was a pupH of 'Abdul Rahman Jami; he
accompanied Mirz& K&mr&n, the brother of the emperor
Hnmayun, on a pilgrimage to Mecca from HiriLt, and
after the death of that prince in 1557 A. B., 964 A. H.,
he came to India in the reign of the emperor Akbar.
For a long period he remained with Bah&dur Khan the
brother of 'All Kuli Ehin at Beniras, and after his de-
mise he came to Agrah, where he passed the remainder
of his life, and died there on the 17th of April, 1580
A. D., 2nd Rabf II, 988 A. H., aged 110 lunar years. He
was buried at Agrah at a place called Madir Darwiza.
MaTdin^ Kisam ArsaUui another poet and Shaikh Faizi
wrote the chronograms of his death. 'Abdul ^4dir
Badioni calls him an atheist and a disgusting cynic.
^I^Udm Khan, C)^ (^^, Sdbadar of KAbul in the reign
of the emperor Akbar Shih. He was murdered by one
Muhammad Zam£n, who gave out that he was the son
of Shihrukh Mirz&. He had held possession of Badak-
shan for some years, but after his defeat by 'Abdullah
Khan Uzbak, he came to K4bul and was confined by
IKisim Kh&n whom he murdered about the year 1600
A. D., and was consequently put to death by Muhammad
Hishim the son of ICdsim Khin.
Kasim Khan Jawini, Nawab, ^^>^ \J^ ^^
^\y, was a nobleman of the court of the emperors
Jahingir, and Shah Jahin, and held the rank of 5,000.
He was a native of Sabzwir and was married to Manija
Begam, the sister of Nur Jah&n, consequently he was
sometimes in jest called by the officers of the court
** ^&sim Kh&n Manija." He is the author of a Diwan,
and his poetical name is K&sim. He succeeded Fid&f
Khin in the government of Bengal in the first year of
Shah Jahan 1628 A. D., 1037 A. H. He slew about
10,000 Portuguese (men and women) and drove the rest
from Hugli, of which place he took possession and died
three days after, 1631 A. D., 1041 A. H. He had built a
very grand house at Agrah on 20 bighas of land and on
10 bighas of land the garden was built, of which no
traces now remain.
^[asim Khan, Shaikh, -^J.^i*^ c;^ (^^ ^,
of Fathapur Sikri, entitled Muhtashim Khiui, brother of
IsUm Khan. He was a noble of the rank of 4,000, in
the reig^ of the emperor Jah&ngtr who appointed him
governor of Bengal after the death of his brother in 1613
A. D., 1022 A. H. He invaded Asam, and his troops were
mostly killed in a night-attack by the As^mis, on which
accoimt he was recalled to court and died some time after.
IfBSim Shah, ^^ (^^, inde Shih Kfoim.
^asim Shirazi, «^JLH^ I^^, a native of Shfriz, and
author of the " Timur-nama," a very beautiful poem on
the conquest of Amir Timur.
]Q:a8im Snlaimani, i/^-^ ^*^9 vide ]^&sim K&dixi.
Easim Tibbi, ^5^ f^^, author of an InshA.
]g[asiini, i^*^ j ^ proper name is MauUnil Majd-uddihf
a poet of Khw4f in Khuriisin. He is the author of the
work " Rauzat-ul-Khuld" which he wrote in imitation of
the Gulistan of Sa'di.
^ASimi, i^y i^^f (Dervish) of Tiin in Persia, who
went about like a derwish and wrote poetry. He lived
in the 9th century of the Hijra.
Kasir^ l^j^y or Kathir Azsi, one of the celebrated
Arabian poela of the court of the Khalif 'Abdul Malik.
Vide Jamil
Kassab, ^^^^^y the poetical name of an author.
Eastalani, (y^*°^*^> the surname of Ahmad bin-AUal-Kha-
tib. He is so called because he was bom at ^astaU. He
is the author of several works among which is the history
called "Mawihib Ladina," or ** Mawihib-ud-Dunn£,"
an accurate history of the first forty years of Muhammad,
being the period previous to his assuming the prophetic
character. He died in the year 1517 A. D., 923 A. H.
Besides him there were other authors of this surname,
viz.y Ahmad bin-Muhammad al-KastaUnI, who died 1527
A. D., 933 A. H., Ahmad bin- Ibrahim bin-Tahya-al-
Tazdi-al-JK^astaUni, and Mulla Maalah-uddin Mustafi
Eathir
145
Ehadim
l^astalinf who died 1406 A. D., 901 A. H. They were
all bom at ^astaU, a city in Persia.
»
Kathir, ^, vide Kasfr.
Katib Chilpi, <^iV ^^} of Constantinople, author of
several works, among which is one called "Kashf-uz-
Zaniin," and another '* Tohfat-ul Eabar," this latter
work was translated by James Mitchell, Esq. It contains
a detailed account of the maritime wars of the Tarks in
the Mediterranean and Black Seas, and on the Danube.
He died in the year of the Christian era 1667 A. D.,
1067 A. H. E^tib Chilpf appears to be a Turkish title of
Hiji Khalfa, which see.
Katibi. KSJ^J* l^^s poetical name of Manlfai Shams-
•• •
uddin Muhammad bin-'AbduUah-al-Naishapiirf and Tar-
shizi. He wrote a very beautiful hand, on which accoimt
he assumed the title of **■ E&tibi." He came to HihLt in the
reign of Baisanghar Mirz6, and afterwards became one of
the best poets of the court of the prince Sultan Mirzi
Ibrihim of Shirw&n, in whose praise he once wrote a pa-
negyric, and received from that prince a present of 10,000
dinars. We have several of his works in the Persian
language. In the latter period of his life he fixed his
residence at Astrabad, and died there in 1436 A. D., 839
A. H. His works which contain five poems are called
<< Majma'-ul-Bahryn," the story of Nasir and Manstir,
which can be read in two difierent metres ; *' Dah Bab/'
« Husnwa Ish^*' and ** Bahram and Gulandim."
]J[atil, Mirsa, <^ ^jj^, the poetical name of Uini
Muhammad Hasan. He was a native of Dehli, and a
Hindti of the tribe of Ehattri, but became a convert to
Muhammadanism. He was an excellent TJrdii and Per-
sian poet, and died at Lakhnau in the time of Qhitzf-
uddin Haidar, then nawab of that country 1817 A. D.,
1232 A. H. He is the author of several works, amongst
which are :
Nuskha Shajrat-ul-AmiUii, dedicated to Mir Amkn 'AH.
Kahr-ul-Fasahat, a Persian gprammar.
Ghahix Sharbat, and a Diwim.
IJ^tran, ULt^^ ^de IKitrin.
^wami Matarsi, iSJj^ «/*!^^ a great poet who
was a native of Mutaraz, a city in Persia, and is an author.
He was a brother of Shaikh Nizami Qanjwi.
lj[awami Maulana Muaaffar, i^^yj^JU GJ/^^
a celebrated poet.
JJ^awam-uddin Hasan^ Haji, ij"^ ui'^^^ (^j^ ^^>
wazir to Shah Shaikh Abu Is-ha^, ruler of Shir^z. He
was a man of great liberality, and one of the patrons of
the celebrated Persian poet Ehw&ja Hafiz, who has
praised him in many of his odes. He died during the
seige of Shirdz by Mubariz-uddm Muhammad Zafur, on
Friday the 12th of April, 1368 A. D., 6th Rabf I, 764
A. H.
Kawam-uddin, Khwaja, nji^ (•[y *^!^, sumamed
Sahib Ayar, was the wazir and favourite companion of
Shah Shujaa*, the son of Mubiriz-uddin Muhanmiad Zafar,
commonly called Muzafiar Shah, who took ShMz in 1363
A. D. He was put to the rack and beheaded by Sh4h
Shujaa' in August, 1368 A. D., Zi-lSLa'da, 764 A. H.
l^awela Saan, e^l^^ ^y vide Kiblai ^Aln.
KayomiirSy ^j^J^i vide Eaiomurs.
Kayuk ^an, ol^ ^^^y or Kayiik Kh£n, was the son |
37
of 0^ (iUm, the. son of Changes Ehia. He succeeded
his fether in January, 1242 A. D., 639 A. H., to the
kingdom of Tartary, and his uncle Jughtai or Chughtai
$aan to the kingdom of Transoxania, Badakhsh^ and
Kashghar. He reigned one year, and died about the
beginning of 1248 A. D., 640 A. H., when Mangd K&4n,
the eldest son of Tiili Khan, the son of Changez Khin,
succeeded him and reigned nine years.
^asa, ^^^i poetical name of Muhammad Hafiz-ulUh Ehin.
l^azi Khan, e;^ c^^^^ he is commonly called by this
name, but his fiill name is Imim Fakhr-uddin Hasan bin-
Mansur-al-'Uzjandi-al-Farghani. He died in 1196 A. D.
692 A. H. He is the author of a work entitled ** Fatdwa
^azi Khin," a collection of decisions which is held in the
highest estimation in India. Yfisuf bin-Junaid, generally
known by the name of Akhi Chalabi-at-Tukiti, epitomised
this work and compressed it into one volume.
tuUl
. —
, surname of Shaikh Muhfn-
]J[a8ib-iLl-Ban, ^^
uddin 'Abdul KAdir bin-Sayyad Muhammad, an Arabian
author who died in 1630 A. D., 1040 A. H.
Kaaim, Hfikim, (^^ (*^> » physician ^dio had the
title of HaziV-ul-Mulk and was the son of the Mujtahid
Haidar All Tushtari NajafC. He is the author of the
work called '* Farah-nama Fitima," which he composed
inl737 A. D., 1160 A. H. ^^
Kazim, Hakim, (^l< (^^ vide Btidb.
Kasiin All Khan, e;^ «^ ^^ (^*^. He had built
a garden at Agrah on the banks of the Jamna opposite
to Ram Bagh. Some traces of this garden still remain
called Hakim ka BAgh. It was built in the year 1661
Kaaim Zarbaya, ^.Jj (J^(f, a Persian poet who died
at Isfahan in the year 1541 A. D., 948 A. H.
Sazwinl, t^^ J>», author of the " * Ajaeb-ul-MakhliiWWi"
vide Zikaria bin-Muhammad bin-Mahmiid.
Eerat Singh, *^ csy*^, second son of Mirzi "Riji Jai-
singh. He served imder the emperor 'Alamgir, and after
his father's death was honoured with the rank of 8000.
He was living in the Dakhin 1673 A. D., 1084 A. H.
Kesari Singh, *^^ iSj^, raj4 of Jaipdr who Uved in
the time of Muhammad Shih, emperor of Dehli.
Eesho Das Bathor, Baja, jj^j lt^^ r^ ^\j, who
gave his daughter in marriage to \hi^ emperor JahAngfr,
by whom he had Bahar Bano Begam.
KhadJja, *«i«>^, Muhammad's wife. Although this is
the correct pronunciation of the name, yet, see under
Khudyja.
Khadim, f**"^, the poetical name of Nazar Beg, a poet.
He was a pupil of Muhammad Azfal Sabit, and died some
time before the year 1760 A. D., 1174 A. H.
Khadim, (*«>^9 the takhallus or poetical appellation of
Shaikh Ahmad 'Ali of Sandila and son of Muhammad
Hdjf. He is the author of several works, among which
is one called ** Anis-ul-'Ushsha^" an Anthology. He
flourished about the year 1752 A. D., 1166 A. H. See
Hasan bin-Muhammad Sharif.
Ehaef
146
Khaia
Ehsef Kashmiri, Haulana, ^r' (jji*^ *-^,
a poet.
Khafl, <y^9 poetical title of Mir Abul Hasan Ehan,
author of a poem called ** Chah&r Denriah."
Khafi Ehan, ^sr^ <^ ' whoae original name isMuIiam-
mad Hishim, was the author of the work called ** Tirikh
Khifi Kh6n," which is also caUod " Muntakhib-ul-Lub&b,"
an excellent history of Hindust^ commencing with the
invasion of the emperor Babar Shah, 1510 A. D., 926
A. H., and continued to the accession of Muhammad
ShAh ; comprehending the whole of the reign of the em-
peror 'Alamg^, also those of Bahidur Shah, Jah^dar
Shah, Farrukh-siyar, and Rafi-ud-darjat ; all of which,
except the first ten years of 'Alamgir's reign, Colonel
Dow was obliged to pass over, for want of documents.
There are few works in the Persian language (says
Stewart) so worthy of being translated. The author was
a person of good family, who resided at Dehli during the
latter part of the reign of 'Alamgir, where he compiled
his history ; but in consequence of the well>known pro-
hibition of that monarch, he was obliged to conceal his
intentions, and for some other causes did not publish it
till the 14th year of the emperor Muhammad Shah, 1732
A. D., 1146 A. H. The work was well received, and the
author was honoured with the title of Ehafi Kh^ or
the Clandestine Lord.
Khaiyam> f^^9 «^ 'Umar Khaiyto.
Ehaju^ J^^} vide Kkwij^i,
Khakaily U ^t the title of Changes Ehin and his de-
scendants. It means an emperor in the Turkish dialect.
Khakani, <^'*^^> a celebrated Persian poet sumamed
Afzal-uddfn Ibrahim bin-'Al£ Shirw&nf. He was a native
of Shirw^, and the pupil of Falaki the poet. He flou-
rished in the reig^ of Khdkan Manuchchr, prince of
Bhirw^^ who conferred on him the title of KhiLkani.
He is the author of the book called *' Tuhfat-ul-Ird^,"
a poetical description of the two provinces of 'Ird^ 'Ajam
and 'Iralf: 'Arab, composed by him while travelling
through them on a pilgrimage to Mecca. He is consi-
dered the most learned of the lyric poets of Persia, and
was called " Sultan-ush-Shu'ara" or king of poets. He
IS also the author of a Diwan, according to Daulat Sh&h,
and the book called ** Haft AkHm," ho died at Tabrcz in
the year 1186 A. D., 582 A. H., and is buried at Surkh&b,
where, close to his tomb, Zahir-uddtn Faryabi and ShiLh
Ghafur NaishUpdri are also interred. The chronogram
of the year of his death given in the work ** Mukhbir-ul-
Wasilin," shews that he died in 1199 A. D., 595 A. H.
Khaki, t/^i author of the " Mun£Vib-ul-*Arifin." This
book contains the memoirs of three very celebrated Sufi
Shaikhs, ftz., Ehwaja Bahd-uddm, Burhibi-uddin, and
Jalfil-uddin. The former of these was reputed a g^eat
saint, and was the founder of an Order of Sufis, distin-
guished by the title of Nakshbandi He died at Hardfa
in Persia, 1453 A. D., 857 A. H. The two others were
authors of commentaries on the Kur^ and were held in
much veneration. The above-mentioned book was dedi-
cated to Baha-uddln.
Khaki Shirasi, iSjbi'^ «^^^i author of a Persian Diw£n.
Khaksar, jL^ii., poetical name of Shukr-ulUh Khan, who
died in 1696 A. D., 1108 A. H., and has left a DiwiuL
JChaldun, UJ*^ ^; vide Khalidtin.
Khalif or EhaliflGUS, ^^^^f of the house of Muhammad,
see Abd Bakr Siddi^.
Khalif or Khalifas, «H** *^^, of the race of Umayya
who reigned at Damascus, vide Mu'awia I.
Khalif or Khaliftts, ^^ *^Ji^, of the house of ' Abb£s
called 'Abbdsi or ' Abbiisides, who reigned at Baghdad, vide
Al-Saffah.
Khalif or Khalifa, *^^, this Arabic word, which signi-
fies vicar or successor, of which we have formed that of
Khalif or Caliph, is the name of a sovereign dignity
amongst the Musalmdns, which comprehends an absolute
power, and an independent authority over all that re-
gards religion and political government. Not only the
first four immediate successors of Muhammad, but the
rulers of the house of Umayya, written by us Ommaides,
who reigned in Damascus, and the ' Abbisides who reigned
in Baghd^ were also called Khalifas. There were in all
56 Khalifas, 4 of whom were of the house of the prophet,
15 of the house of Umayya, and 37 of the house of 'Abb^.
Khalid ibn-Barmak, •-^IH iji'^^^f was the first of
the Barmakides, who acted as wazir to Abd'l 'Abbis
Safiah. He was the grandfather of Ja'far, wazir to Harun-
al-Rashid. He died in the year 780 or 782 A. D., 163 or
165 A. H.
Khalid ibn-Walid, ^J c^» ^^, who became a prose-
lyte to Muhammadanism in 630 A. D., and afterwards so
terrible to the Greeks ; was called from his courage, the
Sword of God. In spreading the doctrines of the Kurin,
and the dominion of the prophet, he committed atrocious
cruelties, and was at last cut off by the plague in 639
A. D., but according to Ockley's History of the Saracens,
Abu Ubeda died that year, and Kh&lid survived him
about three years, and then died.
KhaUd ibn-Yezid ibn-Mua'wia, ^y. ui^ ^^j he
is reported to have been the most learned of the tribe of
Kuresh in all the different branches of knowledge, and
skilled in the art of alchymy. He died in 704 A. D., 86
A.H.
Khalidi, {^^^9 surname of Abd'l Faraj, one of the first
poets of the court of the Sultan Saif-uddaula Hamd^nl.
He was a native of Khaldia or Chaldea, consequently he
is called KhaUdL
Khalidim, cy*^^, or 'Abdul Rahmiln bin-Muhammad
bin-KhAlidun, sumamed Alhazrami, was an author and
K£zi of the city of Aleppo when Amir Timur took it,
who carried him away to Samarlj^and as a slave, where he
died 1405 A. D., 808 A. H.
Khalil bin-Ahmad, iSJ^. •^^^ e>^ ^^^, of Basra,
a very learned man who is said to be the first that wrote
on the art of writing poetry. He wrote several works
and died about the year 175 A. H.
Khalil ibn-lB-hak, 0^***» t;^' ^M^, author of a Mukh-
tasir which goes after his name. This is a work profess-
edly treating of the law according to the MiUki doctrines,
and has been translated into French by M. Perron and
published in the year 1849.
Khalil, *^^, the poeUcal title of AH Ibrdhim Khin,
which see.
Ehalil
147
Khan
Khaiily ^h^f the poetical appellation of TAixti Muham-
mad IbrlJum, whose title was Asalat Khin. He served
under the emperor 'Alamgir, and was Hving in Patna in
1690 A. D., 1102 A. H. He was a native of Khur&B^
but brought up in India.
Khalil Khan, is>^ <^M^9 a man^abdir of 5000 of the
court of ShSh. Jahan but of a very bad temper. It was he
who instigated 'Alamgir to confine his father Shdh Jahin.
He had built a fine house at Agrah on the banks of the
Jamna, of which some traces are still to be seen.
Khalil, Maulana, ^-M^ ^^y*, a poet of Persia, who
flourished in the time of Shih Tahm^p Safwi, and was
living about the year 1539 A. D., 946 A. H.
Khalil Sultan, tl^A^ J^^, son of Shaikh Ibrflum
Shirw&ni, ruler of Shfrw^ He reigned about the begin-
ning of the 15th century of the Christian era.
Khalil, Sultan, tl^U. ^^l^^, also called Miiz£ Kham
and Khalil-ull&h, was the son of IVTirAnRh&h, and grand-
son of Amir Timur at whose death, he being present
with the army at Samarkand, took possession of that
country. This prince, who was a person of excellent
temper, and had many good qualities, might have pre-
served the power he had acquired, had not his violent
love for Shid-ul-Mulk, a celebrated courtezan, whom he
had secretly married, diverted him from the cares of
government. He had scarcely reigned four years, when
he was seized by the chiefs who had raised him to the
throne, and sent a prisoner to the country of Kishghar
in 1408 A. D., 811 A. H., where instead of endeavouring to
effect his release and recover his power, he spent the whole
of his time in writing verses to his beloved mistress, who
had been exposed, by the reverse of his fortune, to the
most cruel indignities. He was at last released by Mirz&
Bhihrukh his uncle, who had taken possession of his
kingdom, and who not only gave him the government of
Bei, Kum and Hamdto, but restored his beautiful mistress
to his arms. After this he lived two years and a half and
died 6th November, 1411 A. D., 18th Rajab, 814 A. H.,
aged 28 years, and Shid-ul-Mulk, on the occurrence of
tMs event, acted a part which has given fame to her
memory — she struck a poniard to her breast : and the
lovers were buried in one tomb in the city of Rei.
Khalil-uUah, *^' J^, the Friend of God, a title of
Abraham the patriarch.
Kham-uUah Hirwi, Mir, iSJj^ *^i J*^^*, a de-
scendant of Shaikh Na'mat-ulUh WaU.
Khalil-uUah Khan, e;^ ^^^ tl^, entitled Umd£t-ul.
Mulk, brother of Asdlat Khin Mir Bakhshi, served under
the emperor Shah Jahan, was appointed governor of Dehli
about the year 1653 A. D., 1063 A. H., and was raised to
the rank of 6000 in the first year of 'Alamgir 1658 A. D.,
1068 A. H. Ho died on the 11th February, 1662 A. D.,
2nd Bajab, 1072 A. H«
Khalil-uHah Mirsa, U/o ^t J^, vide Khalil Sultan.
Khalis, U^^9 the poetical name of Imtiyaz Khin of
Isfahin, which see.
Khallikan, O^^i^, vide Ibn-KhaUikin.
Khamosh, cAr^^, poetical name of Rie S&hib Bim of
Dehli. He was for some time Tahsildir under Mr. J.
Duncan in Benaras. He has left a large Diwin.
Khan, c)^« This word which appears to be a corruption
of IKiin, is a Turkish title and means powerful lord. The
most powerful kings of Turkbtan, of Great Tartary and
of the Khatayans have borne this title. Changez, the
great conqueror, had no other, and it makes even part of
his name, for he is called by the Orientals, Changez
Kh&n. It means the same as Khikin or Kiin.
Khan, Cf^, the poetical name of Mirzi Sharif.
Khanam Sultan, {J^^ ^^, a daughter of the emperor
Akbar, married to Muzaffar Husain Mirzi, the son of
Ibrihim Husain Mirzi in 1593 A. D.
Khanam Sultan, c>*^a^ ^l^, a daughter of the em-
peror Akbar, married to Muzaffar Husain Mirzi, the son
of Ibrihim Husain Mirzi by Gulrukh Begam.
Khan 'Alam, (^^ e;^, title of Mirzi Barkhurdir, son
of Mirzi 'Abdul Rahman Dauldi, a nobleman who served
under the emperor Shah Jahan and was raised to the
rank of 5000 ; and in the reign of 'Alamgir he was
honoured with the dignity of 6000. In the latter part
of his life, he was pensioned by the emperor and received
one lac of rupees annually. He had a house and garden
in Xgnh on the banks of the river Jamna built of red
stone touching the northern Burj of the Rauza of T^j-
ganj in a spot consisting of 50 bighas. In the latter part
of his life he was raised to 6000 by Shah Jahin and ap-
pointed governor of Bihar.
Khan 'Alam, (J^ c>^, title of Ikhlis Khin, the son of
Khin Zamin Shaikh Nizim. He served under the em-
peror 'Alamgir and was raised to the rank of 5000 in
1689 A. D., 1100 A. H., with the title of Khan 'Alam. In
1696 A. D. the rank of 6000 was conferred on him. After
the death of that emperor he espoused the cause of 'Azim
Shih against his brother Bahidur Shih, and fell in battle
1707 A. D., 1119 A. H. After his death his son was
honoured with the same title.
Khan 'Azim, ^ c;^, ffide 'Azim Khin.
Khan Bahadur, j^^. u^, son of Riji Mittra Jft of
Patna. He is the compiler of the work called *' Jima'
Bahidur Khini," an epitome of European Sciences in the
Persian language, including treatises on astronomy, optics,
and mathematics, and copious tables of logarithms for
natural numbers, sines, tangents, &c., also of a snudl
octavo volume of Perspective called '* 'Ilm-ul-Manizarat,"
in the Persian language, which he presented to the Asiatic
Society in 1835 A. D., 1251 A. H.
Khanazad Begam, f^- ^^j^^, the sister of the em-
peror Bibar was five years older than him. Another
daughter of 'Umar Shaikh was Mehr Bano, eight years
younger than Bibar. Another daughter was Yadgar
Sultan Begam, whose mother's name is Agha Sultan Ghun-
ohichi; the fourth daughter was named Ruqia Sultan
Begam, whose mother's name was Makhduma Sul^iin
Begam who was also called Qari Qur Begam — the last two
daughters were bom after the death of their father.
Khanazad Khan, ^^ ^^j^^y vide Khin Zamin Bahi-
dur and Rdh-ullih Khin.
Khanazad Khan, u^ i>0*^^, son of Sarbuland Khin,
was governor of Peshiwar in 1723 A. D., 1135 A. H.
When the government of Allahibid was conferred on his
fiftther by the emperor Muhammad Shih in 1732 A. D.,
1145 A. H., he was deputed to act for him as governor of
that province.
Khan Bahadur Khan, ty^^j^Srf c>^i the son of
Jalil-uddin Khin, the son of Hifiz Rahmat Khin. Vide
Masrdf.
Ehande
148
EhanEhanan
Khande Bao Oaekwar, jty*^ j[; (S^^, rAj4 of
Baroda. He died in 1870 A. D., and was succeeded by
his brother Malhir BAo the present (1875) Haja of Baroda.
Shande Eao Holkar, j^^ jb iS^^^^y the only son
of Halh&r Rao Holkar I. He was killed in a battle at
Dig against Sdraj Mai Jat in 1754 A. D. many years
previous to his father's death, and left an only son Mali
R&o, who succeeded his grandfather and died nine months
after. Vide Malhir Kao I, and Ahlia Bai.
Ehan Douran I, Jj' \Jb3^ {l/^j whose proper name is
8hih Beg Eh&n Eabuli, was an Amir in the time of the
emperor Akbar. He received the title of Khan Dourin
from Jahangir in the year 1607 A. D., 1016 A. H., and
was appointed governor of Kabul. He died in L4hor in
the year 1620 A. D., 1029 A. H., aged 90 years.
Khan Douran Ehanll, «-^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^
i^^, Nasrat Jang, title of Khwija Sdbir, son of Khwaja
Hisan Na^shbandi. He was an officer of state in the
service of the emperor Shah Jahan and held the rank of
7000. He was stabbed one night whilst asleep by a
young Kashmirian Brdhman whom he had converted to
Muhammadanism, and died after a few days on the 12th
of July, 1645 A. D., 27th Jumada I, 1055 A. H., at Labor.
His remains were transported to Gw&liar and buried there
in the cemetery of his ancestors.
Khan Douran III, (^** ^^ *^j^ vdIj^ «y^, Naarat
Khan, son of Kh&n Dour&n Nasrat Jang. He held the
rank of 50u0 in the reign of the emperor ' Alamgir. In the
latter part of his life he was appointed governor of Oiissa,
which post he held for several years and died there 1667
A. D., 1077 A. H.
Khan Douran IV, (•; W ^JJ^ m)^} an amir of the reign
of the emperor Farrukh-siyar, who soon after the accession
of Muhammad Shah and the assassination of Sayyid Husain
All Khim, and imprisonment of his brother Kutb ul-
Mulk, was appointed Amir-ul-'Umr& with the title of
Samsam-uddaula in 1721 A. D., 1133 A. H. He was
dangerously wounded in battle against Nadir Shih and
died the third day following, the 16th of February, 1739
A. D., I7th ^i-l^a'da, 1151 A. H. His original name
was Khwaja Muhammad 'Asim. He is also caJled Abdus
Samad Khkn BahAdur Jang.
Khan Jahan, uSr^ ii> ^ title of Husain ^nli Beg, an
amir of 5000 in the reign of the emperor Akbar. He was
appointed governor of Bengal after the death of Munai'm
Khan, about the year 1576 A. D., 984 A. H. He defea-
ted, took prisoner, and slew Daud Khan, the ex>king of
Bengal who had again rebelled against the emperor, and
sent his head to Agrah, the same year. Khan Jahan
died at T^<jta in 1578 A. D., 986 A. H., and was suc-
ceeded by Muzaffar Khan.
Governors
of Bengal,
A. D.
A. D.
Khdn Jahin, . . . .
.. 1576
Mukarram Kh&n, . .
1626
Muzaffar Khan, . .
.. 1579
FidaiKhan,
1621
Kaja Todar Mai,
.. 1580
Kasim Khan Jobun,
1628
Khin 'Azim, . . . .
.. 1582
' Azim Khin,
1632
ShahbazKhin, ..
.. 1584
Sultan Shuja', ....
1639
Raja Man Singh,
.. 1589
Mir Jumla,
1660
Kutb-uddin, ....
.. 1606
Shaista Khin, ....
1664
Jah&ngir ICuU, . .
.. 1607
FidaiKhan,
1677
Islam Khan, . . . .
.. 1608
Sultan Muhammad
IbrihimKhan, ..
.. 1613
*Azim, . r ....... •
1678
.. 1618
Shaista Khin, ....
1680
Sh&h Jahan
.. 1622
Ibr^im Khin, ....
1689
Khioiiiid KhiD,
.. 1625
' Azim-us-ShiUi, • . . •
1697
Khan Jahan Barha, ^;^ itfW s:)^, title of Sayyid
Muzaffar Khiin of B&rh&, an officer of the rank of 6000
who died in the time of the emperor Sh^ Jah&n at
Labor, 1645 A. D., 1055 A. H.
Khan Jahan Kokaltash, u^^j^ u't^ ^^ whose
proper name was Mir Malik Husain, tbe son of Mir Abti*!
Ma'ali Khw&fi. He was a nobleman of true dignity,
and being the foster-brother of the emperor 'Al^g^y
thought himself superior to all the other 'Umra. He was
appointed governor of the Dakhin in 1670 A. D., 1081
A. H., and promoted by that monarch about the year
1674 A. D. from the rank of 700 to that of 7000 horse,
and the title of Khdn Jahan Bahadur Kokaltish Zafar
Jang. His former title was Bahadur Khan. He died
on the 24th November, 1697 A. D., 19th Jumdda I, 1109
A. H. He seems to be the author of the '' Tarlkh As&m,"
or the invasion of As4m.
Khan Jahan Kokaltash Khan Zafar Jang,
«-^y.B J^ ij^^^y cAt^ O^, a title of Ali MurAd,
a foster-brother of Jah&ndir Sh^. In the time of BahA-
dur Sihah, he was honoured with the title of Kokalta^
Khan, and when Jahandar Shah ascended the throne, tKa
rank of 9000 was oonferred on him with the title of Khan
Jahan Zafar Jang, and the office of Mir Bakhshigari.
But he did not long enjoy this high station, for he soon
after fell in the battle which took place between his
master and Farrukh-siyar 1713 A. D., 1125 A. H.
Khan Jahan Lodi, is^j^ {Jir^ c)"^, an Afghan pro-
bably of low birth, but with all the pride and unruliness
of his nation in India. He is by some said to be a de-
scendant of Sul^n Bahl61 L6di, and by others of Daulat
Khan Lodi Shahu Khail. He had held great military
charges, was raised to the rank of 5000 in the reign of the
emperor Jahangir, and commanded in the Dakhin under
prince Parwez at the time of that prince's death. On
the accession of Shah Jahin, he entered into a close
intimacy with his late enemies, and seemed to be aiming
at independence. He was at last killed together with his
son in an engagement with the royal troops on the 28th
January, 1631 A. D., 1st Rajab, 1040 A. H., and their
heads sent as a most acceptable present to Sb£h Jahin.
An affecting account of his death may be found in the
3rd Volume of Dow's History. The "Tarikh Khin
Jahan L6dr' which is also called '* Makhzan Afghini,"
contains the memoirs of this chie^ written by Haibat
Khin in 1676 A. D.
Khan Jahan MakbiQ, Malik, J.^ iiM^ u^
<»^l^, entitled Kawiun-ul-Mulk, was the prime-minister
of Sultdn Fir6z Shah Barbak who ascended the throne
of Dehli in 1351 A. D. He was originally a Hindii by
name Kattii. On his conversion to Muhammadanism in
bis youth, Sultan Muhammad, the predecessor of Fir6z
Sh&h, changed his name to MaV:biil, and appointed him
to the government of Multan. He afterwards became
Niib Wazir under the wazirship of Khwaja JahAn, whom
he at first supported in his attempt to place a son of
Sul^ Muhammad on the throne, but went over to
Sultan Fir6z, on his approach to Dehli, and was ap-
pointed by him wazir of the kingdom. According to the
historian Shams Siraj Afif^ he di»i in the year 1374 A. D.,
776 A. H., but by others in 772 A. H. After his death
his son Jah&n Shih was honoured with his place and
title of Kh&n Jahan by the king, who placed as much
confidence in him as he had done in his father. He filled
the office of prime-minister for twenty years.
KhanKhanan, e^^'^e;^, this word is a title of honour
and means Lord of Lords. Bairam Khan and his son
' Abdur Eahim Khan, both ministers to the emperor Akbar,
and several others were honoured with this tiUe.
Khan
149
Khawind
Khan Mina^ l^ ^^> ^^ o^ Badakhahin, was the son
of BultAn Mahmiiid Mirz&, the son of Sultan Abii Said
HirziL, a descendant of Amir TaimiiT. He died in 1621
A. D., 927 A. H., leaving behind a son ^f seven years of
age named Mirzi Solaiman. Khan Mirsi was a cousin
of the emperor Babar, who on Mirz&'s death appointed
his own son Humiiyun to that government.
Khan. Mirsa, ^i/^ vy^> surname of *Abdur Eahim Eh&n,
KhinKhinan in the time of the emperor Akbar.
Khan Zaman, u^j ^y title of 'All ¥ulf Kh&i, who
and his brother Bahadur Eh&n were the sons of Haidar
SulUn Uzbak who was an officer of state in the service
of the emperor Humdyun. In the reign of Akbax Shah,
these two brothers for their good services were raised
to higher ranks and honoured with the jagir of Jaunptir
and the lower provinces ; they at last became rebelHous,
which induced the emperor to march against them with a
large force ; a battle ensued wherein both brothers were
slain. This event took place on Monday the 9th of June,
1667 A. D., 1st Zil-I?ijja, 974 A. H., at a place six kos
west of AllahAbAd, which on account of this victory, was
named Fathap^. The date of this transaction is com-
memorated in the words " Fatha Akbar MubArik," t. e^
May this great victory be prosperous.
Khan Zanian> i:)4J ^^> titie of Mir Khalil, second son
of ' Azim Khin the brother of * Asaf Khin Ja'far Beg, and
son-in-law of Yenlin-uddaula 'Asaf Khan. He served
under the emperor Shah Jahan for several years, and in
the reign of * Alamgir was raised to the rank of^ 6000. At
the time of his death he was governor of Malwa, where he
died 1684 A. D., 1096 A. H.
Khan Zaman Bahadur, j^^ e)^ (J^> whose former
title was Khinazdd KhAn and proper name Mirzd Amin-
uUah, was the eldest son of Mahabat Khan sumamod
Zamina Beg. He was an officer of state in the time of
the emperor Jahingir, and was appointed governor of
Bengal 1626 A. D., 1033 A. H. In the first year of Shah
Jahiin, the rank of 6000 was conferred on him with the
title of Khin Zamin Bahadur. He was a good poet, and
is the author of a work called "MajmV' containing
the history Of all the Muhammadan kings who reigned in
different parts of the world before his time, and of a
Diwdn. He died in Daulatibid in 1637 A. D., 1047
A. H., in which year BiJipi Khan died also. His poetical
name was Am4ni.
Khan Zaman Fatha Jang, ^"^ ^ ^^J ^^^ was
the title of Shaikh Kiz&m Haidar&b&di. He at first
served under Abd'l Hasan ruler of Haidar&biui for several
years, and then left him and was employed by the em-
peror 'Alamgir. In the year 1689 A. D., 1100 A. H.,
he took prisoner Sambha the Marhatta chief together with
his wife and children ; on which account he was raised
to the rank of 7000 with the above title. He died 1696
A. D., 1108 A. H.
Khair-uddin Muhammad, Maulvi, j^ c«r!r*
A**^ {ji^^, author of the history of Jaunpur.
Khairun Niaa Khatun, eiP^ **^' J^y a poetess,
who was the daughter of the K&zi of Samarlpoid, and
lived at Khurds^
Kharag Singh, Maharaja, *^ «4rt^ ^b^> the
ruler of L4hor and the Panjdb, was the eldest son of Maha-
r&j& Banjit Singh whom he succeeded on the 27th of
June, 1839 A. D., 1266 A. H. He reigned one year and
four months, and died on the 6th of November, 1840
A. D., 1 266 A. H., aged 46 years. He was succeeded
lyy his son Biji Nau Kih^ Singh, who, after having per-
38
fonned the customary rites at his fiither^sfimeral was relum-
ing home, and as he passed the Labor gate, a part of the
biulding gave way and fell over him uom which he died.
This event took place on the 17th of November the same
year. After his death his mother R&ni Ohand Kuewar
managed the affidrs of her country for two months, when
her second son Bij& Sher Singh deprived her of that
power, and became the sole manager of the government.
He reigned about two years and eight months, and was
murdered together with his son IUj& ParUlb Singh by
Sardir Ajit Singh on the Idth of September, 1843 A. D.
"Riji Dalip Singh, the youngest son of Maharaji Ranjft
Singh, who was ozily ten years of age, was then raised to
the maenad.
Khasha^ C^^^ the poetical title of a person who is the
author of a Diw&n which he completed in 1681 A. D^
1092 A. H.
Khassaf or Al-KhasBaf,
bin-'TJmar-al-Khassaf.
9 vide Ab6 Bakr A^mad
Khatibi V* ^ > surname of Shams-uddfn Muhammad bin-
Ibr^fm-al-Milikf, commonly called Khatfb-al-Wazfrf,
an author who died in the year 1486 A. D., 891 A. H.
Khatun Jannaty *^^*^ vii^^^ »• «•» the lady of paradise,
a title of Fatima, the daughter of Muhammad, and wife of
'AH.
Khatim Tnrkany \Jiy e^^y this name or title means
the '* Turkish lady," and was always given to princesses
of Turkish descent. The wife of Sult&n Malikshih
Saljuki bore the same title. She was the mother of
Mahmud, a boy of four years of age, whom she raised to
the throne after the death of her husband in 1092 A. D.,
486 A. H., but he died soon after, and Barkay4ra|^ his
eldest brother mounted the throne. The wife of Sul^&n
San jar was also called Kh&t6n Turk&n. She died in 1166
A. i).
Khattabiy iSi^^j suxname of Abti Sulaimin Hamid bin-
Muhammad, an author who died in 998 A» D., 388 A. H.
Khawari, 4XU^, poetical title of Mfr 'Abul Fatha.
Khawas Khan, e;^ U^J^i a^ "nfr in the service of
Salim Shih justly renowned for personal courage, strict
honour, great abilities in war, and extensive generosity,
was long driven about from place to place, on account
of his %hting against the king in favour of his brother
*Adil Shah. Ho at last took protection with Tij Khin,
governor of Sambhal, who to ingratiate himself with
Salim Shih basely assassinated him about the year 1661
A. D., 968 A. H. His body was carried to Dehli and
there interred. His tomb is frequented by the devout to
this day, they numbering ^^t^ among their saints.
Khawus Khan, O^ iJPb^> aa amir in the service of
the emperor Jahingir. He had a j&gfr in Kanauj, and
died there in the year 1621 A. D., 1024 A. H.
Khawind Shah or Khawand Shah, «^ «^^-r4*»i
also called Mir Kh&wand, and Amir Khin, and Shih, a
celebrated Persian historian, known amongst us by the
name of Mirkhond as he calls himself in the pre£Eu;e of
ihiQ life of Muhammad, but his true name at length is
Muhammad bin-Ehiwand Shih bin-Mahmud. He is the
author of the work called " Rauzat-us-Safi," the Garden
of Purity. He was bom towards the close of the year 1433
A. D., or the beginning of 1 434 A. D., 836 or 837 A. H. His
&ther'sname was SayyadBurhin-uddin Khiwand Shih, a
native of Mivarunnahr, after whose death he found means
to be introduced to the exoeUent Amir ' Alisher, prime-min-
ister to Sultia Husain Mirzi of Hirat. from whom he experi-
enced every mark of kindness and encourageman^ and
Eliayal
150
Ehuda
to whom he dedicated the above work. He died at Balkh
after a lingering illness on the 23rd of June, 1498 A. D.,
2nd ^-ICa'da, 903 A. H., aged 66 years. There is no
other Oriental work (says Sir H. M. Elliot) that stands
higher in pnblic estimation than the Banzat-u8-Sa££.
This work is written in seren books, the author had just
completed the 6th book when he died, and his son Ehon-
da Mir wrote the 7th book, and finished it in 1523 A. D.,
929 A. H.
Khayal, J^^ the poetical title of Mir Muhammad Ta^f,
author of a work called *' B6stan Khayal,'' the Gkurden
of Imagination. He flourished about the year 1756 A. D.,
1170 A. H.
KhayaJi, isM^' tJ^i of Bukhibi, a pupil of Khwdja
'Ismat-ullah, and though he spent the greater part of his
life in his native country, he was two years at Hirat in
the service of Mirz& Ulugh Beg, during whose reign he
died and left a Diwan.
'•I • •
EJiaBini) C5V » <^ astronomer whose proper name is
'Abdul Bahmim.
KTlink Sawar, j!^-» «*^^^^ vide Sayyad Husain Khink
Saw&r.
Ehirady ^J^y the poetical name of B&lpr Kishi, which see.
Khitabi, (^^^^) the poetical title of Shih Ismi'fl §afawi I.
Ehizir Ehan, J^jr^i king of Dehli. Firishta says
that both the authors of the <' Tabkat Mahmud ShiUii,"
and of the *'Tawdrfkh Mub&rik," style him a Say-
yad or a descendant of the prophet. His father Malik
Sulaim£n was governor of Mult&n, and he succeeded him
in that office. He defeated Daulat Ehin Lodi in a battio,
and having taken him prisoner, ascended the throne of
Dehli on the 4th of June, 1414 A. D., 15th Rabf I, 817
A. H. He died after a reign of seven limar years two
months and two days on the 4th June, 1421 A. D., 17th
Jumada I, 824 A. H., and was succeeded by his son
Mubarik Sh^. Ehizir Eh^ did not assume the title of
emperor, but pretended to hold the empire for Sh&hrukh
Mirz&, the son of Amir Taim^, in whose name he struck
coins.
The foUotoing is a list of the kings of the ith or Sdddt
Dynasty of Dehli,
A. D. A. H.
Ehizir Ehan, a Sayyad, began 1414 817
MubiLrik Shah, son of Ehizir EhiLn, . . „ 1421 824
Muhammad Shah, the son of Farid, the
son of Ehizir, ,, 1434 837
'Ali-uddin, son of Muhammad Shih,
the last of the Sayyads who abdica-
ted in favour of Bahlol L6di, „ 1446 849
Khlsir Khan, ul^^/«^, the son of Sultan 'AU-uddin
Ehilji. This prince fell in love with Dewal Devi, the
daughter of Kae Earan, riji of Gujr&t, and married her.
The history of their loves is written in a poem, entitied,
" Ish]^" by Amir Ehusro. Vide Eaula Devi.
Ehizir Khan^ Ehwaja> c)^-r^ *^!^, a descen-
dant of the kings of Eishghar. He served under the
emperor Humiy^ who gave him his sister, named Gul-
badan, in marriage, and appointed him governor of L&hor
and afterwards of Behar, where he died about the year
1659 A. D., 966 A. H.
Khigjr, Ehwaja, j^d^ ^l^^, name of a prophet who,
the Orientals say, is still living, and sometimes appears
to travellers who have lost their way. He is said to have
accompanied Alexander the Great to the dark regions of
Zulmdt, where he was told he would find the Water of
Life.
Ehojam, ^ '>J'^ > the poetical name of Ehwaja Sul^, the
author of a poem in Urdii containing the story of Sham-
shad Shdh, dedicated to Sa'adat 'AU Ehan, the Kawab of
Lakhnau.
Khondamir, ^H^l*^^i the son of the celebrated AmiV
Ehawand Shah (Mirkhond). His full name is Ghay&s-
uddin Muhammad bin-Hamid-uddin Ehond' Amir. He
is the author of the history called " Ehulisat-ul-Akhbir,"
which is considered to bo an abridgment of the ** Rauzat-
us-Safa ;" this book he wrote in 1498 A. D., 904 A. H.,
and dedicated it to Amir 'Alisher his patron. He was
bom, says Sir H. M. Elliot, at Hir&t about the year 1475
A. D., 880 A. H., for he states in the preface to the
" Habib-us-Siar/' that when he commenced it in the year
1521 A. D., 927 A. H., he had advanced through seven
or eight stages beyond the fortieth year of his life. It
was after the name of his patron Earim-uddin Habib-
ullah, a native of Ardibel, that he entitled his work
" Habib-U8-Siar." Besides the abovementioncd works,
he composed the " Masir-ul-Maluk," the "Akhb&r-ul-
Akhiar," the " Dastur-ul-Wazra," the " Muk£rim-ul-Akh-
Uk," and the " Muntakhib Tarikh Wassaf." There are
two other works ascribed to him, called " Ghar£eb-ul-
Asrar," and *' Jawahir-ul-Akhb&r'\ He was compelled to
leave Hirat on account of the disturbed state of the coun-
try in 1527 A. D., 933 A. H., and afterwards took a
journey to Hindustan in company with MauUn& Sbah&b-
uddin the punster, and Mirzd Ibrahim Eandni, esteemed
the most literary men of the age. On Saturday the 19th
of September, 1528 A. D., 4th Mu^arram, 935 A. H.,
they reached the metropolis of Agrah, and were intro-
duced to the emperor B&bar Sh&h. They were loaded
with presents and directed to remain in future about his
person. Ehondamir accompanied the emperor on his
expedition to Bengal, and upon his death attached him-
self to his son Humaytin, in whose name he wrote the
" Eanun Humayunt" which is quoted by Abii'l Fazl in
the Akbar-nima. He afterwards accompanied that mon-
arch to Gujrdt, and died in camp during the emperor's
march from Ehandesh to Mandd in pursuit of Bahadur
Shah Gujrdti. This event took place in 1535 A. D., 942
A. H., some time after the death of his friend Maulini
Shah^b-uddin, who died the same year. At his own re-
quest his body was conveyed to Dehli, and was buried by
the side of Nizam-uddin Aulia and Amir Ehusro. The
last and 7th book of the '^ Eauzat-us-Safa" was written by
him.
Khuby ^y^f the poetical appellation of Eamfl-uddin Shi-
st^ni, the author of a mj'stical ma?nawi in the Guir&ti
dialect, composed in 1578 A. D., 986 A. H. He also
wrote a Persian translation and commentary on it in 1582
Khub-uUah, Shaikh, *^^^j^^, of AUahibild, sur-
named Shaikh Muhammad Yahia, was the nephew and
son-in-law of Shaikh Afzal of that place, whom he suc-
ceeded on the masnad of Irshid, that is to say, as a spiri-
tual guide. He died at AUahibid on Monday the 1st
of November, 1731 A. D., 1144 A. H., and his son Shaikh
Muhammad Nasir, whose poetical name was Fazli, suc-
ceeded him. Ehub-ullah is the author of several works.
Khuda Banda, »*^ ^^ vide Muhammad Ehudi Banda.
Khuda Banda Khan, %J^ «*^ l«^, son of Amfr-ul-
Ehudyja
151
Ehusro
'Umra Shaisti Ehim. In the lifetime of his &ther he
held the Faujdiuri of Bahriich with the rank of 1000, and
after his father's death, in 1694 A. D., he was recalled to
the presence, and was married to the daughter of Jumlat-ul-
Mulk Asad Kh&n. In the year 1700 A. D., 1112 A. H.
he was appointed governor of Bidar in the Dakhin hy
the emperor 'Alamgir, and subsequently of Eamatic
Bijap&r. After the death of Ruh-uUah Ehin II, in 1703
A. D., he was honoured with the post of grand steward
of the household with the rank of 2,500 horse. At the
time of 'Alamgir's death, he held the rank of 3000. He
espoused the cause of 'Azim Sh^ against his brother
Bahadur Sh&ti, and died of his wounds a few days after
the battle in June, 1707 A. D., 1119 A. H.
Kliudyjay *^*^^j or Khadfja, the first wife of Muham-
mad. She was a widow and dealt in merchandise. She
had employed Muhammad for some time to drive her
camels, and afterwards married him. Muhammad had
several children by her, but all of them died young, ex-
cepting three daughters, one of whom was Fatima, who
was married to 'Alf. After her marriage with Muham<
mad she lived 22 years, and died at Mecca three years
before the commencement of the Hijri era, and three days
after the death of Abu "^ilih the father of 'All, and uncle
of Muhammad, in August, 619 A. D., aged 62 lunar
years. Mr. Burckhardt informs us that the tomb of
Khudyja is still remaining, and is regularly visited by
pilgrims. It is enclosed by a square wall, and presents
no objects of curiosity except the tombstone, which has
a fine inscription in Kufic characters, containing a pas-
sage from the ^uran, from the chapter entitled, ** Surat-
ul-Kursi".
Kh.tirda(lbih> *^*>^4/^> or Ibn-Khurdaziba, surname
of Abu'l I^asim 'Ubaid-ullah bin-A^mad (or 'Abdullah)
Ibn-Ehurdkziba. This author has been the object of
considerable controversies among the orientalists of Eu-
rope. Khurddziba (the grandfather of our author) was
a magian, and was converted to Islam by the Bar-
makides. Abu'l Kasim (our author) was consequently
appointed over the post and intelligence department in
the provinces belonging to the Jabal, (mountain) ; sub-
sequentiy he came to the court of the Khalifa Mo'tamid,
and became one of his privy counsellors. He is the
author of several works, among which are — 1, *'Eit&b
Adab-us-Sama," (from which Masa'udi gives a very in-
teresting extract in his life of Mo'tamid) ; 2, *' Eit&b
Jamhur Ansab-ul-Fars" containing the most celebrated
Gtenealogies of the Persians; 3, " Kitab-al-Mas&lik-
wal-Mum^k," a geographical work on the roads and
kingdoms; 4, " KitAb-al-Sharab," on drink; 6, "Kitdb-
ul-Lahwwal-MalabV on playing and amusements; 6,
" Kitib-al-Anwi," on the stara, and 7, " Kit£b-ul-
Kudam4-wal-Julas&" on courtiers and companions. The
Geography of Ibn-Khurdiziba, says Sir H. M. Elliot,
is the only work which we possess of this author, and of
this there is only one copy in Europe. The MS. in
question is ancient, bearing the date of 1232 A. D., 630
A. H., but it wants in most instances the diacritical
points. It is preserved in the Bodleian Library at Ox-
ford, No. 993. Ibn-Khurdaziba died about the year 912
A. D., 300 A. H.
Khorram Bakht, Mirza, "-^^^ (^ li/*, the son of
Mirz& Jahindiur Shah, the son of Sh&h ' Alam, king of Behli.
Khiirram Beganiy (**^. fj^y the wife of Mirzd Sulai-
man BadakhshL
. . .
Khurraniy Mlrzay Cj^ Uf^t original name of the em-
peror Sh&h Jah&n before he came to the throne. Khor-
ram was built by him before he came to the throne.
] KhTiTBhed Mirza, Nawab, Lb^ ^jy^ v!P, son-in-Uw
to the late Nawdb Said-'uddaula, eldest son ofNawab
Mumtaz-uddaula, Bahadur, of Lakhnau. He died on the
19th of January, 1875 A. D. He had a Wasika of 1200 Rs.
per annum, which it is stated, will be continued to his
widow, a young woman of 20.
KhUTflindi, i^^^^j^y a poet of BukhArit, and author of
the "Kanz-ul-Ghardeb," a commentary in verse on the
" Mukhtasir" of AI?mad Mansuri, which can be read in
different metres.
KhuBhdil, J«>^ja^, poetical name of Maulvi Mustafa 'Ali
KhiA.
Khushgo, J^j^f poetical title of 'Amar Singh of Bena-
ras, which see.
KhushgOy >^'*'*^^i poetical name of Bindraban, a Bania,
who was a native of Benaras. He is the author of a
Tazkira called " Safinae Khushgo ;" the title is a chro-
nogram, and consequently contains the date when he
completed it, i. «., in 1734 A. D., 1147 A. H. He was a
pupil of 'Arzu, who by Khushgo's request in 1742 A. D.,
1155 A. H., made some glosses and added a preface to it.
Vide also Amar Singh of Benaras,
* •
Khushi, is^J^y poetical title of a poet.
Khushtar, J*^y^} the poetical name of a poet who was
the son of Mirza Muhammad Afzal Sarkhush.
Khushtar, J^J^j poetical name of Munshi Jagannilth, a
Kiyeth of Lakhnau, and author of the Rfcmayan in Urdu
verse translated from the Bh&khii of Tulshf Das, in the
year 1852 A. D., 1268 A. H. Vide Tulshi Dis and Gir-
dhar Das.
Khushwakt Bae, (Sh "^^y^^, he was for many years
the agent and intelligencer of the British Government at
Amritsar after the treaty with Maharaja Hanjit Singh,
which was concluded in the year 1809 A. D.
Khusro, AmiTi JLT^^H^S one of the most celebrated
poets of Hinddst&n who served under several emperors of
Dehlf, and wrote 99 poetical works. His father Amfr
Mahmdd Saif-uddin, a Turk of the tribe of Lachin, oame
from Balkh to India and fixed his residence at Patiala
where Khusro was bom in the year 1253 A. D., 651 A. H.
Khusro died six months after the death of Ni^am-uddin
Aulia, who was his spiritual guide, and was buried close
to his tomb at Ghay^pur in old Dehli. His death hap-
pened in September, 1326 A. D., Rama^^n, 726 A. H.
Khusro unfortunately lived at a period, says Sir H. M.
Elliot, when vice was triumphant throughout Hindust&n.
He, however, had the happiness, during the last few years
of his Ufe, to see a just prince, Ghayas-uddin Tughlak, on
the throne, whose virtues he has commemorated in his
history, called " Tughlal^-ndma,'* and whom he survived
but a few months. The following beautiful poems are
particularly admired by his countr^en ; and in fiict they
rival those of the most esteemed poets of Persia.
1. Tuhfat-ul-Saghir.
2. 8hatt-nl-Hayit.
3. Ghuirat-ul-KamiL
4. Bal|:ia Ka^.
6. Hasht Bahisht
6. Sikandar-nama.
7. Bisala Naar.
Besides these there are several other poems, m>., " No^
Sipehr," or the nine spheres, a beautiful mystical poem ;
the ** IK^irin-us-Sa'dyn" or the auspicious conjunction,
a poem in praise of SulUin Mu'izz-uddin Kai^ubad, king of
DehUy and his &ther Ndair-uddm Baghia Khin, king of
Ehusro
152
Ehwaja
Bengal, who came to visit him. The " Manila*' contain-
ing memoirs of the first four Khalifas, viz., Abu Bakr,
*XJmar, Usm^ and *Ali, with a treatise on the Sufi tenets,
written in 1324 A. D., the "Ishkia," a collection of
poems on love subjects ; the " Matla'-ul- Anwar," on the
Sufi doctrines, and his Diwdn which is held in great
estimation in India, containing poems chiefly on mystical
theology and divine love : many of them have been set
to music, and are chanted by the devotees or Sufis ;
frequently producing extravagant ecstasies, termed by
them wajd^ or spiritual delirium. The Khamsa or the
five celebrated books of Amir Khusro, which contains
about 18,000 verses, are the following :
1. Hasht Bahisht. 4. Lailf-wa-Majniin.
2. Sikandar-nama. 5. Shirin-wa-EJiusro.
3. Panj Ganj.
Khusro is said to have written 99 books, some of which,
besides the abovementioned, are the following :
1. Aijiz Khusrowl. 4. Inshie Am(r Khusro.
2. Aina Sikandari 5. Jawdhir-ul-Bahx.
3. KhizirKhani.
Khusro Malik, ^^^ 3r^j son of Khusro Shdh, was the
last Sultan of the race of Ghaznavides. He ascended the
throne at Ldhor after the death of his father in 1160
A. D., 555 A. H., was defeated in 1184 A. D., 580 A. H.,
by Shahab-uddm Ghori, then governor of Ghazni, who
took him prisoner and sent Imn to his brother Ghayaa-
uddm to Ffr6z K6h, where he died after some years.
Khusro Malik, »^^ Jtr^j the brother-in-law of SultAn
Muhammad Sh£h I, Tughlak, whose sister named Khudd-
wandzada he had married. He had once formed the pro-
ject of taking the life of Sultin Fir6z Shdh the successor
of Muhammad Shah, by concealing a number of persons
in the rooms adjacent to where the king sat, but was
saved by Dawar Malik, the son of Elhusro Malik, who
made a sign to him that danger was to be apprehended,
upon which the king left the room and took refuge on
the top of the house.
Khusro Parwez, ^jri Xr^> the son of Hurmuz in (or
lY^, king of Persia of the Sassanian race. He, by the
assistance of the Boman emperor Maurice, after defeat-
ing Bahram Chobfn, his fSeither's general, who had taken
possession of the kingdom, ascended the throne of Persia
591 A. D. The moment he was firmly established on the
throne, ho fulfilled in the most faithful manner the engage-
ments he had entered into with his ally ; and publicly
adopted the emperor Maurice as his faUier; but when
that emperor was slain in 603 A. D., he instantly declared
war, on the grounds of avenging his father and bene-
factor. His generals invaded the Roman territories ;
Dara, Edessa, and other strong places on the frontier,
were soon subdued ; Syria was completely pillaged, Pales-
tine overrun, Jerusalem taken, and the brue cross, which
had been enclosed in a golden case, and buried deep in
the earth, was discovered, and borne in triumph to Persia.
His reig^ of more than 30 years, was marked by a success
never surpassed by the most renowned of his ances-
tors. Persia was, however, invaded by Heraclius the
Koman emperor, who defeated the troops of Khusro
wherever he encountered them, and marched, in one
direction, as far as the Caspian, in another to Isfahan ;
destroying in his progress all his splendid palaces, plun-
dering his hoarded treasures, and dispersing, in every
direction, the countless slaves of his pleasure. The sub-
jects of Ehusro had lost all regard for a monarch whom
they deemed the sole cause of the desolation of his coun-
try : a conspiracy was formed against him : he was seized
by his eldest son Sheroya or Siroes; his 18 sons were
massacred before his fiice, and he was cast into a dungeon,
and soon afterwards died or was put to death in 628 A. D.,
7 A. H., after he had reigned 88 yearn. The glory of
the house of Chosroes (Nausherw&n) ended with the life
of Khusro : his unnatural son enjoyed only eight months
the fruit of his crime.
The Muhammadan authors say, that Khusro had re.
ceived an epistle from Muhammad, inviting him to
acknowledge Muhammad as the apostle of God. He
rejected the invitation, and tore the epistle. ** It is thus,"'
exclaimed the Arabian prophet, *' that Gk>d will tear the
kingdom, and reject the supplications of Khusro." The
historians of Muhammad, says Gibbon, date this em-
bassy in the seventh year of the Hijri which commenced
11th May, 628 A. D. Their chronology is erroneous
since Khusro died in the month of February of the same
year. Gibbon, Vpl. VIII, p. 205.
Khusro Shah^ *^ -ir*^> a descendant of the ancient
kings of Badakhshin, whom B&bar Shih defeated about
the year 1505, and took possession of his country and made
it over to his cousin KhAn Mirz&.
KhUBro Shah, *^ -Jr^^ sumamed Nizfim-uddfn, was
the son of Bahr&m ShiUi of Ghazni. He succeeded his
father at L£hor in 1152 A. D., 547 A. H., and died there
after a reign of seven years in 1160 A. D., b56 A. H.
He was succeeded by his son Khusro Malik.
Khusro Shah, l^ XT^y called also Malik Khusro, a
favourite slave and wazir of Sult&n Mub&rik 8h^ Khilji,
king of Dehli, whom he murdered on the 4th April, 1821
A. D., 5th Rabi' I, 721 A. H., and ascended the throne
by the title of XAsir-uddm Khusro Sh&h. He was soon
after assassinated on the 26th August, 1321 A. D., 30th
Bajab, 721 A. H., by Gh^f Beg Tughla^, who, the next
day, mounted the throne and assumed the title of Ghayas-
uddfn Tughlak Sh4h I.
KhusrOi Sultan, :>jr^ {J^oim, the eldest son of the
emperor Jahdngir; was bom in the month of August,
1587 A. D., Bamazin, 995 A. H., at L&hor. His mother
was the sister of BiLj& M^ Singh, the son of II&J& Bhag-
wdn Das, and after the birth of Khusro she got the title of
Shah Begam. He died in the Dakhin on the 16th of
January, 1622 A. D., 13th Eabf 1, 1031 A. H., aged 36
limar years, and his remains appear to have been trans-
ported to Allah&b^ where he lies buried in a garden
surrounded by pukka walls, called the garden of Sultan
Elhusro, and where his mother Shah Begam is also buried.
The dome over his tomb has an inscription of several
Persian verses, and contains the chronogram of the year
of his death in the words ** Faiz \Aq\." It is related in
the work called " Ma&sir Kutb Shihi" that Khusro was
strangled by a man named Baza by the order of Shih
Jahan his younger brother.
Khuzaiy Ci^ ^ * celebrated author, descendant from a
tribe of Arabs called Khuz^ Vide Abii ' AbduUah Mu<
hammad bin-Husain-al-Khuzil.
Khuzaima, ^^J^} a companion of Muhammad.
Khwaja Baki BiUah, *W^ i/k *^b^, a Muhammadan
saint. Vide Muhammad Bal^i (Khw&ja).
Khwaja Hasan, LT**' ^^^J^> vide Hasan Sanjari.
Khw^a Hasan Basri, lsj^. u**^ ^b^9 vide Hasan
Basri. ^
Khwaja Hasan Sadr Nizami, ^^^j^^^ ^r^ *^^!y^,
author of the work entitled " Taj-ul-MaA?ir*' which he
dedicated to Sultan Kutb-uddfn Eybak, king of Dehli
about the year 1208 a! D^ 605 A. H.
Ehwaja
163
Ehwaja
Khwaja Hasbiin Eashmiii, iiHi*^ (^^ ^j^,
author of a Persian work, entitled, " Zubdat-nl-Mu^imat,"
containing the (pretended) miracles of A^^mad Sarhindi, a
Muhammadan saint^ and others.
Khw^'a Hiisain Marwi^ C5ijr* er^-^ ^^l^^ a na-
tive of Marv in Persia, was an excellent poet. He flourish-
ed in the time of the emperor Akbar, and wrote chrono-
grams at the birth of Sultan Sh^ Murad, second son of
the emperor, who was bom in the year 1570 A. D., 978
A. H. He put the "Singhasan Battisf into Persian
verse, but did not complete it. He is the author of a
Diwan.
Khwaja Hiisain Sanai, (^«>t^ i2r^*» ui"^ *^!>^,
of Mashhad. He and his father were proteges of Sul^
Ibrihim Mirz&. He flourished about the beginning of
the 11th century of the Hijra, left Kasidas and a Ma$-
nawi called '^ Saidde Sikandar."
Khwaja Husain Sanai, (S^ l;
^!>^, a Per-
sian poet, and son of Ghay&s-uddin Muhammad. He
came to India in the time of Akbar, died in 1588 A. D.,
996 A. H., and left a thick Diwin.
Khwaja Ibrahim Husain, ui«^^]^t^l^^ vide
Ibr&him Husain (Khwaja).
KhWfl^a 'Imady ^^ ^\^y vide 'ImAd Fakfh.
Khw^a Imami, (^^^ *^l^, author of a story in
Persian, entitled, " Mali Dohafta." He was a cotempora-
ry of Mirz& Katil.
Khwi^t^ Jahan, Cf^ ^]^, origioal name of Malik
Sarwar, founder of the race of the kings of the East, or
Sharki dynasty of JaunpCir. The different rulers who
have governed in the provinces of Jaunpdr and Antarbed
(territories south of Dehli lying between the rivers Jamna
and Gkmges) are styled by hjJBtorians the Sharlp kings.
It appears from the Taw&rikh Mub&rik ShiLhi, that Sultan
Muhammad Shah, son of Fir6z Sh&h Tughlak, king' of
Dehli, created one of his eunuchs, named Malik Sarwar,
his prime-minister, and honoured him with the title of
Khwaja Jahan ; that upon the death of Muhanmiad Sh&h,
and on the accession of his son Sultan Mahmud Shah
Tughla^ a boy often years of age, in 1394 A. D., 706
A. H., he was appointed governor of the Eastern provin-
ces of the empire, ot^., Kanauj, Audh, Ea^a and Jaun-
piir, the latter of which he made the seat of his govern-
ment. The reign of Mahmud Shah was interrupted by
serious internal commotions ; and Khw&ja Jahan taking
advantage of these circumstances, and perceiving the
weakness of the government arising out of the king's
minority, assumed the title of Malik-ush-Sharlj^ (King of
the East), founded an independent kingdom at Jaunp^r,
and died in the year 1400 A. D., 802 A. H., after a short
reign of six years. He was succeeded by his adopted son
Msdik W&sil or Karanfisd, who assumed the title of Mu-
barik Sh4h Sharki,' and died in 1402 A. D., 804 A. H.
After his death his brother Ibrahim ShiUi Shar^ suc-
ceeded him, and died about the year 1441 A. D., 845
A. H., after a reign of more than forty years. He was
succeeded by Sultin Mahmiid Shah Sharki, who died in
1452 A. D., 856 aL H., and left the kingdom to his son
Muhammad Sh&h, who was killed in bat&e about the year
1458 A. D., 861 or 862 A. H., when Husain Shah, his
brother, succeeded him. He had several battles with
Bahl6l Lodi, king of l)ehl£, and was at last obliged to seek
refoge in the court of Sultan ' Ala-uddfn, king of Bengal,
where he died in 1499 A. D., 905 A. H.
39
Khwaja Jahan, e)^ *^!^, an Amfr of 5000, who died
in the time of Jahingur, in the year 1619 A. D., 1029
A. H., at Lihor.
Khw^'a Jahan, e;^^ ^LP-^ vide Mahmiid GNLw&n.
Khwaja Kamgar, J^^ ^!>S ^^ Ghairat Kh&a.
Khwaja Kirmani, i^^j^ *^l^^ an excellent Persian
poet of Kiimania, sumamed Malik-ul-FuzU, or king of
the learned. He assumed for his poetical title Khwtga
and Khwiju; was cotemporary with Sa*di of Shir&z
and a disciple of Shaikh 'Ala-uddin Samnanf whom he
outlived, and died some years after 1346 A. D., 746 A. H.,
for he completed his " Gauhar-nima" in that year. He
has written about 20,000 verses, and one of his poetical
compositions is called " Hum^ Humaytin." Mir or Amfr
Kirm&ni, and Ahmad Kirmani, were also two Persian
poets. Vide Kirmitni.
Khwaja Mansnr l^arabnka, ^y}y ^y^^ «a.fj
Ar^y a poet of Tus who flourished in the reign of
Shahrukh Mirzd, and was employed by the Prince 'Ala-
ud-daula. He died 1450 A. D., 854 A. H.
Khwaja Mansnr Shirazi, c*;!/^^'^ }y^^ ^^y^y also
called Sh4h Manstir, an excellent accountant who served
under the emperor Akbar in the capacity of Diwin, and
afterwards as his wazfr for four years. He was fidselv
accused of embezzlement by R£j& Todarmal, Birbal and
others on account of his being too strict with them, and
was imprisoned and afterwards impaled on the 27th Feb-
ruary, 1581 A. D., 23rd Mujjarram, 989 A. H., on a sup.
position that he had been carrying on a correspondence
with Mirzd Muhammad Hakim (half brother of Akbar)
who had at that time invested L&hor.
Khwaja Masa'ud, «>>*--^ ^^y^y of Bak^ vide Masa'M
(Khw&ja).
Masa^ud, j>^*wo 4^.1^^ a poet who died in
the year 1131 A. D., 625 A. H., and left three thick
Diwans, one in the Persian, one in the Arabic, and one in
the Hindustani language of that day. He is the earliest
Musalman poet who wrote in Hmdtist^ of whom we
have any account.
Khwaja Masa'ud, ,3^«wo Aa-ly^^ a poet of an illustrious
family of Kun, and one of the most celebrated writers of
Ma§nawis in the last cycle of the Persian poets. He
chose the admired subject of Ttisuf and Zalekha for one
of his poems. He was called to Hirat, in the time of the
Sultan Husain Mirz^ to celebrate the events of his reign
in verse, and appears to have devoted himself to the task
in rather a laborious manner, for he wrote 12,000 lines
of a poem on the subject dictated ; and would, no doubt,
have added as many more, had not death put an end to
his enthusiasm. He was the author of many admired
poems ; among others, " A Dispute between the Sun and
the Moon," and " Between the Pen and the Sword." He
flourished about the year 1480 A. D., 885 A. H.
Khwi^a Mua'zzam, (•^^^ *^[^^ a man of a very
mischievous character, was the brother of Hamfda Bano
Begam, and husband of Bibi Fdtima, the emperor Akbar
Shih's aunt. He was banished the kingdom several times
for improper behaviour, but he soon returned; and
when in the year 1564 A. D., 973 A. H., he killed
his wife, he was thrown into prison, where, by the com-
mand of the emperor, he was murdered in 1566 A. D,
Khwaja Muhammad Asim, (^1 *♦*« a^f^i.^ ^^
KhinDauran.
Ehwaja
154
Kizal
> vide
•I
Ehwaja Muhammad '^Baki, t^^.
Muhammad Ba]p (Khw&ja).
m
Khwaja Muhammad Mukim, (♦i^
vide Nizam-uddin Al^miad.
Khwaja Nasir, ^^^ *^[^^, author of the works called
" Bufltfin-ul-Kirim," and " Aosaf-ul-Aflhrat"
Khwiga NasiTy j^^ *^1^* a poet who waa a cotem-
porary of Salman SawajL
Khwaja Kasir, ^^ *^L^j whose poetical name is
' Andalib, was the father of Mir Dard the poet.
Khwaja Nizam-ul-Mulk, ^^-^1 c^^»>^, minis-
ter of Sul^ Alp ArBaUn. Vide Ni^4m-ul-Mulk.
Khwaja Parsa, Jri *^-^> surname of Muhammad
bin-Muhammad Hiifiz Bukhiurf , author of the book called
*^ Fazl ul-Kitab fil Muh&zarat," containing the memoirs of
all the celebrated Sufi Shaikhs of the Nakshbandi Order ;
and of several other books. He flourished in the reig^
of Shahxukh Mirza, and died 1419 A. D., 822 A. H.
Khwaja Bustam Khosyani, i^V>^ ^J *^!^> vide
Bustam (Khwdja).
Khwaja Sadr Wizami, ^^ jA-o ^\y^, author of
the book called *» Tdj-ul-Misir." He is also called Khwaja
Hasan Sadr Nizami.
Khwaja Shakip Nasir-uddin >AbduUah, ^^'j
*AJ|6AP ^^jJl^liyU^ one of the greatest saints of
Turkist^.
Khwaja Wafa, ^J *^!>^, Khwija Sara of Sh£h Jahiuu
Khwiga Zain-ul 'Abidin 'All 'Abdi Beg Kawedi,
^S^y^ iS'^i/^ KiH^^^Ui) *^!^, of Shiriz, was
for many years Mustaufi or Secretary. He was particularly
distinguished in the Masnawi, and composed two Eham-
sas in imitation of Nizami. He is also the author of
several other works, one of which is called " Jim Jam-
shed," and has left three Diwans, the first is called
** Ghurrae Ghurra," in this he uses his poetical name of
Nawedi, in the second of 'Abdi. He died at Ardibel in
1580 A. D., 988 A. H. See 'Abdi of Tun and 'All
Nawedi.
Khwaja Zikaria, H/j ^b^3 son of Khw4ja Muham-
mad Ahia, a nobleman of the time of the emperor Jahim-
gir.
Khwaja Kirmani, i/^y^^^J^9 ^de Khwija Kirmini.
Khwansari or Khonsari, iSJ^^j^, poetical name of
Mir Abdl Fatha.
Khwansari, i^)^b^y vide Husain Khdnsiri.
Khwarizm, fjj!^, kings o^ vide IKutb-uddin Muhammad,
son of ATinahf-alffni,
Kirmaniy i^^jrt a native of Eirmania. This is the sur-
name of several authors, and amongs^ othetiS of Ya'kub
bin-Idrfs, who died in the year 1480 A. D.» 833 A. H.,
vide Ehwaja Eirmani.
Kisai, Hakim, 4/^ ^ t a celebrated poet and phy-
sician of Marv in Persia, who was bom on Wednesday
the 23id of March, 963 A. D., 27th Shawwal, 341 A. H.
The year of his death is not known. There was another
Eisai whose proper name was Abul Hasan, who was one
of the seven eloquent readers of the Kuran, and died
796 A. D., 180 A. H.
Kishna Haja, ^b ^^**^, of Mysore, was placed on the
masnad on the 30th June, 1799 A. D., vide Krishnd B&ja.
Kishtasp, y**^*^, also called Gasht&p, the son of Luh-
rasp, fifth king of Persia, of the Eayanian dynasty. He
was the first who embraced the religion of the Magi, and
built several temples for the worship of fire. Vide Gash-
t&sp.
Kishun Chand> '^^^j^, whose poetical appellation
was Ikhlas, was the son of Achal Dds Ehattri of Dehli,
whose house was the resort of the learned. 'K'iwHnTi
Chand, after his father's death, applied himself to poetry
and became the author of a Tazkira or biography, entitled
*' Hamesha Bahdr," t. e., Eternal Spring, which he com-
piled in the year 1723 A. D., 1136 A. H. It contains, in
alphabetical order, an accoimt of about 200 poets who
flourished in India from the time of Jahangir to the
accession of Muhammad Sh^. See IkhUs Ehan Ikhlas
Eesh.
Kishun Singh, Kaohwaha, *^*-»e;^,Rdj4ofKi8hun-
garh, and eldest brother of B£j& Suraj Singh Hdthor,
who served under the emperor Jahangir to whom his
sister was married. Eishun Singh was slain by his bro-
ther S&raj Singh 1615 A D., 1024 A. H., in the 10th
year of the emperor JahiUigir, who was married to his
sister by whom he had Shah Jahan.
Kitran, j^t jy^^ er? i^jj^, or Kutr£n bin-Mansdr
Ajli, a celebrated poet of Tabrez, was contemporary with
the poet Kashid Watw&t. He is the author of a poem
called " Eaus-ndma," which he dedicated to Amir Ahmad
or Muhammad bin-Amir Eammdj, ruler of JBalkh, who
was cotemporary with Sul(^ Sanjar.
1^JZ9lL Arsalan, {^^jf Jj^t (which means the red Hon),
was the second son of At&bak Eldiguz. He succeeded
his brother At&bak Muhammad in the office of prime-
minister to his nephew Sult&n Tughral III, 1186 A. B.,
582 A. H., and in combination with Nasir, the reigning
khalif of Baghdad, seized and imprisoned Tughral, and
resolved to usurp the name as well as the power of a
monarch. But the day before that fixed for his corona-
tion, he fell by the blow of an assassin 1191 A. D., 587
A. H., and was succeeded by his nephew Atdbak Abid
Bakr, the son of Atabak Muhammad.
Kizal Bashi^ i/^^ Jy* This is a Turkish word and
means, red-headed.
J^zal Bash Khan, o^ cr^ Jy, an amfr of 4000, who
served under the emperor Shih Jahibi, and died in the
year 1648 A. D., 1058 A. H.
^JZ3l Bash Khan, iJ^^^ e)^ tr^ Jy^ of HamdAn,
whose proper name was Muhammad Baza, came to India
in the reign of the emperor Bahadur Shih, and was hon-
oured with the title of ^izalbdsh Ehioi. He subsequently
Eochak
155
Eudrat-ullah
senred under Hub&riz Ehin, gOTemor of Haidar&b^d,
and after his death under Niz&m-ul-Mulk 'Asaf Jah, and
died at Dehli in the year 1746 A. D., 1159 A. H. He
was a good musician and knew the Indian and Persian
systems of musical compositions. His poetical name is
TJmaid.
Koohak, ^^^^> poetical name of Prince Mirzli Wajih-uddin
who died in the East, though his remains were brought
to Dehli and buried close to the Darg^ of Sul(&n-ul-
Mashdekh which is about 6 or 8 miles distant from Dehli.
Koukaby ^^r i poetical name of Mimshi Mahdi in the
service of Nadir Shih, author of " Durr-i-Nidira," " T£-
rikh Niuliri*' and a poem entitled '' N&dir-nima.''
Koukab^ S^O^} poetical name of a poet who died in the
year 1840 A. D., 1266 A. H.
Koula Devi or Kawaldah^ cs^-^ ^j the beautiful
wife of Rae Karan, rajA of Gujrdt, which place was taken
by Sultan 'Ala-uddin Khilji in the year 1297 A. D., 697
A. H., and among the captives was Eoula Devi whom
the king married. Her daughter Dewal Devi also was
taken captive in the year 1306 A. D., 706 A. H. A few
days after her arrival, her beauty inflamed the heart of
the king's son, Khizir Khan, to whom she was eventually
given in marriage. The history of the loves of this
illustrious pair is written in an elegant poem called
" Ishlda," composed by Amir Khusro of Dehli. Mub&-
rik Shah, in the second year of his reign, put to death his
brother Khizir Khan who was imprisoned at Gwdliar,
and took Dewal Devi to be his wife.
Koura Mai, Choudhari, lUl^ *^j^^^^> author of
the story of Kimrup, a poem in Persian verse. He died
on the 16th of May, 1848 A. D.
Kousari Bukhari, iSx^^- (Sj^J^y an author who died
in the year 1475 A. D., 880 A. H.
^OUSiy K^y» poetical name of Majd-uddin 'AH, an author.
Krishn, er^^> a god of the Hindfis, was in the world in
the time of the Kauras and Pandus, or the 7th century
after the commencement of the Kdlijug, according to this
8hl6k, "When something more than 650 years of the
Kdlijug were expired, then were the Kauras and Pandit,
in whose time the Great War took place.''
Krishna Eaj Odawar, jj'.>j^ ^!; ^^J, the lineal de-
scfflidant of the ancient family of Mysore, whose power
Haidar 'All Khan had usurped in the year 1761 A. D.
But after the defeat and death of Tipu Sultin, and the
departure of his sons from Seringapatam to Vellore,
Mysore was divided between the Kis^am and the English.
The English took the southern portion, and the city of
Seringapatam, by which accession their territory reached
from sea to sea. The Nizam took an equal portion on
the north<east. Some districts on the north-west, equal in
value to more than half of each of their own portions, were
offered by the allies to the Marhaftas, which they refused
to take, and they were divided between the Niz&m and the
English. The remainder was given to Krishni Eiyi, then
a child of three years of age, who was raised to the throne
of his ancestors, on the 30th June, 1799 A. D., and Purania,
a Bdlhman of great ability and reputation, who had been
the chief financial minister of Tipd, was appointed Diwan
to the young prince by the British Government. He was
afterwards created Knight Grand Commander of the Most
Exalted Order of the Star of India. He died on Friday the
27th of March, 1868 A. D., aged 72 years. His adopted son
Chamrajaindra Odawar,has been recognized and proclaimed
as Mahardj& of Mysore. The young Maharija now being a
minor, the government and administration of the territo-
ries of Mysore will, during his minority, be conducted imder
the direction of the Commissioner.
Kuar Singh^ A^Wjjii'^ ^^ Kunwar Singh of Jagdisptar,
a rebel of 1857, was killed in battle in May or June, 1868.
IJ^ubad^ <^T^9 (Cavades of the Greeks), was the son of Fir6z
I, king of Persia of the Sassanian race, and the successor of
his brother Palish. We are told that when his brother
Pal^h came to the throne, ICub&d, who had aspired to it,
fled towards the territories of the Khak&n, or king of
Transoxania ; and as he passed Naishdptir, he spent one
night with a beautiful young lady of that city, who, when
he returned four years afterwards accompanied by a large
army, presented him with a fine boy, the fruit of their
casual amour. He was delighted with the appearance of
the child ; and as he was contemplating him, he received
accounts that his brother Palish was no more, and that
the crown of Persia awaited his acceptance. This intelli-
gence reaching him at such a moment, made him con-
clude, that fortune already smiled on his son, whom he,
from that day, treated with the greatest favour, and gave
the infant prince the name of Nausherwan. Kubad
succeeded his brother in 488 A. D., and carried on a
successful war against the Roman emperor Anastasius :
and died, after a long reign of 4S years, 631 A. D. His
son Nausherwan succeeded him.
Kubadiy i^^ t^9 surname of Shis bin-lbrihim, an Arabian
author, who died in the year 1202 A. D., 699 A. H.
Kublai Khan, c^^ «s?^» (^^^ Yule's Marco Polo) more
properly Khublai, overthrew the Kin dynasty in 1260 A.D.,
and conquered the whole of China 19 years later ; died at
Pekin 1296 A. D.
Kudraty (&;»;«^, the poetical name of Shih Kudrat-ullah of
DehU, a Persian and Urdu lyric poet, and author of the
work called " Nataej ul- Afkir" and a Diwan. He was
living at Murshidibid in 1782 A. D., 1191 A. H. He
was one of the most fertile Persian poets ; his Diwan
consists of 20,000 verses. He died in 1791 A. D., 1206
A. H., at Murshidibid.
Kudraty cu;«>^y the poetical name of Shaikh Kudrat-
ullah of BhopaL
?:udrat-tdlah, Shaikh, *^l e^joi ^, Superinten-
dent of Stamps at Bhopal, and author of Eeveral works in
Persian and Urdti which were published by him in the
year 1863 A. D , 1280 A. H., at Bhopal.
List of Books composed by him,
Foetrj/,
Of Ghazals called, Dfwin Kudrat.
Of Panegyrics or Kasfdas, . • Agwan ^udrat.
Poems, • . . . . Gulzir Kudrat.
Ditto, Izhar Kudrat,
Malcom's History, Majri Kudrat.
Mutiny of 1857, Tamashae Kudrat.
Promiscuous pieces, Kimiyae Kudrat.
On Miracles, Ajiebit Kudrat.
On Medicine, Mujarribat Kudrat.
Letters, Kukkit Kudrat.
Stories, Hikiyit l^udiat.
f
Eudsi
156
Eutb-uddin
Kudfli, iS^^^ 9ufe H^ji Muhammad Jan Kadai.
Kudsi Ansari, (SJ^^^^m'^^i of Isfahan, whose proper
name is Shaikh 'Abdul Karim, was a celebrated learned
and pious Musalmin of Isfah&n. He died on the 3rd of
Februaiy, 1615 A. D., 14th Mu^arram, 1024 A. H.
^Udsia Begam, (^. «^««>i, daughter of 'Asaf Khin
wazir, the son of the celebrated Tatmid-uddaula, wife of
the emperor Shah Jahan, niece to the empress Nur Jahdn
Begam, and mother of the emperor 'Alamgir, vide Aiju-
mand Bano Begam and Mumt4z Mahal.
^udliriy iSJJ^y surname of Abul Husain Ahmad bin-
Muhammad, a celebrated Musalm^ doctor of Baghdad,
of the Hanifa sect, who died 1036 A. D., 428 A. H. He
is the author of the "Mukhtasir-ul-Kuduri," which is one
of the most esteemed of the works which follow the doc-
trines of Abu Hanifa, and is of high authority in India.
It is a general treatise on law, and contains upwards of
12,000 cases. A well-known commentary on the Mukhta-
sir ul-Kuduri is entitled " Al-Joharat ul-Naiyarat" and
is sometimes called " Al-Joharat ul-Munirat."
]g[lilioh Khan, e;^ g^j title of 'Abid Khin, who came
to India in the reign of Sh&h Jahiui, was raised to the
rank of 4000. He died by a cannon ball at the siege of
Golkanija on the 8th of February, 1686 A. D., 24th Rabf
I, 1097 A. H. He is the father of Ghazi-uddin Kh£n rir6z
Jang I, and grandfSEither of the celebrated Ni^dm ul-Mulk
' Asaf Jah of Haidarab^.
Sulioh Khan, u
fiir^i of Andj&i, of the tribe of Jdni
Kurb&ni, was an amir of 4000, who served under the em-
perors Akbar and Jahangir from the year 1672 to 1611
A. D., 980 to 1020 A. H. His poetical name was Ulfeti.
^ulioh Khan Tnrani, «y Uy o^ ^^ an amir who
served under the emperors Jah&ngir and Sh&h Jahdn ;
was raised by the latter to the rank of 5000, and ap-
pointed governor of Kabul and Kandahir. He died 1664
A. D., 1064 A. H.
?uli 5utb Shah I, Sultan, e4> ^ »^ V*^ t5^ c)^^*^.
This prince was the founder of the sovereignty of Gol-
kan^a. His fSeither Kutb ul-Mulk was originally a Tur-
kish adventurer who came to try his fortune in &e Dak-
hin and embraced the service of Muhammad ShAh Bah-
mani. By degrees he was promoted to high rank ; and
in the reign of Mahmfid Shah obtained the title of Kutb
ul-Mulk and the Tarafdari or government of Telingana.
In 1493 A. D., 899 A. H., he received orders to besiege
the fortress of Jamkonda, and as he was reconnoitring,
was killed by an arrow from the walls. After his death,
his office and titles were conferred by the king on his
son Sult&n Kuli with the territory of Golkan4a, part of
Teling&na, in jagir. On the decline of the Bahmanf
authority, when 'Adil Shah and others assumed royalty,
he also in the year 1612 A. D., 918 A. H., styled himself
Sultan of Telingana under the titie of Kuli ^u^b Shah.
He was a chief of great abilities and ruled the country
for a period of 60 years ; 18 of which he governed Telin-
gana in the name of Mahmud Shah, and reigned as king
32 lunar years ; at the end of which he was assassinated
by a Turkish slave supposed to have been bribed by his son
and successor, Jamshed J^utb Shih. His death happened
on Sunday the 2nd September, 1643 A. D., 2nd Jum&da II,
960 A. H. The kings of the Kutb Shahi dynasty who
reigned at Gh)lkan4a, are as follows :—
1. KuHKu^bShlh. 5. Muhammad Kutb Shih.
2. Jimshed Kutb Shah. 6. ' AbduUah Ku^b Shih.
3. Ibrdhun I^utb Shah. 7. Abiil Hasan.
4. Muhammad KuU ^utb Sh^.
Kuli Kutb Shah II, Sultan, »^ V^ tr^ jyttU,
who is also called Muhammad Kuli Kutb ShiLh, was the son
of Ibrihim Kutb Shith, upon whose death in June, 1681
A. D., Rabf II, 989 A. H., he ascended the throne of
Golkanda in his twelfth year. In the beginning of his
reign he was engaged in war with 'Adil Shah of Bijipdr,
with whom he concluded peace in the year 1687 A. D.,
giving him his sister in marriage. The air of Golkanda
not agreeing with his constitution, he founded a city at
about eight miles distance, which he called Bhignagar,
after his mistress Bhagmati a celebrated courtezan ; but
being afterwards ashamed of his amour, he changed it to
Haidarab^. Shah 'Abbas, emperor of Persia, courted his
alliance, by asking his daughter in marriage for one of
his sons ; and Kutb Shfibi, esteeming connection with so
august a monarch as an honour, complied with the re-
quest. He was much esteemed for his abilities, was an
encourager of literature, and is the author of the work
called " Kulli£t Kutb ShiLh," a very copious volume, con-
taining Hindi, Dakhanl, and Persian Poems, on a variety
of subjects. He was the fourth Sultan of the Kutb Shahi
dynasty and reigned 31 years. He died on Saturday the
11th of January, 1612 A. D., 17th «i-Ka'da, 1020 A. H.,
and having no son, was succeeded by his brother Muham-
mad ^utb Shih.
Kulini, 4^^^ vide Muhammad bin-Ya'lpib.
Kummi, LS*^y vide Malik Kummi.
' m
m
Kumriy iSJ^> poetical name of Siraj-uddm.
Kutb ' Alam, f^^ V^^ a celebrated Muhammadan saint,
whose orig^inal name is Shaikh or Sayyid Burhin-uddin
but he is commonly known by the former ; he was the grand-
son of Makhdum Jahani&n Sayyid Jalal Bukhari. He
chose Gujrat for his place of residence, and died there
on the 9th of December, 1463 A. D., 8th ^il-fcijja, 867
A. H. His tomb is at Batdh, six miles from the city of
Ahmadabad in Gujrat. There is a slab kept at the door
of his mausoleum, which some say is stone, others think
it to be wood or iron. His son named Shah *Alam was
also a pious Musalmin and is likewise buried at Gujrat.
Kutb 'Alam, ^^ V-^, another Musalmin saint whose
proper name is Shaikh Ntir-uddm Ahmad. He was bom
at Ldhor, and died in the year 1444 A. D., at Pindfia in
Behar, where he is buried. Shaikh His4m-uddin, whose
tomb is at E^^a Manikpur, and who is also considered a
saint, was one of his disciples.
Kutb Shah, «^ V^, a title of the kings of Golkanda-
Vide Muhammad Kutb Shdh and Kuli Kutb Sh£h.
^Utb Shah, »^ V*^, a king of Gujrdt, vide Ku^b-uddin
(Sultin).
Kutb Shah, »^v^^ a celebrated Muhammadan saint
of DehlS, vide Kutb-uddin Bakhtiir.
^utb-uddin 'Abdul Karim ibn-'Abdul Nur,
j^\^ {j^ (^^j^\c^ i:^'^^ V^, is the author of the
work called *' Sharah Sal^.i Bukhan," and of a history
Eutb-uddin
157
Eutb-uddiu
of Egypt entitled " T^Hkh Misr.*' He died in the year
1333 A. D., 733 A. H.
?utb-uddin 'AUama, Maulana, **^ ert*^^^ 'r^
^^J^> a learned Muhamxnadan poet who was cotemporary
with the celebrated Shaikh Sa'di of Shir&z, and is the
author of several works, among which are the ** Tuhfa
Shahi," " Sharah Kullidt ?:4n<in," and " Sharah Miftih
nl-'Ulupi." He died at Tabrez on Sunday the 7th Feb-
ruary, 1311 A. D., 17th Ramar^ 710 A. H.
?utb-uddm Bakhtior Kaki, Khwaja, V^ *^!^^
^J(^ jUi^ {*Xi'^^} a celebrated Muhammadan saint of
Dehli, commonly called IJLutb-Sh&h, and sometimes called
If shi from his native country ITsh near Andjan in Persia.
He died at old Dehlf on the 27th of November, 1236 A. D.,
14th Rabf I, 633 A. H. His tomb is still conspicuous in
that district, and is visited by devotees. He is the author
of a Diw&n. Shaikh Farid-uddin Shakar Ganj was one
of his disciples.
?utb.uddin Eybak, ^^ lH^^ V^, king of Dehh;
originally a slave of Shihdb-uddin Muhammad Gh6ri,
prince of Ghor and Ghazni, who raised him to the rank
of a chief in his army, and in the year 1192 A. D., 688
A. H., after his victory over Pithaura the Rija of Ajmer,
he left him as his deputy in India. The same year ^utb-
uddin conquered Mirath and Dehli and extended his
conquest as far as Bengal. After the death of Shihib-
uddin in 1206 A. D., 602 A. H., his nephew Ghayas-
uddin Mahmud who succeeded him, sent ^utb-uddin
all the insignia of royalty, a canopy, a crown and a
throne, and conferred on him the title of Sult&n. On the
27th June the same year, 18th ^i-]^a'da,' 602 A. H.,
Ijlutb-uddin having invested himself with sovereign power
ascended the throne, and made his residence the capital
of Dehli. His reign properly speaking, lasted only four
years, though he enjoyed all the state and dignities of a
king for upwards of twenty years. He died at Lihor by
a fall from his horse in 1210 A. D., 607 A. H., and was
succeeded by his adopted son Saltan 'Ar4m ShiUi. The
Jama' Masjid in old Dehli, which is famous under the
name of ** ^uwat ul-Ielam," and stands close to the
]^utb Min&r, was formerly a Hindu temple, l^utb-uddin
first converted it into a masjid, and afterwards Shams-
uddin Altimsh and 'Ala-uddin Khilji made some additions
to it. The following is a list of the Sultans of the Slave
(or Turk) d5'nasty of Gh6r who reigned at Dehli.
A. D. A. H.
1. ^utb-uddin Eybak of the first
Turk dynasty, began 1206 602
2. 'Aram Sh4h, son of l^utb-uddin, . . „ 1210 607
3. Shams-uddin Altimsh, ,» 1210 607
4. Rukn-uddin Fir6z, son of Altimsh, „ 1236 633
5. Sul^a Razia, daughter of Al-
timsh, „ 1236 634
6. Bahram Shah, son of Altimsh, .... „ 1 240 637
7. 'Ala-uddin Masa'ud, son of Fir6z, „ 1242 639
8. Ni^ir-uddin Mahmtid, son of
Altimsh, „ 1246 644
9. Ghayas-uddin Balban (a slave of
Altimsh), ,1 1266 664
10. Kailfiub&d, grandson of Altimsh
(last of the 1st branch), „ 1286 686
11. JaUl-uddin Firdz Shah Khilji, first
Sultan of the 2nd branch of the
Turk dynasty called Khilji,
whichsee, ,> 1288 688
^Utb-uddin Khan, vy^ th!**^' V^^ brother of Shams-
uddin Auka, entitled 'Azfm Khan. He was an amir of
6000 in the reign of the emperor Akbar; was made
governor of Bahroch, and was treacherously slain by Sul-
tan Muzaffar king of Gujrat in 1683 A. D.
40
Eutb-uddin, eri**^! ••r*^, a grandson of Shaikh Salim
Chishtf.
?utb-uddin Khan Kokaltash, u^ e^*^' v^
V/'~r > whose original name was Shaikh Khuban, was
the son of Shaikh Salim Chishtf s sister, and foster-bro-
ther of the emperor Jah^ngir who raised him to the rank
of 6000. He was made governor of Bengal in 1606
A. D., 1016 A. H., and was killed at Bardw&n by Sher
Afgan Khan, the former husband of Nur Jahan Begam in
1607 A. D., 1016 A. H. His remains were transported
to Fathapur Sikri and buried there.
Eutb-uddin Mahmud bin-Muhammad Shirazi,
LSjl;^ 4^*ic*^ :^j^x^^jj^\ Uas^ author of the " Ghurrat-
ut-Taj," (splendour of the crown) and several other works.
He died 1310 A. D., 710 A. H.
Kutb-uddin Mahmud Langa, KU^^«- ^ J( Uas^
second king of Multan of the tribe of Langa, who having
secured the person of Shaikh Yusuf his predecessor and
son-in-law, sent him to Dehli and ascended the throne of
Multan in the reign of Sultan Bahl61 Lodi. He reigned
for a period of sixteen years and died much lamented in
1469 A. D., 874 A. H. He was succeeded by his son
Husain Langa.
JJ^utb-uddin Muhammad, ^^^ iji'^^ v^*, the son
of Anushtakin, the cup-bearer of Sultan Sanjar Saljiiki.
He was installed by the Sultan about the year 1140 A. D.,
and became the first king of Khwdrizm of the race called
Khwarizm Shahi. The following is a list of the kings of
this race.
1. Kutb-uddin Muhammad.
2. Atsiz, the son of ^utb-uddin Muhammad.
3. Alp Arsalan, the son of Atsi^.
4. Sultan Shah, the son of Alp ArsaUn.
6, 'Ala-uddin Takash Khan, his brother.
6, Sultan Muhammad, son of Takash. He was defeated
by Changez Khan in 1218 A. D.
7. Jalal-uddin, the son of Sultan Muhammad, and last
king of ibis race, slain 1230 A. D.
^utb-uddin Muhammad Qhori, «>-^^ tzfi^^ «e^
iSi^t was the son of 'Izz-uddin Gh6ri. He married
the daught« of Sult&n Bahram Shah, king of Ghazni, and
having founded the city of Fir6zkoh in Gh6r, made it his
capital, and assumed all the dignities of a sovereign. At
length he was induced to attack Ghaznf . Sul(4n Bahr&m
obtaining intimation of his intentions contrived to get
him into his power, and eventually put him to death. This
is the origin of the feuds between the houses of Gh6r and
Ghazni. Saif-uddin Sdri, prince of Gh6r, brother of the
deceased, raised an army to revenge his death; with
which he marched direct to Ghazni, which was evacuated
by Bahr&m, who fled to India. After some time Saif-
uddin was betrayed into the hands of Sult^ Bahram by
the inhabitants of Ghazni. The unhappy prince had his
forehead blackened, and was seated astride on a bullock
with his face towards the tail. In this manner he was
led round the whole city ; after which, being put to tor-
ture, his head was cut off and sent to his uncle Sult^
Sanjar Saljdlf:!, while his wazir Sayyad Majd-uddm was
impaled.
^utb-uddin Munouwar, Shaikh^ ki*'
* e,jAii
jy^j a Muhammadan saint of Hinsi, who was a grand-
son of Shaikh Jamil-uddin A^^nad. He lived in the time
of Sultan Fir6z bh&h Bdrbak, king of Dehli. He was a
contemporary of the celebrated saint Shaikh Na^ir-uddin
Eutl}-uddin
158
lais
Chiragh Dehlf ; both of whom were disciples of Shaikh
Nizam-uddin Aulia ; and both of whom died the same
year. Nafir-uddin died on the 16th September, 1356
A. D., 18th Kamas^in, 757 A. H., and Kutb-uddin on the
22nd November, 1366 A. D., 26th Zi-Ka'da, 757 A. H.
The former lies buried at Dehli and the latter at H&nsi.
^utb-uddin. Sultan, lH^^^ v^ ^d^^, also called
Kutb 8hah, was the son of Muhammad Shah, king of
Gujrat After the death of his father in February, 1451
A. D., Mubarram, 855 A. H., he ascended the throne of
Gujrat, reigned more than eight years, and died on the
26th of May, 1459 A. D., 23rd Rajab, 863 A. H. He
was buried in the vault of his father Muhammad Shah,
and was succeeded by his uncle Daud Sh&h who reigned
only a few days and was deposed.
^Utbul-Mulk, ^^-^f V^, the father of ^uli ^Lutb
Shah I, which see.
Kutbul-MuJk, ^-Jl V^, the title of 'Abdullah Kh£n
(Sayyid) which see.
Sutlamishy o^"^) & descendant of Saljiik, was taken
prisoner by Maliksh^h Saljuki. Vide Sulaiman bin-
^utlamish.
?utlagh Nigap Khanam, (^^ J^i jUi, daughter of
Yunas Ehdn king of Mughalist&n, and sister to Mahmud
Khan, a descendant of the famous Changez £h4n. She
was married to *Umar Shaikh Mirz&, and became the
mother of Babar Shah, king of Dehli. She died at X&bul
on the 4th of June, 1505 A. D., 1st Mubarram, 911 A. H.
^Utlak Khan, o'^ O^^, the title of Atibak ' Abd Bakr
bin-Sa'd bin-Zangi.
Kutran> oLr^y vide Kitr&n.
Kutrib> "tir^^j an author who was a cotemporary of Seboya
the poet, and received this title from him, but his original
name is Muhammad. He is the author of several works.
He died 821 A. D., 206 A. H.
^utyba> '^4^j the son of Mushni ibn-Amar, was gover-
nor of Khurds&n in the reign of khalif *Abdulmalik. He
was slain in the time of Sulaim&ri, son of ' Abduhnalik in
September, 715 A. D., ^il-bijja, 96 A. H.
Kya Mnhammady ^^^^ kf, vide Buzurg Umaid.
KyjaptUy /^i?" 9 second son of Sul^ Ab^ KhiLn, the son
of Halalii Khin, the Tartar king of Persia. He was
raised to the throne by the voice of the majority of the
Amirs on the death of his brother Arghiin Khin in March,
1291 A. D., Rabf I, 690 A. H. The resentment of a
personal injury led Biidd Eh&n, a grandson of Hal&ku
Khan, to rebel against him, and the unfortunate monarch
was, after a short struggle, made prisoner, and put to
death in January, 1296 A. D., Sa&r, 694 A. H. Bdidu
Khin succeeded him.
L.
Iiabidy *^^j whose foil name is Abii A'^il Labid bin-
Rabiat, was one of the most distinguished Arabian poets,
and one of the seven whose verses constituted the Mua'l-
lakit, a series of prizes suspended in the Ka'ba. He was
still an idolater when Muhammad commenced publishing
his laws. One of his poems commenced with this verse :
*' All praise is vain which does not refer to God : and all
good which proceeds not from Him is but a shadow ;"
no other poet could be found to compete with it. At
length the chapter of the ^uran, entitled Bardt^ was
attached to a gate in the same temple, and Labid was so
overcome by the verses at the commencement, as to de-
clare that they could only be produced by the inspiration
of God, and ho immediately embraced Isl&mism. When
Muhammad was apprised of the conversion of Labid, the
finest genius of his time, he was exceedingly delighted,
and requested him to answer the invectives and satires of
Amra-alkys and other infidel poets who wrote against the
new religion and its followers. The following sentence is
also attributed to him, which is the finest which ever fell
from, the lips of an Arab : — ** All is vain which is not of
God." Labid is said to have lived to the age of 140 years,
and died at the city of Kufa in 141 of the Hijra (768
A . D.) (There is some mistake in the year of his death. ) —
Ocklei/a JSittory of the Saracens. Labid is supposed to be
the friend and tutor of Amra-alkys, commonly called
Kaisand Majnun, the lover of Lylu.
Laohhmi Narayan, ui^j^ (/*tT ^ of Benares. He is
the author of a biography or Tazkira called "Gul-e-
lia'na."
Laohhmi Bam, ^b L5^t7 > a Hindu who was a poet
and had adopted the word " Surtir" (happiness) for his
poetical appellation.
Laohhmi Bai, {^^ cr»t^ , the wife of Malhtr Rio, raja of
Baroda, who married her under suspicious circumstances ;
a child was bom in 1874 and it h&8 been recognised as
legitimate.
Laddardeo, Ji^j^, a rilja of Telangana who became
tributary to Sultan 'Ala-uddin Sikandar SAni in the year
1310 A. D., 710 A. H.
Ladli Begam, ^ «^'^3J/, was the daughter of Shaikh
Mub£rik of Ndg6r, and sister to Ab6'l Fazl the minister
of the emperor Akbar. She was married to Kawab Islim
Khan who had been governor of Bengal about the year
1608 A. D., 1017 A. H. She died at Agrah, and is sup-
posed to have been buried there in the cemetery of her
father, which is now called (1844) Rauza La^li.
Lailai or Laili, ir^y the name of the mistress of the
celebrated Majnun, whose original name was l^ais. These
two lovers are very famous throughout the £ast. Laili
was the daughter of a neighbouring Chief, She was
equally accomplished with her lover : and nothing seemed
likely to disturb the happiness which their permitted
attachment promised, till the avarice of her &ther de-
stroyed at once all their hopes. Laili was commanded to
think of Kais no more, as she was destined to be the bride
of one more rich and powerful ; and in spite of the grief
and remonstrances of the unfortunate pair, they were
separated. Kais became insane from disappointment, and
his name was therefore changed to Majntin, (the dis-
tracted). Death at length put a period to his miseries,
and his faithful mistress soon followed him, leaving her
cruel parent to his late and vain remorse, and the memory
of these victims of avarice to eternal honour and regret.
Vide Majnun.
Lais, or Laith, ^^•'9 is the proper name of a brazier,
who by his valour raised himself to the highest posts in
the dominions pf Darham, who then feigned in Sajistan.
He left three sons, Ya'^ub, A'mrd, and *Ali, of whom the
Lai
159
LutfuUah
first, called Ya'^tib bm-LaiB, ^ras founder of the dynasty
of the Sa&rides.
Lai Chand, *^^ c)^> whose poetical name was Uns, is the
author of a Persian Dfw4n. He died in the year 1852
A. D., 1268 A. H.
Lai Khaily e;^ J^y a celebrated songster of India who
died in the fourth year of the emperor Jahangir*s reign,
1609 A. D., 1018 A. H.
Lai Knnwar, jy^ J^j the favourite mistress of Jah4n-
dar Shah, emperor of Dchlf. This woman had been a
public dancer, and her family were of the same discredi-
table class : yet they were exalted to high stations by the
emperor, to the exclusion of the nobles, whom they were
also allowed on several occasions to insult with impunity.
Laludin, iji^J^^^ the younger Naw&b of Najib4b&d who
turned a rebel in 1857, and was hanged in April 1858.
Lai Singh (Raja), ^b *^ fJ^, a Sikh Chief and para-
mour of Hani ChiLnd Kdnwar. After the death of IULj&
Jawahir Singh, the office of prime-minister remained
vacant for some time and was disposed of by lot to Lai
Singh in November 1845. L^ Singh lived at Agrah as a
state prisoner for several years before the outbreak.
Lama'iy Cj^^f (also called Ltoa'i BukhiLrf because he
was a native of Bukh&ra), his proper name is Mahmiid bin-
'Usmin, and he is the author of the works called ** Sharaf-
ul-Insin/' " Ibrat-nama," and " Shama'wa-Parwana," in
the Turkish language.^ He died 1633 A. D., 940 A. H.
He was a pupil of Sozni.
Laeki or Layek, (Ji^y the poetical name of the author
of the poem called ** Dastur Himmat," containing the story
of Kamrup in Persian verses which he dedicated to Him-
mat Khin Bahadur his patron. He completed this work
in 1686 A. D., 1096 A. H., and found the chronogram of
that year to be contained in Himmat Khin.
Largeiran Gtuiiy c;^ etHitP, videAMiaBiL
Lashkar Khan, m)^^^^* a nobleman of the court of the
emperor Jahangir.
Lashkar Khan, cJ^jr^^ a nobleman of the court of
Jahangir and Shih Jahin who held the man^ab of 6000.
He had built his house near Nafkf Mandi on a spot of
ground of 20 bigas which had a large gate.
Latif-iinnisa Begam, (^^. ^ ^^^^^ a widow of the
late Nawib Shams ul-'Umra and Wik&r ul-'Umra's mother,
died at Hydarab^ Dakhin on the 24th August, 1864 at
the good old age of 74 lunar years. She survived her hus-
band only sixteen months, and thirteen days. She was
buried with great pomp in the sepulchre of her husband.
Lilawatiy i^^^, pide Bhaskar XchiryL
Lisani (Matllana), i^^ ^^J^> poetical name of Wajfh-
uddin 'Abdullah Shirazi, a son of Mir Muhammad Mushk-
fiir6sh. He died at Tabrex according to Khushgo in
1683 A. D., 991 A. H., and left a Diw4n containing
4000 verses.
Lodi. iS^J^} a tribe of Path&ns or Afghans in India. Vid$
Khan JahiLn Lodi.
Lonkaran^ ^J*^f ^ide lUe Lonkaran.
Lnhrasp, V^i^9 ^^ son-in-law of Kaik&iis, and succes-
sor of Kaikhusro, king of Persia. He was the fourth king
of the Kayanian dynasty ; and obliged both the rulers of
Tartary and of China to do him homage. In his time
Bakht un-Nasar (Nebuchadnezzar) the governor of 'Ir&^
took Jerusalem, and carried away into bondage such of its
inhabitants as were not put to the sword. Luhrasp is
stated to have reigned 120 years, and was succeeded by
his son Kishtasp or Qashtasp, who is believed to be Darius
Hystaspes of the Greeks.
Luhraspy V^irr^ orig^inal name of Mah^bat Khim, the
second son of the celebrated Mahibat Kh&n Jah&ngiri.
He had been governor of K4bul for several years in the
time of the emperor ' Alamgir, but was recalled to the
presence about the year 1670 A. D., and shortly after
ordered to command the army of the Dakhin in the room
of Mahiraja Jaswant Singh who was recalled to court.
Vide Mah4bat Khan Luhiisp.
Lukman Hakim, ^^ c>^^. He flourished about a
thousand years before the Christian era, and is said to
have been cotemporary with David the king of Israel.
He is the greatest of the Oriental moralists, and held in
the highest esteem by the Orientals for his wisdom and
virtues; even Muhanunad speaks of him in the 31st
chapter of the ^urin which is called " Sura Lu^m&n,"
with profound reverence. Lukmin's wisdom, like Solo-
mon's, is supposed to have been of divine origin. One
day as he was in his room, working at his trade (he was a
carpenter) several angels invisibly entered and saluted
him. Lukm&n, hearing voices, looked around him, but
not seeing any one, made no reply. The angels then said :
We are messengers from Gk)d, thy Creator and ours, who
hath sent us to thee to inform thee, that He designs to
make thee a monarch and His vicegerent on earth. Luk-
man answered : If it be the absolute will of God that I
shall become a monarch, that will must be accomplished ;
and I trust that He will grant me grace to execute His
commands ^thfully ; but if the liberty of choice be
g^ven me, I should prefer abiding in my present condition ;
&e only favour that I ask from God being, that He would
preserve me from offending Him, for were I to offend
Him, all the dignities of the earth would be but a burden
to me. This reply was so agreeable to God that He at
once bestowed on Lukmiin the gplfts of Ejiowledge and
Wisdom to a degree hitherto unparalleled. The Maxims
of Lu^m&n are ten thousand in number ; and " any one
of these," says an Arabian commentator, "is of much
greater value than the whole world." His wisdom and
the striking morality of his fables, are so like those of
^sop that he is considered by some as the same person-
age.
Lutf> ^-^^> the poetical name of Mir Amman, a Hind^ist&ni
lyric poet, and one of the learned natives formerly at-
tached to the College of Fort William. He is the author
of the " B&gh-o-Bahir," a simple version of the *^ Nautarz
Murassa" in Urdd, completed in 1802 A. D., 1217 A. H.
Lutf ' Ali Khan, ^J^ k^ *^H the eldest son of Ja'&r
Ehin, king of Persia, whom he succeeded in the year
1788 A. D. ; had several battles with the troops of A^a
Muhammad Khan Kachar, by whom he was defeated,
taken prisoner, and afterwards murdered in 1796 A. D.
He was the last prince of the Zand fsimily.
Lutftlllahy *^^ wibJ^ a Muhammadan gentleman, who
was
bom in the ancient city of Dh&rimagar, in M&lw&, on
Thursday the 4th of November, 1802 A. D., 7th Hajab,
1217 A. H. His feither Maulvi Muhammad Akram, was
a Muhammadan of the sacred order, a descendant of Shah
Lutfiillah
160
Madho
Kamal-uddin, who was a great saint of his time in the
province of Milw^ being the spiritual guide as well as
general preceptor of 8ul^ Mahrndd Khilji, during a
period of 30 years. After his death, the Sult&n built a
magnificent mausoleum at the western gate of the city,
and endowed therein a shrine to the memory of the holy
man ; opposite to it he caused to be raised another edifice,
surmounted by a superb dome, which was intended as a
resting-place for his own mortal remains, and there they
still repose. LutfuUah proceeded to England as secretary
to Mir Ja'&r 'Ali the son-in-law of Mir Afzal-uddin, Nawab
of Surat in March 1844, and after his return from Eng-
land he wrote his adventures in 1854, entitled the " Auto-
biography of Lu^fullah" in English, and dedicated it to
Colonel W. S. Sykes, F. R. S., London, and published in
June 1857.
Lutfollah Khan, c;^ ^' *-^> son of Sa*dullah Khdn,
wazfr of the emperor Shdh Jahin. After his father's
death in 1656 A. D., 1066 A. H., though he was then
only eleven years of age, the man^ab of 700 and 100
sawars were conferred on him. In the reign of the em-
peror 'Alamgir, he was raised to a higher rank, and died
at the time when that emperor was engaged in conquering
the fort of Gandana in the Dakhin. This event took
place on the 28th December, 1702 A. D., 18th Shaban,
1114 A. H.
Lutftdlah Maulana, ^^^ ^^ ^5/^, a native of Nai-
shapur in Persia. He was an excellent poet and flourish-
ed in the time of Amir Timur. The poet Shaikh Azuri
has mentioned him in his work called " Jawahir ul- Asrar."
He is the author of the *^ Tarikh ShiLhrukh," which is an
abridgment of the history of Amir Timur, with memoirs
of the first nine years of the reign of his son and successor
ShiLhrukh Mirzi to whom he dedicated the work 1418
A. D., 816 A. H., and died the same year.
LutfuUah Muhammad Muhaddis bin-Ahmad,
A-^fiwf ^ itfi^js^o^jMi^ aUi v-ftkl, author of the work called
**'Asman Sakhun," a rhymed abridgment of the^^Taz-
kira Daulat Shahi." We are informed in the preface that
"F&ezi Kirmani rendered the Tazkira of Daulat Shdh in
Persian verses in the reign of Akbar and altered the
division of the original, making ten periods instead of
seven ; LutfuUah, who was a contemporary of Aurangzib
'Alamgir, remodelled this version and added two periods
more to make the number correspond with the signs of
the Zodiac ; and in allusion to it) he gave it the above
title. It consists of 250 verses ; every verse contains the
name of a poet.
Lutf-unnisa Begam, (A". *-^' ^-^^ the wife of Sirdj-
uddaula, nawib of Bengal. She was murdered in the
time of Nawab Ja'far 'All Khiin with several other women
of the house of the late Nawab in June 1760.
M.
Madaeni, c^^'<^^« a celebrated/historian who was a native
of Madien in Persia.
Madan Pal, Maharaja, ^^j^ J^«^, G. C. S. I., of
Karauli, died of cholera on the 17th August, 1869. This
event has deprived lULjpiit^a of one of the best native
rulers. The Mahar^a having died without a son, the
m
Government of India has recognised Lachhman F&l, the
son of his younger brother Bishan Pal as successor to the
Raj of Karauli. This young man had not long been
at Karauli, when he became the subject of an ailment
from which he died in a few days. His death certainly
wears a somewhat suspicious appearance.
Madari Mai, <-^ lsJ^*^^} a Hindu and author of the work
" Badaya ul-Fanun," containing forms of letters on dif-
ferent subjects, in Persian.
Madar Shah, »^j'«*^, a celebrated Muhammadan saint
whose tomb is at Makanpur in Kanauj. Vide Shah
l^Iadar.
Madhogarh, j^J^'i^, a fort built by Madh6ji Sindhia
Agrah with stones, brick and sand.
Madhoji Bhosla, *H^ </^>^«>^ the third raj4 of
Berar of the Bhosla family, was the son of Raghoji
Bhosla I. He succeeded lus eldest brother R&n6ji or
J&noji Bhosla in 1772 A. D., and died at an advanced age
on the 29th May, 1788 A. D. He was succeeded by his
son mghoji Bhosla II, the fourth r&ja of Bepar or Nag-
piir.
Madho Bam, f*l> J^^^, a learned Hindu who is the author
of a book of Letters which goes after his name, called
*' Insh&e Madh6 Ram," containing forms of letters on
different subjects in Persian.
Madho Bao I, Bilal Peshwa, IrH? J^ JJjbj^^^,
second son of BaUji R&o Peshwa whom he succeeded
as nominal Peshwa in 1761 A. D., under the regency
of his uncle Raghunath RAo. He died in November, 1770
A. D., and was succeeded by his brother Narayan Rko.
Madho Bao II, Peshwa, !Aic5^^->b-^*'^K of the Mar-
hattas, also called Sewaji Miidh6 RAo, was the posthu-
mous son of Narayan Rao Peshwa, who was murdered in
August, 1772 A. D., by his paternal uncle Raghundth Rao
also called Ragh6b&, who usurped the masnad. A few
months after this event, Narayan Rdo's widow was delivered
of a son, who was named Sewaji Madh6 Rao, and was raised
to the maenad, on which he continued until his death
which took place on the 27th October 1795 A. D., by a fall
frx)m the terrace of his palace. He was succeeded by
Chimnaji 'A pa, the younger son of the Marhat^a chief
Raghunath Rao.
Madho Bao, jbj^^^> or Midh6ji Sindhia, riya of
Gwiliar, was the son of Ran6ji Sindhia. He succeeded
his brother Ji4pa Sindhia in 1759 A. D. to the manage-
ment of his patrimonial inheritance, of which Ujjain was
the capital ; and by a train of successful operations was
enabled to appropriate to himself a considerable part of
the province of Malwa, belonging to the government of
Puna, as well as to extend his domains over a great part
of Hindustan ; and to obtain possession of the person and
nominal authority of the emperor ShAh 'Alam, of whom he
was ostensible minister. He died on the 12th February
1794 A. D., without male issue, and was succeeded by his
grand-nephew and adopted son Daulat Rao Sindhia. He
had built a small fort close to a place called Gazar Tijdra in
Agrah, and named it M&dh6garh, the ruins of which wero
still to be seen about the year 1830 A. D.
Madho Siogh Kaohhwaha, *^'^t?^ a^jA^U^ ^^
son of Rdj4 Bhagwan Das and brother-in-law of Jah4ngir.
Madho Singh Kaohhwaha, **Ut^ *^ ^^^,
A
Mael
161
Mahdi
Buoceeded IshnH Singh hia fiither to the govenunent of Jai-
pur in the year 1 760 A. D. He died in 1778 A. D. and was
succeeded by his son Pirthi Singh, a minor, who was soon
after deposed, and his brother Pait&p Singh ascended the
gaddl the same year, and died in 1803 A. D.
Mael, ^^, the poetical name of Mirz£ Kutb-uddfn, a
nobleman of the reign of the emperor ' Alamgir. He was
an excellent poet, but latterly became distracted and died
eight days after MulU N&sir 'AH, in the month of March
1697 A. D., Rama;{dn, 1108 A. H. His brother Mirza
Ni^am-uddin sumamed T&la was also an elegant poet.
Maftim, ^ay^^^f poetical name of Momin *Ali a poet.
Maftun, c^y ^^> the poetical title of Ghulto Mustafa, a
brother of Razl-uddin 8ardr£ who was usually called
GhuUm Murtazi. He is the author of a DiwAn. He died
at the age of 30, about the year 1755 A. "D^ 1168 A. H.
]£aghmiim» (•>**^> poetical name of RAmjas, a Hindfi of
Lakhnau, and author of an Urdu Diwan. He was em-
ployed by Mumtaz-uddaula, Mr. Johnson, and was living
in 1785 A. D., 1199 A. H.
Maghrabi Shaikh, j^J^i^j poetical appellation of Mu-
hammad Shirin. He was a friend of Kamil Khujandi,
and like him a profound Sdfi. He died at Tabrez 1416
A. D., 819 A. H., and is buried at Suykhab. Having
been given to the most disgusting vices during his life-
time, he is considered as a saint. He is the author of a
Diwin called "JKasAed Maghrabi," and several other
works.
Mahabat Jang,
Mahabat Khan, ^^ "^^y whose proper name was
Zamina Beg, was the son of Gh6r Beg, a native of KAbul.
He had attained the rank of a commander of 500 under
Akbar, and was raised to the highest dignities and em-
ployments by the emperor Jahangir. He enjoyed a high
place in the opinion of the people, and was considered as
the most eminent of all the emperor's subjects. In the
month of February, 1626 A. D., Jumidall, 1035 A. H.,
he seized the emperor's person, (because he (the emperor)
never consulted him, but followed the advice of his wife
Nut JahAn in all aflfairs), and carried him to his own tents
where he remained a state prisoner for some time, but
was soon released after a severe battle, by his wife Nur
Jahan. In the second year of the emperor ShAh Jah^n,
the government of Dehli was conferred on him. He died
in the Dakhin in 1634 A. D., 1044 A. H., and his corpse
was conveyed to Dehli and buried there. After his death his
eldest son Mirza Amdn-uUah received the title of Khin
Zam^, and his second son Luhrasp was honoured with the
same title of Mahabat Khan.
Mahabat Khan had his house built on the bank of the
river Jamna on a plot of land of 50 bigas in Agp-ah, though
little of it now remains, there are some ports of its
ruins still to be seen.
I
>i^, vide 'All Wardl KhAn.
Mahabat Khan, J^ "^ V*, whose original name is
Luhr&sp, was the second son of the celebrated Mah&bat
Khan of the reign of Jahangir after whose death in 1634
A. D., 1044 A. H., he received this title. He was twice
made governor of K4bul, and had the command of the
army in the Dakhin. He died in 1674 A. D., 1085 A. H.,
in the reign of 'Alamglr on his way from Kibul to the
presence. Vide Luhr&sp.
Mah AfWd, *H/ * *^> daughter of Fir6z the son of Yez-
dijard, the last monarch of the Sas&nian dynasty of Persian
41
kings, and mother of Yoiid III, twelfth khalif of the
house of Umayya.
Maham Anka, ^' (^K mother of 'Azim Khim. Vide
'Azim KhiLn.
Maham Begam, ^^ ^^9 & granddaughter of Shaikh
Ahmad Jam. She was married to the emperor B4bar
Shah, and became the mother of Hum&^'iin. She was
living about the year 1561 A. D., 969 A. H., as appears
from an inscription on the gate of an old Madrasa (or
college) and masjid constructed by her in that year near
the fort of old Dehlf called Dm Fan&h. The numerical
words of the inscription fix)m which the year of the build-
ings is known, are ** Khair Manazil" or the Mansions of
Bliss. She must have been then more than 70 years of
age.
Maha Singh, *^*-* ^^, the grandson of Raj£ M£n Singh
Kachhwahi of Ameir (now Jaipur), and son of Partap
Singh. He served under the emperor Jah^gir, and died
in 1617 A. D. He was the father of Mirza Ukji Jai
Singh. Vide Uin Singh.
Maha Singh, *^ V*. a Sikh Bijd of L£hor, who was
the father of Mahardj4 Ranjft Singh. He extended his
rule and died in 1792 A. D., when his wife became regent
with Lakhpat Singh minister.
Mah Bano, y^ ^^y sister of Kh£n 'Az{m E6ka. She
was married to 'Abdul Bahim Kh&n, KhanKh&odn, son of
Bairam Khan about the year 1572 A. D., 980 A. H., and
died 1597 A. D., 1006 A. H.
Mahbub 'AH Khan, e;^ u^ ^j^, His Highness
Asaf Jah Muza£far ul-Mulk Ni^im-uddanla Nawab Mir
Mahbub 'All Khan Bahadur Fatha Jang is the Ni^am of
Haidarabad Dakhin.
Mah Chuohak Begam, (^ '-^J^ 2{U^ one of the
wives of the emperor Humiytin, and mother of the prince
Farrukh F&l, sumamed Muhammad Hakim.
Mahdi« C5*V*> the first khalif of the FAtimites in Africa.
Hia son who succeeded him was named Kiem-bi-amr-
ullah.
Mahdi, C5^t*> the third khalif of the house of ' Abbds, vide
Al-Mahdi.
Mahdi *AU Khan, a^ ij^ c^*V> the grandson of
GhuUm Husain Khan, the historian. He resided in
Behar in 1801 A. D.
Mahdi *Ali Khan, Hakim, cjf^ ^^ c5*V* r*^^
prime-minister of Nasir-uddin Haidar, king of Audh.
The Iron Suspension Bridge over the Kdlmadi at Kho-
daganj near Fathagarh which was seven years in pro-
greaa was built at his expence for lis 70,000, and finished
in July, 1 836 A. D. He was dismissed from his post in 1 832
A. D., which was again restored to him on the accession of
Muhammad 'Ali Shih in 1837 A. D. After this he lived
only a few months and died in December, 1837 A. D.
Mahdi, Imam, </**t^ (•^^ sumamed Abii'l l^isim
Muhammad, the last of the twelve Imims who are held
in the highest veneration by the Muhammadans. The
first of these was 'Ali, and the last Mahdi, the son of
Hasan 'Askari who was the eleventh Imim. He was
bom at Sarmanrai in Baghd&d on Friday the 29th of
July, 869 A. D., I6th Sha'b&n, 255 A. H., and when he
Mahdi
162
Mahmnd
waa about four or five years of age, his £Either died. The
Shi'as or Shi'ites say, that he^ at the age of 10, entered into
a cistern at his father's house, whilst his mother was
looking on, and that he never came out again. This
occurred in 879 A. D., 266 A. H. They believe him to
be still alive, and concealed in some secret place, and
that he wiU appear again with Elias the prophet, on the
second coming of Jesus Christ for the conversion of infi-
dels to the Muhammadan religion.
Mahdi Khan, Mirza, cj^ c5*V* ^jj^> styled Munshi
ul-Mimidlik, was the confidential Secretary to Nadir
Shah, and is the author of the " Tarikh Nadiri*' which
is also called " Nadir-nama," or the history of Nidir
Shah, and "Tarikh Jahan Kusha." This work was
translated into French by Sir William Jones.
Mahdi, Mirza, C5*H^ Dj^, author of the work called
''Majmua Mirzd Mahdi," a chronological table of the
remarkable event* of the house of Timur, commencing
1423 A. D., with Abu Sa'id Mirza, (third in descent from
Timur, and grandfather of the emperor Babar Shah)
who reigned over Khur^n and Transoxania ; and ter-
minating with the emperor Bahadur Shah 1708 A. D.
MahfdZ, -b^*^, author of the '* Story of Shah Bedar
Bakht," which is also called ** Rashk-i-Chaman,'* in Urd6
verse dedicated to Ghazi-uddin Haidar, king of Audh in
1823 A. D., 1238 A. H.
Mahip Narayan^ uib^ Y^' raja of Benares. Apottah
was granted him by the English on the 14th September,
1781 A D.
Mahir, ^^> the poetical name of Mirz6 Muhammad 'Ali,
a native of Agrah. His father was a Hindu in the service
of Mirza Ja'far Mua'mmai or the punster, who having no
children, converted the boy to the Muhammadan religion,
adopted him as his own son, and gave him a good educa-
tion. After the death of Mirza Ja'far he attached himself
to Danishmand Khin and remained with him till his
death, when he retired from the world and died in 1678
A. D., 1089 A. H. He was an excellent poet, and is the
author of several works, one of which is called " Gul-i-
Aurang" which he wrote in praise of the emperor " Au-
rangzeb 'Alamgir on his accession to the throne.
Mahjur, JJ^^> vide Muhammad Bakhsh.
Mahmud, --^^ j^l e)^ ^. V^ ^J*^^, sumamed
Burhan-ush-Shariat, who lived in the seventh century of
the Hijra, is the author of the work on jurisprudence
called " Wikaya" which he wrote as an introduction to
the study of the HidAya. This work has been compara-
tively eclipsed by its commentary, the Sharh al-Wikdya
by 'TJbaid-ullah bin-Masa'ud ; this author's work combines
the original text with a copious gloss explanatory and
illustrative. Both the Wi^aya and the Sharh al-Wikaya
art"! used for elementary instruction in the Muhammadan
Colleges. Other commentaries on the Wil^aya exist, but
they are of no great note.
Mahmud, ^y^^^t an Afghan chief of Kandahilr of the
tribe of Ghilzai, was the son of Mir Wais, after whose
death in 1715 A. D. he succeeded him. He besieged
Isfahan in 1722 A. D., and compelled Sult4n Husain Safwi,
king of Persia, to surrender and resign his crown to him.
The king went forth with all his principal courtiers in
deep mourning, surrendered himself to Mahmud, and
with his own hands placed the diadem on the head of
the conqueror. The event took place on the 11th
October of the same year, 11th Muhurram, 1135 A. H.
After two 'years* possession of the sovereign power, he
gave orders for the death of the Safwian princes, who
were his prisoners, and thirty-nine of them, some grown
up, others in their childhood, were barbarously slaughter-
ed. It is said that he became deranged the same night,
and not only tore his own flesh, but ate it. Every
person that approached him, he overwhelmed with abuse,
and in this condition died in 1725 A. D. But before his
death the Afghans, being threatened by an attack of the
Persian prince, Tahmasp Mirzd, the son of Sultan Husain,
who had fled from Isfahan, elected Ashraf, the cousin of
Mahmud, to be their ruler, who in April, 1725 A. D., r2th
Sha*ban, 1137 A. H. murdered Mahmud, and became the
king of Persia.
Mahmildy ^J*^^t the son of Sultdn Muhammad Saljd|:i.
He held the government of Ir&k and Azurbejan for several
years as deputy to his uncle Sultan Saryar who gave him
his two daughters in marriage named Siti Khatun and
Mah MaUk. He died in 1 131 A. D., 525 A. H.
Mahmud, isJ^j^ ^^ ^^^ *^^ cr^ •>-r»*'*, son of
'Abdullah Kan Fir6zi, is the author of the History entitled
" Maasir Kutb Shahi," and also of another work of the
same description called *^ Tarikh Jama ul-Hind." He
served ^uli Kutb Shah II for 30 years, and waa li\'ing
at the time of that monarch's death, which happened in
1612 A. D., 1020 A. H.
Mahmud, iSjr'^ 4>**^^ of Shustar, (Shabishtari) author
of a religious book called Hak-ul-Yekin which is held in
great estimation among the Persians.
