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Annals of the
Smithsonian Institution
1995
Annals of the
Smithsonian Institution
1995
Contents
Statement by the Secretary 5
Report of the Board of Regents 7
Chronology 9
Reports of the Bureaus and Offices of the
Smithsonian Institution for Fiscal Year 1995
37
Members of Smithsonian Councils, Boards, and
Commissions, September 30,1995 96
Visits to the Smithsonian Institution Museums and
Galleries in Fiscal Year 1995 104
Academic, Research Training, and Internship
Appointments and Research Associates in Fiscal
Year 1995 105
Award Activity at the Smithsonian Institution in
Fiscal Year 1995 145
Publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press
in Fiscal Year1995 = 154
Publications of the Staff of the Smithsonian
Institution and Its Subsidiaries in Fiscal Year
1995 158
The Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries,
September 30, 1995 226
Donors to the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal
Year 1995 251
Contributing Members of the Smithsonian
Institution in Fiscal Year 1995 298
Financial Report = 312
Note: The contents of Annals were produced from electronic files provided by the bureaus and offices.
Smithsonian
Institution
Establishment, Board of Regents, Executive Committee,
and the Secretary
Office of the Secretary
Office of the Under Secretary
Office of the Provost
Office of Inspector General
Office of Planning, Management, and Budget
Office of General Counsel
Office of Government Relations
Office of Communications
Provost
Sciences
Conservation Analytical Laboratory
National Museum of Natural History
National Zoological Park
Office of Fellowships and Grants
Office of International Relations
Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
Smithsonian Institution Libraries
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Arts and Humanities
Anacostia Museum
4
Archives of American Art
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery/Freer Gallery of Art
Center for Museum Studies
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Institutional Studies Office
National Air and Space Museum
National Museum of African Art
National Museum of American Art
National Museum of American History
National Museum of the American Indian
National Portrait Gallery
Office of Exhibits Central
Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service
Educational and Cultural Programs
Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies
National Science Resources Center
Office of Elementary and Secondary Education
Under Secretary
Finance and Administration
Institutional Advancement
National Campaign for the National Museum of the
American Indian
Office of Membership and Development
Office of Special Events and Conferences
Smithsonian Women's Committee
Other Functions
Business Management Office
Office of the Senior Information Officer
Office of Telecommunications
The Smithsonian Associates
Smithsonian Institution Press
Smithsonian Magazine
Air & Space/Smithsonian Magazine
Affiliated Organizations
John F. Kennedy for the Performing Arts
National Gallery of Art
Reading Is Fundamental
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Statement by the
Secretary
When I look back at my installation as Smithsonian Secretary,
in September 1994, it seems simultaneously to have happened
yesterday and a decade ago. I can hardly remember doing
anything else; yet I don’t know where the year went.
For me, one of the most exciting events of the year was the
launching of the Smithsonian's World Wide Web site on May
8, 1995. The Smithsonian Home Page (http://www.si.edu) is a
gateway to more than 2,000 electronic pages and thousands of
images in a fully integrated, cross-referenced presentation of
the Smithsonian’s sites, people, and resources. This was the
first step toward fulfilling the commitment I made at my
installation, a promise that the Smithsonian would become
more than the place to visit in Washington, that we should
become present throughout the country in new ways, and that
we would become deeply engaged in this new world of
information transmission and sharing. As of September 30,
more than 8.5 million “hits” have been recorded at the site.
At the heart of the information revolution is something far
more than an advance in technology. It is the fulfilling of one
central promise of democracy: to make knowledge available to
as many citizens as possible, and to allow that access to be
shaped by their needs. The “Electronic Smithsonian” gives us
an opportunity to interact with America’s homes, schools,
senior-citizen and youth centers, universities, museums,
laboratories, and research centers in ways undreamed of a few
years ago. As we prepare for the celebration of our 150th
anniversary in 1996, we have continued to enlarge our
technological capacity and knowledge to extend the reach of
our historic mission. James Smithson’s goal of the “increase
and diffusion of knowledge” has been reborn for a new century.
Three major challenges have also punctuated the year. First,
leadership changed in Congress, and we have had to get to
know a whole new group of legislators and staff whose actions
can deeply affect us. Second, the Enola Gay episode exploded,
raising other issues as well, and disproportionately dominated
attention internally and externally; we were uncertain
whether the Smithsonian would continue to be cherished in
the light of so much negative publicity. However, a public
opinion survey taken before the exhibit opened showed
encouraging results. Seventy-two percent of the people who
were surveyed said that the Smithsonian was extremely
important or very important as a major place in which to
understand American culture and American history. Just 14
percent said they were somewhat less favorable toward the
Smithsonian given what had happened. Third, it became
apparent that Congress was going to take serious action to
tame the budget deficit, that our budget would have to be
affected, and that we would have to concentrate on where to
reduce operations to live within a lower appropriation.
It appears that we have established a good relationship with
our oversight and appropriation committees and others in the
legislature. This is evidenced by fair treatment in the budger
process, real participation by our Congressional Regents, both
old and new, at Institution events, and a showing of great
interest in various of our activities by the Speaker, other
legislators, and key Congressional staff.
The Enola Gay imbroglio was an enormous trial. The
conflict required us to question anew how both to respect
scholarly integrity and to assure our general and specific
publics when we deal in controversial areas that we are not
using exhibitions to inculcate a particular viewpoint. This 1s
no easy task, and we now have a set of guidelines chat set
forth useful processes for future exhibitions. However, there is
no subsritute for good judgment and a disposition co try to be
wv”
objective, no matter how hard the quest. I do not urge the
avoidance of all potentially controversial exhibitions. When
they are done well, they respect both subject and audience and
promote genuine understanding of tough issues.
The Smithsonian's budget problems are very real. We have
received sympathetic treatment in Congress which, at this
writing, has saved the planned Cultural and Conservation
Center of the National Museum of the American Indian
(alchough completion will also require the expenditure of
some private funds raised by the museum) and increased our
repair and renovation budget by 30 percent (a welcome
enhancement to address serious facility problems). However,
by not funding mandatory wage and inflationary increases
Congress has effectively cut our base budget by 4 to 5 percent.
Since we cannot assume that this base cut 1s a one-year
phenomenon, 1t is clear that change in the management
structure and style of the Institution is required to prepare the
Institution for the challenges of the 21st century. We must
continue to reconfigure ourselves and to make permanent
reductions and consolidations. To that end, our newly formed
Provost's Office (which replaces three Assistant Secretary
offices) will emphasize service to the museums, research
institutes, and other program and support offices; coordinate
central oversight more efficiently; decentralize
decision-making; and encourage greater coordination and
cooperation among the various program units across the
Institution.
I end this report on my first year as Secretary with an
enthusiastic look ahead at our Isoth year celebration in 1996.
We see the 150th anniversary as an opportunity to say “thank
you” to the American public, which has supported the
Smithsonian for all these years, by offering many of our best
exhibits and programming.
Although there will be special exhibitions and events here
in the nation’s capital, the Instirution’s home, the most
ambitious projects for our celebration will bring the national
museums to millions of people who may not plan to visit
Washington next year. If they cannot come to us, we will go
to them. These include a wonderful traveling exhibition,
“America’s Smithsonian,” which will take highlights from the
national collections to people around the country, and
television programs throughout the year on CBS. And we will
continue to expand and enhance the role of the “Electronic
Smithsonian.”
As we end the fiscal year, Discover Card and Intel have
joined the Smithsonian's Corporate Partner Program, which
will support the network television programming, the
traveling exhibition, and a celebration on the National Mall
in Washington on August 10, 1996, the actual anniversary of
the Act of Congress that established the Institution. Thanks
to their cooperation, the Smithsonian will be able to touch the
lives of Americans nationwide in ways new to all of us.
I hope that these activities will both reinforce the splendor
and importance of the Smithsonian in the minds of Americans
and lead to expanded private support for our undertakings.
We have entered an era in which the Smithsonian must rely
more heavily on private support from individuals and
corporations, and this presents us with both challenges and
great opportunities.
I, Michael Heyman
Secretary
September 30. 1995
Report of the Board
of Regents
The Smithsonian's Board of Regents held plenary meetings on
January 30, May 8, and September 18, 1995, and sponsored
committee meetings throughout the year. The Executive
Committee, the Nominating Committee, the Audit and
Review Committee, the Investment Policy Committee, and
the Personnel Committee advanced the work of the board
with increasing effectiveness.
Membership on the board sustained a fair degree of
turnover. In the November 1994 elections, House Speaker
Tom Foley and Senator Jim Sasser were not returned to office
and left the Board of Regents at the end of the 103rd
Congress. Senator John Warner resigned to take on additional
Senate responsibilities. Representative Norman Y. Mineta
resigned from the Congress and thereby left the board. The
board designated all four of these former regents as regents
emeritus. New regents from the Congress were Representative
Bob Livingston, Representative Sam Johnson, Senator Alan
K. Simpson, and Senator Thad Cochran.
There was also turnover among the citizen members, as I.
Michael Heyman resigned to become secretary of the
Smithsonian, and the second terms of Jeannine S. Clark and
Samuel C. Johnson expired. To fill these vacancies, the regents
nominated Louis V. Gerstner Jr. of Connecticut, Howard H.
Baker Jr. of the District of Columbia, and Anne d’Harnon-
court of Pennsylvania. The regents also nominated Regent
Homer A. Neal for a successive statutory term of six
years.
During the fiscal year, the regents met with their
Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian, received the
commission's report, and, with the assistance of the new ad
hoc Committee on Policy and Programs, formulated responses
to the recommendations. Noting that a number of the
recommendations required the secretary's response over time,
they asked for a progress report at least once a year. Working
with the ad hoc committee and the secretary, the regents
adopted guidelines to help Smithsonian advisory boards fulfill
their support functions.
Secretary Heyman engaged the regents in discussions of
particularly difficult issues. After extensive deliberations, the
regents publicly expressed their support for the secretary's
decision to cancel the long-planned and highly controversial
exhibition on the Enola Gay and the end of World War II ar
the National Air and Space Museum and replace it with a
display of the aircraft and related artifacts. After reviewing
the findings of a National Academy of Public Administration
study on the organization and management of the museum,
the board adopted guiding principles for recruiting a new
director and developing a mission statement.
The Board of Regents reviewed the secretary's plans for
reorganization of Smithsonian senior management and
adopted changes in its bylaws to conform to the new
organization. The regents also approved revised bylaws for the
Smithsonian National Board and appointed its officers and
membership. By regents’ resolution, the chairman of the
Smithsonian National Board will remain a nonvoting
participant in regents’ meetings. The regents also adopted
revisions to the bylaws of the Commission of the National
Portrait Gallery.
Several reports to the Board of Regents during the year
were especially significant with respect to the future of the
Smithsonian. The board received reports on Latino initiatives,
plans for the 1996 Isoth anniversary year and the traveling
exhibition “America’s Smithsonian,” the development of the
1soth Anniversary Corporate Partner Program, and the debut
of the Smithsonian’s home page on the World Wide Web.
The Regents also discussed issues of revenue enhancement,
development initiatives, and increasing fiscal stringencies. In
the latter context, the regents authorized the deaccession of
the Barney Studio House subject to review by the Executive
Committee.
In other actions, the Board of Regents approved the
development of an affinity credit card, endorsed the phased
planning of the extension of the National Air and Space
Museum and reaffirmed its placement at Washington Dulles
International Airport, and voted to continue soliciting
voluntary donations in selected Smithsonian museums. The
board also noted that the Senate has requested a feasibility
study on collecting admission fees in the museums.
The regents awarded the Joseph Henry Medal to retiring
General Counsel Peter G. Powers and to Representative
Sidney R. Yates, a regent emeritus, in grateful recognition of
their decades of extraordinary service to the Smithsonian.
During the year, the regents appointed the following
individuals to boards and commissions: Manley Alan Begay
Jr., George L. Cornell, Billy L. Cypress, Dwight Gourneau,
Gerald R. McMaster, Joann Sebastian Morris, Nancy Clark
Reynolds, Phyllis Young, James A. Block, Ellsworth H.
Brown, Catherine Sweeney Fowler, Douglas M. George, Jorge
Flores Ochoa, Luci Tapahonso, and Bernard Julian Whitebear
to the Board of Trustees of the National Museum of the
American Indian; Kathleen Allaire, Harvey Krueger, Richard
Smith, Agnes Bourne, Barbara Levin, and Richard Hayden to
the Board of Trustees of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design
Museum; David C. Driskell, Frances Humphrey Howard,
Robin B. Martin, and Robert H. Nooter to the Commission
of the National Museum of African Art; Nancy Ruth Morin,
Alan K. Simpson, and Stanley O. Ikenberry to the Board of
the National Museum of Natural History; Edwin I. Colodny,
Ann Cousins, Frank K. Ribelin, Wanda M. Corn, Rosa
Rionda de la Cruz, Paul D. Parkman, and Gerald L. Pearson
to the Commission of the National Museum of American Art;
Mrs. Hart Fessenden, Kurt Gitter, Jill Hornor Ma, Aboulala
Soudavar, and Paul Walter to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
Visiting Committee; and Roger Covey, Richard Danziger, and
Cynthia Helms to the Freer Gallery of Art Visiting
Committee.
Staff Changes
Throughout fiscal year 1995, under the new leadership of I.
Michael Heyman, various reorganizations were undertaken to
place greater emphasis on the responsibilities of the museums,
research centers, and offices. The Office of the Provost was
established under Robert S. Hoffmann, the Smithsonian's
former assistant secretary for science. On an interim basis,
former assistant secretaries Tom L. Freudenheim and James C.
Early and deputy assistant secretary Ross B. Simons became
assistant provosts. Former Assistant Secretary Thomas E.
Lovejoy was named counselor to the secretary for biodiversity
and environmental affairs, former deputy assistant secretary
Marc J. Pachter became counselor to the secretary for special
projects and the electronic media, and Miguel A. Bretos
served as counselor to the secretary for Latino affairs under
contract. Alice Green Burnette was given the new title of
assistant secretary for institutional advancement.
Retiring from the administrative ranks were Peter G.
Powers, the Smithsonian's first general counsel, former
Assistant Secretary John F. Jameson, and Contracting Officer
Robert P. Perkins. Other departures of note included Director
of Government Relations Mark W. Rodgers, Deputy Assistant
Secretary Claudine K. Brown, Director of Facilities Services
Richard L. Siegle, Director of Protection Services Charles A.
Hines, and National Air and Space Museum Director Martin
O. Harwit. We were fortunate to have recruited by year’s end
J. Dennis O'Connor to become the Smithsomian’s first
permanent provost on January 1, 1996; John E. Huerta to
assume the position of general counsel on November 13, 1995;
David J. Umansky, who was appointed to the new position of
director of communications in March 1995; M. John Berry,
who became director of government relations in April 1995;
John W. Cobert to assume the directorship of the Contracts
Office; Edith W. Hedlin, who became director of the Office of
the Smithsonian Institution Archives in October 1994; and
Nicole L. Krakora, who was appointed director of special
events and conferences services in June 1995.
To these officers and countless others, we owe a debt of
gratitude for their efforts to bring the Smithsonian to its
present greatness and envision its possibilities for the future.
Chronology
Fall
B Acquisition At auction, Cooper-Hewitt, National
Design Museum acquired six lots of rare French wall-
papers representing the work of some of the premier
French wallpaper producers of the late 18th and early
19th centuries.
Fall
@ Fellowship Four senior fellows in plant science were
appointed under the Smithsonian Institution University
Program in the Studies of Evolution of Terrestrial Eco-
systems, funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.
Fall
@ Children’s Book 1n collaboration with Hyperion
Books for Children (a Disney affiliate), the National
Museum of American Art published Celebrate America
in Poetry and Art. More than 20,000 copies of this
children’s book have been sold, and a softcover edition
is in the works.
Fall
@ Research Seminar Series Ina seminar series supported
by the Educational Outreach Fund and coordinated by
the Office of Fellowships and Grants, nine Smithsonian
staff members spoke about Smithsonian research. The
seminars were held at 16 large U.S. universities with sig-
nificant numbers of students from underrepresented
groups.
October—September
B Acquisitions The National Museum of American Art
strengthened its collection with some 600 works, in-
cluding major paintings by American modernists
Georgia O'Keeffe and Robert Motherwell, a 24-foor-
wide sculpture by Louise Nevelson, and a collection of
approximately 300 prime examples of early American
photography. The Renwick Gallery acquired some 60
new examples of 2oth-century American crafts, made
possible in large part by The James Renwick Alliance,
which this year passed the half-million-dollar mark in
gifts to the Renwick for acquisitions.
October—September
The National Museum of Afri-
can Art's Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives contin-
@ Collections Preservation
ued work on the Eliot Elisofon Motion Picture Film
Collection Preservation and Classification Project,
funded for the second year through a grant from the
Smithsonian Research Resources Program.
October—J uly
@ Fellowships
the Center for Museum Studies brought two museum
Fellowships in Museum Practice from
professionals to the Smithsonian. Teresa Morales of the
Programa de Museos Comunitarios y Ecomuseos,
Oaxaca, Mexico, conducted research on “Cultural Ap-
propriation and Community Museums,” and D. Lynn
McRainey of the Chicago Historical Society studied “In-
terpreting History through Interactive Experiences.”
October—November
@ Teachers’ Program Thousands of teachers across the
country participated in a nationally broadcast series of
interactive videos produced by the Harvard-Smithsonian
Center for Astrophysics Science Education Department to
demonstrate how student misconceptions may interfere
with the learning of science.
October—November
@ Research A Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
instrument aboard the Spartan 201 satellite launched
from the space shuttle discovered extremely hot gas in
-the atmosphere above the Sun’s south pole. This finding
offers clues to the origin of the solar wind, a phenome-
non that affects communications and power transmis-
sion lines on Earth.
October
Bw Research The Smithsonian Environmental Research
Center provided instrumentation for nine new auto-
mated stations for the monitoring and sampling of
stream discharges. This work is part of the center's
Chesapeake Bay watershed study.
October
w Public Program The Smithsonian Environmental Re-
search Center held its annual weekend sale of bird seed,
bird feeders, natural history books, and T-shirts. Visitors
also enjoyed hayrides, tours of the buildings, and hikes
on nature trails.
October
w Publication
staff scientist D. Ross Robertson, in collaboration with
Gerald R. Allen, published Fishes of the Tropical Eastern
Pacific, the most comprehensive guide ever produced to
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
the fish fauna of this region.
October
@ Teachers’ Publication Beyond the Frame: Using Art
for Interdisciplinary Learning, a teachers’ guide contain-
ing lessons on eight works of art from five Smithsonian
art museums, was published by the Office of Elemen-
tary and Secondary Education. This publication was de-
signed for middle school and high school educators and
is the fifth publication in a series sponsored by Brother
International Corporation.
October
w Latino Outreach Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Mu-
seum received a $98,000 grant from the Smithsonian to
support the Institution's efforts to increase its Latino audi-
ence and expand its coverage of Latino contributions to his-
tory, art, and science. The museum is using these funds to
support educational programs, exhibition development,
and the establishment of a Latino archive.
October
w Publications and Products \n conjunction with the
opening of the George Gustav Heye Center, the Na-
tional Museum of the American Indian released books
on each of the three inaugural exhibitions, a music re-
cording on compact disc and cassette tape, a calendar, a
postcard book, and T-shirts.
10
October 1
w Visitor study The Smithsonian Office of Institutional
Studies began a one-year survey of visitors to the Arthur
M. Sackler Gallery and Freer Gallery of Art. Informa-
tion gained through a year of face-to-face interviewing
of gallery visitors should provide helpful knowledge for
the focusing of priorities in exhibitions, research, and
public programming.
October 1-April 7
w Internships The new Museum Intern Partnership
Program, sponsored by the Center for Museum Studies,
offered a dual internship experience at the Smithsonian
and a smaller, community-focused museum.
October 1-2
@ Special Event The Friends of the National Zoo
launched its first annual ZooArts Festival featuring the
work of prominent Washington-area artists and photog-
raphers as well as local high school students and people
from community groups.
October 3
@ Awards
major awards at the annual meeting of the American
The National Zoological Park won three
Zoo and Aquarium Association: the top Conservation
Award for NZP’s outstanding golden lion tamarin con-
servation program, the Edward H. Bean Award for Ex-
cellence in Conservation for collaborative work on
behalf of the endangered tiger (shared with two other
U.S. zoos); and a Significant Achievement award for
breeding Matschie’s tree kangaroo at the Zoo's Conserva-
tion and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia.
October ro
mw Special Event Atasigning ceremony hosted by Na-
tional Geographic Society President Gilbert M.
Grosvenor, Nissan U.S.A.’s Vice-President of Brand and
Consumer Marketing Jerry Florence presented a check
for $950,000 to Smithsonian Secretary I. Michael Hey-
man to become the national corporate sponsor of the
Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service-
National Geographic Society exhibition, “Earth 2U, Ex-
ploring Geography.” The exhibition, which opened in
November at the National Geographic Society, intro-
duces children and their families to the wonders and
complexities of world geography.
October 10
mw Public Program Nobel Peace Prize recipient Arch-
bishop Desmond Tutu addressed an audience of more
than 2,000 Smithsonian Associates and the general pub-
lic as part of an African American Studies Forum enti-
tled “South Africa: After the Elections.”
October 13
@ Lecture
from a Chinese Imperial Kiln,” this year’s John A. Pope
“Amusing the Emperor: Unique Discoveries
Memorial Lecture at the Freer Gallery of Arc, was deliv-
ered by Liu Xinyuan, director of the Jingdezhen Insti-
tute of Ceramic Archaeology in China.
October 14
w@ Major Gift The National Museum of Natural His-
tory received one of the most significant contributions
of jewelry and financial support in its history when Gil-
bert S. Kahn announced a new gift from his mother,
Janet Annenberg Hooker. Mrs. Hooker's gift included a
suite of rare fancy yellow starburst diamonds and $2
million toward the creation of the museum's Hall of
Geology, Gems, and Minerals, bringing her support for
the new hall toa total of $5 million. The complex will
be named in honor of Mrs. Hooker.
October 15
w Honors
Benefactors’ Circle Honoree and Lloyd G. Schermer was
Glenn O. Tupper was the Smithsonian
presented with the Joseph Henry Medal at the
Smithsonian Benefactors’ Circle recognition dinner.
October 18-December 18
w Lecture Series Eight Nobel laureates in physics partic-
ipated in an unprecedented lecture series sponsored by
The Smithsonian Associates. The world-renowned phys-
icists recounted their prizewinning work and discussed
their current research.
October 19
@ Educational Publication The National Postal Museum
published the Elementary School Postal Pack, an activity
book and resource guide that integrates letter writing,
postal history, and stamp collecting into language arts,
history, geography, and math curriculums.
October 20-23
@ Meeting The Smithsonian Council, a group of 25 in-
dividuals active in a variety of fields and disciplines,
met in Washington, D.C., to assess the Smithsonian's
anthropological and cultural studies programs as well as
programs of the Institution's conservation biology com-
munity and the Conservation Training Council.
October 20
w Lecture
sented “Behind the Desk: Accommodating Volunteers
The Smithsonian Accessibility Program pre-
with Disabilities” to staff from the Smithsonian and
Washington, D.C., cultural organizations. The program
was one of 10 monthly lectures on museum accessibility
for people with disabilities.
October 21
w Public program
sored by the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery opened with the
A Southeast Asian Film Series spon-
Vietnamese film, “Abandoned Field,” and went on to
show four other seldom-screened classic films, includ-
ing two directed by His Majesty Norodom Sihanouk of
Cambodia.
October 24
@ Major Gift The Mashancucket Pequot Tribal Nation
made a $10 million contribution to the National Cam-
paign for the National Museum of the American In-
dian, at the time the largest contribution to the
Smithsonian in its 148-year history.
October 25
@ Public program The Bill and Mary Meyer Concert Se-
ries of six evenings of chamber music opened with the
first of three appearances by Musicians from Marlboro.
Other performers this year were The Shanghai Quarter,
Pamela Frank, and the Takacs Quartet.
October 27
@ Visit Leszek Kuznicki, president of the Polish Acad-
emy of Sciences, visited the Smithsonian.
October 28—February 26
@ Exhibition “Free within Ourselves: African-
American Art from the Museum's Collection” was on
view at the National Museum of American Art. Nearly
II
200 works in all media by some 100 artists, drawn from
the nation’s most extensive public collection of African
American art, illustrated the scope of the African Ameri-
can contribution to the visual arts. Affzrmation Today, a
30-minute video produced in conjunction with the
exhibition, highlighted the life and work of five African
American artists.
October 28-May 12
@ Education Program The National Zoological Park
and the Fairfax County Public Schools coproduced four
“Science Safari” programs for elementary school stu-
dents and an “Electronic Field Trip” for middle school
students, both with related curriculum materials. The
programs were broadcast to schools nationwide via satel-
lite downlink or cable television.
October 30
@ Opening The George Gustav Heye Center of the
National Museum of the American Indian opened with
three inaugural exhibitions in New York City. More
than 60,000 people visited the Heye Center during its
first month, almost one and one-half times the number
who had visited the museum in an entire year at its old
location.
October 30
The Office of Public Affairs or-
ganized the publicity campaign for the opening of the
m Publicity Campaign
New York facility of the National Museum of the Amer-
ican Indian. The opening began with a week of special
previews for the media, donors, members, and other
guests, culminating in a Native American blessing on
the steps of the Custom House, the home of the mu-
seum. Media coverage was extensive, reaching millions
of Americans through network television, national news
magazines, and Native American publications.
October 30
8 Awards
seum of the American Indian’s Art and Cultural
The first five recipients of the National Mu-
Achievement Award were announced. They were Allan
Houser (Chiricahua Apache), posthumously; Oren R.
Lyons (Onondaga); N. Jana Harcharek (Inupiat); Gero-
nima Cruz Montoya (San Juan Pueblo); and Katherine
Siva Saubel (Cahuilla).
12
October 30
w Publications
Press served as the principal publication partner at the
Smithsonian Institution University
inaugural opening of the National Museum of the
American Indian exhibit in New York City, through
publication of the award-winning exhibition catalogues,
Creation’s Journey and All Roads Are Good. both
copublished with NMAI.
October 31
w New Office
the offices of three assistant secretaries to establish the
Secretary I. Michael Heyman combined
Office of the Provost and appointed former Assistant
Secretary for the Sciences Robert Hoffmann as acting
provost. The new office plans, coordinates, facilitates,
and evaluates the Institution's activities 1n research,
collections management, exhibitions, education, and
cultural programs.
November
The National Museum of African Art
added three important objects to its collections. Spoon, a
B® Acquisition
conceptually complex modern bronze sculpture, was
created by Amir I.M. Nour (b. 1939), a contemporary
sculptor who was born in the Republic of Sudan and has
lived in the United States for most of his adult life. A
superb and rare carved wooden face mask from the Lele
peoples of Zaire is decorated with metal appliqué,
beads, and cowrie shells. A carved wooden face mask,
Oloju-foforo. attributed to Yoruba artist Bamgboshe of
Osi-Ilorin, Nigeria (d. ca. 1920), will be featured in the
1995-96 exhibition “Three Explorations: Yoruba,
Temne, and Baga.”
November
w Video Release
munications film In Open Air: A Portrait of the American
The award-winning Office of Telecom-
Impressionists was released as a home video available for
sale in the Museum Shops and through mail order.
November
@ Teachers’ Program Teachers’ Night at the Smithson-
ian, sponsored and coordinated by the Office of Elemen-
tary and Secondary Education, brought more than 1,200
local teachers together with educators from more than
30 Smithsonian museums and offices to sample educa-
tional products and programs.
November
gw New Communication Facility A satellite earth station
was installed at the Smithsonian Tropical Research
Institute's Tupper Center to establish more reliable com-
munication between the Smithsonian Institution in
Washington and STRI.
November 3—January 29
w Exhibition and Programs “Bruce Nauman,” an inter-
nationally celebrated retrospective of this American art-
ist (b. 1941), had its first East Coast showing at the
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Organized
by the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis in association
with the Hirshhorn, the exhibition of high-intensity
sculpture, photographs, drawings, films, holograms,
and installations spurred in-depth public programming.
November 7-13
w Benefit Event
tions, private receptions and special dinners, and other
Visits to museums and private collec-
activites filled the week in Laguna Beach, California,
for an Archives of American Art fund-raiser. The week
culminated ina gala evening honoring the IoI-year-old
artist Beatrice Wood.
November 7-10
B Course
ist course “Conservation of Gilt Wood,” organized at
Twenty-one participants attended the special-
the Conservation Analytical Laboratory. The course is re-
quired for students in CAL's Furnicure Conservation
Training Program.
November 14
@ Consortium The National Zoo's Conservation and Re-
search Center, Environmental Systems Research Insti-
tute, Inc., and Hewlett-Packard Company formed The
Conservation Technology Support Program, a consor-
tium that will provide computer hardware, software,
and training to nonprofit conservation organizations 1n
the United States and abroad. This program will enable
biologists to more effectively analyze the environmental
impact of land and natural resource utilization.
November 17
B Exhibition “Directions—Gary Simmons” opened at
the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, featur-
ing cartoon-derived chalk images on 10 panels and a Io-
by-37-foot gallery wall created by this New York-based
artist (b. 1964). Providing subtle commentary on stereo-
types of African Americans, the blackboard-like draw-
ings showed images and objects gleaned mostly from
race-specific cartoons of the 1930s and 1940s.
November 17
w Benefit Event The Archives of American Art hosted a
gala event for 280 guests honoring Agnes Gund, chair-
man of the board of trustees of the Museum of Modern
AIt.
November 18
The staff and children of the Em-
bassy of Italy hosted a group of Resident Associate fami-
w Family Program
lies in celebration of International Children's Day. The
Italian actor Carlo Cicala delighted participants with
folktales, original stories, and a group sing-along.
November 19-20
@ Special Event
George Gustav Heye Center, the National Museum of
In celebration of the opening of the
the American Indian Powwow was held at the Jacob K.
Javits Center in New York City.
November 20
w Exhibition “In Search of Common Ground: Potomac
Gardens, A Community of Senior Citizens,” an exhibi-
tion focusing on senior residents of a housing complex
in southeast Washington, D.C., opened at the Anacostia
Museum. The exhibition explored the effects of migra-
tion from rural to urban and public housing environ-
ments. It was cosponsored and funded by the D.C.
Community Humanities Council and the National En-
dowment for the Humanities.
November 20
w Exhibition opening “A Basketmaker in Rural Japan”
at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery celebrated the life’s
work of Hiroshima Kazuo, the last professional itiner-
ant basketmaker in Hinokage, an agricultural region of
southern Japan. Most of the works on view were loaned
by the Department of Anthropology, National Museum
of Natural History.
3
November 28
w Exhibition
the White House,” a temporary exhibition at the Na-
“Best Wishes: Holiday Greetings from
tional Postal Museum, displayed White House Christ-
mas cards from the Eisenhower administration to the
present.
December
@ Latino Outreach The Office of Public Affairs ran the
first of five advertising campaigns for the year in three
local Latino newspapers. OPA staff wrote the text in
Spanish. The campaigns were geared toward the Christ-
mas holidays, springtime events, the Festival of Ameri-
can Folklife, summer events near the time of the Latin
American festival held in Washington, D.C., and Hispa-
nic Heritage Month.
December
B Research Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory sci-
entists and their colleagues completed the most accurate
test yet of a prediction of Albert Einstein's theory of
general relativity.
December 2
w Benefit Event Archives of American Art members
were invited to the opening gala of ART 94 Los Ange-
les, the International Contemporary Art Fair. Proceeds
from the evening benefited the Archives.
December 2-May 29
w Exhibition “Federal Profiles: Saint-Mémin in Amer-
ica, 1793-1814” was on view at the National Portrait
Gallery. French émigré Charles Balthazar Julien Févret
de Saint-Mémin spent 20 years in the United Srates
creating distinctive profile likenesses of the citizens and
French émigrés of the new nation. More than 200 of his
miniature engravings and drawings were displayed. The
accompanying catalog, Saint-Mémin and the Neoclassical
Profile Portrait in America, by Ellen G. Miles, curator of
painting and sculpture at the Portrait Gallery, is a Barra
Foundation book published by the gallery in association
with the Smithsonian Institution Press. It was selected
as best illustrated book in the Washington Book
Publishers’ annual Design and Effectiveness Competi-
tion and also won second prize for books in the Museum
14
Publications Design Competition sponsored by the
American Association of Museums.
December 5—9
w Workshop The Center for Museum Studies Work-
shop Series began with “Introduction to Public Pro-
gramming.” Three more workshops in basic museum
operations were offered during the year.
December 6
B Award The New York Chapter of the Industrial De-
signers of America awarded Cooper-Hewitt, National
Design Museum Director Dianne H. Pilgrim and Assis-
tant Director for Public Programs Susan Yelavich the
society's Bronze Apple Award for support, use, and en-
couragement of good design.
December 7
B Appreciation Event The Visitor Information and
Associates’ Reception Center hosted the annual apprecia-
tion event for volunteer information specialists, with re-
marks by Secretary I. Michael Heyman.
December 9
@ Awards
Trophy awards were presented to Michael H. Carr for life-
The 1994 National Air and Space Museum
time achievement and to Patty Wagstaff for current
achievement.
December 9—February 19
w Exhibition
sian artists for concepts to transform Moscow into a
Recent proposals by Western and Rus-
showplace of post-totalitarian art were the focus of
“Monumental! Propaganda,” an exhibition produced
by the International Gallery in the Office of the Pro-
vost. “Collaborating with History,” an introductory
video produced for the exhibition, raised additional
questions about the past and future of commemora-
tive monuments in the former Soviet Union.
December 13—March 13
mw Exhibition “Katharine Kuh: Interpreting the New”
was on view in the Archives of American Art's New
York Regional Center exhibition gallery. As an art histo-
rian, curator, gallery owner, and critic, Kuh champi-
oned the cause of modernism throughout her life.
December 18
w Special Event Three hundred fifty donors attended an
afternoon holiday reception hosted in the Castle by
Secretary I. Michael Heyman and his wife, Therese
Heyman.
December 24
@ Exhibition opening “Paintings from Shiraz,” an exhibi-
tion selected from the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery's
Vever Collection of Islamic Arts of the Book featured
works from Shiraz, the city in southwestern Iran that
was one of the great centers of Persian painting in the
4 through 16 century.
January—March, A pril—October
wm Exhibition “Workers at the White House” was on
exhibit at the Carter Presidential Library in Atlanta,
Georgia, and at the Reagan Library in Simi Valley, Cali-
fornia. The exhibition was produced by the Center for
Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies in cooperation
with the White House Historical Association and the
National Archives.
January
@ Education Program The National Museum of African
Art launched an ongoing series for young audiences
called “Let's Read about Africa.” The weekend pro-
grams introduce young visitors to African culture,
visual traditions, and the joy of reading.
January
w New Research Facility The Solar Radiation Group of
the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center moved
into a newly completed laboratory addition at the
center's main facility near Edgewater, Maryland. This
group focuses on the measurement of solar radiation, es-
pecially ultraviolet radiation, and on the effects of this
radiation on living things.
January
B Grant The Smithsonian Institution Libraries was
awarded $197,250 from the Getty Grant Program to
fund an online index and finding guide to the literature
of African art and culture. The index is being developed
for access on the Internet as part of the Libraries’ online
catalog. Responding to the public’s growing interest in
non-Western art, the index of 52,000 citations was cre-
ated by Libraries staff to identify source materials in
this expanding field.
January
@ Research A submillimeter telescope developed by a
consortium of research institutes including the
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory was installed
and operated at the South Pole to study giant molecular
clouds in the Milky Way.
January
B Curriculum Development The National Science
Resources Center began nationally field-testing the pre-
liminary edition of Animal Studies, a fourth-grade unit
in the Science and Technology for Children hands-on
science curriculum program.
January
@ Electronic Outreach The Smithsonian Institution
Libraries online catalog became available on the
Internet at telnet://siris.si.edu.
January
B Radio Series Jazz Smithsonian, hosted by Lena Horne,
began its third season on the air. It is being broadcast
by Radio Smithsonian on a record 185 radio stations.
January
B Exhibition
Exhibition Service's small-format, free-standing version
The Smithsonian Institution Traveling
of “Saynday was coming along . . . Silverhorn’s Draw-
ings of the Kiowa Trickster” opened at the Kiowa
Tribal Museum in Carnegie, Oklahoma. Organized
with the National Museum of Natural History in collab-
oration with and with participation from the Kiowa
community, “Saynday” will travel to Native American
centers and small exhibit centers during the next three
years.
January
@ Teachers’ Publication Art to Zoo. the quarterly teaching
guide for elementary and middle schools published by the
Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, adopted a
new design, editorial, and distribution strategy.
January
w Exhibition “Women in Action: Rebels and Reform-
ers, 1920-1980” opened at the National Museum of
American History. The exhibition was sponsored by the
League of Women Voters to celebrate the 75th anniver-
sary of woman suffrage.
January I
w Name Change The Office of Museum Programs
changed its name to the Center for Museum Studies.
The new name more accurately reflects the mission and
work of the office and better accommodates efforts to
establish networks with college and university museum
studies programs.
January 7
@ New Facility The Visitors Center of the
Smithsonian's Whipple Observatory in Arizona offic-
ially opened to the public, presenting exhibits on astron-
omy, natural science, cultural history (and Smithsonian
history), and the environment.
January 12
@ Research Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
scientists and their colleagues found by far the best
evidence for the existence of massive black holes. The
discovery was based on radio observations of swirling
gas orbiting a very dense concentration of material with
the mass of about 40 million Suns.
January 16
m Lecture The Office of the Provost sponsored the
annual Martin Luther King Jr. Lecture with keynote
speaker Harold Hongju Koh, professor of international
law and director of the Orville Schell Jr. Center for
International Human Rights at the Yale University
Law School. His lecture was titled “Aliens in our
‘Beloved Community’.”
January 20
@ Award Ceremony The Slovak Academy of Sciences
presented the Aurel Stodola Golden Plaque to Slovak-
American physicist Igor Bazovsky in a ceremony at the
Smithsonian.
16
January 23
w Radio Advertising Campaign The first radio advertise-
ment ran in the Office of Public Affairs’ Black History
Month campaign, one of three annual radio advertising
campaigns aimed at local African American audiences,
ages 25 to 45. OPA prepared the ad copy, and three
local radio stations—WKYS, WPGC, and W HUR—
produced the ads. The other campaigns were geared to
spring school-break activities and to summer Festival of
American Folklife events at the Smithsonian.
January 24
@ Members’ Event Contributing Members attended a
private viewing of the exhibition “Contemporary Crafts
and the Saxe Collection” at the Renwick Gallery of the
National Museum of American Art.
January 28
@ Conference Prominent musicians and promoters who
helped shape the local contemporary musical scene dis-
cussed the history of Latin music in Washington, D.C.,
at a conference sponsored by the Anacostia Museum.
January 28-February 13
w Study Tour For the first time, Smithsonian Associ-
ates journeyed to Vietnam and Cambodia on two inter-
national study tours sponsored by The Smithsonian
Associates.
January 30-February 18
m@ Tour The Archives of American Art sponsored an
exploration of extraordinary architectural and artistic
sights, “Temple-Mountains and Dragon Kings.” Tour-
ing on land and sea, this adventure began in Bangkok
and continued to Cambodia, Vietnam, and Hong Kong.
Archives Trustee Council member Dr. Helen Jessup was
the guest lecturer.
February—September
m Exhibition “Virgil Whyte ’All-Girl’ Band,” a display
of photographs, documents, and artifacts, was on view
at the National Museum of American History. The exhi-
bition showed how a touring U.S.O. band promoted
equal job opportunity for women during World War II
because the band’s director, Virgil Whyte, demanded
that his female musicians receive union pay equal to
that of male musicians of comparable skills.
February I-4
w Public Program John Singleton, director of the ac-
claimed Boyz ’n the Hood, was among the participants
at the conference “too Years of Black Film: Imaging
African American Life, History, and Culture” at the
National Museum of American History.
February 6-9
@ Course “Exhibit, Storage, and Handling of Furniture
Collections,” a preservation-oriented specialist course
for caretakers of furniture collections, was organized at
the Conservation Analytical Laboratory.
February 8
@ Television Broadcast Millions of early-morning tele-
vision viewers had a good look at the National Museum
of American History when it was the site of a special
broadcast of Good Morning America on ABC.
February 10-November 19
w Exhibition “Majestic in His Wrath: The Life of Fred-
erick Douglass,” coorganized with the National Park
Service, was on view at the National Portrait Gallery.
Commemorating the 100th anniversary of civil rights
crusader Douglass’ death, this exhibition evoked his life
and legacy. The accompanying catalog, Mayzestic in His
Wrath: A Pictorial Life of Frederick Douglass. by Portrait
Gallery historian Frederick S. Voss, received the Blue
Pencil Award from the National Association of
Government Communicators.
February 10
@ Public Program na Cultures in Motion program at
the National Portrait Gallery entitled “The Painted
Gourd: Red and Black Voices,” Penny Gamble Wil-
liams (Wampanoag/Chappaquiddick), ZSun-nee
Matema (Choctaw/African), and Victoria Price
(Cherokee/African) shared stories, histories, drama,
and music from their mixed Native American and
African American heritage of the Southeast.
February 13
m Exhibition First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton
addressed students, teachers, and several White House
workers at Shaed Elementary School in northeast Wash-
ington, D.C., in conjunction with the opening of the
exhibition “Workers at the White House” at the school.
The exhibition was produced by the Center for Folklife
Programs and Cultural Studies in cooperation with the
White House Historical Association and the National
Archives.
February 15
w@ Exhibition “Asbestos: Promise, Problems, Panic, Pru-
dence” opened at the National Museum of American
History as part of the museum's “History in the News”
series.
February 17
w@ Exhibition
tion of children’s art, opened in the National Zoo's
“Impressions of Another Land,” an exhibi-
Education Building. The artists, fourth graders from
Sydney, Australia, and Chevy Chase, Maryland, drew a
remarkable series of pictures of Australian animals—the
Sydney students from firsthand experience, the Mary-
landers from photographs and videotapes.
February 23
Workers at the White House aired
on Washington public television station WETA as part
@ Television Broadcast
of the commemoration of Black History Month. The
video was produced by the Center for Folklife Programs
and Cultural Studies in cooperation with the White
House Historical Association and the National Archives.
February 28—March 1
@ Conference The National Science Resources Center
and the Academia de la Investigacién Cientifica, the
Mexican counterpart of the National Academy of Sci-
ences, cosponsored Mexico's first Forum on Science Edu-
cation. The 75 participants, including corporate
executives and educators, explored how business and
industry in Mexico could become involved in science
education reform.
March
w Visit
Science, and Technology Baldwin Ngubane visited the
South African Minister of Arts, Culture,
Smithsonian.
March
w Exhibition “Full Deck Art Quilts” opened at the
Renwick Gallery of the National Museum of American
Art. Developed by Maryland-based artist Sue Pierce and
17
the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Ser-
vice, this exhibition features 54 dramatically colored
quilts inspired by playing-card images. The exhibi-
tion is traveling to 11 locations across the country, in-
cluding regional art centers, university galleries, and
art Museums.
March
B Fellowships
stitute, Ulrich Mueller, a researcher from Cornell Uni-
At the Smithsonian Tropical Research In-
versity, was selected as the first Earl S. Tupper
three-year postdoctoral fellow; he will conduct research
on “The Evolution and Ecology of the Attine-Fungus
Symbiosis.” Eloisa Lasso, a senior botany student at the
University of Panama, was the first recipient of the Alan
P. Smith Fellowship.
March
The National Museum of Natural His-
tory completed a comprehensive visitor survey, devoting
@ Visitor Survey
one year to interviewing nearly 5,000 visitors. The sur-
vey revealed that nearly half of visitors come to the mu-
seum with children, many are visiting the museum for
the first time, and most have a relatively focused goal
for their visit. The results will help the museum de-
velop the most effective and popular exhibitions and
public programs.
March
w Exhibition
Museum of Natural History and circulated by the
“Spiders!"—organized by the National
Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service—
began its national tour at the American Museum of Nat-
ural History in New York City. Funded by Marvel
Entertainment, “Spiders!” will travel to nine more sci-
ence and natural history museums through 1997, includ-
ing the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, the Royal
Ontario Museum in Toronto, and the Field Museum of
Natural History in Chicago.
March
gw New Construction Construction of a new 10,460-
square-foot office building was begun at the
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. The
new building will house the administrative and edu-
cation program staffs as well as the center's central
computer facilities.
18
March
w Special Event Ina ceremony at the National Museum
of American History, Hillary Rodham Clinton pre-
sented the gown she wore to inaugural balls in 1993 to
the First Ladies Collection. The gown is on exhibit in
the “Ceremonial Court,” which displays many artifacts
belonging to past presidents and first families and re-
creates architectural details of the 1902 White House.
March 6
w Benefit Event The Detroit Council of the Archives of
American Art presented “Celestial Sorcery,” its annual
benefit ball, at the Renaissance Club in Detroit.
March 8
B Awards Program The National Science Resources
Center cohosted a program for secondary school teachers
who received the Presidential Awards for Excellence in
Science and Mathematics Teaching.
March 9
The Archives of American Art New York
Committee visited the studio and home of the re-
w Tour
nowned sculptor Donald Judd. William Agee, professor
of art history at Hunter College and chairman of the
Archives’ New York Advisory Committee, lectured on
Judd’s private collection, which shows the evolution of
his work and displays the work of artists he admired.
March 12-14
@ Conference Smithsonian scholars from many dis-
ciplines held a three-day conference, “What About In-
crease? The First Science and Humanities Dialogue.”
The event was supported by the Office of the Provost.
Focusing on the history and contributions of Smithson-
ian researchers, the meeting brought together scholars
from the sciences and humanities for the first time in
many years and fostered a spirit of community, shared
goals, and cooperative endeavor.
March 15
w Publication Award Smithsonian Institution Univer-
sity Press’s publication Eakins and the Photograph: Works
by Thomas Eakins and His Circle in the Collection of the
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, by Suan Danly and
Chery] Liebold, was selected as the winner of the
George Witcenborn Memorial Award, given annually
by the Art Libraries Society of North America.
March 15
wm Exhibition
Stills” opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture
“Directions—Cindy Sherman: Film
Garden, marking the first complete showing of a forma-
tive series for this artist (b. 1954), who is known for her
evocatively staged, self-posed photographs. The exhibi-
tion inspired programs, including a film-noir festival, a
high school photography project and exhibition, a lec-
ture, and a “Young at Art” photo-collage workshop.
March 16
@ Dedication
tute dedicated its library to Earl S. Tupper on the open-
The Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti-
ing of the new annex and the expansion of the original
library building, which were made possible by a gift
from the Tupper family. The STRI branch of the
Smithsonian Institution Libraries has been the premier
Central American research library for the scientific com-
munity since 1956. The renovated facilities will help
staff serve the 18,000 library users who come each year.
March 17
w Special Event
and scope of the Smithsonian, the Visitor Information
To promote understanding of the size
and Associates’ Reception Center cohosted a reception
with the Washington Area Concierge Association for
leading international concierges who were in the city to
attend the annual meeting of Les Clefs d'Or.
March 18-19
@ Public Program and Exhibition The National Museum
of American History presented “What's American
about American Quilts?’”—a conference examining as-
pects of American and European quilting traditions.
The forum was produced with support from the Ameri-
can Quilt Defense Fund. On March 14, the museum
opened the exhibition “Putting Her Best Quilt For-
ward: Exhibiting at the Fair,” which focused on how
19th-century fairs gave women quilters an opportunity
to display their talents and gather new ideas.
March 22
The National Air and Space
Museum's most prestigious space lecture, the Wernher
gw Public Program
von Braun Memorial Lecture, was presented by Dr.
John H. Gibbons, assistant to the president for science
and technology and director of the White House Office
of Science and Technology Policy.
March 23-26
@ Outreach At the National Science Teachers
Association's annual convention in Philadelphia, the Na-
tional Science Resources Center exhibited its programs,
made presentations, and gave workshops on its Science
and Technology for Children curriculum units.
March 23
@ Milestone Jomu, one of the world’s first cheetahs
produced by artificial insemination, became part of the
National Zoo's Cheetah Conservation Station. The 21-
month-old female is a product of new research in as-
sisted reproduction of endangered cats conducted at the
Caldwell Zoo in Tyler, Texas, by staff from the Zoo's
New Opportunities in Animal Health Sciences Center.
March 24
Bw Major Gift
niture and interior designer, and her husband Dr. James
Agnes Bourne, a San Francisco-based fur-
Luebbers sold their century-old landmark mansion,
Stonehouse, and donated $2 million of the proceeds to
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum for the
museum's renovation and accessibility project.
March 24
w Exhibition
ern Sculpture from the Hirshhorn Museum” opened
“The Human Figure Interpreted: Mod-
at the Taipei Fine Arts Museum in Taiwan, launching
a tour that included museums in Otsu, Tokyo, Iwaki,
and Takamatsu, Japan. The largest presentation of
sculpture from the Hirshhorn ever sent overseas, the
exhibition featured some 60 works by Edgar Degas,
Henri Matisse, Alexander Archipenko, Alberto
Giacometti, Henry Moore, Marino Marini, and—in
Japan only, where the tour was supported by Tokyo's
Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper chain—Auguste Rodin
and Jacques Lipchitz.
Marth 25—April 7
w Study Tour Smithsonian Associates traveled to Syria
for the first time on an international study tour spon-
sored by The Smithsonian Associates, visiting the classi-
cal archaeological sites of Palmyra and Apamea.
March 25
w Festival The largest crowd ever—estimated at more
than 15,000 people—attended The Smithsonian
Associates’ 29th annual Kite Festival on the Washing-
ton Monument grounds. Kite flyers from all over the
world entered the handmade-kite flying contest, and
the sky was filled with stunning kite displays provided
by contestants and various kite organizations.
March 26
w Public program “A Discussion with Hiroshima
Kazuo,” whose work was featured in the exhibition “A
Basketmaker in Rural Japan” at the Arthur M. Sackler
Gallery drew members of the public whose interest had
been piqued by Mr. Hiroshima’s remarkable repertoire
of utilitarian baskets.
March 27
w News Conference The Office of Public Affairs organ-
ized a news conference to launch the planning and com-
memoration of the Smithsonian's Isoth anniversary in
1996. Secretary I. Michael Heyman described the
Institution's plans for the celebration, from the big
event on the National Mall to the once-in-a-lifetime
traveling exhibition of treasures from the collections.
March 31
@ Facility Design
of the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center in
The design of the National Museum
Suitland, Maryland, was completed by the award-win-
ning architectural firm of Polshek and Partners of New
York City, working with Metcalf Tobey Davis of Res-
ton, Virginia, in association with the Native American
Design Collaborative.
Spring
8 Awards
received awards from the Art Director's Club and the
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum
Type Director’s Club for the museum's new graphic
identity program.
Spring
w Publiation National Museum of American Art, which
invites readers to explore a wide range of the museum's
collections, was published by the museum in collabora-
tion with Bullfinch. Featuring 450 full-color
illustrations, the book is organized thematically to re-
20
flect the variety of concerns and aesthetic visions that
have shaped American art over the past three centuries.
It was the Smithsonian's annual gift to almost 80,000
Contributing Members.
April
@ Exhibition
developed of the popular National Museum of Ameri-
A small-format, free-standing version was
can History-Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibi-
tion Service exhibition “Beyond Category: The Musical
Genius of Duke Ellington.” Two copies of this version, a
coliaboration between SITES and the American Library
Association, opened simultaneously at the Carnegie
Library of Pittsburgh and the Providence, Rhode Island,
Public Library. SITES also prepared a third copy, which
opened at the Broward County Main Library in Fort
Lauderdale, Florida. The original exhibition was on
view in California at the San Francisco and Monterey
Jazz Festivals during the summer of 1995. “Beyond Cate-
gory” is part of the program America’s Jazz Heritage: A
Partnership of the Lila Wallace-Reader’s Digest Fund
and the Smithsonian Institution.
April
@ Exhibitions The National Air and Space Museum
opened two World War II-related exhibitions: “Build-
ing the Arsenal of Democracy: World War II Photo-
graphs from the National Air and Space Museum
Archives” and “Hellcat.”
April
@ New Laboratory The National Zoo’s Department of
Zoological Research established a biovisualization lab-
oratory. Orchestrated by Dr. Alfred Rosenberger, this
state-of-the-art computerized system incorporates dig-
itized 3-D imaging and animation. These tools will
allow scientists to display and study biological and
cultural artifacts, such as animal skulls, in three-
dimensional digital form with a high degree of
accuracy.
April
@ Research The Smithsonian Environmental Research
Center initiated seasonal sampling of 100 tributaries
of the Rappahannock and Shenandoah Rivers in Vir-
ginia for concentrations of nutrients. The sampling
was part of the center's overall study of the Chesa-
peake Bay watershed.
April
w Publication
tory published Space for Women. a 20-page booklet en-
The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa-
couraging young women to pursue Careers 1n astronomy.
April
w Electronic Outreach With the introduction of its
World Wide Web home page, the National Museum of
American Art expanded its effort to offer Internet
resources. The home page joined the museum's Gopher
site, which premiered in January. Offerings on the
award-winning World Wide Web site include an elec-
tronic tour of the “White House Collection of American
Crafts” exhibition and pages devoted to each of the
museum's special exhibitions.
April
B Collections
from the old location of the National Museum of the
The move of more than 45,000 objects
American Indian in New York City to the Research
Branch in the Bronx, New York, began.
April
@ Conference The Fourth International Conference on
Space Tether Systems was held at the Smithsonian with
the joint sponsorship of the Smithsonian Astrophysical
Observatory, the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, and the Italian Space Agency.
April
w New Membership Program The Center for Folklife Pro-
grams and Cultural Studies initiated Friends of the Fes-
tival, a group that will develop programs in support of
the Festival of American Folklife.
April
w Exhibition Videos The Office of Telecommunications
completed six videos for the new “Exploring Marine
Ecosystems” exhibition at the National Museum of Nar-
ural History, giving visitors a close-up look at the work-
ings of various marine habitats.
April
The National Science Re-
sources Center began nationally field-testing the prelim-
B Curriculum Development
inary editions of Solids and Liquids and Comparing and
Measuring, two first-grade units in the Science and
Technology for Children hands-on science curriculum
program.
April 1
w Exhibition opening “On the River” opened at the
Freer Gallery of Art with a selection of 27 Chinese hand-
scrolls, album leaves, hanging scrolls, and fans from the
13th through 19th century depicting life along China's
waterways.
April 3
@ Agreement The Smithsonian Institution and Lancit
Media Productions Ltd. signed an agreement to jointly
develop a major television series for children ages 8 to
12 based on Smithsonian resources.
April 4—July 14
@ Exhibition
was presented at the Archives of American Art New
“Giorgio Cavallon: A Signal Luminosity”
York Regional Center Gallery. Cavallon was an Italian-
born American artist who showed in New York with
the early abstract expressionists such as Jackson Pollock
and Willem de Kooning. The show highlighted his
quiet career of hard work and reticence in the face of the
explosive art world of his day.
April 5
The 1995 Rutherford J. Gettens Memorial
Lecture on technical studies of art was delivered by
@ Lecture
Noel Barnard, professor emeritus of East Asian art his-
tory at the Australian National University. His topic
was “Centrifugal and Centripetal Aspects of the Devel-
opment of Metallurgy in China.”
April 6-8
@ Meeting The Smithsonian National Board held its
spring meeting in Seattle, Washington.
April 7-August 13
w Exhibition
James McNeill Whistler” was on view at the National
“In Pursuit of the Butterfly: Portraits of
Portrait Gallery. The more than 80 works in the exhibi-
tion showed aspects of Whistler's public and private
lives, from his student days in Paris to his last years in
turn-of-the-century London.
April 7
w Lecture Series “First Fridays: Gallery Talks,” featuring
informal talks by staff, was inaugurated by the Educa-
tion Division of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture
Garden with Associate Curator Phyllis Rosenzweig's
discussion of Louise Bourgeois’s 1947—49 sculpture The
Blind Leading the Blind.
April 12
w Benefit Event
Museum hosted its second annual benefit auction at
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design
Christie's. More than 500 guests attended the event,
which raised over $130,000 for the museum's general
operating expenses.
April 12
B Artist Talk The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture
Garden continued its “Collection Reviewed” series of
artist's talks, sponsored by the Smithsonian's Special
Exhibition Fund, with a presentation by African Ameri-
can artist Robert Colescott of New Mexico. On May 17,
Juliao Sarmento of Lisbon, Portugal, continued the se-
ries with an appearance that received additional support
from the Luso-American Development Foundation.
April 15
B Fellowships The Office of Fellowships and Grants
offered 66 awards under the Smithsonian Fellowship
Program. Twenty-one percent of the awards went to
people from underrepresented groups.
April 20
w Research
Astrophysical Observatory scientist and European col-
An experiment developed by a Smithsonian
leagues to map ozone levels in Earth’s upper atmosphere
was launched aboard the European Remote Sensing
Satellite.
April 22
w Exhibition “Ocean Planet,” which celebrates the spec-
tacular biological diversity of the oceans and examines
the human impact on them, opened at the National
Museum of Natural History on Earth Day. The $4.1 mil-
lion, 7,500-square-foot exhibition was made possible by
a unique combination of foundation and corporate sup-
porters, including the National Science Foundation,
Times Mirror Magazines, Inc., and The Pew Charitable
Trusts. The exhibition was organized by the museum
22
and the Smithsonian's Environmental Awareness Pro-
gram and will be circulated nationally through 1999
by the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition
Service.
April 22
@ Special event
chase at their annual dinner, the Friends of Asian Arts
Among the works of art selected for pur-
at the Freer and Sackler Galleries chose the rare Portrait
of Yamamoto Kansuke, a hanging scroll by Gion Seitoku
(1781-1829?) for addition to the collection of the Freer
Gallery of Art.
April 23
@ Workshop The National Science Resources Center
conducted two science education workshops for more
than 200 participants at the 123rd annual meeting of the
National Academy of Sciences.
April 24
w Endowment The Vincent Wilkinson Endowment was
established in the Center for Museum Studies by Mr.
and Mrs. Anthony Welters. The fund, named in honor
of Mrs. Welters’ father, supports African American
undergraduates in the center's Museum Intern Partner-
ship Program.
April 26
@ Appreciation Event The Visitor Information and
Associates’ Reception Center hosted the annual apprecia-
tion event for behind-the-scenes volunteers.
April 27-30
B Craft Show
120 exhibitors at the Smithsonian Craft Show, held in
Fifteen thousand visitors saw displays of
the National Building Museum. This annua! event is
sponsored by the Smithsonian Women’s Committee.
April 28-September 4
w Exhibition and Electronic Outreach The “White
House Collection of American Crafts” exhibition
and its complementary Internet tour
(heep://www.nmaa.si-edu//whc/americancrafts) show-
cased 72 examples of contemporary craft by some of
America’s most innovative artists in glass, ceramics,
wood, metal, and fiber. The works were originally as-
sembled for display in the White House in recognition
of the Year of American Craft in 1993. First Lady Hillary
Rodham Clinton introduced the exhibition to the press at
the museum on April 25. As the exhibition tours Ameri-
can museums through mid—1997, the regularly updated
Internet tour invites electronic “visitors” to see the objects
in the White House and visit the artists in their studios.
The electronic tour was made possible by a gift from MCI.
April 28
w Public Program More than 300 middle school and
high school students from 18 public schools in the
Washington, D.C., area participated in a showcase of
poetry, song, and dance during the Smithsonian's
Fourth Annual Duke Ellington Youth Festival at the
National Museum of American History. The students
also displayed original works of art based on themes in
Ellington's life and work in a temporary exhibition
presented in conjunction with the festival.
April 29
The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery held a
one-day symposium, “Saints, Sufis, and Siddhas: Holy
m Symposium
Men and Women in South Asian Art,” exploring the
broad significance of the holy personage in the artistic
culture of South Asia. The symposium was generously
funded by Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler.
May
gw Visit
Sirikit of Thailand was guest of honor at a luncheon at the
During her visit to the Smithsonian, Queen
National Museum of American History and an evening re-
ception at the National Museum of Natural History.
May
mw Exhibition The National Museum of African Art
opened the traveling exhibition “Ancient Nubia:
Egypt's Rival in Africa,” which presented 300 artifacts
that document the rise and fall of Nubian kingdoms
from 3100 B.C. to A.D. 400. In conjunction with the
exhibition, which was organized by the University of
Pennsylvania Museum, the National Museum of Afri-
can Art sponsored extensive programs for the public
and teachers, including workshops, panel discussions,
storytelling, and musical performances.
May
w Fellowship Dr. Pedro E. Leon Azofeifa of the School
of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, was awarded the
second George E. Burch Fellowship, administered by
the Office of Fellowships and Grants.
May
g@ Exhibition “VanDerZee, Photographer (1886—1983),” a
National Portrait Gallery exhibition, began its national
tour under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution
Traveling Exhibition Service at the African American
Museum of Fine Arts in San Diego, California.
May
@ Publication The Freer Gallery of Art published With
Kindest Regards, a volume of correspondence between
James McNeill Whistler and Gallery founder Charles
Lang Freer, edited by Linda Merrill, associate curator of
American art.
May 1
@ Internships Thirty-three students were offered awards
under the Summer Minority Internship Program
administered by the Office of Fellowships and Grants.
Thirteen were African American, ten were Latino, seven
were Asian American, two were Native American, and
one was physically challenged.
May 3-6
w Members’ Event
and a half days of behind-the-scenes tours in the “Trea-
Contributing Members enjoyed three
sures of the Smithsonian” program.
May 4
@ Tour and Reception In celebration of the Archives of
American Art's 40th anniversary, the Detroit Council
sponsored an art tour and reception at Masco Corpora-
tion in Taylor, Michigan. Archives trustee Richard
Manoogian and his wife, Jane Manoogian, hosted an eve-
ning of dining and tours of the Masco Corporate Art
Collection and the Masco Home Furnishings Showroom.
May 5
@ Conference In coordination with the Office of the Pro-
vost, the Smithsonian Council of Museum Education
Directors organized an Institution-wide conference on
“Museums as Partners in School Reform.” The confer-
ence provided an overview of Goals 2000: Educate
America Act and the national guidelines for disciplin-
ary standards for education. Participants also learned
tv
rey)
about local, national, and Smithsonian examples of the
museum community’s involvement in school reform.
May 6
w Children’s Program Children with visual impair-
ments were encouraged to experience works of art at the
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in a “Young
at Art” family workshop. During the year, eight “Young
at Art” programs enthralled more than 160 six-to-eleven
year olds and their parents.
May 6
w New Research Facility A major field station for ma-
rine biological research in the Caribbean was opened in
the Cayos Cochinos Biological Reserve by a consortium
of private partners in Honduras and Switzerland, the
Honduras Coral Reef Foundation, and a partnership of
the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the
Honduran government.
May 6-7
@ Conference In conjunction with the Anacostia
Museum's exhibition “Black Mosaic: Community, Race,
and Ethnicity among Black Immigrants in Washington,
D.C.,” a two-day conference focused on Caribbean
music in Washington. Promoters, performers, deejays,
producers, and media personalities participated in panel
discussions and musical demonstrations.
May 7
w Public program Visitors of all ages to the Arthur M.
Sackler Gallery had the opportunity to explore the bio-
logical, literary, musical, artistic, and even culinary asso-
ciations of bamboo during the first “Spirit of Bamboo”
family day. The program, presented during the exhibi-
tion “A Basketmaker in Rural Japan,” was repeated
three times during the month.
May 7-11
mw Workshop The National Science Resources Center
and the New York City Urban Systemic Initiative co-
sponsored a Science Education Leadership Institute for
New York City public school teachers. More than 70
participants representing kindergarten through 12th
grade attended the week-long institute.
24
May 8
w Electronic Outreach The Office of Public Affairs
helped open the Smithsonian's home page
(http://www.si.edu), which instantly became one of the
most popular sites on the World Wide Web. The cere-
mony to launch the site was held in the office of the
Speaker of the House of Representatives. The opening
demonstration included the online exhibitions “Ocean
Planet” and “White House Collection of American
Crafts”; services such as what to see in the museums and
what to buy in the shops; information on everything
from dinosaurs to sculptures; 3,000 images; and a sam-
pling of recordings from the Smithsonian collection.
May &
w Electronic Outreach The Smithsonian Institution Trav-
eling Exhibition Service entered cyberspace on the
Smithsonian's World Wide Web home page, which
makes available a list of SITES exhibitions currently
traveling around the country.
May 8
w Electronic Outreach The National Portrait Gallery
launched its virtual museum as part of the
Smithsonian's home page on the World Wide Web and
the Smithsonian Online educational service on America
Online. Previews of exhibitions, current events, high-
lights of the permanent collection, brochures, educa-
tional programs, and publications are available on both
services. On the Fourth of July holiday, America Online
featured an image of Rembrandt Peale’s famous “Port-
hole” portrait of George Washington; users downloaded
the image nearly 1,400 times.
May 8
w Electronic Outreach The National Museum of Natural
History's home page made its debut on the World Wide
Web. Museum information available to Internet users
now includes the mission statement, the visitors’ guide,
the quarterly calendar of events, and an online version of
the “Ocean Planet” exhibition. Information about each
of the research departments and many specialized publi-
cations and collections is also provided.
May 8
w Symposium The Smithsonian Corporate Membership
Program hosted its annual luncheon program, “The
Power of Learning in an Enlightened Information Age,”
in the Castle Commons.
May 8-12
gw Training With the course “Conservation Admin-
istration,” the students in the class of 1996 at the
Conservation Analytical Laboratory's Furniture
Conservation Training Program finished their three
years of course work. They will graduate after com-
pleting one-year internships.
May 9
w Special Event
tration and their families visited the National Museum
Members of Congress and the adminis-
of Natural History during its first Open House Expedi-
tion. Adults and children followed special maps to lo-
cate nearly 50 stations throughout the museum where
staff members displayed unusual objects from the
museum's collections, described research projects, and
answered questions from guests. The event was spon-
sored by Motorola.
May 11
w@ Public Program The National Air and Space
Museum's most prestigious aviation lecture, the Charles
A. Lindbergh Memorial Lecture, was presented by
World War II fighter pilot Quentin C. Aanenson.
May 12
gw Exhibition
America,” an exhibition devoted to vacation postcards,
“Are We There Yet? Vacationing in
opened at the National Postal Museum.
May 14, 1995
w Exhibition opening “Whistler and Japan,” featuring
two of the best-known collections of the Freer Gallery
of Art, was one of four exhibitions marking the work of
the American expatriate artist James McNeill Whistler
held in Washington, D.C., this year.
May 17
w Family Packages The Office of Public Affairs released
its Smithsonian Family Packages, a collection of useful
information for adults who plan to visit the museums
with children or young adults, updated for the summer
of 1995. The free Family Package, issued in English and
Spanish and intended for both news media and the pub-
lic, contains a guide to museums with exhibitions and
activities popular among children and young adults, a
Smithsonian quiz for kids, and Io tips for visitors with
children.
May 18
w Benefit Event The Friends of the National Zoo's
12th annual fund-raising gala, ZooFari, featured food
from 100 Washington-area restaurants and attracted
thousands of guests. The proceeds supported
National Zoo exhibition, education, conservation,
and research programs.
May 18
w Public program
and seek), a dance-drama created as part of the Asian
Culture Project of The Model Secondary School for the
Deaf was offered in the Meyer Auditorium of the Freer
A performance of “Kakurenbo (hide
Gallery of Arc. The project resulted from collaboration
among The Model Secondary School for the Deaf, The
Freer and Arthur M. Sackler galleries, and the Japan
Information and Culture Center.
May 19
w Exhibition
plants and animals went on view in the National Mu-
A magnificent display of living marine
seum of Natural History’s new permanent exhibition
“Exploring Marine Ecosystems.” After entering through
a simulated undersea kelp forest, visitors can view mod-
els of two of Earth’s most fascinating natural communi-
ties: the rocky coast of Maine and a Caribbean coral reef.
The new exhibition is the second segment of a three-
phase rejuvenation of the museum's marine hall.
May 23
w Lecture In commemoration of the soth anniversary of
Harry S. Truman's inauguration, Pulitzer Prize-winning
biographer David McCullough addressed a capacity
audience as The Smithsonian Associates paid tribute to
the nation’s 33rd president.
May 24
w Design Award The Hirshhorn Museum plaza won a
1995 Federal Design Achievement Award. The renova-
tion and landscaping project by James Urban Associates
of Annapolis, Maryland, introduced trees, accessibility
features, areas of lawn, and granite flooring to the plaza.
25
May 24
w Design Awards Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Mu-
seum received seven 1995 Federal Design Achievement
Awards for recent exhibitions and the publication The
Edge of the Millennium.
May 25
w Milestone The first breeding outside the wild of a
Hawaiian honeycreeper was achieved at the National
Zoo's Conservation and Research Center. Scientists at
the center are using several nonendangered types of
honeycreepers as research surrogates to develop hus-
bandry and propagation techniques for Hawaii's highly
endangered avian species.
May 26
@ Special Event
United States travel destination for foreign visitors, the
To promote the Smithsonian as a primary
Visitor Information and Associates’ Reception Center
cohosted a reception for major international tour operators
at the National Air and Space Museum with the Washing-
ton, D.C., Convention and Visitors Association.
May 26
w Exhibition The Smithsonian Institution Libraries ex-
hibition “Science and the Artist's Book,” cosponsored by
the Washington Project for the Arts, explored how sci-
entific ideas can stimulate artistic creation. The year-
long show, featured in the June 1995 Smzthsonian
magazine, displays original artists’ books inspired by
and displayed with pioneering scientific studies in the
rare book collections of the Libraries’ Dibner Library of
the History of Science and Technology.
May 30
w Lecture Roald Hoffmann, Cornell University’s Nobel
laureate in chemistry, poet, and author, delivered the
Dibner Library Lecture, “Chemistry Imagined,” which
explored connections between science and art. The
lecture was featured in conjunction with the opening of
the Smithsonian Institution Libraries exhibition
“Science and the Artist's Book.”
May 31
w Major Gift and New Facility The Jerome and
Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention
and Innovation was established at the National Museum
26
of American History through a $10.4 million gift from
inventor Jerome Lemelson and his wife, Dorothy. Their
cash donation is the largest ever given to the Smithson-
ian Institution by an individual.
Summer
w Teachers’ Workshops The National Museum of Ameri-
can Art hosted three week-long summer workshops for
teachers from across the country, extending the use of
the museum’s education resource materials.
Summer
@ Grant The National Museum of American Art re-
ceived a five-year grant to continue a New Media Learn-
ing Environment project in Nebraska that will facilitate
offering museum art and information online to schools.
A summer workshop focused on integrating art and
technology. The museum is also working on an online
pilot project involving Texas schools.
June
@ New Membership Program The National Air and
Space Society was established as an individual member-
ship program designed to raise capital funds for the
building of the National Air and Space Museum's
Dulles Center as well as to support the museum's
restoration and preservation projects and educational
programs. By the end of the fiscal year, the society had
more than 2,000 contributing members.
June
w@ New Department The National Museum of American
Art established a development department and
launched a quarterly members’ newsletter to keep spe-
cial constituents in closer touch with museum activities
and behind-the-scenes information.
June
@ [nternships
mentary and Secondary Education, brought its 20th
Intern '95, sponsored by the Office of Ele-
class of graduating high school seniors to Washington
for career-related work experience in the museums.
June
@ Electronic Republishing The Smithsonian Institution
Libraries launched an electronic republishing program
with a pilot project funded by the Atherton Seidell En-
dowment. The full, searchable text of two volumes in
the Smithsonian's Bureau of American Ethnology series
of Native American anthropology studies will be avail-
able on the Libraries’ World Wide Web site.
June
w Professional Development The Office of Elementary
and Secondary Education coordinated 15 for-credit short
courses for local teachers, ranging from “Insects in the
Classroom” to “Using Museums to Teach Writing.”
June
w Exhibition
Exhibition Service donated “Contrasts/Contrastes: Forty
The Smithsonian Institution Traveling
Years of Continuity and Change in Puerto Rico,” an ex-
hibition of photographs by Jack Delano, to the Poncé
Museum in Poncé, Puerto Rico. The donation coincided
with Delano’s gift of his collection to the museum. The
event was celebrated with a variety of public programs.
June
@ Publication Radio Smithsonian's 1996 Jazz Calendar
was published for distribution to listeners of the radio
series Jazz Smithsonian, showcasing the Smithsonian's
broad commitment to preserving and celebrating jazz.
June
@ Research Consortium The headquarters of the Chesa-
peake Research Consortium moved to the Smithsonian
Environmental Research Center. The consortium fosters
research among its six members: the Smithsonian,
Johns Hopkins University, the University of Maryland,
the College of William and Mary, Old Dominion Uni-
versity, and the Philadelphia Academy of Science.
June
w Promotional Initiative The Visitor Information and
Associates’ Reception Center began providing informa-
tion about Smithsonian exhibitions and activities to
Digital Ink, the Washington Post's online service.
June
m Research A novel underwater videotape camera
provided by the National Geographic Society was em-
ployed by a team of scientists led by the National Zoo's
Dr. Daryl] Boness to gather the first underwater images
and data on harbor seal behavior. The team traveled to
Sable Island in the North Atlantic Ocean to attach cam-
eras temporarily to the backs of the seals.
June—July
@ Publiwations The Office of Public Affairs issued up-
dated versions of two of its Institution-wide resource
brochures: “Native American Resources at the
Smithsonian” and “Latino Resources at the Smithson-
ian.” These brochures encourage readers to participate
in cultural activities at the Smithsonian and to take ad-
vantage of research, employment, internship, and fellow-
ship opportunities. Funding for “Latino Resources” was
provided by the James Smithson Society. Partial fund-
ing for “Native American Resources” was provided by
the Phillips Petroleum Foundation, Inc.
June—July
w Exhibition The Center for Folklife Programs and Cul-
tural Studies mounted an exhibition of the work of
Cape Verdean photographer Ron Barboza in the Interna-
tional Center. The exhibition featured portraits of Cape
Verdeans from most of the islands in the archipelago
and from communities in Portugal and the United
States, landscapes, and the work Cape Verdeans do that
contributes to their own and many of the world’s
communities.
June l
@ Tour The Archives of American Art New York
Committee visited the Hudson River Museum to view
the highly acclaimed George Inness exhibition. Follow-
ing the tour, participants were welcomed at the home of
Archives trustee Frank Martucci and his wife, Katherine
Martucci, for a tour of their collection, which includes
works by Inness as well as by Russian, Israeli, and Ital-
ian contemporary artists.
June I
@ Lecture The National Postal Museum hosted
“Marilyn Monroe: The Myth and the Message,” a lec-
ture by film critics and cinema scholars Molly Haskel
and Andrew Sarris, held in conjunction with the issu-
ance of the Marilyn Monroe stamp by the United States
Postal Service.
June r
@ Colloquium The Freer Gallery of Art cosponsored a
Whistler Scholars’ Colloquium with the Centre for
Whistler Studies, University of Glasgow, and held at the
Freer. The colloquium also marked the beginning of a col-
laborative project between the two organizations to pub-
lish all the letters written by James McNeill Whistler.
June 2
“Whistler and His World,” a one-
day segment of a three-day symposium on the life and
pw Public Program
art of James McNeill Whistler, was presented at the
National Portrait Gallery in conjunction with the exhi-
bition “In Pursuit of the Butterfly: Portraits of James
McNeill Whistler.” The symposium was jointly spon-
sored by the National Portrait Gallery, the National
Gallery of Art, and the Freer Gallery of Arc.
June 3
@ Members’ Event Contributing Members had a special
after-hours viewing of the exhibition “Ocean Planet” at
the National Museum of Natural History.
June 5
w Milestone Griff, the National Zoo's 13-year-old Masai
giraffe, gave birth to a 114-pound female calf. The new-
born stood 5 feet, 10 inches tall and took its first stum-
bling steps in just 28 minutes. Masai giraffes, although
not endangered, are not common in North American
ZOOS.
June &-9
w Public Program
Museum presented “Les Journées des Artisans: A Cele-
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design
bration of Craftsmanship,” a two-day festival featuring
artisans from New York and France demonstrating
traditional craft techniques in leather, stained glass,
wrought iron, gold leaf, and other materials.