Mahmud I, Sultan, Jy ^J^^* e;^^*^, emperor of Con-
stantinople, was the son of Mustafa II and nephew of
Aljmad III, whom he succeeded in 1730 A. D., 1142
A. H. His Jauisaris expected from liim the recover}* of
the conquered provinces, but he lost Creorgia and Arme-
nia, which were conquered by Nadir Shah. Mahmfid
died in 1 754 A. D , 1 168 A. H., and was succeeded by his
brother 'Usman II.
Mahmud II, Sultan, (^^ ^j-^^^ ^J^^^^ emperor of Con-
stantinople, was the son of Sultan 'Abdul Hamid, commonly
called A^mad IV, the son of Mustafa III. He was bom
on the 20th July, 1785 A. D., and ascended the throne
after the deposition of his uncle Salim III and Mustafa
IV, on the 28th of July, 1808 A. D. He was of the
eighteenth generation from 'Usm&n I who founded the
dynasty, and the thirtieth sovereign of that family. He died
on the" 30th June, 1839 A. D., 1255 A. H., and was suc-
ceeded by his son 'Abdul Maj id. The reign of Mahm6d has
been full of important events. The Greeks, in 1821 A. D.
threw off* the Ottoman yoke, and after a sanguinary contest
have been declared independent; and in 1828 A. D., a war
with Russia took place, in which the armies of Mahmud
were uniformly defeated, and the Russians wore onlv
prevented from advancing to Constantinople by large
concessions on the part of the Turks, and the mediation
of the European powers.
Mahmud bin-Faraj, (:y iifi ^j^^^^ a famous im-
postor who gave himself out for Moses risen from the
dead : but was flogged to death by the order of the khalif
Mutwakkil.
Mahmud Boria, Fahlawan, ^jji c^y*^^ d^J^y
a Muhammadan saint of Persia who followed the occupa-
tion of a boatman, and is the author of the work called
*» Kitib Kanz."
Mahmud Gktwan, Khwaja, u^'j^ .3>*a^ ^t>^,
styled Malik-ut-Tajjar Khwiya JahiUi, was the wazir of
\
Mahmud
163
Mahmud
Kiz&m Shah Bahmanl, king of the Dakhin. In the reign of
Muhammad II, the duties of Wakil-ua-Sultanat were
conferred on him. His enemies lost no opportimity of
poisoning the king's mind, and at last they brought this ^
great man to destruction by contriving an infamous
forgery, upon which the king without investigating the
matter, ordered him to be put to death in the 78th year
of his age. This event took place on the 5th of April,
1481 A. D., 5th Safar, 886 A. H. MahmM had great
learning and much judgment in composition of prose
and verse. A little before his death, he had written
a poem in praise of Muhammad Shah. He is the author
of the "Rauzat ul-Insha," and some poems. Maulani
'Abdul Rahm&n J&mi corresponded with him, and some of
his letters are to be seen in his works.
Mahmud ibn-Masa'ud, ^j*-*^ cHl •>-
a work called ** Zfnat-uz-Zam&n."
y author of
Mahmud Khan Langa, Kxl ^JL. cij^^^, the fourth
king of Multdn, son of prince Fir6z, succeeded his grand-
father Husain Langa on the throne in August, 1502 A. D.,
Safar, 908 A. H. He reigned 23 years. In 1624 A. D.,
931 A. H. some time before his death the emperor Babar
Shah having conquered the country of the Panjdb pro-
ceeded to Dehli, from whence he wrote an order to Husain
Arghun, governor of X^atta informing him that he in-
trusted him henceforward with the directions of affairs
in Mult^n. That chieftain in consequence, crossed the
Indus and marched with a large army to Multan; but
before his arrival the king died and was succeeded by his
son Husain Langa II.
Mahmud Khan, ly^^ '^-^•^^> naw&b of Bijnor and a
rebel of 1857. He was the great-grandson of Zabita Khan
the son of Najib-uddaula Amir ul-Umra. Vid^ Sa'd-idUh
Kh£n.
Mahmud Khwarizmi,Maulana, t^^i)!^^*^.
a poet of Khwarizm.
liV,
^ 41
Mahmud, MuUa, i>j-**^ **, of Jaunptir, the son of
Muhammad Farii^i, was the author of the work called
" Shams Bdzigha," and of the " Hawashi Farid fi Sha-
rah ul-Fawaed," which he wrote in 1632 A. D., 1042
A. H., and died in 1652 A. D., 1062 A. H.
Mahmud Farsa, Khwaja, K;^ ^j^^ *^!>^> a poet
who flourished in the time of Prince 'Ala-uddaula, and
Sultan Abu Sa'id Mirza, and died 1477 A. D., 822 A. H.
Mahmud Sa'id, Erohi, *^**-* ^J*^^, author of the
** Tuhfat-ul-Majilis ;" he was a contemporary of Shaikh
Ahmad Khattu whom he mentions therein.
Mahmud Shah, ^^ ^J^^y one of the sons of Timur
Sh&h, the son of Ahmad Sh4h 'Abdili, who being driven
from Kibul by Dost Muhammad Khdn, took possession
of Hir4t which country he ruled for some years, and after
his death in 1829 A. D., his son prince E^mrdn succeeded
him.
Mahmud Shah I, Bahmani, Jj' <^^ i^ •>>♦**,
the fifth Sultin of the race of Bahmani kings of the
Dakhin, was the youngest son of Sulfin ' AU-uddin Hasan.
He was raised to the throne at Kulbarga after the assas-
sination of his brother Ddud Shah in May, 1378 A. D.,
Mul^arram, 780 A. H., reigned 19 lunar years 9 months
and 24 days, and died of a putrid fever on the 20th
April, 1397 A. D., 21st Rajab, 799 A. H. He was suc-
ceeded by his son Sul^^ Ghay^-uddin Mahmud, was a
patron of literature, had a taste for poetry, and wrote
elegant verses himself. In his reig^ the poets of Arabia
and Persia resorted to the Dakhin and were benefitted by
his liberality. Mir Faiz-ullah Anjfi, who presided in the
seat of justice, once presented him with an ode, was re-
warded with a thousand pieces of gold, and permitted to
retire, covered with honours, to his own country. In his
time the celebrated poet of Shiraz, Khw4ja Hafiz, deter-
mined to visit the Dakhin ; but was prevented by a train
of accidents.
Mahmud Shah II, Bahmani, kJ^ kJ^. »^ ^j
the fourteenth Sultan of the race of Bahmani kings of
the Dakhin, succeeded his father Muhammad Shdh II
on the throne at Ahmaddbad Bedar in March, 1482 A. D.,
Safar, 887 A. H., in the twelfth year of his age. He
reigned 37 lunar years, and died on the 18th December,
1517 A. D., 4th ^U-hijja, 923 A. H. The reign of this
prince though a long one, passed in troubles and civil
wars, and the royal authority fell from the house of Bah^
mani. On his death the governors in their respective
provinces threw off the small portion of allegiance which
they latterly paid to the late king, and proclaimed their
independence. He was succeed^ by his son Sultan Ah-
mad Shah II.
Mahmud Shah I, Jj' ir^ l^^y^s^^ sumamed Baikara
the son of Muhammad Sh&h and brother of Kutb-uddm
or ^utb Shdh, was raised to the throne of Gujrdt after
the deposition of Daud Shah his uncle in June, 1459
A. D., Sha'ban, 863 A. H. He caused the city of Ahma-
dabad to be surrounded by a wall and bastions in 1487
A. D., 892 A. H. ; and on its completion had the sentence
Ivotul^ **^*3er* in commemoration of the date of that
event, inscribed on one face of the fortification, the mean-
ing of which is, ** Whosoever is within is safe." He made
two expeditions to the Dakhin, reigned 66 lunar years,
and died on the 23rd of November, 1511 A. D., 2nd Hama-
%isL, 91 7 A. H., in the 70th year of his age. He was buried
in Sarkij or Sarkich near Ahmadabad in the mausoleum
of Shaikh Ahmad Kha^ii. He was succeeded by his
son Muzaffar Shah II.
Mahmud Shah II, i^^ ^^ •>J**'^> whose former name
was Nasir Khan, was the third son of Muzaffar Shih II.
He was raised to the throne of Gujrat after the murder
of his eldest brother Sikandar Sh& in May, 1526 A. D ,
Sha'ban, 932 A. H. He reigned about three months,
after which his brother Bahidur Shah returning from
Jaunpur, deprived him of his kingdom and mounted the
throne on the 20th August the same vear, 15th ^i-!^a'da,
932 A. H. Mahmiid Shah died in 1527 A. D., 933 A. H.
Mahmud Shah III, *^^ l^ay^^y was the sonof Latff
Kh&n the brother of Bahadur Sh^bi. He was raised to
the throne of Gujrat after the death of Mfriin Muhammad
Shdh in April, 1537 A. D., ^i-Ka'da, 943 A. H. In his
reign, about the year 1640 A. D., 947 A. H., the fort of
Surat (Surat) on the shore of the sea, was completed by
Khud4wanda Khan, before which time the Portuguese
were in the habit of attacking the Muhammadans along
that coast. Mahmtid Sh&h reigned about 18 years, and
was slain on the 16th of February, 1554 A. D., 13th Babi'
I, 961 A. H., while he was asleep, by one Daulat. at the
instigation of Burhdn, private chaplain to the king, who
hoped by that means to ascend the throne of Gujrat.
The same year died also Salim Sh&h king of Dehli, and
Nizam Sh&h Bahri the Sultan of Ahmadnagar in the
Dakhin. The words ^'Zawai KhusroiLn," »'. 0., Destruc-
tion of Kings, conmiemorate the date of this event. Mah-
mdd Shih was buried in the vault of Sult&n Mahmfid
Baikara, close to the mausoleum of Shaikh A^^mad Khaffu,
and was succeeded by A^mad ShiUi II.
Mahmnd
164
Majahid
hmud Shah I, Khilji, Jj' «^^^ «^ •>>***, was the
son of Kh£n Jahin Khiljf styled Malik Mughis and * Azim
Hum4y6n the prime-minister of Hoshang Shah, after
-whose death Mahmtid in conjunction with his father,
haying sncceeded in poisoning his sovereign Muhammad
Shah the son of Hoshang Shah, ascend^ the throne of
M41w4 on Tuesday the 15th of May, 1436 A. D., 29th
Shawwil, 839 A H. He reigned 34 lunar years, and died
on the 27th of May, 1469 A. D., 19th Zi-l^a'da 873 A. H.,
aged 68 years. The numerals of the two Persian words
give the year of his death. He was suc-
ceeded hy his son Ghayas-uddin Khilji who reigned
33 years and left his kingdom to his son Sulfan Nasir-
uddin. He reigned 11 years and 4 months and was suc-
ceeded hy his son Sultan Mahmud II, who was defeated
and slain by Sultan Bah^ur Sh&h of Gujr&t in 1531
A. D., 937 A. H., and Malwa incorporated with the king-
dom of Qujrat.
Mahmud Shah II, <^^ »^ A^*^**, the third son of Sult&n
N^ir-uddin, after whose death he ascended the throne of
M^wi on the 3rd May, 1511 A. D , 8rd Safar 917 A. H.
Milwi was taken by Bahadur Shah king of Gujr&t on
the 26th February, 1531 A. D., 9th Shaban 937 A. H.,
and Mahmud Shah taken prisoner with his seven sons
and ordered into confinement. He was sent to the fort
of Champaner, but died or was murdered on his way to
that place, and the kingdom of Malwd became incorpo-
rated with that of Gujrat. After the death of Bahadur
Sh&h, one (adir Khan and after him Shuji^ Khan ruled
over Malwa for some years, and after the demise of the
latter his son Biz Bahadur roigned till the year 1570
A. D., 978 A. H., when that kingdom was entirely sub-
dued by the emperor Akbar.
Mahmud Shah Purbi, i/JJi *^ ^J*^> succeeded
his &ther Fir6z Shah to the throne of Bengal in 1494
A. D., 899 A. H. He reigned about one year and was
murdered by Siddi Badr who succeeded him and assumed
the title of Muzaffar Shih in 1495 A. D., 900 A. H.
Mahmud Shah Sharki, Sultan, j/V" *^ ^J*^^,
ascended the throne of Jaunpur after the death of his
father SiiHau Ibrahim Shdh Sharki in 1440 A. D., 844
A. H. He reigned about 17 years and died in 1467 A. D.,
8B2 A. H., when his eldest son Bhikhan Khin succeeded
him, and assumed the title of Muhammad Shah Sharki.
Mahmud Shah Tughlak, Sultan, o^ »^ dj^^^
lUr^^^, Bumamcd Nasir-uddin, was the son of Muhammad
Shah, the son of Fir6z Shah Tughlal^. He was raised to
the throne of Dehli after the death of his brother Hum&-
yun Shah in April, 1394 A. 1)., Jumida II, 796 A. H., at
the age of ten years. His minority and the dissensions
of the nobles encouraged many of the surrounding chiefs
to revolt and become independent. In his time Amir
Timur invaded India, and defeated Mahmud Shah in a
battle fought (according to Firishta on the 15th of Janu-
ary, 1399 A. D., 7th Jumada I, 801 A. H..) and according
to Sharaf-uddm Yezdi, on Tuesday the 7th of Rabf 11,
801 A. H., corresponding with the 17th December, 1398
A. D., when Mahmud fled to Gujrat, and Timur the
next day took possession of Dehli !
On the eighth of Babi*-us-San{, with the sun
In Capricorn, Timur died Dehli won.
Timur soon after his conquedt of Dehli rotumed to
Persia with an immense treasure from India. After the
departure of that conqueror, Nasrat Khan, son of Fatha
Khan, the son of Fir6z Shah took possession of DehU, and
ascended the throne with the title of Nasrat ShiUi. He
was succeeded in 1400 A. D., by Ufhil Khin, after whose
death Mahmtid Shah, who was then at Kananj, returned,
and ascended the throne of Dehli the second time in
December, 1405 A. D., 22nd Jum&da II, 808 A. H. But
the governors of provinces no longer acknowledged alle-
giance to the throne, having established their indepen-
dence during the civil war. Mahmud Sh&h died on the
4th of March, 1413 A. D., 29th ^i-^a'da 815 A. H., and
was succeeded by Daulat Khan Lodi. With Sultan
Mahmtid the empiro of Dehli fell from the race of the
Turks who wero adopted slaves of Sultan Shahab-uddin
Gh6ri.
Mahmud, Sultan, t£H>^ ^J^^^ vyl^l-», the celebrated
king of Ghazni, was the eldest son of SultiLn Nasir-uddin
Subaktagin. His father at his death, 997 A.'D., 387
A. H., unmindful of the superior right of Mahmud (who
was then emplo3'ed in the government of Khur^n.)
bequeathed his kingdom to Isma'il, a younger son. Is-
ma'il attempted to confirm himself in the power to which
he was raised, but on the approach of Mahmud, after a
vain attempt at rosistance, he was compelled to throw
himself upon the clemency of his offended brother.
Mahmud roigned moro than 33 lunar years, during which
time he made twelve expeditions into India ; took Labor,
DehU, Kanauj and other parts of Hindustau ; many huti-
drod temples of the Hindus he levelled with the ground ;
many thousand idols he demolished, and broke to pieces
the famous idol of Somnath, the fragments of which he
distributed to Ghazni, Mecca and Medina. He was bom
on the 15th December, 967 A. D., 9th Mul^rram 357
A. H., and died on Thursday the 23rd of Rabf II, 421
A. H., which year and date is inscribed on his tomb at
Ghazni, corresponding with the 30th April, 1030 A. D.
On a tombstone of white marble lies the mace of Mahmud
of such a weight that f«w men can wield it. He was
succeeded by his son Muhammad, who reigned only five
months, and was deposed and deprived of sight by his
brother Masa'ud who ascended the throne.
Mahmud, Sultan, ^:)^^ ^J^^, the son of Muhammad
(Sultan), the son of Malik Shilh, which see.
Mahmud, Sultan, iSj^ ctj-^^*^ c;^U, of Gh6r. Vide
Ghay&s-uddin Mahmtid Gh6ri.
Mahmud Tabrezi, iSJ^J^ ^r^^^, author of the
" Miftah ul-Ya'j£z," or the Key to Miracles, describing:
the happiness of those who have obtained tiie light of
Sdfusm and other mysteries. Written in 1482 A. D.,
887 A. H.
Mahmud Tlstari, Shaikh, *sy^ o>^*** ^,
a native of Tistar a town in Persia, and author of the
poem called *' Gulshan-e-Raz,'* which he wrote in 1317
A. D., 717 A. H. He died in the year 1320 A. D., 720
A. H., and was buried at Tistar his native country.
Mahtab Bagh, ^ V^:^^ '""ne of a place or garden,
which Shah Jah4n had commenced building on the other
side of the Jamna opposite to the Rauza of Tajganj and
similar to it whore he intended he should be buried after
his death, but'Alamgir his son took away all the materials
for the construction of some other buildings after his
father's death ; some of its ruins are still to be seen.
Maili, iS^J^ %s^y poetical appellation of Mirz4 Muham-
mad Kuli of Hirit who came to India in 1571 A. D.,
979 A. H., and is the author of a Diw&n.
Majahid Shah Bahmani, ^/^- »^ aaI«^^ p,vfo Mu-
jdhid SyUi.
Maimuna
165
Majjn
^y^^y the daughter of H^th or H£ris, was
one of the wives of Muhammad, who married her in the
eighth year of the Uijri, ». «, in 629 A. D. This was
doubtless another marriage of policy, for Maimuna was
61 years of age, and a widow, but the connexion gained
him two powerful proselytes. One was Khalid, the soq
of Walid, a nephew of the widow, who by his prowess
obtained the appellation of " The Sword of God." The
other was Khalid's friend, *Amru the son of 'As; the
same who assailed Muhammad with poetry and satire at
the commencement of his prophetic career. Maimuna
was the last spouse of the prophet, and, old as she was at
her marriage, survived nearly all his other wives. She
died many years after him in a pavilion at Sarif, under
the same tree in the shade of which her nuptial tent had
been pitched, and was there interred. This event took
place about the year 671 A. D., 51 A. H.
•
Maisana, **— a*^ the Bedouin bride of the khalif Mu*&wia
I, and the mother of Yezid, was a daughter of the tribe
of Kalab ; a tribe remarkable for the purity of dialect
spoken in it. She was married to Mu'awia whilst very
young ; but this exalted situation by no means suited the
disposition of Maisana, and amidst all the pomp and
splendour of Damascus, she languished for the simple
pleasures of her native desert. She was an excellent
poetess, and had pleased Mu'awia's fancy to that degree
with some of her verses, that he made her go back into
the desert amongst her own relations, and take her son
Yezid along with her, that he also might be brought up
a poet. This part of his education succeeded, for he was
reckoned to excel in that way, though his chief talent con-
sisted in making himself a drunken wretch. Maisana did
not revisit Damascus till after the death of Mu'awia,
when Yezid ascended the throne.
Majd Hamkar Farsi, k/^}*j^ •*«*, also caUed
Majd-uddin Haibat-umh, vide Majd-uddm Hamkar.
Majd, Maulana, **^^ ^h^y author of the work called
" Rauzat ul-Khuld."
Majd-Uddaula, ^^^^ ^^y a Sultin of the race of Boya
called Boyaites, was the son of Fakhr-uddaula, the brother
of 'Azd-uddaula, Sultan of Fars and Irik. He had for a
short time governed Khurasan and assumed a regal state,
but was taken prisoner in Rei, by the victorious Sultan
Mahmud of Ghazni in 1029 A. D., 420 A. H. He had
been raised by the detith of his father in August, 997
A. D., Sha'ban 387 A. H. when very young, to the govern-
ment of the city and the surrounding countrj'. During
the minority of this prince, all the power was in the
hands of his mother. Mahmtid commanded one of his
officers to inform the lady, that she must submit to his
authority, or prepare for war. " Had such a message
been sent," replied the heroine, " in the life of my deceas
ed lord, it must have occasioned great embarrassment.
That is not the case now. I know Sultan Mahmtid ;
and from his character, am assured he will never under-
take an expedition without calculating all the chances.
If he attack and conquer a weak woman, where is the
glory of such an achievement ? If he be repulsed, the
latest ages will hear of the shame of such a defeat !"
Mahmiid, either swayed by the above reasons, or others
of more weight, did not prosecute his designs upon Rei,
till Majd-uddaula was of age, and had assumed the reins
of government. He then advanced an army; by the
leader of which the prince was deluded to an interview,
and seized : his treasures and dominions passed into the
hands of Mahmud ; who sent him, and his family pri-
soners to Ghazni.
Kajd-Tiddaula, ^j^^
which see.
» tiUe of * Abdul Majid Ehin,
42
1
Majd-uddin Ahmad ibn-Muhammad Sajawandi,
^ jjjl«^ f^^^jg^^\ i^t^t e^iXlJ AS*, author of a com-
mentary or Tafeir called " 'Ain ul-Ma'&ni." There is
another work of the same title on Sufiism written by
Shahab-uddin Burhanpuri.
Majd-uddin Baghdadi, <^a'«^ iiH^^ •^, a pupil
and disciple of Shaikh Najm-uddin Kubri. He is stated
to have been a very religious and upright man, and was
employed as a physician to Sultan Muhammad surnamed
Kutb-uddin king of Khwarizm. It is said that he pri-
vately got married to the mother of the Sultan, who no
sooner heard of it, than he ordered Majd-uddin to be
thrown into a lake where he died. This circumstance took
place 1219 A. D., 616 A. H., and a short time after, the
Sultan was defeated and his country pillaged by Changes
Khitn.
Majd-uddin Bilkani, t^i". iifi^^ •^^ an author.
Majd-uddin Hamkar Parsi, is^J^J^ e^«^l ^^,
also called Majd-uddin Haibat-uUah and Majd Hamkar,
f. «., Majd the weaver. His poetioil title is Majd and
Hihi. He was a native of Shiraz and derived his descent
from Anusherwan. He was in high favour with the
At&bak Sa'd Abu Bakr bin-Zangi and a cotemporary of
8a' di. Under Abakaan, the Tartar king of Persia, he was
made governor of Shiraz where he died upwards of 90
years of age in 1287 A. D., 686 A. H., and left a Diwan
in Persian. In his time, people used to call him the king
of poets.
Majd-uddin Isma'D, Shaikh, uiJ-^l *^«* ^
Ja*^-»I, was Kazf of Shiraz in the reign of Sh^h Shaikh
'Abu Is-hdV Ehwdja Hafiz who praises him in one of his
odes, and has found the year of his demise to be con-
tained in the words " Rahmat Hak" t. *., the mercy of
God. He died on Wednesday the 29th of July, 1365
A. D., 18th Rajab, 766 A, H.
Majd-uddin Khalil, <-M^ iiH'^^ «^^, a poet who was
a contemporary of Khdl^&ni and wrote poetry in his praise.
Majd-uddin Muhammad bin-Ya'kub bin-Mu<*
hammad, •^^^^ ^. vj^ {J **^^* ^. [ji'^^ «^,
commonly called Fir6ziLbadi, is the author of the much-
esteemed and very copious Lexicon in Arabic called the
" Kamiis," or *» Bahr ul-Muhit," The Ocean, dedicated
to bin-Abbds, prince of Arabia Felix. He died 1414
A. D., 817 A. H., vide Fir6zabadi.
Majd ul-Mulk, •-^•J' **^^, a nobleman of the court of
Siil^n Abka Khan. He was put to death at the instiga-
tion of Shams-uddin Muhammad commonly called S^ib
Diw&n, on suspicion of sorcery, in the reign of Sultan
A^mad Kh£n, in August, 1282 A. D., 20th Jum&d^' I,
681 A. H., and not long after Shams-uddin had to under-
go the same fate.
MajiT) -/^^^> "oide Mujlr.
Ma»jiB, ->^**> ^>i^ Ni?Am Kh&n Ma'ji*.
Ma^izi, LSy?^f a poet who was a cotemporary of Rukn-
uddin Kabii, and master of the poet Badr-uddin Jijurmf.
tf ajju Khan, Nawab, v!y O^ J^, a chief of the
rebels who caused himself to be proclaimed Nawib of
Murid&b&d, and instig^ated the people to murder and
plunder Europeans, was captured with his Bon in the
latter part of April, 1868 A. D.
MajUsi
166
Malhar
Ma jlisi, iS""*^, ^itU Muhammad BSkii MajUsS.
MajniUly ^>^^> this name was given to a person whose
proper name was Kais, after he had fallen in love with
Laila or Laili. The meaning of the word is a madman ;
also a man who is transported by love either divine or
profane. Vide Laili. Majnun lived in the time of the
khalif Hasham of the house of Umayya, about the year 721
A. D., 103 A. H.
Majnun^ ^J^^F^^y the poetical title of two poets, one of
Dehli and the other of Lakhnau.
Majruhy rJJ^^} takhallus of Munshi Kishun Chand, a
Kashmuriun, who was living in 1782 A. D., 1196 A. H.,
at Lakhnau.
Majzuby VJ*^^^* Mirza Muhammad Majztib of Tabrez.
He is the author of several Ma?nawi8 and also of a Diwan
which he completed in 1653 A. D., 1063 A. H.
Majzilb> ^J^^^> poetical name of Mirzi Ghulam Haidar
Beg, an adopted son of the celebrated poet of India, Sou-
da; was living at Lakhnau in 1800 A. D., 1216 A. H.,
and had written two Diwans in TJrdii.
MajZUb, VJ*^^, poetical title of Najibat 'All Shih an
Urdu poet who died in the year 1819 A. D., 1234 A. H.
Makanna', C^*^^ vide al-Makna' or Makanna.
Makbnl, Jj^^ named Makbul A^mad. He is the author
of the " Nur-ndma," and " Kaf-ndma," also of a Masna-
wi in Urdu caUed "Dard Ulfat." He was Hving at
Lakhnau in 1863 A. D., 1270 A. H.
Makhdum Jahanian Jahangaaht, ci^hr^ fj*^
^-^O^, vide Shaikh Jaldl.
Makhdum Sharki, «/*r* CJ*^*^, author of the « Kitdb
un-Nawafiz."
MakhfL,
^ the poetical title of the princess Zeb un-
Kisa Begam, daughter of the emperor 'Alamgir. She is
the author of a Diwdn and of a Tafsir or Commentary on
the Kudln. Makhfi was also the takhallus of Nur Jahan
Begam. Vide Zeb-UunNisd Begam.
Makllli C^i^j poetical name of Mirzd Muhammad Fakhir
a native of Dehli, who came to Lakhnau in 1759 A. D.,
1173 A. H. He is the author of a Diwao. He died in
the year 1806 A. D., 1221 A. H.
Makna% f^^*^> v*^ al-Makna* or Mu^anna.
Makrizi, (Sjij^, author of the work entitled " Kitdb
us-Suluh.*' He lived about the year 1229 A. D., 626
A. H.
•■
Makrizi, iSjij^^ whose proper name isTa^pi-uddinA^mad
was an eminent Arabic historian and geographer,
bom in 1366 A. D., in Makriz near Balbec. He early
devoted himself to the study of history, astrology &c.,
at Cairo, where also he afterwards held the offices of
inspector of weights and Im&m of di£ferent mosques.
Some of his workt* have been translated into French and
Latin. He died in 1 442 A. D., aged 82 years.
Maktabi^ o ^ ^^ » a school-master of Shir&z, who is the
author of a poem called " Laili wa-Majndn," composed
in 1490 A. D., 895 A. H.
Maktub Kban^ o^^ *-i^*^*^J superintendent of the
library of the emperor Shah Jahan.
Makunda Bramhchari, cfj^^*^ »*>^, a famous
Brahman ascetic. The Hindus insist that the emperor
Akbar was a Hindu in a former generation. The proximity
of the time in which this famous emperor lived, has forced
them, however, to account for this in the following man-
ner : — •* There was a holy Brahman of the above name,
who wished very much to become emperor of India, and
the only practicable way for him was to die fifst, and be
bom again. For this purpose he made a desperate Tap"
assia^ wishing to remember then every thing he knew in
his prosont generation. This could not be fully granted ;
but he was indulged with writing upon a brass plate a
few things which he wished more paiticularly to remem-
ber ; thou he was directed to bury the plate, and promised
that he should remember the place in the next generation.
Makimda, went to Allahdbad, buried the plate and then
buried himself. Nine months after he was bom in the
character of Akbar, who, as soon as he ascended the
throne, went to Allahabad, and easily found the spot
where the brass plate was buried.** (MiWe British India^
Vol. II, page 162.) ITie translation of the inscription on
the brass plate, is as follows : ^^ In the Sambat year 1598
on the 1 2th day of the 2nd fortnight of the month of
Magh, I Makunda Bramhchdri, whose food was nothing
but milk, sacrificed myself at Parag (Allahabad) the
grand place of worship, with the design that I should
become the ruler of the whole world.'* The above date
corresponds with the 27th of January, 1642 A. D., and
Akbar was bom on Sunday the 15th of October the same
year, being three or four days less than nine lunar months
after the above circumstance.
Maldeo Bao, j!; ^«>^^, a riji of MAfwAr of the lUthor
tribe of raj puts, and a descendant of Jodhi Rdo who
founded J6dhpfir. He acquired a pre-eminence in Raj-
putana in 1632 A. D., and is styled by Firiahta, '*the
most potent prince in Hindust&i." Powerful as he waa,
however, he was compelled to succumb to the emperor
Akbar, and to pay reluctant homage at the court of the
MughaL After his death his son XJdai Singh succeeded
him.
Malhar Bao Gaekowar^ j^j^^ ^J j^. Raja of Baroda
succeeded to the rdj after the death of his brother Ehan-
de Mo on the 29th November, 1870, aged 42. His father
was called Maharaja Kharide Rao Gaekowar, Sona Ehas-
khail Shamsher Bahadur, G. C. S. I. He is fifth in de-
scent from PiUji, the second Gaekowar and sixth from
Damaji the first Gaekowar. When Sir Seymour Fitz-
gerald sent a peremptory message directing his brother
Khande Rao to replace his minion (Diwan) by some
man of character, the Gaekowar fell into so violent a
rage, that the conflict of passion deprived him of life.
At that time Malhar Rao the present ruler was a prisoner.
He had been confined for years on suspicion of having
attempted his brother's life, and from his captivity at
Padra he was called to a throne by the British Govern-
ment. Colonel Phayre narrowly escaped lately being
poisoned by him.
Malhar Bao Holkar I, ./^jhJ^* The Holkar
family are of the Dhtingar or Shepherd tribe. The de-
rivation of the name Holkar or more properly Halkar,
is from Hal a village, and Ear an inhabitant. Malhilr
Rio who was the first prince of this family, was an
officer in the service of the fint Peshwi B&ji Rio, and
was one of the earliest Marhatfa adventurers in the expe-
Malhar
167
Ualik
ditions to the northward; he killed Girdhar Bahiulur
Sdbadarof Malwa in 1726 or 1729 A. D. The time
when he obtained any local authority was in 1728 A. D.,
the district of Indor was assigned to him by the Peshwa
in jagir about the year 1733. Ho was present at the battle
of Panipat 14th January 1761, died in 1768 A. 1)., and
was succeeded by his wife Ahlia Bai, who resigned the
military power to Tokaji Holkar. The original family
being thus extinct, Ahlia Bai, Khando Hdo's widow,
elected Takdji Holkar the nephew of Malhar Rao to the
principality. He had four sons, Eashi Rao and Malhar
Rao by his wife, and Jaswant Rao and Etoji by his
mistress.
The Holkar Family,
1. Malh&r Rio Holkar I.
2. Mall hi Rao, grandson of ditto, succeeded under re-
gency of Ahlia Bai, his mother, and died in 1767
A. D.
3. Takoji Holkar.
4. Kashi Rao.
6. Jaswant Rao.
6. Malhar Rao II.
7. Hari Rao Holkar.
Malhar Bao Holkar, jf^ jb jM^, a son of Takoji
Holkar, raja of Indor, killed in battle against Daulat Rao
Sindhia in September, 1797 A. D. Vide Kashi Rao.
Malhar Bao Holkar II, j^^ jb J^, the adopted or
illegitimate son and successor of Jaswant Rao Holkar the
son of Takoji Holkar. He succeeded his father as raja
of Indor in 1811 A. D. After the battle of Mahadpur,
a peace was concluded by Government with Malhir Rao
on the 6th January, 1818 A. D. He died in 1834 and
was succeeded by Martand Rao his adopted son who was
soon after dispossessed by Hari Rao Holkar, and after
him succeeded by Khande Rao who dying without issue,
the Bast India Company assumed the right of nominat-
ing Mulkeiji Rao.
Malika BanO Begam, (^y^. *^, the eldest daugh-
ter of 'Asaf Khan, wazir. and sister of Mumtiz Mahal.
She was married to Saif Khan surnamed Mirza Safi, son
of Am4nat Ehin ; he was an amir of 5000, and died
in Bengal 1639 A. D., 1049 A. H. Malika Bano died
in 1640 A. D., 1050 A. H., during the reign of Shah
Jahin.
Malika Jahan, O^ *^, a princess of Dehli married
to Hnsain Shah Sharl^Li, king of Jaunpur.
Malika Jahan, e;^ *^*, a wife of the emperor Jahdn-
gii and daughter of Rawal Bhim of Jisalmir whose bro-
ther's name was Rawal Kalydn.
Malika Zamana, *^} *^, the daughter of the em-
peror Farrukh siyar, married to Muhammad Sh&h, emperor
of Dehli in 1722 A. D., 1135 A. H. The year of her
death is not known, but she lies buried in a small tomb
out of the Kabul gate of Dehli.
Malik Alashtar, j^^^ *^^, a Saracen chief who serv-
ed under 'Abu 'Ubaida and subsequently under 'All. He
was poisoned on his way to Egypt by order of Mu&wia I,
in 668 A. D., 38 A. H.
Malik Ambar Habshi, {j^^^j^ <^^, an Abyssin-
ian, who rose from the condition of a alave to great
influence and command in the Dakhin. When Ahmad-
nagar was taken by prince Danial in 1600 A. D., 1009
A. H., Malik Ambar and Raju Minnin a Dakhin chie^
divided the remaining territories between them, leaving
to a nominal Sultan, Murtaza Nizam Shah II whom
they had placed on the throne on the capture of Bah&dur
Nizam Shah, only the fortress of Ousa with a few villages
for his support. About this period several commotions
happening in the Dehli Government, owing to the rebel-
lion of Sultan Salim, the death of Akbar, and revolt of
Sultan Khusro, successively, Ambar had leisure to regu-
late his country, levy great armies, and even dared to
seize several of the imperial districts. When the autho-
rity of the emperor Jahangir was established, he sent
frequent armies to the Dakhin, but Ambar was not to bo
subdued. He at length gave up the places taken from
the Mughals to the prince Shah Jahan, to whose interest
he became attached, and continued loyal till his death
which took place in the year 1626 A. D., 1035 A. H:, in
the 80th year of his age, He was buried in Daulatabad,
under a splendid dome which he had erected. After his
death Fatha Khan his son succeeded him.
Malik Aziz, >!>* ^*^, ffide Malik ul-Aziz 'Usmdn, or
'Abii'l Fatha 'Usman.
Malik Dinar, J^»> *^^, a Turk of the tribe of Ghuz.
He in 1187 A. D., 583 A. H., dispossessed Bahram Shah
the last prince of Kirman of the faznily of Kadard Saljulp,
and put an end to that dynasty.
MaUk Pakhr-uddin, cH*^'^ ^K king of Bengal
commonly called Purbi. The first Muhammadan chief
who invaded Bengal was Malik Muhammad Bakhty^,
in the reign of Kutb-uddin Eybak, king of Dehli, 1191
A. D., 587 A. H. After him the several governors of
that country were appointed from that capital. Malik
Fakhr-uddin was originally a soldier in the service of
Kadar Kh&n, governor of Bengal, whom he put to death
in the reign of Tughla^ Shah about the year 1338 A. D.,
739 A. H., proclaimed himself king, and declared his
independence of the throne of Dehli. He reigned two
ye-iirs and five months, when he was defeated, taken pri-
soner in a pitched battle in 1340 A. D., and put to death
by Malik 'Ali Mubarik, who had also proclaimed himself
king under the title of A14-uddin.
Malik ibn-Anas, Imam, ur^^ eH* ^^ (•^', one of
the four learned doctors of the Sunnis, who are the foun-
ders of their faith. He was born at Madina in 714 A. D.,
95 A. H., and died there in the reign of the khalif H&riin
al-Rashid, on Sunday the 28th June, 795 A. D.. 7th Rabi*
II, 179 A. H., and was buried in the cemeter)^ called Al-
Bakia. He is the founder of the second Sunni sect, and
is sometimes called * • Im£m Dar ul Hijrat," from the
circumstance of his birth and death occurring at the city of
Madina. In his youth, he had the advantage of the so-
ciety of Sihl bin-Sa'd, almost the sole surviving? compa-
nion of the Prophet ; and it is supposed that from him
he derived his extreme veneration for the traditions.
He is the author of the Arabic work called " Muwatta"
being a collection of Traditions, and is always looked
upon as next in point of authority to the six Sahibs.
MaUk ibn-Nawera, hi^ cr?' ^^, the chief of those
who refused to pay the Zakat (or that part of a man's
substance which is consecrated to God, as tithes, alms,
and the like, and the payment of which is strictly en-
joined by the Muhammadan law). He was a person of
considerable figure, being the chief of an eminent family
among the Arabs, and celebrated for his skill in poetry,
. as well as his manly qualities and horsemanship. He
was murdered by order of Khalid ibn-Walid in the year
633 A. D., 12 A. H.
168
Malik
Malik *Imad, «>^ «-^, a poet who was a cotemporary
of Imim Muhammad Ghazzdli.
Malik, Imam, lT^* u^^ ^ ^^ C^^ ^*^ '^^ ^*^
or Malik Ibn-Anas.
Malik Jahir, >^^ *^^> also called NAth Bhanjan. In
the well-known town of Mhow in Azimgayh, there is a
place which obtains the distinguished title of "Ndth
Bhanjan" from the great exploits of a saint called Malik
Jahir who ejected the evil genius Deo Nath, together
with the original Hindus, and colonized the place with
Muhammadans. The stor^' is thus related : Duriug the
reign of Jahangir, king of Dehli, about 1609 A. D., one
Abhimin Singh, a Kajput of the Jatran tribe, having
separated from his brethren, owing to the inadequacy of
the share allotted to him in his hereditary possessions,
took service under that monarch, and on his having em-
braced the religion of Muhammad, Jahangir granted to
him the whole Zamindari of Azimgajh, under the title
of Kaja Abhiman Singh 'All Muhammad Nazir-uddaula
Khdn. From that period up to the time the Nawab of
Audh resumed the grant, the Muhammadans had the
supremacy over the Hindus, but in 1801 A. D., when
the district was ceded to the British, the Hindus taking
courage came and resided there ; since then there have
always been feuds between the parties.
Malik Kummi, MuUa, tr^ *^^ ^> a native of
Kumm in Persia. He was an excellent poet, and came
to the Dakhin in the year 1679 A. D., 987 A. H. He waa
at first employed by Murtaz& Nizam Sh&h, and then by
Burhan Nizam Shah, kings of Ahmadnagar. Subsequent-
ly he went to Bijapur where he was much respected, and
the highest honours conferred on him by the king of
that place Ibrdhim 'Adil Shah I£. He gave his daughter
in marriage to Mulla Zahuri a celebrated poet of that
court. Mulla Malik died in 1616 A. D., 1026 A. H., and
Zahuri one year after him. He was called Malik ul-
Kalam or the king of poetry. He is the author of a
Diwan and several Ma^nawis.
Malik MansTir Muhammad-bin-'Usman, ^^^
^Ui^ ^j ^^.^x^ jyox^y third SultAn of Egypt of the race
of Ayyub, succeeded his father in November, 1198 A. D.,
and died in 1200 A. D., when Malik 'Adil Saif-uddm the
son of Ayyub succeeded him and reigned 18 years.
Malik Mansur, jy^^ "^^y vide Nur-uddm 'Alf.
Malik Moizz-uddin, Baibak, t^*^-^' >*^ «-^ *-^N a
Turkoman slave of the Ayytibite dynasty who married
the Queen Malika Shajrat ul-Dar, the last of the Ayydbite
family and reigned in Egypt. He began his reign in 1260
A. D., 656 A. H., and was murdered in 1267 A. D., 656
A. H. His descendants ruled the country for nearly a
hundred years.
Zitt of the Sulidnt or Mamluha who reigned in Egypt and
Mamath in Sgria^ after the Sulfdne of the
Ay yubite family.
A. D. A. H.
Malik Moizz Azz-uddin Eaibak Turkman!
Sahahi began to reign, 1260 648
„ Mansur Nur-uddin 'Ali bin-Moizs
(imprisoned by Muzaffar, 666
„ Muzaffar Kut uz-Moizzi (11 months), 667
„ Tahir Rukn-uddin 668
„ Sa'id Muhammad Nd^-uddin, .... 676
„ 'Adil Badr-uddin (4 months), 678
^, Mansur Abul Ma'ali l|^aladun S41ahi, 678
A. H.
Malik Ashraf Sal^-uddfn Ehalfl, 689
„ Nasir Muhammad bin-Kaliddn
(reigned 44 years), • • 693
„ 'Adil Rutbagha Mansurf,
„ Mansur Hislm-uddin, reigned 2 years
died D90 A. -i^*, ...... .•••■. ...•
„ Muzaffar Rukn-uddln, reigned 10th
died ( v«7 A.m -<-'•, .....a ...«•• *.*•
„ Mansur Abu Bakr (2 months), ....
„ Ashraf Kuchak (8 months,
„ Nasir Ahmad, died 745 A. D.,
„ Salah Ismail 'Abu'l Fida, the author
of an abridgement of Universal
History down to his time. He
succeeded his brother Nasir Ah-
mad in 1344 A. D., 745 A. H., . . . .
In process of time, the old Mamlooks grew proudt
insolent and lazy : and the Borgites, a new Militia and
slaves of the old Mamlooks, taking advantage of this, rose
upon their masters, deprived them of the government
and transferred it to themselves about the year 1 382 A. D,
The Borgites also assumed the name of Mamlooks ; and
were famous for their valour and ferocity. Their
dominion lasted till the year 1617, when they were in-
vaded by Salim I the Turkish Sultan, who defeated
them, took possession of their country, and beheaded
Tuman Bey the last of the Borgites with 30,000 prisoners.
Malik Muhammad Jaesi, (^^ «*^«^ ^^^, a poet
who was a native of Jaes and the author of the story of
Fadmawat in Hindi verse. He lived in the time of the
emperor Jahangir.
Malik Nasir Khan Paruki, iJ^J^ J^ji^ '^^^
son of Malik Raji, after whose death in April, 1399 A. D.,
801 A. H., he also like his father assumed the ensigns of
royalty at Khandesh, and built Burhanpur. Learned
men were invited from all parts, and literature was much
promoted. He seized the fort of Asir from 'Asd Ahir,
reigned 40 lunar years, and died on the 2l8t September,
1437 A. D., 20th Rabi* I, 841 A. H. He was buried in
the family vault at Talner by the side of his father, and
was succeeded by his son Mir&n 'Adil Farulp.
Malik Baja Paniki, kJx^ ^h ^2^. The first per-
son who assumed independence in the province of £han-
deah was Malik Raja, the son of Khan Jahan Faruki,
whoso ancestors were among the most respectable nobles
at the Dehli court, in the reigns of Ala-uddm Khilji and
Muhammad Tughlak. At the death of his father he was
very young, and inherited only a small patrimony.
About the year 1370 A. D., 772 A. H., he was appointed
governor of Khiindesh by Firdz Sh£h Tughlal^, and the
jdgir of Talner conferred on him. After the death of
that prince when Dil£war KhAn Ghori assumed inde-
pendence in Malwa, an intimate connection took place
between the latter and Malik Raja, so much so, that
DiUwar Khin gave his daughter in marriage to Malik
Nasir the son of Malik Raj4. He reigned 29 lunar years
and died on the 28th April, 1399 A. D., 22nd Shaban,
801 A. H. He waa buried at the town of Talner, and
was succeeded by his son Malik Nasfr £hin.
The following are the names of the kings of Khdndesh,
1. Malik RAja. 7. 'Adil Khdn II ('Azim Hu,
2. Malik Nasir Khdn. mayun 'Alam Khan).
3. Miran 'Adil Khan. 8. Miran Muhammad Shih.
4. Mir4n Mubarik. 9. Miran Mubdrik II.
6. 'Adil KhAn I or 10. MirAn Muhammad.
'All Shah. 11. Raja 'All Khan.
6. DatidKhin. 12. Bahadur 8h£h.
Malik Sarwar, jv^ **^> ^ide Khw^a Jahto.
Malik
169
Ittangu
Malik Shah, S^^*^ cH*^' J^, sumamed JaUl.nddfn
was the third Sultan of the first dynasty of the Saljukfs
or Saljukides. He succeeded his father Alp ArsaUn in
December, 1072 A. D., 466 A. H., and reimed twenty
years. His right to the crown was disputed by his bro-
ther K&dir Beg, also called K&dard (which see) prince of
•girpi^Ti ; but that chief was defeated and taken prisoner,
and afterwards poisoned or put to death. Malik Sh£h
subdued almost the whole of Syria and Egypt : and being
more fortunate than his father, not only conquered Bu-
khara, Samarkand and Khwarizm, but received homage
from the tribes beyond Jaxartes. After the death of his
wazir l^izam ul-Mulk, he moved from Isfah^ to Bagh-
dad, with the design of transplanting the khalif Al-Muk-
tadi, and fixing his own residence in the capital of the
Moslem world. The feeble successor of Muhammad
obtained a respite of ten days ; and before the expiration
of the term, the Sultdn was summoned by the angel of
death. He died in the 38th year of his age in the month
of November, 1092 A. D., Shawwdl, 485 A. H., a few
days after Niz&n ul-Mulk his wazir, who was assassina-
ted by a follower of Hasan Sabbah. The greatness and
unity of the Saljukian empire expired in the person of
Malik Shah. He invented an era called Tarfkh Malik-
flhahi or Jal^i (Jalalian Era). This Era, according to
Dr. Hyde commences 16th March, 1079 A. D., correspond-
ing with the 11th RamazAn 471 A. H. Malik Shih left
four sons Barkayarak, Muhammad, Sanjar and Mahmtid,
all of whom attained power in their turns. Mahmtid
the youngest, was only four years of age when his father
died : but the ambition of his mother, the Sultana Khatiin
Turkkn, placed the crown upon his infant head. How-
ever, she was soon compelled to resign, and after some
time they both died, and Sul^ Barkay&ral}: succeeded
him.
Malik Sharki, Mirza, sJj^ "^^ ^Jj^> an author.
Malik ul-Aflsal, i^ i^^^Jiy^ kU^^\ *S^, sumamed
Nur-uddin ' Ali, the eldest of the seventeen sons of Salah-
uddin Ytisaf ibn- Ayyub. On the death of his father at
Damascus in 1193 A. D., 689 A. H., he took possession
of that kingdom, whilst his brother Malik ul-'Aziz
'Usmdn obtained that of Egypt, and their brother Malik
uz-Z4hir continued to hold Aleppo. Damascus was after-
wards besieged and taken by his uncle Malik ul-'Adil
Saif-uddfn Abu Bakr (the Saphadin of Christian writers).
Nur-uddm *A1£ in a poetical address to the khalif Nasir,
lamented the similarity of his own fate to that of the
khalif 'All ibn-Abd Tilib (his namesake) in being thus
excluded from his rights by Abu Bakr and 'Usmto ; the
khalif in his reply consoled him by the assurance that in
him he should find the Nasir (protector) whom *Ali had
sought in vain ; but the intercession of the khalif was
unavailing to procure the restitution of any part of his
territories. In 1198 A. D., however, on the death of his
brother, the Sultan of Egypt, N6r-uddin became AtAbak,
or guardian, to his infant nephew Malik ul-Mansdr. and
attempted by the aid of his brother, the Sultan of Aleppo,
to recover Damascus from his uncle ; but the expedition
failed, and Saif-uddin retaliated by invading Egypt, and
expelled the young Sul^in and his guardian, 1199 A. D.
The unfortunate Niir-uddin now retired to Samosata,
where he cUed apparently without issue. He was bom
in June, 1171 A. D., whilst his father waa acting as wazir
to the Egyptians. He died suddenly in February, 1225
A. D., Safer 622 A. H., and was buried in Aleppo* Vide
N^-uddin 'All (Malik ul-Afzal).
Malik ul-'Azia 'trsman, o^Mj^^^^, vide 'Abti'l
Fatha 'Usmin.
]|l3amorHamdBaoHolkar,y^5>!;t5t^^c^^, B^iof
43
Indor was the son of Kh&n^e B&o, and grandson of
Malhdr Rao I whom he succeeded in 1766 A. D., and died
after a reign of nine months. After his death the origi-
nal family being extinct, Ahlia Bdi, the widow of Khin-
^e Rao, elected Takoji to the raj.
Mallu 'Adil Shah, ^^^ J«>^>^, ofBfjdpiir, succeeded
his father Ismi'il *Adil ShiLh in August, 1634 A. D.,
Safar, 941 A. H., and was on account of his shameful
vices, blinded and deposed after an inglorious reign of
only ^VL months by order of his grandmother, and his
younger brother Ibrahim was raised to the throne of
Bijdpiir in the beginning of the year 1636 A, D., 941
A. H.
Mallu Khan, ij^y^, entitled KddirShAh, was the ruler
ofMdlwdwhen Sher Shah took it about the year 1542
A. D., 949 A. H., and made it over to one of his own
officers named ShujA'at KhAn or Shuja'a KhAn Sur, which
see, as also K£dir Shdh.
Maluk Shah, »^ ^J^^, the father of the historian
Shaikh 'Abdul Kddir of Badaon. He died in 1561 A. D.,
969 A. H. He is the author of the work called " JiUe ul-
Khawatir."
Malul, \}jh} the poetical name of Sh^ Sharaf-uddin, a
dervish of MurAdabad. He wrote two Persian Diwans
in which he used the takhallus of Ilhdm. He is also the
author of a poem called *' Haft Mykhana," which ho
composed in 1777 A. D., 1191 A. H.
Malwa, ^J^^y kings of, vide DiUwar Eh&n.
■
Mamluk, ^jr^j this word signifies in Arabic, a slave in
general; but in particular, it means the Turkish and
Circassian slaves, whom the kings of the posterity of
8£lah-uddin (Saladin) had instruct^ in military exercises,
and who at last made themselves masters of Egypt, and
are sufficiently known to us by the name of Mamlukes.
These Mamlukes reigned in Egypt 275 lunar years, that
is to say, from 1260 to 1517 A. D., 648 to 923 A. H.,
when Salim I, emperor of the Turks, entirely subdued
and exterminated them. The first king of this dynasty
was Malik Maizz 'Azz-uddin Eybak, which see.
•
MamnttZl, CJ>y^^^ poetical title of Mir Ni^&m-uddfn, a son
of Kamar-uddin Kh&n Minnat. He flourished in the
time of Akbar Sh&h II, king of Dehli, and is the author
of two Persian and Urdu Diwdns, His ancestors were
of Sonpat, but he was a native of Dehli. He was em>
ployed by the English Government as a Sadar-us-Sadur
at Ajmer. He died in the year 1844 A. D., 1260 A. H.
Mamiin, ^y^^i the son of H^dn al-Rashfd, vide Al-
M&mun.
Manbhaoti Begam, f^- t^JT^ e;^> one of the con-
cubines of the emperor Akbar. She built at Agrah on
a spot of 40 bighas a garden of which na sign remains
now.
Manga ^[aaii <» Khan, e;^>^ ^ ^J{^/^, emperor
of Tartary, was the eldest son of Tulf Khin, the son of
Changez KlWln. He succeeded his cousin Kaydk Kh&n»
the son of Oktdi Khim, over the kingdoms of Tartary and
Persia about the year 1243 A. D., 640 A. H. He died
after a reign of sixteen year» in 1268 A. D., 664 A. H., and
was succeeded in the kingdom of Tartary by his son Kablai
Khim ; his brother HaUku Ehiin became the sole master
of Persia.
Mani
170
U&nsiir
M^^ij V^ > whom we call Manes, was the founder of the
Beet of the Manichis or Manicheans. In the reign of
Sh&hptir, the son of Ardiaher, king of Persia, ahout the
year 277 A. D., a jMunter, named Mani, having learned
from the conversation of some Christians, that the JRedeemer
had promiud to tend a Comforter^ after Attn, formed the
wild design of passing for the Paraclete ; and, as no
opinions are so absurd, as not to be embraced, he soon
drew together a multitude of proselytes. Sh&hpur
was enraged at this imposture, and wished to punish
the author of it ; but Mini found means to escape, and
fled as fiir as the borders of China, having first told his
followers, that he was going to heaven, and promised to
meet them in a certain grot, at the end of the year. In
this retreat he amused himself with painting a number
of stiange figures and views, which at the year's end, he
shewed to his disciples, as a work given to him by angels.
He was a very ingenious artist, and had a lively fancy,
BO that his pictures, which were finely coloured, easily
persuaded the credulous multitude, in the infancy of the
art in Asia, that they were really divine ; they were
bound together in a book called Artong. which is often
alluded to by the Persian poets. Mingling the pure doc-
trines of Christianity with paganism, he taught tiiat there
were two principles of all things, coetemal and coeval,
that is, Gk)d and the Devil, that from the former all good,
and frt)m the latter all evil proceeded. The good being,
he caUed, the author of the new testament, the bad of the
old. God, he added, created the soul, the devil, the body.
He pretended also to work miracles, and was therefore
Bent for by Shihpiir to cure his son, but his pretended
power failed him, the child died in his arms, and the
disappointed father ordered the prophet to be flayed alive,
and his skin stufied with chaff to be hung up at the gates
of the capital, where Epiphanius who refrited his doc-
trines, saw it. Some say this impostor was put to death
in the reign of Bahrim, grandson of Shihpur.
Haniy C^^j ft po^t, who although called Eisagar M&zan-
darini, »'. «., a porcelain manufacturer of Mazandar&n ;
yet his talents introduced him to Muhammad Muhsin
Mirz£, a son of Sultin Husain Mirza, in whose service he
was killed by the Uzbaks in 1607 A. D., 913 A. H. He
is the author of a Diwan.
•
Ma'niy k/^^9 ^^ poetical name of BAe Bijai Mai, a bro-
ther of Imtiy&s, was living in 1760 A. P., 1174 A. H.,
and did military service under Nawib Shuj&'-uddaula.
Maz4ja Begam, C^^^ ^sA^lo, sister of Ndr Jahin Begam,
pid0 l^asim Eh&n Jawenf.
Hanik Pal, J^ ^JJU^ ^i^i of EarouH. He died in 1805
A. D., and was succeeded by a boy then 13 years of
age. In December, 1817 A. D., the Karauli chief signed
a treaty, and put himself under the protection of the
British Government.
Manka al-Hindi C5«^i *^. Ibn-Abu Uaaibia
in his work, entitled Aytin al-Anba, on the physicians
of India, says, that Manka of India was one of the
most distinguished philosophers in the sciences of India,
and was well acquainted both with the language of
India and Persia. It was he who translated the book
of Sh^tt the Indian, treating on poisons, from the
Indian to the Persian language. He lived in the days
of H&rdn al-Rashid, and came during his reign, frt>m
India to IxHf^ and attached himself to 1^.
Manni Bam Seith* C^J ^, the great banker of Mathun,
died in July, 1836 A. D.
Mannu Lai, J^J^i a Hindd, who IB the anfhor of the
work called <' Guldastike Naahit."
Manohar Bas, l^^^j^j^, wfoTouBanf.
Mansa Bam, (•!; ^***^, father of lUji Chyte Singh of
Banaras. He possessed originally but half the village of
Gangapur, by additions to which, in the usual modes of
Hindust&n, he laid the foundation of the great aamindari
of Banaras. He died in 1740 A. D., and was succeeded
by his son Balwant Singh.
Man Singh, ^^ oK a Hji of Gw^Ular who lived in the
time of Sult^ Sikandar Lodi and his son Sultan IbWihim
Lodi, and died about the year 1618 A. D., 924 A. H.
He was a prince of great valour and capacity. His Bon
Bikarm^jit succeeded him in the raj£ship and was living
at the time the emperor Babar conquered India.
Man Singh, ^^ %y^, son or nephew of Bij4 Bhagw^
D£s Kachhw^bii, ruler of Amer in Ajmer now called
Jaiptir and Jainagar. He was appointed governor of
Kabul by the emperor Akbar in 1687 A. D., 996 A. H.,
and in the next year of Behar, Hajip^r and Fatna,
and after the death of his father in 1689 A. D., 998 A. H.,
he was honoured with the title of rija and rank of 7000,
and made governor of Bengal. He had 1600 concubines,
and every one of them had children ; but they all died
before him. Man Singh died in the ninth year of the
emperor Jah&ngir 1614 A. D., 1023 A. H., in the Dak-
hin, and sixty of his concubines burnt themselves with
his corpse. His second son Hij& Bh£o Singh succeeded
him and died of drinking. The eldest son of Min Singh
was Rdja Partap Singh who died before his father and
left a son named Mah& Singh who served under the em-
peror Jahingir, and after the death of his gpnndfather and
uncle was honoured with the title of Raja. Min Singh
had built a house on the banks of the river Jauaa of
which at present towards the river only two broken
Burj are to be seen. The Muhalla Minpinah dose to
the Jamna Masjid at Agrah is still very well-known.
He died at Bepr in 1617 A. D., 1026 A. H. His son
Mirza H&ja Jai Singh served under ShAh Jah&n and
'Alamgfr. He was poisoned by his son Efrat Singh
about the year 1626 A. D. After him his son R&m Singh
was reduced to a mansab of 4000 ; Bishun Singh, reduced to
a mansab of 3000, and after him come Jai Singh Sawai,
son of Bishun Singh, which see.
Man Singh, ^^ c;^, rij£ of Jodhptir or Ui^wir^ was
a descendant of Hji Jaswant Singh Rithorf, the earliest
r&ja of this country on record. He sucoeeded rajd Bhim
Singh in 1803 or 1804 A. D. Disasters or disappointments
either soured the temper or affected the reason of M&n
Singh, who became one of the most sanguinary monsters
that ever disgraced the gaddi. His death was announced
on the 20th of September, 1843 A. D. The Mi|wiur
succession question was settled in fsivour of Ahmadnagar
on the 7th November, 1843, the choice fiUling not on
the young heir of that house, but on his father Takht
Singh, who was imanimously elected, and whose son
accompanied him as prince royal. Takht Singh is a de-
scendant of the Herori Jaswant. Several of the ^^'nun^
ladies and three or four slave girls became SuttL
Man Singh, Baja, ^!; ^^ J^, of Audh. His titie
was MahiLraji Sir M£n Singh Bahidur Eayam Jung,
E. G. S. I. He died at Ajuddhia on the Ilth October,
1870 A. D. He was Vice-President of the British Indiaa
AsBociation, a post which he held with great saooeBB.
Manaur, Jtr^^, a khalif of Baghdid, vide Al-Manadr.
Haiurar
171
Hargbinani
IlIailBtiry jy^^i the son of Bfiq^ara Miral, and &ther of
Sultin Husain Mini of Hiiit
BlWSUr^ j y ^ ^ i a poet^ who ifi the author of a Dfw£n in
which aro some iTmrfiiMii in praise of Sh^ Abbas II, who
died in 1666 A. D^ 1077 A. H., and of Abbas J^nli Beg.
Mansnrl, Samani, Amir, ^^^ j^y^^ j^^y
a prince of the race of the Saxnanides, was the son of
Amir N6h I, and brother to Am£r 'Abdul Malik whom he
succeeded 961 A. I)., 860 A. H. He compelled the
Dflami ruler of Fars and 'Ir&l^ to pay him an annual
tribute of 150,000 dinars of gold: and the peace, by
which this tribute was fixed was cemented by his mar-
riage with the daughter of Bukn-uddaula, the reigning
prince of that family. Amir Mansiir died after a reign
of 15 lunar years on the 15th of March, 976 A. D., Uth
Bajab, 365 A. H., and was succeeded by his son Amir
Ntih n. His wasir Ab^ 'All bin-Muhazomad translated
into Persian the Tirikh Tabari.
Mansur H Samani, Amir, (/^ or^** -rt*'i
suoceeded his father Amfr Nuh II, in 997 A. D., 387
A. H., on the throne of EhmisM. He occupied it for a
short period (little more than a year) which was marked
with disgrace and misfortune. He was obliged to fly
before his rebellious nobles, who afterwards deprived him
of his sight and elevated his younger brother, 'Abdul
Malik II, to the throne 998 A. D., 388 A. H.
Mansur 'Ali Khan, ^ ^/^jr^^y Naw4b of Audh,
vidi Safdar Jang.
MansTir 'All Ehan, Sayyad, ^^ e^^ ^J^Jir^^,
the present Naw&b of Murahid^bid. He was living in
1868.
Mansur Halll^, t^^jy^^, the surname of Shaikh
Husain HalUj, a celebrated ascetic, who was a native of
Baiza, and originally a cotton -thrasher. The Musalmins
differed in their opinions about the character of this
person. Some took him to be a saint, and gave out that
he performed miracles; others believed him to be a
sorcerer or a juggler, and that he only deceived people
with his tricks. He was, however, condemned and sen-
tenced by the khalff of Baghdid, MaJjptadir, and was put
to death, because he used to proclaim '* An-ul-ha^" t. «.,
"I am the truth," or in other words, "I am God."
When they had taken him to the place of execution, they
fizst out off both his hands, and then his legs ; they pluck-
ed out his eyes, cut out his tongpie, and separated his
head from his body. They then burned his mangled
corpse to ashes, and threw it into the Tigris. Thia
circumstance took place in the year 919 A. D., 306 A. H-,
but according to Ibn-Khallikin, on the 24th Zi-j^a'da,
309 A. H., corresponding with 26th March, 922 A. D.
Shaikh Husain is commonly called Mansdr Hallig though
it is the name of his fa&er. He is considered by the
Sdfis to be one of their most eminent spiritual leaders, who,
th^ believe, had attained the fourth or last stMfe ol
S^msm. An inspired Sdfi is said to have demanded of
fhe Almighty why he permitted Mansdr to suffer P The
reply was, *' This is the punishment for the revealer of
secrets."
Mansur ibn-Alkaem ibn-Almahdl, ^^fcH^ir^
iS^\ v:Ht, a prince of Africa who died on Friday the
19th of March, 958 A. D., Friday 29th ShawwiL 341
A.H.
Kanflur, Shah, ^ jy^^t vid$ Shih Maao^.
Manstir, Ehwaja, j^^^ ^[^> t^ Ehw^ Maasdr.
Bfann, e^> the son of Brahm^ the first male according to
the Hindiiis. Eapfl was Manu's grandson, and the author
of the Sankh Shastar in which he mentions the Gita,
which relates of transactions, which took place at the
end of the Dwdpar, and the beginning of the Kaiyuf ;
Manu is the author of the Institutes that goes by his
name ; it is said that it existed in the Satjug according
to this shl6k, "When 1010 years of the Satjug were
expired, I Manu, at the fiill moon of Ihe month Bhadr, by
the command of Brahm^ finished this Shastar."
Mannohehr, J^y^^ one of the andait kings of Persia
of the first or Pishd&diin dynasty, who succeeded Fare-
dun. He was a good and pious monarch : but the great
prosperity which attended his reign was chiefly owing
to the wisdom and courage of his prime-miQister, S£m, the
son of Narim&n, whose descendants Zal and Bustam,
even during this reign obtained a celebrity which has led
Persian hifi^rians and poets to speak only of those events
that are connected with their biography. Man^chehr
died after a reign of 120 years, and was succeeded by his
son Nauzar, in the latter part of whose reign died Sdm,
the son of Narimibi. After the death of Slun, Pashang
the king of T6r&n invaded Persia with a force of 30,000
men, commanded by his son, Afrisiib. Two engagements
and two single combats took place, Nausar hunself was
discomfited by Afr^lsiilb, who soon afterwards took him
prisoner and slew him. This happened in the seventh
year of the reign of that unfortunate monarch.
XCanncholir,
n^ ^ibfis.
Mannohehr, Malik or Ehakan, J^^^.j^^ '-^,
ruler of Shfrwdn whose panegyrist was Kh4k4n( the po^t.
He was a descendant of Bahr&m Chobfn, and his title .#aa
Khikan, hence the takhallus of Khikini. Manlichehr
reigned about the year 1180 A. D., 676 A. H., of the
Christian era.
Bbnnchehr, J^y^} (prince) he was the son of Shaikh
Ibrihun, ruler of Shirw&n who died in 1417 A. D., 820
A. H. His panegyrist was K&tibi who wrote a chrono-
gram on his death which happened in the year 1412
A. D., 815 A. H., five years before his &ther.
Mannohehr,
ruifTousanl
Mannohehri, iSJt^y^9 'vho had the sobriquet of Shast
GaUa. His name was Hakim Nigm-uddin Ahmad bin-
Ya'lpiib bin-Manuchehrf. He lived at the court of Sul^
Mahm^d of Ghazni and of his two sons Masa'iid and
Muhammad. He acquired much wealth, and hence his
sobriquet of Shast Qalla, t . e^ sixty flock» of sheep. He
died in 1090 A. J)^ 483 A. H., and left a Diw&n in
Persian.
Manwi, Manlwi, i^J^ if^J^t an author.
Manzari, i^^^jt^ ^j;jk\>ej of Samarkand, a poet who
was in the service of Bairam "KhiD. at Agrah, and wrote
a poem called ** Shahnfaii Khay^" which contains an
aooount of the war of Sikandar Sh^ Sdr, &c.
Marghinani, t^^HO^j his proper name was BurhiLn-
uddfn 'AH bin-Muhammad, but he derived this title from
his native country MarghiniUi a city in MipWarun-nahr.
He is the author of the " Hidaya^" and several other
works. His death happened in 1197 A. D., 593 A. H.
r»^ Bwhin-uddin ' AIL .
Maria
171J
Majsa'udi
Maria, Hh^ one of the wives of Muhammad by whom he
had a son named Ibrahim who died when an infant. She
was called Kahti or Egyptian, hecanse she was sent as a
present to Muhammad by Makoukas, king of Alexandria.
She died in 637 A. D., 16 A. H.
Mariam^ (♦ir^- This word in Arabic signifies Mary, and
is only applied to the Virgin Mary. The ICuran, in the
chapter called Al-AmdLn, or the family of Amran, and in
Sdra Mariam, confounds Mary the mother of Jesus with
Mariam the daughter of Amram and sister of Moses and
Aaran. In the book called Al-Sahih, there is a tradition,
that the Apostle of God said, among men there have been
many perfect ; but among women only four : 'Asia, the
wife of Pharaoh ; Mary, the daughter of Amran, Khudyja,
the daughter of Khawylid and Fatima, daughter of Mu-
hammad.
Mariam Maliaxii, <y^ (^^ a title of Hamfda Bfino
Begam, the mother of the emperor Akbar, which she
received after her death. See Hamida Bano.
JIffVTiftTVi Zamaniy J^^J ^J^' She was the daughter
of Raji Behari Mai Kachwaha, was married to the emper-
or Akbar Shah. Her proper name is not known. She
was the mother of the emperor Jahang£r ; she died at Agrah
in the time of her son Jahangir in 1623 A. D., 1032
A. H., and the mausoleum at Agrah in Sikandra which
was erected by her son over her grave, is called by the
people of Agrah, Bauz^ Mariam.
Ma'mf, •J'4/*^^ poetical name of I14hi Bakhsh Kh&n,
younger brother of Fakhr-uddaula Naw&b Al^mad Bakhsh
Khin, son of Mirza 'Arif Khin. He died in the year
1242 A. H., and left two Diw&os in Uidti.
Ma'ruf Karkhi, iS^jf ^4^j be was by birth a Chris-
tian, but being convinced that there are not three Grods
as the Christians say» but one, he became a convert to
Muhammadanism, and his parents followed his example.
He afterwards became a very pious Musalman ; was co-
temporary with Diud Tai and Ibrdhim Adham» and
became master of Sari Sa^ati. He died in the reign of
Mamun, the son of Hariin al-Hashid on the 31st of Au-
gust, 816 A. B., 20th Muharram, 200 A. H., and lies
buried in a place called Earkh in Baghd&d. The heart
of Ma'rdf (that is to say the letter li, which is the nu-
meral for 200} is the chronogram for tiie Hijri year of
his demise.
Marwan ibn-Hafta, *-^a*' er?* iJjj^i an eminent
Arabian poet, on whom the khalif Mahdi, on one occa-
sion, bestowed the sum of 70,000 dirhams (£1600) as a
reward for merit.
Marwan I, f^^ iiri \2>hj^9 son of Hakam, was the
fourth khalif of the race of Umayya. He was proclaimed
khalif at Damascus after the death of Mu'dwia II, in 684
A. P., 64 A. H. He was also called, »* Ibn-Tarid," the
son of the expelled, because Muhammad had banished
his father Hakam for divulging a secret. He died after
a reign of 298 days on the 12th April, 685 A. B., 2nd
Bamazin 66 A. H. He is said by some authors to have
been poisoned by his wife, Zainab, the widow of Mu'awia
II. Her, he had married, with a promise that her son
Kh^d should succeed him, but afterwards altering the
succession in favour of his own son 'Abdul Malik, young
KhaHd reproached him with his breach of promise : upon
this Marwan calling him bastard, the chUd complained to
his mother, who to be revenged for this affront, is said to
have poisoned him or smothered him with a pillow.
Marwan lit J^^^ vy'j^i somained Him^ or the ass.
was the son of Muhammad the son of Hakam, and tiiie
fourteenth and last khalif of the house of Umayya. He
was nephew to Marwan I. After deposing Ibi^im the
son of Walid II, he ascended the throne of Damascus in
745 A. D., 26th ^il-hijja, 132 A. H., and was defeated and
slain on the 6th August, 760 A. D. in a battle fought
against Abd'l Abbis al-Safiah who was previously pro-
claimed khalif by the inhabitants of Kufa on Friday the
29th of November, 749 A. p., 13th Rabf 11, 132 A. H.
Marwan before his accession to the throne, had been
governor of Mesopotamia, and had received, by his Geor-
gian warfare, the honorable epithet of the ass of Meso-
potamia or Al-Himar, a warlike breed of asses, that never
fly from an enemy.
Masa'ud I, SxQtan^ Jj* c^^».^JhL»^ gon of Sultin Mah-
mdd of Ghaznf. He after cruelly depriving his brother
Muhammad of sight, mounted the throne of Ghazni 1080
A. D., 421 A. H. He made several incursions into India
to maintain the tranquillity of those possessions which his
father had subdued. But he had no time to attack
others: all his means were required to defend himself
from a formidable tribe of Tartars, called Saljiiki, who
had, for a considerable time past, made predatory incur-
sions into Khurasan, and oti^er parts of his dominions.
He carried on a petty war against different branches of
this powerful tribe for some time, and with various suc-
cess, till he was completely defeated in a great action
fought in EhurasiLn with Tughral Beg Saljul^ on Friday
the 16th of June, 1038 A. D., 9th Ramazan, 429 A. H.,
and was obliged to fly towards Ldhor, which he resolved
to make the future capital of his government. On hia
march, he was deposed by his mutinous army, and his
brother Muhammad Makahdl the bHnd, was again placed
on the throne. Masa'tid remained in confinement for
several years, and was afterwards assassinated by Abmad
the son of Muhammad Makahdl 1041 A. D., 433 A. H.
Masa'ud n, S ult a n, ^^^^ i>j*-^ c>^*=^, sonof Sultin
Maudud, a child of four years old, was raised to the
throne of Ghazni after the death of his father in Decem-
ber, 1049 A. D. but was soon deposed aft-er a nominal
reign of six days, and Abu'l Hasan 'All, the son of Sultan
M^*ud I, was proclaimed emperor.
Masa'ud HI, Sultan, •^JtS^yt-^e^UaL., the sonof SultiLn
Ibrahim ascended the throne of Ghazni after the death of
his father in 1098 A. D., 492 A. H. He reigned over
Ghazni and Labor 16 years ; had for his wife the sister
of Sul^n Sai^ar, the Saljukide who had made peace with
his father. Sul^ Masa'ud died in 1114 A. D., 608
A. H., and was succeeded by his son Sherz&d or Sher-
nazid.
Masa'ud IV, Sultan, ^t) o>^*-»^c;Uai-«», the son of Sult&i
Muhammad Saljd^i, and brother of Tughral II, whom he
succeeded to the throne of Hamdan. He began to reign
about the year 1134 A. D., 629 A. H., and died 1162
A. D., 1st Bajab, 647 A. H., Atabak Eldiguz was his
minister.
MaBa'udiy c^«>J**^, the famous historian who visited
India, Ceylon and the coast of China in the year 916
A. D. He is the author of the work entitied *' Ma'dan
nl-Jawahir" Mines of Gems, of which the first part has
been well translated by Dr. A. Sprenger. The first of
his compositions is **Akhbdr uz-Zaman," an enormous
work of at least twenty volumes; the second is the
" Kit&b ul-Ausath," being the complement to the Akh-
b&r ; and the third *' Mines of Gems" or as some cadi it
the *' Meadows of Gold," forming at the same time the
extract and the supplement of the two others. He died
966 A. D., 345 A. H. In describing the early discoveries
of his countrymen inside the Great Pyxamid in £gypt.
Hasa'ud
173
Ma^sum
he says, that some of them found in the lowest part oi
the Pyramid a vase containing a quantity of fluid of an
unknown quality. They also discovered in a larg^ hall
a quantity of golden coins put up in columns, every
piece of whidi was of the weight of 1000 dinars. In
another place they found the image of an old man^ made
of green stone sitting upon a sofk, and wrapped up in a
garment. Before him were statues of little boys. Hav-
ing proceeded further they met with the image of a cock
made of precious stones and placed upon a green column.
Continuing their researches they came to a female idol of
white stone and lions of stone on eaoh side. This, he
says, occurred in the time of Yarid bin-' Abdullah, sup-
posed, says Colonel Howard Vyse, to have been a king of
Egypt.
Masa'nd Ghaii, Salar, iSJ^ ^J*"^ ^^K a celebrated
Muhammadan martyr commonly called Ghazf Miyain,
whose tomb is at Bahriich in Audh. He was the son of
S&lir S&hti, and related to Sulfin MahmiLd of Ghazni ;
his mother being that monarch's sister. He had forcibly
taken possession of a Hindu temple in Bahr&ich, upon
which ih.e Hindus surrounded him from all sides, a battle
ensued in which Masa'ud Ghizi was slain, and several of
his adherents cut to pieces. This circumstance took place
on the 16th of June, 1033 A. D., 14th Bajab, 424 A. H.,
at which time he was only 19 years old. To commemo-
rate his martyrdom a festival takes place every year
at Bahr&ich on the first Sunday in &e month of Jeith,
which ledls exactly on the 29th day after our Easter
Sunday, and very seldom on any other day. The festival
terminates with the flying of kites.
Hasa'ud Hisari, Maulana, (sM^ •>>*-* ^h^9
a poet who was living in the commencement of Akbar's
reign, and wrote the chronogram of the emperor Humd-
yun's death which took place in 1666 A. D., 963 A. H.
Masa'udy Khwiya, ,5^«-^ *^>^ of Bak, a place near
BukhiUa. It is said that he was for some time a king in
M&wanm-nahr, but a dervish at heart. He is the author
of several works on Sufvism, one of which is the ** Umm
al-Nas4eh." He has also composed a Diwan which he
called <*Niir ul-Xm," the light of the eye, containing
more than 3,000 renes.
Masa'ud, Khwaja, ^y*^ ^^J^j i>ide Khw^aMasa'dd,
Maga'nd Sa'd Salman^ c;Ul- ^U »4>«wOj ^ poet
and native of Jurj&n. He flourished in the time of
iVIandchehr, ruler of that country, about the year 1000
A. D., 452 A. H. He is tho author of a Diw&n in Arabic
and Persian.
Mas-hafl, cr**^> an Urdu poet of Lakhnau, whose pro-
per name is Ghul^ Hamd&ni. His native country was
Amroha in the district of Muradab&d. He died about the
year 1824 A. D., 1240 A. H. He is the author of several
i)iwans and biographies in Persian and Urdti.
BlaBha-ullah, *^^ ^ ^> the surname of an author who is
also styled " Al-Misrl," or the Egyptian. It is also the
name of a Jew, who was a great astronomer, and lived in
the time of the Irh^lifa Al-l&nsur and Al*Mamfin.
Ma'Blmk 'Ali, Maulana Muhammad (^ dr^'*^
o.^^ (j Jf^ Qf Jaonp^, a learned Musalmin and author
of several works in prose and i>oetry. He died in the
year 1862 A. D., 1268 A. H.
Blasili, fif^f the poetical name of Hak(m Rukni K&shf,
which see.
44
J/lBIBih, fi^9 whose proper name was Hitim, ia the author
of the poem called " Kissae Hantichehr," containing the
story of Maniichehr, which he composed in 1060 A. D.,
1070 A. H., and dedicated it to Shih Jahin the emperor
of DeWi.
Masihay ^^^^^^ poetical title of Hakfm Muhammad 'Ali
Khio, who is the author of an Urd6 Dfw^.
Masiliait Akhimd^ ^^h*!^r^ «xi^| ^f K&ahin, whose
poetical name is S&hib, a man who possessed every orna-
ment of learning and accomplishments, had been a pupil
and son-in-law of 'Alfi Husain of Khw&ns^, and gained
the admiration of all mankind by his good qualities and
agreeable society. He composed much in verse, and has
left elegant compositions in prose. He died at IsfiJi^n
in the beginning of the 18th century.
Maaihi, c^* , a Turkish poet of great repute at Con-
stantinople, who flourished in the reign of the emperor
SulaimiLn II, styled the Lawgiver. His works aie pie-
served in the archives of the Boyal Society. Masihi died
in 1612 A. D., 018 A. H.
Maaihiy MuUay ij*^*^ ^^ aho called HasfliiU, was the
poetical name of Sa'd-ulUh, an adopted son of Uu^arrab
Eh£n. He was a native of PImfpat, and flourished in the
time of the emperor Jahin£:fr. He translated the ** Ba-
m&yan," which contains the battle of Bim Chand with
Kawan the ten-headed monster, from Hindi into Persian
verse.
MasUli, f/*^^*^! VMfo Bukn-uddfn Masa'id Haaihi.
MasiXy J^!"^* poetical name of prince Mirzi Ham£y1in Kadr,
the son of Mini Khuiriiaid Kadr, vide Taskhir.
Mafldidi, {f^^^, [poetical title of a poet of Penia.
Maqid Moth, «»>« «^7**^> bmUbyMtfnBh^yaatDehli.
Vide Bhiiya.
Blaslah-uddiny ui^^ ^'^*, proper name of the cele-
brated Shaikh Sa'di of Shir£z, vide Sa*df.
Maalah-uddin al-Lari» ijj^ u^^ ^"^f a native of
L&r in Persia, and author of the work catted '^Mirat
ul-Adw£r," the Mirror of the World.
Blasmf, «ij.r^^^ poetical tiUeofNawftb Ehia Bahidur
Ehin, the son of Jalil-uddfn or Znlfi^ "KhixL, the son
of H&flz Bahmat KhixL of Bareli He is the author of
a Diwto. He rebelled against the British in 1867, and
consequently was obliged to leave his native country and
go to Mecca.
Maamr, J^j'^t the poetical title of WaU MahamsMtd
"Kh&n. who was governor of I4r aader Shih Tahmisp II
of Persia.
MBMt,
9 the poetical appellation o£ Zolfilpff 'Al^ which
JlU^sum 'All Sliah, Kir,
|L& ^ fy^*^
a cdebrated S^fi teacher, who wat a diadpis ef Sayyad
'All Rasi, a native of the Dakhin. Ihiring tbe reign of
Kaxim Kh^a, he went from India to fikMi^ whwe his
Matiii
174
Mazdak
followers soon amounted to more than thirty thousand.
The orthodox priests took alarm, and prevailed on the
mild Karun Kh£n to banish the saint from his capital,
bat his reputation was increased by the act of power
which proclaimed him dangerous. After Karim Kh&n's
death, Mir Ma'sdm, who resided in a small village near
iB&Lhiiij deputed his first disciple, Fay&z 'All, to teach in
that dty. That holy person soon died, and was succeeded
in his office by his son Nur ' AU 8h4h : who, though
young in years, was, (to use the phrase of his historian),
" old in piety." The number and rank of Mir Ma'sfim's
followers excited alarm in the priests of Isfahin, who
transmitted so exaggerated an account of the vile here-
sies of the Sufis to 'All Murad Eh^ the king, and re-
commended him so strongly to support the faith, by
punishing those whose opinions were alike hostile to true
religion and good government, that the monarch, the
moment he received their representation, sent orders to
cut off the noses and ears of some among the most zeal-
ous of the obnoxious sect ; and as a further disgrace, to
shave the beards of all who had adopted their opinions.
The ignorant soldiers intrusted with the execution of this
mandate, were not very capable of discriminating be-
tween true believers and infidels : and we are assured by
a contemporary writer, that many orthodox Muhamma-
dans had their noses and ears cut off^ and their beards
shaved on this memorable occasion.
Mfr Ma'stim 'All and K&r 'Ali Sh&h, after wandering
from one place to another, re- visited Kirmin, where
Mushti^ 'All, the most pious of his disciples, was put to
death. At Eirm&nshih Kdr 'All Shih was placed in
confinement: and Mir Ma'sdm was murdered when at
prayers in the midst of his followers. This sect, how-
ever, notwithstanding the efforts of their enemies, con-
tinued to increase in numbers ; and Ndr 'Ali Shah, with
all who adhered to him, were banished the kingdom.
His avowed disciples were at this period about sixty
thousand ; but many more were supposed to be secretly
devoted to him. He is said to have been poisoned at
MausaL It is related that two inhabitants of Kirmin-
shih, who were distinguished by an extraordinary ap-
pearance of zeal, dressed his dinner on the day that he
was suddenly attacked by violent spasms, which in a few
hours terminated his existence. Their flight led all to
suspect them of having poisoned him. K(ir 'Ali died at
9 o'clock on the morning of the 3rd June, 1800 A. D.,
10th Mu-^arram, 1215 A. H. He expired close to the
gjave of the prophet Jonas, within a league of Mausal.
Matin, U^f the poetical name of Shaikh 'Abdul Raza
bin-' Abdullah Matm. He was a native of Isfah^ but
of Arabic origin. He came to India in the reign of the
emperor Muhammad Shih, and subsequently went to
Lakhnau, where he assumed the garb of a dervish and
received a pension frt>m Burhin ul-Mulk Sa'&dat KhiUi.
Having lost his pension owing to the change of rulers, he
proceeded to Bengal where he died in 1761 A. D., 1176
A. H., and left a Diwdn of 5000 verses.
Ma'tmid Khan, u^ iV^^«^, vide Ma'tmid Kh&n.
h iSJj^f surname of Muwayyad, the grandfather
of Shaikh Niziuni of Gauja. He was a poet and an
author.
Maudud Chiahti, Khwi^a,
Cij^yo
son of Ehw&ja Yfisaf the son of Sama'&n. His fiither
who died in 1067 A. D., aged 84 lunar years, lies buried
at Chisht. Ehwija Maudud is the founder of a religious
sect called Ghishti, of which Khwaja Mo'in.uddin Chishtl,
whose tomb is at Ajmir, was a follower. Mauddd died
on the 8th May, 1153 A. D., Ist Bajab, 527 A. H.
Maudud, Sultan, ^j^j^ {J^^^j the son of SulOn
Masa'fid I of Ghazni. He was at Balkh when his father
was murdered by A^mad the son of the reigning Sultan,
Muhammad Makahul ; he immediately proclaimed him-
self king and marched to revenge his father, and having
defeated the Sul^iin's army on &e banks of the Indus,
made Muhammad and his sons prisoners, and put them
all to death 1041 A. D., 433 A. H. The dynasty of
Ghazni lost, during the reign of Mauddd, all their posses-
sions in Persia. Mauddd died at L&hor on the 23rd of
December, 1049 A. D., 24th Bajab, 441 A. H., having
reigned upwards of nine years.
Manji, 4^^^«^J C5^^» of Badakhshdn, whose proper
name was Muhammad Kasim Khin, is the author of a
'* Ydsaf Zalekha," containing 6000 verses. He died at
Agrah in 1571 A. D., 979 A. H.
Maulana >Ali, u^ ^^y>, the son of Mahmdd Kir-
••
mani, commonly called Shah&b. He is the author of a
History entitled ** Maasir Mahmddf which he dedicated to
Sultin Mahmdd Shah I, Ehilji, king of Milwi, who
reigned from 1436 to 1469 A. B.
Maulana Hasan, tr"*^ ^rJ^f a learned Musalman who
died in the time of Sultan Salim Shilh of Dehli in the
year 1549 A. D. His tomb, which has a Persian inscrip-
tion in verse, is still to be seen in the Boman Catholic
Burial-ground at Agrah.
Maulana Husain, uir*^ ^^J^, was a disciple of Khwaja
Abd'l Wa£4 who died in 1432 A. D., 836 A. H. Maulana
Husain is the author of the work called '* Maksad Aksa,"
and of the *^ Sharah l^asida Burda."
Maulana Maghrabi, <^>^ ^h^, vide MaghrabL
Maulana Majd, ^^^ ^Hj^^ vide Majd (MauUni).
Maulana 19'asir,^^ ^ V^, vide Nisir Bukhiri (MauUni).
Maulanae Bum, fJO ^^^y^, vide JaUU-uddin Edmi.
Maulud Muhammad, «^«a=^ ^J^J^f authorof a Persian
work on Physic, called " Bahr ul-Mund£|," the Sea of
Plx)fit, dedicated to Tfpd Sul^.
Maulwi Bumi^ if^JJ (sAx^9 vide JaUl-uddm Bdmi.
Maiunin, M>j)r^9 poetical appellation of IUlj4 B^ Nariun
of Patna, which see.
Mawasi, C5^!>^9 a celebrated poet of Persia, who flourish-
ed at the court of IVIalik Shah Saljd^ about the end of
the eleventh century of the Christian era, and received
the designation of Malik ush-Shu'ar&, king of poets, and
the dignity of an Amir. The poet Khakani made him
his model in versification ; and so renowned were his
odes, that more than a hundred poets endeavoured to
imitate his style.
Mazani, ks^J^^ whose proper name is Abd 'Ufmln, was an
excellent Arabic Grammarian. He died in 863 A. D.,
249 A. H.
Mazani, u^y^t or Al-Mazanf, vide Abd Ibr4h£m Isma'il.
Mazdak, ^^J^9 name of a feunous impostor, a native of
Persia, sumamed Zandi^ that is to say, the impious.
He lived in the reign of Kubad the father of Nausherwto
the Just. He was imprisoned and afterwards put to-
death by order of the latter.
Masihar
176
Miran
Mazhar, jr^t author of a poem containing the story of
" Chandar Badan,'* which he dedicated to Aurangzib em-
peror of Dehli.
Mftzliar^ J^^i ^0 poetical designation of (Mirzil) Jan
Jiin^, which see.
Mazhari, Maolana, 44>**^ (Sj^ ^^^j a poet of
Kawhmfr who flourished in the time of Akbar.
Mashar til-Hakk, ii^^ji^^ poetical name of Abd
' Abdullah Muhammad Fdzil, author of the "Mukhbir ul-
Wasihn," a poem containing the chronograms of the most
celebrated persons among the Muhummadans. He
flourished in the time of the emperor 'Alamgir and died
in 1696 A. D., 1106 A. H., vide Abu 'Abdullah Muham-
mad F4zil.
Mazmilll, ^y^^^^y the poetical appellation of Shaikh
Sharaf-uddm a descendant of Shaikh Farid-uddm Sha-
karganj. When he was past forty, he took up his abode
in tiie mosque at Shahjahanabad called Zinat ul-Mas4jid,
and led the life of an ascetic. He was a pupil of Mazhar
and 'Arzu, the latter called him ** Shai'r-i-Bedana," be-
cause he had lost all his teeth. He died about the year
1746 A. D., 1168 A. H.
Mehr, jt^9 poetical title of Mirz& Hatim 'All Beg of
Agrah, formerly a Munsif of Chun^r. He is the author
of a Diwte and a book called ^* Panjae Mehr." He was
still living at Agiah in 1873 A. D.
Mehr, J^) poetical name of Nawib Amfn-uddaula Sayyad
'Agha *Ali Khin, a son of Mo'tmid-uddaula 'Aghi Mir,
the ex-Naw&b of Lakhnau. He was living at Kahnpiir
in 1866, and is the author of an Urdd Diw&n.
Blehri^ ^^z^y poetical name of an author.
Mehr Nasir, J^J^f ^»i^ Mirzd Mehr Nasir.
Mehnm-msa Begam, (^ ^UaJi^^^ 5th daughter of
'Alamgir. Her mother's name was Aurangabadi Mahal,
She was bom in August, 1661 A. D., 3rd Safar 1072 A. H.,
and married to Prince Ezid Bakhsh, the son of Sultan
Mur4d Bakhsh, and died in 1704 A. D., 1116 A. H.
M©hrUll-ni8a,*^'-rt*> daughter of Ndr Jah£n by Sher
Afgan Khin. She was married to Shahriar, the young-
est son of Jahiuigir.
MiaZI mJXfjV^^^i vi^« Shaikh Mir of L^or and Shah Mfr.
Minhaj us-Saraj Jurjani, «/^J^ ^j^\ ^^j
a native of Jurjan or Georgia, was an elegant poet and
author of the " Tabl^4t Ndsiri," which he wrote in 1262
A. B., and dedicated to Ndsir-uddin Mahmud king of
Dehli who reigned from 1246 to 1266 A. D. He is also
called Kazi &idr Jahim Minhij-uddm Juij&ni. Vide
Abu 'Umar Minhij.
Mir^ J^} this word is an abbreviation of Amir, which in
Arabic signifies, a chie^ prince and commander. The
Sayyads of India are also called Mir.
Bfinnat^ C«a«^ poetical name of Mir Kamar-uddfn Minnat,
a native of Dehli. Warren Hastings conferred on him
the title of ^* Malik-ush-Shu'&riL," or the king of poets at the
recommendation of the Naw&b of Mur^idab&d. He
visited the Dakhan and received 6,000 rupees for a
^asida or paneg}nric which he wrote in praise of the
Nizam of Haidardb&d. He died at Calcutta in 1793
A. D., 1208 A. H., and left 160,000 verses in Persian and
Urdd. Among his compositions is a ". Chamanist^" and
a *' Shakaristan."
J/Bt, J^i the poetical designation of liiSi Muhammad Ta^Li,
a Hindustani poet who flourished in the time of the em-
peror Shih 'Alam, and whose poetry is mostly Bekhta.
He was a native of Akbarab&d and nephew to Sir^-uddm
*Ali EhAn 'Arzd. He is the author of six Diwans and
a Tazkira or biography of poets. He died at Lakhnau
in the year 1810 A. D., 1226 A. H., vide Faiz, and Taki
(Mir).
Mir Akhund, ^j^^ j^, vide Khilwand Shih.
MiP 'Alam, (^^J^, title of Mir Abd'l Kaaim, the prime-
minister of the Niz&n of Haidardbad. This nobleman
for upwards of thirty ^ears had taken a lead in the ad-
ministration of affairs m the Dakhin. He died in the
month of November, 1808 A. D., and was succeeded by
Munir ul-Mulk.
Mir 'Ali, ij^j^i Bumamed D^Un£d, or the bridegroom
(because he vras married to a favourite sister of the great
Shiih 'AbbiLs), was the teacher of a system of philosophy
much more pure and sublime than had hitherto been
known. His immortal scholar Sadrau has, by his nu-
merous works, proved himself superior to Aristotle in
abstract science, though that great philosopher had been
hitherto the master of his preceptor and all his prede-
cessors in those branches of learning.
Mir Amman, ci/^'^H^j a Hinddst^ni lyric poet, whose
poetical name was Lut^ which see.
llfiran, \t>j^i surname of Mfr S&di^, the son of Nawab
Ja'far ' AU Eh&n of Bengal, vide Mir S&di]^.
Miran >Adil Khan Farnki, iJx^ cj^ J.^^ ^^j^.
third king of Kh&ndesh, succeeded his father Malik Nasir
Khiln in September, 1437 A. D. He reigned more than
three years, expelled the Bakhanis from Kh&ndesh in
1440 A. D., and was murdered in the city of Burhanptir on
Friday the 28th of April, 1441 A. D., 8th ^U-hijja, 844
A. H. He was buried at Talner by the side of his fEtther,
and succeeded by his son Miran Mubiudk Khan I.
Miran Ghani, c^ ol^, commonly called 'Adil Eh^
F&rd^i I, succeeded his father Mir&n Mubarik Khin in
May, 1467 A. D., Rajab, 861 A. H. to the government
of Khindesh, which province under his rule attained a
degree of prosperity which it had never known under any
of its former rulers. This prince added considerably to
the fortifications of Asir, and constructed the strong out-
work called Malaigafh ; he also built the citadel of Bur-
h&npdr, and raised many magnificent palaces in that
town. He died after a reign of 48 lunar years on Friday
the 8th September, 1603 A. D., 14th Rabi' I, 909 A. H.,
and was buried at his particular request near the palace
of the Daulat Maidin in Burhinpur. He was succeeded
by his brother D&ud Khan F&ruVi*
Miran Husain I^'izam Shah, »^ ^^ e^^-^ ciLr*^,
ascended the throne of Ahmadnagar in the Dakhin after
the murder of his father Murtaza Ni^ am Shah in June
1688 A. D., Rajab, 996 A. H. He being of an impetu-
ous and cruel disposition, began his reign by tyranny and
oppression, and was deposed and murdered after a reign
of ten months and three days on the 18th of March, 1689
A. D., 11th Jumad^ I, 997 A. H., and his cousin Ism&'il
Ni^am Shah, the son of his imcle prince Burh^ Shdh
(who was then at the court of the emperor Akbar at
Dehli), waa raised to the throna.
Miran
176
Mir
Miran Mubarik Khan Faruki I, J^ ^M^ oy.-*
ijjj^, Bucceeded bis &ther MfHLn 'Adil Ehio, Fardlpi
in the govenunent of Khdndesh in April, 1441 A. I).
He reigned, without undertaking any foreign con-
quest, or drawing upon himself the hostility of his neigh-
bours, for a period of nearly 17 lunar years. He died on
the 17th May, 1457 A. D., 12th Rajah, 861 A. H,, was
buried at T&lner, and succeeded by his son Mir&n Ghani,
commonly called 'Adil Khin "Fir^V- ^*
BfiraiL Mubarik Khan Faruki H, ^J^^J^ u^j^
\S^JX^9 succeeded his brother Mir&n Muhammad Khin in
the government of Ehandesh in 1536 A. D., 943 A. H.
He reigned 32 lunar years and died on the night of
Wednesday the 24th of December, 1566 A. D., 6th Ju-
mada II, 974 A. H., and was succeeded by Miran Mu-
hammad KhiUi Far(iki II.
Miran Mnhammad Khan FaruM I, ^^^^^ cir^'®
i^V^ (i>^, succeeded to the government of Khandesh
after the death of his father 'Adil Khan II, in 1520 A. D.,
926 A. H., and after the demise of Bahidur Shih king
of Gujrat and Malw&, who was murdered by the Portu-
guese at Diu in February, 1537 A. D., he (Muhammad
Khioi) being the son of Bahadur Sh&h's sister, was pro-
claimed by his mother, in concert with the nobles, king
of Gujrat and Malwi, and was formally crowned at Mando
with the title of Mirin Muhammad ShiUi ; but his reign
in those provinces was of short duration, for he died
suddenly on the 24th of April, 1537 A. D., 13th ^i-Ka'da,
943 A. H. His body was conveyed to Buzhdnpur, and
interred in the vault of his father, 'Adil KhAn II. His
brother Mir&n Mubarik Khdn 11 succeeded him in the
government of Khindesh, and Mahmtid Bhih (son of
Latif Eh^ the brother of Bah&dur Bhih) to the throne of
Gujr&t.
Miran Mnhammad Khan Famki II, «^**^^ c^iri*
^V« ^JJ^* ttl'^j succeeded Midln Mub^k Khin II in the
government of Khandesh in December, 1566 A. D., and
died after a reign of ten years in 1576 A. D., 984 A. H.
He was succeeded by his brother Rilji 'All Khjln.
Miran Shah, Mirza, S^ol;** !^, the eldest surviving
son of Amir Taimyr (Tamerlane) was bom in the year
1367 A. D., 769 A. H. He had tJie government of 'Irak,
'Azurbejin, Dayirbikr and Syria during the lifetime of
his father, and after his death he reigned 3 years 3
months and 7 days over those countries, when he was
slain in a battle against Kara Yiisaf the Turkmin on the
20th of April, 1408 A. D., 24th ^i-Ka'da, 810 A. H.,
aged 41 lunar years 7 months and 10 days. He had
several sons, viz,, Ab<i Bakr Mirzi, 'Al{ Mirzi, Umar
Mirza who succeeded him, Mirza Khalil, Sultan Muham-
mad Mirzi, Mirz4 Ayjal and Mirz4 Saytirghamish.
Mir Bakir Damad, ^^^'^y^jii^f he was called Bimid
because he was the son-in-law of Sh^ 'Abhis I, king of
Persia. He is the author of the work entitled '* TJflf. ul-
Mubin," and the marginal notes on the ** Sharah Mukh-
tasar IJsiil". He died in the vear 1630 A. D., 1040 A. H.,
vide Muhammad Bakir Dam£a.
Mif Bnznrg, *^JJ^ji^9 author of a work on Siifyism
called " Durr ul-Ma'rfet."
Mir Dard, O)^^, vide Dard (Mir).
Mir Haidar, J^^jir", vide Haidar (Mir).
Mir Haidar Bafiki Mna'mmai, y/^j J^^
^U*^y the punster and poet, flourished in the time of
Shih Ism&'il Safwi II of Persia, and was living about the
year 1577 A. P., 985 A. H., vide Haidar Mua'mmii, and
Bafi-uddin Haidar lULfa'i.
BBr Hagi, *^^-H^« The convict Mfr H&ji, the mur-
derer of Captain Douglas and others during the mutiny
at Dehli, was executed on Tuesday morning the 29th of
December, 1868 A. D., in front <^ the Lihor Qate of the
city of Dehli, facing the apartments which were the
scone of the murders for which he suffered death.
He was brought from jail to the place of execution
under a strong Police Guard ; he mounted the scaffold
with a firm step ; while the rope was being adjusted he
muttered in a low voice '* Brethren, remember your
Kalma," and then repeated in the same low tone two or
Uiree times ** La illah" &c., &c., soon after which the trap
fell, and all was over, almost without a struggle. After
hanging the usual time, the body was made over to the
friends of the convict.
Mir Husainiy u^ i ** *^ J^i author of the Zidul-Mus^firin
Vide Husain bin-Hasan al-Husaini.
Mir Ja'fiEIX, y^*^ J^^ nawib of Bengal, vide Ja'far 'All
Khan.
Mir Jumla, ^'*^ j^y title of Mfr Muhammad Amfn of
Sh&hristiLn in Persia, came to India iu the time of Jahingfr
1618 A. D., 1027 A. H., and served under him for several
years. In the reign of Shah Jahin, he was raised to the
rank of 5000 witii the title of Mfr Jumla. He died on
the 22nd of August, 1637 0. 8., 10th Kabi* II, 1047 A. H.
ir Jumla, *W^H^, title of Mfr Muhammad Safd the
prime-minister of 'Abdullah Kufb Shih of Golkan^a.
He had formerly been a diamond merchant and had been
known and respected throughout the Dakhin for bis
wealth and abilities long before he attained high sta-
tion. His son, Muhammad Amfn, a dissolnto and
violent young man, had drawn on himself the resent-
ment of 'Abdullah Kutb Shah, and had involved his
father in a dispute with the court at Dehli. Mfr Jumla
in the year 1656 A. D., 1066 A. H., threw himself on the
protection of the emperor Shah Jahin, in whose service
he remained ; became the chosan counsellor of the prince
Aurang^fb, and afterwards one of the most usefdl instru-
ments of his ambitious designs. On the accession of
Aurangzfb 'Alamgfr, he was sent in pursuit of Sulfin
Shuiaa' and appointed governor of Bengal. The titie
conferred on hnn by 'Alamgfr, was Mu'assam Ehin,
EhinEhin&n Sipah SaUur. He held the rank of 7000.
In the fourth year of the emperor 1662 A. D., he went
on an expedition against the kingdom of Ab^. He
marched from Dacca in Bengal about the month of Feb- '
ruary, and entered Asam by Ghor&ghat ; from thence he
proceeded with very littie opposition to the capital Ghar-
giion, which he took and plundered ; but the rainy season
setting in soon after, which inundated great part of the
country, his supplies were cut off by the As&mians, and
his troops becoming sickly, it was with great difficulty
the army effected its retieat. The unfortunate general
fell a victim to the climate a few days after his re-enter-
ing Bengal. He died at Ehizarpur in Kuch Behir on
the dlst Maich, 1663 A. D., 2nd Eam^in, 1073 A. H.
The history of this expedition was writt^ by Shahib-
uddin A^^nad Tllash in 1663 A. D., 1073 A. H.
Mir Jumlay ***^^yf*j titie of 'AbduUah a nobleman
and private favourite of the emperor FaiTakh*«iyar, waa
Hlr
ITT
Mina
promoted for some time to tho Stibadiiri of Bili&r. In
the firat year of the emperor Muhammad Shah, he was
appointed to the rank of Sadr ns-Sndur, and died in the
13th year of his reign, about the year 1731 A. D., 1144
A.H.
Khund, ^J^^^y vide Kh^wand Shih,
Mir Maxmu, J^j^i vide Mo'in ul-Mulk.
Mir MaSTimy iS^. (y^*^J^i of Bihkar, was an officer
of the rank of 1000 in the time of Akbar and Jdiibgfr,
but an excellent poet. He is the author of a Diwan, and
a Masnawi called "Ma'dan ul-Afkir," written in imitation
of the " Makhzan ul-Asrar," and of a history of Sindh,
called "Tdrikh Sindh." He died at Bihkar in 1606
A. D., 1015 A. H.
Mir Muhammad Khan TalptiP,j-«^ e>^ A**^^r**,
one of the Ex-Amfrs of Bind. He was lately one of the
members of the Bombay Legislative Council. He died
at Haidarabid (Sind) on the 17th of December, 1870
A. D. Much respected, his remains were followed to the
&mily mausoleum by the Ck)mmi8sioner, the Judge, and
the CoUector, of the district. He lies in the place origin-
ally intended for his late father, Mir Murid 'All, who
preferred lying out in the open air, where the sun and
moon could shed their light on his grave. He died in
his 60th year. There now remain only three of the
once numerous Talpi&r family at Haidarab&d, all aged men
at whose death in the course of time the once troublesome
femily will be extinct. The conquest of their territory
and the overthrow of their power, funiish one of the
most remarkable and interesting episodes in British Indian
history.
Mir Muhammad, Munshi,
of a collection of Letters.
Omius-o^a* ^ILo, author
the great
T->
also written Mirzi, which has been adopted in this work.
The descendants of Amir Taim6r were all called Mirzis
till Biibar Shih, who assumed the honorable title of B4d-
ahih, and the princes were called Sultins and SaliUliis.
Mirsa^ ^jj^y vide WizL
Mipza »AU Beg, ^. iJ^ \)j^, vide 'Alf Beg (Mind).
Mirza 'Ali, 19'awab, t5^ Lij^ ytp. He was execu-
ted at DehM on Tuesday the 9th July 1844 A. D., for the
murder of two dancing-girls in that city. The Fatw6
was given by Mauliui Sadr-uddin Khin Bahadur, Sadr
ns-Sudur.
Mir Miihammad, Sayyad,
Mahdawi of Jaimpdr.
Mir Mu'izai, i^J^J^j vide Am£r Moizzi.
MiP Miartaaa, c^V* f^.y^^ t!/^-Hl^i sumamed
Al-Mad'6 bi-ilm il-Hud^. He died on the 26th Septem-
ber, 1044 A. D., 30th Safar, 436 A. H.
Mir Bazi, t5^ J^y a poet who received a Ukh of Rupees
from a prince of Dehli for a Ghazal he composed.
Mir Sadik^ {3^^J^} commonly called Mfrib, was the
son of Mir Ja'far 'All Khin, nawdb of Bengal. He was
killed by lightning when asleep in his tent on the night
of the 2nd July 1760 A. D., 18th gi-Ka'da, 1173 A. H.
He had killed several women of his harem with his own
hand. Beinff reproached by the British Resident with
the murder of one of the women, he answered, " What,
shall not I kill an old woman, who goes about in her
litter to stir up people against my father ?"
Mir Sharaef 'AUama, ^^ *-?^ j^9 w<fo Sharif
Jurjani.
Mir Sayyad Jama Baf, *-»^ **^ 'H-*^, the weav-
er, was an excellent poet of Persia who came to Ladia in
1662 A. I)., 969 A. H. in the time of the emperor Akbar,
and died in the year 1666 A. D., 973 A. H. His compo-
sitions mostiy were Rubiis, consequentiy he is sometimes
caUed Mir Rub&'i.
Mir Taki, i/^J^j vide Mir.
Mirza, bj^f ^ ^^ abbreviation of Amirz&da, which in
Fenian signifies, the son of a prince or nobleman. It is
45
Mirza Haidar, J«H^ IJl^, vide Haidar (Mini) also oaUed
Haidar Doghlat.
Minsa Hasan, U"^ LL^i vide Hasan (Mirzi).
Mirza ^Isa, drH^ ^JJ^y and Mini Inayat-ullah, govemon
of Tatta in the time of the emperor Shih Jahin, where
they died. Their tombs are magnificent edifices built of
yellow marble, beautifully carved, with flowers in bas-
relief^ and surpassing all the buildings of the place. The
inscription gives the year of 1648 A. D., 1068 A. H.
Mirza Jan, o^ bj^f whose poetical name was Jinf,
was the father of Mirzi Jin Jinin.
Mirza Jangli, %J^ !3^, Nawib Sa'idat 'Alf s second
brother.
Mirza Jana, ^^ IL^, and Mirzi Ghizi, two Wazfrs
who lived in the reign of the emperor 'Alamgir. Their
tombs are in Tatta, and the inscription shows the date
to be 1683 A. D., 1096 A. H.
Mirza Khan, iJ^ b^9 author of the « Tuhfet ul-Hind,"
a work on Hindd music &c., composed under the pa-
tronage of ' Azim Shah. It contains a minute account of
Hindu literature in all, or most of its branches : he pro-
fesses to have extracted his elaborate chapter on music,
with the assistance of Pandits, from the Ragamava, or
Sea of Passions, the R&gdarpana or Mirror of Modes, &c.
Mirza Mehr Nasir, J^JT^ !3^, a physician in the
service of Karfm Ehin, king of Persia, and author of a
Masnawi. Amongst the many poems which have cele-
brated the charms and delights of the Spring, his Maanawi
holds the highest place. He flourished about the year
1770 A. D., 1184 A. H.
Mirza Muhammad^ «>*aB^^!;^, sumamed Bulbul, a
celebrated lutanist of Persia. It is related by Sir William
Jones, that an intelligent Persian repeated to him again
and again, that he had more than once been present when
Mirzi Muhammad was playing to a large company in a
grove near Shlriz, where he distinctly saw the nightin-
gales trying to vie with the musician, sometimes war-
bling on the trees, sometimes fluttering from branch to
branch, as if they wished to approach the instrument
whence the melody proceeded, and at leng^ dropping on
the ground in a Und of ecstacy, from which tiiey were
soon raised by a change of the mode.
Mirza Mnhsin^ cr**^ !3y*> brother of Nawib Safdar
Jang. His titie was Nawib Izzat-uddaula, which see.
IV'asir, j^*^ !i^> the father of the maternal
grandsire of Nawib Shuji-uddaula. He came into Hin-
dustin in the beginning of the reign of the emperor
Bahidur Shah the son of ' Alamgfr, by whom he was ap-
pointed to an office of trust at Patna about the year 1708
Mim
178
MoPm-nddin
A. D., 1120 A. H., where lie died and where his tomb yet
remainfl. He had two sons, the second of whom, Muham-
mad Amin, on being apprised of the death of his father,
left Persia, and about Uie year 1718 A. D. visited the
court of the emperor Farrukh-siyar. He was appointed
by this prince, governor of the fort of Agrah ; and soon
rising to greater honours, he ultimately became the vice-
roy of Audh, by the title of Burhin ul-MuUc Sa'iLdat
Eh&n.
Mirza Ifl'asir^ j^f^ ^)J^% a poet who came to India from
Mazindar&n in the reign of the emperor Shih 'Alam the
blind. His son Malik Muhammad Khin received the
title of Naw&b Sams^m-uddaula Malik Muhammad Khdn
Diler Jang, from Nawib Zulfik&r-uddaula Najaf Khan
and after some time died in Jaipur in 1804 A. D., 1219
A. H«
Mirza Bustam, (^) ^JJ^y a prince of Kandahilr, being
driven to difficulties by his own brothers and the Uzbaks,
came to the court of Akbar in 1693 A. D., 1001 A. H.,
and presented the king with the fort of Kandah&r, for
which the government of Multan was conferred on him,
and he was ranked among the Amirs of the empire. He
was the son of Mirzi Sultan Husain the grandson of Sh£h
IsmiL'fl king of Persia.
Misa'ab, V**^^, brother of 'AbduUih ibn-Zuber on whose
part he was governor of Basra in the time of the Khalifii
Marwan I, and his son 'Abdul Malik. He was killed in
a battle fought against the troops of the latter, about the
year 690 A. D., 71 A. H., and while 'Abdul Malik was
at Kufa during an entertainment, Misa'ab's head was
presented to bun ; upon which one of the company took
occasion to say, ^i I saw Husain's head in this same castle
presented to 'Ubaid-ullah ; 'Ubaid-nllah's to Almnkbtar ;
Almukhtir's to Misa'ab ; and now at last Misa'ab's to your-
self." This observation so affected the Khalif^ that either
to avert the ill omen, or from some other motive, he
ordered the castle to be immediately demolished. Misa'ab
had been 'Abdul Malik's intimate friend before he was
Khalif, but marrying afterwards Sakfna the daughter of
Husain, and 'Ayesha the daughter of Talha, by these
marriages he was engaged in the interest of two families
who were at mortal enmity with the house of Umayya.
Miskin, { j ir ^ ^^f the poetical name of several poets of
Miskin Shah, S^ {J^"^, a spiritual teacher of the chiefii
of Kam&l, in the Balilghat districts. Southern Hindfist&n,
whose mausoleum stands a mile distant from the town of
Kamal. He is the author of a Diwan.
Mitti, K^^y a person of the tribe of Indians called Eal£],
whose profession was to keep watch at the gate of the
kings and noblemen of India, and to run before them in
their retinue. Some of them were raised even to the rank
of 1600. This man was employed by Nur Jah^n Begam,
was well-educated and became a poet in the time of
Jahimgir. He is the author of a Dfwdn.
Mohan Lai, Munshi, Jl' {j^y* i^^^y the son of Pan-
4it Budh Singh, the son of r&j& Manf R&m, of Kashmfr
descent. His father was a resident of Dehli. He was a
student of the Dehli College and accompanied Lieutenant
Bumes and Dr. J. G. Gerard in the capacity of a Persian
Munshi to Persia in January, 1832, and wrote a Journal
of his travels entitled ** Journal of a Tour through the
Panjab, Afghinistdn, Turkistin, Ehuris&n and jMlt of
Persia/' published at Calcutta in 1834.
Mohan Lai, JV crV"j a Hindd who adopted " Anis"
for his poetical name. He is the author of a Tazkira
called " Anis ul-Ahbab," compiled in 1783 A. D., 1197
A. H. He informs us that when ' Asaf-uddaula the naw&b
of Audh saw the Tazkira of the contemporary poets of
Hazin, he ordered him to compile a gimilftr work on In-
dian poets.
Mohan Singh, *-"^ Ki^^y^y son of lUu) Jaran, murdered
by one Muhammad Shah about the year 1671 A. D., hia
women burned themselves alive with his corpse.
Moi'zra, LSJ^j videAmii^Qi'iaL
MoPzz-U-din allah Abi Tamim Ma'd, u^<^3«^
J^jd ^ ^\ aUi^ the son of Ismi'il sumamed Al-Man-
sur. He was the 4th Ehalif of Barbary, and the first king
of Egrypt of the Fatimite dynasty who began to reign in
the former country in 962 A. D., 30th Shawwal 341 A. H.
The greatest achievement performed by this Khalif was
his conquest of Egypt, and the removal of the KhiUfat
from Ifairwan to that country in 970 A. D., 361 A. H.
He subdued all Africa and built the city Al-]^ahira in
Egypt, commonly called Grand Cairo, and died after a
reign of 24 years in 976 A. D., I9th Kahi' II, 366 A. H.
Vid6 Muhammad Al-MahdL
Lift of the kiftfft of the Fatimite dynatty who reigned Jhm
341 to 667 A. E. in Egypt.
Moi'zz-li-dfn allah Abi Tamlm Ma'd, reigned*
24year8. 952 341
Al-'Aziz Billah Abd Nasr Tarar, reigned 21
^years, 975 3g5
Hakim-bi-amr allah Abd Mansdr, reigned 25
years, 99^ 33^
T4hir-li-az^-din allah Abu'l Hasan bin-Ha-
kim, 1020 411
Mustanasir Baiah AbdTamimbin-Tahir,.... 1036 427
Mustaa'li Billah Abu'l gasim AJbmad bin-
Mustanasir, ', ^994 ^m
Amar be ahkiun allah Abu 'All Mansdr bin-
Mustaa'li, hqo 496
Hifiz-U-dm allah 'Abdul Majid bin-Muhammad
bin-Mustazehr , 1139 524
Al-Zdfir-bi-' Abdullah Isma'fl bin-HAflz, ..!!!. 1 147 642
Fdez-bi-nasr allah fsa bin-Zafir, H62 647
'Azid-li-din allah bin-Ydsaf bln-H&fiz in whose
time Eg3rpt was taken by Salah-uddin (Azid
died in 1173 A. D.), 1153 553
Moi>BS5-uddin, eH«^l J*«, title of the emperor Jahindar
Sh4h.
Moi'zz-uddin, {ji^\ >**, surname of J^aiknbdd the
grandson of Sul^dn Ghayis-uddin Balban.
Moi'zz-uddln Hnsain Kart, Malik, ^^^ {ji^\y^
^jr crfe*^, the seventh king of the dynasty of Kart or
Eard. He succeeded his brother Malik H&fis in 1322
A. D., reigned over Hirit, Ghazni &c , about 38 years
(some say only 12), and completely subdued the Sarbadals.
He died about the year 1370 A. D., 771 A. H., and was
succeeded by his grandson Ghayds-uddin the son of 'Ali.
Moi'zs-uddin Mohammad Ghori, {:)i^\ y^
<jy>* •^^'^j vide Shaiib-uddin Muhammad Ghori.
Moi*Es.uddin Muhammad, Mir, sji^\y^ jj^jo
9 he was so exquisite a caligrapher that a thoosand
Moi'zss-uddaula
179
Musi
Terses written by him sold for 10,000 dinars. He was
living about the year 1586 A. D., 993 A. H.
MoPzS-Uddaula, ^}0J\J^^ the brother of 1m4d-ud-
daula 'AH B6ya. He was nominated Waz£r to the Khalif
Al-K&zf Billah in 936 A. B., and held that office during
the reigns of Al-Muttaki and Al-Mustak£t, the latter of
whom he afterwards dethroned, and continued through
life to exercise absolute authority over Al-Mutia, the son
of the Khalif Al-Muktadir, whom he elevated to the
throne. He was the youngest of the three brothers. He
governed 'Iralj: 21 years and 11 months and died at Bagh-
dad on Monday the 1st of April, 967 A. D., 17th Rabf
II, 356 A. H. He was succeeded by his son 'Izz-uddaula
Bakhtaiar, who was killed in battle in 968 A. D., 356
A. H., by Azd-uddaula, the son of Rukn-uddaula who
succeeded him in the office of wazir to the Khalif of Bagh-
dad.
Momin* Mir, c5«^^!/^^ e;^* j^, of Astarab&d, an
author.
Momilly iJ^y^f Hakim Muhammad M6min Khin, a phy-
sician and the best poet of his time in Dehlf . He wrote
Persian and Rekhta poetry, and has left a Diw&n in
Persian and several Masnawis. He fell from the roof of
his house and broke his arm in 1852 A. D., 1268 A. H.,
and died after a few days.
Momia 'All, Shaikh, c5^ e^«y* ^j a poet whose
poetical name was Maftun.
Mubid^ ^y^i the takhallus of Zinda R&m of Kashmir.
He was a pupil of Mirzi 'Abdul Ghani Beg l^abul, and
is the author of a Diw&u. He died in 1759 A. D., 1172
A.H.
Mubid Shah, *^ **i^*^ a Guebre who turned Musalmin
and wrote a history of the religions in the time of the emper-
or Akbar, entitled "Dabifitan." The intention of the
author appears to have been to furnish to Akbar, a pre-
tended historical basis of the religion which this emperor
had invented, and which he was desirous to introduce.
For this reason, the author commences with a very long
chapter on the religion of the Mahi,bddians, which is a
mere web of incoherent fables. Sir William Jones first
mentioned this work. Gladwin published in the *' New
Asiatic Miscellany," its first chapter, together with an
English translation. Leyden in the 9th volume of the
Asiatic Researches, translated the chapter on the lUumi-
nati, and the text of the whole work was published at
Calcutta in 1809. The Oriental Translation Society also
published the whole in Eugh'sh.
Mu'in-Uddin, eH«^'ttrt**, author of the "Ganj Sa'ddat,"
dedicated to the emperor 'Alamgir.
Mu'in-uddin Isflarari, Maulana, e;J«>Jte;*«^ ^3(yo
</;L^^ author of the " Tfaikh Mubfaik Shihi.'*
Mu'in-nddin Jawini, Maulana, ui^^-'ivirt^-^ ^Jfr*
U^y^> a native of Jawm, and author of the " Nig&is-
tfin,** (the gallery of pictures). A miscellaneous work
upon moral subjects, in prose and verse, which he wrote
iQ imitation of the Gulistin of Sa'di. There is a beauti-
ful copy of this book, says Sir Wm. Jones, in the Bodleian
library at Oxford. He was a contemporary of Shaikh
Sa*ad-uddm Hamwia who died in \hQ jeax 1252 A. D.
650 A. H.
Mu'in-uddlii Muhammad, lsjj^ •^^•^^ chl'^i w**^
of Hir&t, an author of several works, among which are
"Tarikh Mtisawi," a history of the Jews; describing
their origin, sufferings in Egypt &c. The ** Rauzat ul-
Jannat," containing a minute description of the city of
Hirat, dedicated to Sultan Husain Abii*l Ghizi Bahidur
iu 1493 A. D., 900 A. H. The « Mia'riy ul-Nabuat," or
the ascent of the prophet, detailing some of the grossest
falsehoods tJiiat human inv^ition ever suggested. Among
many shocking circumstances of his journey to heaven,
it is related that he saw the souls of his father and mother
swimming in the liquid fire of hell ; and being about to
interpose for thein, he was told that if he then interceded
for unbelievers, his intercession for the &ithful on the
Day of Judgment would not be admitted : he therefore
left them to their fate. This work was written in 1486
A. D., 891 A. H. He is also the author of the " Bauzat
ul-Waezin."
Mu'in-uddin, cH^^ ui^y commonly called Bhanbti, the
son of Z^bita Khin, which see.
Mu'in ul-Mulk BuBtam Hind, ^ (^j ^s^t^^^M^^
commonly called Mir Mannti, was the son of Ta*tmid-ud-
daulal^amar-uddin Khdn, Wazir. He was appointed gover-
nor of L&hor by the emperor A^mad Sh^ of Dehlf after
the battle of Sarhind against Ahmad Shih Abdali in which
bis father was killed in 1748 A.' D., 1161 A. H. He died
suddenly in the year 1754 A. D., 1167 A. H.
Mu»in-uddin Ohiflhti, Khwaja, \ai^^ eH^ *^!^
'^, a celebrated Muhammadan saint whose tomb is
at Ajmir. He waa bom at Sist^ in 1142 A. D., 637
A. H., came to India and was residing at Ajmir when
Pithaura, r&j4 of that place, was taken prisoner and put
to death by Shahab-uddin Ghori sumamed Moi'zz-uddfn
Muhammad Sam in 1192 A. D., 633 A. H. Mo'in-uddin
died in 1236 A. D., aged 97 lunar years. The inside of
the mausoleum is both magnificent and solemn, the floor
is paved with pure marble^ the walls nicely latticed, the
ceiling beautifully white and smooth. In the centre
stands the tomb, covered with very valuable brocade. At
the head of the tomb is placed a large silver censer, from
which the smoke of the burning incense diffiwes it)9 £ca-
graaoe all over the place night and day.
Migid, •^^^ the takhallus of a poet who is the author of
a Diwan.
Munis, Haji, cTV* k/^^^ author of a Diwan which he
completed in 1723 A. D., 1135 A. H.
MuBa, Sayyad, iS^J^ *Hi^» He fell in love with Mo-
han! a jeweller*s daughter in the time of the emperor
Akbar ; an account of whom may be seen in the Tarikh
Baddoni.
Musi bin-»Ukba, *^ C^ (/^> author of the work
called "Kit&b Magh&zi." He died in 758 A. D., 141
A.H.
Musi Eazim, Imam, (^^ (/*t^* f^S was the seventh
Im&m of the race of 'AU, and succeeded his fSsither Imim
JafiEur Slidi^ who was the sixth. He was bom 745 A. D.,
128 A. H., and died in the reign of the Khalif Hirdn
al-Rashfd on the 1st September, 799 A. D., 25th Bajab,
183 A. H. He is buried at Baghdad on the west bank
of the Tigris, opposite to the mausoleum of Abu Hanifa,
which is on the east bank, and as one of his grand-
children, named Im&m Muhammad Taki was buried
afterwards in the same vault, they are called Kazimin.
His mother's name was Hamida. It is said that he waa
imprisoned by Harbin al-Baahid for ten years, and then
poisoned.
Musi Baza, 4? i^J^9 vide 'Ali MM Baz4 (Imiun}.
Mnswi
180
Mubarik
Mliswi Ehan^ e^^ iSy^J^y an am^ of higlv ranic in the
time of the emperor 'Alamgir. His proper name was
Mirzi Moi'zz or Moi'zz-addm Muhammad, a descendant
of Imim Mfisi Raz6. He was a good poet, and had at
first assumed Fitrat for his poetical name, hut afterwards
chuiged it to Mtiswi, to which the title of Eh^ was
added by the emperor. He died in the Dakhin in 1690
A. D., IIOI A. H., aged 61 years. Vide Fitrat. His
jagirat Agrah extended from the Eacheri gh£t to the
Dargah of Sayyad near the B&jgh&t. The ground con-
tained nearly 300 highas.
Mo'takid Khan, U^ aSXax), g^n of Iftikhir Kh&^ an
officer of the rank of 4000 in the time of the emperor
8h£h Jahin. He died on the 17th of October, 1661 0. 8.,
12th ^i-Ea'da, 1061 A. H., at Jaunpfir, of which place
he was then goyemor.
Mo'takid-Uddaula, ^J^ ^sd^^ the title of Mdn
Ehin, the brother of l/dham B&i, the mother of the em.
peror A^mad Shah of Dehli on whose accession to the
throne in 1748 A. D., 1161 A. H., he was raised to the
rank of 6,000 with the above title.
Mo'tamid BiUah, ^^. A*^*^, vide Al-Mo'tamid Billih.
Mo'tamid Elian, J^ «>^i«^, a nobleman of the reign
of the emperor Jah&ngir, who wrote the second part (the
first part was written by Jah&ngir himself) of the ^' Ikbdl-
nima Jahang^," a Memoir of that monarch from his
accession to Hiq throne in 1606 A. D., 1014 A. H. After
the death of Mir Jumla 1637 A. B., 1047 A. H., he was
appoiuted Mir Bakhshf by Sliih Jahin. He died 1639
A. D., 1049 A. H., ^de Muhammad Hadi. There is
an old Masjid still standing in the city of Agrah supposed
to be erected by him.
Mo'tamid Khan, U^ «V***-o, a nobleman, who lived in
the time of the emperor 'Alamgir and built the Masjid
of Gwaliar in the year 1661 A. D., 1072 A. H., which is
at the present time in perfect good order.
Mo'tamid-uddaiOa Bahadur Sardar Jang,
*-^ J^^J^ J^^\i ^^^^^ •^♦***. He was Diwin to
SaHbat Jang of Haidardbdd, and died in 1774 A. D., 1188
A. H.
Mo'tarazzi, (Sij^^ surname of Nasr bin-*Abdus Sa'id,
also named Burhan-uddin bin-' Abdul Muk&rim. He was
one of the most illustrious Arabian grammarians. He
died 1213 A. D., 610 A. H.
MonaBim BiUah, *^^ ^♦-aLup^ y^^j^ ^^ Baghdad, vide
Al-Mo'tasim Bill&h.
Mo'tazid BiUah, *UIj o^aIa^^ khalif of Baghd^ vide
Al-Mo'tazid BilUh.
Moti. Begam, f^. c^>*, one of the wives of the emperor
Sh£h Jah&DL ; who built a garden called M6ti Bilgh on
the banks of the Jamna near the RAjghat at Agrah ; no
traces of it are to be seen now, but the ground on which it
was built is still called M6ti Bdgh, and some of its land
is under cultivation.
Mu'ajiz, ->^^, poetical title of Muhammad Nizim Kh£n,
an Afghan who was an author and died at Dehli in 1749
A. D., 1162 A. H.
Mu'awia I, *Jj^, the son of Abfi Sufian, the son of
Harb, and general of the khalifs 'Umar and 'Usmin.
After avenging his master's (Osman's) death, he seized
his kingdom 644 A. D., and became the first khalif of the
race of Umayya or Ommiades. He took Bhodes and
after destroying the Ck)lo8sus, he attacked Sicily, and
carried devastation to the gates of Constantinople. After
beseiging in vain the capital for seven years, he purchased
peace by an annual tribute. During this seige, the
Greek fire is said to have been invented. He died on
the 7th of April, 680 A. D., New Moon of Rajab, 60 A. H.,-
after having reigned from Hasan's resignation, 19 lunar
years 3 months and 27 days, and was buried at Damascus
his capital, which was made the residence of the khalifii
as long as the house of Umayya continued on the Uirone.
Mu'awia had embraced the Muhammadan religion at the
same time with his father, which was in the year of the
victory. Muhammad made him his secretary, and 'Umar
gave him the lieutenancy of Syria, which he held during
four years of that khalifs life. 'Usm&n continued him in
that post during the whole space of his reign, which was
about 12 years. Four years more he kept Syria in his
own hands by force, whilst he held out against *Ali.
Taking altogether, therefore, he had held possession of
Sjrria, either as governor or khalif, for nearly 40 years.
There are different reports about his age ; some say 70
years and others 76. He was succeeded by his son
Yezidl.
Khalifs of the house of Umayya who reigned at
Damascus,
1. Mu*4wiaL 9. Yezfd H.
2. Yezidl. 10. Hasham.
8. Muiwia n. 11. Wah'd, son of Tezid II.
4. Marwanl. 12. Yezid III.
6. 'Abdul Malik. 13. Ibrahim, son of Walfd.
6. Walid I. 14. Marwin II, the last of
7. Sulaiman. the Ommaides.
8. 'Umar, son of 'Abdul Azis.
Mu'awia II, ^jh^, son of Yezfd I, and the third khalif
of the race of Umayya. He succeeded his father in
September, 683 A. D., 64 A. H., at Damascus, but being
of a weakly constitution, and unable to bear the fatigues
of government, resigned the crown six weeks after his
inauguration, and died soon after without naming a suc-
cessor. Therefore, as soon as he had made his abdication,
the officers of the court proceeded to the election of a
khalif and their choice fell upon Marwan, the son of
Hakam. In the meantime 'Abdullah the son of Zuber
had been declared khalif in Arabia, 'Iril^ Khur^n,
Egypt, and a great part of Syria. Vide 'Umar al-Maksus.
Mua'zzi, Amir, kSJ*^J^^i a nobleman at the court
of Sult&n Malikshih Saljuki. He is the author of a
Diwin in Persian. He was living at the time of the
Sultin's death which happened in 1092 A. D., vid^ Amir
Moizzi.
Mu'azzam Khan, J^^^ u^ (^^"^y Khdn Khinin
entitled Mir Jumla, which see.
Mu'azzam, Khwaja, (♦^^^ ^\y^y vide Khwaja Mu'az-
zam.
Mu'azzam, Miihammad, (•''^** «>*«^, «»vfe Bahadur
Shah I.
Mubarik 'Ali Khan, ty^ <^ ^h^ v!^, Naw£b of
Bengal, BelULr and Urisa, placed on the masnad on the
23rd of December, 1824 A. D.