June 8
w Research Ground was broken for the Smithsonian
Astrophysical Observatory’s pioneering array of six
submillimeter radio telescopes at a site near the summit
of Mauna Kea, Hawaii.
June 9
w Exhibition “Flight Time Barbie: Dolls from the Pop-
ular Culture Collection of the National Air and Space
Museum” opened in the museum's Flight and the Arts
gallery.
28
June 12
w Public Program The National Portrait Gallery pre-
sented “Friends of Frederick Douglass: Harriet Beecher
Stowe,” a Cultures in Motion lecture and discussion by
Stowe’s biographer Joan Hedrick on the phenomenal
impact of Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. The presenta-
tion was accompanied by a staged reading of scenes
from I Ain't Your Uncle, Robert Alexander's recent play
based on the novel.
June 14—September 10
Bw Exhibition “Sean Scully: Twenty Years, 1976-1995”
launched an international tour at the Hirshhorn Mu-
seum and Sculpture Garden, accompanied by a public
dialogue by the artist and organizing curator Ned
Rifkin, director of the High Museum of Art in Atlanta.
Organized by that museum, where it traveled after clos-
ing in Washington, the retrospective charted the evoca-
tive abstract imagery of this Irish-born American artist
(b. 1945) with more than 60 paintings and works on
paper. From Atlanta, the exhibition traveled to Barce-
lona, Dublin, and Frankfurt.
June 15
w Exhibition “World War II: Sharing Memories,”
which opened at the National Museum of American
History, used wartime artifacts to evoke the memories
of visitors, who were encouraged to write their thoughts
in notebooks. Hundreds of people wrote firsthand ac-
counts and reminiscences handed down by family mem-
bers. Many of the notes were posted on a bulletin board
inside the exhibition for other visitors to read.
June 17
w Exhibition and Education Programs At the Anacostia
Museum, students from the Lucy Ellen Moten Elemen-
tary School exhibited original writings, artwork, photo-
graphs, and artifacts reflecting the Anacostia
community. This exhibition, which followed a series of
history lessons and exhibition-related workshops, was
developed through the museum's continuing partner-
ship with the school. It was supported by the
Smithsonian's Educational Outreach Fund with addi-
tional funding from the Freddie Mac Foundation.
June 17
m Festival The Anacostia Museum held its annual day-
long celebration of Juneteenth, the anniversary of the
emancipation of Texas slaves in 1865. The free festivities
included music, games, demonstrations, food, and fam-
ily activities on the museum grounds.
June 19-30
@ Research Seminar The Center for Museum Studies
offered “Interpreting Latino Cultures: Research and
Museums.” This 1995 Latino Graduate Training Semi-
nar in Qualitative Methodology was cosponsored with
the Inter-University Program for Latino Research and
the University of Texas at Austin.
June 20—July 11
@ Lecture and Concert Series This year’s free summer
lecture and concert series at Cooper-Hewitt, National
Design Museum, “Crosscurrents,” focused on contempo-
rary design and Latino culture.
June 20
@ Symposium The National Zoo's Office of Public Af-
fairs organized the symposium “Forever Changed: Birds
on the Hawaiian Islands.” Smithsonian scientists dis-
cussed the history and conservation status of Hawaii's
remarkable bird population and the discovery of
recently extinct birds that have provided DNA samples.
As a result of these DNA analyses, scientists have begun
to rethink the evolutionary relationships between
Hawaiian avifauna.
June 23-27. June 30—July 4
g Festival The Center for Folklife Programs and Cul-
tural Studies produced the 29th annual Festival of
American Folklife, featuring “The Cape Verdean Con-
nection,” “The Czech Republic: Tradition and Transfor-
mation,” “Heartbeat: Voices of First Nations Women,”
and “Russian Roots, American Branches: Music in Two
Worlds.” The festival included a visit by the president
of Cape Verde and salutations from President Clinton.
Two Smithsonian/Folkways recordings, Heartbeat: Vozces
of First Nations Women and Old Beltevers: Songs of the
Nekrasov Cossacks, were released at the festival's opening.
More than one million people visited the festival.
June 24-25
mw Special Event The Center for Folklife Programs and
Cultural Studies presented the sacred and social music,
traditional poetry, dance, food, and crafts of Washing-
ton-area African-born immigrants as part of the African
Immigrant Folklife Study Project.
June 24
@ Lecture The Office of the Provost sponsored a lecture
by Ana Maria Cabral, vice-president of the Amilcar
Cabral Institute of the Republic of Cape Verde, West
Africa. The address was delivered on the 20th anniver-
sary of Cape Verdean independence and held in conjunc-
tion with the Festival of American Folklife.
June 25-30 and July 23-28
B Conferences The National Science Resources Center
conducted two Elementary Science Leadership Insti-
tutes for 36 teams from U.S. school districts and one
team each from Mexico and South Africa. Most teams
included a school superintendent or assistant super-
intendent, a science coordinator or director of cur-
riculum and instruction, an experienced teacher, and a
senior scientist representing a company or academic
institution. The teams developed strategic plans to
improve the teaching of science in their elementary
schools.
June 26-29
B Workshop The American Indian Museum Studies
Program, part of the Center for Museum Studies, spon-
sored “Developing and Managing Living History Pro-
grams,” a workshop hosted in Tahlequah , Oklahoma,
by the Cherokee National Museum.
June 27-30
@ Public Program As part of efforts to make its collec-
tions accessible to Native Americans on reservations
and in communities around the country, the National
Museum of the American Indian displayed 24 19th-
century Navajo wearing blankets at the Ned A.
Hatathli Museum of the Navajo Community College
in Tsaile, Arizona.
June 27
@ Media Preview The Office of Public Affairs devel-
oped and carried out the media preview held before the
opening of the “Enola Gay” exhibition at the National
Air and Space Museum, which was covered intensely by
U.S. and foreign news media. More than 200 journal-
ists, including 85 television crews, attended the preview.
29
June 28
gw Exhibition “Enola Gay,” an exhibition about the Boe-
ing B-29 Superfortress that dropped the first atomic
bomb and hastened the end of World War II, opened at
the National Air and Space Museum.
June 29
w Promotional Initiative The Visitor Information and
Associates’ Reception Center expanded its capacity to
promote Smithsonian programs and initiatives with
the installation of graphic message capability in the
Smithsonian Information Center's twin theaters.
June 30-October 29
@ Exhibition An in-depth survey of the daguerreotype in
America was the subject of “Secrets of the Dark Chamber:
The Art of the American Daguerreotype” at the National
Museum of American Art. The exhibition catalogue was
named best photography book of 1995 by the New York
Times Book Review. The innovative installation featured
fiber-optic lights individually illuminating each of the 150
daguerreotypes without glare in a darkened space.
June 30
w Exhibition “The Collection in Context: Thomas
Eakins’s Portrait of Frank Hamilton Cushing” opened at
the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, explor-
ing the context and creation of an American realist’s
portrayal of a Smithsonian ethnologist famed for his
research at Zuni Pueblo. Preliminary studies from the
Hirshhorn’s collection accompanied the 1895 oil por-
trait, which was lent by the Thomas Gilcrease Institute
of American History and Art in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
July
@ Research The Smithsonian Environmental Research
Center expanded its research on the introduction of ex-
otic plants, animals, and microbes via ship ballast water.
The new studies focus on the survival of these organisms
in ballast ranks as ships travel from the port where they
filled the ranks to the United States harbor where the
ballast water will be released.
July
x
m Professional Development The Office of Elementary
and Secondary Education conducted “Teaching and
30
Learning in a Diverse Society,” a week-long program for
30 California teachers that culminated a two-year series
of seminars about working with primary source material
to teach from a multicultural perspective.
July
w Exhibition The National Museum of African Art
opened the revised and refurbished exhibition “The
Ancient West African City of Benin, A.D. 1300-
1897," featuring the museum's collection from the
royal court of the capital of the Kingdom of Benin as
it existed before colonial rule. Most of the works were
a gift from Joseph H. Hirshhorn to the Smithsonian
Institution in 1966 and 1979; the objects were trans-
ferred to the National Museum of African Art in
1985 by the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture
Garden.
July
@ Professional Development The Office of Elementary
and Secondary Education brought to the Smithsonian
30 teachers from the four communities participating in
its collaborative project with the National Faculty. The
teachers worked with Smithsonian staff members and
university faculty to study material culture and develop
classroom materials.
July
w Education Program The National Museum of African
Art Education Department sponsored an interdiscipli-
nary panel discussion on “The Art and Culture of An-
cient Nubia” in conjunction with the exhibition
“Ancient Nubia: Egypt's Rival in Africa.” Participants
in the standing-room-only program included historian
Ismail Abdallah, College of William and Mary;
archaeologist David O'Connor, University of Penn-
sylvania Museum; cultural anthropologist Ann
Jennings; and archaeologist Nettie K. Adams, Webb
Museum of Anthropology.
July
w Research
ror Telescope building at the Smithsonian's Whipple
Observatory in Arizona were begun in preparation for
Modifications of the existing Multiple Mir-
the conversion of that six-mirror telescope into a single-
mirror instrument 6.5 meters in diameter.
July
the late festival director Ralph Rinzler, featuring Pete
and Mike Seeger, Piedmont blues musicians John
Cephas and Phil Wiggins, and black Appalachian sing-
ers Ed and Melissa Cabbell.
m@ Major Gift The Smithsonian Institution Libraries
welcomed a major gift of a microfilm copy of Trade-a-
Plane magazine from TAP Publishing Company. Repre-
senting the company, Jean Durfee presented the gift of July $226
114 reels of microfilm that preserve the run of the maga-
zine from its beginning in 1937. The gift includes a
aoe 4 i h ‘ @ Museum Careers Seminar The Center for Museum
rinting copy, a user copy, and a cabinet to house the i : E
P Be COPY? PY Studies held its annual Museum Careers Seminar
film. ; : seek
series for Smithsonian interns. The four-part program
Jul explored museum practice and functions, museum
uly
positions, and career planning and guidance.
w Exhibition The National Museum of African Art, in
collaboration with the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, July 8
presented “The Ancient Nubian City of Kerma, 2500—
1500 B.C.” This three-year loan exhibition of works w Exhibition
“The Graceful Envelope,” a temporary ex-
hibition devoted to calligraphy, opened at the National
features objects from Kerma, an ancient city that was lo- | Postal Museum.
cated on the Nile River. The exhibition was organized
by the Boston museum and its Department of Ancient
from the Museum of Fine Arts’ permanent collection
July 10-14
Egyptian, Nubian and Near Eastern Arr; all objects are
from the bisected University-Museum of Fine Arts, Bos- @ Teachers’ Program With the New York City Board of
ton, Expedition. Education, Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum
cosponsored the second annual Summer Design
July Institute. More than 100 public school teachers
ttended thi i , which fe d h-
@ Grant The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute SND nor ude eit Sober be
aed . : : nology and education.
and the Organization for Tropical Studies received a
three-year grant for $350,000 from the Andrew W. Mel-
lon Foundation to foster comparative studies among the July 10
two organizations’ sites.
@ Public Program 1n its Cultures in Motion series, the
July National Portrait Gallery presented “A Woman Bold
Enough,” a new one-woman play by Jane Ross on the
life of 19th-century artist Harriet Hosmer, America’s
first successful woman sculptor.
@ Agreement The Smithsonian and Hot Shots/Cool
Cuts, Inc., signed an agreement that will open the Of-
fice of Telecommunications’ extensive library of film
and video footage for licensing by film and television
July 10
production companies.
@ Presentation National Science Resources Center
July-August Deputy Director Sally Goetz Shuler gave the keynote
: ; ; address, “Lessons Learned about Systemic Reform,” at
mw Internships For the second year, the Smithsonian Astro- 3 : : :
i the annual convention of the National Science Educa-
physical Observatory Summer Intern Program brought a : ; niet
tion Leadership Association.
dozen college undergraduates to the observatory headquar-
ters in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to work with Smithson-
ian scientists on a variety of research projects. July 17-21
July 2 w Diversity Seminar The Center for Museum Studies
sponsored “Awards for Museum Leadership,” an annual
five-day program at the Smithsonian that explores cul-
tural diversity issues in the museum environment.
m Concert The Center for Folklife Programs and Cul-
tural Studies held a special tribute concert in honor of
31
July 20
Bw Research The National Museum of Natural History's
Research Initiatives program completed a successful
first year with support totaling $325,100 going to pro-
jects headed by 35 museum scholars. The five initia-
tives—Collections as World Resources; Biodiversity:
Systematics, Evolution, and Ecology; Ecosystem History
and Global Change; Earth and Planetary Processes; and
Human Cultural and Biological Diversity—represent
broad research themes to be emphasized at the museum
during the next decade. The museum established the
new competitive process for directing research funds to
encourage innovative projects that explore new ques-
tions and integrate various fields of study.
July 20
@ Exhibition
Works on Paper” opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and
“Directions—Martin Kippenberger:
Sculpture Garden, featuring more than 50 colorful draw-
ings on hotel stationery and collages by this German
artist (b. 1954) from the 1980s and 1990s.
July 21
w Television Broadcast
Hall of Presidents doubled as a television studio when
The National Portrait Gallery's
C-SPAN's Washington Journal broadcast a live program
on the gallery and its collections. Host Brian Lamb
interviewed Director Alan Fern as camera crews pro-
vided glimpses of the permanent collection on display.
Pretaped segments on the photography collection, the
Great Hall, and the Frederick Douglass exhibition were
also included.
July 22
w Public Program The Anacostia Museum invited the
community toa Family Day, offering activities for all
ages and a chance to see the exhibition “Black Mosaic:
Community, Race, and Ethnicity Among Black Im-
migrants in Washington, D.C.” Doll making, quilting
and mask making workshops, steel drum music, and
storytelling were featured.
July 23
mw Exhibition opening “Painted Prayers” at the Archur
M. Sackler Gallery celebrated the devotional art of
Hindu women and girls all over India through the vi-
brant photographs by writer and art historian Stephen
P. Huyler. To further introduce the living tradition of
32
painted prayers to gallery visitors, women from the
Washington area Indian community gave public paint-
ing demonstrations within the exhibition.
July 24
B Public Program The National Portrait Gallery pre-
sented “Blues Woman,” a Cultures in Motion perfor-
mance of music and life stories of Bessie Smith, Ethel
Waters, and Billie Holiday, as interpreted by vocalist
Beverly Cosham and narrated by Jewell Robinson.
August
w Publication
Institution's first century and a half, The Smzthsonian: 150
A profusely illustrated history of the
Years of Adventure, Discovery, and Wonder, written by
James Conaway, was published by Smithsonian Books
and Alfred A. Knopf, who will distribute the book to
the retail trade.
August
w Publication Rare Books and Manuscripts in the
Smithsonian Institution Libraries, an illustrated review
of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries’ most valuable
collections, was published with support from The Dib-
ner Fund. It is available from the Smithsonian Institu-
tion Press and in the Museum Shops.
August
gw New Facility
nian Environmental Research Center boat pier allows
A new ramp adjacent to the Smithso-
easier and safer launching and retrieval of the small
boats that the center uses to conduct much of its
research on the Chesapeake Bay.
August
@ Promotional Initiative InfoTravel, a new interactive
multimedia promotional system developed by Bell At-
lantic for Washington, D.C.-area hotels, added a feature
on the Smithsonian after working with the Visitor Infor-
mation and Associates’ Reception Center.
August
| Grant The Office of Telecommunications received a
$200,000 grant from the National Endowment for the
Arts to support its television and radio project, “A
River of Song,” which explores music along the Missis-
sippi River from Minnesota to New Orleans.
August
w Publication The National Museum of African Art
and the Smithsonian Institution Press copublished the
anthology African Nomadic Architecture: Space. Place. and
Gender, edited by architect and architectural historian
Labelle Prussin. In this handsomely illustrated book,
Prussin identifies the three elements that distinguish
nomadic from sedentary architecture: mobility, gender,
and ritual.
August
B Renovation The Smithsonian Institution Libraries’
renovation of its rare book and special collections facil-
ity, the Dibner Library of the History of Science and
Technology, was completed, with new compact shelving
to double the stack space, a redesigned staff work area,
and electrical upgrades to accommodate researchers’
computing needs.
August
The Friends of the National Zoo
introduced the first week-long overnight wildlife con-
w Education Program
servation camps for children at the National Zoo's Con-
servation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia.
Campers learned basic conservation biology skills in the
Blue Ridge foothills.
August
@ rs0th Anniversary The first official ad promoting the
Smithsonian's Isoth anniversary celebration to tour and
travel planners appeared in the Washington, D.C., Con-
vention and Visitors Association Meeting Planners Guide.
August 4-5
m Presentation National Science Resources Center
Executive Director Douglas Lapp presented a paper
entitled “Lessons Learned in Past Efforts to Improve
Science Education” at the 10th Anniversary Conference
of the Center for the Advancement of Science and
Mathematics Education, held at the University of
Natal, South Africa. He also gave a science education
workshop for 70 South African teachers.
August 8
mg Exhibition An exhibit promoting the Smithsonian as
a primary tourist destination opened at Baltimore-
Washington International Airport. It was a collabora-
tive effort of the Office of the Provost, the Visitor Infor-
mation and Associates’ Reception Center, the Office of
Exhibits Central, and the National Museum of African
Art.
August 9-20
@ Study Tour A new international study tour format,
“Family Cruises,” was developed especially for families
by The Smithsonian Associates. More than 140 Associ-
ates and accompanying children enjoyed a voyage in the
Mediterranean.
August 10
@w Educational Publication We Were There: Letters from the
Battle Front, an activity book and resource guide for sec-
ondary schools that integrates historic letters into the
study of American history, was published by the Na-
tional Postal Museum.
August 12
w Public Program At the Anacostia Museum, young
cultural critics joined in a panel discussion and film
festival on hip hop, the popular yet controversial con-
temporary musical form.
August 18
B Collections Management The National Museum of
Natural History began using the Transaction Manage-
ment Subsystem of the planned Collections and Re-
search Information System in the shipping office and
several scientific departments. The new subsystem auto-
mates the processing and tracking of the thousands of
objects that the museum acquires, exchanges, lends,
borrows, or relinquishes each year. All departments are
scheduled to be using the new subsystem by the end of
1996.
August 27
w Exhibition opening ‘“Goyo: Japanese Prints,” opened
at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery featuring all 16 of the
color woodblock prints produced by Hashiguchi Goyo
(Japanese 1880-1921). The prints were the gift of H. Ed
Robison in memory of Ulrike Pietzner-Robison.
September
m Award The Office of Telecommunications’ inter-
active video program Meet the Ellington Orchestra. created
33
for the Smithsonian traveling exhibition “Beyond Cate-
gory: The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington,” received
the New York International Multimedia Festival's Silver
Award for second place among more than 200 entries.
September
w Video Release The JVC/Smuthsonian Folkways Video An-
thology of Music and Dance of the Americas was produced
in collaboration with the Center for Folklife Programs
and Cultural Studies’ Smithsonian/Folkways Record-
ings, JVC, and Multicultural Media. The six videotapes
feature 158 examples of music and dance from many tra-
ditions throughout the Americas, with accompanying
texts.
September
@ Publication Award Smithsonian Institution Univer-
sity Press's publication The Ecology and Conservation of
Neotropical Migrant Landbirds, edited by John Hagan
and David Johnston, was awarded the Wildlife Societies
Publication Award for Best Edited Volume.
September
B Workshop The Smithsonian Institution Traveling
Exhibition Service hosted a workshop in Washington,
D.C., to introduce representatives of humanities coun-
cils in Arizona, California, Indiana, and Nebraska to the
successful SITES-National Museum of American His-
tory exhibition “Produce for Victory: Posters on the
American Home Front, 1941-1945.” The exhibition, cre-
ated with rural areas in mind, completed its first tour to
five states through those states’ humanities councils.
This partnership between SITES and state humanities
councils is making the Smithsonian's offerings accessi-
ble in underserved areas of the nation, one of SITES’
primary goals.
September
w Radio Series Folk Masters from the Barns of Wolf Trap.
hosted by Nick Spitzer, entered its fifth broadcast sea-
son on public radio nationwide and abroad.
September
m New Construction The Smithsonian Environmental
Research Center began construction of a visitor orienta-
tion center that will include classrooms, a teacher
resource room, and exhibit space. Public educational ac-
tivities such as the Java History Trail, Estuary Chesa-
34
peake, and the Discovery Trail will be offered from this
facility.
September
w Exhibition
Vietnamese Art from the United States and Vietnam”
“An Ocean Apart: Contemporary
opened at the Ellipse Arts Center in Arlington, Vir-
ginia. This exhibition, organized by the Smithsonian
Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, is the first
major U.S. exhibition of contemporary artworks by
Vietnamese and Vietnamese American artists.
September
w Multimedia Projects Under the auspices of the Office
of Telecommunications, the Smithsonian launched a re-
lationship with Voyager Software to create multimedia
programs, beginning with Insect World. and contracts
with Macmillan Digital, a division of Simon and Schus-
ter, for distribution of the 15oth anniversary America’s
Smithsonian CD-ROM.
September
w Electronic Outreach Smithsonian Online, coordi-
nated by the Office of Elementary and Secondary
Education, hosted a real-time chat with Michael
Robinson, the first in a three-month series featuring
Smithsonian experts.
September 1
@ Video Release
American Archivists, the Conservation Analytical Labo-
At the annual meeting of the Society of
ratory announced the completion and availability of the
videotape Rescuing Records—Recognizing Values and Prob-
Jems. Intended for collection managers of paper-based
research collections in museums, archives, and libraries,
the video identifies problems associated with such
documents and provides recommendations for their
preservation.
September 1
g New Facilities On Barro Colorado Island off the
coast of Panama, the Smithsonian Tropical Research
Institute dedicated new laboratories, living quarters
for workers, housing units for scientific visitors, and a
pier, completing significant improvements to the
island’s living and working environment that were
begun in 1987.
September 6
gw International Meeting Meeting in Washington,
Panama's President Ernesto Perez Balladares presented a
letter to Secretary I. Michael Heyman and Smithsonian
Tropical Research Institute Director Ira Rubinoff
expressing his government's intention to continue
supporting STRI beyond the year 2000.
September 7
w Lecture “Case Studies in Preservation and Access to
Photographs at the Smithsonian Institution,” by Con-
servation Analytical Laboratory postgraduate fellow
Andrew Robb, concluded this year’s presentations for
the Research Libraries and Archives Collections Con-
servation Task Force. This three-year-old program,
coordinated and organized by the CAL paper conserva-
tion laboratory, combines educational presentations and
demonstrations with practical assistance to Smithsonian
research collections.
September 15
@ Research Grants At the National Museum of Natural
History, efforts to identify and describe the world’s or-
ganisms were strengthened by three grants from the Na-
tional Science Foundation’s Partnerships for Enhancing
Expertise in Taxonomy program. These multiyear
grants support research projects that document poorly
known groups of organisms and help train young re-
searchers to continue this important work in the future.
September 16-January 2
w Exhibition
and powerful graphics made the exhibition “Luis
Oversized, colorful fiberglass sculptures
Jiménez: Man on Fire” a popular hit during its run at
the National Museum of American Art. Based on an
exhibition organized by the Albuquerque Museum, it
emphasized the museum's strong holdings of Jiménez’
work, including Vaquero. This Mexican cowboy on a
rearing horse stands on the steps of the museum and has
become its unofficial symbol.
September 16
w Benefit Event The Young Benefactors, a membership
group of The Smithsonian Associates, held its sixth an-
nual Blast-Off Black Tie Gala and presented the Institu-
tion with a check for $100,000, representing funds
raised during fiscal year 1995.
September 17
w Performance The National Postal Museum was the
setting for “Return to Sender,” a musical program of
mail songs performed by Cindy Hutchins, Michael
Tilford, and Howard Breitbart of the American Song
Company.
September 18
w Facility Improvement After eight and one-half months
of construction on the ventilation systems in half of its
laboratories, the Conservation Analytical Laboratory
reopened the labs and became fully operational.
September 19
@ Panel Discussion The Hispanic Heritage Planning
Committee, in conjunction with the Wider Audience
Development Program in the Office of the Provost,
celebrated Hispanic Heritage Month with “Nueva
Ola/New Wave: Emerging Latino Voices in US. Litera-
ture.” The discussion featured writers Norma Cantu,
Judith Ortiz Cofer, Gustavo Perez Firmat, and Rosario
Ferre. Held at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture
Garden, the event received support from the Educa-
tional Outreach Fund.
September 22-25
w Film and Video Festival Seventy-five films, videos,
and radio programs by Native American directors and
other independent mediamakers were showcased at the
Ninth Native American Film and Video Festival at the
George Gustav Heye Center of the National Museum of
the American Indian.
September 24
w Exhibition opening “The Power of the Pen: Islamic
Calligraphy in the i Century” at the Arthur M.
Sackler Gallery presented a selection from the Vever
Collection of Islamic Arts of the Book, with emphasis
on the use of calligraphy to transcribe verses from the
Koran.
September 25
w Educational Publication The National Postal Museum
published Pen Friends, an intergenerational letter-
writing guide and resource booklet for middle school
and high school students working with older adults.
35
September 25
w Distinguished visitor Milo Beach, director of the Freer
Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, was
host of a reception in honor of the visit of the Dalai
Lama to the Freer. His holiness toured the Buddhist
galleries and addressed guests about the importance of
preserving the cultural heritage of Tibet.
September 26
B® Publication “Take Metrorail to the Smithsonian Mu-
seums,” a pamphlet designed by the Visitor Information
and Associates’ Reception Center, was updated and re-
printed by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit
Authority to promote the use of public transportation
to reach Smithsonian museums.
September 26-27
w Meeting The 15-member National Postal Museum
Advisory Commission held its fourth annual meeting.
The commission includes corporate executives, scholars,
educators, government officials, and representatives of
the business mailing community.
September 26
w New Advisory Committee The new external advisory
committee for the Conservation Analytical Laboratory vis-
ited CAL for a program review. Committee members
heard program and management presentations, inspected
the facilities, and met with staff and outside collaborators.
36
September 27
@ Lecture Sir David Attenborough addressed members
of The Smithsonian Associates with a slide-illustrated
lecture, giving a lively account of how plants work as
living organisms. He also described his travels to re-
mote parts of the world in search of rare, spectacular
flowers.
September 28
@ Film Series Dennis Potter's Midnight Movie
launched the free film series for 1995-96 at the Hirsh-
horn Museum and Sculpture Garden. In the previous
year, more than 22,000 people attended these free
programs, which feature cutting-edge international
independent cinema, documentaries on contemporary
artists, and family-oriented animation.
September 30
w Public Program
rotunda of the National Museum of Natural History
Visitors of all ages gathered in the
for BugFest ‘95. Staff members from the Department
of Entomology and Office of Education displayed
specimens and answered questions about katydids,
flies, ants, bees, wasps, beetles, moths, butterflies,
spiders, and many other kinds of insects. Visitors
could also sample insect-based foods, try their hand
at drawing insects, or watch a tarantula feeding at the
museum's O. Orkin Insect Zoo. Many materials dis-
tributed at the event were available in both Spanish
and English.
Reports of the Bureaus
and Offices of
the Smithsonian
Institution for Fiscal
Year 1995
The Provost
Office of the Provost
Robert S. Hoffmann, Acting Provost
On October 31, 1994, Secretary Heyman combined the offices
of three assistant secretaries to establish the Office of the Pro-
vost and appointed former Assistant Secretary for the Sciences
Robert Hoffmann as acting provost. The creation of this office
marked a major step in the strategic planning of a more effi-
cient and effective Institution. The Office of the Provost
plans, coordinates, facilitates, and evaluates the Institution's
activities in research, collections management, exhibitions, ed-
ucation, and cultural programs.
During the year, the Office of the Provost initiated activi-
ties to commemorate the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary
year. Major programs include a lecture series to accompany
the traveling exhibition, “America’s Smithsonian”; “The Un-
seen Smithsonian,” a photographic exhibition illustrating the
diversity and breadth of research interests pursued by
Smithsonian scholars; an endowed chair in museum studies at
George Washington University; lectures and panel discus-
sions at scholarly and professional organization meetings
across the United States; and behind-the-scene tours of pro-
gram units that help staff and volunteers appreciate and un-
derstand institutional activities.
The 25-member Smithsonian Council assessed the
Smithsonian's anthropological and cultural studies pro-
grams, as well as programs of the Smithsonian's conserva-
tion biology community and the Conservation Training
Council. 2
Through James Smithson Trust funds—the Research
Opportunities Fund, Restricted Endowment Funds, Scholarly
Studies Program, Special Exhibition Fund, Collections-Based
Research Fund, and Educational Outreach Fund—the office
distributed awards to museums, research institutes, labora-
tories, and other offices. The awards support innovative scien-
ufic endeavors; exhibitions that broaden public
understanding of Smithsonian collections; and education, cul-
tural interpretation, and audience development programs.
The office initiated Institution-wide discussions and work-
shops focusing on recent exhibitions and research that re-
sulted in new guidelines and improved procedures for
exhibition planning.
The Council of Museum Education Directors organized a
Smithsonian-wide conference that reviewed national educa-
tion reform goals and guidelines and presented local, national,
and Smithsonian examples of the museum community's in-
volvement in education reform.
Smithsonian scholars from the sciences and the humaniues
gathered at a conference focusing on the history and contribu-
tions of Smithsonian researchers. “What about Increase? The
First Science and Humanities Dialogue” fostered a spirit of
community, shared goals, and cooperative endeavor.
The office continued support for the Material Culture
Forum and the History Roundtable, which hold regular dis-
cussions on topics that cross disciplines, thereby encouraging
communication and collegial work among research staff.
The Wider Audience Development Program coordinated
nearly 30 lectures, films, performances, and other educational
programs to explore different facets of America’s multicultu-
ral heritage.
The office supported several Smithsonian units in organiz-
ing programs for Asian and Asian American communiues.
The Accessibility Lecture Series offered 10 programs to staff
from the Smithsonian and from cultural organizations in the
Washington, D.C., area on topics such as universal design and
audio description for performances.
“Ocean Planet,” a traveling exhibition on ocean conserva-
tion organized by the Environmental Awareness Program,
opened at the National Museum of Natural History.
Sciences
Conservation Analytical Laboratory
Lambertus van Zelst, Director
Several events early in the year had major effects on CAL's pro-
grams and activities during this past year. First, the year
started with the implementation of the new management
structure, which is matrix oriented rather than based on the
traditional disciplinary departments. In the new structure, ac-
37
tivities take place in three program areas, research and devel-
opment, education and training, and support and collabora-
tion, each with a Program Coordinator overseeing and
coordinating the work in their specific area. Staff, however,
can and often does participate in several projects at a time,
which can fall into more than one of these program areas; for
each project the corresponding coordinator oversees the work
done on 1t.
The second event, which resulted in a major challenge to
CAL staff, was the year long construction project at MSC to
retrofit the ventilation system. In contrast to earlier planning,
this project resulted in a major disruption, since half of the
CAL facilities were closed down between January and August.
Thanks to the gratefully acknowledged help from the Na-
tional Museum of Natural History, temporary spaces could be
identified within MSC to keep most of the programs going.
However, the education program especially was seriously dis-
rupted, and some major equipment, that could not be moved
to temporary quarters, was shut down for several months.
That the overall work progressed quite satisfactorily 1s testi-
mony to the outstanding efforts made by the CAL staff to
overcome these difficulties.
In the research program on mechanical properties of materi-
als, a major milestone has been passed. The quantitative rela-
tionships between mechanical properties and environmental
conditions (temperature and relative humidity) have been
worked out for a large number of material types and this, in
turn has enabled the researchers to formulate safe ranges for
these environmental conditions inside which fluctuations pose
no danger to the objects in storage or on display. The possible
variations from the general set points of 50% RH and 68 de-
gree F. are indeed much larger than has generally been as-
sumed in the conservation literature; as a result substantial
savings in energy costs may be realized in operating the cli-
mate control systems in museums. A number of special sym-
posiums has already been organized at various locations to
disseminate these results to the museum community. Several
museums nationwide that were planning new construction
and/or climate control systems have asked for detailed infor-
mation to include these data in their planning. At the
Smithsonian, this work may lead to significant savings in the
control system acquisition and operation at the planned Dul-
les Airport facility of NASM. Moreover, in order to assess the
possibility of savings in other facilities, che main investigators
have been assigned on a special detail to a planning group at
ODC charged with the drafting of Institutional guidelines for
environmental control standards.
The program of research into the preservation of photo-
graphic materials successfully developed a packing technique
which provides sufficient humidity control allows inside the
package to allow the use of commercially available freezer
technology for the long term storage of photographic materi-
als. The advantage of freezer storage are in lower temperature,
hence longer life expectancy, and in greater energy efficiency.
Moreover, using commercial technology makes the equipment
38
scalable to the size of the collection, from a household size
freezer, through supermarket freezers, to walk-in freezer
vaults. This will make cold storage a feasible and affordable
preservation strategy for small and large collections alike. At
CAL, a pilot demonstration project has been started.
In the modern materials preservation research, attention
centered on the preservation of magnetic storage media, espe-
cially videotape. Ic appears that the determining factor in the
loss of use of the information is the chemical breakdown of
the adhesive binder holding the magnetic particles. Hence,
the research focussed on the development of a technique to as-
sess, non destructively, the degree to which this chemical dete-
rioration process is progressing, in order to make informed
decisions as to when to copy the information. Based on prelim-
inary results, the use of attenuated total reflection Fourier
transform infra red spectrometry appears to holds good prom-
ise, and this work will be continued. Research on the chemi-
cal ageing of paper under natural and accelerated conditions,
and the relationship between chemical and physical deteriora-
tion, progressed on schedule; since under not overly exagger-
ated conditions these processes are rather slow this is a mulu
year project.
The conservation of the neolithic plaster statues from Ain-
Ghazal, Jordan, entered its final phase, the reassembly and re-
construction. An agreement has been reached with the Sackler
Gallery and the Jordanian government, for a temporary ex-
hibit at the Sackler gallery of these unique objects after the
completion of their conservation, in late 1996.
Work on the trace element characterization of archaeologi-
cal ceramics was seriously hampered by a prolonged shutdown
of the nuclear reactor at the National Institute for Standards
and Technology (NIST), where CAL operates a facility for neu-
tron activation analysis. This provided one more argument for
the need to develop alternative trace element analysis facili-
ties, and a request has been submitted for the FY96 research
equipment pool for funding to acquire a inductively coupled
plasma optical emission spectroscopy instrument, later to be
augmented by ICP mass spectrometry. On the other hand,
good progress was made in the stable lead isotope ratio charac-
terization of archaeological metal sources. Collaborative work
on the early bronze age “Great Orme” tin mine in the UK was
brought to conclusion, and the project on Nigerian (Benin
and Ife and Igbo-Ukwu) bronzes produced a first series of
promising data.
In the biogeochemistry program, work continued on the de-
velopment of molecular dissection techniques for light ele-
ment (carbon, nitrogen and oxygen) isotopes, and, in
collaboration with the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie
Institution, on the comparison of isotopic compositions of pro-
teins from fossil, Cambrian and contemporary, Hawaiian
shells of the brachiopod Lingu/a. In collaboration with the an-
thropology department of NMNH, and with funding from
the James Smithson society, a vacuum line sample preparation
facility for light element mass spectrometry (and accelerator
mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating) was constructed at
MSC. Work also continued on the assessment of preservation,
and recovery, of DNA and other biomolecules from the fossil
record. A mechanism by which DNA is stabilized in the fossil
record through cross-linking to collagen was identified.
Although the earlier mentioned construction work greatly
impeded the organization of courses, the Furniture Conserva-
tion Training Program was still able to conduct the last four
courses for the class of 1996; the students in that class will
spend FY96, their last year in the program, in internships.
Other educational activities proceeded successfully. Two stu-
dents worked, as interns in the archaeological conservation
training program, at sites in Pakistan (Harappa) and Hondu-
ras (Copan). At the latter site, Harvard University established
this year an archaeological field school and collaboration with
the latter program enabled CAL to expand its activities to
teaching of conservation principles to archaeologists in that
school. Again, local archaeologists and museum professionals
at both sites benefitted from the CAL presence through for-
mal and informal instruction. The Research Library and Ar-
chives Conservation Training (RELACT) program continued
its educational activities for managers and users of paper
based research collections in the Smithsonian museums and re-
search institutions. Four research collections received practical
preservation assistance within the context of this program,
while professionals who have received instruction were again
provided with access to the CAL based resource center.
CAL proceeded with the production of instructional video-
tapes: in addition to the first one on Furniture Care and Mainte-
nance, a second one on Rescuing Records—Recognizing Values
and Problems, intended for an audience of managers of paper
based research collections in museums, libraries and archives, was
produced. Both videotapes will be available shortly, after the ac-
companying documentation has been prepared.
Preparations with the faculty of the local Suitland High
School, for a collaborative program aimed at the development
and testing of high school curriculum enrichment materials,
led to the formulation of a pilot program which saw its in-
ception shortly before the end of the reporting period. During
the first semester of the academic year 1995-96, a class of stu-
dents will receive instruction at the laboratory on the proper-
ties of materials in art. This instruction will also be integrated
in other courses taught at the school by the faculty. This proj-
ect is considered a first step in a long-term program of educa-
tional outreach on the secondary education level.
With an increased emphasis on production of special CAL
publications, an in-house desk-top publishing facility was in-
stalled. Its first production was a newly designed Annual Re-
port for FY94. Another major addition to the Support and
Collaboration group was the image storage and analysis equip-
ment for microscopical images; in combination with the new
optical research microscope, and able to receive images from
the electron microscope, this addition has brought CAL to
house a state-of-the-art microscopy facility, which will greatly
help the laboratory to reach its stated goal of establishing a
center of excellence in research microscopy.
Close before the end of the year, the newly established ex-
ternal Advisory Board paid a two day review visit to CAL. Pre-
pared with advance documentation, the Committee heard
presentations by CAL management and by leaders of various
programs and projects, met with the Provost and Assistant
Provost for the Sciences, inspected the laboratory facilities,
had individual meetings with all staff members, and met over
lunch with a group of external collaborators. While the Com-
mittee had nor yet submitted its report at the time of this
writing, preliminary reactions were highly favorable and
encouraging.
National Museum of Natural History
Dr. Donald J. Ortner, Acting Director
In keeping with its mission—to understand the natural world
and the place of humans in it—the National Museum of Nat-
ural History continued its tradition of excellence in scientific
research, public outreach, and collections acquisition and man-
agement in 1995. As one of the world’s largest research muse-
ums, NMNH maintains more than 120 million cultural
artifacts and specimens of plants, animals, fossils, rocks, and
minerals. Through its educational programs, scholarly and
popular publications, and numerous public exhibits—which
ona yearly basis attract more than 6 million visitors—
NMNH is at the forefront of natural history museums world-
wide in disseminating knowledge about the natural and
cultural diversity of the Earth.
What follows are highlights from each of the Museum's
many areas of accomplishment and expertise.
General Information
The Research Initiatives Program completed a successful first
year with a cotal of $325,100 awarded competitively to 27 pro-
posals involving 35 NMNH Principle Investigators (26 cura-
tors and 9 support staff). The awards helped to foster exciting
research and collections work within the Museum, as well as
supporting new directions in research..
In 1995, NMNH staff obtained substantial outside research
and collections grants totaling over $6 million. For example,
Dr. Brian Kensley of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology
(IZ) spearheaded an agreement between the National Science
Foundation and the Smithsonian Institution concerning the
Biological Collections from Polar Regions. This agreement,
worth $1,250,000, is to be awarded over the span of 5 years
and designates Invertebrate Zoology as a “Center for Excel-
lence in Antarctic Research.”
Two new scientists have been added to the Museum staff
this year and will be joining the Department of Entomology.
They are: Dr. Ted Schultz, a specialist in the systematics and
ecology of ants, and Dr. Daniel Polhemus, an expert in flies,
39
with additional interest in the conservation and biota of Ha-
wail. These researchers have filled positions vacated through
retirements and will strengthen scientific and public pro-
grams in both the Department and the Museum.
On October 14, 1994, Museum board member Gilbert S.
Kahn announced a gift of $2 million from his mother, Janet
Annenberg Hooker, to the Campaign for the Hall of Geology,
Gems and Minerals. The donation also included a four-piece
jewelry suite of rare fancy yellow diamonds. Mrs. Hooker had
contributed $3 million to the campaign in 1992, and the new
hall will be named in her honor when it opens in 1996.
The Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port in eastern
Florida this year benefited from two generous supporters. The
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation agreed to a
discounted sale of eight acres of land in Fort Pierce, Florida,
which will provide a permanent site for the facility. In addi-
tion, the station received a 1995 Ford Explorer from Ford
Motor Company, a sponsor of the Museum's “Ocean Planet”
exhibition.
The Museum expanded its outreach significantly this year
via the information superhighway. Online services now avail-
able include an NMNH “home page” on the World Wide
Web, an electronic version of the “Ocean Planet” exhibition,
scientific and general-interest publications, collection informa-
tion, specialized bibliographies, comprehensive species list for
some groups of organisms, and discussion centers that link re-
searchers around the world.
The Fall meeting of the NMNH Board took place in An-
chorage, Alaska, in early September. This venue was chosen to
provide Board members a first-hand look at the NMNH Arc-
tic Studies Center.
Department of Anthropology
The Asian Cultural History Program celebrated its roth anni-
versary (1985-95) with several publications and new projects,
including Chung-su Houchins’ monograph, “Artifacts of Di-
plomacy: Smithsonian Collections from Commodore Matthew
Perry's Japan Expedition (1853-1854),” (Smithsonian Contribu-
tions to Anthropology, volume 37), and Dr. Paul Michael
Taylor's edited volume, “Fragile Traditions: Indonesian Art in
Jeopardy,” (Honolulu: The University of Hawaii Press, 1994).
Under the leadership of Dr. William Fitzhugh, The Arctic
Studies Center was particularly active in outreach activities in
1995. The exhibition “Crossroads: Alaska” toured 15 small vil-
lages throughout Alaska this past year. The objects from na-
tive cultures of the Bering Straits region have special meaning
for many of those who live in rural Alaska. The materials
were made all the more accessible by means of the accompany-
ing library of videos, educational materials, and related out-
reach programs.
After two years of planning, Dr. Dennis Stanford began ex-
cavations and archival research in the Toluca Valley of central
Mexico. This project, designed to study the processes of
human-induced landscape change, found evidence of massive
erosion and deforestation coinciding with the Spanish con-
40
quest of the Aztec empire almost 500 years ago. As a result of
this discovery, new research collaborations were established
with the Mexican National Institute for Anthropology and
History, the National Autonomous University in Mexico City,
Mexico's National Museum of Anthropology, and the govern-
ment of the State of Mexico.
Drs. Douglas Owsley and Douglas Ubelaker collaborated in
the development of “Standards for Data Collection from
Human Skeletal Remains,” the published proceedings of a
seminar at the Field Museum of Natural History. Drs. Owsley
and Ubelaker were also instrumental in providing anthropo-
logical contributions to the investigation of the events at the
Branch Davidian Compound near Waco, Texas, in early 1993,
and, as a result of these investigations, published a paper de-
scribing the role of forensic anthropology in the recovery and
identification of the Compound victims.
During Fiscal Year 1995, the Department of Anthropology’s
Collections staff—working in conjunction with the Museum's
MOVE staff—cleaned, rehoused, packed, bar coded and relo-
cated approximately 56,000 catalogue records, equivalent to
more than 100,000 objects, to the Smithsonian's Museum Sup-
port Center in Suitland, Maryland. These objects are represen-
tative of cultures throughout the world. In addition, the
Department captured digitized images of its catalogue records
for the ethnology, archaeology, and physical anthropology col-
lections. This documentation system, which will be made
available on CD ROM, will facilitate collections access and re-
search for both scholars and the general public.
Department of Botany
Drs. Warren Wagner and Vicki Funk, Department of Botany,
were the editors of a book, “Hawaiian Biogeography: Evolu-
tion on a Hot Spot Archipelago” (Smithsonian Institution
Press, Washington, D.C., 1995). This volume represents the
first detailed biogeographic study of Hawaiian organisms and
brings together the work of a majority of the contemporary bi-
ological researchers on the terrestrial Hawaiian biota. In col-
lecting and synthesizing the available data, the publication
offers not only a new understanding of the biogeography of
the archipelago, but is certain to kindle new ideas concerning
evolution on islands.
As published in “Science, ” Drs. Mark and Diane Littler,
Department of Botany, discovered a new bacterial pathogen of
calcareous coralline algae that occurs in South Pacific reefs and
spans a geographic range of at least 6,000 kilometers. Because
of the important role played by coralline algae in reef build-
ing, this pathogen has the potential to greatly influence coral
reef ecology and related processes.
On June 9, 1995, “Science” magazine featured an article en-
titled “Multiple Origins of the Lichen Symbioses in Fungi
Suggested by SSU rDNA Phylogeny” (“Science” 268: 1492-
1495, 1995). The article was co-authored by Drs. Andrea Gar-
gas and Paula DePriest, members of the Deparcment of
Botany, NMNH, in collaboration with Martin Grube and An-
ders Tehler. The piece provided a phylogenetic placement
based on molecular data for a diversity of lichen-forming
fungi that demonstrated at least five independent origins of
this type of symbiotic association. The research , which was
conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Botany
with assistance from the Laboratory of Molecular Systematics,
was funded by Research Initiative Awards, a Scholarly Studies
Grant, and departmental funds.
Additionally, Dr. DePriest was the 1994 winner of the
Tuckerman award for the best lichen paper in Volume 97 of
“The Bryologist.” The paper, “Variation in the Cladomia
chlorphaea Complex II: Ribosomal DNA Variation in a South-
ern Appalachian Population,” described extensive genetic vari-
ation within an interbreeding population of pixie cup lichens.
Department of Botany curator Dr. Pedro Acevedo’s manu-
script, “Flora of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands,” has been ac-
cepted for publication by the New York Botanical Garden.
The work treats the 747 native and naturalized species of vas-
cular plants occurring on St. John, the strategic geographical
position of which will ensure the volume’s value as a tool for
students of the Caribbean flora in general.
Department of Entomology
The Department of Entomology received the donation of the
Kawabe Lepidoptera collection, totaling approximately
50,000 specimens. This collection contains the finest represen-
tation of Asiatic moths of the superfamily Totricoidea ever as-
sembled. Included in this group of moths are several of the
most serious pests of fruit and forest trees known.
Butterfly curator Dr. Robert K. Robbins published an arti-
cle with Paul A. Oppler (National Biological Survey) in a new
book (“Biodiversity II”) that for the first time documents but-
terfly diversity in each state and in each of the world’s major
biogeographic realms. The authors show that butterflies dis-
play a greater proportion of their diversity in the tropics than
either birds or mammals. This result further emphasizes the
importance of conserving tropical ecosystems, particularly if
the diversity of other terrestrial arthopods mirrors that of
butterflies.
The Department of Entomology prototype GOPHER went
on-line in October 1994. It contains information about staff,
resources available to visitors, newsletters maintained by staff
members and information about the collections. It also con-
tains information abour, and from, various associated organiza-
tions located at the National Museum of Natural History,
including the USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory, the
Walter Reed Biosystematic Unit, and the Maryland Center
for Systematic Entomology at the University of Maryland.
The Department's World List of Systematic Entomologists 1s
particularly popular and its lists of type holdings are currently
being expanded.
The Department of Entomology was one of two depart-
ments that participated in the testing of the CRIS Transaction
Management computer system. The CRIS system facilitates
our management of loans and exchanges. The state-of-the-art
system will provide network access to individual curators and
technicians as well as a crucial link to the NMNH Registrar's
Office.
Department of Invertebrate Zoology
Department of Invertebrate Zoology curator Dr. Steven Cairns
published “The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinia,”
(Cnidaria: Anthozoa). The volume is a major contribution to
the knowledge of the world’s deep sea corals .
The proceedings of the Cephalopod International Advisory
Council Conference, held in Washington, D.C. in 1988, were
edited by Dr. Clyde Roper, Dr. Mike Vecchione, and Michael
Sweeney and are in press with Smithsonian Contributions to
Zoology . Five papers in the volume are authored by Depart-
ment of Invertebrate Zoology staff.
Dr. Robert Hershler was elected President of the American
Malacological Society for 1998, at the annual meeting in Hilo,
Hawaii, in June 1995.
The World List of marine and aquatic isopods, comprising
about 5,000 species and prepared by Dr. Brian Kensley and
Marilyn Schotte, was placed on the SI Gopher server, along
with an authority file bibliography. The list, which provides
original author, type locality, and some indication of depth of
capture, will be invaluable to isopod systematists.
Dr. Klaus Ruetzler and Kate Smith completed develop-
ment of a multimedia taxonomic key and database for Carib-
bean mangrove sponges supported by an award from the
Smithson Society. The first results of this pilot study were pre-
sented and discussed with other experts at the Xth Interna-
tional Sponge Taxonomy Workshop - Biodiversity Database
and Identification Systems - in Brussels in April 1995.
Department of Mineral Sciences
Drs. Tom Simkin (Department of Mineral Sciences) and Lee
Siebert published “Volcanoes of the World: A Regional Direc-
tory, Gazetteer, and Chronology of Volcanism During the Last
10,000 Years,” (Geoscience Press, Tucson). This book is a com-
pilation of all known worldwide volcanic activity for the past
10,000 years, with statistics and diagrams showing frequen-
cies and patterns of eruptions.
Department of Mineral Sciences curator Dr. Glenn Mac-
Pherson and colleagues published an invited paper on the evi-
dence for the presence of the radioactive isotope of aluminum
in the solar system at the time of the latter’s formation. The
isotope has a very short half life, 700,000 years, and may have
been one of rhe major sources of the heat that caused whole-
sale melting of planets to form cores early in their existence.
Department staff completed a major project in collabora-
tion with the staff of the Federal Bureau of Investigation to
evaluate several new methods of identification, characteriza-
tion, and tracing of soil samples taken from crime scenes.
In September 1995, the Department hosted an international
conference, the Meteoritical Society Annual Meeting, at the
Ripley Center. Over 200 talks and poster presentations cov-
ered all aspects of research on the solar system: its formation
41
and evolution, and its component planets, asteroids,
meteorids, and comets.
Department of Paleobiology
This year, research scientists in the Department of Paleo-
biology published important papers, arising from several on-
going research programs. Most notable among these are three
publications based on Dr. Alan Cheetham’s long-term study,
in conjunction with his colleagues Dr. Jeremy Jackson (STRI)
and Dr. Lee-Ann Hayek (NMNH), of the evolutionary dynam-
ics of bryozoans, a group of marine invertebrates. Their work
provides the most compelling evidence gathered to date in
support of the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution,
which argues that speciation takes place in short bursts, fol-
lowed by long intervals of stasis, rather than as a long series of
small changes. These papers were published in “Evolution”
(49:290-296); “Environmental and Biological Change in Tropi-
cal America” (University of Chicago Press, 1995); and “New
Approaches to Speciation in the Fossil Record” (Columbia
University Press, 1995).
Dr. Richard Benson and his colleagues, published a paper that
extends the use of time resolution into the past using sedimen-
tary patterns created by the Earth’s natural rhythms. This paper 1s
part of an ongoing study of the geological history of the Mediter-
ranean region. (“Paleoceanography” 10:5-20).
The illustrated “Fossils of the Burgess Shale,” (Smithsonian
Press, 1995) was released. This book is the result of collabora-
tive work among Drs. D.E. Briggs, F. Collier, and Douglas
Erwin (NMNH). This volume brings the history and current
knowledge of the Burgess Shale to the scientific community
and the layman. The Burgess Shale remains among the most
important collections at the National Museum of Natural His-
tory. It was collected by then Secretary Charles D. Walcott in
the early 1900s. The collection has been pivotal in our under-
standing of the diversification of animal life and the develop-
ment of evolutionary theory.
The Department of Paleobiology has made progress in the
conservation of the vertebrate paleontology collections. Many
specimens of Cenozoic mammals have been repaired and fitted
with special jackets that offer both increased protection and
accessibility cto scientists interested in their study. Major re-
organization of collections has also been initiated. Large num-
bers of specimens have been moved to new cases at the
Museum Support Center, and collections have been reorgan-
ized in virtually all areas of the Department's holdings.
Department of Vertebrate Zoology
The Department of Vertebrate Zoology’s Dr. Lynne Parenti
was invited to attend the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Work-
shop on “Conservation, Sustainable Use and Management of
Wild Animals” and presented lectures on systematics relating
to biodiversity. Dr. Parenti helped to establish ties with Chi-
nese colleagues and to assure continued cooperation and ex-
change of scientists, books, and specimens.
42
Twenty years of effort, including the detailed examination
of over 9,000 specimens and the recording and analysis of an
enormous amount of data, resulted in the 1995 publication by
Drs. Victor G. Springer and Jeffrey T. Williams of “The Indo-
West Pacific Blenniid Fish Genus Istiblennius Reappraised: A
Revision of Istzblennius. Blenniella, and Paralticus. New Genus,”
(Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, Volume 565). This
illustrated paper offers a systematic revision of three Indo-
Pacific genera of common marine fishes, and describes a new
genus and two new species.
In 1995 the Department of Vertebrate Zoology entered the
“information highways” with the development of a World
Wide Web page on Internet (Fishes). Mammal collection data
were made available over Internet via the Natural History Go-
pher Server. This file encompasses information consolidated
from over 477,000 specimen records into over 17,000 taxo-
nomic-geographic records.
The new Osteo-Prep/Marine Mammal Necropsy Labora-
tory is virtually complete. The Lab is situated in Suitland,
Maryland, adjacent to the Museum Support Center, and
takes the place of the old East Court Laboratory. Like its
predecessor, the new Marine Mammal Lab will allow mam-
malogists to examine the remains of dolphins, porpoises,
and whales that have beached themselves or drowned in
fishing nets. The Osteo-Prep facilities will make possible
the preparation of skeletal remains for addition to the
Museum’s research collections. To inaugurate the site,
Museum researchers hosted a workshop for some 20 por-
poise researchers.
Laboratory of Molecular Systematics
Dr. Elizabeth A. Zimmer, Laboratory of Molecular System-
atics Botanist, continued her National Science Foundation
Visiting Professorship for Women at the California Insti-
tute for Technology. While there she gained training in
molecular developmental microscopy techniques applica-
ble to systematics. Dr. Zimmer was named a Research
Fellow at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden in
Claremont, California, where she organized their annual
symposium on the topic of “The New Morphology:
Integrative Approaches to Plant Systematics.”
*Laboratory of Molecular Systematics investigators Dr.
Paul Lewis and Dr. David Swofford have recently discov-
ered a very general way to estimate genetic distances. This
year, they presented their newly devised method, which
vastly expands the number of possible models that can be
applied in arriving at estimates, at the joint meetings of
the Society for the Study of Evolution and the Society of
Systematic Biologists.
The Laboratory of Molecular Systematics renovated 1,700
square feet of laboratory space at the Museum Support Center
in Suitland, Maryland, to house frozen tissue collections. The
space will also be used as a facility for recovering ancient
DNA from Museum specimens.
Office of Biodiversity Programs
December 1994 saw the publication of “The National
Biodiversity Information Center: A Consensus Paper Prepared
by the National Biodiversity Information Center Advisory
Planning Board.”
A major symposium, “Measuring and Monitoring Forest
Biodiversity: The International Network of Biodiversity
Plots” was held at the Smithsonian in May 1995.
In 1995, a number of courses were organized by the Office
of Biodiversity Programs, among these “Ecology of Amazon-
ian Rain Forests;” “Museum Techniques in Botany;” and a
workshop devoted to an initial survey of Pelican Cays in
Belize.
The Office began the establishment of surveys and inven-
tory programs in Burma, China, and Cuba.
Dr. George Zug from the Division of Reptiles and Amphib-
ians, with a colleague, Dr. Robert Reynolds, NBS, taught at
the Department of the Interior Wildlife Inspector Basic Train-
ing Program for newly appointed Wildlife Inspectors with
the Division of Law Enforcement.
Museum Exhibits in 1995
Special exhibits were a highlight of 1995 at the Museum. “Spi-
ders!” completed it successful debut at the Museum in Janu-
ary and began a North American tour that will continue untl
1998. In April, “Ocean Planet” opened with the generous sup-
port of Times Mirror Magazines, the National Science Founda-
tion, The Pew Charitable Trusts, Ford Motor Co, and
Motorola. A new permanent exhibition, “Exploring Marine
Ecosystems,” opened in May, followed by the traveling show
“Royal Tombs of Sipan” in June. Later in the year, the
Museum's first outdoor exhibition—a butterfly garden began
attracting butterflies.
“Ocean Planet’"—This exhibition, organized by the SI Of-
fice of Environmental Awareness, opened to the public on
April 22nd and continued through January 1, 1996. At that
time it began national circulation by the Smithsonian Institu-
tion Traveling Exhibition Service. The exhibition was pro-
duced with the intention of promoting celebration,
understanding, and conservation of the world’s oceans. In as-
sociation with the show, Times Mirror Magazines, Inc., devel-
oped a CD-ROM titled “Ocean Planet Explorer” for children.
The Discovery Channel also produced a CD-ROM for general
audiences.
Scientists at the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-
tration helped develop an on-line version of the exhibition,
which became available in May over the Internet. Because of
these and other partnerships, “Ocean Planet” is considered the
most widely distributed exhibition and education effort cre-
ated by the Smithsonian to date.
“Exploring Marine Ecosystems’—Upon its opening on
May 19th, “Exploring Marine Ecosystems,” a completely reno-
vated exhibition, will introduce visitors of all ages to the com-
plexity and importance of natural ecosystems. The exhibition
features living models of two of the many ecosystems con-
tained within the Earth's oceans: a tropical coral reef and a
temperate rocky shore. A life-sized blue whale in her entirety
is also on display as a permanent feature.
“The Royal Tombs of Sipan"—This special exhibition
was organized by the Fowler Museum of Cultural
History at the University of California at Los Angeles and
Bruning Archaeological Museum under the auspices of the
National Institute of Culture, Peru. It opened to the pub-
lic on June 2, revealing the riches excavated from the 1,700-
year old burials in a Moche pyramid in Peru. Displaying
more than 100 artifacts in gold, silver, and other precious
materials, the exhibition introduced visitors to the Moche’'s
remarkable jewelry, weaponry, regalia, and sacred ceremo-
nies. The exhibition closed September 4, 1995 and returned
to Peru.
Smithsonian Butterfly Garden—The Museum's first out-
door exhibition is located on the Ninth Street side of the Nat-
ural History Building. Four distinct habitats—wetland,
meadow, woods’ edge, and urban garden—encourage visitors
to observe the partnerships between plants and butterflies.
The garden is a joint venture of the Horticulture Services Di-
vision and the Museum, with parcial funding from the
Smithsonian Women’s Committee. The garden, on view at all
times, serves as a valuable complement to the O. Orkin Insect
Zoo on the second floor of the Museum.
“Seminole Interpretations” is an expanded exhibit on the
Seminole Tribe of Florida on view in the Native American
halls. Additions to the previously existing display include a
two-sided kiosk presenting Seminole culture in the 1990s.
The Museum also collaborated with the Seminole’s Ah-Tha-
Thi-Ki Museum in Florida to develop an interactive com-
puter program from which visitors can learn about facets of
tribal life such as crafts, language and architecture.
Education, Public Programs, and Outreach
The National Museum of Natural History, in association with
the National Zoological Park, NASA's John C. Stennis Space
Center, and Mississippi State University have agreed to work
together to create a multimedia information system to give
teachers and students greater access to the vast scientific edu-
cational resources of the Smithsonian and the NMNH in par-
ticular. The initiative will focus on teaching, research, and
technology, with an emphasis on inquiry-based classroom re-
search and interactive multimedia designed in accordance
with the ongoing research within the participating organiza-
tions. Referred to as the “Natural Partners Program,” this
project expects to encourage, as one of its many goals, respon-
sible decision-making about the conservation and the use of fi-
nite natural resources, while presenting NMNH scientists
and their research in relevant ways to encourage students to
become future scientists.
The Museum's premier program for national and inter-
national undergraduates, the Research Training Program
(RTP), had another successful year. Since its inception in
43
1980, RTP has developed into a highly competitive program,
awarding stipends to approximately 25 of 500 applicants
each summer. Funding for the program has come from the
Smithsonian Institution and from various external sources,
including the National Science Foundation and The Pew
Charitable Trusts. In 1995, Motorola, a supporter of the
Museum's “Ocean Planet” exhibition, donated funds to
support an intern in 1995 and 1996. One of the recipients,
Glenn Almany, a student of marine biology at San Fran-
cisco State University, began work this year with Drs. G.
David Johnson and Carole Baldwin, Department of Verte-
brate Zoology.
The Museum's Naturalist Center closed temporarily
on April 2, 1995, while NMNH undergoes extensive
renovation. In cooperation with Loudoun County, Vir-
ginia, the Center reopened in September on the campus
of the Xerox Document University near Leesburg.
The Naturalist Center will return to the Museum in
1998. Magda Schremp, Head of the Docent Program at
NMNH,, was successfully involved in recruiting docents
for the relocated Center. Due to excellent press in the
Loudoun Country newspapers, a number of very qualified
volunteers will work with county teachers and museum
staff.
NMNH Docent Anne Marie LaPorte gave a highlight tour
of the Museum for the creative staff of Lancit Media, who are
working to develop a weekly Smithsonian TV program for
children between 8-12 years of age.
The Museum’s Fossil Preparation Laboratory reopened dur-
ing the summer and is once again staffed with preparators.
Visitors to the Laboratory can see how remains of dinosaurs
and other ancient creatures are extracted from surrounding
rock and preserved for study and display.
“Bug Fest 1995,” a day-long Museum presentation
dedicated solely to insects, was held in late September.
Various display tables were set up throughout the build-
ing, including: insects as food, insect identification tables,
collecting and preserving tables, canopy collecting,
scientific illustration demonstrations, and fossil insects.
Curators, technicians, illustrators, and educators from the
Museum, the Department of Agriculture, and the Depart-
ment of the Army shared their knowledge of arthropods
with hundreds of visitors of all ages.
NMNH Department of Education staff participated in the
Ocean Planet Teacher's Night at the Museum, an event organ-
ized by the SI's Office of Environmental Awareness. Approxi-
mately 150 teachers participated.
In April, the Museum hosted its first Open House
“Expedition” for members of Congress and the Admin-
istration and their families. This successful event was
organized by the NMNH's Office of Development and
Public Affairs with the cooperation of its Senate of
Scientist. A major objective was to make a direct link
between the research staff ac the Museum and the con-
gressional community.
44
National Zoological Park
Michael H. Robinson, Director
The National Zoological Park (NZP) continues its transforma-
tion into a biological park that emphasizes the diversity and
interdependence of plants and animals. New exhibits on its
163-acre Rock Creek facility in Washington, D.C., such as
Amazonia, Invertebrate Exhibit, Wetlands, and Cheetah Con-
servation Station, do away with the unnatural separation of
plants and animals that characterize most zoos. These exhibits
broaden appreciation for the ecological relationships among
living organisms.
Scientific studies conducted at Rock Creek, the 3,1s0-acre
Conservation & Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia, and
at various locations nationally and overseas, furthered both the
NZP’s effort to advance the understanding of biological and
veterinary science and its effort to preserve disappearing spe-
cies and habitats worldwide.
Jomu, a history-making cheetah, became a part of the Na-
tonal Zoo's Cheetah Conservation Station. The twenty-one
month old female was one of the world’s first cheetahs pro-
duced by artificial insemination. Jomu was a product of new
research in assisted reproduction of endangered cats conducted
at the Caldwell Zoo in Tyler, Texas, by staff from the NZP’s
New Opportunities in Animal Health Sciences (NOAHS)
Center.
Griff, The National Zoo's 13-year-old Masai giraffe, gave
birth to a 114 pound female calf on June 5, 1995. The 510" call
calf was Griff’s fourth and 16-year old Lionel’s ninth. The
baby giraffe dropped to the ground at 2:26 p.m., amid cheers
from onlookers. The newborn stood and took its first stum-
bling steps in just 28 minutes. Masai giraffes, although not en-
dangered, are not common in North American zoos.
Kumari, the National Zoo's female elephant calf, collapsed
and died on April 26, 1995. She was 16 months old. Kumari
was the first elephant born at the Zoo. She died of a type of
herpes virus that is not found in humans. The Zoo's pathology
department has launched a full scale investigation into the ori-
gin and prevalence of this pathogen. The pathologists are
studying the possible negative impact of this virus on the
breeding of elephants in zoos. Efforts to increase zoo elephant
populations are critical since their numbers in the wild are
declining.
The Department of Zoological Research established a
BioVisualization Laboratory. Orchestrated by Dr. Alfred
Rosenberger, this state-of-the art computerized system incor-
porates digitized 3-D imaging and animation. These tools
will allow biological and cultural artifacts, such as animal
skulls, to be rendered as three dimensional digital specimens.
Objects available in a digital catalog can be studied in virtual
reality. The accuracy is so great that scientific research will be
conducted on the images, which are digitized using a laser
beam input device.
The Office of Public Affairs organized “Forever Changed:
Birds on the Hawaiian Islands”—an all-Smithsonian sympo-
sium that featured scientists Helen James and Storrs Olson
from the National Museum of Natural History and Rob
Fleischer and Scott Derrickson from the NZP. These four dis-
cussed the history and conservation status of Hawaii's remark-
able bird radiation and the discovery of recently extinct birds
that provided DNA samples for analyses that forced scientists
to rethink evolutionary relationships between Hawaiian avi-
fauna.
The Friends of the National Zoo (FONZ) began FY '95 by
initiating its first annual ZooArts Festival featuring a number
of prominent Washington area arusts and photographers as
well as the works of local high school students and commu-
nity groups. In the spring of ‘95, FONZ constructed and
opened a modern gift and food service facility at Panda Plaza
and celebrated its twelfth annual gala fund-raiser, ZooFari,
which netted a record $240,000 for NZP exhibition, educa-
tion, conservation and research programs. In the summer,
FONZ also launched its first series of week-long overnight
wildlife conservation camps for children at the NZP Conserva-
tion & Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia. FONZ vol-
unteers also contributed over 100,000 hours of assistance that
supported a variety of projects.
The NZP won three major awards at the annual meeting of
the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA): the top
Conservation Award for the NZP’s outstanding Golden Lion
Tamarin Conservation Program (in FY '95 NZP marked its
first decade of success in reintroducing golden lion tamarin
monkeys back to Brazil); shared with two other U.S. zoos the
Edward H. Bean Award for Excellence in Conservation for col-
laborative work on behalf of the endangered tiger; and a Sig-
nificant Achievement award for breeding Matschie’s tree
kangaroo (at the Conservation & Research Center).
The Conservation & Research Center, Environmental Sys-
tems Research Institute, Inc. and Hewlett-Packard Company
collaborated in forming a consortium, The Conservation Tech-
nology Support Program, to provide computer hardware, soft-
ware and training to non-profit conservation organizations in
the U.S. and abroad. This program will make it possible for
biologists to more effectively analyze the environmental im-
pact of land and natural resource utilization.
NZP and the Fairfax County Public Schools’ Office of
Media Services co-produced four separate “Science Safari”
programs that targeted elementary school students, and an
“Electronic Field Trip” that was aimed at middle school
students. Related curriculum materials were created and
distributed to participating schools. The programs were
broadcast to schools nationally via satellite downlink or
cable TV systems.
A novel underwater videotape camera provided by the Na-
tional Geographic Society was employed by a team of scien-
tists led by NZP’s Dr. Daryl] Boness to gather
never-seen-before underwater images of and data on harbor
seal behavior. The team traveled to Sable Island in the North
Atlantic Ocean to temporarily attach cameras to the backs of
the seals.
The first breeding outside of the wild of a Hawaiian
honeycreeper was achieved at the Conservation & Research
Center in 1995. This unusual bird, an i'1wi (Vestzaria
coccinea)( pronounced ee’eevee), was hatched on 25 May, and
was subsequently raised to independence by its parents.
Several non-endangered types of honeycreepers, including
the i'iwi, are being used at the Center as “research surro-
gates” in order to develop husbandry and propagation tech-
niques for a number of Hawaii's highly-endangered avian
species.
The lobby of the Education Building was the location for
“Impressions of Another Land,” an exhibition of children's
art. The artists were grade 4 students from Sydney, Australia,
and Chevy Chase, Maryland. The children drew a remarkable
series of pictures of Australian animals—the Sydney students
from their own personal experience; the Marylanders from
photos and videotapes.
Office of Fellowships and Grants
Roberta W. Rubinoff, Director
The Office of Fellowships and Grants supports and enhances
research at the Institution, throughout the nation, and over-
seas by linking the Smithsonian with students and scholars
from universities, museums, and research organizations.
Through fellowships, internships, and other visiting academic
appointments, the Smithsonian maximizes the use of its vast
and unusual resources and provides an important complement
to more formal modes of education. The office manages cen-
tralized fellowship and internship programs and all other sti-
pend appointments, some of which are designed to increase
minority participation in Smithsonian research activities and
disciplines. Two competitive grant programs providing schol-
arly support for Smithsonian professional staff also are admin-
istered by the office.
Approximately 900 students, scientists, and scholars from
the United Scates and abroad received appointments to use
the Institution's facilities and collections. These awards in-
cluded stipends for visiting scholars and students, internships,
and short-term travel grants. Of the 66 awards made under
the Smithsonian Fellowship Program, 21 percent went Co stu-
dents and scholars from underrepresented groups.
With support from the Educational Outreach Fund, the
office coordinated a seminar series given by nine Smithsonian
research staff members at 16 large U.S. universities with a sig-
nificant number of students from underrepresented groups.
Students and faculty learned about some of the research being
conducted at the Smithsonian and about the opportunities
available to them here.
45
Dr. Pedro E. Leon Azofeifa from the School of Medicine at
the University of Costa Rica received the second George E.
Burch Fellowship to study the evolution of regulatory gene
clusters in vertebrates.
In the Smithsonian-wide Scholarly Studies Program, 22
grants were awarded to provide up to two years of research
support in Smithsonian disciplines.
Office of International Relations
Francine C. Berkowitz, Director
Since its inception, the Smithsonian has been an international
organization. To limit the scope of the Smithsonian “to one
city, Or even to one country,” argued the Institution's first Sec-
retary, Joseph Henry, “would be an invidious restriction” of
the terms of founder James Smithson's bequest. Over the
course of the last 150 years, then, Smithsonian researchers have
ranged the globe, conducting research, assembling museum
collections, and participating in cooperative museum pro-
grams in almost every country of the world.
Thirty years ago this year, the Smithsonian first established
an international office, in order to provide diplomatic support
for its increasingly complex programs abroad and to assist
with the technical details of the international exchanges of
museum collections and personnel. The Office of Interna-
tional Relations (OIR) today serves as the point of contract and
channel of communications for the Smithsonian with foreign
institutions or individuals, with international organizations,
and with government agencies. The OIR provides coordina-
tion for the various interests abroad of the different parts of
the Institution, and maintains the Smithsonian’s central refer-
ence source for information on the international activities un-
dertaken by its museums, research institutes, and program
offices. Grants for research in a limited number of countries
abroad are provided through the Smithsonian Foreign Cur-
rency Program, which is administered by the OIR.
During 1995, OIR obtained nearly 200 foreign visas for
Smithsonian travelers, and provided U.S. visa documentation
for almost 190 foreign researchers and interns working at
Smithsonian and at other kindred institutions in this country.
The office handled arrangements for more than 90 official
government visits to the Smithsonian during the past year, in-
cluding those of the Queen of Thailand, the President of Cape
Verde, the President of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and
the South African Minister of Arts, Culture, Science, and Tech-
nology. During 1995, OIR assisted in the drafting of several in-
ternational agreements and arranged for research and
specimen export permits in a number of foreign countries
where Smithsonian staff conducted research.
Staff of the OIR represented the Institution at international
meetings and conferences in South Africa, Ghana, India, Mo-
46
rocco, and Norway. The OIR served as host at the Smithso-
nian for events honoring a U.S.-Slovak physicist, a Danish-
American photographer, an Indian poet, and a Cape Verdean
artist.
The December 1994 opening of the Cape Coast Castle Mu-
seum in a former slave-trade fortress in the West African na-
uon of Ghana marked a milestone in international
cooperation for the Institution. With assistance from several
Smithsonian divisions, and funding support from USAID, the
OIR coordinated an effort to train Ghanaian staff in museum
techniques, and assist in the development of the opening exhi-
bition there on the African diaspora. Work is currently under-
way further down the coast of Ghana on the restoration and
exhibition development at another World Heritage site,
Elmina Castle.
Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives
Edie Hedlin, Director
The Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives spent this year
preparing for the Smithsonian’s 150th anniversary. The Insticu-
tional History Division developed research tools, programs,
publications, and presentations on the history of the Smithson-
ian and its workers. The Archives Division made substantal
progress on its enlarged and revised Guide to the Smithsonian In-
stitution Archives and received a grant from the Atherton
Seidell Endowment Fund to publish the new edition during
the anniversary year. The National Collections Program ex-
panded its annual Co/lection Statistics report and plans a special
issue for 1996.
The Archives Division opened a cold storage facility for spe-
cial media on the grounds of the National Zoological Park's
Conservation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia.
The facility provides a steady, cool, and dry environment for
the long-term storage of microfilm, motion picture film,
audiotape, and videotape.
The Archives Division, on behalf of the Archives and Spe-
cial Collections Council and with support from the James
Smithson Society, published an updated and expanded bro-
chure, Archival. Manuscript. and Special Collection Resources,
which outlines the many documentary collections maintained
throughout the Smithsonian.
The Institutional History Division produced two
databases—a bibliography and a chronology—that support re-
search into Smithsonian history. Both databases are available
online through the Smithsonian Institution Research Informa-
tion System and are accessible on the Internet. Staff members
are working on other databases, including a historical photo-
graph database expected to come online in 1996, and organiz-
ing several exhibits for the 1soth anniversary year. During
1995, the Joseph Henry Papers Project staff completed text ed-
iting of volume 8 of the papers of the Smithsonian's first
secretary.
With the Center for Museum Studies, the National Collec-
tions Program cosponsored an introductory workshop on man-
aging museum collections for staff in small, emerging,
minority, and rural museums.
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
Irwin I. Shapiro, Director
Summary
The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) is dedi-
cated to the “increase of knowledge” through the discovery
and explanation of those physical processes that determine the
nature and evolution of the universe, and to its “diffusion”
through the dissemination of research results to the scientific
community, the creation of educational materials for teachers
and students, the training of teachers, and educational out-
reach to the general public.
Headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, SAO is
joined with the Harvard College Observatory in the Center
for Astrophysics (CfA), which has more than 250 professional
staff engaged in a broad program of research in astronomy, as-
trophysics, and earth and space sciences organized by divi-
sions: atomic and molecular physics, high-energy
astrophysics, optical and infrared astronomy, planetary sci-
ences, radio and geoastronomy, solar and stellar physics, and
theoretical astrophysics. Observational data are gathered by
instruments aboard rockets, balloons, and spacecraft, as well
as by ground-based telescopes at SAO’s Fred Lawrence Whip-
ple Observatory in Arizona and Oak Ridge Observatory in
Massachusetts, and at a millimeter-wave radio installation in
Cambridge.
Current initiatives include the completion of an array of
telescopes operating at submillimeter wavelengths, to be
placed at a site near the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii; the
conversion of the Multiple Mirror Telescope to a single-mirror
instrument 6.5 meters in diameter; and preparation for the
launch of space experiments in x-ray, submillimeter, and solar
astronomy as well as the flight of a hydrogen maser clock
aboard a joint US-Russian mission.
Atomic and Molecular Physics Division
Kate Kirby, Associate Director
The Atomic and Molecular Physics Division carries out re-
search in a broad range of theory, experiment, and observa-
tions intended in large part to understand those atomic and
molecular processes applicable to astrophysical environments
and the terrestrial atmosphere. To help interpret astronomical
data and co provide more accurate data for astrophysical diag-
nostics, the AMP laboratory conducts experiments to measure
dielectronic recombination coefficients, electron-impact exci-
tation Cross sections, radiative transition probabilities and
photoabsorption cross sections. Other experimentalists con-
duct research in stratospheric chemistry via balloon-borne and
satellite-borne instruments. Division staff also administer and
participate in the Institute for Theoretical Atomic and Molec-
ular Physics (ITAMP). Over the last seven years, the Institute
has been extremely successful in attracting leading theorists
in the field co visit and collaborate with each other, and in
supporting a number of graduate students and postdocs to
conduct independent research in forefront areas of theoretical
atomic, molecular and optical physics. Funding for ITAMP
comes from the National Science Foundation.