Mubarik Shah Khilji, k/t' ^ ^}^y sumamed
Jutb-uddin, ascended the throne of DehH (according to
Firishta) on the 22nd of March, 1317 A. D., 7th Mu-
harram, 717 A. H. after the death of his fether Sultan
' Ala-uddin Khilji, and the murder of Kifdr a slave of the
latter who had aspired to the throne and had raised
Shahab-uddin* 'Umar Khin a boy of seven years of age,
181
Muliammad
the yotmgest son of the late Snltin to the throne. Amfr
Ehosro, the celebrated Persian poet who had served three
kings before, wrote a book in his name^ for which he was
Temunerated by the king with an elephant load of silver-
pieces. Mab4nk Sh&h reigned four years, and was mur-
dered on the 4th April, 1321 A. D., 5th Babf I, 721
A. H., by his wazur, Malik Ehusro, a favourite slave to
whom he had confided all the powers of the State. This
man ascended the throne with the title of Khusro Shah,
but was assassinated five months after by Ghazi Kh&n.
Tughlak, governor of the Panj4b, who took the title of
Ghay&s-uddin Tughlak Sh^h. The house of Khiljf ter-
minated with Mubank Shiih.
Mubarik Shah, «^ *^jh*9 the son of Khizir Kh&a as-
cended the throne of Behli after the death of his father
on the 22nd May, 1421 A. D., 19th Jum&d^ I, 824 A. H.
He reigned 13 lunar years 3 months and 16 days, and was
murdered on the 18th of April, 1434 A. D., 51Ji HamaT'idn,
837 A. H. in a masjid where he had gone to say his
prayers, by Kazi 'Abdus Samad, Sadhdran Khattn and
others, who raised Mirhammad Shdh, his nephew, to the
throne.
Mnbarik Shah Sharki, <^ir^ »^ ^J^, whose for-
mer name was Malik Wdsil or Karanfal, was the adopted
son of Khw&ja Jahan Sharki whom he succeeded 1401
A. D., 803 A. H. to the government of Jaunptir, and
perceiving that the kingdom of Dehli was thrown into
disorder and anarchy, he, with the consent of the officers
of his government, assumed the royal canopy, and caused
coin to be struck in his name under the above title. He
died after a short reign of 18 months in the year 1402
A. D., 804 A. H., and was succeeded by his younger
brother Ibrihim Sh4h Shar^.
Mubarik, Shaikh, vide Shaikh Mubarik.
Mubarik-uddaula, ^J^^ ^j^, the youngest of the
three sons of Mir Ja'far *Ali Khdn, Naw4b of Bengal.
He succeeded his brother Saif-uddaula in March, 1770
A. D., on the same terms as his brother, viz., to receive
a pension of sixteen lacs of rupees, and the business
of Nazim to be managed by deputy. He died at Mur-
shidabdd in September, 1793 A. D., and was succeeded
by hifl son Nizir ul-Mulk, Wazir-uddaula. Mubarik-ud-
daula is mentioned in Forster's Travels as the grandson
of Mir Ja'far and son of Miran. Hamilton says Mubirik-
uddaula died in 1796 A. D.
Mubarik-TiUah, Miraa, *U| ^^U* f;^^ ^ Teimn
poet.
Mubariz Khan, iJ^Jjk^f a nobleman who, in the
commencement of the reign of Muhammad ShAh of Dehli
was governor of Haidardbad, and was killed in a battle
which he fought at the instigation of the emperor against
Nizim ul-Mulk on the 1st of October, 1724 0. S., 23rd
Mu^arram, 1137 A. H., and his head sent to court with
part of his spoils.
Mubariz ul-Mulk, *2^' JJ^^ a title of Naw^b Sar-
baland Ehin.
Mubtila, *^, takhallus of Shaikh GhuUm MuM-uddin
Jglureshi of Mirath. He is the author of several works
He was living in 1807 A. D., 1222 A. H.
Mudki Bao, ^b t^'^'^t «^'^ Jhanko Bio Sendhia.
Mu'in Jawini, kj^J^ c:^^*^, vide Mo'in-uddin Jawlni.
Uufld, MuUa, «HA^^, vide MulU Mufid.
46
Mufld, Shaikh, <H«^ ^\ vide Abd 'Abdullah Muham-
mad bin-Muhammad al-Na'm&nl
id, ^i^f poetical name of Muhammad 'AU Beg.
Mughal Beg, *^^ 4^, a nobleman of the reign of the
emperor Akbar. He is the author of the work entitled
" Samr&t ul-Euds,*' commonly called *^ Tazkixa Ma^M-
ekh."
Mughira, ^r^, vide Al-Mughira.
Mughifl-uddin, Kaai, e>i'^' "^"^ </*^. He flourished
in the reign of Sult&n ' AU-uddin Khilji.
Muhakkik Tusi, ^x^y^ c^^^^^ ^^ ^^ author of the
Muiyar ul- Ash&r, a book on the art of poetry. He died in
the year 1273 A. D., 672 A. H., vide Nasir-uddfn Tusi.
Muhabbat Khan, Nawab, c^^*^-y** v'y, whose
takhallus is Muhabbat, was also called Muhabbat-ulUh
Khan, one of the sons of H&fiz Hahmat Khin. In com-
posing Eekhta, he was a pupil of MirzA Ja'far 'Ah' Hasrat,
and in Persian, a pupil of Makm. He resided at Lakhnau
and received a handsome allowance from the British
Government as well as from the naw&b 'Asaf-uddaula.
He has written a Masnawf called " Asr&r Muhabbat,"
containing the loves of " Sfsi and Pinii," at the request
of Mr. Johnson who had the title of Mumtiz-uddaula,
and is also the author of a Diwan. According to a chro-
nogram of Jurat, he died in 1807 A. D., 1222 A. H.
Muhammad, ****'^, (or Mahomed) the Arabian prophet,
author of the *' Kurin," was bom on Monday the 20th
of April, 671 A. D., 10th Rabi* I, A. H. at Mecca in
Arabia, and was of the tribe of ^uresh, the noblest of
the country. Arab writers make him to be descended in
a right line from Ishmael the son of Abraham ; but do
not pretend to any certainty in the remote part of his
genealogy. He lost his £Either, 'Abdullah, before he was
two years old, and his mother, 'Amina, before he was six ;
but their attention was supplied by the care of his grand-
father 'Abdul Muttalib, who at his death, which happened
two years after, loft him under the guardianship of his
son Abu Talib with whom he continued till he was
twenty-five, when he was placed in the service of a
woman, named Ehudyja, the widow of a rich merchant
at Mecca, who sent merchandize into Syria. This wo-
man fell in love with Muhammad, the driver of her
camels, and married him. In his frequent journeys
through Arabia, he had observed the various sects which
divided the opinions of the eastern Christians, and he con-
sidered that nothing could so firmly secure to l^iyn the re-
spect of the world as laying the foundation of a new
religion. He, in his 40th year assumed the title of the
Apostle of God, and gradually increased his fsLme and
his followers by the aid of pretended visions. When
he found himself exposed to danger at Mecca, he left
the city, and retired to Madina, where his doctrines
found a more friendly reception. This event which
happened in the year 622 A. B., forms the celebrated
era of the Muhammadans, called the hijra or hijri,
which signifies Separation. At Madina the prophet
erected his standard, and as for thirteen years before he
had endeavoured to spread his doctrines by persuasion,
he now propagated them by the sword. In the eleventh
year of the Hijra the prophet fell sick, and after a con-
finement of thirteen days, he died on Monday the 8th of
June, 632 A. D., 12th Babf I, 11 A. H., aged 63 lunar
years. He was buried in ihe same place where he died,
in the chamber of the most beloved of his wives ' Ayesha,
the daughter of Abti Bakr, at Madina, where his xemaiiu
Muhammad
182
Muhammad
are stQl preaerved. It is very remarkable that though
Muhammad himaelf so often declared in the $ur&n that
he wrought no miracloB, yet his followers have ascribed a
great many to him. For instance, they affirm, that he
caused water to flow from his fingers : that he split the
moon in two ; that tiie stones, trees, and beasts acknow-
ledged him to be the true prophet sent from Gtod, and
saluted him as such ; that he went one night from Mecca
to Jerusalem, from whence he ascended up to heaven,
where he saw and oonyersed with God, and came back
again to Mecca before the next morning ; with many
more miracles equally incredible. Muhammad permitted
by his law, four wives to each of his followers ; but did
not limit himself to that number ; for he observed that
a prophet, being peculiarly gifted and privileged, was not
bound to restrict himself to the same laws as ordinary
mortals. The authors who give him the smallest number
of wives, own that he had fifteen, four of whom, however,
never shared connubial rites. Their names and the year
when they died, are as follow :
A. D. A. H.
1. Ehudyja, the daughter of Ehawylid
died 3 years before the Hijri era,
aged 65, 619
2. 86da, daughter of Zama'a, died, .... 674 64
3. ' Ayeeha, daughter of Abd Bakr, died
aged66, 677 67
4. Hafsa, daughter of 'Umar Ehattab,
died, 665 45
5. Umm Salma, daughter of Abd Umay-
ya, outlived all Muhammad's wives,
and died, 679 59
6. Umm Habfba, daughter of Abfi Sufyin,
died, 664 44
7. Zainab, daughter of Jahash, widow of
Zaid, Muhammad's slave, died, .... 641 20
8. Zainab, daughter of Ehuzyma, died 2
months after the above, 641 20
9. Maimtina, daughter of Harith, died, 671 51
10. Jawyria, daughter of Harith, 670/5 50/56
11. Safyit, daughter of Hai bin-Akhtab,
died, 670 50
1 2 . Maria Copti, or the Egyptian, of whom
was bom Ibrihim, 637 16
By Khudyja his first wife, he had six children, two sons
and four daughters, t^tz., ](fjisim and 'Abdullah who is
also called Tahir ; and 2iainab, Bukia, Umm Kulsdm and
Fitima ; all of whom died before their fSather, excepting
Patima who was married to ' Ali, and survived her father
six months.
Muhammad I, Jj^ «^'*«*, (or Mahomet I) SulUn of the
Turks, was the son of Bdyeiid I (Bajazet) whom he suc-
ceeded in 1413 A. D., 816 A. H., after an interregnum of
eleven years, during which time his brother Sulaimin
had taken possession of Brusa. He was a brave and
politic monarch, conquered Cappadocia, Servia, Walla-
chia, and other provinces, and was at peace with Manuel
Faloeologos, emperor of Constantinople, to whom he re-
stored some of his provinces, and died at Andrianople of a
bloody-flux 1422 A. D., 825 A. H., aged 47 years. He
was succeeded by his son Mur&d II (Amurath).
Huhammad II, (/^ «>**^, (Mahomet n) emperor of the
Turks, sumamed the Great, succeeded his father Mur&d
II (Amurath) in February, 1451 A. D., Mul^arram, 855
A. H. His reign was begun with preparations for war ;
he besieged Constantinople, and conveyed over the land
some of his gallies into the harbour, which the Greeks
had shut up against the invaders. Constantinople was
taken by him on Tuesday the 29th of May, 1453 A. D.,
20th Jumid^ I, 857 A. H., and in her faU poured forth
her fugitive philosophers and learned men to revive
literature in the Western world. Muhammad by his vic-
tories, deserved the name of Great ; and the appellation of
Grand Seignor, which he assumed, has descended to his
successors. After subduing two empires, twelve tributary
kingdoms and two hundred towns, he was preparing for the
subjugation of Italy, when a colic proved fatal to him,
and he died on Thursday the 3rd May, 1481 A. D., 3rd
Habi' I, 886 A. H., after a reign of 31 lunar years. His
death was the cause of universal rejoicings over the
Christian world, whose religion he had sworn to exter-
minate, for the tenets of Muhammad. He was of an
exceeding courage and strength, of a sharp wit, and
very fortunate; but withal, he was fedthless and
cruel: and in his time occasioned the death of 80,000
Christians of both sexes. His son Biyezid II succeeded
him.
Muhammad III, ^^ <W«*^ emperor of the Turks, suc-
ceeded his father Murid m in January, 1595 A. D., Ju-
mida I, 1003 A. H. to the throne o^Constantinople. He
began his reign by ordering nineteen of his brothers to
be strangled, and ten of his father's wives to be drowned,
whom he supposed to be with child. He made war
against Bodulphus II, emperor of Germany, and invaded
Hungary with an army of 200,000 men, but his progresff
was checked by Maximillian the emperor's brother, who
would have obtained a decisive victory, had not his troops
abandoned themselves to pillage. Muhammad, obliged to
retire from Hungary, buried himself in the indolence of
his seraglio. He died of the plague, after a reign of 9
years in January, 1604 A. D., Shibfin, 1012 A. H., aged
59 years, and was succeeded by his son Ahmad I.
Muhammad IV, d> ^*^^^y emperor of the Turks, was the
son of Ibr&him, whom he succeeded on the throne of
Constantinople in 1649 A. D., 1059 A. H. He pursued
the war with the Venetians, and after reducing Candia,
with the loss of 200,000 men, he invaded Polfmd. His
arms proved victorious, but the disgrace was wiped off
by the valour of Sobeski, king of Poland, who the next
year routed his enemies at the battle of Choezim. He
was deposed in 1687 A. D., 1098 A. H., and sent to prison
where he died in 1691 A. D., 1102 A. H. He was suc-
ceeded by his brother SulaimAn II.
Muhammad Abd, *H^ «>-*«*, author of a Persian work
on Jurisprudence called *' As&s ul-IsUm," the Foundation
of Muhammadanism, and of one called ^* Fil^ Sunnatf
wa-Jamaa't."
Muhammad 'Adil Shah, »^ J^^ «>♦«*, king of
B^'lipdr, succeeded his father Ibr^fm 'Adil Sh^ II, in
the year 1626 A. D., 1036 A. H. As the armies of the
emperor of Dehli were daily extending their conquests
in the Dakhin, and he knew that should tiie country of
Al^madnagar be reduced, his own would become the
object of attack, he assisted Kizam 8hih against the
imperial arms ; and more than once suffered for his con-
duct, being obliged to purchase peace by large contribu-
tions. In the year 1634 A. D., 1044 A. H. the armies
of the emperor Shah Jahan invaded the Dakhin on three
quarters and laid waste the country of Bijipur without
mercy. After the reduction of Daulat&bid and other
forts, with most part of the kingdom of Nixam Shah,
Muhammad 'Adil Shih agreed to pay a considerable
tribute to the emperor. He was the last king of Bfjipur
who struck coins in his own name. In the latter part of
his reign, his vassal Sewi^i, the son of S4hd Bhdsla, by
stratagem and treachery obtained great power, and the
foundation of the Bijaptir monarchy became weakened.
He died in November, 1666 A. D., Muharram, 1067 A. H.
and was succeeded by his son 'Ali 'Adil Shih II. His
tomb at BQdpiir called '^ Gol Gumbaz," has a dome which
measures X30 feet in diameter which can be seen from 30
Muhammad
183
Muhammad
milefl difltance. A beautiful view is seen ftola the loof ;
the tomb being at the very end of the city, all the re-
markable places present themselves to us, and the eye
loses itself in the vast number of cupolas, domes, and
minarets crowded together. Conspicuous among these are
seen the fair proportions of the fiauza or tomb of Ibrahim
'Adil Shih.
Muhammad A&al, <-l^' «*-•«*, author of the work
named ** Madinat ul-Aubia." It gives an account of the
creation of the world, and a history of all the prophets
prior to the birth of Muhammad.
Muhammad Afbal, Shaikh^ <J*^' <^*** ^, son of
Shaikh 'Abdur Rahfm, a pirzada and native of Ghizfpur,
who by the command of his murshid or spiritual g^de,
Mir Syyid Muhammad of K£Ip£, fixed his residence at
Allahilb4d where he held a school and passed the remain*
der of his life in teaching Arabic and Persian, and mak-
ing proselytes. He is the author of several works ; was
bom on the 28th October, 1628 0. S., 10th Babf I, 1038
• A. H., and died aged 87 lunar years on Friday the 2nd
of January, 1713 0. S., 16th «il-hijja, 1124 A. H. His
descendants are still at Allahibdd. He used ** Afzal" for
his poetical name.
Muhammad Akbar, j^^ •^♦«^, the emperor Akbar is
sometimes so called.
Muhammad Akbar, j^^ «i^»**, the youngest son of
the Emperor Aurangzib 'Alamgir. He rebelled against
his father, went to Persia and died there in 1115 A. H.
Muhammad Akbar> j^^ •^♦s^, son of Muhammad
Gesd Dar&z of Kulbarga. He is the author of a Persian
work on Theology entitled " 'Akaed Akbari," containing
the principles of the Muhammadan faith.
Muhammad 'Ala-uddin bin Shaikh 'All al-His-
kafl, ^5^^^» u^ ^ ciH iiH^^ ^ *^**^,
author of the work on Jurisprudence called the Fat&wi
Durr al'Mukhtar," which is a commentary on the Tanwir
ul'Absar, containing a multitude of decisions.
vide
y author of an Inshi or col-
Muhammad 'All Hazin, n^i^^ ut^
Hazin.
Muhammad 'Ali, is^ '^
lection of Letters.
Muhammad 'Ali Khan, u^ s^ «x*«?*, eldest son
of Faiz-ullah Elhan the Rohela chief of Bimp^. He
succeeded his fSather in 1794 A. D.
Muhammad 'Ali Elian, \J^ k^ ^^^aef^y Nawab of
the Gamatic, was the son of Anwar-uddm Kh£n. After
his father's death he was confirmed to the government of
the Gamatic by Kawab Nasir Jang in 1760 A. D., and
placed on the masnad by the assistance of the English.
He died aged 78 years, on the 13th October, 1796 A. D.,
and his son 'Umdat ul-Umrft succeeded him.
Muhammad 'All Ehan, Bohela, o^ l5^ On^s^^
he succeeded his fisither Faiz-ullah Eh£n in September,
1794 A. D. to his j&gir of BimpCtr. Tufe Faix-ullah
Khaa.
Muhammad 'Ali Mahir, ^U ^ ^«««^ vii4 MiUilr.
Muhammad »Ali Khan, vy^ u^* a^**, Naw4b of
m
Tonk, son of the Pindari chief AnnV Khlm^ succeeded his
fiither to the gaddi of Tonk in 1834, and was deposed in
1867 on account of the Lawa massacre. His state
came under the immediate control of the Political Depart-
ment in the end of 1870 when his son Ibrihim 'Ah' Khin
was installed as Nawab of Tonk.
Muhammad 'Ali, Mir, (^ ^^^^j^y of Burhinptir,
author of the Mirat-us-Safli."— (See All the Tear Sound
Vol. XVIII, p. 167.)
Muhammad 'Ali, «^ ^Ws^, Viceroy of Egypt. Up-
wards of twelve centuries have passed since Egypt feU
under the arms of the successful General of the Khalif
Omar ; for a little over five centuries it remained in the
possession of the successors of the conqueror; their
power was put to an end by the Turkmans in 1171 A. D.,
and about eighty years afterwards the latter were in
their turn expelled by the Mamlooks. The Mamlooks
raised one of their own number to the throne, with the
title of Sul^, and the dynasty lasted till 1617, when the
last of the Mamlook Sul^s was put to death by the
Turkish Sultan Salam, who appointed a Pasha to the
government assisted by a council of twenty-four Mam-
look beys or chiefs. This state of things lasted till 1798,
when the French under Bonaparte landed in Egypt, and
after destroying the Mamlooks, were themselves attacked
and defeated by the British in 1801. After the departure
of the British, the country fell into anarchy till it was
restored by Muhammad 'All, who by the massacre of the
remaining Mamlooks made himself master of the situa-
tion. The treaty of London in 1841 made the govern-
ment of Egypt hereditary in the family of Muhammad
'All, and Isma'fl Pasha is his grandson. Egypt has
now ceased to be a province of Turkey. Its ruler has had
all the powers of an independent sovereign conceded to
him by the FarmAn which dates from the 8th of June
1873 A. D. Muhammad was bom in 1769, entered the
Turkish army, and in 1799 was sent to Egypt at the head
of a contingent to co-operate with the British against
the French invaders. Here his fine military qualities
rapidly developed themselves, and he at length became
the Gommander of the Albanian Gorps d*armee in Egypt.
He was soon after involved in disputes with the Mamlooks
who had long practically ruled Egypt. They were at
length entirely exterminated in 1820. He declared him-
self independent of the Porte in 1838, and died on the
2nd August, 1849 A. D. He was succeeded by his son
or grandson Ism&'il Pasha.
Muhammad *A11 Shah, «^ {^ a**^, ^j^^ge former
title was Naw4b Nasir-uddaula, was the son of Sa'idat
'Ali EMn, Naw&b of Audh. He was placed on the
threne of Lakhnau by the British, after the death of his
nephew, Sulaimin J^ Nas(r-uddi^ Haidar, on the 8th
of July, 1837 A. D., 4th Kabf II, 1263 A. H. at the age
of 70 years, and took the title of Abu'l Fatha Moin-uddin
Sultan ZamiLn Muhammad 'Ali Sh&h. He reigned ex-
actiy five lunar years, and died at Lakhnau on Tuesday
the 17th May, 1842 A. D., 6tii Eabf II, 1268 A. H.,
when his son Suryya J^ Amjad 'Ali Shlih succeeded
him,
Muhammad al-Mahdi, c^^V^I ^^a^^ the first khalff
or king of Barbary of the race of the Fatimites. He
began to reign in 908 A D., 296 A. H., and was sup-
posed to be a descendant of Husain the son of 'Ali and
F&tima, whence the race is called F&timite. His descen-
dants conquered Egypt. He died in 938 A. D., 321
A. H., and was succeeded by his son Eiem Biamr*ullahy
who died in 946 A. D., 334 A. H., and was succeeded by
his son Mansiar BilUh in 962 A, D., 341 A. H. Vide
Maizli-ud-din-Allah.
Muhammad
184
Muhammad
Mixhammad Amin, lyi^* «>*«^^ son of Daulat Muham*
mad al-Husainl aLBalkhi, is the author of the work
called " Anfft* ul-Akhb£r," or Useful Chronicle ; was in
the service of Nawib SipcUidar Khin, who receives a
long and laudatory notice at the close of the work.
He concluded it in 1626 A. D., 1036 A. H., and styled
it Anfa' ul- Akhbar, because the H^rf year 1036 A. H. in
which it was completed, is represented by the letters
composing those words. He resided chiefly at A^mad-
nagar.
Mtihammad Amin» e^' «V>.«^, author of the work
entitled " 'Asrdr ul-Ma'ini," a collection of poems on the
the conquests of the emperor *Alamgir, and a panegyric on
several cities of the Dakhin, which previous to its being
subdued by his arms, was esteemed the garden of India.
He also wrote another work on Theology entitled " Ha^p-
kat Hm Ilihi."
Muhammad Amin Khan, e^^ tH^^ ^^^^^ son of
Muhammad Sa'id Mfr Jumla. He served under the em-
perors Shilh Jah&n and 'Alamgir, and was raised to the
rank of 6000. He died on the 6th May, 1682 0. S., 8th
JumiLda I, 1093 A. H. at A^madibad Gujrat.
Muhammad Amin Khan, o^ lA^^ «X4«^^ entitled
Ya'tmad-uddaula, was the son of Mir Bah^-uddin, the
brother of Niz&m ul-Mulk 'Asaf Jah, and came to India
in the rcig^ of ' Alamgir under whom he served for several
years. He was the chief counsellor of the emperor
Muhammad Shdh, and was appointed Wazir with the
above title after the death of Say^^ad Husain 'Ali Khin
and the imprisonment of his brother Say y ad 'Abdullah
Khan in 1720 A. D., 1133 A. H., but he had scarcely
entered on his office, when he was taken ill and died sud-
denly on the 17th of January, 1721 O. 8., 29th Eabf I,
1133 A. H. After his death the office of prime-minister
was only filled by a temporary substitute, being ultimate-
ly designed for Nizam ul-Mulk 'Asaf Jiih, who was then
in the Dakhin.
Muhammad Amin Basi, isjb e^^5^* «>n»«^ vide Amin
Abmad, author of the Haft Alclim.
Muhammad Amir Khan, ly^^i^' t^^*^, of Agrah,
author of the " Mauliid Nadiri" containing the history and
miracles of 'Abdul Kadir Gilani in Urdu, written in 1847
A. D., 1263 A. H., vide Muhammad "^asim.
Muhammad Anaar, ;^t «x*«*, author of the work
called " Malfuzat Shaikh A^mad Maghrabi" or the Me-
moirs of Shaikh Al^mad Khat^u, a very celebrated Sufi
of Gujrat, whose tomb is at Ahmadabad, and still held in
veneration. It was written in 1445 A. I)., 849 A. H.
Muhammad *Arif, Mirza, ^J^ «>*»^ U^, a poet
who was contemporary with Nasir *Ali.
Muhammad Aslam, Eazi, f^^ o^^s:^^^[3^ ^^^ y^^^j
in the time of Shalydan.
Muhammad, Atabak, *>♦** vJIjCi, «;,•<& Atabak Mu-
bammad*
Muhammad 'Azim, ^^ «>*«^, an historian who wrote
a history of Kashmir in continuation of one written by
Haidar Malik. It is amusing to observe, says Mr. H. M.
Elliot, the extravagant praises which this orthodox his-
torian confers upon 'Alamgir, whom he infinitely prefers
to the noble and en%htened Akbar of whom he com-
plains that he *< treated all his subjects alike!" not
fiivouring the Muhammadans above the Hindiis. Was
ever a nobler tribute paid to a ruler ?
Muhammad Bakhtyar Khi^ji, is^J^i^ •^♦**,
was appointed governor of Bengal by Sul(&n Kutb-uddin
Eybak about the year 1203 A. D., 600 A. H. He made
Lakhnau^i the seat of his government.
A,D.A.H.
Muhammad Bakhty&r Ehilji, began 1203 600
Muhammad Sheran Azc-uddin, slain in battle
with the infidels, 1206 602
'Ali Murdin 'Ali-uddm Ehilji slain, 1208 605
Husdm-uddin Ghausl slain, 1212 609
N&sir-uddin bin-Shams-uddm, • 1227 624
Mahmud bin-Shams-uddin, became Sultan of
Hindustan, i.... 1229 627
Tughin Khan, governor under Sul^dna Hizia, 1237 634
TijiorTaji, 1243 641
Taimur Kh^ l^irdn, 1244 642
Saif-uddin, , 1246 644
Ikhtiir-uddm Malik Uzbak, 1253 661
Jalal-uddin Khanf, 1267 666
Taj-uddin Arsalan, 1268 667
Muhammad T4tir Khan, 1260 669*
Moi'zz-uddin Tughral, 1277 676
Nasir-uddm Baghrd Khin, son of Ghayas*
uddin Balban, considered- 1st sovereign of
Bengal, 1282 681
IKadar Khan, viceroy of Muhammad Sh^ I,
Tughlak, 1326 725
Fakhr-uddmSikandar, assumes independence, 1340 741
'Ala-uddm Mubarik, , 1342 743
Shams-uddm Muhammad Shih Ilias Bhan-
.gara» .-; 1343 744
Sikandar Shah bin-Shams-uddin, 1359 750
Ghayds-uddin ' Azim Shah bin-Sikandar SMh, 1308 769
Saif-uddfn ISulym us-Salatin bin.Ghayas-
iiddin, .* 1374 775
Shams-uddm bin-Sul^in us-Salatm, 1 384 786
Kansa, a Hindu, 1336 787
Jal^-uddm Muhammad Sbih (Chitmal bin-
Kansa), 1392 794
AJ?mad Shih bin-Jal41-uddin 1409 812
Nasir Shah (descendant of Shams-uddm Ilias), 1427 830
Barbak Shah bin -Nasir Shih began, 1457 862
Yusaf Shih bin-Barbak Shah, 1474 879
Sikandar Shah, X482 887
Fatha Sh6h, 14,82 887
Shihzada Sultan, an eunuch, , , 1491 896
Fir6z Shah Habshl, 1492 897
3iahmud ShiUi bin-Fir6z Shah, 1494 399
Muzaffar Shah Habshi, 1495 900
'AU-uddin Husain Shdh bin-Sayyad Ashra^ 1498 908
Nasrat Shah bin-*Ald-uddin Husain, 1621 927
Mahmud Shah bin-'Ala-uddin Husain, de-
feated by, 1534 940
Farid-uddin Sher Shah, 1537 944
Humayun held court at Gaur also called
Jannatdbdd, 1538 946
Sher Shah, again, 1539 945
Muhammad Kh4n, 1545 952
Khizir Kh&n Bahidur Sh^ bin-Muhammad
Kh^..... 1555 962
Jalal-uddin bin-Muhammad Kh&n, 156I 968
Sulaimin Kir&nf, 1664 971
^ayczid bin-Sulaimin, 1573 931
Baud Khan bin-Sulaimin, defeated by Ak-
bar's forces under Munaim Khin, 1573 931
Muhammad Azim Ehan, ^U. Jt^\ Ov^ds"^^ ex-amir of
Kabul, vide Azim Khin.
Muhammad Baki, Khwaja^ «/^^ ^^^^^^ ^!^>
a Muhammadan saint who died on the 20th October, 160S
Cl
Muhammad
185
liiQiammad
A. D., 25th Jum^a 11, 1012 A. H., and is buried at
DehU close to the ]j[^adain BastiL Niz&m-uddln Al^nad
has mentioned him in his work called Karim&t ol-Aulia.
Muhammad Bakhsh,
is Mahjiir, is the author
Nanratan or the nine jewels
which he completed in the
uddin Haidar of Lakhnaii or
author of two other works
caUed " Gulshan Naubahir*'
f whose poetical name
of a work in Urdd called
containing numerous stories
first year of Nawib Ghazi-
1230 A. H. He is also the
of the same description one
and the other " Ch^ Cha-
man.
ti
Muhammad Bakir> ^***^^4 a**^, sumamed M^j-
lisi (or the Ornament of Assemblies) the son of Muham-
mad Ta^ was Shaikh ul-Isl&m or high priest of the city
of Isfah&n, and one of the most celebrated Shia lawyers
and learned scholar that Persia ever produced in general
literature, law and theology. Such was the esteem in
which he was held, that Shah Sulaim&n pressed upon
him the hand of his daughter, which, strange to say, he
declined. One alone of this celebrated man's works,
called '' Ha^ ul-Tekin" which he dedicated to Shih Hu-
sain, extends to fourteen folio volumes. It contains a
body of the theology of the Shias, and quotes and refutes
the aiguments opposed to the opinions advanced, illus-
trating the whole with evidences of the truth of the Shia
doctrines and with numerous traditions. Besides this, he
wrote on many other subjects. One of his works treating
exclusively oi Hadis, is called " Bahr ul-Anwar." He
died 1698 A. D., 1110 A. H., aged 72 years.
Muhammad Bakir Damad, Mir, j*^
J^t*). His father Sayyad MahmM was styled Disn&d,
because he was the son-in-law of Shaikh 'All 'Amili. He
was a native of Astrdbad in Persia, Muhammad Bakir
his son was also styled Bimidy because he married the
daughter of Shih 'Abbis I, king of Persia. He resided
for many years in IsfEih&n, and is the author of several
compilations, one of which is called Utkil Mubun. He
died 1630 A. D., 1040 A. H., vide Mix B&kir D&m&d.
Muhammad Bakir, Imam, y^. '^'^^ c^^ the son
of Im&m Zain-ul 'Abidin, was the fifth Im&m of the race
of 'All. He was bom on the 17th of December, 676
A. D., 3rd Safer, 57 A. H,, and died in the month of
May or June, 731 A. D., Rabl* I, 113 A H. His corpse
was carried to Madma and interred at the Balpa cemetery,
in the vault wherein was deposited the bodies of lus
fether and his fether's uncle ; it is placed under the same
dome which covers the tomb of 'Abb£s. Some authors
have given the day of his death to be 28th January,
733 A, D., which corresponds with the 7th ^il-^jja, 114
A. H.
Muhammad Beg Khan, e^^ *A^ •>♦«*, vide Hfeji
Muhammad Beg Eh&n.
Muhammad bin-* Abdul 'Aziz, >J->^» ^^ ui ^^^y
sumamed Wajudi, author of the work in Turkf called
''Shihid wa-Ma'nl" He died in the year 1612 A. D.,
1021 A. H.
Muhammad bin-'Abdtir Rahman, ^ (ifi ^^►^
^U^^l^ sumamed bin-'Ali Laila, was a very celebrated
Musalmib doctor, and ^&zi of the city of Etifa, where
he was bom in 693 A. D., 74 A. H., and died in the year
766 A. D., 148 A. H.
Muhammad bin-Aba Bakr, j^.yi^ cr? «^*«*,
f . tf.. the son of 'Abd Bakr the first khallf after Muham-
mao. He was made govemor of Egypt by the khah'f
'Ali, but was taken prisoner soon after in a battle fought
agidnst Amrd ibn-ul<'As the deputy of Mu&wia I, who
47
killed him, and, inclosing his dead body in the skin of an
ass, burned it to ashes in 667 A. D., 88 A. H.
Muhammad bin-Ahmad, iSlT^ ^^^' cH «*♦**,
of Hirit, author of the "Tarjuma Patiih 'Arabf," con-
taining the conquests of the Arabian Tribes and the
domestic quarrels of the Muhammadans, commencing
from the Ehilifet of 'Ab6 Bakr 632 A. D., 11 A. H., a^
continued till the murder of Husain at the battle of Kar-
bala in 680 A, D., 61 A. H. This work is translated
from the Arabic, and was written in 1199 A D., 696 A. H»
Muhammad bin-'AIi, «/^ u^.» «^***, author of the
Arabic work entitled " Abnili ul-Janin," containing the
Life of Muhammad and Memoirs of his companions.
Muhammad bin-'Amru at-Tamimi, jj^ c^
(^^i^f^ author of a biographical work on the lives of
eminent Shias.
Muhammad bin-Isa Tirmizi, ^j"^ i:/i <X4a^
iS^^y author of the work called «*Jtoa' Tirmizi.'*
It is also called " Sunan Tirmizi'* and likewise " Al-'Hal."
He was a pupil of al-Bukh£rl, and died in 892 A. D., 279
A. H.
Muhammad bin-Is, cr^ <:H <>^«*, author of the
'* Bisila Almua'jjam fee Aah&'&t al-'Ajam."
Muhammad bin-Husain, c'^*^ cH *^'^*^y author
of an Arabio work on Jurisprudence called '* Bad£ya-ul-
Hidiya," and of another in Arabic and Persian entitled
♦* Hayit ul-Fawad." He died 1686 A. D., 1098 A. H.
Muhammad bin-Ibrahim Sadr Shirazi Sazi ul-
Kuzat, *a»^-^l <^ iSJlr^j^ i^*!/i^ u^ •^^♦*^,
who is also called MulU Sadr, is the author of the maiginal
notes on the " Ulhyy^t."
Muhammad bin-Idris, Imam, {j*ij^^ cH <^^»a^ ^^^,
the fouuder of the third orthodox sect, who is said to
have been the first that reduced the Science of Jurispru«
dence into a regular system, and made a discriminating
collection of Traditions. He died 819 A. D., 204 A. H.
Muhammad bin-Is-hak-un-19'adim, eH
^ii^] J*"****, commonly caUed Abti Ya'^^b al WaixaJj:,
author of the " $it&b ul-Fehrist," the most ancient re-
cord of Arabian literature, written 987 A. D., 377 A. H.
This work, though mentioned by Haji Khalfe, had
hitherto escaped the industry of European explorers,
but a portion of it (four books) has been found in the
Royal Library of Paris, and the remainder in Herr von
Hammer-Purgstall's collection. By a passage in the
Fehrist, that learned gentleman has found that the
Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights) had a Persian
origin. In the eighth book, the author says that the first
who composed tales and apologues were the kings of the
first dynasty of the Persians ; then those of the Arsacides
the third of the four ancient dynasties of Persia:
these tales were augmented and amplified by the Sasa*
nides. The Arabs, he then proceeds to say, translated
them into their tongue, composing others like them. The
first book of this kind was the SazdrAfsdna, or Thousand
Tales, the subject of which the writer explsons, mention-^
ing fihabniiMa and 'DinixiA^ as the two females who
practice the ruse upon the king. '* It is said," continues
tiie author, '' that this book was composed by Humie, the
daughter of Bahman.'' The truth is, titiat the first who
MuhAmmad
186
Uuhammad
had these tales told him at night, was Alexander the
Cbeat, in order that he might keep awake, and be npon
his guard. The kings who came after him made use, for
the same pnrpose, of the Thousand Tales, which fill up a
thousand nights, and two hundred conversations beside,
in the light of the moon, which were related in a number
of nights. Asiatic Journal, Vol. XXXI, p. 237.
Muhammad bin-Ismail, cIa^m*! e^ ix*.*^, vide Mu-
hammad Ism&'il and Al-Bakharf.
Muhammad bin-Jarir Tabari, j^j^ iu^-
iSJ^9 author of several works. He died in 941 A. D.,
330 A. H.
Muhammad bin-Yakub al-JCulini, ^j^ e^
j^jW^f, author of the Arabic work called K£j5 which
is of high authority among the sect of the Shia.
Muhammad bin-Easim, ^^ eH «»^«^, was a cousin of
the khah'f Walid I, and son-in-law of Haji4j bin-Ytisaf
8akafi. He by the command of the khalu in the year
711 A. D., 92 A. H., marched with a large army to Sindh
and having defeated and killed the lija of that country
took possession of it on Thursday the 23rd June, 712
A. D., 10th Bama^dn, 93 A. H. From amongst the pri-
soners captured in the fort of Alor, two daughters of the
r&ja were sent to Damascus, and the khalif sent them to
Ms harem, consigning them to the care of his people until
their grief should be assuaged. After two months, they
were brought to the presence of the khalff ; when they
raised the veils &om their faces, the khalif was smitten
with their beauty, and asked their names ; one was called
Girpaldeo, the other Sfirajdeo. The khalif ordered one
to his own bed ; she said, " O my Lord, I am not fit for
the king|s service, we have both for three days been with
Bin-JKisim, who after dishonouring us, sent us here."
The king was highly incensed, and directed that his ser-
vants should seize Bin-Kisim, sew him up in a cow-hide,
and send him to Syria. When Bin-K^im received this
order, he directed the messengers to do as they were
directed. They obeyed the order, covered Bin-]J[asim
with a raw cow-hide : after enduring the torture for three
days he died. They then put his body into a box, and
conveyed it to the khalif who opening it in the presence
of the two women, said, ** B^old how absolute is my
power, and how I treat such servants as Bin-Kdsim."
The women replied, ** Oh king, just men ought not to be
precipitate in great afiairs, or be too hasty to act, either
upon the representation of friends or foes." The khalif
asked their meaning, they said, *' We made this accusa-
tion against Bin-^asim because of the hatred we bore
him, seeing that he slew our father, and through him we
lost all our property and possessions, and became exiles
from our own country ; but Bin-Kasim was like a father
and brother to us, he looked not on us for any bad pur-
pose, but when our object was revenge for the blood of
our father, we accused him of this treachery : this end
attained, do with us as you will." The khalif on hearing
this, suffered great remorse : he ordered the two women
to be tied to horses, and dragged to death, and they
buried Bin-Kasim in the burial place at Damascus. See
Journal Asiatic Society, Vol. VII, Part I, pp. 305-307.
Muhammad bin-Eawam-uddin^ iiH'^^Cl^iiri
author of a Persian Dictionary called " Bahr-ul-FazaeL"
the sea of excellence.
Muhammad bin-Khawand> ^j^ ^/^
Khiwand Shah.
vide
commonly called Al-Isturdshf, author of the << Fusiil al-
Isturdshi," a work principally restricted to decision,
respecting mercantile transactions. He died in 1227
A. D., 625 A. H.
Muhammad bin-Musa, t5^^* ui a^jb* of Ehwi-
rizm, author of a work on Algebra called " Aljabr wal-
Mukabila." This work was translated into T!n gl^^ h by
Frederic Bosen.
Muhammad bin-Murtaza, er-fl^ m^j^ eH
sumamed Muhsan, author of a Shia law-book called the
" MufEitih" on which a commentary was written by his
nephew, who was of the same name, but sumamed Hidi.
Muhamjnad bin-Tahip, II, <^^>*^ er? «^^>*^, suc-
ceeded his father in the government of KhuHs&n and was
the last of the race of Tahirians. He was taken prisoner
in a battle by Ya'l^db bin-Lais about the year 874 A. D.,
260 A. H., who took possession of Ehur&san. Thus ended
the race of the T&hinans in Xhurasiui who governed that
province for upwards of 54 lunar years.
Muhammad bin-Tunish al-Bukhari, isJ^^
LT^ eH «*^«^, author of the work called *« 'Abdullah-
nima," containing the history of the Uzbak Tartars
originally from Dasht ^apchak, on the northern shores
of the Caspian Sea, In 1494 A. D., they invaded Trans-
oxania under Shah Beg Kh&n. ; and having driven out
the descendants of Taimur, retained possession of that
country. The prince whose memoirs are the chief sub-
ject of this work, was 'Abdullah Khim ; he was a contem-
porary of the renowned Akbar emperor of Hindustan,
with whom he kept up constant correspondence and
interchange of ambassadors, and died 1595 A. D., 1005
A. H. This book was dedicated to Niz^-uddin K6kal-
tash.
} author of
Muhammad bin-Ya'kub, ^j^ e^
the work called Ig^&mds, vide Firozab^di.
Muhammad bin-Ya'kub al-Kalini ar-Bazi,
^yjjKil ^JiMj ^^ A*«^^ ^ho is called the Rais ul-Mu-
haddisin, or chief of the traditionists, is the author of the
** Jama* ul-Kafi," which is reckoned one of the books of
the Ku^ub Arba'. It is of vast extent, comprising no less
than thirty books ; and its author is said to have been em-
ployed twenty years in its composition. He also wrote
several other works of less note and died at Baehd^d in
939>. D., 328 A. H. ^
Muhammad bui*Mahmud, ^jj^^ •>r*''*^cH «^«*^
Muhammad bin- Yusaf, iS^j^ ^^^ji nH «**«^ (^^,
a physician of Hirdt and author of an Arabic Dictionary
called "Bahr-ul-Jawahir," or the Sea of Jewels, said to
be an Encyclopaedia or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences.
Muhammad bin-Yusaf, iSJj^ ^^ji <x*s« ^£
Hirat, author of the "Tarikh Hind." This work no
doubt (says Mr. H, M. EUiot) is the same as **Ki8£lAe
Ajieb wa-Ghardeb-i-HindustAn," since the author of that
treatise also bears the name of Muhammad Yusaf Hirwi
This author appears to have been contempoiarv iriSl
and to have conversed with Khw4ja Hasan of Dehh' who
was a disciple of NizAm-uddin Aulia who died in 1825
Muhammad Bukhari, Sayyad, <)^ cSl)^ a^^^i
&ther of Sajrad Ahmd Ja^ He had many
disciples m the tune of Shah Jahto, Close by the west^i
gate of tiie Eauza of Tajganj is his shrine. He died^
the year 1045 A. H. «»* u*
I
L
Muhammad
187
Muhammad
Muhammad Damishki, 4,^^^ ^*^, same of an
illnstrioiiB Persian poet, who lived in the time of F&nl
the Bon of Ahia the Barmaki or Barmecide.
Muhammad Qhayaa-uddin, ui^^ ^^ *^***, the
8on of JaUU-uddin, the son of Bharaf-uddm, author of the
Persian Dictionary, entitled '^GhayiU ul-Lughat," which
he completed after fourteen years' labour in the year
1826 A. D., 1242 A. H., also of the *' MifUh ul-Kuniiz/'
''Sharah Sikandar-n&ma," ''Nuskha B&gh o-Bahiu:/' and
several poems and Kasfdas &c. He was an inhabitant of
Mustafj&b&d, commonly called Bdmpiir in the Pergunnah
of Bhihitb&d, Lakhnau.
Muhammad Qesa Daraz, Sayyad, ib^^r^-*^******^!
of Eulbaiga in Daulat^bid, a famous Muhammadan
saint, who was a disciple of Shaikh Nasfr-uddin Chirdgh,
Dehli. He wu bom at Dehli on the 30th of July, 1321
A. D., 4th Bajab, 721 A. H. His proper name is Sudar-
uddin Muhammad Husaini, but he was commonly called
Muhammad Geisu Daraz, on account of his having long
ringlets. He lived at Kulbarga in the reign of the
Bahmani Sult&os, and had the address to engage Prince
A^ad Shah, to become his disciple, and bmld him a
fine house and a superb convent. When this prince
ascended the throne, in 1422 A. D., 825 A. H., the credit
of the saint became so great, that from the lord to the
artificer, all made it their glory to follow his instructions ;
so that his tomb became a place of pilgrimage to all sects.
He died in the Dakhin in the beginning of the reign of
A^^nad Shah in 1422 A. D., and is buri^ at Hasauab&d,
commonly called Kulbarga. His tomb is a magnificent
edifice covered with a dome, in the middle of an exten-
sive court. During the reigns of the Dakhin Sul^s,
great sums of money were occasionally offered to his
descendants who reposed near the saint, in vows and
presents, and many villages were assigned by the kings
to defray the expenses of the tomb. He is said to be the
author of several works, among which are the *' Ad£b td-
Murid," the "Wajud ul-'Ashikin ;" containing the whole
duty of a Sufi disciple, &c., and also of a book of Fables
in Persian entitled '* Asmir ul-Asr&r." His son named
Muhammad Akbar, is the author of the " Akaed Akbari,"
containing the principles of the Muhammadan faith.
Muhammad Ghazzali. cr!>^ ^^^j tide Ghazz^
Muhammad Ghori, (Sjy^ '^^^^^^ vide Shahitb-uddfn
Ghori.
Muhammad Ghaus Jilani, Hasrat Shaikh, i^^^
^J^ «>*fltf^ ^^ cij^^flA.^ a celebrated Muhammadan
saint whose tomb is at TJchcha of the Gilinfs in MultiUi,
and round whose shrine this town was built and after
whom it was named. He was a descendant of Shaikh
'Abdul £4dir Jilani Baghdiuii, and came to TJchcha about
the year 1394 A. D. The Diiidputtras have contraued
to be his murid or disciples, and the murfd of his suc-
cessors from the time of their first leaving ShikiLrpiir.
Muhammad Ghaus, Shaikh, c^^I/aj* ^^^^^,
of Gwaliar^ his proper name is Haji Hamid-uddin, styled
Ghaus-ul-'Alam, one of the greatest saints of India, who
is said to have resided for twelve years in the practice
of asceticism in the jangal which lies at the foot of the
Chun&r hills, consuming the leaves and fruits of the forest
as his sole food ; and so celebrated was he for the fulfil-
ment of his blessings and predictions, that even powerful
kings used to come and visit him and pay their respects.
He afterwards went to Gw&lizir, where he engaged him-
self in the pursuits of his holy calling and in mo ving
proselytes; and managed to content himself with the
proceeds of a jigir, which yielded a crore of tangas. He
wafl the mmnhid or master of Shaikh Wajih-uddm 'Alw
of Gujrit, and died on the 14th September, 1662 O. 8.,
14th Mu^arram, 970 A. H. The cluronogram of the year
of his death is '^ Shaikh Auliabud," •'. e.. Shaikh was a
saint. He is the author of several works, among which
are the "Jaw&hir ul-Khamsa," and another entitled
** Gulz&r Abrdr" containing the memoirs of all the S6fi
Shaikhs of India with their places of burial and many
other particulars. His brother Shaikh Phtil who served
imder the emperor Hum4y<in, was killed at Agrah 1637
A. D., 946 A. H., by the adherents of Mirz& Hand&l who
had rebelled against his brother. His tomb is on a hill
near the fort of Bayana. They were the descendants of
Khw&ja Farid-uddfn Muhammad 'Att^ in the seventh
generation. Their grandfather's name was Mo'fn-uddin
^att^ whose tomb is in Jaunp^, and father's name
Kiyam-uddin. He lies buried in Zah6r&bild conmionly
called Eunbra, in Ghazipur. A small work entitled
" Munikib Ghausia" containing the adventures of Muham-
mad Ghaus, was written by Sayyad Fad-ullah in the year
941 Hijri, 24 years before the death of the saint.
Muhammad Ghaus Khan, e)^ «^ «>*«^, i^
Sir^j-uddaula Muhammad Ghaus Khin.
Muhammad GhauB Zarrin, ^jijj ^j^ «><*«*,
of Bijnanr. He lived in the time of Nawib 'Asafuddaula
of Lakhnau and is the author of a Chahir Darwesh in
Persian.
Muhammad Hadi. iS^^ ^^^^, a nobleman of the
Court of the emperor Jahimgir, who wrote the last part
of the " Tdzak Jah&ngiri," during the last four years of
that emperor's reign ; Jahingfr wrote the first part up to
the 17th year of his reign, and the second part waa
written by Matmid Ehin.
Muhammad Hakim, M i r z a, ^^ a^** ^jj^,
son of the emperor HumiLyun and half-brother of Akbar,
was bom at E&bul on the 18th of April, 1654 A. D., 16th
Jumada I, 961 A. H. In the reign of his brother, the
emperor Akbar, he had the government of K&bul, of which
he remained during his life in undisturbed possession.
He had twice invaded the Panjab ; once in 1666 A. D., 974
A. H., and the second time in February, 1681 A. D., Mu-
^arram, 989 A. H., when the emperor found it necessary
to proceed himself with an army, and Mirza Muhammad
Hakim was obliged to retreat before him. He died at
K4bul in the 80th year of the emperor Akbar, on the
26th of July, 1686 O. S., 16th Amardid Ilahi conespon-
dmg with 16th Sha'biin, 993 A. H., aged 32 lunar years.
After his death lUlj& Bhagw&n Das and his son MiLn
Singh were sent to Kdbul by the emperor to take charge
of that province. His motiier's name was M&h Ch^chak
Begam.
Muhammad Hanif, *-***^ •^^►**, also called Mu^am-
mad bin-' All, was the third son of 'All, and because he
was not descended from his wife Fatima as Hasan and
Husain were, is not reckoned amongst the InUUns, not-
withstanding there were many who after Husain's death
secretly aclmowledged him to be the lawful khalif or
Imam. He died in the year 700 A. D., 81 A. H.
Muhammad Hasan Burhan, o^y. nf^'^ a*«^,
author of the Persian Dictionary called " Burhan K£^',"
dedicated to 'Abdullah |$Lu(b Sh£h of Haidarabid and
Golkan^a, 1661 A. D., 1061 A. H.
Muhammad Hasan, (SJ^ cr^ «V4^*, ofDehlf who
flourished about the year 1604 A. D., 1018 A. H., is the
author of a Masnawi or poem containing the praises of
the prophet, of his chaste wives and of great saints.
Muhammad
188
Mnhaminad
Muhammad Hashim, (^^ A4«*, vide Khid mjm.
Muhammad HUBain, U^r^ i>i*«^, author of a Per-
sian work on Theology called ^* AJi^led Husain."
Muhammad Husain IChan, a)^ uir^ «UflS*,
the present naw&b of Ealpi, his title is ' Azlm ul-Mulk.
Muhammad Husain
Ibrahim Husain Mirz£.
u^
Muhammad
« Shaikh,
vide
. A
O^t^y whose poetical name is Shuhrat, was an excellent
poet and a physician. He was a native of Arabia, but
completed his studies at Shiraz and came to India where
he was employed by the prince 'Azim Shah as a physician.
In the reign of Farrukh-siyar the title of Hak^-ul-Mu-
milik was conferred on him. He went on a pilgrimage
to Mecca in the time of the emperor Muhanunad ShiUi,
and after his return to India, he died in the month of
April, 1737 A. D., ^U-^jja, 1149 A. H., at Dehli. He is
the author of a Diwan consisting of 6000 yerses.
Muhammad Ibn-Alahmar, ^;*^lfl e^l A***,
or more properly Ibn al-Ahmar, one of the Moorish kings
of Granada in Spain and founder of the Alhambra, a
celebrated fortress or palace which was regarded by the
Moors of Ghrauada as a miracle of art, and had a tradition
that the king who founded it dealt in magic, or at least
was deeply versed in alchemy, by means of which, he
procured the immense sums of gold expended in its erec-
tion. The name of this monarch, as inscribed on the
walls of some of the apartments of the Alhambra, was Abii
'Abdullah, but is commonly known in Moorish history as
Mubammad Ibn-Alahmar. He was bom in Arjona, in
1196 A. D., 691 A. H. of the noble fsimily of the Bani
Nasar ; when he arrived at manly years, he was appointed
Alcayde or governor of Arjona and Jaen, and gained
great popularity by his benignity and justice. Some
years afterwards, on the death of Ibn-Hud, when the
Moorish power of Spain was broken into Actions, many
places declared for Mubammad Ibn-Alahmar ; he seized
upon tlie occasion, made a circuit through the country,
and was everywhere received with acclamation. It was
in the year 1238 A. D., that he entered Granada amidst
the enthusiastic shouts of the multitude. He was pro-
claimed king with every demonstration of joy, and soon
became the head of the Moslems in Spain, being the first
of the illustrious line of Bani Nasar that had sat upon
the throne. He caused the mines of gold and silver, and
other metals found in the mountainous regions of his
dominions, to be diligently worked, and was the first
king of Granada who struck money of gold and silver
with his name, taking great care that it should be
skilfully executed. It was about this time, towards the
middle of the 13th century, that he commenced the splen-
did palace of the Alhambra. He retained his faculties
and vigour to an advanced age. In his 79th year, he
took the field on horseback, accompanied by the fiower of
his chivalry, to resist an invasion of his territories, but
was suddenly struck with illness, and in a few hours he
died vomiting blood, and in violent convulsions. Vide
YiisafAbiilHiji.
Muhammad ibn*Husam>
Hus4m.
e^
f vide Ibn-
Muhammad ibn-Jurir ut-Tabari, jij^ i:/i^
iSj^*f the son of Jurir, an Arabian author, who died
about the year 942 A. D., 830 A. H.
Muhammad ibn-Zikaria al-Bazi, k/j u^l
ij^j^U See Raa.
Muhammad ibn*l8-hak, 6^^^ c^t Ambi^^ the earii-
est biographer of Muhammad the Arabian prophet. He
died about the year 161 A. H., fifteen years aft«r the
overthrow of the Ummiada dynasty.
Muhammad 'Imad, ^^ a**^ who flourished about
the year 1371 A. D., 773 A. H., is the author of the fol-
lowing admired poems: *'Misb&h ul-Hidaet," '*Miinia
ul-Abrir," ''Maanawl Eattiat^" and *' Muhabbat-nima,"
vide 'Im£d Fakfh.
vide 'Im&m Mu-
Muhammady 'Imam, C^^
hammad.
Muhammad Is-hak, d****^ a*«^, author of tha
work caUed " Siar ul-Nabf wa-' As&r SahAba."
Muhammad Isma'il Bukhari, (SJ^ lUpU^I ^^a^,
who is also called Abi 'Abdullah bin-Ism&*il al-Bukh&rf,
is the author of the *^ Sahfh ul-Bukh^" a book held in
the highest estimation, and considered, both in spiritual
and temporal matters, as next in authority to the Knrin.
It contains 9,880 traditions, selected from 167,000 ; re-
cording not only all the revelations, inspirations, actions,
and sayings, of Muhammad, but also explaining many of
the difficult passages of the Knr&n. It relates besides
many miracles and anecdotes of the ancient prophets,
and other inspired persons. He was bom in the year 810
A. D., 194 A. H., and died in the mouth of June, 870
A. D., Rajab, 266 A. H. He is commonly called Al-
Bukharf, which see.
Muhammad Isma'ily Moulwi, ^^4^^^ (S>ly^
d^^U-it, author of the "Sirdt ul-Musta^£m" or "The
True Path," containing an account of the peculiar tenets
held by the followers of Sayyid A^mad the modem
Muhammadan zealot and reformer, with whose name we
have recently become familiar. This work is one of the
most important of several treatises which have been
composed by that sect. The main object of the author
in composing it, was, in the first instance probably to
shew his own learning ; in the next, to justify the claims
of Sayyid Abmad, (of whom he was a constant and con-
fidentiaJr adherent,) as a devotee, gifted with a surpassing
degree of religious capacity and illumination. It makes
reference especially, in its explanations and allusions, to
the peculiar divisions which prevail in India, among
those who aspire to the honors of religious initiation.
These are generally numbered as the followers of one or
other, of three venerated Pirs, each of whom has given
a name to a distinct school or sect ; the first, the *' Tari^-
i-l^iidiria," which traces its origin to 'Abdul Kidir JiUdI.
Another, the " TariVa-i-Chishtia," so called from its
founder Ehw&ja Mo'ln-uddm Chishtl, whose tomb is at
Ajmer ; the third, the " Tari^-i-NaVshbandia," derived
from, a Khw^ja Bahd-uddm Nakshband, a native of Bu-
khara. It was one of the peculiar pretensions of Sayyid
Abmad, that he held himself privileged to be the founder
of a school of his own, to which he gave the name of the
'* Tari^a-i'Muhammadia." His book was written some time
about the year 1822 A. D., and it is to be remarked, as a
new feature in the history of efforts for the propagation of
Muhammadanism, or for the^ reform of its corruptions,
how extensively the emissaries of this sect have availed
themselves of the press to disseminate their tenets. The
"SirAt ul-MuBtakim," the "Takwiat ul-FmAi," the
" Hiddet ul-Mominin," and a little tract attached to it,
named the '* Miizih ul-Eabir wa'l Bidaa't," and two other
tracts, entitled the '* Nasihat ul-Muslimin," and '* Tam-
bfh ul-Ghafilin," have all been printed at private presses
in Calcutta or at Hugli. See Sayyid A^mad.
Muhammad Janii ^
jU. Ob«CB^
J author of the work
Muhammad
189
MnTiammad
called '"Asar Abmadi," a minute history of Muhammad
and the twelve 'Im&ms, with variouB anecdotes respecting
them.
Muhammad Jogi, Mirsa, </^ ^^^^^ son of Shih-
rukh Mirz4, the son of Amfr Taimdr. He died 1444
A. D., 848 A. H., two years before his fieither, aged 43
lunar years.
Muhammad ICarim, fi;^ (X^s^, the son of prince
Azun-ush-Shib, the son of the emperor Bah&dur Shih.
He was murdered by order of the emperor Jahandar Shah
his uncle, in April 1712 A. D., 1124 A. H.
Muhammad I^asimy Z*^ ^^^^^^ the original name of
the celebrated historian, Firishta.
Muhammad ^asim, ^^ <)^«^, vide N&sir-uddin
Kabbicha.
Muhammad j^asim, (^^^ <Wa^, son of Haji Muham-
mad Surtiri KiUhani, and author of the " Farhang Sururi,"
a dictionary of the Persian language, dedicated to Shah
'Abb&s Bahadur Khan, king of Persia, 1599 A. D., 1008
A. H. Vide Suriiri.
Muhammad ]^asim Khan Badakhshani^
u;^ ^^^ whose poetical name was Mauji, was
an officer in the service of the emperors Humilyiin and
Akbar. He died in 1671 A. D., 979 A. H., at Agrah,
and is the author of an ^* Yfisaf Zalekha," containing
the loves of Joseph and Potiphar's wife. Vide Mauji.
Muhammad ^asim^
As
, author of
the ** 'Ibrat-nama," which he wrote after the invasion of
Nddir 8h^ about the year 1739 A. D., 1152 A. H.
Muhammad ^asim, Sayyad, (^^^ <^^** •H^
of Banapur, author of the work entitled *' Aijaz Ghausia'
in Urdti, which he composed in the year 1855 A. D., 1271
A. H., containing the history and miracles of the celebrat-
ed saint of Baghdad, 'Abdul ^&dir GiUmi.
Muhammad Eazim, Mirza, f^^ **^»^ \}j^} the son
and successor of Mirz& Muhammad Amfn, private Munshf
or Secretary to ' Alamgir, and author of the history called
** ' Alamgir-n&ma." It is a history of the first ten years
of the reign of the emperor 'Alamgir to whom it was
dedicated in the 82nd year of his reign, 1689 A. D., 1100
A. H. When it was presented to him, he forbade its
being continued ; and prohibited all other historians or
authors from relating the events of his life, preferring
(says his panegyrist) the cultivation of inwsira piety to
the ostentatious display of his actions. This monarch,
whose reign is admired by the Muhammadans, and detes-
ted by the Hindiis, after having imprisoned his fiither,
mounted the throne of Dehli in 1658 A. D., 1068 A. H.
At this period the glory of the house of B&bar may be
said to have arrived at its senith. The empire extended
from the north-west mountains of ]^&bul to the southern
limits of Ghittagong; and the kings of Golkonda and
Bijilptir paid tribute.. He is also the author of a " Shah-
nima," a ** Roz-nama,'* or Journal, and another work en-
titled '< Akhb&r Hasania."
Muhammad fChalil-ullah Ehan, is^^^\ d^ iU«*,
sumamed Ashk, is the author of a history of Amir
Hamzi, uncle of Mu h a mm ad, which he professes to have
48
drawn from a compilation made by order of Sultin Mah-
mtid, the Ghaznavide ; and observes, *^ What renders this
present history at all times interesting is this, that it
informs us of the customs of various nations, and that it
instructs us in the art of doing battle, and of taking towns
and kingdoms. Accordingly Mahmud, to avoid the ne-
cessity of counsel from any one, had portions of it read to
him as a daily observance."
Muhammad Khan Bangash, Nawab, o^ «^^»*^
cA^, styled Ghazanfar Jang, a Rohela chief of the tribe
of Bangash. He founded the city of Farrukh&b&d in the
name of his patron the emperor Farrukh-siyar. In the
reign of Muhammad Shah 1730 A. D., 1143 A. H. he was
appointed governor of M&lwa, but unable to cope with the
Marhat^as on account of their repeated incursions, he
was removed in 1732 A. D., 1U5 A. H., and appointed
governor of AUahdbdd. Muhammad Eh&n having planned
the reduction of the Bondelas of whom raja Chatursil was
chief, entered that country in 1733 A. D., 1146 A. H. with
an army, and took several places ; but as he was but little
acquainted with the roads, Chaturs&l, with the assistance
of Peshwa Baji Rio, surrounded him suddenly With an
army. The nawab, imable to combat a sux>erior force,
took refuge in the fortress of Jaitga^h, where he was
closely blockaded by the enemy for some time, when his
son Kaem Jang having collected an army of the Afghans,
marched to Jaitgafh and escorted his fathei in safety
to Allahib&d. The imperial ministers, making a pre-
tence of Muhammad Ehin's ill-success, removed him from
the Subadiri. He died in the month of June, 1743 A. D.,
Jumida I, 1156 A. H., and was succeeded in his j&gir by
his son J^iem Jang, commonly called ^.i&m. Khan.
The following is a list of the Katcdbt of Farrukhdbdd,
Muhammad Eh£n, Bangash.
Kaem Jang, son of ditto.
A^mad Khan, brother of K£em Jang.
Muza£far Jang, son of A^mad Khan.
Ta£Gizzul Husain Khan.
Muhammad Khan, Mir, ^^ ^^^j^j commonly
called Khin Kalan, was the eldest brother of Shams-
uddin Muhammad Anka Khan. He served under the
emperors Hum&ydn and Akbar, and was made governor
of the Panj&b by the latter, which office he held for several
years, and died 157d A. D., 983 A. H. He was an ex-
cellent poet, and has left a Diw&n in Persian, and another
in the Turkish language. He was a native of Ghazni,
and therefore chose for his poetical name " Ghaznawi."
There is a work on Sdfiism entitled ** Burhin ul-f mAn,**
either written by him or some other Muhammad Khan.
Muhammad Khan Shaibani, J^^^ u^ o^i^?*
vide Shahi Beg Kh&n Uzbak.
Muhammad Khan, Sultan, u;^ ^^^=^ ^J^°^,
also called Muhammad l^aan and Khan Shahid, was the
eldest son of Sultdn Ghayas-uddin Balban, king of Dehli,
who had appointed him viceroy of all the frontier pro-
vinces, v*s., MultAn, L&hor, Debalpur and other districts.
This prince was blest with a bright and comprehensive
genius, taking great delight in learning and the company
of learned men. He, with his own hand, made a choice
collection of the beauties of poetry, selected 6x)m the
most famous in that art. The work consisted of 20,000
couplets, and was esteemed the criterion of taste. Among
the learned men in the prince's court. Amir Khusro and
Khw£ja Hasan bore the first rank in genius and in his
esteem. The throne of Persia was at this time filled by
Argh^n Kh£n, the son of Abl^a Khdn, and grandson of
Hid&kd Khan. Timar Khin Changezi who was then an
Amir of mighty renown in the empire of the race of
HnhaiTiTnad.
190
Muhammad
Changes Eh&n, and governed Hir&t, l^andalUff and other
difltricta; invaded Hindiiatin with 20,000 chosen horse.
Having ravaged all the villages about Debalpiir and
Lahor, he turned towards iltdtan. The prince Muham-
mad Sultan hearing of his designs, hastened to tlie banks
of the river* of L&or, where both armies drew up in
order of battle, and engaged with great fury. The prince,
unfortunately, received a f&tal arrow in his breast, by
which he fell to the ground, and in a few minutes expir-
ed. Very few of the unfortunate Muhammad's party
escaped from this conflict. Among the fortunate few, was
Amfr Ehusro, the poet, who relates this event at large,
in his book called ** Khizir Khani." This event took
place on Friday, the 9th of March, 1285 A. D., 30th ^il-
^jja, 683 A. H.
Muhammad Khan Talpur, j^^ cM* Oni^:*,
vide Mir Mohammad Khin Talpdr.
Muhammad Ehuda Banda, SiHtan, ^"^ '^^ *>*fl5^,
sumamed Sultan Sikandar Sh&h, was the eldest son of
8h£h Tahmisp I ; was bom in the year 1631 A. D., 938
A. H., and succeeded to the throne of Persia on the deatH
of his brother Shih Ismi'il II, in November, 1677 A. D.,
985 A. H. The fortunes of this monarch, who from a
natural weakness in his eyes, was incapable of rule, had
been for many years upheld by the character of his eldest
son, Hamza Mirz&, and his power terminated at the death
of tliat prince, who fell under the blow of an assassin in
hiB own private apartments on the 24th November, 1586
A. B., 22nd ^il-bijja, 994 A. H. The chiefs of Khurasan
immediately proclaimed 'Abb£s, the king's second son, as
king of Persia, and in the year 1688 A. D., 996 A. H.,
marched with him to Kazwin, the capital of the empire,
which they took possession of without opposition, and
the imfortunate Muhammad was deserted by every inha-
bitant of Kazwin and by his own army.
Muhammad Khuda Banda, Sultan, ^-^^ ^^^ «x»«^,
sumamed Aljialii, a descendant of Changez Ehan, suc-
ceeded his brother Sultan Gh^an Ehin, the son of
Arghun Kh&n to the throne of Persia in May, 1304 A. B.,
Shawwal, 703 A. H. He is said to have been a just
prince, and was the first monarch of Persia who pro-
claimed himself of the sect of 'Ali. He gave a public
proof of his attachment to this sect, by causing the names
of the twelve Imims to be engraven on all the money
which he coined. He built the celebrated city of Sul-
tinia in 'Azurbejin or Media, which he made &e capital
of his dominions, and where he afterwards was buried.
The dome over his tomb is fifty-one feet in diameter,
and is covered with glazed tiles. He died on the 17th
Becember, 1316 A. B., Ist Shawwal, 716 A. H., after a
reign of 13 lunar years, and was succeeded by his son
Sult&n Abd Sa'id Bahadur Khan.
Muhammad Khusro Khan, c;^ 4X^ ,
author of a Medical work called ^^ Makhzan ul-Adwia.*'
Muhammad ^tdi Khan^ u^ <^ a*^^, govemor
of Allahibad, was the son of Mirza Muhsin, the brother
of Nawdb Safdar Jang of Audh. In the year 1769 A. B.,
1172 A. H., he, imder the royal standard of the prince
'All Gohar (afterwards Sh&h 'Alam) who had procured
from his father, ' Alamgir II, grants of Bengal, Beh&r and
Urysa, marched towards Patna, where, on his arrival, the
place was besieged and the siege was carried on for some
days with briskness ; but he was obliged to raise the siege
and retreat on receiving intelligence that Shujaa'-uddaula
(who was his first cousin and the son of Safdar Jang),
had treacherously seized Allah^bdd and possessed himself
of that province. On his arrival at Allah&bdd in 1761
A. D., 1174 A. H., he was seized and imprisoned, and
9 vid$
ultimately put to death in the fort of JaliUblui by order
of Shujia'-uddaula, he being jealous of his ambitious
views in assisting the prince in the invasion of Bengal,
and regarding Allah&b&d as his right, it having been
given only in deputation by his fiither, Sa£lar Jang, to
Muhammad IfxM Khin, who had refused to surrender it
to the son.
Muhammad ?uU ?utb Shah, ^ V^ «^
vide ^uli ][^utb Sh£h U.
Muhammad ]^u]i Salim, (^ u^
Sallm.
Muhammad Kuresh, Mirza, \)j^ cA^y
the second son of Bahiulur Shih. His title of succession
to the throne of Behli, was acknowledged by the British
Government, in 1856 with this condition that on the
king's death he would receive the titie of Shihzada.
Muhammad Ifutb Shah, ^ S^ *i^>**, tiie fifth
Suit in of the ^utbshihi dynasty of Gk>lkan4a, and
nephew or brother of Muhammad Kuli l^utb Shah, whom
he succeeded in January, 1612 A B., ^i-Ka'da, 1020
A. H. He was Uving in 1620 A. B., 1029 A. H. After
his death, 'Abdullali ^utb Shah was raised to the throne
of Golkanda.
Muhammad Lad, ^^^ <^*^^^ author of the Bictionary
called " Muwyyad ul-Fuzla."
Muhammad Lari, MuXla, (Sj^ ^^^^ author of a
work which goes after his name, vit., '*Tilif Mulli
Muhammad llixi."
Muhammad Maghrabi, Maulana, isU^ «>♦** ^^J^»
m
vide Maghrabi.
Muhammad Makahul, Jy^ d^^s^^ ^i^ Muhammad
(Sultan).
Muhammad Ma'sum, ("y^^^ a**^, the son of Shaikh
Atmad Sarhindi, was bom in the year 1598 A. B., 1007
A. H., and died in 1668 A. B., 1079 A. H. aged 72 lunar
years.
Muhammad Ma'sum Nami, Amir,* '^^^ j^^
^li ^j^AAM of Bakkar, was one of the nobles of the
court of Akbar. He wrote five MasnawCs or Poems, con-
taining 10,000 verses; one is in the metre of "Haft
Faikar," one in the measure of the " Sikandar-n&ma,"
one called '* Pari Sdrat," is in the measure of *' Laili and
Majndn," one called *<Husn wa-N&z," is in the metre
of ^'Ytisaf Zalekhii," and one in the measure of the
*' Makhzan ul-Asr&r." He also wrote two Biw&ns of Gha-
zals and two Saki-niUnas. He once paid a visit to Sh&h
' Abbds, king of Peisia, accompanied with no less than one
thousand followers.
Muhammad Mir, Sayyad, d***^f*-e. His proper
name is Eamil-uddfn Haidar. He was a native af Lakh-
nau, and translated the History of Rasselas from "Rngliiyh
into TJrdQ for the Agrah School Book Society, in the year
1839 A. B.
Muhammad Mirza, U^ '^^^^j son of Mfr^nsh^ and
grandson of Amir Taimtir, was a pious prince, and not
being ambitions, he remained with his brother Mini
Khalil-ulUh, ruler of Samarkand ; and when that country
was taken by Mirzil Shahrukh his uncle, and made over
to his own son Mirzi Ulagh Beg in 1408 A. B., 811 A.H.,
Mnliammad
191
Mohammad
he passed the remainder of his life with the latter and
died ahout the year 1441 A. D., 845 A. H., recommending
his son Mirzd Abu Sa'id to him.
Muluunmad Mnhsin of Kashan, Hiilla, «^^*^ ^
i^^\i cT"^, author of the " Tafsfr Sifi."
Muhammad Muhsm, i:r**^=^ «X«a:^, the rebel Tahsil-
diLr of PaiUni who joined the mutineers in the year 1857
A. Dm and was, together with 'ImdAd *AH the rebel
Deputy Collector, hanged at Banda on the 24th April
1858 A. D.
vide Nisiun-uddfn
Muhammad Mukim, (^i^
A^ad Ehw^ja.
Muhammad Muzaffiir, ^^iLo a«s^^ sumamed Mu-
b&iiz-nddin, was the founder of the dynasty of Muzaf-
ferians in Fars. He held a high station at the court of
Sul^in Abu Sa'fd Khiui, king of Persia; but after his
death, which happened in 1336 A. D., when trouble and
confusion began to reign on all sides, he retired to Yazd
and took possession of that country. In the year 1363
A. D., 764 A. H., he took Shiras from Shih Shaikh Abu
Is-hik, and having seized him after some time, put him
to death, and became master of Pars. His son Shah
Shuj£a' rebelled against him in 1369 A. D., 760 A. H.,
deprived him of his sight and ascended the throne at
Sh{r&z. Muhammad Muzafl&ur died in the year 1364 A. D.,
766 A H. This dynasty governed Fars 77 years, during
which, seven princes enjoyed power, viz, :
1. Mub&riz-uddin Muhammad MuzafiSar or Muzaffar-
uddln.
2. Shih Shujfia', son of ditto.
3. Sh&h MahmCid, his brother.
4. Sul^in A^ad.
6. Shih Mansur, son of Muzaffar, in whose time Shiriz
was taken by ATnfr Taimtir.
6. ShdhAhia.
7. ShAh Zain-ul 'Abidin, the son of Shih Shuj£a'.
The last two reigned only a few months. Fide MuzaflFar.
Muhammad Wasir, J^ «>^>**, vide Khwiga Nisir.
Muhammad Wasip Ahmad, «aNia.l^^ ,x*«*. Deputy
Collector of Settlements in Jalain, author of the work
named ** Mirat at Urtis" or the " Bride's Mirror," an admi-
rable tale of domestic life among the Muhammadans of
In^, for which a reward of 1000 Rupees was conferred
on lum by the Lieutenant-Governor in 1870 A. D.
Muhammad Ufl, </> iV^**, ^^o flourished in the
16th century of the Christian era, is the author of a bio-
graphy, called " Tazkira Muhammad ITfi."
Muhammad Ufl, ^/^ A**^, author of a Tazkira or
bio^phy called " Labab ul-Alb£b," and of another work
^''^fo^o /^ nl-Hikiydt." The latter he compiled
in 1228 A. D 626 A. H. He was a native of Marv
wMi under the Salj6k princes, was the capital of Persia.
Vide Nur-uddm Muhammad ITfi.
Muhammad Pariaada, »o!>i^ •^►*^, an author whose
work is continually studied throughout the OthmiinU em-
P^2 T\ ?u^^' .^^.^^ *^® ministers and statesmen of the
Porte but hkewise by the Greek princes and dragomans.
Muhammad Bafl-uddin Muhaddis, ui^\ g;
tfide Bafi-uddm.
Muhammad Bafia Waes, ^b C^j
, a celebra-
ted preacher at Isfahan, was a contemporary of Mini
Sieb and Tahir Wahid. He is the author of a Diwin
in Persian, as also of a poem containing the battle of
Shih *Abbis with Elam Khin, ruler of Turin, and one
called " Abwib ul-Janin," a reKgious book.
was
Muhammad Baza Khan, ^ ^j ^^-^^^^ he
selected for the office of chief minister by the English,
after the death of Jafer 'Ali Khin, Nawib of BengS, to
the young Nawib Najm-uddaula, the son of the late
Nawib in 1766 A. D.
Muhammad Baza, 4> •^♦**, author of the Arabic
work on Theology, called, " Ashrakit Alwia" Heavenly
Illuminations, and of another on Jurisprudence entitled
" Intikhib ul- Ahkim.*'
Muhammad Saki, «^^ 04.«*, vide Mustai'd Khin.
Muhammad Sadr-uddin, c^il'^U*^ ^4^^*^ sumamed
AbQ'l Ma'ili, which see.
Muhammad Salah Kambu, j^ J^ «i-M^, author
of the " 'Amal Silah."
Muhammad Salah, Shaikh, J^ ^^^^ ^,
Kamboh, brother to Shaikh Iniyet-ullah, is the author of
the book called " Behar Ghaman."
M uhammad Salah, Mip, ^^ a^^^^^o^ ^^3^ ^ ^^
time of the emperors Jahingir and Shih Jahin about the
year 1628 A. D., 1037 A. H. His poetical name was
Koshfi, which see.
Muhammad Salah, Mirza, ^^ «>«a^ {3^, vide
Sipahdir Khin.
Muhammad Salah, Mirza, ^^ **^«* [i^, author
of the " Latief Khayib," or the Beauties of Imagination.
It contains extracts firom all the poets of any celebrity,
with memoirs of the authors ; and ought to have been
named the Beauties of Poetry ; being of the nature of
the English compilation of Select Extracts. It was com-
menced by the author in 1731 A. D., 1144—1166 A. H.,
and finished by Ja'far Nasir in 1742 A. D.
Muhammad Salah, Shaikh, ^^ ^^^^^ >^, author
of the "BahirSakhun" and the " Tirikh Shihjahinf',
also of a poem called " Arim Jan" which he completed in
1646 A. D., 1066 A. H.
Muhammad Sarbadal, J'*Hr» «^**, was the chief
of a kind of vagabonds called Sarbadils, who had made
themselves master of the city of Sabzwir and of some
others in Khurisin. This personage was alBO called Sayyid
Muhammad, and although he was head of a gang of lugh-
waymen or robbers, yet he was much esteemed for his
probity.
Muhammad Shafla', lsj^^ St^ *>♦**, of Dehlf,
author of the work called "Mirit ul-Wiridit," or Mirror
of Occurrences, a compendious history of the Mughal em-
pire, from the death of Akbar to tiie invasion of Nadir
Shih. He undertook this work at the request of a noble-
man in the reign of Muhammad Shih.
Muhammad Shah, «^ a^«^, the son of prince Parid-
uddin, the son of Khizir Khin, king of Dehli. He was
Muhanunad
192
Muhammad
placed on the throne after the asBasBination of his uncle
Mub&rik Shih in April, 1434 A. D., Rama^^n 887 A. H.
He reigned 12 lunar years and died on the 20th of Janu-
ary, 1446 A. D., 22nd Shawwal 849 A. H. He was suc-
ceeded by his son Sult&n 'Ali-uddm.
Muhammad Shahy ^ «^**^, the son of Al^mad Shih,
succeeded his father to the throne of Gujrilt in July, 1443
A. D., Rabl* I, 847 A. H. He reigned eight lunar years,
9 months and 4 days, and was poisoned by his wife on
the I2th February, 1451 A. D., 10th Mubarram, 865
A. H. He was succeeded by his son ]^utb Shih also
called ^utb-uddm.
Muhammad Shah, '^ ^^^^ the son of Hoshang Shih,
ascended the throne of Milwi after the death of his father
on the 17th July, 1434 A. D., 9th ^il-hijja, 837 A. H.
He reigned about nine months and was poisoned by
Muhammad Ehin (the son of Malik Mughis his prime
minister) who ascended the throne under the title of
Mahmud Shih Ehilji in May, 1435 A. D.
Muhammad Shah, *^ A^ae®, emperor of Dehlf, sur-
named Roshan Akhtar or the Brilliant Star, was the son
of the prince Jahin Shah one of the three brothers who
perished in disputing ihe crown with, their eldest brother
Jahindir Shih, the son of Bahadur Shih. He was bom
on Friday the 7th of August, 1702 O. S., 24th Rabf I,
1114 A. H., and crowned by the two Sayyads after the
death of Rafi-uddaula, on the 29th September, 1719 A. D.,
25th ^i-^ada, 1131 A. H. On his accession it was deter-
mined that the names of his two predecessors, viz., Bafi-
uddarjit and Bafi-uddaula who reigned about three
months each^ should be struck out of the list of kings, and
that his reign should commence from the death of the
emperor Farrukh-siyar. Muhanmiad Shih reigned 30
lunar years, 6 months and 10 days, and died one month
after the battle of Sarhind which his son fought against
Al^mad Shih AbdiU. His death took place on Thursday
the 16th of April, 1748 A. D., 27th Eabf II, 1161 A. H.
at the age of 47 lunar years, 1 month and 3 days. He
was buried in the court before the mausoleum of Nizim-
nddin Aulia at Dehli, and was succeeded by his son A^-
mad Shih. This emperor may be termed the last of the
race of Amir Taimur who reigned in Dehli and enjoyed
any power. The few princes of that sovereign's family
who were raised to the throne after Muhammad Shih
were mere pageants, whom the nobles of the court eleva-
ted or cast down as it suited the purposes of their ambi-
tions.
Muhammad Shah 'AdH op »Adli, J^^ »^ ****^,
an Afghin of the tribe of Sur, whose original name was
Mubinz Ehin, was the son of Nizim Ehin Sur, the
brother of Sher Shih, and brother-in-law of Salim Shah
after whose death in 1554 A. D., 961 A. H., having
murdered his son Firoz, a boy of twelve years of age who
had been raised to the throne, he assumed royal dignity
with the title of Muhammad Shih 'Adil. He was illi-
terate, hated men of learning and kept company with
illiterate persons like himself whom he raised to the
highest dignities in the State ; among whom, one Himu,
a Bania or Indian shopkeeper, whom his predecessor
Salim Shih had made superintendent of the markets,
was intrusted with the i^hole administration of affairs.
This naturally created him enemies among the Afghin
chiefs, who having conspired against his life, revolted
from his authority. Ibrihfm Khan Stir, who had the
king's sister for his wife, soon after raised a considerable
army, and, getting possession of the city of Dehli, ascen-
ded the throne in 1555 A. D., 962 A. H., and assumed
the ensigns of royalty. Muhammad Shih, finding him-
self betrayed, fled to Chunir, and contented himself with
the government of the eastern provinces. He was slain
in a battle fboght at Mnnger with Bahidor Shih, king of
Bengal, 1556 A. D., 963 A. H. The period of his reign
at Dehli was only eleven months.
Muhammad Shah Bahmani I^ Jj^ i/n^ '^
the second king of the Bahmani dynasty, was the son of
Sultin *Ali-uddfn Hasan Eingoh Bahmani, whom he
succeeded to the throne of the Dakhin in February, 1356
A. D., 19th ^i-^ada, 776 A. H. He reigned 17 lunar
years and died on the 21st of March, 1375 A. D. His son
Mujihid Shih succeeded him.
Muhammad Shah Bahmani II, <y ^ (^^. *^ *♦»«,
the thirteenth Sultin of the Bahmani dynaaty, was the
son of Humiyun Shih the Cruel. He succeeded his bro-
ther Kizim Shih to the throne of the Dakhin in July, 1463
A. D. in his ninth year ; and the affairs of government
were conducted, as in the reign of his late brother, by
Ehwija Jahin and Ehwija Mahmud Giwin, under the
direction of the queen mother. The former was murdered
after some time, and the title of Ehwija Jah&n was con-
ferred on Mahmud Giwin, adding the duties of Wakil-
us-Saltanat to his other functions. Muhammad Shih
reigned nearly 20 lunar years, and died a year after he
had caused lus minister Mahmdd Giwin to be put to
death, i. e., on the 24th March, 1482 A. D., 1st Sa£u>, 887
A. H. His son Mahmiid Shih II succeeded him. The
year of Muhammad Shih's death is comprised in a Persian
verso, the translation of which runs thus :
Sult&n Muhammad Shih, ruler of kings.
When suddenly summoned to yield up his breath,
Abandoned the Dakhin, and all worldly things,
And ** the ruin of the Dakhin," recorded his death.
Muhammad Shah Sharki, uh^ *^ a***, succeeded
to the throne of Jaunpur after the death of his father
Mahmud Shih Sharlct in 1452 A. D., 856 A. H., and was
killed after five months in a battle which he fought
against his brother Husain Shih Sharlji, who succeeded
him.
Muhammad Shahid, ^^X^ o^^ee^^ whose garden is still
to be seen on the left bank of the Jamna at Agrah where
the swimmers of Agrah assemble after bathing in the
Janma in the rainy season.
Muhammad Shah, Sayyad, «^ ^^^^ •^^. aon of
Sayyad Wall of Pandua, author of a collection of docu-
ments containing Forms of Letters, Parwanas, instruments
or Contracts of Law, &c., &c., entitled *^ Jima' ul-Dastur,"
written about the year 1800 A. D.
Muhammad Shah Tughlak I, <3^ «Li •wx*,
- whose former name was Malik Fakhr-uddin Junin, suc-
ceeded his father Ghayis-uddin Tughla^ Shih on the
throne of Dehli in February, 1325 A. D., 725 A. H. He
took the fort of Nagark6t in 1337 A. D. and built several
royal buildings and places in Dehli. It was in his reign
that ' Ali-uddin Hasan Eang6h raised the standard of roy-
alty in the Dakhin, 1347 A. D., 748 A. H., where his
descendants reigned for several generations. Muham-
mad Shih died at Thafta on the banks of the river Sindh
on the 20th of March^ 1351 A. D., 2l8t Mu^arram, 752
A. H., after a reign of nearly 27 lunar years. He was
succeeded by his cousin Sultin Fir6z Shih Birbak, the
son of Sipah Salir Hajab.
Muhammad Shah Tughlak II, ^/^ ^^UjjUa***^
sumamed Nasir-uddin, was the son of Fir6z Shih Tugh-
lalL. He was bom on the 3rd June, 1353 A. D.,
Srd Jumid^ I, 754 A. H. He ascended the throne
Mohammad
193
Muhammad
of Dehli in the lifetime of hifl father in the year 1387
A. D., bat was soon after deposed and expelled by the
chiefs. He remained at Nagark6t till the reign of Abu
Bakr ShiLh, when he proceeded towards Dehli with a
large army, and after some repulses proving victorious,
ascended the thnme in August, 1390 A. D., 792 A. H.
He is the founder of a fortress in Jalesar which he called
Muhammadabdd. He reigned 3 years and 7 months, and
died on the 19th February, 1394 A. D., 17th Rabf II, 796
A. H., and his body was deposited at Dehli in the same
vault with that of his father. He was succeeded by his
son Hum&yiin, who, on ascending the throne, assimied the
name of 'Ala-uddin Sikandar Shah, but died suddenly
after a short reign of 45 days, and his brother Sultan
Mahmud succeeded him.
Muhammad Shah, »^ «*-►«*, Ving of Persia, was the
son of 'Abbas Mirz&, and grandson of Fatha Abu ShAh,
whom he succeeded to the throne of Persia in 1834 A. D.,
and died in 1847 A. D.
Muhammad Sharif Hakkani, is^^^ ^J^
author of a poem called " Aynak-e-Dil," which he com-
pleted in 1686 A. D., 1096 A. H.
Muhammad Shah, ''-^ ^^^^, present ruler of
Badakhsh&n. He was placed in his present position by
Amir Sher 'All of Kibul to whom he is bound to pay
tribute, the amount "of which in 1870 A. D., was £8100,
and 600 horses. His predecessor was the intimate friend
of 'Abdul Rahman Khdn, the pretender to the Afghan
throne, who was opposed by Sher 'AU in 1868 A. D.
Muhammad Sharif, Khwaja, *-^^ '^^^ *^b^>
a nephew of Maulana Umaidi. He was wazir to Shih
Tahmasp Safwi I, and governor of Yezd, Abark6h and
afterwards of Isfahdn for several years, and died in 1638
A. D., 946 A. H.
Muhammad, Sharif, Mir, '-Aj^ ***^*^^^ author
of a Masnawi or poem containing felicitations on the
accession to the throne of Lakhnau, of Ghazi-uddin Haidar,
completed in 1814 A. D., 1229 A. H.
Muhammad Shirin Maulana, uiji^ *^*«^ ^^j^j
commonly called Mauland Maghrabl, which see.
Muhammad Shaikh, <^**^ ^, author of the works
called "Jimi Jahin-nimd," and the '^Nafs Rahmini,"
containing meditation on the unity of God, and rules for
solitary devotion, vide Shaikh Muhammad.
Muhammad Sufl, Maulana, t5*r^ *♦■»* Gl/jx>^
author of the work called " Maikhana wa-Butkh&na,"
or the wine shop and idol house. He was a native of
Mazindar&n, and was residing in 1725 A. D., 1038 A. H.
at Ahmadab&d in Gujr&t, and afterwards for some time in
IJIashmir.
Muhammad, Sultan, ^*^ ij^^^, the last king of
the ancient race of the sovereigns of Badakhshdn, taken
prisoner in battle by Sul^n Abu Sa'id, a descendant of
Amir Taimur, and slain together with all his children
and relations in 1466 A. D., 871 A. H.
Muhammad, Sultan» «>*«^ ciUaA^, who was after-
wards sumamed Makah^ or the Blind, was the second
son of Sultin Mahmtid of Ghazni. He succeeded his
father in 1030 A. D. in the absence of his elder brother
Masa'dd, who after five months deprived him of lus sight
and placed him in close confinement, where he lemained
49
till he was again reinstated by the army in 1038 A. D.,
and his brother Masa'tid deposed. He reigned at Labor
for two years, after which he was defeated and put to
death by Sul^ Maudud the son of Masa'ud 1044 A. D.
Muhammad, Sultan, •^♦^^ vi^i^*^, was the second
son of Sul(iin Malikshah Saljiiki, after whose death he
ruled over Azurbejan, but when his eldest brother Bar-
kaydrak died in 1104 A. D., 498 A. H., he seized Bagh-
dad also and assumed the title of Sultan. This prince
died at Isfahan 1118 A. D., ^il-^iijja, 6il A. H., and was
succeeded by his son Mahmud, who, however, was soon
reduced by his uncle, Sultin Sanjar, to the condition of
a dependent. Mahmud died 1131 A. D., 16th Bhawwal,
625 A. H., aged 27 years at Hamdan after a reign of
14 years.
Muhammad, Sultan, •*♦** c>Uil-, sumamed ^utb-
uddm, succeeded his father 'Ali-uddin Takash as Sultan
of Khwarizm in 1200 A. D., 696 A. H. He was defeated
by the celebrated conqueror Changez Khan, his country
pillaged, and almost all his family made prisoners in 1218
A. D., 615 A. H. He died of a broken heart in March,
1221 A D., «il-liiija, 617 A. H. His son JalAl-uddin
for a long time bore up against the torrent that had over-
whelmed his father, but was at last subdued. He was
slain in 1230 A. D., 627 A. H. Vide Takaah.
Muhammad, Sultan, «^^'*^ c^^^»L«, gon of B&isan-
ghar Mirzd. Vide Babar (Sult^) and Sultan Mu-
hammad.
Muhammad, Sultan Mirza, \jj^ ^^^°^ a*«^,
or Sult&n Mirz&, the son of Awais Mirz&, the son of B^-
kara, the son of Mansur, a prince of the house of Amir
Taimur. He accompanied tiie emperor B&bar Sh£h to
India, and after his death rebelled against his son the
emperor Hum^yun, and though subdued and pardoned,
his five sons, viz., Muhammad Husain Mirzik, Ibrahim
Husain Mirz&, Masa'tid Husain MirzA, Ulagh Mirzd, and
Shih Mirz4, and three of his nephews took advantage of
the general disturbance which took place in 1666 A. D.,
974 A. H., and revolted at Sambhal, the government of
which had been assigned to their father. At first they
were overpowered without an effort and were confined
in the fort of Sambhal by order of the emperor Akbar,
but when that monarch marched in the year 1667 A. D.,
976 A. H. for the purpose of subduing M^wd; they
made their escape to Gujr&t and sought an as}'lum wifli
Changez Khan, governor of Baroach, where they sowed
the seeds of future troubles, which only ended with the
aubjugatioQ of the kingdoms by Akbar in 1672 A. D.,
980 A. H., vide Ibrahim Husain Mirz4. Muhammad SulUn
Mirzii was, on account of his sons' rebellion, confined in
the fort of Bayana about the year 1667 A. D. where
he died some years after.
Muhammad Sultan, c^^^*^ a***, the eldest son of
Jah&ngir Mirz4. After his father's death, he was named
by his grandfather, heir of all his dominions, but died
before him in 1404 A. D., 806 A. H.
Muhammad Tahir Nasirabadi, >^^
4S^^}/^} author of a biography called "Tazkim
Muhammad Tahir." He lived in the reign of 'AbbiU
Shah I of Persia.
Muhammad Tahir, ^^ ^^^j vide Iniyet Kh&i.
Muhammad Taki, Imam, i^ «>«♦** |*^t, also oalled
Muhammad al Jawid, was the ninth Im£m of the race of
'All, and the son of Imam ' Ali Musi Razii who was the
eighth. He was bom in the year 811 A. D., 196 A. H.,
Muhflmmad
194
Muhtashim
and IB said to have been poisoned in 835 A. D., 220 A. H.
He is bnried at Baghdad near the tomb of his grandfather
Imim Musi K£zim, the son of Ja'far Sadik. His wife's
name was Umm ul-Fazl, the daughter of the khalif Mi-
mtin.
, vide Ta\i
y vide
Muhammad Taki, Hir» c5^
(Mir).
Muhammad Tughlak Shah, '^ (3^
Muhammad Shih Toghlal^.
Mohammad Wala, ^h •*^***, author of the work
called " Sajm ul-Hid£et,** containing much good advice,
written according to the Sufi faith.
Muhammad Walah, Sayyad, ^b *^^^** ^^>
author of the " Risala Dastur ul-Nazm," or the art of
writing poetry, with specimens of the various measures.
Muhammad Yar Khan, o^jk «w»*, the son of
Aitmad Khin, nobleman of the time of the emperor
'Alamgir.
Muhammad Yusaf, *-^-r>i «>♦**, a native of Kabul,
who came to India and was employed in the service of
the emperor Akbar. He was a good poet and died in
the year 1562 A. D., 970 A. H. .
Muhammad Yusaf 'Ali Khan Bahadur,
O^ 1^ ***^, the present loyal nawab of Ramp6r
«•
(1859 — 1872) who succeeded Muhammad Said E^han in
1855.
Muhammad Zahid, Mir, ^^j •^^'^^H^, son of
Muhammad Aslam, an author who flourished in the reign
of Shah Jahan and 'Alamgir, and died in the year 1690
A. D., 1101 A. H.
Muhammad Zaman, U^j **^*^, a celebrated punster
and poet of Persia, who came to India in the reign of
Akbar, but after a few years returned to his native coun-
try where he died some years before or after 1600 A. D.
Muhammad Zaman, c^^;
Sdbadar of K&bul.
f vide ]^£sim Ehan,
Muhip Narayan, kiHb^ *t^> ^J^ ^^ Banaree, he
was living in 1789 A. D., nephew of Raji Choyt Singh
and grandson of Raja Balwunt Singh. The Raja's daugh-
ter was wife of fiabu Dirgbijai Singh, from whom the
present Mahilrajd is descended.
Muhi^ i^'^f takhallus of a poet who flourished about the
year 1592 A. D., 1001 A. H., and is the author of a
DiwiLn.
Muhit, '^i^f vide Rdmjas Munshf.
Muhi-uddin, u^i*^' i^>i author of a heroic poem
called " Tarikh Najib-n&ma," in praise of Najib Khan,
styled Najib-uddaula, an Afghiin chief who distinguished
hunself during the reign of the unfortunate 'Alamgir II,
emperor of Dehli.
Muhi-uddin bin-Arabi, Shaikh, Kjt^^ <^ ^
i^.j^ e^9 a celebrated learned Muhammadan of Persia,
who was bom in 1166 A. D., 561 A. H., died in 123 q
A. D., 637 A. H., and is buried at Damascus. He is the
author of a work in Arabic caUed " Fatuhat Makkia,"
vide Ibn-Arabi.
Muhi-uddin Abdul Kadir bin-Abi ul-Wafa
*i!pt 4^1 c^>>^ Jt'H^ e^i^/l «j«*, vide 'Abdul ItiLdir
bin 'Abi ul-Wafa Miarf.
Muhi-uddin Tusi, Shaikh, </r^ iji^^i^,
a native of Tus, and author of the work called ^* Eanz
ul-'Ashikin," a treatise on divine love; abridged from
the ^' Kimia-e-Sa'adat." He was a co-temporary of 'Umar
Mirza, and was Uving in 1408 A. D., 811 A. H.
Muhi-uddin, {ji^^ij,^^ author of the work called
" Irshad Yafe'i."
Muhib, 't**'^^ poetical name of Sayyad GhuUm Nabi of
Bilgr&m who was slain in a battle which took place
between Nawab Safdar Jang and Ahmad £^han, Nawab
of Furrukhabad on the dth February, 1752 A. D., 29th
Safar, 1165 A. H.
Muhib, V*^> poetical name of Shaikh Walf-ullah of
Dehli, who was a pupil of Sauda, and is the author of a
Diwan.
Muhib-uddin Said Hasan al-Yaghawi, «^
i^ytr'^ ^t>>Jl v*^^^ sumamed Guz, an author who died
in 1132 A. D., 526 A. H.
Muhib-uUah, ?azi, *^' ^r**^ fS^^y who, in the reign
of 'Alamgir, was appointed Kazi of Lakhnau and after-
wards of Haidarabad in the Dakhin. On the accession
of Bahadur Shah to the throne of Dehh', 1707 A. D., 1119
A. H., he was honoured with the Sadirat of all India.
He is the author of several works, among which are the
" Kitab Sallam," and ** Muslim."
Muhindar Singh, Maharaja, ^b^ *^j«^Ht-«,
Raja of Bhadawar (1870).
Muhib-uUah, Shaikh, ^^ "r**^ ^, a pindda of
Allahabad who died there in the year 1648 A. D., 1058
A. H. He is the author of a work called ^* 'Ib^dat ul
Khawafi" on Ethics.
Muhsin 'Ali Khan, Sayyad, «^^ J^ ij^ tr-«*,
the son of Sayyad Sh^ Husain, the son of Sayyad Arab
Shah, waa an excellent poet, and is the author of a Diw&n
and a biography of Urdu poets called " Sarapd Sakhun."
Muhsin Fani, kjt^ LT'*"^, an excellent poet and au-
thor, whose proper name was Shaikh Muhammad Muhsin
and poetical title Fani. He held the appointment of
Sadarat of tlie province of Allahabad for several years
in the time of the emperor Shah Jahan ; and when that
monarch conquered Balkh in 1646 A. I)., 1056 A. H.,
amongst the spoil which fell into the hands of the em-
peror belonging to Nazar Muhammad Khan, the ruler of
that province, was a Diwan composed by Muhsin Fini
which he had sent as a present to that ruler with verses
in his praise; this annoyed the emperor, and Muhsin
was forthwith dismissed from his office. He received,
however, a small pension and passed the remainder of hia
life at Kashmir where he died in 1670 A. D., 1081 A. H.
His Diwin contains about 7,000 verses.
Muhtadi Billah, *^^ C5*^, vide Al-Muhtadf.
Muhtashim 'Ali Khan, c;^ t^ r'^^y vide
Hashmat.
Muhtashim
195
Mulla
L, Manlana, ^•^i^^ ^)lyo, apoetof Kashan
and master of Fakhri bin-MauUna Sul^ Muhammad
Amirf of Hir&t He wrote three Diwans, viz,,, " Sabaya,'*
"JaUlia,"and "Shababia," besides a Dfwin of Kasidas
in praise of the Im£ms and princes consisting of about
8,000 yerses, and a Bis&la of Mua'mmas or enigmas and
chronograms. There is a Kasida quoted on the accession
of Shith Ism^'il Safwi to the throne of Persia, of 66 mis-
ras, each of which contains a chronogram for the year
1676 A. D., 984 A. H.
■ 9i
'azi, iSy^y vide Morzzi.
i'zz-li-din-allah, *^» e^«^t J*«, vide Moi'zz-U-dfn-
allah.
Mm'zz-uddin, i:xi^^ >*-«, vide Moi'zz-uddin.
Mlll'zz-addaulay ^j'^t^y^^ vide Mo^zz-uddanla.
Mujaddid AUf Sani, i/^ ^^ ^«^^, vide Ahmad
Sarhindi (Shaikh).
Mujahid Shah Bahmani, i/n^ «^ *^^, succeeded
his father Muhammad Shiih I Bahmanl on the throne of the
Dakhin in March, 1375 A. D., Shawwil, 776 A. H. He
was murdered after a reign of three years on the night of
the Uth of April, 1378 A. D., 17th Zil-l?ijja, 779 A. H.,
by his uncle Bdud EMn who ascended the throne by the
title of D&M Shah.
Mujiby V' l ? ^ *^j or Sh&h Mujib, author of a history of
the loves of Joseph and Potiphar's wife called ** Yusaf
wa-Zalekha," in Urd6 verse composed in 1824 A. D.,
1240 A. H.
Mujir, <y^*H?«/^?^> poetical name of 'Abdul Muk^urim
Mujir-uddin of Bilkan, a town in Azurbejan. He was a
pupil of Khiikini, and is the author of a Dfwan. He
died in 1198 A. D., 694 A. H. He flourished in the time
of Ifizal Arsalin, and was a co-temporary of Zahir-uddin
Faryabi.
Mujir-uddin Bilkani, </^ tH'^'^r*^, vide Mujir.
Mtgriniy fJ^^ poetical name of Kahmat-nllah, who is
the author of an TJrdii Diw&n.
Mujrim, fj^y poetical title of GhuUm Husain of Patna,
the father of Ishki, whose proper name was Shaikh
Muhammad Wajih.
Mukalil bin-Sulaiman, e^U^ eH tUlC©^ author of a
Commentary on the ]JLur&n. He died in the year 723
A. D., 106 A. H.
Hukannay i^^^y vide Al-Makna or Mukanna.
Mukarrab Elian, e^^ *?i;^, vide Masihi (Mulla).
Mukarram Khan, Nawab, c^^ (V^ v!^> governor
of Mult^ in the time of ' Alamglr.
Mukim Khan, J^ (^^ held the rank of 700 in the
time of the emperor Akbar, and was raised to a high
rank in the time of Jahangir. He had a home at Agrah
on the banks of the Jamna at a place still called Mukim
Khan ka Ghat.
Mukhlis, U*^^, the poetical name of Rde 'Anand lUe,
a Khattn, who was the father-in-law of Tansukh Bae, and
a pupa of Mxczk Bedil. He died in the fourth year of
Ahmad Shih's reign 1761 A. D., 1164 A. H. His works
contain 60,000 verses. He is also called Mukhlis Hindi.
to distinguish him from Mukhlis Kishi.
Mukhlis, O*^^*^, the poetical appellation of Mukhlis *Ali
Khan, commonly called Mir Bakir. He was Nawdb
Kawazish Khan, Shahamat Jang's sister's son, and is the
author of a Diwan in Urdu.
Mukhlis Kashi, sjT^ U^^«^, a poet of Persia.
Mukhtar bin-Mahmud bin-Muhammad az-Zahi-
di Abu ar-Bija al-Ghazmini, «>>*^*^ j^^U««^
sumamed Najm-uddin, is the author of " Kuniat al-
Muniat," a collection of decisions of considerable autho-
rity. He died 1269 A. D., 668 A. H,
Mukhtari, C5J^^**^ a Persian poet
Mukhtar-uddaula, ^^J'^U'^**^ t;«fo Murtaza Kh£n.
Muktadi BiUah, *^^ t^«3J^, vide Al-MuktadL
Muktadir BiUah, ^^ j<^^^, wVfo Al-Muktadir.
Muktafl BiUah, ^/^^^^ vide Al-Muktafi.
Mulhim, fr^i a poet who flourished about the year 1706
A. D., 1118 A. H., and is the author of aDiwan.
MuUa Ahmad, **^^' ^, vide Al^ad (MuUa).
MuUa 'Ah al-Haflz al-Kastamumi, -^^t ^Jfi lU
45^j* ^ '*' M , author of the Commentary on the Hadis ul-
Arbain of Shaikh Ism&'a Hakki.
MuUa »AU Kusanji, i^^y kJ^ ^^ who also wrote
a Hashia or marginal notes on the Kashshaf, besides
the one written by Tuftazani. He died about the year
1406 A. D. 808 A. H.
Mulla Husain Waez, J-ih V:r***^ ^, vide Husain Waez
(Maul&na).
Mulla Furati, t5^!y **> author of the work entitled the
"]^arak Saw^" containing forty questions with the an-
swers of Muhammad, according to tradition.
Mulla 'Imad, ^^ ^> author of a work on S6fiism in
Persian, called " Hashia Mulld 'Imdd.*'
MuUa Firoz, )Jj^ ^, a Pirsi priest. The Pteis of
Bombay entertain the most liberal feelings in fiivour of
science and literature : they possess great wealth, and
conmiercial relation with every part of Asia. The mission
sent by them some years ago to Persia at their own
expence of Kans, the father of MulU Firoz, the Editor of
the Dasatir, for the purpose of making inquiries relative to
the remnant of the Parsis in that coimtry ; the discovery
by Kans while on that mission of a copy of the Basatir in
the Pahlawi language, and the English translation of that
curious work, pubUshed by Mulla Firoz at Bombay in
1818 shew the spirit and perseverance with which the
Parsis of Bombay have instituted inquiries connected
with the history of their country, vide Transactims^ Soyal
Atiatie Society^ Vol. Ill, Appendix, p. iv.
Mulla Jami Lahouri Namdar Khani, t/*^ ^
^l^^f j^b (^j^^y^ whose poetical name is Bekhod,
Mulla
196
Manna Jan
was Tery win sUQed in oomponng chronograms, and has
left a thick Diwin of Ohaials, &c. He died in 1676
A. D^ 1086 A. H«
Mulla Jiwan, iSJI?^ cj>^ ^} of Amaithi, whose
proper name was Shaikh Al^mad, was the tutor of the
emperor 'Alamgir. He is the author of the Conmientary
on the ?:uran called " Tafsfr Abmadi." He is also caUed
Mulla Jian Jaunpim, and is said to have died 1718 A. D.,
1130 A. H«
Mulla ]^a8iin> C5«h^ r*^ ^> of Mashhad, author of
an Insha, or Collection of Letters.
Mulla EhnsrOy yj'^ **^ author of a law treatise, en-
titled " Ghurar ul-Ahkam," and a Commentary on the
same work called the " Diurar al Hukkam.'* Mulla Khusro.
who is one of the most renowned of the Turkish juris-
consults, completed his work in 1478 A. D., 883 A. H.
and died in 1480 A. D., 886 A. H.
MuUa Malik IJIommi, if^ *-^^ ^i «^»<fe Malik
l^ummf.
Mulla Mir, ^^4* **> he lived in the time of the emperor
Akhar. In 1566 A. D., 974 A. H., he constructed a well
at Agrah, and Ashraf Khan Mir Munshi wrote the chro-
nogram of the year of its construction. It is a subtractive
one.
Mulla Mufld Balkhi, i^*^ •^^ *«, a native of
Balkh, was an excellent poet. He came to India and
died at Multan in the time of the emperor 'Alamgir, 1674
A. D., 1085 A. H. Ho is the author of a Diwkn. A sub-
tractive chronogram on his death written by Sarkhush.
MuUa MuhBin, tr-*^ **, vide Faiz.
Mulla Mukimai, v2r^^i^ ^, an anthor who Hved in
the time of Shah Jahan.
Mulla Shah, '^ *^j a native of Badakhshin, was a learn-
ed and pious Musalmin. He was a disciple of Mian Shih
Mir of Labor and Murshid or spiritual guide of the
unfortunate prince Dard Shikoh, the eldest son of the
emperor ShiUi Jahan, who highly respected him and
visited him on his tour to Kashmir, where he (Mulla
Sbah) had built a place for his residence. He died at
IjLashmir in the commencement of the reig^ of the emperor
'Alamgir, about the year 1660 A. D., 1070 A. H.
Mulla Sharif, ^^ ^j author of a Diw&n, on the
loves of '* Shfrin and Ehusio/' dedicated to Sultan Kuli
Kufb Shih of Golkon^a in 1516 A. D., 921 A. H.
Mulla Sheri, iSJ^ **, «Vfo Sheri (MuUa).
Mulla Shikebi, tj^^ ^* an excellent poet who serv-
ed under 'Abdul Bahim Khan, KhdnKhAnAn, and was
Uving in 1592 A. D., 1000 A. H.
Mullazada, ^^^j *^9 of Fatna, author of an Urdd transla-
tion of the novel called '* Bahir Dioiish," which he named
" Ishfer Danish.'*
Mullasada, 9d'3^> author of the marginal notes on the
'* Mukhtasir Ma'ani wa-Bay&n.*'
Multan, o^^ o^^d^,, kings of, vide Tusaf (Shaikh).
Mumtas, 3^^^ the poetical name of two poets. One of
whom is named Manlwi IhsiLn-alUh.
Mumtas Mahal, <J** y^*^f the fevorite wife of the
emperor Shfih Jahan, for whom he built the celebrated
edifice at Agrah called the Taj, vide Arjumand Bino
Begam.
Mumtaz Shikoh, ?^ J^**^* second son of the emperor
Shah Jahim.
Mumtaz-uddaula, Wawab, v'^ ^J^ J^^t the
grandson of Muhammad 'Ali Shah, king of Audh. He
was living in 1868 A. D. The nawab, during the dis-
orders consequent on the Mutiny at Lakhnau, declared
his opinions by entering into a contract to give his
daughter in marriage to the nominee of the rebels, Bir-
jis Kadr. For this conduct he was adjudged to sujSer the
loss of his pension, Bs. 700 per mensem.
•
Munai'm, f***^^ poetical name of Nur td-Halk:, "^izi of
Bareli, who was an excellent Persian poet, and has written
upwards of 300,000 verses ; among his compositions is a
commentary on the Kuran in verse, and Arabic and Per-
sian Kusidas, several Masnawis, and three Persian Diwans.
He was Uving at Dehli in 1786 A. D., 1200 A. H.
Munai'm Khan, KhanShanan, vy^'*^^ iJ^ (»***,
a nobleman who was raised to the high dignity of prime
minister by the emperor Akbar, after the dismissal of
Bairam Khin, KhanEhanin in 1560 A. D., 967 A. H. ;
was appointed governor of Jaunpur after the death of
£han Zaman, where he built that famous bridge on
the river Gumti in the year 1567 A. D., 975 A. H.
He was latterly appointed governor of Bengal after
the defeat of Daud Shah, king of that country in 1676
A. D.y 983 A. H. From the period of Muhammad
Bakhtyar Ehilji to that of Sher Sh&h the city of Gaur,
which is also called Lakhnauti, had been the capital of
Bengal^ after which, owing to its insalubrity, it had been
abandoned for Ehawasp<ir "randa. Munai'm Khin, how-
ever, admiring the spot, gave orders for its repairs, and
made it his residence ; but he soon fell a victim to its
unhealthy climate, and died there on the 12th October the
same year, 9th Bajab, 983 A. H.
Munai'm "JTh ftTij c;^ (^^^} the son of Sul^^ Beg Bar-
lis, a nobleman who had been the emperor Bahldur
Shah's principal officer at K&bul, was, on the accession
of that emperor to the throne of Dehli, appointed his
wazir with the title of KhinEhinan. He died some
time before that monarch's death about the year 1711
A. D., 1123 A. H. He is the author of the work called
" Ilhamdt Munai'mi"
Munai'm, Shaikh, (^^^ fi^y a po^t who served under
prince Sultin Shuj&a, governor of Bengal, and was pre-
sent in the battie fought by that prince against his bro-
ther the emperor 'Alamgir in December, 1658 A D.,
after which he was never heard of. For his poetical
name, he used his own in his compositions.
Munip Lahouri, MuUa, iSjJ^^ji^ ^, a poet of
Lihor, was the son of Mulla 'Abdtd Majid of Mnltin.
He formerly took the words ** Sakhun Sanj" for his poe-
tical tiUe, but afterwards used " Munir" in his composi-
tions. His proper name was Abu'l Barkit. He died at
Agrah on Saturday the 31st August, 1644 A. D., 7th
Rajah, 1054 A. H., and left about 80,000 verses and an
Inshd which goes after his name, vis., ** Insh^ Mnnir."
Munna Jan, u)^ ^> t^^^ Nasir.uddln Haidar.
Munni
197
Mnrtaza
Munni Begun, ^ ^J^, a concubine of Mfr Ja*far,
Nawib of Bengal. After his death and the death of his two
sons Najm-uddanla and Saif-uddanla, she was appointed
eruardian to Mubdrik-uddaula, the infmt son of the late
Nawab, by Warren Hastings, in preference to others
whose claims were more forcible. The guardianship was
taken away finom the Begam in 1776 A. D. She was the
mother of Najm-uddaula, died 1779 A. D., Ist Sha'bin 1103
A.t XL.
Munshi, i/^, takhallus of Jaswant IWe Munshf. He
is the author of a Diw£n, and was living in 1712 A. D.,
. 1124 A. H.
Monshiy i^^y poetical title of Munshi M^chand, a
E&yeth and native of Dehli. He was a pupil of the poet
Kasur, and is the author of some fragments of the Sh£h.
nama in Urdd. He died about the year 1822 A. D.
Miinsif,
, poetical title of FibO Ehdn, who is the
author of a Diwin, and was living in 1704 A. D., 1116
A. H.
Mnrad I, Sllltan> ^[r^ J^oX^ Jjl, whom our English
authors call Amurath I, and who is also called Mur&d Khim
Ghdzi and Ehwdwandgdr Bum, was the third Sultan of
the race of Usm&n or Othmin. He succeeded his father
Arkhan (Orchan) on the Turkish throne in 1359 A. D.,
760 A. H., and was known for his cruelties towards his
son, and those who espoused his cause. He advanced
into Europe, and made Adrianople his capital in 1360
A. D. He was a great warrior and obtained 37 victories,
in the last of which he perished 1389 A. D., 791 A. H.,
aged 71, by the hand of a soldier. He (or as some say
his father) was the first who established the formidable
force of the J&nisaris. His son Bdyezid I, succeeded him.
Mnrad II, Sultan, ^[/^ e^UaU ^b^ succeeded his
father Muhammad I as Ottoman emperor, in 1422 A. D.
825 A. H., and was the first Turk who used cannon in the
field of batUe. In 1443 A. D., 847 A. H., he resigned
the crown in favour of his son Muhammad II, but finding
him incapable to hold the reins of government, he aban-
doned his retirement and defeated the fSunous Sikandar
Beg (Scanderbeg.) and routed the Hungarians. Accor-
ding to Gibbon, he died on the 2nd February, 1451
A. D., ^il-tijja, 854 A. H., and was succeeded by lis son
MuhamiTiftd II, who afterwards took Constantinople.
Mnrad III, Sultan, .iy> ^J^^*^ ^^, succeeded his
father Salim II to the throne of Constantinople in Decem-
ber, 1574 A. D., Shabin, 982 A. H., and to rid himself
of all competitors, he, at his first coming to the crown,
caused his five brothers to be strangled in his presence.
This act of cruelty so affected his mother that she de-
stroyed herself. He took from the disagreeing Persians,
Armenia, Media, and the city of Tauris, and the fort
Gaino from the Hungarians. He died on the 18th
January, 1596 A. D., Jumada I, 1003 A. H., aged 50
lunar years. At the time of his death such a sudden and
terrible tempest arose, that many thought the world
would then be dissolved. He was succeeded by his son
Muhammad III. SulUn Murdd is the author of the
work called " Fatdhat-us-Siyam.*'
Mnrad IV, Sultan, c^J^ c;^*^ ^\j, son of A^mad I,
emperor of Constantinople, succeeded his uncle Mustafa
I, who was deposed the second time in 1623 A. D., 103'>
A. H. He took Baghdad in 1637 A. D., 30,000 of
whose mhabitants he put to the sword, though he had
promised them protection. He died on the 8th February
1640 A. D., 1049 A. H., aged 18, of excessive intojdca-*
tion, and was succeeded by his brother T hrAhfm ,
50
Murad Baksh, Sultan, cA*^ •>]/* tJ^oLm^ youngest
son of the emperor Shdh Jahan, by whom he was appoint-
ed governor of Gujrit, Tha^ta and Bihkar. He was
seized and imprisoned in the fort of Gwaliar, by the
orders of his brother the emperor 'A'lamgfr, after the first
battle he fought against his brother Dard Shik6h, and
was subsequently murdered, 1662 A. D., 1072 A. H. at
Gwiliar and buried within the fort * '
Murad Mirza, ^1/* D^, also called Sul^ Murfid and
Shih Murid, was the second son of the emperor Akbar.
His mother's name was Salima Sultana Begam. He was
bom on Thursday the 8th June," 1670 A. D., 978 A. H
m the house of the venerable Shaikh Sallm Chishtf at
Sikri. The Hindus, on account of his being bom in the
mountainous country of Sikri, used to call him Pahin'.
After this prince's birth, the emperor, considering the
village of Sikri a propitious spot, two of his sons having
been bom there, ordered the foundation of a city to iS
laid, which, after the conquest of Gujrat, he called Fatha-
S^'t. 7y^ V^^^ ^^ ^®^* ^y *^ father to conquer
the Dakhin m 1595 A. D., 1004 A. H., where he feU sick
and died on the 1st of May, 1599 A. D., 15th Shaww4L
1007 A. H. He was at first buried at Sh^hpdr, but after-
wards his corpse was removed to Dehli and laid by the
side of Humaytin the prince's grandfather.
Murasea* Bakam, f^j fro^, titte of the author of the
" Nautarz Murassa." Vide Tahsfn.
Murauwat, oj^, poetical name of Saghir 'AH, a poet,
who is the author of a story in Urdu called " TilismAt
Ish^:," composed in 1792 A. D., 1207 A. H.
Murshid Khan, J^ *^/*, a poet, who flourished in
the time of Jahingfr, and is the author of a Diwdn.
Murshid B^uli Khan, o^ ^J^ ^^^ a nobleman of
the time of the emperor SWUi Jahdn, who was Faujdir of
Muthurd, and was killed there in 1638 A. D., 1048 A. H.
Murshid B:uli Khan, e^^ {^ ^j^y nawib of Bengal,
vide Ja'fSur Kh&n.
Murshid Kuli Khan, c;*^ 4^ c^j^^ Rustam Jang,
son-in-law of Shuja-uddaula, governor of Bengal, by whom
he was appointed governor of Katak. Being defeated
by Mahabat Jang, Naw£b of Bengal, he fled to the Dakhin
in the year 1739 A. D. where he died. He was a good
poet, and his poetical name was Sarshir.
Murtaza Khan, m>^ ^j^ Aa-«, a Sayyad, who on
the accession of Nawab 'Asaf-uddaula to the masnad of
Lakhnau, was appointed by him his niib or deputy, with
the title of Mukhtar-uddaula. but Basant ' AU Kh£n, an
old khwija sar& (eunuch) of the nawaVs father, being
offended at the influence he had over the nawAb, resolved
to remove him; and for this purpose having invited him
to an entertainment, murdered him, and was himself slain
the same day by order of the naw^b. This circumstance
took pla^ in the month of March, 1776 A. D., §afar,
1190 A. H*
Murtaza Khan, c)^ <!r^> a relative of Dost 'All,
^ Nawib of Arkat, under whom the atrocious seizure of
lYichmopoly was perpetrated by Chanda Sahib. The
nawab was succeeded by his son Safdar 'All who after
overcoming the effects of poison prepared for him by
Mi^ ]^n, feU by the poignard of a Pa^hin assassik
hired for the work by the same person. A storm was
raised wlHch he 1^ not the courage to encounter, and
Murtaza
198
MustafEi
disg^nking himself in female attire, he escaped from
Arkat to his own fort of Vellore. Two years afterwards,
the youthful son and successor of Safdar *Ali met the
fate of his father, and common report attributed to Murtaza
Khan a principal share in the contrivance of this murder
also. Such was the man to whom the patronage of
Dupleiz, who was at that time grievously at a loss for
money, was extended, for Murtaza Khan had the reputa-
tion of being extremely rich, and was selected by Duplcix
for a new Naw4b of Arkat. He was solemnly installed
in his new dignity, but finding that his presence was
indispensable at Vellore, he returned thither after some
time in 1762 A. D.
Murtaza Khan Anju> J^^ o^ 'is^J^y a nobleman
of the reign of the emperor Sh&h Jahdn. At the time of
his death which took place 1629 A. D., 1038 A. H., he
was governor of fl^tta.
Murtaza Khan, e;^ ^^J^j vide Shaikh Farid, and
Farid Bukhari.
Murtaza, Mir, ^s'^^J^J^j sumamed "AJ-Madau bi-
ilm ul-Huda." He died in September, 1046 A. D., §afar,
436 A. H.
Murtaza Nizam Shah I, «^ f ^ d^'^ir*? ascended
the throne of Abmadnagar in the Dakhin after the death
of his father Husain Nizam ShiLh I, in 1565 A. D., 972
A. H., and as he was then in his minority, his mother
Khunza Sultana became for six years chief manager
of affairs, after which the Sultan took the affairs under
his own management. He reigned about 24 lunar years,
and becoming mad, his son Mirdn Husain Nizam Shah
shut him up in a warm bathing-room, and shutting &st
the doors and windows to exclude all air, lighted a great
fire under the bath, so that the Sult&n was speedily suf-
focated by the steam and heat. This circumstance took
place about the 15th January, 1589 A. D., 8th Rabi* I,
997 A. H. But according to the work of J&ma ul-Hind,
he was poisoned by his son on the 5th June, 1588 A. D.,
corresponding with 18th Rajab, 996 A. H.
Murtaza Nizam Shah II, «^ f^ ^j*3
a nominal prince and a descendant of the Niz&m Shihi
kings of A$madnagar, who was raised to the throne by
Malik Ambar, the Abyssinian and others after the capture
of Bahadur Nizam Shfch in 1600 A. D., 1009 A.. H. He
was put to death about the year 1628 A. D., 1038 A. H.,
by Fatha Khan, the son of Malik Ambar, who placed his
son Husain, an infemt of ten years on the throne. Husain
was afterwai-ds confined for life by the emperor Shah
Jahin in the fortress of Gwaliar. Vide Fatha Khin.
Musahib> Mirza,
0-^> a poet who flourished
after the poet Saeb whom he imitates, and was probably
Hving in 1745 A. D., 1158 A. H.
Musannifak, *^*Awix), gumame of Mulla 'Alii-uddin 'AU
bin-Muhammad, an Arabian author, who died 1470 A. D.,
875 A. H.
Musibat, '^^•^^^> poetical name of Sh&h GhuUm Ku^b-
uddm, eldest brother of Sh4h Muhammad Afzal of
Allahdb&d. He went on a pilgrimage to Mecca and died
there in 1773 A. D., 1187 A. H.
Mushfakiy C|5^ ^^ ^j a poet who was bom at Bukhara in
the year 1538 A. D., 945 A. H., and composed a Diwin
which he completed in 1575 A. D., 983 A. H.
Mushtak, i5^^^> the poetical name of Mir Said 'Ali of
Isfahan who was alive in the year 1760 A. D., 1174 A. H.
Mushtak, 6^^^, poetical title of Mushtik Hosain of
Agrah. He is the author of a Diwan, and since he was
a pupil of Bahadur Shdh the ex-king of Dehli, in every
one of his Ghazals he has mentioned in the last verse thd
poetical name of the king, viz,y Zafar.
Mushtaky (3^^^*^^ poetical appellation of Muhammad ]{Luli
Khan of Patna, a son of Hashim Kuli Kh£n. He was a
pupil of Muhammad Roshan Joshish, and Barogha of
the household of Nawab Zain-uddin Ahmad Khan Haibat
Jang. He died in 1801 A. D., 1216 A. H.
Muflhtaki, «y ^^ *>^, vide Rizk-ulUh (Shaikh).
Muslim bin- Amr, J^ c^ f^^'^> the father of ^flutaiba.
He was slain in battle along with Misaa'b ibn-Zuber, about
the year 690 A. D., 71 A. H.
Muslim bin-Hajjaj Naishapuri, 5^?^ lH f*^-^
<j5J-^^> or Jashmiri, author of the " Sabih Muslim," a
succinct collection of Traditions, and of the "Masnad
Kabir." Ho died in the year 875 A. D., 261 A. H. The
Sa^ih Muslim is considered as almost of equal authority
with the Sal.iih ul-Bukh£ri, and indeed by some, especially
by the African doctors, is preferred to that work. The
two collections are constantly quoted together under the
name of the Sal^ihain or two Sal^ihs. Muslim is said to
have composed his work from 300,000 traditions. Vide
'Abdullah Abu Muslim.
Muslim ibn-'TJkba, *^ e?-? f^^^^^i was made governor
of Medina by Yozid, the son of Mu'4wia I, 682 A. D.,
63 A. H., to chastise the insolence of the inhabitants of that
place, who had rebelled against him, which done, he
marched directly with his army towards Mecca, but died
by the way in September, 683 A. D., Muliarram, 64
A. H.
MuBlim ibn-Okail, tAjA* ^j>} ^•-to, nephew of 'AU
and cousin of Imam Husain whom he wished to assist
against Yezid, the son of Mu'awia, but was beheaded
along with Haris on the 8th September, 680 A. D., 8th
^il-hijja, 60 A. H., and their heads sent as a present to
Yezid by 'Obaid-ulUh ibn-Zayad. This event took place
a few days before the death of Im&m Husain.
Mustaa'sam BiUah, *W^ ^•-flJ^i-^, the 37th or last
khalif of the house of 'Abbas, vide Al-Mustaa'sam.
Musta'in Billah, ^^^ c /t *^'"^> vide Al-Musta'in BilUh,
Mustafa, ^gr^^^^y a title of Muhammad.
Mustafa I, Sultan, jl^*^*-^^ tt)^-*, succeeded his
brother A^mad I (Achmet) as emperor of Turkey or
Constantinople in 1617 A. D., ^i-Ka'da, 1025 A. H., which
was a novelty never before heard of in this kingdom, it
being the Grand Seignor's policy to strangle all the
younger brothers ; however, this Mustafa was preserved,
either because Abmad, being once a younger brother,
took pity on him, or because he had no issue of his own
body, and so was not permitted to kill him. It is said
that A^mad once intended to have shot him, but at the
instant he was seized with such a pain in his arm and
shoulder, that he cried out ** Muhammad will not let him
die." He carried himself but insolently and cruelly, and
was deposed and sent to prison in 1618 A. D., 1027
A. H., whon'Usman, his nephew, was raised to the throne.
'TJsmin was murdered in 1621 A. D., 1030 A. H., and
Mustafa again restored, and ultimately strangled by his
Janisans in 1623 A. D., 1032 A. H. He was succeeded
by MurAd IV.
Mustafa
199
Muzaffar
LStafa II, Sultan, i!^^^*-^ c)^*^, son of Muham-
mad lY succeeded A^^nad II in 1695 A. D., 1106 A. H.
as emperor of Constantinople. He was an able warrior,
and after defeating the Imperialists at Temswar, he
attaclced the Venetians, Poles and Russians. He retired
to Adrianople, where he forgot himself in lascivious
pleasures, till a revolt of his subjects compelled him to
descend from his throne in 1703 A. D., 1115 A. H. He
died of melancholy six months after. He was succeeded
by his brother AJ^mad III.
Mustafa III, Sultan, di^''" i^^^^, son of Abmad
in, succeeded his nephew 'Usman III as emperor of
Constantinople in 1767 A. D., 1171 A. H. He spent his
time in his seraglio, and left the government to his favo-
rites. He died on the 21st January, 1774 A. B., 1187
A. H., and was succeeded by his brother Al^mad lY,
also called 'Abdul Hamid.
Mustafa IV, Sultan, *!j^^'»'^ u^^^, son of Ahmad
rV, succeeded Sahm III on the 29th of May, 1807 A. D.,
1222 A. H., as emperor of Constantinople. He reigned
one year, and was deposed and slain in 1808 A. D., 1223
A. H., when Mahmdd II was raised to the throne.
Mustafa bin-Muhammad Sa'id, Of^^^, author of
the Persian Commentary on the ^urin, entitled " Aks&m
*Ayat ^fluran."
Mustai'd Khan, vy ^^^^* ^ , sumamed Muhammad
Sdki, was employed as Munshi or secretary to 'Indyet-
ullah Khan, wazir of Bahadur Sh^, and is the author
of the " Masir-i-'Alamgiri," the history of the emperor
'Alamgir. He had been a constant follower of the court
for forty years, and an eye-witness of many of the trans-
actions he records. He undertook the work by desire
of his patron, and finished it in 1710 A. D., 1122 A. H.
being only three years after the decease of 'Alamgir.
M
Mustajab Khan, c;^ V^?^*^, one of the sons of Hdfiz
Bahmat Ehdn, and author of the work called ^' Gulist^n-
i-Rahmat*' being a history of his father. He died in
February, 1833 A. D., 2nd Shaww&l, 1248 A. H., aged
74 lunar years.
Mustakfl Billah, ^^ ^^a^w^^ ^,vfo Al-Mustakfi Billih.
• M
Mustanjad Billah, ^^^, •^?^^'*, vide Al-Mustanjid.
Mustanasar BiUah, *^^ ^^-aiiwo^ ^^ Al-Mustanasar.
Mustarashid BiUah, *^^ ^xAy^-^, vide Al-Mustarshid.
Mustazi BiUah, *"^^ i^-^^wo^ ^,-^ Al-Mustazi.
MuBtazahar Billah, *Ulj^^w/o^ ^^^ Al-Mustazhir.
Musailima, &JouM^ commonly called K&zzih or the Liar,
was an impostor who arose in the time of Muhammad in
one of the provinces of Arabia, named Hajar. As success
in any project seldom fails to draw in imitators, Muham-
mad having raised himself to such a degree of power and
reputation, by acting the prophet, induced others to ima-
gine they might arrive at the same height by the same
means. His most considerable competitors in the pro-
phetic office was Musailima and Al-Aswad. Musailima
pretended to be joined in conmiission with Muhammad,
and published revelations in imitation of the ^ur&n.
He sent Muhammad a letter, offering to go halves with
him, in these words : " From Musailima, the apostle of Qt>d,
to Muhammad, the apostle of Grod. Now, let the earth be
half mine and half thine." But Muhammad believing
himself too well established to need a partner, wrote him
this answer: **From Muhammad the apostle of God, to
Musailima the liar. The earth is Gk>d's ; he giveth the same
for inheritance unto such of his servants as he pleaseth ;
and the happy issue shall attend those who fear him."
During the few months which Muhammad lived after the
setting up of this new imposture, Musailima grew very
formidable ; Abd Bakr, Muhammad's successor, in the
second year of his reign and the 12th of Hijri, (633 A. D.,
12 A. H.,) sent an army against him under the conmiand
of Kh^lia, the son of Walid, who defeated and slew him
in battle. Al-Aswad set up for himself the very year
that Muhammad died ; but a party, sent by Muhammad,
broke into his house by night, and cut off his head. They
received the appellation of " The two Liars."
Mutia' BiUah, *Ub ^^ thaUfa of Baghdad, vide
Al-Mutia' BiUdh.
Muljali, i^^^j poetical name of Sayyad Kutb-uddin.
Mutnabbi (J^^^^f or Al-Mutnabbi, surname of Abu Tyyeb
Al^mad bin-Husain, one of the most celebrated of the Ara-
bian poets, bom at Kufa in 915 A. D., 303 A. H. He had
acquired an extensive knowledge of pure Arabic, drawn
from the best sources, and this he has handed down in his
poetical compositions. He flourished about the year 950
A. D., 339 A. H. ; his father was a water-carrier in Ku&.
His principal patron was Saif-uddaula, prince of Damascus,
of the family of Hamdan. The surname of " Al-Mutnab-
bi," (the pretended prophet) was given him because he
had set up for a prophet in the flat country near Sawama,
where he was followed by a great multitude of the Band
Kalab and other tribes ; but Lulu, governor of Emessa, hav-
ing marched against him took him prisoner and dispersed his
partizans. He kept Mutnabbi in confinement for a long
period, and having at length brought him back to the
Muslim faith, he set him at liberty. He was attacked by
a chief of the tribe of Asad, at the head of a troop of par-
tizans : a combat took place in which he was killed with
his son Al-Muhassad and his slave Muflik. This event
happened in the month of September, 965 A. D., 354 A. H.
Muttaki BiUah, *^^ i/^j a khalif of Baghdiwi, vide
Al-Muttakf.
Mutalibi. lS^^^^i surname of Muhammad bin-Idris al-
Shafa'i, who was one of the four Imams, or chief of the
four orthodox sects amongst the Musalmans.
Mutwakhil AU Allah, ^» J^ ^^y a khah'f of
Baghdad, vide Al-Mutwakkil*
Muwyyad al-HuHa, (Shaikh), ii^^ ^.^ ^, vide
Abu'l If-asim of Hulla.
Muwyyad-Uddaula, ^J'^^ "Hy^, son of Rukn-uddaula,
the son of All B6ya the B6yaite. He succeeded to a part
of his fiither's dominions in Persia in September 976 A. D.,
Mu^iarram 366 A. H. He was taken captive and impri-
soned by Hisam-uddaula at Jurjan in January 984 A. D.,
Sha'ban, 373 A. H., and his brother Fakhr-uddaula Abii'l
TTMimn All got posscssion of the empire.
Muwyyad-uddaula, ^a^Ij«^>^, the son of Nizim ul-
Mulk, the celebrated wazir of Sultan Alp Arsalan and his
son Malikshah. He served as minister to Barkayarak, the
son of the latter for some time, and when dismissed by
that monarch, he joined his brother Muhammad in an
attack upon BarkayiLrak ; but was taken, and put to death
by that prince.
Muzaffar or MuaaflRsuian, i:;ky^Jj^^j a dynasty
Muzaffiir
200
MuzafBsir
of petty rolen of Fan or Penia. From the period at
which the fortunes of the &mily of Halikd began to
decline, i. $., after the death of Saltan Ahu Sa'id in 1335
A. D. till the conquest of Ferna by Amir Taimur, the
province of Fars was governed by a dynasty of petty
rulers, who took the name of Mosaffiir from their founder,
Mub^z-uddin Muhammad whose title was Al-Muzaffar,
or the Victorious, which title he received on his victory
over Abti Ishil^ the governor of Shir^ in 1363 A. D.,
764 A. H. The capital of this £unily was Shiraz, which
is said to have attained its great prosperity under their
rule. Vide Muhammad Muzi^ar.
Mtusaflkr^ jr^y the poetical name of a person who
flourished about the year 1690 A. D., 1102 A. H. The
name of his Murshid or spiritual guide was AU Amjad, in
whose praise he has written some Ghazals.
MusafflEkr Husain Mirza, D>« k:)^r^J^y was the
son of 8ult^ Husain Mirzi, ruler of Ehnrdsin, after
whose deatii in May 1606 A. D., ^il-hijja 911 A. H. he
conjointly with his brother Badi-uzzaman Mirza, ascended
the throne of Hir&t ; but they did not enjoy it long, for
ShiUii Beg Khin, the Uzbak, defeated them in May 1607
A. D., Mu^^arram 913 A. H. and took possession of the
country. Muzaffar Husain Mirzd, who had gone to
Astarab&d, died there the same year.
MiiBafTar Husain Mina, \)j^ j^r^ J^y of the
royal Safwi race of Persia, was the son of Sultan Husain
Mirz^ the son of Bahrdm Mirz&, the son of Shah Isma'il
SafwL. He left his jdgir of l^andahir, and proceeded to
India; and on his arrival at the court of the emperor
Akbar in August 1696 A D. was appointed an amir of
5000. The Sarkir of Sambhal was assigned to him in
j&gir, and IJlandahar (which was made over to the
emperor,) to Shah Beg Eibuli. About the year 1609 A. D.
Mirz& Khurram (afterwards Shah Jah4n] was married
to a daughter of Muzafiar Husain who received the title
of ICandah£ri Begam*
Mozaffor Husain Hirza, [3y* e^A-^^^^ife^^ ^as the
son of Ibrahim Husain Mirza and Oulrukh Begam. He
was married to Khiinam Sultin, the daughter of the
emperor Akbar in 1693 A. D., and was living in 1600
A.D.
ICuzaffltr Jang, «-t^ J^^y also called Muzaffar Husain
Khan, Naw&b of Farrukh&b£d, whose original name was
Diler Himmat EhiLn. He succeeded his father A^mad
Khan Bangash in the month of November, 1771 A. D.,
Sha'biln, 1186 A. H., and received the above title from
the emperor Shah 'Alam, who was then proceeding to
Dehli from Allah4b4d. He ceded his territory to the
English on receipt of a pension of 108,000 rupees on the
4th June, 1802 A. D. After his death, his grandson
Ta£uzul Husain Khin succeeded him.
Uuzaffar Jang, «->^^;*4a«, whose origixial name was
Hidaet Muhin-uddfn, was the fovourite grandson of the
celebrated Nizam ul-Mulk, the Sdbadir of Haidarabad.
He was the son of that nobleman's daughter, and on
his death, he collected an army and gave out that
his grandsire had in his will not only appointed him to
inherit the greatest part of his treasures, but had likewise
nominated him to succeed to the government of the
southern provinces. Nasir Jang, his uncle, who had
taken possession of his father's wealth, was enabled to
keep his father's army i]i pay ; and this was so numerous,
that the forces which Muzaffar Jang had collected were
not sufficient to oppose him with any probability of
success. Muzaffar Jang subsequently went to Arkat
(Arcot) where he defeated and killed Anwar-uddin Khan,
the naw4b of that place, by tiie assistance of the French
in a battle fought on the 23rd of July, 1749 A. D., and
was acknowledged the lawful Subadkr of the Dakhin.
He was, however, after some months obliged to surrender
himself to Nasir Jang, who kept him in close confine*
ment ; but after the murder of N^ir Jang in December,
1760 A. D., 17th Mubarram, 1164 A. H., he was again
raised to the masnad by the assistance of the French.
His reign was, however, of short duration, for he was
not long after assassinated by the same persons who had
raised him to power. His death took place on the drd of
February, 1751 A. D., 17th Rabf I, 1164 A. H., when
Salabat Jang, the third son of the old Nizim, was placed
on the masnad by the French.
MuzafCkr ^wami, Maulana, \^y^ J^ ^3!^*,
vide IfLaw&ml.
Muzaffar Khan, Ifawab, o^^ j^^ vt>*, was the
younger brother of Amir ul-Umr& Khin Baur&n Abdus
Saniad Khan, by whose interest he was appointed govern
nor of Ajmeir in the reign of Farrukh-siyar, and was
ordered to march with a numerous army against the
Marhatta chief Malhir Rao Holkar, who had invaded the
territories of the Maharaja Jaising Sawaf of Amber (now
called Jaipiir). Muzaffar Khdn was slain along with his
brother in the battle which took place between the em-
peror Mohammad Shah and Nadir Shah in the month of
February, 1739 A. D., ^i-^a'da, 1161 A. H.
was
Muzaffar Khan, c>^ jr^y a nobleman who
appointed governor of Agrah by the emperor Jahimgfr in
the year 1621 A. D., 1030 A. H. He built the mosque in
the city of Agrah, called <' Kalin or Kali Masjid," in the
year 1631 A. D., 1041 A. H. which is still standing but
in a ruinous state.
Muzaffar Khan Tirbati, ij^.y \J^^^i^^ a nobleman
who was appointed governor of Bengal by the emperor
Akbar in 1679 A. D., 987 A. H. In his time Bab4 Khia
])lakshal rebelled against the emperor, took Gaur, slew
Muzaffar Kh&n at Jan^a in Apnl, 1680 A. D., Babf I,
988 A. H., and became independent for some time,
Muzaffar, Maulana, y^ ^^, a celebrated poet of
Hirit in Khurisdn, who lived in the time of Sul^
Ghayds-uddin Kart, and Sh£h Shujia' of Shir&z.
MuzaffEU! Shah I, sU^^i^^ ^^ose original name was
Muzaffar Khan, was the first king of GujrAt. He was
bom at DeWi on the 30th June, 1342 A. D., 26th Mu-
l^arram, 743 A. H. His family had been elevated from
menial stations in the household of the kings of Dehli.
He was, however, appointed governor of Gujrat in 1391
A. D., 794 A. H. by Sul^dn Muhammad tughlak II,
king of Dehli, in the room of Farhat ul-Mulk who had
rebelled against the king ; a battle took place in which
the latter lost his Hfe. In the year 1396 A. D., 799
A. H. Muzaffar Khan caused himself to be proclaimed
king under the title of Muzaffar Sh^ and directed coin
to be struck in his name. Ho died after a reign of nearly
?0 years, on the 27th July, 1411 A. D., 6th Rabf II, 814
A. H., in the 71st year of his age, and was succeeded by
his grandson A]|^ad Shih the son of T&tar l^b^^^T
i?»Vf^» of Ot^jrdt,
1. Muzaffar Shih I.
2. Ahmad Shih I, his grandson, the son of Tit^ "Shisu
8. Muhammad Sh£h, suznamed Karim, the mercifiiL
4. Kutb Sh&h.
6. Ddud Shih, his uncle, deposed in £ivour of
6. Mahm^d 8h&h I, sumamed BaiVaza, who xmuie two
expediti6ns to the Dakhin.
7. Muzaffar Shih IL
Jttxa&SoT
201
Nadir
t. Sikandar Sh£h, aasasrinated.
9. Mahmtid Shih 11, displaced by Bahidur and confined.
10. Bahadur Sh^ who was murdered by the Portuguese.
1 1. Mir&n Muhammad Shtii FartiVi of M41wa.
12. Mahmdd II, released from prison.
13. Ahmad Shih II, a spurious heir, set up by the
minister.
14. Muzaflfar Shih III, a supposititious son of Mahmtid,
and the last king in whose time Gujrit was taken
by Akbar.
MiuafEkr Sliah II, ^Li^^kt*^ ^as bom on Thursday
the 10th April, 1470 A. D., 20th Sha'bin, 876 A. H., and
succeeded his father Sultan Mahmiid Sh&h I, Bai^ara on
the throne of Gujrat, in the 41st year of his age, in
November, 1511 A. D., Sha'bin, 917 A. H. He reigned
nearly 15 years, and died on Saturday the 17th of February,
1626 A. D., 3rd Jum&da I, 932 A. H., aged 66 lunar
years. He was buried at Sarkfch. His son Sikandar
Shih succeeded him.
Musafikr Shah III, t^jij^^j a supposititiouB son of
Mahmiid Shih III, named Nathti, was raised to the throne
of Gujrit by Ya'tmid Khin, the prime minister, after the
death of A^mad Shih II in 1561 A. D., 968 A. H. In
the year 1672 A. B., 980 A. H., the emperor Akbar was
invited by Ya'tmid Khin to occupy Gujrit as in former
times ; upon which Akbar advanced on the capital of that
kingdom which he took possession of on the 20th of
Kovember of the same year 14th Rajab, 980 A. H.,
and re-united it to Dehli as a province of Hinddstin.
Muzaffar Shih, who had abdicated his throne in favour
of Akbar, was sent to Agrah in the first instance, but
was subsequently remanded into close confinement, from
which he not only made his escape but flying into Gi:gr&t,
collected a respectable force, attacked the viceroy IJLutb-
uddin Khin, and slew him in action; and after an
imprisonment of nearly nine years, re-ascended the throne
of Gujrit. His reign was, however, of short duration ;
for in the year 1683 A. D., 991 A. H., Akbar having
deputed Mirzi Khin KhinKhinin, the son of Bairim
Khin to re-take Gujrit, Muzafiar Khin was defeated in
a pitched battle and fled to Jiinaga^h ; and as he was
pursued by Khin 'Azim, he cut hjs throat with a razor.
His head was then cut off and sent to court. His downfidl
terminated the dynasty of the Muhammadan kings of
Gujrit ; ever since which period that kingdom has been
considered as a province of Dehli
Musaffltr Shah Pupbl, i^.J^i Z^j^^^ whose former
name was Siddi Badar, was an Abyssinian slave; he
murdered his sovereign Mahmiid Shih, and ascended the
throne of Bengal in 1496 A. D., 900 A. H. He reigned
three years, and was killed in a battle fought with his
minister Sayyad Sharif who succeeded him with the title of
'Ala-uddin II, in 1498 A. D., 904 A. H.
Muaaffkr-nddin, ui'^]/^, i^Sun^.
MuBaffar-uddin, {ji^iy^, tnde Muhammad
Muzaffar.
Musafto-uddin Zangi, tA {:ri^!y^, vide SunJ:ar.
N.
Kabi-Effendi, </*^l ^/^^J a Turkish poet> well
acquainted with the classic writers of Greece and Rome.
Kq flourished in the 17th century, Lempri0re*s Universal
Biography.
51
Kadim Gilani, i^^ ^^^j an author who came to
India, and was a cotemporaiy of Nazirf of Naishipiir.
Nadir, J^^y poetical title of Mirzi Kalb Husain, Deputy
Collector of Etiwah. Vide Kalb Husain.
Nadira Begam, f^, h^^y daughter of Sul^in Parwez,
the son of the emperor Jahingir. She was married to
prince Diri Shik6h, the eldest son of the emperor Shih
Jahin, on the 23rd January, 1634 A. D., by whom she
had two sons, Wz., Sulaimin Shik6h and SipeJir Shik6h.
She died through feitigue in May, 1669 A. D., Rama^in,
1069 A. H. at Diwar, the country of Malik Jiwan, where
her husband had fled along with her after his defeat at
Ajmeir. She was buried in the Khanqa of Mian M(r at
Labor.
Nadir Shah^ l^j^^j also called Nidir ^ulf Khin, and
Tahmasp (uli Khin, the greatest warrior Persia has ever
produced. He was tiie son of a shepherd, bom in the
province of Khurisin, 1687 A. D., but by selling some
of his other's sheep, he collected a number of desperate
followers who shared his dangers and the booty gained in
plundering caravans. By degrees he saw himself at the
head of 6,000 brave adherents, and his assistance was
solicited by Shih Tahmasp II, king of Persia, whose
throne was usurped by Ashrai^ the chief of the A^hins.
With impetuous valour, Nidir attacked and routed the
enemy, and then seated his master on the throne of his
ancestors at Isfeihin 1730 A. D. He then pursued the
flying Afghins to ^andahir, and on his return, taking
advantage of the odium created by an unfavourable treaty
made by Shih Tahmasp with the Turks during his
absence, he deposed the king; and his son, an infant
of six months he proclaimed Shih, by the name of
''Abbis III. This event took place on the 16th August^
1732 A. B., 1146 A. H. In his name, Nidir assumed to
himself the sovereign power, and after having recovered
all that had been taken from Persia, he concluded a peace
with the Ottoman Porte in 1 736 A. D. On the death of the
young Shih 'Abbis the same year, he signified his inten-
tion of resigning his honours ; but the nobles, excited by
his private intr^g^ues, invested him with the sovereign
power. The historian of Nidir is careful in informing
us, that the crown of Persia was placed upon the head
of the conqueror exactly at 20 minutes past 8 in the
morning of the 26th February, 1736 A. D., Shawwil,
1148 A. H. Nidir, now elevated to the height of his
ambition, wisely saw that war was the only support of
his greatness, and therefore with a numerous army he
marched against India in 1739. The Mughal empire was
npidly conquered, 200,000 men were put to the sword,
and a booty of one hundred and forty-five millions, in which
was the imperial throne set with diamonds of an immense
value, called the Peacock Throne, was brought away by
him from Dehli. He latterly became capricious, proud and
tyrannical, and was guilty of such cruelty, that the nobles
conspired against him and assassinated hun on the night of
Sunday the 10th May, 1747 A. D., 10th Jumid^ I, 1160
A. H., after he had reigned 20 years over one of the
most extensive and powerful empires of the world. He
was buried at Mashhad nine days after his death. His
nephew and murderer 'All Kuli Kiiin who took the title
of 'All Shih or 'Adil Shih, succeeded him. On his
accession, he put to death thirteen of the sons and
grandsons of Nidir ; the only descendant of the conqueror
that was spared, was his grandson, Shihrukh, the son of
Baza l^uU, who was 14 years of age. 'Adil Shih was
soon after deprived of sight and imprisoned. After him
Ibrahim his brother reigned for some time in 1748 A. I)
Shihrukh in 1749 A. D., Sulaiman in 1750 A. D., lami'H
bin-Sayyad Mustafisi from 1750 to 1769 A. D., and after
him Karim Khin Zand and 'A^i Muhammad l^hi n ^ijir,
which see*
Nafls
202
Najib
NafiB bin-'Iwaa, ue^ uH ur^t author of the Arabic
work, called " HaU-i-Mujiz ul-JJLAnfin." He was a contem-
poraiy of Mirz& Ulagh Beg,
Naftuya, *i>*^, or Niftuya, was called so, because
an offensive smell like naphtha issued from his body.
He was an author, and died in 912 A. D., 800 A. H. His
proper name is Abu 'Abdullah Ibr&him.
Kaila> ^, the mother of Fir6z Shih and the daughter of
^i Mai Bhatti.
Naishapuri) iSJJi^^9 or Naisibiirf, an Arabian author,
who took his poetical name from Kaishap^r his birth-
place; he is called by European writers Nisaburiensis.
He has collected in a little book the g^ve and witty
sayings of Muhammad and his successors, and some of the
kings of Persia.
Naiyar and Bakhshan, j^ k u^jj are the poetical
titles of Naw&b Ziya-uddfn A^>mad Eh&n, the son of Naw&b
A^ionad Bakhsh Kh&n of Firozpiir and Labor.
ITajabat Khan KhanKhanan> Nawab, v!y
^GUr^U. ^J^ •^^^ a nobleman of the reign of the
emperoT 'Alamgir, by whom he was much respected. His
proper name was Mirz& Shujaa, he was the son of Mirzi
8h&hrukh, and the grandson of Mirz& Sulaim&n of Badakh-
shiLn. He was bom on the 25th November, 1603 A. D.,
and died on the 13th December, 1664 A. D., 4th Jumida
I, 1075 A. H. at Ujjain. He held the rank of 5000 at the
time of his death.
Najabat, Mir, •^^ ^-^j author of a poem called
" Gulkushtf," on the art of wrestling, a Sharah of which
has been written by Siraj-uddm 'All Ehin 'Arzti ; and
another by MunshI Batan Singh of Lakhnau. Vide
Kajit (Mir).
Najaf Khan, \D^ ***^, styled Amfr ul-Umri Zulfikar-
uddaula, was bom in Persia of a feimily said to be related
to the Safwi sovereigns of that empire, and in his in&ncy
was, with many of his relations, a prisoner to the usurper
Nadir Shdh, who kept eJl the personages, any way allied
to the throne, in confinement for his own security. At
the request of Mirz& Muhsin Khan, the brother of Nawab
Safdar Jang, who was sent on an embassy to N&dir Shah
by Muhammad Shiih the emperor, after his invasion of
Hindustan, Najaf Khan and a sister much older than
himself were released. This lady married her deliverer,
and Najaf Khin accompanied her and her husband to
Dehli. He was treated with parental affection by Mirz&
Muhsin, and at his death attached himself to Muhammad
^uli KhAn his son, the governor of AUahib&d, who was
shortly after seized and put to death by his first cousin
Nawdb Shuji-uddaula the son of Safdar Jang. Najaf
Khiin upon this event, retired with a few followers into
Bengal, and offered his services to the Nawib Mir IJLasim
'All Khdn, then at war with the English, who gave him
great encouragement. When ^dsim 'All took refuge
with Shuja-uddaula, Najaf Kh&n not choosing to trust
himself in the power of the latter, repaired to Bundel-
khand, and served Gumau Singh, one of the chiefs of
that country. Upon the flight of Shuji-uddaula, after
the battle of Buzar, he offered his services to the English,
representing himself as the rightful lord of the province
of Allahabid, was received with respectful welcome, and
even put in possession of a part of it ; but when peace
was concluded with the Nawab Wazir, the English dis-
covering the &lsehood of his claim, set it aside, and
rewarded his attachment with a pension of two lakhs of
rupees and strong recommendations to the emperor Shdli
'Alam. The recompense was greater than his services
to the English, as he had kept up a correspondence
with Shuji-uddaula, whom he would have joined, had he
been successful in the battle of K6f a. From AUahAbad
he accompanied the emperor Shih 'Alam to Dehli in
1771 A. D., and having reduced the city of AgraK from
the J&ts, he was appointed Amir-ul-'Umrd wiUi the title
of Zulfikdr-uddaula. The Rajas of Jaipur and several
other Hindu princes were his tributaries. He died on
the 22nd of April, 1782 A. D., 1169 A. H., in the 49th
year of his age.
Najaahi, (/^^> vide 'Abu'l Husain Afymad.
Najaty Mir, t5^^*-^ «*^^r^*, of IsfeWm, whose proper
name was Mir 'Abdul Al, is the author of a Diwdn. He
was a cotemporary of Tahir Wahid who wrote a Preface
to that work. He is also, it seems, the author of another
poem on the art of wrestling called *^ Gulkushti.'* Some
of the authors call him Mir Najabat. Vide Naiabat
(Mir).
Najiy 4^ > poetical name of Muhammad Shikir, who lived
in the reign of the emperor Muhammad Sh&h, and was
cotemporary with the poets Wall, Hitim, Mazmun, and
'Abrd.
Najib Khan, izy^ V »? - , vide Najib-uddaula.
Najib-uddin Far si, iyv^ c^'^-^'v*?^, a poet of
Persia who died about the year 1231 A. D., 628 A. H.,
and left a Diw&n.
Najib-uddaula, ^^j^^lv^, thetitleofNajibKhAn, a
Kohela chie^ and nephew of Bash&rat Eh^. He came
into Bohell^and during the administration of 'All
Muhammad Khin. He was at first appointed to the
charge of a very small party, not consisting of more than
twelve horse and foot. But his courage and activity
soon brought him to the notice of his patron, who
entrusted him with a respectable military command, and
procured for him in marriage the daughter of Dundo
Khin the Hohela chief. He subsequently espoused the
imperial cause, and was honourably received at Dehli by
the wazir Ghdzi-uddin Khan, and being soon after
promoted to the command of the army, he attacked Safdar
Jang, who had avowedly announced his hostile disposi-
tion to the court, and compelled him to cross the Ganges
1753 A. D.,^ 1167 A. H. On the successful conclusion of
this campaign, in which he was wounded, he received
from the emperor A^^mad Shah the title of Najib-uddaula.
He was created Amir-ul-'UmrA to the emperor *Alamgfr
II, by Ahmad Shah Abdali on the return to Kandahir in
1757 A. D., 1170 A. H., but was soon after that conquer-
or's departure, deprived of his office by the wazir GhAzi-
uddin KhiLn, who conferred it on A^mad Sh4h Bangash
the Naw4b of Farrukhdb^ as a return for his servicer.
Najib-uddaula was present in the famous battle fought
by A^anad Shih Abdali with the Marhattas in January,
1761 A. D., and on his departure to ^andtihir, was again
restored to his former situation of Amir-ul-'Umrd, and
was entrusted with the care of the city of Dehli and
protection of the royal fiimily. He governed Dehli and
the few districts yet in possession of the royal fiunily
with moderation and justice till his death which took
place in October, 1770 A. D., Eajab, 1184 A. H., when
he was succeeded in his dominions by his son Zabita Khan
who continued to protect the royal family ; the emperor
Bh4h 'Alam residing at AllahabAd with the English.
Najib-uddaula was buried at Najibibad a city founded by
hiou
i
Najib
203
Nami
Ki^ib-un-Nisa Begam^ (^. ^^^ Vi^^ the sister of
the emperor Akbar, and the wife of Khw^a Hasan
Nakshbandi.
Najm Sani, ^/^ (^f a famous wazir of Shdh Ism&'il
Safwi I, whose proper name was Mirz& Y&t A^mad. He
was taken prisoner in a battle fought against the Uzbaks,
and put to death on the 12th of November, 1512 A. D.,
3rd Ramazin, 918 A. H., by order of 'Abdullah Kh£n
Uzbak, kingofTuran.
Najm-uddin 'Abu Hafs 'Umar bin-Miihanimad,
Ox^rfT* e;J^^ U-aA^ J^ l:^-«^'(^, ^*^ Nasafi.
ITajm-uddin 'Abu'l Hasan 'Ali bin-Daud,
Ojt»i {j'i t5^ cr*^l>^' cH**^'(^^ commonly called
C^ahll^ari, from j^ahl^ar, a place in Chaldea, situated near
Basra, where he was bom in 1172 A. D., 568 A. H. He
was a descendant of Zuber bin-Aw&m, and a famous
jurisconsult, and a good grammarian. He led a very
retired and austere life, and was one of the most celebrated
professors of the Hamfian sect, in the college named
Buknia, in the city of Damascus, where he died in 1274
A. D., 645 A. H., aged 77 lunar years.
Wajm-uddin ' A b r u, Shah, j^T iiH^^ (^^ »^,
a poet of Dehli, who flourished in the reign of the emperor
6h^ 'Alam.
Najm-uddin Pahdani, (/^'V ui'^^(^ ^S
or Eahdanf (H&fiz) author of an Arabic work entitled
« Itahaf ul-Wari bi-Akhb^ ul-^urd."
Najm-uddin Kubra, Shaikh, isj^ eH«^'^ ^,
a celebrated pious Musalm&i, who was slain at Ehwdrizm
at the time when the troops of Changez Khan, the Tartar,
invaded that kingdom in 1221 A. D., 618 A. H.
Najm-uddin Muhammad 'Umar-al-Samarkandi,
^^^J^\J^ «X4;s^ ^^J\^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^ Medical
work in Arabic called " Asbdb wa 'AUmat.'"
Najm-uddin Bazi, ^^•'f*^ *J ^jj*^ isjb c;i«^'(^,
commonly called " Tdullah" or the hand of €K)d.
Najm-uddaula, ^J'^^(^, whose proper name is Mfr
Phfilwdri, was the eldest son of Mir Ja'far 'All Khdn,
Nawab of Bengal, Behdr, and Urissa. He succeeded his
fether in February, 1765 A. D., Sha'bdn, 1178 A. H., and
the same year the East India Company received from the
emperor 8h4h 'Alam the appointment of Diwan of the
three provinces of Bengal. Najm-uddaula died of the
small-pox, after a reign of one year and four months, on
the 3rd May, 1766 A. D., 22nd ^i-Ka'da, U79 A. H., and
was succeeded by his brother Saif-uddaula.
Naki, Imam, f^t j^, ^nde 'AH Naki (InULm).
Naki Kamara, 5/*^ (/^i a poet who died in 1622 A. D.,
1031 A. H., and left a Diwin.
Nakib Khan, e;^ V^«J, the grandson of Yahia bin-
'Abdul-Latii^ which see.
Nakhshabi, i/?^^*^, poetical name of a person, who is
the author of the " Ttitf-nama" or Tales of a Parrot.
When he flourished or when he died is not known.
Na'man, Mir, U^^ri*^ a poet who died at Agrah on
the 4th of March, 1648 A. D., 18th Safer, 1068 A. H.,
and was buried there.
Na'mat * Ali Khan, e^^ *^ *i**A>, author of a work
called " Shah-nAma," containing an account of the
Muhammadan kings of India.
Na'mat Khan, (^ ^ u^ vs****, whose poetical name is.
'Al£, and who afterwards received the title of D4nishmand
Kh^ was Comptroller of the Kitchen to the emperor
'Alamgir, and a constant attendant on his person. He is
the author of a number of excellent poems ; one of which
is called " Husn wa-Ishk," but that held in the greatest
estimation is a satire on the conquest of Golkon^a by
'Alamgir, 1687 A. D., in which the author lashes not only
the generals, but even the emperor himself, whose conduct
in destroying the Muhammadan kings of Bijapur and
Golkon^ while the Marha^tas and other Hindti chiefs
had exalted the standard of defiance, was much disap-
proved of by many of the zealous Musalmins. The
officers and soldiers were also much disgusted by inces-
sant wars in the Dakhin, and the very great hard-
ships they suffered during his campaigns in that country.
This book goes by the name of the author, " Na'mat
Khin 'All," and has no other name. It is sometimes
called " Wakdya Na'mat Khan 'Ali." He also compiled
a very excellent book on Oriental Cookery. The whole
of his work is called " Khwan Na'mat," or the Table of
Delicacies. He died in the reign of the emperor Bah^ur
Shia^ 1708 A. D., 1120 A. H. Vide Dinishmand Khan.
Na'mat-uHah, <y» &U|vs*^ ^i^^ ^ Sayyad of
NAmaul and a pious Musalmdn who is said to have
performed miracles. He had reared a hawk by whose
aid he procured his subsistence for several years. He
afterwards proceeded to Akbamagar commonly called
R^'mahil in Bengal, where the prince SultAn ShujAa',
the son of the emperor Shih Jah&n then governor of that
province, with several of his 'Umrd, became his disciples
He died in the year 1666 A. D., 1077 A. H., at a place
called Firozpur, east of Rdjmahal where he had received a
jigir from the prince. He was a saint and a poet.
Na*mat-uHah, Khwaja, «^^fo^ *^I>^, author of
the history of the Afghins or early Abdilis, an account
of which is given in the Journal of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal, Vol. XIV, p. 445. It is called "Tirikh
Afghimi," translated by Bernhard Dom, Ph. D, &c.
Na>mat-unah Wali, Sayyad Shah Nur-uddin,
^^dl^fo^ 4Aif,y «U .U^, adescendimtoflmto
Musi ^&zim. He was a learned and pious Musahnim,
and an excellent poet. He is said to have performed
miracles ; was the disciple of Shaikh 'Abdullah Yafa'i,
but followed the tenets of Imim Sh&fa'f. He is the
author of nearly 500 books and pamphlets. He died
in the time of Shihrukh Mirzd the son of Amfr Taimur,
1424 or 1431 A. D., 827 A. H., aged 75 years, and is
buned at Mahan, a village of Kirmin in Persia. Sayyad
was his poetical title.
Nami, ^y®^, a poet who died in 1533 A. D., 940 A. H.
Nami, i^^, vide Muhammad Ma'stlm NamL
Nami ul-Nami, j^-*^' </«^, surname of 'Abu'l 'Abbfo
ibn-Muhammad al-Dazamf Bl-Massijly who was an
excellent Arabic poet. He died 1008 A. D., 399 A. H.,
aged 90 years.
Namkin
204
Nassi
Namkin> Cr/i^ J^ (^^, Poetical title of Kiam Kh£n,
who lived in the time of the emperor Jahdngir.
Namud, «>^, vide Taskhfr.
Nana, ^^y a corruption of Ndnh£, or Nannh^ ifl the
appellation by which Baliji RiU) PeshwA was commonly
known in HinduaUb, and is by most supposed to be a
title of State ; but as we are informed, it arose from the
nickname given him when a child by his father ; Nannh4
sig^nifying a little man.
Nana, Lri^jti^^} ot Ninh4 Famawis or Phapiawfs,
wafl the KiLrkun of M£dh6 Rao Peshw6.
Nana, V^^ ^^y or Ndnhd S^b, the nickname of
Dhondh6pant of Bith^r near Kahnpiir. This miscreant
was an adopted son of Baji Rio II, the ex-PeshwA of
Piind who died in December, 1852 A. D. According to
Mr. Shephard's narrative of the Kahnpiir Mutiny, Baji
Rdo died on the 28th January, 1861 A. D. Of all the
butcheries in the disturbances of 1867, that enacted by
this vile wretch, stands pre-eminent. Out of seven
hundred and fifty living souls (all Christians) in the
strength and vigour of life, few escaped to tell the
horrible tale. Lieutenants Delafosse and Thomson of the
63rd N. I., Ensign Brown, 66th N. L, and two other,
soldiers, were the only survivors of the massacre. Three
men and four women are reported to have also escaped
and reached Allahabad. They escaped the massacre in
the river and were hid in Kahnpiir, until the arrival of
General Havelock's forces. The pension of the ex-
Peshwi amounting to 8 laks of rupees per annum, was
not continued to the Ninhi, and this appears to have
been his principal, if not sole grievance, though he
invariably maintained friendly relations with the European
residents, and indeed on many occasions treated ^em
with apparently cordial hospitality. His residence was
at Bithtir, situated ten miles fix)m Kahnpur, where he
owned an estate left him by his patron the ex-Peshwd,
and he was allowed a retinue of 600 infantry and cavalry,
with three guns of small callibre, and these troops were
of course entirely independent of European authority.
A proclamation was issued by the Gk)vemor-Greneral in
March, 1868 A. D., wherein a reward was offered of one
lakh of rupees to any person, who should deliver NanhA
Dhondhdpant of Bithiir to the district oflScer commanding
in any military camp or at any military post ; and, in
addition to the pecuniary reward, a free pardon was
guaranteed to any mutineer, deserter or rebel (excepting
the Nawabs of Farrukhibid, Bareli, Banda and lUji of
Mainptiri) who should so deliver up the Ninhd S^b.
Nanak, J^ ^^» or N4nhak Shdh, the founder of the
sect called Sikhs, was bom in the year 1469 A. D. He
was the son of a Hindu grain-merchant, and disciple of
Sayyad Husain, or as some say of Kabir, and consequent-
ly a sort of Hindu deist, but his peculiar tenet was
universal toleration. He maintained that devotion was
due to God, that forms were immaterial, and that Hindii
and Muhammadan worship were the same in the sight
of the Deity. During his travels, Ninhak was introduced
to the emperor Babar, before whom he is said to have
defended his doctrine with great firmness and eloquence.
Ninhak died in the month of August, 1539 A. D., aged
70 years. After his sect had silently increased for more
than a century, it excited the jealousy of the Musalmin
government, and its spiritual chief, the Gurd Aijun,
was put to death in 1606 A. D., within a year after the
decease of the emperor Akbar. This tyranny changed
the Sikhs from inoffensive quietists into £uiatical warriors.
They took up arms under Harg6bind, the son of their
martyred pontiff, who inspired them with his own spirit
of revenge and of hatred to their oppressors.
The following are the names of the Sikh Guria
from Ndnhak.
Gurd N&nhak Shih, the founder of the
sect, died 1639 A. D.
„ Angad, who wrote some of the
sacred books, „ 1662
„ Amardis, „ 1674
„ Rimdas who beautified Am-
ritsir, „ 1581
„ Arjunmal, he compiled the
'AdiGranth, „ 1606
„ Harg6bind, who was the first
warlike leader, „ 1644
„ Har Rde, grandson of Har-
g6bind, „ 1661
„ Har Erishan, son of Har R&e, „ 1664
„ Teigh Bah&dur, uncle of Har
Erishan, „ 1676 put to
„ Gobind, son of Teigh Bahadur. ^ death.
He remodelled the Sikh [
government. Hewasassas-V „ 1708 Assas-
sinated by a Pa^h&n soldier I sinated.
ini J
„ Banda, put to death by the [death.
Musalmilns, „ 1715 put to
12 Misals of the Sikhs cap-
tured Labor and occupied
the Panjab.
Charat Singh of Sukelpaka
misal, „ 1774
Maha Singh his son, extended
his rule, and his wife became
regent, and Lakhpat Singh
her minister, „ 1792
Ranjit Singh established L&hor
independency in 1806, vide [June.
RanjitSingh, „ 1839 27th
Kandkumar^ jU^iXxi^ ^ ^^Y^ M&hiijan of Calcutta and
Faujdir of Hugli. All the power of the State had been
committed to him without control, in the time of the
Naw&b Ja'far 'Ali Khan. He was a treacherous enemy
to the English. He was convicted of a forgery,
condemned to suffer death, and was hanged at the
appointed place of execution in Calcutta on the 6th
August, 1776 A. D., 7th Jum&da II, 1189 A. H. His
treasure and effects were given up to his son Rdj& Gurdis.
It is said there were fifty-two lakhs of rupees in money,
and about the same amount in jewels and rich goods.
In his house were found the seals of several eminent
persons which he had forged. The Brahmans of Calcutta
were struck with such horror when that execution took
place, that they rushed into the sacred waters of the river
to purge themselves of the pollution of such a sight, and
looking upon Calcutta as a second Aceldama or field of
blood, they crossed the river and settled at Bali, six
miles from the scene of execution. They gradually extend-
ed their habitation beyond Bali and formed the village
iTtarpara.
Karayan Bao Feshwa, !Ai jI) iiyib^y the third son
of Balaji R£o Peshwd, succeeded his brother Madh6 R&o
in November, 1770 A. D. He was assassinated by his
paternal uncle Raghundth Rio, better known by the
name Raghoba, in August 1772 A. D., and was succeeded
by his infant son Sewaji Madh6 R&o, Raghunith Rio
failing in his views joined the English at Surat.
Kargisiy KS^yi an author who died at ^fftTn^lt^4^ in 1630
A. D., 937 A. H., and has left a Diw&n.
NaSSi^ KfV^y the Narses of the Greeks, a king of the Sisi-
nian dynasty, succeeded his brother Bahrim III 393
A. D., on the throne of Persia, and after a reign of nine
Narsingli
205
Nasir-uddin
yean abdicated it in fsLvor of his son, Hnnntis 11 ; and
survived that act but a short period.
ITarsingh Deo BundeHa, Baja, 4!'^^.3*^^P *^b,
son of R4j£ Madhukar Sah Bundeila, who died in the reign
of the emperor Akbar 1592 A. D., 1000 A. H. He
served prince Mirza Salim (afterwards Jahangir) for several
years and by his orders slew Abu'l Fazl the prime
minister of his &ther Akbar in 1602 A. D., 1011 A. H.
In the first year of Jah&ngir, he was raised to the rank
of 3000, and subsequently to that of 4000. The Hindu
temple at Muthura (Muttra) which 'Alamgir afterwards
converted into a mosque, was built by him at a cost of
three lakhs of rupees. He died in the year 1626 A. D.,
1036 A. H.
Nasaiy (2r^> W^ Abii 'Abdul Bahm&n Nas&i. He was a
native of Nasa; a town in Ehmis4n.
IQ'asafly {^^^^9 or Al Kasafi whose proper name is Abu'l
Barak^t 'Abdullah bin-Abmad, commonly called Hafiz-
nddfn AI Nasafi, is the author of a law-book entitled
"Wafi," and its commentary called the "Kafi." He is
also the author of the ^* Kanz ul-Dak&ek," a book of great
reputation, principally derived from the Wdfi, and contain-
ing questions and decisions according to the doctrines of
Abu Hanifa, Ab^ Yusaf, the Im&m Muhammad, Zafar,
Al Shafa'i, Malik, and others. Many Commentaries have
been written on this work : the most feimoiis is the *' Bahr
ar-Kaek" by Zain-ul-' Abidin bin-Nujaim al-Misri. Nasafif
died 1310 A. D., 710 A. H., vide Hafiz-uddin Nasafi.
•
JTasaJQ^ {^^^^9 surname of Najm-uddinAbuHafs'Umar bin-
Muhammad, a celebrated doctor, and author of the '* ' A^4ed
al-Nasafi," a book in Arabic containing the fundamental
and principal articles of the Muhammadan religion. This
work is greatly esteemed by the Musalmans, who prefer
it to many others of the same title. A commentary on
the above work was written by Taftaz&ni. Nasafi died
in 1142 A. D., 637 A. H.
ITasibi^ Baba, S?^"^ ^^ ^^ Gflin, was a court poet
of Sultan Ya'kub. He died at Tabrez, in 1637 A. D.,
944 A. H., and left a Biwan containing about 6,000
verses.
Nasibi, Mirza Muhammad Khan, ^j^is^ir^
{J^ *^***, came from Persia to Lakhnau in the reign
of Nasir-uddfn Haidar ; and died under Amjad All Shdh
before or after the year 1846 A. D., 1261 A. H. He is
the author of several poems.
■
Nasim^ ^i^y poetical title of Lachhmi Nar&yan, Raja of
Benares.
If asim, (^' ^\ poetical appellation of Pandit Day& Shankar,
who is the author of a story called " Gulz&: Nasim," in
Urdu verse, composed in 1838 A. D., 1264 A. H.
Nasim, (^^, poetical^title of Asghar *AM Kh&n of DehlL
Nasir, .Z^*^/ poetical name of Mfr Nasir 'All of Lakhnau.
Nasir, J^^^i takhallus of Nasfr-uddin Hamdinf, who flou-
rished about the year 1606 A. D., 1016 A. H., in which
year he visited Shir&z. He is the author of a Diw£n.
ITasir, J^^^y poetical name of Shah Nasfr-uddin, an Urdu
poet, commonly called Mian Eallu. He was a native of
Dehli and the son of Sh4h G^arib. In the latter part of
his life, he proceeded to Haidar&bdd and was employed by
52
Mah&rlj& Chandd L&l in whose service he died about the
year 1840 A. B. He has left an Urdu Diwdn, containing
more than 100,000 verses which were collected together
after his death by one of his pupils named Maharaj 8ingh.
Nasir Khan, ^J^J^f^y ruler of Haidardbdd in Sindh,
succeeded his brother Mir Nur Muhammad Kh&n in
1842 A. D. He was imprisoned and sent down to Calcutta
by the English in 1843 A. D., 6th Rabi' II, 1261 A. H,,
where he died on the 16th of April 1846 A. D.
Nasip Khan Paruki, ij^j^ ^j^y vide MaHk
NasfrEhln.
Nasir-uddin, {:H^b^y title of Abmad Sh£h, the present
king of Persia. Vide A^mad Sh&h.
Nasir-uddiny U^d'^lriJ'^j author of the Arabic work on
Jurisprudence called " Fat4wi IbrAhimi,"
Nasir-uddin, eH'^!^**^> king of Persia, vide Nasfr-uddin.
Nasir-uddin Haidar, )^iP- *^.'^b^y king of Audh,
was the son of Ghazi-uddin Haidar whom he succeeded on
the throne of Lakhnau on the 30th October 1827 A. D.,
28th Rabf I, 1248 A. H. with the title of Sulaiman Jah
Nasir-uddin Haidar. He reigned ten years, and died on the
7th of July 1837 A. D., 3rd Ilabi* II, 1253 A. H., in which
year died also William IV, king of England, and Akbar II,
king of Dehli. Nasir-uddin Haidar was succeeded by his
uncle Nasir-uddaula, who took the title of Abu Muzaffar
M6i-uddin Muhammad 'All Shah, andMunna J&nthe illegi-
timate son of Nasir-uddin Haidar was sent to the fort of
Chunar where he died on the 15th January 1846 A. D.,
16th Mubarram 1262 A. H.
Nasir-uddin Mahmud, ij^^ ^j^ i>j^^ KDi^b^y
also called by Firishta Nasir-uddin Mahmud Awadhi, sur*
named Chiragh Dehli or the Candle of Dehli, a celebrated
Muhammadan saint, who was a disciple of Shaikh Niz&m-
uddin Aulid, whom he succeeded on the masnad of Irshiid
or Spiritual Guide, smd died on Friday the 16th of
September, 1366 A. D., 18th Ramazkn, 767 A. H. He is
buried at Dehli in ^ mausoleum which was built before
his death by Sultan Fir6z ' Shdh Barbak, one of his
disciples, and close to his tomb Sultan Bahl61 L6di was
afterwards buried. He is the author of a work called
Khair-ul-Maj41is.
Nasir-uddin Tusi, Khwaja, iS^J^ tH^l/i^ *^l>^,
the £Eimous philosopher and astronomer who was employed
by Halaku Khim, the grandson of Changez Khiua to form
the rikhani Tables &c. He was the son of Imam Fakhr-
uddin Muhammad Hazi, was bom at Tus in Khurasin on
Saturday the 3rd of March 1201 A. D., 11th Jum&dal,
697 A. H., and though a somewhat over-zealous Shia, was
one of the best, and certainly the most universal scholar
that Persia ever produced. He wrote on all subjects, and
some of his works are to this day standard books in
Persian Universities. He was a fair Greek scholar, and
made a new translation of Euclid into Arabic, wherein he
proves most of the propositions, sometimes in two, three,
and four ways, wholly difl'erent from the demonstrations
of the Greek author. He likewise translated the Almajisti,
and wrote a volume of learned explanatory notes upon it.
He also wrote several works on geometry, astronomy,
philosophy, theology, and dissertations on miscellaneous
subjects. During the Mughal persecutions he wandered
among the mountains of Khuras&n, and was taken captive
by AUtuddm Muhammad, a descendant of Hasan Sabbah
who forced him to remain with him for several years and
employed him as his wazir. It was during his captivity,
ir-nddaula
206
Nasir
that he wrote the most celebrated of all his treatifles, a
well-known and excellent little work on moral philosophy,
which he styled " Akhla^ Ndairi/' or the morals of Nasir
in complement to Nasir-addm 'Abdul Eahim, governor of
the fortress of Dez ; but this flattery did not procure him
his liberty, he remained in that mountainous region till
he was released by Hal&ku Ehia in November 1266 A. D.,
654 A. H. It was Nasir-uddin that persuaded Halaku to
march against Baghdad, which was taken in 1258 A. T>.
The '' Akhlak Nasiri" is a translation in Persian of the
" Kitib-ut-Taharat fil Hikmat Amali," an Arabic work
by Abu All Muhammad of Mecca. There are two other
works on Sufiism which he wrote, one called "Aosdf-
ul-Ashra^" the Praises of the Virtuous, and the other
" Bahar-ul-Maani,'* the Sea of Truth. He is also the
author of a work entitled " Khillafat-n&ma Ilahi," and
of another work on Prosody called " Masr-ush-shohra."
Nasir-uddm died in the reign of Ahikiin. the son of Halakii
on the 24th June, 1274 A. D., 18th ^U-l?ijja 672 A. H.,
and was buried at Baghdad near the tomb of Im&m Musi
Kizim. His brutal severity towards Ibn Hajib, a helpless
captive, is an everlasting stain on the otherwise illustrious
character of this distinguished man. Vid0 Al-Musta^sim
BilUh.
ITasir-uddailla, ^'j*^*,/*-^, Nizim of the Haidarabdd
State, succeeded his father Sakandar Jah on the 23rd May
1829 A. D. and died in May 1857 A. D. His son ascend,
ed the masnad with the title of Naw&b Afzal-uddaula.
ITashat, ^^, the poetical name of lULe Phukni Mai, a
Hindu, who was Diw&n or Treasurer of 'Alamgfr's wazir.
B'ashati, i^^y a poet who died 1508 A. D., 914 A. H.
Kaahwan bin-Said Himiri al-Yemani, c^ u>!>^
ij^^^ (A/4*^ *****•, author of the work called " Shams-
nl.*U16m," or the Sun of Science. He died 1177 A* D.,
673 A. H.
ITasikh, ^^, poetical title of Shaikh Imam Bakhsh, a
celebrated poet of Lakhnau where he died in 1838 A. D.,
1264 A. H. He is the author of an Urdu Diw^
ITasir, J^^ ^J^jX^ d^a:*^ the takhallus of Muhammad
Nasir Khan, who is the author of a Diwin, and was living
in 1807 A. D., 1222 A. H.
Nafiir, J^^^ poetical name of Nawdb Nisir Jang, son of
Muzaffar Jang Bangash. He died in 1813 A. D., 1228
A. H., on a day when an eclipse of the sun had taken
place.
Nasir, j^^f poetical titie of SaiLdat Eh&n, the son of
Bisalat Elhin. He is the author of five Diw&ns and a
biography.
FaBir »Ali, Hulla, </^^^ **, a poet of ShihjahA-
ndb&d, whose poetical name was 'AU. He was bom at
Sarhind, and died at Behli in March, 1697 A. D.,
Bama^an, 1108 A. H., and is buried near the mausoleum
of Nizam-uddm Aulii. He was a fertile poet and has left
a Diwan and a Masnawi.
Nasir Biikhari, Maulana, </j^ j^^ ^^j^, a learned
Musalmln who lived like a Dervish and wrote poetry on
different subjects. He was a contemporary of Salman
Sawaji, who died in 1377 A, D., 779 A. H.
Nasir BiUah, ^^. ^, a Khalif of Baghdad, vide
Al.Nisir Billih.
Nasir Jang, Nawab Nizam-nddaulai
AJjiXjf ^tbj v!y> was the second son of Nizlm-
ul-Mulk 'Asaf J&h, whom he succeeded in the govern-
ment of the Dakhin in May, 1748 A. D., JumiUia II,
1161 A. H. He reigned two years and a half, and was
slain on the 6th December, 1760 A. D., 17th Mu^ariam,
1164 A. H. by a conspiracy of his own servants, assisted
by the French who surprised his camp while he was
engaged in quelling a rebellion raised by his nephew,
Muzaffar Jang, who had been imprisoned by him.
On his death Muzaffar Jang wan placed on the masnad
of the Dakhin by the conspirators ; but this young prince
did not long enjoy his dignity, for he was assassinated
almost immediately after his accession by the same
persons who had raised him to power. This event took
place on the 2nd February, 1761 A. D., 17th Babf I,
1164 A. H. Nasir Jang was buried at BurhiLnpdr near
the tomb of his father.
Nasir, Ehwaja, J*^^ *^l^, a poet who was contem-
porary with Salmiin S&waji. Vide N&sir Bukh£rL
Nasir bin-Khusro, Hakim, a/-*^ c:;^^^ ^*^,
the author of the work, called " Zadil Musafarin" from
which book the compiler of the Hajat Darakoke N6r-
uddin Shirazi, has so largely borrow^ He was a genu-
ine Kuresh, and must have written under the short
reign of al-Wasiq Billah, the ninth Rhalif of the house
of AbbiLs, who reigned between the year 840 and 84l
A. D., vide Transactions Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. Ill,
p. 32. 'All Baza the 8th Imim, and great-grandfather
of Nasir bin-Khusro died in the year 818 A. D., 204
A. H.
Nasir Khnsro, 3y*^J^^y a celebrated physician and
poet of IsfieQidn, whose poetical name was Hujjat. He
is the author of several works, among which are the two
following, vtjs., " R6staf-nima" in verse, and ^^Eanz-
ul-HakaeV' in prose. He has also left us a Diwin
consisting of 30,000 verses. He was a contemporary of
Ehw^a ' Abd'l Hasan Jurjanf and the celebrated physi-
cian Avicenna. Some say that he was a Deist, and
others considered him to be an Atheist, on which account
he was persecuted by the Muhammadans, and fled from
one city to another, till at last he was obliged to conceal
himself among the hills of Badakhsh&n. Daulat Sh4h has
given a very interesting account of N£sir Khusro in his
Tazkira. In 1872 there was discovered among the
ElUot papers an Arabic work by Nisir Khusro, on the
buildings and water-works of Jerusalem. He is most
precise in his information. It is said, that if this work
had been found a little earlier, it might have saved the
Palestine exploration Committee some diggings and
considerable outlay. There is also a work of the same
kind in Persian called " the Travels of Ninr Khusro,"
which he wrote in 1062 A. D., corresponding with 444
A. H.
Nasir Sliah Purbi, (^Jjj B^^^, a lineal descendant
of Shams-uddin Bhangira, was placed on the throne of
Bengal in 1427 A. D., 881 A. H., after the murder of
N£sir-uddfn GhuUm, who had usurped the throne for
several days after the death of his master A^mad Shih.
General Briggs, in his translation, says that he reigned
only two years, whereas it appears from Major Stewart's
Bengal History, which seems to be correct, that he
reigned 32 years, consequenUy his death must have
happened in the year 1468 A. D., 863 A. H. He was
succeeded by his son Birbak. He is also called N&sir
Husain Sh&h as appars from an Arabic Inscription
on a mosque lately discovered in the district of Hughli
Nasir
207
Nasir*uddin
in Bengal by H. Blochmann, Esq., M. A., Profeflsor,
Calcutta Madrasa.
Naaip, Shaikh, is^^}j^^ J^ ^> of Akbarilbid, a
Musalmim saint who is said to have performed a number
of miracles, and was highly respected by the emperor
ShiUi Jahin. He died on the 7th June, 1647 A. D., 13th
Jumida I, 1067 A. H., and was buried at Agrah.
Kasir-uddin ]^abbaoha or Pattah, ^4^ tH«^i j^^
^^ ^:!y ruler of Sindh. It is related in several Histories
such as the '*Khulasat ul-Hik&et," the " Haj-n&ma," and
the History of Haji Muhammad Kandahiri, that the first
establishment of the Muhammadan faith in the country of
Bindh took place in the time of Haljaj bin-Yuaa^ gover-
nor of Basra, at the time when Walid the son of the
Khalif 'Abdulmalik was ruler of the provinces of both
'Irilps. Hajjaj deputed Mahmud Husain in the year
706 A. D., 87 A. H. with a select army into Mikr&u,
and he subdued that country; and made converts of
many of the inhabitants called Ballochis. He afterwards
deputed Budmm to conquer Dibal (modem fbat^ft on the
Indus). Budmin failed in his expedition, and lost his
life in the first action. Hajjaj, not deterred by this
defeat, resolved to follow up the enterprise by another.
In consequence, in the year 712 A. I)., 93 A. H., he
deputed his cousin Im&d-uddm Muhammad bin-^&sim
the son of Al^il or U^ail Thal^afi or Sa^pafi with six
thousand soldiers to attack Dibal. and he in a short time
conquered the place, and Raj& Dahir, the ruler of Dibal
was slain in battle. After the death of Muhammad bin-
^&Bim, a tribe who trace their origin from the Ans&ris,
eistablished a government in Sindh; after which the
zammdirs, of tiie tribe of Sumara, usurped the power,
and held independent rule over the kingdom of Sindh
for the space of 600 years. In the course of years, the
dynasty of Siimara was subverted, and the country
subdued by another dynasty called Sumana, whose chief
assumed the title of Jam. During the reigns of these
dynasties in Sindh, the Muhammadan kings of India
Proper, such as those of Ghazni, Gh6r and Dohli, invaded
Sindh, Eind seizing many towns, appointed Muhammadan
governors over them. Among these rulers, Nieir-uddin
j^abbacha asserted his independence, and caused the public
prayers to be read in his name as king of Sindh. K&sir-
uddin was one of the Turkish slaves of Shahdb-uddin
Muhammad Gh6ri, who made him governor of Uchcha
in MulUn about the year 1203 A. D., 600 A. H. He
espoused the daughter of Sul^&n ^utb-uddm Eaibak vice-
roy, and afterwards king of Dehli, after whose death in
1210 A. D., 607 A. H., having seized many of the towns
sabjected to the Sindh government, he reduced the
territory of the Sumanas to the small tract of country
around T^atta, and relinquishing the allegiance to the
throne of DeUf, became independent. Besides Sindh, his
kingdom embraced the provinces of Mult^, Eohriun
and Snrsati. He was twice attacked by Taj-uddfn Elduz
of Ghazni, but he successfully repelled both these inva-
sions. In 1226 A. D. Shams-uddin Altimsh, king of
Behli, made several attempts to remove him from his
government, and even marched for that purpose as iax
as Uchcha, when N&sir-uddin having no hopes of even-
tually repelling the arms of the Dehli monarch, placed
his feunily and personal attendants with his treasure, in
boats, and endeavoured to occupy a contiguous island ;
when a storm coming on, the boat foundered, and every
one perished. This monarch reigned in Sindh and
Multin for a period of 22 years. In the latter end of
the reign of Muhammad Tughla^ of Dehli, Sindh owned
allegiance to that monarch; nevertheless^ occasionally
t«^lriTig advantage of local circumstances, the Sindhiis
contrived, for a considerable period, to shake off their
allegiance. The first of the £unily of which we have
any account was Zkok Afri. (
737 to 740 A. H. 1.
764
769
782
793
796
812
n
827
864
n
n
n
})
w
n
2,
3.
4.
6.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
)f
n
9t
n
t»
n
n
n
D.
1339
1363
1367
1380
1391
1393
1409
1423
866
))
9}
M
11.
12.
n
V
»f
»
1460
1462
894
1460
>»
13.
n
ThefoUomng is a list of the Jdm dyfuuty of Sitmana,
originally £qfpiitt.
A.
Jim Afri, reigned 3 yean
and 6 months from 1336
A. D., and died
Ohob&n, his brother,
reigned 14 years and . .
Bani, son of J&m Afr^
reigned 16 years and . .
Timmaji, son of Jam
Afri, reigned 13 years,
Salah-uddin, converted
to Muhammadanisn, . •
Nizim-uddin, his son, . •
' Alisher, his son, ......
Giran, son of Timmijf,
died on the 2nd day
after his accession.
Fatha Khib, son of Is-
kandar£h&h,
Tughlak, his brother in-
vaded Gujr&t, reigpied
27 years, and was suc-
ceeded by his kinsman
Jim Mubirak, who was
deposed after a reign of
3 days,
Sikandar, son of Fatha
Ehin,reignedl8 months
and • •
Sanjar, a descendant of
the former kings of
Sindh was elect^ in
1462, reigned 8 years
and I,
Niz&m-uddin, common-
ly called J&m Nanda^
was contemporary with
Hasan Langa, kmg of
Multan, reigned 30
years, and died
Fir6z his son, reigned
about 33 years, when
Sh&h Beg Arghun,
governor of Eandahir
in 1620 A. D. marched
to conquer Sindh, and
occupied the whole
country, even to the
possession of T^tta* > •
Shih Beg Argh^
reigned 3 years,
Shah Husain Ar^tin, . .
Mahmdd of Bakkar,
reigned till 1672 A. D.
when the emperor
Akbar annexed Sindh
to the empire.
FaBir-uddin ]^asi Baisawi, isM^ i^ cH«JJ»^^,
the son of Im&m Badr-uddin 0mar bin-Fakhr-uddin 'All
Baiziwi. Vide Baiz&wi.
Naair-uddin Khilji, Sultan, i:H^]j^^ u;^i»U
i/r', was the son of Sulfin Ghayisi-uddln Khilji, king
of M&lwi. He ascended the throne of that kingdom a
few days before the death of his father which happened
on the 26th October, 1600 A. D., 27th Babf II, 906
A. H. He reigned eleven years and four months ; and
having previously declared his third son Mahmdd, his
sucoessor, died about the year 1611 A. D., 917 A. H.
Kaeir-addin Mahmud, Sultan, ^y*^ ui^\j^
\:r^^y son of Sultan Shams-uddfn Altimsh, succeeded
927
1489
n
14.
930
966
982
»
»»
n
1620
1623
1654
Nasir-ddin
208
Nasr-ullali
his nephew Sul^ 'AUnddin Masa'iid BhSh m Jnne,
1246 A. D. to the throne of Dehli. He reigned 20 years,
was imprisoned, and died on the 18th February, 1266
A. D., when Ghay&s-uddm Balban succeeded him.
H^SBir-uddin Mahmud, ly^ j;^ ^J*"^ ciri^]/*^,
somamed Baghri Khan, governor of Bengal, was the son
of Siilfin Ghay&s-nddm Balban, and the father of M6izz-
uddm Kail^ubid who was, during the absence of his
father in Bengal, made king of Dohli. When Sultan
Ghayas-uddm Tughla]^ in 1324 A. D. marched in person
towards Bengal, he was then living, and came from
Lakhnau^i to pay his respects bringing with him many
valuable presents. He was confirmed in his government
of Bengal, and permitted to assume the ensigns of royalty.
He died in the time of Muhammad TughlaJ^ Shah. Vide
Baghr& Ehin.
Nasir-uddin Muhtashim, ^^^i*^ c^«^^lJ, is the
person in whose name Khwija N&sir-uddm Tusi wrote
the work entitled '' Akhla^ N4siri."
Nasir-uddin Murtaza, lis^j^ ui'^}^^, author of
several works, one of which is called ^' Risala Misbah ilm
Nahv." He died in 1213 A. D., 610 A. H.
Nasr, J*^} commonly called Nasr Badakhshi, is the poe-
tical name of Mirzd 'Abd Nasr of Badakhshan who was
an author, and died in 1668 A. D., 1078 A. H.
Nasr Ahmady •^^^t^;-*^, a grandson of Simin. He was
appointed governor of Bukhara by the Khalif Mo'tamid
Billah in 875 A. D., vide Isma'il S&m&aL
Kasrabadiy iS^^.j^^y the fiill name of this author was
Muhammad T£hir ; he was bom at Nasr&bid (which is
in the district of Isfahan) about the year 1616 A. D.,
1025 A. H., and is the author of the biography called
" Tazkira Nasrab&di," which he wrote in the year 1672
A. B., 1083 A. H., and added about nine biographies ten
years after.
Nasr 'Asiniy ^•-^^r^, was the first who introduced
the diacritical marks in the l^ur&n by order of the Khalif
'Usman.
Kasraty ^rir*^^ the poetical title of DiUwar Ehin who is
the author ofaDiwin. He died in 1726 A. D., 1139
A. H.
M
Nasrati, isif^t & celebrated poet of the Dakhin, who is
the author of a heroic poem in Hindi and the Dakhini
dialect, called " 'Alf-n&ma," which contains the conquests
or wars of Sultin ' Ali ' Adil Shah of Bijapur. This prince,
to whom the work was dedicated, was assassinated in 1580
A. D., 938 A. H. Nasrati is also the author of two other
poems called " Gulshan Ish^" and " Guldastae "Ishk,"
the former is the tale of R&ja Manohar and the princess
Chintawati, and the latter contains a variety of odes and
amatory poems, also dedicated to his patron the Sultan,
between the year 1660 and 1570 A. D.
Nasrat Jang, '^^•^ «ir^* vide Khin Dourin Nasrat
Jang.
Nasrat Khan, {^^ ^^J'^, vide Ehin Dour&n Nasrat
Jang.
Nasrat Shah, •^ ^J^9 the son of Fatha Khin, the
son of Fir6z Sh4h Tughlal^. The throne of DehH which
was vacated by Sult4n Mahmiid Shih on the invasion
of Amfr Taimtir in 1399 A. D., wa« taken possesfton of
by Nasrat Sh^ on that conqueror's return to Persia.
He reigned eleven months and was defeated in a battle
by his cousin E^bal Khan the son of Zafar Eh&n who
succeeded him in 1400 A. D. The Subahs had rendered
themselves independent in their own governments, during
the misfortunes and confusions of the empire. Gujrat was
seized upon by Khan 'Azim Zafar Eh&n ; Milw& by
Dilawar Khin ; ?anauj, Audh, Kara and Jaunpdr by
8ultan-ush-Sharak Khwaja Jahan; Labor, Dibalpur,
and' Multan by Khizir Khan ; Samana by Khalil Khan ;
Bayana by Shams Khan ; Mah6ba by Muhammad Khan
bin-Malikzada Fir6z, and so on.
Nasrat Shah, *^ *a»X^> who is called by General
Briggs, Nasib Shah, succeeded his father *AUuddin in
the government of Bengal in 1524 A. D., 930 A. H.
"When the emperor Babar slew Ibrahim the son of
Sikandar Lodi, and ascended the throne of Dehli in 1526
A. D., 932 A. H., many of the adherents of the Lodi
dynasty sought protection at the court of Bengal, and
among others the prince Mahmud (brother to Ibrahim
Lodi) also took refuge there, and his sister became the
wife of the king. Nasrat Shah died in 1638 A. D., 946
A. H., and Mahm6d who was then one of his ministers
succeeded in usurping his throne. About this period
Sher Khan, who afterwards ascended the throne of Dehli,
attacked and defeated Mahmud in action, and eventually
expelled him from Bengal, whence he fled to the court
of Dehli, where representing his grievances, the emperor
Humaydn marched with an army and took the kingdom
of Bengal from Sher Khdn whom he defeated in a general
action. Sher Khan rallying his defeated troops in the
year 1542 A. D., 949 A. H., succeeded in re-conquering
Bengal. On his death, and after the accession of his son
Salim Shdh to the throne of Dehli, the province of Bengal
was made over to Muhammad Khan Afghan, one of the
officers of his court, on whose death his son declared his
independence, and proclaimed himself king under the
title of Bahadur Shah.
Nasr bin-Ahmad Samani, i^-
vide Nasr Simani.
Nasr Samani, Amir, (^^^ j^ .j^K the third
Sultan or Amir of the race of Saman or Samanides, was
eight years old when he succeeded his father Amir Ahmad
on the throne of Bukhara and Khurisan 914 A. D., 301
A. H. He enjoyed a long and prosperous reign and
died at Bukhara 943 A. D., Rajab, 331 A. H., leaving
aU his territories in peace. He was succeeded by his son
Amir Nuh L R6daki the poet lived in his time.
Nasr-uUah, (^^1 i^J u". ^vi^io^ ^^^j Alif^,
the son of 'Abdul Hamid bin-Abi ul-Ma'&li, a poet who
flourished in the reign of Bahram Shah of Ghazni, in
whose name he wrote the book called " Kallela Damna,"
or Pilpay's Fables, which he translated from the Arabic
into Persian. Vide 'Abii'l Ma'^ the son of 'Abdul
Majid.
Nasr-uUah, *i^f^r^, king of Bukhara, who died in the
year 1860 A. D. Ho was a great tyrant, a grater
probably never ruled a people. When on his death-
bed, and so weak as to be scarcely able to make
himself understood, he directed one of his wives to be
brought into his room. The poor lady's brother had
recently been in rebellion, and the news of his defeat
and capture reached the tyrant when on his deathbed.
Unable to glut his eyes with the sight of their execu-
tion, he wreaked his vengeance on his own wife, because
she was sister to the rebel chief. She was beheaded
before his eyes now about to close in death. Laden with
every crime that could burden the conscience of a re-
Nasr-ullali
209
Nihal
sponsible king, Nasr-nllah died, leaving the throne to his
son and successor Muzaffar-uddin who was living in
1873 A. D.
Nasr-iillah bin-' Abdullah al-Akhmi Alazhari,
aUfAAxs ^ aUjjjAJ^ a celebrated poet who died in the
year 1178 A. D., 569 A. H. He is also called Kalakas,
and Alaaz al-Iskandari.
Nasir-uddin Shah, «^ er:?*^]/*!^, ^i^g ^f Persia,
was bom in 1831 A. D., was the eldest son of Muhammad
Sh&h, the eldest son of 'Abbas Hirzi, so well-known for
his partiality to the English, and the great-grandson of
Fatha 'All Shdh. N6sir-uddin ascended the throne after
the death of his father, on the 4th September, 1848 A. D.,
in his 19th year. He visited Kussia, London, France,
Germany &c. in 1873 A. D.
Natik, iS)^^^ (3^^, a poet of Naishipiir, who came to
India, and was the master of Jawahir Singh the poet.
Natiky (3^*^> the poetical name of Qui Muhammad Khdn
of Dehli. One of his works is called Jawhar ul-Muazzim.
He died in 1848 A. D., 1264 A. H.
Nawaiy 4jr!yj the poetical name of Amir AHsher.
Wawai, Mulla, i/^i;^ (S^y ^ of Khur&dn. He
came to India and found a patron in prince Danidl the
son of Akbar, and died at Burhanpur in 1610 A. D., 1019
A. H. He is the author of a Biwan.
Nawal Bae, Baj a, c^!; Jy ^by a Kiyeth of the
Saksena tribe in the service of Nawdb Safdar Jang ; was
by degrees raised to higher rank with the title of Raja,
and was appointed his deputy to settle the affairs of the
province of Farrukhdbid which was seized by the Kawab
after the death of its ruler Nawab Kaem Jang. Nawal
R4e was slain in a battle fought against Aljmad KhiLn the
brother of the late Nawab, on the 3rd August, 1760 A D.
10th Rama?an 1163 A, H. ' '
Nawal Singh, *^ Jy ^b> the H\ BAji of Bhartpiir
who succeeded his brother Rae Eatan Singh after the
death of Kehri Singh his nephew, about the year 1769
A. D., 1183 A. H., and died in the year 1776 A. D. at
the time when the fort of Dig was besieged by Nawdb
Najaf Kh&n. After his death his nephew Ranjit Singh,
the son of Kehri Singh, the son of Surajmal Jat, succeeded
him.
Nawawi, ^J^ e^ ^^> *^® ^^ °^ Sharaf whose proper
name was Abu Zikarid Yehia ; is the author of several
works on different subjects. One of his works is called
" Tahzib-ul-Asmae" a biographical dictionary of Illus-
trious Men, another the " Fatiw4-an-Nawawf * a collection
of decisions of some note. He also composed a smaller
work of the same nature, entitled " 'Uaiun-al-Mas&el al-
Muhimmat" arranged in the manner of question and
answer. He died 1278 A. D., 676 A. H.
Nawazish Khan> c;*^ uv!y^ author of the "Gulz4r
Danish."
Nawedi. C5^y> & P^^t who is the author of a Diwin.
He was living in 1645 A. B., 1056 A. H. This person
appears to be another Nawedi besides the one whose
proper name was Khwdja Zain-ul-' Abidin, which see.
53
Naweri, C^^y > an historian who wrote the life of Sul^&n
Bibars, the sovereign of Egypt. He died in 1331 A. D.,
732 A. H. '
Nazari, Hakim, (sJy r^j vide Nizirf (Hakim).
Nazar Muhammad Khan, u^ t^^ar^j^^ rvHeT of
Balkh. He was defeated by the emperor Shih Jahin
and his country taken possession of by that monarch in
1646 A. D., 1056 A. H.
Nazar Muhammad Ehan, u^ •^^►** j*^, Nawib
of Bhop^ succeeded his father Wazir Muhammad in
March, 1816 A. D.
Nazar, ^-4^ i^j^, son of Shunul, whose proper name
is Abu'l Hasan Nazar, was an author of several works
He died at Marv 820 A. D., 204 A. H.
Nazir, ^r*^, the poetical title of a poet of Agrah, whose
proper name was Shaikh "Wall Muhanmiad. He is the
author of a poem or Biw^ containing Persian, Urd6
and Hindi verses on different subjects. He has besides
composed a "Tarjihband" in Urdd on the Pand-nama
of Sa'di. He supported himself by teaching, and his
poetry is much esteemed by the bazar people of Agrah.
He died at Agrah on Monday the 16th August, 1830
A. D., 26th Safar, 1246 A. H., and is buried at Tajganj.
Naziri, iSJji^ (Sji^, poetical title of Muhammad
Husain of Naishipur. He came to India where he found
a patron in 'Abdul Rahim KhiLn KhinKhanAn. In 1603
A. D., 1012^ A. H. he made the pilg^mage to Mecca,
and after his return he paid a visit to his patron and
then settled in Aljmadabad, Gujrat, where he died in 1613
A. B., 1022 A. H. He is the author of a Persian Diwan.
Nazim Hirwi, iS^j^ ^^, a poet of Hirat, who is the
author of a Diwin and a " Ytisaf Zalekha," which he
completed in the year 1648 A. D., 1058 A. H.
Nazir Bakhtyar Khan, u^ Ji^ ^^, a man of
letters, who led a private life near Faridabdd, within a
few miles of Agrah, and is the author of the work called
** Miiat *Alam," or the Mirror of the World. This work
contains the history of the first ten years of the emperor
'Alamgir. He is also called Bakht&war Kh&n, which see.
Nazim-ul-Mulk, Nazir-ul-Mulk, ^^^Wf^
vElUt^LJ^ Wazir-uddaula, the son of Mubdrik-uddaula,
the NawAb of Bengal whom he succeeded 28th September,
1793 A. D., and died in April, 1810 A. D. He was
succeeded by his son Zain-uddin 'AH Kh&n.
Nekodar, J ^9^9 surname of Afemad Kh^, king of Persia,
which see.
NekO Siar, Sultan, j^J^ c^daL*, Bon of Muhammad
Akbar, the youngest son of 'Alamgir Aurangzeb.
Nigahi, {^^^ of Ar4n near K&him, is the author of
a poem or Masnawi called '* Mukht^-nAma," of about
30,000 verses in the metre of the Shih-nima, and one
called " Mehr-wa-Mufihtari," in imitation of Assy's
Masnawi.
Nihal Singh, *^ J^**, E^ji of Kapiirthala, He died
in the year 1852 A. D., having made his last will and
testament, in which he left the throne with nearly the
Nirpat
210
Nizam
whole of hiB kingdom to his eldest son, Bandhfr Singh,
and to his two younger sons, Bikanna Singh and Suchait
Singh, he assigned a jagir of one lakh each, in case they
disagreed with their hrother. The Government of India
was made the executor of the will. After the Rij^'s
death, his eldest son Randhir Singh, ascended the gaddi.
His younger brother Suchait Singh fell out with him, and
asked the British Government to execute his father's will
in regard to him. Lord Dalhousie at once ordered the
separation of a jigir of one lakh from the Kapurthala
lUy according to tiie provisions of the will. The other
hrother, Bikarana Singh, is a worthy man, and much at-
tached to the British rule. Like his royal brother, he
performed important services to the English Government
in 1867, and was rewarded for them with a jigir in Audh,
and titles besides. He received his jAgir of one lakh in
Kapiirthala in 1868.
Viipat Bae, drb ^^ , a Hind^ who was in the service
of Sarhindi Begam the wife of Shahjahan. He also built
a garden at Agrah on a spot of 28 bigas.
Hirpat Singh, *^ ^>> present Rij4 of Pajma.
Nisar. lSJ^^ J^9 of Dehli, a poet who is the author of a
Persian Diw4n.
Nisari iSJ^3 poetical name of a person who is the author
of the work called " Chah&r Gulzdr."
Niflbati, (Jir^^ kS^^j of Thtoesar, a poet who has
left a Diw&n in Persian.
Nizam, r»^j the poetical name of 'Imad-ul-Mulk Ghizi-
uddin Khin III.
Nizam of Astarabad, iS^kb^^ C^> an extremely
pious man, who died in 1615 A. D., 921 A. H., and left
besides a Diwan, a Masnawi which bears the title of
** Bil^ais and Suliman," and contains the story of Solo-
mon and the Queen of Sheba.
Nizam Ahmad, •^♦^^ f^> author of the work called
" Rahat-ul-l^ulub/' Delight of Hearts, containing the
sayings of Shaikh Farid-uddm Shakarganj, a Muham-
madan saint who is buried at Ajodhan, a place commonly
called Patfan in Mul^.
Nizam ^Ali Khan, iJ^ ^j^ C^ v!^, Nawib or
Ndzim of Haidaribid in the Dakhin, was the son of the
famous Nizam-ul-Mulk 'Asaf J4h. He deposed and
imprisoned his brother Saldbat Jang on the 27th of June,
1762 A. D., 4th ^il-bijja, 1176 A. H. and assumed the
government of the Dakhin ; but his power was much
curtailed by the Marhat^as, who obliged him to resign
a great part of his territories and pay a tribute for the
remainder. He made Haidardbad the seat of his govern-
ment, reigned 42 lunar years, and died on the 17th of
August, 1802 A. D., 16th Rabi' II, 1217 A. H. He was
succeeded by his son Naw&b Sikandar Jah.
Nizam Bai, i2r^ f*^* the mother of the emperor Jahin-
dar Shah, and wife of Bahadur Shdh.
Nizam Dast Ghaib, ^ "^^^ C^j a poet.
Nizami, ij^^y the surname of 'Abu Majd bin-Yusaf Al-
Mutra2l,"was one of the most illustrious poets of Persia.
Nizami Qanjawi, Shaikh, iSJ^ i^^ ^^
also called Niz&m-uddfn Ghmjawf, a very celebrated poet
who was a native of Ganja. He is the author of the
poem called " Sikandar-nama," the history of Alexander
the Gkeat, which is one of the most celebrated Romances
of the East, and is written in admirable poetry. The
number of works attributed to Nizami amount to nine
or ten, among which are the five following poems called
the Khamsa, or the five books, viz, : —
1. " Makhzan-ul-AsrAr*' the Magazine of Mysteries,
which he dedicated to Bahiim Sh4h.
2. " Laili-wa-Majniin" dedicated to Khiik4n Maniichehr,
ruler of Shirw&n.
3. '' Khusro-wa-Sh£rin," \ dedicated to l^izal Arsal&n for
4. *' Haft Paikar," ) which he received from that
chief fourteen villages fr«e of rent.
6. Sikandar-nama, which was his last work and which
he finished on the 16th of October, 1200 A. D.,
4th Mubarram 697 A. H», and died the same
year, aged 84. This book, it seems he had dedi-
cated to Tughral III, Salj(iki, some years before
his death, for Tughral died in 1194 A. D. Some
authors say that Niz&mi died in 1209 A. D., 606
A.H.
To Nizami is accorded the palm for the best poem
on the loves of Khusro and Shirin, to Jimi, for those
of Yusaf and Zalekha, and to Hatifi, for the tnost
musical, most melancholy version of the sad tale of Laili
and Majnun. His Diwin contains nearly 20,000 verses on
aU subjects.
Nizami >Uruzi, (S^J^^ kj^XJ^ ij^^i of Samarkand,
was a pupil of Amir Mu*izzi who lived in tiie time of
Malikshih. He is the author of a poem entitled *' Waisa-
wa-Ramin" and of another work in verse called *' Chahir
Makala.''
Nizam Haji Yemanl, t5^*i «/^^ ^y author of the
" Lataef Ashrafi" which explains the origin of the SdfLS,
their tenets, customs, dress, mystical phrases, moral obli-
gations, and every other particular of their sect. Dedica-
ted to Sayyad Ashraf Jahangir Samani, 1446 A. D., 860
A. H.
Nizam ibn al-Hnsain al-Sawai, Kj^r^\ c^? ^
j^jLJlj author of the three last portions of the " J4ma
Abb^si" vide Baha-uddin Muhammad (Shaikh).
Nizam Khan Ma'jiz, >^** \J^ j*^, a poet who is
the author of a Diwan in Persian.
Nizam, Mirza, ^^ ^JJ^^ a poet who died in 1629 A. D.,
1039 A. H., and is the author of a Persian Diwan.
Nizam Sakka, *^ ^^^ is the name of a person who
was a water-bearer, and saved the emperor Hum&yiin
from being drowned in the river Ghouns^ after his first
defeat by Sher Shah, near Patna. It is said that the
emperor after his return to Agrah, rewarded this man by
allowing him to sit on the throne for half a day and
then honoured him with the dignity of an Amir.
Nizam Shah Bahmani, ^5^ '^ l^^^f son of Hu-
maydn Shih the cruel, whom he succeeded on the throne
of the Dakhin in September, 1461 A. D., 866 A. H. when
only 8 years of age, the queen-mother acting as regent.
Mahmud G&wan, who now held the government of Berar,
was appointed wazir, and Khwaja Jahin assumed the
office of Wakil-us-Saltanat and was made governor of
Tilangana. By the happy co-operation and unanimity
of these two personages and the queen-mother, a woman
of great abilities, the injuries occasioned by the tyranny
Nizam
211
Nizam-ul-Mulk
of the late khig, were soon repaired. Nizim ShiUi died
suddenly on the night of his marriage, being the 29th of
July, 1463 A. D., 13th ^i-Ka'da^ 867 A. H^ after a reign
of two years and one month, and was succeeded by his
brother Muhammad Sh^ II.
NizaxU) Shaikh, f^ f^j one of the authors of the
"Fat&wa 'Alamgfri," a work on jurisprudence. Of the
collections of dedsions now known in India, none is so
constantly referred to, or so highly esteemed, as this work.
It was compiled by Shaikh Nizam and other learned
men, and commenced in the year 1656 A. D.« 1067 A. H.,
by order of the emperor 'Alamgir, by whose name the
collection is now designated. It was translated into
Persian by order of ' Alamgir's daughter, Zeib-un-Nisa.
,, Shaikh, f^ i^^> bis poetical name was
Zamui, which see.
Nisam-uddln, Mir, ^/t* c;^**^* C^) wd* Mamndn.
Nizam-uddin Ahmad, Khwaja, cH*^' r^ ^!^
^*^\, author of the "Tabl^it Akbari" which is also
known as " T&rikh NizimP* a general history of India,
dedicated to the emperor Akbar about the year 1693
A. D., .1002 A. H. He was the son of Khwaja Muham-
mad Mu^un of Hirat, who was one of the dependants of
the emperor B&bar Shih, and who, at the latter part of
that king's reign, was raised to the office of Diwan of the
household. After the death of Babar when GujriLt was
conquered by Hum&yun, and the provinces of Ahmadab^
was entrusted to Mirs4 'Askari, Khw^a Mu^jim was
appointed wazir to the Mirz4. He accompanied Humiytin
to Agrah after that monarch's defeat by 8her 8hikh at
Chouns4. The Ehw&ja subsequently served under Akbar.
His son NizAm-uddin, in the 29th year of Akbar*B roign,
was appointed Bakhshi of Gujrit, to which office he con-
tinued for a long time. He died on the 28th October,
1694 A. D., 23rd Safar, 1003 A. H. on the banks of the
Rawi, and was buried in his own garden at L4hor. The
following chronogram by 'Abdul IJLadir Badaonf, trans-
lated by Mr. H. M. Elliot, records the date of his death.
*'Mirz4 Nizim-uddin has departed in haste; but with
honour has he gone to his final doom. His sublime soul
has fled to the celestial regions, and Kadiri has found
the date of his death in these words * A jewel without
price has left this world.' "
-uddin Ahmad, C^ **«^ ^ •*^' ^' f^y
son of Muhammad Salah, author of a work called " Maj-
mua'-us-Sanaya," or Collection of Arts, containing some
beautiful pot^tical inventions, compiled in the year 1660
A. D., 1060 A. H. and published in the Lithographic
Press at Lakhnau in 1846 A. D., 1260 A. H. He is also
the author of the work called " Karamat-ul-Aulia,"
containing a minute detail of Uie (pretended) miracles
performed by the twelve Imams and other saints of the
Muhammadan faith, written in 1667 A. D.. 1067 A. H.
;am-uddin Qanjawi, i/^ lH«^' c^, nde
Niz&mi Qanjawi.
-Uddin Aulia, Shaikh, ^jl ui^ f^ ^j
styled Sul^&n-ul-Mushilekh. He was one of the noblest
disciples of Shaikh Farid-uddm Shakarganj, and a most
celebrated saint among the Musalmans. He was born
at Badaon, in October, 1236 A. D., Safar, 634 A. H., and
died at Dehli on Wednesday the 3rd of April, 1326 A. B.,
18tn Rabi' I, 726 A. H., where he lies buried, and his
tomb, which is in Ghayaspdr, is visited by the Muham-
madans to this day. Amir Khusro, the poet, was one of
his disciples. Sayyid A|;^mad, the fiftther of Nizam-uddin,
is bulled at Badaon.
-Uddin Sihali, Matilana, iiH^^ f^ ^V
i^^y ton of Kutb-uddin, is the author of the " Sharah"
or marginal notes on the ** Sadra," and ** Shams B&zighi,"
&c. &c. He died in 1748 A. D., 1161 A. H.
Nizam-uddin Sikham, Amir, /•**• iyJ«^» C^j^U
a poet who was a contemporary of Amir Alfsher, and a
panegyrist of Mirz4 Sultin A]|imad of Samarkand.
Nizam-uddaula, ^J^^ (^^j NawibofHaldaribi^rui^
Ndsir Jang.
Nizam-uddaula, Nawab, ^j<^^ (^^, whose original
name was Mar Phulw^ was the eldest son of Mir Ja'far
'All EhiLn, Naw&b of Bengal, whom he succeeded in
February, 1766 A. D. and assumed the above title. His
mother's name was Manni Begam. He died about the
month of May, 1766 A. D., ^il-hijja, 1179 A. H., and was
succeeded by his brother Saif-uddaula.
Kiaam-Til-Mnlk Muhammad, "^^^^ •-^^Jj ^l^^
(the son of 'Ali Sayyad Junaidi, to whom the Jama-ul-
Hikayat is dedicated), was the general of Shams-uddin
Altamsh, king of DehlL He was living in 622 A. H.
Nizam-llI-Mulk, *-^^t c^, a justly celebrated minister
of Sultim Alp ArsaUn, second king of the Saljdkides, and
afterwards of his son Maliksh£ti; to his virtue and
ability is attributed the success and prosperity of their
reign. After an administration of 30 years, the fame of
the wazir, his wealth and even his services, were trans*
formed into crimes. This venerable stateeonan, at the
age of 39 years, was dismissed by his master, accused by
his enemies, and was stabbed by an assassin, who was
a follower of Hasan Sabb&h, the Old Man of the moun-
tain, on Friday night the 16th of October, 1092 A. D.,
Bama^an, 486 A. H. at a place called Nahkwand. His
body was carried to Is&hin where he was interred with
great pomp. 'It is said that the assassin was suborned
against him by Maliksh&h, who was fatigued to see him
live so long. The Sul^n survived him 36 days only.
Niz&m-ul-Mulk appears to be the author of the work,
entiUed '' Siar-ul-Maiak."
Kiaam-id-Mtilk, «^ ^^1 •-^■'^ f^, entitied 'Asaf
J&h, whose original name was Gh^ Eulich Kh&n, was
the son of Ghizi-uddin Khan Firoz Jang a fictvourite officer
of the emperor 'Alamgir, under which monarch he also
distinguished himself. In the reign of the emperor
Farrukh-siyar, he held the government of Morddib4d
and was afterwards appointed governor of M&lwa, which
province he restored to a flourishing condition, but
the reputation he acquired rendered him an object of
jealousy to the two brothers, Sayyad 'Abdullah Khan
and Husain 'Ali Kh&n, who wished to remove him to
another quarter less favourable to his interest than the
frontier of the Dakhin ; but Nizam-ul-Muik not willing
to quit his post, excused himself, and resolved to seek an
independent power in the Dakhin. The disturbed state of
that country gave him a pretence for raising troops, and
turned his attention to ^e conquest of the Dakhin.
By intrigue and money he obtained possession of the
fort of Asirgafh about the year 1717 A. D., and procured
the junction of several officers of the province. He was
pursued from Hindustan by the force under Dilfrwar
Khin and another under 'Alam 'Ali Kh£n, both of whom
he defeated and slew in battle in April, 1720 A. D., and at
last remained without a rival in the Dakhin. In the reign
of Muhammad Shah, after the death of the two Sayyads,
he was invited to court by that emperor; and on his
arrival at Dehli, the high oflce of wizarat was conferred
on him, but Nisam-ul-Mulk being soon disgusted with
Nizam-ul-MuIk
212
Nnr
the state of things at court, sent in his* resignation, and
marched off for the Dakhin, and though he continued to
send honorary presents, on fixed occasions to the emperor,
he thenceforth conducted himself^ in other respects, as
an independent prince, and governed the provinces of
the Dakhin for 30 years with great ability and success.
He was present in the battle which took place between
Muhammad Shah and Nadir Shah, and is the progenitor
of the present Niz&ms of Haidarabad. He died on the
22nd May, 1748 A. D., 4th Jumida II, 1161 A. H., thirty-
seven days after the death of the emperor Muhammad
Shah, aged 104 lunar years, and was buried at Burhanpdr
near the tomb of Shih Burhan-uddin Gharib. He left
behind him six sons, viz., Ghazi-uddm, Nasir Jang,
Salibat Jang, Nizam *Ali, Basalat Jang and Mughal 'All,
and was succeeded in the govemmeut of the Dakhin, by
the second, Mir A^mad sumamed Nasir Jang, who was
present at Burh&npur when his father died ; the eldest
Ghazi-uddin Khan then residing at Bchli in the office
of Amir-ul-'Umra. Nasir Jang was assassinated in
December, 1750 A. D., and Muzaffar Jang a grandson of
Nizam-ul-Mulk was placed on the throne, and soon after
assassinated in February, 1751 A. D. ; Salabat Jang, by the
influence of the French, was then proclaimed and reigned
until 1761 A. D., when he was imprisoned, and in 1763
A. D. put to death by his brother Nizam 'All, who ascended
the throne and reigned until the 6th August, 1803 A. D.
when he died, and was succeeded by his eldest son Mirza
Sikandar Jah. Sikandar Jah died on the 23rd May, 1829
A. D., and was succeeded by his son Mir Farkhunda
'All Khan the present Nizam (1858). Nizelm-ul-Mulk
appears to be the author of a Diwan which was found
in the Library of Tipu Sultan called *^ Diwan 'Asaf
Nizam-ul-Mulk."
Niaam-til-Mulk Bahri, lSj^- ^'-^^ f ^, the father
of Al^mad Nizam Shah Bahri who was the first king of
the Nizam Shahi dynasty. Nizam-ul-Mulk was origin-
ally a Brahman of Bijanagar, but being taken prisoner in
his infancy by the army of Sultan Al^mad Shdh Bahmani,
was made a Musalman, and was educated as one of the
royal slaves. He finished his education under the same
tutor with the king's eldest son Sultan Muhammad, and
became eminently learned in Persian and Arabic litera-
ture. On the accession of Sultan Muhammad II to the
throne of the Dakhin in 1463 A. D., he was raised to the
rank of a thousand and the chaise of the royal falconry
was entrusted to him, on which account he was called
Bahri, t. e., a falconer. By degrees he rose to the highest
honours and was appointed governor of Tilangana. On
the death of Muhammad Shah in 1482 A. D., he by his
will became first minister to his son Sultan Mahmtid II,
who added Bir and other districts to his jagir. This he
committed to his son Malik Ahmad, who took up his
residence at Khaibar and employed himself diligently in
the affairs of his government, and after his father's death
set up a separate dynasty in the Dakhin called Niz&m Shahi,
the capital of which was Ahmadnagar. Niz4m-ul-Mulk
who had the sole power of the administration in his hands,
latterly paid little or no regard for the king's authority,
was murdered by the orders of the Sultan about the year
1486 A. D., 891 A. H., or some time afterwards.
Nizam-ul-Mulk M ah mud, ^^^ tOJylfei^
the son of Abi Sa'id Junaidi, a general and wazir of
Shams-uddin Altamsh, king of Dehli He died in the
reign of Sultdna Hazia, on the mountains of Sinner where
he had taken refuge from his enemies about the year
1238 A. D.
Nizari, Hakim, i/^^ isjty (H^, of ^ohist&o, a
man of talenta, but given to gaieties and pleasure, parti-
cularly to wine. He travelled much, and in his travels
he met Sa'df and other distinguished men. Towards the
end of his life he retired from the world and lived by
agriculture. He died in 1320 A. D., 720 A. H., and left
besides a Diwan, two Masnawis.
Nuh I, Samani, Amir, 4/^^ C-^-r^^ the fourth
king of the Saminian dynasty, succeeded his father Amfr
Nasr to the throne of Khurds^n and Bukhird in 942
A. D., 331 A. H., and died in 964 A. D., 343 A. H. His
son 'Abdulmalik succeeded him.
Nuh II, Samani, Amir, (Hj^ ^yW., ^y jyo\^
seventh king of the Saminian dynasty,* sumamed 'Abu*l
Kdsim, succeeded his father Amir Manstir I in March,
976 A. p., Rajab, 365 A. H. His reign was marked by
extraordinary vicissitudes of fortune. He was contem-
porary with Subaktagin. a chief of high reputation, who
had established a principality at Ghaxni. He died in
997 A. D., Rajab, 387 A. H., and was succeeded by his
son Mansur II.
Nur » AH Shah, »^ c5^ J^, a leader of the Sdfi sect
and disciple of Ma'sum *Ali Shdh, is supposed to have
been poisoned, and died on the 3rd June, 1800 A D
10th Muharram, 1215 A. H. close to the grave of the
Pf?Pif*./°^^ ^*^° * l^fi^o o^ Mousal, vide Mastim
All Shah.
Nuri, iS)y ^. U^ ^^ ^^^\ jy^ ^\}^ poetical
appellation of ^dzi Niir-uddin of Isfahii who died in
1692 A. D., 1000 A. H., and left a Diwdn.
Nuri, Cfi>y> a poet who is the author of the " Maulud
N6ria," in verse, which he dedicated to Sultiin 'Abu'l
Muzaffar Ya'kiib Bahadur Khan, commonly called Ya'kab
Beg. He died in the year 1482 A. D., 887 A. H.
Nuri, (^jy^ vidfi NAr-uddin Safaid6nf.
Kur Jahan Beg am, ff^sih^jy, the favourite
Sul^ina of the emperor JahiLngir, was the daughter of
the wazir Ya'tmad-uddaula whose tomb is at Agn3i. She
had attracted the notice of the prince Sultan Salim (after-
wards Jahingir) ; but was, at the suggestion of his father
the emperor Akbar, in order to withdraw the lady from
^e attentions of the prince, married to Sher Afghan
Khan, a young Persian lately come into the service, and
to whom Akbar gave a jagir in Bengal. After the death
of his father, Jtihangir appointed ^utb-uddin Khin hia
foster-brother the son of Shaikh Salim Chishti, as gover-
nor of Bengal with the intention that he might procure
for him the object of his passion. Kutrb-uddm Kh4n on
hw arrival at Burdwin was slain by Sher Afghdn Kh4n
who waa himself despatched by Kutb-uddiVs attendants!
JNiu- Jahan was seized and sent as a prisoner to Dehlf
and was at first placed by the emperor among the atten-
dants of his mother, but he subsequently married her in
the sixth year of his reign 1610 A. D., 1019 A. H..
changed her name, which was Mehr-un-Nisi, into Ndr
Jahan (the light of the world), and raised her to honours
such as had never before been enjoyed by the consort of
any kmg in India. From this period her ascendancy
knew no bounds ; the emperor took no step without
consultmg her ; and on every affair in which ahe took
an interest, her wiU was law. A circumstance so uncom-
mon in an Asiatic government is thus recorded on the
coins of that period. " By order of the emperor Jahinirir
gold acquired a hundred times additional value by the
n^e of the empress Niir Jah^." Her father Mirz4
Ghayds or Ayas was made prime minister with the title
of Ya tmid-uddaula ; and her two brothers were raised to
the first rank of 'Umra, by the tia<« of Ya't^id i^hin,
Nut
213
Nur-uddin
and 'Aaaf Kh&n. One of the accompliahments by which
she captivated Jah&ngir, is said to have been her fi&cility
in composing extemporary verses. After the death of her
husband, she was treated with much respect and allowed
a stipend of £250,000 a year. 8he survived Jahangir
eighteen years, and died aged 72 in 1645 A. D., 1055
A. H., at L4hor, where she was buried in the mausoleum
of her husband close to his tomb ; some say, near the
tomb of her brother 'Asaf Kh&n on the banks of the R^wi,
at L&hor. Hugh Murray in his History of British India,
p. 230, by his erroneously asserting, that she was buried
in the mausoleum at Agrah called the Taj Mahal, has
misguided many others. Even so late as the year 1858
A. D., the author of the " History of the Indian Revolt,"
page 10,9, says **that this was the mausoleum of Shih
Jahan and his favourite wife N6r Jahin."
Wur Miiliammad, tj^j^^, ^^^^^ ;y «H-», a Sayyad of
Baddon, was a learned and pious Musahn&n of the sect
of Nakshband. He died on the 3rd August, 1723 A. D.,
llth^i.^a'da, 1135 A. H.
ITur Manzil, jy^ i^ > name of a garden in Agrah, built
by the emperor Jahangir, which is now called Bagh
Dahra. There is a large well in the garden, so huqge
that it is more like a tank.
t izH^^jy
Nur-uddin Ahmad, Shaikh,
sumamed ^utb 'A lam, which see.
ITur-uddin Arsalan Shah, Atabak, eH*^tjy
f^Uf 5U* ^Am^I^ a prince of Mousal and Mesopotamia,
of the fitmily of Zangi, and grand-nephew of the famous
Nur-uddin, Sultan of Aleppo and Damascus. He suc-
ceeded his father, Azz-uddUi Masa'ud, 1193 A. D., 589
A. H., (the year of the death of tialah-uddin). During
a reign of 18 years, he established in some measure the
declining power of his house, and compelled the minor
princes of his family, to acknowledge his supremacy as lord
paramount. He (fied 1210 A. D., 607 A. H., regretted
by his subjects as a mild and beneficent ruler. His son
Azz-uddin, after a reign of between seven and eight years,
was succeeded by an infant son bearing the title of Nur-
uddin Arnftl^n II who survivod him only a few months.
Nur-uddin 'AH, Malik Mansur, i^^ i^i^hy
JX^^ w^^ the second Sul^in of the dynasty of Tartar
or Baharite Mumliiks in Egypt, was placed on the throne
by the Amirs after the assassination of his father Malik
Moi'zz 'Azz-uddin Eibak, 1257 A. D., 655 A. H., at the
age of fifteen. His short reign of two years was troubled
by continual feuds among the Mamluk chieftains, and
attempts on the part of the Ayyubite princes of Syria to
recover the lost sway of their family in Egypt ; and the
apprehension of an irruption of the Mughals under
HiUaku, who had taken Baghdad and destroyed the
Khilafat, showed the necessity of substituting a ruler of
matured years and experience. The Amir Kutuz accord-
ingly assumed the reigns of government, 1259 A. D., 657
A. H., and no more is heard of Nur-uddin. Vide Malik
Moi'zz 'Azz-uddin.
Nur-uddin bin-Lutf-ullah, *^''l ^^ cH ui^\jy9
better known as H&fiz 'Abru, which see.
Nur-uddin 'Ali, Malik-ul-Afzal, ^^ iy.^hy
cLAJ^t ^S^, the eldest of the seventeen sons of Salah-
uddin ; bom 1170 A. D., 565 A. H. In the partition of
his father's extensive dominions, which followed his death
in 1193 A. D., Damascus and Southern Syria with Pales-
tine fell to tiie lot of Ndr-uddin ; but in the dissensionB
54
which soon followed, he was stripped of his kingdom by
his uncle Saif-uddin *Abii Bakr (the Saphadin of Christian
writers), and his brother 'Usm&n, made Sulfan of Egypt,
1196 A. D. Fide Malik-ul-Afzal.
Nur-uddin Mahmud, Malik-ul-'Adil, iy.^\jy,
J jWl v£lL« j^^flB^ one of the most celebrated and power-
ful of the Muhammadan rulers of Syria in the age of the
Crusades, bom 1117 A. D, 611 A. H., was a younger
son of 'Imad-uddin Zangi, the second of the dynasty of
the Atibaks of 'Iralf: and Syria. At the death of his
father, who was murdered by his own Mamluks at the
siege of Jabbar, 1146 A. D., 541 A. H., Nur-uddin has-
tening to Aleppo with the signet of the deceased prince,
secured the possession of that city and of his father's
Syrian dominions ; while Mesopotamia, with Mousal for
a capital, fell to the lot of the elder brotiier Saif-uddin ;
and the feeble attempts of Alp ArsaUn, a prince of the
house of Saljuk, to assert his ancestral claims to the
dominion of these provinces, were easily frustrated by the
combined power of the two brothers. The earliest ex-
ploits of the reign of Nur-uddin were in continuance
of the Holy War which his father had assiduously waged
against the Latin Christians of Palestine : Josceline de
Courtenay, whose capital of Edessa had been taken by
Zangi a few years previous, was signally repulsed in an
attempt to recover it, and the Chi-istian inhabitants, who
had aided the enterprise, were put to the sword without
mercy by command of Nur-uddm, who even levelled the
fortifications of the town to prevent its ever again becom-
ing a bulwark to the kingdom of Jerusalem. The
recovery of this important fortress was the avowed object
of the second Crusade, undertaken 1148 A. D., 543 A. H.,
under Louis VII of France and the emperor Conrad : but
of the mighty hosts which they led from Europe, only
a miserable and dispirited remnant escaped the arrows
of the Suljuki Turks in their march through Anatolia to
Palestine, the project of retaking Edessa was abandoned
as hopeless, the siege of Damascus, which was attacked
by the crusading monarchs in conjunction with Baldwin
III of Jerusalem, was foiled when on the eve of success
by the address with which the minister of the Muslim
prince Mujic-uddin fomented the mutual jealousies of the
Christian leaders; and this vast armament, which if
properly directed might have overwhelmed the rising
power of Niir-uddin, only served by its failure to extend
and confirm it. Besuming the offensive immediately
after the departure of the crusaders, he invaded the
territory of Antioch, and in a pitched battle (27th June,
1149 A. D.,) routed and slew the prince Raymond, whose
head was sent as a trophy to the Khalif at Baghdad ;
and though he sustained a severe defeat in the following
year from his ancient opponent Josceline de Courtenay,
who surprised his camp, this disgrace was amply compen-
sated by the captivity of that active leader, who was soon
after seized while hunting by a marauding party of
Turkmans, and died in confinement, while the remaining
dependencies of Edessa, the fortress of Aintab, Tellbasher,
Ravendan, &c., fell almost without resistance into the
power of Nur-uddin, whose dominions now included the
whole of Northern Syria. Mujir-uddin was still the
nominal ruler of Damascus and the southern portion, but
the government was entirely in the hands of his wazir
Mo'in-uddm An^, whose daughter Nur-uddin had
married ; and after the death of this able minister, the
inhabitants, alarmed at the capture of Ascalon by Baldwin
III in 1153 A. D., and dreading an attack from the
Christians, voluntarily ofiFered their allegiance to Nur-
uddin (1154) as the price of his protection. The weak
Mujir-uddin resigned his power, and sought an asylum
at the court of the Ehalif of Baghdad, which then seems
to have been the usual retreat of deposed princes ; while
Ndr-uddin, the circuit of whose realms now encompassed
on all sides by land the Latin territories in Palestine,
and extended to the frontiers of the Fatimite possessions
Nur-uddin
214
Nousherwan
in Egypt, fixed his capital at Damascus, which he raised
from the ruinous state in which it had been left by an
earthquake, and adorned with mosques, fountains, colleges,
and hospitals. The death of Baldwin III in 1162 A. D.,
released Nuruddin from the ablest of his antagonists,
his brother and successor, Almaric, or Amoury, being far
inferior to Baldwin, both in prowess and abilities. Meso-
potamia, ruled by the Sultan's nephews, acknowledged his
supremacy as head of the ifamily ; he was now, by his offi-
cers, absolute master of Egypt ; his name was recited with
that of the Khalif Mustazi of Baghdad in all the mosques
throughout his dominions, and even in the holy cities of
Mecca and Medina, which T6ran Shah, brother of Salah-
uddin, had made dependencies of Egypt. But the
power and glory of Nur-uddin had now attained their
highest pitch, the three remaining years of his life were
unmarked by any memorable achievement, and disquieted
by the forebodings of the future downfall of his house by
the ambition of S&lah-uddin, who, though still ostensively
acting as his lieutenant, and making public professions
of loyalty and obedience, had in fact become independent
master of Egypt, and eluded or disregarded all the orders
of his nominal sovereign. N6r-uddin was preparing to
march into Egypt to reduce or expel his refractory vassal,
when an attack of quinsy terminated his life at Damascus
after a prosperous reign of 27 vears on the 26th of May,
1173 A. D.. 21st Shawwal, 669 A. H. ffis son Malik-
us-8alah Ism&'il, a youth, 11 years old, succeeded to
the titular sovereignty of his extensive dominions, but
was speedily stripped, by Sdlah-uddin, of Damascus and
the greater part of Syria, and died 8 years afterwards,
reduced to the sovereignty of Aleppo and its depen-
dencies.
Nur-uddin Muhammad, Mirsa, iiH^h^bj^
J son of 'Alfr-uddm Muhammad, the son of EJiw&ja
Husain. He was married to the daughter of the emperor
B&bar, named Gulrukh Begam, by whom he had Salima
Sultana Begam who was married to Bair^m Khan.
Nur-uddin Muhammad Ufl, ui^y •^♦^^ eri*^' ;y,
the author of the " Jama'-ul-Hikayit," a collection of
historical anecdotes. This work he wrote and dedicated
to Nizam-ul'Midk Mahmud, a general of Shams-uddin
Altimsh, king of Dehlu about 1230 A. D., vid^ Muhammad
ITfi, and Sadr-uddin ITfi.
Nur-uddin Safaiduni, MuUa, 4^^*^^ e^O^ ^,
entitled Nawab Tarkhan, was a native of Jam in Hirat
and brought up at Maehhad. lie was a fevourite com-
panion of the emperor Humayun ; and as the Pargana
of Safaidun had been conferred on him as jagir, he was
consequently called Saftiiduni. He cut a canal from the
river Jamna to Kamdl in the year 1669 A. D., 977 A. H.,
and named it " JSheikhu Nahr,'* in honour of the prince
Sultan iSalim, who was bom in that year and was nick-
named by his father the emperor Akbar, Sheikhu Bdba.
Hu was an excellent poet and has left a Diwan or book of
Odes. His poetical title was Nuri.
Nur-uddin S h i r a 2 i, v^L^*^ Vi^*^' jy> ^^ Hakun
Nur-uddin Shfr&zi.
Nur-uddin, Shaikh, ii^'^^jy fi^^ an historian who
wrote the history of Kashmir in Persian called ** Tarikh
Kiishmir," which in after times was continued by Haidar
Malik and Muhammad 'Azim.
Nur-ul-Hak, Shah or Shaikh, <3*^Uy «^^
sumtuned Al Mashra^i, Al-Dehlawi and Al-Bukhari, was
the son of Shaikh 'Abdul Hak bin-Saif-uddin of Dehli.
He is the author of the " Zubdat-ut-Tawarikh," which
is an enlarged edition of his father's history, and was
composed in order that by improving the style and
supplying the omissions, he might render it worthy the
acceptance of his patron, Shaikh Farid-uddfn Bukhari,
with whom he was connected by marriage, and who under
the title of Murtaza* Khan managed fbr some time the
afifairs of the empire in the reign of the emperor Jah&ngir.
He has also written a Sharah on the " Sahih Bukharf'
and ^' Muslim." He died in the xeign of the emperor
'Alamgir, 1662 A. D., 1073 A. H.
Nur-ul-Hak, i^^ (3*"^' j> ij^, K£ri of
Bareli, vide Munai'm.
Nur-uHah Shustari, Mir, iSji^J^ ^hy J^^
who is sometimes called Ndr-ullah bin-Sharif-ul-Husaini-
U8h-Sh6stari, was a nobleman at the court of the emperor
Akbar. He is the author of the work called " Majalis-ul-
Mominin." This great biographical work, is a mine of
valuable information respecting the most notable persons
who professed the Shia faith. The author has given an
entire book or section (the fifth Majalis) to the lives of
the traditionists and lawyers, and has specified the
principal works by each learned doctor at the end of their
respective histories. Ndr-uUah was a zealous Shia and
suflFered in the year 1610 A. D., 1019 A. H. for his reli-
gious opinions in the reign of Jah&ngir, vide Sufi.
Nur-un-Nisa Begam, fh^. ^-^1 j^*, the daughter of
Ibrahim Husain Mirz& by Gulrukh Begam. She was
married to prince Mirz& Salim afterwards Jahangir.
Noubat Khan, Nawab, c;^ *^y v'y, an officer
of the reign of the emperor Akbar, whose mausoleum is
in old Dehli close to the seraglio of Shdh-Jahim. It was
built in the year 1566 A. D., 973 A. fl. and is called
" Nili Chhatrf * on account of its having a blue canopy at
the top. It is now in a ruinous state.
•
Noudar or Nouzar, J^y, an ancient king of Persia of
the Pishdadian dynasty, vide Mantichehr.
Nounihal Singh, *^ JV>> «♦* Kharag Singh, ruler
of the Panj&b.
Nouras Bano Begam, f^yk u^^yy the wife of
Shahnawaz Khan, wazfr. She was living in September,
1669 A. D., Mu^jarram, 1070 A. H.
Nousherwan, J«>^ uljj^y> sumamed 'Adil or the
Just (Chosroes of the Greeks), was the son of IJLub&d, king
of Persia, at whose death 631 A. D., he ascended the
throne of that kingdom. The accounts given by Eastern
and Western authors, of the successes of this king in his
invasions of the Roman empire, differ but very little.
Some of the former have falsely asserted that he took
an emperor of the Romans prisoner ; and they have all,
with a partiality that, in national historians writing of
this monarch, seems almost excusable, passed over the
few reverses which his arms sustained. But the disgrace-
ful peace which the emperor Justinian purchased at the
commencement of the reign of Nousherwan, the subse-
quent war, the reduction of aU Syria, the capture of
Antioch, the unopposed progress of the Persian monarch
to the shores of the Mediterranean, his conquest of
Iberia, Calchos, and the temporary establishment of his
power on the banks of the Phasis, and on the shores of
the Euxine, are facts not questioned by his enemies.
They, however, assert, that his genius, as a military
leader, even when his fortune was at the highest, was
checked by Belisarius, who was twice sent to oppose his
progress; and whose success, considering his want of
means, and the character of the court he served, was
certainly wonderful. In all the negotiations which took
Nousherwan
215
Partop
place between the emperor Justinian and Nonsherw^
the latter assumed the tone of a superior. His lowest
senrants were treated, at the imperial court, in a manner
calculated to inflame the pride, and raise the insolence of
a vain and arrogant nation : and the impressions which
this conduct must have made, were confirmed by the
agreement of the Roman emperor to pay 30,000 pieces of
gold ; a sum which could have been of no importance to
Nousherw^ but as it showed the monarch of liie Western
world in the rank of one of his tributaries. In a second
war with the Roman emperors Justin and Tiberius, Nou-
sherwan, who though 80 years of age, still led his armies,
experienced some reverses of fortune : but the persever-
ance and valour of the aged sovereign were ultimately
rewarded by the conquest of Dara and the plunder of
Syria, 672 A. D. He died after a prosperous reign of 48
years about the year 679 A. D., and was succeeded by his
son Hurmuz IV.
Muhammad, who was bom during the reign of Nou-
sherwdn, 671 A. D., used to boast of his fortune, in being
bom when so just a king reigned. This is great praise,
and irom a source that cannot be suspected of flattery.
IS'ousherwan Eirmani, ij'^^ c^'^ j^-fy> an author
who translated the "Ardai Virdf-nAma" originally
written in the Zend, into the modem Persian. Another
translation was made by Zaratash Bairam in Persian
prose and one in verse. This work was translated into
English by Mr. J. A. Pope and published at London in
1816. See Ardai Virilf.
IVouzar, J^y, an ancient king of Persia, mtU Manfichehr.
Nuzhat> *'^^yy poetical name of Muhammad *Azim of
Damghan, a poet who is the author of a Biwin. He died
in 1724 A. D., 1137 A. H.
0.
Oktai Kaan or Khan, J^^ *^J, the eldest surviving
son of Changez Khan whom he succeeded to the domi-
nions of Tartary and Northern China, being crowned
as Khakan or emperor 1227 A. D., 624 A. H. He died
by excess of wine seven months after his brother Chughtai,
about the month of January, 1242 A. D., 639 A. H. He
was of a mild and generous disposition and governed his
conquered subjects with impartiality and justice. As a
warrior, he was brave, but prudent, and as a sovereign,
equitable and benevolent. He was succeeded bv his son
Kaydk Kh4n. ^
List of the Khdkdnt of Tartary.
A. D.
Okt^i $£in, eldest son of Changez Eh&n, began . . 1227
Kaydk Khan, son of Oktai Kadn 1242
Mangu Kaan, eldest son of Tuli Khan 1243
(ablai Khin, son of Mangti Kaan, succeeded to
the kingdom of Tartary in 1269 A. D. and died
in 1294 A. D. His brother Halaku Khan, after
the death of his father, succeeded to the kingdom
of Persia, vide Hal&ku Khin 1269
Oodham Bai, \^^. |^ojl, the mother of the emperor
Al?mad Shih, the son of Muhammad Shah of Dehli. On
the accession of her son to the throne, she received the
titles of Nawdb Bai, NawAb Kudsia, and Sahiba Zamani,
and her brother Man Kh4n was raised to the rank of
6000 with the title of Mo'ta^id-uddaula.
Orkhan, vy^Jjt, the son of OthmiLn or Osmin, the son of
Amir Tughral. After his father's death he made himself
Sultin of the Turks at Bruaa in 1327 A. D., 727 A. H.
by the destmction of his elder brothers. He added
largely to the territories of his father, and formed a body
of infantry, afterwards formidable to Europe — the Yeni-
cheri or Jannisaris. He died about the year 1369 A. D.,
760 A. H. and was succeeded by his son Murad I
(Amarath).
p.
Fadmawatiy (^J^*^J> daughter of the Riyd of Ceylon,
who was carried off forcibly by Batan Sain, R4j& of
Chittour, and taken away from him by Sult&n 'Ala-
nddfn when he conquered Chittour about the year 1303
A. D., 703 A. H. Her story called " ^issae Padmiwat,"
has been written in Persian poetry by Husain of Ghazni,
and there is also a version in the Bhakha language in verse,
by Malik Muhammad Jaesi. There is another in Persian
prose by Rae Gobind Munshf who wrote it, in 1652 A. D.,
1062 A. H., and called it *' Tukfat-ul-Kulub," which is also
a chronogram for that year. In the year 1796 A. D.,
1 2 1 1 A. H., another traneJation into Urdti verse was written
by two poets, the first part by Mir Ziyi-uddin 'Ibrat,
and the last by Ghulam 'All 'Ishrat.
Falas or Falashy U"^y> (the Valens of Roman History)
succeeded his father Firoz I on the throne of Persia 484
A. D. He reigned four years, and was succeeded by his
brother Kub&d.
Fanahiy <^^^j a celebrated poet and artist, who, says
'Ashik, *' broke the pencil of the Frank painters, and by
painting a single rose-leaf could metamorphose Winter
into Spring."
Farhez Bano Begam, ^. y^^j^jiy daughter of
8h&h Jahan by Kandhari Begam. She died in the year
1676 A. D., 1086 A. H.
Farsaji, %s^^Ji> also call^ Pars&riun Bhosla, the son of
Raghoji Bhosla, succeeded his father in the government
of Berar or Nagptir in March, 1816 A. D., but being an
idiot, he was soon after stnmgled by Mudhaji sumamed
*Apd Sahib, who was acknowledged by the English.
Farsaram Bhao or Bhosla, 5^:^ (•LA^> vide Pars^i.
Fartap Singh, ^^^^Jiy Riji or Rto4 ofUdaipiir,
was the son of Udai Singh, the son of ^R&nk Sanga.
Partap Singh, who is still idolized by his countrymen
for the heroism with which he ropelled the attacks of the
Mughals, and preserved the germ of national independence
in his wild festnefises, reigned in 1614 A. D., and recovered
the greater portion of his dominions before Akbar died.
He founded the capital of Udaipur, and died in 1594 A. H.
Fartab or Fartap Fal, ^^ y^> present Eijd of
Karouli.
Fartap Singh, *^ y^, eldest son of EAjA Mto Singh,
the son or nephew of Raj4 BhagwAn D5s Kachhwdhd of
Amber. He died before his father, and left a son named
Maha Singh, the father of Mirxi Raj& Jai Singh.
Fartap Singh, *^y^;i, Riji of Jaipur. He suc-
ceeded his father M4dho Singh in 1778 A. D., and died
in 1803 A. D., when he was succeeded by his son R^i Jagat
Singh. Don Pedro de Silva was employed by Partip
Singh as a physician, at the time when Colonel Polier
visited Jaipil^ in search of the VedaB of the Hindus, about
Fartap
216
Perron
the year 1788 A. D. Hia son or grandson Angofltine de
Silva who received pension from the Raj4 of Bhartpur
died in the year 1856 A. D. ; his son Joseph de Silva is
now at Agrah, and the pension is still (1867) continued
to him. After the death of Jagat Singh who died with-
out issue, lUja Jai Singh III, posthumous, believed
supposititious, succeeded him 1818 A. D.
Fartap Singh Narayan, e^'>>^ *^ y^-^> R»j4 of
Sit^lra, the son of Baja S^u, commonly called Abba Sahib
and grandson of R&ghoji Bhosla. He was closely con-
fined by the Peshwa Baji Rao. After the dethronement
of Apa S&hib, he was released from confinement and
formally enthroned by the English on the 11th April,
1818 A. D., and a part of the Puna territories assigned
for his support. On the 25th September, 1819 A. D.,
a treaty was concluded between the British Government
and the Rij&, ceding to him the districts he subsequently
possessed. He violated his treaty, was deposed in 1839,
and died at Benares in 1847 A. D. He left only one
daughter, but was reported to have adopted Balwant
Singh Bhosla, as her son. His next brother having died
without issue in 1821 ; the third brother Shahji alias
Appa S£hib succeeded in 1839 A. D. and died 6th April,
1848 A. D., leaving no issue.
Farwana, **tVv> poetical name of K6nwar Jaswant
Singh, a son of Blji Beni Bah&dur. He died in 1832
A. D., 1248 A. H.
Farwiz, Sultan, yi^ji e;^^*^> second son of the
emperor Jahangfr. His mother's name was S&hib Jamil,
daughter of Ehwaja Hasan, uncle of Zain Khan Eoka.
He was bom at Kabul about the year 1690 A. D., 998
A. H. and died at Burhanpur in his 38th year on the
28th of October, 1626 A. D., 6th Safar, 1036 A. H. At
a place called Sultanpfir near Agrah on a spot of 460
bfghas, he had built many splendid buildings now in
ruins.
Fashang, *-^^^ an ancient king of TdriLn, and fiither of
Afrasiab.
Fayam, (•^^ the poetical name of Mfr Sharaf-uddin who
died at Agrah in the year 1753 A. D., 1166 A. H.
Fayami, iJ^^) the poetical name of *Abdul-8aliun. He
lived during the reign of Akbar ; vide Ain Translation I,
601 ; [and Sprenger, p. 119].
Fir All Hajwiri, Shaikh, ifJJ^ J^^4 ^>
a native of Hajwir, a village in Ghaznl, and author of the
work called *' Kashf-ul-Mahjub." He died about the
year 1064 A. D., 466 A. H., and is buried at Lahor.
Fir Badar, J<^ J^^ a celebrated Musalm&n saint whose
tomb is at Chitagun in Bengal and is evidently of great
antiquity. There is a stone scraped into furrows, on which,
it is said, Pfr Badar used to sit; there is also another
bearing an inscription, which from exposure to the wea-
ther, and having on it numerous coats of whitewash, is
illegible. There is a mosque near the tomb, with a slab of
granite, bearing an illegible inscription, apparently from
the Imuran. At a short distance is the Masjid of Muham-
mad Yasm with an inscription conveying the year of the
Hijrill36. (1724 A. D.)
Felaji or Belsji, u^^> the second Gaikow&r and R&jd
of Baroda. In 1721 A. D. he laid the foundation of the
fature greatness of Baroda on the firm foundation of s
most sagacious policy. He was murdered by the Raja of
Jaudpur while engaged in the congenial occupation of
lifting some of the Raja's property. He was succeeded
by his son Damaji who was an unworthy representative
of his illustrious sire. He had the audacity to declare
open war against the Peshwa while the Peshwa was
imencumbered with any other quarrels, and as the result
of this unequal contest, he lost half of his possessions, and
was forced to hold the other half himself as a fief from
the Peshwa. Syaji, the son of Dauroji, was a fool, and
Anand RAo was a fool, that is, not fools in the conven-
tional and uncomplimentary sense of the word, but liter-
ally fools — persons of weak intellect. But they were the
heirs to the throne, and it was sought to make them
the victims of an usurpation. The British Grovemment
was horrified at this iniquity and they stepped in to
prevent it. Afterwards when the Britii^ were engaged
in their fresh struggle with the Peshwa, Baroda sided
with us. The Marhatta confederacy was broken up,
and in the final settlement, the Gaikowar received a
large accession of territory. Anand Rao died in 1819
A. D., and was succeeded by Saiaji Rao. Since then we
have maintained what was called by the term of the treaty
our alliance with Baroda.
Fir Muhammad, ji*^^K^ *^^**,^j was the eldest son of
Jahingir Mirz& and grandson of Amir Taimiir. He was
sent to India some time before his grandfJEither, viz., in the
year 1397 A. D., 799 A. H., and had already taken
possession of Multin when his grandfather invaded it.
He was a brave prince and his grandfather had bequeathed
his crown to him ; but he was at ^andahar when his
grandfather died ; and KhaUl Sult&n, another grandson,
who was present with the army, obtained thb support of
several powerful chiefs, and the possession of Samarkand,
the capital of the empire. A contest took place between
these princes, which terminated unfavourably for Pir
Muhammad, who was put to death by the treachery of hia
own minister six months after the death of his grand-
father, 1406 A. D., 808 A. H.
Fir Muhammad, MuUa, of Shirwan, «*'♦** ^ ^,
iS^^Jj^ an officer who hold the rank of 6000 in the time
of the emperor Akbar. He was drowned in the river
Narbada in pursuit of Baz Bahadur, king of A££lw&, 1561
A. D., 969 A. H.
Fir Muhammad, Shah, *^***^i »^, a Pfrzida or
Mutwalli of the Dargah at Saloun, who died in 1688
A. D., 1099 A. H.
Fir Muhammad, •^^*=^^, vide Aghar Khin.
Feshwa, 'j^, vide BaUji Rdo Bishwanith Peshwa.
FeroseSy urt^Jjii of the Greeks, vide Firoz.
Ferron, G-eneral, ^j^ eiH^i, a French soldier who
came to India and was employed by Niz&m 'All Khan
of Haidar&bdd as a Colonel. When on the 1st of
September, 1798 A. D. a treaty was concluded between
the English and the Nawab, Perron with his French
troops were discharged from his service and employed by
Daulat Rao Scindhia the Gwaliar Chief. When M.
Duboigne who had the command of the districts of Koel,
Aligurh &c., went home, Hon. Perron was appointed
General and succeeded him, and continued in command
till Lord Lake on the 29th of August, 1803 A. D. took
these places, and General Perron being defeated, went
over to Lakhnao. He subsequently went home to France.
Persia
217
Bae
Baniia, t^j^i. For ancient kings of Persia of the Ist or
Pishdddian dynasty, vide Kaimurs,
For ancient kin^ of the 2ad or Kayinian dynasty, vitU
KaiJI^ubad.
The ancient kings of the Greek dynasties founded after the
death of Alexander the Great by his generals who were
called by the Persians Ashkanians and Ashgh^ans or
Arsacidoe of the Greeks, are not given in thu work.
For the ancient kings of Persia of the Sas^ian race called
by the Persians Maluk-ut-Taw4ef or Petty Kings, vide
Ardisher B&bagin.
Phllly Shaikh, dyti f^"^9 a brother of the saint Muham-
mad Ghaus of Gw&liar, which see. He is also called
Ph^l Shahid. His tomb is on a hill near the fort of
Bayana.
Piari Bano, y^ iSJ^y the second wife of prince Shujia',
son of the emperor Sh&b. Jah^. She bore him three
daughters and two sons. 8he was so famed for her wit
and beauty, that songs were made and sung in her praise
in Bengal ; and the gracefulness of her person had even
become proverbial. After her husband's melancholy death
in Arracan, she dashed her head against a stone and died,
and two of her daughters poisoned themselves, while the
third was married to the E^jd of that place.
Pindar Bazi, iSjbJ^i a po®* o^ I^ whose proper
name is Kam&l-uddm, and who lived at the court of Sul-
tan Majd-uddaula, son of Fakhr-uddaula, about the year
1009 A. D., 400 A. H., and wrote poetry in Arabic, Persian
and the Dilami language.
Pirthi Scg, ^) i^Jiy the Chauh&i Eij£ of Ajmere and
Dehli who, in his last battle with Shah&b-uddm Ghori in
1192 A. D. was taken prisoner and conveyed to Ghaznf
where he stabbed himself or was put to death. He is
also called Pithoura.
Pirthi Baj Bathor, }y^h J^) iS?ji> a Hindfi chief
who held a high rank in the service of the emperor Shih
Jahin, and died in tiie Dakhin 1656 A. D., 1066 A. H.
After his death his brother Ram Singh and his son Keisrf
8ingh were raised to suitable ranks.
Pirthi Singh,
aCU
i^jiy vide M^Ldho Singh Eachhw^ha.
Pithoura, tm^> vide Pirthi lUj the Ghauhin R&jd.
Purbahae Jami, ks^ *^>l^^ a poet, who was a native
of J&m a village in Hirit. He flourished in the reign of
Arghuti Khan and was cotemporary with Humam
Tabrezi.
Pur Hasan Asfiaraeni, <^!y^ er-^ Jri} a very pious
Musalmin who was a native of Asfarden. He was a
disciple of Shaikh Jam&l-uddin Z&kir, a cotemporary of
Shaikh Razi-uddm AU LaU, and a good poet, and has
left a Diw&n consisting of Persian and Turkish Ghazals.
In his Persian poems, he uses for his poetical appellation,
his own name, «»., " Ptir Hasan," and in his Turkiah
compositions, '* Hasan Ifghli."
Pran Sukh, «*^ e^Lri> a learned Hindii, of the Kiyeth
caste, who is the author of an Inshi or specimens of
letter writing, entitled *' Insh&e Rabat Jin," written in the
reign of the emperor Muhammad Shah and completed in
the year 1750 A. D., 1163 A. H.
55
PrithiBaj, gO (^td;J, wVfo Pirthi Riy.
Prithi Singh, *^ ksM^ Mahdriyi of Kishangarh,
situated to the south of Jaipiir intervening between the
territory of the British province of Ajmere. The ruler
of this small but prosperous state, Mahdr&j& Prithi Singh,
is described as a man of high character. He was livinir
in 1872. ^
Pnranmal, *^b ^J^> R^j^ of Amber now called Jaiptir.
He gave his daughter in marriage to Akbar Sh£h in
the year 969 A. H. He is also called Bihin Mai, which
see.
Purdil, u^jii a poet who flourished in the time of 'Alam*
gir, and is mentioned in the " Mirat-ul-Ehay&L"
R.
Baba'a Basri, (SJ^ ***!;> a very celebrated pious lady
of Basra, who had a good knowledge of all the traditions.
She is said to have constructed a canal from Baghdad to
Medina, was a contemporary of Sari SaktL and died in
801 A. D., 186 A. H. *
Babit, ^.b, poetical name of Moulwi Abdul Ahad.
Baek, &h, author of the biography called << Tazkira R&ek,"
an abstract of which was made by Sir&j-uddaula Muham-
mad Ghaus Eh^ Nawab of the Kamatik in 1842 A. D.
Bae Gobind Munshi, ^^ (sby a Eayeth who is the
author of the story of Padmdwat in Persian, entitled,
** TuhfEit-ul-Kuliib" which he wrote in the year 1652
A. D., 1062 A. H.
Bae Lonkaran, \:>j^\jy (sby Blj^ of the Pargana of
Sambhar, lived in the time of the emperor Akbar, and
died in the 11th year of Jahangir, 1615 A. D., 1024 A. H.