High Energy Astrophysics Division
Stephen Murray, Associate Director
Research in high-energy astrophysics concentrates on some of
the most energetic objects and processes in the universe.
Studying their x-ray emission is essential for understanding
their formation, evolution, and ultimate fate. Because x-rays
are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, observations must be
made from balloons, rockets, and satellites. Thus, approxi-
mately 90 percent of the support for programs in this division
is provided by NASA contracts and grants. For example, the
Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AX AF) will represent
the highest resolution, most sensitive x-ray telescope ever to
be flown; and, in preparation for launch in 1998, SAO has
been involved in the fabrication and testing of its special op-
ucs and the design and construction of its High Resolution
Camera. In addition, SAO is the site for the AXAF Science
Center (ASC) which will receive, analyze, and archive AXAF
data and function as a central clearinghouse of information
and support for astronomers using the facility. During the
construction of AXAF, the ASC will provide support for test-
ing and verification of the ground system, for mirror and in-
strument calibration, and for planning orbital operations
which relate to science data.
Optical and Infrared Astronomy
John Huchra, Associate Director
Optical and infrared data are fundamental to astronomy, and
research in this division includes observational cosmology,
searches for extrasolar planets, infrared observations of star-
forming regions of the galaxy, atmospheric chemistry, optical
interferometry, and gamma-ray astronomy. This division is
also charged with the operation of—and the development of
instrumentation for—the ground-based facilities operated by
CfA: the Fred L. Whipple Observatory (FLW), the Multiple
Mirror Telescope (MMT), and the Oak Ridge Observatory
(ORO). Users of these telescope facilities come from almost
every division at the CfA and also include scientists from
many other national and international institutions.
Planetary Sciences Division
Brian Marsden, Associate Director
Research in Planetary Sciences is carried out along observa-
tional, laboratory, computation, and theoretical lines by scien-
tists with training either in geology or in
astronomy/astrophysics. Traditionally, this division has been
concerned with the small bodies of the solar system, including
meteors, with particular interest in the positional observation
and orbital determination of comets and minor planets. This
division also serves as headquarters for the International Astro-
nomical Union's Minor Planet Center and Central Bureau for
Astronomical Telegrams. Among specific projects is a
study of the long-term effects of Jupiter and Saturn on the
population of the outer part of the asteroid belt. Another
effort seeks to increase significantly the rate of discovery
and appropriate followup of near-Earth asteroids (or com-
ets). Geological research mainly involves the petrology of
extraterrestrial materials, in particular meteorites and lunar
samples. Other research involves the early conditions in the
primitive solar nebula.
Radio and Geoastronomy
Mark Reid, Associate Director
Research in the Radio and Geoastronomy Division covers a
wide range of topics in radio astronomy, including the study
of the formation of stars, evolved stars, supernovae, the struc-
ture of the Milky Way, and extragalactic radio sources. Obser-
vations of continuum and spectral line sources are conducted
with a wide variety of instruments ranging from single anten-
nas to interferometers such as the Very Large Array (VLA).
The Division is currently in the process of building a major as-
tronomical facility: a 6-element submillimeter wavelength
telescope array (SMA) to be located near the summit of Mauna
Kea, Hawaii. The SMA is intended to make observations with
unprecedented resolution in the still largely unexplored sub-
millimeter band between radio and infrared wavelengths.
Other research in the division includes the application of
radio astronomy techniques to the study of geophysical prob-
lems, tests of general relativity, and the development of
atomic clocks. Also, designs for satellite-borne optical inter-
ferometers and space-based applications of tethered satellites
are being developed.
Solar and Stellar Physics
John Raymond, Associate Director
Scientists in the Solar and Stellar Physics Division carry out a
wide range of research projects using data from x-ray and
ultraviolet satellite observatories and telescopes on the
ground. Major themes include the study of stellar coronae
based on ultraviolet emission, investigation of the formation
and early development of stars, and analysis of the surface lay-
ers of the Sun.
48
The atmosphere of the Sun, our nearest star, contains complex
magnetic structures which influence both solar radiation and the
solar wind—the stream of energetic particles ejected at high
speeds that bathe the bodies of the solar system, including Earth,
with profound impacts on life. By designing and building in-
creasingly sophisticated experiments to study the Sun's hot outer
atmosphere, SAO scientists were the among first to idenufy the
dominance of magnetic fields. In addition, the SAO-inspired
interdisciplinary study of the Sun and stars has applied detailed
knowledge of the solar corona to understand those processes
which govern the coronae of distant stars. SAO also continues to
study cycles and activity in stars like the Sun, with the goal of
identifying and predicting the behavior of our own star.
:
Theoretical Astrophysics
A.G.W. Cameron, Associate Director
An underlying goal of astrophysical research is to understand
as much of the universe as possible within the current state of
technological development. Data come from astronomical ob-
servations carried out with equipment collectively sensitive to
the entire range of the electromagnetic spectrum—from long-
wavelength radio waves to very short-wavelength gamma
rays. In the last three decades, access to space and the techno-
logical development of sensitive new detectors and fast com-
puters has revolutionized the gathering of data about the
universe. Transforming that data into information and under-
standing is the role of theory. The increasing use of super-
computers to construct analytical models of objects, or
simulations, has transformed the theoretical approach to such
an extent that computational astrophysics is now considered
on par with observational and theoretical astrophysics. Com-
putational astrophysics requires that the simulation programs
incorporate enough detailed physics for the results to bear a
close resemblance to reality. This division attempts to apply
such an analytical and computational approach to understand-
ing the universe.
SAO Highlights of 1995
Research
An experiment to probe the fundamental laws of physics by
searching for evidence of a permanent electric dipole moment
in an atom led to development of an innovative technique for
the laser magnetization of xenon gas. In a cooperative pro-
gram with doctors at Harvard Medical School, the laser-gener-
ated xenon is being applied to the enhancement of magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) to allow imaging of parts of the
body, such as the brain, which cannot be imaged well with
current techniques.
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory scientists and their
colleagues found by far the bset evidence for the existence of
massive black holes. The discovery was based on radio observa-
tions of swirling gas orbiting a very dense concentration of
material with the mass of abour 40 million Suns.
Analysis of data from SAO’s Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrome-
ter that flew aboard the Spartan 201-2 satellite in September
1994, revealed the presence of a remarkably hot gas in the at-
mosphere above the Sun’s south pole, a finding that offers
clues to the origin and nature of the solar wind.
An SAO scientist was a member of the team that used the
Hubble Space Telescope to gather evidence showing the
clouds of hydrogen gas found between galaxies at distances of
billions of light-years from Earth are at least 1 million light-
years in diameter, or about Io times larger than previously
thought, and may have unexpected sheet-like structure.
Hubble Space Telescope observations by SAO astronomers
of faint stars deep inside a globular cluster provided strong ev-
idence for the existence of cataclysmic variables, violently
interacting double-star systems that may hold clues to the evo-
lution of the clusters, which contain some of the oldest stars
in the Universe.
A large international team of radio astronomers, including
SAO scientists, used the high-resolution capability of Very
Long Baseline Interferometry to obtain the closest—and earli-
est—view of the expanding shell of gas and dust of a recently
exploded supernova, which maintained remarkably precise cir-
cular symmetry.
The analysis of VLBI measurements of the time delay in
the arrival of radio signals from distant quasars passing near
the Sun made by a team led by SAO scientists produced the
most accurate measurement yet for the deflection of radiation
by gravity predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity.
SAO scientists participated in radio observations of the
Earth-crossing asteroid Toutatis that revealed the object has a
highly irregular shape and a complex “tumbling” roration,
making it one of the strangest objects in the Solar System.
Instrumentation
An instrument designed to monitor ozone levels in the Earth's
atmosphere was launched from French Guiana April 20
aboard ESA's second European Remote Sensing Satellite
(ERS-2). The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment, or
GOME, was developed at SAO in cooperation with European
scientists and is designed to generate a complete world ozone
map every three days.
Ground was broken June 8 for an array of submillimeter-
wave radio telescopes near the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii.
An SAO submillimeter telescope (AST/RO) was installed
at the South Pole in January to study giant molecular clouds
in the Milky Way.
Modifications of the existing MMT building were begun in
July in a major step toward the conversion of that six-mirror tele-
scope into a single-mirror instrument 6.5 meters in diameter.
Preparations for the launch in 1998 of the Advanced X-Ray
Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) continued apace at SAO. The
telescope’s unusual cylindrical mirrors were completed for
coating, with surfaces far exceeding the minimum require-
ments; and the High Resolution Camera being constructed at
SAO passed its Critical Design Review.
Environmental testing of the SAO-designed Ultraviolet
Coronagraph Spectrometer, one of the major instruments
aboard the international Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
(SOHO), was completed in July and the instrument was
shipped to the Kennedy Space Flight Center in preparation
for launch.
As the US Data Center for the Spectrum-X-Gamma (SXG)
mission, an international collaborative space x-ray observatory
led by the High Energy Division of the Institute for Space Re-
search in Moscow, SAO will collect and archive data from the
mission and make the information available worldwide
through the Internet. Computers allowing Russian scientists
easy accessibility to the data were shipped from SAO to the In-
stitute June 26, in time for a meeting between U.S. Vice Presi-
dent Al Gore and Russian Premier Viktor Chernomyrdin.
The SXG mission will conduct multiple experiments in a
broad wavelength range—from ultraviolet through x rays to
gamma rays.
The Fourth International Conference on Space Tether Sys-
tems was held at the Institution in April with the joint spon-
sorship of SAO, NASA, and the Italian Space Agency.
Public Education and Outreach
In autumn 1994, thousands of teachers across the country par-
ticipated in a nationally broadcast series of interactive videos
produced by the Science Education Department and designed
to demonstrate how student misconceptions interfere with the
learning of science and mathematics.
In spring 1995, SAO published “Space for Women,” a 20-
page booklet designed to encourage young women to pursue
careers in astronomy.
The Whipple Observatory’s Visitor Center in Arizona offic-
ially opened on January 6. The Center features exhibits on as-
tronomy, natural science, cultural (and Smithsonian) history,
and the environment.
For the second year, the SAO Summer Intern Program
brought a dozen college undergraduates to Cambridge to
work with SAO scientists on a variety of research projects.
Smithsonian Environmental
Research Center
David L. Correll, Director
The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC)
maintained its research and education programs with a focus
on the interactions of plants and animals with their environ-
ment. Construction of a new office and education buildings
was initiated. A design package was completed for the fourth
phase of the Charles Mathias Laboratory Building. A new
boat launching ramp and small buildings for storing boat ac-
cessories and dispensing boat fuel were completed.
49
This year SERC scientists published 35 research papers as a
result of a series of ongoing atmospheric, terrestrial, and
aquatic studies. Measurements were made of incident and
undersea spectral irradiance, especially of ultraviolet B wave-
lengths, over the Weddell-Scotia confluence in Antarctica dur-
ing the austral spring in October, 1993, during the transit of a
low ozone “hole”. The intensity of the shortest wavelengths,
such as 304 nm, increased significantly. Such increased doses
of ultraviolet radiation were simulated on an oceanographic
research ship and natural phytoplankton, especially diatoms,
were exposed to rest whether they were able to synthesize
ultraviolet-absorbing compounds as a defense mechanism.
Pigments such as mycosporine-like amino acids increased
and could help protect the diatoms from increased ultraviolet
radiation.
SERC scientists have been conducting a long-term study of
the effects on plant communities of elevated carbon dioxide con-
centrations, such as are anticipated to occur on Earth 50 years
from now. Respiration of C3 plants is strongly inhibited by ele-
vated carbon dioxide. This, in combination with increased photo-
synthesis, results in large increases in plant biomass. Studies of
these C3 plants have now shown that the mechanism of inhibi-
tion of respiration is a reduction in the concentration of cyto-
chrome c oxidase. Plants grown in elevated carbon dioxide also
had more non-structural carbohydrates and less ribulose bis-
phosphate carboxylase, a key enzyme for photosynthesis. Thus,
they had less photosynthetic capacity per weight of tissue, but
the whole plants still out-produced normal plants in ambient car-
bon dioxide concentrations.
Wich concerns over the possible thinning of the strato-
spheric ozone layer and the resultant increase in ultraviolet-B
(UVB) radiation at the Earth’s surface, SERC scientists con-
ducted studies of the relative penetration of UVB and white
light into hardwood deciduous forests. Under closed canopies,
mean UVB transmittance through the canopy was only I to
2% of incident radiation. This transmittance increased to 30%
during the leafless season. Vertically, the UVB radiation was
extinguished rapidly, with 40-70% absorbed by the top 25%
of the canopy. When compared with white light penetration,
UVB had a higher transmittance.
Nitrogen is a key nutrient in receiving waters, such as Ches-
apeake Bay. When these waters receive to much nitrogen,
algae become to productive resulting in reduced levels of dis-
solved oxygen at night or in deep stratified layers of water. In
the case of Chesapeake Bay, much of the nitrogen inputs ar-
rive as nitrate, ammonium, and organic nitrogen dissolved in
rain water. SERC scientists have measured the volume and
nitrogen contents of each rainfall event for 20 years. Nitrate is
the most abundant nitrogen nutrient in the rain and its
delivery via the rain has more than doubled over this period.
Ammonium is the second most abundant and its delivery has
also more than doubled. Organic nitrogen delivery fluctuated
bur declined, if anything, over this time period.
SERC scientists also have conducted long-term studies of
how the rates of discharge of nutrients from subwatersheds of
50
Chesapeake Bay vary with geology, land use, and variations in
weather. Nutrient concentrations were measured for 153
streams in various parts of the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and
Appalachian physiographic regions. Concentrations of nitrate
were strongly related to land use within any one geologic re-
gion, with low concentrations in streams draining forested
lands and high concentrations in streams draining agricul-
tural lands. However, under conditions of similar land use,
concentrations of nitrate were much higher in Piedmont and
Appalachian streams than in Coastal Plain streams. This was
primarily due to the fact that groundwater draining Coastal
Plain streams has a relatively shallow trajectory, which allows
the vegetation in the stream riparian zone to intercept more
nitrate than in the other regions, where groundwater path-
ways are often to deep for plant roots to have an effect.
Another study by SERC scientists found that agricultural
livestock populations in the Chesapeake Bay region release sig-
nificant concentrations of hormones into streams and the Bay.
An important source of estrogen in streams 1s chicken manure
that is spread on farm fields as fertilizer. Another source of es-
trogen and testosterone was sewage treatment plant effluent.
Testosterone was found in the streams during the growing sea-
son, but not during the rest of the year. Estrogen reaches the
streams by surface runoff during storms, while testosterone
reaches the streams in both groundwater and surface runoff.
The blue crab is presently the most important fishery in
Chesapeake Bay. A better understanding of its biology and
ecology is fundamental to maintaining this species in the Bay.
SERC scientists use ultrasonic telemetry to study the behavior
of blue crabs in the turbid waters of the Bay. Although adults,
on average, move faster and stay in deeper water, both alter-
nate between periods of slow meandering movement with
faster, directionally-oriented movement. Fertilized females mi-
grate long distances into high salinity areas near the mouth of
the Bay co incubate their eggs. They complete this migration
cycle only once per two to five year generation. Adult abun-
dance is determined by both recruitment and survival of juve-
nile crabs. Cannibalism by large blue crabs was the source of
75 to 97% of the mortality of juvenile crabs. By seeking ref-
uge in the shallows juveniles avoid some of this cannibalism.
The European green crab has been introduced to the west
coast of North America with an initial population developing
in San Francisco Bay. SERC scientists have been monitoring
the expansion of the green crab range and the mechanisms of
expansion. These studies also show that this exotic crab is im-
pacting the populations of clams and amphipods in estuarine
habitats.
The education program at SERC also had a successful year.
Many visiting groups took part in such activities as the Java
History Trail, the Discovery Trail, canoeing on the tidal creek,
and estuarine activities in the shoreline area. These groups in-
cluded handicapped, elderly, children, and minorities. SERC
also hosted a large number of workshops and educational out-
ings for teachers, administrators, and scientists. At SERC
these groups can combine meetings and lectures with seeing
field research in action within a wide variety of natural
habitats.
SERC also continued a very successful work/learn intern-
ship program for undergraduate and beginning graduate stu-
dents. This is a competitive international program.
Prospective interns apply to work with a SERC staff scientist
or educator on a specific project. In addition, SERC staff and
facilities attracted a large number of graduate students, post-
doctoral fellows, and visiting scientists.
Smithsonian Institution Libraries
Barbara J. Smith, Director
The Getty Grant Program awarded the Smithsonian Insti-
tution Libraries support for a three-year project to create an
Online Index and Finding Guide to the Literature of African
Art and Culture which is being developed for access on the
Internet as part of the Libraries’ online catalog. Responding
to the public's growing interest in non-Western art, the index
of 52,000 citations was created by Janet L. Stanley, National
Museum of African Art Branch Librarian, to identify source
materials in this expanding field.
The Libraries’ online catalog has been available on the
Internet since January at fe/met:\\siris.st.edu: and a second edi-
tion of aCD-ROM of the Libraries’ catalog, Smithsonian On
Disc. was published by G. K. Hall, Macmillan. This year the
Libraries launched an Electronic Republishing program with
a pilot project funded by the Institution's Atherton Seidell
Endowment. The full, searchable text of rwo volumes in the
Smithsonian's Bureau of American Ethnology series of Native
American anthropology studies is being prepared for elec-
tronic dissemination and will be available on the Libraries’
World Wide Web site to Internet users around the world,
making a contribution to The National Digital Library.
All eighteen branch libraries now offer users access to the
World Wide Web, and several branches have created Home
Pages with links to external reference materials. Branch staff
held training sessions to assist the Smithsonian research com-
munity in making use of the resources from all over the world
now available electronically. The Libraries’ CD-ROM Net-
work, accessible in most branches and in many Institution of-
fices, was upgraded to increase the number of CD-ROMs thar
are available to users at one time. An agreement with the Li-
brary of Congress has expedited access to and delivery of mate-
rials from that facility to Smithsonian library users. The
Management and Systems Division's Shipping and Receiving
section decreased turn-around time for library materials by
processing shipments using a new automated system. Thanks
to a grant from the Smithsonian Women’s Committee, the Li-
braries now has software to enlarge type on the screen so that
visually impaired users can read from the screen, and thereby
access computer-based information, including the Libraries’
online catalog and databases from the CD-ROM Network.
SIL also purchased a closed-circuit tv enlarger to give visually
impaired library users access to printed material. The equip-
ment was installed in the Museum Reference Center, a cen-
trally located branch on the Mall.
A major event in 1995 was the opening of new and reno-
vated facilities at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
(STRI) Branch Library in Panama, both funded by the Tupper
Foundation. A new Library Annex provides four levels of
stacks to house the collections, and the library building itself
was renovated to provide better services for STRI Branch
Library, the premiere Central American research library for
the scientific community since 1956. These facilities will assist
Libraries staff in serving the 18,000 library users who come an-
nually, including an international body of students in the nat-
ural sciences and anthropology, and students in biological
sciences from the University of Panama.
The installation of compact shelving in the Dibner Library
of the History of Science and Technology (located in the Mu-
seum of American History) has doubled the stack size, in-
creased work space for staff, brought the facility into
conformance with the American with Disabilities Act regula-
tions, and upgraded the electrical system connections for
researchers’ computers. New datalog gers — electronic hygro-
thermographs that can be read from a remote location — in
the Libraries’ rare book locations have brought greater effi-
ciency to the crucial task of monitoring the environmental
conditions in those areas accurately. The Women's Committee
provided funds for rare-book foam supports that ensure
proper handling of rare books during use by researchers. In
May the Libraries appointed William E. Baxter head of its
Special Collections Department.
The Smithsonian Institution Libraries’ exhibition Sczence
and the Artist's Book, co-sponsored by the Washington Project
for the Arts, explores how scientific ideas can stimulate artis-
tic creation. The year-long show displays original artist's
books inspired by and displayed with pioneering scientific
studies from the rare-book collections of SIL’s Dibner Library
of the History of Science and Technology. The exhibition,
curated by book artist Carol Barton and the Libraries’ Rare
Book Cataloguer Diane Shaw, opened at two venues, Part I in
the Libraries Exhibition Gallery located in the National Mu-
seum of American History, and Part 2 at che Washington Proj-
ect for the Arts, the co-sponsor, in late May. This cooperative
effort featured twenty-seven original artist's books created spe-
cifically for this show by leading book artists from around the
country displayed with major publications in the history of
science and technology from the Dibner Library. Twenty-two
of the participating artists attended the opening reception.
Supported by the Glen Eagles Foundation and the
Smithsonian's Special Exhibition Fund, the exhibition honors
the gift of the Dibner Library in 1976 and focuses on one of
the Libraries’ core strengths, the history of science and tech-
nology. The exhibition was featured in the illustrated article,
51
“Science Defined by the Hands of a Book Artist” in Smithso-
nian magazine (June 1995) and, with its own Web server in-
stalled, Libraries’ staff began scanning images and marking
up text for an electronic version of this exhibition.
In conjunction with Science and the Artist's Book, Roald
Hoffmann, Cornell University’s Nobel laureate in chemistry,
poet, and author, delivered the 1995 Dibner Library lecture on
“Chemistry Imagined” which explored connections between
science and art. The lecture was supported by The Dibner
Fund. The Libraries presented four public programs of music
about balloons written between 1890 and 1910, from the collec-
tions of the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) Branch.
Performed by the U. S. Navy Band Sea Chanters, the musical
programs were presented in conjunction with the Libraries’ ex-
hibition, Balloons: the Birth of Flight, 1783-1793 which was on
display in the Libraries Exhibition Gallery from September
through April. Into the Blue: Materials from the National Air
and Space Museum Branch, an exhibition in the Library Hall of
the Natural History Building where the Libraries’ central ad-
ministrative offices are located, featured additional ballooning
materials from the NASM Branch. It was curated by NASM
Branch Librarian Dave Spencer and NASM Reference Librar-
ian Paul McCutcheon with the assistance of two interns.
Claire Dekle and staff of the Book Conservation Laboratory
created the subsequent exhibition for the Library Hall,
Nineteenth-century Publishers’ Cloth Bindings.
In August Rare Books and Special Collections in the Smithso-
nian Institution Libraries. supported by The Dibner Fund, was
published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. This 108-
page visual survey of the Libraries’ most distinctive and valu-
able research materials in a wide sweep of disciplines contains
more than 60 images (over forty in color) and is available from
the Press and in Museum Shops.
Despite limited acquisitions funds for book purchases, the
Libraries was able to enrich its collections through the gener-
osity of donors. Proceeds from the S. Dillon Ripley Library
Endowment funded the purchase of over 50 notable books for
seventeen of the Libraries’ eighteen branches. Other signifi-
cant acquisitions came from donations to three memorial
funds and from the newly established Wells Endowment
Fund in memory of John W. Wells and Ellen B. Wells. More
than 100 individuals and many corporations and institutions
donated books and other library materials this year. The Li-
braries welcomed a major gift of a microfilm copy of Trade-a-
Plane magazine from TAP Publishing Company, including a
printing copy, a user copy, and a cabinet to house the film.
Representing the company, Jean Durfee presented the gift of
114 reels of microfilm which preserves the run of the magazine
from its beginning in 1937.
Following the departure of the deputy director, head cata-
loguer, and several staff during a federal downsizing initiative
at the beginning of the year, Director Barbara J. Smith re-
organized the Libraries into three divisions, consolidating all
technical services departments —cataloging, acquisitions,
preservation— and special collections under the Collections
52
Management Division. Several economies were achieved by
combining Management and Systems into a single division;
and the Research Services Division continues to oversee the
branch library system that serves users in fourteen locations in
the Washington metropolitan area as well as in Cambridge,
Massachusetts, New York City, Edgewater, Maryland, and the
Republic of Panama.
The Libraries is currently serving as the host institution to
CAPNET (Capitol Area Preservation Network), a regional
group of preservation officers and conservators in libraries and
archives. The group, which fosters information and resource
sharing and plans educational activities, co-sponsored a pro-
gram in April with the Library of Congress on emergency pre-
paredness and response. Tom Garnett, Systems Department
head, was nominated and served as a Fellow for Excellence in
Government during 1994-1995. His project was opening the
treasures of the Libraries to a wider audience through estab-
lishing the Libraries’ Web server. Working with an automa-
tion project funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation,
Margaret D'Ambrosio, Cataloguer, went on leave to serve as
resource librarian at the Bibliotheca Berenson, the Harvard
Center for Renaissance Studies in Fiesole, near Florence, Italy.
Libraries’ staff presented papers at several association meet-
ings, and published articles and reviews in professional jour-
nals. The Dibner Library hosted two new SIL/Dibner Library
Resident Scholars during the year, thanks to support from
The Dibner Fund. Six interns from library schools and col-
leges around the country worked in branch libraries and one
intern assisted in the Systems Department. This year, the
Libraries circulated 243,855 items, processed 51,076 inter-
library loan requests, acquired by purchase or gift 19,700
books and other library materials, and answered 56,682
reference questions.
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Ira Rubinoff, Director
During FY 95 the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
(STRI), based in the Republic of Panama, continued its efforts
to increase our understanding of tropical nature and peoples
and to communicate this knowledge internationally. To carry
out its mission, STRI operates tropical forest and marine field
stations, well-equipped laboratories, a research vessel, and a
major tropical sciences library. These facilities support the
work of 35 staff scientists and hundreds of visiting researchers
and students that in FY 95 came from around the world.
From October 16-18 STRI scientists and administrators
held a retreat on Taboga Island to discuss present issues and
future directions. In January 1995 director Ira Rubinoff deliv-
ered a “State of STRI” address to all employees in which he re-
viewed the Institute's budgetary situation, accomplishments,
and present and future projects in the areas of research, educa-
tion, construction and telecommunications.
Several major construction projects completed this year
advanced the master plan of STRI facilities. The renovation
of two floors of Building 352, formerly Surfside Theater, and
occupied for several years by STRI’s Oil Spill Project, added
new offices and laboratories for fellows and visitors at the
Naos Marine Laboratories.
Construction of the annex for the Earl S. Tupper Library
and renovation of the original building were also completed.
This represents a significant expansion of the STRI Library
faciliries made possible by a gift from the Tupper family. A
bronze bust by sculptor Jay Carpenter of Earl S. Tupper,
founder of Tupperware and supporter of STRI, was placed in
the plaza outside the library. A mosaic based on the work of
the Panamanian artist Brooke Alfaro, that was contributed by
the artist to STRI, adorns the facade of the new annex. The
work, entitled “El Trueque” (“The Exchange”) symbolizes
Panama's traditional role as a site of biological, cultural and
commercial exchange.
On Barro Colorado Island, construction of new labora-
tories, housing units for workers and visitors, and a new
pier completed a major part of the program, begun in
1987, to replace buildings from the 1920s and improve the
field station's living and working facilities. The new
building has seven individual laboratories, a chemistry
lab, instrument room, computer room, a darkroom, and
walk-in freezer.
During FY95 construction progressed on the renovation
and conditioning of the Ancon facility to house the Center for
Tropical Paleoecology and the building and installation of the
new back up generator for the Tupper Research and Confer-
ence Center complex.
A major advancement this year was the installation of a sat-
ellice earth station at the Tupper Center to establish more reli-
able communications between STRI and SI. The satellite link
will provide both data and voice services, thus helping to re-
duce communication expenses at both ends.
Of special interest was the publication of Fishes of the
Eastern Tropical Pacific, coauthored by Gerald R. Allen and
STRI staff scientist D. Ross Robertson. The most comprehens-
ive guide of the fishes of the region, this publication is now
being translated into Spanish.
The Spanish version of the executive summary of STRI's
Oil Spill Project's final report was published this year and dis-
tributed widely by the Office of External Affairs. Also pub-
lished, by Texas University Press, was the book Plants and
Animals in the Life of the Kuna by STRI's environmental conser-
vation specialist Jorge Ventocilla, Heraclio Herrea and Valerio
Nufiz, and translated by Elisabeth King.
Another translation that saw the light of day this year was
La domesticacion y cria de la paca (Agouti paca) Guia FAO
Conservacién No. 26 (The domestication and rearing of the
paca, Agouti paca, FAO Conservation Guide No. 26 ), by Nich-
olas Smythe and Ofelina Brown de Guanti, formerly at STRI.
The project on which this publication was based was sup-
ported by a grant from the W. Alton Jones Foundation.
To reach wider audiences STRI published jointly with
Panama's newspaper LA PRENSA 12 monthly color supple-
ments in Spanish entitled “Naturaleza Tropical.” The supple-
ments, written for lay audiences by STRI scientists and
collaborators, dealt with various aspects of Panama's natural
history and were enthusiastically received by readers.
With support from the SI Women’s Committee the Span-
ish version of a second edition of A Day on Barro Colorado Is-
land was completed. The English version will be out in
October, as will the Spanish edition of the guidebook for visi-
tors to the Fausto Bocanegra Nature Trail on Barro Colorado
Island.
Two new fellowships were established and awarded this
year. The Earl S. Tupper 3-year Postdoctoral Fellowship was
awarded to Ulrich Mueller, a researcher from Cornell Univer-
sity, who will conduct studies on the evolution and the ecol-
ogy of the Attine fungus symbiosis. The Fellowship in honor
of the late Alan P. Smith was awarded to senior botany stu-
dent, Eloisa Lasso, from the University of Panama, who will
conduct her thesis research on the canopy access system pion-
eered by Smith.
In FY 95 the recipient of the Burch Fellowship in Theoreti-
cal Medicine and Affiliated Sciences was Pedro Leon Azofeifa,
from the Cell and Molecular Biology Research Center of the
University of Costa Rica. He received this distinction for his
theoretical and applied work in vertebrate genetics and he
will be interacting with STRI scientists during the course of
this fellowship.
To promote cooperation between the Organization of Tropi-
cal Studies (OTS) and STRI, the Andrew W. Mellon Founda-
tion awarded a three-year grant of $350,000 to be shared
equally by STRI and OTS. The grant will fund exchange vis-
its by STRI and OTS researchers as well as visits by outside
researchers.
A generous contribution of one million dollars was made
by Glenn O. Tupper to the Earl S. Tupper Fund to support sci-
entific research at STRI. The STRI Development Office began
this year an “Alumnus Development Program” which raised
approximately $10,000. Numerous letters received from STRI
alumni provided testimony to the important role STRI has
played in the careers of many biologists and conservationists.
The Smithsonian Board of Regents approved the use of the
name Fundacion Smithsonian de Panama for a new founda-
tion to be established in Panama that will raise funds for
STRI projects, specifically those that would involve outreach
to the Panamanian community. One major project supported
by this group of corporate and individual donors is the Ma-
rine Exhibition Center at Culebra Point. A pilot marine envi-
ronmental education program at this site has received over
20,000 students from the pre-kindergarten through the uni-
versity levels.
The U.S. Department of Defense provided funding to two
STRI projects through its Legacy Program. The first project
53
concerns the restoration and renovation of military bunkers
for the development of a visitor center and classroom for the
Culebra Marine Exhibitions Center. The second project in-
volved inventory and monitoring of birds and forest trees in
U.S. military bases in Panama.
The Center for Tropical Forest Science at STRI began the
fourth census of the 50 hectare forest plot on Barro Colorado
Island began in January 1995; previous censuses were con-
ducted in 1982, 1985 and 1990. In Borneo the first census was
completed on a 50-hectare plot that contains 1173 species and
380,000 stems. A new 50-hectare plot was initiated this year
in a high-diversity Amazon forest in area of Yasuni, Ecuador
in collaboration with the Catholic University of Ecuador and
the Aarhus University of Denmark.
On May 6, 1995 a new field station was opened in the Carib-
bean by a consortium of private partners in Honduras and
Switzerland, the Honduras Coral Reef Foundation and a part-
nership of STRI and the Honduran government. The solar
powered field station provides laboratory and living space for
I5 scientists and will be the site for studies on coral reefs and
other marine habitats, and for an initiative in the sustainable
development of fishing and tourism.
In Africa, the Mpala Research Centre, a collaborative re-
search effort between Princeton University, the National Mu-
seum of Kenya and the Kenya Wildlife Service, hired its first
director, Nicholas Georgiadis, a STRI research affiliate. This
unique savannah field station located, in the Laikipia plateau
in northcentral Kenya, provides housing and dining facilities
for 15 scientists. Director Georgiadis visited Panama this year
to formalize links between Mpala and STRI, which adminis-
ters the SI interests in this consortium.
A working plan and cooperative agreement was signed be-
tween STRI and Brazil's Federal University of Parana (UFPR).
The agreement calls for technical and scientific exchange to re-
construct the history of the vegetation and climate since the
last glacial epoch, in several regions of Brazil. The STRI pale-
oecology team headed by Paul Colinvaux and the UFPR de-
partment of Botany headed by Raquel Negrelle will be
working together towards the successful completion of the
project.
Several international workshops were held at STRI’s Tupper
Center this year. From March 20-24, the Technical Meeting of
Herbaria of Central America and the Caribbean brought to-
gether twenty-six specialists from eight nations and was or-
ganized by Mireya Correa, of STRI and the University of
Panama, and Rafael Ocampo, of the Centro Agronémico Trop-
ical de Investigaciones y Ensefanza (CATIE) in Costa Rica.
Seventy-five specialists from around the world gathered at the
Tupper Center for the United Nation’s Environmental
Program's Global Biodiversity Assessment Workshop that
was held from June 12-16.
The U.S. State Department provided seed funding to initi-
ate the development of an international travelling exhibit on
coral reefs. The exhibit is conceived as a means Co increase
public awareness of the plight of coral reefs, and is one way in
54
which STRI is helping to carry out the objectives of the Inter-
national Coral Reef Initiative, in which STRI has an advisory
and collaborative role. The exhibit will open at the ATLAPA
Convention Center in conjunction with the Eight Inter-
national Coral Reef Congress to be held in Panama from June
24-29, 1996, cohosted by the University of Panama and STRI.
The bilingual itinerant exhibit “Parting the Green Cur-
tain” continued its travels through its fifth country in Latin
America, opening at the Banco Central de Reserva del Peru in
Lima, from July through September 1995. The educational
exhibit “Imagenes contra el SIDA” opened at the Tupper Cen-
ter in December and was subsequently donated to Panama's
Ministry of Health to support local HIV/AIDS prevention
education.
STRI and the University of Panama offered the V Intro-
ductory Course in Field Research for biology students held
from April 2-11 in the Gigante Peninsula, part of the Barro
Colorado Nature Monument. In collaboration with Panama’s
Ministry of Education (MINEDUC), STRI organized the II
Workshop in Marine Environmental Education held from
March 27-31, 1995. The workshop supported by a grant from
the SI Educational Outreach Fund was attended by 23 middle
school teachers from Panama's coastal areas, including a repre-
sentative from the San Blas islands.
Thirty students from the University of Panama and the
Azuero Regional University Center participated in the archae-
ological excavations at the Cerro Juan Diaz site near the town
of Los Santos, directed by STRI staff member Richard Cooke
in collaboration with Panama’s Institute of Culture. The
students’ training and participation was supported by a grant
from the SI Educational Outreach Fund.
Secretary I. Michael Heyman and Theresa Heyman visited
STRI from February 6-10 to meet the staff and learn about on-
going programs. Secretary Heyman and STRI director Ira
Rubinoff met Panama's President Ernesto Perez Balladares at
Blair House in September. President Perez Balladares pre-
sented Heyman with a letter expressing his government's in-
tention to continue supporting STRI beyond the year 2000.
Arts and Humanities
Anacostia Museum
Steven Cameron Newsome, Director
The Anacostia Museum continued its tradition of increasing
public knowledge of the black experience through direct en-
gagement with a variety of constituent groups in the develop-
ment of exhibitions, public programs, and research projects.
The groundbreaking exhibition “Black Mosaic: Community,
Race, and Ethnicity among Black Immigrants in Washing-
ton, D.C.” was the anchor for activities that strengthened the
museum’s leadership in documenting and interpreting con-
temporary urban and community history and culture. The
collaborative strategies that the museum uses to develop and
implement projects are useful models for other institutions.
To complement “Black Mosaic,” the museum sponsored
two conferences about music. “Musica Afro-Latino” explored
the history of Latin musical forms in Washington, D.C., and
featured performances and discussions by some of the city’s
pioneers and trendsetters. “Beyond the Reggae Beat” in-
creased public understanding of musical genres with origins
in English- and French-speaking Caribbean communities.
Free concerts followed both conferences.
Three notable exhibitions were installed in the Community
Gallery. “In Search of Common Ground: Senior Citizens and
Community Life at Potomac Gardens” focused on eight resi-
dents of a public housing development. “Art Changes Things:
The Art and Activism of Georgette Powell” was a retrospec-
tive view of the life and work of a noted African American art
educator and artist who has been active since the 1930s.
“Anacostia: Not the Same Old Story” was developed by stu-
dents participating in the museum’s partnership with the
Lucy Ellen Morten Elementary School.
The National African American Museum Project became
part of the museum's administrative structure and was re-
named the Center for African American History and Culture.
The center mounted two exhibitions in the Arts and Indus-
tries Building. “Imagining Families” offered a provocative ex-
amination of family history through a variety of art forms. In
“The Harmon and Harriet Kelley Collection of Art,” the pub-
lic gained insight into the impact of individuals who decide
to commit themselves to collecting African American art.
An advisory board began consulting with museum staff on
plans for the 1997 exhibition “Speak to My Heart: African
American Communities of Faith and Contemporary Life.”
The exhibition, the second in a trilogy of major contemporary
urban history offerings, will explore the social and culcural
dynamics of Washington's African American spiritual institu-
tions. It will also address the impact of changes in vestments,
iconography, and liturgy on black religious traditions.
Plans for the museum's Archives Study and Storage Center
were completed. Construction is slated for 1996 and 1997. The
addition will enable the museum to be more effective in col-
lecting and caring for manuscript, archival, and photographic
material that reflects black life.
Archives of American Art
Richard J. Wattenmaker
Acquisitions
Major groups of important papers were acquired this year by
the Archives of American Art. John Gruen (b. 1926), art critic
and author, donated original manuscripts, tape recordings and
transcripts of interviews conducted with important artists
who constitute a “Who's Who” of figures in the art world
over the past 40 years. These comprise discussions with crit-
ics, including Harold Rosenberg and Clement Greenberg, as
well as the original, unedited draft manuscript of Gruen’s
book, The Party's Over, with much more data than was ulti-
mately published.
A large group of personal papers were donated by the critic
Lucy Lippard (b. 1937) including drafts of her books Six Years,
Cross Fire, Mixed Blessings, and Eva Hesse, together with corre-
spondence from 1970-1992. Other papers given include clip-
pings, leaflets, broadsides on American culture and politics as
well as her teaching notes for the University of Colorado,
Boulder in 1986.
The Archives received a group of rare catalogues (1944-
1992), newsletters and records of the Society of American
Graphic Artists from Vice-President Richard Dorian. SAGA
continues today as the leading organization of printmakers in
America.
Papers and gallery records were received from Kraushaar
Galleries, New York. More than 35 cubic feet of documents
comprising correspondence with artists, collectors, dealers,
museums and other clients. These include artists such as John
Sloan, Guy Péne du Bois, and Gifford Beal. Kraushaar,
founded in 1885, is one of the oldest art galleries in America
and played an important role in fostering the successful ca-
reers of such American artists as the Prendergast brothers,
Maurice and Charles, William Glackens, and John Sloan. In
the 1920s the Gallery was a leading exhibitor of modern Euro-
pean painters. Vose Galleries of Boston, Inc. also donated cus-
tomer files 1914-1945 adding to a group of papers given by
Vose over a period of years. The Gallery is the oldest family
owned art gallery in America begun in Providence, RI in the
1840s and operating in Boston since before the turn of the
century. These exceptional records constitute a continuing
gift that will provide an invaluable resource for the study of
19th and 2oth century art in America.
Among other continuing gifts are the papers of scholar
Stanton L. Catlin (b. 1915), a leading authority on 19th and
2oth century Latin American art. One of his most notable
achievements was the organization of the “Art of Latin Amer-
ica since Independence” exhibition at Yale and the University
of Texas in 1967. An addition to the papers of painter and
draughtsman Hyman Bloom (b. 1913) was also received. Fel-
low of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since
1960, Bloom is well known for his figure and anatomical com-
positions, landscapes and Jewish genre subjects.
The Archives acquired the papers of sculptress Bessie Vonnoh
Potter (1872-1955) who gained a national reputation for bronze
fountains, portrait busts and mother-and-child figure groups.
The collection also includes vintage photographs. Of special in-
terest are the artist's letters describing her visit to the 1900 Paris’
Exposition Universelle. The donor, Lulette J. Thompson, is
Vonnoh’s 98-year old cousin and oldest surviving heir.
55
The papers of sculptor Heinz Warneke (1895-1983), born in
Germany, and who migrated to the United States in 1923,
have also been donated to the Archives. Warneke was head of
the sculpture department of the Corcoran School of Art from
the early 1940s to 1970.
Another rich collection, papers (1907-1973) of painter
Stanton Macdonald-Wright (1890-1973) including corre-
spondence (1909-1915) from the artist and his brother Wil-
lard Huntington Wright to their mother, and a diary
(1909) from Paris concerning color theories and aesthetics,
were donated by the artist's wife. Included is a treatise on
color with palette and color wheels and an untitled manu-
script loosely based on the lives of Stanton and Willard
Wright as well as five journal notebooks kept by the artist
from 1939-1973.
Finally, the Archives was bequeathed the papers of art histo-
rian Albert Elsen (1928-1995) professor of art history at Stan-
ford University and president of the College Art Association
from 1974-1976. Elsen was also author of the “Statement on
Standards for Sculptural Reproduction and Preventive Mea-
sures to combat Unethical Casting in Bronze.” Long-time
member of the Archives’ West Coast Advisory Committee, he
was instrumental in the acquisition of several collections. This
collection includes correspondence, writings, photographs and
printed materials related to his teaching and research in such
figures as Rodin, Matisse, Seymour Lipton and Paul Jenkins.
Exhibitions
An exhibition of a promised gift of papers of sculptor Louise
Bourgeois was presented at the New York Regional Center,
November 11 to December 1, 1994. Ms. Bourgeois donated the
papers to the Archives in honor of Agnes Gund, the well-
known collector and supporter of contemporary art, and the
Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Museum of Modern Art.
Mrs. Gund was honored by the Archives of American Art at a
black tie benefit dinner at the University Club on November
17 attended by 280 people.
Katharine Kuh (1904-1994), an art historian, critic, gallery
owner, and curator, gave the first installment of her papers to
the Archives in 1971 and continued to make gifts of her corre-
spondence throughout the 1970s and 1980s. It was her wish
that after her death the remainder of her letters, manuscripts,
photographs. and diaries also be given to the Archives.
Archives’ staff member Nancy Malloy and art historian Avis
Berman curated a wonderful exhibition at the Archives’ New
York Gallery featuring Kuh’s papers, which document the
broad range of interests and contributions to art history and
criticism made by this remarkable scholar.
Letters, sketchbooks, diaries, travel journals, and photo-
graphs of abstract expressionist painter Georgio Cavallon
(1904-1989) were on display at the Archives’ Gallery in the
New York Center from April 4 to June 30. Complementing
the papers were a selection of 18 of Cavallon’s paintings and
watercolors that were lent for the exhibition. Critic Robert
Hughes praised Cavallon’s work as “one of the most lucid,
56
steadfast, and articulate bodies of work in modern American
painting.” Diane Kelder, Professor at CUNY Graduate Center
and Chair of the Arc Department at Staten Island College, was
the guest curator.
Also on view at the Archives’ New York Regional Center
was an exhibition featuring highlights from collections re-
cently acquired by the Archives of American Art. Among the
items displayed were letters, sketches, and books from private
libraries of artists and critics such as Peter Dean, Frank Stella,
Robert Smithson, and Lucy Lippard. Also on view were origi-
nal birthday cards given to collector Roy Neuberger from art-
ists such as Jackson Pollack, Romare Bearden, Stuart Davis,
and Alexander Calder.
Publications
The Archives’ latest publication, Government and Art: A Guide
to Sources in the Archives of American Art, will be published in
late Fall. In addition to other materials the Archives has the
largest collection of manuscripts, archives, and oral history
interviews documenting the New Deal arts programs of the
1930s.
Oral History
During the 1995 Fiscal Year, the Archives conducted a number
of new oral history interviews. Among figures interviewed
were New York art dealer Paula Cooper, interviewed by Bill
Weiss, who speaks of her gallery experiences and the begin-
nings of her involvement with such contemporaries as Walter
de Maria, Carl Andre, and other sculptors of the 1960s. Paul
Karlstrom, West Coast Regional Director interviewed sculp-
tor Viola Frey (b. 1933), as part of the Women in the Arts Oral
History Project, she discusses her education and recalls artists
such as Richard Diebenkorn, Marc Rothko, and Robert Arne-
son. Claire Falkenstein (b. 1908), interviewed by Paul J.
Karlstrom, provided a candid discussion of her development
as an artist while a student at the University of California,
Berkeley. Falkenstein discusses her largest commission at
St. Basil’s Cathedral in Los Angeles. She also talks about her
teaching in the Bay area and friendships with Clyfford Still as
well as meetings with such figures as Karl Appel, Martha
Jackson and Sam Francis. In an interview Fritz Scholder
(b. 1937) discusses his family background and growing up
in the parallel worlds of Anglo and Native American cul-
ture, his education and his travel in Europe and Egypt as
well as the importance of magic and occult in his work.
He also recalls such contemporaries as Wayne Thiebaud,
Vincent Price, Georgia O'Keeffe, Agnes Martin and
Leonard Baskin.
The Archives has undertaken an oral history project in
cooperation with the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New
York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Orai History Proj-
ect has interviewed twelve of the approximately twenty-
five individuals who are or have been closely connected
with the museum's operations and programs. These inter-
viewees include staffand trustees including those who have
served the museum in the past.
Collecting
The Director and Southeast Regional collector, Liza Kirwin
traveled to San Antonio, Texas, where they met with artists
and arts administrators to pursue the Archives’ longstanding
activity documenting Mexican American and Latino art. The
Archives is currently preparing a guide to Latino holdings.
In Memorium
William E. (Bill) Woolfenden, former Director and Director
Emeritus of the Archives of American Art died July 19 in
New Haven, Connecticut. He was 77. Mr. Woolfenden was
Director of the Archives for 19 years and was involved with its
programs from its inception in 1954. He was responsible for
its growth into the nation’s largest repository for documenta-
tion of the visual arts and culture of the United States.
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and Freer
Gallery of Art
Milo C. Beach, Director
With both the Sackler and Freer buildings open, in full opera-
tion and physically linked for more than two years, the galler-
ies began two major evaluative efforts. The first, a 12-month
visitor study, was aimed at learning more about the galleries’
public—who they are and what they hope to gain from their
museum experience. Working with the Smithsonian's Institu-
tional Studies Office and a four-member gallery steering com-
mittee, professional interviewers spoke to a random sampling
of visitors over a period of seven days each month from Octo-
ber 1994 through September 1995.
Recognizing a related need to refine the galleries’ mis-
sion statement and set programmatic priorities in a time of
diminishing resources, the administration hired a strategic
planning firm to help guide the staff and visiting commit-
tees in identifying key issues and operating principles,
while helping them to set goals, objectives, and tasks for
the next five years. A series of workshops and retreats
resulted in a newly drafted mission statement. Staff in
individual departments are now engaged in discussions as
to how departmental goals can further the achievement of
the mission.
A project to preserve some of the world’s great art was initi-
ated by the government of Japan and private concerns in 1991,
and the Freer Gallery was the first institution in the United
States to benefit from this effort. By the time the project is
completed early in 1996, 40 of the gallery’s masterpieces of
Japanese painting, dating from the 12th through the 19th cen-
tury, will have been stabilized, cleaned, and remounted in the
traditional format by specialists in Japan.
The Sackler Gallery exhibition “A Basketmaker in Rural
Japan” presented the complete repertoire of baskets made by
Hiroshima Kazuo (b. 1915) for use in the home, field, and
stream during his 64-year career as a bamboo craftsman. The
exhibition was the first in the United States to focus on
Japanese baskets as objects of use. It exemplified the gallery's
efforts to identify works of art with their makers and place
them within a cultural context.
The Freer joined the National Gallery of Art and the National
Portrait Gallery in presenting a full range of the art of American
expatriate James McNeill Whistler. “Whistler and Japan” was
the first exhibition at the Freer to focus specifically on the rela-
uonship between the Japanese and American painting collec-
tions, and it examined Whistler's interest in Japanese art and
how it affected his work. The Freer Gallery also cosponsored a
Whistler Scholars’ Colloquium with the Centre for Whistler
Studies, University of Glasgow. The colloquium was held at the
Freer, with an opening reception at the British Embassy.
During a one-day Sackler Gallery symposium, “Saints,
Sufis, and Siddhas,” six scholars of art history and religion pre-
sented papers examining the significance of the holy person-
age, an overarching theme in the South Asian artistic idiom.
Sessions devoted to Hindu, Islamic, and Buddhist “saints”
were followed by an open discussion. The symposium was
made possible by the generosity of Mrs. Archur M. Sackler.
The Sackler and Freer family program ImaginAsia benefited
by the addition of a part-time staff member, who expanded these
popular activities to complement current exhibitions and devel-
oped a variety of related hands-on activities. The public re-
sponded enthusiastically and in great numbers to ImaginAsia’s
increased frequency and changing themes.
Since the Freer Gallery of Art reopened following renova-
tion in 1993, concerts of Asian music and Western chamber
music have drawn audiences of music lovers to the grassy
plaza at the gallery's north entrance and to the Eugene and
Agnes E. Meyer Auditorium inside. Concerts this year fea-
tured che music of Partha Chatterjee on the lute-like sitar, ac-
companied by Samir Chatterjee on the tab/a. or drums; the
music of Afghanistan, North India, and Pakistan as per-
formed by Wali Ahmad Raoufi and Broto Roy; the Gudecha
brothers; and Shiv Kumar Sharma with Shafaat Ahmed Khan.
The Bill and Mary Meyer Concert Series, now in its third
year, included six programs of chamber music by such artists
as Musicians from Marlboro, Pamela Frank, and the Takacs
Quartet. A highlight of the concert by the Shanghai Quartet
was the Washington, D.C., premiere of “Song of the Ch'in,”
by the contemporary Chinese composer Zhou Long. The Bill
and Mary Meyer Concert Series has been established in mem-
ory of Dr. Eugene Meyer III and Mary Adelaide Bradley
Meyer. It is generously supported by The Island Fund in the
New York community Trust and Elizabeth E. Meyer.
The Sackler Gallery sponsored six free public film series fea-
turing recent and classic works from China, Taiwan, Hong
57
Kong, Japan, Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Philippines, as
well as films from the United States about Asia. Advertise-
ments for the series appeared in Asian community newspa-
pers, and that exposure helped attract large and diverse
audiences to the films.
The Freer and Sackler Library began major improvements
in public service through an automated cataloging system
that includes titles in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. Library
staff have begun to convert the 57,000-volume card catalogue
to the electronic database, which eventually will be accessible
by computer worldwide.
Visitors entering the Freer Gallery through the north door can
check current exhibitions and the day’s events on two interactive
video monitors that were installed this year. Designed by gallery
staff and made possible by a generous grant from the Smithson-
ian Women’s Committee, the monitors attracted approximately
4,000 visitor queries in the first month of operation.
The director was host of a reception at the Freer Gallery in
honor of the visit of the Dalai Lama in September. His Holi-
ness toured the Buddhist galleries and addressed guests about
the importance of preserving the cultural heritage of Tibet.
“Contemporary Japanese Porcelain,” an exhibition of recent
work by living artists, received top honors as Best Overall Ex-
hibition in the 1994 Smithsonian Exhibition Awards. “A
Mughal Hunt,” which examined the process by which a
scholar traces the history of an unidentified work of art, was
cited for the excellence of its labels.
The collections management departments of the Sackler
and Freer Galleries were combined in a single department
under a head registrar, who oversaw the acquisition of 175
works of art through gift, purchase, and transfer to the Sackler
Gallery this year. Among the significant gifts were 72 photo-
graphs of Asia by Lois Conner; a group of archaic Luristan
bronzes; and a fine 14th-century Tibetan Buddhist sculpture,
which was purchased by the Friends of Asian Arts and the
Smithsonian Collections Acquisition Program.
A highlight among the 18 gifts, purchases, and transfers to the
Freer collection this year was the Portrait of Yamamoto Kansuke, a
hanging scroll by Gion Seitoku (1781-18297), a Japanese artist
known for his religious and historical portraiture, as well as for
his paintings of courtesans. The subject of the Freer portrait was
the crusted adviser and brilliant military strategist for one of 16th-
century Japan's most cunning and powerful warlords. The paint-
ing was purchased by Friends of Asian Arts and the Smithsonian
Collections Acquisition Program.
Center for Museum Studies
Rex M. Ellis, Director
The Center for Museum Studies (CMS) serves a diverse constit-
uency of museum professionals, students, volunteers and cul-
tural resource specialist by offering courses, seminars,
58
fellowships, internships, information services and professional
support. CMS is committed to offering programs and services
thar foster excellence, public service and diversity within the
museum community.
1995 marked a year of change, new beginnings and in-
creased private support for the center. In 1995, the Office of
Museum Programs changed its name to the Center for Mu-
seum Studies. The new name more accurately reflects the mis-
sion and function of the office and more clearly aligns with
what the museum community has come to accept as the termi-
nology defining museum operations. The office mission has
always been, primarily, to support external museums and mu-
seum staff by providing training, information and professional
support in museum operations. The name change will help to
accomplish this more effectively as the office seeks to broaden
service to a national constituency. The new name also more
clearly facilitates and accommodates efforts to build networks
with the many colleges and universities that offer courses and
degrees in museum studies.
The center began two programs in 1995: a new workshop
series and the Museum Intern Partnership Program.
Under the direction of Nancy Fuller, Research Manager,
the center developed a new workshop series designed primar-
ily to meet the needs of staff working in small, emerging, mi-
nority and rural museums. The center's objective in offering
the new workshop series (Introduction to Public Program-
ming, December 5-9; Introduction to Museum Management
and Operations, January 23-27; Introduction to Exhibition De-
sign and Production, March 6-10; and Introduction to Manag-
ing Museum Collections, April 24-28) was to help museums
attain effective levels of professional operation to better serve
their communities. Class size was intentionally limited to bet-
ter meet the individual needs of the participants.
The center also introduced the Museum Intern Partnership
Program, under the direction of Bruce Craig, Communication
Manager, and Bob Kidd, Museum Program Specialist. Given
the size and scope of the Smithsonian, most of the
Institution's interns do not get a museum experience compara-
ble to the vast majority of museums in the United States. The
Museum Intern Partnership Program provides a complimen-
tary internship at a Smithsonian museum or office and at a
smaller, community-focused museum. The program gives se-
lected interns a well-rounded experience, provides a mecha-
nism for Smithsonian staff to work closely with colleagues in
other institutions and broadens the dissemination of
Smithsonian resources. Three outstanding individuals were se-
lected for the first year of the program, funded by a grant
from the Smithsonian's Educational Outreach fund and pro-
grams funds in the Center for Museum Studies. Partnerships
took place at: National African American Museum Project,
Washington, DC, and Museum of African Art, Tampa, FL;
Anacostia Museum, Washington, DC, and the Motown His-
torical Museum, Detroit, MI; and the National Museum of
American Art, Washington, DC, and the Institute of Ameri-
can Indian Arts, Santa Fe, NM. In April, at the end of the pro-
gram, the three interns returned to the Smithsonian and led a
half-day workshop on museum programming with students
from the Duke Ellington High School for the Performing
Arts.
The center's fundraising efforts were recently given a boost
by two generous donations which will support intern and fel-
lowship programming. In March 1995, Mr. and Mrs. Anthony
Welters made a generous contribution of $150,000 to estab-
lish the Vincent Wilkinson Endowment Fund, within the
Smithsonian Fund for the Future, in memory of Mrs. Welters’
father. The Wilkinson Endowment Fund will provide support
for African American undergraduate students to participate in
the Museum Intern Partnership Program. Interns supported
by this fund will be known as the Vincent Wilkinson Interns.
This generous contribution has also attracted the attention of
other donors. At the end of the year staff were working to se-
cure an endowment which would fund Latino/a students in
the Museum Intern Partnership Program as well.
The center's Fellowships in Museum Practice program re-
ceived a pledged endowment of $150,000 from the Smithson-
ian Women's Committee, in celebration of the upcoming
15oth anniversary of the Institution. This program was created
in 1992 with an endowment of $100,000 from the Smithson-
ian Women’s Committee, given in honor of their 25th anniver-
sary, and remains the only activity at the Smithsonian funded
by an endowment from that committee. Under the direction
of Nancy Fuller, four fellows are selected each year to do re-
search at the Smithsonian on museum issues. Fellows in 1995
were:
D. Lynn McRainey, Associate Educator for Museum Pro-
grams, Chicago Historical Society. Project title: “Interpreting
History Through Interactive Experiences.” Project sponsor:
Nancy McCoy, Director, Division of Education, National Mu-
seum of American History.
Helen Glazer, Exhibitions Director and Collections Coordi-
nator, Goucher College.” Project title: “In Quest of Myth: A
Prototype Multi-Museum Tour at the Smithsonian.” Project
sponsor: Zahara Doering, Director, Institutional Studies,
Smithsonian Institution.
Nigel Holman, Executive Director, A:ishi A:wan Museum
and Heritage Center, Pueblo of Zuni. Project title: “Debating
the Curation and Use of Historic Photographs in Museums
and Archives.” Project sponsors: Eulalie Bonar, Assistant Cura-
tor, and George Horse Capture, Deputy Assistant for Cultural
Resources, National Museum of the American Indian.
Teresa Morales, Coordinator, Programa de Museos Com-
unitarios y Ecomuseos, Oaxaca, Mexico. Project title: “Cul-
tural Appropriation and Community Museums.” Project
sponsor: Nancy Fuller, Research Program Manager, Center for
Museum Studies. Project advisors: William Merrill and
Christine Kreamer, Curators for Anthropology, National
Museum of Natural History.
The center continued its strong commitment Co increasing
cultural diversity in the museum workforce through work-
shops and technical assistance offered by the American Indian
Museum Studies Program, the Awards for Museum Leader-
ship and the Latino Graduate Training Seminar.
In addition to offering workshops in cultural program-
ming, collections management, archival methods and living
history programs, Karen Cooper, Program Manager of the
American Indian Museum Studies program, launched a new
publication series in October: Perspectives, a series of technical
pamphlets directed specifically for use in American Indian
cultural centers. The first two pamphlets were Travelling Exhi-
bitions for Tribal Museums and Cultural Centers and Tribal Collec-
tions Management at the Makah Cultural and Research Center.
The program also produced a directory of all participants
since its inception in 1991; a “Bibliography of Current
Museum-Oriented Writings on Native American Topics;”
and developed resource lists on “Membership Organizations
of Interest to Tribal Museums,” “Training for Museum Ca-
reers,” and “Funding Sources for American Indian, Alaska and
Hawaii Museums and Cultural Centers.”
The Awards for Museum Leadership, held this year July 17A
21 under the direction of Bob Kidd, featured innovative topics
and speakers. The program objectives were to broaden partici-
pant perspectives on diversity issues in museums; explore
technological, social, political and economic challenges in the
museum profession; strengthen team-building skills and
problem-solving capabilities; and create a supportive climate
in which to nurture new networks of expertise and collabora-
tion. Fifteen individuals participated in the program, reflect-
ing a diverse range of ethnic backgrounds, geographic
locations, career paths, educational backgrounds and insti-
tutional/organizational sizes. Rennie Saunders, an indepen-
denc human resource consultant and trainer, led a very
successful session on Team Building and Dynamics of
Teamwork. Another highlight of this year’s program was a
Leadership Development seminar facilitated by Myra
King, Assistant Professor at Montgomery College; Jane
Delgado, Executive Director, The Bronx Museum of the
Arts; and Elaine Heumann Gurian, former deputy director
of the U.S. Holocaust Museum.
With the Inter-University Program for Latino Research,
the Center for Museum Studies sponsored the second annual
Latino Graduate Training Seminar in Qualitative Methodol-
ogy. Fifteen doctoral candidates participated in “Interpreting
Latino Cultures: Research and Museums,” June 19-30. Magda-
lena Mieri, Museum Programs Specialist at the center, served
as a coordinator for the program. As the Smithsonian moves
forward with plans to expand staffing and programming re-
lated to Latino history and culture, this program represents an
important milestone toward increasing the pool of Latino
curators and museum professionals. The program challenges
students to develop strong research skills while exploring is-
sues of interpretation and representation of cultural materials
and traditions in museums. The program also offers students
an opportunity to forge relationships with a community of
scholars, curators and archivists who are often not available at
their home institutions.
S9
Wich funding from the Smithsonian Institution's Latino
Initiative Pool, the center created a new fellowship program,
the Latino Graduate School Fellowship, under the direction of
Magdalena Mieri. The goal of the program 1s to support the
scholarly development and research interests of Latino gradu-
ate students, to expose them to the resources available at the
Smithsonian and to introduce them to museum operations.
The program emerged as a result of issues raised during the
Latino Graduate Training Seminar and a desire to extend the
length of time Latino scholars could conduct research at the
Smithsonian. Five outstanding Latino/a Ph.D. candidates,
chosen from among participants in both the 1994 and 1995
seminars, were elected to begin research at the Smithsonian in
Fiscal Year 1996.
Responsibility for central intern services at the Institution
is a major function at the center. During 1995 both Sarah Lan-
don, Intern Services Coordinator, and Rebecca Culpepper, In-
tern Services Assistant, left the center and were replaced
respectively by Elena Piquer Mayberry and Allison Wickens.
Intern Services at the center provides a weekly orientation to
new Smithsonian interns as well as special programs, tours
and discussions. The center also offers an annual Museum Ca-
reers Seminar, held this year July 5-26. This four-part program
explored museum practice and functions, the types of posi-
tions available within the museum field, career guidance and
advice. Through programming and counseling, Intern Ser-
vices insures that all interns have access to, and use, the
unique resources of the Smithsonian to explore the many fac-
ets of museum work.
In 1995 the center moved closer to providing comprehens-
ive electronic outreach information to the museum commu-
nity and beyond. Staff and volunteers began cataloging
citations to the American Association of Museums annual
meeting audio-tapes which will be added to the Museum
Studies Database, accessible through the Smithsonian Institu-
tion Research Information System (SIRIS). The center also es-
tablished a “home page” on the Smithsonian's web site. The
page includes program information and listings of resources
available from the center. Several web users have already
downloaded and sent to the office the Application for
Smithsonian Internships which is posted in the Intern Ser-
vices area. The center has also drafted out subject area and
services to be placed on Smithsonian On-Line, the on-line
information area of America On-Line in early Fiscal Year
1996. Increasing access to our materials as well as provid-
ing information to the general public about museums, mu-
seum careers and museum issues will guide the design of
the center's web page. Discussions among staff continue
about use of the internet to deliver training as well as the
feasibility of tele-conferencing segments of our worskhops
and seminars.
The center begins 1996, and the Isoth anniversary of the
Smithsonian, with excitement and a deep commitment to con-
tinue servicing and promoting excellence and equity in the
museum community as well as in its daily operations.
60
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum
Dianne H. Pilgrim, Director
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum seeks to enrich the
lives of all people by exploring the creation and consequences
of the designed environment. The National Design Museum
is one of the largest repositories of design in the world, and
the only museum in the United States devoted exclusively to
historical and contemporary design. Four curatorial depart-
ments, Drawings and Prints, Decorative Arts, Textiles, and
Wallcoverings, care for, interpret, and add to the Museum's
collection of nearly a quarter of a million objects. The Mu-
seum also houses a Department of Contemporary Design, an
outstanding reference library, extensive archival material on
American industrial design, an African-American Design
Archive and a newly established Latino Design Archive.
During 1995, construction began on the Museum's major
capital renovation and accessibility project. The project will
accomplish several goals: create storage/study centers for the
Museum's collections, improve conservation of the collections,
and make the entire Museum facility—Mansion, Miller and
Fox Houses, and the Arthur Ross Terrace and Garden—com-
pletely accessible. Approved by the New York City Land-
marks Commission and the New York State Historic
Preservation Trust, the design by the architectural firm of
Polshek and Partners is already being hailed as a model for
providing accessibiliry in a historic landmark building.
In December of 1994, partial funding of $13 million for the
$20 million project was approved by the Smithsonian. The
Museum has worked during the past year to secure the addi-
uonal $7 million needed to complete the project as originally
planned. In less than one year, the Museum has secured
pledges and gifts of cash and securities totaling $3.7 million.
This figure includes a $2 million donation from Agnes
Bourne, a San Francisco-based furniture and interior designer
and her husband, Dr. James Luebbers. They sold their land-
mark mansion, Stonehouse, and donated $2 million from the
proceeds to the National Design Museum. The Museum has
used the $3.7 million to restore elements of the project to the
construction schedule that had been previously eliminated
because of cost.
In order to ensure the safety of both the public and the col-
lections, the Museum suspended exhibitions for the duration
of the renovation project. The galleries closed in August 1995
and will reopen in the fall of 1996 with the major exhibition,
Mixing Messages: Graphic Design in Contemporary Culture, spon-
sored by the Mead Corporation. While the galleries are closed,
the Museum will continue to offer a wide range of innovative
educational programs and the Museums library of 56,000 vol-
umes and extensive archives are available by appointment.
Also, the Museum is collaborating with several outside organi-
zations on off-site exhibitions. Six Bridges: The Making of the
New York Megalopolis, a collaborative effort of the National De-
sign Museum and the PaineWebber Art Gallery, will be
shown at the PaineWebber Art Gallery from January 25 to
April 19, 1996. The Museum 1s consulting with the Central
Park Conservancy on Help Design Frederick Douglass Circle, an
exhibition of the different designs submitted for improve-
ment of the Frederick Douglass Circle area. It will be on dis-
play from March 28 to June 2, 1996 in Central Park.
Avant-garde Letterhead, an exhibition of letterheads de-
signed between 1909 and 1950, will open at the American In-
stitute of Graphic Artists’ gallery in March or April 1996. The
exhibition is curated by Ellen Lupton, the Museum’s Curator
of Contemporary Design. In addition, the Museum is plan-
ning an exhibition on swings to be displayed in the Arthur
Ross Terrace and Garden in the summer of 1996.
Before the gallery doors closed, the National Design Mu-
seum presented a full roster of the innovative and creative ex-
hibitions that have become the Museum's trademark.
Exhibitions on the evolution of the workplace, Dutch Modern-
ism and the applied arts from 1880 to 1930, the work of
graphic designer Elaine Lustig Cohen, jewelry and accessories
from the Museum's collection, a review of 1950's wallpaper
and analysis of an 18th-century bedcover were all on view at
the National Design Museum during 1995.
The Museum created a Marketing Committee to help main-
tain the Museum's momentum and public profile during the
renovation project and to plan activities to celebrate the
Museum's Centennial in 1997. The Committee consists of our-
side professionals and several members of the Board of Trust-
ees. The Committee is also involved in the creation of a
National Design Awards program. These awards will give the
Museum the opportunity to highlight the best work of the de-
sign world and reward designers and companies for their cre-
ativity and problem solving.
The National Design Museum's work was honored this
past year with seven Federal Design Achievement Awards for
the exhibitions The Cooper-Hewitt Collections: A Design Resource;
Mechanical Brides: Women and Machines from Home to Office;
Packaging the New: Design and the American Consumer 1925-1975;
The Power of Maps; Revolution, Life and Labor: Soviet Porcelain
(1918-1985); and A Royal Gift: The 1826 Porcelain Jewel Cabinet
and The Edge of the Millennium, a collection of essays by design-
ers and scholars. In a competition involving more than 400
entries from 75 government agencies and departments, 77 fed-
eral projects were chosen to receive Federal Design Achieve-
ment Awards for superiority in design. The ceremony for the
Northeast recipients of Federal Design Achievement Awards
was held at the National Design Museum on July 14, 1995 and
was hosted by National Endowment for the Arts’ Chairperson
Jane Alexander. A small number of winning projects were
then chosen to receive Presidential Design Awards. In recogni-
tion of the high caliber of the National Design Museum's
seven winning projects, the Museum will receive one Presi-
dential Design award for all seven projects.
The Museum's new graphic identity program, created by
Drenttel Doyle Partners, continues to be honored by the
graphic design field. In 1995, the Museum received a 1995 Dis-
tinctive Merit Award for Environmental Graphics and a 1995
Merit Award for the Identity Program from the Art Director's
Club and a Citation for Typographic Excellence from the Type
Director's Club.
The National Design Museum received a $98,000 grant
from the Smithsonian Institution to support the Institution's
efforts to increase its Latino audience and expand its coverage
of Latino contributions to history, art, and science. The Na-
tional Design Museum is using this grant to support educa-
tional programs, exhibition development and the
establishment of a Latino archive.
The historical importance of the National Design
Museum's collections was demonstrated when the Museum
was asked to work with the restoration committee on the re-
furbishing of the Blue Room at the White House. Assistant
Curator for Wallcoverings, Joanne Warner, worked with a
committee of historians, curators, and designers to select the
wallcoverings for the room. The Blue Room wallcoverings are
now complemented by borders adapted from two early
nineteenth-century French papers found in Cooper-Hewitr,
National Design Museum's collection.
During 1995 the Education Department of the National
Design Museum continued to offer exciting and imaginative
educational programs. The National Design Museum and The
Board of Education of the City of New York, Division of
School Facilities co-sponsored the second annual Summer De-
sign Institute in July. This year's program, attended by over
one hundred public school teachers, focused on technology
and education. The Summer Design Institute was one of
many innovative workshops for educators and school pro-
grams presented by the National Design Museum including
“A City of Neighborhoods,” “Studio After School,” “Design
Career Days,” and “Les Journées des Artisans.”
In addition to achieving many noteworthy goals in 1995,
the Museum continued work on several important long-term
projects including major exhibitions on the North American
city, universal design, and sports. The Museum is also devel-
oping an exhibition, a triennial, that focuses on the best of the
design world.
Design and its impact on individuals, societies and the
planet are critical issues for the present and the future. Cooper-
Hewitt, National Design Museum is in an unique position to
help the public gain a better understanding of design and
learn to use design to create a better world.
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden reached its
2oth anniversary as the Smithsonian Institution's showcase for
modern and contemporary art in October 1994. Today, as in
1974, the Museum remains committed to increasing the
61
awareness and understanding of art through acquisitions, exhi-
bitions and publications, research activities, innovative public
programs, and the presentation of the collection in its galler-
ies and outdoor exhibition spaces. The museum provides a
public facility for the exhibition, study, and preservation of
19th- and 2oth-century art while presenting a spectrum of con-
temporary work.
With the help of various acquisition funds, as well as gifts
from generous donors, the museum continued to acquire sig-
nificant works by modern and contemporary artists, among
them Chuck Close’s painting Roy II (1994), Agnes Martin's
canvas Untitled #11 (1984), Ana Mendieta’s earth sculpture Un-
titled (1984), Roberto Marquez's painting Theater of the World
(1988), Juan Mufioz's bronze Conversation Piece (1994-95), and
Andy Warhol's silkscreen Se/f-Portrait (1986). One acquisition
thac proved particularly popular after its installation on the
Sculpture Plaza was Barry Flanagan's eight-foot-high bronze
Drummer (1989-90), a whimsical representation of a standing
hare banging a drum.
The 2.7-acre Hirshhorn Museum plaza won a 1995 Federal
Design Achievement Award on May 24, 1995. The renovation
and landscaping project by James Urban Associates of Annap-
olis, Maryland, introduced trees, accessibility features, areas of
lawn, and granite flooring to the plaza. Finished in 1993, it
was among 77 designs chosen from more than 400 federal pro-
jects completed between 1984 and 1994.
The Hirshhorn’s exhibition program highlighted contem-
porary artists with growing international reputations. Open-
ing on November 3, 1994 (and continuing through January
29, 1995) was the first East Coast showing of “Bruce Nau-
man,” a 30-year retrospective of some 60 works by this cele-
brated American artist (b. 1941) that toured from Madrid,
Minneapolis, and Los Angeles and was bound for New York
and Zurich. Organized by the Walker Art Center in
Minneapolis in association with the Hirshhorn, the exhibition
included sculpture, photographs, drawings, films, architec-
tural environments, holograms, and high-intensity video,
neon, and voice installations.
The challenging nature of the exhibition spurred in-depth
public programming. “Floating” docents and an “advice cen-
ter” encouraged visitors to articulate and discuss their re-
sponses. “Young at Art” programs on November 19 and
December Io focused on a shadow-puppet piece. Four champi-
ons of Nauman’s art debated his reputation in a December 14
panel titled “Nauman Then and Now,” and programs of
music (by the zoth Century Consort) and film echoed
Nauman’s influences. In addition, the second annual Mordes
Lecture in Contemporary Art, sponsored by collectors Dr. Mar-
vin and Elayne Mordes of Baltimore, brought the renowned
New York-based critic Peter Schjeldahl to the Hirshhorn on
December 4 to discuss Nauman’s achievement. Publications
accompanying the exhibition included a free gallery handout
and a 215-page, richly illustrated softcover catalogue by exhibi-
tion co-curators Neal Benezra, Director of Public Programs
and Chief Curator at the Hirshhorn, and Kathy Halbreich, Di-
62
rector of the Walker, plus two guest essays. A 392-page hard-
cover edition featured a catalogue raisonné. Support for the
Washington presentation of “Bruce Nauman” was provided
by Mr. and Mrs. Robert Lehrman and the Lannan Foundation.
After the Nauman show closed, large-scale exhibitions at
the Hirshhorn ceased for nearly four months to allow for ex-
tensive renovations to the second floor. The schedule resumed
from June 14 to September Io, 1995, with “Sean Scully:
Twenty Years, 1976-1995,” which launched its international
tour at the Hirshhorn. Organized by former Hirshhorn Chief
Curator Ned Rifkin, now Director of the High Museum of
Art in Atlanta, the retrospective charted the evocative abstract
imagery of this Irish-born American artist (b. 1945) with more
than 60 paintings and works on paper. After its Washington
showing, it traveled to the High Museum, the organizing in-
stitution (October 10, 1995-January 7, 1996), and then to Bar-
celona, Dublin, and Frankfurt. Public programs included
“Sean Scully: A Dialogue,” a slide-illustrated conversation be-
tween Rifkin and the artist on June 14; “Summer Abstrac-
tions,” a “Young at Arc” family workshop to make geometric
images, on July 15; and a 40-minute interview video in the
Orientation Theater. A fully illustrated, three-essay, 160-page
catalogue was published by Thames and Hudson.
The Directions series of one-gallery shows during the year
offered three distinct installments underscoring the vitality of
contemporary art. “Directions—Gary Simmons,” presented
November 17 to February 12, 1994, featured cartoon-derived
chalk images on ten panels and a 10-by-37-foot gallery wall
created by this New York-based artist (b. 1964). The drawings
on green or black chalkboard-like surfaces—half-erased, frag-
mentary, or in motion—showed images and objects gleaned
mostly from cartoons of the 1930s and 1940s starring Bosko, a
now-largely-forgotten, race-specific character. The exhibition,
organized by Assistant Curator Amada Cruz, marked the sec-
ond solo show in a museum for Simmons.
“Directions—Cindy Sherman: Film Stills,” presented
March 15 to June 25, 1995, marked the first complete showing
of a formative series for this New York-based artist (b. 1954)
known for her evocatively staged, self-posed photographs. The
69 black-and-white photographs of 1977-80, echoing the at-
mosphere and imagery of American and European movies
from the late 1940s through early 1960s, featured an imagin-
ary woman—always the artist herself, in make-up and
costume—variously displaying vulnerability, anxiety, self-
consciousness, or fear. The exhibition, organized by Associate
Curator Phyllis Rosenzweig, was accompanied by a free bro-
chure illustrating the entire series in contact-sheet format.