He was a good Persian scholar, and used to compose
verses ; his poetical name was Tousani. He was sue*
ceeded in his territories by his son Man6har D£s, whose
poetical title, some authors say, was Tousani and not his
father's. Vide Tous&nl
Bae Indarman, K:y^)^\ c^bs a Hindii, by caste a Bais
of Hisir, and author of a work called *^ Dastiir-ul-His&b."
He was living in 1768 A. D., 1182 A. H.
Bae Phukni Mai, ^ t5^ t5!;, vide JJashitt.
Bae Maldeo, Ji*^ isby vide Maldeo R4e.
Bae Bae Singh, ^^ isb (^bi son of R&e Ealiim Mai
Rathor, a descendant of Rie M&ldeo and zamindar of
Bikaner in the time of the emperor Akbar. Rie Kali&a
Mai with his son served tmder that monarch for several
years, and received his niece in marriage. Rile Singh
subsequently gave his daughter in marriage to Sulfan
Salim, who, on his accession to the throne, conferred
on him the rank of 5,000. R&e Singh died in the year
1612 A. D., 1021 A. H.
Bae Bayan Baja Bikarmajit, ^b \J^b ^sb
^^^^jr^., was the title of a Brdhman named Sundardas
who at first served under the prince Shah Jah4n in the
capacity of a Munshi. He afterwards rose by degrees
to higW dignities and received the above title from the
Bae
218
Baghoji
emperor Jahinglr. When Sh&h Jah&n re1)eiled against his
father, Bikarmijit, who was then with the prince, fell in
the hattle which took place between the troops of the prince
and his father about the year 1621 A. D., 1030 A. H.
Bae Saijan Hara, D^ c^'tr* Lsb, Rij^ of Eanthan-
bfir in the province of Agrah, lived in the time of the
emperor Akbar. After his death Rao Bhoj Hari succeeded
him.
Bae Shew Das, cr'^ >**• C5b> a Khattri who was
appointed deputy to Rija Jai Singh Subidar of Agrah
in the time of Muhammad Shih. He built a fine garden
at Agrah on the banks of the Jamna which goes still after
his name, Bagh Shew Das.
Bae Tansukh Bae, isb *^-*^ (sbt a Hindti whose
poetical name was Shault, was the son of lUle Majlis R£e,
who was Naeb of the Diwin Khilsa of Agrah. He is
the author of a Tazkira of Persian poets called " Safinat-
ush-Shauk," and also of a small Diwin of 1000 verses.
He was Uving at Agrah in 1756 A. D., 1170 A. H.
Bafai, Sayyad, ^^ «^'j* ^^ «^ inhabitant of
Dehli and lived on for a long time in an old mosque which
he rep^red. He died about the year 1867 A. D., 1233
AH.
Bafa4, i^b> whose proper name was Imim-uddin, is the
author of the " Tadwin," and several works in Persian.
Bafa'i, %^J eHr^ ui^^i^^ f^f sumamed Shaikh
Muhi-uddin Husain. He died about the year 1422 or
1427 A. D., 825 or 830 A. H.
Bafl or Ba£La% ©*J ^ ^^^"^ 0-r** the poetical name
of Mirz& Hasan Beg who was employed as secretary to
Kazar Muhammad ^A^' the ruler of Tur&n. He came
to India about the year 1646 A. D., 1056 A. H. in the
reign of the emperor Shah Jahin, who conferred on him
the manaab of 600. He died in the time of 'Alamgir.
Ball BOxan Bazil, Mirza, J3^ J^ fi^j D^, ^^t^or
of the work called ^' Hamlae Haidari,*' containing the
wars of Muhammad, and the first four Khalifas, viz., Abu
Bakr, 'TJmar, 'Usm&n and 'All, in heroic verse consisting
of 40,000 verses. He was a native of Dehli and a descen-
dant of Ja'fiar Sarond Mashhadi. For some years he had
the command of the fort of Gwaliar in the time of ' Alamglr,
after whose death he lived in retirement at Dehli, where he
died in 1711 A. D., 1128 A. H. He is also the author of
a DlwiLn of Ghazals. His poetical name is B&ziL
Baflzi Mua'mmai, ^^^^^ %S^Jf vide Mir Haidar
Rafiki.
Bafl-U'ddaijat, ci»^:;«>^fe^j, the son of Eafi-ush-Shin
and grandson of BahiUiur Shih. He was raised to the
throne of Dehli by the two Sayyads, viz., 'Abdullah Khin
and his brother Husain 'All Kh^ after the dethronement
of the emperor Farrukh-siyar on the 18th February, 1719
A. D., 8th Rabf II, 1131 A. H., but died in little more
than three months of a consumption at Agrah on the
28th May the same year, 19th Rajab, 1131 A. H., when
another youth of the same description, younger brother
to the deceased was set up by the Sayyadis under the name
of Rafi-uddaula Shah Jahdn SiLnl, who came to the same
end in a still shorter period. Both were buried in the
mausoleum of Khwaja Ku^b-uddin Kiki at Dehli. After
their death the Sayyads pitched on a healthier young
man as their roccessor, who ascended the throne by the
title of Muhammad Shah.
BafL-u'ddin, c^'^'C^^ * PO«t who is the author of a
very curious and entertaining Diwan or collection of
poems. He was a native of Hindustan, and probably of
that province which is called the Dakhin. He served in
a military capacity, and attached himself to the person of
the illustrious emperor Akbar whom he first met at
Kashmir in the year 1592 A. D. and received from that
monarch the reward of his poetical labours. His Diwan
which he commenced writing in the kingdom of the
Dakhin, was brought to a conclusion in 1601 A. D.,
1010 A H. It contains about 15,000 distichs.
Bafi-u'ddin Haidar Bafa'i Mua'mmai, Amir,
^Ujuo j^j jAxa. e;Ji>Jfg^; ^H^I, is said to have
composed more than 12,000 verses of chronograms, &c.,
but did not collect them. He was living in 1585 A. D.,
993 A. H. This person appears to be the same with Mir
Haidar Rafiyi Mua'mmai.
BafL-uddin Lubnani, J^^ ui^^C^^j, native of
Lubn&B, a village in Isfahan. He was cotemporary with
the poets Asir-uddin Admani, Sharaf-uddin Shafrowa, and
Kaznal-uddin Isma'il. He is the author of a Diw&n.
Bafi-uddin, Shaikh Muhammad, u^^^'^j ^
^♦^'^^ sumamed Muhaddis or traditionist who died in
1547 A. D., 954 A. H., and was buried in the Haweli of
Asaf Jah at Agrah.
BafL-uddaula, ^j'^^i^Jj younger brother of the
emperor Rafi-uddarjat, which see.
BafL-u'sh-Shan, ^^^t^J, (prince) son of the emperor
Bahadur Shah, killed in battle against Jahandar Shah his
brother. Vide Jahandar bhah.
BafL-u'8-Sauda, Mirza, ^^j^^i^j U-r*^ vide Saudi.
Bail Waez, ^h &Jf a poet who is the author of a Diw^.
Vide Muhammad Rafi Waez.
Baghib, V^b^ poetical title of a poet of Shir&i whose
proper name is Kalb Husain Beg.
Baghoba, ^..yi^Jy »»<^ Raghunath R6o.
Baghoji Bhosla I, *^n^ iJ^J^J- Was nominated " Seind
Sahib Sabha," or general of the Marhatta confederacy,
in 1734 A. D., received a sanad from the Peshwa and
became the first liaja of Berar or Nagpur in •1740 A. D.
in which year a great revolution took place in the Mar-
hatta government. The Raja of Sitara, Ramraja, a weak
prince, being upon the throne, it was concertcKl between
the two principal officers of the state, Baji Rao the
Peshwa, and Rckgh6ji Bhosla, the Bakhshi or Gommander-
in-Chie^ to divide the dominions of their master. In
consequence of this arrangement, the former assumed the
government of the western provinces, continuing at the
ancient capital of Puna ; the latter took the eastern, and
fixed his residence at Nagpur, a principal city in the
province of Befar ; whilst Ramraja was confined to the
fortress of Sitara, the Peshwa administering the govern-
ment in Mb name. Hence the distinction between the
Marhattas of Pdna and Be^ar. Raghoji was the son of
Yimboji who was killed in Audh during the lifetime of
his father Parsoji, who was Bakhshi under his brother
Sahoji the son of Sambhoji the son of Sewaji the founder
of the Marhatta empire. Raghdji Bhosla died in 1749 or
Baghoji
219
Raja
1753 A. B., and transmitted his gOYemment to his son
Janoji, who dying in 1772 A. D., left his inheritance
to his nephew and adopted son K4g-h6jf Bhosla II the
son of his yonnger brother Madhuji. This occasioned
a contention between Jdnoji's brotiier Samoji and Ma-
dhiijf. The former claimed the government in the
right of priority of birth, and the latter as fiftther and
guardian' of the adopted child. They were accordingly
engaged in hostility until the death of Samoji or Sabhoji,
who was killed in an engagement with his brother on the
27th of January, 1776 A. D. From that period the
government of Berar was held by Madhoji or Madhuji
Bhosla.
Bhotla R4i^ 0/ Ndgpy/r or Befdr,
A. D.
Eaghoji Bhosla I died 1753
J^oji or Hanoji ,, 1772
Madhoji „ 1788
Baghoji Bhosla n „ 1816
Parsoji (strangled by Apa Sahib) „ 1816
Mudoji (Ap& Sahib) was acknowledged by
the English in 1816 and. deposed 1818
Fartdp Singh Ndrayan grandson of Bagho-
ji Bhosla put on the throne 1818
Bagli^ji Bhosla ni, 1853
Baghoji Bhosla II, *^^ Kf^^h succeeded his
father Madhoji Bhosla in the government of Berir or
N&gpdr in May, 1788 A. D. and died on the 22nd of March,
1816 A. D., when his son Parsoji succeeded him.
Baghlinath Shah, »^ V4m)> of the Mandla district,
who was a direct descendant of the eldest branch of the
Gond dynasty, was executed in 1867 A. D. for rebellion,
and his estates confiscated. Fifteen years later the
Government gave his widow Mare Ku^war a compassionate
allowance of Ks. 120 per annum.
Baghoji Bhosla III, *Hn^ t^r^Ji R^ji of Berfr.
He died in 1863 A. D., not only without heirs but without
any male relations who could support a legitimate claim
to the Raj ; thereupon the GK>vemor General quietly
annexed that large country to the Company's dominions.
Baghunath Bao, ^l> *t^ vtv, commonly called Ragh6ba,
a Marhatta chief who was at one time much connected with
the English. He was the son of Biji Rdo Peshwa I,
and fSsither of the last Peshwa Biiji Rao II, and paternal
uncle of Madh6 Rao Peshwa II. He usurped the Peshwa-
ship after the death of Narayan Rao, youngest son of
Balaji lUo Peshwa. On the death of Baliji R£o, who
left two sons Madh6 Rao and Narayan Rao, both minors,
the power of the state was for some years wielded by
his brother Raghunath as regent. Madh6 Rao was
enabled to take the reins of government into his own
hands after some time, but died in 1772 A. D., and was
succeeded by his brother Nar&yan Rao. He was soon
after murdered in consequence of a plot which Raghobd
had formed against him. Raghob4 was acknowledged
Pcshw& after his death ; but it appeared soon after that
the widow of Narayan Rao was with child. The ministers
proclaimed the event during Raghoba's absence. He
was defeated and fled to Surat.
Bahim Beg, Mirsa, ti-T* ^ ^J of Sardh£na,
author of a small work on Persian and Arabic poetry,
entitled *' M^khy^n Shuara" which he composed in the
year 1852 A. D., 1268 A. H. It is also called '' Wasilat-
uah-Shuara."
Bahia, ^j^l), one of the earliest professors of Muhanunad-
anism, alUiough he was not present at the battle of Badar.
Muhammad used to say of him, that of all men he had ever
seen Rahia did most resemble the angel Gktbriel. He died
in the year 670 A. D., 60 A. H.
Bahim-uddin Bakht, Miraa, !3^ "^^ e^»(»^j
and Mirza Muhsin Bakht (princes of Dehli and grand-
sons of Shah Alam) who came to Agrah from Benares
when the Duke of Edinburgh came to Agrah in 1870
A.D.
Bahmat-uHah, *^' *^**^J, author of the history of the
martyr Malik 'Umar, who is buried at Bahraich. He
composed this poem 750 years after the death of the saint.
Baiha, ^^\)» poetical name of Mir Muhammad *Ali of
6ay&lk6t who died in 1737 A. D., 1150 A. H.
Baja, ^'j, poetical tiUe of R&j& Balw&n Singh, son of lULji
Cheyt Singh of Benares. He is a pensioner of the British
Government, and is living at Agrah, and is the author of
a Diwan in IJrdii.
Bi^a AJi Khan, Famki, i^jj^ vy^ yj^ *^b, suc-
ceeded his brother Mirin Muhammad Kh£n II, in the
Government of Khandesh in 1676 A. D. At this period
the princes of HindusULn, from Bengal to Sindh including
Malw& and Gujrat, had been subdued by the victorious
arms of the emperor Akbar ; and Raj4 ' Ali Kh^, in order
to avoid so unequal a contest, dropped the title of king,
which his brother had assumed, and wrote a letter to Akbar,
begging that he might be considered as his vassal and
tributary. In order to convince him of his sincerity, he
sent him many rich and valuable presents. After the
death of Burhin Nizilm 8h&h II, king of Al^madnagar
in the year 1696 A. D., 10O4 A. H., the prince Mirza
Murid and MirziL Ehan KhanKhinan the son of Bairam
Khan, inarched for the purpose of subduing the Dakhin.
Raja 'Ali Khin accompanied them, and was killed with
many officers of distinction, by the explosion of a powder
tumbril, in the famous battle fought between KhanKhdnan
and Suheil Khin, general of the A^madnagar forces. His
death happened on the 26th January 1597 A. D., 1 8th
Jumid^ II, 1005 A. H. after he had reigned 21 years.
His body was carried to Burh&npur, where he was buried
with due honours. He was succeeded by his son Bahadur
Khiui Faru^i.
Bajab Salar, J^^ V^;> brother of TughlaV Shah, and
father of Sultioi Fir6z Shih, king of Dehli. His tomb is
in Bahxaich.
BajaKans Purbi, i^.)ji cr^ *^U a Hindu zamin-
dir who succeeded in placing himself on the throne of
Bengal after the death of Shams-uddin II Purbi in
1386 A. D., and became the founder of a new dynasty.
He reigned seven years and died in 1392 A. D., 796 A. H.,
and was succeeded by his son Jitmal who became a Musal-
min, and assumed the name of Jalal-uddin.
Baja Bam, (*b ^hi the brother of Sambhijithe Marhatta
chief by another mother. He succeeded his brother in
July 1689 A. D. On his accession Sambh4ji in April
1680, was seized and sent to reside in one of the forts
of the Kunatic, with a decent appanage, but without any
power in the government, and there he continued to
reside till the death of his brother (July 1689) when he
was acknowledged his successor. In his time the fortress
of Sit&ra was taken by 'Ahungir on the 21st April, 1700
A. D., 13th ^il-K&'da 1111 A. H., but before it fell, Rajd
R&m died of the small-pox the same year at Jhinji. He
was succeeded by his son Karan, who survived him but
a few days, when another son of his, named Seiwa an
Baj
220
Bam
mltad only two jttn old wm pot on fhe manad imder
ih4» gnardjaiwhip of Bim ChiDd Pft94it and regency of
hi* mtAhur, Tiri Bil. But when, afUr the derath of
'Alaottfirf RAji MMl or if^n II, was released from confine-
ment, DO was put aside, and 8^jf was crowned at 8itan
in March 1706 A. D.
IM tf Rdjdi.
lUjis of Berar or Vif^r, tide Baghojf BhosU I.
„ of (.liittoar and Nigpiir, vids fiani Banka or Ifildeo
lUo.
^ of Gwiliar, pide Binojf Sdndhia.
^ of Jaip^ or Jainagar, vide Bihiri Mai or Sandhal dewa.
„ of Milwi or Indor of the Uolkar dfimily, vide Malhlir
RioL
„ of Mirw^r or Jodhpiir, vide Jodhi Bio and M£ldeo Bio.
„ of Bhartpiir, vide Cliiiraman Ji|.
,, iA Hitirai vide H&hji.
„ of Indor vide Malhir Bio Holkar I.
BaJ Indar Ooshain^ ^j^UjJjaJt ^t;, chief of a sect
of llindii ascetics who used to go about stark naked,
lie had under his command an army of those people,
and was employed by Nawib 8afdar Jang. Ho was
killed in the Imttle fought by his employer against the
emperor Abmad Hhih who had dismissed him from his
office of wizirat. ilis death took place on the 20th June,
1753 A. D., 17th 8hibin, 1166 A. H.
BaJ Singh Kuohhwaha, Baja, lA»>t^ a^ ^tj,
son of Riji Askaran, brother of Bij& Bihirf Mai.
Hervod under the emperors Akbar and Jahingfr, and died
in the year 1616 A. D., 1024 A. H.
Baj SlDgh, Bana, ^^ ^) ^b$ of ChittourandXTdaipiir,
succoodod his father Kini Jagat Singh 1652 A. D., 1062
A. 11., and was honoured by the emperor Shih Jahin
with the rank of 6000. In his time the fort of Chittour
was demolinhod by order of the emperor 'Alamgfr. He
died in the 24th year of that monarch, 1680 A. D., 1091
A. II., and was succeeded by his son Kind Jai Singh.
Baju ^attal, J^^!;> sumamed Sayyad Sado-uddfn
a Musalmin saint and brother of Makhd(im Jahiniin
Jnhin Gasht Shaikh JaUL Ho is the author of the
** Tuhfat-un-Nasayoh," which contains much good advice
though written BC<:ording to the Stifi School. His tomb is
at Uchchain Multin where he died in the year 1403 A. D.,
806 A. H.
Bajwara, h^^b^ name of a phice at Agrah built by
several lUj^n, such as Hiii Jaswant Singh, lUji Jai
Hingh, lUja M&n Singh, IUj4 Bharath, \ii\i Bohor Hingh,
Bdj& Bcattul D&s eon of lidji Gopil 1)^, Kij& l)w4rka
Dis and others, they built their house at Agrah at a
place which is now called (Mauza Rijwira).
Bamai or Bami> tj^bi ^^^ Sharaf-uddin Rdmi.
Bam Oharan Mahant, ^^^ c^t* fb^ the founder
of the lUmiianehf sect, was a Bimiwant Bairigf, bom
1719 A. I), in a village in the principality of Jaipur.
N(*ither the pn^oiso period, nor the causes which led him to
abjun^ the n*Iigiun of his fathers now appear: but he
Bt4*adily d(*nouncod idol-worship, and suffered on this
account gn*at persecution from the Br&hmans. On
quitting the place of his nativity in 1760 A. D., he wandered
over the country, and eventually repaired to Bhilwdra,
in the IMaipiir territory, where, after a residence of two
yt^nrs, Bhim Singh, Band or prince of that state, was
urged by the priests to harass him to a degree which
coxnpelU^d him to abandon the town. The chief of Shih-
p(ira ottered the wanderer an asylum at his court, where
be armed in the year 1767 A. D^ hot he docs noi seea
to have settled there permanently nntil two years later,
from which time, it may be proper to date the institntioa
of the sect. Bam Chann ezpiied in April, 1798 A. D.,
in the 79th year of his age, and his corpse was rednced
to ashes in the great t^nple at Sh&hpura. Bim Charan
composed 36,260 Sabds or hymns, each oontaining from
five to eleven verses. He was succeeded in the spiritual
directorship by lUmjan, one of his twelve disciples. This
person died at Shihpura in 1809 A. D. after a reign of 12
years 2 months and 6 days. He composed 18,000 Sabds.
The third hierach Dulha Bam succeeded him and died in
1824 A. D. He wrote 10,000 Sabds, and about 4000
Saki, or epic poems, in praise of men eminent for virtue
not only of his own faith, but among Hindus, Muham-
madans and others. After him Chatra Das ascended
the gaddi, and died in 1831 A. D. He is said to have
composed 1000 Sabds, but would not permit their being
committed to paper. Narayan Das the fourth in descent
frx)m B£m Charan, succeeded him and was living in
1835 A. D. See Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal^
Vol. 4, page 66.
Bamdeo, ^^^U a Biji of Deogfr (now Daulatibid) became
a tributary to Sultan *Ala-uddxn Sikandar S£n^ and
died in the year 1310 A. D., 710 A. H.
Bamill, e^^b> & lover, the name of whose mistress was
Waisa. Their story, entitled *'Bamm and Waisa'* has
been written in Persian poetry by Nizami 'Uruzi.
Bamjas Munshiy o^ C^J iJ^^y whose poetical name
was Mubit, was a Ehattri by caste, and his father T^14
Oang4 Bishun whose poetical title was 'Aiiz, resided at
Iiihor, but 3fu^i( was bom in Dehli He obtained an
appointment in the Customs Department at Benares which
gave him 1,200 rupees a year. He is the author of several
Masnawis, such as " Mul^t-i-'IshV," " MubiVi-Dard,"
<^ Mu^i(-i-Gha'm," &c. He also translated some books
on mysticism from the Sanskrit, as " Mubit-ul-^aVaik,"
" Mubi't-ul-Asrar," " Gulshan-i-Ma'rifiit," " Mi^^t Ma'ri-
fat," &c.
Banojiy i^^b) son of Baji Bhagwin Dis the uncle of the
celebrated Baji Man Singh. He, together with his two
brothers, Bijai Bam and Sayim Kam, was crushed to
death under the feet of an elephant by order of the em-
peror Jahingir in the early part of his reign.
Bam Mohan Bae, (Sb ^^ (*b> afterwards B&j£ Mm
Mohan Bae, a Brdhman of a respectable &mily in Bengal,
whose birth and mission are briefly stated in Maunder's
Biographical Treasury, was early celebrated for his pre-
cocious genius, high linguistic attaiimients, and other na-
tural gifts which in his after-life procured for him the re-
putation of a reformer. Among several other reforms, the
degenerate state of Hindtiism demanded his earliest
attention, and he with his wonted zeal and assiduity, took
upon himself to introduce a reform which at the risk of
his purse and reputation, he succeeded in a great measure
in affecting among his former co-religionists. His object
was to reconstruct and varnish the old Hinduism, and
not to abandon it altogether as some of the modem
pseudo-reformers propose. He picked up morals and
precepts frx}m the Vedas, Dussanas and Upanishads, which
he thought most appropriate and instructive ; but never
accepted them as revelations. He likewise borrowed
rules and precepts from other religions, but more par-
ticularly frx>m Christianity. His originality of mind, his
natural logical powers, his mastery of mental and moral
philosophy, and above all his ardent desire to establish
the true knowledge of God among his countrymen,
made him discard all the prevailing rdigions of the world
as revelations. When in England, the Bigi always
Bamraj
221
Bana
attended the Unitarian chnrch and mnch approved of its
doctrines. He embarked for England and arrived at
Liverpool on the 8th April, 1831 A. D. and died at Sta-
pylton Grove near Bristol, while on a visit to that conntry,
for the purpose of giving information and of promoting
the interests of his conntrymen, by advocatuig a more
liberal intercourse with India. After his death his
followers in Bengal strictly adhered to the faith, and
multiplied in number by thousands. The works of
Sir W. Hamilton and Bishop Berkeley have also become
their guides in points of philosophy. In a word the
Brahmists are not idolaters, as considered by some, nor
infidels as supposed by many. They are rather the
religious and enlightened people of the age as they con-
sider themselves. R4j& R&n Mohan translated the XTpa-
nishads of the Tajur Veda according to the Comment of
Sankar Ach&rya, into English, establishing the unity and
incomprehensibility of the Supreme Being, whose worship
alone can tend to eternal beatitude. A translation of the
Vedant (an abridgment of all the sacred writings) in
Hindustdnf and Bengali, was made by this Hindti
philosopher and philanUiropist. The IUj4 also published
an abstotct of it in English* His tomb is in Axno's Vale
cemetery in Bristol.
Sc^DDra j, ^b^bf a RijA of Bfj^agar or Bijaiinagar, who
was slain in battle against the four Muhammadan princes
of the Dakhin. This celebrated action took place on the
banks of the Kpshi^a river on Friday the 25th of January
1666 A. D., 20th Jum4da II, 972 A. H. It cost Bimrij
bis life, and ended in the defeat of the Hindti army
with the loss of nearly one hundred thousand men.
Bamriy being defeated, was taken prisoner and brought
before Husain Nizam 8hiih who ordered his head to be
struck off, and caused it to be placed on the point of a
long spear to be announced to the anny ; and afterwards
kept at B\j4pdr as a trophy.
Bam Narayan, Baja, iji^j ^ rb* He was deputy
governor of Patna in the time of Mir Ja'&r 'Ali Kh^
the Naw&b of Bengal. Mir K^m 'Ali, on his accession
to the masnad in 1760 A. B., 1174 A. H. having detected
embezzlements of large sums from the revenues, the
j&girs, and pay of the troops, confiscated his effects.
About seven lacs of rupees in money and goods were
found in his house, and nearly the same simi was re-
covered from persons to whom it had been entrusted by
himself and his women. He was then kept in confine-
ment with several others on suspicion. In August 1763
A. D., Mu^mram, 1177 A. H., a few days before Mir
fitfim 'Alf s defeat by the English on the banks of the
TJdwa nala, he commanded these persons to be put to
death, and lUjA R&m N£r&yan was drowned in the
€kmges with a bag of sand tied round his neck. R&m
Nir^an was a Persian scholar and wrote poetry in
Persian and Urdd, having adopted the word ** Mauztin"
for his poetical name.
Bamraja, ^Jfb» succeeded S£bji n as Bi^i of Sit^ra
in December, 1749 A. D. He was the ^opted son of
84hji and grandson of Titi Bit He died on the 12th
Deoember, 1777 A. D., having a short time before his
death adopted Abba SiUiib the son of Trimbakji Bhosla.
This adopted son was formally enthroned under the title
of 84h6, but was always kept a close prisoner by the
PeahwA.
Bam Siagh, *^ Cby ptesent IULJ6 of Kt^ and Bfindi
(1868 A. D.}.
Bam SixLgh Hara, IjU *^ rUi wd Dalpat BAo
Bundela, two Hindd chiefSi who served under the emperor
'Alassgir in the loilitary capacity, and w«re both killed
56
at the same instant by a cannon shot in the battle which
ensued between 'Azim Bhih. and his eldest brother Bahi-
dur Sh&h, on the 8th of June, 1707 A. D., 18th Babf I,
1119 A. H.
Bam Singh, MoiiBhi, t^^^ ^^ (»bf author of a
collection of letters entitled " Gulshan Aj&eb,'* written in
1716 A* D., 1128 A. H.
Bam Singh Bathor, j^b ^^^ Cb, son of Abhai
Singh, Bijd of Jodhp^. He poisoned Bakhat Singh his
uncle, and usurped the throne. At his death 1778 A. D.,
disorganization prevailed in M4pear, promoteid by the
Marhattas, who then got footing in fUjptitina, and by the
evils generated by its feudal institutions. At Tonga,
however, the Rathors defeated De Boigne, the celebrated
general of Scindhia ; but thev were crushed at the sub-
sequent battles of PAfan and Mairta by the reigning
prince B^ai Singh.
Bam Singh I, ^b *^^ cb> Rio* of Jaipur, he was
honoured after the death of his father BijA Jai Singh
I, by the emperor 'Alamgir in 1666 A. D. with the
title of R&ja, and put in possession of his fsither's territories.
His son Bishun Singh succeeded him after his death
about the year 1676 A. D.
Bam Singh Sawai II, dr!r" *^*^ Cby present IUj£
of Jaipur, son of Jai Singh III, was bom a few months
before the death of his father whom he succeeded in
January, 1834 A. D. He became a member of the
Governor General's Council in 1869 A. D.
Banas of Ohittonr and Udaipur, ^b* Vide B^oiii
Sankl
Bana Amar Singh, ^*^j^ Of;, the son of Bkai
Pariip Singh of Chittour. He rebelled against the
emperor Jahingir for some time, but was at last
compelled by force of arms to acknowledge fealty to the
throne of Dehli. The emperor ordered to be cut in
marble, the images of Amar Singh and his son IKaran,
which, when fini^ed and brought to him, he took to Ag^rah
and placed in the garden^sea^ ciJled Jharokhm Darthan^
where the people assembled every morning to pay their
respects to ue emperor. Amor Singh died m 1619 A. D.,
1029 A. H., but the images were cut while he was living.
Bana Karan, e^ ^bi son of Amar Singh, the son of
B&ak PartiLp Singh, the son of R&nd Udai Singh the son
of Rina Sank& He succeeded his fkther Amar Singh in.
the rij of TJdaipdr 1619 A. D., and died in the first year
of the reign of Shih Jah£n, 1628 A. D., when his sen R&ni
Jagat Sii^h sncceeded him, and was honoured by the
emperor with the title of Bkni and rank of 6O00.
Jagat Singh died 1662 A. D. and was succeeded by his
son lUj Kunwiar, who received the title of B4n4 B£j
Singh*
Bana Mai, tU Ufj, a Baj£ of Bhatner who lived in the
reign of Sultin Ghay&s-uddfn Tughlak. His daughter
named Naila, was married to 84]&r Rijab the brother of
the Sul^ and father of Sult^ Firos Sh4h Tughla^
Bana Baj
Singh (Bini).
Of Chittour^ *^ ^J %, vide Bij
Bana Sanga or Sanka, ^^ %$ B^4 of Chittour.
His son Udai Sinffh is the founder of the capital TJdaipi!ir.
The XJdaiptif chief is, in the ettittatidn of aU the Hindd
Baiibir
222
Banoji
dynasties of India, pwr exeelleM9 the head, withont a rival
and free from atain. It is true that the independence of
the "great Ran^s of Chittour^' was assailed by the
Mog^nls, and that they succumbed to circumstances ; but
they never acknowledged a superior in birth or descent.
The family dates back upwards of a thousand years. It
was in 1614 A. D., in the reign of the emperor Jahangir,
that the house was first compelled by force of arms to
surrender that complete independence it had then main-
tained for eight hundred years, and to acknowledge
fealty to the throne of Dehli. In 1612 we first hear of
the renowned Rana Sang4 of Chittour. His army con-
sisted of 80,000 horse, supported by 500 war elephants.
Seven R£j4s of the highest rank, and a hundred and
thirteen of inferior note attended his stirrup in the field.
The Rdjas of Jaipur and Mafwar served under his ban-
ner, and he was the acknowledged head of all the Rdjput
tribes. In 1527 A. D. he espoused the cause of the dethroned
dynasty of Dc^i. All the princes of Rijputana ranged
themselves under his banner, and he advanced with
100,000 men to drive Babar across the Indus. The first
conflict took place at Biana where the advanced guard
of the Moguls was totally routed by the Rijput^. In 1568
A. D. Udai Singh, the son of Han& Sangd, came under the
displeasure of Akbar. He fled and left the defence of his
capital Chittour to R&ja Jaimal who was killed by Akbar
himself. His death deprived the garrison of all con-
fidence, and they determined to sell their lives as dear as
possible. The women threw themselves on the funeral
pile of the Raja, and the men rushed frantically on the
weapons of the Moguls and perished to the number of
8000. In 1614 Partap Singh reigned and recovered the
greater portion of his dominion before Akbar died. In
1678 A. D., Aurangzib marched against Udaipur and suc-
ceeded in subjugating it, but the alienation of the Rajputs
from the Moguls was now complete, and never changed.
The great boast of the chiefs of Udaipur is, that their
house never gave a daughter to the Mogul zanana.
Jaipdr and Jodhptir did, and gloried in these imperial
alliances as conferring additional dignity on their fa-
milies.
List of the Sdnds of Udaipitr»
A. D.
R^fiS&nk& died 1528
„ Udai Singh, son of "Rkrik Sdnkd .... ,,
„ Fart&p Singh, son of Udai Singh .... „ 1594
„ Amar Singh, son of FartUp Singh .... „ 1619
„ Karan, son of Amar Singh, embel-
9f
lished Udaiptir
Jagat Singh, son of "BAxA Karan,
tributary to Shilh JahiLn,
„ R&j Singh, son of Jagat Singh
„ Jai Singh, son of Raj Singh.
„ Amar Singh U.
„ Sangram Singh.
Jagat II pays chouth to the Marha^^s.
1652
1680
»j
Banbir Singh, Maharaja, ^^^j*^j *^!;^, the present
independent ruler of Kashmfr, is the son of Mah&raj&
Gulab Singh whom he succeeded about the month of
July or August, 1857 A. D.
»
Banohhor Das, cr'«> JJt7^> a learned Eiiyeth of
Jaunpur, and author of a work on the art of writing
prose and poetry, entitled " Da^^-ul-Insha," which he
wrote m the year 1732 A. D., 1145 A. H.
Bandhlr Singh, *^^H^«^i;, the J4t Riji of Bhartpiir,
was the eldest son of Ranjit Singh whom he succeeded.
After his death, his brother Baldeo Singh ascended the
Masnad of Bhartpiir.
Banclhir Singh, Baja, *^ j^^j> of Eaptirthalla,
is the son of the Aldwala chieftain near Jalandhar, in
the Fanj^b who claimed equal rank with Mahar4ja Rimjit
Singh, but whose fortune diminished as that of his rival
increased. During the disturbances of 1857 A. D., he ren-
dered excellent service to the State in and around Jalandhar,
for which he has been rewarded, though with no very
liberal hand.
Bana of Jhansi, ^^^^ ^\j, vide Ganga Bii.
Bangin, eHA)> takhallus of Sa'adat T4r Khan, who is the
author of a poem called *' Mehr-wa-M4h," a story of the
Sayyad's son, and the jeweller's daughter who lived at Dehli
in the reign of Jahangir. He is also the author of several
Diwans and also a curious Diwan in Urdu rather indecent,
in which he has brought in all the phrases of the women
of the seraglio of l3ehli and Lakhnau. He died in
October, 1835 A. D., Jumada II, 1251 A. H., aged 80
years.
Banjit Singh, *^ ^^J^ the Ht Raj 4 of Bhartpur,
was the son of Kehri Singh, the brother of Ratan Singh
and Jawahir Singh, the sons of Siirajmal Jat, the founder
of the principality. He succeeded his uncle Rij4 Nawab
Singh in 1776 A. D., 1190 A H. He was despatched by
Scindhia to raise the siege of Agrah, near which a bloody
battle was fought on the 16th of June, 1788 A. D., 12th
Ramazan, 1202 A. H., in which Ismi'il Beg was com-
pletely defeated, with the loss of all his cannon, baggage,
and stores. He was succeeded by his son Randhir Singh.
Banjit Singh, Maharaja, ^^^ *^^^j *^'A*, the
Sikh ruler of the Panjab and faithful and highly-valued
ally of the British Government, was the son of Maha
Singh, bom 1780 A. D., 1255 A. H., and estabUshed
Labor independency in 1 805 A. D. At his death which hap-
pened on the 27th June, 1839, minute-guns to the number
of 60 corresponding with the years of the deceased were
fired from the ramparts of the forts of Dehli, Agrah, AUa-
habad and all the principal stations of the army. Four
of his Ranis and seven slave girls burnt themselves with
his corpse. He was succeeded in the Raj by his eldest
son Kharag Singh.
The following are the names of hie aueeessore,
A. D.
Kharag Singh, son of Ranjit Singh, died 5th
November ig4Q
Nounihal Singh, son of Kharag Singh,*died iVth
November 1840
Rani Chanda Kunwar, widow of Kharag Singh.*
§her Singh, brother of Khwag Singh, . . murdered 1843
Dalip Singh, a son of Ranjit Singh in whose time
the Panjab was annexed to the British Government
1846 A. D. He was baptized 8th March, 1853
A. D., and in now living in England.
Banoji Scindhia, a*a«^ «/^!;, the founder of the
Scindhia femily of GwAliar was bom at PatOi near Piina,
and served first under a chief, who commanded the body-
guard of Bajl Rao the first Peshwd. From this inferior
stetion he gradually rose, and afterwards accompanied
the PeishwA in the expedition which was undertaken at
the close of the reign of Rija Sahfiji against the province
of Malwi. This province was afterwards divided into
three parts, of which the first was allotted to Bajf Rio
the PeshwA ; the second to the Rija of Sitira, the thiitl
to the femily of Holkar. As a reward for the services
which Ran6ji rendered in the expedition against Malwi,
the Peshwa granted a considerable portion of the shares
belonging to himself and to the Raja of Sitira to Rdn6j{ ;
which grant was afterwards confirmed in jigir to his
descendants, now the R&jis of Gwaliar. He died in 1750
A. D., and left five bohb, viz,, Jiapi, Jotflm, Datuy^
Banoji
228
Bashid-uddin
HEdh6j{ and Jokaji. Jttpa suooeeded his father and was
assassinated in his tent in 1769 A. D. ; his brother Madhdji
succeeded him, and although illegitimate, was confirmed in
the j&gir by M£dh6 Bao Feshwa. He was the most power-
ful of the native princes of that day. He died at Fund in
1794 A. D. and was succeeded by his grandnephew and
adopted son Daulat lUo Scindhia tiien only 13 years of age.
He married B^i Bii and died on the 21st of March, 1827
A.D.
List of the Seindhia family^ now R^om of Otodiiar,
Began died
R£n6ji Scindhia the first of the race 1724 1750
J£4p4, son of Rin6ji 1750 1759
M&dhoji or Mahaji Scindhia, brother of Jf&p^ 1759 1794
Daulat R&o Scindhia, son of Anand Hao and
adopted son of M&dhoji (who fixed his
camp at Gw&Uar in 1817) 1794 1827
"Biji Bit, his widow who adopted Jhank6ji
and acted as regent 1827
Jhank6jf, assumed the reins of government 1833 1843
Jiiji Scindhia, adopted son of Jhank6ji .... 1843
Banoji Bhoala, *^-^ i/^J^b, vide Jin6ji Bh68U.
Bao Bahadur Singh, *^ J-^^ jbf a petty rij£ of
the Do&b of the Giijar tribe of Rajpiits and ruler of Ghis-
hera and Koel, nominally dependant on Dehli. The
Kawib Safdar Jang in one of his contests had been
deserted by lUo BeJi&dur Singh, whose punishment was
entrusted by the emperor, to Suraj Mai J&t, with the
grant of all the lands and castles he might wrest from his
opponent. He performed the duty triumphantly. Bahi-
dur Singh was killed in the siege of Gh&s-hera, and that
and Koel acknowledged the sovereignty of the Jat prince.
These events occurred in 1753 A. D., and form an episode
in the " Sujan Cherittra," a heroic poem.
Bao DaHp or Dalpat Bao Bundela, ^^jiby vide
BiUn Singh Har&.
Bao Amar Singh, ^*^ J^jfj^ whose daughter was
married to Sulaiman Shikoh.
Bao Baj Singh Bathor jy^b *^ ^l) ->b- He
commanded the advanced body of the army of the em-
peror *Alamgir in the Dakhin. He died about the year
1675 A. D., 1086 A. H.
Bao Jodha (Bathor), j^^ jb* of Jodhptir. He
had 23 brothers who had separate flefa. He founded
JodhpQr, and removed from Mandor, about the year 1458
A. D.
Bao Maldeo, Ji^^^jby vide Mdldeo Rdo.
Bao Batan Singh, *^ J^j j!;, a raj& of Bhartpdr,
vide Ratan Singh.
Bao Batan Singh Hara, D^ *^ e^ j!;, son of Rio
Bh6j Hi|^ the son of R4o Saijan Hard, RdjA of Bundf.
He succeeded his father in the r&j about the year 1607
A. D., 1016 A. H. The rank of 5,000 was conferred on
him by JalUmgir with the title of Ss^baland H&fd, and
subsequently with that of Raaur4j. He died 1630 A. D.,
1040 A. H.
Basa, h;« poetical name of Mirzd Eizid Bakhsh, which see.
Bashid, ^Jf or Ibn Raschid or Averroes, tfide Ibn-
Rashid.
Baahid Pasha, t^ <>^;, a celebrated Turkish States-
man, was bom at Constantinople about 1800 A. D.
Though a Turk, he was one of the most enlightened men
of his time, and was woU-versed in foreign languages,
general literature and science. He died 7th January,
1858 A. D.
Bashidi of Samarkand, iS^^J*^ ks^^J* orofBalkh,
sumamed Watw&t, a poet celebrated for his ready wit
and smallness of stature. He was a descendant of 'Umar
Khattdb and a native of Balkh, but brought up at Sanmr-
kand. He flourished in the time of Sultan Atsiz son of
Xhwirizm Sh&h one of the Sultans of Khw&rizm. He
was a contemporary of Anwari, and was in the fort of
Hasir Asp, while besieged by Sultin Sanjar, in whose
service Anwari was. During the seigo the two poets
wrote very severe satires against the parties of each other,
which they exchanged by means of arrows ; but the fort
being at length taken, Watw4t was made prisoner. He
was, however, released at the intercession of Anwari, and
they both became intimate friends. He was called Wat-
w&t, which is the name of a small animal, on account of
his being of a small stature and thin in body. He died
in the year 1182 A. D., &78 A. H., in the time of Sult&n
Shah the son of ArsaUn, the son of Atsiz, aged 97 years,
at Jurj&nia in KhwiUizm. He is the author of the
"Misb&h Sharif" an extensive collection of poems on
various subjects, and different metres, also of several other
works, one of which is called " Hadaek-us-Sehr.'' He is
also called Rashfd-uddin Abdul Jalii Watw&t 'Umari.
His Diw&n contains 15,000 verses.
Bashid Mehrban, ^D^.Jt^ <H^J, a man who was the
leading Zoroastrian inhabitant of Yezd in Tehran and
enjoyed the confidence of the Shah of Persia. He was
assassinated by the Musalmans at Yezd on the 28th of
November, 1874.
Bashid-uddin Wat w at, J^I^b i:H^^^h vide
Rashidi Samarkand! and Watw&t.
Bashid-uddin Amir, \ji^^^^)j^^y whose fall name
is Fazl-ulUh Rashid-uddin-ibn-'Im&d-uddaula Abu'l
Khair-ibn-Mawaffik-uddaula. He is the author of the
"Jima*-ut-Taw4rikh," or Collection of Histories, which
he completed in 1310 A. D., 710 A. H., and deposited in
the mosque constructed by him at Tabrez. He was bom
in the city of Hamddn in 1247 A. D., 645 A. D., was by
profession a physician, and it was probably from his skiU
in the science of medicine that he procured office under the
Tartar Sulf^ns of Persia. He passed part of his life in the
service of Aba Kh&n, king of Persia. At a subsequent
period, Gh&zan Khan, who was a friend to literature,
appointed him to the post of Wazir in 1298 A. D., 697
A. H. in conjunction with Sa*d-uddin who became his
enemy. Rashid-uddin was maintained in his office by
Aljaitti, sumamed Ehuda Banda, the brother and suc-
cessor of Gh4zan Khan, and was treated by him with
great consideration and rewarded with the utmost liber-
ality. Rashid-uddin in his first rupture with Sa'd-uddin,
was compelled in self-defence to denounce him, and to
cause him to be put to death. Amir 'All Sh&h Juban a
person of low origin, was appointed Sa'd-uddin's successor
at Rashid-uddin' s request, but they soon fell out, and
shortly after the death of Aljditd who was succeeded by
his son Sultan Abu Sa'fd, Amir 'All Shah so far succeeded
in prejudicing the Sult&u against the old minister, that
he was removed from the wizarat in 1317 A. D., 717 A. H.
A short time afterwards he was recalled, but it was not
long before he ag^in lost favour at court, and was accused
of causing the death of his patron Alj&itd Kh4n. It was
charged against him that he had recommended a purga-
•Rj ^lilH
224
Biliai
tive medioine to be adnuniBtered to the late king, in
opposition to the advice of another physician, and that
under ita effecta the king had expired. He was condemned
to death, and his son Ibr&him, the chief bntler, who was
only 16 years old, and by whose hands the potion was
said to have been given to the king, was put to death
before the eyes of his parent, who was immediately
afterwards cloven in twain by the executioner. His head
was borne through the streets of Tabreiz, and proclaimed
by the public crier as the head of a Jew. Rashid-uddin
was 78 years old when he died, and his death occurred on
the 19th July, 1318 A. D., 17th Jumada I, 718 A. H.
His eldest son Ghayis-uddin was subsequently raised to
the same digziitieB as his father, and met with an equally
tragical dea&. Amir *Ali Sh&h continued by his address
to maintain his high honours and the favour of his master
for the space of six years when he died ; being the only
Wasir, since the establishment of the Mongol monarchy,
who had not met with a violent death. Besides the
** Jama'-ut-Tiw4r£kh," Bashid-uddin composed several
other works, such as the '* Eitab-ut-TauzMt," " MifUh-ut-
Ta£BSir," and the •' Bisilat-us-Sultaniat," vide Fazl-ullah.
The body of Bashid-uddm was buried near the mosquo
which he had constructed in Tabrez, but by a strange
fatality, it was not destined to repose quietly in this, its
last asylum. Nearly a century after his death, the
government of Tabreis together with Azurbej&n, was
given by Taimiir to his son Miranshih. This young
prince, naturally of mild disposition, had become partially
deranged in consequence of an injury of the heiad occa-
sioned by a fall from his horse, and one day, during a
temporary access of madness, caused the bones of Baahid-
uddin to be exhumed, and Uiey were finally deposited in
the cemetery of the Jews.
Bashid BiUah, ^^. ^^J, a Khalifa of Baghdad, vide
Al-Bashid Bill&.
Bashk, ^^^Jy poetical name of 'All Aosat, who is the
author of a dictionary and three T7rd4 Diwins, the last
of which he composed in 1845 A. D., 1261 A. H.
Basikhy ^by the poetical appellation of Mir Muhammad
Zamin of Sarhind. He was a Bayyad, and a respectable
officer in the service of prince 'A!zim 8h4h, the son of
the emperor 'Alamgir. He was an excellent poet^ and
died in the year 1696 A. D., 1107 A. H. at Sarhind.
Bacdkhy k^J^ the poetical title of QhuUm 'AH of Fatna,
a Dervish, who died in 1824 A. D., 1240 A. H., and has
left an Urdd Diw^.
Bathor, j^Jt a tribe of K&jpdts or B^is, who reigned in
Jodhptir Mirwar. Vide M41deo.
Batan Singh, *^ c;!^> »!«> <»lled R&o Batan Singh,
was the second son of Surajmal Ji%. He succeeded his
brother Jaw^hir Singh in the rdj of Bhartpiir in 1768
A. D., 1182 A. H., and was not long after murdered by a
low ftiw ftiwit^ named Bupa Nand, who pretended to be a
transmuter of metals, and whom the B£j& had threatened
with death. Batan Singh reigned ten months and thirteen
days, and left an infant son named Eehri Singh, during
whose minority, internal commotions, occasioned by
contests for the regency, principally contributed to the
success of Najaf IDiin. with whom the Jats were then
at war. Kehri Singh dying was succeeded by his uncle
Kawal Singh, the brother of Batan Singh.
Banghaniy i^Xj a jester in the service of the emperor
Akbar. He is the author of a Diw^ consisting of 3,000
verses. He appears to have died in E&bul in the country
of the E6fii8 in 1578 A. D., 981 A. H. The ftOlow-
ing chronogram on his death expresses the estimation
in which he was held by his contemporaiies : ** He has
given his life in Eafiristan like a dog."
Bayah fiht poetical name of Mfr Muhammad 'AU, a
Persian poet.
Bayazi of Hirat, LSJJ^ i/^-Ji an author and poet
who flourished in the time of Sh&h Isma'il 1 Safwi. He
left a Masnawi of 8,000 verses containing an account of
the reign of Sultan Husain Mirsi of Hir6t, and had
beg^n a poem on the exploits of Shah Isma'fly but did not
finish it. He died in 1615 A. D., 921 A. H.
Bayazi of Samarkand^ is'^^/*^ (/^^J> an author
who died in 1479 A. D., 884 A. H.
Baymond, Qeneral, ^^^J, a French chief in the
service of the Nizdm of Haidar&bad. He died in the
middle of the year 1798 A. D., and was succeeded by
Greneral Perron.
Baza, Imam, ^ r^^ vide 'AH M^ Bazi.
Baza Kuli Mirza, *3^ «^ 4)t the eldest son of N&dir
Sh&h. He was blinded by his fiither in 1741 A. D., 1154
A. H.
Bazii Maulana, iS^Ji^^ i/^9 ofNaishAp&r, a poet,
whose proper name is Bazi-uddin Muhammad, and who
instead of writing his takhallus in his Diwan, usually
writes "Banda." He died in 1202 A. D., 698 A. H.,
and is the author of a work on Jurisprudence, entitled
"MuHt."
Bazi, Shaikh, ijr^j ktr, vide Shaikh BazL
Bazi, u^b, poetical title of Fasihat Eh^ who flourished
m
about the year 1700 A. D., 1112 A. H., and is the author
of a Diw^ and a Masnawi.
Bazi, iSjb» takhallus of Muhammad-bin-Zikaria, who
assumed the poetical name of Bdz(, because he was a
native of the city of Bai. He was one of the first phy-
sicians of the Khalifa Muktadir BilUh, and a great
philosopher and astronomer. He died in the year 922
A. D., 311 A. H., and is the author of several works:
one of which is called "^ Al-H4wf ' or << Al.HiLwi fil T&b'*
which he wrote from the Sanskrit.
Bazi, ijjby poetical name of Mir 'Askarf, entitled 'A^il
Ehan, the Wazir of the emperor 'Alamgir, vide *A}pl Ehan
(Nawab).
y^titi Billah, *^^ i/^\)» ^uk M-Bixi BilUh.
Bazi-uddin >Ali Lala, ui^^ s^)y vide 'Alf UU.
«
Bazi-uddin Muhammad-bin-' AU Shatibi, ^^^
^ cH •><«* ijJ«>Jl 1^, aa Arabian author, who died
1285 A. D., 684 A. H.
Bazi-uddin IVaiahapuri, e;^<>^t 4^j> v%i» Bis!
(Maulana) Bazi-uddin Muhammad.
Bazia 8uLtana> ^'^^ ^j, a queen of Dehli^ vi^
Sultana Bizia.
Bihai> Cs^^h poetical name of a poet, who is the author
of a Diw&n. He died in the year 1572 A. B., 980 A. H.
RiU
225
Bnkayya
Blhi, if^Ji poetical name of Majd-nddfn Hamkar F&ni,
which see.
fiUliy i^Ji author of a collection of poems on leligious
subjects entitled " Dnrr-i-A^aed."
Bljai, Or^i poetical name of Hasan * Ali, a native of Hirat,
who died in the year 1658 A. D., 965 A. H.
Bind, *H>> poetical name of Sayyad Muhammad Eh£n, son
of Min& Ghayis-udd£n Muhammad Eh&n, Bahadur
Nasrat Jang, who died in the year 1813 A. D., 1228 A. H.,
at Lakhnau. Rind is the author of a Diwin in Urdii.
He was living in 1850 A. D., 1267 A. H.
Bind, ^H ^Jy poetical name of J^i Minld L41 a
Kayeth of Dehli He is the author of a small Df win in
Fenian which he published in the year 1851 A. D.
Bizk-nllah, Shaikh,' **^' o3 J f*^> whose poetical
name is Mnsht&kl, was the uncle of Shaikh 'Abdul Ha^
bin-Saif-uddin of Dehli. and brother of Shaikh Ndr-ul-
Ha^'s grandfather. Shaikh Niir-ul-Ha^ being the son
of 'Abdul Hak. Riz^-^^ ^ ^^ author of a history
called «* W4ka'at Musht&ki," written by him in the reign
of Sul^ Sikandar. He was a Persian as well as a Hindi
poet. In Persian compositions he used '* Mnshtilli" for
his poetical tiUe, and in Hindi, '* Rijan ;" and he is also
the author of a work in Hindi which he called "J6t
Niranjan." He was bom in the year 1495 A. D., 901
A. H., and died in 1561 A. D., 969 A.. H. He had eight
brothers, all of whom were men of learning.
BoBhan 'Ara Begam, (^ !;* er^>^> the youngest
daughter of bhahjah^n. She died about the year 1669
A. D., 1080 A. H., and is buried at Sh&hjah4nib&d in
her own garden called the Gkixden of Roshan 'Ari.
Boshan-uddaiila Bustam Jang, (f^j ^^^ io^x
^^ y whose proper name was TaSax Ehin, was a noble-
man of the reign of Muhammad Shih. He is the founder
of the Sonahri Masjid (golden mosque) at Dehli, situated
near the K6twili Chab&tra, and built in the year 1722
A. D., 1184 A. H. Another mosque or college oUled the
Masjid of R68han-uddaula, situated in the Tidnity of
Kiziwaya at Dehli which he had inlaid all over with
gold, was built by him in 1725 A. D., 1137 A. H. This
is that college, on the roof of which N&dir Shih took
poet, and from whence he gave orders to slaughter
the inhabitants of that city. Rbshau'uddaula died in the
14th year of Muhammad Shih 1732 A. D., 1145 A. H.
Boshan-ttddanla, 19'awab, ^<^' ^Vy brother to
the late Nizilm of Haidar&bid, died of apoplexy on the
27th July, 1870 A. D.
Bonnak, i^Jt)> poetical name of Rim SahiM, a Hind^ who
an excellent Persian poet.
yi ^«Tia.|fi^ U^> A poet of Hamdin who died in 1622
A. D., 103'i A. H.
Bos Afsnn, Wasir, [r^ ^^J^\a3j^ J^JJ^>
a celebrated Ehw&ja 8ar& or eunuch of the emperor
Muhammad Shah. The garden called B^h Nior at
Shihjahkiib&d, Dehli, was built by him in the year 1748
A. D., 1161 A. H.
Bos Bihan, Shaikh, \Mj3J ^> surname of Ab6
Muhammad ibn-Abi Naar<-al-Ba|iU, a leaimed and pious
57
Musalm&n who is the author of the oommentary on the
l^urin caUed "Tafsir AriLesh,'* " Safwat^-Mashirib,"
and seyeral other works. He died in July, 1209 A. D.,
Mul^uram 606 A. H., vide Abti Muhanmiad R6s Bih&n.
Budaki, ^^^JJt a celebrated Persian poet and musician
who flourished in the reign of Amir Kasr the son of
A^^mad S^unibii ; and though bom blind, soon attained,
from the superiority of his genius, the highest rank at
the court of that liberal ruler. History, indeed, gives
no instance of a poet so honoured. His establishment
was raised by Nasr to a level with that of the proudest
nobles : and we may conjecture the style in which Rudaki
lived, when assured that he was served by two hundred
slaves, and that his equipment was conveyed, when he
attended his patron in the field, by four hundred camels.
He turned the Arabic translation of Pilpay's Fables into
modem Persian verse in 925 A. D., 313 A. H., and re-
ceived from his royal master a reward of 40,000 dirhams.
He is the first who wrote a Diwan or book of Odes in
Persian. His orig^inal name Ib Farid-uddin 'Abd
'Abdull^ but he assumed the titie of Rudaki from Rudak
the place of his birth in Samarkand or Bukhiri. His
death happened in the year 954 A. D., 343 A. H.
Buhani, AmiTy i/^V J^U • mo>t learned poet and
philosopher. He was a native of Samarkand and a pupil
of RashidL He fled from Bukharit, after that city was
taken by Changes Kh^ about the year 1226 A. D., 623
A. H., and sought protection at Dehli in the reign of
Sultin Altimsh, where he wrote many excellent poems.
Buhi Baghdadi,* (/<)l*^ 4/^^^j aXurkishpoet of
celebrity. His satires are ve^ forcible and striking, and
his manner not unlike that of Juvenal.
Bnhiy {^J)t poetical name of Sayyad Ja'fiir of Z^birpdr.
He died in the year 1741 A. D., 1154 A. H., vide Sayyad
Ja'&r.
Bnhnl Amin Khan, Shaikh, J^ ui^^^zv fs^i
son of l^isf Muhammad Sa'id of Bilgram. He was
rdated to Shaikh Alih Y4r Ehin the martyr, whose
sister he married. He was an excellent poet and wrote
a poem containing 7,000 verses. He held the rank of
6,000 with a jdgir and 2,000 sawto. He acted as deputy
to Naw&b Sipahddr Ehin, and after his death to Naw&b
Mubdria-ul-Miilk Sarbaland Khdn, Sdbadir of Allahib&d.
He was subsequentiy made governor of 22 mahils in
the Panjib in the time of Muhammad Shih, and was
killed in battie against Nddir Shih at EamiU on Tuesday
the 18th of February, 1739 A. D., 15th ^-J^a'da, 1151
A. H.
Boh-nllah Khan, O^ ^^^^JJf u^ Amir who held the
high office of Mir Bakhshi or Pay Master Qenenl, in
the reign of the emperor 'Alamgir. He died in the
Dakhin in the 36th year of the emperor, on the 8th of
Augnst, 1692 A. D., 5ih ^il-b^^ ^^^^ A. H. After hU
death his son Kh^biasAd Khdn, who was grand-steward
of the emperor's household and tnasurer of the privy
puree, was also honoured with the title of Rdh.ullih
KhAn n, and died about the year 1703 A. D., 1115 A. H.
Bnkayya, ^Jf a daughter of Muhammad. She was at
first married to 'Utba, the son of Abd Lahab, Muhammad's
uncle, and after being divorced b^ him, was married to
'UsmiUi the son of AfGin. She died about the month of
March, 624 A. D., 2 A. H., a few days after the battle
ofBadar.
Bukia
326
BuBtam
BukiSi ^J tt^^i^y vide Sultiba Rnkia.
Bnkia, ^> wfo Bokayya.
Bnkia Sultana Begam, ^» vide Sultana Bukia.
Bukn Kashi, Hakim, is^^ u^J (^^> a physician
and poet who adopted '^Masih" for his poetical name.
He was a reepectable attendant of the court of Sh&h
Abh&B the Great, Idng of Persia, but having taken offence
on some cause or other, he came to India and passed some
years in the service of the emperor Akbar and his suc-
cessors Jahingir and Sh&h Jahin, during whose reign
he went on a pilgrimage to Mecca and returning from
thence to Persia, he died there some years after, in 1646
A. D., 1056 A. H., or, as some authors say, about the
year 1666 A. D., 1066 A. H., and left near 100,000 verses.
His nephew Bahmat Kh£n also called Hakim Ziyd-uddin
son of Hakim Kutba, served under Shih Jahan and
'Alamgir, and died about the year 1664 A. D., 1076 A. H.
Bukn-nddin Dabir, j^i^ lH*^'* uO> author of the
**8hamdel Atkia," a record of the excellencies of the
saints, and of the wonders and miracles performed by the
Almighty ; with an eulogium on Muhammad, dedicated
to Burhin-uddin Sti£L
Bukn-uddin Kroa, Sultan, jjj^ ui^^ ^^ u^*^,
the son of Sultan Shams-nddin Altimsh, king of Dehli, on
whose death he ascended the throne on the Ist of May,
1236 A. D., Shab&n, 633 A. H., but was after six months
deposed by the nobles, and his sister Sultiuia Bazia was
placed on the throne on the 19th of November the same
year. Bukn-uddin died in confinement some time after.
Bukn-uddin S a b a 1, ^^ tiH'^^ iD^jy a poet who
was a pupil of Asir-uddin Asm&nL He was a native of
I^abai in Turkey, and cotcmporary with the poet Ma'jizL
Bukn-uddin Masa'ud Masihi, Maulan;a, ^^>^
^j^^!"^ «>>*-*«eH**^'i;;0> author of the Arabic work on
tiie practice of Medicine called "Z4bitat-ul-Il&j." He
was also a good poet and was living about the year 1686
A. D., 993 A. H.
Bukn-uddin, Shaikh, e>:!«^( c^O ^^^9 sumamed
Abd'l Fatha, a Muhammadan saint, was the son of Shaikh
Sadr-uddin 'Arif and g^ndson of Shaikh Bah4-uddm
Zikaria of MulUn. He lived in the time of Sultan ' Ala-
uddin Sikandar S&ni about the year 1310 A. D., 710
A. H., and was a contemporary of Nizam-nddin Aulia.
Shaikh Jalal, who is commonly called Makhddm Jahi-
niin, as well as Shaikh 'Usm&n Syy&h, were his disciples.
Bukn-uddaxda, *i*^'(i>^^> was the brother of 'Imad-
uddaula ' AU B6ya, the founder of the race of the Bdyaites,
whom he succeeded on the throne of Pars and *IH\ 949
A. D., 338 A. H. He was lord of Isfahan, Bei, Hamdan
and all Persian 'Ira^, and father of the three princes,
'Azd-uddaula, Muwayyad-uddaula and Fakhr-uddaula,
between whom he shared his possessions, which they
governed with the greatest ability. He continued to
reside in 'Irak after the death of his brother, and gave
over the charge of the affairs of Pars to his eldest son
'Azd-uddaula. Besides 'Imid-uddaula he had another
brother Moiz-uddaula younger than himself^ who was
wazir to the Khalif Al-El4zi BilMh and his three suc-
cessors. Bukn-uddaula died at Bei on Friday night the
16th of September, 976 A. D., 18th Mu^airam, 366 A. H.,
and was buried in the mausoleum which bears his name
at Shfraz. He is said to have reigned 44 lunar years
1 month and 9 days, rts., he governed Persia during the
life of his brother more than 16 years, and after his deatir
he reigned nearly 28 years. He was succeeded by his
son Muwayyad-uddaula. Vide 'AH B6ya.
Bukn-uddaula, ^M e^fj^ a minister of the Nisim of
Haidar&b&d, who was put to death by his nuister about
the year 1794 A. D. His subserviency to the views of
the Marhattas has generally been considered one of the
chief causek which induced the Niziun to put him to
death.
Bukn-uddaula Ya'tkad Khan, ^^^^ ^j^^ ij^j
c^^, whose original name was Muhaaimad MuHLd, was
by birth a Kashmirian, and native of the same place as
Bahiba NiswAn, mother of Farrukh-siyar. He was intro-
duced by her to the emperor, whom he persuaded that he
could easily effect the destruction of the two brother
Sayyads without coming to open war, or causing confu-
sion in the State. Farrukh-siyar, gratified by his flatteries,
suddenly promoted him to the rank of 7000 with suitable
jilgirs and the title of Bukn-uddaula. The district o£
Murad&b&d was taken from Kizam-ul-MuIk. and being
with additional lands created into a Stibadui, was con-
ferred on him, but after the dethronement of Fazrukh-
siyar in 1719 A. D., 1131 A. H., by the Sayyads, he was
disgraced, put under strict confinement, lus fortune con-
fiscated and severe tortures were also inflicted upon his
person, to compel a disclosure of his wealth. He died
during the reign of Muhammad Shah.
Bukta, ^^Jj name of a place built by the emperor Akbar
about ten k6s from Jammagar where all his Begams and
relations had built their houses as fiu as Ghiughat This
was a park or pleasure-ground.
Bumani, c^^^ a learned Musalmin, whose proper name
was Abd'l Hasan 'Ali-bin-rs&. He died 994 A. D., 384
A.H.
Bup Singh, Baja, *^ *-»JJ *^l)j gave his daughter
in marriage to Muhammad Muazzim, the son of 'Alamgir
in the year 1661 A. D., 1072 A. H.
BuBtam, ^^^Jf a celebrated hero of Persia, whom some
Persian historians call Bustam D&stin, and Bustam
Zabuli because he was a native and governor of Zabulist^
This personage, who was the greatest and most fiunous
of all Persian heroes, was the son of Z&l or Zalzar, and
£^ndson of Sam the son of Narfman. He was killed in
a battle he fought against Bahman the sixtii king of the
dynasty of the Kayaniins.
BuBtam 'Ali, Maulana, (^ ^j ^J!^, son of 'AU
'Asghar of Kanauj. He is the author of the Commen-
tary on the ]$luran called " Ta£ur Saghir," He died in
1764 A. D., 1178 A. H.
Bustam Bastami, Khwaja Kizam-uddin, ^]j^
^^Ik-^ ^j, an author who died in 1431 A. D., 834
A. H., and appears to be the same with the following
item.
Bustam Kadd Ehosiani, Khwaja, ^j ^[^
</*T J J^ OJ^ n po^t ^lyj ^^aa a native of Ehdziin a
village in Bast&m, and flemished about the year 1408
A. D., 811 A. H. He was a panegyrist of Sultan 'Umar,
son of Mir^sh &h, ruler of Ehur&si&n, and a contemporaiy
of Sh&hrukh -tf.irz&. In the " Mirat-ul-Ehayil" he n
also iaid to be contemporary with Ibn-ul-Arabi, but thia
Rnstam
227
cannot be correct^ for Ibn-nl-Arabi died in 1240 A. D.,
638 A. H., and Sul^ 'Umar and Shihrukh lived in the
early part of the ninth century of the Hijra.
Bustam Zaman Khan, ly^ vy^j C^J* Vide Aiah
Y4rKh&n.
Byasi> </*^J, tmfo Raydzi.
s.
Sa'adaty O.^Um^ poetical name of Mir Sa'&dat 'Alf, a
resident of Amroha and pupil of Shah WilAyet-ulUh.
He is the author of a poem called ^' Seili Sakheon" con-
taining the story of two Lovers who lived in the time of
Naw4b Kamar-uddin Khan, wazir.
Sa'adat 'Ali Khan, Nawab, c;*^ J^ *^^^^ v»y>
eumamed Yeman-uddaula, was raised to the masnad of
Audh at Lakhnau by Sir John Shore, Governor- General,
after the death of his brother Nawab 'Asaf-uddaula and the
dethronement of that Nawab's adopted son Wazir 'All
Ehan, on the 21st of January, 1798 A. D., 4th Shab&n, 1212
A. H. He died after a reign of nearly 17 years on the
11th July, 1814 A. D., 22nd Rajab, 1229 A. H., and was
succeeded by his son Ghazi-uddin Haidar who was after-
wards crowned king of Audh. In the treaty with Sa'adat
'All Khin, the annual subsidy was fixed at 76 lacs of
rupees and the English force in Audh at 10,000 men.
The fort of Allahab&d was also surrendered to the
English. Twelve lacs of rupees were to be paid to the
English as compensation for the expense of placing him
on the masnad, and he was restrained from holding
communication with any foreign state, employing any
Europeans or permitting any to settle in his dominions
without the consent of his British ally.
Sa'adat Khan, **^l J^ji J^ fs>^^ styled
Burh&n-ul-Mulk, whose former name was Muhammad
Amin, was originally a merchant of Khur&sdn. He is
the progenitor of the nawabs and kings of Audh. His
father Nasir Khan came to India during the reign of
Bah&dur ShiUi, and after his death his son Muhammad
Amin came also. In the commencement of the emperor,
Muhammad Shah's reign he held the fetujd&ri of Baydna,
and was in the year I72ii A. D., 1136 A. H., appointed
governor of Audh with the title of Sa'ddat Khan in the
room of Rij& Girdhar who was appointed governor of
Milwd. He afterwards received the title of Barh£n-ul-
Mulk and was present in the battle with N&dir Shdh,
and died on the night previous to the massacre of Dehli
by that monarch, i. e., on the 9th of March, 1739 A. D.,
9th ^il-l?ijja, 1162 A. H., and was buried at Dehli in the
mausoleum of his brother Sayadat Kh&n. His only child
was a daughter, who was married to his nephew Abii'l
Manstir Khan Safdar Jang the son of Sayadat Khin who
succeeded ^iyn in the government of Audh.
Ziat of the Naiodha and kingt of Lakknau,
Bnrhin-ul-Mulk Sa'&dat Kh4n.
Abii'l Mansur Khin Safdar Jang.
ShujA-uddaula, son of Safdar Jang.
'Asaf-uddaula, son of Shuja-uddaula.
Wazir 'All Khan.
Sa'adat 'All Khan.
Gh&zi-uddin Haidar, son of Sa'ddat 'All Kh£n, who waa
made king of Audh by Lord Hastings.
Nasir-uddin Haidar, son of ditto.
Muhammad 'Ali Sh^, brother of Ghazi-uddin Haidar.
Amjad 'All ShiUi, son of M. A,
I
Wijid 'AU Shih, the son of Amja 'Ali Shih, the last
king of Audh in whose time that country was annexed
to the British Government.
Sa'adat-nllah Khan, c;^ *^' «i»,>Ia-, a regular and
acknowledged Naw&b of the Kamatic, who having no
issue, adopted two sons of his brother, appointing the
elder, Dost 'All, to succeed him in the Nawdbship, and
conferring on the younger, Bdkir 'All, the government
of Velore ; he likewise directed that GhuUm Husain, the
nephew of his fsivourite wife, should be Diw&n or prime-
minister to his successor. Having reigned from the year
1710 to 1722 A. D., 1122 to 1136 A. H., he died much
regretted by his subjects. According to the ** M&sir-ul-
Umra," he held the NawAbship of the Kamatic from the
time of 'Alamgir to the year 1732 A. D., 1145 A. H.,
Dost 'Alf and his son Hasan 'Ali were Idlled in battle
against the Marhattas on the 20th of May, 1740 A. D.
His son Safdar 'All 'succeeded him, but was poisoned by
his brother-in-law Murtaza 'All and died on the 2nd
October, 1742 A. D. After his death Murtaza 'AH was
acknowledged NawAb of the Kamatic. But in March,
1744 A. D., NizAm-ul-Mulk the subadAr of the Dakhin,
having appointed one of his officers, named Anwar-uddin,
Naw4b of Arkot, he (Murtaza *A\£) was deposed.
Sa'adat Yar Khan^ ii)^ J^ c»«>^, son of Muhammad
Ydr KhAn, the son of H£fiz Rahmat Khin the Rohela
chie^ is the author of a work called " Gruli Rahmat"
being a History of his grandfather Hdfiz Rahmat,
written in 1833. This work is an abridgment of the
Gulistin Rahmat written by Mustaza T^^^n^ his uncle.
Sa'adat Yar Khan, \J^jk ^6^, son of Muhkan^
uddaula Tahmasp Beg Khan Ya'tkid Jang Bahadur.
Vid4 Rangin.
Sabahi, i^t^j the poetical name of Akhnnd Mas£hi&.
Sabat, ^4^, poetical name of Mir Muhammad 'Azim the
son of Mir Muhammad A&al Sdbit, born at Allahibiul
in 1710 A. D., 1122 A. H. He died in 1748 A. D., 1161
A. H., and left a Dlw^ of about 4,000 verses.
Sabir, jr^y poetical name of Mfr Said 'Alf, a £gunoua musi-
cian who wrote a work in Feraiaji containing instructions
on music.
Sabir, J^, poetical title of Shihz&da Mirz& ^idir Bakhsh
of Dehlf. He is the author of a Diwin in Urd^
Sabir, ^^ vide Shah&dm Adib S&bir.
Sabit, '^}^i the poetical tiUe of Mfr Muhammad Afzal of
Dehli who died in 1738 A. D., 1151 A. H., and left a
DiwiLn in Persian of 6,000 verses.
Sabit^ "^^^ poetical tiUe of Khw^a Hasan, an Urdd
poet who is the author of a Diwin. He died in 1821
A. D., 1236 A. H.
Sabit-bin-Kirra, S;^ ^ «£^^. 'v^ba translated Euclid
and several other works into Arabic from the Greek, and
died in the year 901 A. D., 288 A. H.
Sabik, c3^^» poetical appellation of Mira^ Ydsaf Beg, a
poet whose brothers were mansabdars in the service of
the emperor 'Alamgfr, though he wafl a dervish and died
in 1687 A. D., 1098 A. H.
Sabuhi
228
Sadik
Sabtlhi^ {^f^> » poet in the Bervice of the emperor
Akbar. He died in the year 1564 A. D^ 972 A. H.
8abr> J^i poetical title of Hfr Hosain 'All of LaUxnao,
a pupil of Asghar ' Ali Khan Kasim of Dehli.
Sabri, iSJ^9 alao called Bos Bih&n, a Persian poet of
lAfahin.
SabBWaii, <^b.H**^ a native of Sabzw4r and anthor of
the " Saw&na Sabzw&rl," which contains a description of
the city of Daulatibdd in the Dakhin, with a particular
account of all the Sdfis and holy men that aie buried in
its vicinibr, written in 1318 A. D., 718 A. H.
Sftdafl iS^'^^i a poet who flourished in the time of Mu-
hammad Shfli. He is the author of a Diwin which is
usually called " Diw4n Sadafi," but the true title given
by the author is " Raz-ul-'Arifi.
Sadashiu Bbau, 5^-^i^»*^^> a Marhat^ chief; son of
Ghimniii and nephew of the Peshwd Balijf or B4ji lUU).
He was slain in battle against Abmad Shah Abdali on the
14th of January, 1761 A. D., 6th Jumada II, 1174 A. H.
After his death several pretenders started up, calling
themselves the Bhid. In 1779 one appeared in Benares
and began to levy troops and raise disturbances in the
city, upon which he was seized and confined in the
English garrison at Chunar, from whence he was released
by Mr. Hastings in 1782.
Sada Sukh ^y*^ \'^y son of Bishun Parshid the son of
Gu]4b RAe, a Kiyeth of Allahibid and author of a work
on the art of writing prose and poetry entitled " Muras^
Khurshaid'* which he wrote in 1802 A. D., 1217 A. H.
He abo wrote a book of Anecdotes in Urdu.
Sa'd-bin-Sharif JannpTiri, yy y^^^ ^-r*cr?
author of a Persian work called ** Dasttir-ul-Musallin."
Sa»d-bin->AbduUah-al-A8ha'ri, ^^^^ cH •^*-
^^^ju»]|(^ or rbn-ul-Faraez, author of a treatise on the law
of Inheritance, entiUed, " Ihtij^-ush-Shia.*' He died 913
A. D., 301 A. H.
Sa'd-bin-Zangi, Ataba'k, (^j tir? a*- "^ft,
vide Sunkar, or Sanl^ar.
Sa'd-ibn-Abmad, •^^^i ^J*^ *^*^> ^^ of Toleda. He
died 1069 A. D., 462 A. H.
Sa'di, Shaikll, KSjfj^ (/•***• ^9 of ShfrAz, a cele-
brated Persian poet, commonly called Shaikh Maslah-
uddin Sa'di-al-Shirizi. He was bom at Shfr&z about
the year 1175 A. D., 571 A. H., and died in 1292 A D.,
691 A. H.» aged 120 lunar years. During his youth
he served as a soldier both against the Hindds and Chris-
tians : by the latter he was taken prisoner, and obliged
to work at the fortifications of Tripoli, whence he was
liberated by a person who gave hun his daughter in
marriage : but the lady was of so bad a temper that the
poet complained he had exchanged his slavery for a worse
bondage. He was a great traveller ; and made the pil-
grimage of Mecca fourteen times. He was a dtsoiple of
the venerated Sa^ 'Abdul (adir OiUni, or at least,
adopted his opinion. His tomb is still to be seen in the
neighbourhood of Shiraz. Besides the Gulistin and
Bosl^ he is the author of a large collection of Odes and
Sonnets. There is likewise a short collection of poetical
pieces attributed to him called " Al-Khabis&t" or the book
of Impurities. The author, however, seems to have repen-
ted of having written these indecent verses, yet endea-
vours to excuse himself on aocoimt of their giving a
relish to other poems, ** as salt is used in the seasoning
of meat." His works, all of which are held in great
estimation, are the following : —
A Preface.
Majdlis Kh^.
Hesala Sahib Dfw^
Gulistan.
Bost&n.
Pandn&ma.
Kasded Arabf.
^as&ed Farsi.
Marisi.
Mulamma*at.
Muzahhab&t.
RubA'ytt.
Fardiat.
Ghazaliat.
MukaltiiLt.
Murakkab&t.
Al.Ehabis£t.
Tarjiit.
Eit&b-al-Bad&ya.
Kitib Tyyobtt.
Al-Ehaw&tim.
A very good edition of Sa'dPs works was published in
Calcutta by Mr. Harrington : with an English Preface
containing the memoirs of the author, and many other
interesting anecdotes ; and Mr. Gladwin of Bengal ha«
favoured the public with a very good translation of the
Gulistan. Jam{ calls Sa'dl **the Nightingale of the
Groves of Shirdz."
Sa'di, «/V*» C^*^*** of the Dakhin, who is the author of
some verses which are erroneously ascribed to Sa'diof
Shiriz.
Sa'did Usi, j^j' «^«^-«, an excellent poet, author of the
« Jama-ul-MkkiAt."
Sa'did-nddin Gasaruni, «yjj jtf *^«^' •^«^, author
of an Arabic work on Medicine called '* AlmughnL"
Sadik, i3^^> his proper name is S^dilf: *KM, and he is the
author of the <* Chahir B4gh Haidari,'* dedicated to Nawib
Ghazf-uddin Haidar of Lakhnan, who died in 1827 A. D.,
1243 A. H. It contains rather selections from ancient
authors than original poetry.
Sa'dik Muhammad Khan, u^ "^^^^ J*d^ ^^\j\
Jt»ot)f ^j, a mansabdAr of 4000: died 1597 A. D.,
1006 A. H., buried at Dholpdr. He was a Persian, cousin
to Nur Jahdn, one of whose sisters he married. He was
esteemed one of Akbar*s best officers.
Sadik, (5«i^ the poetical name of Mfr Ja'fer Khfo,
grandson of Said Muhanmiad l^&diri. He is the author
of a work called ** Bah^ristiui Ja'feri." He was a native
of Dehli where he died some years before 1782 A. D.,
1196 A. H., and was buried in the same vault wherein
his grandfather was interred, and which is over the nala
of BaihUn Dai in D^lf .
Sadiki, ij^^^, poetical name of Bidik Beg of the tribe
of Afshar. He is the author of a Diw&u and a Tazkira
or Biography of poets in Turk!
Sadik Khan, O*^ O^^ the son of 'AM T4kir whose
poetical name was WasU, and grandson of Muhammad
Sharaf Hajri, and nephew and son-in-law of Ya*tm4d-
uddaula Tehrin!. He held a high rank in the time of
Akbar and Jahinglr, and died on the 7th of October,
1630 A. D., 9th Rabf I, 1040 A. H., in the reign of the
emperor ShiUi JahAn.
Sadik Khan, c>^ J.)^. was a spiritual guide of
the emperor Akbar the Great. He died in 1597 A. D.,
1006 A. H. To the left of the road, about half way
between Sikandra and Agrah, are some tombs in the
Sadik
229
Sa'd-ullah
fields ; one with an adjacent hall of 64 pillars^ is believed
to be the resting-place of this saint. Vide Keene's Agrah
Guide, p. 44>
Sadik Khan, e>^ iS^^f brother of Earim Eh6n, king
of Persia. He took possession of Shir&z after the death
of Zakf Khdn ; reigned nearly two years, and was mur-
dered on the 14th March, 1781 A. D., vide Earlm EhAn.
Sadr-uddin ArdibeU, *^^^jt ui^h'^j vide Sadr
uddin Miisa.
Sadr Jahan^ Ot^ J*^^> a learned Muhammadan who
lived in the time of Sult&n Kuli Ku^b Shah, king of
Oolkanda who reigned from 1512 to 1643 A. D., 918 to
949 A. H. He is the author of a Persian work called
" Marghub-ul-Kulub," a history of that king.
Sadr Jahan, Ka8i> vy^*-^*-* ij^f vide MinhiLj-us-
Siri«.
Sadr Jahan, Mir, e>^J*^^-H^> a well educated and
lefimed Musalm^, a native of a village near Lakhnau.
He was an officer of 4000 in the service of the emperor
Akbar, in the 31st year of whose reign, 1685 A. D., 993
A. H., he was sent on an embassy together with Hakim
Hum&m to 'Abdullah Kh&n Uzbak, ruler of Turdn, whose
&ther Iskandar Kh&n had died at that time. He lived
120 years, and at the time of his death, which took place
in 1611 A. D., 1020 A. H., he was so much emaciated by
old age, that there was nothing left in him but bones.
Sadr-uddin bin-Ta^Lub, Mulla, e;^ l^<>^Jj«^ ^
^y^^ author of a collection of decisions in Persian
entitled "Fatawa ]$lara Khini," which was arranged
some years after his death by I^ari Khan, in the reign of
Sult&n 'AUuddin.
Sadr-uddin Musa, Shaikh, (|^>^ c^^^b*^ ^,
the son of Shaikh Safi-uddin the celebrated founder of
the Safwf kings of Persia. Vide Shaikh SbuE and Ism&'fl
Shah I Safwi.
Sadr-uddin Muhammad, «uaf* 4^«>J|;«J^, eon of
Zabardast Kh£n, and author of the work called " Irshid-
ul-WazriL," written in the reign of the emperor Muham-
mad Sh£h.
Sadr-uddin Muhammad bin-Is-hak ]^unawi,
i^yj^ (3^^^^ eH «i^i«* vi«J**Aj**^> a native of Iconium
and an author, who died in 1273 A. D., 672 A. H.
Sadr-uddin Muhammad, Mir, «***^ {:H^b'^J^>
author of the ** Jawahir-nama," a book on Arte and
Sciences.
Sadr-uddin Muhammad, «^^*** {:H^j^^, sumamed
Abu'l Ma'ali; which see.
Sadr-uddin, UfL M a u 1 a n a, «yj* c^e*^!;*^ ^'^yf>
author of the Jama'-ul-Hikdy&t." He is also called Nur-
uddin Muhammad Iff!, which see.
Sadr-uddin, Shaikh, t^«^(;«^ ^, the son of Shaikh
Bah4-uddin of Multdn. He died in 1809 A. D., 709
A. H., at Multan and is buried there.
Sadr-uddin Sayyad >Ali Khan, i^ <H-» {:yi^\j'^^
u;^, son of Sayyad Nizim-uddin A^mad Husainf. He
was the best Arabic poet of his time, and is the author of
the following works '^^itib Badia'," *' Sala&t." and
" Sharah Sahi& Kimila."
58
Sa'd-uddin of DehU, lsj^^ ^dJ\AAm^ author of the
works called Sharb *' Kanz-ul-Dal^k," and **Sharah
Manir." He died in 1486 A. D., 891 A. H.
Sa'd-uddin of Kashghar, ^n^ff ^jdJfA*^^
the spiritual guide of JAmf. He died 1456 A, D.. 860
A. H.
Sa'd-uddin Hamwia, *ti^•^ eH«>^f<**-»«, entitled
Shaikh-ul-Mash&e^ is the author of several works, one
of which is called " Sajanjal-ul-Arwah," The Mirror of
the Soul, and another entitled " KliULb Mahbfib," the
Beloved book. He died in the year 1262 A. d!, 660
A. H.
Sa'd-Uddin, Ui'^^^^^^f a Turkish historian, was bom
in 1636 and died at Constantinople in 1699. His
history, entitled, the **Taj-ul.Tawarikh" (the Crown of
Histories) a work held in high estimation by scholars, gives
a general account of the Ottoman empire from ite com-
mencement in 1299 till 1620. He also wrote the ** Salim-
naraa" or History of Salim I, which is chiefly a collection
of anecdotes regarding that prince.
Sa'd-uddin Tnftazani, Mulla, ^yi)^ ^<xJt«xM JU^
vide Tuftazanf.
Sa'd-Ullah Khan, u)^ V^ **^*», the son of the Rohela
chief 'All Muhammad Khan, whom he succeeded to the
Kohela territories in 1749 A. D., 1162 A. H., but retired'
with a pension of eight lacs of rupees annually from
Hafiz Kahoiat Khan, and died in the year 1761 A. D.
1176 A. H., at Aonla, His brother 'Abdullah Khan was
killed in the battle which took place between HAfix
Rahmat Khan and Nawab Shuja-uddaula, 1774 A. D.
1188 A. H. After his death his brother Faiz-ullkh Khan
succeeded him in the Bohela territories of Hdmpilr.
Sa'd-ullah Khan, U^ V*^*^> whose title was Khin
'Alam, was sent as ambassador to the king of Persia by
the emperor Shah Jahan. He died in tiie year 1631
A. D., 1044 A. H.
Sa'd-uUah Khan Wazir, ^jj ii>^ V *^****,
sumamed 'Allimi Fahhami, and entitied Jumlat-ul-Mulk,
was the most able and upright minister that ever appeared
in India. He makes a conspicuous figure in all the trans-
actions of the emperor Shih Jahan, and is constantly
referred to as a model in the correspondence of the em-
peror 'Alamgir during the long reign of that monarch.
He died on the 9th of April, 1656 A. D., 22nd Jumad^ II,
1066 A. H., aged 48 lunar years. After his death the
mansab of 700 and 100 Sawars was conferred on his son
Lutf-uUah Khin, a boy of 11 years of age.
Sa'd-uUah Khan, c)^ V^ **^**> the brother-in-law of
Mahmud Kh^, Naw&b of Bijnour, and Munsif of Amroha.
He, together with Jal41-uddm Khin, the Kaw&b's
brother, was tried and conviotedby Court Martial, and
shot by order of General Jones on the 23rd April, 1868,
at Kote KhiUlir within eight ndleB of Nt^fb&bid on
account of their rebellion.
Sa'd-uUah Kirmani, ^^^/ V **^^> author of the
work called " Fatfih^t Mir&Qsh^ttii," containing an account
of the conquests made by Mirdnshih the son of Amir
Taimur.
Sa*d-ullah, Shaikh, isj^^ Vi«xa«» ^^ ^f Dehli,
a descendant of IsUm Khia who was wazlr to one of the
kings of Gujr&t; and w he was a diadple of Qhitt Qui
Saeb
230
Saflsliikaii
whose poetical name was Wahdat a descendant of Shaikh
A^ad Hujaddid, consequently he lived like a dervish,
and assumed the title of Gulshin for his poetical name.
He died at Dehlf on the 13th December, 1728 A. D., 2l8t
Jumada 1, 1141 A. H.
Saeby Mirza, Vi^ Ur*> the poetical name of Mirzd
Muhammad 'AH of Tabrez, a celebrated poet of Persia,
who in the latter part of the reign of the emperor Jah^-
gir came to Indm as a merchant. He became intimate
with Zafar Khin, a nobleman of the court, who being
appointed governor of Kashmir in those days by Sh4h
Jah^ took him along with him to that country. From
Kashmir he returned to Isfahan where he was honoured
with the title of '* Malik-ush-Shu'dra" or the king of
poets, by Sh&h Abbas king of Persia. He wrote Ghazals
in an entirely new style, and may therefore be considered
as the founder of the new school. He died in 1669 A. D.,
1080 A. H., and was buried at Isfahan. His DiwiLn in
Persian contains 80,000 verses.
Saeby Mirza, Vf^ *ir*> a Hinddstinf poet and author
of the ** Mirat-ul-Jam^l," or the Mirror of Beauty, a verj-
eccentric work, containing a distinct poem in praise of
each of his mistresses' features, limbs, and perfections.
Saidai Gilani, 1^ s^^^^:^, came to India in the
time of Jahingir, and as he was very clever and of great
abilities, he was made a Darogah of the Zargir Khina
or goldsmith's shop, and received the title of Bedil. He is
the author of a Dfwdn, Nukat Bedil Rukaat Bedil and
Chahar Ansur. He died about the year 1 116 A. D.
•
Ba'id-bin-Mansxir, JT^*^ c^ *H*^, author of the works
called " Sunan and Zuhd." He died in 842 A. D., 227
A.H,
SaHd-bin-Masa'ud of ShiraB, isjh^^ •>>*-^ er?
«>**-*, author of theTarjumaMaulud," a complete history
of Muhammad, translated from the Arabic about the year
1368 A. D., 769 A. H.
Sa^id-bin-Muhammad, ***'*^ u^ *H**», author of
the works called " Minh4j-ul-'Abidin" and " Sa'ld-n&ma,"
containing moral and philosophical treatises on the
virtues, vices, passions, rewards, punishments, &o.
Sa'id-bin-Mnflayyab, V^*^ uH •^i*^, son-in-law of
Ab4 Hureira. He was one of the seven Fi^as of Madina ;
made forty pilgrimages to Mecca, and died in 713 A. D.,
94 A. H.
Sald-bin-Zandy ^J er? *****•, was the last of those
ten companions who had a positive promise of paradise
from Muhammad. He died in the year 671 A. D., 61
A.H.
Sa'id Hirwi, iS^J^ *^***> a poet who was a native of
Hirat and contemporary with K&zi 8hams-uddm Tibsi.
Sa'id Khan Kureshi, Kg^j^ e^^ *^^*-*, whose pro-
per name was Shaikh Muhammad, was a native of Multdn.
He was a good poet and a wit, and was employed by the
prince Sul^n Murdd Bakhsh son of 8hah Jah^ at the
time when he was governor of Gujr&t ; and afterwards
by prince D4ri Shik6h, after whose death he was em-
ployed by the emperor 'Alamgir, and died in November,
1676 A. D., Ramazan, 1087 A. H., at Multto where he
was buried in a monument which he had built whibt
living. He is the author of a Diw£n.
SaHd Khan, Hakim, c;**' *^^i*** (H^, a physician of
Kaem who lived in the time of Shih 'Abb&i 11 of Persia,
and is the author of a Diwin.
Sa*id Khan, Muhammad, e^^ «H»*- •^♦^^ present
Naw&b of lUmptir (1868).
Sa'id Muhammad Kirmani, (/4/ ^^^ *H*-«,
author of the " Siar-ul-Aulia," containing the memoirs of
all the principal Sufi Shaikhs and saints. Written in
1694 A. B., 1008 A. H.
Safdar *Ali Khan, c^^ y^ J^^^» nawdb of Arkat son
of Dost *Alf murdered by his brother-in-law Murtazi
'All Khan of Vellore on the 2nd October, 1742 A. D.
Safdar Jang, uM*. j«>Jl^, Nawib of Andh, whose proper
name was Mirz4 Mukfm and surname Mansdr 'Alf Kh^
was the son of Sayadat Khan, and nephew and son-in-law
of Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa'&dat Khin whom he succeeded in
the government of Audh after paying two crores of rupees
to Nddir Shah in the beginning of the year 1162 A. D,,
1152 A. H., or April, 1739 A. D., 1161 A. H. He was
appointed wazfr in 1748 A. D. on the accession of the em-
peror Al?mad Shilh (in the room of Niz&m-ul-Mulk who had
died that year), and assumed the whole administra-
tion of the imperial authority for several years. He was,
however, dismissed from the wiz&rat in 1762 A. D.,
1166 A. H., and died on his way to Audh at Pd-
pargh&t on the I7th of October, 1763 A. D., 17th
^il.^ijja, 1167 A. H. He was buried for some time at
Gul&b Bifi in Faiz&b&d his seat of government, but
afterwards his remains were conveyed to Dehli and
interred in the vicinity of the Darg&h of 6h&h Mardan
where a splendid mausoleum was built over his tomb.
He was succeeded in the government of Audh by his son
Naw&b Shuj^-uddaula.
Sail K^ ftTiy O^ fc^***j 90O ^^ Isl4m Kh&n Mashhadi, a
nobleman who served under the emperors Sh£h Jaban and
'Alamgir.
Safl Mirza, U/i^ 4/^> ^^ ^^n of Shih 'Abbis I. He
was murdered by the instigation of his &ther who hated
him, about the year 1611 A. D., 1020 A. H.
Safl, Shah, u*** *^> J™* of Persia, vide ShiUi Safi.
Safl, Shaikh, u^ f^> vide Shaikh Safi.
Saflr of Faryab, J^^9 poetical nanw of a poet of
Firyib.
Safl-uddin Muhammad, «^*«*cjJ«^i ^J^, son of
Husain Waez. He is the author of a book called ** Rish-
h&t," which is a chronogram for 909 A. H., in which
year it was completed. (1603 A. D., 909 A. H.) It con-
tains the sayings of his Murshid or spiritual guide Obeid-
ull&h Ahr&r who resided at Samarl^and. Vide 'Alf WiidK»
SafL-uddin, Shaikh, iiH^^ i^ f*^> vide Ismi'il Shih
Safwi and Shaikh Saff.
Saffkh, ^^i vide Al-Safflh.
Safla, *ft*^^ daughter of a Jew of Khaibar, whom Muham-
mad married after the battie of Khaibar. She was one
of the most beloved wives of the prophet, whom she
survived for forty years of widowhood* She died about
the year 670 A. D., 60 A. H.
SaflBhikan Ehan, CJ^ C^^ ^a^^ title of Muhammad
T4hir, a nobleman of the rank of 3000, who served under
the emperor 'Alamgir and died 1676 A. B , 1066 A. H.
Safari
231
Sahji
Safwi Kha'n, O^ iSJ^T a descendant of the royal
• •• ^^
houfle of Persia of the Safwi family. He held a high
rank in the serrice of the emperor 'Alamgir, and was
killed in the battle which took place between the two
brothers 'Azim Shah and Bahidur Shah on the 8th June,
1707 A. D., 18th Eabi I, 1119 A. H.
SagunaBa^i Salieb, V^^ v5-^ ^j^, E£nl of Sitira
and widow of the late Mah&r&j& of Sit&ra Ghatrapati
Appa Saheb who died about the year 1874 A. D,
Saha^biy </^^^^> poetical name of a poet who wrote poetiy
in Persian, and is the author of a Diwin.
Sahar, J^^, poetical title of Sayyad Nisir *Ali who died
in 1833 A. D., 1249 A. H.
Sahara'wi. LSJ^J^^j vide Ab6'l K&sim Al-Sahardwi.
Sahba'> ^t^> whose original name was 'Abdul Bilfi, was a
poet who flourished about the year 1663 A. D., 1063
A. H. in the time of the emperor ' Alamgur.
8ahba% C2r^^t^> poetical name of Maulwi Im£m Bakhsh.
He translated the Arabic work called "Hadaek-ul-
Bal&ghat," into Persian, and is the author of several
Persian and Urdu works. He was living in 1854 A. D.,
1271 A. H.
SahbafQ, u'■^***, the son of WiLfl Kheyil, who lived in
the time of Harun-al-Rashid. Shaikh Sadi in his Gulist^n
says, that Sahb&n Wail has been considered as unrivalled
in eloquence, insomuch that if he spoke before an assem-
bly for the space of a year, he did not repeat a word
twice, and if the same meaning occurred he repeated it in
a different form.
Sa^by «-A^^^ the poetical appellation of Hakun K^im,
commonly called " Masih-ul-Bay&n." He was a physician
and also a poet, and held the rank of 500 in the reign
of 'Alamgir. He died two or three years before Hirz&
86eb the poet about the year 1667 A. D., 1077 A. H., and
left two or three Diw&ns. He imitated JaUl-uddin Rumi
and wrote several Masnawis or poems, viz,, "Afna
Khfoa", ** Pari Khana", "Malihat Abmadf', "Sab4hat
Tiisafr', '' Gul Muhammadf ', and '' Aufas Masihf '.
Sallib, 'r^^'^y tide MasihM (Akhdnd).
Safhib Balkhi, u*^ V^^, a poet of Balkh who wrote
panegyrics in praise of some of the kings of Badalchshia.
He flourished in the 9th century of the Hijra.
Sallib, *r*^^j (Aloysius Reinhardt) a son of Shamrd or
Sombre, who had the title of Mazaflar-uddaula Mumt&z-ul-
Mulk Nawab Zafaryab Khin Bahidur Nasrat Jang. He
held (says an author) sometimes assemblies of poets in his
house, and is said to have been a pleasant man, but a great
scoundrel. He was a pupil of Ehairiti Khan Dils6z.
He died in the prime of life, and was buired at Agra in the
small Catholic Church built by his father. He was grand-
father of the late Dyce Sombre.
Sallib Jama'I, JU*. *-*^l-^, wife of the emperor
Jahingir and a relative of Zain Eh^ Eoka. She was the
mother of Sulfin Parweiz.
BaHlib '^±t2/lly ijy *T*^K this is the title the Orientals
as well as Arabs, Persians and Turks have given to Amfr
Taimiir (Tamerlane), because he was bom in a particular
planetary aspect (vide next article but one).
Sallib lEpre/n, e)tr* V^'K the poetical title of Sayyad
Im£m 'Alf of Bilgnun who became distracted in 1818
A. D., 1228 A. H., and wrote indecent and satirical
poetry. He came to Lakhnau in the time of Naw&b
*Asaf-uddaula. ^
Sallib ^a'n Sa'ni, J^^ c)!r* V^-*, or Sfldb ^iriLn
the Second, a title of the emperor Sh&h Jah£n. The first
being Taimur or Tamerlane the founder of the family.
The word means ** nearness" and is used in Astrology to
express a planetary conjunction. Taimi&r and his de-
scendant, the builder of the Tig, were both bom when
Jupiter and Venus were '*in the same house." Vide
Sh&h Jahdn.
Saliiba Zama'ni, i/^j ***^^ daughter of the emperor
Muhammad Shah. She was sought in marriage by
'Alamgir II, but she refused him. Her mother, Malika
Jahdn, claimed the protection of Al^nad Shih Abddli
against 'AlamgiVs designs upon her daughter, and he
carried them both to Kabul in 1757 A. D., and some time
after espoused Sahiba Zam^ himself.
Saliji or Salmji Bhosla I, kj^j^^ k i/**^
a Mahratta chief who rose to considerable rank in
the time of Malik Ambar an Abyssinian chief of A^mad-
nagar.^ He afterwards entered the service of the king
of Bijdpfir and was continued in his jagfr, which had
fallen to that state in the partition of the Afemadnagar
territory. He was subsequently employed on conquests
to the southward, and obtained a much more considerable
jigii in the Mysore country including the towns of Sira
and Bangalore. When at a great age, he was killed
by a fall in hunting, about the year 1664 A. D. He was
the father of the celebrated Sewaji, who though the son
of a powerful chie^ begun life as a daring and artful
captain of banditti, ripened into a skilful general and
an able statesman, and left a character which has never
since been equalled or approached by any of his coun-
tiymen. S4hji, in consequence of some dispute with
his first wife, separated from her, and married Toka
Bii by whom he had, Ek6ji, who afterwards became kinjr
of Tanjore. ^
List of the family of 8ewdj{ or Edjde of Sitdra.
Sihjf, Subadar of the Kamatik under 'Alamgir
bestows jagirs on his sons— Tanjore on Ek6ji—
and dies ....,,. ,..«», ...... ... 1664
Sewfeji, his son commences predatory expeditions! ! 1647
plunders Surat, and assumes the title of
r^j^ 1664
' establishes a military government 1669
and dies 1680
Bij& RAm, set up by minister, imprisoned ' at
R^garli 1680
Sambhiji assumed the sovereignty 1680— executed
atTaUpdr jggQ
banta, usurped power — murdered 1698
Eaj£ R4m again proclaimed 1698 A. D.,* at sVtkra
and died j ^qq
T&ril Bal, his wife, assumed regency 1700
Sewiji II, son of Sambhi. nicknamed SAh^% re-
leased on 'Alamgir's death, and crowned at
8it4ra in March, 1708, and died in 1749
Rim R4J6, nominal successor,— power resting with
minister or Peishwa, died 12th December 1777
Sabd sumamed Abba Saheb, the adopted son of
Ram Rij& succeeded 1777
Partdp Singh the son of Sabd, reinstated at'sitkra
by the British, 11th April isig
8aliji» Salitgi or Sa'u Bhosla II, i/^j^^y i/^^
jh k, ^ son of Sambh^ji the Marha^ chie^ after
whose death in 1689 A. D., 15th Mu^arram, 1101 A. H
Sahu
232
Salah-uddin
he (though then an infant) was acknowledge as Raji,
and his uncle IUj& Ram nominated to be regent during
his minority ; but when subsequently the infant Raja
fell into the hands of 'Alamgir, and was confined, Raj&
RAm proclaimed himself Riij4 on the ground of the captivity
of his nephew. In his time the fort of Sitara was taken
by 'Alamgir on the 21st April, 1700 A. D., ISth^i-Ka'da,
1111 A. U., bat before it fell, Raji Ram bad died of the
small-pox at Jhinji, and had been succeeded by his son
Bewi, a child of two years, under the regency of his
mother Tara Bai, the widow of the deceased. After the
death of 'Alamgir, Sihji was released from confinement
by 'Asim Shih, and was acknowledged by the Marhattas
as their principal chief, and crowned at Sitara in March,
1708 A. B. During his reign, the Marhattas baring
overrun and plundered almost every part of Hindustan,
excepting Bengal, extended their territories from the
Western Sea to ITrisa, and from Agrah to the Kamitik,
forming a tract of near one thousand miles long by seven
hundred wide. His minister, the Peishw^ Batoji Bishwa-
n^th, gained such an ascendancy over the mind of his
master, as to persuade S£bjf to delegate to him the exer-
cise of all authority and power in the state. During the
latter part of his reign, Sf[hji shut himself up in Sitara, and
his person and government were almost forgotten. S&hji
died (some time after the death of Niz&m-ul-Mulk) about
the month of December, 1749 A. D. after a reign of 50
yean. He was succeeded by his adopted son £^m BAji
the g^randson of TM Bai, power resting with the minister
or Peishwa. Before his death he intrusted the Peishwa
with the sole management of the Marhatta empire, and
directed that Kolhapdr, then governed by Sambhiji the
aon of Raj4 Ram, should be always considered as an
independent kingdom.
Sa^xn, y^^j also called Abba Sflieb, was the son of Trim-
bakji Bhosla, and adopted son of Riim Raj&, whom he
succeeded on the masnad of SitiLra on the 12th December,
1777 A- D. Ho was always kept a close prisoner. After
his death, his son Part&p Singh succeeded him.
SajaVandiy iS^J^^j vide Sir^j-uddfn Muhammad bin-
'Abdur Rashfd-al-Saj&wandL
Be^^d, Mir, «>^?^^^9 an Urdd poet of Agrah who was
a pupil of Sh£h Najm-uddin 'Abrii.
Sakafl, (/^^^» or Thakafi, whose original name is Ab6
fsi, was an excellent Arabic grammarian and author.
He died in 766 A. D., 149 A. H.
Sakina Ba'no Begam, (^.yk Au^, gigter of Mirzi
Muhammad Hakim half-brother to the emperor Akbar.
She was married to Shih Ghazi Khia the nephew of Nokib
KhiuL.
Sakina, *^ * % daughter of Imim Husain. After her
father's death she was married to Misaab the brother of
'Abdullah the son of Zubeir.
Sakha', ^*^^f poetical name of Z£hid ' Ali Kh4n an author.
Sakha'wii LSX^^j author of the history of the IKiMis of
Egypt.
SakhtUXy e^^^> & PO^ o^ Agrah, named M£r Abdus Samad
who died in 1727 A. D., 1140 A. H.
Sakka, c£)^ ^^^ or Dexrish Sa]|^k£ of Bukh&ra. He
died in 1666 A, D., 962 A. H., and is the author of a
Diw&ou
Sakka Bardwa'ni, ^^-^^ **^> author of a Diw£n
found in the Library of Tipu Sultan.
Sakkafki, (^^. This word which in Arabic signifies a
cutler, was the surname of Abd Ya'^6b Ydsaf bin-Abd
Bakr, who was also called Sirij-uddfn-al-Khwarizmf.
He was a g^reat author and master of Zahidi. One of
his works is called *' Misbah-ul-Ul&m." He was bom in
1160 A. D., 66& A. H., and died in the year 1229 A. D.,
626 A. H.
Sakhi Sarwafr, Jjj^ <^^^> ^ Muhaaunadan saint Sea
Sultan Sakhi Sarwar.
Salavat Jang, ^-^ %S^iLc^ the third son of Nisftm-ol.
Mulk ' Asif Jah, was placed by the French on the masnad
of the Dakhin after the assassination of Muzaffar Jang
his nephew which took place on the 3rd February, 1751
A. D., 17th RaMI, 1164 A. H. Monsieur Bussy the
French General was created by him a nobleman of the
empire, and the Northern Sircars granted in jagir to his
nation. Monsieur Bussy continued to conduct the afifairs
of the Dakhin, till, by the intrigues of Niz&m 'All, brother
to Salabat Jang his counsellor Haidar Jang being assas*
sinated on the 12th May, 1758 A. D., 3rd Ramaj^an, 1171
A. H., and the English who had patronized Muhammad
'All Khan in the province of Arldlt g^wing powerful,
he was obliged to return to the French territories to the
assistance of his countrymen. Nizam 'All being without
a rival, deposed and imprisoned Salabat Jang on the 26tli
June, 1762 A. D., 4th 2il-bijja> 1175 A. H., and assumed
the government. Salabat Jang remained in confinement
till his death which happened on the 29th September,
1763 A. D., 20th Rabr I, 1177 A. H.
Sala'bat Kha^, e>^ *^^, a nobleman who held the
office of Mir Bakhshi or pay-master general in the time
of the emperor Shikh Jahian. He was stabbed in the
presence of the emperor by a R&jp6t chief named Amar
Singh Rathor the son of Gkij Singh, on the evening of
Thursday the 25th of July, 1644 A. D., 30th Jumiuia I,
1054 A. H., in the fort of Agrah. His tomb is still to be
seen in the vicinity of Ag^h. Amar Singh was pursued
and cut down near one of the gates <Mf the fort, which
goes after his name, Amar Singh Gate.
Sala'bat Eha'n, c^^ ^^> a nobleman who on the
accession of the emperor Ahmad Shah to the throne of
Dehli in 1748 A. D., 1161 A.' H. was raised to the rank
of Mir Bakhshi or pay-master general with the title of
Zulfik&r Jang.
Saladin, vide Salah-uddfn Ydsaf the son of Ayydb.
Sala^, r^' author of the Masnawi or poem called " N£z
wa Nay&z," which he composed about the year 1523
A. D., 930 A. H.
Sala'h bm-Muba'rik-al-B u k h a r i, ^j^ cH ^^,
author of the '* Mulfuundt Khw&ja Bah^uddm,'* contain,
ing the memoirs of the celebrated ShaikJh Bahi-uddin,
founder of the Nakshbandi Order.
Salah, Mi'r, i/^ J^J^y styled Kashfi, was the son
of 'Abdumh Miskin. He died in the year 1650 A. D.
1060 A. H. at Agrah and lies buried there. Vide Kashfi.
Sala^-nddin Tusaf, *-*^ c^*^^* the son of
Ayydb (the same who is called by Gnistian writers
Saladin), a celebrated Sul(&n of Syria and the first king of
Egypt of the Ayydbite fiimily, equally renowned as a
wairior and legislator. It is said that he supported
himself by his yalour, and the influence of his amiable
Salamat
233
Salim
character, against the united efforts of the chief Christian
potentates of Europe, who carried on the most unjust wars
against him, under the false appellation of Holy Wars.
He reigned in Egypt and Syria from 1173 to 1193 A. D.,
668 to 588 A. H., and in the year following he died at
Damascus, leaving seventeen sons, who divided his exten-
sive dominions. He was succeeded by his son Malik*ul-
'Aziz 'Usmdn in the government of Egypt^ but as none of
his successors possessed the enterprising genius of Salah-
uddin, the history of Egypt fiom that time to the year
1250 A. D. affords nothing remarkable. At this time
the reigning Sul^n Malik-al-Sdlah was dethroned and
slain by the Mamluks, a kind of mercenary soldiers who
served under him. In consequence of ttds revolution,
the Mamluks became masters of Egypt, and chose a Sul^
from among themselves. Vide Mamldk.
Sulfdn$ of Egypt of the Ayyiibite family.
Silah-uddin Yiisaf bin-Ayydb, began 1168 ..
Malik -ul-' Aziz 'U8m£n,'son of Salah-uddin, . .
Malik Mansur Muhammad bin-'Usman, ....
MaUk ' Adil Saif-uddin Abii Bakr bin-Ayyub,
Malik Kamil Muhammad, son of Saif.uddin,
Malik 'Adil Abd Bakr bin- Eimil,
Malik Salah Ayyiib Najm-uddin bin-Eimil,
he was slain in battle with the Franks, . . . •
Malik Muazzim Tur&n Sh&h bin-S&lah, ....
Malika Shajrat-uddurr, a slave girl of Malik
Silab, she reig^ned three years and died in
Malik Ashxaf Mdsa bin-Yiisa^ reigned 6
years.
died
ft
A. D.
1193
1197
1200
1218
1237
1239
1249
1260
1255
Malik Moizz 'Azz-uddm Eaibak, a Turkoman slave or
Mamluk of the A^'yiibite dynasty, married the queen
Malika Shajrat-uddurr, and ascended the throne of Egypt.
His descendants ruled for nearly one hundred years, and
were called the Mamlukites.
Salamat 'All, t5^ o*x)iU, the city Munsif of AllahAbfid
who became a rebel and was hung in June, 1857 A. D.
at that station.
Salamat »Ali Khan, Hakim, J^ c5^ ^^iL, ^^^
of Benares, author of a Treatise on Music, who lived
about the commencement of the present or nineteenth
century.
Salami or Salmi, {/*^} this word which signifies a
native of Baghdad, was also the surname of Abd'l Hasan
Muhammad bin-Obeid-ullah, who was one of the most
illustrious Arabian poet of his time. He lived at the
court of 'Azd-uddacda, a Sultin of the dynasty of the
B6yaide8, who reigned at Ears and 'Ji&lf. from 976 to 983
A. D.
Salap Masa*ud Qhasi, (s)^ ot^*-* jSU, 9»vfe Maaa'M
Ghazi (Sal&r).
Salhahan or SaHvahana, i:;^^^^^ is said to have been
the son of a potter and to have lived at Patar on the
Godavarl His era is still in use in the Dakhin, its date
is 78 A. D.
Salim, ^"^9 the poetical title of Muhammad ^ulf, who
came to India from Persia during the reign of 8h^
Jah&n and was employed by Islim Kh&n, wazir. He is
the author of a Diw&n and also of a Masnawf which he
wrote in Persia, and in which he describes Lahij4n. But
when he came to India, he altered the heading and called
it a description of Kashmir. He died in the year 1647
A. D., 1057 A. H.
59
8a]im> ^^ ^^^ j^y Mir Muhammad Salim of Pa^na
a merchant who died at Murshidabad in 1781 A. D., 1195
A. H., and left a Maanawi in Urdu.
Samdik Phra Paramidr, j*^^.^ <^ vfLSxjU^ king
of Siam who came to Hind6stin in the beginning of 1872
and was received in Calcutta, Lakhnau, Bombay, &c, &c.*
with all the honours due to high rank.
Salim I, Sidtazi, ^^ c)^^*^, emperor of the Turks
or Constantinople, and the greatest monster of that
monstrous race, was the second son of B4yezid II whom
he defeated in a battle, and after poisoning him and
murdering eiarht of his brothers or nephews, ascended the
throne of Turkey on the 6th April, 1512 A. D., 18th
Safar, 918 A. H. He subverted the Mamldks of Egypt,
bringing it with Palestine, Syria, and Arabia under the
yoke of the Turks. He invaded the kingdom of Persia ;
subdued and slew Aladeulos, the mountain king of
Armenia and reduced his kingdom to the form of a
Turkish province. He repressed the forces of the Hun-
garians by a double invasion. But when intending to
turn all his forces upon the Christians, he was sud-
denly seized with a cancer on his back whereby he died
on Friday the 21st of September, 1520 A. D., 6th
Shawwal, 926 A. H. on the very spot where he had
formerly unnaturally assaulted his aged father. He was
succeeded by his son Sulaiman I, sumamed*The Magni«
ficent.
Salim II, Sultan, ^^ c;*^*^ succeeded his father
Sulaim£n I, sumamed The Magnificent, as emperor of the
Turks in September, 1566 A. D., Safar, 974 A. H. He
was an idle and effeminate emperor ; but his deputies took
from the Venetians the isle of Cyprus, and from the
Moors the kingdom of Tunis and Algiers. Over this
emperor the Christians wore victorious in that famous
sea- fight called the battle of Lepanto, when he lost above
35,000 men besides his fleet. Devoting his time to the
several pleasures of his seraglio, he died, little respected,
on the 9th December, 1574 A. D., Shaban, 982 A. H.,
aged 52, and was succeeded by his son Sult&n MariLd IIL
Salim III, Sultan, ^^ J^^^, son of Mustafa in,
was bom in 1761 A. D., Rajab, 1203 A. H., and succeeded
to the throne of Turkey on the death of his uncle A^mad
IV, in April, 1789 A. D. He began his reign with a war
with Catharine II of Russia, in which peace was pur-
chased by great sacrifices of territor>'. At a later period
Egypt was invaded by the French; but they were
defeated, and compelled to quit the country, by the
English, in 1801. A revolt of the Jannisaris deposed
Salim on the 28th of July, 1807 A. D., Jumada I, 1222
A. H., and raised Mustafa IV to the throne ; but he was
deposed after a reign of one year, and Mahmtid II made
emperor 1808 A. D.
Salim Chishti, Shaikh, i/^ ^^ ^ of Fathaptir
Sikri, sumamed Shaikh-ul-tsl^m, a Muhammadan saint
who, during his life was greatly revered by the emperor
Akbar. It is said that by his prayers the king was
blessed with several children. His father Bah&-uddin
was a descendant of Shaikh Farid Shakarganj. He was
bom at Dehli in 1478 A. D., 883 A. H., was a disciple of
Khwaja Ibrahim Chishti, and resided on a hill close to
the village of Sikri in the province of Agrah. By the
liberality of the emperor, he built a splendid Masjid or
mosque on the hill, called the Masjid of FathapQr SikrL
which was completed in 1671 A. D.. 979 A. H., at a cost
of 5 lacs of rupees. He died a few months after itp
completion on the 13th February, 1572 A. D., 27th
Bamaf in, 979 A. H., aged 96 lunar years, and was buried
Salim
234
SalJQkl
on the top of the hill where his tomb ia to he seen to this
day. He was one of the chief sainte of Hinddst&n, and
his sayings are worthy of commemoration. After his
death his son Badr-nddfn succeeded him to the gnddi.
His pedigree mns thus : " Shaikh Salfm Chishtl, the son of
Bahl-uddin, the son of Shaikh Sulaiman, the son of
Shaikh 'Adam, the son of Shaikh Musd, the son of Shaikh
Maudud, the son of Shaikh Badr-uddin, the son of Shaikh
Farid-uddin of Ajudhun, commonly called Shakarganj."
Twenty-four times Salim Chishti is said to have gone on
a pilgrimage to Mecca and returned again. His bread
was made of singharas that were produced in the reservoir
of Sikri. His son Ku^b-uddin was killed in Bengal by
Sher AfkaUf first husband of Nur Jahiln. His grandson
Islim Khin, the son of Badr-uddin was raised by the
emperor Jahioig^ to the rank of an Amir and was appoin-
ted governor of Bengal in 1608 A. D., 1017 A. H. Vide
IsUm Khan.
Salim Shah Snr, jy* t^ f^y also called Islim Shih
and Jalal Ehin, was the younger son of the empero'^
Sher Shah. His elder brother 'Adil Khan being absent
at his father's death, Jalal Eh£n ascended the throne in
the fortress of Ealinjar on the 29th of May, 1545 A. D.,
17th Rabi' I, 952 A. H., and assumed the title of Isl&m
Shah, which by false pronunciation was turned to that of
Salim Shah. He reigned nine years and became Eifiicted
with a fistula, of which he died at Gwaliar 1554 A. D.,
961 A. H., in which year also died Mahmiid Shah king
of Gujrat, and Burhin Nizim Shih king of A^madnagar.
In commemoration of the remarkable circumstance of
these monarchs dying almost at the same time, MauUni
'AU the father of the celebrated historian Firishta, wrote
a short epitaph, in which the words " the ruin of kings,"
exhibit the Hijri year 961 A. D. The remains of Salim
Sh&h were conveyed to Sahsarim and buried close to his
fiither 8 tomb, Salim Shih was succeeded by his son the
prince Firoz, then 12 years of age, who was placed on
the throne by the chiefs of the tribe of Sur, at Qwaliar.
He had not reigned three days (some say three months)
when Mub&riz Khan the son of Nizam Khin Sur, at once
the nephew of the late Sher Shah, and brother-in-law of
Salim Shah, assassinated the young prince, and ascending
the throne, asstuned the title of Muhammad Shih 'Adil.
Salima Siatana Begam, ff^. ^^^^ **e^. The
mother of this lady was Gulrukh Begam the daughter
of the emperor Babar Shah who gave her in marriage to
Mirzi Nur-uddin Muhammad by whom she had Salima.
Salima was married to Bairim Khan Kh&nKhanin in
1558 A. D., the marriage took place at Jalandhar with
the consent of the emperor Akbar who was present at the
nuptials. After the death of Bairam Khan in 1561, she
became the wife of the emperor, by whom she had a
daughter named Sh&hzada Kh4nam, and a son named
Sultan Mur&d. She was well- versed in Persian and had
a good genius for poetry. She dide in the reign of the
emperor Jahangir 1612 A. D., 1021 A. H.
Salima Bano Begam, f^.yk **^^, the daughter
of Sulaiman Shikoh, the son of Dira Shaikh, was mar-
ried to Prince Muhammad Akbar, Aurangzeb's fourth son.
Their ofifspring was Nikasiar who was proclaimed em-
peror at Agrah and imprisoned by Rukn-uddaula.
Salimi or Hasan Salimi^ Maulana. 4j^^ er*^
^*j^i a poet who died and was buried at Sabswar, in the
year 1450 A. D., 854 A. H. He has left a Diw&n.
SalghUTy J^^i from whom the At4baks of Firs were
descended, was a Turkish general in the service of the
SalJ^ki kings, and was entrusted with the charge of one
of the princes of that race and appointed to the govern-
ineat of Firs and some adjoining provinces. Salghor
managed not only to keep his government during his life,'
but to transmit it to his descendants, seven of whom held
Firs as governors, ««i. .* —
1 . Maudud, the son of Salghnr.
2. Fazlin-Shub^-Earra, who receiTed the government
from Alp Arsalin, rebelled, but was subdued by
Nizim-ul-Mulk the prime-minister of the Sultin.
3. Rukn-uddaula.
4. Atibak Jalil-uddin Jawili.
6. Atabak Kuraja, who built a college at Shiriz, and a
palace called Takht Kuraja.
6. Atibak Mankus.
7. Bdzaba, who is said to hare been a just and wise
governor. After the death of Buziba who was the
last of these governors, Atibak Sunl^ar the great
grandson of Salghur, succeeded in 1148 A. D., and
became a powerftd rider. Vide Sun^ar and Mu-
zafiar.
Salibi or Thalibi, Imam, C5^^> author of the Tarikh
Ghadr-us-Siar," and " Tarikh Aries."
Saliha Bano, y^ ««^^ the daughter of Kisim Khin
and wife of the emperor Jahing^r who gave her the title
of Bidshih Mahal.
Salik l^zwini, and Salik Yezdi, uH}y ^^
4-0^ iiUu», These two poets, one from Kazwin and
the other from Yezd, flourished in the time of the emperor
Shih Jahin, and both died in the reign of 'Alamgir.
Silik (azwini died In 1699 A. D., 108O A. H., and the
other, one year after him.
Salik, ^K poetical titie of Shih Ibrahim.
Salim, ^^ «x*«* <^^* author of a Diwin which he
completed in 1701 A. D., 1082 A. H. His proper name
is Hiji Muhammad Aslam.
Saljuk, i3j^,^ideSaXiA\L
Saljuki, t5*->^?***> a dynasty of Tartar kings who de-
rive their name from Saljuk, a chief of great repu-
tation, who had been compelled to quit the court of
Bighd Khin the sovereign of the Turks of l^apchik.
SaljCil^, who had proceeded with his tribe to the plains of
Bukhiri, embraced the religion of Muhammad and
acquired the crown of martyrdom in the war against the
infidels. His age of an hundred and seven years, sur-
passed the life of his son Mikiil ; and Salju^ adopted the
care of his two g^randsons Tughral and Ja'fiir; the eldest
of whom, at the age of 45 years was invested with the
title of Sultan in 3ie royal city of Naishap(ir. It is said
that Mikiil became known to Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni,
and was greatly honoured by that monarch. They relate,
that on Mahmud asking the ambassador of their chief,
what force they could bring to his aid ; *' Send this
arrow," said the envoy, presenting one of two which he
held in his hand, " and 50,000 horse will appear !"— " Is
that allP" exclaimed Mahmud. *'Send this," said he
presenting the other, "and an equal number will follow."
" But suppose I was in extreme distress," observed the
monarch, "and wanted your utmost exertions?" —
"Then," replied the ambassador, "send my bow, and
200,000 horse will obey the summons!" The proud
conqueror heard with secret alarm, this terrifying account
of their numbers : and we are told that he anticipated
the future overthrow of his empire. Tughral Beg and
his brother served for several years under Sul^n Mah-
mild. In 1036 A. D., 429 A. H., the former resisted
Sultin Masa'ud the son of Mahmdd, and received inves-
titure as Sul^ of EhoriBin from the Khalifa of Bagl^^
«filTn«.n
235
Samsam-uddatila
did. Vide Toghnl B«g who was the flnt king of the
Baljiik dynasty of Persia. Kadard was the first of Saljuk
dynasty who reigned in Kirm&n ; Snlaimin or Kutlamish,
ttie first Snlt&n of Saljtik dynasty who reigned in Rto
or Anatolia.
Salman, uA^> a poet who died in 1630 A. D., 937 A. H.
Salman, 'Aka, e;^^ ^'^i also called Mirxi His&bi, is
the anthor of a commentary on the Pre£&ce of the GnHst&n
of about 3000 lines. He devoted himself to Siifyism and
wrote a treatise thereon. He also compiled an Arabic
Commentary on Kdsanjf s Persian treatise on astronomy ;
another work of his is called " Aos4f-ul-Bilid." He was
UTing in 1585 A. B., 993 A. H.
Salman Farsi, «/*J^ sj^^, or the Persian. Is
said to have been a native of a small place near Isfiahin,
and that on passing one day by a Christian Church, he
. was so much struck by the devotion of the people, and
the solemnity of the worship, that he became disgusted
with the idolatrous faith in which he had been brought
np. He afterwards wandered about the East, from city
to city, and convent to convent, in quest of a^ religion,
until an ancient monk, full of years and infirmities, told
liiTn of a prophet who had arisen in Arabia to restore the
pure fidth of Abraham. He then journeyed to Mecca,
and became a convert to Muhammadanism. This Salman
rose to power in after years, and was reputed by the
unbelievers of Mecca to have assisted Muhammad in
compiling his doctrines. He died at Mad&en in Persia in
663 A. D., 33 A. H.
Salman ;Sawaji, «^J^ iyUU, a celebrated Persian
poet, native of Sdwa, sumamed JaUl-uddfn Muhammad,
who flourished in the time of Amir Shaikh Hasan Jalayer
also called Hasan Buzurg, and his son Sultan Aweis,
rulers of Baghdid. In the latter period of his life he
became blin^ and having retired from the world, died
in the year 1377 A. D., 779 A. H. He is the author of
a poem entitled " Jamsheid-wa-Khurshoid," and of the
" Firi^-ii^uma/* w^d several other works, and also of a
Biw&n.
Baniy (*^» til© 80^ 0^ Narimin, and grandfather of Rustam
the celebrated hero of Persia. Vid$ Z&l and Mandchehr.
Samanini^ i^^y commonly called so, but his proper
name is Ab^'l K6sim *Umar, and his father's name Sdbit
He was an excellent Arabic grammarian and died in 1060
A. D., 442 A. H.
Sam Mirsay U^ f*^* tii© «>n of Shah Ism^'fl I. He is
the author of the work called " Tuhfii Simi," being a
biography of the contemporaneous poets of Persia, com-
piled in 1660 A. D., 967 A. H. His poetical name is
S4mi.
Samrat Jagannatha, V^ ^S'lr^j a Brffliman,
who made a version of Euclid's Elements by order of
Sewii Jai Singh, B4j& of Jaip^, in Sanskrit and called it
•* Bekhi Ganita.'*
fffu n Sultan Bahadur, j^^f \J^°^ f^> a native of
Gujr4t) and author of the '' T&rikh Bahddur ShiUiL"
flumft-n, u)UU»y the great-grand&ther of Ismi'fl S&mib,
the first king of the Sam^des. His grandson Nasr
Al^ad was appointed governor of Bukhiri by Mo'tamid
the Khalifa of Baghdad, in 874 A. B., 261 A. H., vide
Ism&'ll Samini.
Samanif iy^^> ft dynasty of Muhammadan kings whd
reigned over Transoxania, holding its court at Bukhiri.
Its power extended over Khwarizm, M&war-un-Nahr,
Juij&n ; Siwast&n and Ghaznf. This dynasty continued
to reign in Bukh&ri for a period of 128 years, when it
became extinct by the death of its last prince 'Abdul-
malik II, in 999 A. D., 389 A. H. The first king of this
race was Ism&'il S4m&ni, great-grandson of 6<m6a, a
robber-chief from whom this dynasty took its name.
Samani or Samnani. t^^^f an Arabian author who
in the 6th century of the Hijri wrote a dictionary of the
names of all the Arabian authors, entitled ^ Fil Ansdb,"
which in the succeeding century was abbreviated by Ibn-
al-Asir, and this extract again shortened by SayiitL Vide
JaUl-uddin Say^tf .
Sama-uQahy Shaikh, *^^ *^ ^, or SamA-uddfn,
one of the great Mashiekhs of India, and brother of Shaikh
Ia)}iJf.. He lived in the time of Sul^n Bahl61 Lodi, and
died according to 'Abdul Ha^ in 1496 A. D., 901 A. H.,
and lies buried on the banks of the Hauz Shaxnsi at DehlL
Sammugarhy jry^^i a place in Agrah built by the
emperor Akbar.
Sambhl^i, </^ V^^> the son of Sewigi Bhosla the Marhat-
ta chief and second r&ja of Sit&ra. He was at Pamela
when his father died and a faction endeavoured to secure
the succession to RAjd Ram, a son of Sowaji by another
wife. But Sambhiu supported by the greater part of
the troops, who had been the companions of his contests
with the forces of the emperor 'Alamgir, established his
sovereignty. He behaved with great cruelty to his
opponents, imprisoned Riija Ham and reigned nine years.
He succeeded his lather in April, 1680 A. D., generally
spent his time in female pleasure and excessive drinking,
and possessed no talents for government. He listen^
to the advice of no one, having a conceited opinion of his
own abilities, and chose for his favourite Kab Kalas or
Xilusah, a Brdhman with whom he acted such scenes as
made him hateful to the world. He was taken prisoner
together with his wife and children by the officers of the
emperor 'Alamgir, who ordered him to be executed. His
eyes were first destroyed with a hot iron, his tongue cut
out, and he was at last beheaded along with his favourite.
This event took place in July or August, 1689 A. D.,
1100 A. H. His son Sahji also called Sao or Sahu, an
infant, was acknowledged raja by the Marhattas, but he
was soon after taken prisoner by 'Alamgir and confined
till the death of that monarch when ho was released.
Vide S41\ji II.
SambhU Singh, *^.H^» Maharana of Udaiptir and
Meiwar, who was invested a G. C. S. I. on the 6th of
December, 1871 A. D., died on the 7th October, 1874
A. D., at the early age of 27. He succeeded to the guddi
of Mewar by adoption in 1862. His elevation was great
and sudden, as his father, a brother of the late Hana
Sardp Singh had fidlen under suspicion of conspiring to
gain his way to the throne by poisoning the in^id
Sarup; and, while the father died under the hands of
assassins in a prison within the walls of the palace,
the son, along with other members of the family sufiered
for several years the most cruel persecution.
Samnaniy </^^^*^^ one of the chief followers of the Sufi
sect who died in 1335 A. D., 736 A. H., six years before
Khw^a Eirmani. Vide Ata-uddaula SfLrnnJ^nf
Samru or Sombre, J-/*^j w<fo Shamrd.
Samsam-nddanla, ^^^^ f^^^^^y title of Shihnaw£«
Kh&n, which see.
Samsam-uddaula
236
Sarbaland
Samsam-tiddatila or Sarnsam Jang, *^j^' (•^-a»^,
%S a a. ^1^.4^, the son of Sams&m-uddaula Sh&hnawlz
EMn, who received the same titie after his father's death.
Both of them held distinguished positions in the court
of the ISizim of Haidaribad. Vide ShiUmawiz EMn.
SamBam-uddaula, ^9^^ ^l-a*^, the son of Mirz£
Nasfr who came to India from M&zindaran in the reign
of the emperor Sh&h Alam. SamsAm-uddaula whose
original name was Malik Muhammad Khan, received the
title of Kaw&b Samsim-uddaula Malik Muhammad
KMn Dilair Jang from Nawab Najaf Khan. He died in
Jaip^ in 1804 A. D., 1219 A. H.
SamBam-uddaula, ^j^^ (•^-^♦^^ entitled Kh£n
Daur&n, hold the high rank of Amir-ul-*nmr& in the
reign of the emperor Muhammad Shah. Vide Khan
Dauran.
Sana'} f^ > poetical name of Shaikh Niz&m-uddfn Al^mad
commonly called Basi Mi&n. He flourished about the
yearl738 A. D., 1161 A. H.