“Directions—Martin Kippenberger: Works on Paper,” pre-
sented from July 20 through October 22, 1995, featured more
than 50 drawings on hotel stationery and collages by this Ger-
man artist (b. 1954) dating from the 1980s and 1990s. Statio-
nery mostly from European hotels showed a colorful pastiche
of styles, figures, portraits, images of objects, imaginary
scenes, and references to high art and pop culture. The nine
collages on view superimposed photographic and text frag-
ments from magazines and tabloids. The exhibition, organ-
ized by Frank Gettings, the Hirshhorn’s Curator of Prints and
Drawings, marked the first solo show in Washington for
Kippenberger, a highly visible participant in Germany's art
scene, and one of his few ever in an American museum. It was
accompanied by a free, illustrated brochure.
Public programs were planned for all three Directions exhi-
bitions, drawing enthusiastic response. On January 20, 1995,
Simmons joined cultural critic Gina Dent for “Cartoons, Pop-
ular Images and Culture,” an on-stage dialogue and screening
of “Bosko” cartoon excerpts. Also in conjunction with the
Simmons show, a Young at Art family workshop on February
I inspired children to make “Chalkboard Expressions” in tan-
dem with African American folktales. Sherman's “film stills”
inspired a film-noir festival in March, a class photography
project and exhibition in May with the Duke Ellington
School of the Arts in Washington, D.C., a technical lecture
on film stills on April 26 by local photographer Dirck
Halstead, and a “Young at Art” photo-collage workshop on
March 18.
The Hirshhorn continued its “Collection Reviewed” pro-
gram sponsored by the Smithsonian's Special Exhibition
Fund. Two artists represented in the permanent collection,
Robert Colescott of New Mexico and Juliao Sarmento of Lis-
bon, Portugal, spoke in slide-illustrated public lectures on
April 12 and May 17, with Sarmento’s appearance receiving
additional support from the Luso-American Development
Foundation. The program also featured “The Collection in
Context: Thomas Eakins’s Portrait of Frank Hamilton Cush-
ing” opening June 30, 1995 (and continuing through January
7, 1996). Organized by Associate Curator Phyllis Rosenzweig,
the innovative one-gallery presentation explored the context
and creation of an American realist’s portrayal, 100 years ago,
of a Smithsonian ethnologist famed for his research at Zuni
Pueblo. The 1895 portrait was lent by the Thomas Gilcrease
Institute of American History and Art in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Supplementing studies for the work owned by the Hirshhorn,
loans came from the Smithsonian's National Anthropological
Archives, National Portrait Gallery, and Library of the Na-
tional Museum of American Art and the National Portrait
Gallery.
“First Fridays: Gallery Talks,” a program of informal
monthly gallery talks by staff, was inaugurated in April 1995
with a discussion by Associate Curator Phyllis Rosenzweig on
a Louise Bourgeois sculpture, followed by conservators Lee
Aks and Clarke Bedford ona sculpture by Anish Kapoor;
Chief Curator/Director of Public Programs Neal Benezra and
Chief Conservator Lawrence Hoffman on a painting by Ger-
hard Richter; and Research Assistant Anne-Louise Marquis,
Curator of Sculpture Valerie Fletcher, and Education Special-
ist Teresia Bush on works by Jan Vercruysse, Alberto
Giacometti, and Anselm Kiefer, respectively.
Eight “Young at Art” family programs enthralled more
than 160 six-to-eleven year olds and their parents with tours
of a temporary exhibition or the permanent collection fol-
lowed by hands-on art projects. Some workshops focused on
sculpture: the first, on May 6, 1995, helped children with vi-
sual impairments experience works of art, and the second on
June Io, featured a sculpture-inspired dance-movement work-
shop conducted in the Sculpture Garden. Meanwhile, more
than 22,000 people attended free film programs from late Sep-
tember 1994 through May 1995 featuring cutting-edge interna-
tional independent cinema, documentaries on contemporary
artists, and family-oriented animation. Among the highlights
were the one-time-only American showing of British filmma-
ker Peter Greenaway’s Baby of Macon on October 27 and 28,
1994; the world premiere of A Jury of Her Peers, a drama by
local filmmaker Edgar Davis, on February 2 and 3, 1995; and
Germany Year 90 Nine Zero, a new feature by French New
Wave veteran Jean-Luc Godard on June 8 and 9.
Staff changes included the retirement of Edward P. Lawson,
Education Chief since 1973, and the appointment in May 1995
of Olga Viso, previously with the Norton Museum of Art in
West Palm Beach, Florida, as Assistant Curator. Viso replaced
Amada Cruz, who joined the staff of the Museum of Contem-
porary Art in Chicago.
A major exhibition introduced Asian audiences to the
Hirshhorn’s sculpture collection. “The Human Figure Inter-
preted: Modern Sculpture from the Hirshhorn Museum” was
presented March 24-May 28, 1995, at the Taipei Fine Arts Mu-
seum in Taiwan, accompanied by a bilingual catalogue in
Chinese/English by Curator of Sculpture Valerie Fleccher, who
organized the show. The largest presentation of sculpture
from the Hirshhorn ever sent overseas featured some 60 works
by Edgar Degas, Henri Matisse, Alexander Archipenko, Al-
berto Giacometti, Henry Moore, and Marino Marini. After
Taiwan, the exhibition was expanded to include works by Au-
guste Rodin and Jacques Lipchitz and then toured Japan ac-
companied by a Japanese/English catalogue. The tour,
supported by the Tokyo-based Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper
chain, included the Shiga Museum of Modern Art in Orsu
(July 1-August 6, 1995), the Odakyu Art Museum in Tokyo
(August 9-27, 1995), the Iwaki City Arc Museum (September
23-November 5, 1995) and the Takamatsu Municipal Museum
of Art (November 10-December 10, 1995).
Art historical research on objects in the permanent collec-
tion continued as museum staff reactivated the Artist's Object
Record program documenting each work of art. Information
was obtained directly from 24 living artists. In other areas, in-
depth research on British sculptor Henry Moore was con-
ducted by Curator of Sculpture Valerie Fletcher as a Visiting
Scholar to the Henry Moore Foundation in Much Hadham,
England.
The curatorial staff continued researching contemporary
art by jurying shows, serving on panels, consulting or lectur-
ing, and traveling abroad to visit galleries, studios, and col-
leagues on several continents. In addition, the six curators
kept current on the broad scope of modern and contemporary
art through periodicals, catalogues, monographs, and inter-
changes with artists and fellow curators. Finally, curatorial
63
staff members carried forward their writing on selected works
from the collection for a major book to be published in 1996.
Institutional Studies Office
Zahava D. Doering, Director
The Institutional Studies Office (ISO) is a pan-Institutional
resource for the scientific study of the characteristics,
attitudes, opinions and experiences of Smithsonian constituen-
cies. The small staff includes professionals with expertise in so-
ciology, demography, research methods, survey statistics, and
a variety of quantitative and qualitative data analysis and eval-
uation techniques.
Since its founding in 1987, ISO has conducted studies and
applied research for Smithsonian administrators, curators and
programmatic staff. Areas of investigation include audience
and membership profiles, background studies and assessments
of SI exhibitions and public programs, and ongoing analyses
of employee composition. For each study, ISO is responsible
for all aspects of study or survey design, implementation of
data collection, analysis and report writing. Institutional cli-
ents are asked to assume the costs of data collection and data
entry. In addition, the office provides some technical consulta-
tion to cultural organizations throughout the country and pro-
fessional review of applied research conducted for them. The
staff is also available, on a limited basis, to conduct seminars
in various aspects of applied quantitative and qualitative re-
search and program evaluation.
The results of ISO studies are disseminated in several for-
mats. The major vehicle is a Report series; analyses include
technical appendices which both document the work and can
be used as methodological models. The Reports are distrib-
uted both within and outside of SI. Results are also presented
at professional meetings or in journal publications. (For exam-
ple, a presentation at the American Association of Museums
1995 Annual Meeting, Who Attends Our Cultural Institutions?
summarized national museum attendance.) Research Notes
have a more limited distribution, either because of the subject
matter or because the results are not generalizable. (For exam-
ple, a Research Note (RN 95-3) Cognitive Development of SEEC
Pre-School Students: Preliminary Results is based on a longitudi-
nal study of students in the Smithsonian Early Enrichment
Center; Research Note 95-2, 1994-95 National Museum of Ameri-
can History (NMAH) Visitor Survey, Overview: October to December
1994, is based on only a few months of data collection from a
year-long study.) Finally, to ensure that clients have timely ac-
cess to results while more formal documents are prepared,
memoranda are prepared for internal use.
The Office's 1994-95 activities included:
e Application of ISO-developed methodological and statisti-
cal innovations in sampling and interviewing museum au-
64
diences (e.g. in studies of the characteristics, attitudes and
behavior of visitors to NASM, NMNH, NMAH and the
Freer-Sackler). These innovations are increasingly being
used as models elsewhere in the country.
e Assessments of major exhibitions, including profiles of visi-
tors and analyses of their behavior and learning experiences
(e.g., Science in American Life at NMAH, Star Trek at
NASM).
e Planning studies that determine the attitudes and expecta-
tions of prospective visitors in advance of major exhibition
projects (e.g., the National Museum of the American In-
dian).
© Providing statistical information on Smithsonian constitu-
encies for bureau and office development staffs and pro-
gram personnel (e.g., data gathered from various ISO
studies is being used in the planning for the NASM Exten-
sion at Dulles Airport).
e All of the statistical analyses used by the Institution to
meet its labor force reporting requirements to the Regents,
the Congress and other federal agencies.
e Sraristical, methodological, and analytical advice for units
conducting their own studies or applying for grants which
have evaluation components (e.g., OESE’s and OFG's inter-
nal studies).
As part of an on-going efforts to understand Smithsonian
constituencies, three studies were completed (one based on ad-
ministrative data, two based on personal interviews), and data
collection completed for several new efforts. The first, 1994
Visits to Smithsonian Museums, conducted in collaboration with
the Office of Public Affairs (OPA), analyzed the visit statistics
collected routinely by the Office of Protection Services (Re-
port 95-1). The second was Ar and Space Encounters: A Report
Based on the 1994 National Air and Space Museum Visitor Survey
(Report 95-4). The study, a follow-up to a study conducted in
1988, was based on interviews with 2,975 visitors. They were
asked about their background, their experience of Washington
and the Mall, and their attitudes and expectations of NASM.
Data collection was also completed and a report issued
based on a year-long study of the National Museum of Natu-
ral History (NMNH). This is the first comprehensive study of
visitors’ characteristics and experiences at NMNH (Beyond the
Elephant: A Report based on the 1994-95 National Museum of
Natural History Visitor Survey (Report 95-6)).
Throughout the year, data collection took place at the Freer
Gallery of Art (Freer) and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
(Sackler), and at the National Museum of American History.
Analyses and reports are scheduled for FY96. From October
1994 through September 1995, 2500 visitors were interviewed
as they exited the Freer and Sackler galleries. During the same
time period, a total of about 5300 visitors were interviewed at
NMAH using a questionnaire similar to those developed for
NMNH and NASM. Data from these year-long studies, in
combination with data from NASM and NMNH, and the re-
sultant analyses, provide a wealth of consistent data about
major Smithsonian museums.
Two major studies continued ISO efforts to understand the
congruence between the intentions of exhibition creators and
the responses of the visiting public to exhibitions. The Sczence
and American Life (SAL) Study at the National Museum of
American History (NMAH) was completed. Data were col-
lected at the exhibition and the associated Hands On Science
Center. Entrance and exit surveys were conducted with about
800 visitors to determine if any attitudinal changes resulted
from a visit to the exhibition. In addition, the behavior of 160
visitors in the exhibition was systematically observed to un-
derstand the importance of exhibition elements and their use
(e.g., use of interactives). NMAH will use the analysis and ob-
servations as part of an effort to improve the visitors’ experi-
ence in SAL as well as to respond to questions about its
communication effectiveness.
A comprehensive assessment of the Ocean Planet exhibition,
on view at NMNH prior to a national tour, was designed dur-
ing FY95 and includes entrance and exit interviews and an ob-
servation study. Data were collected from visitors in August
1995; in October 1995, data collection from visitors will be
completed.
In sum, as described here and in our publication listing,
Fiscal Year 1995 has seen continued use, at SI and elsewhere,
of ISO's technical expertise and utilization of the results accu-
mulated since its establishment.
National Air and Space Museum
Robert S. Hoffmann, Acting Director
The past year was an especially challenging one for the Na-
tional Air and Space Museum. The museum's efforts to mount
a complex exhibition about the end of World War II, featur-
ing the Boeing B-29 Superfortress “Enola Gay,” elicited con-
siderable debate. Meanwhile, the museum expanded its
educational offerings, continued to move forward on plans for
the much-needed facility at Washington Dulles International
Airport, and launched a contributing membership program.
As the year drew to a close, the museum staff was putting
the finishing touches on a schedule of exhibitions and public
programs that promise to make 1996, the twentieth anniver-
sary of the public opening of the world’s most visited mu-
seum, a memorable and exciting year.
New Programs, Initiatives
The National Air and Space Society, an individual member-
ship program designed to raise capital funds for the building
of the NASM Dulles Center as well as to support the
Museum's restoration and preservation projects and educa-
tional programs, was established in June, 1995. At the end of
the fiscal year, the society had more than 2,000 contributing
members.
The Office of Development expanded to include both a for-
mal Planned Giving program and a Marketing Office. The
museum's Special Events Office coordinated 135 events during
FY 1995. Gift-related events generated more than $450,000 in
unrestricted funds, one of the highest totals ever received by
NASM.
In May 1995, the NASM home page went online on the
Worldwide Web. Supported by a grant from NASA, the
museum's Center for Earth and Planetary Studies (CEPS) and
the Education Services Department are developing online ma-
terials and educational activities. The grant is also supporting
development of electronic versions of “Exploring the Planets”
and “Looking at Earth” galleries. Educational programs, se-
lected curricula, schedules, and interactive opportunities are
now presented through colorful, informative sites. Via a gift
from NASA, a collaboration was formed with NASM, the
University of California at Berkeley, Smithsonian Astro-
physical Observatory, the Lawrence Hall of Science, the New
York Hall of Science, the Exploratorium, the Adler Planetar-
ium, and the Virginia Museum of Science to create curricula
and activities for the Internet. An on-line station was added
to the museum's Teacher Resource Center to allow access to
the materials from within the museum as well.
To make our large-screen IMAX films more accessible to
visitors, NASM has installed the world’s first closed-caption
system for a motion picture theater. Captioning is available
for up to 12 individuals at a time during all regular daytime
features. A new box office is credited with boosting atten-
dance at the Einstein Planetarium.
Exhibitions
Two exhibitions dominated the museum’s FY 1995 agenda.
The first, “The Last Act: The Atomic Bomb and the End of
World War II,” demonstrated the challenges museums can
face when attempting to display potentially controversial arti-
facts and research. While “The Last Act” was cancelled by Sec-
retary Heyman several months before its scheduled opening,
the controversy surrounding the exhibition served as a catalyst
for constructive discussions regarding exhibition development
and guidelines.
The cancelled exhibition was replaced with “Enola Gay,” an
exhibition focusing on the aircraft itself; the men who flew it;
and the efforts of museum staff and volunteers to restore it.
More than a quarter of a million visitors passed through the
“Enola Gay” exhibit in its first three months.
“Building the Arsenal of Democracy: World War II Photo-
graphs from the National Air and Space Archives” opened in
March 1995. The 47 photographs in the exhibition illustrate
the changes brought about by the combined efforts of mili-
tary personnel and private citizens, working not only to sup-
port those on the front lines, but also to protect the United
States from attack.
A Grumman F6F-5 Hellcat was the third and final aircraft
in the museum's “Air Power in World War II” series. “Hell-
cat” opened in April 1995 and provided visitors with the op-
65
portunity to learn about the premiere carrier-based fighter of
World War II.
“Flights of Fancy: Photographs by Jacques-Henri Lartigue,
1904-1922,” opened in September 1995. In 1904, at the age of
eight, Lartigue photographed the first glider flight by French
aviator Gabriel Voisin. By the age of 15, he had taken more
than 1,000 photographs of early aviators and flying machines.
This temporary exhibition features 84 prints.
A light-hearted look at one of America’s best-known toys,
“Flight Time Barbie: Dolls from the Popular Culture Collec-
tion of the National Air and Space Museum” was on display
from June 9 through Sept. 4, 1995. Fifty-six space- and avia-
tion-related toys, including 15 Barbie dolls, 19 other Mattel
personalities, outfits and playsets, were included in the sum-
mertime display.
The first in a series of major updates to the “Exploring the
Planets” gallery were made in 1995. A “What's New” unit will
highlight the Galileo Mission to Jupiter. It has been designed
to allow for quick updates as new images and data become
available. A unique, state-of-the-art 10’ X 10’ global color mo-
saic of Venus generated for NASM at NASA's Jet Propulsion
Laboratory using images returned by the Magellan spacecraft
has been installed over the gallery’s entrance.
Publications and Research
Retired Vice Admiral Donald Engen, U.S. Navy, is the
museum's Dewitt C. Ramsey Chair for Naval Aviation His-
tory. During his tenure as Ramsey Fellow, Admiral Engen is
writing a book on the development of naval aviation from
World War II through the 1980s.
Von Hardesty, of the Department of Aeronautics, was cho-
sen as a Regents Publication Fellow for 1994-1995. He 1s the
editor of the Smithsonian History of Aviation Book Series.
The series, now in its seventh year, has a total of 26 publica-
tions.
Treasures of the National Air and Space Museum, a small-
format (4X4-1/2 in) picture book published in September, fea-
tures more than 280 artifacts from the Museum's aeronautics
and space collection. Published in April 1995, Aviation: A
Smithsonian Guide and Spaceflight: A Smithsonian Guide, explore
the technological and human achievements of aviation and
space flight. A third book in this series, “Planets: A Smithson-
ian Guide” was completed.
Tom Crouch, chairman of the Department of Aeronautics,
completed an essay, “Capable of Flight: The Saga of the 1903
Wright Airplane,” for the forthcoming volume, The Smuthson-
ian on Exhibition. He also assisted the 2003 Committee of Day-
ton, Ohio, the Ohio Centennial of Flight Commission, the
North Carolina Centennial of Flight Commission and the
First Flight Society, Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in planning
for the 1ooth anniversary of powered flight.
Flying aboard the Kuiper Airborne Observatory, a modified
C-141 aircraft and telescope, Laboratory for Astrophysics staff
members discovered that strong natural infrared lasers occur
in the disk of material around a peculiar star, MWC349, and
66
they have successfully modeled the phenomenon in some
detail.
CEPS' ongoing research in Earth's drylands and studies as-
sessing anthropogenic changes to the Earth’s surface are part
of the Institution's Global Change Research Program. Staff
members continued their study of present day sand transport
and paleoclimatic change in the Western Desert of Egypt; con-
ducted field work in support of a study of environmental sta-
bility and change at the Mpala Research Station, central
Kenya; and, using remote sensing data, field evidence, and
sedimentological data, demonstrated that sand deposits in the
Mojave Desert in the southwestern United States have been
transported along distinct paths, crossing topographic barriers
and several adjacent drainage basins.
As a component of CEPS research in planetary geology and
geophysics, staff members continued geologic mapping of
areas of Mars; and, using radar images and data from Magel-
lan, of Venus. CEPS Chairman Tom Watters, with a colleague
at Cornell University, published the results of a comparative
study of volcano-tectonic structures on Mars and analogous
structures on Venus known as coronae. Ted Maxwell and Bob
Craddock published the results of their analyses of the ancient
terrain that provides further support for an early, wet Martian
climate. Bruce Campbell, Bob Craddock, and Tom Watters
have begun investigations of the Moon using new data re-
turned by the Clementine spacecraft.
Education and Outreach Activities
During the past year, more than 129,000 people participated
in educational programs and services at the Museum, 65,000
of them students. Several schools utilized the programs via
Internet and television programs. The museum continues to
look for opportunities to provide educational materials and re-
sources not only to museum visitors, but also to educators and
families who cannot physically come to the museum.
In July 1996, the museum will open “How Things Fly.”
The purpose of the gallery, is to teach the basic forces of flight
in a hands-on, interactive fashion. The gallery will be sup-
ported by the museum's successful Explainers Program, a
group of high school and college students who provide chil-
dren and families with demonstrations on the forces of flight
and the nature of the universe. The Cessna Aircraft Company
pledged $1.5 million for a ten-year period to fund “The Ex-
plainers.” Cessna’s gift is the largest ever received by the Mu-
seum for an educational program.
Other recent successes include a summer camp for students
in grades 4-12, focusing on the curricula for “Where Next, Co-
lumbus?,” and two IMAX films, “Blue Planet” and “Destiny
in Space.” More than 300 students attended the camp, made
possible through a gift from the M&M Mars Company.
In collaboration with the Foundation for Advancements in
Science Education, the Public Broadcasting System, the Na-
tional Science Foundation, and several other funders, the De-
partment launched “Innovations in the American Classroom.”
This special series invites nationally recognized outstanding
science and history teachers to share teaching methodologies
and practices with their peers. The first presentation was Dis-
ney teacher of the year, Kay Toliver, who has been profiled in
Time. Parade. Newsweek, and in the PBS series, “The Eddie
Files” and “Good Morning Mrs. Toliver.”
The Department worked with Maryland Public Tele-
vision and other partners to produce “Live From the
Stratosphere,” an interactive experience at the museum
that allowed students and teachers to communicate
directly via a satellice uplink with researchers aboard the
Kuiper Airborne Observatory, as well as with research staff
in the museum.
The Department won an Educational Outreach grant in
support of a history teaching program on the experience of
Hispanics in the development of aviation entitled “Sin
Limitas: The Latin American Experience in Aviation.” This
program gave students from D.C. areas schools the oppor-
tunity to meet World War II Flying Tiger Don Lopez and
Orestes Lorenzes, a pilot who escaped from Cuba with his
family. Students also had the opportunity to explore the
museum's archives of photos and information on Hispanics
in aviation and learn about the science and technology of
flight.
Although the Educational Services Division takes the
lead in developing educational projects, other departments
in the museum join in advancing the educational focus of
the museum. The Laboratory for Astrophysics was cited by
the U.S. Department of Education for its innovative family
education series, “Learning 1s a Family Experience.” This
program, now centered at the National Zoo, was developed
by the Laboratory for Astrophysics, the NASM Educational
Services Division, and the Zoo's NOAH center. The pro-
gram works to build the support structures between par-
ents, teachers, and students by presenting programs that
they can all enjoy together, while providing teachers with
follow-up curriculum materials and training. The program
is supported in part by the American Institute for Aero-
nautics and Astronautics.
The Einstein Planetarium has started a monthly Saturday
morning program called “Family Star Watch.” The program
presents shows that combine live demonstrations, lectures,
and fully automated pre-programmed shows, offering the pub-
lic a variety of venues to learn about the nighttime sky. The
Planetarium staff is also planning two new programs that will
open in 1996.
The 1995 Mutual Concerns of Air and Space Museums
conference, in its eighth year, is a four day invitational sem-
inar co-sponsored by the museum and the American Associ-
ation of Museums. Held in Washington, D.C., it includes
professionals from aviation and space museums around the
world. A related publication, the Aviation and Space Compen-
dium contains comprehensive information on 62 interna-
tional aviation and space museums. The seminar and the
Compendium are coordinated by the museum's Office of
Cooperative Programs.
National Museum of African Art
Sylvia H. Williams, Director
The National Museum of African Art celebrates the rich
visual traditions and extraordinarily diverse cultures of
Africa. Through its collections, exhibitions, research and
public programs, the museum fosters an appreciation of Af-
rican art and civilizations. It is also a research and reference
center, housing the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives
and the Warren M. Robbins Library, a branch of the
Smithsonian Institution Libraries, as well as exhibition
galleries and educational facilities.
Exhibitions
The first level of the National Museum of African Art
houses several permanent exhibitions: “The Art of the
Personal Object,” “Purpose and Perfection: Pottery as a
Woman's Art in Central Africa” and “Images of Power and
Identity.” In addition, this year the museum reopened the
revised and refurbished permanent exhibition, “The An-
cient West African City of Benin, A.D. 1300-1897,” featur-
ing the museum's collection from the royal court of the
capital of che Kingdom of Benin as it existed before colo-
nial rule. The majority of the works were a gift from
Joseph H. Hirshhorn to the Smithsonian Institution in
1966 and 1979; the objects were transferred to the National
Museum of African Art in 1985 by the Hirshhorn Museum
and Sculpture Garden.
In addition, this year, in collaboration with the Museum of
Fine Arts, Boston, the museum opened “The Ancient Nubian
City of Kerma, 2500-1500 B.C.,” a three-year loan exhibition
of works from the permanent collection of the Museum of
Fine Arts, featuring objects from Kerma, an ancient Nubian
city that was located on the Nile River. The exhibition was
organized by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and its De-
partment of Ancient Egyptian, Nubian and Near Eastern Art;
all objects are from the Harvard University-Museum of Fine
Arts, Boston, Expedition.
Also located on the first level is the Point of View Gal-
lery which presents small temporary exhibitions that focus
on specific themes or objects. This gallery was the site of
three exhibitions: “Beaded Splendor,” “Grace Kwami Sculp-
ture: An Artist's Book by Atta Kwami” and “Art from the
Forge.”
The museum's second level gallery was the site of two
important exhibitions. The first, “Mohammad Omer
Khalil, Printmaker, Amir I.M. Nour, Sculptor,” was de-
voted to selected works by two artists born in the Republic
of Sudan. A second major exhibition, “Ancient Nubia:
Egypt's Rival in Africa,” presented 300 artifacts that docu-
ment the rise and fall of Nubian kingdoms from 3100 B.C.
to A.D. 400. The exhibition was organized by the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania Museum.
67
Acquisitions
Among the most significant works acquired by the museum
in the past year were a superb and rare carved wooden face
mask from the Lele peoples of Zaire and a carved wooden face
mask, “Oloju-foforo,” attributed to Yoruba artist Bamgboshe
of Osi-Ilorin, Nigeria (d. c. 1920). Another noteworthy acqui-
sition was “Spoon,” a conceptually complex modern bronze
sculpture by Amir I. M. Nour (b. 1939), a contemporary sculp-
tor who was born in the Republic of Sudan and has lived in
the United States most of his adult life.
Outreach Efforts
The museum presented a wide range of public programs. The
year's offerings included tours, workshops, lecutres, gallery
talks, panel discussions, films, musical performances and pro-
grams for educators.
An extensive series of programs were offered in conjunction
with the exhibition “Ancient Nubia: Egypt's Rival in Africa.”
One highlight was an interdisciplinary panel discussion on
“The Arc and Culture of Ancient Nubia.” Participants in the
standing room only program included historian Ismail
Abdallah, College of William and Mary; archaeologist David
O'Connor, The University of Pennsylvania Museum; cultural
anthropologist Ann Jennings; and archaeologist Nettie K.
Adams, The Webb Museum of Anthropology. In addition, the
museum published a gallery guide for young audiences.
Also this year the museum launched an ongoing program
for young audiences called “Let's Read about Africa.” The
weekend program introduces young visitors to African cul-
ture, visual traditions and the joy of reading.
The National Museum of African Art continues to make it-
self accessible to people with special needs. Tours for hard-of-
hearing visitors were made possible through a portable FM
Assistive Listening System. This system also allowed hard-of-
hearing visitors to participate in educational programs in the
workshop and lecture hall. Sign language interpreters for deaf
visitors were available upon request for all museum programs.
Publications
Throughout the year, the museum's curatorial staff published
exhibition catalogues and additional informational materials
to accompany exhibitions. This included a 52-page illustrated
book, “Mohammad Omer Khalil, Etchings, Amir I.M. Nour,
Sculpture,” published in conjunction with the exhibition of
the works of two Sudanese-born artists. In addition, the mu-
seum published gallery brochures in conjunction with two ex-
hibitions: “Grace Kwami Sculpture: An Artist's Book by Atta
Kwami” and “Art from the Forge.” The museum also co-pub-
lished with the Smithsonian Institution Press the anthology
African Nomadic Architecture: Space, Place. and Gender edited by
architect and architectural historian Labelle Prussin. In this
handsomely illustrated book, Prussin identifies the three basic
elements that distinguish nomadic from sedentary architec-
ture: mobility, gender and ritual.
68
National Museum of American Art
Elizabeth Broun, Director
The National Museum of American Art and its Renwick Gal-
lery offered thematic exhibitions and relevant public pro-
grams on American art to audiences in Washington, and
through traveling exhibitions and online programs, to
museum-goers nationwide during 1995. The museum made
important additions to its permanent collections of American
art and crafts in all media. Significantly expanded electronic
outreach and important strides in development and increasing
private revenue were also major accomplishments.
The White House Collection of American Crafts exhibition
and its complementary Internet tour showcased 72 outstand-
ing examples of contemporary craft by some of America’s
most innovative artists in glass, ceramics, wood, metal, and
fiber. These works were originally assembled by former
Renwick Gallery curator-in-charge Michael W. Monroe for
display in public and private rooms of the White House in
recognition of the Year of American Craft in 1993. First lady
Hillary Rodham Clinton addressed a press preview and a re-
ception for the White House Collection of American Crafts
exhibition. After irs Washington premier at NMAA April 26
through September 4, the show began a six-city national tour
in Rochester, New York.
An in-depth survey of the American daguerreotype
through some 150 surprisingly varied examples, curated by
NMAA senior curator Merry Foresta and John Wood of
McNeese State University in Louisiana, was provocatively ti-
tled, Secrets of the Dark Chamber: The Art of the American
Daguerreotype. The use of fiber optic lights in the installation
was a first for che museum. These lights permitted easy view-
ing of the images on their silvered surfaces. The exhibition
catalog, published by Smithsonian Press, was named best
photography book of the year by The New York Times Book
Review.
Free Wirhin Ourselves: African-American Art from the
Museum's Collection curated by Lynda Hartigan was a chance
for the museum to display a broad selection from what has be-
come the country’s most extensive public collection of African-
American art. Nearly 200 works by some 100
African-American artists from the early 19th century to the
present in all media made it possible to see the scope of the
African-American contribution to the visual arts in America
as never before. The show introduced the museum's first pho-
tography by African-Americans. A lively reception for the
exhibition drew a large component of artists and their fami-
lies. The show's Family Day attracted a record number of par-
ticipants for art demonstrations and hands-on activities,
storytelling, and dance and dramatic performances. In con-
junction with the exhibition, the education and curatorial
deparrments of the museum produced “African American Art-
ists: Affirmation Today,” a 30-minute video on the life and
work of five contemporary artists. The film has been accepted
by PBS for national broadcast in 1996.
African-American crafts were featured in an exhibition at
the Renwick Gallery called Uncommon Beauty in Common
Objects: The Legacy of African American Craft Arc, April 7
through June 18. The exhibition, organized by the National
Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center in Wilberforce,
Ohio, was complemented by more than a dozen artists’ talks
and demonstrations.
Many of the museum’s second floor galleries devoted to
I9th-century art were reinstalled this year. Plans were com-
pleted for the remaining second floor reinstallation, to be
ready in time for the Isoth anniversary year.
The National Museum of American Art continued to show
great strength in its acquisitions program, adding some 600
works, including major paintings by American modernists
Georgia O'Keeffe and Robert Motherwell, a 24-foot wide
sculpture by Louise Nevelson, important works by Latino art-
ists, and the Charles Isaacs Collection of 330 prime examples
of early American photography. The Renwick Gallery ac-
quired 60 new examples of zorh-century American crafts,
made possible by its support group, the James Renwick Alli-
ance. This year, the Alliance passed the half-million dollar
mark in gifts to the Renwick for acquisitions. Building on
the success of its two-year-old presence on America Online,
the museum's New Media Initiatives staff achieved a quan-
tum leap by making collection images and related texts avail-
able to Internet users around the world. Parallel effort
advanced design and production of a state-of-the-art multime-
dia CD-ROM to be marketed during the Smithsonian's 15oth
anniversary year in 1996.
The museum's introduction of a rich Gopher site on the
Internet in January was followed shortly by the April pre-
miere of a World Wide Web Internet Home Page that maxi-
mizes the site’s ability to seamlessly combine texts and images
and transmit video and many other enhanced capabilities. The
web site contains an unsurpassed complement of resources
available electronically, including an extensive virtual tour of
“The White House Collection of American Crafts” exhibition
{hecp://www.nmaa.si.edw//whc/americancrafts], featuring vis-
its to craft artists’ studios and the White House, made possi-
ble by a gift from MCI. This and another tour based on the
NMAA daguerreotype exhibition, “Secrets of the Dark Cham-
ber: The Art of the American Daguerreotype,” inaugurated
the museum’s plan for providing an online version of each
major exhibition organized. Myriad electronic “visitors” have
registered their delight with the online offerings, which have
been acknowledged and praised in the national press. In Sep-
tember senior staff participated in a retreat to consider the fu-
ture of electronic technology initiatives at the museum.
The first new publication on the permanent collection in a
decade, National Museum of American Art, copublished with
Bulfinch, features 450 full-color illustrations and texts and in-
vites readers to explore a wide range of the museum's hold-
ings. The book is organized thematically to reflect the variety
of concerns and aesthetic visions that have shaped American
art over the past three centuries. Three hundred objects for re-
photographed for the publication. The book is a companion
to the extensive collection CD-ROM to be issued in early
1996. Almost 80,000 Contributing Members of the Smithson-
ian received Natzonal Museum of American Art as the
Smithsonian's annual gift.
Together with Hyperion Books for Children (a Disney affili-
ate), the museum published a new book edited by education
chief Nora Panzer. Celebrate America in Poetry and Art, joins
poems and visual art to illuminate the ethnic, economic, and
geographic diversity of the American experience. The
illustrations are all from the museum’s collection; the poems
feature some of America’s finest writers. The New Yorker's
Daniel Menaker praised the book saying, “The pages team
with creativity and variety.” Celebrate America was selected for
the Notable Children’s Trade Books in the Field of Social
Studies 1995 list and was awarded a star of recognition by the
School Library Journal. Over 20,000 copies have been sold.
Independent scholar Sidra Stich, former chief curator at the
University Art Museum in Berkeley, California, was in resi-
dence as NMAA'’s Distinguished Scholar in American Art for
the 1994-1995 academic year. Professor Neil Harris, Preston
and Sterling Morton Professor of History, University of Chi-
cago was selected as Distinguished Scholar in American Art
for the 1995-1996 academic year.
At the Renwick Gallery, Kenneth R. Trapp, formerly cura-
tor of decorative arts at the Oakland Museum, was appointed
curator-in-charge as of October 1 after the retirement of 21-
year-veteran Michael W. Monroe. Jeremy Adamson served as
acting curator-in-charge following Monroe's departure on
June 30.
Outreach to District of Columbia schools by the Renwick
was significantly increased in a program supported by the
James Renwick Alliance.
After the closing of Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the
White House, discussions began between the museum and
the National Park Service on how best to accommodate
Renwick access and proposed landscaping.
In the business arena, the museum hired its first ever full-
time development officer in June and set up a Development
Department to handle membership and fundraising for spe-
cial exhibitions and their publications, education programs,
electronic outreach initiatives and special projects. The mu-
seum also launched a quarterly members’ newsletter to keep
special constituents in closer touch with activities and behind-
the-scenes information.
Product development and licensing activity saw major
growth, with fees to the museum increased by 25 percent
over FY94 levels. For one project, the museum joined
forces with the National Portrait Gallery to create a
spectrum of new postcards from the collections at a great
saving. Summer Courtyard Grill food service was
expanded to twice weekly, in operation from May through
September.
69
A space lease was signed on September 1 for 9,000 square
feet of office space at 601 Indiana Avenue, NW to house ap-
proximately 40 employees in the museum's Research and
Scholars Center and the Publications and New Media Initia-
tive Office. Renovations will proceed a move in January 1996.
The museum's traveling exhibition program enjoyed a ban-
ner year, with a William H. Johnson retrospective scheduled
for seven museums across the country. Tours of contemporary
landscape photography, Thomas Cole and William H.
Johnson’s Homecoming were successfully concluded. In other
travel-related activity, curators and the registrarial staff
planned for 19 objects from the NMAA and Renwick collec-
tions to travel with the two-year national tour of “America’s
Smithsonian,” honoring the Institution's Isoth anniversary.
National Museum of American History
Spencer R. Crew, Director
The National Museum of American History (NMAH) dedi-
cates its collections and scholarship to inspiring a broader un-
derstanding of our nation and its many peoples. Drawing on
more than 17 million objects in its collections and the hold-
ings of its Archives Center, the museum creates learning op-
portunities, stimulates imaginations, and presents
challenging ideas about our nation’s past through original re-
search, exhibitions, publications, and public programs.
The museum this year announced the founding of the Je-
rome and Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention
and Innovation on May 31, 1995, through a $10.4 million gift
from the Lemelson Foundation. The center is named after its
benefactors, Jerome Lemelson, one of the nation’s most pro-
lific inventors, and his wife, Dorothy. Their gift was the larg-
est cash donation ever presented to the Smithsonian
Institution. Lemelson holds more than 500 patents for a range
of inventions relating to videocassette recorders, cordless tele-
phones, and many other devices. His patented inventions in
robotics, machine vision, and flexible manufacturing have
profoundly influenced computer chip manufacturing and the
automotive industry.
The primary mission of the Lemelson Center 1s to docu-
ment, interpret, and disseminate information about invention
and innovation. Through a variety of public programs, exhibi-
tions, research efforts, and electronic outreach projects, the
center hopes to encourage inventive creativity in young peo-
ple and foster an appreciation for the central role invention
plays in the history of the United States.
On June 1, the Lemelson Center kicked off its “Innovative
Lives” program for children and young adults with a series of
lecture—demonstrations by Hal Walker. An former aerospace
engineer, Walker shared his ideas on innovation as a career
and explained his research on lasers. He also helped illustrate
7o
the properties and applications of laser light for 85 middle-
school students in the museum's Hands On Science Center.
The center also immediately opened its own home page on
the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.si.edu/or-
ganiz/museums/nmah/homepage/lemel/
To serve the museum's large and diverse audiences, staff
members organized, produced, presented, and often per-
formed scores of other public programs—musical, dramatic,
scholarly, popular, and participatory. On October 7 and 8, the
continuing American Sampler series presented the first install-
ment of “The Guitar: Art and Soul.” Hispanic artists per-
formed classical, flamenco, and traditional works, followed
later in the year by two more performance weekends featuring
jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel guitar styles. Ameri-
can Sampler also presented “Native American Women’s
Music” in November to explore the often overlooked role of
women in Native American music. In April, the continuing
series American Song presented “This Song Is You: A Centen-
nial Celebration of Oscar Hammerstein II,” the preeminent
lyricist of the American musical theater's golden age. Another
American Song offering in June focused on the work of lyri-
cist Marilyn Bergman, cowriter of such songs as “Windmills
of Your Mind” and the score for Yent/. The Office of Educa-
tion and Visitor Services organized programs throughout the
year, including “What's the Catch: Fish, Shellfish, and Fisher-
ies in America.” In this the two-day conference, six panel dis-
cussions focused on American fisheries, their role in the life of
the nation, and how their harvests can be both bountiful and
safe. “Campfire Diary,” presented in February, was a multime-
dia presentation by art professor Roger Shimomura that grew
out of a journal kept for fifty-six years by his grandmother, a
Japanese American pioneer and midwife sent to an intern-
ment camp during World War II.
The Program in African American Culture (PAAC) offered
“Fighting Two Wars: African Americans in World War II” in
October. The conference, held at the historic Lincoln Theatre,
chronicled the experiences of African American men and
women in the U.S. Army during World War II. In January,
PAAC presented “Birthplace of a Whirlwind: The 1960
Greensboro Sit-In,” an afternoon program of reminiscences, a
song workshop, and a museum tour that commemorated the
birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. A few weeks before the
program, the museum had put on display a section of the
lunch counter from the Woolworth’s store in Greensboro,
North Carolina, which was the scene of one of the first organ-
ized sit-ins by college students to protest segregation during
the Civil Rights Movement.
Hollywood filmmaker John Singleton, director of Boyz ’n
the Hood, was among the participants at the conference “100
Years of Black Film: Imaging African American Life, History,
and Culture” on February 1-4. The conference featured a series
of film screenings, a showing of Oscar Micheaux’s classic si-
lent film Within Our Gates with live musical accompaniment,
and lectures by historians, filmmakers, and authors. The four-
day event was presented by PAAC and the Ethnic Imagery
Project of the Archives Center. Additional sponsors included
the Black Film Institute of the University of the District of
Columbia and “Black Film Review” magazine. On April 28,
more than 300 junior and senior high school students from 18
public schools the Washington, D.C., area participated in a
showcase of poetry, song, and dance during the Smithsonian's
Fourth Annual Duke Ellington Youth Festival. The students
also displayed original works of art based on themes in
Ellington's life and work in a temporary exhibition presented
in conjunction with the festival.
In March, for Women’s History Month, the museum of-
fered “What's American About American Quilts?,” a confer-
ence examining aspects of American and European quilting
traditions. The forum was presented with support from the
American Quilt Defense Fund. On March 14, the museum
opened the exhibition “Putting Her Best Quilt Forward: Ex-
hibiting at the Fair,” which focused on how fairs gave women
of the 19th century an opportunity to display their talents and
gather new ideas for quilts. Both the conference and the exhi-
bition were offered in conjunction National Quilting Day. An-
other Women’s History Month program, “The Yellow Rose of
Suffrage,” was a one-woman performance by playwright—
actress Jane Cox based on the life of suffragist Carrie Chap-
man Cart. In August, to celebrate the 75th anniversary of
woman suffrage, the museum also produced the symposium
“Visions of Equality: Past and Future” on August 25.
Several new program series presented lectures and discus-
sions throughout the year. The Forum on Environmental Jus-
tice series examined pollution in the nation’s capital,
environmental justice and Native Americans, and other top-
ics. Looking American focused on civilian dress during World
War II. Staff of the museum's Division of Costume offered
talks on subjects such as wartime restrictions and fashion, ap-
propriate dress for factory work, and the war's influence on
clothing styles. The museum also inaugurated its Viewpoints
program, a series of informal talks by museum staff on sub-
jects ranging from sea stories to caring for family heirlooms.
The Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra (SJMO) pre-
sented four weekends of performances from April through Au-
gust at the National and Lincoln theaters. Musical directors
Gunther Schuller and David N. Baker led the orchestra and
the audiences through the music of Mary Lou Williams,
Chick Webb, Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, Lionel Hamp-
ton, Woody Herman, Miles Davis, Jimmie Lunceford,
Tommy Dorsey and other composers and orchestras. Like the
SJMO, the Smithsonian Chamber Music Society is directed
from the museum's Division of Cultural History. From the
Smithsonian Chamber Orchestra to the Castle Trio, the
society's ensembles offered works of Franois Couperin, Marin
Marais, Henry Purcell, Mozart, Haydn, Brahms, Schubert,
and other composers well known and lesser known. As every
year, many of the selections were performed on original instru-
ments from the museum's collections, including the 1854
“Queen Victoria” piano and the 1701 “Servais” Stradivarius
cello. The concerts often featured guest performers, and this
year several of the evenings began with brief lectures by noted
scholars on conservation, recordings of early music, compos-
ers, and other subjects. In August, the Smithsonian Chamber
Players released a new CD, Metamorphosis, that features Sir Ed-
ward Elgar's Serenade, Samuel Barber's Adagio for Strings, and
Richard Strauss’s Metamorphosen.
In December, the museum's annual Holiday Celebration
delighted thousands of visitors with music, storytelling, and
demonstrations of holiday foods and crafts that reflect the
many ways Americans celebrate Christmas, Hanukkah,
Kwanzaa, and the New Year.
“With Pen and Graver: Women Graphic Artists Before
1900, " which opened in February, was one of the many well-
received exhibitions at the museum this year. The exhibition
included more than 80 examples of commercial and fine arts
work by some of the leading women artists in the 19th cen-
tury. The featured works included examples by such artists as
Fanny Palmer, lithographer for Currier & Ives; Maud Hum-
phrey, an illustrator and the mother of Humphrey Bogart;
and Emily Sartain, a Philadelphia art teacher. Lithographs,
greeting cards, illustrated books, copper plates, and wood
blocks were among the objects on display.
To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the end of World
War II, NMAH presented several temporary exhibitions.
“The Virgil Whyte ‘All-Girl’ Band,” an exhibition of photo-
graphs, documents, and artifacts produced by the museum's
Archives Center, showed how a touring U.S.O. band during
World War II promoted the ideal of equality in job opportu-
nity for women within the field of music. The band’s director,
Virgil Whyte, demanded that his female musicians receive
union pay equal to that of male musicians of comparable
skills—all within the context of the traditional “home front”
partnership which women were expected to contribute to the
war effort. “Women War Workers” highlighted the contribu-
tions of women during World War II through a display of
photographs, cartoons, wartime advertisements, sheet music,
and a rivet hammer, welding mask, coveralls, and other tools
and equipment used by women during the war. “Produce for
Victory: Posters on the American Home Front, 1941-1945" ex-
amined the images and underlying messages of the posters
used to help mobilize Americans during the war. “World War
II: Sharing Memories” offered a look back at the World War
II era through paintings of wartime scenes commissioned by
the U.S. armed forces during the war and everyday objects
used by men and women at war and on the home front. Visi-
tors were encouraged to record their memories of the war in
notebooks, and hundreds of people wrote first-hand accounts
or reminiscences of that era handed down among family mem-
bers. Many of the notes were posted on a bulletin board inside
the exhibition for other visitors to read.
Documentary photography shows at the museum explored
subjects such as industrial life and work in “Images of Steel”
to the plight of migrant workers in “Earth Angels: Migrant
Children in America,” to “Images of Vietnam: March 1970—
February 1971,” an exhibition of 48 photographs taken by pho-
71
tojournalist Stephen H. Warner, who was killed in
action. “Going Strong! Older Americans on the Job,” an
exhibition of photographs by Harvey Wang, captured the
images and stories of more than 35 Americans well past
retirement age who still continued in their chosen
professions—from a typesetter to a shepherd to a scrap
metal dealer. The History in the News series presented
one-case exhibitions such as “Asbestos: Promise, Problems,
Panic, Prudence,” “Earth Day 1970,” and “Cinema’s
Centennial,” commemorating the 1ooth anniversary of
moving pictures.
In June, the museum also co-sponsored a special display of
student-created exhibitions that featured the work of selected
state winners of the National History Day competition. The
competition is designed for students in grades six through
twelve who present months of research in media productions,
papers, performances, and table-top projects.
Acquisitions of note this year included the gown worn by
Hillary Rodham Clinton's to inaugural balls in 1993. Now a
part of the First Ladies Collection, the gown is on exhibit in
the “Ceremonial Court,” which displays many artifacts belong-
ing to past presidents and first families and re-creates architec-
tural details of the 1902 White House. The University of
Maryland School of Nursing donated a Florence Nightingale
Nursing Cap, affectionately known to the school’s gradu-
ates as “Flossie,” to the Medical Sciences Collection. The
Flossie was patterned after a cap worn by Florence Nightin-
gale. The museum also received a bacterial culture replic-
ator from the laboratory of Joshua Lederman of the
University of Wisconsin. Lederman’s research won him a
Nobel Prize in 1958. The Warner-Lambert Company do-
nated the last glass Listerine bottle to be manufactured;
the first plastic bottle of Listerine; and the bottle with the
oldest, rarest label. The Archives Center accepted the pa-
pers of Robert G. Chamberlain, a mechanical engineer,
business school graduate in finance, and one of the first
numerical control programmers in the United States.
Chamberlain's work centered on the use of computers in
controlling machine tools and to problems of ensuring
accuracy in metal cutting and forming operations under
computer control.
Around, beside, beneath, and among all the programs
and activities, the National Museum of American
History continued to remake itself, both organizationally
and physically. The museum's continuing Master Plan saw
extensive repair and renovation to the fifth floor and base-
ment this year. More significantly, 1994-95 marked the first
full year of the museum's reorganization under Director
Spencer Crew. The process has brought forth both a new
organizational structure at the museum and new goals
and strategic objectives—in areas including visitor orien-
tation at the museum, electronic access, computerized col-
lections, space planning, project management, and staff
development—that will guide the museum in the years
ahead.
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National Postal Museum
James H. Bruns, Diector
As a new museum, during 1995 the staff concentrated on estab-
lishing operational priorities, developing departmental goals
and objectives, formulating the museum's first long-range
“Planning and Budget Document,” and writing essential
operational procedures and plans.
Among the operating plans prepared in 1995 were the
museum's “Collecting Plan,” “Collections Management Pol-
icy,” Public Affairs Policy," “Hazardous Materials Policy,” and
“Exhibitions Policy.”
In cooperation with the Office of Membership and Develop-
ment, the museum drafted its long-range “Endowment Plan.”
This plan, which will be part of the “Smithsonian Fund for
the Future,” calls for the creation of $10 to $15 million in en-
dowments over the next ten years.
The museum dramatically expanded its educational out-
reach with the publication of “We Were There: Letters from
the Bartle Front,” an activity book and resource guide for sec-
ondary school students; the “Postal Pack for Elementary
Schools,” a curriculum guide and activity book that integrates
letter writing and postal history into language arts, history,
geography and math classes; and “Pen Friend,” an inter-gener-
ational letter writing project guide book.
During 1995 the museum's curatorial and collections man-
agement staff processed 95 accessions, acquisitions that con-
sisted of over 10,900 objects.
Three exhibits opened in 1995, including “Best Wishes:
Greetings from the White House” (November—February),
“Are We There Yet? Vacationing in America” (May—
indefinite), and “The Graceful Envelope” (July-August). The
latter exhibic began as a national calligraphers’ demonstration
and workshop sponsored by the museum. Hundreds of hand-
crafted envelopes were mailed to the museum. The “most
graceful” of these were placed on temporary exhibit. Many of
these will soon be the subject of a book.
During 1995 the museum’s education department con-
ducted 24 pubic programs, including lectures by prominent
philatelists, historians, and scholars. Among the museum's of-
ferings were “Marilyn Monroe: The Myth and the Message,” a
invitational lecture by theater and film critics Molly Haskell
and Andrew Sarris conducted in conjunction with the issu-
ance of the Marilyn Monroe stamp. Other presentations were
provided by National Air and Space Museum curator Bob Van
Der Linden, who lead a discuss of the role of the Post Office
Department in the creation of America’s commercial airlines
and National Museum of American History curator William
Withuhn, who presented a program about American emigrant
trains. Another offering included historian and author Alvin
Josephy, who presented “A Portrait of Chief Joseph,” a discus-
sion of the legacy of the leader of the Nez Perce tribe of the
American norchwest in the late 19th century. Donations of
cash, pledges and in-kind support amounted to more than
$3.5 million in 1995.
National Museum of the American Indian
W. Richard West Jr., Director
The National Museum of the American Indian is an institu-
tion of living culture dedicated to the preservation, study, and
exhibition of the life, languages, literature, history, and arts of
the Native peoples of the Western Hemisphere. The
museum's mission is to recognize and affirm to Native com-
munities and the non-Native public the historical and con-
temporary culture and cultural achievements of the Natives of
the Western Hemisphere by advancing—in consultation, col-
laboration, and cooperation with Natives—knowledge and un-
derstanding of Native cultures. The museum has a special
responsibility, through innovative public programming, re-
search, and collections, to protect, support, and enhance the
development, maintenance, and perpetuation of Native cul-
tures and communities.
When Southern Cheyenne Camp Crier Moses Starr, Jr., an-
nounced the opening of the National Museum of the Ameri-
can Indian in New York City on Oct. 30, it marked the
beginning of a year in which the museum’s mission became a
reality with the indigenous voice and world view resonating
throughout the exhibitions at the Heye Center. As the mu-
seum approached its anniversary in late September, more than
375,000 museum visitors had experienced the exhibitions and
heard the accompanying Native American voices, more than
nine times the number who visited the museum in one year at
its old location at Audubon Terrace at 155th and Broadway.
The inaugural exhibitions of the National Museum of the
American Indian were second in museum attendance during
the exhibition season in New York City only to the Metropoli-
tan Museum of Art, where the exhibition “Origins of Im-
pressionism” drew 794,108 visitors.
“Creation’s Journey: Masterworks of Native American Iden-
tity and Belief” features 165 objects selected for their beauty,
rarity and historical significance, and representation of diverse
cultures. Displaying objects from tribal groups in North, Cen-
tral, and South America, with dates ranging from 3200 B.C.
to the 20th century, the exhibition's multivoiced perspective
includes anthropologists, curators, historians, scholars, and
Native peoples.
“All Roads Are Good: Native Voices on Life and Culture”
features more than 300 objects chosen by 23 Native American
selectors, who selected items from the museum's collection
that were of artistic, cultural, and personal significance.
Selectors’ responses to the process and the objects are shared
with museum visitors on audio and videotape, as well as la-
bels that accompany the objects. “All Roads Are Good” exem-
plifies the museum's mandate for interpretation by indige-
nous peoples with first-person insights and sensitivities to a
world view that places the objects along a continuum of liv-
ing culture.
“This Path We Travel: Celebrations of Contemporary Na-
tive American Creativity” is a collaborative exhibition featur-
ing the collective and individual talents of 15 contemporary
Native American artists. The exhibition combines installation
with sculpture, performance, poetry, music, and video to pres-
ent the artists’ views and concepts of creation, the importance
of sacred places, and how the Indian universe has been af-
fected by conflicts with Euroamerican beliefs and cultures.
The exhibition represents how ancient indigenous ideas, as ex-
pressed in the archaeological and historic objects in the other
exhibitions, still contribute to contemporary Indian world
views.
In conjunction with the opening in October, the museum
announced the five recipients of the first annual Art and Cul-
tural Achievement Awards of the National Museum of the
American Indian. They are Allan Houser (Chiricahua
Apache), posthumously; Oren R. Lyons (Onondaga); N. Jana
Harcharek (Inupiat); Geronima Cruz Montoya (San Juan
Pueblo); and Katharine Siva Saubel (Cahuilla).
On Nov. 19 and 20, in celebration of the Heye Center open-
ing, the National Museum of the American Indian Powwow
was held at the Jacob K. Javits Center in New York City. Ac-
tivities included gourd dancing, intertribal dancing, Caddo
stomp dances, Yupik dances, and Iroquois, Ponca and Osage
social dances, a lacrosse workshop, a Northern Arapaho tpi
construction demonstration, a Hocak (Winnebago) language
project, arts and crafts sales, Ponca and Osage handgames, and
Indian and Eskimo Olympics.
In October, the museum staff began packing and moving
more than 45,000 objects from the old location of the mu-
seum at Audubon Terrace in New York City to the Research
Branch in the Bronx, N.Y. Eventually, most of the one-mil-
lion-object collection will be moved to the Cultural Resources
Center, which will be built in Suitland, Md.
The design of the museum's Cultural Resources Center in
Suitland, Md., was completed in March by the award-
winning architectural firm of Polshek and Partners of New
York City, working with Metcalf Tobey Davis of Reston, Va., in
association with the Native American Design Collaborative. The
Cultural Resources Center is scheduled to open in 1997.
The museum displayed 24 19th-century Navajo wearing
blankets from its collections at the Ned A. Hatathli Museum
of the Navajo Community College in Tsaile, Ariz., on June 27
through June 30. The display concluded with a workshop for
Navajo weavers, whose input will be incorporated into the
final design and script for the exhibition “Woven by the
Grandmothers: 19th Century Navajo Textiles from the Na-
tional Museum of the American Indian” planned for the fall
of 1996 at the Heye Center in New York City.
On Oct. 24, the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation of
Connecticut made a $10 million contribution to the National
73
Museum of the American Indian National Campaign. At the
time, it was the largest cash contribution to the Smithsonian
in its 148-year history.
In October, the museum released a number of publications
and products in conjunction with the opening of the Heye
Center. Products included books on each of the three exhibi-
tions, a music recording on compact disc and cassette tape, a
calendar, a postcard book, and T-shirts.
The museum began the Native American Expressive Cul-
ture Series—on-going public programming that includes sto-
rytelling, theater, music, dance, film and video. In the
multimedia Resource Center, ten computer stations provide
access to resource information about the objects in the exhibi-
tions and the indigenous world view.
During the year, Douglas J. Cardinal Architects, Ltd., in
collaboration with Geddes, Brecher, Qualls and Cunning-
ham Architects, and in conjunction with the museum staff
and Native American consultants, developed a conceptual
design for the National Museum of the American Indian,
which will be constructed on the National Mall after the
turn of the century.
National Portrait Gallery
Alan Fern, Director
The National Portrait Gallery is dedicated to the exhibition
and study of portraits of people who have made significant
contributions to American history and culture and to the
study of the artists who created such portraiture. The Gallery
sponsors a variety of scholarly and public activities for audi-
ences interested in American art and American history.
Collections Acquisitions
Acquisitions in the Painting and Sculpture Department in-
clude two presidential portraits: Ronald Sherr’s portrait of
George Herbert Walker Bush and Jan Woods's bust of Wil-
liam Jefferson Clinton. Among the other portraits acquired
were Smithsonian Secretary-emeritus Robert McCormick
Adams by Burton Silverman, collector and art dealer Edith
Gregor Halpert by Marguerite T. Zorach, General Winfield
Scott by Robert Walter Weir, and poet Gwendolyn Brooks by
Sara S. Miller. The Photographs Department received a gift of
ninety-nine photographs from the estate of George Tames,
Washington photographer for the New York Times from the
1940s through the early 1980s. Other important photographs
include Martin Luther King, Jr. by Dan Weiner, labor leader
Andrew Furuseth by Dorothea Lange, American poets Sylvia
Plath and Anne Sexton by Rollie McKenna, a group portrait
of William Tecumseh Sherman and his generals by Mathew
Brady, and a rare carte de visite of the sculptor Edmonia Lewis.
Among the Print Department acquisitions are a mezzotint of
74
Benjamin Franklin by Charles Willson Peale and a drypoint
of Henry Marquand by Anders Zorn.
Research
The National Portrait Gallery launched its virtual museum as
parc of the Smithsonian's Home Page on the Internet’s World
Wide Web and as part of the Smithsonian Online educational
service on America Online. Previews of exhibitions, current
events, highlights of the permanent collection, Gallery bro-
chures, educational programs, and publications are available
on both services. Featured by America Online for the Fourth
of July holiday, the online image of Rembrandt Peale’s famous
“Porthole” portrait of George Washington was downloaded by
the public nearly 1,400 times. Interested visitors on the Amer-
ica Online service may comment, ask questions, converse on
message boards, and take part in online chat sessions.
The Catalog of American Portraits continued its field sur-
vey of portraits in public and private collections, cataloging
portraits in Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado, the Norman
Rockwell Museum in Massachusetts, and portraits of Ameri-
cans in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Portraits in the
state of Alaska were surveyed with the assistance of a grant
from the Smithsonian Women's Committee. The Smithsonian
Office of Fellowships and Grants supported two internship
projects that added important Native American and Latino bi-
ographies to the CAP’s multimedia research database.
The Peale Family Papers project submitted volume four
of Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family. sub-
titled Charles Willson Peale: His Last Years, 1821-1827. to
Yale University Press for publication. The staff is continu-
ing research for volume 5, The Autobiography of Charles Will-
son Peale, and for The Catalogue Raisonné of the Works of
Rembrandt Peale.
The Electronic Research Center became a reality in the
NMAA/NPG Library at the end of December. Supported by
both the National Portrait Gallery and the National Museum
of American Art, the Center collects reference sources avail-
able in CD-ROM and online formats, as well as maintaining
Internet and America Online functions. The Center has biblio-
graphic, image-based, and online resources accessible to Li-
brary patrons. Some of the titles available are: Art Index
(1984-1995); ARTbibliographies Modern on Disc (1984-1994);
Artfact (auction price information for both the fine and decora-
tive arts, 1986-1995); Select Phone (1995); National Portrait Gal-
lery, Smithsonian Institution: Permanent Collection of Notable
Americans; and Artnet (an online resource to auction records
from 1990 to the present).
Exhibitions
In commemoration of the 1ooth anniversary of the death of
Frederick Douglass, the National Portrait Gallery and the Na-
tional Park Service co-organized an exhibition on his life and
legacy. Featuring paintings, photographs, and memorabilia,
“Majestic in His Wrath” opened February 9, 1995, with a re-
ception during which actor Billy Dee Williams read one of
Douglass's most famous speeches.
“In Pursuit of the Butterfly: Portraits of James McNeill
Whistler” was the first of four exhibitions held in Washing-
ton during the summer of 1995 that were devoted to this
American expatriate painter. Whistler was the single most de-
picted artist prior to the twentieth century, and NPG’s exhibi-
tion demonstrated the evolution of his image and his carefully
self-constructed role as a popular icon in Victorian England.
Several 1995 exhibitions highlighted aspects of the Gallery's
permanent collection. “Federal Profiles: Saint-Mémin in
America, 1793-1814” amplified the museum's large holding of
Saint-Mémin engravings by featuring many of the original
drawings from which the engravings were made. “From Tru-
man to Clinton: Presidents on Time” was the most recent ina
series of exhibitions drawn from the Gallery’s collection of
original Time magazine cover art. “The Passionate Observer:
Photographs by Carl Van Vechten,” which was organized by
Hallmark Cards, presented a comprehensive overview of an
artist whose works are widely represented in the Gallery’s
collection.
Publications
Saint-Mémin and the Neoclassical Profile Portrait in America by
Ellen G. Miles, NPG's Curator of Paintings and Sculpture,
was published in November 1994 by the National Portrait
Gallery and Smithsonian Institution Press. The culmination
of twenty years of research on the French émigré artist who
made nearly a thousand likenesses of Federal-era Americans,
this book includes an essay on the history of the neoclassical
profile portrait with a biography of Saint-Mémin and a com-
plete, illustrated catalogue of the artist’s known works. Ir has
been awarded second prize in the book category in the Ameri-
can Association of Museums’ 1995 Design Competition and
first prize for illustrated books in the Washington Book
Publishers’ design competition.
Produced to accompany the National Portrait Gallery's ex-
hibition, Mayestic in His Wrath: A Pictorial Life of Frederick
Douglass. by NPG historian Frederick S. Voss, was published
by the Smithsonian Institution Press. This softcover book's
more than seventy illustrations include rare daguerreotypes of
Douglass and images of fellow abolitionists and reformers.
In Pursuit of the Butterfly: Portraits of James McNeill Whistler,
co-published by the National Portrait Gallery and the Univer-
sity of Washington Press, was written by Eric Denker, curator
of the NPG exhibition of portraits of Whistler. Available in
softcover, this illustrated book illuminates how this unconven-
tional American expatriate was perceived by the artists and
writers of his time.
Work has commenced on a new edition of the Natzonal Por-
trait Gallery Permanent Collection Illustrated Checklist. Data is
being gathered on NPG acquisitions over the past ten years,
since the previous edition was published. A James Smithson
Society grant will allow the purchase of state-of-the-art
desktop-publishing equipment for NPG's Publications Of-
fice. This will make it possible to produce this valuable ref-
erence rool—including some 7,000 illustrated entries—in-
house through the prepress stage in the coming fiscal year.
Education
NPG offered a dramatization that provided both historical
background and context to enhance students’ knowledge
gained during their tour of the Frederick Douglass exhibi-
tion. Collaborations with publishers also made possible public
lectures and book signings for biographies and portrait-
related books.
“Blues Woman,” an interpretation of the music and life sto-
ries of Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and Billie Holiday, was
presented through the Gallery's “Portraits in Motion” series.
Special Projects
On the morning of July 21, 1995, the National Portrait
Gallery's Hall of Presidents doubled as a television studio
when C-SPAN's “Washington Journal” broadcast a live pro-
gram on the museum and its collections. Host Brian Lamb in-
terviewed NPG director Alan Fern as camera crews rolled
through the Gallery's second floor, providing viewers with
glimpses of the permanent collection on display. Pre-taped
segments included presentations by curator of photographs
Mary Panzer, historian Fred Voss, curator for the Frederick
Douglass exhibition, and a cameo appearance by curator of
prints and drawings Wendy Wick Reaves. The three-hour
broadcast also included a live interview with museum shop
manager Jackie Jackson on the shop's offerings.
Office of Exhibits Central
Mike Headley, Acting Director
The Office of Exhibits Central (OEC) provides Smithsonian
museums, galleries, and exhibitors with expertise in the
creation of permanent, temporary, and traveling exhibitions,
from concept to crating. Office of Exhibit Central services in-
clude exhibition design and production, script development,
consultation on design and production, writing, editing,
graphic production, matting, and framing. Along with a wide
range of exhibit fabrication services, OEC provides model
making, gallery lighting, exhibit installation, and the han-
dling, bracketing, and packing of artifacts.
This year, OEC designed, edited, and produced five exhibi-
uons for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition
Service (SITES): “Try This On: A History of Clothing,
Gender, and Power”; “Full Deck Art Quilts”; “Voyages and
Visions: Nineteenth-Century European Images of the Middle
East from the Victoria and Albert Museum”; “VanDerZee,
Photographer’; and “An Ocean Apart: Contemporary
7
Vietnamese Art from the United States and Vietnam.” OEC
also provided design and production consultation on four
more SITES shows: “Earth 2U, Exploring Geography,” “Ex-
otic Illusions: Arc, Romance, and the Marketplace,” “Beyond
Category: The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington” (small ex-
hibit format), and “Wade in the Water: African American Sa-
cred Song and Worship Traditions.” OEC editors developed
the text for the last three exhibits.
OEC’s Model Making Unit created an exact wooden replica
of a 19th-century ship figurehead, hundreds of artificial fish,
several mannequins, and three bronze creatures for “Ocean
Planet,” an exhibition developed by the National Museum of
Natural History, the Environmental Awareness Program, and
SITES.
In preparation for the Smithsonian's Isoth Celebration,
OEC has contributed significantly to many of the anniversary
events—and will continue to do so. OEC designed the ban-
ners and signage on the Mall and for each museum. OEC
designed, produced, and installed the plaque for the Unsung
Heroes awards, and the exhibit cases for “Smithson’s Gift,”
an exhibition dedicated to James Smithson’s bequest to the
Smithsonian. “Revealing Exhibitions: Photography at the
Smithsonian,” “From Smithson to Smithsonian: The Birth of
an Institution,” and many other exhibitions and events associ-
ated with the 1soth Celebration are still in the planning stages
at OEC.
OEC played a important role in many other exhibitions.
For Horticulture Services Division, OPP, OEC provided de-
sign, editing, fabrication, model making, lighting, installa-
tion, and project coordination for the “Posy Holders”
exhibition in the Arts and Industries Building. OEC pro-
duced graphics for the 29th Annual Festival of American
Folklife. For “Science and the Artist's Book,” a collaborative
project involving the Smithsonian Institution Libraries and
the Washington Project for the Arts, OEC was responsible for
design, editing, fabrication, model making, and installation.
At the National Museum of Natural History, OEC provided
model making for “Exploring Marine Ecosystems,” while at
the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, OEC supplied
exhibition consultation for the “Coral Reef’ exhibition and
illustration for “Where Land Meets the Sea.” In addition,
OEC collaborated with the Office of the Provost and the Na-
tional Museum of African Art in the design, production, and
installation of an exhibit at the Baltimore Washington Inter-
national Airport. For the Office of Government Relations,
OEC designed, fabricated, and installed two exhibit compo-
nents, one for the Office of the Speaker in the U.S. Capitol
and another for the Rayburn House Office Building. Further,
OEC provided exhibition consultation and installation for
“The Harriet and Harmon Kelley Collection of African Ameri-
can Arc” and the “Equal Rights and Justice” exhibitions for
the Anacostia Museum at the Center for African American
History and Culcure. OEC also furnished project consultation
and material management for the Ghana Project for the Inter-
national Center.
76
In 1995 OEC Senior Designer Mary Bird won two Federal
Design Achievement Awards for her design of “Spiders!” and
“Produce for Victory: Posters on the American Home Front,
1941-1945.” OEC also received honors from the Washington
Building Congress for construction of a railway mail car at the
National Postal Museum and a Smithsonian Exhibition
Awards for Outstanding Team Effort on the Postal Museum's
inaugural exhibits.
There are many others projects that SI clients have taken
advantage of OEC’s prompt, professional, and cost-effective
services. The Office of Exhibits Central is dedicated to the
continued success of the Smithsonian Institution.
Smithsonian Institution Traveling
Exhibition Service, SITES
Anna R. Cohn, Director
Since 1952, the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition
Service (SITES) has been committed to making Smithsonian
exhibitions available to millions of people who cannot view
them firsthand on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.
Each year, audiences across North America experience the trea-
sures and opportunities of the Smithsonian by visiting SITES
exhibitions on view in local museums, libraries, science cen-
ters, historical societies, zoos, aquariums, community centers,
and schools.
SITES’ FY 1995 program mirrored the scope and vitality of
the Smithsonian as never before. Traveling exhibitions featur-
ing spiders, ocean conservation, Mexican landscape painting,
jazz, and art quilts are but a small sampling of the diverse sub-
jects through which SITES represents collections and research
from the Institution's many museums and offices, and from
many of the nation’s finest cultural organizations.
Over the past year, collaborations—with sister museums at
the Smithsonian and other museums and cultural organiza-
tions outside the Smithsonian, foreign countries, corporations,
or at the grass-roots level—continue to drive the SITES pro-
gram. Several new SITES exhibitions began traveling this year
in small format, free-standing copiese: “Beyond Category: The
Musical Genius of Duke Ellington,” “Saynday was coming
along...Silverhorn’s Drawings of the Kiowa Trickster,” “Before
Freedom: African American Life in the Antebellum South,”
and “Produce for Victory: Posters on the American Home
Front, 1941-1945.” These exhibitions, designed specifically for
smaller institutions and rural exhibitors, are especially import-
ant additions to SITES’ program and ensure more than ever
that the wealth of the Smithsonian Institution will be experi-
enced by audiences everywhere: from people in the nation’s
largest urban centers to those in the most remote rural areas.
SITES’ partnership with states humanities councils contin-
ued to gain momentum in FY 1995. Ongoing collaborations
with the Federation of States Humanities Councils and a sec-
ond NEH grant will result in another tour of the highly suc-
cessful NMAH/SITES small format version of “Produce for
Victory: Posters on the American Home Front, 1941-1945" to
Arizona, California, Indiana and Nebraska. Designed specific-
ally to reach rural areas, nine states are now part of this
unique initiative which was begun in FY 1994.
A National Portrait Gallery exhibition, “Lincoln and His
Contemporaries: Photographs by Mathew Brady from the
Meserve Collection” is also traveling to five communities in
Utah as part of a block-booking arrangement reached with
that state’s Humanities Council. Rural exhibitors are comple-
menting their displays with local objects and programming.
The Smithsonian's major Quincentennial exhibition, “Seeds
of Change,” is also traveling in a small format version and
opened in July in a brand-new specially designed facility ac
Central Florida Community College in Ocala, Fla. Staff at the
college and SITES have been in discussion since January about
an on-site facility that would be suitable for SITES exhibi-
tions, and raised the necessary funds and built a new exhibi-
tion space in less than one year. The college is now slated to
host six SITES exhibitions over the next two years.
In addition to ongoing partnerships that SITES has forged
with private foundations such as the Lila Wallace-Reader's Di-
gest Fund and corporations such as Time Warner, Inc., SITES
is proud to announce a new partnership this year with Nissan
Motor Corporation U.S.A., for the SITES/National Geo-
graphic Society exhibition, “Earth 2U, Exploring Geography.”
Ata special signing ceremony on October tenth hosted by Na-
tional Geographic Society President Gilbert M. Grosvenor,
Nissan's Vice President of Brand and Consumer Marketing
Jerry Florence presented a check for $950,000 to Secretary
Heyman to become the national corporate sponsor of the exhi-
bition. Olympic gold medal speedskater Dan Jansen will
serve as the national exhibition “Ambassador” of “Earth 2U,
Exploring Geography,” which will open in November 1995 in
Washington, D.C.
SITES has spent the past year gearing up for the opening of
this ambitious exhibition, and since May has received an addi-
tional $936,000 from Nissan for extensive national educa-
tional programming and public relations efforts in
conjunction with “Earth 2U, Exploring Geography.” In July, a
“Name the Mascot” contest commenced in the Smithsonian
Castle for children ages 8—12, the exhibition's primary audi-
ence. The “Mascot” is a lively-looking cartoon bird who is de-
picted throughout the exhibition. The grand-prize winner of
the contest, who will be announced at the exhibition's press
preview, will receive an all-expenses paid trip to the 1996
Summer Olympic events in Atlanta. “Earth 2U, Exploring
Geography” is geared toward children and their families and
is expected to make a significant contribution to curbing geo-
graphic illiteracy in the United States as it travels to 40 cities
around the country in two versions.
Several SITES exhibitions began national tours in FY 1995,
reflecting the diversity of the SITES program. “Full Deck Art
Quilts” opened at the Renwick Gallery in March. It is travel-
ing to 11 additional locations, including regional art centers,
university galleries and art museums in San Jose, Calif.;
Tempe, Ariz.; Ocala, Fla.; Reno, Nev.; and Mobile, Ala. The
small format version of the NMNH/SITES exhibition, “Sayn-
day was coming along . . . Silverhorn’s Drawings of the Kiowa
Trickster,” opened at the Kiowa Tribal Museum in Carnegie,
Okla., in January. The national tour of “Spiders!,” organized
with the National Museum of Natural History and funded by
Marvel Entertainment, began in March at the American Mu-
seum of Natural History in New In May, “VanDerZee, Pho-
tographer (1886—1983)"—a National Portrait Gallery/SITES
exhibition—began its national tour at the African American
Museum of Fine Arts in San Diego, Calif. The opening of this
exhibition garnered front-page news in the San Diego Union
Tribune and significantly increased attendance at the museum.
As a testament to how well-received this exhibition has been
in San Diego, the museum is now preparing to accession an
important, personal collection from a father and son who spon-
sor an African American Studies program at a local university
and who have lived in the area since the 1920s.
In September, “An Ocean Apart: Contemporary Vietnam-
ese Art from the United States and Vietnam” opened at the E]-
lipse Arts Center in Arlington, Va. All of these exhibition
openings were accompanied events and public programs that
attracted enthusiastic media and public responses.
Special initatives and events in FY 1995 included the forg-
ing of a new relationship between the Smithsonian and the
Mexican Embassy during the fall showing of “Mexico: A
Landscape Revisited.” Secretary Heyman and Mexican Ambas-
sador Jorge Montafio began a series of dialogues aimed at fu-
ture cultural collaborations between Mexico and the
Smithsonian. The exhibition is currently traveling to several
cities around the country and will end its international tour
next year in Monterrey, Mexico.
In June, SITES donated the popular NMAH/SITES exhibi-
tion, “Contrasts/Contrastes: Forty Years of Continuity and
Change in Puerto Rico,” a collection of photographs by WPA
photographer Jack Delano that toured several years ago, to the
Poncé Museum in Poncé, Puerto Rico. The event was cele-
brated with public programs which featured a conference
given by Delano and a concert string performance of one of
Delano’s original musical compositions.
In September, SITES took the lead during National Arts
and Humanities Month. A special mailing was orchestrated
by SITES and the Office of the Secretary which alerted
members of Congress to SITES’ activities in their states and
districts.
SITES entered cyberspace in FY 1995. A listing of SITES ex-
hibitions currently traveling around the country is now avail-
able by accessing the Smithsonian's Home Page which was
launched on May 8.
SITES exhibitions are oftentimes accompanied by hand-
some and informative publications. On the occasion of last
year’s opening of “Mexico: A Landscape Revisited,” SITES
™N
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published a bi-lingual catalogue and a 1995 wall calendar with
Universe Publishing Co. (a division of Rizzoli). The calendars
were mailed as holiday gifts from Secretary Heyman to mem-
bers of the Smithsonian's Latino Task Force and the Congres-
sional Hispanic Caucus.
SITES is a high-visibility outreach arm of the Smithsonian.
In FY 1995, 182 exhibitions traveled across the country. SITES
hopes that its expanded visitor base in the coming year will
enable more Americans than ever before to experience the rich
variety of exhibition programs available from the Smithsonian.
Educational and
Cultural Programs
Center for Folklife Programs &
Cultural Studies
Richard Kurin, Director
The Center for Folklife Programs & Cultural Studies joins
high quality scholarship with strong community service and
educational outreach to promote the understanding and conti-
nuity of diverse contemporary grassroots cultures in the
United States and throughout the world. A primary goal is to
foster greater appreciation and participation of community
culture in civil society. This became very apparent in the plan-
ning and production of the annual Festival of American
Folklife.
The more than one million visitors to the 29th annual Fest-
val of American Folklife, which took place June 23—July 4,
were witness to the strength in community in the four pro-
grams chat were presented. “The Cape Verdean Connection”
builc upon and articulated the contemporary transnational
character of that culture. It not only occasioned a visit by the
President of Cape Verde, Antonio Mascarenhas Monteiro, but
also prompted thousands of Cape Verdean Americans to orga-
nize tours, reunions, and celebrations around the Festival. Co-
sponsored by the government of Cape Verde, a host of Cape
Verdean-American community fundraising committees, the
Gulbenkian Foundation of Portugal, the Smithsonian, and
many other benefactors, the program featured performances
and demonstrations of crafts, cooking, music, dance, and occu-
pational traditions. Discussions included many topics in
which participants reflected upon the culture and historical ex-
perience of this transnational people. A significant part of the
program was a large “Cachupa Connection” tent—named for
the hominy stew that is the (trans)national dish of Cape Ver-
deans everywhere. The tent contained information about a
dozen Cape Verdean-American communities, presentations on
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seafarers and longshoremen, and a connection to the unofficial
Cape Verdean home page on the Internet. From social com-
mentary in ox-driving songs to conversations across the Inter-
net, the program presented varieties of exchange that Cape
Verdeans engage in to maintain their local and transnational
communities. Chartered busloads of Cape Verdean Americans
came from New England, where the Festival generated strong
media coverage. Bana, the most popular male vocalist in the
Islands for decades who lives and owns a nightclub in Lisbon,
performed at the July 5 Independence Day celebration on the
Mall as part of the program to mark the 2oth anniversary of
Cape Verde’s independence from Portugal. Anna Maria Cab-
ral, wife of the slain independence leader Amilcar Cabral, lec-
tured on culture and national development at the
International Center during the Festival. And a photography
exhibit on Cape Verdean life by Ron Barboza was mounted in
the International Center.
“The Czech Republic: Tradition and Transformation” suc-
cessfully reflected the range of music, crafts, and foodways
that characterize grassroots, popular, and official genres today.
The participants from the three major regions of the Czech Re-
public—Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia—brought not only
their cultural traditions but the fresh impacts of independence
and changed borders on these traditions. Czech-American mu-
sicians and cooks demonstrated survivals and transformations
in foodways and soundscapes across the ocean. This extended
community on the National Mall was broadened even more as
Czech Americans drove the belfry—an example of a substitute
church that serves small communities in mountainous
Wallachia—to Texas after the Festival, where it is traveling
among families of Wallachian descent. Czech officials also ob-
served the Festival, and a Czech television documentary
reached millions of viewers in that country.
“Heartbeat: Voices of First Nations Women” was produced
in collaboration with the Division of Cultural History at the
National Museum of American History, as was a recently re-
leased Smithsonian/Folkways recording of the same name.
The program brought women from 20 different groups from
the United States and Canada to the 1995 Festival, and visitors
had the opportunity to see the important contributions that
contemporary Native women are making to the preservation
and perpetuation of their culture, especially in the area of lan-
guage. The sense of community among participants was rein-
forced during spontaneous demonstrations of intertribal song
sharing that culminated in a memorable finale on July 4, with
all the singers uniting in song on the main stage. Sales of the
recording and critical reviews were very strong.
Identities and community were key issues in the program,
“Russian Roots, American Branches: Music in Two Worlds.”
After several years of fieldwork, this program presented partic-
ipants from four communities—Molokans and Old Believers,
two religious minority communities both still active in Rus-
sia and the United States—who joined together to discuss the
changes that have affected their faith and, most importantly,
to sing the choral music that provides the focus for their reli-
gious identity. The program provided great opportunities for
exchanges, and it provided these communities with an oppor-
tunity to meet and share stories after more than a century of
separation.
The sacred and social music, traditional poetry, dance, food,
and crafts of Washington-area African-born immigrants were
presented as part of the “African Immigrant Folklife Study
Project.” The Festival included two evening dance party/
concerts and a photo panel exhibition entitled, “New Ties:
Portraits of African Immigrant Community Folklife,” featur-
ing photographs by Roland Freeman, photographic advisor to
the project. These activities grew out of a year of fieldwork by
community scholars participating in the project and
illuminated the vibrant range of newly emerging African cul-
tures in the Washington area.
And on the evening of July 2nd, a special tribute concert in
honor of former Festival director Ralph Rinzler was held at
the Festival to commemorate the first anniversary of his pass-
ing. Paying tribute to Ralph were Pete and Mike Seeger, Pied-
mont blues musicians John Cephas and Phil Wiggins, and
Black Appalachian singers Ed and Melissa Cabbell. The event
was very well attended and performers and audience shared a
deep appreciation for many of Ralph's accomplishments. For
those wishing to support the Festival of American Folklife, a
Friends of the Festival group was formed that is developing
memberships and benefits; the organization is now approach-
ing 600 members.
Cultural education at the Center saw six groups of teachers
using the Festival of American Folklife as a living laboratory
for developing resources, education materials move into test-
ing and design phases, and new projects emerge from ongoing
programs. The teachers seminars included “Bringing Folklore
into the Classroom: A Multicultural Learning Experience,” di-
rected by Center staff members with teachers from the Wash-
ington, D.C., area; and “Teaching and Learning with
Museums,” directed by a member of the Smithsonian Office
of Elementary and Secondary Education staff, with teachers
and museum educators from ten cities in California. A semi-
nar for music educators was sponsored by the University of
Maryland; and another general seminar on folklore and folklife
was sponsored by the Northern Virginia Campus of the Univer-
sity of Virginia. In addition, two groups of teachers came from
New England to attend the “Cape Verdean Connection” pro-
gram—educators from Massachusetts and Connecticut will be de-
veloping educational materials about Cape Verde and Cape
Verdean Americans for their schools, and teachers from the Bos-
ton area will be working on multicultural educational materials.
The educational materials on “Land in Native American
Cultures,” “Borders and Identities,” and “The Bahamas” will
be available for the 1996 school year. The Bahamas kit will be
distributed to all public schools in the Commonwealth and in-
cludes an extensive student/teacher guide or both the elemen-
tary and secondary levels, rwo videotapes, and two audiotapes.
The kit was developed by Center staff in cooperation with a
team of educators and advisors in The Bahamas.
New projects include “Voices of Virginia,” a teacher's guide
and a recording that follows the fourth grade social studies
curriculum and is being developed by teachers at Bailey's Ele-
mentary School for the Arts and Sciences in Fairfax County;
and the “Workers at the White House” materials which are
being developed by a team of Washington, D.C., teachers in
cooperation with Center staff and the Curator's office at the
White House. The videotape, which is now available by itself,
will be enhanced for classroom use by a teacher's guide, a 24-
page educational booklet, and a full-color poster of a cross-sec-
tion of the White House. These materials will be distributed
free of charge to every public school in Washington, D.C., in
the spring of 1996.
The “Workers at the White House” exhibit continues to
travel and was at the Carter Presidential Library in Atlanta,
Georgia, and the Reagan Library in Simi Valley, California
during the year. The exhibit was also mounted at Shaed Ele-
mentary School in northeast Washington, D.C., where Hillary
Clinton addressed students and teachers, and several of the
workers were honored.
Smithsonian/Folkways Recordings continues its work with
collaborations with international scholarship, museum exhibi-
tions, and artists’ creativity. International collaborations in-
cluded the first two of a projected six volumes of music from
different “departments” of Peru produced at the Archivo de
Masica Tradicional Andina in Lima, with the support of the
Ford Foundation of Peru; the CD Musical Trad:tions of Portu-
gal, which was partly supported by the City of Lisbon and was
produced by the director of the only ethnomusicology pro-
gram in Portugal; a recording of the Kayap6-Xikrin of Mato
Grosso, Brazil, annotated by two Brazilian anthropolgists; Sa-
cred Rhythms of Cuban Santeria, produced by the Director of
the Centro de Investigacion y Desarollo de la Musica Cubana
in Havana; and three more volumes of the series, Music of Indo-
nesia, produced with the Indonesian Society for the Perform-
ing Arts, with the support of the Ford Foundation, Indonesia.
Smithsonian/Folkways also collaborates with museums to
make sounds part of the museum experience. Two recordings
are the products of such collaborations: Heartbeat: Voices of
First Nations Women, produced with the Smithsonian's Na-
tional Museum of American History; and RAythms of Rapture:
Sacred Musics of Haitian Vodou, which complements the exhibi-
tion, “Sacred Arts of Haitian Vodou” that opened at UCLA's
Fowler Museum of Cultural History.
Some new recordings develop out of ethnomusicological re-
search. Those released this year include Dream Songs and Heal-
ing Sounds in the Rainforests of Malaysia, and Old Believers: Songs
of the Nekrasov Cossacks. Other recordings come directly from
the vaults of the Folkways collection, and from Smithson-
ian/Folkways artists themselves. Approximately 50,000 re-
cordings were distributed through educational and archival
fulfillment distributions.
Smithsonian/Folkways also produces video projects. The
JVC/Smithsonian Folkways Video Anthology of Music and Dance of
the Americas consists of six videotapes, featuring over I50 exam-
ik)
ples of music and dance from many traditions throughout the
Americas. Each tape is accompanied by a 40-80-page booklet
that includes general articles on style as well as descriptions of
each track, most of which have recommendations for further
viewing, listening, and reading.
Another Smithsonian/Folkways video project was initiated
three years ago and documents music of the Great Lakes Indi-
ans. It consists of two videotapes dealing with Ojibwe pow-
wows in Wisconsin which will be targeted to the Wisconsin
public school system. The first of the two videos,
“Naamikaaget: Dancer for the People,” has been completed
and shows a young dancer dressing for two powwows in suc-
ceeding years. The second video will be a more generic treat-
ment of powwows, including everything from singing and
dancing to the preparation of fry bread.
Approximately 35 interns who came from colleges and uni-
versities from around the country, and several fellows from the
United States, South America, and Africa, assisted with the re-
search for and production of the many programs that were car-
ried out by the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural
Studies.
National Science Resources Center
Douglas Lapp, Executive Director
The National Science Resources Center (NSRC), a program of
the Smithsonian Institution and the National Academy of Sci-
ences, helps the nations schools improve the teaching of sci-
ence. The NSRC collects and publishes information about
current science teaching resources, develops innovative curric-
ulum materials, and sponsors activities to help teachers and
administrators develop and sustain exemplary hands-on sci-
ence programs.
In the past year, the NSRC continued to involve teachers
and school system officials, scientists and engineers, commu-
nity organizations, and corporations in science education re-
form through the National Science Education Leadership
initiative (NSEL) and the Science and Technology for Chil-
dren (STC) curriculum development project. The NSRC also
expanded its international role in science education reform
through ongoing contacts with education leaders in Mexico
and South Africa.
This years Elementary Science Leadership Institutes, a part
of NSEL, brought together 38 teams of lead teachers, top ad-
ministrators, and scientists, including teams from Mexico and
South Africa, for training in the planning and implementa-
tion of science education programs. To date, 178 teams from
43 states, two Canadian provinces, Mexico, and South Africa
have participated in the institutes. The NSRC also co-hosted
a regional Science Education Leadership Institute with the
New York City Urban Systemic Initiative. The weeklong pro-
80
gram, modeled after the NSRCs national institutes, brought
together more than 70 representatives from New York City
schools.
Seventeen of 24 STC hands-on science units for the elemen-
tary and early middle school grades are now available in com-
mercial or field-test editions. This year, Balancing and
Weighing, Weather, and Floating and Sinking were published.
Animal Studtes. Solids and Liquids, Comparing and Measuring,
and Land and Water reached the field-test stage, and the devel-
opment of the final three units in the STC program began. As
part of the STC program, the NSRC also began work on sets
of science activity cards for grades four to six. Each set will
complement an STC unit.
The NSRC completed work on Resources for Teaching Elemen-
tary School Science, a completely revised and updated edition of
its best-selling annotated guide to exemplary hands-on sci-
ence curriculum materials. The NSRC also began reviewing
exemplary curriculum materials for a resource guide for mid-
dle school science teachers.
The NSRC hosted Corporate Americas Impact on Elemen-
tary Science Education, a one-day working conference held at
the headquarters of Merck & Co., Inc., in Whitehouse Station,
New Jersey. Sixty corporate executives and managers met to
discuss how business and industry can work effectively with
school district leaders to bring about and sustain science edu-
cation reform.
Office of Elementary and
Secondary Education
Ann Bay, Director
The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (OESE),
the Smithsonian’s central office for precollege education, has a
threefold mission. First, it makes Smithsonian resources avail-
able to teachers and students in the Washington, D.C., area
and nationwide. Second, it provides materials and training
that enable teachers and students to use museums and the pri-
mary sources they contain for experiential learning in class-
room and museum settings. Third, it fosters communication
and collaboration among Smithsonian education units and be-
tween the Smithsonian and education organizations.
The office and Smithsonian magazine established an
educator's membership in the Smithsonian. Member educa-
tors receive a year’s subscription to the magazine, as well as
subscriptions to OESE publications.
The District of Columbia Public Schools established two
museum magnet schools and named the office as coordinator
of the Smithsonian's involvement. OESE developed the con-
cept and worked with the school system to craft the proposal
to the U.S. Office of Education. The museum magnet schools
will show how the vast material and human treasures of the
Smithsonian can be used to the best advantage in a public ed-
ucation setting.
Publications available in print and electronic versions in-
formed teachers about museum-based learning. Beyond the
Frame: Using Art as a Basis for Interdisciplinary Learning
showed how to use works from five Smithsonian art museums
in the classroom. Art to Zoo, the office’s quarterly teaching
guide for elementary and middle schools, adopted a new de-
sign, editorial, and distribution strategy. The Smithsonian
Resource Guide for Teachers listed more than 500 publications
available from the Smithsonian and its affiliates.
A program with the National Faculty for the Humanities,
Arts, and Sciences has extended the office's work in develop-
ing models for museum-school collaboration. Working with
schools and museums in Atlanta, St. Paul, Seattle, and Wash-
ington, D.C., the program helps teachers explore ways to use
material culture across the curriculum and from a multicultu-
ral perspective.
The Under Secretary
Office of the Under Secretary
Constance Berry Newman, Under Secretary
As the chief operating officer of the Smithsonian, the under
secretary is responsible for the day-to-day administration of
the Institution. Under Secretary Constance Berry Newman
also works with Secretary I. Michael Heyman, the provost,
and the Board of Regents to set long-range priorities and de-
velop mechanisms for carrying them out.
The Smithsonian continued the process of downsizing and
restructuring to meet stringent budget requirements and pre-
pare for the challenges of the next decade. Future growth and
strength will require wise choices through a careful assess-
ment of priorities. Central to this year’s effort was the estab-
lishment of a strategic planning committee to examine
potential restructuring of the Institution.
Finance and Administration
Finance and Administration
Nancy Suttenfield, Assistant Secretary
Operating behind the scenes at the Smithsonian, a network of
administrative offices serves the diverse programmatic needs
of the Institution and facilitates the management and use of fi-
nancial, human, and physical resources. Funding for financial
and administrative services in 1995 amounted to nearly $22
million, or approximately 6.3 percent of the Institution's coral
operating expenses. Central services for physical plant, secu-
rity, and environmental safety account for an additional $58
million on behalf of the entire Institution.
Office of Architectural History and
Historic Preservation
Cynthia Field, Director
Research conducted this year reflects the breadth of the
Smithsonian's architectural history. The office’s study of the
development of the National Air and Space Museum brought
into focus the complex early history of the project from 1959
to 1972. A study of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gar-
den revealed the impassioned interpretations of the nature of
the National Mall that were aired when this project was
planned. Two important chapters in the history of the first Na-
uonal Museum (now the Arts and Industries Building) were writ-
ten as the result of research on the changing interior exhibition
spaces and the meaning of the original building design.
Office of the Comptroller
M. Leslie Casson, Comptroller
The office continued design of a new general ledger for the In-
stitution, which will provide significantly improved financial
information. The office also streamlined the transmittal of
vendor payment data to the Department of the Treasury and
participated in the planning, development, and implementa-
uon of new institutional policies and procedures to comply
with new financial accounting standards promulgated by the
Financial Accounting Standards Board.
Office of Contracting and
Property Management
John W. Cobert, Director
This office provides central contracting and procurement ser-
vices for Smithsonian museums, research institutes, and of-
fices. During fiscal year 1995, the office supported planning
81
efforts for the Smithsonian's 15oth anniversary celebration. On-
going work included contracting in the areas of design and
renovation, Smithsonian business activities, acquisition of mu-
seum collections, concession services, and office supplies and
services.
Office of Design and Construction
William Thomas, Acting Director
Construction began on the $20 million renovation, restora-
tion, and accessibility project at Cooper-Hewitt, National De-
sign Museum. Other current projects include the East Court
expansion at the National Museum of Natural History; design
and procurement for construction of the National Museum of
the American Indian's Cultural Resources Center and design
of the museum's building on the National Mall; and construc-
tion of two buildings at the Smithsonian Environmental Re-
search Center.
Office of Equal Employment and
Minority Affairs
Era L. Marshall, Director
This office monitors the effectiveness of the Smithsonian's
recruitment efforts for minorities, women, and people with
disabilities. As part of the Institution’s commitment to in-
crease procurement opportunities for small, minority, and
women-owned businesses, the office developed policies and
procedures for implementing the Small Disadvantaged
Business Utilization Program. For employees, the office
made changes in the formal complaints program with a
view toward resolving complaints before they are formally
made.
Office of Environmental Management
and Safety
William Billingsley, Director
The office continued its responsibility for ensuring that safety,
fire protection and prevention, industrial hygiene, and envi-
ronmental principles are integrated into all aspects of the
Smithsonian.
82
Office of Facilities Services
Richard H. Rice Jr., Acting Director
This office, along with other organizations in the Facilities
Services Group, focused on collaborative efforts to
improve service to the Institution. Among these activities
were long-range strategic facilities planning and expansion
of an organizational development project on the treatment
of people, with an emphasis on empowerment and
leadership.
Office of Human Resources
Susan Roehmer, Director
In an ongoing effort to improve human resources programs
and functions, the office identified ways to expedite the hiring
process and give management greater personnel authority and
flexibility. The office also continued to streamline the person-
nel function through state-of-the-art technology.
Office of Plant Services
Patrick Miller, Director
This office oversees the maintenance and operation of
Smithsonian buildings and grounds and provides transporta-
tion, mail, audiovisual, and related services. This year, the of-
fice concentrated on improving customer service. A new
customer service branch provides a central source for obtain-
ing information and services.
Office of Printing and
Photographic Services
James Wallace, Director
The office continued its transition into increased digital
delivery of photographic images. Each month, an average
of 45,000 image files were delivered worldwide on the
Internet (http://photol.si.edu). Coinciding with the launch
of the Smithsonian's World Wide Web sire, the office
brought its own Web server online (http://phoro2.si.edu).
By year’s end, this server was delivering thousands of
files daily from the office's collections. The office continued
to provide digital image files to the consumer public through
America Online, CompuServe, GEnie, and other online
services.
Office of Protection Services
Michael J. Sofield, Acting Director
The office continued to emphasize training for security
officers as it seeks to protect Smithsonian facilities and col-
lections. Nearly all officers have completed the first round
of basic training, which has been reinforced with refresher
and leadership courses. The office designed a program to
respond to the increasing threat of violence in the work-
place; provided a state-of-the-art security system for the
George Gustav Heye Center of the National Museum of
the American Indian; and designed a security system for
the Hope Diamond display, for the new Hall of Geology,
Gems and Minerals at the National Museum of Natural
History, and for the National Museum of the American
Indian’s Cultural Resources Center.
Office of Risk and Asset Management
Sudeep Anand, Treasurer
This office manages the Smithsonian endowment and
working capital funds and provides risk and insurance
management services to protect the Institution's assets
against risk or loss. It also evaluates and develops financing
for large new trust projects and implements real estate
transactions.
Office of Sponsored Projects
Ardelle Foss, Director
This office served Smithsonian researchers and scholars by
supporting their efforts in submitting 161 proposals valued
at $24 million and by negotiating and accepting for the In-
stitution 120 grant and contract awards having a value of
$14.2 million. The staff also supported researchers and
scholars throughout the lifetime of 600 ongoing awards
valued at $50 million.
Ombudsman
Chandra Heilman, Ombudsman
This year, the Smithsonian Ombudsman worked with man-
agers and approximately 250 employees as a neutral party to
resolve work-related concerns. The Smithsonian Employee
Emergency Assistance Fund, coordinated by the Ombuds-
man; the Employee Assistance Program; and the Agriculture
Federal Credit Union made more than 75 loans to help
employees through personal financial difficulties.
Institutional Advancement
Institutional Advancement
Alice Green Burnette, Assistant Secretary
The wide-ranging development activities of the Smithsonian
are the responsibility of the Office of the Assistant Secretary
for Institutional Advancement. The office coordinates the
Institution's broad efforts with those of the museums and re-
search institutes to ensure that the Smithsonian receives the
fullest possible private support for its research, exhibitions,
and educational and public service activities. The office also
conducts special studies and demonstration projects on behalf
of the Institution.
During 1995, the assistant secretary continued to oversee
marketing efforts for the Institution’s 150th anniversary cele-
bration in 1996. The marketing plan includes activities in
public relations, advertising, communications, fund raising,
visitor services, membership, telecommunications, and busi-
ness operations.
The office continued to coordinate the National Campaign
for the National Museum of the American Indian. During the
opening celebration for the museum’s George Gustav Heye
Center in New York City in October 1994, the campaign
raised $1.3 million.
In June 1995, the office coordinated a traditional blessing
ceremony and other events in connection with groundbreak-
ing for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory’s submilli-
meter telescope array atop Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Associated
events were supported by contributions from Aloha Airlines,
Bank of Hawaii, and GTE Hawaiian Tel.
The assistant secretary held a seminar for the Institution's
marketing and development staff during which participants
heard presentations on the Smithsonian's economic impact on
the area's economy, the results of the Smithsonian Institution
Marketing Study, and the recruitment of Corporate Partners
for the 1soth anniversary.
83
In 1995, the secretary joined the Greater Washington Board of
Trade. This membership led to collaboration between the
Smithsonian and the board's Greater Washington Initiative,
which seeks to attract businesses to the metropolitan area. The as-
sistant secretary has provided leadership in this collaboration,
which will further enhance the 150th anniversary celebration.
National Museum of the American
Indian National Campaign
John L. Colonghi, National Campaign Director
The National Campaign for the National Museum of the
American Indian is responsible for carrying out the fund-rais-
ing plan that the Smithsonian Board of Regents adopted for
the Museum. By legislative mandate, the Institution must
provide one-third of the construction cost of the museum on
the National Mall. The Campaign has established a goal of
$60 million to fund construction, as well an endowment for
ongoing educational and outreach programs.
In October, the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal National made a
contribution of $10 million—the largest cash gift made to date
to the Campaign and among the largest ever to the Institution.
News of the contribution made headlines nationally, providing
valuable visibility for the Campaign’s fund-raising efforts.
The Campaign utilized the opening of the National Museum
of the American Indian George Gustav Heye Center in New
York City as a vehicle for raising funds and visibility. An opening
gala for 1,000 guests generated net revenue of nearly $1.3 mil-
lion—the most successful such event for the Smithsonian. The
Campaign also initiated special advertising, direct-mail, and pub-
lic relations activities focused on the New York opening.
Program support for the Heye Center was provided by the
AT&T Foundation, the Booth Ferris Foundation, the Educational
Foundation of America, Toyota, The Hearst Foundation, Inc.,
The New York Times Company Foundation, and Con Edison.
A national membership program continued to generate
funds, as well as to establish a nationwide base of supporters
for the National Museum of the American Indian. To date,
the membership program has generated gross revenue of al-
most $9 million. Membership outreach continued to be exten-
sive. Special member activities were held in New York, Los
Angeles, and San Francisco.
Office of Membership and Development
Marie A. Mattson, Director
The Office of Membership and Development (OMD) was cre-
ated during fiscal year 1995 when the Contributing Member-
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ship Program merged with the Office of Development. OMD
generates restricted and unrestricted private financial support for
the Smithsonian from individual donors and Contributing Mem-
bers and corporations and foundations, to fund Institutional prior-
ities and museum and office-based projects and programs. The
office maintains central research and record-keeping functions,
manages volunteer organizations, oversees the stewardship of
grants, and directs the Contributing Membership Program.
The Office of Membership and Development is responsible
for the coordination of the Institution's Isoth Anniversary Cor-
porate Partner Program. This program is an innovative mar-
keting and outreach vehicle designed to promote greater
public awareness for the incomparable scientific, historic, and
cultural resources of the Smithsonian.
Major gifts and pledges to the Smithsonian during the past
fiscal year (October 1, 1994, through September 30, 1995) in-
cluded: $10,400,000 commitment from the Jerome H. and
Dorothy Lemelson Foundation for The Jerome and Dorothy
Lemelson Center for the study of Invention and Innovation
and a supporting endowment at the National Museum of
American History; a $1,100,000 grant from the Corporation
for Public Broadcasting for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Ob-
servatory; and $2,000,000 from Agnes Cowles Bourne for the
Storage and Study Center at the Cooper-Hewitt, National De-
sign Museum in New York, NY.
In keeping with its efforts to increase private support for the
Institution and reach out to potential Smithsonian constituen-
cies, the office has integrated the Contributing Membership Pro-
gram into the office's overall strategic plan for donor
involvement, communication, and recognition. In preparation for
fiscal year 1996 and the Smithsonian's 1soth Anniversary celebra-
tion, the office has launched a variety of creative initiatives de-
signed to streamline the program and expand the membership.
The Smithsonian Corporate Membership Program continues
to expand in membership with corporations representing various
industries and geographic locations. The Corporate Program
grew from 37 members in 1994 to 47 members in 199s. In the
Spring, executives of national and international corporations,
members of Congress, and Smithsonian leaders met at the annual
Corporate Membership Luncheon to discuss “The Power of Learn-
ing in an Enlightened Information Age,” which featured the
Smithsonian online capabilities and other educational initiatives
which impact technology, science, and the humanities.
Office of Special Events and
Conference Services
Nicole L. Krakora, Director
The Office of Special Events and Conference Services (OSECS)
organizes special events and conferences throughout the Insti-
tution that contribute to developing and maintaining import-
ant current and potential constituencies. In 1995, the office
coordinated activities with Smithsonian museums and
research centers, corporations, and organizations whose
missions coincide with those of the Institution. Each year,
the office coordinates special events for the Board of Re-
gents, the Secretary, Under secretary, and Provost, and for
the Smithsonian Institution Council. The office also helps
Smithsonian scholars and managers plan and coordinate
conferences, international symposiums, and collaborative
programs.
OSECS coordinated the annual black-tie dinner honoring
members of the James Smithson Society, held on October 14
at the National Zoo’s Amazonia exhibition.
The exhibition opening reception for “Voyages and
Visions: Nineteenth-Century European Images of the Mid-
dle East from the Victoria and Albert Museum,” a major
International Gallery exhibition, was planned and executed
by OSECS.
In May 1995, the queen of Thailand visited the National
Museum of Natural History to commemorate the soth
anniversary of the king’s accession to the throne and to
review the museum's Thai collections. OSECS coordinated
the program in Baird Auditorium and the reception in the
Rotunda.
OSECS assisted staff and coordinated several major con-
ferences throughout 1995, including “What's American about
American Quilts?” The Fourth International Conference on
Tethers in Space,” and the 58th Annual Meteoritical Society
Meeting.
Smithsonian National Board
Wilbur L. Ross, Chair
Jean B. Kilborne, Vice Chair
Smithsonian National Board members work for the ad-
vancement of the Institution as advocates and as private
sector advisers to the Secretary and Under Secretary, as well
as through personal financial support and fund-raising
activities.
Wilbur L. Ross and Jean B. Kilborne served as Chair and
Vice Chair during 1995.
With the leadership of the Smithsonian National Board,
the Smithsonian Fund for the Future endowment initiative is
helping to increase private contributions and provide a long-
term base of private support.
Board members contributed nearly $625,000 in annual
support to the Institution. These funds were earmarked for
the Board Annual Giving Fund to underwrite expansion of
the Smithsonian's constituencies. The contributions also
supported special projects throughout the Institution.
Smithsonian Women’s Committee
Gloria Shaw Hamilton, Chair
The Smithsonian Women's Committee serves as an ongoing
source of support for a variety of Institutional programs
through volunteer fund-raising and public relations services.
In 1995, the Committee voted to fund 23 projects in the
amount of $240,936.16 at 13 Smithsonian museums and of-
fices. The Discovery Theater received a grant for $7,400
funded by the Hildegard van Roijen Memorial Fund.
This year, the Smithsonian Craft Show was relocated to the
National Building Museum, which allowed the Committee to
increase the number of exhibitor booths to 120. The Commit-
tee received 1270 applications for the Show, which promotes
an awareness of crafts in the Washington metropolitan area
and serves as a fund-raising event for the Smithsonian. The
Show features one-of-a-kind and limited-edition pieces and
has generated over $1.2 million to benefit research and educa-
tonal projects at the Smithsonian during its 13 years of opera-
uon. The 1995 Show, held in April, raised over $250,000.
Other Functions
Business Management Office
Nancy E. Johnson, Senior Business Officer
The Business Management Office consists of three revenue-
generating business activities: Retail Operations (comprising
Museum Shops and the Mail Order divisions), Concessions,
and Product Development and Licensing. It also oversees
Business Development, which identifies additional revenue
opportunities for the Institution. In midyear, oversight of the
Marketing Database was transferred to the Office of Member-
ship and Development.
In June, Retail Operations opened its first permanent retail
location outside of a Smithsonian museum in the new Obser-
vation Gallery at Baltimore-Washington International Air-
port. The shop features Smithsonian items and items related
to flight. To support the shop, general information about the
Smithsonian 1s displayed in the airport terminal.
A new outdoor restaurant opened in July on the plaza of
the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. The Full Cir-
cle, which takes its name from the museum's architecture, is
open from April through September.
Last year's merger of the Museum Shops and Mail Order di-
visions has resulted in almost $1 million in savings in opera-
tional costs with minimal reduction in staff. Sales for both
operations have remained steady.
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Product Development and Licensing signed several import-
ant new licensing agreements in 1995, including an agreement
with Avon Products, Inc., for jewelry based on Smithsonian
collections. This division also spent significant time in prepar-
ing for the licensed merchandising opportunities that will re-
sult from the Institution's 1soth Anniversary celebration in
1996.
Office of Communications
David J. Umansky, Director
The Office of Communications is responsible for the public
face of the Institution. Its Office of Public Affairs is dedicated
to media relations, publications, and public relations. The Vis-
itor Information and Associates’ Reception Area serves the 28
million people who visit the Smithsonian each year. Both
groups began intensive preparations for the observance of the
Institution's 1soth anniversary in 1996.
Office of Public Affairs
Through media relations and publications, the Office of Pub-
lic Affairs (OPA) informs the American public, people around
the world, and Smithsonian employees about the exhibitions,
programs, and research activities of the Smithsonian. The of-
fice provides the news media with press releases (more than
600 this year), photographs, written material, videotapes, and
public service announcements. Its publications include Re-
search Reports (a quarterly bulletin), Smithsonian Runner (a bi-
monthly newsletter about Native American activities at the
Smithsonian), and the Torch (a monthly employee newspaper),
as well as brochures for the public.
When it was launched on May 8, the Smithsonian’s Home
Page (http://www.si.edu) instantly became one of the most
popular sites on the World Wide Web. The Home Page fea-
tures a rich variety of online exhibitions, services, informa-
tion, images, and sound recordings.
The opening of the “Enola Gay” exhibition at the National
Air and Space Museum was covered intensely by U.S. and for-
eign news media. More than 200 journalists, including 85 tele-
vision crews, attended the media preview on June 27.
Earlier in the fiscal year, OPA organized the publicity cam-
paign for the opening of the New York facility of the Na-
tional Museum of the American Indian on October 30. A
week of special previews for the media, donors, members, and
other guests culminated in a Native American blessing on the
steps of the building. Extensive media coverage reached mil-
lions of Americans.
86
This year, the office issued a number of updated publica-
tions, including the Smithsonian’s general information bro-
chure, “Latino Resources at the Smithsonian,” and “Native
American Resources at the Smithsonian.” Information from
these and other OPA publications is available on the
Smithsonian's Home Page on the World Wide Web.
OPA continued its program designed to reach new audi-
ences with a radio advertising campaign geared to local
African American listeners and a print advertising campaign
targeting Latino readers.
Activities for the commemoration of the Smithsonian's
150th anniversary in 1996 began with a news conference on
March 27. Secretary Heyman described plans for the celebra-
tion, from a major event on the National Mall to a traveling
exhibition of treasures from the collections.
Visitor Information and
Associates’ Reception
Mary Grace Potter, Director
Celebrating its 25th anniversary, the Visitor Information and
Associates’ Reception Center (VIARC) continues to operate as
a multi-program information and support organization respon-
sible for Institution-wide information and assistance services
for the public, Associate members, Smithsonian staff, and vol-
unteers. Several VIARC programs operate seven days a week
and involve the coordination and direction of two large corps
of volunteers who constitute a primary source of support for
the Institution's public information activities and for project
assistance behind the scenes.
Responsibilities of the Visitor Information and Associates’
Reception Center include: the Smithsonian Information Cen-
ter, the Institution's primary orientation and information facil-
ity for visitors; Public Inquiry Mail and Telephone
Information Services, the Smithsonian's central information
and referral point for public correspondence and phone inquir-
ies; the Volunteer Information Specialist Program through
which volunteers are recruited and trained to staff telephone
information stations and information desks in most of the
Institution's 14 Washington, DC museums; the Castle Docent
Program through which tours of the Smithsonian Insticution
Building are conducted; the Behind-the-Scenes Volunteer Pro-
gram, a registration and placement activity for volunteers
working in independent projects pan-Institution; a Pre-Visit
Education Program which provides the principal Smithsonian
contract with the local, national and international tour and
travel industry; and an Exterior Graphic Information System
through which out-of-doors wayfinding assistance is provided
to visitors. VIARC’s Information Resource Division main-
tains multiple computer-based information systems and pro-
duces the variety of printed reference materials, information
aids and publications that support all VIARC public informa-
tion activities and service programs. Additionally this Divi-
sion is responsible for the pre-publication review of all
Smithsonian visitor information materials.
Operating from 9 a.m.-5:30 p.m. daily, the Smithsonian
Information Center attracted well over 1.7 million visitors
in FY 95 an increase of 7.9% over FY 94. New seating was
purchased for the Center in keeping with ADA guidelines
and the number of sofas was increased to better accommo-
date the visiting public. The Center's capacity to promote
Institutional programs and initiatives was expanded with
the installation of graphic message capability in both
orientation theaters. Reception services were provided to
35,309 Associates and their families. 2,863 member-
ships were sold and 260 Castle tours engaged 2,912
participants.
Museum information desk services continued daily at 16 lo-
cations in 13 museums. Automated information retrieval was
operational at 11 desk sites and all phone information stations.
Multiple training classes on how to use VIARC'’s InfoTools
computer program equipped volunteers with the skills
needed to fully utilize the system. 67 new Information
Specialists were added to the corps.
Incoming public mail inquiries numbered 44,617 (+ 4%).
Ourgoing mail numbered 79,823 pieces. Inquiries resulting
from VIARC'’s participation on America OnLine escalated to
7,123 (+160%). Public telephone inquiries totaled 303,627 up
2% from "94.
224 new volunteers were recruited and placed in projects
behind the scenes. 398 were registered for other staff. Total
volunteers participating in behind the scenes projects during
the year numbered 1,103. 130 documents representing 10
different languages were translated for SI staff. Evaluations
from volunteers completing projects were positive with few
exceptions.
The Instirution-wide volunteer survey conducted annually
by VIARC counted a total of 5,412 volunteers who contrib-
uted some
472,766 hours of service to the Institution during FY 95.
The January supplement of The Torch recognized the contribu-
tions of volunteers Institution-wide and focused upon new
areas in which volunteers were participating.
Information Specialists took advantage of some 29 in-
service training opportunities designed to increase their
knowledge and understanding of the work and collections of
the Insticution.
Appreciation events were held for both VIARC'’s behind-
the-scenes and information volunteers. Secretary Heyman ad-
dressed the Information Specialists at their event in
December. The InfoSpecia! newsletter, produced quarterly,
highlighted a cross section of Institution exhibitions and pro-
grams while also reporting on volunteer activities.
Efforts continued in FY 95 to extend use of VIARC'’s infor-
mation database which became a primary resource for the
Institution’s World Wide Web Home Page project. External
on-line communications expanded to include the Washington
Post's Digital Ink.
Work with the courism industry continued through partici-
pation in major marketplace activities, liaison with local hos-
pitality, convention, and visitors associations and on-line
through TravelFile. To promote the Smithsonian as a major
destination for international travelers VIARC co-hosted two
Smithsonian receptions, one for principal international tour
operators and another for premier Concierges. Ads were de-
signed and placed in key industry publications to promote
travel to the Smithsonian during our Sesquicentennial year.
Efforts with the American Bus Association resulted in the
Smithsonian being selected as one of the top 100 destinations
for visitors in 1996.
Efforts to address the Institution's accessibility and cultural
diversity goals were on-going. 36% of new Volunteer Informa-
tion Specialists represented minority constituencies. 18% of
new volunteers placed in projects behind the scenes were
known to be minorities. Printed information in the form of
“Samplers” was produced for all Heritage Celebrations and 24
hour recorded information tapes were also provided. Publica-
tions were revised to reflect adherence to accessibility guide-
lines as new updates were required.
New public information initiatives included participation
on Bell Atlantic's InfoTravel system installed in area hotels
and Guest Info, an independent voice mail information sys-
tem made available to hotel guests. An outreach project of the
Provost provided another opportunity to promote the Insticu-
tion as an important visitor destination. VIARC played a
major role in shaping the new display at the Baltimore Wash-
ington International Airport and the message. Photo images
and text from the Information Center’s backlit panels and our
Castle model form the primary features.
Office of Government Relations
M. John Berry, Director
As the primary liaison with the Congress, the President, and
other federal, state, and local entities, the Office of Govern-
ment Relations represents the Institution on matters of policy,
operations, and governance. It is the coordinator and advocate
of the Smithsonian's overall interests and positions in the leg-
islative process as well as the central provider of congressional
constituent services and outreach activities.
During 1995, the office oversaw the enactment of legisla-
tion appointing two citizen members to the Smithsonian
Board of Regents.
Government Relations staff sought enactment of legisla-
tion authorizing the minting of commemorative coins in ob-
servance of the Institution's 1soth anniversary. Staff members
also continued legislative negotiations to establish the Na-
87
tional African American Museum in the Arts and Industries
Building.
Office of Planning, Management,
and Budget
L. Carole Wharton, Director
The Office of Planning, Management, and Budget provides
analytical and budgetary information to aid the secretary and
other senior staff in decision making. Working with
Smithsonian management, the office presents the Institution's
budget request to the Congress, executes and monitors cur-
rent-year funding, develops the Smithsonian's response to the
second phase of the National Performance Review, and initi-
ates studies to support the secretary's strategic planning pro-
cess. The office is developing a network to allow the rapid
exchange of information with all Smithsonian units and the re-
trieval of documents central to the Institution's operations.
Office of Telecommunications
Paul B. Johnson, Director, Office of Telecommunications
The Office of Telecommunications, the Smithsonian's elec-
tronic media production center, accomplished several of its
major goals by developing a wide range of programming in
television, radio, and multimedia for new audiences. These
Smithsonian-based programs involve the latest technologies,
pan-institutional working relationships, and solid marketing
plans to assure their success in broadening the Institution's
reach.
The Office, with the Smithsonian Institution Press, began
developing a major children’s television series for 8- to 12-year-
olds, in conjunction with Lancit Media Productions, Ltd. As
the first children’s series to spotlight the Smithsonian, it aims
to use the museums and collections as catalysts for exploration
and adventure, and provide a new opportunity for the Institu-
tion to reach young audiences nationwide. Plans include si-
multaneous development of multimedia programs, games,
and books as well as ancillary educational materials.
Looking toward the Smithsonian's Isoth anniversary cele-
bration, Radio Smithsonian was awarded funding from the
Corporation for Public Broadcasting to create Black Radio:
Telling It Like It Was. the first radio series to document the his-
tory of Black radio in America. The 13-part series, hosted by
Lou Rawls, will air on public radio in January 1996 and again
in September 1996. The project received additional funding
from the James Smithson Society.
88
Two other Radio Smithsonian series, the multiple award-
winning Fo/e Masters and popular Jazz Smithsonian continued
their successful runs on stations in the U.S. and overseas.
After an innovative marketing campaign, Fo/k Masters dou-
bled its radio station carriage. Jazz Smithsonian, hosted by
Lena Horne, was heard on 185 stations and became the most
successful jazz series ever distributed by Public Radio Interna-
tional. The Office created a jazz calendar, Radio Smithsonian
Presents Jazz 1995-1996, in cooperation with National Museum
of American History's Cultural History Division and the
Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES),
to promote the radio series and the many jazz activities of the
Institution.
The Office continued to play a leadership role in multime-
dia by establishing new relationships with two publishers for
the production of CD-ROM titles. Programs in production in-
clude: Information Age, a look at the social impact of technol-
ogy, to be distributed by Philips Media; Insect World, a view of
arthropods in a variety of habitats, to be distributed by The
Voyager Company; and 150 Years of America's Smithsonian: D1s-
covering, Imagining, Remembering. to be distributed by Macmil-
lan Digital. A direct mail campaign promoting existing
Smithsonian/Philips CD-i titles drew an excellent response
from individuals requesting additional information on
Smithsonian electronic media.
A new contract berween the Smithsonian and Hot
Shots/Cool Cuts, Inc. of New York will greatly enhance licens-
ing of the Office of Telecommunications’ extensive library of
film and video footage. This arrangement makes Smithsonian
footage available co television and film producers in a system-
atic manner, and promises a new source of revenue for the
Institution.
The Office produced videos for museum exhibitions includ-
ing First Ladies: Political Role and Public Image, a video for the
new theater in NMAH's First Ladies exhibition; Think Tank. a
multi-screen video for the National Zoological Park’s exhibi-
tion examining animal intelligence; and six videos for the Ex-
ploring Marine Ecosystems hall at NMNH. Meet the Ellington
Orchestra, the interactive video produced by the Office for the
SITES’ exhibition Beyond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke
Ellington won a Silver Medal at the New York International
Multimedia Festival.
To expand distribution into the home video market of
the film In Open Air: A Portrait of American Impressionists,
the Smithsonian Women’s Committee funded the repackag-
ing and marketing of In Open Air to target markets of art
enthusiasts, particularly National Museum of American
Art members and museum shops. The campaign was suc-
cessfully completed, and the video is now on sale in over a
dozen museum shops nationwide, including Smithsonian
museum ‘shops.
A James Smithson Society grant was awarded to the Office
to purchase hardware to allow creation of high-quality video,
graphics, and audio materials for the Smithsonian Home Page
on the World Wide Web. This equipment will also be used to
enhance development of web sites operated by individual mu-
seums and offices throughout the Institution.
In collaboration with the Filmmakers Collaborative of Bos-
ton and KajimaVision Productions of Toyko, the Office began
developing a four-part television series exploring music along
the Mississippi River. Called River of Song, this project will
travel through the heartland of America focusing on the musi-
cians, storytellers, and writers who share the unique culture of
their communities along the Mississippi. Other components
of the project include a radio series produced by Radio
Smithsonian and a book/CD package to be developed with SI
Press.
Office of the Senior Information Officer
Arthur Denny, Director
The Office of the Senior Information Officer was established
this year to develop Smithsonian information technology pol-
icy and coordinate strategic management. It incorporates the
Office of Information Technology (formerly the Office of In-
formation Resource Management). In this year of restructur-
ing, the office began evaluating functional and organizational
models and established a strategic planning advisory group.
The office was also at the forefront of the Smithsonian's elec-
tronic transformation.
In April, the office cohosted the “21st-Century Classroom”
demonstration project, which showcased an array of educa-
tional technology for the kindergarten through 12th-grade au-
dience.
In May, the office launched the Smithsonian’s home page
on the World Wide Web (http://www.si.edu). The home page
supplements the office's other online initiatives with extensive
general information, colorful exhibitions, and research mate-
rial. It attracted favorable notice in the general and trade press
and remains one of the most popular World Wide Web sites.
The Smithsonian Associates
Mara Mayor, Director
During 1995, The Smithsonian Associates (TSA) reached out
to Smithsonian members and to the general public with an en-
ticing array of educational and cultural programs that were
carefully designed to highlight and complement the work of
the Institution. The Resident Associate and Young Benefac-
tors programs offered a wide array of events for those in the
greater Washington, D.C., area. Opportunities to experience
the Smithsonian's riches away from the National Mall were
available to those who participated in special regional pro-
grams and in national and international study tours and
seminars.
TSA's offerings provide audiences in the greater Washing-
ton area with a Campus on the Mall that truly is unlike any
other campus in the world. Participants were enthralled with
lectures across a wide spectrum of subjects. Some of the more
notable speakers included Nobel Peace Prize recipient Arch-
bishop Desmond Tutu, playwright Neil Simon, British mys-
tery writer P. D. James, Pulitzer Prize recipients David
McCullough and Carl Sagan, and former Secretary of Defense
Robert McNamara. The public's fascination with food and its
cultural meaning was affirmed by the 1,600 people who at-
tended a Smithsonian Gala Celebration featuring Master
Chefs Julia Child and Jacques Pepin, with food critic Phyllis
Richman as moderator. Associates were also dazzled by per-
sonal appearances from such well-know personalities as Betty
White, Charlton Heston, Lauren Bacall, Gregory Hines, and
Carol Channing, each of whom discussed their life and art.
TSA's Campus on the Mall also offered a wide variety of
weekend seminars. This year’s favorites included “The Spirit
of Finland: A Celebration of the Senses,” “Treasures from the
Royal Tombs of Sipan,” “Ancient Nubia: Egypt's Rival in Af-
rica” and “Frank Lloyd Wright: Visionary Genius of Modern
Architecture.”
For a still more penetrating examination of a subject, TSA
offered an expansive range of multi-week courses in the arts,
humanities, and sciences. Popular courses included “Robert E.
Lee: A Study in Leadership,” “The Great Books of Western
Civilization,” “Whodunit—And How: Criminal Investiga-
tion with Forensic Scientists,” and “Interacting with the Inter-
net: Its Impact on Society.” Theater-lovers delved into the
creation of the American musical as it evolved from a book to
a full-blown, live production in “American Musical Theater:
From the Page to the Stage,” which was offered in conjunc-
tion with Signature Theater. A five-week course celebrating
the 75th anniversary of the National Football League featured
NFL commissioner Paul Tagliabue, former Dallas Cowboy
coach Tom Landry, ABC’s Frank Gifford, and former players
Gale Sayers, Mel Blunt, Ray Nitschke, Orto Graham, and
Marion Motley.
The ever-popular performers of the Emerson String Quartet
played to sold-out audiences for the 15th straight year, while
the Smithsonian Chamber Music Society presented a com-
prehensive season of extraordinary music performed on origi-
nal instruments from the National Museum of American
History’s prestigious collection. Additional performing artists
gracing Smithsonian stages mirrored the cultural diversity of
the nation including “Chinese Kunqu Opera Theater,” “Boca
Livre—Sounds of Brazil,” “Alrtan: The Heartbeat of Ireland,”
the first U.S. performance by the Vietnamese “Perfume River
Traditional Ensemble,” “Conjunto Cespedes: Sizzling Sounds
of Cuba,” “Cuatro Tablas—Teatro de Protesta from Peru,”
“Jose Greco and Company,” and the “T.S. Monk Sextet,” to
name just a few.
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Young people and families participated in lectures, tours,
classes, and special events. A Halloween party featured Spider-
Man, who was joined by real-life cronies in the dynamic inter-
active exhibition “Spiders!” at the National Museum of
Natural History. International Children’s Day, sponsored with
the Embassy of Italy, offered children and their parents a
chance to sing along with Italian actor Carlo Cicala as he
taught holiday songs and told children’s folktales. “The Mak-
ing of the Lion King: From Film to Book” gave youngsters a
chance to get behind the scenes of the movie that became an
instant classic. Live theater was also enjoyed by over 75,000
youngsters from elementary through middle school, thanks to
the 12 different productions presented at Discovery Theater,
including “When Lions Could Fly,” “Coyote Walk and other
Native American Tales,” and the children’s favorite classic,
“Aesop's Fables.”
The Young Benefactors (YB), the Smithsonian membership
group aimed at Washington-area professionals 25—45 years of
age, continued their outreach and fundraising efforts by rais-
ing a record $100,000 for the Institution during 1995. Young
Benefactors hosted and participated in the following activi-
ties: “Under the Sea,” a YB extravaganza highlighting the
Ocean Planet exhibit at the National Museum of Natural His-
tory; “Boot, Scoot, and Boogie at the National Zoo;” and
“Tour de YB,” a bicycle excursion to Smithsonian's Conserva-
tion and Research Center at Front Royal, Virginia. YB mem-
bers celebrated their most successful year ever at the sixth
annual Blast-Off Black Tie Gala and Silent Auction held ar
the National Air and Space Museum.
Specially designed weekend programs brought Smithsonian
scholars to locales beyond the National Mall. TSA concluded
its 10-city sequence of educational events in California, begun
the year before, with programs in San Francisco and Los Ange-
les under the theme, “Many Cultures, One Nation.” Working
closely with the Arts Council of El Paso, Texas, and the Uni-
versity of Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, TSA presented a borderland
series of events in both English and Spanish. In addition, an
exceptionally well-received series was presented as part of the
Scranton Preparatory School's soth anniversary commemora-
tion, in Scranton, Pennsylvania.
Study tours and seminars were enjoyed by Associates who
had the chance to experience the Smithsonian without having
to come to Washington, D.C. Seminar participants traveled
the globe from Indonesia to Ireland, from California to the
District of Columbia, studying a variety of topics through
four- and five-day intensive educational experiences. Some of
the most popular seminars introduced Associates to ecological
issues in Yosemite National Park, to the history of the atomic
bomb at Los Alamos, and to the beauty and imagery of
Monet's art. To make it more convenient for Associates to
learn about domestic travel with the Smithsonian, the listing
of U.S. seminars was combined into one catalog with the na-
tional study tours.
Smithsonian national tours took Associates to breathtaking
out-of-the-way places such as Alaska’s spectacular fjords and
90
glaciers on “Exploring Alaska’s Coastal Wilderness.” “Spring
Gardens of the Delaware Valley” covered one of the most hor-
ticulturally rich areas in the U.S., with visits to the duPont es-
tate gardens of Longwood and Winterthur. New domestic
study tours in 1995 included “Railroading the Appalachi-
ans”and “Arizona History and Architecture.”
International study tours continued to lure Associates, offer-
ing them a chance to see regions of the world through the
unique perspectives that only the Smithsonian offers. After a
four-year hiatus, Associates returned to Central Asia and the
new countries of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan (formerly of the
U.S.S.R). The Smithsonian's first tour to Syria focused on the
classical archaeological sites Palmyra and Apamea, while new
tours to Vietnam provided an intimate look into this rapidly
changing country.
TSA also launched several important initiatives in
1995. A very special collaboration with SITES and
“Artrain: America’s Museum in Motion” resulted in the
development of a traveling exhibition highlighting
works from The Smithsonian Associates’ wonderfully
varied commissioned art. In March 1996, the exhibition
will begin a nationwide three-year trip via the railways
to communities traditionally under-served by museums.
TSA also started an audiotape collection of some of its
well-regarded speakers. To be known as “Voices from
The Smithsonian Associates,” the collection will build
over the coming years, making it possible for people
around the country to enjoy a varied selection of the
best Resident Associate programs. TSA also took an
important step in strengthening its ability to provide
outstanding customer service with the implementation
of new ticketing systems for all its events.
Smithsonian Institution Press
Daniel H. Goodwin, Acting Director
In the more than 125 titles the Press publishes or distrib-
utes each year, there is a range of scholarship from techni-
cal science and academic subjects through general-interest
illustrated works, classic recordings, historic videos, and
high-volume works created with commercial partners. As
the Institution's publisher, the Press is responsible for
Smithsonian Year and Annals of the Smithsonian as well as
other statute-mandated documents for distribution to
Depository Libraries and the international academic com-
munity. Books, recordings, and videos are printed and
manufactured with nonfederal funds and are sold to the
trade through commissioned sales representatives,
direct response strategies, and copublishing
agreements.
Smithsonian Institution University Press published 74
books in 1995. Notable titles included Hajj Parntings: Folk
Art of the Great Pilgrimage (also published as a German edi-
tion); Ethics on the Ark. which launched a new book series in
zoo and aquarian biology and conservation; The Civil War in
Popular Culture, a History Book Club selection; In the Alleys:
Kids in the Shadow of the Capitol: The Emergence of Pottery: Tech-
nology and Innovation in Ancient Societies; African Nomadic Archi-
tecture: Space, Place. and Gender; Secrets of the Dark Chamber: The
American Daguerreotype. published with NMAA; and From Air-
ships to Airbus: The History of Civil Aviation (in two volumes).
Editorial work also began on America’s Smithsonian: Celebrating
150 Years, the companion volume to the planned exhibition of
the best of the Institution's collections, which will travel to
twelve U.S. cities in honor of the Smithsonian's sesquicenten-
nial. Press books received numerous design and editorial
awards. Prominent among the award-winners were Eakins
and the Photograph. The Fossils of the Burgess Shale, and A
Quest for Grandeur: Charles Moore and the Federal Triangle.
Translations of SIUP books appeared in Japanese, French,
Italian, German, Spanish, and Korean. Smithsonian Book
Development copublished, with Dorling Kindersley,
Smithsonian Timeline of Invention. The federal Series pub-
lished more than 25 titles in the Contributions and Studies
research volumes.
Smithsonian Books published The Smithsonian:
150 Years of Adventure, Discovery, and Wonder, in com-
memoration of the founding of the Institution. The
book will be sold in book stores by Alfred A. Knopf.
Smithsonian Books also published Discover America: The
Smithsonian Book of National Parks; copublished, with
Random House, the first four volumes of The Smzthso-
nian Guides to Natural America; and oversaw production
of the last three volumes in the Ancient Civilizations
series.
Smithsonian Collection of Recordings published the
final four recordings in the American Songbook Series,
music produced to honor twentieth-century American
songwriters. Another series, the music of Great American
Orchestras, began publication in February. A four CD/cas-
sette set titled | Got Rhythm: The Music of George Gershwin,
was released in June, followed by a two CD/cassette collec-
tion of the love songs of World War II, You'd Be So Nice to
Come Home To. Two coproductions were undertaken: with
BMG Music, the three CD/cassette Victory Collection: The
Smithsonian Remembers When America Went to War; and with
Sony Music, the four CD/cassette Grammy Award-winning
Louis Armstrong: Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, 1923-
1934. The final release this year was Big Band Renaissance,
another Grammy hopeful.
Smithsonian Video released a thirteen-part series of selected
segments of Smithsonian World; coproduced, with Station
WGBH Boston, the Nova series entitled Haman Origins; and
released the five-part series Dreams of Flight to commemorate
the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Apollo mission.
Smithsonian Magazine
Ronald C. Walker, Publisher
Don Moser, Editor
Since its founding in 1970, Smithsonian magazine has extended
the Institution’s message, expanded its influence, and in-
creased its public visibility throughout the United States and
abroad. Considered one of the greatest success stories in maga-
zine publishing history, Smzthsonian is now the 21st largest
magazine in the country, with a circulation of 2.1 million. Ir
continues to generate revenue for the Institution.
Editorial subjects extend beyond the scope of the
Institution’s museums. Leading authors contribute articles
about the arts, history, the environment, conservation and the
sciences, always written with the layperson in mind. Monthly
features include “Phenomena, comment, and notes,” a com-
mentary on nature and the natural world; “Smithsonian perspec-
tives,” a column by the Smithsonian secretary; and reviews of
recently released nonfiction. Smithsonian activities are covered in
three regular departments: “Around the mall and beyond,”
“Smithsonian highlights,” and “The object at hand.”
Institution-related features included cover stories on the
opening of the George Gustav Heye Center of the National
Museum of the American Indian and the White House craft
show, and articles or picture stories on the Mary Fraser batik
show at the National Air & Space Museum, the Hiroshima
Kazuo basket exhibition and the Painted Prayers exhibition at
the Sackler Gallery; Smithsonian bamboo research in Peru;
the Smithsonian Libraries’ “Art and the Book” exhbition and
the “Save Our Sculpture” program.
Other subjects covered during the year reflected the
magazine's broad and diverse interests. To name just a few:
Frederick Douglass, Haida artist Robert Davidson, the art of
the Hermitage, the controversy over the disposal of nuclear
waste, crash dummies, the music of Motown, killer whales,
the special world of left-handers, the history of trial by jury
and the upcoming Pathfinder probe of Mars.
In April the magazine published a special issue to mark its
25th anniversary. The issue updated selected articles from each
of the 25 years, and offered a varied menu of stories on unex-
pected subjects — from the world inside a cubic foot of air to
a selection of little-known museums. The magazine will pres-
ent a special issue in the spring of 1996 to commemorate the
Institution's 15oth anniversary.
In partnership with the American Society of Travel Agents
(ASTA), the magazine awarded the fourth annual
ASTA/Smithsontan Magazine Environmental Award to Inter-
Continental Hotels Corporation and the Natal Parks Board of
South Africa. The award recognizes outstanding achievements
by individuals, corporations, and countries toward furthering
the goals of environmental conservation, particularly within
the tourism industry.
91
To further carry the goals of the Institution across America,
in November, the magazine merged onto the information su-
perhighway via America On Line. In May, it went a step fur-
ther and established a home page on the World Wide Web.
Through its electronic sites, Smzthsonian now features each
issue's columns and abstracts of feature stories, as well as infor-
mation on Smithsonian Institution activities and events.
Smithsonian magazine's Adopt-a-Library program, initiated
in May 1995, by August had received more than 9,000 orders
to donate gift subscriptions to libraries. Another new pro-
gram, the Teachers’ Membership instituted in the summer of
1995, is geared to teachers and educators.
Air & Space/Smithsonian Magazine
Ronald C. Walker, Publisher
George C. Larson, Editor
Air & Space/Smithsonian is published bimonthly as a benefit of
membership in the National Air and Space Museum. With a
circulation of 320,000, it ranks in the top half of major maga-
zines in the United States and has the largest paid circulation
of any aerospace periodical in the world. Since 1990, just four
years after its launch, the magazine has generated revenue for
the Institution.
Articles cover the range of air- and space-related topics that
appeal to the magazine's general readership. Regular features
include “In the Museum,” a column about happenings in the
museum; “Soundings,” short takes on events in the aerospace
community; “Above and Beyond,” usually a first-person ac-
count of personal experience; “Collections,” a narrated tour of
less-visited aerospace museums and collections; and “From the
Field,” a section in which scientists provide first-person ac-
counts of their work.
During the year, Arr & Space/Smithsonian prepared its first
contemporaneous editorial feature and video, “Runways of
Fire.” The subject is based on ‘50s Cold War advanced test
flight experiments that involved launching fully loaded jet
fighters from flat-bed trucks as deterrents to a first strike from
the Soviets. Trucks were used to test the feasibility of launch-
ing warheads in the event runways were damaged or non-
existent. Although never put into action, the tests were
successful. The one-hour video was produced throughout the
year to be presented along with a related story in the
Oct./Nov. 1995 issue.
A presence on the World Wide Web netted immediate suc-
cess for Air & Space/Smithsonian. After only two months of op-
eration, the magazine's on-line site was awarded Point
Surveys’s Top 5% Award in July, based on surveys of World
Wide Web users and experts in Internet design and content
evaluation.
92
When the Smithsonian Institution celebrates its 150th anni-
versary in 1996, it will be even more special for Azr G
Space/Smithsonian, as this momentous occasion coincides with
the magazine's 1oth anniversary. The magazine has been work-
ing on a special issue to celebrate these unique anniversaries.
Affiliated Organizations
John F. Kennedy Center for the
Performing Arts
James D. Wolfensohn, Chairman
Lawrence J. Wilker, President
As the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts en-
tered its 25th anniversary season, it prepared to celebrate a
quarter-century of achievement as a guiding force in the
nation’s cultural life. Its six theaters host the finest American
and international artists for performances that attract nearly 2
million people each year. Through television and radio broad-
casts and nationwide outreach efforts, the center reaches mil-
lions more people across the country. The center has a strong
tradition of nurturing new works and young artists, serving
young people through its Education Department, and offering
exemplary art education programs for teachers and students.
The Kennedy Center's new online network, ARTSEDGE, pro-
vided access to information about the center's innovative
teacher education programs. Other national outreach pro-
grams included a touring production of Alice in Wonderland
and the center's third biannual “New Visions/New Voices”
workshops for authors of new theatrical works for young
people.
The National Symphony Orchestra (NSO) commissioned
25 new fanfares by American composers in honor of the Ken-
nedy Center's 25th anniversary season—also the NSO’s 65th
season and its first programmed by Music Director Designate
Leonard Slatkin. The NSO’s third annual American Residency
program took orchestra members to Maine for two weeks of
performances, master classes, and other educational activities.
The Kennedy Center celebrated the “Routes of American
Music” during its annual Open House Arts Festival, which
emphasized blues, jazz, gospel, and other genres of American
popular music. An ambitious season of jazz programming in-
cluded the second season of Billy Taylor's Jazz at the Kennedy
Center, taped for broadcast on National Public Radio.
The “Exploring Ballet with Suzanne Farrell” residency pro-
gram was opened to dance students nationwide in 1995. To
mark its 25th anniversary, the center launched a five-year retro-
spective of American modern dance and extended the success-
ful Kennedy Center Ballet Commissioning Project.
Meanwhile, the second year of the Kennedy Center/Dance
Theatre of Harlem Community Residency initiative involved
more than I00 local students and their families.
The center’s new production of How to Succeed in Business
without Really Trying. starring Matthew Broderick, played in
the Opera House before beginning a successful Broadway run.
Washington audiences had their first look at Ange/s in Amer-
ica. the Pulitzer Prize-winning play by Tony Kushner devel-
oped with financial support from the Kennedy Center Fund
for New American Plays.
National Gallery of Art
Earl A. Powell III, Director
The National Gallery of Art serves the United States in a na-
tional role by preserving, collecting, exhibiting, and fostering
the understanding of works of art at the highest possible mu-
seum and scholarly standards.
The temporary exhibition program continued to offer a
selection of subjects and artists designed to appeal to
widely diverse audiences. During the past year, exhibitions
included original Italian Renaissance wooden architectural
models of St. Peter’s in Rome and the cathedrals of Flor-
ence and Pavia; “The Glory of Venice: Art in the Eigh-
teenth Century”; the work of 2orth-century Dutch painter
Piet Mondrian; a Claes Oldenburg survey; the mature work
of Arshile Gorky; the most comprehensive gathering of
work by James McNeill Whistler since 1904-05; and rare
images by pioneers of photography.
With the opening of new, small-scale exhibition space
adjacent to the Dutch galleries, the Gallery now has an
area suitable for the display of smaller Dutch and Flemish
paintings and related objects such as drawings, prints, and
small sculpture.
Purchases for the collection are made possible by funds do-
nated by private citizens. Outstanding among them were a
major painting by the early-17th-century Dutch artist Osias
Beert the Elder; a Claes Oldenburg soft sculpture, Clarinet
Bridge: and the Mary and David Robinson collection of early
photographs.
Gifts to the collection included a group of important 19th-
and 2orh-century French works from Paul Mellon; works by
Jean Dubuffet, a partial gift from Stephen Hahn; and a 1981
sculpture by Richard Long, Whitechapel Slate Circle. from the
Collectors Committee.
The gallery’s ongoing efforts to find frames appro-
priate to the period, style, and aesthetic character of its
paintings are transforming the appearance of the perma-
nent collection. Especially notable was the replacement of
the frames of three paintings by the Dutch master
Johannes Vermeer.
The education division inaugurated a new annual series of
lectures, gallery talks, and demonstrations exploring artists’
materials and techniques. The division also published 75 gal-
lery guides; expanded the annual National Teacher Institute;
and offered a new program for students at three District of Co-
lumbia public schools.
Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. (RIF)
Ruth Graves, President
Reading Is Fundamental (RIF) began in 1966 as a small pilot
literacy project in the District of Columbia. The success of
this experiment sparked the imagination of communities
across America and RIF quickly grew into a nationwide pro-
gram spanning all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto
Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Guam. By the beginning of
1995, RIF's grassroots network of local projects had put more
than 152 million books into the hands of America’s children.
Today, community groups across the country rely on RIF's
volunteer force of 184,000 local citizens to ensure that chil-
dren in their neighborhoods grow up reading. RIF projects
now operate at more than 18,000 sites and in all kinds of set-
tings—elementary and secondary schools, Head Start centers
and other early childhood sites, libraries, hospitals, clinics,
housing projects, Native American reservations, schools for
children with disabilities, migrant worker camps, juvenile de-
tention centers, and homeless shelters.
RIF not only brings books and reading activities to chil-
dren, it also tries to see that parents make reading a priority
in the home. Last year, RIF continued to reach out to parents,
other family members, and community volunteers with publi-
cations, workshops, a training video, and a network of family
literacy programs.
RIF also focuses public awareness on the importance of
reading. In 1995, that goal was furthered as a number of na-
tional leaders demonstrated their support for literacy. Here are
but three examples:
As RIF's new spokesperson, basketball superstar Shaquille
O'Neal of the Orlando Magic talked to children about the im-
portance of reading in a new Public Service Announcement
for RIF. Produced and televised by the National Basketball
Association, the new PSA was aired during the NBA playoffs
last spring.
Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge presided over a cere-
mony honoring RIF children in Summit Township, Pa. for
winning the Margaret McNamara Readers Cup. For three
years in a row, the children at the project have read more on
average than any other RIF project in the nation. The
children’s accomplishments were also noted by U.S. Senators
Arlen Specter and Rick Santorum, who sent envoys from their
offices to take part in the ceremony.
93
Another celebrity visitor was U.S. Attorney General Janet
Reno, a frequent guest at a RIF project in the District of Co-
lumbia. During a RIF Career Day last February, Ms. Reno
read aloud to children and talked about African American
scholars and statesmen. The children, in curn, quoted their fa-
vorite poems and then took part in a RIF book event.
Targeted Initiatives
At each stage of a child’s development, RIF works to promote
reading:
To ensure that children arrive at school ready to learn, RIF
intensified its early childhood program for disadvantaged chil-
dren through a collaborative agreement with the National
Head Start Association (NHSA). Last year NHSA sent out
questionnaires to 87 Head Start sites that had run RIF pro-
grams and received an extremely positive response about the
effect RIF has on children’s emergent literacy: Volunteers said
that RIF is the key to bringing the excitement of books to pre-
schoolers. They also said that RIF is helping Head Start
groups attract community support amd involve even the most
reluctant parents in their children’s literacy program.
In the upper-elementary grades, children are learning that
science can be fun through STAR Science Technology And
Reading” —a supplemental RIF curriculum that combines
hands-on science activities with reading and a sci-tech mentor-
ing program. Last year, Jowa publisher Kendall/Hunt pub-
lished the series of eight STAR “labs” and the GE Fund
provided a grant to extend STAR to children in upstate New
York, western Massachusetts, and southern Vermont. A course
on the STAR program was conducted by RIF last July, during
a Smithsonian Summer Seminar for Teachers.
Children who have not had exposure to books because they
live in highly transitional settings are being reached through
RIF's Project Open Book®. Last year this privately-backed pro-
gram for seriously at-risk children marked its fifth year by de-
livering nearly 1.5 million books to 823 shelters, prison
waiting rooms, and similar settings in 43 states and the Dis-
trict of Columbia.
RIF is also working with the private sector to bring books
and reading activities to Native American children from doz-
ens of tribes and in all kinds of settings. Over the last 12 years,
for example, the New York Life Foundation has helped fund
RIF programs for more than 186,000 Native American chil-
dren in dozens of states.
Another growth area was RIF’s program for children in hos-
pitals and clinics. Last winter, for example, RIF established a
new program in the Adolescent Wing and Pediatric AIDs
Wards of the Harlem Hospital. The announcement was made
following the dedication of two new RIF Reading Rooms in
memory of the late Arthur Ashe, a longtime member of RIF's
Advisory Council.
The needs of young people who can’t meet the minimum
reading and writing demands of our society (such as filling
out job applications or reading directions) led RIF to form al-
D4
liances with after-school programs and to stage book events
that engage young people in reading adventures. In some
cases, fun activities like these have completely turned young-
sters around. One boy, while participating in a RIF activity or-
ganized by the Boys and Girls Club RIF project in
Milwaukee, changed his mind about books and began reading
about pre-Columbian Indian tribes of the Southwest and ca-
reers in paleontology and archeology. The boy even won a trip
to Colorado to participate in a real archeological dig. The year
1995 found that youngster in college, just one of many RIF
success stories.
Young people are also being trained to promote children’s
literacy through the RIF Youth Corps, modeled on the Club
RIF project in Mesa, Ariz. Last year the Corps was operating
in eight states: Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Indiana, Maryland,
Minnesota, New Hampshire, and North Carolina.
Highlights of the Year
Last spring, the focus was on families reading together as RIF
marked Reading Is Fun Week 1995 with a “Growing Up Read-
ing” theme. During the National Awards Ceremony at the
Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, Jawan Howard, pro
basketball star on the Washington Bullets team, spoke about
how he had first discovered RIF books while attending a Chi-
cago school. “Being a part of RIF has been a big inspiration to
my life,” Howard told the children.
RIF cooperated with the U.S. Department of Education in
launching a summer reading program for young people called
READ*WRITE*NOW!, as a project of the Secretary's Family
Involvement Partnership for Learning. Under the program,
kits with lists of children’s books and reading activities were
sent out to RIF projects that operate during the summer
months.
RIF’s largest program for preschoolers was spotlighted dur-
ing the Education Department's Satellite Town Meeting.
Cathy Gafford, who coordinates Jean Dean RIF, a Kiwanis-
sponsored RIF program that reaches disadvantaged children
throughout the State of Alabama, was a panelist on the
videoconference.
In June RIF coordinators from 12 large multi-site programs
came to a workshop in Washington D.C. to discuss how to
better meet the needs of children through their RIF pro-
grams, which are currently serving nearly 130,000 children at
some 500 sites. During the sessions, RIF gathered information
that it plans to use in its technical assistance to multi-site pro-
grams, and the volunteers came away with new ideas on how
to run their RIF programs.
Throughout the last three decades the publishing com-
munity and RIF have worked together to bring books to
children and provide special discounts and services to RIF
projects. Last year, Waldenbooks and Borders continued
that tradition, by announcing a new decade of support for
RIF during a black tie benefit at the Waldorf-Astoria
Horel in Manharran. The benefit raised $100,000 for
children’sbookprograms, thanks to the generosity of more
than 300 publishing executives.
Support for RIF from the book community was also demon-
strated during the annual American Booksellers Association
convention in Chicago, when the Ingram Book Co. sponsored
a Chili Cook-Off to raise money for the literacy programs of
Reading Is Fundamental, RIF in Chicago, and Literacy Chi-
cago, a consortium of adult literacy groups.
Woodrow Wilson International
Center for Scholars
Charles Blitzer, Director
The Woodrow Wilson Center honors the nation’s 28th presi-
dent by providing a place for free intellectual inquiry that
strengthens links between the worlds of ideas and public af-
fairs. Through an annual fellowship competirion, scholars
from around the world are invited to the center for extended
periods of research and writing. The center also sponsors pub-
lic meetings, generates publications, and produces broadcast
programs that make individual scholarship accessible to pol-
icy makers and a broad public.
A distinguished group of scholars and policy experts dis-
cussed the political and policy questions surrounding the affir-
mative action debate in a program at the center. Juan
Williams, Washington Post journalist and guest scholar, was
the moderator. The panelists addressed beliefs about race, gen-
der, equality, and opportunity and debated whether affirma-
tive action is an essential policy tool for ameliorating the dam-
age of legal slavery and segregation or a racial and gender
spoils system that is unnecessary and divisive.
Through its new Environmental Change and Security proj-
ect, the center is playing an important role in addressing the
international ramifications of environmental degradation.
Workshops and seminars focused on the relationship between
environmental degradation and violent conflict; the environ-
mental consequences of war; environmental assistance to de-
veloping countries; and international perspectives on how the
environment affects security.
Anthony Lake, the president's national security adviser and
a trustee of the center, defended U.S. foreign aid policies in a
speech at the National Press Club, given under the center's
auspices.
Speakers in a new series on international financial issues ad-
dressed recent exchange rate crises and the lessons of currency
and sovereign liquidity problems. The series analyzed current
proposals to moderate or prevent international financial crises.
The center is unique among research centers in bringing to-
gether academics, policy makers, and journalists to benefit
from and contribute to the continuing dialogue between pub-
lic affairs and scholarship. Academic participants during the
past year included Russian economist Lilia Shevtsova; Roger
Louis, general editor of the Oxford History of the British Empire:
Yeats scholar Helen Vendler; and literary theorist Geoffrey
Hartmann. Fellows participating from outside the academic
community included Anatoly Dobrynin, former ambassador
from the Soviet Union to the United States; author and femi-
nist Betty Friedan; Japanese journalist Susumu Awanohara;
French diplomat and journalist Eric Rouleau; counselor to the
secretary of defense Larry K. Smith; and journalists E. J.
Dionne, John J. Fialka, Elizabeth Pond, and Juan Williams.
95
Members of the Smithsonian
Councils, Boards, and
Commissions,
September 30, 1995
Smithsonian Institution
Board of Regents
The Honorable William H. Rehnquist,
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
the United States
Vice President Albert Gore, Jr., Vice
President of the United Srates
Members of the Senate
The Honorable Thad Cochran
The Honorable Daniel P. Moynihan
The Honorable Alan K. Simpson
Members of the House of
Representatives
The Honorable Sam Johnson
The Honorable Robert L. Livingston
The Honorable Norman Y. Mineta
Citizen Members
The Honorable Barber B. Conable, Jr.
Dr. Hanna Holborn Gray
Dr. Manuel L. Ibanez
Mr. Samuel C. Johnson
Dr. Homer A. Neal
Mr. Frank A. Shrontz
Mr. Wesley S. Williams, Jr.
96
Senior Officers
Mr. I. Michael Heyman
Mrs. Constance Berry Newman
Dr. Robert S. Hoffmann
Mr. M. John Berry
Mr. Thomas D. Blair
Dr. Miguel A. Bretos
Ms. Alice Green Burnette
Mr. James D. Douglas
Mr. James C. Early
Mr. Tom L. Freudenheim
Mr. James M. Hobbins
Dr. Thomas E. Lovejoy
Mr. Marc J. Pachter
Mr. Ross B. Simons
Ms. Nancy D. Suttenfield
Mr. David J. Umansky
Dr. L. Carole Wharton
Anacostia Museum Board
Mrs. Theresa Jones, Chair
Dr. Caryl Marsh, Vice Chair
Mrs. Della Lowery, Secretary
Mrs. Alenitha J. Qualls, Secretary
Mrs. Helen Allen
Mr. Stanley Anderson
Mr. Glover Bullock
Ms. Irene Carter
Mrs. Marie Dale
Ms. Dianne Dale
Mrs. Iris Harris
Mrs. Concha Johnson
Mr. Alton Jones
Mr. David Lyons
Mrs. Cynthia Clark Matthews
Archives of American Art
Board of Trustees
Mrs. Eloise A. Spaeth, Chairman
Emeritus
Mrs. Nancy Brown Wellin, Chairman
The Honorable Max N. Berry, President
Mrs. Anna Marie Shapiro, Vice President
Mr. Hugh Halff, Jr., Vice President
Mrs. Rona K. Roob, Vice President
Mrs. Ruth Feder, Vice President
Mr. Frank Martucci, Treasurer
Mrs. Josephine Raymond, Secretary
Ms. Laura Lee Blanton
Dr. Charles Blitzer
Ms. Lori Blount
Mr. Eli Broad
Mr. Gerald E. Buck
Dr. Irving F. Burton, Honorary Trustee
Mr. Willard G. Clark
Mrs. Barbara R. de Marneffe
Mr. Donald J. Douglass
Mr. Gilbert S. Edelson
Mr. Lawrence A. Fleischman, Founding
Trustee
Mrs. Leslie S. Fogg
Mrs. Edsel B. Ford (deceased),
Founding Trustee
Mrs. Rita Fraad
Mr. Raymond J. Horowitz
Mr. John K. Howat
Dr. Helen I. Jessup, Trustee Council
Mrs. Dona S. Kendall
Mr. Werner H. Kramarsky
Mr. Alan D. Levy
Mr. Richard A. Manoogian
Mrs. Lucille G. Murchison
Mrs. Vivian Potamkin
Mr. Edgar P. Richardson (deceased),
Founding Trustee
Mr. John R. Robinson
Mrs. Marilyn B. Schlain, Trustee
Council
Mr. Richard J. Schwartz, Honorary
Trustee
Mr. Alan E. Schwartz, Trustee Council
Mr. A. Alfred Taubman
Ex Officio
Mr. William C. Agee
Mr. Tom L. Freudenheim
Mr. I. Michael Heyman
Commission on the Future
of the Smithsonian
Institution
Dr. Maxine F. Singer, Chair
The Honorable Barber B. Conable, Jr.