Sanai. HuBain, c^^ e/i*'^, tnde Khwija Husain Sanaf.
Sanai, Shaikh, {^^ J^, commonly called Hakim
San&i, a celebrated poet and native of Ghaznf, who
flourished in the reign of Bahr&m Shah, son of Masa'ud
Shah of Ghazni. He is the author of several poems.
His last work which he dedicated to Bahr&m Shah, is
called the " Hadika," or •* Hadikat-ul-Hakick," the
Garden of Truth, a very beautiful poem on the unity of
Qod and other religious subjects, said to contain 30,000
verses. This book he finished 1131 A. D., 525 A. H.,
in which year he is supposed to have died, aged 62 years.
He is also the author of a small work containing about
280 verses, entitled ** Ramuz-ul-Anbia wa Kanu2-ul-
Aulia," and of a Diwdn.
Sanaiy ICaulana, c!r^ ^rJ^t author of a poem, entitled
Bitgh Iram.
Sana-ullah, Maulana, *Ui lij b)/^, Kazi of Panfpat,
flourished about the year 1539 A. D., 946 A. H., and is
the author of the commentary called ** Mazhari" and
other works ; one of which is called Saif-ul-Masldf.
Sandhal Deo, -^5 J^«>i), one of the Eajds of Ameir,
now called Jaipur, After him reigned Gokul or Kantal,
and after him reigned Pujandeva or Pajurji about the year
1186 A. D. He married the daughter of Prithi Rij^
After him Malesi, after him the following r&jas reigned
in succession, Bijalji, Bajdeo, who was defeated by
MahmM II, 1251 A. D. Kilan, Kantal, who buUt the
city of Ameir, Junsi, Udaikaran, Nar Singh, Banbeur,
Ifdheirao, Ghandarsein, Prithiraj, murdered by his son
Bhun, Ayskaran ; after him reigned Bharamal also called
Puranmal and Biharimal, which see.
Sangham Lai, d^ ^r^y * Hindd whose poetical name
was Izzat. He was a pupil of Hirza Jan J&n&n Mazhar,
and was Hving at Agrah 1760 A. D., 1174 A. H.
Sa^jar, Mir, J^r^ J^ also called Shah Sanjar Bfjip&rf,
was the son of Mir Haidar Kashf the punster. He was
an excellent poet and flourished in Xhft time of Sultiui
Ibr^Uiim 'Adil of Bijapur. He died in 1612 A. D., 1021
A. H., and left a Diwan.
Sangram Shah, «^ (•Lr^j E4j4 of Kharakptir in
South Bih&r, defied the Mughal armies in the time of
Akbar, lost his life in a struggle, and his son and sno-
cessor were forced to become converts to IsUm.
*
Sanjar Shah, ^j^y the son of Tughan Shih II;
He was cotemporary with Takash Kh6n who married his
mother and adopted him ^ but when he rebelled againsi
him, Takash blinded him.
Sanjar, Sultan,
e;UJL.,
the third son of Sulfln
Malikshah SaljuVf* He held at his father's death, 1092
A. D., the government of Khuriisibi, and took little con-
cern in the troubles that ensued on that event : but after
the death of his brother, SulUn Muhammad, he may be
deemed the actual sovereign of Persia. He forced
Bahr&m Shah, a monarch of the race of Ghazni whose
capital was L&hor, to pay him tribute ; and Al&uddfn,
prince of Gh6r, who had defeated BahriUn Sh&h and taken
Ghaznf, yielded in his turn to the superior fortune of
Sanjar, by whom he was defeated, made prisoner and
tributajy to the house of SaljQk. But Sanjar, after a
long reign marked by singular glory and success, was
destined to experience the most cruel reverses of foitune.
In the year 1140 A. D., 535 A. H., he advanced far into
Tartary to attack Gour Kh£n, the monarch of Kara
Khata, and suffered a signal defeat in which almost his
whole army was cut to pieces, his feunily taken prisoner,
and all his baggage plundered. He next marched, 1153
A. D., 547 A. H., against the Turkman tribe of Ghux
who had withheld their usual tribute of 40,000 sheep:
an action ensued, in which he was defeated and taken
prisoner. During his long confinement of four yearsi
his dominions were ruled by his favourite Sul^a Kh&tfin
.Turkan: at whose death in 1156 A. D., 551 A. H.,
Sanjar made an effort to escape and was successful ; but
he lived only a short time after he regained his liberty,
for he died on Friday the 24th May, 1157 A. D., Uth
Rabf II, 552 A. H., in the 73rd year of his age, and was
buried in Marv. The Saljiil^ dynasty in Khur&s&n ceased
with his existence, and most part of his kingdom fdl
into the possession of Khw&rizm Shdh Atsiz ibn-Muham-
mad ibn-Anushtakim the grandfather of Takash Khw&-
rizm Sh^. The poets of his court were Adib Sabir,
Eashid Watwit, Abdul Wfoa, JabaH, Farid Katib,
Anwari, Malik 'Imad Zauzani, and Say y ad Husain of
Ghazni.
Sanka, ^^^ ^de IUn& S&nkl
Sankar, J^^} ^de Sunlpar.
Saraj-uddin, c;^'^' ^j^> f^de Sirij.uddfn.
Sarbaland Khan, ii)^ **^-r**> an Amfr of the time of
the emperor 'Alamgir, who held the rank of 4000 and
died in the year 1679 A. D., 1090 A. H.
Sarakhsi or Al-Sarakhsi, %f^j**i vide Abd Bakr
Muhammad-al-Sarakhsi.
Sarbadal, ^t«^j^j a tribe of Afghans of Sabzw&r. Vide
'Abdul Razz^.
Sarbaland Khan, o^ **^-r*», entitled Naw£b Mn-
b&riz-ul-Mulk, was governor of Patna in the time of
Farrukh-siyar, and was recalled to court about the year
1718 A. D., 1130 A. H. In the reign of the emperor
Muhammad Shah he was appointed governor of Gujrit
1724 A. D., 1137 A. H., but in 1730 A. D., 1143 A. H.
was removed from his government on account of his
Sardar
237
Sarwar
consenting to pay the Marha^^ the Ohonth or part of
the revenue of that province, and R&j£ Abhay Singh the
son of Ajft Sinffh Rathor was appointed to succeed him.
Sarbaland "KhSn made some opposition to his successor,
hut was defeated and prevented firom coming to court
by the emperor. He was, however, after some time
appointed governor of Allahab&d, 1732 A. D., 1145 A. H.,
when he deputed his son KhanaziLd Kh&n to command,
himself redding at court. He died in 1745 A. D., 1158
A.H.
Sardar Singhy ^*^J»ij^f present Raj& of Bikaneir,
(1867).
Sari Sakti. c5^** LSJ*^y a celebrated Musalm&n saint,
was called Sal^ because he formerly dealt in metals,
but afterwards became a disciple of Maruf Karkhf . He
was the uncle of Shaikh Junaid as weU as his master.
The following anecdote is related on good authority :
Sari Sakti said that for thirty years he never ceased
imploring divine pardon for having once exclaimed,
" Ftaite he to God /" and on being asked the reason, he
said : ** A fire broke out in Baghdad, and a person came
up to me and told me that my shop had escaped, on which
I uttered those words, and even to this moment I repent
having said so, because it showed that I wished better
to myself than to others." He died on Wednesday the
9th of August, 870 A. D., 6th Rama^&n, 256 A. H., and
is buried at Baghd&d. Some authors say that he died
three years before that period.
SarflGbras Khan, Nawab, vD*^3!r!r'* vly^ entitled
'Ali-uddaula, was the son of Nawab Shuja-uddaula or
Shuja-uddfn, governor of Bengal, whom he succeeded on
the 13th March, 1739 A. D., 13th ^ilhijja 1151 A. H.
He reigned one year £ind two months, and was slain in an
attack made by Alahwardi Khin Mah&bat Jang on the
29th April, 1740 A. D., 13th Safiar, 1153 A. H. The
cause of this murder is thus recorded : " 'AU-uddaula
having accidentally met the niece of his wazfr Mahdbat
Jang, a young lady who bore the repute of being the
most beautiful woman of the ago, first commanded, and
then entreated, her to withdraw her veil, that he might
enjoy one look at her face. The modest damsel, over-
whelmed with confusion and terror, entreated the prince's
pardon, and, pleading eloquently for her honour, declined
to gratify his curiosity ; but he, being charmed with her
exquisite grace and the delicious tones of her voice, was
fired with a hasty determination, and himself withdrew
the veil. He gazed in ardent admiration on her lovely
countenance for a few seconds ; then dropping the dra-
pery, he asked forgiveness for his rudeness, and paying
the beauty some princely compliment, passed on. The
imhappy girl fled in tears to her father, 'At^uUiih, and
to her uncle the wazlr, and with mixed indignation and
shame, declared the sad tale of her disgrace, and imme-
diately afterwards destroyed herself with poison. Suffice
it to say, that the prince became their victim within a
few hours."
Sarfl S aw a j i, ui^ / ^ f^y^> a poet named Shaikh
Yakiib who flourished in the time of the emperor Akbar,
and' wrote a chronog^ram on the death of Amir Fath-ullah
Shlrazl and Hakim Abd'l Fatha Gilanl, both of whom
died in 1589 A. D., 997 A. H. He was a native of S4wa
in Persia and came to India where he died in 1595
A. D., 1003 A. H., and left a Diw&n.
•
Sarfoji, iS^^J*^y I^i* o^ Tanjore, a descendant of Ekkojf,
the brother of the celebrated Siwijl the Marhatta chief.
By the treaty of 26th October, 1799 A, D., the English
Government decided between two rival claimants, to place
Sarfoji upon the masnad, on condition that he transferred
60
the management of his territory to the British, consenting
to receive in lieu of its revenue, an annual payment of
£118,350. The absolute sovereignty of the fortress and
city of Tanjore itself, were at the same time g^naranteed
to the prince. Sarfoji died in 1832 A. D., and wu
succeeded by his only son Siwaji, who reigned 23 years
and died on the 29th October, 1855 A. D., leaving no
legitimate son to succeed him. The surviving family
consisted of the following persons: viz., The Queen
Dowager, 16 wives, 2 daughters, 2 sisters, 6 natural sons,
1 1 natural daughters, and 54 collaterals,
Sarhindi Begam, (^\ (S^J^y one of the wives of
Shahjahin, who built a garden at Agrah, no traces of
which are left now.
Sarkhushy U^J^J**9 the poetical name of Muhammad
Afzal who was bom in 1640 A. D., 1050 A. H., flourished
in the time of the emperor 'Alamgir. He wrote a bio-
graphy of the poets of his own time, entitled ** Kalm&t-
ush-Shu'4HL," the letters of which, if taken according to
their respective numbers, will give the year in which it
was written, viz., 1682 A. D., 1093 A. H. He was a good
poet, had the good fortune to become acquainted with
almost all men of talents of his day. He died at the
advanced age of 76 years about the year 1714 A. D., 1126
A. H., and left besides the above-mentioned work, four
Masnawis or poems, v»«., " Husn-o-Ishk," " Ndr-i-* AH,"
" Sa]|p-n&ma," and *^ Sh£h-n&ma Muhammad 'Azim."
Sanuad or Muhammad Sarmad, *^^.r*9 Kazi of
Seringapatam in the time of Tipd SulUn, by whose
request he translated into Persian a work in the Dakhani
dialect, and caUed it *' KhuUsa Sult&ni."
Sarmady ^^^^^ the poetical name of an Armenian mer-
chant who came to India in the reign of the emperor
Shih Jahan. In one of his journeys towards Thatta, he
fell so passionately in love with a Hindu girl, that he
became distracted and would go about the streets stark
naked. He was well- versed in the Persian language and
was a good poet. In the bog^inning of the reign of
' Alamgir, he was sentenced to death on account of his
disobeying the orders of that emperor who had command-
ed him not to go about naked. This event took place
about the year 1661 A. D., 1072 A. H. Some say that
the real cause of his execution was a Rubdi which he
had composed, the translation of which is ^' The Mullas
Bay that Muhammad entered the heavens ; but Sarmad
says that the heavens entered Muhammad." His tomb is
close to the Jam^ Masjid at Dehli.
Sarmadiy iS'^J^, Takhallus of Muhammad Sharif of
Isfahan. He died 1606 A. D., 1015 A. H.
Sarup Chandy **^ y-»*> a Hindfi, who is the author
of a history called '* Sahih-ul-Akhbar."
Sarsabz, 3i^)^^ poetical name of Mirz& Zain-ul-Abidm
Kh4n, son of Nawab Salar Jang. He is the author of a
Diwan.
Sarup Singh, Bana, *^-* ^jy* %, present Baj& of
Udaipur, (1857) died 1862 A. D.
Sarshar, J^^X^y the poetical name of Murshid Kuli Khan
Rustum Jang, son-in-law of Naw&b Shuja-uddin of
Bengal. He was living in the time of Naw^b Mahabat
Jang.
Sarwar, JJj^f poetical name of 'Azim-uddaula Nawab Mir
Sarwat
238
HubAmmBd EMa Bahidw, a B<m of ' Afim-uddaula AM'l
Kibrim liuzaffar Jang. He died in 1834 A. IJ-. Shawwal,
1260 A. H., and left besides the Taskira called " Umda-
e-Muntakhiba,'' a thick Diwiui.
Sarwat, ^JJ**9 vide Jugal Kiflh6r.
Sata, f^^ takhaUu* of a poet
Sateeh Chandar Bae Bahadur, J^^ 4^t;j*^^
iJ^^f Mahaiiji of Nadea, the greafc-grandfion of lUji
Kiahan Chandar Eae who aided the English in despoiling
Birij-nddaola, died November, 1670 A. D.
Sayadat Khan, ^^ va»,iU-«, brother of IsUm Khin,
a nobleman of the reign of Shah Jahan ; he died in the
month of July, 1669 A. D. His Bon's name was Faxl-
nlUhKhan.
Sayyad Ahmad Kabir, j^ •^^^^ ^^^y grandfather
of Sayyad JaUl Bukh4rl, and a Musalmto saint, whose
tomb 'is in Bijaimandil near the tomb of Shah Muham-
mad Ehayali at Dehli.
Sayyad Ahmad, «/*•> •-^-^^^ ^^^ ^^^y Mimsif of
Dehli in the British" Government service, was the son of
Sayyad Mnhammad Muttaki Khin Bahddnr, and author
of the work called "Asar Sanadid," containing a de-
scription of old Dehli and Shahjahfenibid. and also of
another work, entitled " Silsilat-ul-Maluk." The native
place of his ancestors, is Arabia. They removed after-
wards to Hirat, and during the reign of Akbar the Great,
they came into India. Ever since that period, they have
enjoyed royal titles and dignity. He was living in 1867
A. D., 1273 A. H.
Sayyad Ahmad, •^♦^^ ***^ brother of the celebrated
Sayyad Jalal Bukhdri. He was left in charge of Gujrat
by Dir4 Shik6h in 1669 A. D. His elder brother's name
was Sayyad J^far Khin. His tomb is near Tajganj at
Agrah.
Sayyad Ahmad Khan, e)^ *^^^* "H-*, vide A^^nad
Kh^ (Sayyad).
Sayyad Ahmad, ce^^ •^^l «*^, ofBareiH,who
raised a religious war with the Sikhs in the Panj&b and
was killed at BaUkot- He began life in an indifferent
school for the character of reformer and saint, which he
ultimately assumed, as a saw&r serving with Amir Khan's
free-booting horse in Malwi. Quitting that service, he
repaired to Dehli, and became a disciple of Shah 'Abdul
'Aziz, a very celebrated devotee of the city ; the fune
of whose knowledge and piety has been widely extended
throughout this side of Inctia. It is frequently said by
natives, that it was from Sh&h 'Abdul 'Aziz, that Sayyad
A^ad derived the peculiar opinions which he subse-
quently promulgated, and the design which he adopted
of preaching up a religious war. It is at least certain,
that the chief of his first disciples, and the most constant
associates of all his fortimes, were two near relatives of
'Abdul 'Azfz, one his nephew, Maulwi Muhammad Ismi'il,
author of the Sirat-ul-Mustakim, the other his son-in-law,
and also partially a contributor to the book, named
Maulwi 'j/^bdul Hai. By these persons, Muhammad
IflOQ&'fl IB generally esteemed to have been a man of much
talent and learning. The extreme honour which he and
his brother Maulwi paid to Sayyad Ahmad, who was
himself nearly illiterate, had a powerful effect in attracting
towards him the respect of the vulgar. They rendered
him almost menial offices, running, it is said, with their
shoes off, by the side of his palankeen, when, he moved
Sayyad
out with his servants. From his first leaving Dehli, he
assumed the name of a religious teacher, and commenced
spreading his religious doctrines. The general spirit
by which these were animated (identical nearly with that
of the tenets of the Arabian Wah£bis, of whom the sect
of Sayyad Ahmad may perhaps be accurately termed an
Indian imitation) was the ardent profession of Muham-
madanism in its primitive simplicity and fervour, aad
the utter rejection of all idolatrous or superstitious in-
novations, whencesoever derived. The manner in which
they were at first actually received was, however, highly
favourable. When Sayyad Abmad at Ust came down t^
Bengal, he had got together many foUoweia, and had
established an extensive reputation. He arrived in
Calcutta with a considerable retinue towards the end
of 1821 A. D., and immediately a great majority of the
Muhammadans of the place, of edl ranks and stations, flocked
to become, or to profess themselves, his disciples. In
the early part of 1822, he proceeded with his friends, the
two Moulwis, to Mecca, from whence he returned in
October of the next year, having touched for a few days
at Bombay, where, with reference to the shortness of his
stay, his success, in gaining numerous followers, was
nearly as remarkable as in Cfllcutta. In December, 1823
A. D., he again started for Upper India, The next
important event of his career, his commencing a religious
war in the LAhor territories, did not occur till after a
considerable interval, though the enterprise was one in
which he had long openly announced his intention to
engage. Its date is given in the " Targhfb-ul-Jihid,"
or "Incitement of Eeligious War," a little treatise
written in Hindustani during the continuance of the
itruggle, by a Maulwi of Kanauj, with the view, as its
name purports, of rousing the Faithful to rally round the
standard which had been raised in the Panjdb. " The
tribe of Sikhs," says the indignant Maulwi, " have long
held sway in lihor and other places. Their oppressions
have exceeded all limits. Thousands of Muhammadans
they have unjustly killed, and on thousands have they
heaped disgrace. The *Az6n, or summons for prayer,
and the killing of cows, they have entirely prohibited.
When at length their insulting tyranny could no longer
be borne, Sayyad AJ^mad, going to the direction of KAbul
and IJlandahar, roused the Muhammadans of those coun-
tries, and nerving their courage for action in the service
of God, some thousands of believers became ready at
his call to tread the path of God's service ; and on the
21st December, 1826 A. D., 20th Jumada I, 1242
A. H., the Jihid against the Kafir Sikhs began." The
events of this war were watched with a natural interest
by the Muhammadan population of India generally,
whether followers of Sayyad A^^mad or not. Many of
the inhabitants of our Western Provinces went in bodies
to range themselves under his standard ; and his emis-
saries gathered largo contributions of money and jewels,
even from our own distant Presidencies, and ^ from the
principal Muhammadan towns of the Dokhin. The
prominent occurrences of the war, the perseverance with
which it was kept up, the temporary and occasional
successes which Sayyad A^ad met with, and his ultimate
death in battle, are well known. With his death, the
struggle appears to have entirely ceased. — Journal Asiatie
Society of Bengaiyal. I, p. 480.
Sayyad 'All or Sayyad 'AU Hamdani, ^yl^^N^t^
^^y a famous Sayyad who fled to Kashmir frtmi his
native city of Hamdiin where he had incurred the wrath
of Amfr Taimur. Beven hundred Sayyads are said to
have accompanied his flight to Kashmir in the reign of
Sultan Kutb-uddin. He arrived in that province m
1380 A. D., 782 A. H. He remained at Kashmir six
years and named it the "Garden of Solomon" (B&gh
Sulaimin). He died at Fakli whilst on his return to
Persia. His son Mir Mnhammad Hamdani, also a fugitive,
brought in his train three hundred Sayyads to Kashmir,
Sayyad
239
SbYjBd
where he remained twelve years. These two immigrationB
of fugitive Sayyads fixed the religion of the country, and
were doubtless the chief cause of the religious persecutions
which ensued in the following reign.
Sayyad 'Ali Shirazi, uylr*^ «^ 'H^* the saint of
the Jokhia Sindhi tribe. His tomb is in Tatta. The
inscription bean the date 1776 A. D., 1190 A. H.
Sayyad 'All bin-8hahab*uddin Hamdani,
^lA^A^^t^^l^^^^Ajj*,^ author of the "Taz-
Idrat-ul-Maluk," treating upon religion, articles of fiiith,
duty of kings to their subjects, &c., &c.
Sayyad Husain Slialiid> Amir, "^^t^ u*^ ^^ji^^,
a Muhammadan saint or martyr, who was slain on the
9th of May, 1638 A. D., 9th Zil-bijja, 944 A. H. in the
time of the emperor HumiLyun, and is buried at a place
called Kaikf Man^i at Agrah, where his tomb is to be
seen to this day bearing a Persian inscription in verse.
Sayyad Kabir, Sayyad, ^ •^ **«•. His tomb is
still to be seen at Agrah near a place called Sultinganj,
and from the inscription on the tombstone, we learn that
he died in 1609 A. D., 1018 A. H.
Sayyad Muhammad or Said Muhammad,
»*****i^, author of an Arabic work on Theology called
"Asrw'Ulum."
Sayyad Muhammad,
name is Bind, vide Bind.
*^i^> a poet whose poetical
Saydi, Mir, i^S^^J^f a poet of Persia who in 1664
A. D., 1064 A. H. came to India in the reign of 8hah
Jah^n. It is said that in one instance he received a
present of 6000 rupees from Jah&n 'Ar& Bcgam the
daughter of the emperor, and in another one lac for his
poems. He died in 1672 A. D., 1083 A. H. and is the
author of a Diwan containing, 4,000 verses.
Saifl of Bukhara, MuUa, uy^ i^^ *-*>. He is
the author of two Piwans, one of Ghazals, and the other
for the use of trades-people. Fide the following article.
Saifl of Naishapur, iSJ^i^i/^t a poet who
flourished in the reign of AUuddin Takaak of Khwarizm.
There are several other poets of this name, such as Saifi
of Bukhara, Amir Uaji Saif-uddin Saifi, a nobleman at
the court of Amir Taimdr, &c. One of them is the
author of a small work on the art of writing poetry, called
" Uriiz Saifi** which he wrote in the year 1491 A. D., or
896 A. H. This work was translated into English in
1872 A. D. by H. Blochmann, M. A.
Saif Khan, u^**-^> a nobleman of the reign of the
emperor 'Alamgir, who was appointed governor of the
Siiiba of Agrah in September, 1669 A. D., 1070 A. H.
Saif Khan, J
*y the brother of Zain Ehim Eoka.
Saif Khan, ly^ (^}y\ cxi J^^^, son of Ibrihfm
£h^ Fatha Jang governor of Bengal by a sister of the
empress Nur Jahan, named Malika Bino Begam. His
aunt the empress, having no sons by Jahimgir, adopted
Saif Eh&n as her own, and he was firom his tender years
brought up at court by the empress. He was subse-
quently governor of Bardw&n where after some years as
he was riding on an elephant through the street, a child
was accidently trodden to death. The parents loudly
demanded an exemplary punishment on the driver. Saif
Eh£n refosed their request and ordered them to be
driven away. They made their complaint to the emperor,
who ordered Saif Khan to make them ample amends for
their loss ; but Saif KlUn threw them into prison whidi
coming to the ears of the emperor, he sent for Saif Khan
at L^or, and for his disobedience had him trodden to
death in the presence of the child's parents.
Saif Khan Koka, ^^ cA '-^j eldest brother of
Zain Ehim K6ka, who was raised by the emperor Akbar
to the rank of 4000. He was killed in battle against
Muhammad Husain MirziL at A^madib^d Gujrit in the
year 1672 A. D., 980 A. H.
Saif-uddin Laohin, Amir, iir*^* cJtl^^tciA*.^^^
a Turk of the tribe of L&chin, came to India about the
year 1263 A. D^, 661 A. H., and served under several
emperors of Dehli. He is the father of 'Azz-uddin 'AJi
Shah, Hisam-uddin A^mad and of Abu*l Hasan who is
commonly called Amir Khusro, the celebrated poet of
Hindustan.
Saif-uddin Asfarikati, (^l< ^^ i:^*^' ^'^i
a poet who was a native of Asfarikat a town in M&war-
unnahr. He flourished in the time of one of the Sult&ns
of Khw&rizm, named Alp or Apal Arsal&n who reigned
after Atsiz and died in 1166 A. D., 661 A. H. Saif-uddin
has left a Diw&n containing 12,000 verses.
Saif-uddaula, *6*^» *-***, a prince of Hamd£n who
reigned about the year 967 A. D., 356 A. H.
Saif-uddaula or Saif-u d d i n, *^j<^' *-Av», son of
'AU-uddin Hasan Gh6ri, whom he succeeded in the
kingdom of Gh6r and Ghazni 1156 A. D., 651 A. H., and
made over the latter province to his cousin Ghayds-uddin
Muhammad the son of Sam. He was slain in a battle he
fought against the Ghizan Turkmans 1163 A. D., 668
A. H., after a reign of seven years, and was succeeded
by his cousin Ghay&s-uddin.
Saif-uddaula, ^J'^^ ^-^ whose proper name is Mir
Najabat 'Ali Ehin, was the second son of Mir Ja'far 'AU
Khan, governor of Bengal, Behar and Ux^'^a. He suc-
ceeded his brother Kajm-uddaula who died of small-
pox, in May, 1766 A. D., ^U-hijja, 1179 A. H., and
assumed the title of Saif-uddaula. A pension was granted
to him by the English, and the business of N&zim
managed by deput}*^. He lived after this three years and
ten months, and died on the 10th March 1770 A. D., 8th
^i-Ka'da, 1183 A. H. He was succeeded by his younger
brother Mub&rik-uddaula, a minor.
Saif-uddaula, ^^J'^^ »*^. This man, who was a faith-
ful follower of Mirzi Najaf Kh&n, was a Hindu R^jpiit
called Bathor, a native of Bikaneir. Having been in
service at Allahabad under the brother of the late Wazir,
fiither of Muhammad (uli ; he became a Muhammadan
about the year 1866, and was appointed to the charge
of districts returning 20 lacs a year, with the title of Saif-
uddaula. — Mr, S, G. Keenest Moghul Empire^ page 1 10.
Saif-uB-safar Naubahari, )\^yj^*j^ «-•*-•,
author of a work called " Durr-ul-Majalis," containing
anecdotes of various persons from the earliest ages to tho
time of Abd Sa'fd Abu'l Khair who died in 1048 A. D.,
440 A. H., together with a description of heaven and hell.
He is also caUed Saydf Zafisu: Naubahari.
Sayyadf ^^> the Sayyads who are also called Mim, are
tiie descendants of 'All, the son-in-law of the prophet.
Sayyad Abdullah, *^l *^ <H-, son of Sayyad 'Abdul
Sayyad
240
Sidi
KiLdir GiUnl, the great saint of Baghdad. His tomb Ib
in the city of Tatta in Sindh.
Sayyady ^^j the poetical title aasonied b^ Sayyad
Namat-nllah Wali.
Sayyad Ahmad Jalal Bukhari, cfj^ J% *^**^*
Vide Abd JaUl BukMri.
"?""•
Sayyad 'Ali, 4^ ^'^y vide Sayyad 'All.
Sayyad Hosain or Mir Husain, c^- — -^",
a celebrated Muhammadan of Ghazni who died at Hir4t
in December, 1317 A. D., Shawwal, 717 A. H., aged 117
lunar years. He is the author of works called Nazhat-
ul-ArwiUi and Eanz-ul-Ramiiz.
Sayyad Hosain^ Makhdum^ c^^-^ «i^ Cj*^ ,
a contemporary of Shaikh Nizam-uddfn Aulia, and author
of the work called " Siar-ul-Aulia. See Wajih-uddin
Mubarik Eirmini.
Sayyad Hub ain, jly*
commonly
called Khink Saw^. It is mentioned in the Akbar-n£ma,
that Say}'ad Husain came to India with Shah&b-uddm
Qh6r{, who after his conquest of India in 1192 A. D.,
688 A. H. left him behind as governor of Ajmeir where
he died some years after, and was buried on the hill where
the fort of Ajmeir then stood. He is now yenerated by
the Muhammadans as a saint.
Sayyad Ismail Shah, g^ J i* 4>i»( ^xm^ commonly
called '* Pir Chattar," a Muhammadan saint, whose tomb
is situated about two thousand paces out of the western
gates of the city of Broach on the northern bank of the
Karbada. The tomb is said to be upwards of three
hundred years old. It is built of the ordinary form in a
small enclosure. It is shaded by a Ehizni tree which
grows by the side of the eastern wall out of the enclosure.
In the middle of the tomb is a reservoir about 6 feet 4
inches by 1 foot 8 inches, and in depth about 1 foot 2
inches. In the midst of the water there rises about one
inch above it, a small island, or the inner tomb, of 4
feet by 1. This miraculous reservoir is always full
to the brim of very cold water. Hundreds of visitors go
to the shrine every Thursday, and drink a tumbler full
of the water, but it never diminishes nor increases.
Sayyad Ja'far, cFjl^iri^J^r**^ •H^ of Zamfrpiir or
Zambirpdr, was a descendant of Sayyad N^mat-ullali
Wall. His poetical name was Ruhi. He died on the
30th of October, 1741 A. D., Ist Rama?dn, 1164 A. H.,
and is buried at Zambirpur, a place situated thirty miles
firom Lakhnau.
Sayyad Ja'far Khan, iy^.y^ **^, the eldest son
of Sayyad Jalal Bukhari, and brother of Say^'ad Al^mad.
After his father's death he sat on the masnad of Irshid
as a spiritual guide. He lived in the time of the emperor
'Alamg^.
Sayyad Jalal Bukhari, lsj^ J% «H*», vide Shaikh
Jam.
Sayyad Jalal Bukhari, isj^- J^ ^^, son of Say-
yad Muhammad BukhiUi and a descendant of Sayyad
Abmad Eabir. A very proud and learned Musalmto who
held the rank of 6000 in the reign of the emperor Shih
Jahan. He was bom on the 11th February, 1696 A. D.,
11th Jum£da, II, 1003 A. H. and died in 1647 A. D.,
1067 A. H. and is buried near the gate of the city of
Dehli. Some say his tomb is near T^ganj at Agrah.
Sayyad Sharif Jiiijani, i^^j^ '-^ir^ «^i vide Sharif
Jurj&nf.
Sayyad Said, «*^**« •>*-•> Sultin of Oman, and Im£m
of Muskat, who at the age of 16, ascended the throne in
1803 A. D. and reigned till his death in 1866. His
dominions, after his death, were divided among two of his
sons, one of whom is established at Zanzibar, the other
resides at Muskat, and has the sovereignty of the Asiatic
Provinces.
Sayyad Tehrani, i/lnc^ *^j author of a Dfw&n found
in Tipd Sultdn's Library.
Sayyad Said, «H^*^ '^^j Jm&m of Muskat. The con-
nection of the British with Muskat commenced in the
beginning of the present century, when in conjunction
with the then ImCim, Say^'ad Said, the English were
engaged in suppressing the Wahabi pirates who infested
the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. Sayyad Said
lived to a great age and filled the throne of Muskat for
about fifty years. He died in 1856 A. D., and was suc-
ceeded by his son Thowayni who has recently been mur-
dered by his son Salim. The old Imam left several sons,
one of whom received as his share the kingdom of Zan-
zibar and the other Sayyad Turki another duefiahip.
In the year 1868 A. D., one Azan bin-Ghais, aided
by the other potentates, having attacked and driven the
Sultan from llie throne, occupied it himsell Sultin
Salun fled to Bandar Abbas, where he is now. The
new ruler Azan bin-Ghais is no doubt connected with the
Wahabis and supported by them.
Sayadat, Mir Jalal-uddin, e»,)(i^, a son of Mir
Jamal-uddin Muhaddis. He flourished about the year
1670 A. D., 1081 A. H., and is the author of a Diw&a.
Sayuf Zafar, Naubahari, isJtiy*^^ ^^^t tiiM is
his correct name, however see under Saif-uz-zaiSar Nau-
bahiri.
Sayuti, ijh^y v»^ JaUl-uddin SayiitL
Sidi or Sayyad Mania, ^ C5*^^^j a venerable sage,
in a mendicant dress, who travelled from Jurj&n towards
the east and arriving at Dehljl, set up a great academy
and house of entertainment for travellers and the poor of
all denominations. Though he was very religious, and
brought up in the Muhammadan faith, yet he followed
some particular tenets of his own, so that he never
attended public worship. He kept no women nor slaves
for himself, and lived upon rice only ; yet his expenses
in charity were so great, that, as he never accepted
any presents, men were astonished whence his finances
were supplied, and actually believed, that he possessed
the art of transmuting other metals into gold. He made
nothing of bestowing two or three thousand pieces of
gold to relieve the wants of any noble family in distress.
In short, he displayed more magnificence in his feasts
than the princes themselves. He expended daily upon
the poor 1000 maunds of flour, 600 maunds of meat, 80
maunds of sugar, besides rice, oil, butter and other
necessaries in proportion. He latterly began to bestow
titles and offices upon his disciples, and~to assume a tone
and manner sufficiently indicative of his design on the
throne. One of his followers dissatisfied with the part
assigned to him, went privately to the king (JaUl-udd£a
Firoz Khilji) and disclosed the plot. The king caused
him to be apprehended and trodden to death by an
elephant. This event happened in the year 1291 A. D.,
690 A. H., and is accounted one of the most remarkable
Sidi
Ul
Shabib
events that took place in the xeign of that monarch, for
many belieyed him entiiel j innocent of the charge.
Bidi »A11 Kapudan^ ^^^ <^ iS^^, or Captain of
the fleet of Sultan Sulaiman I, emperor of Conatantinople.
He iB the author of the work called '' Mirat-ul Mumilik/'
or Mirror of Countries, containing a description of his
journey overland from the Indian shores to Constanti-
nople ; and of the '' Muhft," that is the Ocean, a Turkish
work on Navigation in the Indian Seas. This work the
author finished at A^^nadiLb&d the capital of Gujrat in
December, 1564 A. D., Mu^arram, 062 A. H. It was
translated by the Baron Joseph von Hammer, Professor,
Oriental Languages, at Vienna, and communicated through
the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1837.
Sixni Naishapuri, (/^^ «/♦**•> a very learned
Musalm&n of Naishilpiir. It is said that in one night
and day, he composed 3,000 verses. He flourished in
the time of Prince 'Al^uddaula (the son of Biisanghar
MirzA) who reigned at Hirat 1447 A. D.
Sina, Abu Sina or ATioenna, ^^ vids Abd Sfna.
Sirati, t^i/^^) a poet who wrote Kaafdaa, of which some
are panegyrics on Sadi^ Khan and his son Jafar Ehin
B£zi, kings of Persia, the latter of whom was murdered in
1785 A. D., 1199 A. H.
Seibuya^ ^J^i^> an author who received this name on
account of his keeping an apple (seib) in his hand, and
smelling it often, but his proper name was Abu Bashar
'Umar. He died in 796 A. D., 180 A. H.» aged 32 years.
See (utrib.
Seindhia, ^ ^^j for lUgib of the Seindhia family, vide
B^6ji Seindhia.
Seiwaji or Siwaji, iS^[y^} a celebrated chief of the
Bhoala family and founder of the Marha^^ States in the
Dakhin, of whose origin we have the following account.
Bhun Sen, riai of Udaipur, the first in rank among the
Hindu princes, had a son named Bhag Singh by a con-
cubine of a tribe very inferior to his own. On the death
of his father, BhAg Singh finding himself despised and
neglected by his relations, the Sisod^ia r^'puts, who from
the low caste of his mother, regarded him only as a
bastard, and not of their tribe, became weary of the indig-
nities shewn him ; and moved from Udaipdr to Kh&ndesh
where he embraced the service of a Zamind4r, named
BAja 'All M6han. He afterwards retired into the Dakhin,
where he purchased a tract of land near the present
Marhatta capital of Puna, and settled upon it as Zam(nd£r,
in which situation he died. Bhag Singh had four sons,
two of whom. Malldji and Bambdji, being of an enter-
prising spirit, entered into the service of J&dho lUe,
a Marhatta chief of distinguished rank at the court
of Bahadur Nizam Sh&h. MallCijf had a son named
S&hji or ti&uji who married the daughter of JiLdho lUe,
and thus the Bh68la family became incorporated with the
Marhattas, and are commonly esteemed as such in Hindd-
st4n. Sdhji, after the death of his father, left A^madnagar
with his followers and entered into the service of Ibrahim
'Adil Shih, king of Bijilpdr, who gave him a jigir in
the Kamatic, with a command of ten thousand horse.
Soon after this in May, 1627 A. D. his son Sew&jf, after-
wards so celebrated in the Dakhin, was bom, from the
daughter of Jadho Rae Marhaf^a* S&hji having disagreed
with his wife, sent her, with the infant Sew&ji, to reside
at Pdna, of which, and the vicinity, he had obtained a
grant. Sew&ji though neglected by his father was pro-
perly educated, and at the age of seventeen excelled in
every aooompUahment. Mihtary fame wu his first j
61
passion; and the government of B\j&pdr beiag now
weakened by intestine divisions and ^e encroachments
of the Mughals, he had soon an opportunity of signalis-
ing himself among other rebels. He raised a banditti,
and plundered the neighbouring districts, and having
now taken possession of the j&gir, raised more troops,
successfully levied contributions on several Zamindirs,
and much extended the limits of his territories. At this
crisis the prince Aurangzeib, governor of the imperial
territories in the Dakhin, was meditating the overtiiizow
of his brother Diri Shik6h, the favourite son of the em-
peror Shih Jah&n, who was now in a dangerous state of
iiealth. For this purpose he was preparing an army to
march to Agrah ; and, observing the enterprising genius
of Sew&ju sent him an invitation to his service. Sewijf
pretending to be struck with horror at the rebellion of a
son against a father, received the prince's messenger with
indignity, drove him from his presence, and ordered the
letter he had brought, to be tied to the tail of a dog.
Aurangzeib for the present stifled his resentment, but
never would forgive Sewaji's insolence, and hence may be
dated his tedious war in the Dakhin, and finally the ruin
of the Mughal empire by the Marhattas. Aurangzeib
having left the Dakhin in 1658 A. D., 1068 A. H., Siwajf
resolved to turn the inactivity of the imperial troops, and
the weakness of the G61kan(^a and Bijapdr princes, to
the utmost advantage. He took the strong fortress of
R&jgarh, which he fixed upon as the seat of his govern-
ment. The Bijipdr government having in vain desired
his father Sihji, (who disclaimed all connection with him)
to repress the excesses of his son, at length sent against
him a considerable force under a general named Afrul
Kh&n. Sew4jf with artful policy mvited him to come
and receive his subnussion. Afrul Eh&a advanced with-
out opposition to his tent, when he was stabbed by the
treacherous Zamfndir in embracing him. Upon a signal
given, the Marhatfis rushed from an ambuscade, attacked
the unsuspecting army of Bijipdr, which, deprived of
their chief^ was quickly defeated. Sewaji plundered their
rich camp, and by this victory became master of all
E6kan, the Zamfndirs of which fiocked to acknowledge
his authority, to save their possessions. The strong
fortress of Sitira and other places also opened their gates
to receive him. In the course of only three years,
Sewijf became a powerful prince, his authority being
acknowledged over almost the whole coast of Mirw&r.
He built palaces and erected fortifications in every part
of his country ; gave much trouble to the emperor ' Alam-
gir ; reigned more than twenty years, and left a character
which has never since been equalled or approached by
any of his countrymen. He died on the 14th April, 1680
A. D., 24th Rabf I, 1091 A. H,, but according to
£lphinstone*s History of India, on the 5th April the same
year, aged 53 years. His funeral pile was administered
with the same sacrifices as had been devoted the year
before to the obsequies of the Mahariji Jaswant Singh
of Jodhpur ; attendants, animals, and wives, were burnt
with his corpse. He was succeeded by his son Sambha or
Bambhigf.
Seoji or Shiojiy u^J^f a grandson of the renowned
Jaichind, the last Eathor monarch of fanauj. Ho with
a few retainers migrated in the year 1212 A. D., and
planted the Ri^or standard in Ma^wir. His successors
in process of time, by valour, and by taking advantage
of the times, enlarged the state, and in 1432 A. D., J6dhi
Rao of Mapwar, founded the modem capital of J6dhpdr,
to which he transferred the seat of government from
Mand6r. The name of Mifwir is a corruption of Mirdwir,
also called Miru-deis, or '*the region of death." An-
ciently, and properly, it included the entire western desert,
from the SaUaj to the ocean.
Sliabib, ^ tH «*i>i c;? V4f-, the son of Yezfd, the
son of H^im, was a Khirajite. It is related that his
BIuldaiL
242
Sha&'i
&tli«r Tesid was feni bj 'Vwmsn the KluJif t» atoist the
Syrian Mnhammadana against the Greeks in the twenty-
fifth year of the Hijra. The Masahnans obtaining the
victory, the Christians were exposed for sale. Among
the captives Yeziid espied a beautiful maid, whom he
bought, and married. She proved with child of Shabib,
who was bom on the 10th of the month of i^il-l^jija, being
the day on which the pilgrims kill the sacrifices at Mecca.
He opposed Hajjaj the governor of Mecca for a long time,
and was at last drowned in a river. His body being
drawn out, his head was cut off and sent to Hajj^. This
happened in 696 A. D., 77 A. H.
Shadan, ^^^, poetical title of R&e Chandra L&l, an Amir
in the service of the Nizim of Haidarabad.
Sliaddad, ^^*^, the Adite, was the son of 'Adand the
first king of the 'Adites, a race of ancient Arabs ; the
smallest of their tribe is sedd to have been 60 cubits high,
and the largest 100 cubits. 'Ad had two sons, Shadid
and Shaddad ; on the death of their father they reigned
conjointly over the whole earth. At length Shadid died,
and his brother Shaddad ruled after him. Shaddad was
fond of reading the ancient books, and when he met
with descriptions of Paradise and of the world to come,
his heart enticed him to build its like upon the earth.
A pleasant and elevated spot being fixed upon. Shaddad
despatched one hundred chiefs to collect skilful artists
and workmen from all countries. He also commanded
the kings of Syria and Onnus to send him all their jewels
and precious stones. Forty camel-loads of gold, silver,
and jewels were daily used in the building, which con-
tained a thousand spacious quadrangles of many thousand
rooms. In the areas were artificial trees of gold and
silver, whose leaves were emeralds, and fruit clusters of
pearls and jewels. The ground was strewed with
ambergris, musk and saffron. Between every two of the
artificial trees was planted one of delicious fruit. This
romantic abode took up 500 years in the completion. To
this paradise he gave the name of Iram. When finished,
Shadd&d marched to view it, and when arrived near,
divided two hundred thousand youthful slaves, whom he
had brought with him from Damascus, into four detach-
ments, which were stationed in cantonments prepared
for their reception on each side of the garden, towards
which he proceeded with his favourite courtiers. Suddenly
was heard in the air a voice like thunder, and Shaddad,
looking up, beheld a personage of majestic figure and
stem aspect, who said, *'I am the Angel of Death,
commissioned to seize thy impure soul." Shaddad ex-
claimed, ** Give me leisure to enter the garden/' and was
descending from his horse, when the seizor of life snatched
away his impure spirit, and he fell dead upon the ground.
At the same time lightnings fiashed, and destroyed the
whole army of the infidel ; and the rose-garden of Ir&m
became concealed from the sight of man.
It was during the reign of Mudwia, the first Khalff of
Damascus, that some of the principal incidents connected
with the Paradise of Shaddad, are said to have taken
placo. This Paradise, though invisible, is still supposed
to be standing in the deserts of Aden, and sometimes,
though very rarely God permits it to be seen.
Crighton, in his " History of Arabia," says that *' The
whole fable seems a confused tradition of Belus and the
ancient Babylon ; or rather, as the name would import,
of Bcnhadad, mentioned in Scripture as one of the most
famous of the Syrian kings, and who, we are told, was
worshipped by his subjectB.**
Shadid, BjblzU ^^ <^^> ^ eminent Musalm^ doctor
and author who died in the year 1447 A. D., 851 A. H.
Bbadidy ^«^^^ an author, iHioae proper name is Moham-
mad bin- Farannus.
ffliadman, StUtaa, e;U»j|Li ^UaU, a poet who had
assumed the title of Sultan on account of his being a
descendant of the royal race of Gihkars, whose territory
was between the countries of the Panjab and Hasan Abdal.
He flourished in the reign of the emperor Sh^ Jahdn,
and is the author of a Diwan. He wrote some beautiful
verses in praise of the peacock throne on its completion
in the year 1635 A. D , 1044 A. H. for which he was
very handsomely rewarded by the emperor. He died in
the reign of 'Alamgir 1668 A. D , 1079 A. H.
Shad-Ul-Mulk, vOJt .^jUj ,MJ\ ^U, a celebrated
courtezan whom Sultan Khahl the grandson of Amir
Tamiur had secretly married, and at last lost his kingdom
on her account. Fide Khaia (Sultan).
Sha'ib,
Moses.
J the name of Jethro, the fiither-in-law of
Sha'ib, *T*i***, the title of a poet of Isfahin, who wrote
the poem called " Wamik and Uzra.**
Shaek, (3i^, the poetical name of Ytisaf Beg, a poet of
Dehli, who passed a retired life although his other brothers
were mansabdars in the service of the emperor 'Alamglr.
He died 1687 A. D., 1098 A. H.
Shaek, (3tJ^> poetical name of Mir Ghulam *Alf bin-
Sayyad Fatha 'All Razawi J£lisi. He flourished under
Ghazi-uddm Haidar king of Audh who reigned at
Lakhnau from 1814 to 1827 A. D., 1229 to 1243 A. H.
He is the author of a Diwan,
Shaek, cfi^ er**^ i:H*^V*^> poetical name of Nazir-
uddm Hasan, son of Sh4h GhuUm Muhi-uddin Awuisf.
He is the author of a work called '' Masdar Fayuz" a
grammar to learn the Persian language, which he wrote
at Bareili in the year 1815 A. D., 1230 A. H., when in the
service of Naw4b A^mad Y£r Khan.
Shafa'iy Imam^ c^^ (•^*, surname of Abd Abdullah
Muhammad bin-Idriis, who was thus sumamed from
Shafia one of his forefathers who was a descendant of
'Abdul Mutallib, grandfather of Muhammad. It is from
that origin that the Sunnis give to this doctor the title of
Imdm-ul-Mutallibi, as well as that of 'Arif BiU6h, or
learned in God. He was bom at Ghaza a city of Pales-
tine on the very day that Abii Hani'fa died 767 A. D.,
150 A. H., and eventually became the founder of the third
of the chief Sunni sects. He died in Egypt on Friday
the 20th January, 820 A. D., 30th Rajab. 204 A. H.,
aged 54 lunar years He is the author of several works,
and is said by all Sunni writers to have been a learned
and virtuous man, who laboured to arrange the traditions
BO as to render them useful as a code of laws. In his
youth he was a pupil of Malik ibn-'Aus. His fbllowers
were at one time very numerous in Khur^ban ; but at
present his opinions are rarely quoted, either in Persia
or India. He is reputed to have composed two collections
of traditions, namely, the '* Masnad" and the " Snnan."
Besides the works on the traditions, he is said to have
composed a most excellent treatise on jurisprudence,
called " Al-Fil^h-ul-Akbar ;" but it has been questioned
whether he was the author.
Shafa'iy <^^ i poetical appellation of a poet. See Hanifa
(Imam).
Shafa^i, Hakim, ^^ t^^^ poetical title of Sharaf-
uddCn Hasan, a physician and poet who ii the author of
Shafiuri
243
Sluthab-uddUn
several HasnaTrffl, one of which is called ^'Namak4ia
Hakikat*' the Salt-cellar of Truth. He died in 1628 A. D.,
1037 A. H., vide Bhaxaf-uddin Hasan Shaf&£.
SliafiEuriy isJ^s one of the three authors who composed
the poems entitled " Lamait-ul-Arab."
Shah Abbas I, lt^ «^^ <^ Abb^ (Sh£h I.)
Shah Abbas II, cf '^ ^^y Pide Abb&s (Sh£h II.)
Shahab-uddin, ui^^ vV^i author of a Medical work
in Persian, called " Asrir Atibba."
Shahab-uddin Abu'l Fazl Ahmad-al-'Uskalaniy
iHa^l .X^ J-aaJi^I ^ Ji ^[^^ author of a work
on Traditions, entitled '* Bulugh-al-Maram." an abridge-
ment of which called **Muntakhib Bulugh-al-Marini"
was printed at Calcutta with an interlinear Urdti transla«
tion. 'Us^lani died in 1448 A. D., 852 A. H., vide Ibn-
Hajar.
Shahab-uddin Adib SabiP, ^^ vi^» ui'^t ^^,
a celebrated poet at the court of Sul^in Sanjar Saljuljp.
He was a contemporary of Anwari and Bashidt and was
drowned in the river Jaihtin by order of Sultdn Atsiz of
Khwarizm who was an enemy of Sultim Sanjar. When
Atsiz raised in Khw&rizm the standard of revolt against
Sanjar, the latter sent Adib as a spy to the court of
Atsiz that he might continually keep lum informed of
the intentions of his enemy. It so happened that Atsiz
despatched an assassin who was to murder Sanjar on
Friday. Adib sent the intelligence of the plot and
portrait of the assassin in advance to Sanjar. The plot
was thus frustrated, but Adib paid with his life for his
fidelity to his former patron. Atsiz ordered that his
hands and feet be tied, and that he be thrown into the
Oxus. This happened in 1162 A. D., 646 A. H. He
has left a Diwan of Kasldas, called " ^asiled Adib S4bir."
Shahab-uddin Ahmad bin-Mahmud»al-Siwasi,
f^j^l oj^^B^ iji *x»^f ^^1^) v^^, author of a
most celebrated Commentary on the Sirajia of Saj4wandf.
He died 1400 A. D., 803 A. H. ^^
Shahab-uddin Ahmad Talash, cP^^ <>NftA.|.^oJf
V^^, author of the "Tarlkh Mulk Asham," which
contains the account of an expedition undertaken against
the kingdom of Asim in the 4th year of the reign of
'Alamgir 1661 A. D., by Muazzim S[han yhi^mryi^n^^
written in 1663. Vide Mir Juxnla.
Shahab-uddin Ahmad, «^^t c;JoJt ^^, son of
Muhammad Ma^disi of Jerusalem, author of the ** Sharah
Lamia Shatibia." He died 1328 A. D., 728 A. H. There
appears to be another Shahib-uddin the son of Yusaf
Chilpi, who is said to be the author of the above work.
He died in the year 1355 A. D., 766 A. H.
Shahab-uddin Ahmad, •^*^' e>:!^l v^^, author of
the «*Fat&wa Ibrahim Sh£hf' which was composed by
order of IbriUiim Shih of Jaunptir in the ninth century
of the Hijra.
Shahab-uddin Burhanpuri, lSJ^^ ui^^ v^9
author of the Fountain of Truth, called " Ayn-ul-M^am,"
an Essay on the knowledge of Gtod, &c., written in the
year 1688, vide Majd-uddm A^^nad.
Shahab-uddin Ahmad bin-Y a h i a, d^ c^ (^'♦^f
Di^\ Vt^j an Arabian author who died in 1317 A. D.
Shahab-uddin Burulusi, u*^ e;J«^l ^^, author
of a work on Sdfyism called " Durr-ul-Ghauwis."
Shahab-uddin, Jfa^i, c^^b iVj^ ^^oJi ^[^ ^u^
^^P5°^u^¥^' ^"^^^^ ^^^^^ Commentary on the Kur£m
^Z^.^ ^lik-ul-'Ulmd, king of the learned 6om SultAn
A '?r"^.o*'f ^'J^^ Jaunp6r, and died in the year 1437
t'Jii'Au\r \^i He is also the author of the work
entitled " Mun%ib-us-Sflk4dat."
Shahab-uddin, Maulana, utJ^if vM^ ^ V, author
sL^bSS' """"^ ''' *^' ¥«r^.caUed "Hashia
Shahab-uddin, Mua'mmai, Cir^*^ iirii^^ v^r*
SLw/^f^?^- ^® accompanied the emperor Bibar'
Infi,!^ ^' "^ \«'^ P^t «^d writeabookof
^ugma^ on account of which he received the tdtie of
Jl^irV" f? ^^r^^' ^« died in the reign of the
Sr *h?r^^^'' ^^f ^2 ^- ^^2 A. H., and KhS^!
wo^^'u^^ ^f'??'^.^^^ *^^ y"^ of his death in the
words Shahab-ul-Si^b" or Shahib the Sublime.
Shahab-uddin Muhammad Ghori, c«^ o^-:-'
^'^ V^, surnamed Moiza-uddm Muhammad Sim.
He was appointed governor of Ghaznf in 1174 A. D., 570
flnU' \ ^^ux^'^®^^':^t^^' ahayifl-uddin Muhaninad.
Sultan of Gh6r and Ghazni. He defeated and to^k
pnsoner pusro MaHk, the last prince of the raTof the
Ghaznavides 1186 A. D., 682 A. H., and subdued
Khui^n and great pari; of India. He fought two battiM
rf ^ w^'? ^^t ^J^ "^ ^J'"^^' ^^0 was madTpri^n^
and put to death along ^th Khande lUe, king oT^Z
Sed^ ms A D fitq ? w^"'K^'t^'' Ghayis-uddin
S!«^^o 5 • J' ^^ ^r^' ^^^ ^^ succeeded to the
throne and reigned over Gh6r, Ghazni and India tiiiee
years. He was murdered by the Gihkars on £a wavto
Gha«u' on the 14th March, 1206 A. D., 2nd Shab^ISJ]^
H. after he had reigned 32 years from the commen^mont of
his government over Ghazni, and 3 from his accession to
^®-i if ®- .^"^ ^^f^^^ were taken to Ghazni and
buned there in a new vault which had been built for his
25?^'V ^% ^ Bucceeded by his nephew Ghayis-
uddm Mahmiid the son of Ghayia-uddin Muhami^^
Shahab-uddin 'Umar, ^ iiH^\ sJ^, ,on of Sultin
'^^uddS ^^^"^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^y «'** Ki^6r and
Shahab-uddin Suharwardi, is^jjjf^ e^o^l .^l^
^, generally called Shaikh Ma^tiil, and Katil-uUiUi,
because he was put to death by the famous general Sdlah'
uddin (Saladm) of Aleppo, for having more philosophy
tiian rebg^on. According to the work caUed Haft AkSii
^L^.^J^^^. "^^ P''* ^ ^®**h ^^ Aleppo in 1189 A D
685 AH., aged 36 or 88 years. He is the aut^r of
fL ^/"T''^»' ^^1 ''^^^^ HayikaV and
«8h|«ah AyzAh." In the 4th Vol. of Haji KhaltfS^
- AW S^kh r^ *^ ^ *^® *^^«>' 0^ another work caUed
Shahab-uddin Suharwardi, Shaikh, is^ji^^x^
e;J0Jf vV^^, the son of Abd Najfb; was bom at
Suharward in January, 1145 A. D., Rajab, 639 A H
He was a pious Shaikh, most assiduous in his spiri'tiS'
exercises and the practise of devotion. He is the autW
of several works, among which is one called « Axriri/
ul-Mailrif' also called " Awirif-ul-Hakaek " Ha S^'
on the 26th September, 1234 A. D., ist Mu^aroni, 6^2
Shahab-uddin
244
Shah
A. H., in his 93rd year, at Baghdid, where he waa bnried.
There is another work in Arabic found in the Library
ofTipu Sultan, entitled »*Hikmat.ul-AahraW' of which
he is said to be the author.
Shahab-uddin, Sxiltan, e>:J«^» v^ J^^, the son
of Sul^ 'AU-uddm whom he succeeded on the throne of
Kashmir, 1856 A. D., 767 A. H. He turned his attention
to foreign conquest, and during the succeeding ten years
subdued Thibet, Kishghar, Badakhsh&n and Eibul. He
then, according to the historian Haidar Malik, invaded
Hindustan with an immense army, and is said to have
worsted Fir6z Shah king of Dehli in a pitched battle on
the banks of the Batlaj ; the result of which was to cause
that potentate to acknowledge his supremacy. Shah&b-
uddin then returned to Kashmir, where his religious zeal
led t^im to destroy the idol temples at Bijbihari and else-
where. He died after a reign of 19 years, 1376 A. D.,
and was succeeded hy his brother IJlutb-uddin, during
whose reign, the feuoious Sayyad 'Ali Hamd^ arrived at
Kashmir.
Shahadat, oo^-^i poetical name of Mirzi S&lah of Balkh,
who died in 1742 A. D., 1166 A. H.
Shah 'Alain> ^^ *^> king of Dehli, whose original
name was *Ali (J6har, was the son of the emperor
*Alamgir II, by Zinat Mahal sumamed Bilal Kiinwar ;
was bom on the 15th of June, 1728 A. D., 17th gi-i^'da,
1140 A. H. In the year 1768 A. D., 1172 A. H., fearing
he might be made a prisoner by 'Imad-ul-Mulk GhiLzi-
uddin Kh&n the minister of his father, he left Dehli to
try his fortune in Bengal, the Naw4b of which province,
Sirij-uddaula had been deposed by the assistance of the
English, and Mir Jafar set up in his room. He was in
Behar, when he received the intelligence of the murder
of his father, and having assumed the imperial authority,
he ascended the throne on the 26th of December, 1769
A. D., 4th Jumdda I, 1173 A. H. with the title of 8h£h
*Alam. After the defeat of Shuji-uddaula his prime-
minister, at Buxar on the 23rd October, 1764 A. D., 26th
Babi' II, 1178 A. H., and his flight to the upper province,
the king followed the English to Allah^bid where he
granted the East India Company the Sanad of the Diwdni
of Bengal dated 12th August, 1766 A. D., 24th Sa&r,
1179 A. H., on the Company agreeing to pay the emperor
24 lacs of rupees annually trom the revenues of the three
provinces, viz., Bengal, Behir, and Urysa. This impor-
tant business being settled by Lord Clive, he return^ to
Calcutta, leaving (^eral Smith to attend the emperor,
but in fact to rule him; for the General resided in
the fortress, and his majesty in the town ; and the sound
of the imperial naubat in the fort being disagreeable to
General Smith, he forbad the band to play, nor did the
servants of the emperor refuse. Sh&h 'ALam continued
to reside at Allahabad under the protection of the English
till the year 1778 A. D., 1186 A. H. when growing
weary of his retirement, he proceeded to Dehli whore he
arrived on the 26th of December the same year, but not
long after fell into the power of Ghulam K£dir Khin a
Boheila chief^ who put out his eyes on the 10th of
August, 17|8 A. D., Bama^&n, 1185 A H. ShiLh 'Alam
after this event re-assumed the throne and died on the
19th November, 1806 A. D., 7th Rama?in, 1221 A. H.,
aged 81 lunar years. 6h£h 'Alam's poetical name was
' Aftib. He was a good poet, and has left a Diwin called
Diw^ 'Aftdb, in Persian and TJrdfi verses. His remains
were deposited close to the tomb of Bahadur Sh&h adjoin-
ing the Moti Masjid near the Darg&h of iCutb Sh4h«
Shah 'Alaxziy (^ '^j a celebrated Muhammadan saint,
vaa the son of ^u(b 'Alam, which see.
Shah >Ali, Hazrat, «^ «^ etr-«^, a pious Sayyad
who is the author of several works on religion, in Persian,
Arabic, and Gujratf. He died at A^madib&d Gujrit in
1666 A. D., 973 A. H., and was buried there.
Shah 'Ali Muhammad, ^^^^ (^ «^, author of the
^* Tajjalliit Bahmini," an explanation of the Sdifi tenets
and mystical phraaes, &c.
Shah Begam, ^^. S^^ the mother of Sultin Ehusro
the son of the emperor Jah£ngir. Vide Khusro (Sultdn).
Shahbaz Banda Nawas, J!y ^^. 3^^, author of
two books called '^Ishk-nima, and S&rdat-nima,'* con-
taining Essays on divine love, the soul, future state, &c.
Shahbaz Khan Kambu, j^ c)^ j^^, a descen-
dant, in the sixth generation, of H&jf Jamil who was a
disciple of Shaikh Baha-uddin of Multan. He passed
the first part of his life as a Dervish or mendicant, but
was afterwards employed by the emperor Akbar, and
raised to the dignity of an Amir. He was appointed
governor of Bengal in 1684 A. D., 992 A H., and died
in the 44th year of the reign of that monarch, 1699 A. D^
1008 A. H., aged 70 years. He was buried at Ajmeir
near the mausoleum of Ehw&ja Mo'in-uddin Chishti.
His liberality and the money he expended was so great,
that it made the people think that he had in his possession
the Philosopher's Stone.
Shah Beg Arghim or Urghnn, w^j' ^^ »^,
king of Sindh and founder of the Arghtin family, was
the son of Mirza Znnntin Beg Arghdn, the commander-
in-chief and head of the nobles at the court of Sult&n
Husain Mirz& king of Ehuris&n, and governor of |^an-
dahar and the provinces of Shil, Sittinak and Arehun*
Mirzi Zunnun met his death in attempting to resut an
invasion under Muhammad Eh£n Shaib^ Uzbak.
After his death the government of Kand&har devolved
on his son Shdh Beg Arghtin. When the emperor Babar
Shah invaded the province of $andah£r, Sh&h Beg
unable to resist him retreated towards Sindh, and having
overcome Jam Fir6z the last king of the Sam&na dynasty,
1621 A. D., 927 A. H., he settled himself as king m that
country. His reign was, however, but of short duration,
for he died two years and some months after the conquest,
in the year 1624 A. D., 930 A. H., and his eldest son
Sh&h Husain Arghtin succeeded him.
Shah Begam, ^^ ^^> this was the title confeired by
Jah&ngir on his first wife who was the daughter of
Bhagw&n D£s the son of IUkj& Behirf Mai. She was
married to prince Salim (afterwards Jahdngir) in 1684
A. D., 993 A. H., and became the mother of Sultin
Khusro who was bom in 1587 A. D., 996 A. H. When
Jahangir rebelled against his father Akbar, and was
living independently at Allah&b&d he gave himself up
more than ever to debauchery. He had always enter-
tained a peculiar dislike for his eldest son Sul^n Ehusro
whose own levity and violence seem to have given him
reasons for his displeasure. Some circumstance in their
disputes BO affected Khusro's mother, that she swallowed
poison (opium) in 1603 A. D., 1012 A. H., and died at
AUah&b&d where she was buried in a place called Sulfdn
Ehusro's garden, where her son Sult^ Ehusro also was
afterwards buried.
Shah Begam> ^^i ^^j a daughter of Muhammad
Mukim, brother of Sh^ Beg Arghdn, governor of fan-
dahir and afterwards king of Sindh. She was married
to Tf^isim E6ka, who was lolled in the wars of the Usbaks.
On the conquest of Eandabir by Bdbar Shih| sho was
taken away to Eilbiil.
Sliah
245
Shah
Shah B e g a m, ff^ i^, mother of Ehfo Mirz6 of
Badakhshin, traced her genealogy to Alexander the
Great.
Shah Dai-ullah, Shir a si, t^Jl;^ *W| ^f^ gU,
a pupil of Shikh N^mat-nllih WalL He was a mystical
poet, and a great saint His tomb which is at Sh^ is
a place of pilgrimage.
8hahi> ^^i poetical title of Prince Mirz& Niir-ndd(n the
son of Mirzi Ehin Bakht, the son of Mirzi SnlaimiLn
Shikoh.
Shahi Beg Khan Uzbak, ^i» J^ ^ 4^^,
also called Shaibiml Eh&n. who after he had conquered
Transoxiana, invaded Ehur&Bin, took Hir&t in 1507
A. D., 918 A. H., and extinprnished the principal branch
of the house of Taimiir. He was, however, defeated and
slain in a battle against Sh£h 'Ismafl I, Safwf, in 1510
A. D., 916 A. H., when his scull was overlaid with gold,
and made into a drinking cup by that monarch, ^fber
his death Taimdr Sul^&n succeeded him and Jijoi Beg
Snlt&n and 'Abdull&h Khiln divided Bukhdri between
themselves. The Uzbaks were Tartars who came from
the borders of Russia, where they had been governed by a
* race of princes descended from Shaib&nl the grandson of
Changes Khiln ; but they derived their name from Uzbak,
the seventh of their race, who introduced the Muham-
madan reliirion among them. The last prince of this
tribe was Burg6 Khin, who was slain by 8h£h Bakht,
upon which the Uzbaks quitted their ancient habitation,
and conquered Ehuras&n, Ehwarizm, &c.
Shahi, Mir or Amir, i^^j^, poetical name of 'Ak&
Malik son of Jam&l-uddm Firozkohf. His mother was
the sister of Ehw^ja Muwyyad, a chief of the race of
Sarbad&ls of Sabzw^. He was himself a native of
Sabzw&r and a very learned man. He wrote a beautiful
hand, was a good musician and painter. He flourished
in the time of Baisanghar Mirz4 and Sult&n B4bar, and
died at Astrabid in 1450 A. D., 854 A. iS., aged more
than 70 years. He was buried at his own request at
Sabzw&r. He is the author of a biography of poets called
" Majmfia-ush.ShuariL" and of a Diwin entitled *< Dfw^
Sh&hf."
Shahid, >^ ^ nide Ghul£m Im&n Shahld.
Shah ahuLam Asim, (^ c^ «^, son of Shfli Abul
Ma^ the son of Sh£h Ajmal of Allahib&d. He is the
author of two Dfw&ns and a Masnawi. Vide Afzal.
Shah Girami or Minia Girami, vr*Lr ^^9 a poet
who lived in the dress of a Kalandar and Dehlf and died
in the year 1743 A. 1)., 1156 A. H.
Shah Gtll, ^ *^> vide Wahdat.
Shah Hatim, f^^ >^j surname of Shaikh Zah(r*add(n
a Hindiistini poet Vide mtim.
Shah Hnsain Arghun, c^jt cj^-^ »^, king of
Sindh, succeeded his father 8h4h Beg Arghtin in 1524
A. D., 930 A. H. He reigned 82 years and died in 1555
A. D., 962 A. H. After his death the government of
Sindh was divided between two rivals, Mahmdd the
governor of Bakkar and Mirzi fsa Turkhiu: governor of
Thatta, who both assumed the title of king, and between
whom frequent dissensions arose, and battles were fought.
The emperor Akbar on coming to L^or reduced the
whole of tiie piovinoe of Bakkar ezduaiTe of the fort, till
63
at last Mahmiid was willing to give it up, and Akbar
deputed Geisu Eh&n to receive it, but Mahmtid died
before his arrival, 1574 A. D., 982 A. H., after a reign of
20 lunar years, and Akbar thus became possess^ of
Upper Sindh, and put an end to the hopes of the raoe of
Mahmud. fsa Tm-kh&n who took possession of Thatta
after the death of Sh£h Husain, died after a reign of 13
years in 1567 A. D., 976 A. H.
Shah
Safvri, isy^
3^, succeeded his
&ther Sh£h Sulaim&n, king of Persia in 1694 A. D., 1134
A. H. In the year 1722, Mahmiid, an Afghin chief of
Kandah^ beeeiged Isfahan, and compelled Sul^ Husain
to surrender and resign his crown to him. This circum-
stance occurred on the 23rd of October the same year
1135 A. H., and the unfortunate Sultin was confined in
a small palace, where he remained seven years ; when a
reverse of fortune which threatened their downfall led
his enemies, whose chief was Ashraf the successor of
Mahmud, to put an end to his existence. This melan*
choly event took place in November, 1729 A. D., 1142
A. H. The Safwian £Eunily may be said to have actually
terminated with SulUn Husain. His son Tahmasp,
assumed the title of king, and struggled for a few years
with his fate, but a weak effeminate, and debauched
youth, was unsuited for such times : and he only merits
a place in history, as his name furnished a pretext for
the celebrated NiUlLr ShIUi to lay the foundation of his
great power.
Shah Husain Sayyad, io^r^ ^ <H*«, fMe Ha^^t
Shahidi, cf *^^, poetical name of Mfr 'Abdul Wlhid of
Bilgr&m, which see.
I Shaista Khan, Nawab, v!y c)^ aL^U, the son of
Asaf Ehim the prime minister.
Shahidi Eummi, ks^ is^^'^% an author who was a
native of Eumm, and died in 1529 A. D., 935 A. H.
Shah Jalal, J^^ ^^^ & Muhammadan saint of great
sanctity, whose tomb is in Sylhet. This shrine has a
large nimiber of attendants to minister at it, and the
pigeons and other birds which flock there, are held as
sacred as the birds within the temple of Mecca.
Shah J ah an, O^^ *^* emperor of Dehlf, sumamed
Shahab-uddfn Muhammad SIhib ¥ir£n Simf, was the
third son of the emperor Jah^ngfr. He was bom at
L&hor on the 5th January, 1593 A. D., 29th Rabf 1, 1000
A. H., and named Mirz& Khurram. His mother Balmatf
was the daughter of Rig& Udai Singh, son of R6j& Maldeo
of Jodhpdr, and sister to IUj& Sdraj Singh. At the
time of hui fr.ther's death he was absent in the Dakhin,
but the throne was secured for him by his fSekther-in*law,
'Asaf Eh&n the wazir, Uie brother of Klir Jahin Begam.
He marched towards L^or on hearing of the tlm)ne
being at his disposal ; and began his reign 4th February,
1628 A. D., 8th Jum^ 11, 1037 A. H. He was the most
magnificent prince that ever appeared in India. The
most striking instanoe of his pomp and prodigality was
his construction of the feunous Peaoock throne. It took
its name from two peacocks fiwhioned splendidly in sap-
phires, emeralds, rubies and other appropriate jewels
which formed the chief ornament of a mass of bullion and
precious stones that dazzled every beholder. Tavemier,
a jeweller by profession, reports, that it cost nearly six
millions and a half sterling. His greatest splendour was
shown in his buildings. He founded a new city at Dehlf
called after ^^^t" Shihjahinib^ but of all the structures
erected by him, there is none that bears any comparison
ShftTt
346
Shah
with the T6j Mabal at Agrah, a mansolenin of white
marble decorated with mosaics, which for the riebness of
the material, the chasteness of the design, and the effect
at once brilliant and solemn, is not surpassed by any
edifice, either in Europe or Asia. T&j Malial is a corrup-
tion of Miimt^ Mahal, the name of Shih JahiLn's fisivoiu>
ite wife, whose sepulchre it forms. Sh&h Jahin reigned
thirty years and was deposed and confined in the fort
of Agrah by his son 'Alamgtr Aurangzeib on th 9th
of June, 1658 A. D., 17th Bama^^n, 1068 A. H., and
died at Agrah after an imprisonment of 7 years and 10
months, on Monday night the 2drd of January, 1666
A. X)., 26th Bajab, 1076 A. H., aged 76 lunar years 3
months and 17 days, and was buried in the Taj close to
his wifs's tomb. There were living at the time of his
imprisonment, four of his sons and four daughters. Of
the sons, the eldest was D&ri Shik6h, the second Sultin
8huji9, the third ' Alamgir and tho fourth Murid Bakhsh ;
but 'Alamgir, who succeeded his father, murdered two of
his brothers^ Ws., D&r4 and Mur^ and the third Sultan
Shuj&^ died in Arracan, or was murdered by the Ri^a of
that country. His daughters were Aijuman 'Ar&, Geitf
'Ari, Jahin 'Ar6 and Dahr 'Ar&, (or Boehan 'Ari).
Inscription on a gold coin of ShiUi Jahiui of enormous
ssse and value struck in 1064 A. H.
Beverse.
^ 4AP I— AA. J ^ j\ aA JJG ^i
Shall Karaky ^^b^ '^j & celebrated Muhammadan saint
who is buried at Ka^a, a city in the province of Allah&b&d,
and whose tomb is still held saci^ by the Musalmins.
It is mentioned by Firishta, that the day before the
assassination of Sultin Jal41-uddm F£roz in 1296 A. D.,
Sul^ 'AI&-uddin visited this holy man, who rising from
his pillows repeated the following extempore verses.
** He who oometh against thee, shall lose his head in the
boat, and his body shall be thrown into the Qanges ;**
which, they say, was explained a few hours after by the
death of the unfortunate king, whose head fell into the
boat upon this occasion. Shih Kafak died between the
years 1296 and 1316 A. D.
Sliah Jahan Begam of Bhopal, f^. cM^ ^,
succeeded to the principality of Bhopal on the death of
her mother Bikandar Begam, on the SOth of October, 1868.
Her Highness in 1871 married her own minister Muham-
mad S&dik Hasan Ehim, by the advice or consent of the
Supreme Government. This is her second husband. She
commanded that in future he should be addressed thus :
Motamid-ul-Muhim Muhammad 6&dik Hasan Eh^
Sahib Bahidur, second minister of the State of Bhopil.
Sliah ly ^Mtn , ^^ y^y a pious and learned Musalm£n
who died in the year 1584 A. B., 992 A. H., and Ehw&ja
'Abdul Bazi wrote the chronogram of the year of his
death.
Shah ^udrat-ullah, ^h^ ^, w* ?udrat.
Shah l^uli Khan Mahram, (t/^ c;^ u^ |L^^
a nobleman of the court of the emperor Akbar. He held
the rank of 6,000, and was sent with prince Sulfin Sdim
to Ajmeir accompanied by Bajd Man Singh, to chastise
the Amirs under the BAji of Udaipdr in 1598 A. D.,
1007 A. H. The emperor Jahangir says in his Memoirs,
that in the first year of his reign 1605 A. D., he gave the
daughter of Mirza Hand&L, named Sultin Begam, in
marriage to Shih Kuli Ehin Mahram, but his death is
mentioned in another work, vig.j '** Misir-ul-Umra," to
have taken place in the month of December, 1600 A. D.,
18th Azar, 1009 A. H., at Agrah.
Shah Madar, J^^^ >^9 a celebrated Muhammadan saint,
whose proper name was Badi-uddin. He was a disciple
of Shaikh Muhammad Taifdri Basttof, and is the fbunaer
of the sect called Madiuia in India. Many curious
anecdotes are related of him. He died on the 20th Decem-
ber, 1434 A. D., 838 A. H., aged 124 years, and is buried
at Makanpdr in (anauj, where a great assembly is held
every year at his tomb. He was a cotemporaiy of K&zi
Shah&b-uddin Daulat&b^i who Hved in the time of Sult&n
Ibrfihim Shar^ of Jaunptir.
Shah Mahmud of IsflEOian, i/^^ oy^^ »ti, ^^de
Sh^ Shujii^.
Shah Mansur, -S/*^*^ '^> last Sult&i of the dynasty
of the Muxaffiuians, was the son of Shih Muhammad
Muzaffar. He reigned in 'Ira^ and Fare after Sh&h
Zain-ul-'Abidfn whom he deprived of sight and took
possession of Shiriz. He was defeated by Amir Taimdr,
who put him to death on Thursday the 22nd of May,
1393 A. D., 10th Bajab, 796 A. H.
Shah Maxumr, }y^ ^i vide Ehwija Mansfir.
Shah Mip, ^ *^> »!«> called Mf4n Mir whose proper
name was Shaikh Muhammad, was a descendant of the
Khalif 'Umar, and a very pious Musalmin. He is
reckoned amongst the Muhammadan saints. He was
bom at Shistan 1650 A. D.., 967 A. H., oame to Lfihor
where he resided 60 years, and died there on Tuesday
the nth August, 1636 A. D., 7th Babf I, 1046 A. H.,
aged 88 lunar years. He is buried at a place called
Hishimpiir near Labor. He had numerous disciples, one
of whom was MulU ShAh, the spiritual guide of the prince
DarA Shik6h, the eldest son of the emperor Shah Jahaa.
He is the author of the work called ** ZiyA-ul-Ayun," or
the Light of the Eyes, containing the rules for pvoprie^
of conduct through life.
Shah Mir -/** *^^ fi"t Muhammadan king of Kashmir,
The original inhabitants of Kashmir appear to have been
the followers of Brahmi. The period of the first esta-
blishment of the Muhammadan fidth in that country took
phice during the reign of B4j4 Seina D6va, about the
year 1316 A. D., 716 A. H., when a person called Shah
Mir, coming to Kashmir in the habit of a Dervish, was
admitted into the service of that prince. Upon the death
of the Ti\iy he was appointed prime minister to his son
and successor B«gi Banjan. When ^^^^J^^/ied,
Anand Dev, who succeeded him, also made Shah Mir his
minister. The whole of this family not only gainei
great ascendancy over the rigA, but also over the mmds
of the people, till the riyjA, becoming jealous of their
power, forbade them the court. This exclusion drove
6h£h Mfr into rebellion, when having occupied the vaUey
of Kashmir with his troops, most of the officers of the
Ti\i*B government also joined him. This insurrection
soon brought the riji to the graye, who died of a brokwi
heart in the year 1327 A. D., 727 A. H., leaving his
widow regent. Shikh Mir after some yea» mamed
Shah
247
Shahnawaz
Kanla Devi, the wife of the rij4, who embraced the
Muhammadan faith ; an event which secured to him the
country which he had before nearly usurped. It is rela-
ted by another author, that when preparations for the
marriage were commenced, the devoted princess despair-
ing and indignant, surrounded by her train of maidens,
advanced into the presence of the usurper, and upbraid-
ing him for his ingratitude and treachery, stabbed herself
before him. Thus perished by her own hand the last
Hindu sovereign of Kashmir, and 8h4h Mir, who is
considered the first Muhammadan king of that country,
ascended the throne under the title of Sultan Shams-
uddin, in the year 1341 A. D., 742 A. H. He died in
1344 or 1349 A. D., 745 or 750 A. H., and was succeeded
by his son Jamsheid.
1.
2.
3.
List of the Muhammadan Kings of KashmCr,
Sultin Shams-uddin Shih Mir.
Jamsheid, son of Shfli Mir, reigned 14 months, and
was expelled by his younger brother *AU-uddm
•Alisheir, and slain. ,
'Al£-uddin 'Alisheir, son of Shfli Mfr, reigned 13
4. Shahdb-uddin, son of 'AU-uddin reigned 19 years
anddiedl376A. D. ,„ . .
6. Kutb-uddfn, brother of Shahib-uddfn, dunng whose
reign the famous Sayyad 'AH HamdAni arrived
in Kashmir. He reigned 15 years.
6. Sikandar, sumamed Butshikan, who destroyed aU
images and subverted the Hindu religion, was the
son of IJutb-uddin, and a contemporary of Amir
Taimiir. He reigned about 25 years.
7. 'AM Shib, the son of Sikandar, reigned nearly 7
years. ^ . _ ^^
8. Zain-ul-' Abidin, brother of 'Ali Shfli, reigned 52 years,
and died about the year 1474 A. D. , ,. i
9. Haidar Shih, son of Zain-ul-'Abidin, reigned httle
more than a year, and was killed by a fell from
his palace. .
10. Snlt&n Hasan, son of Haidar Shdh, reigned 12 years
in excess and drunkenness.
11. Muhammad Shdh, a child of seven years of age, son of
Hasan Shih. He had several battles with Fatha
Khan, and after a reign of 11 years was imprisoned
by his uncle. . ^ ^, rvLf,
12. Fatha Khin, who took the title of Fatha BhAh, reign-
ed 10 years.
Muhammad Shfli re-ascended the throne in 1506 and
reigned two months, and then Fatha Shih one year,
after which Muhammad Shah ascended the throne the
third time, and was deposed after a reign of 19 years.
He was once more raised to the throne and died in
1533 after an interrupted reign of 50 years.
Ibrahim, the son of Muhammad, reigned 5 years.
Mubdrik Sh4h also called Nazuk and Barbak, son of
H)rihim, ascended the throne and after a reign of 3
months was expelled by tbe army of the emperor
Humdytin, who being defeated by bheir Shah in 1541,
had fled his country, and had retreated to Lfihor
whence he sent an army under the command of Mirz&
Haidar Dogblat, who invading Kashmir, conquered
that province, and reigned there 10 years.
MirzA Haidar Doghlat, after a reign of ne«ly 10 7^
was killed in a night-attack in 1651 A. 5., 958 A. H.
After his death, the leading men divided tbe country
into three principalities among themselves, though for
form's sake, Ndzuk. the son of Ibrahim, was again seated
on the throne, and was again deposed the second tmie,
bv his brother. , , *-», -i a rii ■•
Ibrihim II was placed on the throne by Baulat Chal^
and after a short time was deposed and blinded, and
his brother , ---^ tt • j
Iflmi'flwas raised to the throne m 1556. He reigned
nearly two years, and was succeeded by his son
Habib who ascended the throne and reigned 3 years,
after which he was imprisoned by Ghisi Chak.
Gh&zi Chak declared himself king and assumed the title
of Ghazi Sh4h, and reigned 4 years, when being attacked
with a leprosy, abdicated the throne in 1563 A. D.^
Husain Shah, his brother mounted the throne, reigned
6 years and was compelled to abdicate in favour of his
brother 'Ali Khin in 1569 A. D.
*Ali Shah ascended the throne in 1569, and in the year
1672, Mulla Ish^i and ]Jazi Sadr-uddin came as
ambassadors from the court of Dehli, the resiUt of
which was that Akbar was proclaimed emperor of
Kashnur in the public prayers; and 'Ali Shih at the
request of Akbar, sent his niece the daughter of his
brother Husain Shah to be married to the prince
Salim. In the year 1578, 'Ali Shah was killed by a feU
from his horse after a reign of 9 years and was suc-
ceeded by his son.
Tiisaf Chak who proceeded to the court of Akbar in 1686
and his son.
Takub Chak succeeded to the throne in consequence of
his father's detention at the court of Dehli. In the
year 1687 A. D., 995 A. H. Akbar appointed Muham-
mad Kisim Khan, Amir-ul-Bahr (Admiral) to march
and subdue Kashmir. Ya^ub was defeated and at last
seized and sent to Dehli in 1588, where Akbar enrolled
Yusaf Shah and his son Yakiib among the nobles of his
government. Each of them received estates in the
province of Behi^, and from that period the kingdom
of Km^limir has been a province of Dehli.
Shah Muhammad, Khalifa, ^*^ »^ *^i^, author
of the book called " Insh&e J4ma-ul-Kaw4nin," commonly
called " Inshae Khalife," containing forms of letters.
Shah Miirad, ^JJ^ *^> ^^ Murad Mirz£.
Shahnawaa Khan, c^^ ^^ »^> son of 'Abdul Rahfm
Khan KhdnKhandn. His daughter was married to prince
Shah Jahan. He died in the year 1028 A. H.
Shahnawaz Khan, e^^ jl>^^> a nobleman of the
reign of the emperor Sh6h Jahin, was the son of ' Asaf
Khin wazir, and father-in-law of the emperor 'Alamgir,
and of his brother prince Murad Bakhsh. But the author
of the Misir-ul-Umril says that he was the son of Mirz&
Kustam KandahM. He was appointed governor of
Guirit in the room of the prince Murid Bakhsh who was
imprisoned by order of his brother 'Alamgir in July,
1668 A D. When D&ra Shik6h through various adven-
tures, after his flight from Multan, came to Ahmadabid
Guirdt, Shflmawiz Khin his maternal uncle was then
in that city, and his daughter the wife of Murad Bakhsh
was in his palace. Her bitter supplications agamst
» Alamgir, the impending murderer of her husband, pre-
vailed on him to join the cause of Dari, for whom he
levied an army, and marched with him towards Ajmeir
where on their arrival, a bloody battle ensued between
the armies of DirA and '^l^rngfr. on Sunday the 13th
of March, 1659 A. D., Jum4da II, 1069 A- H^h„h
ended in the defeat and flight of Bivi and death of Shah-
nawiz Kh£n who fell by the lance of Dileir Khan He
was buried by the orders of 'Alamgir m the mausoleum
of Khwaja Mof'n-uddin Chishti at Ajmeir.
Shahnawaa Khan, e^^ 3»>*^> » nobleman of Sh^
'Alam's court, author of the book called Miraat-e-Aftib-
numai a work on the history of Modem Dehli.
Shahnawaa Khan, ^j\^^ ^^^ ^T^^ -«««i
Samsfim-uddaula. The original name of this nobleman
was 'Abdul Razztt; he was descended from the family
of Sadat of Khawdf in Khurasan, but his great-grand-
Shah
248
Shahryar
father Amfr Kamjl-nddm left Khaw&( and came to
Hindiifltiii in the reign of the emperor Akbar, when he
was admitted amongst the nobles of the court of Dehli.
Mirak Hnsain, the son of Kamil-uddin held a situation
in the service of the state, in the reign of Jahingir. The
■on of Mirak Husain, Mirak Mofn-uddm, commonly
called Am&nat Ehan, was in great feiYOur with Shih
Jahan, and rose to the first rank. He retained also the
patronage of 'Alamgir, was appointed by him to yarious
important goYemments as those of L^hor, Mult&n, KiLbul
and Kashmir. Amanat Khan wai< the ablest man in the
court, and a great favourite of 'Alamgir. When the
emperor resided in Upper India, he bestowed the Suba-
d4ri of the Dakhin on Khin Jah4n Bahidur Kokalt^sh
about the year 1670 A. D., 1081 A. H., and Am£nat
Khan was appointed Diwan of the Dakhin or Paymaster
Greneral, and Historiographer. He had four sons of
eminent character; the first 'Abdul l^adir Dayanat Khan,
was the keeper of the Privy Purse. The second Mir
Husain Amin&t Khan, was the public treasurer and
governor of S(irat : after his death the latter post was
assigned to his elder brother. The third son was Mir
'Abdul Rahman Wiz&rat Khan who was promoted to the
Diwini of Malwi and Bijapur. He was an excellent
poet and composed a Df wan under the poetical title of
Bikr^mi. The fourth son ^asim Khan was Diwan of
Mult4n. Mir Hasan 'All the son of ^asim Khin was
the father of NawiLb Samsim-uddaula Shahnawibs Kh^n.
He was bom on the 10th of March, 1700 A. D., 29th
Hama^an, 1111 A. H. at Lihor, but repaired to *Aurang-
&bad at an early age, and took up his abode with his
relations and kinsmen who resided there before him.
He was engaged first by Nizim-uhMulk ' Asaf J&h under
whom and his son Nasir Jang he served as Diwan of
Ber^r for several years. In the time of Sal&bat Jang,
he was raised to the rank of 7000 with the title of 6am-
sim-uddaula. On the 12th of May, 1758 A. D., 3rd
Rama^&n, 1171 A. H., the day on which 'Abdul Hahm&n
Haidar Jang, the counsellor of Monsieur Bussy the
French General, was assassinated by the instigation of
Nizdm 'All the brother of Salabat Jang, he also was
murdered in the confusion together with his youngest
son Mir 'Abdul Nabi Khan, but his two other sons, Mir
'Abdur Sal&m and Mu* 'Abdul Hai escaped. The
remains of the father and son were interred in the tomb
of their ancestors in the southern part of the city of
'Aurang&b&d. The chronogram of this event gives
the following : " We have been murdered by 'Abdul
Hahm&n " Shdhnaw&z Khdn is the author of the
work called ** Masir-ul-Umrde Taimuria" containing
the Memoirs of the nobility who served in Hindustan
and the Dakhin under the house of Taimiir. It
was commenced by him, but he left it unfinished,
and in the turbulent scenes which attended his death,
the manuscript was scattered in various directions,
and was considered as lost : some short time after-
wards Mir Ghulim 'Ali Azid, a friend of his collected
the greater portion of the missing leaves, and restored
the work to its entire form with a few additions, amongst
which was the life of the author : at a subsequent period
again, his son Mir 'Abdul Hai Khin who had received
the title of Samsim-uddaula Samsam Jang after his
father's death, completed the work in the form in which
it now occurs, in the year 1779 A. D., and died on the
28th April, 1782 A. D., 15th Jum&da I, 1196 A. H.
Shah NUP Ashhari, (SJT^ !^ **^> a famous poet who
was a pupil of Zahir-uddin Faryabi and flourished in the
reign of Sultan Muhammad Khwarizm Sh&h son of
Takash. He died at Tabrez in 1204 A. D., 600 A. H.
Shah NuP, jy *^^ a celebrated Dervish and saint who
died on the 2nd February, 1693 A. D., and was buried
in the vicinity of 'Aurang&bdd where his tomb is still
visited by the Muhammadans.
Shahpur, JJi »^, vide 8hihp(ir.
Shahrifltani, ^,5*^^/t*^ vide 'AhAI Fatha Muhammad-
ash- Shahristanf .
Shahnikh, Miraa, »>• t^^' *^® "^ ^^ ^^'^ *^'
and grandson of Nadir Shih. His fSEither "Razi ^ulfs
mother Fatima Sult&n Begam was the daughter of Shih
Sultan Husain Safwi. Shahrukh was raised to the throne
some time after the death of his grandfather, but was soon
after seized and deprived of sight. He retired to Maahhad,
which province he was allowed to hold in his possession
till the time of his death which happened at Damgh&n
in 1796 A. D. His death was the consequence of the
tortures that had been inflicted upon him by *Aki
Muhammad, king of Persia, who by this act extorted from
him many precious stones of great value which had once
belonged to Nadir Shih.
Shahrukh, Mirza, ^^ bj^f was the fourth son of
Amir Taimiir and held the government of Khuras&n at
his father's death which took place in February, 1405
A. D. After the imprisonment of Sultin KhalQ his
nephew, ruler of Samarkand 1408 A. D., 811 A. H., he
marched from Khuras&n to take possession of his domi-
nions. His authority was immediately acknowledged,
not only in Samarkand, but over all Transoxania. He
was brave and generous, but not an ambitious prince :
and during a reign of 42 years, we hear of no ware in
which he was engaged, except with the Turkm&n tribes
of Asia Minor whose power Taimur had overcome, but
not destroyed. Mirza Shahrukh was bom at Samar-
kand on the 2l8t July, 1377 A. D., 14th Babf I. 779
A. H., and died at Fishaward in the province of Rei, on
the Persian new year's day, viz, Sunday, the 12th
March, 1447 A. D., 26th ^il-hijja, 860 A. H., aged 71
lunar years. He reigned 42 yeare during which the
conquests of his father in India seem to have remained
in subjection to his authority. At his death he left 5
sons, viz., Mirzi Ulagh Beg, Ibrihim Mirz&, Mirz6
B&isanghar, Sayurghamish and Muhammad Jugi. He
was succeeded by his son Mirzi Ulagh Beg.
Shahrukh Mirza, \)j^^J^^f a descendant of Amir
Taim6r, was the son of Ibrahim Mirz£, the son of Mirzi
6ulaim&n ruler of Badakhshdn. His mother's name was
Muhtarim Khdnam. About the year 1575 A. D., 983
A. H., he forcibly took possession of Badakhsh&n from his
grandfiither and reigned there about 10 years, after
which in 1685 A. D., 993 A. H. that province was con-
quered by 'AbdulUh Kh&n Uzbak, and Shahrukh com-
pelled to fly to India, where he was kindly received by
the emperor Akbar, who gave him his daughter Shakar-
un-Nisd Begam in marriage in the year 1593 A. D., 1001
A. H. and raised him to the rank of an Amir of 5,000.
In the time of Jahangir the rank of 7,000 was conferred
on him. He died at Ujjain 1607 A. D., 1016 A. H., and
was buried there.
Shahruk Mirza or Mirza Shahruk, *JL^ ^J^
kSJ^ U/*> who had a Jagir in Gujrit, was murdered
by his younger brothers in the year 1032 A. H.
Shahryar, )^Jt^i a king of Persia of the Sas&nian race,
who reigned in Persia a few months in 629 A. D., vide
8heir6ya.
Shahryar, Sultan, jkr^ yj^^y the youngest son of
the emperor Jahangir, was married to a daughter of Nur
Jahin Begam by her former husband Sher Afghin Kh&n.
On the death of Jahangir in 1627 A. D., 1037 A. H.
this prince who was then at L&hor, seized the ro^ral
treasure, bought over the troops, and forming a coaliti<Mi
Shah
849
Sliah
with the two eoiiB of his uncle the late prince Dani41,
inarched out to oppose 'Asaf Eh&n the wazfr, who had
released prince D&war Bakhsh sumamed BuU^i the son
of Sultan Khusro from prison and proclaimed him king.
The hattle ended in Sh&hryir's defeat, he fled but being
given up by his adherents, was imprisoned and blinded.
He was after three months put to death together with
Diwax Bakhsh and the two sons of Damil, named
Tahmur and Hoshang by order of Sh£h Jahan who
ascended the throne on the 4th February, 1628 A. P.,
8th Jumida II, 1037 A. H.
Shah Sadr, J^9^ l^, a Huhammadan saint whose tomb
is situated at the foot of a large mountain of Siwistihi, at
the distance of about 800 ya^s from the Tillage of Lakki
in Sindh which belongs to the Sayyads of that place.
This famous saint, says Lutf-ullah in his Autography,
originally came from Arabia, and brought thousands of
infidels to the light of Islam from the darkness of idolatry
in Sindh. The year of his death is not known, but his
tomb was built here by order of N&dir Shih, king of
Persia, in 1155 A. H. Tradition states, that NAdirin
a dream was invited by this saint to come to Amarkote
where he was to find a very large treasure. Nidir having
acted upon the visionary command, discovered the
treasure promised to him, and received a very large
amount, as a tribute from the Amfrs of Sindh. N&dir
then bestowed a large sum of money upon the Sayyads
of the village, directed them to have the edifice buUt over
the remains of the saints. This they carried into execu-
tion, and the following inscription at the door of the
shrine gives tiie date of its completion : —
<* I inquired of intellect the year of its date.
*< Inspiration informed me, It is the Paradise of the
members of the sacred house." 1742 A. D., 1156
A. H.
All Sayyads of Sindh that are called Lakki Sayyads,
are, I am mformed (says Lutf-ullah) the descenduits of
this saint, whose parentage ascends up to the ImiLm 'AU
Naki. I am therefore inclined to think thac the word
Lakki is a comiption of Naki, which is the name of the
tenth Im&m.
Shah Safi^ ^^ *^j grandson of ShiLh Ahhia the Great,
king of Persia. HIb father's name was Safi Mini and
his origintd name Bahr6m Mirzi. He succeeded his
grandfiither in January, 1629 A. Dj JumiLd^ I, 1038
A. H. and took the title of Sh£h San. He was a capri-
cious tyrant ; and every year of his rule presented the
same horrid and disgusting scene of barbarous cruelty.
All the princes of the blood royal, and almost every
minister, or general of fietmily or character, were either
put to death, or deprived of their eyes, by command of
this monarch. He reigned nearly 14 years, died in May,
1642 A. D., §a£Kr, 1062 A. H., and was succeeded by his
son, Ahhia II.
Shah Sharaf-uddin, \:H^ «-ir^ ^9 a Huhammadan
saint who died in the year 1379 A. D., 781 A. H., and is
buried in BehiLr, where his monument is still standing
and is visited by the Muhammadans. There is an in-
scription in tiie K6fi character over the entrance to the
darg&h, which however time has rendered illegible with
the exception of the date of the death of the saint, and of
the erection of the tomb in 1669 A. D., 977 A. H. The
dargah is held in great veneration by the Muhammadans
who at the 'Urs or anniversary of the death of the saint,
assemble from aU parts of the country, it is said to the
number of 60,000. He is also called Makhdfim-ul-Mulk
Bhih Sbarif-uddin and Shaikh Sharif. The emperor
Sikandar Bhitti tiie son of Bahl61 Lodi went to visit his
tomb about the year 1496 A. D., 900 A. H., vitk Sharaf-
uddin AllMiuui 'Ahia ManerL
63
Shah Sharif or Sharif-uddin, ^-^ »^> «»d^8h£h
Sharaf-uddfn.
Shah Shtgaa' or Shuja'-ul-Mulk, ^'•i^\ fUf^^i
^^^ '^> king of Kibul, was the youngest son of
Taimyr Bh6h the son of Abmad Shih Abdali. He was
sent to Kashmir by his brother Muhammad ShiLh and
imprisoned in the fort of the K6h-i-MMn in 1812 A. D.
from which place he was released in 1814 by Banjit
Singh and detained at Liihor as a prisoner till his escape
to tiie British territories. He was placed by the British
Government on the throne of Kibnl on the 8Ui May, 1839
A. D., and was murdered by his nephew, a son of Zam4n
Bhih on the 2nd May, 1842 A. D. He is the author of a
biographical sketch of his own life written at Ludhiana in
1826-27. This work was translated by Lieut. Bennet, of the
Artillery, and published in the Asiatic Journal, Vol, XXX,
p. 6, under Auatio Intelligence.
Shah Shlljaa% l^ «^, Sult^ of the Munfhrians
whose capital was Shuiz. It is said that this prince was
in such a manner plagued by a malady cidled Jiiu'l
Ba^ar, or canine hunger, that he could not satisfy his
hunger, neither on his journey, nor when he was at rest.
He deprived his father Muhammad Muzaffar of his sight
in 1 369 A. D., and held the reins of government in his
own hands. His brother Sh&h Maluntid of Is&h^n
beseiged Shfriz in 1364, took possession of that country
and died before his brother in 1376 A. D., 9th Shawwal,
776 A. H. after a reign of 16 years. Sh^ Shujaa' died
on Sunday the 9th of October, 1384 A. D., 21st Shab^
786 A. H. He was succeeded by his son Zain-ul-'Abidin,
who on the approach of Amir Taimur to Shir&z retired
to Tishtar, where his uncle Shah Mansiir seized him and
deprived him of his sight. Shir^ was bestowed by , Amir
Taimur on Sh&h Ahia the son of Muzaffar, but it was
soon after taken by ShiLh Manser, in whose possession it
remained till it was retaken by that conqueror in 1393
A. D., 796 A. H. There is a garden near Sh£r&z called
Haft-tan, which contains the remains of Sh^ Shuji^ and
has, on one side of it, a small building, ornamented with
a variety of pictures.
Shah Sufly 4/^^ ^9 A Muhammadan saint whose shiina
is at a village called Si!ifiptir in the Pargana of Ff rozdbid
in Agrah. It is related by the Eh&dims of the dargah
that in the reign of the emperor Akbar, Sh4h Sd§ a
&ifir of some celebrity wandered from IsfaMn to India,
and took up his hermitage among the Jamna ravines near
the city of Chandw&r, then the county town of the
Pargana of the same name, and which from the remains
which still cover the surrounding country for miles —
ruined mosques, dilapidated octagon mausolea, fiUlen
entrance gates and such like works of ooetly strength,
must have been an important post in a fiscal and military
point of view. All the time from which the fable of
Shfih Siiffs miracles conmience, R^i Chandarsen was the
lord of the fort of Chandw&r, and a troublesome tributary
of the Dehli court. Non-complianoe with the royal
demands for payment of revenue, brought upon the Hji
the investment of his fort by the army of Akbar, who is
said to have commanded his forces in person, and to have
prosecuted his attack with no approach to success for a
period, which the credulous or imposing EhiUiims of the
establishment have exalted into a term of ten years. In
the lang^uage of Oriental metaphor, the emperor is said
to have planted a mangoe tree on the commencement of
the seige, and to have eaten the fhiit of it, ere his success
was secured. This success he owed to the anchorite of
the ravines Sh£h Sirfi. During a severe land storm, the
lamps of the entire camp were put out, and the light of
the Sh&h's hut alone glimmered in the surrounding dark-
ness. This extraordinary fiict led to the Sh&h*8 heing
Shall
250
Shakir
visited by some of the courtiers. The mitaciiloas char-
acter of the event being much commented on by the
visitors, the Sh^ acknowledged himself to be under the
special fevour of Heaven— and in the end the conversa-
tion tnmed upon the difficulties of the seige, and the
gratefol sense of the hermit's interference which the
sovereign would entertain in the event of its^ being
brought to a close by his holy means. The Shah pro-
mised the required aid, and declared that the fort should
be captured by a fixed day. Thus much for the emperor.
In respect to the riLji, the Sh£h acted very effectually
upon his superstitious fears — ^told him that the fort was
destined to feU, and proffered his own miraculous powers
to secure for the rsji, a safe and honourable retreat for
himself; family and valuables. The whole were accord-
ingly passed invisible through the beseiging camp, and
the rij£ quitted Hinddstin for the eastward. In return
for this valuable service, the emperor bestowed half of an
hamlet of Chandw£r on the 8h4h. The place assumed
the name of Safipur, and has since been inhabited by the
descendants of the 8h^. The decease of Shah Safi took
place soon after the grant was made, and he was buried
on the brow of a deep ravine, a handsome tomb being
erected over his remains. The mausoleum is still in
good order and forms a picturesque object in the midst of
the desolation of the Jamna ravines in the vicinity of
Chandwar and Firozibid. Its pretty dome and minarets
commanding as they do, the heights of the Jamna ravines,
often lead the voyagers on the river to visit the shrine of
the saint, and landwards the building is an object of
interest and beauty, which (says Mr. Mansel, Collector of
Agrah in a letter to the Commissioner of Revenue at Agrah
29th May, 1839 No. 125) all would regret to see lost
to the country. There are several dilins, a handsome
gate, and a small mosque comprised within the building,
and the whole is kept in occasional good repair by the
outlay of part of the funds of the grant. The fable of
the whole is palpable. Indeed the raj4 who, under
the name of Chandersen, was ousted from ChandwAr,
lived it is supposed by those best acquainted with the
annals of Firozibad, in the reign of 'AlA-uddin, and his
descendants were the party who fell under the displeasure
of Akbar.
Shah Sub-han, e^^r^ S^y a Muhammadan saint who
died in 1200 A. D., 596 A. H.
Shah StOaiman Safm, </^ mU^ »^, the son of
Sh4h Abbas II, king of Persia, whom he succeeded on the
26th August, 1666 A. D., 5th Rabf I, 1077 A. H. He
reigned over Persia 29 years, and died in 1694 A. D.,
1106 A. H. He was succeeded by his son Shih Husain
Safwi.
Shah Tahir Jimaidi. c5«H^ y^ ^^s also called
Bakhani, was the youngest brother of Sh&h Jafar. He
came to India in the time of the emperor Humiydn, aiid
went afterwards to the Dakhin and was appointed min-
ister to Burh&n Niz&m Shilh I of Abmadnagar. He was
of the Shia sect, and succeeded in converting his sovereign
to the Shia persuasion in the year 1537 A. D., 944 A. H.,
and induced him to exchange the white canopy and
scarlet pavilion for the green standard assumed by the
followers of 'AH. Sh4h Tahir died in the Dakhin 1546
A. D., 952 A. H. He was an excellent poet and is the
author of several works.
Shah Taki or Shaikh Taki, «^ ^^ »^
a Muhammadan saint who died between the years 1413
and 1421 A. D., and is buried at a place called Jhdsf in
the province of AUah&b&d where a great crowd of Musal-
mins assemble every year and make offerings on his
tomb.
Shah Turkman, iir^j? >^^ a Musalmin saint who died
in February, 1241 A. D., 24th Rajab, 638 A. H., and
Hes buried in Shihjahin&bad (DehU) at a place called
Dargah Sh4h Turkman.
Shah Wall Muhammad, ^*^ {Jb »^, a saint whose
darg&h is in Agrah.
Shah Wall Ullah, V'cr'j «^* 9%de IshtiyA^.
Shahzada Khanam, r*^ »ii!>*«^, a daughter of the
emperor Akbar by SaUma Begam. She was living in
the commencement of the reign of her brother Jah4ngfr.
Shahzada Sultan, c^^l^U s^fj lU, ^ui^ Sultin Shih-
2£da>
Shah Zaman, ^:)^J^, vide Zam&n Shih.
Shaista Khan, Amir-uI-Umra, cy^**^^ t/el/l/A-L
His original name is Abti T&lib, or Mirzi Mur^ He was
the son of * Asaf Eh&n wazfr, and grandson of T^tmid-
uddaula. After the death of his father 1641 A. D., he
was appointed wazir by the emperor ShiUi Jah&n. The
large Jama Masjid whidi stood (till 1857) on the banks
of the Jamna river to the west of the fortress of Alla-
hdbdd, was built by him in the time of Shih Jahin and
completed in the year 1646 A. D., 1056 A. H. His son
Khud&banda Ehan also held a high rank in the time of
' Alamgir, and was appointed Faujdir of the Elamatic Bij&-
ptir, and subsequently, after the death of Ruh-ullah Eh&n,
he held the post of grand steward of the household.
Shaista Khin was appointed governor of Bersf by Uh£h
Jahin in 1638 : and in 1652 to the more important
command of Qujrit. In 1656 he was employed by
' Alamgfr (Aurangzeib) at that time viceroy of the Dakhin,
to serve as lieutenant to his eldest son Sul^ Muhammad
in the war of Golkan^a. In the contentions of Sh&h
Jahin's sons for the throne in 1658, he served with
Dar& Shik6h, whom he betrayed by giving intelligence
and guides of Aurangzeib. He was appointed in July,
1659 A. D., governor of the Dakhin in the room of
Muhammad Muazzim the son of the emperor 'Alamgir
who was recalled to the presence, and in 1666 as governor
of Bengal. He kept his court at Dacca and by his
injustice provoked a war with Job Chamock, Gk)vemor
of the factory of the East India Company at (3k>Ugha^
near Hugli. He died in the reign of 'Alamgir on the
31st May, 1694 A. D., 16th Shawwal, 1105 A. H., aged
93 lunar years. Some traces of his Rauza and garden
are stiU to be seen at Agrah on the banks of the Jamna.
Shakar-un-Nisa Begam, (^^^ s:^ ^j^, the
daughter of the emperor Akbar, who gave her in marriage
to Mirzi ShiLhrukh, son of Ibr&hfm Mirzi. She is buried
in the mausoleum of Akbar at Sikandra in Agrah. Her
mother's name was Bibi Daulat Shih.
Shakik Balkhi» <^^ 0^^> a celebrated pious Musal-
man.
He died on the 20th January, 791 A. D., 9th
Ramadan, 174 A. H. in the reign of the Ehalif H4r(in-
al-Rashid, and was buried at Ehatiin.
Shakir, jr^^ the poetical name of Nizam-ul-Mulk 'Asaf
JA.
Shakir, J^^t the poetical name of 'Abdur Kabmfa, author
of the poetical work called ^* Gulistin Musarrat," which
he also named " Hadaek-ul-Ma&ni. He wrote this book
at Lakhnau during the reign of Amj4d 'AH Sh&h in 1846
A. D., 1261 A. H., and finished it in the time of Wajid
'AH ShlOi.
ShaU
251
Shams
Shall, iJ^y author of a D£w£n, which goes after hia name,
DiwiUl ShiOiH.
Shama'-ul-Mulk, *-^^* i^i title of the ruler of
Jurj&n named $&bdB.
Shamgar, jr^i vide ?£htiB. He is called Shamgir by
Daukt 8h£h.
Shamru, Samru or Sombre, 4r^- His real name
was Walter Beinhard, a person of obscure parentage in
the Electorate of Treves. He entered early as a common
soldier the service of the French, taking foi his
Nom-de-Guerre, Summer, which his comrades, from his
saturnine complexion, turned into Sombre, and the
Indians, by corruption, Samru and Shamrii. At length
he repaired to Bengal, and enlisted in one of the Swiss
Companies then employed at Calcutta ; but at the ead
of eighteen days deserted to the French at Ohandamagar,
where he became a Serjeant. Deserting this post, he
fled into the Upper Provinces and was for some time a
private trooper in the cavalry of Safdar Jang, father to
Shuj6-uddaula. This service he quitted, and led a
vagabond life in different provinces; but in 1760 was
with the rebel Faujdir of Pumia Khadim Husain Kh4n.
Upon his being expelled from Bengal, Shamru left him
and entered into the service of Gregory, an Armenian,
, then in high favour with Naw4b Kisim 'All Khan and
distinguished with the title of Gurgin Kh&n. From him
he had the command of a battalion of sepoys, and after-
wards obtained from the naw&b the addition of another.
In this station he massacred the English captives at
Patna in 1763. Some time previous to the battle of
Buxar, he treacherously deserted Iflisim *Ali with his
corps, and embraced the pervice of the Nawab Shuji-
nddaula, who had gained him over by bribes. Upon the
nawdVs defeat at Buxar, he was entrusted with the pro-
tection of the Begams, and remained with the naw&b
till he had made peace with the English ; when, fearful
of being delivered up to them, he retired to Agrah, and
entered into the pay of the 3k\, riyi Jawahir Singh ; but
quitted him for the service of the rajd of Jaipur, who
Boon dismissed him on a remonstrance from the English
General. He then again served the 3i\^ ; quitted them
once more, and came to Dehli. from whence he followed
the fortunes of Naw4b Najaf Khdn, in whose service he
died. Such are the outlines of the fortune of this man,
who had some merit as a soldier, but wholly obscured by
a treacherous and blood-thirsty disposition. His corps
was continued after his death, in the name of his son and
a fiivourite concubine, who received for their maintenance
the sum of 66,000 rupees per month. He died or was
murdered in the year 1778 A. D., 1192 A. H., at Agrah,
where his tomb is to be seen in the Roman Catholic
Burial-ground with a Persian inscription in verse, men-
tioning the year of his death and his name. Vide next
article.
Shamru Begam, f^. 3J*^9 the celebrated princess of
Sardhana, whose original name is Zeib-un-Nisa, was the
wife, or rather concubine of Shamrd or Sombre. She held
an extensive jaglr at Sardhana, and died on the 27th of
January, 1836 A. D., 8th Sbawwil, 1261 A H., aged 88
lunar years. She was buried in the church of Sardhana
of which she was the founder. She was one of the oldest
and most sincere allies of the English. At her death she
left upwards of six lakhs of rupees to various charitable
and pious purposes, and gave instructions for founding
a college for young men, to serve on the apostolic mission
of Thibet and HindustAn. Captain Mundy in his *• Jour-
nal of a Tour in India," says that the history of her life,
if properly known, would form a series of scenes, such as
perhaps, no other female could have gone through.
Colonel Skinner had often, during his service with the
Mahrattas, seen her, then a beautifol young woman, lead-
ing on her troops to the attack in person, and displaying
in the midst of carnage, the greatest intrepidity and
presence of mind. The Begam contracted a lawful
marriage in 1793. Her first lord, Reinhardt. who bought
her when a young and handsome dancing girl ; married,
and converted her to the Roman Catholic religion. Her
second husband was a French adventurer, a soldier of
fortune named Levassoult who commanded her small army.
It is of this man that the following anecdote is related,
which is wondrous strange, if it be true. Skinner used
to say that her husband had become possessed of wealth,
power, and a numerous army ; of these his ambitious wife
coveted the undivided possession, and she then accom-
plished her purpose. A mutinous disposition, on the
subject of pay, having manifested itself among his body-
guard, the Begam. then about twenty-five, exaggerated
the danger to her husband, and got intelligence conveyed
to him that the rebels had formed a plan to seize and
confine him, and to dishonour his wife. They, conse-
quently, arranged to escape together from the fury of the
soldiery ; and at night, started secretly from their palace,
in palankeens. Towards morning the attendants, in great
alarm, announced that they were pursued; and our
heroine, in well- feigned despair, vowed that, if their escort
was overcome, she would stab herself to the heart. The
devoted husband, as she expected, swore he would not
survive her. Soon after, the pretended rebels came up,
and after a short skirmish drove back the attendants, and
forced the bearers to put down the palankeens. At this
instant he (Sombre) heard a scream and his wife's female
slave rushed up to him, and exclaimed that her mistress
had stabbed herself to death. The husband, true to his
vow, instantly seized a pistol, and blew out his own brains.
His tomb is at Sardhana.
Shamsheir Bahadur I, j^^.jb^^, an illegitimate
offspring of the Peshwi B4ji R^o Marha^ta by a Musal-
m&n concubine named Mastdnf, who brought him up in
the Muhammadan religion. He was severely wounded
in that famous battle which took place between the
Marhattas and Abmad Sh4h Abdali in January, 1761
A. D., got to pig where Surajmal J4t had his wounds
treated with the greatest care, but he died soon after, and
was buried at pig.
Shamsheir Bahadur II, j^^. j^^^, Naw4b of Banda,
was the eldest son of 'All Bah&dur, the son of Shamsheir
Bah&dur I., the son of Baji Rio Peishwi. He succeeded
to the territories of his father in Bimdelkhand about the
year 1802 A. D., but subsequently a pension or stipend
of four lacs of rupees annually was granted him in per-
petuity by the British Government. He died on the 80th
August, 1823 A. D., 24th ^il-ljla'da, 1238 A. H., and was
succeeded by his brother Zulfikar 'All Eh£n.
Shams Fakhri, (Sj^ ur*^9 a poet
Shamsheir Khan, u^^^ ^lf **♦***» a nobleman at whose
request a prose abridgement of the Sh&hnima of Firdausf
was made by Tawakkul Munshi in 1652 A. D., 1063 A. H.
Shams Shahab Aflf, '-**^ v^ lT*^, the son of
Malik Sad-ul-Mulk who was Amald&r of Abuhar and
Dib&lpur in the reign of Sultin Ghay&s-uddin Tughlak.
He was bom the very day that Sultin Firoz Sh&h came
into the world, ». «., in the year 1309 A. D., 709 A. H.,
and was the grandfather of Shams Sir&j AfiX the author
of the Tarikh Firoz Shahi.
Shams Siraj Aflf, *-*4^ g^r* tr^, the grandson of
Shams
252
ShAins-iiddin
Shams ShaHT) Afif; was an historian who flourished in
the reign of Snltin Firoz Sh£h Birhak, king of Dehli who
reigned from ] 861 to 1388 A. D. He is the author of
the entire history of that monarch, called " Tdrikh Firoz
Bhahi/* in which he relates that when that emperor built
the city of Firozibid adjoining to that of (old) Dehli
in the year 1364 A. D., 766 A. H., he tthe author) was
then twelve years of age, and that the red stone pillar
in the Koshak of Firozibdd near the mosque or Jama
Masjid, was brought by that emperor in the same year
with great expense and labour from a place called
Naweira in the vicinity of Sitaura near Khiziribiid, a city
situated on the foot of a mountain, ninety c68 distant
from (old) DehlS, where it then stood. The whole length
of this pillar, says the author, was 32 gaz ; 8 of which
the king ordered to be buried in the earth or sunk in the
building and the remaining 24 to be above the surface.
This pillar was called by the emperor, *' Minar Zarrin,**
i. e., the Golden Minar. The second pillar which the
emperor set up within his hunting place, called Shikargah
Firoz Sh&h, was brought from Mirath, and was some-
what smaller than the one just mentioned. This pillar is
now called the Lith of Firoz Shdh, These two pillars
were even at that period, as they are now, believed by the
Hindiis to have been the hand sticks of a famous hero of
antiquity named Bhim Sen. The character engraved
round these two pillars, the most intelligent and learned
men of all religions were not able to decipher. He also
observes that the high Minar in the Jama Masjid called
" Kuwat-ul-Islam" in (old) Dehli was built by Sult&n
Shams-uddin Altimsh. The author was living at the
time of Tamerlane's invasion to India in 1398 A. D., 801
A. H., whom he has mentioned in his work.
8hams Tabreisi, jij^
Muhammad Tabreizi.
vide Shams-uddin
Shams Tibsi, Mj^ W^y vide Shams-uddin Tibs!
(K4zi).
Shams-uddin Ahmad, ^^» nH^^ ijr^, author of
the " Khulllsat-ul-Mun4kib," containing the Lives of ten
celebrated Silfi Shaikhs.
Shams-uddin Ahmad Khan, e^^ «^^» c^^ kjt^,
a descendant of the Sayyads of Naish&ptir. He held the
rank of 5000 in the reign of the emperor Akbar, and died
in 1691 A. D. 999 A. H.
Shams^^uddin »Ali Khan, J^ i/^ i;^'^^ ur^>
author of the " Muntakhib-ul-Hasnat" which contains
the history of the eighth Imdm, viz., 'Ali Raza bin-
Musa also called 'Ali M^si Raza, who died 818 A. D.,
and whose tomb is at Mashhad (formerly called Tub) in
Khurisan, and is still an object of pilgrimage to the
Persians ; also memoirs of his descendants. This work
was translated from the Arabic of Abu Jafar.
Shams»uddin-al^Shafa*i, c^**^' u:!*^' u^»
author of the Arabic work called " Ayiin-ul-Asar ;"
containing the wars and conquests of Muhammad, his
successors and companions, interspersed with various
anecdotes of his generals.,
Shams-uddin Altimsh, SxQtan, <>^^ ui^^ ^jr^
^IbUi^ a king of Dehli, whose original name was
Altimsh. In his childhood he was bought from a mer-
chant by Sult4n ^utb-uddin Eybak, king of Dehli, who
afterwards gave him his daughter in marriage. He
expelled 'Aram Shdh, the son of Kufb-uddin from the
throne of Dehli. 1210 A. D., 607 A. H., and declared
himself king wil^ the title of Shams»uddin. He defeated
and imprisoned Taj-uddm Elddz, king of Ghazni who
came to Labor with a large army in 1215 A. D. He
beseiged for a whole year the fortress of GwiUiar and took
it in 1233, and after a reign of 26 years, died on the 30th
April, 1236 A. D., 633 A. H. His son Sultan Rukn-
uddin Firoz succeeded him. It is supposed that the
Kutb Mindr in old Dehli, which is now commonly called
tiie Lath of l^utb Sihib because it stands close to the
dargah of the celebrated saint Khwaja ^^^tb-uddin
Bakhtyar KAki was built and completed by Sult6n
Shams-uddin Altimsh some time before the year 1236
A. D. A part of it was injured by lightning and was
repaired and completed on the 26th October, 1601 A. D.,
13th Rabi* IT, 907 A. H. by Fatha KhAn Maanad 'Ali in
the reign of Sultan Sikandar Shah Lodi.
Shams-uddin Bahmani, Sultan, <^^r? nH^^ ur*^
f^VoLm^ the son of Sultan Mahmtid Bahmani. Ho was
placed on the throne of the Dakhin on the 14th of June,
1397 A. D., 17th Ramaz£n, 799 A. H., after the dethrone-
ment of his brother Ghayis-uddin, by L&lchin, who was
now honoured with the title of Malik N&eb or regent.
Shams-uddin had reigned only five months and seven
days, when Firoz Khan, the son of Sultin Daud Shah,
having deposed him, sent him together with L&lchin to
confinement, and ascended the throne with the title of
Firoz Shah R6zafzun on Thursday the 15th of November,
1397 A. D., 23rd Safar, 800 A. H.
Shams-uddin bin-Mubarik, ^j^ eH iirt^^ cr^,
author of the " Sharah Hikmat-ul-Ain."
Shams-uddin Fakir, Mir, j^ nH^^ cT*^ .j^f
a native of Dehli, and author of the work, called " HadiLek-
ul-Baldghat," or Garden of Eloquence, a treatise on the
rhetoric, poetry and rhyme of the Persians.
Shams-uddin Kart I, Malik, ^J ii^i'^^ U^ «-^,
also called Malik Shams-uddin Muhammad Kart, the son
of Abi Bakar Kart, was the founder of the dynasty of
Kart or Kard, a tribe of Turks. He commenced his reign
in the year 1268 A. D., 666 A. H., over Hirdt, Ghor,
Ghaa^ni and ^abul. His mother was the daughter of
Malik Rukn-uddin Gh6ri, who before his death in 1245
A. D., 643 A. H., had named him to be his successor, and
which was subsequently confirmed by Mangli Kh^ and
Halakd Kh&n, kings of Persia. His descendants con-
tinued to reign over those countries for 119 lunar years
and two months, till they were extinguished by Amir
Taimur (Tamerlane) in 1381 A. D. He was a cotem-
porary of Abu^a Khan, king of Persia, and died at Tabreiz
in January, 1278 A. D., Shaban, 676 A. H. after a reign
of ten years and was succeeded by his son Malik Shams<»
uddin II,
Kings of the dynMty of Kart or Kard,
1. ^alik Shams-uddin Muhammad Kart 1.
2. „ Shams-uddin IX, his son, also called Hukn*
uddin*
3. „ Fakhr-uddin Bahman, his son.
4. „ Ghayas-uddin Kart, his brother.
5. „ Shams-uddin Kart III, his son.
6. „ Hafiz, his brother.
7. „ Moi'zz-uddin Husain, his brother.
8. „ Ghayas-uddin, the son of 'Alf and grandson of
Moi'zz-uddin, the last king of this race.
Shams-uddin Kart II, Malik, ♦»»/ ^^^ ^jr^
»-^^, second king of the dynasty of Kart, was the son of
Shams-uddin Kart I, whom he succeeded in January,
1278 A D., 676 A. H. He was a cotemporary of Aba]^£
Khan the Tartar king of Persia, and reigned about ^8
Bhams-uddin
253
Shams-uddin
Tears over Hirat, Ghaml, Balkh, &c. He died on Thurs-
day the 2nd of September, 1805 A. D., 12th Safar, 705
A. H., and was succeeded by his son Malik Fakhr-uddin
Bahman.
BhamB-uddin Kart III, Malik, c^j^ iiH^ cr^
%SLo^ the fifth Sultan of the dynasty of Kart who reigned
over Hirat, Balkh, Ghaznf and E&bul. He succeeded
his father Ghay&s-uddm Kart in 1329 A. D., 729 A. H.
veigned ten months and died in 1330 A. D., 730 A. H.,
He was succeeded by his brother Malik Hafiz, who was
slain in 1332. After him Moi'zz-uddin Husain his
brother ascended the throne.
Shaxns-uddin Khan, ^^^ ui^^ cr*^ v!y,
the naw&b of Flrozpiir, was the son of Nawib Ahmad
Bakhsh Elh&n, a jaguar of Fargana Firozpur and Loh&ri.
It was at his instigation that Karlm Khan one of his
confidants murdered Mr. W. Fraser the British Commis-
sioner of Dehli, on the evening of the 22nd March, 1835
A. D., for which act Karim Kh&n was hanged on the
26th August following, and subsequently the naw&b,
who after a full investigation of the case, being found
guilty, was executed on the 8th of October of ^e same
year at Dehli. Naw&b Shams-uddin was the Jagird&r of
Ffrozpdr, the town of a large district of the same name,
situated at a distance of sixty miles to the south-west of
DehH. He enjoyed a revenue variously estimated at from
three to ten lacs of rupees a year. The actual cause of
his animosity towards Mr. iSraser, and the reason which
induced him to instigate his murder, will perhaps ever
remain a mystery. The supposition is, that Mr. Fraser
had, in the faithful discharge of his duty, apportioned to
Amfn-uddin and Ziya-uddin, the younger brothers of the
nawib, a part or whole of Loh&rt an extensive estate,
to which the latter considered himself the best entitled.
Shams-uddin Eliawafl, Ehwaja, </*'j^ cri*^' cr^
^t^^ the son of an Amir of Khaw&f in Khuris&n by
name Khwaja 'Al&-uddfn. Bhams-uddin held a high
rank in the service of the emperor Akbar, and was
appointed Diwan of thePanjdb in 1699 A. D., 1008 A. H.,
but died after a few months at L&hor.
Shams-uddin Muhammad, "J^** e^^il ,j»^,
author of the works called " Bakhty&r-nima," and
" Sindbdd-nama."
Shams-uddin Muhammad Anka Khan, ci^ ^
*♦«* e^tJl ^J^, vide 'Azim Khan.
Shams-uddin Muhammad Assar, j^-^ «*^^** cH*^'
U*^, vide Assar.
Shams-uddin Muhammad-bin- A b d u 1 1 a h-a 1-
Qhu«Bi, Shaikh, ue>^' ^h^ iu^ *♦«* t^'^-'l
^jr*^} author of the " Tanwir-ul-Abs£r," which he
composed in 1586 A. D., 995 A. H., and enriched with
a variety of questions and decisions. It is considered
to be one of the most useful books according to the Hanafi
doctrines, and has been frequently commented upon.
The most noted of these commentaries is one written by
the author himself, entitled ** Monh-al-Ghasfiar."
Shams-uddin Muhammad ibn-Nasar, j^ u^'
^^joJf ^jr*^9 author of the work called " Mujma-
(j^jiiJl jjM^, author of the " Far4ez-ul-F£riljrfa," a
treatise on the Law of Inheritance according to Shififs
doctrine. He died in 1375 A. X)., 777 A. H.
Shams-uddin Muhammad bin-Hamza, ^r*^ ui
«X**^ C^JaJi fj>^, Bumamed Fanirf. He was an
author and died in the year 1431 A. D., 834 A. H. He
wrote a commentary which is considered one of the best
glosses on the Sirajia of Sajawandi.
Shams-uddin Muhammad Kuswi, Khwaja,
f^£yj^ 0^^^ C:H«Jl ^jr^ ^^^9 a descendant of
8haikh Al^mad J£m. He died on Saturday the 31st of
March, 1459 A. D., 26th Jum&da I, 863 A. H., and is
buried near the Jama Masjid at Hirat> close to the tomb
of Fakih Abu Yezid Marghazi.
Shams-uddin Muhammad Sahib Diwan, c^lH^
.U> «>♦«* ^^\ U*^, held the office of Diwin
ul-Bahryn." He lived in the time of T^-uddln Elddz.
Shams-uddin Muhammad bin-Killai, ^^^^^
64
and prime minister in the reign of Halakd Khin. and
his son Ahiki Khin the Tartar kings of Persia. In the
first year of the reign of Arghun Khin, the son of Abaki
Khin, he was accused by his enemies of causing the
death of the king's father by poison, and was executed
at $ara Bigh of Tabrez on Monday the 16th of October,
1284 A. D., 4th Shabin, 683 A. H. He was a good poet
and is the author of the work called "Risila Shamsia
dar ilm Mantak," a work on the science of Log^c. His
brother Ali-uddin, surnamed Ati Malik, is the author of
a History entitled Jahin Kushi,
Shams-uddin Muhammad Tabrezi, Maulana,
LSjij^ "^^^^ iiH'^^ Cr^ ^h^f commonly called
Shams Tabrezf, a celebrated Muhammadan of Tabrez.
He was the master of Jalal-uddin Maulwi Rumi who
wrote a book of odes in his name entitled the Diwin of
Shams Tabrezi. He was murdered by 'Ali-uddin Mah-
miid, the son of the Maulwi and thrown into a well 1247
A. D., 646 A. H. He is considered by the St!ifis to be
one of the most celebrated martyrs of their sect. He
was, they say, sentenced to be flayed alive, on account of
his having raised a dead person to life. We are told
that, after the law had been put in force, he wandered
about, carrying his own skin, and solicited some food to
appease his hunger, but he had been excommunicated as
well as flayed, and no one would give him the slightest
help. After four days he found a dead ox : but he could
not obtain fixe to dress it. Wearied out with the unkind-
ness of men, he desired the sun to broil his msat. It
descended to perform the office ; and the world was on the
point of being consumed, when the holy Shaikh command-
ed the flaming orb to resume its station in the heavens.
Shams-uddin Purbi I, «^i^ e^i*^' u*^, sumamed
Bhangeira. His proper name was Khwija Iliis. He
ascended the throne of Bengal after the assassination of
'Ali-uddin Ptirbi about the year 1343 A. D., 744 A. H.
For thirteen years he resisted with success the forces of
the king of Dehli, who could never succeed during the
whole of that period in making any impression upon him.
He died after a reign of 16 years 1368 A. D., 760 A. H ,
and was succeeded by his son Sikandar Shih Purbi.
Shams-uddin Purbi II, {/)yi tiH^'l lT^, ascended
the throne of Bengal after the death of his father Sul^n-
us-Salitin 1383 A. D., and died after an inglorious reign
of three years 1386 A. D., 788 A. H. He was succeeded
by Raja Kans Purbi.
Shams-uddin Tabreizi, isyi^ui^l i,^^, vide
Shams-uddin Muhammad Tabreizi.
Shams-uddiu
254
Sharaf-uddin
Shamfl-uddin Tibei, ^zi, sT^ ^* ^-^ ^'
one of the learned men of Kbur^in, and an excellent
poet, who attended the court of Ni^dm-nl-Mulk Wazir to
Sultan JaUl-udd£n Malikshih. He died about the year
473 A. H.
Shams^ul-'Umra, Amir Kabir Nawab, ir^^* ur^
*^^yj^ ^ri^t, a nobleman or Amfr-ul-'Umra of the
court of the Kizim of Haidardb£d. He was bom in
1780 A. D., and survived three successive Nizims. The
first was Nizkm 'Ali Khan by whom the nawdb was
originally appointed " Commander of the household
troops," during the troubled periods of Tipu Sultan's
reign. On Niz4m 'All's death in 1808 A. D., the Nawib
lived to sec Mir Akbar 'All alias Sikandar Jah, raised to
the masnad, and subsequently on the decease of this
prince in 1830, saw him succeeded by Nasir-uddaula,
the late Nizim, fix)m whom he received the title of
<< Amir Kabir" in acknowledgment of his services to the
state. As a geometrician he stood unrivalled, and the
compilation styled after himself " Shams-ul-Handisa"
besides other works published by him on the Arts and
Sciences, distinguish him as an author. He died on
the 10th ApriL 1863 A. D., when he had just com-
pleted the 8drd year of his age, and was the oldest
nobleman then living in Haidarab&d. He left two
sons, both are good men. The elder of the two has in-
herited his father's vast estates and his official titles.