Prof. Paul J. DiMaggic
Dr. Sandra M. Faber
Prof. Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
Prof. Stephen Jay Gould
Mr. Robert E. Grady
The Honorable Najeeb E. Halaby
Prof. Neil Harris
Ms. Irene Y. Hirano
Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg
Mr. Roy M. Huhndorf
Prof. Jorge Klor de Alva
Mr. William H. Luers
Dr. Michael A. Mares
Dr. John S. Mayo
Dr. Frank Press
Mr. Wilbur L. Ross, Jr.
Dr. John C. Sawhill
Mr. Lloyd G. Schermer
Dr. Harold K. Skramstad, Jr.
The Honorable R. James Woolsey
Cooper-Hewitt National
Design Museum Board of
Trustees
Mr. Kenneth B. Miller, Chair
Mr. Arthur Ross, Vice Chair
Mrs. Kathleen Allaire
Mr. Jorge L. Batista
Ms. Agnes Bourne
Mrs. Karen Johnson Boyd
Mr. Donald Bruckmann
Mrs. Betty Evans
Mrs. Joanne Foster
Mr. Tom L. Freudenheim, ex officio
Mr. George J. Gillespie
Mr. August Heckscher
Mr. I. Michael Heyman, ex officio
Mr. Harvey M. Krueger
Mrs. Barbara Levin
Mrs. Nancy A. Marks
Mrs. Enid W. Morse
Mr. Harry G. Robinson, III
Mr. Robert Sarnoff
Mr. Richard M. Smith
Prof. Sue Jane Smock
Council of Administrative
and Service Directors
Ms. Nancy Johnson, Chair
Mrs. Lori H. Aceto
Mr. Sudeep Anand
Mr. John Berry
Mr. F. William Billingsley
Ms. Mary Leslie Casson
Mr. John Cobert
Mr. John F. Coppola
Mr. James D. Douglas
Dr. Cynthia Field
Ms. Ardelle G. Foss
Ms. Edie Hedlin
Ms. Nikki Krakora
Mr. Vincent J. Marcalus
Ms. Era Marshall
Mrs. Marie A. Mattson
Mr. Patrick Miller
Mr. Rick Rice
Ms. Susan Roehmer
Dr. Barbara J. Smith
Mr. Michael Sofield
Mr. William L. Thomas
Ms. Carole Wharton
Council of Bureau
Directors
Dr. Ira Rubinoff, Chair
Dr. Milo Cleveland Beach
Dr. Elizabeth Broun
Dr. Carolyn Carr
Dr. David L. Correll
Dr. Spencer R. Crew
Ms. Gwendolyn Kay Crider
Mr. James T. Demetrion
Ms. Lucy B. Dorick
Mr. Douglas E. Evelyn
Dr. Alan Fern
Mrs. Patricia L. Fiske
Ms. Susan A. Hamilton
Dr. Robert S. Hoffmann
Mr. McKinley Hudson
Ms. Martha Morris
Ms. Sarah L. Newmeyer
Mr. Steven Newsome
Dr. Donald J. Ortner
Ms. Dianne H. Pilgrim
Ms. Sharon Reinckens
Mr. Charles J. Robertson, III
Dr. Michael H. Robinson
Dr. Irwin I. Shapiro
Dr. Richard T. Wattenmaker
Mr. Stephen E. Weil
Mr. W. Richard West, Jr.
Mrs. Sylvia H. Williams
Council of Information
and Education Directors
Dr. Rex M. Ellis, Chair
Ms. Ann P. Bay
Ms. Nancy J. Bechtol
Ms. Francine C. Berkowitz
Mr. Joseph Carper
Ms. Anna R. Cohn
Dr. Zahava D. Doering
Mr. Daniel H. Goodwin
Ms. Anne R. Gossett
Ms. Edie Hedlin
Ms. Nancy Johnson
Mr. Paul B. Johnson
Dr. Richard Kurin
Dr. Douglas M. Lapp
Mr. Vincent J. Marcalus
Ms. Mara Mayor
Ms. Mary Grace Potter
Dr. Barbara J. Smith
Dr. Lambertus Van Zelst
Mr. Ronald Walker
Mr. James H. Wallace, Jr.
Folklife Advisory Council
Dr. Roger Abrahams
Dr. Jacinto Arias
Dr. Jane Beck
Dr. Pat Jasper
Dr. Barbara Kirschenblatt-Gimblett
Dr. Bernice Johnson Reagon
Dr. John Roberts
Dr. Carol Robertson
Dr. Gilbert Sprauve
Dr. John Kuo Wei Tchen
Dr. Ricardo Trimillos
Dr. Carlos Velez-Ibanez
Folkways Advisory Board
Mr. Michael Asch
Mr. Don Devito
Ms. Ella Jenkins
Mr. Jon Kertzer
Mr. John Nixdorf
Freer Gallery of Art
Visiting Committee
Mr. Willard G. Clark, Chair
The Honorable Norman Y. Mineta,
Vice Chair
Mrs. Jackson Burke
Mr. Roger E. Covey
Mr. Richard Danziger
Prof. Marvin Eisenberg
Dr. Robert S. Feinberg
Mr. John Gilmore Ford
Mrs. Katharine M. Graham
Mrs. Richard Helms
Sir Joseph E. Hotung
Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney
Mr. Rogerio S. Lam
Dr. Sherman E. Lee
Mr. Porter McCray
Prof. Frederick W. Mote
Mrs. Elizabeth Moynihan
Prof. Martin Powers
Prof. John M. Rosenfield
98
Hirshhorn Museum and
Sculpture Garden
Board of Trustees
Mr. Robert T. Buck, Jr.
Prof. Peggy C. Davis
Mr. Jerome L. Greene
Mr. Robert B. Lehrman
Mr. Sydney L. Lewis
Mrs. Camille Oliver-Hoffmann
Prof. Robert Rosenblum
Mr. Jerry I. Speyer
Ex Officio
Mr. I. Michael Heyman
The Honorable William H. Rehnquist
The John F. Kennedy
Center for the
Performing Arts
Board of Trustees
Honorary Chairs
Mrs. Hillary Rodham Clinton
Mrs. George H. W. Bush
Mrs. Ronald Reagan
Mrs. Jimmy Carter
Mrs. Gerald R. Ford
Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson
Officers
Mr. James D. Wolfensohn, Chairman
Mr. James H. Evans, Vice Chairman
Mrs. Alma Gildenhorn, Vice Chairman
Mr. Lawrence J. Wilker, President
Mrs. Jean Kennedy Smith, Secretary
Ms. Charlotte A. Woolard, Assistant
Secretary
Mr. Paul G. Stern, Treasurer
Mr. Henry M. Strong, Assistant
Treasurer
Mr. William Becker, General Counsel
Members Appointed by the President
of the United States
Mrs. Margaret Archambault
Mrs. Anita Arnold
Mr. Robert B. Barnett
Mr. Stuart A. Bernstein
Mrs. Anicamarie Cafritz
Mrs. Phyllis C. Draper
Mr. Kenneth M. Duberstein
Mr. James H. Evans
Mrs. Marjorie M. Fisher
Mr. Craig L. Fuller
Mrs. Mary Galvin
Mrs. Alma Gildenhorn
Mr. Lionel Hampton
Mrs. Phyllis Middleton Jackson
Mr. Donald M. Koll
The Honorable James A. McClure
Mr. William F. McSweeny, Jr.
Mr. Frank H. Pearl
Mr. Ronald O. Perelman
Mrs. Alma Johnson Powell
Mrs. Casey Ribicoff
Ms. Joy A. Silverman
Mrs. Jean Kennedy Smith
Mr. Joshua I. Smith
Mr. Jay Stein
The Honorable Roger L. Stevens
Mr. Lew R. Wasserman
Mr. Jerry Weintraub
Mr. Thomas E. Wheeler
Mr. James D. Wolfensohn
Members Ex Officio Designated by
Act of Congress
The Honorable Donna E. Shalala,
Secretary of Health and Human
Services
The Honorable Richard W. Riley,
Secretary of Education
The Honorable Joseph D. Duffey,
Director, U.S. Information Agency
Senator Edward M. Kennedy
Senator Mark O. Hatfield
Senator Max Baucus
Senator John Hubbard Chafee
Senator Robert Joseph Dole
Rep. Joseph M. McDade
Rep. Charles Wilson
Rep. Sidney R. Yates
Rep. Norman Y. Mineta
Rep. Bud Shuster
Mr. Marion Barry, Mayor, District of
Columbia
Mr. I. Michael Heyman, Secretary,
Smithsonian Institution
Dr. James H. Billington, Librarian of
Congress
Mr. J. Carter Brown, Chairman of the
Commission of Fine Arts
Mr. Roger G. Kennedy, Director,
National Park Service
Founding Chairman
The Honorable Roger L. Stevens
Honorary Trustees
Mr. Philip F. Anschutz
Mrs. Kathrine D. Folger
The Honorable Melvin R. Laird
Mrs. Alice Marriott
The Honorable Leonard L. Silverstein
Mr. Dennis Sranfill
Mr. Henry M. Strong
National Air and Space
Museum Advisory Board
Rear Admiral Brent M. Bennitt
Mr. Thomas L. Blair
Lieutenant General Harry Blot
General John R. Dailey
Mrs. Linda Hall Daschle
Rear Admiral William C. Donnell
General Ronald R. Fogleman
Mr. Thomas W. Hoog
Brigadier General John M. Riggs
Dr. Y.C.L. Susan Wu
Public Programming Advisory
Committee
Dr. Hans O. Andersen
Lieutenant General Benjamin O. Davis
Mr. Thomas Hoving
Ms. Linda M. Johnson
Mr. Louis R. Purnell
Dr. Harold K. Skramstad, Jr.
Mr. Michael Spock
Ms. Marie Tibor
Dr. Mitchell Waldrop
Smithsonian National
Board
Mr. Wilbur L. Ross, Jr., Chair
Mrs. Jean B. Kilborne, Vice Chair
Current Members
Sir Valentine Abdy
Mr. Lester M. Alberthal, Jr., ex officio
Mrs. Margaret D. Ankeny
Mrs. Robert M. Bass
The Honorable Max N. Berry
Mrs. John M. Bradley
Mr. Stephen F. Brauer
Mr. Charles T. Brumback
Mr. Cason J. Callaway, Jr.
Mr. Ivan Chermayeff
Mr. Landon T. Clay
Mrs. Dollie A. Cole
Mr. Peter R. Coneway
Mr. Thomas Edward Congdon
Mrs. William H. Cowles, III
Ms. Joan Dillon
Mrs. Patricia Frost
Ms. Nely Galan
Mr. Bert A. Getz
Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton, ex officio
Mrs. Marguerite Harbert
Marion Edwyn Harrison, Esq.
Mr. Paul Hertelendy
Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg
Mr. S. Roger Horchow
Mr. Richard Hunt
Mr. Robert L. James
Mr. Edward C. Johnson, III
Mrs. James W. Kinnear
Mrs. Marie L. Knowles
The Honorable Marc E. Leland
Mr. Donald G. Lubin
Mr. Frank N. Magid
Mrs. John F. Mars
Mr. Michael Peter McBride
Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy
Dr. George E. Mueller
Mr. Thomas D. Mullins
Mr. John N. Nordstrom
Mrs. Lucio A. Noto
Mrs. Vivian W. Piasecki
Mr. Heinz C. Prechter
Mr. David S. Purvis
Mr. Alvin Puryear
Mr. Robert Redford
Mr. Clive Runnells
Ms. Jill Sackler
Mr. Leveo V. Sanchez
Mr. Ivan Selin
Mrs. Esther Simplot
Mr. Kenneth L. Smith
Ms. Kathy Daubert Smith
Mrs. E. Maynard Smith
Mr. Kelso F. Sutton
Mr. Jack W. Warner
Mr. Jeffrey N. Watanabe
Mr. Frank A. Weil
Mr. William R. Wiley
Honorary Members
Mr. Robert McC. Adams
Mr. William S. Anderson
Mr. Richard P. Cooley
Mr. Joseph F. Cullman, III
Mr. Charles D. Dickey, Jr.
The Honorable Leonard K. Firestone
Mr. Alfred C. Glassell, Jr.
Mr. W.L. Hadley Griffin
The Honorable William A. Hewitt
Mr. James M. Kemper, Jr.
Mr. Seymour H. Knox, III
Mr. Lewis A. Lapham
The Honorable George C. McGhee
Justice Sandra Day O'Connor
The Honorable S. Dillon Ripley, II
Mr. Francis C. Rooney, Jr.
Mr. Lloyd G. Schermer
Mrs. Gay F. Wray
National Gallery of Art
Board of Trustees
Mr. Robert F. Erburu
Mr. Alexander M. Laughlin
Mrs. Louise W. Mellon
Mr. Robert H. Smith
Mrs. Ruth Carter Stevenson
Ex Officio
The Honorable William H. Rehnquist,
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
the United States
The Honorable Warren M. Christopher,
Secretary of State
99
The Honorable Robert E. Rubin,
Secretary of the Treasury
Mr. I. Michael Heyman, Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution
Trustee Emeritus
John R. Stevenson, Esq.
National Museum of
African Art Commission
Prof. David C. Driskell, Chair
James L. Hudson, Esq., Vice Chair
Mrs. Frieda Rosenthal, Vice Chair
Mr. Tom L. Freudenheim, ex officio
Mr. John A. Friede
Mr. Joseph M. Goldenberg
Dr. Joseph E. Harris
Mr. I. Michael Heyman, ex officio
Mrs. Frances Humphrey Howard
Mrs. Helen Kuhn
Mr. Brian S. Leyden
Mr. Robin B. Martin
The Honorable Frank E. Moss
Mr. Robert H. Nooter
Prof. Robert Farris Thompson
The Honorable Walter E. Washington
National Museum of
American Art Commission
Mrs. Patricia Frost, Chair
Mr. Ronald D. Abramson, Vice Chair
Mr. Norman Bernstein
Mr. Frederick Brown
Mr. Edwin I. Colodny
Dr. Wanda M. Corn
Mrs. Ann Cousins
Mr. James T. Demetrion
Mr. Barney A. Ebsworth
Mrs. Rita Fraad
Mr. Hugh Halff, Jr.
Mr. Walker Hancock
Mr. I. Michael Heyman
Mr. Raymond J. Horowitz
Mrs. Linda Lichtenberg Kaplan
Mr. R. Crosby Kemper, Jr.
100
Mr. Jacob Lawrence
Mr. Melvin Lenkin
Mr. Peter H. Lunder
Dr. Paul D. Parkman
Mr. Gerald L. Pearson
Mr. David S. Purvis
Mrs. Francoise Rambach
Mr. Frank K. Ribelin
Mr. Charles Sawyer
Mr. Richard J. Schwartz
Mr. Samuel A. Yanes
National Museum of the
American Indian Board of
Trustees
Dr. Keith Basso
Mr. Manley Alan Begay, Jr.
Dr. Ernest L. Boyer
The Honorable Barber B. Conable, Jr.
Mr. George L. Cornell
Mr. Billy L. Cypress
Mr. Tom L. Freudenheim
Mr. Dwight Gourneau
Ms. Suzan Shown Harjo
Mr. I. Michael Heyman
Dr. Norbert S. Hill, Jr.
Dr. Frederick E. Hoxie
The Honorable Daniel Inouye
Dr. Jennie Joe
Mr. Alvin M. Josephy, Jr.
Mr. Gerald R. McMaster
Ms. Joann Sebastian Morris
Mr. Waldemar A. Nielsen
Mr. Allen V. Pinkham, Sr.
Ms. Nancy Clark Reynolds
Ms. Ann R. Roberts
Mr. David Rockefeller, Sr.
Dr. Helen M. Scheirbeck
Dr. David Hurst Thomas
Ms. Rosita Worl
Ms. Phyllis Young
National Museum of the
American Indian Ntional
Campaign International
Founders Council
Mr. Gene A. Keluche, Co-Chair
Secretary I. Michael Heyman, Co-Chair
Mr. Robert McC. Adams
Ms. Ann Simmons Alspaugh
Mrs. Barbara H. Block
Mr. James A. Block
The Honorable Barber B. Conable, Jr.
Mr. Charles M. Diker
Mrs. Valerie T. Diker
Mrs. Joan C. Donner
Mr. John L. Ernst
Mrs. Margot P. Ernst
Ms. Jane Fonda
Mr. George Gund HI
Mr. Brian C. McK. Henderson
Mrs. Loretta A. Kaufman
Mr. Victor A. Kaufman
Mrs. Seymour H. Knox HI
Mr. Gerald M. Levin
Mr. Ivan Makil
Mrs. Nancy Fields O'Connor
Mr. Lewis S. Ranieri
Mr. David Rockefeller
Mrs. Ellen Napiura Taubman
Mr. William S. Taubman
Mr. Eugene Victor Thaw
Mr. R.E. Turner
Mr. Peterson Zah
Mrs. Rosalind Begay Zah
National Museum of
Natural History Board
Dr. Isabella C.M. Cunningham
Dr. William B. Ellis
Mr. Archur Gray, Jr.
Mr. John S. Hendricks
Mr. I. Michael Heyman
Mr. David M. Hicks
Dr. Stanley O. Ikenberry
Mr. Gilbert S. Kahn
Dr. Andrew H. Knoll
Mrs. Jean Lane
Mr. Quentin R. Lawson
Mr. Robert H. Malott
The Honorable James A. McClure
Mr. Jeffery W. Meyer
Dr. Nancy R. Morin
Dr. Donald J. Ortner
Mr. James R. Patton, Jr.
Dr. David R. Pilbeam
Mr. Elmer E. Rasmuson
Mr. Donald M. Simmons
The Honorable Alan K. Simpson
Mr. Alan G. Spoon
Dr. David B. Wake
Mr. Milton H. Ward
Mr. Howard H. Williams, III
Dr. E-an Zen
National Portrait Gallery
Commission
The Honorable Jeannine Smith Clark,
Chair
The Honorable Anthony C. Beilenson
Mr. Thomas M. Evans
Prof. Stephen Jay Gould
Ms. Julie Harris
Mr. I. Michael Heyman, ex officio
Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg
Prof. David Levering Lewis
Prof. R.W.B. Lewis
Ms. Bette Bao Lord
The Honorable Robert B. Morgan
Prof. Barbara Novak
Dr. Earl A. Powell III, ex officio
The Honorable William H. Rehnquisr,
ex officio
National Postal Museum
Advisory Commission
Mr. Cary H. Baer
The Honorable Winton M. Blount
The Honorable William L. Clay
Mrs. Lovida Coleman
Ms. Amina Dickerson
Mr. Azeezaly Jaffer
Mr. James Michener
Mr. John J. O'Connor, III
Ms. Elizabeth C. Pope
Mr. Douglas A. Riggs
Mrs. Jeanette Cantrell Rudy
Mr. Edwin M. Schmidt
The Honorable Robert Setrakian
The Honorable Ted Stevens
National Postal Museum
Coordinating Committee
The Honorable Susan E. Alvarado
Mr. Richard H. Arvonio
Mr. Ronald E. Becker
Dr. Spencer R. Crew
Mr. Tom L. Freudenheim
Mr. Angus MacInnes
The Honorable Marvin T. Runyon
Ms. Nancy D. Suttenfield
National Science Resources
Center Advisory Board
Dr. Robert M. Fitch, Chair
Dr. Russell Aiuto
Dr. Marjory Baruch
Ms. Ann P. Bay
Ms. DeAnna Banks Beane
Dr. F. Peter Boer
Mr. Douglas K. Carnahan
Dr. William Colglazier
Dr. Fred P. Corson
Dr. Goery Delacote
Ms. JoAnn DeMaria
Dr. Hubert M. Dyasi
Mr. James C. Early
Dr. Bernard S. Finn
Dr. Gerald David Fischbach
Mr. Samuel H. Fuller
Dr. Jerry P. Gollub
Dr. Ana M. Guzman
Dr. Robert M. Hazen
Dr. Norbert S. Hill, Jr.
Mr. Manert Kennedy
Dr. John W. Layman
Ms. Sarah A. Lindsey
Dr. Thomas E. Lovejoy
Dr. Lynn Margulis
Dr. Mara Mayor
Dr. Shirley M. McBay
Dr. Joseph A. Miller, Jr.
Dr. John A. Moore
Dr. Philip Needleman
Dr. Carlo Parravano
Ms. Ruth O. Selig
Dr. Maxine F. Singer
Dr. Paul H. Williams
Ms. Karen L. Worth
National Zoological Park
Resource Council
Mr. Peter C. Andrews
Mr. Robert A. Bartlett, Jr.
Dr. David Challinor
The Honorable Jeannine Smith Clark
Mr. George A. Didden, III
Mrs. Joan C. Donner
Mrs. Elizabeth B. Frazier
Ms. Caroline D. Gabel
Mr. Paul B. Green
Mrs. Ruth S. Holmberg
Mrs. Laura Howell
Mrs. John F. Mars
Mrs. Withrow Weir Meeker
The Honorable S. Dillon Ripley, II
Mr. Jeffrey R. Short, Jr.
Mrs. Judith Stockdale
Mr. Henry M. Strong
Mr. M. Lee Sutherland
Mrs. Beatrix von Hoffmann
Reading 1s Fundamental,
Inc., Board of Directors
Mrs. Anne Richardson, Chairman
Mrs. Ruth Graves, President
Mr. Arthur White, Vice President
Mr. Samuel B. Ethridge, Secretary
Mrs. Jean Head Sisco, Treasurer
Ms. Alexandra Armstrong
Ms. Loretta Barrett
Mr. Leo Beebe
Mr. William D. Budinger
Mr. Robert W. Coy, Jr.
Mr. James C. Curvey
Ms. Patricia Diaz Dennis, Esq.
Mr. Lloyd Derrickson, Esq.
Mr. Robert S. Diamond
IOI
Mr. Lawrence A. Hough
Mrs. Kathryn W. Lumley
Dr. Floretta McKenzie
Mrs. Lois D. Rice
Mrs. Lynda Johnson Robb
Mr. James A. Sutton
Arthur M. Sackler
Gallery Visiting
Committee
Mrs. John B. Bunker, Chair
The Honorable Norman Y. Mineta,
Vice Chair
Mr. George J. Fan
Mrs. Hart Fessenden
Dr. Kurt A. Gitter
Dr. Florence Cawthorne Ladd
Mrs. James R. Lilley
Mrs. Jill Hornor Ma
Mr. Porter McCray
Dr. Kenneth X. Robbins
Mrs. Arthur M. Sackler
Mr. Sichan Siv
Mr. Michael R. Sonnenreich
Mr. Aboulala Soudavar
Dr. John Kuo Wei Tchen
Dr. Frederic Wakeman
Mr. Paul F. Walter
Smithsonian Institution
Archives and Special
Collections Council
Dr. Thomas F. Soapes, Chair
Mrs. Rachel M. Allen
Mr. Alan L. Bain
Mr. John D. Barbry
Mr. James B. Byers
Mr. Timothy Carr
Ms. Cecilia H. Chin
Ms. Maygene Daniels
Dr. John A. Fleckner
Ms. Christraud Geary
Ms. Marilyn Graskowiak
Mrs. Nancy E. Gwinn
Mr. Robert S. Harding
Ms. Edie Hedlin
102
Ms. Colleen A. Hennessey
Dr. Pamela M. Henson
Mr. John Homiak
Ms. Janet Kennelly
Ms. Julia Lewis
Ms. Gail Lowe
Dr. Lillian B. Miller
Ms. Lauranne C. Nash
Mr. C. Jeffrey Place
Ms. Kathleen Robinson
Dr. Marc Rothenberg
Mr. Ross B. Simons
Dr. Barbara J. Smith
Ms. Joan R. Stahl
Mr. Paul H. Theerman
Mr. Bill Thompkins, Secretary
Ms. Linda A. Thrift
Mr. James H. Wallace, Jr.
Mrs. Beverly Westermeyer
Mr. Mark A. Wright
Dr. Judith K. Zilczer
Smithsonian Institution
Council
Dr. Arjun Appadurai
Dr. Joyce Oldham Appleby
Dr. Mary Frances Berry
Mr. Luis R. Cancel
Dr. George R. Carruthers
Dr. Linda S. Cordell
Dr. Ruth Schwartz Cowan
Prof. Freeman J. Dyson
Mr. David R. Gergen
Dr. Arturo Gomez-Pompa
Dr. Daniel H. Janzen
Dr. Michael Kammen
Dr. J. Jorge Klor de Alva
Dr. Shirley M. McBay
Mrs. Cheryl McClenney-Brooker
Dr. Gordon H. Orians
Dr. Richard J. Powell
Dr. Lauren B. Resnick
Dr. Beryl B. Simpson
Dr. John Kuo Wei Tchen
Dr. Susan Mullin Vogel
Dr. Frederic E. Wakeman, Jr.
Dr. John Walsh
Dr. Katharine J. Watson
Dr. Tomas Ybarra-Frausto
Smithsonian Institution
Libraries Users Advisory
Committee
Dr. Lisa Ceryle Barnett
Ms. Bryna M. Freyer
Dr. Conrad Labandiera
Dr. Brian Marsden
Dr. Nancy L. Matthews
Dr. Jess Parker
Mr. Dominick A. Pisano
Ms. Michelle K. Smith
Dr. Barbara J. Smith
Dr. Deborah Jean Warner
Mr. Edmund Worthy
Smithsonian Institution
Women’s Council
Ms. Heidi L.R. Schwartz, Chair
Ms. Donna J. Coletu
Mr. William Gaghan
Ms. Ann R. Garvey
Ms. Marilyn Graskowiak
Ms. Kristine Money
Ms. Judy Ryan
Ms. Melissa Snodgrass
Ms. Donna M. Tillman
Smithsonian Internship
Council
Mrs. Lori H. Aceto
Ms. Frederica Adelman
Ms. Wendy Aibel-Weiss
Ms. Victoria Avera
Mr. Daryl Ayers
Ms. Myra Y. Banks
Ms. Ann M. Bissell
Mr. Arthur J. Breton
Ms. Teresia Bush
Ms. Susan Mond Carpenter
Ms. Barbara Casana
Ms. Faya Causey
Ms. Montrose R. Cones
Mr. William E. Cox
Ms. Deirdre Cross
Ms. Georgina de Alba
Dr. Zahava D. Doering
Ms. Kimberly L. Dow
Ms. Mary W. Dyer
Ms. Betty Epps
Ms. Leasa Farrar-Frazer
Ms. Paula Fletemeyer
Ms. Ann R. Garvey
Mr. Mark Hadden
Mr. Robert L. Hall
Mrs. Judith H. Houston
Ms. Pamela Elizabeth Hudson
Mrs. Eileen Jones
Mr. Peter Kibbee
Ms. Nancy Lewis
Ms. Niria Leyva-Gutierrez
Ms. Sherri Manning
Ms. Cathy Maree
Ms. Elena Mayberry
Ms. Hannah Mullin
Ms. Lauranne C. Nash
Mr. Jay Orr
Ms. Karen Oriji
Mr. Mark Ramella
Ms. Arlene Reiniger
Ms. Phyllis Rosenzweig
Dr. Marc Rothenberg
Mr. Jim Rubenstein
Ms. Alyce Sadongei
Ms. Mary Sangrey
Mrs. Magdalene C. Schremp
Mr. Tim Smith
Mr. William G. Tompkins
Mr. Bruce Underwood
Ms. Esther Washington
Ms. Mari Lu White
Ms. Alison Wickens
Mr. Donald C. Williams
Mr. Michael Wilpers
Mr. Howard Youth
al
Woodrow Wilson
International Center for
Scholars Board of Trustees
Joseph H. Flom, Esq., Chair
Mr. Dwayne O. Andreas, Vice Chair
The Honorable James A. Baker, III
Dr. James H. Billington
Joseph A. Cari, Jr., Esq.
The Honorable John W. Carlin
The Honorable Warren M. Christopher
The Honorable Joseph D. Duffey
The Honorable Sheldon Hackney
Ms. Jean L. Hennessey
Mr. I. Michael Heyman
Dr. Gertrude Himmelfarb
Dr. Carol Iannone
Mr. Eli S. Jacobs
The Honorable Anthony Lake
Mr. Paul Hae Park
The Honorable Richard W. Riley
The Honorable S. Dillon Ripley, II
The Honorable Donna E. Shalala
The Smithsonian Women’s
Committee
Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton, Chair
Mrs. Parker S. Oliphant, Vice Chair
Mrs. Doniphan Carter, Treasurer
Mrs. John Franklin, Secretary
Mrs. Gloria Allen
Mrs. James M. Beggs
Mrs. Christine Blazina
Mrs. Philip S. Bowie
Mrs. I. Townsend Burden, III
Mrs. Margaret Bush
Mrs. Thomas J. Camp, Jr.
Mrs. John F. Clark
Mrs. Lloyd E. Clayton
Mrs. Richard Cobb
Mrs. Margaret Collins
Mrs. Louis J. Cordia
Mrs. William Gruman Cox
Mrs. Willis D. Crittenberger, Jr.
Mrs. Allen R. Cross, Jr.
Mrs. J. Edward Day
Mrs. Philip S. Dickson
Mrs. Alan P. Dye
Mrs. Rockwood H. Foster
Mrs. Harriet Sweeney Fraunfelter
Mrs. Paul R. Gibson
Mrs. John W. Gill
Mrs. Walter Y.K. Goo
Ms. Allison Butler Herrick
Mrs. Omer L. Hirst
Mrs. Anne Stevens Hobler
Mrs. James P. Holden
Mrs. George H. Hughey
Mrs. John Hunnicutt
Mrs. Aaron G. Jackson
Mrs. Donald W. Jeffries
Mrs. George W. Jones
Ms. Patricia Larkin
Mrs. Bruce K. MacLaury
Mrs. Middleton A. Martin
Mrs. Arthur K. Mason
Mrs. James K. Mitchell
Mrs. Suzanne Moore
Mrs. Horace White Peters
Mrs. S. Dillon Ripley
Mrs. Pecer Talbor Russell
Mrs. William C. Thompson
Mrs. Joy Vige
Mrs. James Bud Ward
Mrs. John R. Webster
Mrs. Philip C. White
103
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104
Academic, Research
Training, and Internship
Appointments and
Research Associates in
Fiscal Year 1995
The first section lists recipients of fellowships and
other appointments awarded to scholars and advanced
students under the auspices of the Office of Fellowships
and Grants. Students and museum professionals who
held museum internships or participated in special pro-
jects administered by the Office of Museum Programs
are listed in the second section. The third section con-
tains a listing of Smithsonian Research Associates.
Academic and Research
Training Appointments
The Smithsonian offers, through the Office of Fellow-
ships and Grants, research and study appointments to
visiting scientists, scholars, and students. The ap-
pointees are provided access to the Institution's facili-
ties, staff specialties, and reference resources. The
persons—listed by bureau or office—in this Appendix
began their residencies between October 1, 1994, and
September 30, 1995, and have been in residence for three
months or longer. Predoctoral and Postdoctoral Fellows,
Visiting Scientists or Scholars, and other awardees and
participants in special programs are so listed. Listed for
each Fellow or Visitor is the institution where each
received, or expects to receive, a degree or the home
university or institution; a brief description of the
project undertaken at the Smithsonian; the Smithsonian
advisor; and dates of residency.
Arts and Humanities
Anacostia Museum
Audrey Brown, SI Graduate Fellow, American University.
“Women of African Descent, Religion, Cultural Continuity
and Change,” with Portia James and Gail Lowe, from Sep-
tember I, 1995 to November Is, 1995.
Center for Museum Studies
Teresa Morales, Fellow in Museum Practice, Programa de
Museos Comunitarious y Ecomu. “The Cultural Appropria-
tion and Community Museums,” with Nancy Fuller, from
August I, 1995 to October 31, 1995.
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum
Tracy Ehrlich, Peter Kruger/Christie’s Fellow, Columbia Uni-
versity. “The Villa Mondragone and Early Seventeenth-
Century Villeggiatura at Frascati,” with Marilyn Symmes
and Maria Ann Conelli, from September 1, 1995 to May 31,
1996.
Enrique Limon, SI Graduate Fellow, The Architectural Associ-
ation. “Arc Theory and Urbanism and its Relationship to
City Making,” with Susan Yelavich, from August I, 1995 to
October 15, 1995.
Freer Gallery of Art
Quanyu Wang, Forbes Fellow, Peking University. “Systematic
Research on the Corrosion of Qucun’s Bronzes,” with W.
Thomas Chase, from September I, 1995 to August 31, 1996.
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Marisa Kayyem, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Columbia University.
“Thomas Eakins’ Late Bust Portraits: Identity and Topol-
ogy in Turn of the Century Portraiture,” with Phyllis
105
Rosenzweig and Mary Panzer, from September I, 1995 to
August 31, 1996.
Institutional Studies Office
Helen Glazer, Fellow in Museum Practice, Goucher College.
“Creation and Test of a Prototype for a Self-Guided Walk-
ing Tour of Works in the Permanent Collections of the
Smithsonian Institution Musems,” with Zahava Doering,
from November 14, 1994 to July 15, 1995.
National African American
Museum Project
Bob Myers, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of California,
Los Angeles. “Do You See What I See?: Wild Communica-
tion in Darkness,” with Deborah Braithwaite and Claudine
Brown, from July 1, 1995 to September 30, 1995.
National Air and Space Museum
Mark Bulmer, Gaber Fellow, University of London. “An Inves-
tigation into the Possible Reasons for Apparent Mobility of
Debris Aprons on Venus and the Mechanisms of Caldera
Formation,” with Thomas Watters, from June I, 1995 to
May 31, 1996.
Donald Engen, Ramsey Fellow, Alexandria, Virginia, “The
History of United States Naval Flight,” with Thomas
Crouch, from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 1995.
Sarah Fagents, Lancaster University, England, “Basaltic Lava
Fountains on Earth, Venus, and Mars,” with James Zimbel-
man, from January 20, 1995 to January 19, 1996.
Erik Rau, Guggenheim Predoctoral Fellow, University of
Pennsylvania. “PERT and the Culture of Integration: Oper-
ations Research, Systems Engineering, and American Soci-
ety form the Cold War to the Great Society,” with Robert
Smith, from September I, 1995 to August 31, 1996.
Jill Snider, Verville Fellow, University of North Carolina.
“The Lone Eagle and African-American Visions of America,
1927-1941,” with Dominick Pisano and Cathleen Lewis,
from August I, 1995 to July 31, 1996.
Vladimir Strelnitski, Visiting Scientist, Institute for Astron-
omy, Russian Academy of Sciences. “Hydrogen Maser Emis-
sion from the Infrared Galaxy M82,” with Howard Smith,
from June I, 1995 to September 30, 1995.
106
Mark Wolfire, Senior Research Fellow, NASA. “Infrared Emis-
sion from ISO,” with Howard Smith, from September 11,
1995 to September Io, 1996.
National Museum of African Art
Aisha Fadhil Ali, International Exchange Fellow, Fort Jesus
Museum. “Study of Exhibition Development and Design in
Preparation for a Re-Installation of the Major Exhibition
Hall at Fort Jesus Museum in Mombasa, Kenya,” with
Philip Ravenhill, from January 15, 1995 to March Io, 1995.
Amanda Carlson, SI Graduate Fellow, Indiana University.
“Object Photography: Representing African Art,” with
Christraud Geary, from May 8, 1995 to July 14, 1995.
Helen Shannon, Columbia University, “The Reception of Afri-
can Arc in the United States From:1905 to 1945 and Its In-
fluence on American Moderist Art,” with Philip Ravenhill,
from April 1, 1995 to February 28, 1996.
National Museum of American Art
Jack Becker, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Delaware. “A
Taste for Landscape: Tonalism in America, 1880-1920,” with
William Truettner, from September 1, 1995 to May 31, 1996.
Neil Harris, Distinguished Scholar of American Art, Univer-
sity of Chicago. “Research on Twentieth Century Land-
scape; Attitudes Toward Visual Culture; and Building
Rituals, Museums, and Newspaper Buildings ,” with Eliza-
beth Broun, from September 1, 1995 to May 31, 1996.
Janet Headley, Loyola College, “Structuring Urban Space:
Public Sculpture in Boston, 1825-1900,” with George
Gurney, from June I, 1995 to May 31, 1996.
Cynthia Mills, University of Maryland, College Park, “The
Adams Memorial and Its Impact: American Funerary Sculp-
ture, 1891-1925,” with George Gurney, from November I,
1994 to April 30, 1995.
Jonathan Yorba, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Califor-
nia, Berkeley. “Picturing Miscegenation: Multiracial Imag-
ery in American Art, 1848-1967,” with Andrew Connors,
from September 11, 1995 to September 10, 1996.
National Museum of American History
Barbara Allen, SI Graduate Fellow, Resselaer Polytechnic In-
stitute. “Environmental History of the Chemical Corridor
in Louisiana,” with Jeffrey Stine, from July 17, 1995 to Sep-
tember 22, 1995.
Angela Blake, SI Graduate Fellow, American University.
“Street Advertising and the Construction of Urban Con-
sumer Geographies in New York City, 1880-1930,” with
Charles McGovern, from June 5, 1995 to August II, 1995.
Martha Burns, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Brown University. “A
Piano in the Parlor: Music and the Making of Victorian
Culture in America, 1790-1860,” with Cynthia Hoover,
from September I, 1995 to May 31, 1996.
Valentijn Byvanck, SI Graduate Fellow, New York University.
“The Making of American Nationalism, 1820-1860,” with
Charles McGovern and Larry Bird, from June Is, 1995 to
July 15, 1995.
Arlene Davila, The Graduate Center, CUNY, “From the Center
to the Centros: Dynamics of Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico,”
with Marvette Perez, from April 15, 1995 to April 14, 1996.
Laura Edwards, University of South Florida, “The Politics and
Power of Womanhood and Manhood: Reconstruction in
the U.S. South,” with Pete Daniel, from February 1, 1995 to
October 31, 1995.
Sungook Hong, University of Toronto, “Research on the Early
History of Vacuum Tube Engineering: The Triode Revolu-
tion and the Development of Amplifiers-Oscillators,” with
Bernard Finn, from June I, 1995 to May 31, 1996.
Janet Hutchison, Visiting Scholar, Appalacian State Univer-
sity. “Housing Identity: Gender, Architecture and Ameri-
can Culture,” with Rodris Roth, from January 1, 1994 to
August 30, 1995.
Meg Jacobs, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Virginia.
“The Politics of Purchasing Power: The Rise of Mass Con-
sumption and the Evolution of a Modern American Politi-
cal Economy, 1919-1959,” with Harry Rubenstein and Larry
Bird, from September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996.
Shelley Kaplan, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Virginia.
“Object Lessons: Designing Household Appliances, 1920—
60,” with Steve Lubar, from September 15, 1995 to Septem-
ber 14, 1996.
Craig Keller, SI Predoctoral Fellow, George Washington Uni-
versity. “Civil Religion During the Cold War: A Study of
Civil Religious Symbolism and Material Culture,” with
Larry Bird and James Bruns, from June 1, 1995 to August
31, 1995-
Anna McCarthy, Northwestern University, “Early American
Television and Public Space: The Tavern and the Depart-
ment Srore in the Late Forties,” with Larry Bird, from Janu-
ary 10, 1995 to April Io, 1995.
Lynn McRainey, Fellow in Museum Practice, Chicago Histori-
cal Society. “Interpreting History Through Interactive Ex-
periences,” with Lonn Taylor and Nancy McCoy, from
October 21, 1994 to February 28, 1995.
Tey Nunn, SI Graduate Fellow, University of New Mexico.
“Hispana/o Artists of the Works Progress Administration
(WPA) in New Mexico,” with Richard Ahlborn, from June
I, 1995 to August IO, 1995.
Barry Shank, University of Kansas, “Design and Sentiment:
Cultural Production in the American Greeting Card Indus-
try,” with Charles McGovern, from January I5, 1995 to July
14, 1995.
Deborah Steinbach, SI Predoctoral Fellow, New York Univer-
sity. “Lines of Scrimmage: A Gender History of American
Sports 1915-1940,” with Ellen Hughes, from June 15, 1995 to
June 14, 1996.
Stefan Timmermans, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of
Illinois. “Saving Lives: Mechanical Versus Manual Resusci-
tation Techniques,” with Ramunas Kondratas, from June 1,
1995 to August 31, 1995.
Terence Young, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Clemson University.
“Heading Out: Camping in America, 1870-1990,” with
Jeffrey Stine, from August 1, 1995 to July 31, 1996.
National Museum of the
American Indian
Nigel Holman, Fellow in Museum Practice, A:shiwi A:wan
Musuem & Heritage Center. “Debating the Curation and
Use of Historic Photographs in Museums and Archives,”
with Clara Sue Kidwell and Eulalie Bonar, from March 1,
1995 to May 30, 1995.
Emily Kaplan, Postgraduate Conservation Fellow, Queen's
University, Canada. “Conservation of Archaeological and
Ethnographic Materials,” with Marian A. Kaminitz, from
November 1, 1994 to October 31, 1995.
Rose Wyaco, Visiting Scholar, Zuni, New Mexico.
“Photographs for the Hedricks-Hodge Expedition at
Hawikuh,” with Alyce Sadongei, from March 1, 1995 to
May 31, 1995.
National Portrait Gallery
Julie Brown, SI Senior Fellow, University of Texas, San Anto-
nio. “Making Photography Public: Exposition, Fairs, Exhi-
bitions, and Displays in the United States,” with Mary
Panzer and Deborah Warner, from June 19, 1995 to October
20, 1995.
Stephanie Cassidy, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Cali-
fornia, San Diego. “Reconstructing the Artist: The Rise of
the Art Students League, 1875-1915,” with Lillian Miller,
from September 1, 1995 to August 30, 1996.
107
Education and Public Service
Center for Folklife Programs and
Cultural Studies
Gina Sanchez, SI Graduate Fellow, University of Texas. “Di-
versifying Cape Verdan American Scholarship,” with John
Franklin and Raymond Almeida, from June 1, 1995 to Au-
gust 20, 1995.
Wendy Walters, SI Graduate Fellow, Cornell University.
“Labor's Lost and Other Sad Songs: Dislocation and Dispos-
session in the Blues,” with Anthony Seeger and Diana
Barid N'Diaye, from May 22, 1995 to July 28, 1995.
Finance and Administration
Horticultural Services Division
Judy Wells, Enid A. Haupt Fellow in Horticulture, Univer-
sity of Maryland. “Pest Management in the Haupt Garden;
Developing and Implementing an Integrated Management
Program,” with Nancy J. Bechtol, from June 1, 1995 to May
31, 1997.
Sciences
Conservation Analytical Laboratory
Patrick Albert, Conservation Internship, Antioch University,
Canada. “Literature Search on Shellac Based Period Furni-
ture Varnishes,” with Donald Williams, from June 12, 1995
to June II, 1996.
Holly Anderson, CAL Third Year Intern, Buffalo State Col-
lege. “Scientific and Historic Research in the Use of Red
Chalk in Drawings,” with Diane van der Reyden, from Oc-
tober 2, 1994 to September 2, 1995.
John Courtney, Conservation Internship, Antioch University,
Canada. “A Survey of Gilt Stenciling on Philadelphia Furni-
ture,” with Donald Williams, from June 15, 1995 to June 14,
1996.
108
Paul Koening, Graduate Fellow in Furniture Conservation,
Antioch University. “Study of the Relationship Between
‘Original’ Coating and Barrier Coats with Synthetic Poly-
mers on Furniture,” with Melvin Wachowiak, from Septem-
ber 1, 1995 to August 30, 1996.
Mark Kutney, Graduate Fellow in Furniture Conservation, An-
tioch University. “Study of the Affects of the Manufactur-
ing Process on Shellacs Performance as a Furniture
Coating,” with Melvin Wachowiak, from September 1, 1995
to August 30, 1996.
Catherine McGee, Postgraduate Conservation Intern, University
of Delaware. “Archaeological Conservation Training,” with
Carol Grissom, from September 4, 1995 to September 3, 1996.
Charles Moore, Graduate Fellow in Furniture Conservation,
Antioch University. “Identification and Study of Materials
Used to Emulate Gold Leaf in High-Style Architectural El-
ements from 1880-1920,” with Melvin Wachowiak, from
September I, 1995 to August 30, 1996.
Andrew Robb, University of Delaware, “Investigation of the
Consolidation of Flaking Gelatin Binder on Glass Plate
Negatives; The Investigation of Exhibition on Photo-
graphs,” with Diane van der Reyden, from October 17, 1994
to October 16, 1995.
Ellen Rosenthal, Post-graduate Fellow, Archaeological Conser-
vation, University of London. “Archaeological Conservation
Training,” with Carol Grissom, from September I, 1995 to
August 30, 1996.
Daniela Triadan, Postdoctoral Fellow, Freie Universitat, Ber-
lin. “Provenance and Production of White Mountain Red-
ware from Kinishba Pueblo, East-central Arizona,” with
Ronald Bishop, from September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996.
National Museum of Natural History
Debra Bemis, SI Graduate Fellow, University of California,
Santa Barbara. “Characterization of the Enzymatic Oxida-
tion of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in an Isolated Chloro-
plast Fraction from Anadyomene stellata,” with James
Norris, from June 1, 1995 to August 15, 1995.
Cynthia Caplen, Mellon Visiting Student, Old Dominion
University. “Genetic Relationships in the Blechnum
Occidentale Group,” with Charles Werth and W. John
Kress, from January 1, 1995 to July 1, 1995.
Joseph Dineen, University of Maryland, College Park, “Trans-
port of Brachyuran Larvae in a Coastal Lagoon,” with
Anson Hines, from October 1, 1994 to April 30, 1995
Don Dumond, University of Oregon, “Archaeology of the
Hillside Site, St. Lawrence Island, Alaska,” with William
Fitzhugh, from January 16, 1995 to May Is, 1995.
Michael Dillon, Field Museum of Natural History, “Generic
Flora of the Paramos,” with Laurence Dorr, from November
I, 1994 to November 30, 1994.
Patricia Erikson, University of California, Davis, “The Role of
the Smithsonian Institution in the Professionalization of
Tribal Museology,” with William Merrill, from January 1,
1995 to March 21, 1995.
Jennifer Frick, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Clemson University.
“Establishment of Larval Polarity,” with Mary Rice, from
September I, 1995 to August 31, 1996.
Debra Gold, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Michigan.
“Subsistence, Health and Emergent Social Inequality: Oste-
ological Analysis of Three Late Woodland Sites in Interior
Virginia,” with Douglas Ubelaker, from August 15, 1995 to
June I5, 1996.
William Hahn, Visiting Scientist, University of Wisconsin,
Madison. “Molecular Phylogenetics of the Monocots,” with
Elizabeth Zimmer, from July 1, 1995 to November I, 1995.
Gregory Kallemeyn, SI Senior Fellow, University of Califor-
nia, Los Angeles. “Compositions of Chondrites,” with Eu-
gene Jarosewich, from September 1, 1995 to November 30,
1995.
E1ja-Maija Kotilainen, Academy of Finland, “Gender and Ma-
terial Culcure in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia,” with Paul
Taylor, from January I, 1995 to June 30, 1995.
Marion Kotrba, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Regens-
burg, Germany. “Comparative Morphology of the Internal
Female Reproductive Tract: A Contribution to our Under-
standing of Schizophoran (Diptera) Phylogeny,” with
Wayne Mathis, from July 1, 1995 to June 30, 1996.
Paul Kramer, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Princeton University.
“U.S. Anthropology in the Occupied Philippines, 1899—
1914,” with Paul Taylor and Charles McGovern, from Sep-
tember I, 1995 to June 30, 1996.
Robert Kuzoff, Visiting Student, Washington State Univer-
sity. “Molecular Phylogenetics of Plants: New Approaches
for Studies of Molecular and Morphological Divergence,”
with Elizabeth Zimmer, from January 15, 1995 to June 30,
1995.
Paul Lewis, North Carolina State University, “Robustness of
Maximum Likelihood Phylogeny Inference to Departures
From Model Assumptions,” with David Swofford, from No-
vember 1, 1994 to October 31, 1995.
Leigh Johnson, Visiting Student, Washington State Unvers-
ity. “Molecular Phylogenetics of Plants: New Approaches
for Studies of Molecular Divergence,” with Elizabeth Zim-
mer, from January 15, 1995 to June 30, 1996.
Mary Muungu, Visiting Museum Professional, National Mu-
seums of Kenya. “Study of Conservation and Collections
Policy at the National Musuem of Natural History,” with
Richard Potts, from April 30, 1995 to June 30, 1995.
Sandra Romano, Kewalo Marine Laboratory, “Molecular Anal-
ysis of Phylogenetic relationships of Families of Corals
(Phylum Cnidaria, Order Scleractinia),” with Stephen
Cairns and Michael Braun, from April 20, 1995 to April 19,
1996.
Tod Reeder, American Museum of Natural History, “The Use
of Multiple Data Sets in Phylogenetic Analysis and the
Phylogenetic Placement of the Limbless Squamates,” with
Kevin de Queiroz, from November 14, 1994 to November
13, 1995.
Stephen Reyes, Snow Entomological Museum, “Cladistic
Analysis and a Study of the Evolution of Social Behavior of
the Exoneura Bees (Apidae: Xylocopinae Allodapini),” with
Ronald McGinley, from January 1, 1995 to December 31,
1995.
Sara Russell, Visiting Scientist, California Institute of Tech-
nology. “The Distribution of 26Al in Early Solar System:
Constraints on Solar System Chronology,” with Glenn Mac-
Pherson, from February 1, 1995 to January 31, 1996.
Gregory Scheib, Visiting Student, George Washington Uni-
versity. “Associating Archival Information with Museum
Collections Using CD-ROMs and Virtual Museums,” with
Paul Taylor and Bruno Frohlich, from June 26, 1995 to Jan-
uary 5, 1996.
John Skillman, Visiting Scientist, Duke University. “Conse-
quences of Seasonal Changes in Light and Water Resources
for Photosynthetic Physiology and Plant Productivity in
Aechmea magdalenae, a CAM Species Native to the Rain-
forest Floor in Panama,” with Klaus Winter, from October
I, 1994 to September 30, 1995.
Scott Steppan, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Chicago.
“Development Constraints and Tail Evolution in Mam-
mals,” with Michael Carleton and Richard Thorington,
from October 15, 1995 to October 14, 1996.
Lyubov Tjukova, Visiting Scientist, Institute of Zoology. “Sys-
tematic Studies of the Fossil Rodents and Lagomorphs
from the Tertiary Deposits of the Zaysan Basin in North-
eastern Kazakhstan,” with Robert Emry, from January 1,
1995 to May 31, 1995.
Lucy Thomason, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Texas,
Austin. “An Investigation of Discourse Structure in Fox,”
with Ives Goddard, from August 10, 1995 to August 9,
1996.
Christopher Tudge, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of
Queensland. “Phylogeny of Anomuran Crustaceans
(Decapoda) Based on the Gross Morphology and Ultra-
structure of Spermatophores and Spermatozoa,” with Rafael
Lemaitre, from September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996.
Peter Wagner, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Chicago.
“Phylogenetic and Morphometric Analysis of Paleozoic
Gastropods,” with Douglas Erwin, from September 1, 1995
to August 31, 1996.
Banyue Wang, Visiting Scholar, Academia Sinica. “Compari-
son of the Small Rodents found in Kazakhstan to Rodents
of a Similar Age found in China,” with Robert Emry, from
March 1, 1995 to May 1, 1995.
Jill Weber, SI Graduate Fellow, University of Pennsylvania.
“Animal Exploitation at 3rd/2nd Millennium Tell-es-
Sweyhat,” with Melinda Zeder, from September 18, 1995 co
November 24, 1995. :
Charles Werth, Mellon Senior Fellow, Texas Tech University.
“Genetic Relationships in the Blechnum Occidentale
109
Group, A Neotropical Hybrid/Polyploid Species Complex of
Ferns,” with John Kress, from January 1, 1995 to June 30, 1995.
Matthew Wills, University of Bristol, “Phylogeny and Mor-
phological Disparity of Fossil and Recent Crustacea,” with
Douglas Erwin and Conrad Labandeira, from January 10,
1995 to January 9, 1996.
Liling Xiang, Visiting Student, Beijing Natural History Mu-
seum. “Genetic Relationships in the Blechnum Occidentale
Group,” with Charles Werth and John Kress, from January
15, 1995 to May 14, 1995.
Jin Yugan, Visiting Scientist, Academia Sinica. “End-Permian
Mass Extinction,” with Douglas Erwin, from September 3,
1995 to October 17, 1995.
Jutta Zipfel, “Origin of Olivine in Pallasitic Meteorites: Evi-
dence from Trace Elements in Olivine,” with Glenn Mac-
Pherson, from October 1, 1994 to September 30, 1995.
National Zoological Park
Janette Boughman, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Mary-
land. “Group Recognition, Vocal Learning and Information
Transfer in a Group-Foraging Bat, Phyllostomus hastatus,”
with Eugene Morton, from June 1, 1995 to May 31, 1996.
Kathy Carlstead, Visiting Scientist, Takoma Park, Maryland.
“Methods of Behavioral Assessment for the Captive Propa-
gation of Endangered Species,” with Devra Kleiman, from
January 1, 1995 to March 31, 1995.
Adriana Grativol, Visiting Student, University of Maryland,
College Park. “Population Genetics and Evolution of the
Genus Leontopithecus,” with Robert Fleischer, from Sep-
tember I, 1995 to August 30, 1996.
Matthew Hamilton, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Brown Univer-
sity. “The Influence of Forest Reserve Size on Standing Ge-
netic Variation and Paternity Pool Diversity in Tropical
Forest Plants,” with Robert Fleischer, from September 15,
1995 to September 14, 1996.
Thomas Hildebrandt, Short Term Visitor, Institut fur Zoo-
und Wildtierforschung. “An Examination of Various Ani-
mal Species Using Ultrasonic,” with Dick Monrali, from
July 1, 1995 to January 30, 1996.
Peter Leimgruber, Visiting Student, University of Oklahoma.
“Abundance and Diversity of Songbirds and Small Mam-
mals in Managed Forest Mosaics,” with William McShea,
from May I5, 1995 to August 15, 1995.
Catherine Morrow, Visiting Student, George Mason University.
“Understanding Reproductive Mechanisms to Conserve the
Endangered Scimitar-Horned Oryx (Oryx dammah),” with Ste-
ven Monfort, from May 1, 1985 to July 31, 1997.
Linda Penfold, Visiting Scientist, United States Department
of Agriculture. “Crisis in Parrot Conservation: The Poten-
tial of ‘Assisted’ Breeding,” with David Wildt, from July 1,
1995 to June 30, 1996.
IIo
Ellen Paxinos, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Brown University.
“Using Ancient DNA Techniques to Determine the Effects
of a Population Bottleneck on Genetic Variability and Pop-
ulation Structure in the Hawaiian Goose,” with Robert
Fleischer, from August I5, 1995 to August 14, 1996.
Jay Schulkin, Visiting Scientist, National Institute of Mental
Health. “Self-Selection of Minerals in the Desert Tortoise
(Gopherus Agassizii),” with Olav Oftedal, from April 1,
1995 to September 30, 1995.
Michael Schwartz, SI Graduate Fellow, American University.
“An Examination of the Breeding Biology of the Hum-
boldc Penguin Using Molecular Genetic Techniques,” with
Daryl Boness, from June 19, 1995 to August 25, 1995.
Daniel Shillito, SI Graduate Fellow, State University of New
York, Albany. “Attribution of False Knowledge States in
Orangutans,” with Benjamin Beck, from June 1, 1995 to
August 10, 1995.
Katerina Thompson, Visiting Scientist, University of Mary-
land, College Park. “Olfactory Control of Reproduction in
Female Sable Antelope: Behavioral and Physiological Mech-
anisms of Estrous Synchrony,” with Christen Wemmer,
from June 1, 1995 to August 31, 1995.
Lisa Wooninck, University of California, Santa Barbara, “Mea-
surements of Relative Sperm Contribution Correlated with
Distribution of Paternity in an External Fertilizing Spe-
cies,” with Robert Fleischer, from January 2, 1995 to March
10, 1995.
Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives
Hae-Gyung Geong, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Wis-
consin, Madison. “Exerting Control: Biology and Bureau-
cracy in the Development of American Entomology,
1870-1930,” with Pamela Henson, from August 15, 1995 to
April 14, 1996.
Elizabeth Hanson, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Penn-
sylvania. “American Zoos: A Cultural History,” with Pa-
mela Henson, from September 15, 1995 to March 15, 1996.
Joseph Taylor, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Washing-
ton. “Making Salmon: Transcontinental Discourse in Fish
Culture, 1870-1941," with Pamela Henson, from June I5,
1995 to September 14, 1995.
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
Joao Alves, Visiting Student, University of Lisbon. “A Study
of the Clustering Properties of Young Stars and its Relation
to Dense Molecular Cloud Cores,” with Charles Lada, from
February 6, 1995 to February 5, 1996.
MinQ:i Bao, Visiting Student, University of Nebraska. “Multi-
photon Detachment (MPD) of Negative Ions in a Static
Electric Field,” with Eric Heller, from August 28, 1995 to
November 30, 1995.
Cesar Briceno, Predoctoral Fellowship, Universidad Central
de Venezuela. “Search for Very Low Mass Pre-Main Se-
quence Stars in Nearby Star Forming Regions,” with Lee
Hartman, from September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996.
Patrick Boyle, Visiting Student, University College, Dublin.
“Extracting the Spectra of TeV X-Ray Sources and Electronic/
Optical Upgrading of the 10 meter Reifector,” with Trevor
Weekes, from September 1, 1995 to December 31, 1995.
Nuria Calvert, Visiting Scientist, Centro de Investigaciones de
Astomomia. “Infalling Envelopes; Magnetospheres in T
Tauri Stars; Near Infrared Bands of CO from Accretion
Disks,” with Lee Hartmann, from March 1, 1995 to August
31, 1996.
Ming-Tang Chen, Visiting Scientist, Academia Sinica, Taipei.
“Engineering and Operation of the Ongoing Sub-MM
Array Project,” with Paul Ho, from July 1, 1995 to Decem-
ber 31, 1995.
Junfeng Chen, Short Term Visitor, Shanghai Jiao-Tong Uni-
versity. “Calculations of Energy Transfer in the Elastic Col-
lisions of Fast Nitrogen and Oxygen Atoms,” with
Alexander Dalgarno, from October 1, 1994 to December 31,
1994.
Eduardo Hector Colombo, Visiting Student, Buenos Aires
University. “Observation of AE Aqi and PSR1752 with the
use of the Whipple 1om Gamma-Ray Telescope,” with
Trevor Weekes, from July 12, 1995 to October 15, 1995.
Valerie Connaughton, Visiting Student, University College,
Ireland. “Search for Gamma-Ray Bursts in the 10m Reflec-
tor Data-Base,” with Trevor Weekes, from March 15, 1995
to June I5, 1995.
Manuel Ruiz Delgado, Visiting Student, Universidad
Politecnica de Madrid. “Dynamics of Multi-Probe Tethered
Satellites Deployed into the Relatively Dense Layers of the
Earth's Atmosphere,” with Enrico Lorenzini, from July 1,
1995 to September 30, 1995.
Antonaldo Diaferio, Visiting Scientist, University of Milano.
“Investigation of Interacting Galaxies and Galaxy Meging
in the Current Epoch,” with Margaret Geller, from Novem-
ber 1, 1995 to September 30, 1996.
Charles Gammie, Postdoctoral Fellow, Virginia Institution for
Theoretical Astronomy. “Galactic Structure: How Mixed
Star and Gas Disks Differ From the Single-Component
Models Studied in Classical Density Wave Theory and The
Magnetic Instability in Accretion Disks,” with Ramesh
Narayan, from February 1, 1995 to August 31, 1995.
Jose Miguel Girart, University of Bareclona, “High Angular
Resolution Radio Observations of Molecular and Herbig-
Haro Outflow Regions,” with Paul Ho, from October 1,
1994 to September 30, 1996.
Mark Gurwell, Postdoctoral Fellow, California Technical Insti-
tute. “Research related to the Submillimeter Wavelength
Interferometry,” with Paul Ho, from September 1, 1995 to
August 31, 1995.
Lambertus Hartmann, Visiting Scientist, University of Leiden.
“Use of the Clean HI Sky Maps from Data Collected with the
Dwingeloo Single-Dish Radio Telescope to Instigate New CO
Observations with the 1.2m Radio Telescope,” with Patrick
Thaddeus, from December 1, 1994 to November 30, 1995.
Luis Ho, CfA Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California,
Berkeley. “The Properties and Luminosity Function of Low-
Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei,” with Mark Reid and
Alan Knezevich, from August I5, 1995 to August 14, 1996.
William Hoston, Visiting Student, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. “Study of the Bose-Einstein Condensation,”
with Eric Heller, from October 1, 1994 to January 31, 1995.
Mahir Hussein, Visiting Scientist, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. “Study of Semiclassical Coupled-Cannels De-
scription of the Electron-Molecule Scattering within the
Vibron Model of Diatomic Molecules,” with Eric Heller,
from February 1, 1995 to July 31, 1995.
Rolf Jansen, Predoctoral Fellowship, Kapteyn Astronomical
Institute. “Theories of Galaxy Evolution,” with Daniel Fab-
ricanc, from September 1, 1995 to February 29, 1996.
Vasili Kharchenko, Visiting Scientist, St. Petersburg Techni-
cal University. “Thermalization of Fast Nitrogen Atom in
the High Thermosphere and NO Production by Energetic
N Atoms,” with Alexander Dalgarno, from January 1, 1995
to October 31, 1995.
Richard Kiely, Visiting Student, St. Patrick’s College. “Im-
plementation and Testing of a Low-Cost Cherenkov Imag-
ing Telescope,” with Trevor Weekes, from August 12, 1995
to February 12, 1996.
Rodney Lessard, Visiting Student, University College, Dub-
lin. “Observations with the Whipple Telescopes Aimed at
Extending the EGRET Observations on Supernova Rem-
nants to Higher Energies,” with Trevor Weekes, from May
I, 1995 to June 20, 1995.
Chien-Nan Linu, Visiting Student, University of Nebraska.
“Photodetachment of Li- Below the Li(3s) Threshold and
Multiphoton Detachment of Li-,” with Eric Heller, from
August 28, 1995 to December 31, 1995.
Omar Lopez-Cruz, Visiting Student, University of Toronto.
“Study of History of the Intracluster Medium (ICM) and
the Galaxies within the Cluster,” with Christine Jones For-
man, from April 1, 1995 to June 4, 1995.
Isaac Lopez-Fernandez, Visiting Scientist, Yebes Astronomical
Center. “Estimation of VLBI Observing Session, Ampli-
tudes of Diurnal and Semidiurnal In-Phase ad Out-of-
Phase Radial and Horizontal Site Motions,” with James
Davis, from January 15, 1995 to April Is, 1995.
Michael McCarthy, Visiting Scientist, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. “Electronic Spectroscopy of Astrophysical
Carbon Chains,” with Patrick Thaddeus, from August I,
1995 to July 31, 1996.
Julie McEnery, Visiting Student, University College Dublin.
“Methods of Discriminating the Gamma-Ray Signal From
Ill
the Background Muons,” with Trevor Weekes, from Janu-
ary 3, 1995 to April 3, 1995.
Brian McLeod, University of Arizona, “Evolution of Faint
Field Galaxies,” with John Huchra, from October 1, 1994 to
September 30, 1996.
Joan Najita, University of California, Berkeley, “Mag-
netocentrifugally Driven Winds from Rapidly Rotating
Protostars,” with Mark Reid, from October 15, 1994 to Oc-
tober 13, 1995.
Maxim Ol’Shanii, Visiting Scientist, Ecole Normale Superie-
ure. “Atomic Lithography Aided by Velocity Selective
Cohernent Population Trapping and Atomic Beam Splitter
Based on Multiple Adiabatic Population Transfer,” with
Eric Heller, from August 15, 1995 to August 14, 1996.
Rachel Pildis, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Michigan.
“Deep X-Ray and Optical Observation of Compact Groups
of Galaxies,” with Stephen Murray, from September 1, 1995
to August 31, 1996.
John Quinn, Visiting Student, University College, Belfield.
“Observation of Whipple Telescopes Aimed at Extending
the EGRET Catalog to Higher Energies,” with Trevor
Weekes, from October 10, 1994 to September 30, 1995.
Alastair Rodgers, Visiting Student, University of Leeds.
“Methods of Detection of Gamma-Rays Using Stereo Sys-
tems,” with Trevor Weekes, from January 29, 1995 to April
28, 1995.
Juan Ramon Sanmartin, Visiting Scientist, University
Politecnica de Madrid. “Theoretical Research on the Prob-
lems Related to Propagation of Plasma Waves in the Iono-
sphere and Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide,” with Robert
Estes, from July 21, 1995 to September 2, 1995.
Uros Seljak, CfA Postdoctoral Fellow, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. “Light Propagation in a Weakly Perturbed
Expanding Universe,” with Alastair G.W. Comeron, from
July 1, 1995 to June 30, 1996.
Anthony Starace, Visiting Scientist, University of Nebraska.
“Electron-Atom Scattering Effects on Laser Detachment of
H- ina Sratic Electric Field,” with Eric Heller, from Au-
gust 28, 1995 to January 2, 1996.
Darian Stibbe, Visiting Student, University College, London.
“Quantum Mechanical Solution to the Problem of (Large
Amplitude) Nuclear Motion in Molecules and the Collision
of Electrons (Positrons) With Molecules,” with Eric Heller,
from September 15, 1995 to June 15, 1996.
Jonathan Tennyson, Visiting Scientist, University College,
London. “Quantum Mechanical Solution to the Problem of
(Large Amplitude) Nuclear Motion in Molecules and Colli-
sion of Electrons (Positrons) with Molecules,” with Eric
Heller, from September 15, 1995 to June 15, 1996.
Jathindas Tharamel, Visiting Scientist, University of New
Hampshire. “Relaxation Process of Nonequilibrium Sys-
tems,” with Alexander Dalgarno, from January I, 1995 to
October 31, 1995.
Anne Thorne, Visiting Scientist, Imperial College of Science,
Technology and Medicine, England. “Measuring the Abso-
Ii2
luce Absorption Cross Sections of O,S-R Bands with V’ 12
by using the VUV-FT Spectrometner with Synchrotron
Source at the Photon Factory, Japan,” with Koshino
Yoshino, from March I, 1995 to March 31, 1995.
Eddy Timmermans, Postdoctoral Fellow, Rice University.
“Spin Holography and Quantum Statistical Effects in Reso-
nant Photon Scattering,” with Eric Heller, from September
I, 1995 to August 31, 1996.
Ching-Hua Tseng, Visiting Scientist, Harvard University. “In-
vestigations of a New Biomedical Diagnostic Technique:
The Inhalation and Magnetic Resonance (MR) of Laser-
Polarized’*?XE (Xenon) Gas,” with Ronald Walsworth,
from June I, 1995 to October 31, 1995.
Petri Vaisanen, Predoctoral Fellowship, Helsinki University.
“Observational Cosmology in the Infrared, Doing Number
Count Modelling,” with Giovanni Fazio, from August 15,
1995 to August 14, 1996.
Carl Williams, Visiting Scientist, National Institute of Stan-
dards and Technology. “Problems With Ultracold Atomic
Collisions,” with Eric Heller, from February 1, 1995 to May
13, 1995.
Jennifer Wiseman, Visiting Scientist, Harvard University.
“Study of Staf Forming Molecular Clouds,” with Pual Ho,
from June I, 1995 to August 31, 1995.
Smithsonian Environmental
Research Center
Anastazia Banaszak, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Cali-
fornia, Santa Barbara. “UV Photobiology of Phytoplankton
in the Rhode River, Chesapeake Bay,” with Patrick Neale,
from September I, 1995 to August 31, 1996.
Damian Barrett, Mellon Visiting Scientist, CSIRO Division
of Plant Industry. “The Effects of Rising Atmospherici CO,
and Climate Change,” with Bert Drake, from May 1, 1995
to October 31, 1995.
Paul Bushmann, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Boston University.
“Chemical Urine Signals, Vision, and Current Generation
in the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus,” with Anson Hines,
from July 1, 1995 to June 30, 1996.
Kelton Clark, SI Graduate Fellow, University of Maryland,
College Park. “The Response of Prey to Variability in Pred-
ator Guild Composition and Refuge Habitat Value: An Ex-
ample from the Chesapeake Bay,” with Anson Hines, from
June 1, 1995 to August 31, 1995.
Ilka Feller, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, Georgetown University.
“Effects of Light Levels, Gender, Mineral Nutrients, Ele-
vated CO, on Herbivory in the Woody Deciduous Shrub,
Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume (Lauraceae),” with James Lynch
and Dennis Whigham, from August I, 1995 to July 31, 1996.
Jennifer Gavin, Visiting Student, University of North Caro-
lina. “Mating Display of Male Blue Crabs: Role of a Male
Pheromone,” with Anson Hines, from June 12, 1995 to Au-
gust 18, 1995.
Roger Gifford, Mellon Senior Fellow, CSIRO Divisicn of
Plant Industry, Australia. “The Effects of Rising Atmo-
spheric CO, and Climate Change,” with Berk Drake, from
February I, 1995 to January 31, 1997.
Miguel Gonzalez-Meler, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, University of
Barcelona. “Regulation of Respiration by Athospheric CO,
Concentration,” with Bert Drake, from June Is, 1995 to
December 14, 1995.
L. David Smith, University of Maryland, College Park,
“Understanding Ballast-Mediated Invasions: The Effects of
Transoceanic Transport and Prolonged Darkness on Plank-
tonic Survival and Development,” with Gregory Ruiz,
from November 1, 1994 to October 30, 1995.
Smithsonian Institution Libraries
Kenneth Caneva, Dibner Library Resident Scholar, University
of North Carolina. “Orsted, Colding, and the Meanings of
Force in Nineteenth Century Physics,” with Nancy Gwinn,
from June I, 1995 to June 30, 1995.
Bruce Janacek, Dinber Libaray Resident Scholar, University of
California, Davis. “Redemption and Reformation: The Reli-
gious Significance of Alchemy in Early Modern England,”
with Nancy Gwinn, from September 12, 1995 to December
12, 1995.
Helen Rozwadowski, University of Pennsylvania, “Fruits of
the Sea: The Literary Products of Nineteenth-Century
Ocean Travel,” with Ellen Wells, from February 1, 1995 to
April 30, 1995.
Steven Walton, University of Toronto, “Engineering the
Body: Mechanical Beings 1600-1900,” with Ellen Wells,
from May Is, 1995 to August 15, 1995.
Smithsonian Tropical Research Center
Mitchell Allen, Visiting Student, University of Kansas.
“Photosynthesis and Whole Plant Performance in the
Understory at Barro Colorado Island,” with S. Joseph Wright
and Robert Pearcy, from July 1, 1995 to March 31, 1997.
Nigel Asquith, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Duke University. “Abi-
otic and Biotic Control of Tree Regeneration: An Experi-
mental Comparison of Sites Around Gatun Lake, Panama,”
with S. Joseph Wright, from February 1, 1996 to January
31, 1997.
Henrik Balslev, Senior Mellon Fellow, Aarhus University,
Denmark. “Study of the Structure and Evolution of Terres-
trial Ecosystems,” with Robin Foster, from March 1, 1995 to
February 28, 1997.
Heidi Banford, SI Graduate Fellow, College of William and
Mary. “Historical Zoogeography of Scomberomorus (Teleostei:
Scombridae) From the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific: A Mo-
lecular Approach,” with Eldredge Bermingham, from Sep-
tember 1, 1995 to November 9, 1995.
Mairi Best, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Chicago. “Tapho-
nomy of Tropical Molluscan Assemblages: Comparative of Car-
bonate and Siliciclastic Marine Environments of the San Blas
Archipelago Caribbean Coast of Panama,” with Jeremy Jack-
son, from September 1, 1995 to November 30, 1995.
Hans Bohnert, Mellon Senior Fellow, University of Arizona.
“Metabolic Pathways for Assimilation of Carbon Dioxide
in Vascular Plants,” with Klaus Winter, from March 1, 1995
to February 28, 1997.
David Chalcraft, SI Graduate Fellow, Virginia Polytechnic In-
stitute. “Predation on Lizard Eggs by Ants: Interaction
Modifications in an Unstable Physical Environment,” with
A. Stanley Rand and S. Joseph Wright, from June 1, 1995 to
August 9, 1995.
Neil Davies, Short Term Fellow, University College, London.
“Islands: Phylogenetic Sinks or Engines of Evolution,”
with Eldredge Bermingham, from November 1, 1994 to
January 31, 1995.
Pedro Gonzalez, National Institute of Health, “Analysis of
the Molecular Divergence in the Sea Urchin Geminate Spe-
cies in Both Sides of the Panama Isthmus,” with Harilaos
Lessios, from January 6, 1995 to January 6, 1996.
Ralph Kaemmerer, Mellon Visiting Scientist, Freie Uni-
versitat, Berlin. “Metabolic Pathways for Assimilation of
Carbon Dioxide in Vascular Plants,” with Klaus Winter
and Hans Bohnert, from September 1, 1995 to August 31,
1997.
Roland Kays, SI Predoctoral Fellow, University of Tennessee.
“Ecological Influences of Social Structure: A Study of Two
Primate-Like Carnivores,” with Egbert Leigh and A. Stan-
ley Rand, from September 1, 1995 to August 31, 1996.
Kaoru Kitajima, Visiting Scientist, University of Minnesota.
“Comparative Ecology of Tree Canopies in a Tropical Dry
Forest Near Panama,” with Joseph Wright, from January 1,
1995 to August 31, 1995.
Deborah Olander, SI Graduate Fellow, University of Missouri,
St. Louis. “Late Second Growth Forest Light Environments:
Implications for Forest Regeneration,” with S. Joseph
Wright, from June 10, 1995 to August 19, 1995.
John Pandolfi, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California,
Davis. “A Comparative Analysis of Stability in Pleistocene
Reef Coral Assemblages for the Caribbean and the Indo-Pa-
cific,” with Jeremy Jackson and Anthony Coates, from Oc-
tober I, 1994 to September 30, 1997.
Carla Penz, Short Term Fellow, University of Texas. “Phyloge-
netic Relationships among He/iconitt: genera (Lep: Nymph-
alidae),” with Eldredge Bermingham, from November 1,
1994 to January 31, 1995.
113
Stephen Rehner, SI Postdoctoral Fellow, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. “Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of
Attine Fungi and Neotropical Lepiotaceae,” with Eldredge
Bermingham, from September I, 1995 to August 31, 1996.
Kayra Romoleroux, Visiting Scientist, Pontificia Universidad
Catolica del Ecuador. “Structure and Evolution of Terres-
trial Ecosystems,” with Robin Foster and Henrik Balslev,
from June 1, 1995 to May 31, 1997.
Gerald Urquhart, Short Term Fellow, University of Michigan.
“Paleoecological Investigation of Patterns of Disturbance
and Regeneration in Hurricane and Fire-Damaged Tropical
Swamp Forests,” with Paul Colinvaux, from February 1,
1995 to April 30, 1995.