The younger received most of his father's immense
wealth during his lifetime, and many jagirs since his
death.
ShaniB-uii-Nisa Begam, ^ ^--^f ur*^f
the daughter of Hakim Kamar-uddfn Khin of Benares,
but her place of residence is at Lakhnau. She is the
author of a small Diwan and was living in the year 1272
A. H.
Shaniy c^^y & poet who flourished in the reign of Shih
Abb^ I, king of Persia, and died in the year 1614 A. D.,
1023 A. H. He is sometimes called MjnilftTift Sh&ni
Taklii.
Shapur, jH^t * poet* of Teherib who died 1638 A. D.,
1048 A. H. His tomb is at a place called Surkh&b in
Tabreiz. He had the title of Malik- ush-Sho&ra or king
of poets.
Shapur or Shahpur I, JM^3 (the Sapores of the
Qreeks) the second king of Persia of the Sasanian dynasty,
was the son of Ardisheir B^bigan. He began to reign
about the year 240 A. D., and carried his arms into the
Boman territories, gained many important victories
over that nation, whose emperor. Valerian, he made
prisoner and flayed him alive. According to Persian
historians, Shaptkr reigned 31 years, and died about the
year 271 A. D. He was succeeded by his son Hurmuz I,
the Hormisdes of the Greeks.
ShapilT Ily Jri^} Bumamed Zd'l Akt^f, was the son of
Hurmuz II, king of Persia, and was bom 310 A. D. a
few months after the death of his father, on which
account the Persian historians say, that his reign was a
few months longer than his life. He di^d 381 A. D.,
aged 71 years. During his long reign, he raised his
country to a state of the greatest prosperity ; having
defeated all his enemies, and extended the Umits of his
empire in every direction. He was succeeded by his son
Ardisheir II.
Shapur III, J^^9 ^^ «on of Shiptir II, and the uterine
brother of Ardisheir II, whom he deposed, and mounted
the throne of Persia 385 A. D. This prince who is
described as virtuous and beneficent, reigned over Persia
only five years. He was killed by the fall of his tentg
the pole of which struck the monarch as he slept.
Sharaf-ibn-Shamfl-uddin, tH«^* er*^ cHt dfj^,
author of the " Sharaf-n&ma" a Persian History of the
Dynasties which have governed in Kurdist4n. It was
translated into English by Professor Gharmoy.
Sharaf Jahan, Mirza, c^^^ «4/* by*j an author
whose father l$.izi Jah4n held a high appointment at the
court of Sh£h Tahmasp Safwi, but being suspected of
being a Sunnf, he was deprived of it. Shi^af Jah&n died
in 1561 A. D., 968 A. H.
Sharaf £[azwini, ^3j^ **V^> a poet who was a
native of Kazwin, and is the author of a Persian Dfwin.
He came to the Dakhin in the reign of (utb Sh^ in
whose service he died.
Sharaf-uddin Ahmad Ahia Maneiri, Shaikh,
^j^jM Ua.t 4)y^a.| ^jJl o^ ^U^ a celebrated saint of
Beh&r. He and his eldest brother Shaikh Jalsl-uddm
were the disciples of Shaikh Najm-uddin Firdausf.
Sharaf-uddin was a contemporary of Shaikh Nizim-uddin
Aulia. He resided at Behar, and is the author of the
works called " Madan-ul-Maani," and " Muk4tib4t Ahia
Maneiri," the latter contains the whole duty of a Sufi
in a series of 250 letters addressed to his disciples and
friends. He died in the year 1379 A. D., 781 A. H., and
his tomb (an exact delineation of which has been given
by Mr. Daniel) stands near the junction of the river S6n
with the Granges, and is still the r^ort of devout Muham>
madans. He is called Maneiri because he resided in a
town called Maneir near Patna. The tomb of his fieithor
Shaikh Ahia or Yehia is in the town of Maneir. (Journal
Asiatic Society of Beng^, Vol. XIV, part I, pp. 138-140.)
See also Shih Sharaf-uddin.
Sharaf-uddin 'Ali Yezdl, Maulana, is^yi </^
l;^*^' ci/^ ^^y^y a learned man and author of several
works. He lived at the court of Sultin Ibr&him, the son
of Shihrukh Mirza, at whose request he wrote in a
beautiful style, the ^' Zafiar-nama," also called T&rikh
Sahib Kir^ni," a history of the celebrated conqueror Amir
Taimur (Tamerlane), whose dominions extended from the
borders of China to the shores of the Mediterranean.
This work was finished in four years and dedicated to
Shdhrukh Mirza, 1425 A. D., 828 A. H. It has been
translated by P. De la Croix, and the heads of it may be
found in Gibbon's sixth volume of the Decline of the
Boman Empire. Sharaf-uddm may be considered as the
Panegyrist of Taimur, while the work of A^mad-ibn-
Arabshdh is a coarse satire on that conqueror. He is also
the author of the " Sharb Burda." Sharaf-uddin who used
Sharaf for his poetical name, died about the year 1446
A. D., 850 A. H.
Sharaf-uddin Ashrafl Samarkand i, fs^ J*^
is(j^^ e;:?*^' ^J^f a poet of Samarkand who died in the
year 1199 A. D., 595 A. H.
Sharaf-uddin Hasan Shafai of Isfahan, ^(^^
gj^U^ ^;*^ ^^\ sjjl. He ig ^e author of the
following Masnawis or poems, vtz., Namakd&n Ha^j^at,"
" Mchr-o-Muhabbat," and " Dida Beidar." He died in
the year 1628 A. D., 1038 A. H.
Sharaf-uddin Husain, Mirsa, tri--^ {:H^ ^j^ 'j/*,
the son of Ehwaja M6m who was of the race of £hwiya
Sharaf-uddin
265
Shfldr Nfisir-uddin 'AbdulUh one of the greatest saints
of Turkifitan. Sharaf-uddin Husain was the son-in-law
of the emperor Humdytin and was governor of Ajmeir.
He with another chief named Abti'l Madli, had revolted
at N6gor, before the XJzbak rebellion took place in
Malw4 about the year 1661 A. D., 969 A. H., had defeated
the emperor Ak bar's troops, and advanced towards Dehli.
They were afterwards driven back in their turn, and
forced to seek for safety, the latter beyond the Indus, and
the former to Afcmadab&d in Gujrat where he joined the
Mirzis at Barouch, in the year 1568 A. D.y 976 A. H.
fiharaf-uddm Panipati, i/i J^ iji^^ ^^>
vide Abu 'AU Kalandar.
Sharaf-uddin Bami, Maul an a, </*!; nH*^^ ^j^
^h^9 author of a Diwin and the *• Hadae^i.ul-HalfAeV*
which treats on metric and poetic compositions, and has
been written in imitation of, or competition with, Rashid-
uddin Watwdt's Hadaek-us-Sehr. He flourished in the
reign of Shdh MansQr and died 1393 A. D., 795 A. H.
Sharaf-uddin Bhafrawa, ^c^jj^ erJ«^i '^j^, a poet
of Isfah&n, who flourished in the reig^i of Tughral III, and
was cotemporary with the poet Mujir. He is the author
of the work called " Itbak-uz-Zahab" which he wrote in
imitation of Itwak-uz-Zahab of Zamakhshari
Sharaf-uddin, Shah, cH'^^^j^^^, vide SUh
Sharaf-uddin.
Sharaf-uddaula, ^j^^ *4^^ a nobleman of the reign
of the emperor Muhammad Shdh. He is the founder of
the Masjid situated in the Dariba Bizir at Dehli which
he built in the year 1723 A. D., 1135 A. H.
Sharaf-uddaula, Nawab, ^j*^l
viy.
ex prime-minister of Audh, was a native of Kashmir.
His ancestors were ^^Rafugurs" or shawl-darners. At I
an early age he travelled to the Dakhin, where he ob-
tained employment under the Niz&m. He did not,
however, remain long at Haidarab&d; the reputed
splendour of the court of Lakhnau brought him to Audh
where he found he had an uncle, the celebrated Maulwi
Ahia, the residency Wakil during the reign of Nibir-
uddin Haidar. On the accession of Muhammad 'Ali
Sh&h to the throne in 1839 A. D., Maulwi Ahia was
advanced to the post of prime-minister, vice Hakim
Mahdi, deceased, and Sharaf-uddaula was appointed
residency Wakil vice his uncle promoted. Maulwi Ahia
dying soon after, Sharaf-uddaula succeeded him as prime-
minister. He held the office up to the time of Muham-
mad 'Ali Sh£h's death which took place in May, 1842
A. D., when Amjiid 'Ali Shih succeed^g to the throne,
he nominated his favourite, Amin-uddaula to the premier-
ship, obliging Sharaf-uddaula to retire. By the Resident
personally the nawdb was so much esteemed that, after
he lost office, he, the Besident, deemed him the fittest
man in Lakhnau to manage the very responsible and
important concerns of the Husainab&d Imamb&rah, of
which he induced the king to make him ''Wasikiad&r,"
or stipendiary. Sharaf-uddaula was known by every
one to be the most sincerely attached friend the Briti^
had in Audh. He was, therefore, looked upon with much
jealousy and rancour by all the courtiers, but especially
by Naw&b 'Ali Nal^i Kh£n, the fiEither-in-law and prime -
minister of W&jid 'Ali Shih the last king. Viewing
him always as his rival, 'Ali Na^ often contemplated
his ruin, and at one time in league with Nawab Wasi
'Ali Khin, one of the famous abominables of the ccmxt of
Lakhnau, he would have compassed his end, as he had
succeeded in getting the king to issue an order of banish-
ment against 8haraf-ud daula, with his whole femily, but
for the timely interference of the Resident who had the
order revoked. During the early part of the rebellion
(in 1857) the insurgents surrouuded his house, insisting
that he should become prime-minister of the rebel
government. He refused and tried to excuse himself in
every way, but they forcibly installed him in the office,
which he knew he only nominally held, since Mammti
Kh^ was the ruling spirit with the Begam. On the
arrival of General Havelock's force for the relief of the
Lakhnau garrison, he was in the Keisar Biigh and re-
ceived a bullet in the shoulder. When the final grand
attack was made on the city by the Commander-in-Chief,
which caused the Begam and her party to remove to the
Mdsa B£gh, Sharaf-uddaula took advantage of the con-
fusion and skulked behind, and endeavoured to steal out
of the city, when he was recognised by some sepoys, who
bound him with cords, took him to Maulwi A^mad-ulUh
Shah, who after starving him for four days had h\m put
to death.
Sharif Juijani, Mir or Sayyad, i^Hj^ *-*ir^-H*,
whose full name is Sayyad Sharif 'Ali bin-Muhammad,
is the author of the "Hishia Kashshif' and "Hashia
Tafsir Anwar-ut-Tauzfl," also of an Arabic work on
philosophy called " 'Adab-ul-Sharif," and the marginal
notes on the "Sharah Matla-ul-AnwAr" and on the
"Mawikif Azdia" a work on Jurisprudence in Arabic.
He also wrote a Commentary on the Sir&jia of Saj&wandi,
which he named " Sharifia." He was bom in 1839 A. D.,
740 A. H., and died in July, 1413 A. D., 6th Rabf II, 816
A. H.
Sharif Khan Amir-td-'Umra, \y>ihjx>c\ ^U. vij^^
son of Khw&ja Abdus Samad, a nobleman of the reign
of the emperor JahUngir, who in the first year of his
reign conferred on him the rank of 6,000 and appointed
him governor of Haidardbid in the Dakhin where he
died after some years. He was an excellent poet and has
left a Diwin. His poetical name was Farai.
Sharif Muhammad, <^^** *-*ir^, author of the
Persian work on Jurisprudence called " Fat£wa Faer6z
Shihi," dedicated to Fir6z Shah, king of Dehli.
Sharifl Maulana, i/H/^ ^^J^y a native of Balkh who
was a physician, poet and a good musician. He has
written several panegyrics in praise of the king of
Badakhshin.
Sharif-uddiu Muhammad Abdullah-aUMousali*
aUBasri, ^^^^J^ ^dh,^ ,^^^:^ ^oJ| vij;^,
author of a Diwin which he called " Diw&n Murtaii
Ail.
Sharm, fJ^} ^^ Shams-un-Nisa Begam^
Shatibi, i^^^, vide Abu Muhammad ShitibL
Shayek, {}i^, vide Shielf.
Shayurghamish, Mirsa, Uj^ tA^iH^, a son of
Shihrukh Mirzi.
Shirazi, iSjjji***} an author who wrote a Commentary on
the Tahrir-id-Majasti of Is-hi]|: bin-Husain« and named
it " Hall Mushkilat Majasti."
Shiriu^ ^4>^» This word or name which signifies in
Persian, sweet, charming or agreeable, is the name of a
lady well-known throughout the "Ewt Some call her
Mary and others Irene. The Greeks only describe her
as a Roman by birth, a Christian by religion ; but she is
represented as tiie daughter of the emperor Maurice in
256
Bhaikli
the Persian and Turkish romanceSf which celebrated the
love of Khuero for Shirin, of Shlrin for Farh&d the most
beautifnl youth of the East This celebrated beauty has
been accused of giving those affections, which a monarch
80 anxiously sought, to the lowly Farh4d, in whose breast
her beauties kindled a flame, which deprived him of reason
and life. We are told that the son of Khusro, after put-
ting his father to death, sought the favours of his father's
mistress ; who appeared to consent, but desired to take
one look at the remains of his father. The murdered
body of her former lover was shown to her, and she
immediately put an end to her existence by stabbing
herself, tids Farhid.
Sbidi, iS^> ^ African.
Shidi Potdad Khan, *y^ ^^y if^y vide FouUd
Ehiai Shidf.
Shefta ^^^^9 his proper title and name is Nawib Mustafa
Khan of Dehli, the son of Nawab Murtazi Khan. He
was a good poet and had adopted two poetical names,
viz Shefta and Hasrati. In the art of poetry he was a
pupil of Momin who died 1852 A. D., 1250 A. H. He is
the author ofaDiwan and a biography of Urdu poets
which he wrote in 1834 called Gulshin Beikhar.
Shaikh 'Alai, tS"^ f^> a philosopher of Bayana, who
made a great noise in the world in the reign of Sultan
Salim Sh^i by introducing a new system of religion.
He called himself Imam Mahdi who is believed to be the
last of the prophets. This impostor raised great dis-
turbances in the empire, converted some thousands by
force and persuasion. After being twice banished by the
king, he returned, and kindled fresh troubles, for which
he was scourged to death at Agrah, by order of the king
1648 A. D., 955 A. H. He remained firm to his doctrine
in the agonies of death ; but his religion was not long
maintained by his disciples. ' Vide Ain Translation,
(Abti'l-Fazl's Biography).
Shaikh 'Alam, (^^ ^^i ^^^o "^rote a book on the
Music of India, and called it Midhoinal or Midh6 Naek,
after the name of the musician who first wrote it in
Hindu
Shaikh 'Ali^ (^ ^^9 author of the "Jawfliir-ul-
Samania."
Shaikh! let,
, a poet, on whom Mur^ I had con-
ferred a wazirship. The following amusing anecdote of
this poet is recorded by an author. In the early part of
his career Shaikhi suffered much from a complaint in the
eyes, and, being very poor, he was so inconsequent as to
open a shop for the saie of eye-water. The price was an
asper a bottle. One day. however, a stranger, passing by
and observing the bloodshot eyes of the poet, stopped to
purchase a bottle, and in paying for it laid down two
aspers. " I charge but one asper," said Shaikhf, " do you
not know that?" "Certainly I know it," said the
gtranger, and therefore you see I give you a second."
"Give me a second!" replied Shaikhf angrily, "for
what P" •* To enable you to buy one of your own bottles,
my friend," replied the other coolly, " and cure yourself!"
The poet shrugged his shoulders and shut up his shop.
He flourished about the year 1395.
Shaikhi 2lld9 a Turkiah poet, who was contemporary with
Al^madf.
Shaikh Buhltd, dA^ V^^j ^^ brother of the saint
Muhammad Ghaus of Gw&liar. He was put to death in
Agrah by Mirzi Handal, the brother of the emperor
Humaydn about the year 1539 A. D., 945 A. H. His
tomb is on a hill near the fort of Byana.
Shaikh Farid Bhakari, ksJ^, ^j^ ^, a native of
Bhakar, and author of the work called " Zakhirat-ul-
]Kaw4nui." which he composed in the time of the emperor
8h&h Jahan 1650 A. D., 1060 A. H.
Shaikh Farid Biikhari, ^j^ ^t^, a nobleman, who
in the first year of Jahangfr, was raised to the rank of
5,000, ¥rith the title of Murtazi Khin, and appointed
Paymaster General of the army. He died in the year
1616 A. D., 1025 A. H.
Shaikh Ibrahim, (*^[ri^ ^^, an uncle of the poet
Hazm. He is the author of the " Rifa'-ul-Khillf;" which
contains glosses on various works, and of the " Kashif-ul-
G^awishf being glosses on the Kashshdf as far as the 49tii
8ura, and of a commentary on Euclid. He died at L&hi-
j4ninl707 A. D., 1119 A. H.
Shaikh Jalal, 0^ >t^, sumamed Makhdum Jah&oian
Jahitngasht; a celebrated saint of Multan, the son of
Sayyad Abmad Kabir the son of Sayyad Jal&'l Bukhiri.
He was the disciple of Shaikh Rukn-uddin Ab(i'l Fatha,
grandson of Shaikh Baha-uddin Zikaria. He is said to
have travelled all over the world, and is on that account
called Jah&ngasht. He made seven pilgrimages to Mecca
and brought from there a stone bearing the foot mark of
the prophet, which he made over to Sul^n Fir6z Sh4h
Tughlal^ who became one of his disciples. Shaikh Jaltt
was bom on the 8th February, 1308 A. D., 14th Shabdn,
707 A. H., and died on Wednesday, the 3rd February,
1384 A. D., 10th Zil-hijia 785 A. H., aged 78 lunar
years ; he was buried at Uchcha in Multdn. The Persian
inscription is engraved on the gate of his mausoleum,
which is annually visited by the pilgrims of distant
countries. It is a popular belief that a fool can get re-
stored to perfect sense by eating the earth of his tomb.
He is the founder of the sect of Malang and JalAlia Fakirs
in India, and is the brother of Sayyad Rijd Katt41. His
memoirs were written by one of his disciples and is called
" KitAb Kutbi." Vide Thomas, Chronicles of the Pathin
kings, p. 94 n.
Shaikh Jalal of Thanesar, c^;^ J% ^,
a celebrated pious Musalman who lived in the time of
the emperor Akbar, and died on the 10th of January,
1582 A. D., 14th ^il-I^jja 989 A. H., and lies buried at
Th^esar.
Shaikh Jamali, Maul an a, u^^e^ kt^ W^,
was a native of Dehli and an excellent Persian poet. He
at first took for his poetical title '^JaIdlC\ but subse-
quently at the request of his murahid Shaikh Sami-uddin,
changed into, " Jamdli. From Dehli he proceeded on a
pilgrimage to Mecca, and on his return he came to
Hirat in the time of Sultan Husain Mirza, where he
resided for several years and became acquainted with the
celebrated Maulwi Jami. He is the author of the work
entitled " Siar-ul-'Arifin" or Lives of the Pious, as also
of a Dfw&n. He died in the time of the emperor Huma-
yiin 1535 A. D., 942 A. H., and lies buried at old DehU
where his tomb is still to be seen. His son Shaikh Gad&£
Kamb6h served under Bairdm Khin for several years,
rose to a suitable rank and died in 1568 A. B., 976 A. H.
Shaikh Jim or Jiwan bin-Abi Sa'id-al-Makki,
i:)^ ^f, author of the " Nur-ul-Anwir fi Sfaarh-al-
Man&r, a law treatise.
Shekh
257
Sher
8hekh Mir, j^ ^^> a noblesum and one of tho best
generals of 'Alamgir, whose caase he espoused and was
killed in the last battle which took place between that
emperor and his eldest brother Dar& Shik6h at Ajmeir
on Sunday the 13th of March, 1669 A. D., 29th Jumida
n, 1069 A. H. He was buried by the orders of 'Alamgir
close to the tomb of Ehw^a Mo'in-uddm Chishti at
Ajmeir.
Shekh Mir of Lahor, j^ >i^. He is also called
Sh4h Mir, and is said to have been a pious Musalmin
and spiritual guide of Mulli Sh4h. He died in August,
1635 A. D., 1046 A. H., and is buried at L4hor. Vide
ShiUiMir.
Shekh Mubarak of Nagor, </^^ "^^ ^>
father of Shekh Faizi and Abd'l Fazl the celebrated
wazir of the emperor Akbar. He is the author of the
Commentary on the Kur&n called " Munba-ul- Ayun,"
and of another work entitled ''*• Jaw&m^-ul-Kalto." He
was bom in the year 1606 A. D., and died at Labor on
the 6th August, 1693 A. D., 17th ^il-I^a'da, 1001 A. H..
and was buried at Agrah where in the same compound
it is supposed Faizl, Abd'l Fazl and Ladli their sister
were buried. His other's name was Shekh Musa, who
was a Turk by birth.
Shekh Mufld, <^ ^9 vide Abd 'AbdulUh Muham-
mad bin-Muhammad-al-N^mdni.
fij
• »
9ide Shih Taki.
Shekh Muhaxnmady ***^ k^j author of a work on
Stifiism in Persian called ** Chehal 'Ris^" or forty
Chapters, vide Muhammad (Shekh).
Shekh Muwyyad, "Hy ^1 videKWlliaamQt
HuUa.
Shekh
, ^^ ^, wVfc Nisfe (Shekh).
Shekh Razi, ^^J ^"^^ son of Hasan, author of the
Sharah on the Eafia and Sh^fia of Ibn-Hijib. He died
in 1287 A. D., 686 A. H.
Shekh Sail or SafL-uddin, (^ ^y the celebrated
founder of the sect of Sdfis in Persia, from whom were
descended the royal Safwi family. He dwelt in Ardibeil
in Media and died tiiere. His son Shekh Sadr-uddm
Miisa was held in such high estimation, that he was
honoured by a visit from the great conqueror Amir
Taimiir. That monarch was so much pleased by the
Shekh's conyersation, that at his request he released all
the prisoners taken in Asia Minor and Turkey. Many
of the captiYOs were persons of wealth and &mily, who
afterwards enriched their benefactor by costly presents
and acknowledged him aa their tutelar saint. Their
respect and that of their descendants was continued to
him and his posterity. Shekh Safi[ died at Ardibeil on
the 7th of August, 1336 A. D., 17th ^-^jja, 736 A. H.
Shekh Hasi^ {^J ^^» son of Hasan, author of the
'' Sharah on the Eifla and Sh&fia of Ibn-Hajib." He died
in 1287 A. D., 686 A. H.
Shekh Saduky th^^ ^^9 also called Abi J^
Muhammad bin-' AH Babawia. Vide Babawia.
ffl l ^VH Sharif, ^^J^ ^> «h^ Shih Sharaf-uddM.
65
Shekh Taki, (^
Shekh Yuaaf, ^-^--M ^, vide Y6saf (Shekh).
Sher Aflgan Khan, \J^iJ^^J^i a Turkman nobleman
of high lineage and great renown, was the first husband
of the celebrated Nur JahiUi Begam. He served in the
wars of Akbar with extraordinary reputation, and had a
j£gir at Bardw&n where he was slain 1607 A. D., IOI9
A. H., in an encounter with the Gk)vemor, Kutb-uddin.
His original name was Asta Fillo, and 'All Zula Beg, but
having killed a lion, he was dignified with the title of
Sher Afgan Khan or the destroyer of Lions. The
Emperor Jahangir married the widow some years after
which gave rise to a legend of the Emperor's having caused
his death.
Sher 'All Khan, Amir of Kabul, o^*/^^,
the youngest son of Dost Muhammad Eh&n.
Sher »A11 ADbob, Mir, Lrr^^ i/^j^^j^, vide AMs.
Sherl Maidana, iSjt^ ^^, a poet who flourished
in the reign of the emperor Akbar. When the fortress
of Chittor was taken by Uiat monarch in December, 1667
A. D., Jum&dqi II, 976 A. H., and the fort of Rinthanpur
on the 22nd March, 1669 A. D., 3rd Shawwil, 976 A. H.,
in which year the fort of Agrah was also completed,
Sherf was then living, and wrote the chronogram of all
three. He was slain together with rajd Birbal and other
officers of note in a battle fought against the Tiisa&af
Afghans of Saw4d and Bijdr in February, 1686 A. D.,
Eabf I, 994 A. H. The author of the '* Masir-ul-'Umri"
says, that he was the nephew of Khwaja Jah^ Hirwi a
nobleman of the court of Akbar, who died in November,
1674 A. D., Shaban, 982 A. H., and that Sherf died in
1681 A. D., 989 A. H. He is the author of a Diw&n.
Sher Khan Lodi, (S^j^ c)^ ji^, ihe son of 'AH
Amj4d Khiin Lodi who died on the 13th of November,
1673 A. D., 14th Shaban, 1084 A. H. Sher Kh£n is the
author of a Tazkira or biography of poets called ** Mirat-
ul-Khay£b," or the Mirror of Imagination, which he
wrote in the year 1691 A. D., 1102 A. H., in the reign
of the emperor ' Alamgir. It contains an account of the
most celebrated poets, and besides it treats on almost
every science cultivated by the Musalmans : music, medi-
cine, cosmography, oneiroscopy, talismans, Ac.
Sheroya, H^j^, the Siroes of the Greeks, was the son
of Ehusro Parwez, or Ohosroes, king of Persia, whom he
threw into a dungeon and subsequently murdered 628
A. D., 7 A. H. He reigned only eight months and
died 629 A. D., 8 A. H. At the death of Sheroya, an
ambitious noble raised Ardisher the in&nt son of that
prince to the throne : but another noble of the name of
Shahryir, disapproving this measure, marched from the
province which he governed, seized Madiin, put Ardi-
sher to death after he had reigned five months, and
usurped the crown, which however he held only a few
days, having been slain by the adherents of the royal
family. These not being able to discover any heir male
of the house of Sasin, elevated T6iindukht the daughter
of Elhusro Parwez to the throne.
Sher Shah, »^^, a native of Hissar. His original name
was Farid. His father Hasan was an Afghin of the
tribe of 86r, and a native of Roh at Peshawar who had
received from Jamil £[h&n the governor of Jaunpdr the
districts of Sahsarim and T&aitL in ji^fr for the main-
tenance of 600 horse. Farid was for some time in the
service of Muhammad Lohani king of Beh£r, and on his
Sher
258
Blmjaa'
killing a tiger, received from him the title of Sher Eh£n.
He defeated the emperor Hnmayixn once at Beh&r on the
26th June, 1639 A. B., 9ih Safar, 946 A. H., and the
second time on the 17th of May, 1540 A. D., lOth Mn-
^^arram, 947 A. H., at Kanauj, when he punraed him
through Agrah and L^or to Khush&h ; from whence
Hum&ynn esrentoally retreated towards the Indus. Sher
Ehan by this victory became the sovereign of Dehli,
assumed the title of Sher Sh^ and ascended the throne
on the 26th January, 1642 A. D., 7th Shawwdl, 948 A. H.
In the 6th year of his reign he moved towards Ealingar
one of the strongest forts in Hindustan. The batteries
were advanced close to the walls, a breach was made,
and a general assault was ordered, when a shell, which
was thrown against the fort, burst in the battery in which
the king stood. The explosion communicating to a powder
magazine, several gunners were blown up, and the king
so much scorched, that his recovery was hopeless. In
this condition he encouraged the prosecution of the attack,
and continued to give his orders, till in the evening news
was brought him of the reduction of the place. He then
cried out, " Thanks to the Almighty God !" and expired.
His death happened on the 24th May, 1545 A. D., 12th
Babi' I, 962 A. H. His corpse was conveyed to Sahsaram
the family estate, where it was buried in a magnificent
sepulchre, which is still to be seen standing in the centre
of a reservoir of water, built during his own life. Tradi-
tion adds, that during his reign, such was the public
security, that travellers rested and slept with their goods
by the highways without apprehension of robbery. He
was succeeded by his son Salim Shah.
Sher Singh, *^***.,r*^j roler of the Panjab, was the second
son of Eharag Singh the son of Ranjit Singh. After the
death of his eldest brother Nau Nihil Singh, which took
place on the 17th November, 1840 A. D., his mother
Rani Chind Eunwar managed the affairs of his country
for two months, when Sher Singh her second son
deprived her of that power and became the sole manager.
On the 13th September, 1843 A. D., the royal palace was
taken by a powerful body of troops and Sher Singh and
his son Part&p Singh was murdered by Sardir Ajit Singh
— every child and all of Sher Singh's and Partip Singh's
wives were brought out and murdered ; amongst the rest,
cne of Sher Singh's sons, only bom the previous evening.
After Sher Singh's death, Raj4 Dalip Singh the youngest
son of Mah&raja Ranjit Singh was placed on the Maanad.
Vide Eharag Singh*
Sheraad, Sultan, ^!3.^ tJ^^, son of Sultin Masaiid
in, of Ghazni, whom he succeeded 1114 A. I)., 608
A. H., and was murdered after one year by his brother
Arsalin Sh4h, who ascended the throne 1115 A. D., 509
A. H.
8hia or Shia% ^^^^^ Those Muhammadans who assert
the rights of 'Ali, are called Shias or Shiites or Sectaries,
whilst those who consider the first three Ehalifas pre-
ceding 'AH as the rightful successors of Muhammad,
are (»lled Sunnfs or Sannites or Traditionists. The
animosity which exists between the Shias and Sunnis,
fully equals that of the Protestants and Papists of former
times. It was owing to their dissensions that Baghdad
was taken, and the EhiUfat overturned. The Turks
and Arabs are Sunnis ; the Persians and most of the
Muhammadans of India are Shias A complete history
of the Shias will be found in a work called " Maj&lis-ul-
Mominin." The Shia doctrines weie adopted by the
Persians at the foundation of the Safwf dynasty in 1500
A. D.. 905 A. H , and from that period imtil ihe present
time, have prevailed as the national religion and law of
Persia, notwithstanding the violent efforts to substitute
the Sunni creed made by the Afghan usurper Ashraf,
and the great Nadir Shih.
Shibli, i^3 vide Ab4 Bakr ShibU.
Shlkeibi, Maulana, i^**^ ^^y^, a poet of Peraia
whose proper name is Muhammad Raz&. He came to
India in the reign of the emperor Akbar, and died in the
time of Jahingir 1614 A. D., 1023 A. H.
ShimbhUy yt^^t a BdUiman, who is the author of a
" Zafar-nsma" or book of victory, containing a poetical
account of the military career of General Lake.
Shinasiy {^^, title of a poet who died in the year 1627
A. D., 1037 A. H., and is the author of a work called
" Fazl-nima."
Shio RamdaSy W^^fb y^j a poet whose poetical title
was Hay&, which see.
Shitab Bae, Baja, isb V^ *^!;. was by caste a
Eayeth, and a native of DehU ; in his youth he served
'A^& Sulaimdn, the favourite dependant of Sams^m-
uddaula, son of Khin Daur&n Amir-ul-*Umra to the
emperor Muhammad Sh^h. Upon the death of Samsam-
uddaula, he obtained the office of imperial Dfw4n at
Patna. Attaching himself to the English in the several
revolutions, he became their chief adviser in their con-
nections with the country powers. He was an able
statesman, and understood completely the direction of
finance. He died about the year 1777 A. D., 1187 A. H.
Shahrat or Shnhrat, ^Jt^^ the poetical title of Naw&b
Hakim-ul-Mumalik, vide Muhammad Husain (Shekh).
Shorish, U^jy^j a poet, whose proper name is GhoUm
Husain and who is the author of a biography of Urdu
poets. He died in 1781 A. D., 1196 A. H.
• A
Shoiik, {3y^^ the poetical name of Mfr Muhammad B&kir
father of Mir Muhanmiad ' At4 Husain EMn Tahsin.
Shoilk, i3y^i poetical name of Maulwl Eudrat-ullih, who
has left a Diw^ and a Biography of poets called Tabkat-
ush-Shoara.
Shonk, 0X^9 poetical name of lUe Tansukh R4e, which
see.
Shonkat of Bukhara, isj^- ***0^> a poet who died
at IsfahiLn in 1695 A. D., 1107 A. H., and left a Diwan
in Persian. His proper name is Muhammad Is-hi^.
Shouki, uV^9 a poet of Tabreiz, but he is usually called
Hirwf, t. tf., of Hirit. He left the service of Sdm Mirzit,
son of Sh^ Tahmasp Safwi and went with the emperor
Huro&ydn to Eabul where he died in 1546 A. D., 963
A. H.
Shoukiy AnUP, \^y**j^^} a nobleman and poet who
lived in the time of the emperor ShAh Jah&n. His proper
name was Mir Muhanmieid Husain. He died in 1634
A. D., 1044 A. H.
Shujaa' Khan or Shiijaa't Khan, ^ t^'
a relative of Sher Sh£h, king of Behli, who comerred the
Shujaa'
259
Sikandar
SOTemmeAt of Milw& on him after the ezpulaion of
[allu Khin entiUed ^adir Shah in 1642 A. D., 949
A. H He governed Malwi for a period of 12 years and
died in 1554 A. D., 962 A. H. After his death his eldest
son Malik B&yexid assuming the title of B&z Bah&dnr,
took the reins of government in his own hands.
ShTJjaa', Sultan, l^ (yliaU, rwfo Sultfo Shnj«a.
Shtgaa't Khan, Nawab, ^^ c-pUt** v»y,
a nohleman in the service of the emperor 'Alamgfr, vide
Fakhr-nn-Nisa Begam. He was a mansabd&r of 4000
in the time of Shah Jah&n. He had a house at Agrah of
which no traces now remain.
Shuja-uddin, e>i*^' C^?^ v!>*> nawih of Bengal, also
called by some Shuja-uddaula, was a native of Burhanpur,
and a descendant of a Turkish tribe of Afghans in Khu-
r&s&n. During 'Alamgir*s campaigns in the Dakhin. he
married Zeib-un-Nisa the daughter of Murshid ^uli
Jfiar Khan Siibadar of Bengal, and accompanied him to
that province. J^far Kh&n, who died in the year 1726
A. D., 1138 A. H., left at his death the succession to his
government to his grandson 'AU-uddaula Sarfar^z Khan ;
but Shuj&uddin his father having more interest at the
court of DehH than his son, procured the Subad&ri for
himself, and in the year 1735 A. D., 1148 A. H., the
province of Beh&r also was conferred on him by the
emperor Muhammad Shah. Shuji-uddin was celebrated
for his demency, justice and good qualities. He died
after 12 years* government of Bengal on the 13th of
March, 1739 A. D., 13th ^U-bijja, 1151 A. H., just at the
time when N&dir Shih was at Dehli. As there were
only a few days remaining for the commencement of the
Hijri year 1152 A. D., at his death. He was succeeded
by his son 'Ala-uddaula Sarfar^z Kh&n, a young prince,
whose character as a moral and reh'gious man standa high
on the pages of native history.
Shnja-uddaula, Kawab, ^j'^^ f^ v!y> who played
a conspicuous part in the early history of British India,
was the son of Mansur 'All Kh&n Safdar Jang, governor
of Audh. His original name is Jalal-uddin Haidar ; he
was bom in the year 1731 A. D., 1144 A. H., and after the
death of his ^ther succeeded to the government in
October, 1753 A. D, ^U-ljijja, 1167 A. H. He was
present in the famous battle which took place between
A|>mad Sh&h Abd&li and the Marha^tas in January, 1761 ;
was appointed wazir to the emperor Shah 'AJam; was
defeated at Buxar by the English on the 23rd October,
1764 A. D., 26th Rabf II, 1178 A. H., and died at
Faizabid, the seat of his government, in the midst of his
victories and highest prosperity, on the 29th of January,
1775 A. D., 24th Zi-Ka'da, 1188 A. H. By his own
subjects he was sincerely beloved, and the sons of Hafiz
Rahmat Kh6n, whose country he had seized, wept at his
death. He was buried at a place called Gulab Bafi in
Faizab^d, and was succeeded by his eldest son 'Asaf-
uddaula. For a legendary account of his death see Keene's
Fail of the Mughal Empire^ p. 117.
ShTJJa-ul-Mulk, Shah, •-^JJi ^^ »U, ^nde Shih
Shuj&9.
Shillcr-Ullah, ^t^' j^, author of the history called
" Bahjat-ut.Tawarikh."
Shukp-ullah Khan I, Nawab, v!^ ^J^^\J^y
a nobleman in the service of the emperor Aurangzeib
who died ^bout the year 1698 A. p., lUQ Ji, I}.
Shukr-uUah Khan II, Nawab, v!y vy^ ^]^^
son of Shukr-umh Khan I, was an Amir in the service
of the emperor Aurangzeib * Alamgir. He was appointed
governor of Mewit in 1702 A. D., 1114 A. H.
Shaibani, <^t^*j an author whose proper name was Abti
Amrd Is-hik. He died at Baghdad in the year 828
A. D., 213 A. H.
Shaibani Khan, \J^ i^^^, vide Shihi Beg Uzbak.
Shaida, MuUa, *«^ ^, *itle of a poet who flourished
in the latter part of the reign of Jah^ngir and commence-
ment of the emperor 8h& Jahan. He was one of the
Sheikhzadas of Fathaptir Sikri, and a contemporary
of the poets T41ib KAUm, Kudsi, Hakim H4zik and
Nawab Islam Khin wazir. His works contain more than
50,000 verses. He has left a Masnawl of 12,000 verses
in the style of the *' Makhzan-ul-Asrir" of Nizami. He
died in 1652 A. D., 1062 A. H., in Kashmir and was
buried there. He also had a house at Agrah.
Shaida, ^^^ poetical appellation of Mir Fatha 'Ali of
Lakhnau, author of the story of the Owl and the Grocer
entitled " Bum-o-Ba^]^al." He was contemporary with
Fidwi, author of an Yusaf and Zaleikha in TJrd6.
Siamak, «^^^i, the son of ^ayomurs and the father of
Hoshang, the second king of the Fishdadian dynasty of
Persia.
Siawakhsh, cA^J^'*> son of Kaik&^s, king of Persia of
the Kayanian dynasty. He was murdered by Afrisiib
king of Tiir&n.
Sihl or Sehl bin-Sa'd, «**-• e;^ Jt*> ene of tho
companions of Muhammad.
Sijaj, ^^f^y a felw prophetess cotemporary with Musy-
lima another impostor. She was a Christian of extra-
ordinary talents and eloquence, and being prompted by
an aapiring ambition, she announced herself a prophetess,
and uttering her string of rhapsodies in rhyme, declared
that they came inspired from above. Struck by her
success, Musylima thought it advisable to temporize with
her, and accordingly having sent agents, invited her to
a private conference, Sijaj consented and came to an
interview ; she was deceived and having forfeited all
pretensions to that purity, which is the highest attribute
pf her sex, sljie fell from her proud pre-eminence, and
became a mere debased, and contaminated woman. She
subsequently enrolled herself among the proselytes of the
Il^urin.
Sikandar, Alexander the Great, {j^j^bi> j^^^
called by Muhammad in the J^ui&n, **Zu'lkamyn" the
Two Homed Man ; probably by reason of his head being
figured as Ammon, with the Ram*s Horns, on coins and
medals. Elastem commentators have been at a loss to
decide who is intended, but generally agree that he was
a being favoured of, and who believed in the true God ;
that guided by the prophet Khizir, he reached the Land
of Darkness, near the Fountain of Life, but he could not
obtain permission to take a draught of the Eternal Spring.
He died in 327 A. B., at the age of 33 years. He con-
quered Darius king of Persia in 331 B. C. and in 327 he
proceeded to invade India. He crossed the Indus with-
out opposition. He was afterwards opposed by a raj&
^ho is called by the Greek Poms whose anny was utterly
routed.
Sikandar
260
Sikandar
SikandaTy J*^^> poetical name of Khalifa Sikandar who
used to write beautifal Manias in the Pdrbi, M&rwirl
and Panj&bi language, and ia the author of a poem con-
taining the story of the Fish, the Ferryman and king
Dilkhw&r.
Sikandar >Adil Shah, «^ Jc^^j^^^^, the last of the
kings of B(j&p^r. He succeeded his father *Ali 'Adil
8hih II when an infant about the year 1672 A. D., 1083
A. H., but never acquired any real power, being the tool
of his nobility. In the year 1686 A. D., 4th ^-^a'da,
1097 A. H , on Moaday the 18th of September Bijapur
was taken; the young prince made prisoner, and the
kingdom with its remaining dependencies was reduced to
the Mughal yoke by the emperor 'Alamgir. He died
after three years' imprisonment.
Sikandar (Prince), %6]j^^j^^^, the son of 'Umar
Shaikh Mirzi the son of Amir Taimfir, after whose death
he had several battles with his two brothers, Pir Muham-
mad and Mirz4 Rustam, and took possession of Fars
and Isfahan which they had received as inheritance from
their grand&ther ; on which account, his uncle ShiUirukh
Mirz4, having defeated him in a battle, put out both his
eyes. This circumstance took place in 1414 A, B., 817
A.H.
Sikandar Be gam, f^^jf^^y the ruler of Bhopfll.
She was bom in 1816 A. D. Her fieither was one of the
Pafhin or A^hin soldiers of fortune, who after the death
of the emperor Aurangzeib, declared himself independent
in Bhopal. On his death his wife was declared Regent
by his troops, and his daughter Sikandar Begam heir.
She married her cousin Jah&ngir in spite of her mother
upon condition that her husband swore to leave her the
dnrect and visible control of all affairs. Her husband
Jah^gir died in 1845 A. D. She was publicly presented
with the Grand Cross of the Star of India at the Durbar
at Agrah. She died on the 30th October, 1868 A. D.
Her Highness had conducted the administration of her
principality since the year 1847 when she was first ap-
pointed R^^t, with ability and success until the day of
her decease. Her eldest daughter Shihjahin Begam
succeeded her.
Sikandar J a h, »^ j^^^ v!y^ naw4b or Nizim of
Haidarabad, succeeded his father Naw&b Niz4m 'Ali
Khin to the masnad of the Dakhin on the 16th August,
1802 A. D , 16th Rabf II, 1217 A. H., and died on the
23rd of May, 1829 A. D., 19th ?i.Ka'da, 1244 A. H.,
after a reign of 28 lunar years and some months. He
was succeeded by his son Mir Farkhunda 'AH Khan, who
took the title of Nasir-uddaula.
Sikandar Kadr, MirEa,^*^J*^^, the son of Prince
Ehurshaid Eadr, vide Taskhir.
Sikandar Khan TlEbak, *^i» e;*^ j«kiX«., a descen-
dant of the royal house of that tribe also called Sikandar
Khan of Kashghar. He accompanied the emperor
Humiyun to India, was created a nobleman by that
monarch. He accompanied MirzA Haidar who took pos-
session of Kashmir in 1543, and died at Lakhnau in the
reign of the emperor Akbar on the 18th September, 1572
A. D., 10th Jumada I, 980 A. H.
Sikandar Munshi, i^^*^ J'^^j Secretary to Shih
Abb&B I, king of Persia. He is the author of the " T^Uikh
*Alam Ar&e Abbasi," a history of that monarch, in three
books, which he dedicated to him in 1616 A. B., 1025
A. H., vide Iskandar Munahi.
Sikandar Shah, «^ J^'*} king of Gujrilt, succeeded
his father Muzaffar Shah II, in February, 1626 A. D.,
19th Shab&n, 932 A. H., and after a reign of only three
months and sevoiteen days was assassinated on the 30th
May ^e same year. After his death his younger brother
Nasir Khin was raised to the throne under the title of
Muhammad Sh£h II.
Sikandar Shah Lodi, Sultan, tf Ap »^ j*^^^,
whose original name was Nizim Khin, was the son of
Sultin Bi3il6l L6di whom he succeeded in July, 1489
A. JD , Shabin, 895 A. H. He was the first Musalmin
king who made Agrah his capital. In his time a violent
earthquake took pUce, when many houses were thrown
dovm and several thousands of inhabitants lost their lives.
This happened on Sunday the 6th July, 1505 A. D., 8rd
Safar, 911 A. H. It was in his reign that the Hindds
first commenced reading Persian. He reigned 21 lunar
years and some months, and died at Agrah on Sunday
the 17th of February, 1510 A. D., 7th ^i-Ka'da, 916
A. H., Colonel Dow and General Briggs in their transla-
tion of Firishta say, that Sikandar Shah died in the year
of the Hijri 923 corresponding with 1517 A. D, ard
that he reigned 28 years and some months; this is
evidently a mistake, for the words ** Tan Shud" shew
the year of his death to be 915 A. H., consequently the
period of his reign only 21 years. He was succeeded by
his son Ibrahim Husain L6df. Sikandar L6di in hu
time had built a small fort at Agrah on the right bank
of the river Jamna and called it Badalgarh. The emperor
Akbar in the 10th year of his roign, viz., in 972 A. H.,
having demolished this part laid the foundations of another
part of redstone which was completed in the course of 8
years superintended by (asim Khin Mfr Bahar this
fort had three gotis and two windows and cost 36 lacs of
rupees. This fort was accidently burnt down in the time
of Shah AUm and Madho £ao Sendhia.
Sikandar Shah Purbi, is^JJi »^ J«^*^- He was
raised to the throne of Bengal after the death of hiB
father Shams-uddin Bhangeira, about the year 1358
A. D., 760 A. H. He had not long entered on his rule
before his country was invaded by Firoz Shih Tughla]^
king of Dehli, who was, however, induced to retreat on
Sikandar Shih promising to pay an annual tribute. He
reigned in peace for a period of nine years and died in
1367 A. D., 769 A. H., when he' was succeeded by his son
Ghayis-uddin Piirbi.
Sikandar Shah S u r, jr* »^ j«xiC», His original
name was Abmad Khin Sur, a nephew of Sher Shih.
He ascended the throne of Dehli after defeating Sultan
Ibrihim Siir in a battle fought in May, lodd A. D.,
Jum&da II, 962 A. H. He had not long enjoyed his good
fortune however, when he was obliged to repair to the
Panjab to oppose the emperor Humiytin, who having re-
turned from a long exile, was now advancing to recover his
dominions. He engaged Bairim Khin the general of the
army near Sarhind, was defeated on the 22nd June, 1555
A. D., drd Shabin, 962 A. H., and fled to the Sewilik
mountains from whence he was afterwards expelled by
the emperor Akbar 1557 A. D., 27th Ramaj^n, 964 A. H.,
and sought refuge in Bengal, where he died after two
years.
Sikandar Shikoh Minsa, h^ J^^^, a cousin of
Bahidur Shih II, king of Dehli. He was executed for
the murder of his wife in July, 1838 A. D.
Sikandar, Sultan, y^^^ sj^^, king of Kashmir,
sumamed ''But Shikan," or Destroyer of Idols, was the
grandson of Shih Mir Darweish who introduced the
Muhammadan religion into Kashmir. RiWTiH<^ y by the
Sikandar
261
Biraj-nddin
aflaistance of his mother, eucceeded his father Snltto
(utb-uddin 1393 A D., 796 A. H., his authority being
acknowledged by all the nobles and other officers, and
became one of the most powerful kings that ever reigned
in Kashmir. Yarious magnificent temples and images of
the Hindiis did tMs 8ult«n lay in ruins ; which conduct
obtained him the glorious title of "But Shikan," or
Iconoclast. He reigned 22 years and 9 months and died
in, 141 6 A. D., 819 A. H. In his time Tamerlane invaded
India and presents passed between him and Sikandar.
He was succeeded by his son Snlfln 'Ali Shih.
Sikandar Turkman, c;^^ j*^^> 9id$ l^ari
Muhammad.
Silhaddiy C5*Nr*j & riji of Raisin, who was made pri-
soner by Bah^ur Shah of GigWLt and was forced to
become a Muhammadan in the year 1531 A. D., 938 A. H.,
and afterwards when the fort of Raisin was surrendered
by his brother Lachhman to the king, lULnl Durg&wati,
the daughter of Rana Sanka, Rana of Chittor and wife
of Ri^ja Silhaddl, with a heroic fortitude invoking curses
on the heads of those who should not revenge her cause,
set fire to a pile with which she had caused the female
apartments to be surrounded, containing seven hundred
beautiful women ; she plunged into the flames, and they
were all consumed. Silhaddl and Lachhman his brother
with one hundred of their blood-relations, now putting on
their armour, rushed impetuously on the Gujr&t troops,
and bravely met their fate the same year.
Sindbad Hakim, /^if^ ^k^^^, author of a Dfwfci or
book of Odes which he completed in the year 1874 A. D^
776 A. H., and dedicated to Sh&h Mahmiid Bahmanl.
Sindh, >«^9 history o^ 9id$ Ki^-uddin Kabb&oha.
Sipahdar Khan, uy^j^<> ^^y whose proper name is
Mini Muhammad S&lah, was a native of Tabrez, and
his ancestors were reckoned among the nobles of that
country. In the year 1692 A. D., 1000 A. H., he left
Persia for Hindiistin in company with Khwija Beg
Mirz4 son of M^stim Beg Safwl. On his arrival in India,
he obtained the honour of an interview with the emperor
Akbar. Mansabs suitable to his dignity as well as the
government of Gujr&t were conferred on him, time after
time. When, after the death of prince Mur&d in 1599
A. D., 1007 A. H., prince DaniiU went to the Dakhin and
captured the fort of Ahmadnagar the capital of Niz&m
Shih, the government of that country was conferred upon
Khwija Beg Mirza and Sipahdir Ehin.
Sipahdar Khan, ej^ j^«> ^i^f '^^ ^^ second son of
Khan Jahan Bahidur, the foster-brother of the emperor
'Alamglr. He was raised to the rank of 3000 by that
monax^ 1691 A. D., 1103 A. H. with the government of
the province of Allah&b&d which he held for several years.
His brother Himmat Eh&n was Idlled by an arrow in an
action with the Marhattas about the year 1698 A. D.,
1110 A. H., and soon after, their father Ehin Jah£n
Bahidur died in the imperial camp.
Sipehr Shlkoh, jf^ ^, third son of Dara Shikoh
vide Sulaiman Shikoh. He was conflned in the fort of
GwiUiir by 'Alamgir who in his 16th year, 1086 A. H.,
sent for him from Gwaliir, got him married with his
daughter Badr-un-Nisa of whom was bom prince 'All
Tabar.
r}j^f takhallus of Sir&j-uddin HusaiB of Auran-
1^
Siraj Knmmiy ij^ ^J^f a poet who was a native of
Kumm in Persia and contemporary with Salmon S&wsjl.
Siraj-addin^ C^*^t rlr^f son of Kiir-uddm, author of
gibid who is the author of the '* Dlw^ Muntakhib,"
containing extracts £rom so less than 680 poets, and which
he completed in 1766 A. D., 1169 A. H.
66
the " Sharah Bukh&ri," and '* Sharah 'XJmda." He died
in 1401 A. B., 804 A. H., see Bil^nl.
Sing-uddin »Ali Khan, Jtj/ J^ c5^ iji^^ ^Ir-i
whose poetical title is 'Arzu, was a native of Akbarib6d
(Agrah). and a descendant of Shaikh Muhammad Ghaus
of Gwili^r. He was an excellent poet and an officer of
rank in the time of the emperor Farrokh-ai^. He is
the author of several works, among which is a Dlw&n
and a biography entitled " Majmtia-ul-Nafiles,'' which
is also called '^Tazkira Arzu," containing the memoirs
of the Indian poets who have written Persian, Hindti-
Bt^Uil and Dakhanl poems. Aizd in 1734 A. D., 1147
A. H. met *at Dehli the poet Hazfn who had just oom«
from Persia. The jealousy between the two poets induced
[Arzu to write a treatise entitled " Tamblh-ul-Gh^filin,"
in which he points out the errors in Hazin's poems. He
died at Lakhnau on the 27th of January, 1766 A. D.,
23rd Babf II, 1169 A. H., and was buried there for some
time, but afterwards his remains were removed to Dehli
by his nephew Muhammad Hoaaia Kbin, Beside the
abovementioned works, he is the author of the following :
M6hibat Uzma.
'Atia Eubr&.
Sir&j-ul-LuglULt.
Chiragh Hid&et.
Ghar&eb-ul-Lugh£t.
Ehayab&n.
MustiliUi£t-ush-Shuar&.
Jawib Yataiizit Mirnfr.
Sharah Kasded 'UrfL
Sharah Sikandar-nitma.
Sharah Mukhtasir-ul-Ma^nf.
Sharah Gulkushtl Mir Naj&t.
Naw^ldir-ul-Al&rz, a JSndust^ Dictionary.
Siraj-nddin Husain^ cHI*-*^ eH«^' ^!r*9 vide Siiij.
Siraj-uddin Muhammad bin-'Abdur Baahid-al-
Sajawandi, t5*^^!>ft^ Jf "^^^ *** uH a^^^
izH'^^ ^Lr*^ author of the " Sir&jia," which is sometimes
called " Fariez as-Sajiwandl." This book is of the
highest authority on the law of inheritance amongst the
Sunnls of India. It has been commented upon by a vast
number of writers, upwards of forty being enumerated
in the " Kashf-uz-Zundn. The most celebrated of these
Commentaries, and the one most generally employed to
exphun the text, is the ••Sharlfla" by Sayyad Sharif
'All bin-Muhammad-al-Jurjini. The original text of
the ** Sirtjia," together with that of the ** Sharifla," was
published in Calcutta in 1829. A Persian translation of
the Sirijia and Sharifla was made by Maulwl Muhammad
lUshid by order of Warren Hastings, and published in
Calcutta in 1812 A. D. The most celebrated Commentaries
on the Sir&jia next after the Sharifla, are, that by Shah&b-
uddin Ahmad bin-Mahmtid-as-Siwisl ; one by Burhibu
uddln Haidar bin-Muhammad-al-Hirwf ; another by
Shams-uddin bin-Hamza-al-Fan£ri ; and lastly, a Persian
Commentary entitled " Al-Far6ez-at-T4jifi Bharh Fariez-
as-Sirdjl by 'Abdul Karlm bin-Muhammad-al-Hamdinl.
Siraj-nddin Muhammad bin-'Umar Halabi,
*♦** cri<^t ^Ly^, an author who died 1446 A. D., 860
A. H.
Siraj-nddin Sawai, Manlana, i2r>^ c?^( ^t^^
^^Tf one of the celebrated poets of S£m&na a city in
the province of Dehll. He is the author of the work
L
Siraj-uddin
263
Surdas
called *<Ehilj{.iiima." When Snlt&n Jalil-nddfn Firoz
Khilji, before his accescdon to the throne, -was governor
of S^Unina, the poet was ill-treated by some of his people,
and as the Snltin took no notice of it then, he wrote the
abovementioned book, in which he satirized the governor
and the KhiljiiB. However the Sul^in after his accession
to the throne of Behli in 1289 A. D. sent for the poet,
and he having tied a rope round his own neck presented
himself like a criminal before the king, who embraced
him and made him one of his principal confidants. The
poet afterwards wrote several panegyrics in praise of the
Sultin.
Siraj-uddin, Shaikh, ui^^ ^l
f a celebrated
Hnhammadan saint, whose relics are deposited in an
island in the river Krishna near the town of Kursi, in the
district of R&eb&gh B(j&ptir, in southern Hindustan.
Sing-uddin 'Umar, ./^ e^i-^' g!/*, who after the
death of his brother Zain-ul-'Abidin Nujaim completed
the work called '* Bahr-ar-IUel^" about the year 1562
A. D., 970 A. H., and wrote another but inferior com-
mentary on the Kanz-ul-Dakiiek entitled the " Nahr-ul-
Siraj-uddaula Muhammad Ghaus Khan, u^
«i»>^ Osi-a:^ ^ji^li ^y», nawdb of the Kamatic whose
poetical name was ' Azim, is the author of the work called
** Tazkira Subh Watan," being a biography of the poets
of Kamatic, compiled in 1842 A. D., 1258 A. H. It is
an abstract of the Tazkira of Bae^ also called *' Guldasta
Kamatik.*'
8iraj-u d d a u la, *V^' ^j^ v!y, nawtt of Bengal,
formerly named Mirzi Mahmiid, was the eldest son of
Zain-uddfn A^ad, styled Haibat Jang, the nephew and
son-in-law of Alahwardi KhiLn Mahibat Jang governor
of Bengal. On the death of his grandfather MahiLbat
Jang, which happened on the 10th of April, 1756 A. D.,
9th Bajab, 1169 A. H., he succeeded him in the govern-
ment of that province, and immediately taking offence at
the English, for their protection to a native officer, said
to have escaped from Dacca with treasure, he attacked
Calcutta, carried it on the 20th June the same year, and
aUowed his officers to shut up 146 European prisoners
in a small military prison room called the " Black Hole,"
in which 123 of the number, perished during the night.
Mr. Drake the governor of Calcutta escaped on board
a ship with a few Englishmen and retired to Madras.
At that time Colonel Clive commanded the Company's
forces in the province of Arkot. It was agreed by tiie
government oi Madras that he should repair with a force
to Bengal and endeavour to regain the factory of Calcutta.
Colonel Clive and Admiral Watson left Madras with 900
Europeans and 1500 sepoys. He reached Falta on the
20th December and re-took Calcutta on the 2nd Januaiy,
1757 A. D., 1170 A. H., and forced Siraj-uddaula into
a treaty, offensive and defensive, on the 9th of February
following. Clive, subsequently made a secret treaty
with M& J^far, an officer of the Naw&b, and advanced
in June towards Murshid&bdd, the naw&b's capitaL On
the 23rd of June, 1757 A. D., Clive fought the battle of
Plassey against 18,000 horse and 50,000 Infisuitry, and
aided by the treachery of Mir Jafar, routed the Kaw&b's
troops. 8irij-uddaula fled, but in a few days was seized
and cruelly assassinated on the 4th July, 15th Shaww&l,
1170 A. H., by order of Miran the son of Mfr Ja£Etf.
Thus perished Sir^j-uddaula in the 20th year of his age
and the 15th montii of his reign. On tiie 29th June
Mir Ja&r was raised to the maasiad, and from that date,
the influence of the British may be said to have become
paramount in Bengal. His tomb is not fieur from that of
Mahibat Jang.
Snda, ^J*», daughter of Zamaa, the second wife of Mu-
hammad, He married her after the death of his first
wife Khudyja and before his marriage with Ayesha the
daughter of Abd Bakr. She died in 674 A. D., 54 A. H.,
forty-three years after the death of Muhammad.
Sudi, iS^J^i a Turkish poet, who wrote a commentary on
the Dfwin-i-Hafiz in the Turkish language. The names
of Shorf, Sayyad 'All, Lamai, SururiandShamaf occur also
as commentators on Hafiz ; but Sudi excels all as an en-
lightened and accurate critic, not only on account of
his eminent success in correcting the exuberances of this
fanciful and extravagant mode of interpretation, but of
the singular happiness with which he has illustrated the
ambiguous and more obsolete allusions of the Poet.
Sufl, ^S^y^f a sect among the Muhammadans. Kizi Ndr-
ullah of Shustar, a Persian author of very high reputation
for his piety and judgment, has given an excellent account
of the Sufis and their doctrine in the Majilis-ul-Mominin,
a treatise on the Shia faith. " The Sufis" (he there says)
" are of two classes : those who desire human knowledge,
and pursue it in the accustomed way, observing the
conmion ordinances of religion, are called Mutakallam
(advocates or observers): those who practise austerities
and strive to purify their souls, are called Sufis/* This
word literally means, pure, clean. The celebrated Moulwi
Bumi has the following play upon it in one of his lines.
Sfifi na Shawad Safi ta dar narasad jami. The Sufi will
not be pure till he takes one cup. This is said to have a
mystical meaning.
Sufi, MuUa Muhammad Snfl of Amol, ij^y^
**^^^ **, author of a " S£ki-n4ma," which he composed
in the year 1592 A. D., 1000 A. H.
Songsters^ crr**"^*^^ celebrated Indian, vide Tansein.
Sur^mal Jat, *2>^ <-l^JJ**, r£ji of Bhartpdr, was the
son of Badan Singh Jat whom he succeeded to the raj a
few years before 1750 A. D., 1163 A. H. His younger
brother Partap Singh, built the fort of Kumbhir or
Kumeir. After the departure of A|^mad Shah AIkUIi
from India to (andah&r, Surajmal taking advantage of
the weakness of the empire miade himself master of all
the countries that were dependant on Agrah and ulti-
mately of the town itself, and many other important
places, but fell in battle with the Roheila chief Najib-
uddaula in December, 1763 A. D., 1177 A. H. His son
Jawahir Singh succeeded him.
Suraj Singh, Baja, *^ ^j^ *^!;, son of Udai Singh
Bather, the son of Rae Maldoo. After the death of his
father, 1594 A. D., 1002 A. H., he was raised by Akbar
to a suitable rank, and served under that emperor and
his son Jah&ngir, for several years. The mansab of 5,000
was conferred on him by the latter. He died in the
Dakhin 1619 A. D., 1028 A. H., and Rdja Gaj Singh his
son succeeded him ; and as his father was uncle to the
emperor Shih Jahan on the mother's side, he was in a
short time raised to the rank of 5,000. Gaj Singh died
on the 6th May, 1638 A. D., 2nd Mutarram, 1048 A. H.
His son Amar Singh killed Saliibat Khan Mir Bakhshf
in 1624 A. D., 1054 A. H., and was himself cut to pieces
at one of the gates of the Fort of Agrah, now called Amar
Singh Gate.
Sordas, cr'^JJ^> son of Bab4 lUUndas, a Hindd poet
and an excellent musician, who flourished about the 16th
or 17th century. He is the author of the work cilled
Sur Sagar," in Hindi, &c.
Souda
263
Suchit
Souda, f ^>^9 liis real name is Min& Muhammad Bafi?, to
which he Bubeequently added his poetical title " 8oud£,"
and is now commonly known hy the appellation of Mirz&
BsMb Souda. He was a native of Dehli but resided at
Lakhnau, and his Diwan and ^jlasaed contain a variety
of poems on various subjects ; also Idyls, Elegies and
other miscellaneous pieces in Hinddstini verse. These
volumes are held in the highest estimation all over India.
They include a number of encomiastic poems on the late
Nawdb 'Asaf-uddaula of Lakhnau, and many other
persons of high rank and power, both at Lakhnau and
Dehli ; not the least remarkable of which is an eulogy
on the late Mr. Richard Johnson. The satires of this
poet are aLso numerous and admirable; but having
created him many enemies, to avoid the consequences of
their anger, he feigned himself insane, and took the
poetical name of Souda or madman, but he is frequently
known by the appellation of « Malik-ush-Shuari," or
king of poets. He died at Lakhnau in the year 1781
A. D., 1195 A. H., aged 70 years. 'Asaf-uddaula of
Lakhnau gave him a stipend of 6,000 rupees a year.
He was a pupil of Sirij-uddfn 'Ali Kh4n *Arzu.
Soudai, Baba of Abiward, (/^j-^» s^^^J^ ^y
a poet who had formerly assumed for his poetical title
«* Khdwari'* but as he used to go about the streets with-
out a turban or shoes, people gave him the title of
" Soudii/' ». e^ distracted, which he subsequently used in
all his compositions. He lived in the time of Shihrukh
Mirz&. He died 1448 A. D., aged 80 years.
Sob jy^9 the poetical name of Sayyad Mu h ammad, who
flourished in the reign of the emperor Shih *Alam, and
is the author of a smjl Diwin in Urd6. He died in 1797
A. D. 1212 A. H. Another Soz is mentioned in the
«*Mi»t-ul-Khay41" who lived in the time of 'Alamgir.
He was a native of B ukh4r4 and brought up in India,
Sosan, (D^y^f poetical appellation of Naw£b Mmad *Ali
Klin Shoukat Jang son of Naw&b Htikhir-udda^
Mirz4 *Ali F^'^", and nephew of Nawab Salar Jang. He
lived in the time of Naw4b 'Asaf-uddaula of Lakhnau,
and is said to have been a good Urdu poet.
Sozani, Hakim, «/3>" (^> sumamed Shams-uddin
Muhammad of Samarkand, a Persian poet who derived
SHriKin from Balmdn FArsi one of the first companions
of Muhammad. Some authors say he was a native of
the city of Nakhshab, and othen P^et^^ of Samwkand
It is said that when he was a student at Bukhird, he
conceived so great a friendship for the apprentice of a
^cSdleT^er, that he himself learn^ that profession,
^ he the^fore assumed the tekhaUus of S6zani
(gozan means a needle.) H| >comudered the best
humoristic poet of his time, and is the author of a poem
cXd " tasked S6zani," or elegies, written m a very
d^out style, containing nearly 8,000 verses. Dunng his
yoX h7 was a great debauchee ; but when advanced in
v^ he became very devout, made the pilgrimage of
S^ ^d died in 1173 A. D., 669 A. H., at SamarW
^TsO years. One of his friends declared that he had
^Mared to him after his death (m a dream) and said
ffood had forgiven all his sins for the sake of one of
W^'v^,1i whi?h expressing his humiHty and «>ntn.
«n« bTivs, "O Lord, I offer unto thee an oblation,
^^to beXnd in t^treasury. Accept thou my sins,
my poverty, my repentance and my nothmgness.
Subaktagin, e^xii^ c:H.'>^I^«, sumamed Nto-uddin,
a man of Turkish descent, who, according to some
^^Afinl waTpurchased as a slave by Alaptagfn Sul^in
of gM who perceiving in him the piomi«, of foture
g^^ raised him by degrees to posts of confidence
and distinction ; and his character obtained him^ the
support of all the adherents and officers of that prince.
He was raised to the throne of Ghazni after the death of
Abu Is-h4k the son of Alaptagin 977 A. D., 367 A. H.
He enlarged its dominions, and became the first of a
family, called Ghaznawi, and by us Ghaznavides, which
outshone, at one period, the glory of the proudest
dynasties of Asiatic monarchs. He conquered a part of
India, which, when connected with his former possep-
sions of Ghaznf and Kabul, gave him a kingdom that
extended from Khur^n to the Panjib. Subaktagin
reigned 20 lunar years, and died in August, 997 A. D.,
Shaban, 387 A. H., aged 66, near Balkh, from which
place his remains were conveyed to Ghazni for interment.
He was succeeded by his son the celebrated Sult&n
Mahmud. Including Subaktagin sixteen kings of his
race reigned at Glu^ni and Lahor. Their names are as
follow : —
Litt of the Ohaznavide dytuuty of Persia and India^
including Khurdsdn, Mawar-un-nahry
Bukhdrdy ^c. Capital GhaznL
1. N^ir-uddin Subaktagin.
Ismail appointed successori but displaced by his
brother.
2. Sultan (Yemin-uddaula Ab<i*l Kisim) Mahmdd.
3. Muhammad, his son, deposed instantiy and blinded.
Muhammad, restored and again deposed.
4. Masaiid I, another son, deposed and killed*
5. Maudud, son of Masaud.
6. Masaud II, reigned only six days.
7. Abti'l Hasan 'All son of Masaud I.
8. Abdur Rashid son of Mahmud.
9. Farrukhzad son of Masaud.
10. Ibrahim his brother.
1 1 . Masaud III son of Ibr&h(m«
12. Sheiz&d.
13. Arsalin Sh£h.
14. Bahram Shah fled to L&hor.
15. Khusro Sh£h ruled at Labor.
16. Khusro Malik ruled at Labor.
Kings of the family of Oh6r.
AU-uddin Hasan Ghorf.
Malik Saif-uddin.
Ghay&s-uddin Muhammad Ghorf«
Shah^b-uddin Muhammad GhorL
Tij-uddin Elduz.
Subhan Bakhsh, Maulwi, cA*^ c^^*^ Lf y>*,
author of a modem history of jurisprudence, or rather
of jurists in Urdu, compiled from the works of Ibn-
Khallikin and Saydti, entitled " Farjuma Tirikh-al-
Hukmae wa Tazkirat-al-Mufassirin." It was published
at DehH in 1848 A. D.
Sub-baniy M a u 1 a n a, </*^*^ ^^y^f a poet whose
native country was Najaf Ashra^ commonly called Kdfa,
frt>m which place he never stirred all the time of his
life. He lived at the same period in which Shaikh Faizi
and Zahuri flourished, and wrote nothing but Rubais
in the Persian language on different subjects of which
12.000 were collected e^ter his death.
Sub-hit U*^^ * PO®t who served under Sul^in Shuj^
the son of Sh&h Jahan.
f
Suohet Singh, *^^ •*'T*> a Sikh chief; who joined
the rebels after the murder of Mahiriji Sheir Singh,
was attacked by Hira Singh, near L4hor, his force dis-
persed and himself killed about the 6th April, 1844.
On hearing of the death of this chief, no less than 95
females of his fieimily sacrificed themselves at Lamba.
Sufian
264
Sultan
Sufian Sonriy C£)>^ (iM^f whose proper name was Abii
'Abdullah, waa'bom at Kiife in 713 A. D., 96 A. H. He
was a maBter of the highest authority in the Traditions
and other Sciences. He died in the time of the Khalifa
Al-Mahdi about the year 777 A. D., 160 A. H., and is
buried at Basra, where he had concealed himself in order
to avoid accepting the office of l^&zi.
Suhyli Khurasani, (/^^'^ l^^^j whose fall name
is Amir Shaikh A^mad SnhyU, also called Niz&m-uddin
Al^ad Shykham, was seal-bearer to Sultan Husain Mirz&
of Hir^t. The work called " Anw&r Suhyli," was dedi-
cated to him by Husain Wies. He is the author of a
Diw&n. His death took place in 1601 A. D., 907 A. H.
Sukman bin-Ortak, ^J i:^. u^^, first king of the
princes of the Turkman Ortakites who reigned at Amid
and EhaifBk. The following is a list of this race :—
A. D. A. H.
Sukman bin-Ortak, 1097 490
Ibrahim bin-Sukmin, 1104 498
Bukn-uddin D46d, 1128 622
Fakhr-uddin l^aWl Arsal&n bin- Daud, .... 1 149 644
Nfir-uddin Muhammad bin-l^ari Arsal&n, 1166 662
Ku^b-uddin Sukmin bin- Muhammad. .... 1186 681
Malik- us-Salah NiUir-uddin Mahmdd, .... 1200 697
Malik-ul-Mas^M bin-Mahmiid, 1221 618
MaUk-ul-K&u^ nephew of the celebrated \
Salah-uddin (Saladin), he took Amid, j 1231 629
Sultan Ahmad Jalayer, j^ ^^^^ o^^^^,
vide Hasan Buzurg.
Sultan 'Ali Khnrasani, ^^^}j^ <^ c^^^, author
of the Persian work on Medicine called " Dast(ir-ul-Il£j/*
which he wrote in 1334 A. D., 734 A. H., and dedicated
to Sul^ Abu Said Bah^ur Khan.
Sidtan ' Ali Mashhadi, c5«*t^ (^ iy^^»^, a natiye
of Mashhad. He was not so much distinguished as a
poet as he was as a caligrapher. He was in caligraphy,
a pupil of Maulimi Azhar, who was a pupil of Jafar, and
Jafor was a pupil of Maulina Mir 'Ali the inventor of the
Naskhtali^. MauUnA Sul^in 'AH lived at the court of
Mirza Bai^ara and found a patron in Amir 'Alisheir. He
was upwards of 63 years of age in 1660 A. D., 967 A. H.
finltana Begam^ ^^ ^JihL*^ ^ daughter of the emperor
B&barSh4h.
Sultana Begam, (^J *JliaX*.^ ^ daughter of Mirzi
Handil the brother of the emperor Humayun. She was
married to Sh&h ^uli Mahram. Her sister named Huqia
Sult&na was married to the emperor Akbar.
Sultana Bazia, ^J AilkLi^ daughter of Shams-uddin
Altimsh king of Dehli. She was raised to the throne
after the deposition of her brother Rukn-uddin Fu^z in
November, 1236 A. D. She was deposed in November,
1289 A. D., and confined in the fort of Bitahnda, from
which place she made her escape and contrived to raise
an army with which she marched towards Dehli; but
was defeated and put to death by her brother Bahrim
Shah, who ascended the throne. The reign of Sultana
Bazia lasted 3 lunar years 6 months and 6 days. Her
tomb is still to be seen in old Dehli.
Sultana Bukia or Buqia, ^^J AiUaU^ the daughter
of Mirsi Handal the son of the emperor Babar, was the
first or chief wife of the emperor Akbar, by whom he had
no children. Consequently when Sh&h Jah^ was bom to
Jah^gir, his grandfather Akbar made him over to her
to be brought up by her. She was also the patroness of
Ntir Jah^ ; and died at Agrah in January, 1626 A. D.,
Jum&da I, 1036 A. H., aged 84 lunar years.
Sultan Ahmad bin-Masa'ud, ^^^ u^UaL*^ author
of the Arabic work called « Asmii-ul-B^&l."
Sultan Ahmad Mirza, *i^ *»^*^t oitL.. Abmad
Mirzd (Sultan).
Sultan Husain Mirza, Ij^ i:)^r^ cylU^, gamamed
Abti'l Gh6zi Bah4dur, was the son of Mirz£ Mansfir, the
son of Mirzi Baikara, the son of Mir^a 'Umar Shaikh,
the son of Amir Taimtlr. After the death of SulUn
Abd Said Mirzd, he contrived to make himself master of
Khuraflin, and ascended the throne at Hirit on the 24th
of March, 1469 A. D., 10th Rama?an, 873 A. H. The
great victories which this prince gained over the numer-
ous competitors for the throne, as well as over the Uzbaks,
obtained him the title of Gh£ai, or victorious. The court
of this prince boasted of many eminent men. The cele-
brated historian Khandamir was his subject, and Amfr
'Alisher his waair. He reigned in Khurfadn 88 lunar
years and 4 months, and died according to the " Tabkit
Akbari," on the 10th of May, 1606 A. D., correspondinir
with the 16th 2il-l?ijja, 911 A. H. aged 70 years, and
was buried at Hirdt He was succeeded by his two sons
Badiu'zzamfen Mirza and Muzaffar Husain Miizi, who
reigned conjointly for some time over Khuras&n. The
former in the year 1607 A. D., 913 A. H, was driven
firom his dominions by Shahi Beg Khin Uabak ; and his
brother, who usurped the throne and reigned a short
time at Hirit, afterwards shared the same fate. Sultin
Husain Mirzi is the author of the work called " Majdlis-
ul-Ishk," a very entertaining novel, containing a variety
of stories, principally on the subject of love. He had a
turn for poetry, and composed a Diw^ in Turki, His
poetical name was Husaini.
Sultan Husain Safwi, (SJ^^ ii^^'***^ u;U^,
vide Shah Husain Safwi.
Sultan Ibrahim, ^iHl c;^^*^, vide Tbiihim (Sultin).
Sultan KhuBTOy Jj^*^ ^J^^.
, vide Khusro (Sultin).
Sultan Mahmud, Cty*^ tji^, vide Mahmtid (Sultin)
of Ghazni.
Sultan Mahmud Mirza, }jj^ i>
iiM^, the son
of SulUn Abti Said Mirzi who was sovereign of the
greater part of Mawar-un-nahr and Badakhshin. His
takhallus or poetical name was " Zilli."
Sultan Mirza, ])j^ ^V^^^, wde Muhammad SulUb
Mirzi.
Sultan Muhammad Saljuki, $^^»^ eH<vft jXx ^
(X^ai^ ^jjLtU, the son of Sul^in Jal&l-uddin Malikshdh.
He succeeded his brother Barkay&ra^ in December, 1104
A. D., 498 A. H., and after a reign of about 13 years
died in 1118 A. D., 511 A. H., vide Muhammad (Sultan).
Sultan Muhammad, j*^^ ^jj^ tH «iv>»* ^^Ibii*.
the son of Mirza Biisanghar the son of Minil Shihnikh,
the son of Amir Taimur. He was defeated in a battle
against his brother Babar Sultin, taken prisoner and put
to death in January, 1462 A. D., ^il-tdjja, 855 A. H.
Sultan
266
Sulaiman
Sultan Mnrad, ^Ir* i^*^"^, vide Murad Mirzi.
Sultan Muhammad, j^^ cH A4j«^ c)^^^.
the eldest son of the emperor 'Alamgfr. He died 30
years before his father, on the 6th December, 1676 A. D.,
8th Shawwal, 1087 A. H., in the fort of Gwaliar where
he was confined by his father, and was buried near the
mausoleum of Ku^b-uddin called ?{lu^b Shah, at Dehli.
Sultan Sakhi Sarwar, jI^jm, ^u ^ylU-.,
a Muhammadan saint. His shrine is situated at the
mouth of the Sieri Pass leading in the direction of Kan-
dahar, and is built at the ** Damanpahar." Though not
much reverenced in the Darajat, it is said that from
180,000 to 200,000 pilgrims both Musalmibs and Hindus
fix)m the Panjab and Sindh, visit it annually. Im
February, March and April disciples assemble in large
numbers, and the fair is over in April.
Sultan Shahy S^ c;^^^j son of Alp Arsalan, Snlt^ of
Khwdrizm. Some time after his father's death, which
took place in 1162 A. D., 657 A. H., he was defeated in
several battles by his elder brother A14-uddm Takash,
and obliged to fly to the forests where he died from
hunger and distress, about the year 1193 A. D., Hnm^iip
689 A H.
Sultan Shahzada, S«>t>t^ c;Uali», an eunuch of Fatha
Shih king of Bengal whom he murdered, and ascended
the throne 1491 A. D., 896 A. H. He reigned only a
few months and was assassinated the same year by Malik
Andil who succeeded him and took the title of Fir6z
Shah Furbi.
Sultan Farwez, iSJJi O^^*^^ vide Parwes Sul^
Sultan ShujaaS iu^t^^ iiri ^^ u^^*^, second son
of the emperor Shah Jah^ was bom at Ajmeir on
Sunday the 12th of May, 1616 A. D., 4th Jumida I, 1026
A. H., and married to the daughter of Mirza Rustam
Safwi brother of Muzaffar Husain Mirzi of the royal house
of Persia. He was appointed governor of Bengal by his
father, which country he governed with justice and
clemency till the accession of his brother the emperor
'Alamgir and the defeat of Darib Shik6h in 1668, when
he marched with a powerful army towards Dehli. He
was defeated by 'Alamgir on the 6th January, 1669 A. D.,
19th Rabi' 11, 1069 A. H. at a place called Ehajua,
about thirty miles west of Allahabad, and pursued by Mir
Jumla and Sultan Muhammad the eldest son of 'Alamgfr
to Bengal, from which place he was obliged to seek
refuge in Arakan where, after two years, 1660 A. D., 1071
A. H., he was put in a boat with all his family and sunk
in the river by order of the raja of that countiy.
Sultan-ul-NiBa Begam, ^^^ ^D^^^, eldest daughter
of the emperor Jahingir and sister of Sultan Ehusro.
Her mother was the daughter of Raja Bhagwan Dia, and
she was born in the year 1686 A. D., 994 A. H^ After
the death of her brother Sultan Ehusrau, she erected a
tomb for herself close to her brother Sultan Khuisrau's
grave at AUah^bid, but died at Ag^rah and lies buried
there in the mausoleum of the emperor Akbar.
8ultan-U8-8alatin Purbi, e;^ *-^ c^^^^,
was elevated to the throne of Bengal on the death of his
father Ghayas-uddin Purbi 1373 A. D., 776 A- H. This
prince was benevolent, merciful and brave. He died after
a reign of ten years 1383 A. D., 785 A. H., and was
succeeded by his son Shams-uddin 11 Purbi.
Sultan Walady *^ e^^^^^ son of the celebrated Manlwi
RQmi. He is the author of a beautiful poem on the Su£l
67
dootrines, &c., written in imitation of the Masnawi of his
&ther 1291 A. D.; 690 A. H., and also of a Diw^ and
another work called ** Walad-nama" containing an ac-
count of his father and grandfather.
Sulaiman, e; W^, a Ehalif of the house of Umayya, and
son of 'Abduhnalik. He succeeded his brother Walid I
in Syria 714 A. D., 96 A. H., and died after a reign of
three years 717 A. D., 99 A. H.
Sulaiman, ii^^^, the son of Biyezfd I, (Bajaset) was
proclaimed emperor of the Turks in 1402 A. D., 806
A. H., at the time when his father was taken captive by
Amir Taimur. He displayed great valour, but his glory
was tarnished by his excessive love of pleasure. He was
dethroned and murdered in 1410 A. D. by his brother
Mdsa, who in his turn was defeated and assassinated by
another brother Muhammad 1 who ascended the throne
in 1413 A. D. This SulainULn is not reckoned among the
Turkish Sultans.
Sulaiman I, Sultan, cyUxU ^j^lti^, sumamedthe
Magnificent, was the son of Salim 1, whom he succeeded
as emperor of the Turks in September, 1620 A. D.,
Shawwal, 926 A. H. His reign was splendid. He
defeated the Mamluks in Egypt, and made peace with'
Shah Isma'il 1 Safwi king of Persia, after which he carried
his arms against Europe and took Belgrade. In 1622
he attacked Rhodes and took it, and then invaded
Hungary and defeated the Hungarians at Mohatz in 1526.
The conquest of Buda was followed by the siege of
Vienna, but after twenty unsuccessful assaidts, he retreated
with the loss of 80,000 men. In 1634 he made war
against Shih Tahmasp Safwi, and invaded Tauris and
Persia, but suffered a defeat, and was disappointed in his
attack on Malta. He died on the 4th September, 1566
A. D., Safeur, 974 A. H., having lived 76 solar years and
reigned 46. He was a prince more just and true to
his word than any other of his predecessors, but a great
terror to all Christians. His son Sultan Salim 11 succeed
him.
Sulaiman II, Sultan, e^W^ e;^^^, emperor of
Turkey who succeeded his brother Muhammad lY in
1687 A. D., 1098 A. H., was a very indolent prince. He
died in the year 1691 A. D., 1 102 A. H., and was suc-
ceeded by his brother Alt^mad II.
Sidaiman bin*Almiad Tahrani, «^Lrt^ •^^^t ui
cy* r ^i author of the ** Muajjam Eabir, *^ Mu^jjam
Ausat," "Muajjam Saghir," " Dal£el-ul-Nab<iat'* and
many other works. He died in 971 A. D., 360 A. H.
Sulaiman bin- Ahmad, **^^l c^ (jUJ-*, author of
the book c€illed ** TJmdat,'* a Turkish work on Navigation
in the Indian Seas written in the year 1611 A. D., 917
A. H., and five others of the same description, called
the "Fawded," the "Hawia." the "Tuhfat-ul-Fahul,"
the "Minhaj,'' and the " Kiladat-ulShamtis."
Sulaiman bin-Eutlamishy cA^ v:^? c>^^^ by
the aid of Malikshah Saljuki who took his father
prisoner, became the first king of the Saljtik dynasty of
Bum or Anatolia whose capital was Iconium. He began
his reign in 1077 A. D., 470 A. H., reigned eight years, and
destroyed himself through fear of Takash or Turtash the
son of Alp Arsalan. After him there was an interregnum
of seven years from 1086 to 1092 A. D., when his son
Baud ascended the throne.
Sulaiman
266
Sunkar
K%ng$ of the 8al;&k dynaaty who rngned in loonium.
1. Swlaim&n bin-Kutlamiflh.
2. Da6d son of 8ulaiin4n, haTing gained a victory over
his enemies ascended the throne in 1092 A. D.,
and died in 1107.
8. Kulich ArsaUn his brother, who in a battle with
At&bak J^wali fell into a canal with his horse and
was drowned in 1116 A. D.
4. Masaud son of ^ulich Arsalan died in 1156 A. D.
6. 'AM-uddin ^ulich ArsalAn son of Masadd. He
destroyed the first Crasade army and died in 1188
A. D.
6. Kutb-uddin Malikshih son of 'Aiz-nddin, deposed in
' 1192 A. D.
7. Ghayas-uddin Eaikhusro son of 'Aza-uddfn deposed in
1200 A. D.
Ghay^-uddm Kaikhnsro restored 1203 A. D.
8. Eukn-nddin 8ulaim£n son of 'Azz-uddin ^nHch
ArsalioL deposed in 1203 A. D.
0. Kizal or ^ulich ArsaUn son of Rukn-nddin deposed
by Ohay^-uddin Eaikhnsro in 1203 A. D.
10. 'Azz-uddm Kaikaus bin-Kaikhusro began to reign
in 1210 and deposed in 1219 A. D.
11. 'A14.uddfn Kai^nbid bin-Kaikhusro, poisoned in
1236 or 1239 A. D.
12. Kaikhusro son of Kaikubfid. He was invaded by
the Mughal princes, descendants of Changez Khin.
'Azz-uddin Kaik£us restored and reigned in nominal
conjunction with his brothers Rukn-uddin and
'AU-uddin sons of Kaikhusro 1246 A. D.
13. Eukn-uddin l^ulich Arsal£n son of Kaikhusro began
in 1257 A. D. ,,^ ^
14. Ghayas-uddin Kaikhusro son of Rukn-uddin began
1267 A. D. ^
15. Masaiid bin-*Azz-uddin Kaik£ds died in 1308 A. D.,
708 A. H. He was the last of this race.
Sulaiman BadakhBhi, Mirsa, 4/^^^ J^^ Oj^,
ruler of Badakhsh&n, was the son of Kh&n Mirzi, the
son of Mahmiid Mirzi, the son of Sult&n Abd Said Mirzi,
a descendant of Amir Taimdr. When his father Khin
Mirzi died in the year 1521 A. D., 927 A. H., he was
then only seven years old, consequently that province
fell into the hands of the emperor B&bar who was then
in K&bul ; he appointed his son Humiydn to take charge
of that country; but when Bibar conquered Dehli in
1526 A. D., 932 A. H., he after four years restored that
kingdom to Mirzd Sulaimin, in whose possession it
remained till the year 1676 A. D., 983 A. H., when it was
usurped by his g^randson Sh&hrukh Mirzi the son of
Ibrahim Mirz&, who intended to assassinate him. Mirz4
8ulaiman was obliged to fly to India, where on his arrival,
he was received by the emperor Akbar with the greatest
affection and kindness. He subsequently made a pil-
grimage to Mecca and returned to India in 1687 A. D.,
995 A. H., where after two years he died at L&hor on
Saturday the 12th of July, 1689 A. D., 8th Ramadan, 997
A. H., aged 77 lunar years.
Sulaiman Kadr, Mirza, J*^ cW**, a prince, the
son of Mirz4 Khurshaid Kadr, the son of Mirzil Asmin
Kadr. Their poetical titles were Taskhir, Kaisar and
Namdd, vide Kaisar.
Sulaiman Baisa, ^ ly^^^j an author.
Sulaiman ?iranl, •/!/ c**-^^ was made governor of
Bengal after the deposition of Bahidur ShiLh Aighin in
1649 A. D., 966 A. H., but threw off his allegiance from
the throne of DehK after the death of Salim ShAh king of
Dehli 1554 A. D., 961 A. H. During his rule he subdued
the province of Orissa; and notwithstan d ing he was
virtually independent, he used frequently to send valuable
presents to the emperor Akbar. He reigned for a period
of 26 lunar years, and died in 1672 A. D., 981 A. H.
His eldest son Biyezfd Khin succeeded him, but was
murdered after one month, and D&dd Kh£n his younger
brother ascended the throne with the title of Dadd Shih.
Sulaiman Shah, S^ 0;^^, the son of Muhanmiad
Maliksh&h, the Saljdkide. He was much addicted to
pleasure and wine, and resigned his crown to Arsalin
Shilh the son of Tughral II. He was killed in 1169
A. D.
Sulaiman Shikoh, ^jf^ {^r*^^, the eldest son of the
prince Dixi 8hik6h the son of the emperor Shih Jahin.
He was bom on the 6th April, 1635 A. D., 26th Rama^fa,
1044 A. H. After the defeat and assassination of his
father in 1659 A. D., 1069 A. H., he was seized and
brought to Dehli by the officers of 'Alamgfr from Siri-
nagar where he had taken refuge, and imprisoned by that
emperor, along with his brother Sipehr Shik6h in the
fort of Gw&liar where they both died in a short time,
and was buried in the fort of Gwaliar. Sulaiman had also
his house built at Agrah close to his fiather's house.
Sulaiman Shah, ^ O W<*«> king of Persia, vide BUh
Sulaim&n.
Sulaiman Shikoh, Miraai ?^ J^^^ |3>*> *^o ■<>»
of the emperor Sh&h ' Alam and brother of Akbar Shih II
king of DehH. He died on the 24th February, 1838
A. p.y 29th ^il.^a'da, 1263 A. H. at Agrah, and was
buried in the mausoleum of the emperor Akbar the Great
at Sikandara in Agrah. His tomb is of white marble
and has a Persian inscription, mentioning his name and
the year of his death. He has left a Diwan in Urdu.
Sunna^ ^^ this word is used generally to signify all the
traditions, both of the sayings and doings of the Prophet,
and the term Hadfs is employed in the same comprehen-
sive sense. The distinction between the Hadis (sayings)
and the Sunan (doings), is not attended to by doctors of
the Muslim law ; both are generally authoritative.
•
Sunni, (^*** Those Musalm&ns, who assume to them-
selves the appellation of orthodox, and uphold the succes-
sion of the Khalifiis Abd Bakr, Umar, and Usmin, and
deny the right of supremacy, either spiritual and temporal
to the posterity of 'All, are called Sunnis. They are
divided into an infinity of sects, but of these there are
only four principal ones, which are called after their
founders. Vide Imim, and Shia.
Sunkar or Sankar, j^*^f son of Mauddd, one of the
At4baks of Fars, who is better known by his title of
At&bak Muzaffar-uddin, was the great-grandson of
Salghar, the founder of this dynasty. He succeeded
Bdzaba the last governor of Fars of this £Eimily, and
threw off all dependence upon the Saljdl^i Sul^&ns about
the year 1148 A. D., 648 A. H. He made his residence
the city of Shir&s, which afterwards became the capital
of his family. He died 1161 A. D., 666 A BL, and was
succeeded by his brother.
Musaffar-uddin Zangi, who after a peaceful reign of 14
years, left the government to his sonTakla in 1176
A. D., 671 A. H.
Takla, who acc|uired fune by employing, as his wazir,
the victonous Khw&ja Amin-uddiu of G&zardn,
reigned 20 years, and at his death, which happened
1196 A. D., 591 A. H., the government of Fars fell
to his brother.
At&bak Sad bin-Zang(, who made a successful attack upon
Isfahin. The memory of Atabak S^ is to this day
held in g^reat respect at Shir&z. He surrounded that
city by a wall, and built the J&ma Masjid or chief
mosque, which still remains a monument of his piety
and munificence. He reigned more than 30 lunar
Supkaran
267
Tafta
years, and died about the year 1226 A. D., 623 A. H.
He was succeeded by his son.
Atibak Abii Bakr also caUed Ab6 Nasr, a son eyery way
worthy of his &ther. He gave an extraordinary
proof of his foresight in his early conciliation of
Changeiz Khin, to whom he sent a mission, and
some valuable presents. The conqueror received the
advance with favour, conferred the Turkish title of
Kutla^ Kh&n upon him ; and the province of Fars
through the wisdom of its prince, was exempted from
that destruction which fell on all those in its vicinity.
In his time lived the celebrated Sadi of Shir&z who
wrote the Qulistan in his name. Abd Bakr died
at Shiriz in 1260 A. D., 5th Jumida IT, 658 A. H.,
after a long and prosperous reign of 34 years, and
left his government to his son. Daulat Sh&h says he
died in 667 A. H.
At&bak 8ad II, who, at the time of his father's death, was
with the army of Hal&ku Khan the grandson of
Changeiz Kh£n, hastened to take possession of his
inheritance, but was seized by an illness, which
terminated his existence before he could reach his
capital. His infant son
At&bak Muhammad was placed upon the masnad; and
the rule devolved upon the child's mother Kh&tiin
Turk&n : but her authority received a great shock in
the death of her son, who two years and a half after
his advancement, fell from the terrace of his palace,
and was killed on the spot, 1262 A. D., 660 A. H.
After his death
Muhammad Sh&h, a chief of the family of Salghar was
elevated to the dignity of Atibak, but Eh&tdn Turkin,
after eight months being displeased with his conduct,
seized him and sent him prisoner to Hal&kd Eh&n :
while she elevated his brother Saljdl^ ShiUitothe
government.
8alju^ Shih, with a view of confirming his power, married
Khitiin Turkin ; but afterwards in a fit of intoxica-
tion, ordered one of his slaves to strike off her head.
Borne officers of the emperor Halikd Kh&n, who were
present, expressed their feelings at this horried act
and were instantly put to death. When HaUkii
heard of these proceedings, he immediately ordered
the execution of his brother Muhammad ; and Saljii^
dreading the vengeance of the emperor, fled to
Eilzardn: but was seized and put to death, 1263
A. D., 661 A. H.
Tsh, the daughter of At4bak Sad who reigned one year,
got married to Mangd Taimdr the son of HaUkii,
which put an end to this feimily, which lasted 120
lunar years.
Supkaran or Subhkaran Bimdeila, *^«^ tti/Sf*i
a B&jp^t, who was an Amfr of 2500 in the service of the
emperor 'Alamgfr. He died at Bah&durgarh in the
Dakhin about the year 1678 A. D., 1089 A. H., and was
much lamented by all who knew him. Many of his
women buried themselves upon the Aineral pile with his
corpse. He was a soldier unequalled, had in repeated
battles won the prize of valour, and was in general suc-
ce^ftd. After his death his son Dalpat B&o was exalted
to the tank of 500 by the emperor.
SurUT) JJJ^i poetical name of Mirz& Bajab 'AU Beg of
Lakhnau. He is the author of a Diw&n and several other
works and of a beautiful story in Urdu called ** Fis&aa
Ajieb" which he completed in the first year of the reign
of Naair-uddin Haidar, 1828 A. D., 1244 A. H.
SuruTy J3J^i poetical name of Laohhmi Rim.
Sururiy iS)3J^y poetical title of H4j{ Muhammad, a poet
who died in 1561 A. D., 969 A. H. He was the son of a
shoemaker, and had so excellent a memory, that he knew
more than 30,000 Terses by heart. He composed a dic-
tionary called ** Mujm^-ul-Furs," and a book in which
he explains the difficult words of Niz4mi and other poets.
Vid^ Muhammad ^Lisim son of Surdrf. He also wrote a
Ckmimentary in the Turkish language on the Dfwin of
Hafiz.
Snmriy iSyiJ^y poetical appellation of Baz{-uddfn a
brother of Maft6n. He is the author of several Persian
poems, besides which he has composed from 10 to 12
tiiousand Urdfi verses. He was idive in 1796 A. D.
1211 A. H.
Suryya Jah, SW^^y, Wd^ An^ad 'AU Sh&h, king of
Audh.
Swami Bhopat Bae Begam, f^, ish *^>t^ {/^r^y
a Khattri who resided at Patau near Jammd in the
Panjab. He translated, from the Sanskrit into Persian
the Prabodh Chand (Chandrodaya) N&fak a veiy curious
work on Theosophy, and dedicated it as well as several
other treatises on Sufyism to Nariyan Chand.
T.
Taban, ^J^^ the poetical name of Mfr 'Abdul Hai of
Dehll, a youth whose extraordinary beauty was the theme
of contemporary poets, and of whose personal charms, it
is related Uiat they were the envy of the other sex, and
the admiration of all who beheld him. He was slain at
an early age in consequence of having himself formed
a very unbecoming attachment. His odes are in high
estimation for delicacy and elegance of sentiment, and
even the poet Souda was among the number of his
admirers. OilehrUf* Hinduttdni Orammar, He lived in
the time of the emperor Muhammad Shah*
Tabari, iSj^i a celebrated historian of Tabarist&n, and
author of the <' T&rikh Tabari." He was a famous Imim
of Baghdad, and the Livy of the Arabians. He finished
his General History in 914 A. D., 302 A. H. At the
request of his friends, he reduced his work of 80,000
sheets to a more reasonable size. He died 922 A. D.,
310 A. H. Vide Abti Ja&r-at-Tabari, and Abfi Ali the
wazir of Mansdr.
Taba Taba, t' ^^ a poet whose proper name was Mfr
Bafi-uddin Husain, a Sayyad. who being of the Tab4tab£
tribe, used it as his poetical name. He was living in
1601 A. D., 1010 A. H.
Tabiaty ^-s-^^if^^ poetical name of Shaikh Saif-uddin
Muhammad, a poet who Uved in 1742 A. D., 1156 A. H.
Tadbir, J^>^j poetical titie of Prince Sikandar Kadr.
m
Tadrawi or Tasrawi Ab-hari, iSJJ^y a nephew of
Kargisi. He came from Bome to India, died there 1567
A. D., 975 A. H., and was buried at Agrah. He is the
author of a memoir or Masnawi called " Bis&la Hasan-o-
Tusaf Muhammad Kh&n."
Tafta^ *^, poetical name of Munshi Hargopfl of Sikan-
dar4b4d, by caste a K&yeth. He is the author of a
Persian Diwin which he completed and published in the
lithographic Press at Agrah in 1851 A* !>•» 1267 A. H.,
TafELZznl
268
Tahir
and of a Parody on the yerses of the Gnlutiin in verse,
entitled " Tacmin aulistaD," published in 1868 A. D.,
1274 A. H.
TafasBiil HuB«iin Khan, iJ^ u^"^ cUaj^ the rebel
Naw&b of Farrukhabad. He was the grandson and snc-
cessor of Muzaffar Jang, also called Muzaffar Husain
£hiln. This man, a British protegS, murdered sixty-
two Englishmen, women, and children, during the insur-
rection of 1857f under circumstances of the most cold-
blooded atrocity. After months of unavailing pursuit,
Major Barrow, Conmiissioner of the district of Audh, to
which he had fled, offered him his life provided he had
himself committed no murders. The Nawdb surrendered,
was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to death. The
Governor- General, however, while fully coinciding in the
verdict, held that the word of a British officer must be
maintained, declared the criminal exempt from the pun-
ishment of death, on the condition that he should immedi-
ately quit the British territorj' for ever. If, ran the order, he
accept this condition, he will be conveyed to the frontier as
a convict under a Military guard and there set at liberty.
If he refase the condition, or if having accepted it, he
shall break it, or attempt to break it, now, or at any
future time, the capital sentence pronounced upon him
will be carried out. The Nawdb elected to be sent to
Mecca. Accordingly on the 23rd of May, 1859 A. D.,
he was taken to the Magistrate's office under a European
Guard, and there fettered. He was allowed to see his
children but not his wife. Two hundred men of the
Fathagarh Levy were ordered to guard him to Bombay
on his way to Mecca.
Taftazani or Tttftazani^ (y'3^^> which is sometimes
erroneously written Tughtazani, is the surname of an
author who was called so &om his birth-place, a city in
Khuris&n. His proper name is Mulla Sad-uddin Masaiid
bin-'Umar. He is the author of the Commentaries on
the " Maazid'*, *' 'Akded*' and ** Kashshaf ' ; and also of
the "Sharah Sharaf Zanjini", "Mutouwal", which he
dedicated to Malik Husain Kart and ** Mukhtasir Talkhis,"
dedicated to J&ni Beg. There is another work entitled
** Sharah Hallaj,'* which is also attributed to him. In
the latter part of his life he seived under Tamerlane and
died at Samarkand. According to the Mimtakhib-ut-
Tawarikh, he was bom in 1322 A. D., 722 A. H., and
died on the 10th January, 1390 A. D., 22nd Muharram,
792 A. H., but according to H&ji Khalfa in 791 A.'H.
Taghallub^ *r***^ a learned and pious Musalman
whose proper name was Abu'l Abb^ At^mad. He was
the Imam of the inhabitants of Eufa, and died at Bagh-
dad in the year 903 A. D., 290 A. H.
Tahawi or Al-Tahawi, iJJ^, vide Abu Jafar bin-
Muhammad Tabawi.
Tahir and Ghani, ^^ s^, poetical names of Mirz&
Muhammad Tahir commonly called Ghani Kashmiri,
which see.
Tahir, J^^f the grandson of Amru bin-Lais, which see.
Tahir I or Tahir ibn-Husain.al-Khuzai%
^p^\o^\ ^ ^t *'" '^ cH^^^» sumamed Yeminain (Ambi-
dexter) He was one of Al-Mamun's ablest supporters
and one oi the greatest generals of his age. He defeated
and slew 'Ali Ibn-fsfi in battle 811 A. D., 19o A. H.,
and sent his head as a present to the Ehalif Al-Mamun
his employer, who amply rewarded Tdhir for his services.
And when that prince was residing at Marv the capital
of Khurasan, he revolted against his brother Al-Amin
the Khalif of Baghdad, and despatched T&hir with an
army to attack him at Baghdad which place he took in
813 A. D., Safar, 198 A. H., and having slain Al-Amin,
sent his head to Khurasan that it might he presented to
Al-Mamun his brother, who conferred the government of
Khurasan upon Tahir and his descendants with almost
absolute and unlimited power. Tahir died on Saturday
the 15th of November, 822 A. D., 24th Jumida II, 207
A. H , at Marv, and his son Talha was appointed wazir in
his room. The following is a list of his descendants.
Tahir I, died 207 A. H.
Talha his son.
'Abdullah son of Tahir died 230 A. H.
Tahir II son of 'Abdullah.
Muhammad son of T&hir II and last prince of
this race.
Tahir II, *^' •^ e^t^^, great-grandson of Tahir I,
and son of Abdullah whom he succeeded in the govern-
ment of Khurasan in the reign of Al-Mustam BilUh and
died a natural death. He was succeeded by his son
Muhammad the last prince of this race.
Tahir bin-Ahmad-al-Bukhari, Imam Iftikhar-
uddili, ciL/^^^' «*->^| t^'^Lbj author of a work on
rim-ul-Fatawa or science of decisions, entitled the " Khu-
lasat ul-Fataw&/' a select collection of decisions of great
authority. He was also the author of the " Khazinat-
ul-Wakiat," and the " Kitab-an-Nisab" on which books
the Khulasat was grounded, and to which many subse-
quent collections are indebted for numerous valuable
cases. He died 1147 A. D., 542 A. H.
Tahir BiUah, ^^^j^^y vide Al-T^hir Bi-amrullah a
Khalif of Baghddd«
Tahir Bukhari, iSJ^^- J^^} a very pious Musalmin of
Bukh&ra and an excellent poet, who flourished in the reign
of Sultan B&bar of Hir&t.
Tahir Abiwardi, LS^)J^^j^^y a poet who flourished
in the time of Sultan B&isanghar.
Tahir Muhammad bin-Imad-nddin Hasan bin-
Sultan 'Ali bin-Haji Muhammad Husain
Sabzwari, lt^ hH^^ ^^ Lfi »>^*** >ktj,.
He is the author of the history called " Rauzat-ut-
Tahirin," the Garden of the Immaculate. It is a general
history and was commenced in 1602 A. D., 101 1 A. H.,
three years before the death of Akbar and concluded in
1606 A. D., 1015 A. H. Sir H. M. Elliot in his •'His-
torians of India," calls it the " Rauzat-us-Safa," this is
evidently a mistake, for that book was written by Mir
Khawand Shah who died in 1498 A. D.
Tahir Wahid, Mirza, ax^'^^U) (j^^ ^j^ ^f Husain
Khan ^azwini, commonly called Wak^a Nawis, the new&.
writer, was one of the greatest poets of the age. He was
historigrapher of Shah Abbis II, and afterwards wazir
to Shah SulaimAn, kings of Persia. Mini Saeb, who
died in 1669 A. D., was one of his cotemporaries. Tihir
Wahid is the author of a Biwan containing 60,000 verses,
and of a history of the Safwi kings of Persia. One of his
works which he wrote, in 1656 A., D., 1066 A. H., is
called " Mirat-ul-Ai'jaz" and one, which contains letters
written by him for the king of Persia, goes after his
name, and is called " Tihir Wahid." He died in 1696
A. 1)., 1108 A. H.
Tahir-al-Azaz
269
Taj-uddin
Tahir-al-Asaz din Allah, *LW e>i^>l/Jtyklfc, eon of
Hikim Abti lianaiir, sacceeded his £Either 1020 A. D.
on the throne of Egypt. Ha reigned 16 yeaxe, and left
his crown to a son under seven years of age, named
Al-Mustanaaar BilUh. Tahir died in 1036 A. D., 427
A. H,
Tahmasp I, Shah 8afvi, </^ y^U^Js »^, king of
Persia, was horn on Wednesday the 22nd of February,
1514 A D., 26th ^i^ajja, 919 A. H., and suoceeded his
father 6h&h Ismail I to the throne of Persia, on the 24th
May, 1524 A. D., 19th Rajah, 930 A. H., when he was
ten years of age. The reig^ of this prince owes much
of its celebrity to the truly royal and hospital reception
he gKVQ to the emperor HumAydn 1543 A. D., when that
monarch was forced to fly from India, and to take shelter
in his dominions. All the means of the kingdom were
called forth to do honour to the royal g^est : and they [
were as liberally furnished to replace him upon his throne.
Sh&h Tahmasp died at the age of 64 after a reign of
more than 63 lunar years, on Tuesday the 15th of May,
1576 A. D., 16th Saf&r, 984 A. H. His fourth son
Ism^fl Mirza succeeded him. According to his own
request he was buried at Mashhad.
Tahmasp II, Shah, Safwi, C5>^ Y^^ »^,
king of Persia was the son of Sulfin Husain. He assumed
the title of king of Persia after the confinement of his
father by Mahmiid the Afghan chief, and struggled a
few years with his fate ; but a weak, effeminate, and
debauched youth was unsuited for such times : and he
only merits a place in history, as his name furnished a
pretext for the celebrated Nadir Kuli Khan to lay the
foundations of his great power. He was confined at
Sabzwar in Khur4s4n, and put to death by Raz4 Kuli
Khin, the son of Nadir ShiLh who was then absent in his
expedition to India in 1739 A. D., 1151 A. H.
Tahmasp Kuli, Hirsa, o^ ^i^U^t IJ^, a Turk,
and an excellent poet, who flourished in the time of the
emperor Shah Jahan, and wrote a beautiful chronogram
consisting of nineteen Terses in Persian on the marriage
of the emperor's eldest son Dara Shik6h, each hemistich
of which glYes the year 1633 A. D., of the Hijra, 1043
A. H.
TahmOTS, '^J^iTf commonly called Deobond or the
Magician binder, a title which he derived from, the success
with which he warred against the enemies of his family.
He succeeded his father Hoshang, and was the third king
of Persia of the first or Pishdadian dynasty. He governed
Persia 30 years, and was succeeded by hifl nephew, the
famous Jamshed.
Tahsin, c^^^i poetical name of Mir Muhammad 'At6
Husain Khin of Lakhnau who lived in the court of
Kawab Mansur *Ali Khan, Safdar Jang, and had the title
of Murassa Ka^pam. His father Mir Muhammad Bakir
whose poetical name was Shauk, was also a learned man
and a poet. Tiahsin is the author of the works called
"Zawabit Angreizi" "Tawarikh ^Asimt" '*Inshae
Tahsin,'' and of the " Nautin Murrassa," an Urdii version
of the Four Darwcishes, which he wrote in the commence-
ment of the reign of Nuwab 'Asaf-uddaula about the year
1775 A. D. Vid^ Ata Husain Khan.
Tahsin •Ali Khan, !r- ^b^ cf^ ^^
an eunuch of Nawib 'Asaf-uddaula of Lakhnau. He
died in the time of Nawab Saadat 'All Khaa in August,
1813 A. D., Shab&n, 1228 A. H.
Taimur, JT^t ^^ ^^^ Taimlir.
68
Taimur Shah, ^^J^, the eldest son of A^ad Shih
AbdiLIi, succeeded his father to the throne of (dbul and
^andah&r in 1772 A. D., 1186 A. H., after murdering
Shih Wall Ehin his father's wazir, who intended to
crown his son-in-law prince Sulaiman a younger brother
of Taimiir. He reigned 20 years over ]^&bul, ]^andah£r
and Khurasib and died 17th May, 1793 A. D., 7th Shaw-
wal, 1207 A. H., aged 47 years. He left several sons,
viz., Humaytin Shah, Zamdn Shih, MahmM ShiLh, Shih
8huj^ Firoz Shah, Abbis and Ayyub. On Taimiir's
death, a powerful faction headed by his favourite wife,
and supported by P&inda Kh^ entitled Sarfar&s Khan,
the head of the Barakzai family, placed Shah Zamin
upon the throne, at K&bul ; Humay(£n the elder brother,
proclaimed himself king of Kandah&r, and Mahmiid be-
came the ruler of Hir&t.
Taimur Saltan, K^^^^jy^, the successor of Shaib&ni
Khan the chief of the Usbaks, after whose death in 1610
A. D., 916 A. H., he took possession of Samarkand, and
Jani Beg Khdn and 'Abdullah Khin divided Bukh&r&
between themselves.
T^alli, i^r^ , poetical tille of 'All Baz&, an encomiast of
'A^4 Husain Khw&ns4ri. He is the author of a poem
called " M^raj-ul-KhayaL He died in 1677 A. D., 1088
A. H.
Tajara Begam, ff^ b^^, the mother of W&jid 'Alf
the ex-king of Lakhnau, who proceeded to England after
the annexation of Audh to the British possessions and
died in France in 1867 A. D. rid$ Jawad 'All.
Taji, 1^^^ poetical appellation of Mir Muhammad Husain,
the native country of whose forefathers was Andjan in
Persia. He flourished in the time of 'Alamgir, and is the
author of a Diwan.
Tl^rid, ^ij^j a poet who is the author of a Diw&n.
Taj-uddin 'Abdul Wahhab bin-as-Sabki, (^^<
4irf V^r''*^ c^*^' ^f author of the " Taba]^it-ash-
Shdfi'at." There are numerous biographical collections
treating of the lives of the principal followers of iShafai
besides the one just mentioned which have similar titles,
but the most noted is by Taj-uddin. He died in 1369
A. D., 771 A. H.
Taj-uddin Abu Ja'&r bin«Sukman, e;UiU ^
j^ji^ iiH^^ H^f an author who died 1118 A. D., 612
A.H.
Taj-uddin AbuT Paal, ^^ iirt cUift^ ui^Jf ^0
son of T^hir, ruler of Sist&n also called Nunrds which
country he received from Sultan Sanjar Saljuki sometime
about the year 1160 A. D., 545 A. H. The following
is a list of his descendants who reigned in Sistan till
the invasion of Changeia Khan.
1. T4j-uddm 'Abil Jafiir.
2. Shams-uddin Muhammad son of Tij-uddm, who
alone with his sister was slain by his own subjects.
3. Ti^-uddin Harb son of 'Izzul Mulk who is said to
have reigned 60 years.
4. Bahrim Shah son of Taj-uddin in whose time lived
Abti Nasr Farahi the author of the ''Niaab-us*
Subiin."
5. Kasrat-uddin son of BahHon, who was killed in battle
ag^ainst his brother Kukn-uddin.
6. Bukn-uddinson of Bahram, who was slain at the tim^
of the invasion of Changeia Khan.
Taj-uddin
270
Talib
7. Shahib-uddin Mnhammad son of Tij-nddm Blain in
battle.
8. T&j-uddfn who defended himself for two years in the
fort of Sistdn which was at last taken and every
soul pnt to the sword by the troops of Changeix
EMr.
Taj-uddin Bldua, >^ iyW»g^, king of Ghanxi.
It is related that Shahab-nddin Muhammad Gh6ri who
had no children excepting a daughter, took pleasure in
educating Turkish slaves, whom he afterwards adopted.
Four of these slaves, besides l^utb-uddin Eaibak, became
great princes, of whom Taj-uddin Eldiiz was one. On
the death of Shahib-uddin, in 1206 A. D., 602 A. H.,
the Turki officers espoused the cause of his nephew
prince Mahmud, the son of Ghayas-uddin GhOri; but
Mahmud being unambitious, and naturally indolent, re-
mained satisfied with the throne of his ancestors at Gh6r,
and proclaimed Elduz king of Ghazni, content to receive
homage from that chief. Elduz had several battles with
Ku^b-uddin Eaibak kirg of Dehli, and some time after
his death, he recruited his army and marched to India
with a view to conquer that country, but was defeated
near Dehli by Shams-uddin Altimsh in 1216 A. D., 611
A. H., and being taken prisoner, was imprisoned in
Badion, where, according to some accounts, he died a
natural death, but according to others, ho was poisoned.
The whole length of his reign was nine years. A list of
the Sultans of the Slave Dynasty of Gh6r, who reigned
in India, is given under Kutb-uddin Eaibak.
Taj-uddin Gazruniy KfJj'Jf i:H*^'^^, author of the
** Bahr-i-Saadat" the Sea of Felicity, a Persian work con-
taining Essays on the goodness of God, the Creation of
the world, on Virtue and the necessity of observing the
moral duties, proved by various quotations from the
(uran.
Taj-uddin Sangreiza, &ij^ kiH^^^^y a Persian
poet who lived in the time of Ghayas-uddin Balban king
of Dehli, about the year 1274 A. D., 670 A. H.
Taj-uddin 'Umar bin-*A.li, i/^ tr^ u^./*^
e/-*^'?^ sumamed Fikahi, an Arabian author who died
in the year 1331 A. D., 731 A. H.
Taj-ul-MuIky iilwt ^u^ whose original name was Malik
Taju, was appointed wazir by Ehizir Ehin king of Dehli
in the first year of his reign 1414 A. D., 817 A. H., with
the above title. He died on the 13th January, 1421
A. D., 8th Muharram, 824 A. H., and his eldest son
Sikandar succeeded him in the office of wizirat under the
title of Malik-ush- Shark."
Takash. or Turtash, Lr^> which see.
Takash or Taksh, lA^^ sumamed 'Ala-uddin Sultan
of Ehwarizm, the 6on of Alp Arsalan the son of Atsiz a
descendant of the prince of that country, who had been
cupbearer to the celebrated Sultan Sanjar king of Persia.
Ho defeated and slew Tughral lU Saljtiki in a battle
1194 A. D., 690 A. H. At his death which happened 4th
July, 1200 A. D., 19th fiamazan, 596 A. H., he left his
kingdom to his son Sultan Muhammad sumamed IBlutb-
uddin, whose reign was at its commencement, splendid
and successful: but his fortune fell before that great
destroyer of the human race, Changeiz Khan : by whom
he was defeated, his countries pillaged and almost all his
family made prisoners. He died of a broken heart 1220
A. D., 617 A. H. His son JaUl-uddin, who was the last
of this dynasty of kings, long bore up against the torrent
that had overwhelmed his father : but was at last subdued.
He was slain 1230 A. D.
Takhat or Takht Singh, *^- ^^=*^^ Raj* of JodhpAr
Mirw&r, who was raised to the gaddi after the death of
his father Eaja Man Singh in November, 1843 A. D. He
died on the 12th Febmary, 1873 A. D., and was suc-
ceeded by his eldest son Jaswant Singh to whom he had
resigned the reins of government some months before his
death.
Takla, *^j a king of Fdrs, vide SunJtar.
Takoji Holkar, J^^ kS^J^f the nephew of Malhar
Bao H61kar I, was elected and placed on the masnad of
Indour by Ahlia Bai the widow of Khande Rio son of
Malhar Rao in 1767 A. D. on the death of her son Malli
Eao. He reigpied 30 years and died on the loth August,
1797 A. D., leaving two legitimate sons Kashi Rao and
Malhir Rao ; and two illegitimate sons tthoji and Jas-
want Rao. After the death of Tak6ji, his eldest son
Kashi Rio succeeded him ; but the country was usurped
by Daulat Rao Scindhia for some time and afterwards
made over to Jaswant Rao.
Takoji Holkar, J^J^ U^t^* r6ja of Indour, was raised
to the gaddi in 1844 A. D., and was living in 1857.
Tala'y C: f ^^ poetical name of Mirzi Nizim-uddiii
brother to Mirzi Kutb-uddin Mael. He was an excellent
• ■
poet and flourished in the time of the emperor ' Alamgir,
and was living about the year 1696 A. D., 1108 A. H.
Talaiha ibn-Khawailid, ^.j^ c^' a«^, one of
the false prophets who pretended to prophecy like Mu-
hammad, and lied against God, saying, that inspiration
came down to him from heaven. He was received into
favour by the Saracens 638 A. D., 17 A. H., by saving
the life of Sarjabfl ibn-Hasani in a battle against the
Greeks, and was subsequently employed by ti^e Khalif
'Umar in his wars against the Persians.
Talash, L/*^ J the poetical name of Shahab-uddin Al^nad,
which see.
Taleiha ibn-Khaweilid, *«^^ a false prophet.
About the 12th year of the Hijra, several persons, per-
ceiving the success and prosperity of Muhammad and his
followers, set up also for prophets in hope of meeting
the like good fortune, and making themselves eminent
in the world. Such were Osad-al-Abbasi and Taleiha,
with several others whose attempts however quickly came
to nothing. Tide Talaiha.
Talha, j^^ iJi **^^ the son of Tdhir the general of the
Khalif al-Mamtin. He succeeded his father in the
government of Khurdsan in 822 A. D., 213 A. H., and
after a reign of 6 years died a natural death in 828 A. D.
His son 'All was killed the same year in a battle against
the rebels at Naishapur.
Talha ibn-'Obeidullah, V*^^^ iiH *^.
He, together with Zubeir and 'Ayesha the widow of
Muhammad, were 'Alfs irreconcilable and implacable
enemies. The Kufians, Egyptians and the greatest part
of the Arabians were for 'All. A part of the Basoiians
favoured Talha but the rest supported Zubeir. He was
killed with Zubeir in a battle against 'Ali at Basra with
an arrow by Marwan the then Secretaiy of 'Ali 656 A. D.,
36 A. H.
Talib 'Amuli, i^'^ V^^, a celebrated poet of 'Amul
in Persia, who came to India in the reign of the emperor
Akbar, and lived till the time of the emperor Jahi^ir,
TaUb
271
Tara
and was honoured by that monarch with the title of
" Malik-U8h-Shu'ara" or the king of poets 1619 A. D.,
1028 A. H. He died in the year 1625 A. D., 1035 A. H.,
aged nearly 100 years, in Kashmir, and left a Diwan of
14,000 verses.
Talib Jajurmi^ crV^ • ^^^ author of a poem called
"Mandzira G61i-o-Choug£n/* Dispute between the Bat
and the Ball, which he dedicated to Sultin 'AbduMh, the
son of Sultan Ibr£him, the son of Shahrukh. He died in
1450 A. d!, 854 A. H., and is buried close to the tomb of
Ehw&ja Hafiz at Shiraz.
Talib Kalim, (^ ^^, vide Abtl T£Ub Kalim.
Talmasani, (^^-*^, a poet.
Tamannai ^^j author of a small Diw4n in Urdd.
Tamas, ur^y vide Greorge Thomas.
Tamerlane or Timarlangy ^~^y vide Amir Taimdr.
Tana Shah, l^ibG^ ^i^ Abu'l Hasan ?:utbsh4h.
Tanha, ^3 poetical title of *Abdul Latif Khin, who is the
author of a Diwan.
Tanha, ^> poetical name of Muhammad *A1L
Tanukiy {A^^i surname of Abu'l 'A14, one of the most
celebrated Arabian poets of the tribe of TanuJIf which has
produced many clever men.
Tansen, iil^'^j a celebrated Hindi musician or singer
who flourished in the time of Akbar, and was employed
by him. He was originally in the service of a Raja
named iUm Chand, and was sent to court at the special
request of the emperor. He died in the 34th year of
that monarch's reign 1688 A. D., 996 A. H.
The musicians both vocal and instrumental in India
ever since the Musalmto conquests, who have been highly
esteemed, and whose names are handed down to posterity
with much respect by different authors, are as follow :
Gopal, Amir Khusro the poet, Baiju, Bhano, Pandwa,
Bakhfihu, Lohang, Sultan Husain Sharki of Jaunpiir,
Eija Man of Gwaliar founder of the Dhurpad, in whose
time also lived the four following, ««., Charjii, Bhagwan,
Dhondhi, and psdii. Tdnsein, SubhAn Khan, Surgayan
Khan of Fathapur, Chand Khan and his brother Suraj
Khan, Tintarang Khan the son of Tansein, Madan Kae,
Ramdis and his son Surdas a blind moral poet and musi-
cian, BAz Bahadur, Mundia, Mian Pand, Mian Daud
MulUl8-h4^ Shaikh Khizir, Sheikh Beichu, Hasan Khan
TeinL Surat Sein and his brother Lala Deibi, Mirza
'Akil Mian Sh6ri, Ghulami, Lai Khan, Nikm Prakash,
and the Bin players Firoa Kh&n and Naubat Khan.
Tantia Topi, t^y ^^j a ^^^"^ ^"^^ ^^^e^ °^ ^^^^•
He was captured in the jungles of Perone on the 7th
and hanged on the 18th of April, 1859. It is said that
before his death he solemnly aflSrmed that he was
the instigator of the Cawnpur massacre, and that the
Kana who had sworn to protect the Europeans was
amrrv with him for his conduct and never saw him after-
^JSds. If true, this confession was made evidently with
the view of saving the N4nA, when it would no longer
iniure himself. At his confession Tantia described him-
self as a Brahman of high caste, a native of Puna, which
place he had left about 30 years before for Central India,
where he became an Artillery soldier (16pi). He next ob.
tained employment in the Nana's establishment at Bithur
in connection with the Treasury, and was so employed in
1857 when the mutiny broke out. He also said, that he
commanded the rebel army of 8,000 men which attacked
Colonel Greathead's column on the parade ground at
Agrah on the 10th October, 1857. He declared he was
aware of the arrival of the column from Dehli before
he opened fire on the encampment that morning, and did
not suppose he had only the Agrah brigade to deal with,
as we imagined. He was deceived, however, after the
action had commenced, by seeing a re-enforcement of
European redcoats coming up (Greathead's men being
dressed in Khikhi) for whose appearance and apparent
numbers (for they were reported to be 2,600 men) he
could not account, but supposing them to be new arrivals
from down- country, he immediately retreated ; otherwise
he would have held his ground, and not have allowed
Col. Greathead to win so easy a victory. Tdntia also
mentioned that the largest force he ever commanded was
at the battle of Betwa, when he had under him 22,000
fighting men, and 130 pieces of ordnance of various
calibres.
Tapiflhy L^^^f the poetical name of Munshi Ghulam
Muhammad Khan editor of the Newspaper called ** Audh
Akhbar." He was living in 1871 A. D.
Taqi Aohadi, C5**^j' 4/^, a Persian poet who came to
India and was living at Agrah in 1614 A. D., 1023 A. H,
He is the author of a Diw&n,
Taqi, Imam, i^ (•^t, vide Muhammad Ta^.
Taqi Kashani, ^s^^^ i/^j vide Ta^-uddin Muhammad
Kashani.
-••
Taqi, Mir, u,j^y a Persian and Urdd poet who is the
author of six Diwans and several other works. He was
a native of Agrah and died at Lakhnau in 1810 A. D.,
1225 A. H. His father's name was Muhammad Muttaiki.
His poetical name is Mir, which see.
Taqi-uddin Muhammad bin-Ahmad bin-'AH
Hasani Pasi, sj^ ^. *^^»^» e^ '^♦^^ cH«^'u5^,
author of the work called ** Shafa-ul-Ghar&m." He died
1428 A. D., 832 A. H.
Taqi-uddin Muhammad Kashani, (^^If «^**^
k:H^^sJ^9 son of Sharaf-uddin 'AH Husaini Zikri. He
was bom at Kashan about the year 1539 A. D., 943 A. H.,
and is the author of a biography calted ** Khulasat-ul-
' Ashaar, wa Zubdut-ul-Afkar" compiled in the year 1585
A. 1)., 993 A. H.
Taqi-uddin Sabaki, ij^ v:H«*^'«^, son of Abdvl
Kafi. He is the author of more than 150 works on dif-
ferent subjects. He died in 1349 A. D., 750 A. H.
Taqi-uddin Tamimi, «/**^ e^*^',^, author of a
biographical treatise gplving an account of the Hanafi
lawyers, arranged in alphabetical order, entitled ** Taba^at
us-Saniat fi Tarajim-ul-Hanafiat." He died in 1596 A. D.,
1005 A. H.
Tara Bai, ^^ b^y the wife of B&j4 R^ the brother of
Sambhaji the son of Seiwaji Bhosla the Marhatta chief
of Sitara. After the death of her husband in March,
1700 A. D., she ruled as regent in the name of her son,
Seivra, a child of two years, over the territories acquired
by SeiwaJL But on 'Alazngfr's death in 1707 A. D.,
when Sahu, the son of Sambhaji was released by 'Azim
8hah, he (Sahd) quickly niade himself muter of Sitaca
and imprisoned Tara BaL
Tara
272
Tauti
Tara Begam, ^^. ll^, one of the wires of the emperor
Akbar. She had a garden in Agrah consiating of 40
bigas of ground, now in niinB.
Tarbiat Khan^ Cl^ ^s^J^, a nobleman of 4000 who
served onder the emperor 'Alamgur as Mir 'Ataah or
Commander of Artillery. After the death of that monarch,
he espoused the cause of his son 'Azim 8hah and was
killed in the battle against Bahidor Shih, 1707 A. D.,
1119 A. H. He had, on a spot of land of 13 bigas,
built a honse at Agrah on a piece of ground called Tajara
or Majira outside Uie fort opposite to Amar Singh Darwaza.
Tarbiat Khan B arias, cr*^ J^ ^*y> title of
8hafi-ulUh Ehan, a native of Persia, who came to India
and served under the emperors Sh4h Jahan and 'Alamgir.
At the time of his death he held the rank of 4,000, and
was governor of Jaunpdr where he died 1686 A. D., 1096
A. H.
Tari, ur/> poetical title of MulU 'AH Muhaddis.
Tarkhan or Nawab Tarkhan, u^y *r^y,
vide Nlir-uddm Safiuduni, (Mulla).
Tarkiy i/O^y the first Sult&n or emperor o( and his de-
scendants ; vide Usmioi or Uthmin.
Tarmadi, Tarmizi or Tirmlzi, <^<*^, mde Tmxnzl
which is the correct name.
TasaBi, i/^> the poetical name of Ibrihim of Shiriz who
came to India and was living in 1623 A. D^ 1032 A. H.
He is the author of a Diw&n.
f poetical title of Prince Mirzi Sulaimin
Kadr, the son of Mirzi Ehurshaid Igjidr. Vide jgjiisar.
Tashbihi, i^t^j vufc Akbar *Ali Tashbihi'.
Tashkparizaday *^b iSj^^, surname of Mulla
A^mad bin-Mustafa, a celebrated Arabian who died 1560
A. D., 968 A. H.
Tasir, J^^} the poetical title of Mirzi Muhsin who is the
author of a Diwan. He flourished about the year 1718
A. D., 1130 A. H.
Taslim, (•^^^ title of Muhammad Hishim of Shfrii*. He
came under * Alamgir to India, and is ths author of a
Diwan, He was living in 1697 A. D., 1109 A. H.
Tatar Khan, O^ J^^y adopted son of Tughla^ Sh£h and
prime minister of Sultin Muhammad Shah Tughla^. He
is the author of a Commentary on the Imuran, entitled
*' Tafsir T&tar Ehani," and of another work on Muham-
madan Law, called ** Fatawi Tatar Khini." He died in
the reign of SulUn Firoz Shah Barbak.
Tatar Khan, o'^ J^^} of Khorasan ; a Matuabdar of one
thousand under Akbar. He was Governor of Dehli, and
died there, 1688 A. D., 986 A. H.
Tatar Khan, ^J^j^^f son of Muzaffar Shah I, King of
Gujr&t, and fikther of Ai^mad Shah L
Tailfal Khan, o^ ^y> prime minister, vide Burhin
amad Shah.
Tanli Khan, \J^ i^y, the fourth son of Ghangds Khia.
On the death of his fither, 1227 A. D., he succeeded to
the kingdoms of Persia, EhuraaSn and ^dbul and died
three years after. He left several sons, among whom the
two eldest, viz., Mangd Khiin and Halikii Khan were the
most famous.
Tanrandukhty *^^«> ^aby^ the daughter of Khusro
Parweiz. She was elevated on the throne of Persia some
time after the death of her brother Sheiroya 631 A. D.