Fernando Vallardares, Mellon Visiting Scientist, University
of California, Davis. “Photosynthesis and Whole Plant
Performance in the Understory at Barro Calorado Is-
land,” with S. Joseph Wright, from April 20, 1995 to
March 31, 1996.
Jeanne Zeh, SI Predoctoral Fellow, Rice University. “Female
Promiscuity Meets Genomic Anarchy in the Hybrid Zone,”
with Eldredge Bermingham, from June 1, 1995 to August
31, 1995.
Internships and Other
Appointments
The Smithsonian offers internships and other special ap-
pointments to undergraduate and graduate students and
to museum professionals. The interns included here
began their appointments in fiscal year 1995. Those who
received special awards or participated in special pro-
grams are so listed. Wherever possible the home institu-
tion, a brief description of the project undertaken at the
Smithsonian, and the dates of service are given.
Anacostia Museum
Michelle Black Smith, Masters Candidate, Fashion Institute of
Technology. Education. Exhibition and educational pro-
gramming at both the Anacostia and Motown Historical
Museums as a participant in the Museum Intern Partner-
ship Program. October 3, 1994 through April 15, 1995.
Raymond Doswell, Masters Candidate, University of Califor-
nia, Riverside. Working on the Black Mosaic exhibit. Janu-
ary 9, 1995 through March 17, 1995.
Marisa Keselica, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. An-
acostia Museum History Office “Speak to my heart” ex-
hibit examining African-American religious experience
114
especially ourside the mainstream protestant church. Sep-
tember 6, 1995 through December 22, 1995.
Deidre R. Lee, Bachelors Candidate, University of Virginia.
Public Programs. Working on a traveling exhibit/video
slide presentation to highlight important aspects of re-
search/exhibits at the museum. Developing press releases
for summer events. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995.
Jose A. Ortiz, Masters Candidate, New York University. Pub-
lic Programs. Evaluating five traveling exhibitions with
conservator for future circulation. Automating/cataloging
exhibition by developing historical archives and assisting
in audience development for Latino population. June 5,
1995 through August 18, 1995.
Archives of American Art
Titus Agee, Bachelors Candidate, Rollins College. Prelimi-
nary manuscript and archival processing and arrangement.
October 4, 1994 through December 23, 1994.
Genevieve Bensinger, Bachelors degree, Georgetown Univer-
sity. Archives of American Art. Research and Writing to
prepare guides to the collections in the Archives. August
30, 1995 through December 30, 1995.
Kaira M. Cabanas, Bachelors Candidate, Duke University. Re-
search and writing to prepare guides to the collections in
the Archives. Working on a reference guide to the collec-
tions of Latino artists at the Archives of American Art. This
will facilitate research on further study of Latino artists.
May 22, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
Jennifer E. Ciszewski, Bachelors Degree, University of Con-
necticut. Research and writing to prepare guides to the col-
lections in the Archives. October 3, 1994 through
December 25, 1994.
Heather Hole, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Curato-
rial. Research and writing to prepare guides to the collec-
tions in the Archives. June 5, 1995 through September 1,
1995.
Lars D. Kokkonen, Bachelors degree, Boston University. Ar-
chives of American Art. Research and writing to prepare
guides to the collections in the Archives. September 5, 1995
through December 23, 1995.
Lisa Lynch, Bachelors Degree, University of Oregon. Prelimi-
nary manuscript and archival processing and arrangement.
June 5, 1995 through September 8, 1995.
Victoria McCulloch, Bachelors Degree, University of Central
Lancashire. Research and writing to prepare guides to the
collections in the Archives. January 5, 1995 through May
30, 1995.
Jennifer Anne Sarzynski, Bachelors Candidate, Jakeaud Uni-
versity. Research and writing to prepare guides to the col-
lections in the Archives. May 8, 1995 through August 31,
1995-
Ashli White, Bachelors Degree, University of Virginia. Re-
search and writing to prepare guides to the collections in
the Archives. January 5, 1995 through May 30, 1995.
Laurel A. Williams, Bachelors Degree, Wesleyan University.
Research and writing to prepare guides to the collections in
the Archives. July 5, 1995 through August I, 1995.
Archives of American Art/New England
Mary Ellen Sciortino, Masters Candidate, Sinnins College. Ar-
chives of American Art, Boston. Processing papers of Peter
Blume. October I, 1994.
Arthur M. Sackler/Freer Gallery of Art
Kathy Byun, Bachelors Degree, Skidmore College. Conserva-
tion science, generating a library of infrared spectra of un-
organic materials to be used for reference to materials taken
from works of art. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995.
Jacqueline Curro, Masters Candidate, University of Maryland.
Library/Archives. Assist in review, update, and revision of
various forms created and used in the archives and review
of records policies. February 2, 1995 through May 3, 1995.
Mitchell Douglass, Bachelors Candidate, Oberlin College. Cu-
ratorial. Research Chinese furniture styles. January 3, 1995
through February I, 1995.
Konrad Fiedler, Bachelors Candidate, Columbia College. Edu-
cation Department. Arrange and preserve the early expedi-
tion records and professional papers of Carl Whiting
Bishop, an associate curator at the Freer Gallery of Art
from 1922 to 1942. July 5, 1995 through August I8, 1995.
Erica Henry, Bachelors Degree. Conservation. Paper conserva-
tion: rehousing, surveys, mending. September 25, 1995
through September 25, 1996.
Laura Lewis, Masters Candidate, George Washington Univer-
sity. Education. Modifications of the Yani Teacher Packet.
January 17, 1995 through April 27, 1995.
Anne Marteyn, Masters Degree, Sorbonne University. Conser-
vation. Study the philosophy and techniques of conserva-
tion of Asian works of art. December 1, 1994 through
March 1, 1995.
Susan McCaffrey, Bachelors Candidate, George Washington
University. Photography. Assist in photo lab shooting,
printing and filing photos of art objects. May 12, 1995
through September 30, 1995.
Susan McCullough, Masters Candidate, Indiana University.
Curatorial. Working on exhibit of Whistler. January 23,
1995 through May 15, 1995.
J. Melissa Miller, Bachelors degree. Registrar's Office. Preser-
vation and Access Project: Freer Gallery of Art Study Col-
lection. August 23, 1995 through December 31, 1995.
Chris Murphy, High School Graduate. Photography division.
Photo lab intern; Filing, Printing, Assisting etc. August 1,
1995 through December 31, 1995.
Laura Phang, Bachelors Candidate, Amherst College. Curato-
rial. Updating and maintaining files on Whistler works on
paper. Independent project involves exploring Whistler's
connection to Asian art. June 5, 1995 through August 5,
1995.
Jacob Preminda, Doctorate, University of California-Los An-
geles. Curatorial. Assisting with the development of the ex-
hibition of “Puja: Personal Devotion in India.” October 3,
1994 through January 3, 1995.
Farhad Sepambodi, Bachelors Candidate. Design. Various de-
sign work throughout the museum. March 13, 1995 through
August 31, 1995.
Laura Sonjara, Bachelors Degree, University of Wisconsin.
Conservation. Translate Chinese materials and study Asian
painting conservation techniques. December 5, 1994
through December 5, 1995.
Helen E. Spande, Bachelors Degree, Williams College. Con-
servation Lab. Paper lab conservation assistant. July 1o,
1995 through September 10, 1995.
Deborah Stein, Bachelors Candidate, Barnard College. Curato-
rial. Research on the permanent collection. Reorganization
of South Asian art for the reopening of the gallery in the
new space. Shadowing the curator of South Asian art. May
22, 1995 through August I, 1995.
Alexandra Tunstall, Bachelors Candidate, Oberlin College.
Chinese Art. Research assistant to Chinese Arc Curator.
July 24, 1995 through August 31, 1995.
Center for African American History
and Culture
Rachel Jean-Baptiste, Bachelors Degree, Bryn Mawr College.
Les Anneaux de Memoire - co exhibit between museum in
Nantes, France and several African American museums in
the US on the slave trade between France and Africa in the
18th century. May 16, 1995 through July 21, 1995.
Rodney Reynolds, Bachelors Degree, Howard University.
Working with curatorial and education staff to organize
and implement educational programs and work with cura-
torial and education staff to organize and implement educa-
tional programs and packets for exhibits. October 3, 1994
through April 15, 1995.
II5
Center for Folklife Programs and
Cultural Studies
Sam Ankerson, Bachelors Degree, Yale University. Assisting
and marketing of folkways materials. June 9, 1995 through
August 31, 1995.
Beth Binkley, Bachelors degree, Guilfurd College. The intern
will be working on the upcoming Folklife festival which in-
cludes 150 years of Smithsonian workers. Continuing work
of previous interns and compiling information on histori-
cal/current Smithsonian workers as well as the Smithsonian
as a museum and research institution. September 9, 1995
through March 31, 1996.
Dani Brune, Bachelors Candidate, Dartmouth College. I will
be doing preliminary research for one topic of next year’s
Folklife Festival. My research will focus on Smithsonian
workers for the past 150 years. June 19, 1995 through Au-
ZUST 30, 1995.
Alexa Jane Burcroff, Bachelors Candidate, Rochester Institute
of Technology. Assisting with the folklife festival. June 5,
1995 through July 14, 1995.
Christine E. Dee, Bachelors Candidate, George Washington
University. Preparation and production work on the Cape
Verde project, which will be a part of the 1995 Festival of
American Folklife. November 14, 1994 through July 31,
1995.
Ann Marie Denninger, Bachelors Degree, James Madison Uni-
versity. Assisting in the creation of a membership drive
packet and assembling information for a catalogue display-
ing work of artisans countrywide. January 9, 1995 through
February 28, 1995. Vladimir Donskoi, Bachelors Degree.
Work with 1995 Festival of American Folklife Russian pro-
gram.May 17, 1995 through July 3, 1995.
Mary Faial, Bachelors Candidate, Howard University. Re-
search, mailing, calling involved members of the Cape Ver-
dian Community. February 6, 1995 through June 1, 1995.
Dana Frye, Masters Candidate, The American University. In-
tern will put together a video and/or radio piece for the dis-
semination of information on the “Culture and
Development" program concentrating on sustainable agri-
culture. July 6, 1995 through December 31, 1995.
Catherine Hardman, Bachelors Candidate, George Mason Uni-
versity. Editing, filing. Research for ongoing project regard-
ing the 1950s. Musical focus on Woody Guthrie, Pete
Seeger, and rockabilly music. January 27, 1995 through Au-
Sust 3, 1995.
C. Mark Hill, Bachelors Candidate, Duke University. Festival
of American Folklife Cape Verde program. June 14, 1995
through February 1996.
Anne M. Hobbs, Bachelors Degree, Salisbury State Univer-
sity. Assisting with participant coordination of 1995 Fes-
tival of American Folklife. June 6, 1995 through July 6,
1995.
116
Sandi Horowitz, High School Student, Hillsboro High
School. Czech republic for the American Folklife Festival.
June 19, 1995 through July 4, 1995.
Robert Hsiung, Bachelors Candidate, University of Hawaii at
Manoa. Folklife and Culture. Assisting with the History of
American folklife and culture. December 19, 1994 through
January 10, 1995.
Kristen Jackson, Bachelors Degree, Lewis and Clark College.
African immigrants folklife study project to be included in
the 1995 Festival of American Folklife. November 28, 1994
through June 30, 1995.
Shawn Kline, Bachelors Degree, Indiana University of Penn-
sylvania. Folkways Recordings. Constituent research, devel-
oping project specific databases and coordinating media
kits. December 12, 1994 through December 12, 1995.
Katie Knoll, Bachelors Degree. Working on friends of the fes-
tival program, organization of folklife festival. June 12, 1995
through August I8, 1995.
Peter Kornberg, Bachelors Candidate, George Washington
University. 1995 Festival of American Folklife: Design pro-
duction. May 2, 1995 through July 19, 1995.
Suzanne Lettrick, Masters candidate, College of St. Rose. Edu-
cation. Working on educational packets which promote
knowledge of other cultures (i.e. Bahamian, Native Ameri-
can, etc) Also working on folklorist updates and commu-
nity scholar survey results. August 7, 1995 through August
25, 1995.
Su-Lian Li, Masters Candidate, The American University. In-
ventory and catalogue crafts, identifying Asian American
crafts, working with archives and assisting with the
Festival’ Russian music program. January 23, 1995 through
April 21, 1995.
Liza K. Lopez, Bachelors Candidate, New Mexico State Uni-
versity. Video documentary on Latin American/Caribbean
components of last year’s Folklife Festival. June 5, 1995
through August I, 1995.
Elena Martinez, Masters Candidate, University of Oregon.
Work on exhibit at Festival of America’s craft traditions; as-
sisting with production of the catalogue; working with
demonstrators. June 12, 1995 through August 18, 1995.
Mary Ellen McDermott, Masters Candidate, George Washing-
ton University. Craft traditions. May 15, 1995 through July
10, 1995.
Emily C. McDonald, Bachelors Candidate, University of
North Carolina. Organization of the Czech Republic por-
tion of the Festival of American Folklife, especially food
ways. May 21, 1995 through June 23, 1995.
Jenna A. Moniz, Bachelors Candidate, Howard University.
Helping coordinate and put together Folklife Festival. Jan-
uary 23, 1995 through July 31, 1995.
Ann M. Ochsendorf, Bachelors Candidate, Wellesley College.
Assisting with the folklife festival. June 5, 1995 through Au-
gust IO, 1995.
Tracy Patterson, Bachelors Degree, Clark Atlanta University.
African Immigrant Folklife. Assisting with various aspects
of production leading to the Festival of American Folklife
and conducting field interview with community scholars
and artists to be archived and analyzed for the office. June
5, 1995 through August I8, 1995.
Sarah Padilla, Bachelors Candidate, College of William and
Mary. Festival of American Folklife. Working on the Cape
Verdean exhibit. June 12, 1995 through August 4, 1995.
Rebecca D. Peters, Bachelors Candidate, Yale University.
Czech program for the American Folklife Festival. May 15,
1995 through August 31, 1995.
Emily Quirk, Bachelors candidate, The American University.
Bibliography for Richard Kurin, the director of the Center
for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies, regarding the
folklife festival regarding forthcoming festivals. September
Il, 1995 through December 31, 1995.
Melanie Robinson, Bachelors Candidate, University of Penn-
sylvania. Assisting with the Folklife festival. May 15, 1995
through July 31, 1995.
Marcela Rossello, Bachelors Degree. Assisting with the cul-
tural development video project. February 21, 1995 through
April 30, 1995.
Joshua J. Shaw, Bachelors Candidate, Bard College. Archives.
Archival work involving research and cataloging of oral tra-
ditions. October 24, 1994 through December 24, 1994.
Edward Sterret, High School Student, Chevy Chase High
School. Working with folkways record on the musical ar-
chives. March 2, 1995 through June 3, 1995.
Anne E. Thomas, Bachelors Candidate, College of William
and Mary. Folkways. Folkways recording and the archives;
observing the production of folkways recordings and treat-
ment of ethnomusicological issues in this context. May 22,
1995 through August 9, 1995.
Lynn M. Tuttle, Masters Degree, The Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity. Folkways Archives. Cataloging the original tapes of
Frederick Ramsey's fieldwork in the South in the 1950's and
collating the results of a survey directed toward educators
who use Smithsonian curriculum materials. January Io,
1995 through July 1, 1995.
Elena Williams, Bachelors Candidate, University of Arizona.
Working on completion of Borders and Identity Educa-
tional Kit and planning for Talleres de la Frontera. June 5,
1995 through August II, 1995.
Kelli E. Woodrow, Bachelors Candidate, University of Michi-
gan. Video. Documentation of the Folklife Festival. Meet
with program curators and set up a filming schedule and fa-
cilitate in the training of the festival video and volunteers.
May 22, 1995 through July 12, 1995.
Center for Museum Studies
Anika Bachhuber, Bachelors Candidate, George Mason Uni-
versity. Center for Museum Studies Intern Office. Coding
intern evaluation forms and compiling report for future sur-
veys and assessment of Center for Museum Studies Intern
Services. July 3, 1995 through August HJ, 1995.
Anika Bachhuber, Bachelors Candidate, George Mason Uni-
versity. Cataloguing audio tapes of annual meetings of the
American Association of Museums. Tapes of various “ex-
pert” panelists on subjects concerning museums. August
25, 1995 through December 31, 1995.
Don Edward Baylor Jr., Bachelors Degree. Provide courses and
information that encourages cultural diversity. Helping dis-
cover innovative ways to reach across cultural boundaries in
learning. October 3, 1994 through December 9, 1994.
Alexander A. Guzhalovsky, Doctorate Degree, Belarus State
University. Study museum operations in the United States
with special emphasis on design and education. Project
work will result in development of a museum studies cur-
riculum to be implemented at Belarusian State University.
October 3, 1994 through April 1, 1995.
Maria Eduarda Castro Marques, Masters Degree, Ponticicia
Universidade catolica-R7. Researching methods of Develop-
ment throughout the Smithsonian Institution. September
5, 1995 through November 5, 1995.
Marissa Payton, Masters Candidate, Howard University. Re-
search potential internship sites for the Museum Intern
Partnership Program; assist in developing 1996 program;
including planning conference to be held at The Smithson-
ian Institution in fall 1995. June 19, 1995 through Septem-
ber 1, 1995.
Maria Venclova, Bachelors Candidate, Baldwin-Wallace Col-
lege. Contacting prospective faculty participants, writing
confirmation and thank you letters to participants, research-
ing and compiling museum career info to be included in
program resource books, plan program agenda, session
plans. June 12, 1995 through July 31, 1995.
K. Allison Wickens, Bachelors Degree, Grinnell College.
American Indian Museum Studies. Compiling a directory
of people who attend American Indian workshops and col-
lecting information to use in future workshops. December
28, 1994 through February 24, 1995.
Angela Wickham, Bachelors Degree. Grant research and as-
sisting in the development of the 1995 Museum Leadership
Seminar. February 5, 1995 through May 20, 1995.
Conservation Analytical Laboratory
Holly Anderson, Masters Candidate, Buffalo State College.
Paper Conservation Laboratory. October 2, 1994 through
September 2, 1995.
Tania Collas, Masters Candidate, Buffalo State College. Ob-
jects Conservation. Treatment and research of objects and
field experience working at archaeological sites. October
17, 1994 through September 17, 1995.
117
Evin Erder, Masters Degree, University of Pennsylvania. Con-
servation Analytical Lab. Development of an evaluation
methodology for cleaning damage assessment. July 5, 1995
through September 11, 1995.
Andrea S. Morris, Bachelors Degree, University of Delaware.
Conservation. June 19, 1995 through August 25, 1995.
Cooper-Hewitt National
Design Museum
Joao Camacho Baptista de Meireles Felia, Bachelors Candi-
date, Istituto Superiore Ind. Artistiche. Education. Assist-
ing the curator with the organization of the Henry
Dreyfuss exposition. July 1, 1995 through September 1,
1995.
Stephanie K. Farrell, Masters Degree, Palmer School of Li-
brary and Information Science. Library. Various projects to
include working with Cooper-Hewitt Museum archives.
June 12, 1995 through August 18, 1995.
Ibena Spasova Georgieva, Bachelors Candidate. The American
University in Bulgaria. Exhibitions. Researching and organ-
izing two exhibitions for 1997. One is based on a collection
in honor of a centennial and the other one is an outdoor
project on solar power. June 12, 1995 through August 18,
1995.
Nic Maffei, Masters Candidate, University of Delaware.
Assisting the curator in organization of Henry Dreyfuss
exhibit and publication. June 1, 1995 through August 18,
1995.
Paul Makovsky, Masters Degree, University of Toronto.
Researching the projects “Mixing Messages" and “The
Avant-Garde Letterhead.” June 12, 1995 through August
18, 1995.
Beth Mangini, Bachelors Candidate, Stanford University. Edu-
cation. Summer Design Institute; cross currents series; in-
tern visits; garden party coordinator and facilitator. June 12,
1995 through August 18, 1995.
Rachael Eliza Smith, Bachelors Candidate, University of Penn-
sylvania. Public Information. Assisting Public Information
specialist in all duties including mailing list project, build-
ing renovation dissemination project, services to the nation.
June 12,1995 through August I8, 1995.
Chaim Stadtmauer, Bachelors Degree. Membership and
Special Events. Preparing a report on current member-
ship packages from local institutions and comparing
them to the Cooper-Hewitt. June 16, 1995 through Au-
gust 18, 1995.
Thorin R. Tritter, Bachelors Degree, Columbia University.
Public Programs. Researching information for upcoming
exhibition on the North American City. June 12, 1995
through August I8, 1995.
118
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Tobey Ballenger, Bachelors Degree, Dartmouth College. Edu-
cation. Education intern at the HMSG, redesigning the do-
cent training handbook, creating and giving tours,
working with the family days team on Saturday program-
ming. June 12, 1995 through August I8, 1995.
Bridget Theresa Cecchini, Bachelors Candidate, Oglethorpe
University. Education Department. Researching informa-
uon for special exhibitions including Stephan Balkenhol,
keeping Bruce Nauman information organized and current,
organizing information on upcoming exhibits and public
programs, and researching Barbara Hepworth. October 3,
1994 through December 16, 1994.
Romy Lisa Cohen, Bachelors Degree, Duke University. Cura-
torial. Assisting both the sculpture and painting curators
with research as well as updating general information about
some of the artists who are exhibited. June 5, 1995 through
August II, 1995.
Jennifer King, Bachelors Candidate, Rice University. Publica-
tions. Working with director of publications on museum
catalogs, calendar of events and other various publication
intended to facilitate communication becween the museum
and the public. June 5, 1995 through August 1, 1995.
Marni P. Kravitz, Bachelors Candidate, Georgetown Univer-
sity. Education. Assisting in program development. Sep-
tember 29, 1995 through December 20, 1995.
Amy Louise Miller, Bachelors Candidate, Westminster Col-
lege. Education. Researching artist Bruce Nauman, orienta-
tion with of departments by following docent tours and
attending lectures. February 3, 1995 through April 28, 1995.
Todd E. Rosenbaum, Bachelors Candidate, Virginia Common-
wealth University. Sculpture Conservation. June 5, 1995
through August 25, 1995.
Marinda Jeanne Scott, Bachelors Candidate, George Washing-
ton University. Curatorial. Assistant curatorial internship
conducting research on up coming exhibitions for Spring
1995. October 6, 1994 through May 30, 1995.
Julie Wolfe, Masters Candidate, Buffalo State College. Conser-
vation. Outdoor sculpture maintenance program. June 5,
1995 through August 25, 1995.
International Center
Oscar Daniel Diaz Aguilar. International Project Develop-
ment Group Perform research and develop possible projects
in Paraguay. Assisting with marketing efforts for the IPDG
and researching debt information for Paraguay. February
27, 1995 through May 31, 1995.
Olga Ananina, Bachelors Candidate, Hope College. Interna-
tonal Project Development Group. Researching and com-
piling a document summarizing several Smithsonian projects
relating to Russia. Researching and compiling a document
summarizing several Smithsonian projects relating to Russia.
Working with the Office of Development in securing funding
sources for possible activities. Translation from Russian to En-
glish. Light administrative assistance for the Director of the
IPDG. Assisting with activities relating to the Gutana Work-
ing Group. March 20, 1995 through April 27, 1995.
Ione Anderson, Bachelors Degree, McGill University. Environ-
mental. Producing a “family guide" for the Ocean Planet
exhibition. May 22, 1995 through September 22, 1995.
Paul Feldman, Bachelors Degree. Man and the Biosphere.
Working on a user's guide to the Virgin Islands Biosphere
Reserve Biodiversity Plot 02. October 3, 1994 through De-
cember 13, 1994.
Naina Mistry, Bachelors Degree, U.C. Berkeley. Environmen-
tal Awareness. Working on materials related to the “Ocean
Planc” exhibit at the Natural History Museum. May 8, 1995
through July 17, 1995.
Sonal I. Pandya, Masters Candidate, University of Maryland.
International Project Development Group. Researching
and formulating proposals on various issues relating to the
Guianas Ad Hoc Working Group, i.e. revenue generating
alternatives to timber harvesting. Creating a list containing
the debt information for various countries. Assisting with
marketing efforts and possible design of A National Mu-
seum of Natural History Training Brochure. February 6,
1995 through May 22, 1995.
Sarah Piepmeier, Bachelors Candidate, Wellesley College. As-
sistant to the staff coordinator, I5oth anniversary commu-
nity committee. Producing camera ready copy of catalog
for leading community activity-the great Smithsonian
giveaway. This will help implement other 150th projects.
June 5, 1995 through August 8, 1995.
Anita Van Harten, Masters Candidate, George Washington
University. Environmental Awareness Program. Assisting
in development and implementation of public programs
and educational materials in support of the “Ocean Planet”
exhibition. January 17, 1995 through May 5, 1995.
National Air and Space Museum
Ellen Alvord, Masters Degree, William and Mary. Educa-
tional Services. Research support in aviation, aerospace, en-
vironmental education, and adult education. June 12, 1995
through August 18, 1995.
Tyrin Heather T.C. Avery, Bachelors Candidate, Wellesley
College. Space History. Research support to the develop-
ment of an upcoming gallery on the history of Blacks in
aviation. The gallery research will entail extensive oral his-
tory interviewing, collection of personal items and back-
ground research. June 5, 1995 through August 11, 1995.
Joy Bowman, Bachelors Candidate, West Virginia University.
Educational Services. Assisting the coordinator in manag-
ing the internship program. Responsible for creating files
on each student, scheduling tours and other activities relat-
ing to the program. Developing careers program in avia-
tion. May 30, 1995 through August II, 1995.
Joy Bowman, Bachelors Candidate, West Virginia University.
Education. Working on a project for the National Air and
Space Museum Education department consisting of re-
search into the aeronautical field. The research will be com-
piled into a contest to be presented to DC high school
students, to get them interested in air/space. June 5, 1995
through August II, 1995.
David Burton, Bachelors Candidate, University of the District
of Columbia. Preservation/Restoration. Restoring the “B-
29” aircraft. Working on control systems, hydraulic sys-
tems, power plants, propellers, landing gears, instruments,
and other aircraft or spacecraft parts, wooden and metal.
June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995.
Joseph Cabutto, Bachelors Candidate, Embry-Riddle Aeronau-
tical University. Preservation/Restoration. Restoring and
preserving aircraft engines. Working on control systems,
hydraulic systems, power plants, propellers, landing gears,
instruments, and other aircraft or spacecraft parts, wooden
and metal. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995.
Juliana E. Carpenter, Bachelors Candidate, Wittenberg Uni-
versity, Educational Services. Assisting program coordina-
tor with the Summer Science Camp for approximately 120
children ages 9-12. The theme of the camp will be “Envi-
ronment and You—Perfect Together." June 12, 1995
through August 18, 1995.
Marcelo Catalan, Bachelors Candidate, Embry-Riddle Aero-
nautical University. Preservation/Restoration. Restoring
the “Hawker Hurricane,” aircraft. Working on control sys-
tems, hydraulic systems, powerplants, propellers, landing
gears, instruments, and other aircraft or spacecraft parts,
wooden and metal. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995.
David Cremer, Bachelors Candidate, Gateway Technical Col-
lege. Exhibits Production. Advanced techniques of Agfa
Copy Camera, which includes producing film positive,
paper copy, line art and text labels. Intern will learn about
mixing of ink color, color separation, and silkscreen tech-
nique. June 5, 1995 through August Il, 1995.
Sarah Evans, Bachelors Degree. Archives. Assisting in the
preparation plan for the U.S. Air Force Pre-1943 still photo-
graphic collection, Phase II. This phase will consist of color
images which appear in prints, slides and film. June 5, 1995
through August II, 1995.
Katherine Finch, Bachelors Candidate, Trinity College. Multi-
cultural Outreach. Work on creating a video library from all
public programs. Library will include research of biographical
information, current address, phone number and a brief de-
scription of each lecture. June 5, 1995 through August II, 1995.
Kevin Govier, Bachelors Candidate, Prince George’s Commu-
nity College. Assisting in preserving and restoring a World
119
War II artifact, involving learning skills regarding corro-
sion control and how to disassemble and reassemble the ar-
tuifact upon completion of the treatment. November 21,
1994 through January 23, 1995.
Samuel Hicks, Bachelors Candidate, George Washington
University. Computer Services. Assisting in configuring
and installing personal computer hardware and software,
including necwork hardware. In addition, student will
assist personal computer users to solve hardware and
software problems. June 12, 1995 through August 11,
1995.
Timothy Howard, Bachelors Candidate, Parks College of
St. Louis. Restoration/Preservation. Working on the
cowlings of the B-29 which entails a complete break-
down of the engine cowlings followed by a thorough
cleaning and then re-assembling them. Cowlings will be
attached to powerplants. January 23, 1995 through
March 31, 1995.
Peter KeKe, Bachelors Candidate, Bowie State University. Ed-
ucation/Exhibits. Developing, constructing and evaluating
interactive devices for the “How Things Fly” gallery, which
will open in 1996. The majority of the prototypes will be
electro-mechanically operated. June 5, 1995 through August
II, 1995.
Angie Kelic, Bachelors Candidate, University of Michigan.
Preservation/Restoration. Restoring the"B-29" aircraft.
Working on control systems, hydraulic systems, power
plants, propellers, landing gears, instruments, and other air-
craft or spacecraft parts, wooden and metal. June 5, 1995
through August I, 1995.
Ronald Kurpiers, Masters Candidate, Catholic University. Ed-
ucation/Library. Creating bibliographies on topics that re-
late to the museum's collections and exhibits. Creating an
index to the Scrapbook of Early Aeronautical, which in-
cludes materials dating from 1783-1840. June 5, 1995
through August 25, 1995.
Stephan Lisimaque, Bachelors Candidate, Florida Tech. Preser-
vation. Restoring the “Aichi Seiran" aircraft. Working on
control systems, hydraulic systems, power plants, propel-
lers, landing gears, instruments, and other aircraft or space-
craft parts, wooden and metal. June 5, 1995 through August
11, 1995.
Crystal G. Lovett, Bachelors Candidate, University of Illinois
Urbana. Center for Earth and Planetary Studies. Analyzing
and interpreting remote sensing characteristics of vegetated
and non-vegetated sand accumulations in the eastern Mo-
jave Desert of California. Working with Landsat and SPOT
satellite data to discriminate sand features. June 5, 1995
through September 8, 1995.
Erica Mestuzzi, Bachelors Candidate, New York University.
Archives. Creating physical and intellectual control of in-
coming archival collections. Rehousing and preparing ini-
tial container lists for small collections and assisting with
the technical manuals and drawings collections. June 5,
1995 through August II, 1995.
120
Heidi Oertle, Bachelors Candidate, Carleton College. Coop-
erative Programs. Production of an Air and Space Com-
pendium. A catalog of information on museums which
participated in the Mutual Concerns of Air and Space
Museum Seminars from 1988-92. Updating and expand-
ing the compendium. June 12, 1995 through August 18,
1995.
Jennifer Ohgi, Bachelors Candidate, Cal Tech. Education/
Exhibits. Developing, contructing and evaluating inter-
active devices for the “How Things Fly” gallery which will
open in 1996. The majority of the prototypes will be electro-
mechanically operated. June 19, 1995 through August 11,
1995.
Nagini Paravastu, Bachelors Candidate, University of Vir-
ginia. Astrophysics. Work closely with the supervisor on in-
frared spectra of galaxies taken at Palomar Observatory.
Intern will address data reduction problems and assist in
the interpretation of the data. May 30, 1995 through Au-
Sust 4, 1995.
Penelope Ramirez, Bachelors Candidate, Purdue Univer-
sity. Aeronautics. Assisting the curator with the
production of a pamphlet on women in aviation on
exhibit. This guide will be used by tourists, media, and
interested parties on the subject. June 5, 1995 through
August II, 1995.
Mounir Regragui, Bachelors Candidate, University of the Dis-
trict of Columbia. Education/Exhibits. Developing, con-
structing and evaluating interactive devices for the “How
Things Fly” gallery, which will open in 1996. The majority
of prototypes will be electro-mechanically operated. June 5,
1995 through August II, 1995.
Christopher Sands, Bachelors Candidate, Embry-Riddle
Aeronautical University. Preservation/Restoration. Re-
storing and preserving aircraft engines. Working on con-
trol systems, hydraulic systems, power plants,
propellers, landing gears, instruments, and other aircraft
or spacecraft parts, wooden and metal. June 5, 1995
through August II, 1995.
Lolita Street, Bachelors Candidate, George Washington Uni-
versity. Education/Exhibits. Developing, constructing and
evaluating interactive devices for the “How Things Fly”
gallery, which will open in 1996. The majority of proto-
types will be electro-mechanically operated. June 5, 1995
through August HW, 1995.
Erik Thogersen, Bachelors Degree, University of Wiscon-
sin. Education. Student will work on designing, build-
ing and testing electronic-mechanical devices for the
“How Things Fly" gallery. January 30, 1995 through
April 7, 1995.
Lisa Young, Bachelors Degree, University of Wales, Car-
diff. Education. Conservation intern with conservation
unit. Participating in daily activities including active
and preventive conservation, environmental monitoring
and condition assessments. July 11, 1995 through
September 2, 1995.
National Museum of African Art
Penelope J. Agodoa, Masters Candidate, University of Mary-
land. Curatorial. Verification and location of published im-
ages of Olouse of Ise towards the production of a catalogue.
Project includes research of other artists working in the
Ekiti area during the same period. June 1, 1995 through Au-
gust II, 1995.
Susanna Aulbach, Bachelors Degree, University of Texas. Cu-
ratorial. Working on survey of the permanent collection in
preparation for cataloging. Assisting curator in identifying
incorrect attributions in collection and up date curatorial
records and assisting in ongoing projects. January 9, 1995
through March 33, 1995.
Andrea Bergmann, Bachelors Candidate, George Washington
University. Curatorial. The intern will be engaged in li-
brary research devoted to the first Portuguese navigators
and traders who explored the coasts of West, Central,
Southern, and Eastern Africa in the late 1400s and early
1500s. see form for rest. September 19, 1995 through No-
vember 21, 1995.
John R. Glavan, Bachelors Degree, Michigan State Univer-
sity. Library of the National Museum of African Art. The
intern will serve as research assistant to the Working
Group on Terminology to research and document the
usage, meaning and variants of terms relevant to African
Art indexing and cataloging. September 18, 1995 through
November 24, 1995.
Holly Long, Bachelors Candidate, College of William and
Mary. Conservation. Will be provided a pre-program experi-
ence regarding the conservation of ethnographic art to in-
clude environmental monitoring and control, preventative
maintenance and conservation technique. June 19, 1995
through August 18, 1995.
Helen Morgan, Bachelors Degree, Art Gallery and Mu-
seum, Kelingrove. Registrar. Assist registrar with a
physical inventory of the collections. This will include
reconciling computer printouts of storage locations with
exact locations of object in storage areas to include
metal objects and textiles. March 4, 1995 through
February 6, 1996.
Pilar Quezzaire-Belle, Masters Candidate, Harvard
University. Photo Archives. Research for an upcoming
exhibit on raffia, a plant used in Africa for many objects,
both practical and artistic. June 5, 1995 through July u1,
1995-
Elizabeth Quinn, Bachelors Candidate, University of Wis-
consin. Publications. Working with Public Affairs on
updating the museum's media lists as well as being ex-
posed to other public affairs department activities. Also
assisting the Editor in the production of a wide range of
museum materials. July 10, 1995 through September 22,
1995-
National Museum of American Art
Jane Carpenter, Masters Candidate, Howard University. Cura-
torial Office. Update bibliography and exhibition history
drafts for cornell catalogue raisonne in progress. Folk art
and African American art related research tasks pertaining
to permanent collection holdings in these areas NMAA
Advanced Museum Training Program. September 8, 1995
through April 28, 1996.
Angela Chang. Education. NMAA Advanced Museum Train-
ing Program. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996.
Ricardo Compean, Bachelors Candidate, Blackhawk College.
Curatorial. Working with Curatorial office at the Museum
of American Art. Translation and research on Latino Artists
and Art work. July 5, 1995 through August 12, 1995.
R. Leo Costello, The American University. Intern Programs.
NMAA Advanced Museum Training Program. September
8, 1995 through April 28, 1996.
Erica Renee Davis, Bachelors Degree. Working in curatorial
division with curators on their projects. June 5, 1995
through August II, 1995.
Alison Field, Bachelors degree. Intern Programs. NMAA Ad-
vanced Museum Training Program. September 8, 1995
through April 28, 1996.
Andrea Foster, Bachelors degree. Registrar's Office. NMAA
Advanced Museum Training Program. Registrar/Curato-
rial. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996.
Timothy Gately, Bachelors Candidate, University of Mary-
land. Assistance on all levels for upcoming museum publi-
cations. June 2, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
Kelly Gayden, Masters Candidate, The American University.
Intern Programs. NMAA Advanced Museum Training Pro-
gram. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996.
Shannon Holden, Bachelors Candidate, University of Texas at
Austin. Work on curatorial publication and research on up-
coming HL. Sayen exhibit. June 2, 1995 through July 28,
1995.
Janice A. Homesky, Bachelors Degree, LCO Tribe. Curatorial.
Curatorial research and exhibition design as a participant
in the Museum Intern Partnership Program. October 3,
1994 through April Is, 1995.
Lori Johnson, Masters Candidate, The American University.
Intern Programs. NMAA Advanced Museum Training Pro-
gram. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996.
Amy K. Jones. Assistance in various aspects of the NMAA
registrar's office. June 5, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
Danielle Kensey, Masters Candidate, The American
University. Intern Programs. NMAA Advanced Museum
Training Program. September 8, 1995 through April 28,
1996.
Timothy Laun, Bachelors Candidate, University of Wiscon-
sin Stevens Point. Intern Programs. Re-installation of
second floor of NMAA. June 5, 1995 through July 28,
1995-
Hoojung Lee, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Registrar's Office. NMAA Advanced Training Program.
September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996.
Lisa M. Lynch, Bachelors Degree, University of Oregon.
Manuscript processing, editing oral history tapes. June 5,
1995 through September 8, 1995.
Susan Nalezyty, The American University. Intern Programs.
NMAA Advanced Museum Training Program. September
8, 1995 through April 28, 1996.
Hilary Nordholm, High School Senior, Potomac School. Reg-
istrar. General overview of registrar's office. May 10, 1995
through June 6, 1995.
Jessica Porter, Bachelors Candidate, University of Delaware.
Research on Joseph Cornell collection. June 2, 1995 through
July 28, 1995.
Sarah Puckett, Masters Candidate, San Jose State University.
Assist in conducting summer teacher workshops, develop-
ment of photo festival in conjunction with up-coming exhi-
bition. June 2, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
Anne Samuel, Masters Degree. Curatorial Office. NMAA Ad-
vanced Museum Training Program—Curatorial. September
8, 1995 through April 4, 1995.
Jennifer A. Sarzynski, Bachelors Candidate, Oakland Univer-
sity. Curatorial. “Diaries and Memoirs": writing, research-
ing and preparing for publication. May 8, 1995 through
August 31, 1995.
Emily Shapiro, Bachelors Degree. Intern Programs. NMAA
Advanced Museum Training Program. September 8, 1995
through April 28, 1996.
Jennifer Shell, Bachelors Candidate, Indiana University. Re-
search on possible exhibition on Miriam Shapiro, abstract
expressionist period. June 2, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
Elisabeth Sherratt, Bachelors Degree, University of California,
Los Angeles. Research on upcoming monotype exhibition.
June 2, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
Monica Sirimarco, Masters Degree. Intern Programs. NMAA
Advanced Museum Training Program, Curatorial and Edu-
cation. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996.
Amy Sloan, Bachelors Candidate, Auburn University. Assis-
tance on all levels for upcoming museum publications.
June 2, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
Rachel Smith. Curatorial Office. NMAA Advanced Training
Program. September 8, 1995 through April 28, 1996.
Christina Tompkins, Masters Candidate, The American Uni-
versity. Intern Programs. NMAA Advanced Training Pro-
gram. September 8, 1995 through August 28, 1996.
Roxanna Ware, Bachelors Candidate, Salisbury State Univer-
sity. Assist in work on all levels related to the NMAA per-
manent database. June 2, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
Laurel A. Williams, Bachelors Degree, Wesleyan Univer-
sity. Archives of American Art. Will be cataloging and
summarizing diaries and journal entries of American art-
ists and those related to them, producing and publishing
a guide to these diaries. July 5, 1995 through August I,
1995.
122
Erika Yowell, Bachelors Degree, College of William and
Mary. Assistance on NMAA's directors circle and develop-
ment of brochure. June 2, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
National Museum of American History
Jennifer Agresta, Bachelors Degree, Mount Holyoke College.
Researching social science professors at Howard University
in the 1930s. January 17, 1995 through May 26, 1995.
Elizabeth Ann Albert, Doctorate. American Culture. Work on
collections management at the National Museum of Ameri-
can History. October 3, 1994 through March 31, 1995.
Leah Angell, Bachelors Candidate, Yale University. Agricul-
ture & Natural Resources. Research project and paper on
botanical chemotheruputics and drug “pharming.” June 5,
1995 through August 30, 1995.
Eric Aron, Bachelors Candidate, Clark University. Intern-
ships/Fellowships. Coordinating Brown Bag Lunch series
and editing “intern opportunities.” Also working on Red
Hor and Blues exhibit. June 5, 1995 through August 30,
1995.
Joan Axthelm, Bachelors Candidate. Internship and Fellow-
ship, Assisting internship and fellowship coordinator by or-
ganizing the Brown Bag Lunch series for spring interns and
coordinating the recruitment and orientation of new in-
terns. January 12, 1995 through June 2, 1995.
Ann Marie Baldonado, Bachelors Degree, Haverford College.
Archives. Surveying the Ethnic Imagery Project. January
19, 1995 through July 31, 1995.
Rebecca J. Barnes, Bachelors Candidate, Taylor University. So-
cial History. Researching domestic life in America, past
and present. Learning about handling artifacts and putting
together exhibits. September 18, 1995 through December
14, 1995.
Amy Frances Bartow, Masters Candidate, George Washington
University. Public Services. Work on the development and
evaluation of a bilingual preschool guide for adult/child au-
dience. January 17, 1995 through April 7, 1995.
Michelle Bayes, Bachelors Candidate, American University.
Public Services. Research museum education programs of
the last five years and create an annotated bibliography. Jan-
uary 26, 1995 through April 28, 1995.
Robert J. Benjamin, Bachelors Candidate, Stanford Univer-
sity. Public Services. Assisting in model making, architec-
tural drawing, project organization and general tasks in the
design division. January 30, 1995 through August I5, 1995.
Kathleen Bergen, Bachelors Degree, Maryland Institute, Col-
lege of Art. Program Planning and Design. Assisting the
supervisor with the planning and designing of an exhibit ti-
tled “on Time” to be on exhibit in the museum of Ameri-
can History. August 28, 1995 through December 31, 1995.
Daniel I. Berger, Bachelors Candidate, Bates College. Armed
Forces. Preparing specimens for inventory and data entry.
January 25, 1995 through April 28, 1995.
Justin M. Bernthal, Bachelors Candidate, University of Puget
Sound. Public Services. Bulletin board posters, rosters, an-
nouncements, thank-you notes. Decide what is important
for interns to learn about for the brown bag lunch series.
June 1, 1995 through July 27, 1995.
Anne Berry, Masters Candidate, George Washington Univer-
sity. Community Life. Working on 1939-40 New York
World's Fair Collection. October 24, 1994 through January
31, 1995.
Damon T. Bethea, Bachelors Candidate, Allegheny College.
Historical Resources. Ethnic imagery. Researching the view
of ethnicity over the past 100 years in American advertise-
ments, films and television. May 30, 1995 through August
2, 1995.
Fran Biehl, Bachelors Degree, University of Colorado. Ameri-
can Indian Program. Changing landbase and land-use on
the Kiowa allotted land area. February 22, 1995 through
April 11, 1995.
Daniela Bleichmar, Bachelors Candidate, Harvard-Radcliffe
University. Historical Resources. Researching Dr. George
Washington Crile’s wax models of animal glands. June 19,
1995 through August 21, 1995.
Matthew Block, Bachelors Candidate, American University.
Special Events/Public Affairs. Begin arrangements for pro-
jected symposium auction fund-raising event. Assisting
with routine planning and paperwork for ongoing events.
Attending events in order to assist with set-up and opera-
tions. Assist in the Office of Public Affairs. August 31, 1995
through December 7, 1995.
Samuel M. Bond, Masters Candidate, University of South
Florida, Tampa. Public Programs. Planning and develop-
ment of impending exhibit for Museum of American His-
tory. June 5, 1995 through August 30, 1995.
Kristin Bornholdt, Bachelors Degree. Numismatic Collec-
tion. General collections management with various pro-
jects, including some work with viking age coin collection.
March 1, 1995 through May 31, 1995.
Gary F. Bouthillette, Bachelors Candidate, Virginia Tech, Ar-
chitectural History. Researching historic Washington
buildings, architects, etc. February 14, 1995 through April
28, 1995.
Debra J. Brennesholtz, Bachelors Candidate, Colorado State
University. Exhibits. Working on projects related to
graphic design, putting together foam models, drafting
and working on the computer. January 27, 1995 through
May I, 1995.
Julie Anne Buck, Bachelors Candidate, Brigham Young Uni-
versity. Cultural History. Compile, organize, and list divi-
sional film stills. September 6, 1995 through December 13,
1995.
Jodi L. Bunnell, Masters Candidate. Archives. Archival pro-
cessing, subject guide preparation and outreach develop-
ment of multimedia production. June 5, 1995 through Au-
gust II, 1995.
Tracy Bush, Bachelors Candidate, Union College. Community
Life. March 27, 1995 through June 2, 1995.
Sarah M. Cady, Bachelors Candidate, Trinity College. Medical
Sciences. Research materials for spectacle collection and sev-
eral book projects. September 12, 1994 through May 31,
1995.
Ryan Carey, Bachelors Candidate, Dartmouth College. Politi-
cal History. Researching for the Land of Promise exhibition
with a focus on westward expansion. June 19, 1995 through
July 28, 1995.
Rhonda J. Carlson, Mc. Vernon. Social History. To assist in
photographing designer clothing in costume’s collections
and sort through and photocopy primary source articles for
designer/manufacturer reference files. August 21, 1995
through December 31, 1995.
Kristi Catanach, Bachelors Candidate, Santa Fe Community
College. Historical Resources. Cataloguing the Hispanic
collection. May 30, 1995 through June 27, 1995.
Keith Champney, Bachelors Candidate, Boston University.
Fellowship Office. Dissertation research assistant for “To
Make a Nation: Politics and Patriotism, 1865-1918. January
24, 1995 through April 21, 1995.
Kim Charlton, Bachelors Degree, Cornell University. Cultural
History. Researching/setting up exhibit on sports in Amer-
ica. April 5, 1995 through August 31, 1995.
Christine Chen, High School Student, The Madeira School.
Social and Cultural History. Assisting on the project Poetic
License. February 22, 1995 through June 1, 1995.
Kerry Christiano, Masters Candidate, The George Washing-
ton University. Cultural History. Research and any other
work assigned on the 1998 exhibition “Rock and Soul: So-
cial Crossroads. May 22, 1995 through October 31, 1995.
Estella M. Chung, Bachelors Degree, University of Michigan.
Cultural History-Community Life Collection. Assistance
with research for exhibit and brochure on Lander Design
Collections of Packaging and Corporate Imagery. Septem-
ber 5, 1995 through May 1, 1995.
Heather Collins, Bachelors Candidate, Colgate University.
Cultural History. Working on history of jazz project, help-
ing put together CD Rom thar will teach people how to lis-
ten to jazz, according to geography and historical period.
June 19, 1995 through August 19, 1995.
Dennis Comerford, Bachelors Candidate, George Mason Uni-
versity. Public Service. The creation and production of the
1995-96 “Intern Opportunities” booklet. May 30, 1995
through December 31, 1995.
Julie Conaway, Bachelors Candidate, Portland State Univer-
sity. Commerce, Transportation and Work. Research paper
on the development of the railroad. July 5, 1995 through
August II, 1995.
Frances K. Cox, Bachelors Candidate, Duke University. Ar-
chives. Research of antebellum literature. May 22, 1995
through August 12, 1995. Cathleen Cronin, Bachelors De-
123
gree, Occidental College. Social History. Project on depic-
tions of women’s bodies in the 18th century by looking at
portraits and interpreting. May 16, 1995 through July 31,
1995.
Carrie M. Crowder, Bachelors Candidate, Mary Washington
College. Armed Forces. Research and document the
Division's photographic collections and develop a database.
January 18, 1995 through April 15, 1995.
Nadia E. Curry, High School Student, Duke Ellington School
of the Arts. Program in African American Culture. Greens-
boro Project, answering phone, filing, copying and other
project related duties. February 6, 1995 through June 15,
1995.
Kim Curry-Gardner, Masters Candidate, The George Wash-
ington University. Social and Cultural History. Assisting
with move of ethnic collection and assisting with accession-
ing incoming collection of suffragette artifacts. October 3,
1994 through March 31, 1995.
Mark P. Dantos, Bachelors Degree, Colby College. Cultural
History. Research assistant on “Rock and Soul” exhibition.
May 15, 1995 through August 31, 1995.
Elisa Borchert Davies, Bachelors Candidate, Coe College. Of-
fice of Interns and Fellows. Intern as Research Assistant to
Meg Jacobs who is researching on mass consumption in the
U.S. between the 1920s and the 1950s. September 18, 1995
through December 8, 1995.
Monica Ann Degn, Bachelors Candidate, Brigham Young
University. Office of Interns and Fellows. Assist intern coor-
dinator with programming and placement of interns at
American History. July 17, 1995 through December 15,
1995.
Marjolein de Laat, Bachelors Degree, Hageschad. Medical Sci-
ences. Research on 18th Century optical equipment. Janu-
ary 9, 1995 through May Is, 1995.
Margaret Dennis, Bachelors Degree, University of Colorado-
Boulder. Community Life. Assist with accessioning, cata-
loging, research and related collections management
activities in the museum's Edward J. Orth World Fair Col-
lections. October 3, 1994 through August 31, 1995.
Elizabeth Dubrovsky, Masters Candidate, University of Rhode
Island. Preservation Services. Work with storage and exhibi-
tion projects. May 22, 1995 through June 23, 1995.
Gina Dyson, Bachelors Candidate, Georgetown University. Ar-
chives Center. Working on the Ethnic Imagery Project
being developed in the Archives Center, specifically, Hispa-
nic, Latino business materials. June 5, 1995 through August
II, 1995.
Sarah Ellison, Bachelors Candidate, University of Virginia. Af-
rican American Culture. Supporting existing programs and
concept paper on francophoone African American Commu-
nities in the New World. June 5, 1995 through August 5,
1995.
Rodney Evans, High School Student, Duke Ellington School
of the Arts. Program in African American Culture. Work-
ing on Greensboro exhibit, answering telephones and work-
124
ing on other programs. February 6, 1995 through June I5,
1995.
Amy Featherston, Bachelors Candidate, Baylor University. Exhib-
its. Administrative assistant for America’s Smithsonian project
team for the traveling exhibit celebrating the Smithsonian's
15oth anniversary. May 25, 1995 through July 26, 1995.
Caleb O. Fey, Bachelors Candidate, Corcoran School of Art,
Archives Center. Sorting and cataloging of the Skurlock stu-
dio photograph collection. September 18, 1995 through De-
cember 31, 1995.
Laura K. Fleming, Doctoral Degree. Writing and editing.
Writing and editing scripts for the “Land of Promise,” ex-
hibit atc American History under the supervision of Diana
Cohen. April 25, 1995 through August 31, 1995.
Katherine Freed, Masters Candidate, George Washington Uni-
versity. Education. Diversifying docent staff. January 17,
1995 through May 1, 1995.
Yuko Fukunaga, Masters Degree. Division of History and
Technology. To work with curatorial development team on
new exhibition, “On Time” with special attention focused
on Japanese-American interactions. August I, 1995 through
December 31, 1995.
Tammy M. Furrow, Masters Degree, Villanova University.
Commerce, Technology & Work. Assist in compiling an in-
ventory of firearms and working with ordinance photo files.
February 6, 1995 through March 31, 1995.
Eleanor P. “Nonie” Gadsden, Bachelors Candidate, Yale Uni-
versity. Historical Resources. Working on the symposium
on the 75th anniversary of women’s suffrage. June 15, 1995
through August I5, 1995.
Jay Garcia, Bachelors Degree. Archives. Working on the “Eth-
nic imagery Project. October 11, 1994 through December
16, 1994.
Jasmine Teal Getrauw, Junior High, St. Gabriel Junior High.
Program in African American Culture. Office Assistant—
filing, data entry, faxing and copying, answering phones,
messenger (inside American History only) preparing mail-
ings, organizing office message center and bulletin boards.
July 5, 1995 through August 8, 1995.
Ashley Shannon Gross, Bachelors Candidate, Knox College.
Internships and Fellowships. Assistant intern and coordina-
tor, editing, design and production of 1995-96 “Intern Op-
portunities” with two other interns. June 12, 1995 through
August 24, 1995.
Rachel Hallett, Bachelors Candidate, Bennington College. In-
ternship and Fellowship. Working with a fellow on the his-
tory of Politics and patriotism. January 17, 1995 through
February 24, 1995.
Rhonda Hamilton, High School Student, Duke Ellington School
of the Arts. Program in African American Culture. Working
on Greensboro Project, answering phones, and conducting re-
search. February 6, 1995 through June 15, 1995.
Keith Haran, Bachelors Candidate, Providence College. 1soth
Exhibition. Curatorial researcher, retrieving information for
exhibitions. June 5, 1995 through August 18, 1995.
Judic Hargitay, Bachelors Candidate, ELTE University-Buda-
pest. Public and Private Life. Research on the media in
America. February 13, 1995 through May Is, 1995.
Chris Harrington, Bachelors Candidate, University of Califor-
nia, Los Angeles. Community Life/Cultural History. Assist-
ing with project dealing with Cuban involvement in
Spanish-American war. April 3, 1995 through June 7, 1995.
David G. Harstad, Masters Candidate, Indiana University.
Director's Office. Help to facilitate che museum's strategic
planning. September 18, 1995 through December 31, 1995.
Michael A. Haubert, Bachelors candidate, UC Santa Barbara.
Office of Interns and Fellows. To assist Angela Lakwete
with dissertation research by conducting searches at the
U.S. Patent and Trademark office, do research and any pho-
tocopy required, evaluate and compile data of case files at
the Library of Congress law library, patent case files at the
National Archives, city directories at American History
and tracking down 19th century cotton gin manufacturers.
September 19, 1995 through December I, 1995.
Karen Heil. Publications. Working as a publication specialist
and graphic designer. January 25, 1995 through December
31, 1995-
Jen Michelle Hickes, Bachelors Degree, Washington & Lee
University. Office of Historical Resources. History of
Sports and exercise. September 5, 1995 through December
31, 1995-
Kelly Hogan-Dames, Bachelors Degree, Purdue University.
Conservation. Conservation and preservation of costumes.
January 9, 1995 through March 9, 1995.
Renee Susan Jackson, Masters Candidate, Virginia Tech. Pres-
ervation Services. Restoration and conservation of textiles,
specifically costumes. May 22, 1995 through July 23, 1995.
George Jacob, Masters Degree, University of Toronto, Science
and Technology. Visitor studies and exhibit development re-
search; production process and an overview of related activi-
ties at the Smithsonian. May 1, 1995 through July 20, 1995.
Joshua Jacobstein, Bachelors Candidate, Washington Univer-
sity. Assisting Oz Frankel researching westward expansion
in the 1840s and the explorers’ encounter with the Native
Americans. May 30, 1995 through August I, 1995.
Peniel Joseph, Bachelors Degree. Program in African Ameri-
can Culture. Design a conference for summer deadline with
issues related to the so-called “underclass.” Conference will
deal with the ways in which issues such as race, class, and
gender affect the poor. June 5, 1995 through August 18,
1995.
Becah Jubon, Masters Candidate, George Washington Uni-
versity. Public Service. To have exposure to the role of
design in the context of conceptualization, development
and detailed design of actual exhibitions with real-life
criteria for decision making. June 13, 1995 through Sep-
tember 22, 1995.
Paula M. Kaczor. Bachelors Candidate. Boston College. Com-
munity Life Researching political imagery and language in
advertising. January 26, 1995 through April 28, 1995.
Carolyn Karabaic, Bachelors Candidate. Intern and fellow of-
fice. Intern offices assisting with orientations and program-
ming. May 31, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
Carol Elaine Keesling, Masters Candidate, Cambridge Univer-
sity. American Indian Program. Assisting with projects.
October 1, 1994 through April 11, 1995.
Teri Beth Kestenbaum, Masters Degree, Cornell University.
Science, Medicine and Society. Project assistant for Medi-
cines: The Inside Story. January 17, 1995 through Novem-
ber 24, 1995.
Nadia Khatchadourian, Bachelors Candidate, McGill Univer-
sity. Musical History. Assist with “Voices of First Nation
Women’; radio broadcast special “Guitar: Art and Soul";
routine office work. May I5, 1995 through August Is, 1995.
Michael Knighten, Bachelors Candidate, Louisiana State Uni-
versity. Graphic Arc. Digitalize art, sort warehouse mate-
rial. May 21, 1995 through August I, 1995.
Julie Morgan Kraus, Bachelors Candidate, Mary Washington
College. Community Life. Photo research for the “Wade in
the Water” exhibition including looking at photos of 19th
and 2oth century sacred music personalities and assisting
with and ordering photos and getting permission for usage
of artifacts. January 18, 1995 through April I5, 1995.
Audrey E. Krause, Bachelors Candidate, Portland State Uni-
versity. Archives Center. Conducting research on organiza-
tions that created about 450 German and Austrian posters
during World War I and writing brief histories of these or-
ganizations. January 6, 1995 through March 15, 1995.
Gordon Lanpher, Bachelors Candidate, Brown University. In-
ternships and Fellowships. Researching Legislation of Patri-
otism. October 4, 1994 through December 31, 1994.
Alison E. Larmee, Bachelors Candidate, The American Uni-
versity. Internship and Fellowship. Will assist with re-
search towards dissertation. Tasks include visual research
and traditional documentary research. January 23, 1995
through April 20, 1995.
Siri Larsen, Bachelors Candidate, Portland State University.
History Services. To research Selman Waksman’s discovery
of streptomycin in the commercial development and appli-
cation of the antibiotic. March 29, 1995 through June 2,
1995-
Jim L. Lasser, Bachelors Candidate, University of Michigan.
Military History. Working with the Jackson collection of
European history uniforms/World War II American history
uniforms exhibit. June 1, 1995 through August I, 1995.
Rachel Ledford, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Divi-
sion of Public and Private Life. Life in America in the 19th
century, a land of contested promises. The exhibit is di-
vided into five major sections - industrialization, African
Americans, immigration, Native American removal or
westward expansion. September 5, 1995 through December
25, 1995-
Alfonzo Leon, Bachelors Candidate, University of Virginia.
Planning. Help with the project “On Time”. Consists of
constructing models, drafting plans and making measure-
12
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ments of room spaces. May 22, 1995 through August 25,
1995.
Julia Leonhard, Masters Candidate, Smith College. Political
History. Research assistant for the 19th century “Land of
Promise” exhibition, research about culturally diverse peo-
ple in the U.S. June 5, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
Meredith Levine, Bachelors Candidate, Indiana University. Ex-
ternal Affairs. Research on individual and corporate level
for funding for special events and development. June 27,
1995 through August 25, 1995.
Stephen Liss, Bachelors Candidate, Vassar College. Public Ser-
vices. The history of Afro-Caribbean music and the history
of black colleges and universities in America. June 5, 1995
through August 12, 1995.
Donald (Larry) Loew, Bachelors Degree, University of Louis-
ville. Director's Office. Research donation records. March
13, 1995 through June 2, 1995.
Ana-Maria Lopez, Bachelors Degree, College of William and
Mary. Community Life. Inventory of Jesuit Missions in
New Mexico 1767 list of objects of material culture includ-
ing Spanish and English. November 10, 1994 through May
31, 1995.
Timothy Lupin, Masters Candidate, George Washington Uni-
versity. Transportation. Archival and collections catalogue
and research. June 6, 1995 through August 31, 1995.
Sabine Manke, Bachelors Degree, Philipps University. Histori-
cal Resources. Research on the development of the cosmetic
industry during World War II with focus on lipstick. May
30, 1995 through August 17, 1995.
Mikel Maron, Bachelors Candidate, University of California,
Santa Cruz. Computers, Information and Society. HTML-
ifying the CIS collection. June 26, 1995 through August 25,
1995.
Ariane McCarthy, Masters Candidate, George Washington
University. Administrative assistant with related strategic
program and planning in director's office. May 30, 1995
through August 24, 1995.
Kathryn McElveen, Bachelors Candidate, College of William
and Mary. History Resources. Researching photos of banjos
for a computer database. June 5, 1995 through August 18,
1995.
Kathleen McLaughlin, Bachelors Degree, University of Dela-
ware. Internship and Fellowship. Assisting intern coordina-
tor by serving as orientation leader for perspective interns
and those who are starting their internships. December 12,
1994 through May 31, 1995.
Beverley J. McQuillan, Bachelors Degree, Washington Center
UC Davis. Public Services. Will assist the exhibit designer
in scaled drawings/models of research on architectural his-
tory of the museum as need arises. March 29, 1995 through
June 8, 1995.
Jay D. Metz, Bachelors Degree, Bennington College. History
of Science. Research to identify equipment used by research-
ers in the field sciences (for example entomology, mammo-
logy, icthyology, ornithology) during the period 1830-1930;
126
to be carried out using archival resources. January 3, 1995
through February 27, 1995.
Aaron Micallef, Masters Candidate, George Mason University.
Archives. Looking through collections for items pertinent
to exhibit, entering onto database. March 6, 1995 through
May 31, 1995.
Jason Mittell, Masters Candidate, University of Wisconsin,
Madison. Archives. Archiving film stock for industry on pa-
rade. June I, 1995 through August 4, 1995.
Peter Moen, Bachelors Candidate, Portland State College.
American Festival. Acting as liaison for book project, find-
ing artifacts to doa photo shoot for book project. January
6, 1995 through March 18, 1995.
Matthew L. Moffett, Bachelors Candidate, James Madison
University. Communication, Technology and Work. Re-
search on American architecture. May 8, 1995 through Au-
gust 15, 1995.
Helen Morgan, Bachelors Degree. Collection Management Ser-
vices. Experience in Smithsonian Institution’s Collection
Management Practices. July 10, 1995 through August 31,
1995.
Darenda Motley, Bachelors Candidate, University of Missis-
sippi. Social History. Women in WWII clothing, research-
ing in Library of Congress. May 16, 1995 through July 21,
1995.
Mary Lynn Murphy, Masters Candidate, Hamilton College.
Historical Resources. Review of exhibits in National Mu-
seum of American History and isolating where religion ap-
pears in the museum. Creating a list to be used by the
public and museum personnel as a map of where religion
can be found in the museum. June 5, 1995 through August
11, 1995.
Paige Myers, Graduate Student, University of Alberta. Preser-
vation Services. Conservation Techniques. July 10, 1995
through August I, 1995.
Melissa C. Naulin, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Com-
merce Technology and Work. research project related to the
development of a new exhibition, “on time,” in the time-
keeping hall of American History. September 5, 1995
through December 25, 1995.
James Nelson, Bachelors Candidate, Portland State Univer-
sity. goth Anniversary. Visual research 1soth anniversary ex-
hibit. June 28, 1995 through August 21, 1995.
Raney M. Nelson, Bachelors candidate, Portland State Univer-
sity. Information, Technology and Society. Self-image of the
american physicist with advent of post-modernity. Septem-
ber 5, 1995 through December 31, 1995.
Christopher C. Newbern, Bachelors Candidate, West Virginia
University. Design group. Help with design work on the Land
of Promise exhibit. May 22, 1995 through July 30, 1995.
Susan O'Donnell, Bachelors Degree, Smith College. Archives
Center. Princeton Posters Research. September 5, 1995
through December 25, 1995.
Norma O'Mara, Bachelors Degree, Louisiana State University.
Internships/Fellowships. Assist internship coordinator, ori-
entation of incoming interns. May 12, 1995 through June 1,
1995.
Sumiko Oshima, Bachelors Candidate, University of Califor-
nia, Davis. Textile/Costume Conservation. Collection Man-
agement of Textiles, Storage and Exhibition with emphasis
on flags and flat textiles. September 19, 1995 through De-
cember I, 1995.
Alison L. Oswald, Masters Candidate, State University of
New York at Albany. Archives Center. Archival Processing.
June 5, 1995 through August I5, 1995.
Joanne Ottaviano, Bachelors Candidate, Bowdoin College. Ed-
ucation. Research in the Library of Congress in housing in
1920s and 1930s. June 11, 1995 through August 20, 1995.
Martha E. Overby, Bachelors Degree. History Services. Working
with the “Go Forth and Serve” project on the conference, mu-
seum, newsletter, and assisting in other programming activi-
ues. February 1, 1995 through March 1, 1995.
Nicholas Owers, Bachelors Candidate, Oxford University. To
provide office assistance in the promotion of the museum
programs and activities and providing routine office sup-
port. January 17, 1995 through May 6, 1995.
Jennifer Ozichowski, Bachelors Candidate, Catholic Univer-
sity. Division of Science and Technology. Research for his-
tory of timekeeping exhibit. May 22, 1995 through August
15, 1995.
Mark H. Palmer, Masters Candidate. American Indian Pro-
gram. Evolution of land use on the Kiowa Allotted land
area in Southwestern Oklahoma. February 6, 1995 through
April 11, 1995.
Ryan Papir, Bachelors Candidate, University of Pennsylvania.
Cultural History. Working on exhibit “Sport in American
Life.” May 30, 1995 through August II, 1995.
Amy Pass, Bachelors Degree, SUNY Geneseo. Information
and Society. Assisting with routine museum activities,
setup of new exhibition and museum demonstrations. Feb-
Tuary 3, 1995 through May I, 1995.
Sarah A. Patterson, Bachelors Candidate, Wellesley College.
Historical Resources. Studying the architectural history of
Washington, DC. May 30, 1995 through September 4, 1995.
Marissa Payton, Masters Candidate, Howard University. Pro-
gram in African American Culture. Researching African
American Women’s history. November I5, 1994 through
May 31, 1995.
Anna Pegler-Gordon, Masters Degree, Brown University. De-
partment of History and Technology. To work with curato-
rial development team on new exhibition, “On Time”, with
special attention focused on immigrant experiences with
american time systems and disciplines. June 5, 1995
through September 1, 1995.
Larissa Nicole Perkins, Bachelors Degree, Georgetown Col-
lege. Community Life. Research and collections work for
history of rock and soul music project. February 6, 1995
through April 28, 1995.
Jennifer Ponza, Masters Candidate, Academy of Art. Ameri-
can Music. Compiling interviews for a project encompass-
ing women in jazz music, gathering photographs, histori-
cal data and oral interviews with artists’ friends and family
members. January 9, 1995 through March 17, 1995.
Alison M. Poulsen, Bachelors Degree, George Washington
University. Costume Division. Taking out of storage the de-
signer costume collection and photographing it, replacing
it in storage, working with collection and conservation de-
partment. May 8, 1995 through July 31, 1995.
Susan Priscott, Bachelors Candidate, American University. Ed-
ucation. Earth Day project coordination and work on the
explainer for the Hands-on Science Center. February 2, 1995
through April 29, 1995.
Brendan Ravenhill, High School, Woodrow Wilson. Armed
Forces History. To learn to handle historic Civil War Vir-
ginia artifacts in preparation for their photography. June
26, 1995 through August II, 1995.
Jodi Reborchick, Bachelors Candidate, George Washington
University. Musical History. Researching and helping with
Folklife Festival. February 3, 1995 through May 1, 1995.
Alice Byrd Reed, Masters Candidate, George Mason Univer-
sity. Domestic Life. Research on an upcoming exhibit
about homes in America. January 17, 1995 through April
28, 1995.
Priscilla A. Reinhardt, Masters Candidate, University of
Rhode Island. Costume Conservation. Working ona
rehousing project for the collection of ethnic costumes, as-
sisting with dismantling and assembling forms and cos-
tumes for exhibit, possibly will be involved with some
aspect of First Ladies inaugural ball gowns. May 22, 1995
through June 22, 1995.
Elena Lucia Rivellino, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College.
Archives Center. Doing Research on American History Ar-
chives collections for an Ethnic Imagery project about rep-
resentations of people in commercial advertising.
September 4, 1995 through December 20, 1995.
Sara Romeyn, Doctorate Candidate, George Washington Uni-
versity. Domestic Life. Researching for history of childhood
exhibits title “Kidstuff.” January 17, 1995 through May 1,
1995.
Kathryn R. Rosenberger, Bachelors Degree, George Washing -
ton University. Social History. 75th anniversary of Women’s
Suffrage “Visions of Equality: Past and Future” sympo-
sium. May 15, 1995 through August 31, 1995.
Zachary Schoening, Bachelors Candidate, Brown University.
Electricity. Cataloging “Dial-a-joke” tapes. June 26, 1995
through August 25, 1995.
Katie Scott-Childress, Masters Candidate, University of Mary-
land. Archives. Archival processing, subject guide prepara-
tion, outreach activities, development of multimedia
products and oral and video documentation projects. June
5, 1995 through August II, 1995.
Jessica Silver, Masters Degree, University of Michigan. Ar-
chives Center. The intern will work with manuscript collec-
tions that document innovation and invention in the
United States. The intern will participate in and be respon-
127
sible for a wide range of archival tasks relating to the col-
lection to which she has been assigned. The intern will
be expected to undertake research relating co the collec-
tion and produce well written reports and documents as
directed. July 10, 1995 through September 19, 1995.
Peter Simon, Bachelors Degree, Jate University-Szeged. Ar-
chives Center. Research on ethnic imagery in films. Febru-
ary 13, 1995 through June 9, 1995.
Pamela K. Snyder, Bachelors Degree, Union College. African-
American History. Research assistant in African American
History. May 8, 1995 through July 15, 1995.
Puttra Som, Bachelors Candidate, Arizona State University.
Automation Services. To develop, conduct and analyze a
training survey of all American History staff. To develop
a database of employee training information that can be
assessed in a variety of ways. Prepare written analysis of
the survey information. June 5, 1995 through August II,
1995.
Abbie N. Sprague, Bachelors Candidate, Bucknell University.
Historical Resources. Assisting Dr. Marefat with research
for a book on architecture she is writing. May 24, 1995
through August I5, 1995.
Susan Stark, Bachelors Candidate, Wake Forest University. Of-
fice of Interns and Fellows. Research Assistant to Laura Ed-
wards in the area of 19th century American society. June 7,
1995 through July 28, 1995.
Siani N. Steen, Bachelors Candidate, Lewis and Clark College.
Fellows Office. Filing photos, researching medical and den-
tal history in the U.S., short write ups. September 25, 1995
through December 14, 1995.
Jonathan B. Streff, Bachelors Candidate, Gettysburg College.
Cultural History. Research connected to future exhibit on
New Orleans jazz. May 15, 1995 through August 13, 1995.
Julia Surak, Art Institute of Chicago. Exhibic Design. Assist
with the “Land of Promise” exhibit. October 3, 1994
through December 31, 1994.
Joanne R. Tashiro, Bachelors Degree, University of California,
San Diego. Archives. Ethnic Imagery Project development
in Archives center. Involved in production of fund raising
packet for project. Ethnic Imagery Working Group and in-
volved in exhibit and development planning. May 26, 1995
through September Jo, 1995.
Dan Trachtman, Bachelors Candidate, Washington Univer-
sity. Information and Technology. Designed World Wide
Web page for photo history and numismatics. June 28, 1995
through August 20, 1995.
Katherine E. Turner, Bachelors Candidate, Colgate University.
Armed Forces. Working with the National Collections of
antique weapons, inventorying them into a database and
helping with cleaning them. June 5, 1995 through August
4, 1995.
Myra L. Valdez, Bachelors Candidate, American University.
Numismatics. Performing various tasks in the department
of numismatics based on persons in charge of the specific
projects. February 9, 1995 through May 31, 1995.
128
Sandor Vegh, Bachelors Candidate, L. Kossuth University.
Culcural History. Research on consumerism in 20th-
century America. February 13, 1995 through May Is,
1995.
Reid Veto, Bachelors Candidate, Dartmouth College. Office
of Interns and Fellows. Photos for Intern Opportunities
Publication. July 3, 1995 through September 1, 1995.
Ashley W. Vietor, Bachelors Degree, St. Johns College. Public
Programs. Research for Oz Frankel's project “The Politics,
Culture and Rituals of Public Investigations in 19th Cen-
tury America.” Focusing research on abolitionist literature
and the Civil War US Sanitary Commission. May 1, 1995
through August Io, 1995.
Elizabeth Voyatzis, Bachelors Degree, University of Virginia.
Cultural History. Working with musical history collec-
tions, doing various collections management duties. Janu-
ary 3, 1995 through December 31, 1995.
Sharon R. Vriend, Doctoral Candidate, Bowling Green State
University. Cultural History/Archives Center. Ethnic imag-
ery project. June I, 1995 through June 29, 1995.
Allison Wickens, Bachelors Degree, Grinnell College. Interns
and Fellows. Assisting in the selection of summer interns,
the Brown Bag lunches and conducting orientation for new
interns. February 27, 1995 through June 30, 1995.
Anita Wiehr, Bachelors Degree & Candidate, Oregon State
University. Program Planning & Design. Internship affords
an opportunity to learn the exhibition design development
process through hands-on experience working closely with
the design chief on a variety of exhibits projects. September
21, 1995 through December 31, 1995.
Adam Wolfson, Bachelors Candidate. Historical Resources.
Working on merger between ACTWU and ILGWU as
well as working on other labor history projects. April 10,
1995 through June 3, 1995.
Martha Wright, Masters Degree, University of Wisconsin-
Madison. Public Services. Contact school systems to notify
them of the facc chat NMAH now has bilingual self guides;
develop brochure for those who are interested in African-
American history and the AA materials in the Hands on
History room. June 14, 1995 through August 16, 1995.
Candace Wyder, High School Student, Duke Ellington
School of the Arts. Program in African American Cul-
ture. Working on Greensboro exhibit, answering tele-
phones, typing and other jobs. February 16, 1995
through June 15, 1995.
Cedric Yeh, Masters Candidate, George Washington Univer-
sity. Numismatic Collection. Working with the ancient
Chinese coin collection to ascertain the accuracy of earlier
research. June 5, 1995 through August I, 1995.
Junghyun Yuh, Masters Candidate, George Washington Uni-
versity. Public Services. Assist in evaluating exhibitions
and public programs. Participate in development of out-
reach programs. Evaluate published literature about
NMAH exhibits and programs. May 22, 1995 through July
24, 1995.
Larisa Zimmerman, Bachelors Candidate, Portland State Uni-
versity. History Services. Images of Ethnicity, 1880-1980.
March 29, 1995 through June 2, 1995.
National Museum of the American Indian
Sallie S. Anderson, Bachelors Candidate, College of William
and Mary. Technology. Working on homepage on internet
(world wide web and America On Line). Updating and add-
ing information to NMAI homepage. May 22, 1995
through August 4, 1995.
Erica Brick, Masters Candidate, University of Wisconsin. Re-
patriation Office. Assisted in conducting research for the
Repatriation Office. June 12, 1995 through August I8, 1995.
Jeffrey Davenport, Masters Candidate, University of Arizona.
Administration. Intern will be introduced to all phases and
departments within the NMAI's administrative depart-
ment. Intern will rotate from budget, personnel, technol-
ogy and facilities planning. June 5, 1995 through July 28,
1995.
James P. Henry. Collections. Will work with staff in preserva-
tion rechniques, care and handling of collections. June 5,
1995 through July 28, 1995.
Francesca Hillary, New York University. Film and Video. As-
sist in all phases of planning and presenting the NMAI
film and video film festival. Project includes organizing
and working with selection committee, funding strategies,
planning publicity, audience evaluation,etc. April 1, 1995
through September I, 1995.
Johnnie Jacobs, Masters Candidate, University of Oklahoma.
Exhibitions. Focus on the exhibition master planning for
the mall museum. Organize and catalogue a collection of
slides that will supplement a database. Organize study
sketches of exhibit designs compiled by the master plan
team. June 5, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
Lydia Jennings, Institute of American Indian Arts. Collec-
tions. Will work with staff in preservation techniques, care
and handling of collections. June 5, 1995 through July 28,
1995.