We are told by Persian historians that this queen restored
the sacred cross, which had been borne away from Jeru-
salem by Khusro Parweiz : and by that act, acquired
great power with the Roman emperor. But this is evi-
dently erroneous : for there is no doubt that the emperor
Heraclius, when he returned from Persia, carried that
precious relic to Constantinople, which was deemed a
more splendid trophy of victory, than all his spoils and
conquests. T(ir&ndukht ruled Persia only one year and
four months. She was succeeded by her cousin and lover
Shah Shananda. He had reigned only one month when
he was deposed, and 'Azarm or Arzamidukht, another
daughter of Khusro Parweiz was raised to the throne
632 A. D. This princess, who was alike distinguished
by her sense and beauty, resolved to take the whole
management of the affairs of the kingdom into her hands.
She would not even appoint a wazir. But the fatal
passion of a Persian noble defeated all her designs.
Farrukh Hurmuz the governor of Ehurisin, fell violently
in love with her, or perhaps, with her dominions. He
proceeded to court and made his love known to his royal
mistress ; she refused her hand, and he was soon after
murdered through her instigation. As soon as his melan-
choly fate was known to his son Bustam, he collected a
large army, and marched from KhuWLsin to Madain.
The queen was unable to oppose him ; and the young
chief revenged his father by putting her to a cruel death.
After her demise, Farrukhzad the son of Khusro Parweiz
by a female singer of Isfsdian was raised to the throne,
but before he had reigned a month, his days were termina-
ted by poison. Such were the events which immediately
preceded the reign of Yezdijard III, and the fall of the
Persian monarchy.
Tanran Shah, '^ ^by^ sumamed Mulik-ul-Muazzim,
was the brother of the famous Salah-uddin who had ap-
pointed him as his lieutenant in Damascus. He died at
Alexandria on the 1st of July, 1180 A. D., 6th Safsr, 576
A. H.
Tanran Shah, K h w a j a, '^ e;!;y *^!>^ , sumamed
JaUl-uddin, was wazir of Sh&h Shuj^^ ruler of Shiriz,
and died on the 3rd of April, 1386 A. D.
Tausi Manlana, KS^y^ ^^>*> «poet of Khur£sAn who
flourished in the reign of B&bar Sul^n, after whose death,
he went over to Azurbeijan in the time of Jahan Shah,
and died there 1487 A. D., 892 A. H.
Tauti Begam, f^ ^^^^ o^® of the wives of the emperor
Akbar. She had built a garden in Agrah called Tota
Bagh : there is also a tank in Agrah which is called Tota
kaXal.
Tauti, Maulana, (/^^Vt^V' ^y^ ofTarshish,*
learned Musalman and a good poet. He flourished in
the time of B&bar Sulfan and died at Hiiat in the year
1462 A D., 866 A. H. As Tuti means in Persian a
parrot, consequently Amir 'Alisheir found the year of his
death to be contained in the word " Khurtks," which means
a cock.
Tanfik
273
Tughan
TaufLk, Hulla>
Penian poet.
(Sj^^ (34*P ^ of Kashmir, a
Tausani, i^y, the poetical name of Man6har D^ who,
though a Hiadti, was also called Muhammad Man6har and
Mirz4 Man6har. He flouriahed in the reign of the em-
peror Akbar. The name of his father was L6nkaran
(Salt Manufacturer). He was r^a of Sambhar. Vide £ie
L6nkaran.
Tawakkul bm-Isma'il bin-Haji Ardibeili,
Oifi^^ U^ cUy, author of the work entitled " Safwat-
ns-Saf&," containing the history of the celebrated Shaikh
Sa£[, the founder of the sect of Sufis in Persia, and from
whom were descended the royal Safwi funily, written in
1397 A. D., 800 A. H.
Tawakkul Munshii (^^^ ^y, author of the work
called " Shihn&ma" *' Shamsher Ehini," a prose abridg-
ment of the celebrated Shahn^ma of Firdausi, written in
1652 A. D., 1062 A. H. A translation of this was again
made in Urdd yerSe by a poet in the reign of the emperor
Shih Akbar II, 1810 A. D., 1225 A. H.
Taya' or Tai Billah, V^ C^, » klialif of Baghdad.
Vide Al-T&ya Billih.
Tayyabi, U^» author of the << HiUhia Eashsh&f," and
" Sharah Mashkdt-ul-Mas^bih." He died in 1342 A. D.,
743 A. H.
Tazrawiy LSV^} wfo Tadrawi
Tegh Bahadur, J«i V C^* » fftW or chief of the Sikhs,
who having collected his followers, levied contributions
from the ii^bitants of his neighbourhood, in Conjunction
with Hafiz 'Adam, a Musalman devotee and his votaries.
He was put to death as a dangerous heretic in the 17th
year of the emperor 'Alamgir's reign, 1673 A. D., 1084
A. H. His body was divided into four parts and hung
in the city.
Tek Chand, ^ *-^, whose takhallns is Chind, was
the son of Balrim a Hindd of Sarhind. He is the author
of the " Guldastae Ishlp," Nosegay of Love, a Masnawl
or poem containing the story of Eamrdp in Persian verse.
He flourished in the time of *Alamgtr.
Tek Ghand, Hnnahi, "^ *^> whose poetical titie
is Bahir, was a Hindu, by caste a Ehattri and author of
a work entitled '* Bah£r Ajam," a voluminous dictionary
of Persian idioms, and anoilier called ** Nawidir-ul-Masi-
dir." The former work he completed in tiie year 1739
A. D., 1152 A. H. He also wrote another work called
«» Abtil Zarurat"
Thatta, rulers of, V '^* Vid$ N&ir-uddin ^abblUiha.
Tippu Sahib, v^^^, cW^ Tip^ Sultin.
Tipu Shah or TippU, '^-^i * celebrated Muham*
madan devotee of Arkat, from whom the Isunous T^P^
Sultin the sovereign of Mysore was named. His mau-
soleum still continues, a {Savourite resort of the pious, and
Haidar 'AU Khan the &ther of Tipu Sultan had a
particular veneration for him. Tipii or Tippfi in the
Canarese language signifies a tiger.
TlpU or Tippu Sultan, «i""'*->44'> the son of Haidar
'Ali Khin of Mysore. He was bom in the year 1749,
69
and succeeded his father in Deoember, 1782 as ruler
of Mysore. During the American war he joined the
French against the English; but after the breaking
out of the French revolution, he was alone exposed to
the fortunes of the war. In 1790 he was defeated in
Travancore, and yielding to the British arms, he con-
sented, in 1792, to make peace with Lord Comwallis by
delivering up his two sons as hostages, and paying, besides
part of his dominion, above three millions sterling. His
intrigues with the French, and his machinations to
destroy the English power, renewed the war in 1799.
He was attacked by the British in his very capital, and
was killed whilst bravely defending himself on the ram-
parts on the 4th of May, 1799 A. D., 28th ^il-^a'da, 1213
A. H., aged 52 years He was buried in the mausoleum
of his father in the garden named I^ B4gh. fipti,
though oppressive and capricious, patronized the arts,
and his fondness for literature was displayed in the
collection of books found in his palace, consisting of
various works in the Sanskrit language of the 10th
century, translations of the Kur£n, MS 8. of the history
of the Mughal victories and historical memoirs of Hin-
ddstan, all which were deposited in the Library of
Calcutta, and a catalogue of them was written by
Captain Stewart and published. Tip6 Sult4n is the
author of two books or collections of* letters, one entitied
" FarmAn-ba-n4m 'AH R4j4," and the other "Fath-ul-
Maj&hidin," a part of the latter has been translated and
published by Mr. B. Crisp of Bengal.
Tirandai Khan, ly^ jt«>Jl^5, a slave of the emperor
Akbar Shiih the Great, was raised to high rank and
received the title of Khin. He built his house on a
spot of ground consisting of six bfgas in Agrah tov^ards
the south of the house of IsUm Khim H(imL He was
raised to the rank of 2000 and appointed governor of
Abmadabiui by the emperor Shdh Jahln.
Tlrmizi, (SJ^t also called Hakim-al-Tirmizf. This
m
was the titie or surname of Abu 'Abdul ih Muhammad
bin-' AH, an author and philosopher of Tinnia in Persia,
who died in the year 869 A. D., 255 A. H.
Todar Mai or Torar Mai, ^jSp, the celebrated
minister of Finance or Diwin of the emperor Akbar Sh&h,
was a Hiudu of the tribe of Ehattri of Labor. He was
appoiuted Sdbad£r of Bengal in 1580 A. D.. 988 A. H.,
and died at L&hor in the 36th year of the reign of that
monarch, on Monday the 10th of November, 1589 A. D.,
11th Muharram, 998 A. H. Abu'l Fazl describes him as
entirely devoid of avarice and quite sincere, but of a
malicious and vindictive temper, and so observant of the
fasts and other superstitions of the Hindtis, as to draw
down on him reproof even from Akbar.
Tufail, ^^M^, the name of 'Alf s nephew.
Tughan Khan, c^^ mM^, the Muhammadan governor
of Bengal in 1243 A. D. He invaded the principaUty of
Jahizpur in Urysa, and was defeated by its ^ja, who
pursued him into Qour, his metropolis; but reinforce-
ments from Audh compelled the rija subsequently to
retreat.
Tnghan Taimur Khan, ci^ j>^ c)^-l», a descendant
of the Mughal kings of Persia and ruler of Jurjan. After
the death of Sultan Abu Said and Arpa "Khtin^ he con-
quered several provinces of Ehurasin and subdued the
Sarbadils of that place. He was at last slain by Ehw&ja
Ahia Kirati chief of the Sarbaddls on Saturday the I4th
of Deoember, 1863 A. D., 16th ^i-ilfla'da, 764 A. H.
Tughan
274
Turkan
Tughan Shah I, '^ iV^-^y a prince of the Saljdkiazi |
family whose seat of gOTemment was Kaish&pur. This
prince is said to have been defeated in his younger days,
in a battle fought against Ibrahim bin-Nayal, who took
him prisoner and blinded him. After some time his uncle
Tughral Beg seized Ibrihim in 932 A. D., 451 A. H.,
mi^ered him, and restored the kingdom to his cousin
Tughan Shah. The poet Arza^ lived in his time and
wrote several panegyrics in his praise.
Tughan Shah II, «^ c^^P, a prince of the Saljuk
dynasty, who ascended the throne of Persia after the death
of Sul^&n Sanjar and after several battles was defeated
and slain by Takash the Sultan of Khwarizm and died in
1186 A. D., 581 A. H.
Tllghlak, (3^9 a slave of Sul^ Ghayis-uddm Balban.
His son, after murdering Khusro Shah, ascended the throne
of Dehli and assumed the title of Ghayas-uddin Tughlal^
in 1321 A. D.
Tllghlak Shah, «^ O^*^, vide Ghayfa-uddin TughlaV
Shah and Muhammad Tughla^ Shah.
Tughraiy Mnlla, ^^lig^-io, an author who lived in the
middle of the 11th century of the Hijri.
Tughraiy Cri^-^y surname of Hasan Ab£ Isma'il of
Isfahin, a celebrated wazur of the king of Mousal, Snl^
Masaiid Salj^i. He was called Tughr&i on account of
his excellence in the species of writing styled Tughra,
and also had the title of *' Honors of Writers," but better
known in Europe by his admired Arabic poem, entitled
*' Carmen Tughrai.*' Being taken prisoner in a battle
where his sovereign was defeated by his brother Mahmud
].120 A. D., 514 A. H., he was put to death by that prince's
wazir who hated him for his great abilities. A collection
of the poems of Tughrai has been made, the most celebra*
ted of which is that called *' Lam^-ul-'Ajam."
Tughrai, i2rlr*-^> title of Amir Temln-nddfn of Alashhad,
a poet and author of the Kulliat Tughrae Mashhadi, a
collection of poems, odes, elegies, &c. which also contains
the following prose works, all of which are entertaining
novels; viz,: " Mirat-ul-Maftuh," " Kanz-ul-Maani,*'
" Majmua-ul-Gharib," " Chashmae Faiz,*' and "Anwdr-
ul-Mub&rak." He died at a place called Fareomud in
1324 A. D., 724 A. H. There is an Insha supposed to
have been written by him entitled *'*Inshae Tughrai."
He was cotemporary with the Tartar king of Persia Mu-
hammad Ehuda Banda and his son Abu Saf d.
Tnghral Beg, ^. Jj^^, (the TangroHpix of the
Greeks) was the son of Mik&il the son of Salju^ and the
first Sultan of the race of the Saljiikides. Tughrai Beg
and his brother Jafar Beg Diiid, were in the service of
Sultdn Mahmud of Ghazni. Aftei defeating Sul^
Masaud I son of Sultan Mahmud in a battle fought in
1038 A. D., 429 A. H., he assumed the title and state of a
sovereign at Naish&piir. He subdued 'Ira^ took Bagh-
dad, and by its reduction, became master of the person of
the Khalffa Al-$£(^m Billah, who invested him as Sul(in
of Khur^&n, appointed him viceregent or vicar of the
holy prophet, and the lord of all Muhammadans. He
gave his sister in marriage to the khah'f^ and his nephew
Alp Arsalan afterwards married the daughter of the khalif
Al-Muktadi The Saljtik family divided into three
branches and settled in Hamdan, Kirm&n and Rdm or
Anatolia. Tughrai Beg died after a reign of 25 lunar
years 1063 A. B., 455 A. H., aged 70 lunar years, and as he
had no issue, he was succeeded by his nephew Sultin Alp
ArsaUn the son of Abd Ja&r Bifid. The following ai^
the names of the Sultans of the SaljdV dynasty of Irin or
Persia: —
1. Tughrai Beg the son of WkiQ. the son of Sa^ti^.
2. Alp Arsalan, nephew of Tughrai Beg.
3. Malikshah the son of Alp ArsaUn.
4. Barkaydrak the son of Malikshih. In his leign the
empire was divided, he retaining Persia ; Muham-
mad his brother, Syria and Azarbaij&n, and Sul^
Sanjar, Khurasin and M4warun-nahr.
Tnghral II, Jj^j also called Tughrai king (Sul^n) of
the race of SaljdV, was the son of Sultin Muhammad the
son of Alp ArsaUn. He was raised to the dignity of
Sultan by his uncle Sul^ Sanjar 1132 A. D., 525 A. H.,
after the death of his brother Sultan Mahmtid, and after a
reign of three years died in October, 1134 A. D., Mu-
l^rram, 520 A. H., aged 25 years. His brother Masaud
succeeded him.
Tnghral m, Jj^^i a Sult£n of the Saljdkian femHy, was
the son of Arsalan Shih the son of Sul^in Muhammad the
brother of Sulf&n Sanjar. After the death of Sul^
Sanjar, 1167 A. D., 552 A.H., Persia continued, for a
period of forty years, to be distracted with the wars of
different branches of the Saljiikian dynasty. The last
who exercised power was Tughrai HI who succeeded his
father Arsalin Sh4h in Januaiy, 1176 A. D., Jnmida II,
571 A. H., and after a reign of ten years was seized and
imprisoned by his uncle and wazir l^izal Arsalan, who
resolved to usurp the throne, but fell by the hand of an
assassin in 1191 A. D., 587 A. H., and the kingdom
restored to Tughrai. He was, however, after some years
defeated in a battle, taken prisoner and executed by Takash
ruler of Khwirizm, 1194 A. D., 590 A. H., and his head
sent to N^sir the khalifa of Baghdad. With this prince
terminated the Saljdkiar monarchs of Persia, who had
governed that country, from the commencement of his reign
of Tughrai I to the death of Tughrai III, 158 years.
Tnghtazani, «y!3^, videTuft&z&aL
Tokaji Holkar, ^*^ ^^^^^ ^^*^ Tak6j£.
Tnktamiflh Khan, ij^ tA**^, ruler of Daaht Kap-
chik whom Amir Taimiir defeated in 1395 A. D.
Tulshi Bai, ijf^ ij^^ the widow of Jaswant Bao Holkar,
vide Jaswant Rao Holkar.
Tnlshi Das, kP^ ^S^f a Br&hman and a celebrated
poet among the Hindiis. He is the author of the
*'RamiLyan" in the Bhikha dialect. He flourished in
the reign of the emperors Akbar and Jahingir, was
originally an inhabitant of Raj&ptir near Ohitark6^ and
Tarhuwin ; but went about as an ascetic from one place
to another, and died at Benares on the 24th of October,
1623 A. D. In the Bh&kha or pure Hindi, there are still
extant many elegant poems, songs, &c., the produotions
of Hindui poets, viz., Eab Gang, Tulshi, BihiLri, Girdhar,
L&lach, Surdis, Eabfr, NiuhdiE, and to these we may add
the names of Malik Muhammad J&yesi, A^mad Wah£b^
Muhammad A&al, Amfr EhiLn, &c., as they composed in
both dialects. Girdhar Dia is the author of another
Bamiyan. Vide Girdhar IMw.
Tnrkan Khatnn, c^^ ^Ji^, a daughter of Bvltia
Jalal-uddin of Khwarizm. She was given in marriage by
Halakd Khin, to Malik SkSh son of Badr^uddin L^
prince of Mauaal.
Turkan
275
XTgaraen
Turkan Khatun, c^^ ui^, wife of Sultan Jalfl-
nddui Malikahih.
TurkxnaXLy Mr^j^f the poetdcal name of a person whose
father was a native of Shiriz, but he was bom in India,
and was living about the year 1690 A. D., 1102 A. H.
Turtush, ij^y, a brother of Maliksh^ the Salj6kian,
against whom he rebelled and was compelled to save
himself by leaving the kingdom. This appears to be the
same person called by Ibn-Ehallikan, Tntush the son of
Alp ArsaUn, who took prisoner Atsiz a 8ultin of Khwa-
rizm and put him to death on the 2l8t October, 1078
A. D., nth Rabr 11, 471 A H. Turtush was slain in a
battle fought against his nephew Barkavarak on Sunday
the 25th February, 1096 A. D., 17th Safar, 488 A. H.,
aged 30 years.
Tntashy cA^^ w* Turtush.
u
^Ubeid or 'Ubeid, •H^*, a poet who lived in the time
of Salt&Q Ghay^-nddin Tughla^ Shih, and was buried
alive on account of his having raised a false report that the
king was dead, and that a great revolution had taken
place at Dehli. This event took place in the second year
of the king's reign, 1322 A. D., 722 A. H.
'Ubeid Khan^ vy^ *Hf^, ruler of the Uzbaks, was con-
temporary with ShiUi Tahmisp I Safwi king of Persia,
who in a battle defeated his troops and gave them a signal
overthrow in 1627 A. D., 936 A. H.
'XJbeid-uUah, V* *H*^> sovereign of the Uzbaks. This
monarch was the nephew of the celebrated Sh&hi Beg
Ehin, the conqueror. He commenced his reign about
the year 1542 A. D., 949 A. H.
»Ubeid.tillah Ahrar Nakshband, ^H^jLr*^» V'
•H^, a celebrated learned Muaalmdn and saint of Khu-
ris&n, among the number of whoso disciples Maulwi J&mi
was one. He died in the month of February, 1491 A D.,
Babf II, 896 A. H., and is buried at Samarkand. Amfr
Alisher, the celebrated wazir of Sultan Husain Mirza,
who much respected him, found the chronogram of the
year of his death in the words ** Khuld Barin.**
•Ubeid-uUah bin-Maea^ud, ^^^^ ciH V ♦H-H^*
author of a Commentary on the Wi^£ya a work on juris
prudence, entitled " Sharh Wik&ya." He is also the
author of the "Nik&ya" which is sometimes called
** Mukhtasir-al-Wi^ya," being in fact, an abridgment of
that work. 'Ubeid-ullah died 1349 A. D., 760 A. H.
See Mahmud sumamed Borhiui-ash-Shariat.
*in>eid.tillah ibn-^Ws (or Qais), o^ u^^ ^^ *H^,
a distinguished Arabian poet, who commemorated the
death of Misaa'b the son of Zubeir, who was on terms of
friendship with him, and had fought in his cause in the
year 690 A. D., 71 A. H.
^XJbeid-tdlah ibn-Zayad, ^^j t;*' V **^^ was ap-
pointed governor of Kufa by the khalif Tezfd in the
room of Al-Nqjnin 679 A. B., 60 A. H. He beheaded
Muslim, Husain's cousin, and his troops sunoonded
Husain at Karbala, who having desperately engaged his
troops, was after long resistance cut to pieces with all
his men in October, 680 A. D., Mul^arram, 61 A. H. In
the reign of 'Abdulmalik, 'Ubeid-uUah was sent to Efi&
with leave to plunder it for three days ; but before he
reached that city, Al-Mukhtar, then ruler of that place,
sent his forces against him imder the command of Ibri«
him the son of Alashtar, when after a sharp engagement,
'Ubeid-ulUh's forces were beaten and himself lolled in
the camp. Ibrahim having cut off his head, sent it to
Al-MakhtiLr, and burnt his body. This circumstance
took place in August 686 A. D., Mu^^arram, 67 A. H.
'XTbeid-uHah-al-Mahdi, iS^^ *^t ^^, » chief
of Barbary in Africa, who in 910 A. D., 298 A. H.,
rebelled against the king of that country of the race of
Aghlab, and assumed the title of Khalif of ^airwiUi (the
ancient Gyrene, and residence of the Aghlabite princes).
To give the greater weight to his pretensions, he also took
the surname of Al-Mahdl, Hie director. According to
some, also, he pretended to be descended in a right line
from 'Ali tiie son of Abd Talib, and Fatima the daughter
of Muhammad ; for which reason, the Arabs called him
and his descendants Fatimites. He likewise encouraged
himself and his followers by a traditionHl prophecy of
Muhammad, that at the end of 300 years the sun should
rise out of the West Having at length driven the
Aghlabites into Egypt, where they became known by the
name of Maghrabians, he extended his dominions in
Africa and Sicily, making Eairwan the place of his resi-
dence. He sent several of his generals at different times
to conquer Egypt, but they were always defeated and
obliged to fly to Kairwan. Al-Mahdi reigned in Barbary
24 years, and was succeeded by his son Abul IJL&sim, who
then took the surname of Al-K&yem Mahdi.
'IJbeid Zakani, (^1^3 '^^f a celebrated jester and poet,
was contemporary with the poet Salm&n 8&wajf. He
composed several ludicrous verses on Jahin Kh&tun the
wife of Ehwija Amin-uddin, wazir of Shilh Abu Is-hi^
ruler of Shirfiz. He is the author of the work called
" Ris&la dar ilm Bay&n," which he dedicated to the king,
and also of a DiwILn. He died in 1370 A. D., 772 A. H.
UdaipTiri Begam, ^Hi {jjxi^'^y^f the favourite wife of
the emperor *Alamgfr, and the mother of the prince
Kambakhsh whom his father cherished with the utmost
tenderness, as the son of his old age. She was living in
1686 A. D. She is believed to have been a Sisodia from
Jodhpur.
Udai Singh, *^ iS^J^ %, RAnA of Chittor was the
son of Bani Sanka the emperor Babar^s competitor, but a
man of feeble character. In his time the fort of Chittor
was taken by the emperor Akbar in March, 1568 A. D.,
Shaban, 975 A. H. His son BAni Partip founded the
new capital called Udaipiir, which is still occupied by his
descendants. Ran& Part^p Singh died 1595 A. D., 1^04
A. H., and Amar Singh his son succeeded him and died
in the 14th year of Jahingir, 1620 A. D., 1029 A. H.
Udai Singh Bathonri, (SJ^b *^ ^^-^^^ commonly
called Mo(a li^a, was the son of lUe M&ldeo of Jddhpdr
Mdfw&r. He served under the emperor Akbar, and in
the year 1586 A. D., 994 A. H., gave his daughter named
Bilmati in marriage to Sult&n Sallm (afterwards Jahin-
gir) by ^om he had Shih Jahin. He was raised to
high rank, and J6dhpiir his native country given him in
j&gir. He died 1594 A. D., 1002 A. H., and four of his
wives burned themselves with his corpse. After his death
his son Suraj Singh succeeded him.
XTgarBen, ^b ^if^jrjl^j a rdja who is said to have
reigned at Agrah several centuries before the time of
in&ti
276
^TJmar
SnlOn Sikaodar Lodi. After him Kgnh became a village
of Bayana, the name of the r&ja of which place was Bin.
tJlfoti, i/^^j poetical name of l^ulich Khan of Andjin,
which see.
Ulagh Beg Miraa or Ulugh Beg, t)^ (^ (jl,
a prince celebrated for his knowledge in Astronomy, was
the son of Mirza Sh&hrukh the son of Amir Taimur. He
reigned at Samarlkand for 40 years during the lifetime
of his father whom he succeeded in March, 1447 A. D.,
851 A. H. He was a prince who made peaceful studies
the chief object of his fife, and had entirely neglected the
art of war. He assembled all the astronomers of his
kingdom, and the celebrated Tables which are known
by his name, viz., " Zij Ulagh Beg" were the result of his
labours. He is said to have had very large instruments
for making his observations ; particularly a quadrant as
high as the church of Santa Sophia at Constantinople,
which is 180 Roman feet. His fate was cruel, he was
defeated, taken prisoner, and put to death by his son
Mira£ 'Abdul Latif on the 27th of October, 1449 A. D.,
Bamafin, 863 A. H. It is a consolation to know that
this unnatural prince enjoyed the power he had attained,
by so monstrous a crime, only for the short space of six
months : he was slain by his own soldiers. Ulagh Beg's
Catalogue of fixed stars rectified for 1434 A. D., was
published by Hyde at Oxford in 1665 in 4to. with learned
notes.
'Umar-al-MaksuSy WJ^^J*^} the favourite master of
the khalif Mu'&wia II, who after his £Either's death con-
sulted him whether he ought, or not, to accept the khi-
Ufat. His master told him, that if he thought himself
able to administer justice duly to the Musalmins, he
ought to accept it ; but otherwise he ought not to charge
himself with it. This khalif had scarcely reigned six
weeks, when he found himself two weak to sustain the
weight of the government, and resolved to lay it down.
This he did, and had no sooner renounced the khilafSett,
but he shut himself up in a chamber from whence he
never stirred till he died, not long after his abdication, of
the plague, according to some, and according to others
of poison. The family of Umayya was so gpreatly irritated
at his proceedings, that they vented their resentment
upon the person of 'Umar-al-MaksiiB, whom they buried
alive, because they supposed that it was by his advice
that Mu'awia deposed himself. This circumstance took
place in the year 683 A. D., 64 A. H.
>Umar bin-'AbduI Aai«, yO^^ «H* u^-r^, granason
of Marw&n I, was the ninth khalif of the house of Umayya.
He succeeded Sulairoan at Damascus in September or
October, 717 A. D., 99 A. H., and died after a reign of
two years and some months in February, 720 A. D., 101
A. H., at Dyr Samin. He was succeeded by Yezid II.
This khalif ('Umar 'Abdul Aziz) was eminent above all
others for temperance and self-denial, insomuch, that
according to the Muhammadan faith, he was raised to
Muhammad's bosom, as a reward for his abstinence in
an age of corruption.
»Umar bin-'Abdnl A sis, 3^» ^ij^.j^t was an
eminent Musalman who died in the year 742 A. D., 124
A.H.
'Ulnar bin-'Abdul Asiz bm-M8ija,3i>*J|'H^uH./^
*^^^ Uif commonly called Huaim-ush-Shahfd, author
of a most esteemed Commentary. He was killed 1141
A. D., 536 A. H. Vide Abii Bakr A^mad bin-'Umar-
al-Ehassif.
'Umar bin-'Abdnllah, V*^ e^-r^^ a famous
Arabian poet who flourished in the time of the khalif
'Abdulmalik. Vide JamiL
'Umar bin-Ehattab, v^^ cr^-r^, one of the
favourite companions and father-in-law of Muhammad.
He succeeded Abd Bakr Sad£^ as second khalifa after
Muhammad in August, 634 a! D., Jumada II, 13 A. H.
He spread his conquests over Syria and Phoenicia, and
took Jerusalem after an obstinate siege in 637 A. D., 16
A. H. His generals extended his conquests over Persia
and Egypt and increased the worshippers of Muhammad.
The fall of Alexandria under his power was marked by
the destruction of its celebrated library, but he restored
the canal between the Nile and the Bed Sea. During his
reign the Muhammadans conquered 36,000 towns, de-
stroyed, 4,000 Christian temples, and built 1,400 mosques.
He was the first who was called ** Amir-ul-Mominin"
or the Lord of the Believers, and this title was ever affcer^
wards used by all succeeding khalifs. He was married
seven times, and one of his wives was Umm Eulsiim the
daughter of 'All. He was stabbed on Wednesday the
8rd of November, 644 A. D., 26th ^ilhijja, 23 A. H., by
a Persian slave named Fir6z whilst saying his morning
prayers in a mosque, and died three days after, aged 63
lunar years. He reigned 10 years 6 months and 8 days,
and was succeeded in the khiUfat by 'Usmin the son of
'Affan, Waring in his " Tour to Shirdz," mentions that
while he was at Shir&z (1802 A. D.,) the Persians (who are
Shias) celebrated the death of the khalif 'Umar. *^ They
erected a large platform, on which they fixed an imag^
disfigured and deformed as much as possible. Addressing
themselves to the image, they began to revile it for having
supplanted 'All the lawful successor of Muhammad; at
length having exhausted all their expressions of abuse,
they suddenly attacked the image with stones and sticks,
until they had shattered it into pieces. The inside was
hollow, and full of sweetmeats, which were greedily de-
voured by the mob who attended the ceremony."
'Xlmar Ehan Khilji, ij^^ ^d^j^^ the youngest
son of Sultan 'Ali-uddin Khilji a boy of seven years of
age, was raised to the throne of Dehli after the death of
his father, by Malik Eafur the eunuch, in December, 1316
A. D., Shaww41, 716 A. H. MaUk E4fur was assas-
sinated after 35 days and soon after 'Umar Ehan was
deposed by his brother Mubarak Khin who ascended the
throne in January, 1317 A. D., 716 A. H.
>UmaP Khayaill> f^jr^* He was originally a tent-
maker and hence his takkallus of Ehayam. He is held
to be one of the most remarkable of Persian poets, unpre-
cedented in regard to the freedom of his religious opinion.
The Voltaire of Persia, his works gave great offence to
the priests, but are, nevertheless, highly esteemed by
general readers, apparently with justice, as the anima-
tion and brilliancy of his style are unquestionable. His
hatred of hypocrisy and the tricks of false devotees,
appears his crime in the eyes of the supposed pious ; his
tolerance of other creeds was looked upon with equal
suspicion and dislike. He was bom at Naishaptir, and
devoted much of his time to the study of astronomy, of
which science he was a distinguished professor ; but it is
said that, instead of his studies leadmg him to the ac-
knowledgment of the Supreme Being, it prompted his
disbelief. The result of his reflections on this important
subject is given in a poem of his, much celebrated under
the title of '*Hub&yit 'Umar Ehayam." He was the
friend of Hasan Sabb&h, the founder of the sect of the
Assassins, and, it has been conjectured, assisted him in
the establishment of his diabolical doctrine and fellow-
ship. Some allowance must, however, be made for the
prejudices of his historians, who would, of course, neglect
I
*nmar
277
'Unsari
nothing calculated to oast odinm on one so inimVi^l to
their snperstitiona. 'Umar Ehaj^m seenia iMuticularly
to direct his satire against the mysticism of Mawisi, the
most exalted poet of his time, though inferior in this
extraordinary and inoomprefaensihle style to the later
followers of the same school, AttJur and the great Mulla.
However reprehensible his mockery would be if really
directed against religion in general, it scarcely deserves
the severity it met with when we consider that it was
the abuses he attacked and the absurdities he ridiculed ;
and as for the incongruities introduced into his poems,
and his professed love of pleasure, he is only following or
rather pointing out as absurd, the contradictions of the
mystic poets, which are difficult enough to reconcile to
the understanding, whether allegoricid or not. The fol-
lowing will give an idea of the style of 'Umar Ehayi&m :
'* Ahl ye who long that, in time's coming night
Tour names should shine in characters of Ughty
Let not this dut^ ever be forgot ; —
iiove well your neighbour ; do him no despite."
** Ah ! strive your best no human heart to wring,
Let no one feel your anger bum or sting ;
Would you be wrapped in everlasting joy,
Leazn how to suffer, and cause no suffering."
Some "Rnglish versions of the Quatrains by Mir. Edward
Fitzgerald have been published by Quaritch of London.
'Umar Khayi&m was contemporaneous with Hasan Sabbah,
Kiz£m-ul-Mulk wasfr of MaUksh&h, andMawisi the poet.
Ehushgo in his Tazkira has recorded the year of 'Umar
Ehay&m's death 1123 A. B., 617 A. H., and this appears
to be correct. Wigid 'AH in his Matla-ul-Uldm says that
he died in 1121 A. D., 615 A. H.
'Fmar Mahrami, i/^Jt^^r^j author of a work called
" Hujjat-ul.Hind," written in 1645 A. D.
'ITmar Mina, bj^J^f one of the sons of M£r£nsh£h
the son of Amir Taimtir. He was defeated and wounded
in a battle fought against Bhihrukh Mirz& and died after
a few days in May, 1407 A. D., 809 A. H.
IJmar Sahlan (Iglazi Mir) Sawaji, ^j^ c^V*
j^ iJ^f author of a work on the science of Logic and
Philosophy called '* Mas&bir Nasirl,'* which he dedicated
to Na^-uddfn Mahmiid the waslr of 8ul^ Sanjar.
rCTmar Shaikh Mirsa, ti/* f^j*^y second son of
Amir Taimiir. He was governor of Persia during the
lifetime of his fiither, and was killed in battle in 1394
A. D., 799 A. H , aged 40 years. Bii^aza Mirz4 who
succeeded him was one of his sons.
'Fmar Shaikh Mina, ]i^ ^J^$ one of the eleven
sons of Sul^in Abii S^d Mirzi, the son of 8ul^ Mu-
hammad, the son of Miriuosh^, the son of Amu- Taimdr.
He was the fitther of B4bar Sh£h king of Dehli ; bom at
Samaikand in the year 1456 A. D., 860 A. H., and held
the govenmient of Andijin during the lifetime of his
&ther which, with the united principality of Farghana,
he continued to govern after his death which took place
in 1469 A. D., 873 A. H. He died after a reign of 26
lunar years and 2 months on Monday the 9th of June,
1494 A. D., 4th Ramaf4n, 899 A. H. by the &11 of a
scaffold upon which he stood to see his pigeons flying ;
aged 89 lunar years. His son B&bar, then in his elevent h
year, was advanced to the throne by his nobles and
assumed the title of Zahir-uddih.
70
»IJmdat-iil-Mulk, ^-^^^
KhiUi.
> a titie of Naw£b Amir
'Umdat-Ul-Umra, b^^^ ««»^, the eldest son of Mu-
hammad 'AU Khto the Naw£b of the KamAtik. He
succeeded his father in October, 1796 A. D., and died on
the 15th July, 1801 A. D., on his death the English
resolved to take the functions of government into their
own hands. 'AU Husain, the next heir, refused to
comply. The English in consequence, raised 'Asim-
uddaula, the nephew of the deceased Naw4b, to the no-
minal throne, on condition of his renouncing the powers
of government in their fetvour.
IJxnm Habiba, *^*^ (•!, one of the wives of Muhammad.
She was the daughter of Abd Sufiin the &ther of
Mu'^wia I, and died in 664 A. D., 44 A. H.
IJmill Habiba^ *f^ ^», daughter of Babi» and fourth
wife of *AK, by whom she had one son named 'Umar.
nxnm Haxma> d^ (•^ a daughter of Abd T^b and
sister of *Ali the son-in-law of Muhammad.
Uxnin Jamil, <-^*^ f\, daughter of Harb, sister of Abd
Sufian and wife of Abd Lahab. Because she fomented
the hatred which her husband bore to Muhammad, the
passage in the ^uriLn, Ch. CXI was revealed against
them.
XXmm Makriy iSJ^ (*t, one of the principal Muham-
madan saints, bom at Ghazni ; who acquired such great
reputation by his sanctity, that Sul^ Mahmdd often
went to consult him, and refused to sit down in his pre-
sence, out of respect to his virtues. He lived about the
year 1000 A. D.
Umm Salma, ^^^ ^t, daughter of Abd Umayya and
wife of Muhanunad. She outlived aU the wives of that
prophet and died in 679 A. D., 59 A. H.
XJmydy ^^f the poetical name of Mirzi Muhammad Basa,
whose titie was Eaxalbish Ehin, which see.
Umydi, Maulana, (S^^^ ^"h^j one of the best poets
of his time, bom at Tehr^ a province of Rei. Nairn
Sini, Mir 'Abdul Bi^' and Ehwija Habib-ulUh who
were nobles in the service of Sh£h Ism^ Safwi, were
his intimate Mends ; but Shih Eawibn-uddin Ndr Bakh-
shi who was also one of the courtiers, and was his enemy,
murdered him one night in the year 1519 A. D., 925
A. H.
Xing or Angy *-^^ which see.
Una, cT'* > poetical name of MuxishI L&lohind, vid$ Lfl-
chind.
'Unaari, iSir^^f commonly called Abd'l (Isim 'Unsari,
a native of Balkh and one of the leamed men who lived
at the court of Sul^ Mahmdd of Ghazni. He was a
pupil of Abd'l Farah Sanjari and master of the poets
Asjadi and Farrukhi. He is esteemed to hold the first
rank, as to genius, in that age ; for besides being one
of the best poets, he was a great philosopher, vened in
all the known sciences, and all the leamed languages of
those times. Four hundred poets and leamed men, be-
sides all the students of the university of Ghasni ac-
knowledged him for their master. Among the works of
'Unsari tiiere is an heroic poem upon the aotions of Sult£n
Mahmdd. The king one night in a debauch having cut
off the long tresses of his favourite slave, Ayax, was much
Unsi
278
'Usman
concerned in the morning for what he had done* 'XJnmri
accosted him with some extempore lines on the occasion,
which so pleased the king that he ordered his month to
be thrice filled with jewels. He wrote a Dxw4n consist-
ing of 30,000 couplets, and died according to Daulat
Shdh, in the reign of Sultan Masatid I the son of Sultan
Mahm6d 1040 A. D., 431* A. H. ' Dr. Sprenger in his
Catalogue of Persian Books, says, p. 16, "that 'Unsari
died in 1049 A. D., 441 A. H."
Unsi. L^^} * P<^*» ^hose proper name was Muhammad
Shah. He died in 1565 A. D., 973 A. H.
*Uqaa, J*^, the brother of 'AH the son of 'Abti Talib,
who not being entertained by his brother according to his
quality joined Mu'awia 660 A. D., 40 A. H., who received
him with open arms, and assigned him large revenues.
His son Muslim, who espoused the cause of his uncle
Hiwain, was beheaded by 'Ubeid-iUlah ibn-Zayad in the
reign of Yezid.
*Urfl, Maulana, k^^J^ ^^r*^ a native of Shirdz and an
excellent poet. His proper name is Jaraal-uddin, but he
is better known by his poetical title 'Urfi. He first came
to the Dakhin, and thence to Agrah where he passed a
few years in the service of Hakim Abu'l Fatha Gflani,
after whose death in 1589 A. B., 997 A. H., 'Abdul llahim
Khin, KhanKhiuian introduced him to the emperor
Akbar who finding him to be a well learned man, and a good
poet, employed Mm among his own officers. Not long
after he died in the year 1591 A D., 999 A. H., aged 36
years at L^or where he was buried ; but as he had ex-
pressed his wish in one of his odes that his remains should
be transported to Najaf Ashraf where 'All is buried, his
bones were accordingly after some years sent to that
place by Mir sibir Isfabani and re-interred there. He
is the author of several works, of which his Diw&n and
Kas^led are most-esteemed, and were, even during his life-
time, very popular and sold in every street.
'Urian, U s/^^ poetical name of Mirza Asad,
'Uskalani, ^y^^***^^ an author, vide Shahftb-uddin AbU'l
Fazl Ahmad.
'UBinan, Osman or Othman, \J^j the first Sult&i
of the Turks, was the son of Amir Tughral who died in
1288 A. D., 687 A. H. His grandfather Sulaiman was
a native of Balkh which country he left on the invasion
of Changez Khan in 1214 A. D., 611 A. H., and went
to Rome where he was drowned. *Usm&n served under
Sult&n 'Ala-uddin Kaikubad one of the Saljukian Saltans
of Iconium in Earamania ; had received a grant of land
in the direction of ancient Phrygia, where he took Broaa
from the Greek emperor, and laid the foundtition of that
power called after him Ottoman or 'Usmania and on the
destruction of the Sultanate of Iconium in 1299 by the
Mongols, succeeded in obtaining possession of a portion
of Bithynia. According to the work *'Haft Aklim," the
first year of his reign is fixed 1289 A. D., 688 A. H., and
that he reigned 88 lunar years and died in 1327 A. D.,
727 A. H., and was buried at Brusa. His son Orkhan
succeeded him.
List of the Emperore of TurJcey of the * Utmdn cr
Ottoman family,
'Usmdn or Osmin.
Orkhan son of 'Usmin.
Murad I son of Orkhan.
Bayezid I son of Mur&d.
Sulaimin son of B&yezid.
Muhammad I son of Biyezfd.
Murid II son of Muhammad.
Muhammad II son of Mnr&d.
B&yezid II son of Muhammad II.
Salim I son of Bayezf d.
Sulaimin I sumamed the Magnificent, son of Salim.
Salim II son of Sulaimin.
Murad III son of Salim II.
Muhammad III son of Murad III.
A^mad I son of Murad III.
Mustapha I son of Murad III.
'Usmin I son of A^mad I.
Murad lY son of A^mad I.
Ibr&him son of A^mad I.
Muhammad IV son of Ibr&him.
Sulaiman 11 son of Ibrihim.
Al^mad II son of Ibrahim.
Mustafa II son of Muhammad lY.
Al^mad II son of Muhammad.
Mahm(id I son of Mustafi II.
*Usman II son of Mustafa II.
Mustafa III son of Ahmad III.
Ahmad IV son of A^mad III.
Salim III son of Mustafa III.
Mustafa IV son of A^mad IV.
Mahmud II son of A^mad lY.
Abdul Majid son of Mahmidd II.
ITsman, Osman or Othman I, \J^^^, son of Abmad
I, (Achmet) succeeded his uncle, Mustafa I (who was
deposed in 1618) on the Turkish throne, and being unsuc-
cessful in his wars against Poland in 1621, was by
the Jannisaris slain in an uproar 1622 A. D., and Mustafi
again restored; but this he enjoyed not long, for the
same hand that raised him to the throne, again plucked
him down in 1623, and raised Murad IV to be their king.
'IlBinan II, {i^^y brother of Mahmiid I (or as some call
him Muhammad Y) whom he succeeded to the throne as
emperor of Constantinople in 1764 A. D., 1168 A. H.
He renewed, under severe penalties, the Muhammadan
law. that his subjects should driuk no wine. He died
after a short reign in 1757 A. D, 1171 A H., aged 69
years, and was succeeded by Mustafa III his nephew.
^Usman, ^^^ ^^, J^^ the son of 'Affan, the son of
'Abti'l 'As the son of Umayya, was one of the favourite
companions of Muhammad. He succeeded 'Umar as
third Khalif after Muhammad, in November 644 A. D ,
Muharram, 24 A H., and was murdered after a reign
of nearly twelve years in his own house at Medina by
Muhammad the son of Abti Bakr. Ammar ibn-Yasar and
several others on the 30th June, 656 A. D., 18th Zil-hijja,
35 A. H., aged 82 years. His corpse lay nnburied for
three days ; at last it was removed bloody at it was, and
buried in the same clothes he was killed in, without so
much as being washed, and without the least funeral
solemnity. The dissensions which arose on the death of
the Prophet, with re$rard to the succession to the Ehil&fat,
were revived with renewed fury when, on the murder of
'Usman, the noble and unfortunate 'Ali succeeded to the
dignity of Amir- nl-Mominin ; and they eventually caused
the division of IsUm into two great parties or sects, called
respectively the Sunnis, and the Shias who differ mate-
rially in the interpretation of the Kuran, and in admitting
or rejecting various portions of the oral law. The hatred
entertained between these rival sects has been the cause
of constant religious wars and persecutions scarcely to be
surpassed in the history of any nation or creed, and still
separate the followers of Muhammad into two classes, by
a barrier more insurmountable than that which divides
the Roman Catholic from the Protestant.
'Usman bin-Isa bin-Ibrahim Sadik, ^r^sji
e)l^, author of a collection of traditions in Arabic called
" Ghaet-ut-Touzih."
^Usman
279
Wahab
'Fsman Mukhtari^ (A)**^ isM^f a poet who
floorished in the roign of Sul^ Ibrihim of Ghaznl and
was a ootemporary of Sheikh Sanii the poet.
'XJtba, ^^j the son of Abfi Lahab. He was married to
Rnkyya third daughter of Muhammad, but repudiated
her afterwards. It is said that he was torn to pieces by a
lion in the presence of a whole caravan when on a journey
to Syria.
'UBaeri Basi, iSjb iSji^^t one of the learned men and
poet of the court of Sulfin Mahm^d of Ghazni, whose
poetical performance as a panegyrist are esteemed ver^'-
good, for one of which he received a present of 4000
HirliRTnH from the Sultan. He is called Assaberi Kiizi, in
the Dictionary of the Religious Ceremonies of the Eastern
nations. He was a native of Bei, consequently the word
R&zf is fixed to his name.
Uzbak, *^i', atribe of Turks.
TTsIaty oJiXPj the poetical name of Sayyad 'Abdul Wall,
the son of a very learned and pious man named Sadulldh
in whom Aurangzeib had very great confidence. After
the death of his &ther, he went down to MurshidabiLd and
was supported by Alahwardi Khan. After the demise
of his patron in 1756, he went to the Dakhin where he
died and left a Diwan.
TTBEan Hasan^ ^r^**^ e^^ ■ > (or Hasan the Long) who
is also called Hasan Beg» was the founder of the tribe of
Turkmans called 'Al^l^oinlos, or the White Sheep. After
he had extirpated his rival Jah4n Sh&h the son of }f.Bii
Yiisaf in 1467 A. D. and put all his relations to death,
he engaged in a war with Sul^ Abd Said Mirzi king of
Persia who fell into his hands and was slain 1449 A. D.,
TJzzan Hasan from this event, became sovereign of a
great part of the dominions of the house of Taimdr.
After he had made himself master of Persia, he turned
his arms in the direction of Turkey : but his career of
greatness was arrested by the superior genius of the Tur-
kish emperor, MuhamnuML II, from whom he suffered a
signal defeat, which terminated his schemes of ambition.
He died after a reign of eleven years at the age of seventy
on the 7th of December, 1 477 A. D., 882 A. H. Catherine
Commenua, who is called by the Persians Carum Com-
meniah, was married to him. She had a daughter named
Martha, married to Shaikh Haidar, father of Sh&h
Ism^ Safwi, first monarch of the Safwian dynasty of
Persia. TJzzan Hasan was succeeded by his son Y^V^b
Beg.
V.
Victoria Gaurama, Frinoess, ^bJ^ Uc^aSS^ .
The PrincesM Victoria Gouruma is daughter of his High-
ness Prince Blr Ri^indar Wad^r, ex-raj& of Kurg (Coorg)
a small principality of Hindustan, situated near the
Mysore country ; its greatest length is about seventy miles,
and the mean breadth about twenty-two miles. Haidar
'All contrived in the middle of the last century, to get
possession of Kurg by treachery ; but in 1787 the young
rij4, Bir Kijindar, his prisoner, escaped from confinement
through the aid of several of his subjects and succeeded
in establishing himself in his dominions. At his death,
in 1808, he left the succession to an in&nt daughter,
to the exclusion of his brother, to whom of right it
belonged according to ancient usages; but the young
princes soon after abdicated in &vor of her unde, widi
the sanction of the British Government.
The Princess Victoria Gaur&ma was bom in February
1841. The melancholy circumstance of the death of
the mother, two days after the birth of the child,
seems to have led to increased affection for his offspring
on the part of the father, who from his own previous con-
victions in favor of Christianity, determined that his
fEivorite daughter should be brought up in the principles
of the Christian faith. From this period the ex-rig4
entertained an anxious desire to visit Europe, in order
that, when she had arrived at a suitable age, she might
be introduced into European society ; and theieby re-
ceive such impressions as would promote a feeling
favourable to Christianity. Accordingly in the early
part of 1852, the prince quitted India for England, leav-
ing at the city of Benares the rest of his family, consist-
ing of eleven children, with their mothers. On his arrival
in England the object of his visit was made known to
the Queen, who at once most kindly and graciously
consented to become sponsor to the young princess. The
baptismal ceremony was performed by the Aixihbishap
of Canterbury in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace
on 30th June, 1852, in the presence of Her Majesty,
the Prince Consort, and numerous other members of the
royal family : the princess received the prefix of " Vic-
toria" to her Indian name of ** Gaurama," by which she
had been called after one of the pagan divinities of har
country.
The princess is said to have become a good scholar
under the care of those charged with her education.
Her personal appearance was exceedingly interesting and
intelligent, and the complexion of her skin but little
darker than that what Europeans call a deep brunette.
Her portrait, which Winterhalter painted by command
of Her M^'esty, is at Buckingham Palace. — The Art
Journal^ Vol. Ill, p. 293.
Vikramaditya, ^A^ l^, commonly called Bikra-
majit, which see.
w.
1
Wa'il EhU8ai% «^!>^ ^^J, an Arabian poet who lived
in the time of Hardn-al-Rashid and his son Mamilh. He
was cotemporary with Imam 'AH Musi Raza, and is the
author of a Diwan in Arabic whereia he praises the
charms of his beloved Salmi.
WaeZf ^hy vide Husain W4ez, and Muhammad Bafi
Waez.
Waf)ft» ^Jj vide Ayn-ul-Mulk Hakim.
Waflfty ^Jm poetical name of Mirza Shanif-uddm *Ali
Husaini of (umm. He came to India in 1749 A. D.,
1 162 A. H., and is the author of a short Diwan.
WafEty ^Jf poetical name of Daydnith a Kashmiri of Bareli.
He is the author of a poem called '* Gul wa Bulbul" the
Nightingale and the iiose, which he composed in 1847
A. D., 1263 A. H.
Waf ai, (^Jf title of a poet.
Wahab or Wahhab, V^J> the son of *Abdiil Man£^
was the f&ther of ' Amina the mother of Muhammad.
Wahdat
280
Wall
Wahdat, ^S^^^^y poetical name of Shaikh Jamfl-ndddi the
great-grandfiather of Shaikh Muhammad Hazin. He is
the author of several works, viz^ ** Elucidation of the
miracle of the Morij, or Ascent of the prophet ;" " An
Explanation or Commentary in Persian on the Kulliat
of the ]K&niin," which he wrote at the desire of Khan
Ai^ad kh4n, king ofGildn. "An Epistle or Treatise
on the confirmation of a Necessary Being ;** " A Treatise
on the Solution of Obscurities in the Section of Surds or
Solids;" an extensive "Commentary on the Fisus or
Gems of Fary&bi/'and a Diw&n containing 2, 000 couplets.
Wahdat, *s»«^^> poetical name of 'Abdul Ahad, who was
familiarly called Shih Gul, a son of Shaikh Muhammad
S^id and grandson of Shaikh A|?mad Sarhindi. He re-
sided mostiy in the K6tila near Dehli and is the author
of a Diwin. He died in 1714 A. D., 1126 A. H.
hf vide Tahir Wahid.
L uS^^Jf poetical titie of Wahfd-uddin, which see.
Wahid-uddin Tabreizi, i^ji^ lyW'^H^J, a poet of
Persia whose poetical titie is Wahfdi He is the autiior
of a treatise written professedly upon versification.
Wahidi t5*^^!ij poetical name of 'All son of A^mad,
which see.
Wahmi, u*^ J, poetical appellation of Bi^i Tahmisp
^uli, a poet who flourished in India between the years
1637 and 1647 A. D., 1047 and 1067 A. H.
Wahshat, ^^^-^^J, poetical titie of Shaikh 'Abdul W£hid
who was a descendant of Imto Muhammad Qhazxm. -
He was an excellent poet bom and brought up m J^asba
ThAnesar. He flourished in the reign of 'Xlamgir, and
is the author of a Diw&n.
Wahshi Yeadi, MatOana of Yead, t5^ </^J
^Hj^y author of the Masnawi or poem called " NAzir wa
Manartir" which he completed in tiie y^ 1669 A. D.,
966 A. H., and of anotiier poem called Farhad and Bhirin
in the metre of Nizamei's Khusro and Shirf n ^d several
otiier works. He died in 1684 A. D., 992 A. H.
Wajid 'AH Shah, «^ c5^ ^J, ihe last king of Audh
was the son of 'Amjad 'All Shi&h, after whose death he
ascended the throne at Lakhnau, in 1847 A. D., 1268
A. H. In his time Audh was annexed to the British
Government on the 7th of February, 1866. His poetical
titie is Akhtar, and is the author of three Diw&ns and three
Masnawis in Urdd. This ex-king is now living in Gal-
cutta, pensioned by Government.
Inscription on his ooin.
Wakidi. iS'^bf surname of Muhammad bin-'Umar, an
author who wrote in Arabic the work called " Taba^it
Wd^pdi," containing the history of the conquests of
Syria by the generals of 'Umar, during the years 638-9
A. D. He died in the year 824 or 834 A. D., 209 or 219
A. H. Ibn-Jauzi relates that Walpdi who dwelt at
Baghd&d, when removing to the Eastern bank of the
Tigris, required 120 camels to convey his books. Vide
Ab6 Abdull&h Muhammad ibn-'XJmar-ul-Wakidi.
Wajih-uddin Ahmad Maghrahi, isij^ *^^* ^^^^
*Aa^j, commonly oaUed Shaikh A^mad Khatt6, which
Wajih-uddin Mubarak Eirmani, i/*^/ ^j^
^(Jt Aaaj^ a Sayyad and a disciple of Niziun«uddin
Aulia. He was commonly called Sayyad EhCird or the
littie Sayyad. He is the author of the work called Siar-
ul-Aulia.*^ See Sayyad Husain (Makhdum).
Wajih-uddin, Shaikh, ^^'^^ *ft^J ^, of Gujrtt,
a disciple of Shaikh Muhammad Ghaus of Gw£liar. He
was a learned man, is the author of several works, and
his poetical name was Alwi He died on the 80th of
November, 1689 A. D., Ist Safer, 998 A, H., and was
buried in A|?madab&d Gnjr&t.
Wajid 'All, C5^ ^^J> author of an TJrdd Grammar
entitied " Guldastae Anjuman" which he wrote and pub-
lished at Agrah in the year 1849 A. D,, and another
work called «' Matlf-ul-XJl^m."
^^-^hf the poetical name of a poet whose proper
name is N6r-ul-Ayn. He was a native of Patiila of
which place his father was a l^izL He was contem-
porary with the poet 'Arzfi, and died about the year 1776
A. D., 1190 A. H. He is commonly called W&kif Lahorf
and his Diw&n contains about 800 Persian Ghazals.
Wala, ^!^> poetical name of Islim KhiKn, which see.
Walady *^> vide Sul^ Walad, who is also called Mau«
Un&Wakd.
Walahi ^h} poetical name of Said Muhammad, author
of a poem called '* Dastur-ul-Nazm."
Walah, ^t^ poetical titie of 'AU l^ulf Ehin of Diighistin
He is the author of a Tazkira entitied '^Rayiz-ush-
Shu*&Hl." It is an universal biographical dictionary of
Persian poets, and contains about 2,500 articles. He
came to India in 1784 A. D., 1147 A. H., where he com-
posed the above work in 174.8 A. D., 1161 A. H., and
died after nine years in 1767 A. D., 1170 A. H. He is
the father of Gunna Begum, which see.
WaJajah, Prince, »^«>V»J »«*!>tr, son of 'Arim Sh£h.
He along with his brother Beidar Bakht, was killed in
the battle fought by his father against the emperor
Bah&dur Sh&h his eldest brother in 1707 A. D.
Walajahy S^^'j^ a titie of Muhammad 'All Ehin, naw6b
of the Kamatik, who died in 1796 A. D., aged 87 years.
Wali, i^bf poetical name of Najaf ' Alf Beg, an author.
Wali, iS^b} poetical name of Shih Wali-uUih a native of
Gujrat, but passed the gr^test part of his life in the
Dakhin. He was living in the time of the emperor
'Alamgfr and is the first poet who wrote a Dfwin in
IJrdii. A copy of this book was brought to Dehli in
1720 A. D., 1132 A. H. which induced many poets of
that city to apply themselves to Urdii poetry. Vide
Hatim.
Wali, of Dasht Bayaa, 4/^^ "^^^ 4/^i, a pUce in
Khuris&n. He was a contemporary with Mirz& Muham-
mad l^uli Maili who came to India in 1671 A. I>., 982
A. H. Wall is the author of a Persian Diwan. Vide
Wali (MauUni).
Walidad
281
Wazir
Walidad Khan and Ahmad »Ali Khan, e)^
^\^J, rebel leaders in Bulandahahr (N. W. P.) during
the troubles of 1857.
WaM ?alandar, J^^ (/^l^i a poet who Uved in the
time of Biisanghar Mirz4.
WaU Muhammad Khan Uabak, *-^i» J^ ^^^
iS^j, king of Tdrin, was the son of J£ni Beg Khin by
'Abdullih Kh4n TTzbak's daughter. He was raised to
the throne of Tdran after the death of his brother Ba^
Beg Khan, and visited Shfli Abbis king of Persia in 1611
A, D., 1020 A. H. He reigned 6 years and was killed
in battle about the year 1612 A. D.
Wall Muhammad, Hazrat, ij^)^ «^^** (Jj •a^r^,
• ••
of Namoul a Musalm&n saint who died on the 13th of
November, 1W7 A. D,, 26th Shawwil, 1067 A. H.
Wall, Maulana, i/*^ "^-^^ k^3 ^'^3^> a famous poet
of Dasht Bay&z in Khnrisdn, who was a contemporary of
Maul&na Zamiri, and was put to death by order of
Taimtir Sultan Uzbak, who had taken possession of Khu-
ras&n in the reign of Sul^ Muhammad EhudiL Banda,
king of Persia who reigned from 1677 to 1688 A. D., 985
to 996 A. H. He is the author of a Persian Diwin. Yids
Wall of Dasht Baydz.
Wall Bam, fl) C5V> a Hindii, who was usually called
Banwali Das, is the author of a MasnawL
Wali-uUah, Maulwi Shah, i^:^^ ^^ i/j *^
i^yy^f of Dehli, author of the commentary on the l^ur&n
in Persian, entitled " Fath-ul-Eahm£n."
Wah-ullah Husaini, Maulwi Muhammad,
^H*"^ V'v^-> <i^*^ iSyy^} author of a commentary
on the Juran, called " Nazm-ul-Jawahir," which he wrote
in 1821 A. D., 1236 A. H.
Walid *^ ^ ^^> *^® ^^ °^ *XJtba, was made governor
of Medina by Mu*awia I, but was removed from the
government of that city by Yezid I in favour of Amrd
the son of Said who was then governor of Mecca.
Wahd I, *-^^*^ c^ *h!>, seventh Khallf of the house
of Umayya. He succeeded his father ' Abdulmalik in Syria
706 A. D., 96 A. H., and died after a reign of 9 years
and some months about the year 714 A. D. Spain was
conquered in his time by his generals. He was succeeded
by his brother Sulaiman.
Walid II, *aii ^' *^->> ^^ ^^ Yezid II, succeeded his
uncle Hishim in Syria as eleventh Khalif of the race of
Umayya in 743 A. D., 126 A. H. He reigned little more
than a year and was slain in 744, when his son Yezid III,
succeeded him.
Wali-uddin >Abu 'Abd-ullah Muhammad bin-
»Abdullah.al-Katib, Shaikh, ^\^^ y}
4^oJl^j y^y author of the " Mish^pit-ul-MasiLbih"
a new and augmented edition of the Mas&bih of Al-
Baghwi, which he completed in 1836 A. D., 737 A. H.
It is a concise collection of traditions, principally taken
from the Six Books or Sahihs and arranged in chapters
according to subjects. This collection was translated by
Captain Matthews in 1809.
Wamik, (y^^t ^^ celebrated lover of Aari. The poet
Farkhiri has written a poem on their love adventures.
71
Waraka, ^J, a lover, the name of whose mistress was
Gulsh^h.
Waraka bin-Kaufat, cly cH ^j^y a cousin of Khu-
dyja the wife of Muhammad. In the days of ignorance
he learned the Christian religion, translated the gospel
into Arabic, gave himself up to devotion, and opposed
the worship of idols. He became a convert to MuJiam-
madanism about the year 611 A. D., lived to a great age,
and towards the end of his life became blind.
WarUBta, tSJy^'^ *^j'j* a poet of Ldhor, who is the
author of a work called ^' Jang BanglLrang," being a
collection of verses of aU the poets who have written on
different matters. He was living in 1766 A. D., 1180
A. H.
Wasfl, K^^y vide Abdull&h Tirmizi.
Wasik or Wathik BiUah, V^ i^^^i a Ehalf& of
Baghdad. Vide Al-W&sil^ BilUh.
Wasik, MuUa> cf*b *^, name of a poet.
Wasili, cJ^'j^, ««fo 'AU-ud-din (Sayyad).
Wafidl Khan of Kashmir, isj^^^ ^J> author
.»
of the " Mah£r&j-n&ma,'' in the Preface of which he
praises Nawib 'Asaf-uddaula, Mah£r4ia Nirmal Das and
L41a Hulis lUe.
Wa8ili> %J^b} poetical appellation of Mir Im£m Wardi
Beg, who is the author of a Diwan, and was living at
Lakhnau in 1780 A. D., 1194 A. H.
WasU, iJ^3} the poetical title of ' A^a T&hir the &ther of
Sadi^khiUi.
Wasti, K^^^^i poetical name of Mir 'Abdul JalU Bilgramf,
which see.
Watwat, ^J^3} the nickname of the poet Bashidi, which
see. It is also the surname of Muhammad bin-Ibrahimt
the son of Ahia. the son of 'Ali-al-Eatibi, an Arabian
author.
Waaahy ^hi the poetical title of Mirzi Mubirik styled
Ir&dat Kh&n the grandson of Naw&b * Azim Khan of the
time of Jah^ngir. He took instructions in the art of
poetiry from Mir Muhammad Kasikh and became an ez*
cellent poet ; but in the latter part of his life, he led a
retired life, became a f alandar and died in 1716 A. D.»
1128 A. H. Vide Iradat Khdn.
Wasahy ^!>* poetical name of 'AJ|fi 'All Asghar who was
originally a manufacturer of gold thread. He was living
in 1720 A. D., 1132 A. H., and is the author of a Diwan.
Wazir, jiiji the poetical title of Khwija Wazir son of
Khwija Fakir of Lakhnau. He died in 1864 A. D., 1270
A. H., and is the author of a Diw&n in Urdd.
WasiTy iSj^^9 poetical name of Shaikh Wazfr, author of two
Diwans, Persian and Urdii.
Wasir *Ali Khan, ci^ ur^jii^j &« a *tort time Naw4b
of Lakhnau, was the adopted son of Nawab 'Asaf-uddaula
on whose death in September, 1797 A. D., he was raised
to the maanad of Audh at IiakhTian, but after a short
Wazir
282
Tafitl
interval gionnds for disputing the anthentioity of his
pretensions having heen established, he was deposed on
the 2lBt of January, 1798 A. D. by Sir John Shore, and
S^idat *Ali Eh^ the brother of the late Nawab was
placed on the masnad. Wazir *Ali was sent to Benares
where he murdered Mr. Cherry the Political Agent on
Monday the 14th of January, 1799 A. D., 8th ShAban,
1213 A. H. He at first fled to Butwal and afterwards
took refiige with the rija of Jaipiir, a powerful indepen-
dent chief who refused to give him up unless under a
stipulation of his life being spared. To this it was
thought prudent to accede, and being accordingly given up
to the British in December following, he was brought
down to Calcutta and confined at Fort William in a
bomb-proofi divided by iron gratings in three parts. The
longest, in the centre, was occupied by Wazir 'All, and
the other two by Sentries, one Engli^ and one native.
After many years captivity, he was transported to a more
suitable prison in the palace built for Tipu Sultanas
family in the fort of Vellore, where the females of his
family subsequently joined him, and there he died. Lord
Teignmouth, in the Life of his father, states that Wazir
'AU died in rigorous confinement in Fort William and
this is said to be a mistake. His death took place in the
month of May, 1817 A. D., Rajab, 1232 A. H., after 17
years 3 months and 4 days* confinement, and was buried
at Kasi Baghin close to a tomb of one of the sons of Tipii
Sultiin. He was then in his 36th year. His mother was
the wife of a Farrash. The expenses of his marriage
in 1795 amounted to 30 lakhs of rupees, while 70 rupees
were sufficient to defray all the cost of his funeral in 1817,
a strange reverse of fortune.
Wasir Ehani O^^^^ surname of Muhammad Tlhir an
of&cer of the rank of 5000 who served under the emperor
' Alamgir. In the latter years of his life he was appoin-
ted governor of Malwa where he died 1672 A. D. His
nephew Eafi Khin is the author of the ** Hamlae Hai-
dari."
Wazir Muhammad, Nawab of Bhopal» ^^^j^jj^
an ally of the British Government, died in March, 1816
A. D., and his son Nazar Muhammad Khan succeeded
him.
Wazir Khan, vs>*^^3Jj an Amir of the Court of the em-
peror Shihjah^ by whom he was raised to the rank of
6000 into the title of Wazir Khan and the Silibadarship of
the Panj&b. He built a splendid masjid at L&hor in 1044
A. H., which is still in good preservation. His proper
name was Hakim Alim-uddin.
Wazir-Uddaula, ^J^lrO^, title of Wazfr Muhammad
Khan, the Naw&b of Tonk, the son of Nawab Amir Ehin
the Pindara Chief, died in June, 1864 A. D.
Wazir-Uddaula^ ^J^JTibi vide Nazir-ul-Mulk Wasfr-
uddaula.
Wikar-ul-Umra, 1^ Jb^J} the son of Shams-ul-Umrah
Nawab of Haidarabdd Dakhin.
Wisal, J^^f the poetical name of Mirz& E6chak of Shfr&z,
author of a " Farhia wa Shirin."
Wisali. ij^^f poetical name of Sayyad 'AU-uddin a
modem poet of Khurasan who was settled in Audh. He
is the author of an Elegy on the Imams, vide 'Ali-uddXn
(Sayyad).
Wizarat Khan, tJ^ «ay[}j, whose proper name is Mir
Abdur Bahm&n, was the second son of Am^at Khia
Mirak, an excellent poet. His poetical name was Bikrami.
He flourished in the time of the emperor 'Alamgir and
has left a Diw^. Vide Bikrami.
Wys
v^i/
vide Aweis Karanf.
A*
> HieronymOy a Catholic sessionary who came
from Goa to Dehli in the reign of the emperor Jahan-
gir. He is the author of a religious work in Persian
entitled the " Mirror of Truth" which he dedicated to
the emperor in the year 1609 A. D., and which has been
preserved in the Library of Queen's College, Cambridge.
A reply to this book was written a few years after its
appearance by Aljimad ibn-Zain-ul-'Abidm AJalwl, to which
he gave the titJe of '* The divine rays in refutation of
Christian error." A copy of which is also preserved in the
same College. This work was written by the author in
the month of November, 1621 A. D., Mui^^urram, 1031
A. H.
Y.
Yadgar Muhammad, Mirza, «>***j (f.^^ Ij/o,
the son of Mirz& Muhammad, the son of Mirza Baisinghar,
the son of Mirzi Shihrukh, the son of Amir Taimur.
After the death of Mirz& Biusanghar, his grandfather, he
succeeded him as governor of Khuiisan in 1434 A. D.,
and held that situation till the death of Sult&n 'Abu
Said Mirzi, who being taken prisoner by Uzzan Hasan,
was made over to Yidgir Muhammad in 1469 A. D, 873
A. H. who slew him. After his death Sul^in Husain
B&ikara took possession of Hirat, with whom Y£dg4r
Muhammad had several battles ; but was at last skin
in a night attack on the 26th of August, 1470 A. D., 27th
Safar, 876 A. H. He was the last of the descend^ts of
Shahrukh Mirzd, and is said to have written excellent
poetry.
Yadgar Nasir, Mirza, ^'^^Jfak ^jj^y brother of the
emperor Babar Sh&h. When the emperor Humiydn
after his return from Persia marched in person in the
year 1646 A. D., 953 A. H. to reduce Badakhshin,
Yidgir N&sir having attempted to stir up a sedition in
the royal army, was upon conviction, sentenced to death,
though he was uncle to the king.
Yafa'if Imam, t^H (•^t, a Muhammadan doctor whose
proper name was 'Abdullah bin-Asad. He was a native
of Yafa in Syria from which he was cidled Ydfai. He is
also called Ku^b Mecca, and Yafai Nazal-ul-Haiamyn,
Shah N^mat-ullah was one of his disciples. He is the
author of several works in Arabic, among which are
" Durr-ul-Nazm ii Munifa-ul-^urin," ** Rauzat-ul-Ra-
jizin ii Hikaet-ul-SAlahfn," " Khulasat-ul-Mufakhir
£i Mun^^b-ush-Shaikh 'Abdul $idir," and the '*Mirat-
ul-Janan fi Hawidis-uz-Zamin" the latter containing
Memoirs of all the Muhammadan Generals and other
illustrious Characters, from the commencement of the
Hyrf era 622 A. D. to the year 1300 A. D., a very
interesting work. Y&f^', according to some, died in 1354
A. D., and according to others in 1366 A. D., 766 or 767
A. H., but the latter date appears to be correct. He is
sometimes called 'Abdullah bin-'Abdol Yaffi.
Ta^as
283
Tesdijard
YaHaSf 3^^ ^^ poetical name of Shaikh Mnhammaa
Said a native of Agrah and an excellent poet. He wda
Uving about tiie year 1691 A. D., 1102 A. H, in ^e
reign of the emperor 'Alamgir, and was employed in the
Beivice of Nawab Mukarram Khin, Nizim of Multin.
He was a contemporary of the poet Sarkhush, who has
mentioned him in his biography caUed - Kahnat-ush-
Shu'ira.
Ya'kub Beg or Sultan Ya'kub, *-^ v^> ^^^ «>»
of TJzzan Hasan, whom he sncceeded in 1477 A. D., 882
A. H. and became the king of the Turkman tribes called
Attoinlu or the White Sheep. After his death he was
succeeded by his son Alwand Beg who was defeated about
the year 1500 A. D., 996 A. H., by Shiih Ismd'fl I, SafwL
Ya'kub bin-IdPiB, U^*»» iiri V^:?* vide Kirminf.
YaTkub bin-Lais SaflRur, Amir, uy^ ^^ uH
^^Aiu^^l. He is also called Takdt and is the first
who rebelled against the Abbasides and is the founder
of the dynasty of the Safari or Sa£arides which signifies a
pewterer. He raised himself from a humble station of a
^ppersmith, to the rank of a sovereign m SistAn, and
having obtained the possession of Khuristo and Taban-
Btdn in 874 A. D., 260 A. H. from Muhammad the son of
Tahir II whom he took prieoner, he was declared rebel
by the Khalif Mo'tamid, in consequence of which he
niarched vnth a powerful army towards Baghdad in the
year 878 A. D., 266 A. H, but died on tiie road after a
reign of eleven years. He was succeeded by his brother
Amrd bin-Lais. Vide Lais.
Ya'kub, Sultan, vy*i ^^^^» vide Y^'W^ Beg.
Yakut, ^J^^i» wde Ya'ljub bin-Lais.
Ya'mali of Hirat, cr^y </^^'i » voei who is th
author of a Persian Diw&n.
Yari, Maulana, (Sjk ^ V> ^ »ii<^^'-
Yehia bin-'Abdur Bahman, eiU^y'-H^ uH df«^,
author of the Arabic work on Theology called "Ayn-
ul-Ilm," the fountain of science, and one enbUed Alzal-
us-Salit, a collection of Traditions.
Yehia bin-'Abul Mansur, jr^^^» ^ 0^^ ^^^ <>^
the greatest astronomers that lived in the time of the
Khalif Al-Mins<ir.
Yehia bin-Ahmad-al-Hilli or Hulli, i/^^ ^^^
cH i|^» who was celebrated for his knowledge of tra-
ditions, is well known amongst the Imdmia sect for lus
works on iurisprudence, is the author of the " Jama-ush-
Sharava" and the " Madkhal dar TJsdl Fikh which are m
the greatest repute. He died 1280 A. D., 679 A. H.
Yehia bin-Aktam, (^'^ c^ d/^^ ^^ Chief Justice
durinff the KhiUfat of Al-Mam<in. He died in the reign
of ^Khalif Al-MutwakkU 866 A. D., 242 A. H.
Yehia bin-Khalid, ^^ ^^ ^^ Grand warfr of Hardn-
al-Rashid, whose son Jafar-al-Barmaki, was put to death
by order of that khalif 803 A. D., 187 A. H.
Yehia bin-Ma'aa Baai, LSjb i^*- e^ d^, a very
learned Muhammadan who died on the 9tii August, 871
A. D., 18th fiamaaan, 257 A, H., and was buned at Nai-
abipur.
Yehia Eashi, Mir. c^lf ^^J^j one of the celebra-
ted poets of the reign of the emperor Shihjah&n. On
the completion of the palace and city of ShaiijaliiLn&b&d
in the year 1648 A. D., 1058 A. H., he wrote a chrono-
gram for which he was rewarded by that monarch with
5000 rupees. He died in the year 1664 A. D., 1064
A.H.
Yehia Maneiri, iSJ^^ fk^f & celebrated saint who is
buried at Maneir, vide Sharaf-uddin A|^ad Ahia
Maneiri.
Yehia, Mulla of Waishapur, isJJi^ J^*^.
His poetical name is Fattihi. He is the author of a
Dfwan and of the Persian work called " Shabistan Khay^"
'*the Chamber of Imagination." He flourished in the
reign of Shihrukh Mirzd, and died 1448 A. D., 852 A. H.
Yekin, e^i^, tlie poetical name of In^m-ullah Khibi an
TJrdii poet who has left in a Diwan or collection of Hindi
poems, principally on love subjects. He was the son of
Azhar-uddin Khan Bahadur Mubdrak Jang, a grandson
of the Mujaddid Alif S&ni, or Reformer of the second
thousandth year, and a pupil of Mirza Janj&nin Mazhar,
who was so fond of him that he wrote most of his poetry
in his name ; he was killed at the age of 25 years in the
time of A^mad Shih about the year 1750 A. D., 1163
A. H. by his own father, because he brought disgrace on
his fanuly. His Diwan is very celebrated.
Yeldus, JJ*^^j vide Tij-uddin Elduz.
Yemin-uddin, Am r, t;^*^' {:>Mj^U entitied Malik-
ul-Fuzla or prince of the learned, was the father of Amir
Mahmiid commonly called ibn-Temin, vide Amir Temin-
uddin, also Tughrai.
Yemin-uddin, Amir, iSJ^^y e^"^! crW ^*»,
a poet who was a native of Nazlabad in the province of
Baiha^ in Persia. He was cotemporary with the poets
Katibi and 'All Shahab. He is the author of several
Hasnawis, viz., *^ Misb&h-ul-Kulub containing Dialogues
between the Candle and the Moth ; ** Mishk&t-ul-Talibin"
dialogues between Wisdom and Love ; and the story of
" Fatha and Fathuh."
Yemin-uddin Tughrai of Mashhad, i^b^ mH^^
U^, vide Tughrii Mashhadi.
Yesdi, Kfi^J^y author of a treatise concerning divine love,
called '' BisiLlat fi bay^ Muhabbai"
YesdJjard I, ^J^^y^9 aumamed Al-'Athim or Al-'Asim,
the sinner (the Isdigertes of the Greeks) whom some
authors term the brother, and others the son of his pre-
decessor Bahram IV, whom he succeeded to the throne of
Persia 404 A. D. This monarch is represented by Persian
historians, to have been a cruel prince, and ^e are told,
the nation rejoiced when he was killed by the kick of a
horse. He died after a reign of a. 6 years, and was suc-
ceeded by his son Bahram V.
Yezdijard II, ^j^ ^J^j (the Isdigertes 11 of the Romans),
succeeded his father Bahram V to the throne of Persia
438 A. D. He was a wise and brave prince and reigned
18 years.
Yesdijard III, ^y^^jij the son of Shahryir and grand-
son of Khusro Parwez, was raised to the throne of Persia
after the dethronement of the queen Arzami Dakht, 632
Tezid
284
Yusaf
A. D. He is the Isdigertes III of the (jbeeks, and a
cotemporary of 'Umar the Khalif of Arabia. This prince
who appears to have been as weak as he was unfortunate,
sat upon the throne only nine years ; that being the period
from his elevation to the battle of Nahawand which
decided the fate of Persia, and which from its date 641
A. D., fell under the dominion of the Arabian Khalifs.
For a period of ten years afterwards this monarch was
a fugitive, possessed no power whatever. He first fled to
Sistan, then to Eburds&n, and lastly, to Marv where he
was murdered 651 A. D., 31 A. H. He was the last
sovereign of the house of Sas&n, a dynasty which ruled
Persia for 416 years. It is from the commencement of
his reign that the Persian Era, which is in use to this
day in Persia, is called after him the Era of Yozdijard.
It began on Tuesday the 16th of June, 632 A. D., 20th
Babf I, 11 A. H. being only eight days after Muham-
mad's death.
Yesid, tt)^ ji^ ^ «^Jr4, the son of Abd Sufiin. He
died by the plague that raged in Syria in the year 639
A. D. The mortality both among men and boasts was
BO terrible, that the Arabs caU that year **'Am-ul-
ramada," or the year of destruction. By this pestilence
the Saracens lost 25,000 men, among whom were Abu
'Obeida, general of the Saracen army at Syria, Sarjabil,
ibn-Hasana formerly Muhammad's secretary, and Yezid
ibn^Sufiin.
Yesid I, ^i^ iiH ^yif the son of Mu'iwia and the
second Khalif of the house of Umayya. His inaug^ura-
tion was performed at Damascus on the same day that his
father died, viz^ on the new moon of the month of Eajab,
corresponding with the 7th of April, 680 A. D.. 1st I^jab,
60 A. H. He was a man of considerable taste and re-
finement, an eloquent orator, and an admired poet.
Some specimens of his composition, which are still extant,
display no ordinary powers of mind. The first and the
last Imes of the ode with which the bard of Persia, the
celebrated H&fiz, opens his magnificent Diwan, are bor-
rowed from Tezid. It was once sarcastically asked of
Hafiz, ** How could a distinguished poet like yourself
stoop to borrow from Yezid, who was not only a usurper,
but also the murderer of Imim Husain P" He answered,
** Which of you, seeing a dog running away with a
diamond, would not stop the brute, and rescue the jewel
from its unclean mouth ?" By Persian authors, Yezid is
never mentioned without abomination, and ordinarily
this imprecation is added to his name, '^ Lanat-ullah,"
that is, the curse of Qod be upon him ;" in reference not to
his vices, but to the death of Husain, the son of 'All,
whom he first of all attempted to destroy by poison, and
afterwards caused to be killed, with all his family, on the
plains of Earbala. Under his khilifat the Musalmilns
conquered all Ehurisan and Ehwarizm, and put the
territories of the princes of Samarkand under contribution.
The motto of his seal was, " God is our Lord." Yezid
died on the Slst of October, 683 A. D., 4th Rabf I, 64
A. H. in the 39th year of his age, after he had reigned
three years and eight months, and was succeeded by his
son Muiwia II. His mother's namo was Maisana a
Bedouin of the tribe of Ealabi.
Yezid was a debauchee and is represented by Moslem
writers as an Atheist.
Yezid n, *2AUf*HP ^yj Aj>j, the ninth Khalff of the
race of Umayya, was the son of the Khalif *Abdulmalik.
He succeeded 'Umar the son of 'Abdul Aziz in 720 A. D.,
101 A. H. in Syria, and died after a reign of four years,
724 A. D., 106 A. H. His brother Hasham succeeded
him.
Yesid III, aJ> cH ^y, the twelfth Khalif of the house
of Umayya, succeeded his father WaHd II in Syria 744
A. D., 126 A. H., and died the same year after he had
reigned six months. He was sacceeded by his brother
Ibrahim.
Yunas bin-Abdor Bahman-al-Yuktaini, ci**^»
*^ cH U^Ji} a celebrated Shi^ traditionist. Amongst
other works, he wrote the ** 'Hal-al-Hadis," the " Ikh-
tiUf-al-Hadis," and the ** Jima-al-Kabir." He is said to
have made forty-five pilgrimages to Mecca, and fifty-
four 'Umrats when he merely visited the sacred city, and
to have written the surprising number of 1,000 volumes,
controverting the opponents of the Shia doctrines. He
died at Madina in 823 A. D., 208 A. H.
Ynsaf of Ahmadabad, iS^^ ^^^^ *-^*iH^ author of
an Arabic work on Theology called, *< Akied Yusaf."
Yuaafy '-ft**^, author of a collection of letters called
"Badiyu'l Insha" or wonders of letter writing. It is
also called '* Insh^e Yiisafi.
Ynsaf Abu^ Haji, 4/^^!^' *-*-!^> one of the Moorish
kings of Granada, and the Finisher of the celebrated
palace of the Alhambra. He ascended the throne of
Granada in the year 1333, and his personal appearance
and mental qualities were such as to win all hearts. He
established schools in all the villages, with simple and
uniform systems of education ; he obliged every hamlet
of more than twelve houses to have a mosque, and pro-
hibited various abuses and indecorums, that had been
introduced into the ceremonies of religion and the festivals
and public amusements of the people. His attention was
also directed towards finishing the great architectural
works commenced by his predecessors, and erecting others
on his own plans. The Alhambra, which had been
founded by the good Muhammad ibn-Alahmar, was now
completed. He constructed the beautiful gate of Justice,
forming the grand entrance to the fortress, which he
finished in 1348. He likewise adorned many of the courts
and halls of the palace, as may be seen by the inscrip-
tions on the walls, in which his name repeatedly occurs.
In the year 1354, as he was one day praying in tiie royal
mosque of the Alhambra, a maniac rushed suddenly from
behind, and plunged a dagger in his side. He was borne
to the royal apartments, but expired almost immediately.
The murderer was cut to pieces, and his limbs burnt in
public, to gratify the fury of the populace.
Yuflaf Adil Shah, i^Jc>^ '-^^l, whose original name
was Ydsaf 'Adil Khan, was the founder of the 'Adil
Shihi dynasty of Bijapur. He was a nobleman in the
service of Muhammad Shah II Bahmani, king of the
Dakhin. When the Sultan left this world, and dissen-
tions began to prevail in the kingdom, most of the foreign
officers and soldiers attached themselves to Yusaf 'Adil
Khan ; who, seeing the ministers of Sultan Mahmdd II,
the successor of the late king bent on his destruction,
withdrew himself from Ahmad&bid, with his family and
followers, to his government of Bijipdr, and resolving to
become the founder of a kingdom, he began to add to his
territories by conquest. In the year 1489 A. D., 895
A. H., he, with the assent of Malik A^mad Bahri, assumed
the title of Sh^ and read the khutba of B\japdr in hiB
own name. Yusaf 'Adil Shah died at Bijipiir in 1516
A. D., 916 A. H. of a dropsical disorder after he had
reigned with g^eat prosperity 21 years, in the 75th year of
his age, and was succeeded by his son Ism&'il 'Adil Shih.
Ttisaf
285
Ttisaf
LUt of tk$ kingi of the 'AdU 8hdh{ djfnat^.
A.D.
YflBaf 'Adn Shih, supposed to be the son of Mnrid
n of Anatolia; pnrchased for the bodyguard
at A^mad^b^ m>m a merchant. Hebe^mto
reign 1489
Ismi'fl ' Adn Sh£h, son of Tdsaf 1510
MaM 'Adil Bhfii, son of Ismi'fl, reigned six months 1584
Ibr&him'AdilShiail, sonoflsmi'il 1636
'AU 'Adil Shih I, son of Ibrahim 1557
Ibr&hlm ' Adil StOi II, son of Tahmisp the son of
'AMA.Bhih 1679
Hnbammad 'Adil Shih, son of Ibrahim 11 1626
'AU 'Adil 8h^ n, son of Muhammad 1660
Bikandar 'Adil SUOi the last king of Bij&p^ .... 1672
Tusaf >Ali Khan, U^ i^ ^^y-, Naw£b of Rtopib.
His Highness was one of the few princes who were futh-
ful to the British Qoveniment in the troublous times of
1867, when the whole of the N. W. Provinces were in a
state of revolt and insuirection. Lord Canning rewarded
him with liberal grants of land worth a lac per annum,
whilst Her Majesty was pleased to confer on him the Star
of India. He died at his capital in Bohilkhand on the
21st of April, 1866 A. D., 24th ^i-^'da, 1282 A. H.
Ynsaf Amiri, Maulana, iSj^ «-^^ ^^>** a Persian
poet who flourished in the time of Shihrukh Mirz6 and
wrote panegyrics in praise of his son Baisanghar Mirz4.
Tnsaf bin-Mtiliammady <^*^ ui ^^ji, author of a
medical work called '* F&edat-ul-Akhbir."
Yiuaf bin- Jimaid> <H*^ ui *-**!>i, generally known
by the name of Akhi Chalabi. Vide 'Jf.iei EMjx.
Yusaf bin-Hasan-al-Mukaddasi, (^*^i cT*^ ^
^^^jif author of a portion of the '* Taba^&t-al-Hanbaliat."
He died in 1466 A D., 871 A, U, vide Abd'l Husain bin-
AbtiYall.
Yusaf Hamadaniy i^^*^*^ *-**^* a celebrated learned
Musalmin of Hamadim who died in the year 1141 A. D.,
636 A. H.
^(ft.uft^. A Mansabdar of
Yusaf Khan, ^xx.»9
2,600 in the 30th year of Akbar, and subsequently go-
vernor of Kashmir. Later still served with distinction
under Abdl Fazl in the Dakhin ; died Jam. II. lOIO
A. H. Was a native of Mashad, of the Siyyid tribe.
Yusaf, Mir, c^A^J;*-*! ^^^^^Jij^j of Astrab4d who was
living in 1680 A. D., 988 A. H. and wrote a chronogram
on the death of the poet Edsim KiiiU who died that year.
Yusaf Muhammad Khan, J^ ^-^^^ dum^^^
Commander of Five Thousand under Akbar, whose foster-
brother he was. Died of drink, 973 A. H.
Yusaf Muhammad Khan, cr^ o>^^^ *-***^> author
of a history of the reign of Muhammad 8h&h emperor of
Dehli, called " Tarikh Muhammad Shahf."
Yusaf Shah Purbi, Ji}yi »^ *-^^, the son of Birbak
«•
Shih whom he succeeded to the throne of Bengal in 1174
A. D., 887 A. H. He reigned 8 years and died in 1482
A. D. His son Fatha Sh£h succeeded him.
Yusaf, Maulana, Of NaiahapuT, j^^*-«-^^Vi
is the first person who wrote a book on the art of writing
72
poetry in Persian ; he flourished about two hundred years
after Khulfl bin- A^ad of Ba^ra who had also written on
the same subject in Arabic.
Yusaf, Shaikh, ^-^^ ^^ first king of Mult&n. The
introduction of the Muhammadan faith into Multim, says
Firishta, first took place in the latter part of the fint
century of the Hijra, about the year 700 A. D. by the
conquest of that country by Muhammad KiUim, after
whom, until the reign of Sul^in Mahm6d of Ghakni, no
account is to be traced of its history. Mahm^d conquered
Multdn from the infidels; but on the decline of the
Ghazni power, the inhabitants succeeded in expelling
the Muhammadans, and establishing a separate govern-
ment. From the period of its subjugation by Muhammad
Gh6r{, it remained tributary to Dehli until the year 1448
A. D., 847 A. H. when the governor of that province
like most others of the kingdom at the same period^
declared independence. After which time several princes
reigned in succession. The first of these was one Shaikh
Tt^saf a man of learning, wisdom and high character, of
the tribe of (ureish, whom the inhabitants of Mult&n
selected to be ruler over the people of Mult^ and
Uchcha, when the public prayers were read and money
coined in his name. Shaikh Yiisaf had reigned but two
years, when his ikther-in-law, BAe Sehra of the tribe of
Langa having seized him, sent him under a guard to
DehH, and mounted the throne under the title of (u^b-
uddfn Mahm6d Langa. Abii'l Fazl in the 'Ayin-i-Akbarf,
assigns seventeen years for the reign of Shaikh Ydsaf.
Muhammadan kingt qf Multdn,
A.D.
Shaikh Tiisaf who established an independent
monarchy, began 1448
Rie Sehra or ^utb-uddm Mahmtid I^mga 1445
Husain Langa I •
Mahm^d Ehin Langa 1502
Husain Langa II, who began 1524 A. D., was over-
come by Sh£h Husain Arghun, and subsequently
Mult&n became a province of the empire under
the emperor HunUlyun.
Yusaf, Shaikh of Gujrat, i^jj^ "-^ji ^,
author of the *' Tazkirat-ul. Atkiyi."
Yusaf BIhan, O*^ ^"^T^j governor of Sindh, who live
in the time of the emperor Shih Jahin. In his time
(says Mdnshi Lutf-ullah) he built an fdgah, in Tatta a
splendid mosque, where all true believers gather together
twice a year, and perform the divine service. Its in-
scription is in beautiful large Nastalik characters, as
follows : —
" T6saf Ehibi, the powerful lord, erected this place of
worship as high as his fortune. The year of its finishing
is found by cherubion — ^the temple of Makka for the vir-
tuous." 1683 A. D., 1048 A. H.
There are upwards of 400 mosques in the city of Tatta,
(says Lutf-ullah) but almost all of them going to decay.
There is also a Grand Mosque (Juma Masjid) begun by
Shih Jahan, in 1647 A. D., 1057 A. H. and finished by
Aurangzeib in 1072 A. H. The edifice is a magnificent
one about 200 yards long by 30 broad, built of baked
bricks and mortar. The whole site is roofed with 100
domes, every one of them painted in a different style from
another. The inscriptions carved round the great arch
of stone, and those upon the two Lata stones, are excel-
lently done in large letters. In short, the whole scene
presents a picture of beauty and solenmity to the spec*
tator.
Babittt
386
ZahUMiddiii
z.
Zabita Khan, c^^ *^^, a Eohefla chief, and son of
Nf^'ib-uddanla Amir-til-XJinr6. After the death of his
&ther in October, 1770 A. D., Bajab, 1184 A. H. he
continued to protect the royal family at Pehli till the
return of the emperor Shilh 'Alam from Allahibid in
December, 1771 A. D., Bamafib, 1185 A. H., when he
was convicted of having been deficient in respect to the
royal authority while the emperor resided at Allahibid,
and haying abused his trust by coimpting the ladies of the
harem especially the princess Ehairunnisa the king's sister.
His territories were seized, and he was compelled to make
his escape to Shi:g4-uddaula the nawib of Audh. But not
long after, the Harhattas obliged the emperor to confer
on Z&bita Khin, the rank of Amir-ul-Umr6, and to restore
tiitn the grant of ahnost all the districts of which he had
only a few moi^ths before been deprived by their assis-
tance. Z&bita Shin was the father of that traitor, Ghuldm
^idir Khin, who subsequently blinded the emperor Sh&h
'Alam. His second son, by name Mu'in-uddin Khin com-
monly called Bhanbu Khin, received a pension of 5,000
rupees from the British Gh)vemment, and after his death
a pension of one thousand rupees monthly was granted to
his two sons Hahmtid Khin and JaUU-uddin Elh£n. The
elder rebelled in 1857 and being subsequently arrested
died in Meerut jail.
Zaer or Zayer, j4)» poetical name of Shaikh Muhammad
F&khir of AUahibid who died in 1 751 A. D., 1164 A. H.
Za'ifa Khatun, *^y^ Afi^, Bister to Sultin Sanjar,
married to Malik T&j-uddin Abd*l Faal, a descendant of
the royal family of Amrii bin-Lais.
ZaftXy .^} *^® poetical name of Ab6 Zafar BiriO'^ddin
Bahidur BMh the ex-king of Dehli. Vide Bahidur Sh^.
Zafitr> y^j poetical title of Jikk Bim, a Hindd.
Zafar Khan, vf^j^^the original name of (Naw&b)
Boshan-uddaula, which see.
Zafar Khan, iJ^J^y aon of Sultto Fir6z Sh&h Barbak,
was murdered by Eh£n Jahin the prime minister in 1885
A. P., 787 A. H.
g ftf^i* Khan> \:^^J^9 the title of Ehwl^a Ihsin-ulUhi
a nobleman of the reign of the emperor 8h&h Jahioi, and
fiither of Iniyet Kh6n who was the author of the work
called ^' Bhah Jah&n-n£ma.'* Zafar Khin held the rank
of 3000, and died at L£hor 1662 A. D., 1078 A. fi. His
poetical name was "n^^^ii^ which see.
Zagatai, Jagatai, «/ir^, vidf Chagatii (KUn) which
is moxe consonant to the Turkish pronunoiation.
Zahid, Shaikh, i/^^^Jf^t of GiUn, a pious
Musalmin who resided in Ardibtdl, a city in Asurbaij&n,
about 25 miles to the east of Taurus or Tabres, and was
the father-in-law of the celebrated Shaikh Safi or Safi-
uddfn ArdibeiU. He died 1335 A. D., 785 A. H.
yp^liiH^ ^!3> whose proper name is Mirsa Zihid-uddfh,
the son of Mirsi Earn Bakhsh, the son of MirsIL Sulaiinin
Bhikoh, the son of Bh4h Alam king of Dehll. He is the
authorofaDfwIiL
gftlr^iliy ^*^!3> ft leaned Muhammadan who wrote ex-
cellent Commentaries on the l^nxiix in Arabic as well as
in Persian, oaUed ««Tafiifr Z&hidi." He died in 1260
A. D., 65B A. H.
Zahik, *^^^j the poetical name of Mfr GhuUm Husain
the father of Mir Hasan of Lakhnau. He is the author
of an Urdii Diwin and every Ghazal of his are fall of
jokes.
Zahir Faryabi, i^H)^yt^$ fn^ Zahfr-uddm FAryibi.
Zahir Kirmaniy i^^j^ j^j author of a poem called
^ Majma-ul-Bahryn," containing the story of Man6har,
composeid in the year 1749 A. D., 1162 A. H.
Zahir-uddin Abu Bakr Muhammad bin-Ahmad-
al-Bnkhari, Ut;^"^i ^'^ c^ '^^^j^. ji^ k^.^^
y^, who died in 1222 A. D., 619 A. H., is the author
of the " Fatdwa-az-Zahiria," a collection of decisions.
Zahir-uddin 'Isa, Shaikh, lir^ tH^l^, a son
of Shaikh Abmad 36m and author of a work called
<* Bamdz-ul-Hak&et:."
Zahir-uddin Faryabi, <^;^ ui^l^, a native of
Fir^'^b, was an excellent poet and the pupil of RashidL
He flourished in the reign of Tughral III Baljdl^i and
Atibak Kizal Arsalan. He died at Tabria 1201 A. B.,
598 A. H., and is buried close to the tomb of Kl^it^ ^iii at
Surkhab in Tabriz. He is the author of a Diwfin. Some
authors say that the style of his poetry is fiEix better than
Anwari's. Another poet has written, that " Should you
come across with the Diwin of Zahfr Faryabi, steid it,
though you find it in the K^ba."
Zahir-uddin MarghasM. i^j^ {:x^'^j^j author
of the " Tarfkh Tabaristan."
Zahir-uddin Makhdum, r^*^** e^ir^t*^ an Arab,
Egyptian, or subject of the Turkish empire, who is thought
to have been despatched to assist the Muhammadan princes
of Malabar against the Portuguese, and to have during
hiB stay in India, composed an historical account of
Malabar in the Arabic language, which tenninates with
the Hijri year 987 A. H^ corresponding with the year of
our Lord 1580 A. D.
Zahir-uddin, Mir» i:H*^^jit^, son of Mir Khalib-ulla
of Yazd, came from Persia to Lahore temp. Jahimgir, and
rose to high employ.
Zahir-uddaula Sahadur, *^^j^, (Prince) of Arkot,
son of Aaun Jah Bahadur. He succeeded to the Masnad
after the death of his father in January, 1874 A. D.
Zahuriy Mulla» <j£>^ </in^ ^j a native of Tarshish
a city of Sabswir in Persia. His proper name is Ntir»
uddfn. After completing his studies he came to the
Dakhin in the reign of IbriUiim ' Adil Shih II of Bijipfir,
and passed the remainder of his days in his service. He
dedicated his S&lki-nima, a celebrated poem, containing
4,000 vOTses to Burhin Nisam Shih II of A^adnagar
who made him a present of seven elephants loaded wiili
valuables. He is also the author of several other works,
among which are the " Mina Bazir," " Bu^aat Zahiiri,"
" Sch Nasr," a Diwan ** Bis£La Nauras," ** Khwin Khalfl,"
and ** Gulzar Ibr&him," the last three he dedicated to his
patron IbWthfm 'Adil Bh&h. ZaMri died one year after
his father-in-law Mulla Malik (ummi, t. «., in 1617 A. D.,
1026 A. H., aged more than 90.
Zahur-uddin^ Iga, 4r^ ^::i^J9^9 Mm of Shaikfa-ul*
Islim A^^mad J4m, and author of the woA called fiamtia-
ul-HalM^]^. Vide Z&hir-uddm Taa.
Zain
287
Zamirl
Zain Khan, O^ CHJ^ son of Ehw&ja Mabnd, of Herii
A connectioii of Akbar and Jah^ngir, and MansalMlir of
4,600, affcerwardfl promoted to 5000: an accompliBhed
soldier and literary man, died of drink in 1010 A. H.
Zakaria, ^3> «Mfo Bahi-nddm Zlkaria.
Zakaria bin-Muhammad bin-MahmacUal*Ea-
mnli-al-^aawini, 4/H?>^» i^J^^ ^>*«* iiH
***^ ui ^jrJ} a native of Iflasnrfn, and author of the
'* 'Aj^b-ul-Kakhlti]|F&t," or the Wonders of the Creatfon,
which he completed in the year 1363 A. B., 764 A. H.
There are several copies of this work to be found in the
public Libraries of London, and in private coUectionB,
some of them containing beautiful and correct drawings
of all the beasts, fishes, birds, trees, and even monsten,
described in the book : and the account of metals and
gems, a subject that has attracted great public attention
of late, contains in particular much curious information*
Zakaria bin-Muhammad Anaari of Egypt,
iSJ^"^ (j^j^l A***eH ^jfji an author who died 1520
A.D.
Zakaria Khan, c>^ ^Jji thes on of Abdus Samad Eh^
styled Saif-uddaula Bahidur Jang. He held the govem-
inent of liUuir at the period of Nidir BlWUx's invasion
to Lidia 1739 A. B., 1151 A. H., and died in the year
1745 A. D., 12th Jumid^ XL 1168 A. H. His eldest son
succeeded him in the government with the tiUe of 9kih
naw&9 Khin.
Zakii \^^^*^ i^^f a poet of Hamdan, who lived in the
time of Shih Tahm£sp Safwi, and died about the year
1621 A. D., 1030 A. H. He is the author of a Dfwdn.
f isL\ij i^if poetical xuune of Jafar 'AH Khin of Dehlf who
lived in the time of the emperor Shflli 'Alam.
SSaki or Safl-uddin Zaki Maraghai, {^^, Imt he
was simply called Zaki He was a poet and died in 1210
A. P., 607 A. H.
Zaki KhaUy C^^ (^^» who usurped the throne of Persia
after the death of Karim Elhan in March, 1779 A. !>., but
was assassinated after two months. Fide Karim T^y^i^
f:ft.^>iittf^ Haaraty i^^ or^j author of a Persian
Diwib.
• •
Bakhmiy {f*^Jf takhallus of Fakhr-uddaula Dabir-ul-Mulk
B^a Batan Singh Bahadur. He was a native of Lakhnau
where he was minister of Finance. He died in 1860 A. D.,
1266 A. H. and left a considerable Library at Bareli.
A few years before his death, v»«., in 1846 1. D. he had
embraced the Muhammadan fedth.
Zaly iJUj ^o called Zilsar, the son of Bim and grandson
of Karimin. He was the father of Bustam, and these
three personages, vts., Sam, ZiX and Bustam pass for the
most mmous heroes of Persia ; they belong to tiie reigns
of Mandohehr, Bahman and Afrasiab. It was ZiX who
drove AMsiab king of the Turks out of Persia and put
the crown on the head of Zu or Zah, son of Tahmisp, a
descendant of one of the kings of the Pishdadian dynasty.
"niiB same Zil was put in prison by ^^^"1*'^ son of Isfan*
di&r; but he made his escape, and married Bddaba,
daughter of Mehr&b governor of E&bulist&n, who became
the mother of Bustam ; unfortunately, however, he fell
into the hands of Bahman again, who put him to death.
Zalali Hirwiy (SJJ^ i^^Jf & poet who was a native of
Hirat and died in the year 1626 A. D., 931 A. H.
Zalali Khwanaari, MaUa» (^ U**Jt>> i/'^j^,
who is sometimes called Hakfm Zalili, was a native of
Ehw4nsir. He was a pupil of Mirzi JaUl Asir, and is
the author of the following seven Masnawis or poems, Ws.,
" Sulaimin-nima," " Shiala Didir," "Maikhina," »*Husn
Gultitoz," " Azur wa Samundar," "Zarra wa Ehursheid"
and '^Mahmdd Ayiz," which was his last composition
and which he commenced in 1692 A. B., 1001 A. H., and
completed in 23 years in 1616 A. D., 1024 A. H., but
died before he could arrange it. This was done in India,
and Mulla Tughr4i wrote a Prefiace to it.
Zalali Shiraii, <^LH^ <^yjj an author who died in
1641 A. D., 948 A. H.
Zalim Singh, *^*-» (J^^ the present ri^a of Ko^a.
Zamakhsharif uu^ji vide J&r-ulUh.
Zaman Shah, ^ u^j, king of Kihvl and Qlandah^,
was the son of Taimdr Shih and grandson of the celebra-
ted A^ad Shih Abdali. He ascended the throne of
Kibul after the death of his father in 1793 A. D., 1207
A. H. He advanced to Uhar in 1796 A. B., 1210 A. H.
and threatened to visit Dehli, but soon retreated to his
own dominions, tranquillity of which had been disturbed
by the rebellion of one of his brothers. He was blinded
by his younger brother Mahmiid 6h&b. of Hir&t about the
year 1800 A. D., and confined in the BiU His&r. When
in the year 1839, the British Government placed 8h&h
Shujiia on the throne of E4bul, Zamib Sh£h was pro-
claimed king by the Afgh&ns in January, 1842 A. D.
Zamani, Yeadi, iS^yi </^Ji a Persian poet who died
in 1612 A. D., 1021 A H.
ZamiTy J^^^9 the poetical name of Sayyad Hidiet 'Ali
Ehin styled K^-uddaula Bakhshi-ukMulk Asad Jang
Bahiuiur, a relative of Alah Wardi Khin Mahibat Jang,
Naw4b of Bengal He held for some time the Stlbadari
of Patna whero he died in the beginning of the reign of
Shih 'Alam, and is buried at HusainAb&d.
ZamiTi J^^^i poetical name of Sayyad A^mad the bsothes
of Sayyad Imtiyia Ehiln Humi.
Zamir^ J^i^y poetical name of Nar^yan Dis, a Hindfi.
Zamirij Manlanai (Sy^ ^^1 a celebrated poet of
Persia who flourished about the year 1638 A. D., 946
A. H. in the time of Shih Tahmisp Safwi. He is the
author of the following six poems, vie., ** Naz wa Kay^,**
**W&mi^ wa Azra," ""Bahftr wa Khiain,'' '*LaiH wa
Majniui," '* Sikandar-nama," and ** Jannat-ul-Akhiy&r."
He also wrote two Dfwans of ]{lasidas called *'8ah£ef
T^m&L" and 'Isdif Ual.'' He died in 1665 A. D., 973
A.H.
•
Zamiri, MaxUana, U£r^ ^^h^j the poetical name of
Shaikh Nia&m, who was the son of Shaikh Sulaimin's
sister. They wero both inhabitante of Bilgr&m, and both
were employed in the service of the emperor HumiLyun
after his conquest of India the second time. Shaikh
Sulaimin died in the roiga of the emperor Akbar, on the
1st September, 1689 A. D., 1st ^-^a'da, 997 A. H., and
Kaul&ni Zamir^ who was an ezoellent poet, died at
Sa&idOn 1695 A. D., 1008 A. H., and naw&b Mnbamk
Khin of Dehli found the chronogram of his death to oqil«
siBt of the words "Ah! Ah! Nizim."
7Mn7Am
288
Zobak
Zamsaniy (J^)f a fionouB well at Mecca which the Muham-
madang pretend was made from the spring of water,
which God shewed to Hagar and Ishmael whom Abraham
had driyen from his house, and obliged to retire to
Arabia.
Zangi Shahidy ^^ i/^, a Mnhammadan saint whose
Darg^ is in Agrah towards the gate of the HatheapuL
Zardashty *^*^>^j the celebrated Persian Magian Zoroaster.
The religion of the first Persians appears to have been
the worship of the planets ; but in the reign of Barins
Hystaspes or Gkishtasp, the adoration of fire and the
elements was introduced by Zardasht, and continued to
be the religion of the State until its conquest by the
Muhammadans. The fugitives known as Gabrs and
Parsis, still follow this fedth. The doctrines and practices
of this system are collected in a work called Avesta, or
Zand Avesta, being written in the Zand language. The
Zand Avesta was translated into French, by Anquetil Du
Perron and subsequently much studied and elucidated by
Bask, Bamouf and other Continental scholars.
Zarray ^J^t the poetical name of Mirz6 Bhuchchii of Dehlf
or Lakhnau, who has left a Persian Dfw^ which he
completed in 1774 A. D., 1188 A. H.
Zarra, ^J^, the poetical title of 'Mini lUkja lUbn N&th who
served under the emperor 8hih 'Alam the blind. He
chose the takhallus of '^Zarra" i. «., atom or dust, in
reference to **'Aftab/' the poetical appellation of his
patron the king.
Zeib-un-NlBa Begam, f^. ^-^t cj^J, a daughter of the
emperor 'Alamgir. bom on the 5th of February, 1639
A. D., 10th Shawwal, 1048 A. H. ; was well versed in
Persian and Arabic, had the whole Kur&n by heart, wrote
a beautiful hand, and is the author of a commentary on the
Kurin entitled <* Zeib-ul-Tafasir." She was also a good
poetess, and has left a Diw£n in Persian. Her poetical
name was " MakhfL" She died, unmarried, in the year
1702 A. D., 1113 A. H. Her tomb was close to the
EabuU gate at Dehli, but was demolished when the H&j-
p^tana Bailway was constructed.
Zila'iy Cs^Jf the son of Ttisaf^ a learned Musalm&i and
author, who died 1361 A. D., 762 A. H.
i
ZilUy %J^9 poetical name of Snlt^ Muhammad Mirzi^
which see.
Zinat Mahal, ^J*^ ^3, the wife of Bahidur Shih, king
of Dehli, who was still living in 1873 in British Burma as
a State prisoner.
Zinat-un-Nisa Begam, ^ *-^» *^3, a daughter of
the emperor 'Alamgir. She died in 1710 A. D., 1122
A. H. and is buried id the yard of tiie mosque called
'' Zinat-uLMas&jid," in Dehli. This mosque which is
built of red stone, was erected by her, and is situated on
the banks of the Jamna at a place called Dariiffani in
Sh^hjahaniLb^. ''
ZingiB Khan, c;^ U^«/^> <«* Changea Kh£n.
Zlnut Mahal, ^^ ^j, the title of BiUl Kd^war the
mother of Shah ' Alam king of Dehli
Ziyad, ^Hj, supposed to be an illegitimate son of Abii
Sufiin by a woman named Abia. He was Mu'6wia's
brother by the father's side, and was publicly acknow-
ledged by him to be his brother. He was reckoned one
of tiie companions of Muhammad although he was bom
in the first year of the Hijrat, 622 A. D., and was but
eleven years old when Muhammad died. In Alf s reign
he was made lieutenant of Persia ; this office he dis-
charged much to his own credit, and to the advantage of
the i>eople. He was a man of incomparable parts, and
• singular greatness of spirit. Besides the lieutenancy of
Ba^ra, Mu'&wia gave Ziy&d those of Khur6s4n, SajisUm,
India, Bahrein and Amm&n. He died of the plague on
his fingers, on the 22nd of August, 673 A. D., 3nl Bama-
lE^ 68 A. H. in the 53rd (lunar) year of his age, and
was buried near Eufa. A Uttie before his death, he
gathered the people together, and filled both mosque and
street, and castie with them, in order to impose upon
them by oath the renunciation of the line of 'AH ; but the
plague had just seized him, and the accident was after-
wards looked upon by all as a providential deliverance.
Ziyae Barani, i^ji ^^f vide Ziy&-uddm Barani.
Ziyae BurhanpTiri, iSJ^^ ^^i author of a Persian
Diwibi.
Ziya-uddin Ahmad Khan, Nawab, o^ \ai^b^o>
the son of Kaw&b Abmad Baksh Ehan of Ffrozpiir and
Lohari. His poetical name is Nyyar and "Rakhsh^n. He
succeeded to his father's estate on the 1st January, 1870.
Ziya-uddin Banmi, i^ji {ji^^kf^, also called Ziy6e
Barani, flourished in the reign of Sul^ Muhammad Shih
Tughla]|F and Fir6z ShiUi TughlaV, kings of Dehli, and is
the author of the history called '' Tarikh Flr6z Shihi,"
which gives an account of eight kings from the first year
of Sult& Ghay&s-uddin Balban 1266 A. D., to the sixth
year of Sult^i Fir6z Shih Tughla^ 1356 A. D., 767
A. H., at which period our author was 74 (lunar) years
of age. His uncle Midik 'AU-ul-Mulk was Kotwil of
the city of Dehli in the reign of Sultin Ali-uddin Khilji,
and his father who held &e title of Muwayyad-ul-Mulk,
was appointed in the first year of that monarch 1296
A. D. to the Nayibat of Baran or Baran Shahr, now
called Bulandshahr, which city appears to have been the
birthplace of our author, on which account he calk him-
self in the above-mentioned history Ziyae Baranf . Baran
is also the name of a Pergunnah in Bulandshahr.
Ziya-uddin Ghazanfar, Maulana, ^r^^ e^t^
^^y^f was bom at Kumm but educated at Kfohiiu
Besides many Easfdas and Ghazals &c., he left a Masnawi
called '* Pir wa Jaw&n" of about 3,000 verses. He was
living about the year 1585 A. D., 993 A. H.
Ziya-uddin Khujandi, c^***^c«l'^'^, apoet
who died in 1225 A. D., 622 A. H.
Ziya-uddin Nakhshabi, i^^**^ {:H^^^, author of
the *'Tdti-nima," or Tales of a Parrot in Peiman, and
also of a story called ** Gulreiz," containing the story of
Prince M^sdm Shih and the princess Naushaba. He is
also the author of a treatise entitied '* Lazzat-un-Kis£,"
{9id9 Hasan 'Alf the poet laureate).
Ziya-uUah, 8ayyad, V^ <***•, an author who died
in 1691 A. D., 1103 A. H.
Zohak, *.^^, vufo Zuh&L
Zottfc
289
Zulfikar
Zonk, ib'^f poetical title of Shaikh Mohammad Ibrlhim
of DehM, an Urdd poet who passed the greatest part of
his life in the service of Akbar II, king of Dehli, and was
living about the year 1887 A. D.
Zouki Ardastaniy </^«V* <yji> a po«t who died in
1686 A. D., 1045 A. H.
Zoiuani, ^3j3> whose fall name and title is Al-?£zi-al-
ImAm Sayyad Abd *Abdnllah-al-Zouaan£, was the author
of the " Sharah ^jLasied-ul-Saba-al-Mu^llalftt," an esteem-
ed CJommentary in Arabic on the seven celebrated poems
which were written in letters of gold, and suspended to
the door of the temple of Mecca previous to the mission
of Muhammad. Their authors were Amri-al-Kais, Tarafii,
Zaheir, Labid, Antar, Amrd, and Haraih. These poems
have been so elegantly transUted by Sir William Jone^
that had he never published any thing else, they would
have stampt his fame, as a man of taste, a good poet, and
an excellent Oriental scholar.
Zu or Zab, *?»3 ^J)> a descendant of the ancient kings of
Persia, whom Z41,the father of Rustam, raised to the throne
of Persia, and drove Afrasiab king of the Turks who had
conquered it, out of that kingdom. ZA died after he had
conquered Fars, and was succeeded by his son Karshasp.
This prince, who was soon set aside as incompetent by
ZQ. is considered by Persian authors as the last of the
first or Pishdadian dynasty: who according to their
own computation, governed Persia 2,460 years. The
names of twelve kings only of their race have been pre-
served. After Karshisp, Kail^ubAd who is the first kmg
of the second or Kayinian dynasty, was proclamied king
of Persia.
Zubari, 4^), the son of Muslim, an Arabian author who
died in 742 A. D., 124 A. H.
Zubdatun-nisa, »^-*^' »'H)^ the fourth daughter of the
emperor 'Xlamgfr. Her mother's name was Nawab
Bai She was bom on the 26th Ramajjan 1061 A. H.,
was married to one of Dara Shikoh's sons. She died a few
days before her father in the same month and year, 1118
A. H.
Zubeida Khatun, eiP^ ^^J> «ie wife of Hirfin-al-
Raahid. She was the daughter of Abii J^ar the son of
the Khalif Al-Mansiir, and mother of the Khalif -^-Amin.
Her chastity was ample, her conduct virtuous. Sjie died
at Baghdad in June, 831 A. D., Jumida I, 216 A. H.
She issaid to have built the city of Tabrez m 806 A. D.,
190 A. H.
Zuber, J^. iVij^Jy the son of Bakkir, a Kazi of Mecca
and author of the «Kit4b Sunan ?fd ^itib Akhbto
Madina. He died in the year 870 A. D., 256 A. H.
Zubor ibn-al-Awam, r'j^* ci^^t J^Jy ^ ^^ ^^"^
of 'Abdullah ibn-Zubeir, and an enemy of *A\i. He was
slain by Amrd ibn-Jarmuz 666 A. D., and his head
carried to ' Ali, who not approving this act of his, Amru
drew has sword and ran himself through.
Zuba'k or Zohak, ^^. or Azdahik, a tyrant of Persian
mythology who overcame Jamshid king of Persia in a
battle, imd became the king of that country. There we
varioila accounts of the descent of Zuhdk. Some say he
was an Arabian, but descended from j^yomurs : others
trace his descent to ShaddAd, and term him a Synan ; and
it has even been conjectured that he was the Astyages of
the Greeks. All agree in one feet, that he was of a cruel
and sanguinary temper. He is described as having had
73
two dreadful cancers on his shoulders, which the Persian
febulists have chajiged into snakes, whose hunger nothing
oould appease but tibie brains of human beings : two of his
subjects were slain daily to furnish the horrid meal : till the
manly indignation of Kawa or Gawa a blacksmith of
Isfahin, whose two sons were on the point of being
sacrificed, relieved the empire from this tyrant, and raised
Fareidun, a prince of the Pishdadian dynasty to the throne.
The feble perhaps indicates an ancient subjugation of
Persia by a Median or Tartar tribe who used the serpent,
a dragon, for their standard. There is a ruin near B&mi&n
called by the people *' The Castle of Zoh&k.
Zujja^y ^}^J} whose proper name was Abd Is-h&]^ Ibr&him
bin-Muhammad, was the author of several works. He
died at Baghd&d in the year 923 A. D., 311 A. H., when
he was upwards of 80 years old.
Zuka, ^^} poetical name of Mir AuUd Muhammad of Bil-
gram, a nephew of Mir Ghul&m AU 'Az&d. ^e was
living in 1761 A. D., 1176 A. H.
Zukally ^^y^} poetical name of Ehubchand Eayeth of DehU,
author of a biography of poets in Urdu.
ZtUflka'r 'A]i> (^J^^'^i> whose poetical name is Mast,
was the author of a Tazkira entitled " Ray4z-ul-Wifiik,"
containing the biography of the poets of Calcutta arid
Benares who wrote Persian verses ; it was completed in
1814 A. D., 1229 A. H. at Benares. He is also the
author of several other works.
ZulflkaT *AU Khan, o^ c5^ J***^*ji^ Nawib of
Banda, was the son of 'Al£ Bahadur, ruler of Bundeil-
khand. He succeeded his brother Shamsheir Bahddur
on the 30th of August, 1823 A. D., 22nd ^U-bijja, 1238
A. H. He was succeeded by *Ali Bahadur Khan .
Zulflka'r Jang,
)^\y^, a title of SaUbat Khan.
Zulflka^ Khan, e;^.)^'j^> » nobleman of the reign
of the emperor ShAh Jahan. He is the father of Asad
Kh£n whose son also held this title. He died in 1669
A. D., Mu^arram, 1070 A. H.
Zulflka'r Khan Turkman, ^d^J ^^ J^^j'^>
an officer who served under Shah Jahin and died in 1647
A. D., 1067 A. H.
ZulflkaY Khan, Amir-nl-Umra, ^j^ e;'*^ jlaiJfji
l/o)l\ jx*\ UaA.^ styled Nasrat Jang, whose former
title was Yatkid KhAn, was the son of 'Asad Kh6n, a
nobleman of the reign of 'Alamgir: he was bom 1657
A. D. 1067 A. H. and held several appointments under
that emperor. On the accession of Bahadur Sh4h in the
year 1707 A. D., 1119 A. H. the title of Amir-ul-Umr6
was conferred on him with the government of the Dakhin.
It was by his aid and intrigues that Jah&nddr Sh&h, after
the death of his father Bahddur 6h£h, overcame all his
brothers and ascended the throne of Dehli, when he was
appointed to be chief Vazfr ; but after the defeat of that
emperor in the battle against Farrukh-siyar, he was taken
up and strangled by order of the latter as a punishment
for his conduct. His head with that of the late emperor
Jah4ndir Shah who had also been put to death in prison,
were carried on poles, and their bodies hanging feet up-
wards across an elephant, were exposed in the new
emperor's train, when he made his triumphant entry to
the palace at Dehli This event took place in January,
1713 A. D., ^il-Wjja, 1124 A. H. The aged minister
Asad Khdn Z 's fether was compelled to attend the pro-
Zulflkar
290
Zyn-ul-',
cession, accompamed hy the ladiesof his &mily as spec-
tators of their own disgrace. Asad Ehin, who in hopes
of making peace with the new emperor had persuaded
his son to xisit him, and had thus pnt him in his power,
with tears in his eyes, wrote the following chronogram
on his death: itT^ \jkj^ 1) cMl f^j^ (Abraham
sacrificed Ishmael.) Mehr»un-Nisa Begam, the daughter of
Yemin-uddanla 'Asaf Khan was his mother, and Shaista
Ehin the son of ' Asaf Khin was his feither-in-law.
Zulflkar of Sabswari, iSjbj^ J^b'^> a Sayyad and
a great poet, who flourished in the reign of Sultiui Mu-
hammad of Ehwarizm about 1200 A. D.
Zulflkar-uddaula, ^^'^^J^bi^y a title of Najaf Khin.
Zulkadar, J^b'^^ vide Zul^adar.
Zulkadar, J^b'^y the poetical name of Minsi Muham-
mad Mihsia, a Turk of the tribe of Zul^dar, the meaning
of which in the Turkish language is an archer that never
misses his aim. This title he assumed for his takhallus.
He flourished about the year 1688 A. D., 1100 A. H., and
is the author of a Diwdn.
Zulkamyn, cr^ir^lji^ master of two horns, a title of
Alexander the Great, probably based on coins represen-
ting him in the character of Ammon.
Zunnun or Zu*l Nur Misri, Ui/^^ vy^I^i,
sumamed Abfi'l Fazl Tiib&n, son of Ibr&him, a celebrated
Muhammadan saint of Eg^pt whose merits were great
in number, and who is said to have performed many
miracles, and to have been the founder of the sect of 84£l
in Egypt, where he was held in the greatest estimation.
It is related in the ** Nafahilt," that at his death when
they were carrying him for burial, a large flock of birds,
of tiie kind that was never seen before, overshadowed his
coffin to the grave. He died in February, 860 A. D.,
^i-Ka'da, 246 A. H., and a chapel was built over his
tomb in Egypt, where a number of other holy men are
buried. The work called *^ Lataef-ul-Akhbir," contains
the Memoirs of this fetmous saint.
Zyd (OP Zaid) bin-Sabit, Abu Sa»d, ^ io^. ajj,
one of Muhammad's secretaries, to whom he dictated the
Kurin. He wrote that copy which was used by the Ehallfi^
or Imlms at the command of 'Usm&n the son of Afian the
third Khalif after Muhammad. He died about the year
665 A. D., 46 A. H., some say that he died in 673 A. D.,
64 A. H. He is the earliest authority on the Ilm-al-
Fariiez and may be called the father of the law of inheri-
tance. Muhammad ia reported to have said to his fol-
lowers — "The most learned among you in the laws of
heritage is Zyd ;" and the Ehalifiis 'Umar and 'Xlsman
considered him without an equal as a judge, a jurisconsult,
a calculator in the division of inheritances, and a reader
of the Kur&n.
Zyd bin-Hariay '^J^ e;? "^j, of the tribe of Kalb, was
the emancipated slave of Muhammad who married his
divorced wife Zynab. See the following article. Zyd was
killed in the eighth year of the Hijrat in an attak on the
Greeks at Muta in Syria, 629 A. D., 8 A. H.
impression made upon him, bat cried out, ^' Praise be to
God, who tumeth men's hearts as he pleaseth !" Zynab
heard him, and told it to her husband when he came
home. Zyd, who had been greatiy obliged to Muham-
mad, was very desirous to g^tify him, and offered to
divorce his wife, Muhammad pretended to dissuade him
from it, but Zyd easily perceiving how littie he was in
earnest, actually divorced her. Muhammad thereupon
took her to wife, and celebrated the nuptials with ex-
traordinary magnificence, keeping open house upon the
occasion. She died nine years after tiie death of Muham-
mad in the year 641 A. D., 20 A. H.
Z3mab, **i>^ •^ V^, the daughter of Khuzyma, was
also one of the wives of Muhammad, and died two montha
after the preceding one in the year 641 A. D., 20 A. H.
Zyuaby cr^^ •^^ V^Jj the daughter of Jahash and the
wife of Muhammad. She was formerly married to Zy
the emancipated slave of the prophet. Towards the end
of the fifth year of the Hijrat 626 A. D., Muhanmiad
going into the houae of Zyd, did not find him at home,
but happening to espy his wife, he could not conceal the
Zynab, V^, a daughter of Muhammad married to Abti*l
'As. This man, who was an unbeliever, was taken pri-
soner to the battle of Badar, and the prophet would fain
have drawn his son-in-law to him, and enrolled him
among his disciples, but Abii'l 'As remained stubborn in
unbelief. Muhammad then offered to set him at liberty
on condition of his returning to him his daughter. To
this he agreed, and Zyd, the fEutiiful freedman of the
prophet was sent with several companions to Mecca to
bring Zynab to Medina, where after her arrival, Abfi'l
'As was released.
Zyn Ehan Koka> *y c;^ i:H3, the foster-brother
of the emperor Akbar. He was the son of Khwija
Ma^iid Hirwi ; his mother, whose name was Pichah Jin,
was employed as an Anaga or nurse on Akbar in hia
childhood, consequently Zyn, Eh4n was called E6ka or
foster-brother to Akbar who raised him in course of time
to the rank of 4,500. Subsequentiy his uncle Ehwija
Hasan's daughter was married to Sul^ Salim, and became
mother of Sult&n Parwez. In the year 1686 A. D., 994
A. H., Zyn Ehan was despatched with a considerable
detachment SA^ainst the Afgh&ns of Saw&d and Biiour,
but he was defeated, and Khwaja Arab Bakhshl, K&ja
Birbal, Mulla Sheri and many other persons of distinc-
tion, with 8,000 men, were killed in the action. In 1688
he was appointed to the government of E&buL He died
at Agr&h on the 6th of Mehr 1009 A. H., corresponding
with the 19th of September, 1600 A. D. He is said to
have been the best musician of the time of Akbar, but a
bad poet. He played chiefly Hindi tunes. (The same
as Zain Ehin, q. y.)
Zyn-nddin Ahmad 'All Khan, e)^ (^ sai^\ e^^j,
succeeded N&zir-ul-MuIk Naw&b N&zim of Bengal at
Murshidabid in April, 1810 A. D.
Zyn-uddin bin-Ahmad, ^^{:)i ^^\ cr^J,
commonly called Ibn-Rajab, is the author of the " Sharah
Tirmizi", " Sharah Bukhiri", and " Tab^t Hanibila."
He died in 1393 A. D., 796 A. H. He is sometimes called
Zyn-uddIn Abdul Rahm&n bin-A^mad, vide Ab^'l Husain.
Zyn-uddin 'Ali-al-Sai'H, i^^ (^ i:ji^\ c^ii
commonly called the second Shahid, autiior of a valuable
and volumious commentary upon the Bhariya-al-IsUun.
entitled the *« Mas41ik-ul-Afhim."
Zyn-uddin Muhammad Hafi, Shaikh, i:H<^f {:)i}
i^^t u^ excellent poet and author who flourished in the
reign of the emperor Hum£y^ He was called TT fff
on account of hia walking barefoot.
2yn-Ul-'Abidin, cH<^^ cr^ji metropolitan of Seringa-
patam and author of the work called "Muwayyad-ul*
Zyn-ul-'Abidin
291
Zyn-ul-'Abidin
Jahidin," a poem consisting of 62 odes or h3rmns, one of
which was ordered to be chaunted in the mosques,
tiiroughout the kingdom of Mysore, every Friday. They
are in sixteen different kinds of metre, and were compiled
by order of Tip^ Snl^^ to ronse the zeal of his Muham-
madan subjects, against tiie Hindis and the Christians.
Zyn-ul-'Abidin Ibrahim bin-Nujim-al-Misri,
M,'^ cl^ (^^^^ i:^j, author of the Commentary on
the Kanz-ul-Da^£i]^ entitled "Bahr ar-B&i^" which he
left incomplete at his death, but it was finished by his
brother, Sirij-uddtn 'Umr, who also wrote another and
inferior Commentary on the same work, entitled ** Nahr-
ul-E4ik." Zyn-ul-Abidm died in 1662 A. D.. 970 A. H,
The ** Ashbih win Nasiir" is also an elementary work
* of great reputation by Zyn-ul-' Abidln, also the *^ Fatiwa
az-Zynia," which contains decisions, and were collected
by his son A^mad about 1662 A. D.
2yii-ul->Abidiii 'AU Abdi, </»^t i^ e;JAjUJ» ^^^
vide Khwaja Zyn-ul-Abidin 'All Abdi.
Zyn-ul-'Abidin, Imam, f^^ e;J«>»?M {^^j^ sumamed
Alf Asghar, was the son of Imim Husain, and the fourth
Im&m of ttte race of Ali. His mother's name was Salafa
or Shahr B&no, said to be the daughter of Yezdijard III
king of Persia. She was one of the captives when Persia
was conquered, and sold to 'All, who gave her to his son
Husain. It is said that the Khalif Walid L suspecting
him of a design upon the EhiUfat, said to him, alluding to
his mother's having been exposed for sale as a slave,
'* You are unworthy to reign, as being the son of a slave."
The Imim answered, ** Hagar the mother of Ishmael the
son of Abraham, was a slave, yet Muhammad was de-
scended from her." The Khalif blushed and was silent.
He was bom in 667 A. D., 37 A. H., and died in the
reign of the Ehalff Walid I in the month of October, 713
A. D., Mu^arram, 96 A. H. He was buried in the
cemetry called Bai^ in Medina dose to his uncle Imim
Hasan's tomb.
Z3m«>ul-Abidin Khan, Nawab, c^^ eri«^?^t 4^
vL9^> the son of Nawib Ghulim Husain Ehin and grand-
son of Nawib Fys-ullah Beg Khan. His poetical name is
'Arif. He died in 1866 or 1856 A. D., 1272 A. H.
Zyn-ul-'Abidin, Sultan, cf^^ lH^I urij, son of
Sul(4n Sikandar, ascended the throne of Kashmir, after
taking prisoner his brother 'Ali Sh^ in a battle in 1423.
This prince improved the country more than any of his
predecessors. He built bridges, towns and forts, and
erected at Nauahahra a noble palace, twelve stories high,
each story of fifty rooms. He also enlarged and beautified
the city of Srinagar his capitaL He £ed in 1474 A. D.
after a reign of 62 lunar years, and was succeeded by his
son Hydar Sh&h who after reigning little more than a
year, was killed by a fiedl from hu terrace 1476 A. D., and
was succeeded by his son Sultin Hasan.
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