Linda Martin, Bachelors Degree, Arizona State University.
Publications. Assisting in the design of printed materials.
January 17, 1995 through March 22, 1995.
Traci L. McClellan, Masters Candidate, University of Arizona.
Public Programs. Cherokee hymn project-compiling and
cataloguing Cherokee hymns to provide the Cherokee and
English translations for all of them. This database can then
be utilized by both of the Cherokee nations. May 30, 1995
through August 4, 1995.
Emily Murphy, University of California/Santa Cruz. Film and
Video. Assist in the marketing and publicity for an upcom-
ing film festival sponsored by the NMAI’s film and video
department. August 1, 1995 through August 31, 1995.
Derek C. Schoettle, Bachelors Degree, Dickinson. Public Af-
fairs. Assist public affairs office with the NMAI’s bi-annual
film festival. June 12, 1995 through September 22, 1995.
Sabine Scholz, George August University. Research Branch.
Will assist researchers in the repatriation department. In-
tern will also develop a database of native cultural re-
sources. July 10, 1995 through October 15, 1995.
Margaret Seymour, Bachelors Candidate, South Puget Sound
Community College. Resource Center. The intern will as-
sist in the design and development of exhibit guides for the
museum visitor. June 5, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
Tatiana Slock. Photo Archives. The intern will help to iden-
ufy and catalog photographic material accessioned in the
early and mid-eighties. The intern will generate an inven-
cory of artifact slides and help develop a new catalog. June
5, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
Luanne M. Prosperi Srefanucci, Masters Candidate. Exhibi-
tions. Exploring the potential for an exhibition and publica-
tion from the photographic archives. September 18, 1995
through December 15, 1995.
Shannon Valerio, Bachelors Degree. Evaluate public program-
ming for the Native American constituency of the NMAI
by analyzing research done with the Native American com-
munity. June 5, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
Stephanie Jenny Vasquez, Bachelors Candidate, George
Mason University. Assisting in organizing a workshop on
Indian Affairs. January 22, 1995 through May 2, 1995.
Jennifer Verling, Bachelors Candidate, University of Califor-
nia, Davis. Exhibitions. Assist in the development of the
NMAI exhibition masterplan. March 28, 1995 through
June 9, 1995.
Heather Whiteman Runs Him, Bachelors Candidate, Insti-
tute of American Indian Arts. Conservation. Will assist
staff conservators in a survey of artifacts at the Audubon
Terrace facility and perform conservation treatments on a
group of selected artifacts. June 5, 1995 through July 28,
1995-
National Museum of Natural History
Michelle Aasrud, Bachelors Degree, University of Massachu-
setts/Amherst. Handbook office. Research assistant for Lan-
guage and Plateau volume; photographic research; general
research on photography. May 22, 1995 through November
30, 1995.
Glenn R. Almany, Bachelors Candidate, San Francisco State
University. Fishes. Morphology and relationships of a new
atlantic species of acanthemblemaria. May 27, 1995 through
August 6, 1995.
Julie Arington, Bachelors Candidate, Murray State University.
Botany. Revision of a small genus of the Guianas. May 29,
1995 through August 4, 1995.
129
Alfredo G. Auador, Bachelors Degree, University of Havana.
Invertebrate Zoology. Study of the Paralarval Octopods of
the Florida current. May 29, 1995 through August 6, 1995.
Suzanne Bass, Bachelors Degree, The American University.
Special Events. Assist the special events coordinator in all
aspects of preparation, coordination, and execution of
events at the museum. June 9, 1995.
Ryan W. Bavis, Bachelors Degree, St. Mary's College of Mary-
land. Molecular Systematics. Identification of Branta
bernicla subspecies using cytochrome bmitochondrial
DNA. May 29, 1995 through July 7, 1995.
Roberto E. Bello, Bachelors Candidate, Michigan State Uni-
versity. V2-HERPS. Two new species of leptodactylid frogs
from the Guiana highlands of Venezuela. June 19, 1995
through July 7, 1995.
Brendan Best, Bachelors Candidate. Development and Public
Affairs. Science writing and public affairs assistance. Janu-
ary 31, 1995 through August 31, 1995.
Aimee D. Betts, Bachelors Candidate, Albertson College of
Idaho. Vertebrete Zoology. Examining the evolutionary ori-
gins of the African tree squirrels. June 5, 1995 through Au-
gust 25, 1995.
Shaunese Niccole Branch, High Schoo! Student, Manchester
High. Public Programs. Object research for the African
voices project. July 10, 1995 through July 7, 1995.
Karen Brockman, Masters Candidate, George Washington
University. Anthropology/Repatriation. Introduction to var-
ious facets of the work conducted by the repatriation office
of Natural History, with an emphasis on archival research.
Documentation of archaeological and physical anthropol-
ogy collections from the Southeastern United States. June
5, 1995 through August 18, 1995.
Heather Broxson, Masters Candidate, George Washington
University. Exhibits. Assisting exhibits office with the Hall
of African Cultures. January 17, 1995 through July 31, 1995.
Carlos Bustamante, Bachelors Candidate, Harvard University.
Anthropology. The history and evolution of male/female
differences in immune reactivity. May 29, 1995 through
July 7, 1995.
Ivan Castro-Arellano, Bachelors Candidate. National Autono-
mous University of Mexico. Mammals. Ecogeographic dis-
tribution of selected families of African mammals. May 27,
1995 through August 6, 1995.
Kristina Collmann, Bachelors Candidate, Wittenberg Univer-
sity. Development. Working with donor database to man-
age lists for stewardship project. November 28, 1994
through December 31, 1994.
Jennifer Marie Crane, Bachelors Degree. Native American Pro-
gram. Research on various photographers of Native Ameri-
cans for the language volume of the Handbook of North
American Indians. October 3, 1994 through May I5, 1995.
Jessica Crowley, Bachelors Candidate, Sweet Briar College.
Public Relations. Assisting with the daily activities of the
office, including special events media projects, and office re-
ports; working on specialty project such as the upgrade of
130
the media resource guide. January 3, 1995 through January
27, 1995.
Flavia F. de Jesus, Bachelors Candidate, Bard College. Botany.
Examine new species of plant genus Resia having bracts as
well as closely related genera of similar habit, habitat and
rarity. SEM study of pollen and cladytic analysis will be
done as well. May 28, 1995 through August 5, 1995.
Wida Faryar, Masters Candidate, George Mason University.
Automated Data Processing. Geographic map and database
entry and editing of ongoing GIS projects at the museum.
May 30, 1995 through September 30, 1995.
Cameron Fraser, Bachelors Candidate, University of Iowa.
American Indian. Verifying information on the Mohave
people. May 30, 1995 through August 4, 1995.
Teresa J. Friedrich, Bachelors Candidate, Hope College. Mam-
mals. A study of the anatomy of flying squirrels to test the
hypotheses that flying squirrels are monophyletic and de-
rived from New World tree squirrels. May 28, 1995 through
August 6, 1995.
Kurt E. Galbreath, Bachelors Candidate, Illinois Wesleyan
University. Invertebrate. Using amphipod crustaceans
to interpret evolutionary history and biogeographic
pattern in coral reefs. May 27, 1995 through August 6,
1995.
Henry Goethals, Bachelors Degree, Tufts University. Public
Affairs. Assist in public affairs and development. December
12, 1994 through June 30, 1995.
Philip M. Gottshall, Bachelors Candidate, Moravian College.
Paleobiology. A morphometric-based study of a Permian
gastropod clode to show general trends in evolutionary spe-
ciation and their subsequent natural history. May 29, 1995
through August 4, 1995.
Jennifer Raye Gough, Bachelors Candidate, Shepherd College.
Graphics. Assisting in silkscreening, computer graphics, di-
orama construction, painting, photo-mounting, hall main-
tenance and refurbishing. January 30, 1995 through May 5,
1995.
Christopher Hale, Bachelors Degree, University of Miami.
Division of Fishes. Assist the Division of Fishes staff with
various duties. June I, 1995 through June 30, 1995.
Christopher R. Hardy. Botany. Comparative leaf anatomy of
the two genera Pollia and Commelina. June 2, 1995
through August 4, 1995.
Dianella Howarth, Bachelors Candidate, University of Penn-
sylvania. Botany. Study the phylogeny of scaevola in Ha-
wail. May 29, 1995 through August 6, 1995.
Eugene Hunt, Bachelors Degree, Duke University. Paleobio-
logy. Growth and variation in early paleozoic trilobites.
May 27, 1995 through August 6, 1995.
John P. Janovec, Bachelors Degree, Kansas State University.
Borany. Conducting a traditional taxonomic study of Sene-
cio Durandii (Asterauae: Senecioneae); a species of Costa
Rica which is believed to be anomalous among the present
concept of Senecio s. str. May 27, 1995 through August 6,
1995.
Maria A. Jaramillo, Bachelors Candidate, Universidad de los
Andes. Botany. Phylogenetic relationships in the family
Costaceae (Order Zingiberales). May 27, 1995 through Au-
gust 6, 1995.
Nicholla C. Johnson, Bachelors Candidate, University of the
West Indies. Botany. Monographic study of legumin osae
genus asadia. May 28, 1995 through August 18, 1995.
Tricia L. Kennedy. Public Affairs Office. To learn about the
functions and activities of a public affairs office in a na-
tional museum. May 31, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
Tara S. Kirkpatrick, Bachelors Candidate, Mount Holyoke
College. Mineral Sciences. To study lepidolite, a lithium-
rich mica, in pegmatites to determine the criteria for distin-
guishing between primary and secondary growth of these
lenses. May 29, 1995 through August 4, 1995.
Jeffrey K. Lake, Bachelors Candidate, Grinnell College. Bot-
any. Phylogenetic analysis of generic relationships in the
family Musaceae. It will focus primarily on morphological
characters and secondarily on molecular data. The phylog-
eny will be used to trace evolution of pollination system.
May 29, 1995 through August 6, 1995.
Katherine E. Langer, Bachelors Candidate, University of New
Hampshire. Mineral Sciences. To determine significance of
trace element chemistry in amazonite and microcline for
classifying rare element granitic pegmatites. May 29, 1995
through August 8, 1995.
Claudia B. Mackey, Bachelors Candidate, University of Cen-
tral Florida. American Indian Program. Catalog photo-
graphs of Native American (Plains) and enter information
onto a computer database. February 16, 1995 through April
14, 1995.
Barnaby N. Marsh, Bachelors Candidate, Cornell University.
Fishes. Systematic revision of toungefishes. July 3, 1995
through August 6, 1995.
Michael Mastrota, Bachelors Candidate, University of Virginia.
Anthropology. Text and graphic database entry and editing for
ongoing projects. January 13, 1995 through June 9, 1995.
Carolyn J. McClennan, Bachelors Candidate, University of Ar-
izona-Tucson. Native American cataloguing. Cataloguing
items of Mohave material culture found in the Harrington
manuscripts. May 30, 1995 through August 4, 1995.
Robert D., Miller II, PhD Candidate, University of Michigan.
Anthropology. Research into the archaeological profile of
Highland Palestine in the 12th-11th cencuries B.C. with em-
phasis on settlement patterns. August 18, 1995 through Au-
gust 30, 1995.
Fancine Millman, Masters Candidate, George Washington
University. Exhibits. Assisting in project management and
educational outreach for the new Janet Annenberg Hooker
Hall of Geology, Gems, and Minerals. January 10, 1995
through May 14, 1995.
Denise Mitchell, Bachelors Candidate, University of Oregon.
Native American Program. Researching ethnological and
historical information on Native American groups of South-
west Oregon Coast. April 4, 1995 through June 9, 1995.
Peter Murch, Bachelors Candidate, State University of New
York. Zoology. Analysis of the distinctive west of
gresgrutus like characids from the western and central Am-
azon basin. May 27, 1995 through August 6, 1995.
Mary L. Murphy, Masters Candidate. Anthropology. Helping
research for Egyptian exhibit and human origins exhibit.
June 12, 1995 through August II, 1995.
Abdul-Karim Mustapha, Bachelors Candidate, University of
Maryland. Anthropology. Looking at local archival collec-
tion and documents by African Americans during the ante-
bellum period. These will be used as a source material to
engage the issue of African American literacy at this time.
June 5, 1995 through August 1, 1995.
Peter Nichols, Bachelors Candidate, James Madison Univer-
sity. Mineral Sciences. Preparation of the Bulletin of the
Global Volcanism Network, a monthly update on active
volcanoes. March 20, 1995 through August 31, 1995.
Kara A. O'Connor, Bachelors Candidate, University of Ver-
mont. Botany. To use a variety of microtechniques to com-
pare leaf anatomy in the Commelinacene. May 27, 1995
through August 6, 1995.
Makiko Okuma, Bachelor's Candidate, Wichita State Univer-
sity. Anthropology, Asian Ethnology. Geographical terms
annotations in Abbot project, specifically Central Asia June
11, 1995.
Catherine Ann Osuna, Bachelors Candidate, Sweet Briar Col-
lege. Public Programs. Reworking Discovery Room Collec-
tion box “What is a Fossil?” Including research, script
writing and refurbishing the box. January 9, 1995 through
January 31, 1995.
Karin L. Owens, Bachelors Candidate, Alabama A&M Univer-
sity. Learn and actively participate in all financial aspects of
the program including the distribution of funds across mul-
uple fund numbers, budget spending, record keeping, fi-
nancial management and budget reconciliation. June 5,
1995 through August I, 1995.
Bret A. Payseur, Bachelors Candidate, University of Colorado at
Boulder. Conservation. DNA extraction from taphonomic
bones, PCR amplification, and inspection of changes in the
DNA over time. May 27, 1995 through August 6, 1995.
Ana L. Porzecanski, Bachelors Candidate, University de la Re-
publica. Paleobiology. Comparison of preservation of experi-
mentally decayed and fossil leaves. May 27, 1995 through
August 6, 1995.
Lola H. Purvis, Masters Candidate, University of New Or-
leans. Anthropology. Directed independent archival intern-
ship—Acee Blue Eagle Collection. May 22, 1995 through
June 9, 1995.
Edward A. Rehfeld, Bachelors Candidate, Stone Child Col-
lege. Marine. Taxonomic re-appraisal of compsomediama
medium chabanand 1951 (cynoglossidae: pleuronecti-
formes), a poorly-known Indo-Pacific tonguefish. May 27,
1995 through August 6, 1995.
Michelle B. Roche, Bachelors Candidate, College of William
and Mary. Anthropology. Archaeobiology of the Habur
131
Basin: analysis of faunal remains from two Syrian sites. May
29, 1995 through August 4, 1995.
Laura E. Rose, Bachelors Degree, UC Davis. Botany. Compar-
ing the anatomy of leaves of Commelinacene using tech-
niques including paraffin embedding, whole leaf clearings,
epidermal peels and SEM photography. May 29, 1995
through August 6, 1995.
Danielle Rudin, Bachelors Candidate, The American Univer-
sity. Anthropology. Helping with the moving and storing
of the Oceania and Asia collections. May 15,1995 through
August 18, 1995.
Scott J. Rufolo, Bachelors Degree, Rutgers, The State Univer-
sity. Anthropology. Zooarchaeological analysis of faunal ma-
terial from 3 sites in NE Syria dating to the 3rd millenium
BC with the intent of placing the assemblage into a theoret-
ical model of the emergence of domestication in Mesopota-
miuan region. May 27, 1995 through August 6, 1995.
Aniko Sabo, Bachelors Candidate, Faculty of Mathematics and
National Science. Invertebrate Zoology. Identify marine
nematodes from Fort Pierce and determine during what sea-
son of the year they are reproducing. May 27, 1995 through
August 6, 1995.
Lou Ann Saunders, Bachelors Candidate, George Mason Uni-
versity. Anthropology. Working with ongoing projects in-
volving geographic information systems. October 11, 1994
through April 11, 1995.
Jacqueline Schraad, Masters Candidate, George Washington
University. Anthropology Conservation. Pack and store ob-
jects as a move technician and assist with the conservation
of ethnological objects in the Anthropology Conservation
Lab. February 21, 1995 through May Is, 1995.
Patrick Q. Sheridan, Bachelors Candidate, Corcoran School of
Art. Graphic Arts/Production. Graphics Arts/production as-
sistant working on screen printing and computer design.
July 15, 1995 through August 31, 1995.
Rebecca A. Siegel, Bachelors Candidate, Tulane University.
Public Affairs. To learn about the functions and activities of
a public affairs office in a national museum setting. June 13,
1995 through June 28, 1995.
Pilar M. Somma, Masters Candidate, George Washington Uni-
versity. Repatriation. Researching collection for repatriation,
assisting in any returns. June 5, 1995 through August IJ, 1995.
Tarra D. Speaks, Bachelors Candidate, The College of Woos-
ter. Invertebrate Zoology. A reassessment of the status of
Western Atlantic species of the gen-star genus Astropecten,
using collections literature and photographic data. May 29,
1995 through August 6, 1995.
Renee Audrey Stein, Bachelors Degree, Smith College. An-
thropology Conservation Labs. Assistance in Anthropology
conservation laboratories. December 19, 1994 through Au-
gust 15, 1995.
Patricia Sternheimer, Masters Degree. University of Virginia.
To learn collections management procedures, cataloguing,
data management and storage techniques. February 8, 1995
through May 31, 1995.
132
Terrell Stoessell, Bachelors Candidate, University of Virginia.
Development of a standard for the nomenclature of ceta-
cean skull osteology. May 18, 1995 through May 30, 1996.
Joseph F. Trottier, Masters Candidate, University of Montana.
Native American. To work on the Cutlin artifact collection
and microfiling files of his original letters and notes. May
30, 1995 through August 4, 1995.
Arianne Vanrell Vellosillo, Masters Candidate, Paris I Pan-
theon-Sorbonne. Anthropology. Ethnographic Conserva-
tion. November 30, 1994 through February 28, 1995.
Karen Viskupic, Bachelors Candidate, Washington University
in St. Louis. Mineral Science. Describe the mineralogy of
hornblende bearing pegmatites. The major and trace ele-
ment chemistry of the pegmatites will be investigated by
the use of an electron microprobe and x-ray fluorescence.
May 29, 1995 through August 4, 1995.
Jessica Wade, Bachelors Candidate, Miami University-Ohio.
Update research library, foundation research projects, donor
database training and report development, stewardship pro-
jects. June 6, 1995 through August 5, 1995.
George B. Wasson, Doctorate Degree, University of Oregon.
Native American Program. Researching ethnological and
historical information on Native American groups of South-
west Oregon Coast. April 4, 1995 through June 9, 1995.
Mary Whittle, Bachelors Candidate, Amherst College. Bot-
any/Fishes. Created algae page for world wide web server;
placed info on fish drawing collection in computer
database. June 12, 1995 through August II, 1995.
Diane Wong, Bachelors Degree. Entomology. Scientific
illustration internship illustrating various lacewing struc-
tures/morphologies with critiques and conferences with
staff illustrator. October 3, 1994 through April 30, 1995.
Jason T. Younker, Doctoral Candidate, University of Oregon.
Native American Program. American Indian Anthropologi-
cal Collections: Southern Oregon Coast. April 3, 1995
through June 9, 1995.
Shirod Younker, Bachelors Candidate, University of Oregon.
Native American Program. American Indian Anthropologi-
cal Collections: Southern Oregon Coast. April 3, 1995
through June 9, 1995.
National Portrait Gallery
Elizabeth Ann Albert, Doctorate. Peale Papers. Work on Cata-
logue Raisonne of the Paintings of Rembrandt Peale. Octo-
ber 3, 1994 through March 31, 1995.
Holly Anderson, Masters Candidate, Buffalo State College.
Conservation. Participant in Conservation Analytical Labo-
ratory project for National Portrait Gallery conducting a
survey of the Time collection. January 17, 1995 through
March 31, 1995.
Whitney Anderson, Masters Candidate, University of Ari-
zona, Catalog of American Portraits. Researching historical
portraits of American Indians and compiling bibliographic
records to be put into a computer database. June 5, 1995
through August II, 1995.
Lalaine Bangilan, Masters Candidate, George Washington
University. Education. Assistance with lunchtime lecture
series, audience development and with preparation for Fall
docent training. January 17, 1995 through July 7, 1995.
Lynne C. Colton, Bachelors Candidate, Brigham Young Uni-
versity. Historian's office. Researching and assisting with
various exhibits-especially Red, Hot and Blue and The
Barrymores. May 15, 1995 through August II, 1995.
Amy Featherston, Bachelors Candidate, Baylor University. Ex-
hibits. Working on development of “Red, Hot, and Blue”
exhibit celebrating American musicals. May 31, 1995
through July 28, 1995.
Shannon Rae Fincke, Bachelors Candidate, Susquehanna Uni-
versity. Education Department. Develop program materials
based on the Permanent Collection of the National Portrait
Gallery for use in an inter-disciplinary Humanities pro-
gram for high school students. September 11, 1995 through
December 8, 1995.
Tuliza Fleming, Bachelors Degree. Curatorial. Research exist-
ing curatorial information and initiate new research on the
National Portrait Gallery's collection of forty-four painted
portraits of distinguished African Americans donated by
the Harmon Foundation. June 5, 1995 through August II,
1995.
Francis I. Fletcher, Bachelors Candidate, College of Wooster.
Prints and Drawings. I will be cataloguing some three hun-
dred drawings by Gardner Cox recently acquired by the
Portrait Gallery. May 15, 1995 through August 23, 1995.
Jeana K. Foley, Masters Candidate, University of North Caro-
lina Chapel Hill. Photographs. Researching Matthew
Brady for future exhibition. October 17, 1994 through
April 15, 1995.
Eleanore P. Gadsden, Bachelors Candidate, Yale University,
Catalog of American Portraits. Biographical research on
subjects and artists of portraits at the Koshare Indian Mu-
seum, La Junta, Colorado, and research and data entry for
portraits at che Montana Historical Society and other west-
ern collections. June 13, 1995 through August 18, 1995.
Nancy Lynn Hall, Bachelors Candidate, George Washington
University. Peale Family Papers. Biographical research on
the sitters of Rembrandt Peale, 1778-1860, American Por-
traitist, for a catalog reisonne of his works being prepared
at the Peale family papers. September, 7 1995 through April
30, 1996.
Julie Carol Hart, Graduate, George Washington University.
Painting and Sculpture. The intern will primarily be in-
volved with research on pending acqusitions and answering
public inquiries, although other curatorial duties involved
with the permanent collection will be assigned as they
arise. September 7, 1995 through December 15, 1995.
Alexis K. Hill, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Peale
Family Papers. Researching and catalouging the Papers of
Titian Ramsay Peale. September 5, 1995 through December
15, 1995.
Leslie Ivie, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. painting and
sculpture. Research on the forty-five portraits of distin-
guished African Americans given by the Harmon Founda-
tion in 1967. September 5, 1995 through December 25, 1995.
Susanne Javdani, Bachelors Candidate, University of Califor-
nia Santa Barbara. Catalog of American Portraits. Collating
portrait images and documentation, integrating portrait
material into archival files, researching portrait collections,
individual art works, sitter and artist biographies. January
9, 1995 through March 22, 1995.
Shi Jung, Bachelors Degree, American University. Registrar.
Will help update files on the museum collections. June 12,
1995 through August 25, 1995.
Sharon Lanza, Bachelors Candidate, Northwestern University.
Researching for Barrymore exhibit for National Portrait
Gallery. June 21, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
Flai Livingston, Bachelors Candidate, Howard University.
Education. Serving as principal assistant to the Public Pro-
gram Manager in the film program by researching, locat-
ing and ordering films for the film series. February 31, 1995
through April 27, 1995.
Stefne A. Lynch, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Educa-
tion Department. Design highlights of the gallery tours for
the National Portrait Gallery. June 5, 1995 through August
II, 1995.
John Carpenter McKee, Masters Candidate, Winterthur Mu-
seum. Curatorial. Curatorial research in painting and sculp-
ture. December 27, 1994 through April 30, 1995.
Sandy Meyer, Bachelors Degree. Education Department.
Responsible for the National Portrait Gallery's film series,
and other duties as assigned. September 9, 1995 through
November 30, 1995.
Laurie O'Donnell, Bachelors Candidate, Brown University.
History Department. To assist in researching the portraits
of Henry Clay, in addition to researching a small exhibit on
George C. Marshall. This research will involve newspaper
and periodical searches in the Library of Congress. July 3,
1995 through August 25, 1995.
Amy L. Richardson, Bachelors Candidate, Mount Holyoke
College. Computer Services. Research and compiling infor-
mation for “see more about” pamphlets. September 5, 1995
through December 25, 1995.
Cary Riker, High School Senior, St. Timothys School.
Catalouge of American Portraits. Organizing and labeling
portrait material; researching sitter and artist biographies;
editing catalog information; incorporating portrait mate-
rial into CAP files; entering portrait data and images into
CAP computer database. May 18, 1995 through June 6,
1995.
Anne F. Sawicki, Masters Candidate, University of California,
Davis. Education. To begin the preparation of the National
133
Portrait Gallery's permanent collection illustrated checklist
in book form, also removing and sorting half-tone illustra-
tion films. June 4, 1995 through August I2, 1995.
Katherine D. Sevier, Bachelors Candidate, Wellesley College,
Prints and Drawings. Acting as research assistant to Wendy
Reaves, curator of Prints and Drawings. Cataloging incom-
ing prints and drawings; miscellaneous research for depart-
ment. May 30, 1995 through August 4, 1995.
Ilana Shafran, Bachelors Candidate, Barnard College. Edu-
cation. Organization, research and computer entry of por-
trait records from New Mexico state survey. Also
research work with National Portrait Gallery curatorial
files and public reference requests. June 12, 1995 through
August 21, 1995.
Amy R. Stegman, Bachelors Degree, Mary Washington Col-
lege. NPG Registrar's Office. Assisting in the National Por-
trait Gallery Registrar's Office with a special project to
create new permanent registrarial records for all Gallery col-
lections. July 5, 1995 through January 5, 1996.
Leslie Ann Stubbs, Bachelors Degree, U.S. International Uni-
versity. Design and Production. Assist Production Manager
and assist Chief of Design with all aspects of design prepara-
tion and coordination. Specific tasks will include drafting
plans, assisting with scheduling and maintenance of master
calendar. January 30,1995 through April 30, 1995.
Natasha L. Suber, Bachelors Candidate, Morgan State Univer-
sity. Education. Assist education program assistant with
the Cultures in Motion program series, film series, and in-
tern program at the National Portrait Gallery. June 7, 1995
through September 7, 1995.
Heather Sullivan, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Office
of the Historian. The Rise of Celebrity Culcure-(the Barry-
mores, musical theater videos). September 5, 1995 through
December 25, 1995.
Stephanie Lee Tadlock, Bachelors degree. Education Depart-
ment. Assist with 12 week initial Docent Training Course.
Promote and help run the Lunchtime Lecture and Portraits
in Print Series. September 14, 1995 through December 20,
1995-
Lesley Tucker, Bachelors Candidate, Middlebury College. Na-
tional Portrait Gallery. Assisting in the National Portrait
Gallery Registrar's office with a special project to create
new permanent registrarial records for all Gallery collec-
tions. June 21, 1995 through August 30, 1995.
Jessica Cole Udvardy, Masters Degree, George Washington
University. Photographs. Project will be to catalog 99
photographs by George Tames from the Hines collection
taken during the Cold War era. February 6, 1995 through
May 26, 1995.
Allison Wickens, Bachelors Degree, Grinnell College. Educa-
tion. Assisting in the research and development of class-
room materials that can be used in conjunction with two
special exhibitions at the gallery, and will have work as a
teaching assistant during a four day seminar. February 27,
1995 through July 14, 1995.
134
Kirsten E. Williams, Bachelors Candidate, University of Vir-
ginia. Publications. Helping to edit and publish books for
the National Portrait Gallery, including “1846”, a book
about the Smithsonian's 150th anniversary. Also, editing
exhibition captions and other written materials for the
museum. May 22, 1995 through July 28, 1995.
National Postal Museum
Tracy Brown, Masters Candidate, George Mason University.
Public Affairs. Text entry and editing of the museum news-
letter, updating all press materials in the museum's media
kit, updating and writing new captions for publicity photo-
graphs, and writing press releases. January 23, 1995 through
May 15, 1995.
Kathryn Concannon, Bachelors Candidate, Grove City Col-
lege. Collections Department. Arranging a small collection
of 19th century post office correspondence and rehousing.
Alson creating a finder’s aid. June 6, 1995 through August
22, 1995.
Mark Dellapietra, Bachelors Candidate, Catholic University.
Collections. Assisting in the rehousing of the Certified
Plate Proof Collection. Assisting with various collections
management projects as assigned. August 31, 1995 through
December 15, 1995.
Alan Hiebert, Bachelors candidate, Coe College. Public Af-
fairs. Develop press releases for up-coming exhibits and
programs, update media lists and activity logs, send
mailings, assemble press kits to include clips, summer
newsletter, create postcard mailer for VIARC, video proj-
ect and other related duties. September 5, 1995 through
December 8, 1995.
Leigh A. Kale, Bachelors Candidate, University of North Car-
olina. Public Affairs. Assemble press kits, organize slides
and photos for distribution, answer media and public's
questions about museum, write press releases and various
other tasks relating to the public, media and advertising.
May 21, 1995 through August 9, 1995.
Jeff Kishman, Masters Candidate, George Washington Univer-
sity. Education. Creating a secondary school Postal Pack
and public programming. January 17, 1995 through April
27, 1995.
Richard J. Moniz, Jr., Masters Candidate, Rhode Island Col-
lege. Music Department. Original research in the Music De-
partment of the Library of Congress, contacting other
museums and repositories, etc. May 30, 1995 through July
7, 1995.
Christine Mulligan, Masters Candidate, George Washington
University. Education. Designing activity kits, revising and
teaching student tours, and creating a pre-visit curriculum
materials for high school students. January 17, 1995
through April 27, 1995.
National Zoological Park
Surangi Punyasena, Bachelors Candidate, Yale University.
Working in the Bio Visualization Lab at the National Zoo
under Dr. Alfred Rosenberger. Exploring the way in which
three-dimensional scanning could be used to study bio-
logical specimens, namely the molar teeth of primates.
Scanning teeth using a three ton laser named Huxley.
Developing a technique in which to orient the digitized
images of these casts of howler and squirrel monkey molars
so that the differences in morphology between individuals
and the differences between species and their ancestors
could be compared. June 5, 1995 through August 18, 1995.
Office of Architectural History and
Historic Preservation
Fay A. Beilis, Bachelors Candidate, Oberlin College. Research
into architectural history of the patent office building, fo-
cusing on issues concerning its preservation. Project will re-
sult in an evaluation of historic character and original
fabric of building. June 12, 1995.
Katherine Eggers, Bachelors Degree, Yale University. Re-
search into the architectural history of the Hirshhorn Mu-
seum and Sculpture Garden, culminating in a twenty page
research paper. June 12, 1995 through August 21, 1995.
Denis R. McNamara, Masters Candidate, University of Vir-
ginia. Research on Adolf Cluss, architect of Arts and Indus-
tries Building. July 5, 1995 through August II, 1995.
Victoria Solan, Bachelors Degree, Oberlin College. Research
history of the interior of the Arts and Industries Building.
October 11, 1994 through December 22, 1994.
Office of the Assistant Provost for Arts
and Humanities
Rebecca Jubon, Masters Candidate, George Washington Uni-
versity. Accessibility Program. The intern will illustrate
and produce a design layout for the accessibility program;s
“Guide for Accessible Exhibition Design.” The document
will be published for internal Smithsonian Institution use.
September 18, 1995 through December I, 1995.
Kristin Schumacher, Masters Candidate, Cooperstown. Work-
ing with accessibility coordinator on various projects in-
cluding possible major internet accessibility project. June
5, 1995 through August II, 1995.
Office of Elementary and
Secondary Education
Christopher Z. Breault, Bachelors Candidate, Saint Michael's
College. Introductory and observational program for clini-
cal case. Aid technicians in general hospital maintenance.
Includes cleaning equipment and assist with making obser-
vations and recording them. June 26, 1995 through August
5, 1995.
Ricardo J. Cavo Acosta, Bachelors Candidate, University of
Puerto Rico. Invertebrate Exhibit. Maintenance of the ex-
hibits, feeding the animals, cleaning the exhibits,
designing the aquaria interiors, carry out water tests, an-
swer visitors questions, conduct feeding demonstrations
and help visitors use a microscope to identify invertebrates
in water and soil samples. June 24, 1995 through August 5,
1995.
Shawn Djernes, Bachelors Candidate, University of Nebraska,
Lincoln. Computer Services. Work as a member of the In-
formation Resource Division staff and assist staff responsi-
ble for training and end-user support for mainframe and
PC-based applications. Edit and update OIRM training
manuals using WordPerfect on the local area network.
Serve as the teaching assistant in the Information Resource
Division Training Room and assist in the maintenance of
Training Room computers. June 24, 1995 through August
5, 1995.
Lynn-Steven Engelke, Masters Candidate, George Washing-
ton University. Teacher Services. Providing research and
general program support for “Teaching and Learning ina
Diverse Society.” January 18, 1995 through April 28, 1995.
Welana A. Fields, Bachelors Candidate, Oklahoma University.
Support the exhibition department in the development of
the exhibit masterplan for the National Museum of the
American Indian mall museum. Learn and observe exhibit
design and master planning, museum management, admin-
istration and Native American art and culture. June 24,
1995 through August 5, 1995.
Ethan R. Jolley, Bachelors Candidate, Utah Valley State Col-
lege. Work with National Air and Space museum lighting
designer in designing, installing and maintaining exhibit
lighting systems. Research new equipment, drafting plans
for proposed exhibits, installing and focusing lighting
units for new exhibits, and re-lamping existing fixtures.
Assist the lighting designer in writing specifications, in
applying basic engineering standards, and in complying
with Smithsonian Institution regulations and the Na-
tional Electrical Code. June 26, 1995 through August 4,
1995.
Ciani J. Jones, Bachelors Candidate, Georgetown University.
Research and organization of several small touring exhibi-
tions drawn from the National Museum of American Art's
collection as well as conducting research on Hispanic and
Indian artists. June 24, 1995 through August 5, 1995.
135
Mai Le, Bachelors Candidate, University of Texas at Austin.
Assist in configuring and installing personal computer
hardware and software, including network software in of-
fices of the National Air and Space Museum. Assist per-
sonal computer users in solving hardware and software
problems. June 24, 1995 through August 5, 1995.
Betty Limon. Latino Outreach. Work with Public Affairs staff
involved in the Institution's outreach program directed to-
ward the Latino community in Washington D.C., and
across the nation. Work with other Smithsonian bureaus,
various forms of Latino media, developing contacts and par-
ticipants. in PR activities. June 26, 1995 through August 4,
1995.
Farhan Malik, Bachelors Candidate, University of Kansas.
Space History. Work with primary source materials dealing
with the technology of manned spaceflight in order to orga-
nize and prepare archival records. Assist with the care and
storage of the space suit collection from the Mercury,
Apollo and Gemini eras. June 26, 1995 through August 8,
1995.
Javier T. Moreno, Bachelors Candidate, Texas Tech University.
Golden Lion Tamarin. Assist zoo staff in interpreting the
exhibit to the general public, Perform specific animal obser-
vations. Assist in daily care tasks like food preparation and
will learn to use radio tracking equipment for public dem-
onstrations. June 24, 1995 through August 4, 1995.
Melissa Neuman, Bachelors Candidate, Harvard University.
Historian. Assist National Portrait Gallery historian with
ongoing research projects using the collections of the Gal-
lery itself and perhaps those of the District of Columbia's
Public Library and the Library of Congress. June 24, 1995
through August 5, 1995.
Callie J. Newcombe. Primate House. Assist primate keepers
with their daily routine including cleaning enclosures, pre-
paring food, and conducting behavioral observations of
eight species of primates. Assist with some record keeping.
June 24, 1995 through August 5, 1995.
Chi T. Ng, High School Senior, Lane Technical High School.
Armed Forces History. Working with collections of over
400,000 objects (uniforms, insignia, art). Caring for collec-
tions and assisting with mounting exhibitions. Use compu-
terized catalogue system. Assist in routine museum work.
June 24, 1995 through August 5, 1995.
Steven C. Pabst, Bachelors Candidate, Bal! Stace University.
Exhibit Interpretation. In National Zoological Park's pho-
tography department, experiencing Black & White photog-
raphy printing, copy work, filling photo requests, and
assisting the staff photographer with animal and other pho-
tography. Learn about and help survey, rehouse, identify,
and catalog historic and recent photographs in the Zoo's
photo archive. Assist with the development of the Photo
CD project to integrate photo CD images into a database.
June 24, 1995 through August 5, 1995.
Nazzy Pakpour, Bachelors Candidate, University of Califor-
nia, Davis. Insect Zoo. Will learn to care for the animals
136
found in Insect Zoo and learn interpretive techniques
which have been developed specifically for the exhibit.
Will participate in teacher training workshops. June 24,
1995 through August 5, 1995.
Jaime Petrovich. Early Enrichment Center. Assist in research-
ing and coordinating developmentally appropriate mu-
seum-based activities for children. Responsible for assisting
in planning and implementing the actual activities. The in-
tent of the program is to integrate museum experiences
with early childhood education, stressing active learning,
critical thinking, and problem solving skills. June 24, 1995
through August 5, 1995.
Taj J. Polite, Bachelors Candidate, North Carolina State. Edu-
cation. Assist the education department by conducting
tours of the education department by conducting tours of
the “Black Mosaic Community, Race and Ethnicity” exhibi-
tion. Additional duties include answering telephone inquir-
ies, working with the education department's archive, and
helping to update the mailing list. June 26, 1995 through
August 5, 1995.
Corlei N. Prieto, Bachelors Candidate, University of Califor-
nia, Santa Barbara. Education. Assist with various duties re-
lated to the care and maintenance of the “Exploring Marine
Ecosystems” exhibit. Participate in the daily maintenance
and monitoring of 3,000-gallon Caribbean coral reef ex-
hibit. a 2,000-gallon gulf of Maine exhibit, and two 130-
gallon aquarium exhibits. Perform technical duties
including monitoring chemical parameters (temperature
and salinity), observing and feeding organisms within the
systems, harvesting algal turf scrubbers, and checking me-
chanical equipment. Provide behind the scenes tours and
answer questions for the general public. June 24, 1995
through August 5, 1995.
Michael William Twitty, Bachelors Candidate, Howard Uni-
versity. African-American Studies Center. Aid The
Smithsonian Associates Studies Center in the planning and
implementation of programs, and to research, collect, and
record data on past programs and overall successes of the
Studies Center. June 25, 1995 through August 5, 1995.
Melanie J. Weeks, Bachelors Candidate, McNeese State Uni-
versity. Curatorial Affairs. Introduction to basic curatorial
concepts, review of exhibits proposals, discuss process and
planning with curators and participate in evaluation pro-
cess through review committee. June 2, 1995 through July
26, 1995.
Olivia M. Wendr, Bachelors Candidate, St. Norbert. Library.
Assist professional staff in standard library duties, learning
about variety of research tools. Help to determine whether
incoming materials are to be catalogued or to be discarded,
following library guidelines to sort materials already se-
lected for the library's vertical files, and helping to elimi-
nate the backlog of materials already selected for the
vertical files. June 26, 1995 through August 5, 1995.
Maria Wiehe, Bachelors Candidate, Mesa Community Col-
lege. Horticulture. Work in the Grounds Management
Branch includes maintaining turf and flower bed areas. The
Greenhouse-Nursery Branch work introduces general green-
house practices. June 24, 1995 through August 4, 1995.
Jasmine Williams, Bachelors Candidate, Indiana University
Northwest, Office of Registrar. Assist the National Mu-
seum of American Art’s Registrar staff in its daily work
ranging from filing records and entering data to moving
art work and crates. June 26, 1995 through August 7, 1995.
Office of Exhibits Central
Monika Hirshbichler, Bachelors Candidate, University of
Maryland. Graphics. Working with graphics coordinator
on matting and framing plus assisting with various phases
of silkscreening. February 8, 1995 through May 31, 1995.
Susan Linton, Bachelors Candidate, Tulane University. Work-
ing in the fields of graphics, model making, computers and ©
design of museum exhibits. June 26, 1995 through August
23, 1995.
CarolAnne Otto, Bachelors Degree, Beaver College. Model
Shop/Exhibits. Working in exhibit fabrication for the
Duck Stamp Hall of the National Postal Museum and Land
of Promise for the National Museum of American History
as well as other projects in Natural History. May 30, 1995
through December 31, 1995.
Robert J. Patterson. Fabrication Shop. Fabrication of display
cases for exhibits. June 5, 1995 through August 5, 1995.
Lenard Reid, High School Student, Duke Ellington School of
the Arts. Illuminating the gallery walls and illuminating
art works. November 1, 1994 through November 29, 1994.
Rodney H. Robinson, Bachelors Degree, University of Kan-
sas. Model making. Assist and make a variety of models for
various exhibitions. Projects such as making a life mask,
fish mold, a diorama and leaves from cellulose acetate. In-
volve planning, gathering of materials and final presenta-
tion. May 1, 1995 through August 31, 1995.
Office of General Council
Jeannie Diane Mandoline, Law Student, Washington College
of Law. Legal research and writing in various Smithsonian
related areas. October 3, 1994 through December 31, 1994.
Susan Marino, Masters Candidate, Columbus School of Law.
Legal research and writing on various Smithsonian related
legal problems; other special projects as they may arise. Jan-
uary 9, 1995 through April 26, 1995.
Tricia Sanders Wellman, Masters Candidate, George Mason
University. Legal research and writing on various Smithson-
ian related legal problems and other special projects as they
may arise. January 9, 1995 through May 5, 1995.
Office of Government Relations
Carlos G. Rosa, Bachelors Candidate, Inter American Univer-
sity. Information systems intern to design and implement
legislative, constituent service and administrative function
recording and tracking systems. To work on commermera-
tive coin program and congressional zoo night. To instruct
office personnell on computer usage. June 13, 1995 through
August II, 1995.
Office of Latino Affairs
Adrian Guerra, Bachelors Candidate, Blackhawk College. As-
sisting the Office of Public and Government Affairs and
working at the museum of American History in cataloging
pictures from the early 1900s. July 5, 1995 through August
10, 1995.
Jose Salazar, Bachelors Candidate, Western Illinois University.
Photographs. Labeling and sleeving photographs and nega-
tives of Cuban and Philippine photographer Charles Doty.
July 5, 1995 through August 12, 1995.
Roberto Venegas, Bachelors Candidate. Colorado College. Col-
lecting information regarding Latino issues in the
Smithsonian collections. June 5, 1995 through August II,
1995.
Office of Membership and Development
Amy S. Jones, Bachelors Candidate, Duke University. Com-
pile bibliography for corporate partner program. May 17,
1995 through June 30, 1995.
Office of Plant Services
Flora Cox, Bachelors Candidate, University of the District of
Columbia. Horticulture Services. Learning about the basics
of application and classification standard of the Institution.
February 14, 1995 through April 21, 1995.
Larry Loew, Bachelors Degree, University of Louisville. Horti-
culture Services. Working with the management of the Or-
137
chid Collection. Reviewing collection to prepare physi-
cal inventory locating the label on each plant. Replacing
damaged and faded labels, identifying unknown speci-
mens. Researching, computerizing, and organizing col-
lections and records. July 17, 1995 through September
22, 1995.
Kerrie L. Pinnell, Bachelors Candidate, Southwest Mis-
souri State University. Horticulture. Working with the
maintenance of the Haupt Garden. Project will include
turf management, pruning and training of hedges and
parterres, maintenance of large expanses of ground cover
and rose gardening. June 19, 1995 through August 25,
1995.
Francie Schroeder, Bachelors Degree, George Washington Uni-
versity. Horticulture Services Division. The intern will cata-
log 35mm slides in the AAG collection and prepare a set of
guidelines to be used for evaluation of 35mm slides of gar-
dens and landscapes. September 11, 1995 through December
22, 1995.
Karen A. Swanson, Masters Candidate, University of Michi-
gan. Horticulture. Assist the landscape architect in updat-
ing the master planting plans of the museum grounds. The
project will include verifying plants on the site and prepar-
ing drawings to accurately represent the landscape. June 19,
1995 through November 17, 1995.
Jane Williamson, Bachelors Degree, University of the South.
Horticultural Services. Working with the maintenance of
the Haupt Garden, Project will include turf management,
pruning & training of formal hedges and parterres, mainte-
nance of large expanses of graound cover, and, rose garden-
ing. October 3, 1994 through January 27, 1995.
Anna S. Yellin, Bachelors Degree, University of Maryland.
Horticulture Services Division. Intern will maintain the
Butterfly Garden. While maintaining the garden, the in-
tern will develop a record from which future plant lists can
be selected; develop maintenance routines; doing research
along the way; will record butterfly visits (time of year and
type of plant visited.) August 14, 1995 through November
3, 1995.
Office of Printing G
Photographic Services
Vanda Manprasert, High School Senior, Winston Churchill
High School. Office of Photographic Services. Work on
NAA copywork and black and white printing. Scan images
into electronic format for database in World Wide Web
use. Assist photographers in studio as needed. September 5,
1995 through June I, 1996.
Office of Public Affairs
Rosane Maria Rocha de Carvalho, Bachelors Degree, Museum
of the Republic. Assisted the Office of Public Affairs with
marketing programs, multimedia and computer programs
October 24, 1994 through December 19, 1994.
Colleen Hershberger, Smith College. Advertising. Publicity
and promotions for 1995 Festival of American Folklife, craft
show, and other projects. April 24, 1995 through September
24, 1995.
Craig Lambert, Bachelors Candidate, University of New
Hampshire. Work on 150th anniversary public relation pro-
jects. June 1, 1995 through August 31, 1995.
Office of the Secretary
Elizabeth Hart, High School Student, Sidwell Friends School.
Biodiversity and Environmental Affairs. Assisting with the
Smithsonian Earth Day Conference on Biodiversity. January
24, 1995 through April 28, 1995.
Office of Smithsonian Institution Archives
Morgan Andreae, Bachelors Degree. Institutional History/Jo-
seph Henry Papers Project. Compile a database of Joseph
Henry quotations which provide insight on certain key is-
sues in the history of the Smithsonian. He will also be ex-
posed to techniques of documentary editing. June 6, 1995
through August 18, 1995.
Anne Armstrong, Bachelors Candidate, James Madison Uni-
versity. Institutional History. Researching the history of
Smithsonian art museums and creating a database of the in-
formation. June 12, 1995 through August 26, 1995.
Eleanor Curry, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Smithson-
ian Institution Archives. Records of William Jores Rhees -
Smithsonian Institution Archives. September 5, 1995
through December 25, 1995.
Kalia Edmonds, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College. Ar-
chives Division. Accessions 1834-1958, Smithsonian Institu-
tion Archives. September 5, 1995 through December 20,
1995.
Susan W. Haskell, Bachelors Degree. Office of Smithsonian
Archives. Appraise, arrange, describe, and preserve a large
collection of records of the History of Science Society. Au-
gust 7, 1995 through October 13, 1995.
Bethany Leigh Johnson, Bachelors Candidate, Princeton Uni-
versity. Joseph Henry Papers. Compile a database of news-
paper accounts of the Smithsonian during the 1850s
focusing on the coverage of Joseph Henry's clash with
Charles Jewett over future control and direction of the Insti-
tution. Documentary editing. June 5, 1995 through August
Il, 1995.
Rebecca L. McCadney, Bachelors Candidate, Carnegie Mellon
University. Assisting historian in research for a project on
former Smithsonian Institution Secretary S.
Dillon Ripley. June 5, 1995 through August 18, 1995. Shawn
A. Thompson, Bachelors Candidate, Smith College.
Smithsonian Institution
Archives. Assisting in the Isoth anniversary exhibitions.
September 5, 1995 through December 23, 1995.
Office of Sponsored Progects
Michael Aaron Barnes, Bachelors Candidate, Washington and
Jefferson College. Developing a survey to collect staff's aca-
demic/program interests for which they need external fund-
ing. Set up a database and enter the information once it is
collected. June 5, 1995 through August 25, 1995.
Idana Bonsi, Bachelors Candidate, Alabama A&M University.
Perform a study on projected financial impact analysis.
June 5, 1995 through August 1, 1995.
Janet L. Dauber, Bachelors Degree, Mount Union College. As-
sist in pre-award administrative functions, including e-
mail and database duties and assisting Grant Contract
Administrator in proposal development and administra-
tion. February 3, 1995 through June 30, 1995.
Sarah A. de Aguero, Bachelors Candidate, University of South
Florida. Office of Sponsored Projects. I will be designing,
writing, and editing a technical manual for the Post-Award
division of the Office of Sponsored Projects. The manual
will detail the services provided to the Smithsonian princi-
ple investigators. July 5, 1995 through August II, 1995.
Courtney Lenhard, Bachelors Candidate, Whittier College.
Assisting financial analysts in preparing corrected invoices
and in analyzing indirect costs. Reviewing monthly finan-
cial reports to identify deficits. June 5, 1995 through Au-
Bust 4, 1995.
Julianne Simpson, Masters Candidate, Arizona State Univer-
sity. Assist in developing a management curriculum for Fi-
nance and Administration and assist in development of a
pan-institutional matrix of responsibilities for federal regu-
lations and compliance for the Smithsonian. June 26, 1995
through July 28, 1995.
Smithsonian Environmental
Research Center
M. Carole Anderson, Bachelors Candidate, Agnes Scott Col-
lege. Spicebush research, especially insect interactions with
plant; also bird predation or larvae that feed on spicebush.
June 5, 1995 through August 18, 1995.
Allison Eddy Blouin, Bachelors Candidate, St. John’s College.
Studying rate of soil efflux of COz from forest floor. May
22, 1995 through August IJ, 1995.
Cynthia Boyer, Bachelors Degree. Intern in the education and
public programs department. March 6, 1995 through May
26, 1995.
Andrea L. Craig, Bachelors Degree, Allegheny College. Ef-
fects of UV radiation on phytoplankton in Chesapeake Bay.
May 1995 through August 1995.
Charlee H. Darby, Bachelors Candidate, Washington College.
Amoebae in shipballast. June 5, 1995 through August 18,
1995.
Manuel Gortschick, Bachelors Candidate, Fachhochschule,
Hamburg. Forest canopy project. February 28, 1995
through August 31, 1995.
Lisa A. Hartman, Bachelors Degree, Hood College. To iden-
tify non-indigenous species of marine organisms entering
the Baltimore and Norfolk harbors from the ballast water
of cargo ships. May 22, 1995 through November 3, 1995.
Kirsten Hauser. Quantify identification in wetland systems
using gas chromatography to detect N2O levels. February
27, 1995 through May 19, 1995.
Susan Njeri Mambo, Masters Candidate, Louisiana State Uni-
versity. Environmental education and research. Reviewing
environmental education materials, leading canoe tours,
seminars, explaining ecological research. March 12, 1995
through May 5, 1995.
Nancy Merrill, Bachelors Candidate, Cornell University. As-
sisting Mark Hadden. Filming an environmental education
video aimed at middle schools. We are trying to show that
environmental science is fun, exciting and important. June
5, 1995 through August 20, 1995.
Eleanor Milne, Masters Candidate, Essex University. The ef-
fects of elevated CO2 on root respiration in a tidal marsh
ecosystem. May 22, 1995 through August 25, 1995.
Nancy Polen, Bachelors Degree, Grove City College. Long
term bird census with Dr. Jim Lynch. Research takes place
on 30 acre plot with vegetation in a variety of successful
stages. June 5, 1995 through August 18, 1995.
Tonya Kafi Rawlings, Bachelors Degree, Cornell University.
Intern will be studying the blue crab/rock fish interactions
in the Chesapeake Bay. May 6, 1995.
Francisca Saavedra, Masters Candidate, University of Florida.
Canopy Lab. Collect data in forest and analyze it on com-
puter. November 28, 1994 through February 3, 1995.
Gabriela W. Smalley, Bachelors Degree, University of Mary-
land. June 5, 1995 through August 25, 1995.
139
William G. Smithhart, Bachelors Candidate, Southwest Texas
State University. To determine geological influences on
water quality in study areas within the Chesapeake Bay wa-
tershed using available SERC resources and geographic in-
formation systems. May 22, 1995 through August II, 1995.
Sasha I. Weinstein, Bachelors Degree, Brown University. Nu-
trient cycling in a constructed wetland. June 5, 1995
through August 25, 1995.
Smithsonian Institution Libraries
Amy Cancienne, Masters Candidate, Louisiana Stace Univer-
sity. Museum Reference Center. Answering most frequently
asked reference questions and developing packets. Decem-
ber 19, 1994 through January 6, 1995.
Teria A. Curry, Masters Candidate, Catholic University. Cen-
tral Reference and Loan. Learning the range of interlibrary
loan activities. April 16, 1995 through August 10, 1995.
Kimberly Matthews Graber, Masters Degree, Emporia Strate
University. Museum Reference Center. Working on the or-
ganization of the Native American Museums vertical files,
and newly obtained materials and actively soliciting up-
dated materials. January 9, 1995 through March 9, 1995.
Marci Madatic, Masters Candidate, Louisiana State University.
American History Library. Working with Worlds Fair
Books deciding which ones to keep and which to discard
along with some reference work. December 19, 1994
through January 6, 1995.
Dei Olson, Masters Degree, The American University, Mu-
seum Reference Center. Identify and prepare a guide on visi-
tor evaluation studies. May 31, 1995 through December 31,
1995.
Debra Shumate, Masters Candidate, Catholic University. Na-
tional Portrait Gallery & American Art Library. Profes-
sional librarianship, experience via practicum. August 29,
1995 through January 31, 1996.
Debra Shumate, Masters Candidate, Catholic University of
America. National Postal Museum. Develop bibliography
of the Colonial Post Office. January 12, 1995 through May
13, 1995.
Smithsonian Institution Travelling
Exhibition Service
Shannon Brown, Masters Candidate, Arizona State University.
Contribute to the development of interpretive components
and written materials for the traveling exhibition exotic
illusions: art, romance and the marketplace. Drafting exhi-
bition text for interactive and Audio Visual components, re-
140
searching photographs, library research, meeting with
exhibition team, drafting text for gallery handout, exhib-
itor kits, participating in general office activities related
to the SITES program. June 1, 1995 through August 11,
1995-
Smithsonian Institution
Women’s Committee
Kelly O'Donnell, Masters Degree, University of San Diego.
Assisting the women’s committee with organizing records
in order to publish anniversary book. January 23, 1995
through April 30, 1995.
Smithsonian Magazine
Tonya E. Manuel, Bachelors Candidate, Hampton University.
Gain an overall view of how the publication operates with
an emphasis on editorial activities. Read and evaluate unso-
licited manuscripts, working with an editor, doing research
on an article and working in picture department. June 5,
1995 through August 4, 1995.
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Erasmo C. Gonzalez, High School Senior, Landon School. Of-
fice support work for Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti-
tute. May 15, 1995 through June 2, 1955.
Juan Posada Hostettler, Bachelors Degree, Universidad de
los Andes. Researching plant response to elevated carbon
dioxide levels. October 1, 1994 through December 31,
1994.
Robert McCormick, High School Senior. Landon School. Of-
fice support work for the Center for Tropical Forest Science.
May 17, 1995 through June 2, 1995.
Elizabeth Stoel, Bacheiors Candidate, Princeton
University. Working in the office doing secretarial
work and learning about acting as a liason for offices and
laboratories all over the world. June 5, 1995 through
August 30, 1995.
The Smithsonian Assoctates
Emily A. Allen, Bachelors Candidate, Harvard and Radcliffe
Colleges. Provide support to TSA volunteer office, work on
customer service training project, volunteer newsletter, etc.
June 12, 1995 through August 24, 1995.
Michele Renee Cardin Bailey, Bachelors candidate, The Uni-
versity of Tampa. The Smithsonian Associates. Archiving,
press releases, TSA operations etc. September 5, 1995
through December 1s, 1995.
Betsy A. Baird, Masters Degree, Dartmouth. Resident Associ-
ate Program. Assisting in the Resident Associate Program
programming. July 31, 1995 through June 30, 1996.
Jennifer Bergeron, Bachelors Degree, U Mass-Dartmouth, Lib-
eral Arts and Special Events. Assist Program Coordinator
with general office work in addition to work on special pro-
jects. July 12, 1995 through August 25, 1995.
Lyra J. Colfer, Bachelors Candidate, Cornell University. The
Young Associates. Work on fall activities: scholarship pro-
gram, Family Halloween Party, research prospective films
and tours, other duties as assigned. September 5, 1995
through December 6, 1995.
Kimberly A. Geiler, Bachelors Candidate, Trinity University.
Office of Public Affairs. Assisting with press releases, ar-
chiving, and the Smithsonian Associates operations. May
15, 1995 through August II, 1995.
Mark A. Nakamura, Bachelors Candidate, University of Cali-
fornia, Santa Cruz. Marketing/Development. I will be pro-
viding support in all areas of marketing and development
at the Smithsonian Associates. In addition, I will be work-
ing on several photography projects for the Associates. Sep-
tember 20, 1995 through December 6, 1995.
Anne M. Shoemake, Bachelors Candidate, University of the
South. Progamming assistant for domestic tours and the
Odyssey program. June 5, 1995 through August 5, 1995.
Daisy H. Voorhees, Bachelors Candidate, Wesleyan Univer-
sity. The Young Associates. Coordinate the Smithsonian
Summer camp. Responsibilities include oversight for the
daily operation of the camp and logistical planning in ad-
vance of the Summer Camp session. June 12, 1995 through
August II, 1995.
Blythe E. Wallgren, Bachelors Candidate, George Washing-
ton University. Young Benefactors. Coordinate the Young
Benefactors annual silent auction. Work with young bene-
factors committee members and local area merchants.
Work with Young Benefactors liaison at special events in-
cluding the annual gala.May Is, 1995 through September
22, 1995.
Michele Winkler, Bachelors Degree, Pennsylvania State Uni-
versity. Visual Arts/Studio Arts. Assisting in various admin-
istrative procedures which include conducting research,
marketing of programs, assisting at council meetings, writ-
ing memos and letters, and attending workshops and
classes. February 13, 1995 through June 9, 1995.
141
Research Associates
Research Associates status is conferred by the Provost on individuals from
outside the Institution who are conducting ongoing research in areas in
which the Smithsonian has collections or expertise. Research Associates are
granted access to the Institution's facilities and reference resources and often
consult or collaborate with Smithsonian researchers. Most appointments of
Research Associates are for a duration of three years and are renewable. The
following is a list of individuals who held the title of Research Associates
during fiscal year 1995.
Office of the Provost
Dr. Wilton S. Dillon
Center For Folklife
Programs and
Cultural Studies
Mr. Kenneth Bilby
Conservation Analytical
Laboratory
Dr. Veletta Canouts
Freer Gallery of
Art/Arthur M.
Sackler Gallery
Dr. Esin Aul
Ms. Elizabeth West Fitzhugh
Mrs. Mary S. Slusser
National Air and
Space Museum
Dr. Tsevi Mazeh
Dr. Vladimir Strelnitski
National Museum of
African Art
Dr. Labelle Prussin
National Museum of
American Art
Dr. Wanda M. Corn
Dr. Charles C. Eldredge
National Museum of
Natural History
Anthropology Department
Dr. William P. Barse
Dr. Michael L. Blakey
Dr. Ernest S. Burch, Jr.
Dr. Anita G. Cook
Dr. Gillian Feeley-Harnik
Dr. Ann Fienup-Riordan
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Don Fowler
Catherine S. Fowler
George C. Frison
Dr. John M. Fritz
Dr. James Lowell Gibbs, Jr.
Dr. James B. Griffin
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
. Corinne Ann Kratz
A
Kris L. Hardin
Catherine A. Hawks
Richard T. Koritzer, D.D.S.
. Bonnie S. Magnes-Gardiner
. Betty J. Meggers
. Michael D. Petraglia
. Stephen R. Potter
. Bruce D. Ragsdale
. Mara E. Rosenthal
. Robert G. Schmidr
. Douglas Siegel-Causey
. Kenyan G. Tomaselli
Dr. John W. Verano
Ms.
Mildred Mort Wedel
Dr. John E. Yellen
Botany Department
Dr.
Dr.
Lisa Ceryle Barnett
Carol J. Bult
Dr. Jose Cuatrecasas
Dr. Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr.
Dr:
Dr.
Dr.
Elbert L. Little
Diane S. Littler
Alicia Lourteig
Dr. John J. Pipoly, III
Dr.
Dr.
Velva E. Rudd
William Louis Stern
Entomology Department
Dr.
Dr.
Mr.
Dr.
Dr.
. Margaret S. Collins
. Gregory W. Courtney
Y
David N. Adamski
Annette Aiello
Donald M. Anderson
William E. Bickley
Harley P. Brown
. Eduardo Dominguez
. Lance Durden
. Robert L. Edwards
. Neal L. Evenhuis
. Adrian B. Forsyth
. Amnon Freidberg
. Robert D. Gordon
. Ralph E. Harbach
. Paul M. Marsh
. Scott E. Miller
Dr. Charles Mitter
Dr. Paul A. Opler
Dr. Philip D. Perkins
Dr. Robert V. Peterson
Mr. E. L. Peyton
Dr. Dan A. Polhemus
Dr. John T. Polhemus
Dr. Patricia Gentili Poole
Dr. Robert W. Poole
Mr. Curtis Sabrosky
Dr. Silvia Santiago-Fragoso
Dr. Jay C. Schaffer
Dr. Nikolaj Scharff
Dr. Jeffrey W. Shultz
Mr. Theodore J. Spilman
Dr. Robert Traub
Dr. David P. Wooldridge
Dr. Frank N. Young
Invertebrate Zoology Department
Dr. G. Denton Belk
Dr. Darryl L. Felder
Dr. Gorden L. Hendler
Dr. John R. Holsinger
Dr. E. Taisoo Park
Mr. Richard E. Petit
Dr. Donald C. Ports
Dr. Marjorie L. Reaka
Dr. Janet W. Reid
Dr. Edward E. Ruppert
Dr. James D. Thomas
Paleobiology Department
Dr. William I. Ausich
Dr. Raymond L. Bernor
Dr. Annalisa Berta
Dr. Robyn Burnham
Dr. Zhongyuan Chen
Dr. James M. Clark
Dr. Stephen J. Culver
Dr. John D. Damuth
Dr. Daryl P. Domning
Dr. J. Thomas Dutro, Jr.
Dr. Ralph E. Eshelman
Dr. Jerzy Fedorowski
Dr. Thomas G. Gibson
Dr, Nigel Hughes
Dr. Paul L. Koch
Dr. Carl F. Koch
Dr. Sergius H. Mamay
Dr. Christopher G. Maples
Dr. Jerry N. McDonald
Dr. Robert B. Neuman
Dr. William A. Oliver, Jr.
Dr. Lisa E. Osterman
Dr. John Pojeta, Jr.
Dr. Kenneth D. Rose
Dr. William J. Sando
Dr. David E. Schindel
Dr. Judith Skog
Dr. Anthony Socci
Dr. Norman F. Sohl
Dr. I. Gregory Sohn
Dr. Steven M. Stanley
Dr. Hans-Dieter Sues
Dr. Kammer W. Thomas
Dr. Joshua I. Tracey
Dr. James W. Valentine
Dr. Andrew G. Warne
Dr. David Bruce Weishampel
Dr. Frank C. Whitmore
Dr. Debra A. Willard
Dr. Christopher Wnuk
Dr. Keddy Yemane
Dr. Ellis L. Yochelson
Vertebrate Zoology Department
Dr. Ronald Altig
Dr. Aaron M. Bauer
Mr. Bruce M. Beehler
Dr. Eleanor D. Brown
Dr. Robert L. Brownell
Dr. John R. Burns
Dr. John E. Cadle
Dr. Philip J. Clapham
Dr. Kenneth Dodd
Dr. Andreze) Elzanowski
Dr. Louise H. Emmons
Dr. Carl H. Ernst
Dr. William Fink
Ms. Sara V. Fink
Dr. Thomas H. Fritts
Dr. J. Whitfield Gibbons
Dr. David A. Good
Dr. Catherine Hawks
Dr. Lawrence R. Heaney
Dr. Richard Highton
Dr. Aleta Hohn
Dr. Peter W. Houde
Mr. Ivan Ineich
Mrs. Phyllis R. Isler
Mr. Morton L. Isier
Dr. Elisabeth Kalko
Dr. Roy K. Kropp
Ms. Roxie C. Laybourne
Dr. Bradley C. Livezey
Dr. Jonathan B. Losos
Dr. Linda E. Resnik Maxson
Mr. Roy W. McDiarmid
Dr. Naercio Menezes
Mr. Joseph C. Mitchell
Dr. Guy G. Musser
Dr. Rafael Omar de Sa
Dr. Hidetoshi Ota
Dr. William Perrin
Mr. Gregory K. Pregill
Dr. John E. Randall
Hon S. Dillon Ripley, I
Dr. Sentiel A. Rommel
Dr. William F. Smith-Vaniz
Mr. Wayne C. Starnes
Dr. David L. Stein
Mr. Ian R. Swingland
Dr. Merrill Varn
Mr. Richard J. Wassersug
Dr. E. O. Wiley
National Zoological Park
Dr. Mary Katherine Carlstead
Dr. Adelmar Coimbra-Filho
Dr. Perry S. Barboza
Dr. Susan D. Crissey
Dr. Kim C. Derrickson
Dr. James M. Dietz
Dr. Wolfgang Dittus
Dr. John F. Eisenberg
Dr. John M. Francis
Dr. Karen L. Goodrowe
Dr. Theodore I. Grand
Dr. Mary M. Hagedorn
Dr. Sara J. Iverson
Dr. David W. Johnston
Dr. Thomas H. Kunz
Dr. Brian Miller
Dr. Dale Miquelle
Dr. Steven L. Monfort
Dr. James B. Murphy
Dr. Donald H. Owings
Dr. Stephen J. O’Brien
Dr. Thomas W. Quinn
Dr. William F. Rall
Mr. Alfred Rosenberger
Dr. Stephen I. Rothstein
Dr. Mitchel Schiewe
Dr. George Schwede
Dr. Norman J. Scott, Jr.
Dr. Michael Stuwe
Dr. Steven D. Thompson
143
Dr. Duane E. Ullrey
Dr. Samuel K. Wasser
Dr. Per Wegge
Dr. Elsie May Widdowson
Dr. Kevin Winker
Conservation Research
Center/National
Zoological Park
Dr. Govindasamy Agoramoorthy
Dr. Joel Berger
Dr. W. Don Bowen
Dr. Scott Creel
Dr. John G. Frazier
Dr. Mary Victoria McDonald
Dr. Charles W. McDougal
144
Dr. William J. McShea
Dr. Richard R. Tenaza
Dr. Paul Weldon
Office of the Smithsonian
Institution Archives/
Joseph Henry Papers
Dr. Albert E. Moyer
Smithsonian Astrophysical
Observatory
Dr. Alastair Cameron
Dr. Alyssa Goodman
Dr. Josh Grindlay
Dr. Robert Kirshner
Dr. Chris Kochanek
Dr. Avi Loeb
Dr. Jane Luu
Dr. Ramesh Narayan
Dr. William Press
Smithsonian Tropical
Research Institute
Dr. Peter Shaw Ashton
Dr. Stephen P. Hubbell
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153
Publications of the
Smithsonian
Institution Press in
Fiscal Year 1995
During fiscal year 1995, the Smithsonian Institution
Press released more than 150 publications—including
trade books, exhibition catalogs, monographs, sympo-
sium volumes, museum guides, brochures, pamphlets,
videos, and sound recordings—the most important of
which are listed below.
University Press
Ardouin, Claude Daniel, and Emmanuel Arinze. Museums and
the Community in West Africa. June 1995.
Arriaza, Bernardo T. Beyond Death: The Chinchorro Mummies of
Ancient Chile. September 1995.
Ben-Amos, Paula Gershick. The Art of Benin. Revised edition.
June 1995.
Bendix, Deanna Marohn. Diabolical Designs: Paintings. Interi-
ors. and Exhibitions of James McNetll Whistler. May 1995.
Brigham, David R. Public Culture in the Early Republic: Peale's
Museum and Its Audience. March 1995.
Brown, Dona. Inventing New England: Regional Tourism in the
Nineteenth Century. March 1995.
Chaussonnet, Valérie, ed. Crossroads Alaska: Native Cultures of
Alaska and Siberia. Copublished with the Smithsonian Insti-
tution Arctic Studies Center. September 1995.
Clark-Lewis, Elizabeth. Living In, Living Out: African American
Domestics in Washington, D.C., 1910-1940. October 1994.
Collar, N. J., M. J. Crosby, and A. J. Stattersfield. Birds to
Watch 2: The World List of Threatened Birds. Distributed for
BirdLife International. July 1995.
Cooper, J. E., ed. Disease and Threatened Birds. Distributed for
BirdLife International. July 1995.
Cottonwoods: Photographs by Robert Adams. January 1995.
Craddock, Paul T. Early Metal Mining and Production.
Copublished with Edinburgh University Press. May 1995.
154
Croxall, J. P., ed. Seabird Status and Conservation: A Supplement.
Distributed for BirdLife International. July 1995.
Cullen, Jim. The Civil War in Popular Culture: A Reusable Past.
March 1995.
Danly, Susan, and Chery! Leibold. Eakins and the Photograph:
Works by Thomas Eakins and His Circle in the Collection of the
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. September 1994.
Davies, R. E. G., and I. E. Quastler. Commuter Airlines of the
United States. November 1994.
Diamond, A. W., and FE L. Filion, eds. The Value of Birds. Dis-
tributed for BirdLife International. July 1995.
Doss, Erika. Spirit Poles and Flying Pigs: Public Art and Cul-
tural Democracy n American Communities. March 1995.
Elias, Scott A. Ice-Age History of Alaskan National Parks. April
1995.
Evans, M. I. Important Bird Areas in the Middle East. Distrib-
uted for BirdLife International. July 1995.
Flores, Richard R. Los Pastores: History and Performance in the
Mexican Shepherd's Play of South Texas. September 1995.
Foresta, Merry A., and John Wood. Secrets of the Dark Chamber:
The Art of the American Daguerreotype. Copublished with the
National Museum of American Art. June 1995.
Frankel, Godfrey, and Laura Goldstein. In the Alleys: Kids in
the Shadow of the Capitol. September 1995.
Franklin, John Hope, and Genna Rae McNeil, eds. African
Americans and the Living Constitution. March 1995.
Garcia Rodero, Cristina. Espana Oculta: Public Celebrations in
Spain. 1974-1989. Copublished with Lunwerg Publishers.
August 1995.
Glines, Carroll V. Roscoe Turner: Aviation’s Master Showman.
March 1995.
Goriup, Paul D., ed. Ecology and Conservation of Grassland
Birds. Distributed for BirdLife International. July 1995.
Hendler, Gordon, John E. Miller, David L. Parson, and Porter
M. Kiev. Sea Stars. Sea Urchins. and Allies: Echinoderms of
Florida and the Caribbean. August 1995.
Horses and Dogs: Photographs by William Eggleston. January
1995.
Houchins, Chang-su. Artifacts of Diplomacy: Smithsonian Collec-
tions from Commodore Matthew Perry’s Japan Expedition (1853-
1854). August 1995.
Hyatt, Vera Lawrence, and Rex Nettleford, eds. Race. Dis-
course, and the Origin of the Americas: A New World View.
March 1995.
Jackson, Robert. F-86 Sabre: The Operational Record.
Copublished with Airlife Publishing. April 1995.
Jacob, Kathryn Allamong. Capital Elites: High Society in Wash-
ington, D.C., after the Civil War. October 1994.
Johnson, David R. I/legal Tender: Counterfeiting and the Secret
Service in Nineteenth-Century America. January 1995.
Jones, David L. Palms Throughout the World. Copublished with
Reed Books. July 1995.
Kan, Michael, Roy Sieber, David W. Penney, Mary Nooter
Roberts, and Helen M. Shannon. African Masterworks in the
Detroit Institute of Arts. September 1995.
Kelly, Robert L. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-
Gatherer Lifeways. July 1995.
Leary, William M., ed. From Arrships to Airbus: The History of Civil
Aviation. Volume x Infrastructure and Environment. April 1995.
Light, Ken. Delta Time: Mississtpp: Photographs. March 1995.
Lopez, Donald S. Fighter Pilot's Heaven: Flight Testing the Early
Jets. March 1995.
McFarland, Stephen L. America’s Pursutt of Strategic Bombing.
rgro—1945. March 1995.
Miles, Ellen G. Saznt-Memin and the Neoclassical Profile Portrait
in America. Copublished with the National Portrait Gallery.
December 1994.
Merrill, Linda, ed. With Kindest Regards: The Correspondence of
James McNe:ll Whistler and Charles Lang Freer. 1890-1903.
Copublished with the Freer Gallery. April 1995.
Morrell, Abelardo. Camera in a Room. August 1995.
Nettleship, D. N., J. Burger, and M. Gochfeld, eds. Seabirds
on Islands: Threats. Case Studies. and Action Plans. Distrib-
uted for BirdLife International. July 1995.
Norton, Brian G., Michael Hutchins, Elizabeth F. Stevens,
and Terry Maple. Ethics on the Ark: Zoos. Animal Welfare.
and Wildlife Conservation. June 1995.
Parker, Ann, and Avon Neal. Hajj Paintings: Folk Art of the
Great Pilgrimage. September 1995.
Partridge, Elizabeth, ed. Dorothea Lange: A Visual Life. Octo-
ber 1994.
Piehler, G, Kurt. Remembering War the American Way. March
1995-
Pollack, Howard. Skyscraper Lullaby: The Life and Music of John
Alden Carpenter. December 1994.
Prosterman, Leslie. Ordinary Life, Festival Days: Aesthetics in the
Midwestern County Fair. October 1994.
Prussin, Labelle. African Nomadic Architecture: Space, Place. and
Gender. July 1995.
Redding, Joan, and Diane Vogt-O’Connor. Guide to the Photo-
graphic Collections at the Smithsonian Institution. Volume lV.
National Air and Space Museum. April 1995.
Salathé, T. Conserving Migratory Birds. Distributed for BirdLife
International. July 1995.
Samuels, Peggy and Harold. Remembering the Maine. April 1995.
Schiffer, Michael Brian. Taking Charge: The Electric Automobile
in America. August 1994.
Schoenfeld, Max. Stalking the U-boat: USAAF Offensive Antisub-
marine Operations in World War II. December 1994.
Schwartz, Glenn M., and Steven E. Falconer, eds. Archaeologi-
cal Views from the Countryside: Village Communities in Early
Complex Societies. October 1994.
Seiler-Baldinger, Annemarie. Textiles: A Classification of Tech-
niques. Copublished with Crawford House Publishers. January
1995.
Thorp, Nigel, ed. Whistler on Art: Selected Letters and Writings,
1849-1903. of James McNeill Whistler. Copublished with Car-
canet Press. December 1994.
Trimble, William E. From Airships to Airbus: The History of
Civil Aviation. Volume 2: Pioneers and Operations. April 1995.
Tucker, G., M. Heath, L. Tomialojc, and R. Grimmett. Bzrds
in Europe: Thetr Conservation Status. Distributed for BirdLife
International. July 1995.
Van Tilburg, Jo Anne. Easter Island: Archaeology. Ecology, and
Culture. Copublished with British Museum Press. January
1995.
Voss, Frederick S. Majestic in His Wrath: A Pictorial Life of
Frederick Douglass. Copublished with the National Portrait
Gallery. February 1995.
Wagner, Warren L., and V. A. Funk, eds. Hawatian Brogeogra-
phy: Evolution on a Hot Spot. June 1995.
Waller, Gregory A. Mazn Street Amusements: Movies and Commer-
cial Entertainment in a Southern City, 1896-1930. April 1995.
Weil, Scephen E. A Cabinet of Curiosities: Inquiries into Museums
and Their Prospects. March 1995.
Yamba, C. Bawa. Permanent Pilgrims: The Role of Pilgrimage in
the Lives of West African Muslims in Sudan. Copublished with
Edinburgh University Press. June 1995.
Young, Edward M. Aerial Nationalism: A History of Aviation in
Thailand. October 1994.
Smithsonian Institution Books
Conaway, James. The Smithsonian: 150 Years of Adventure. Discov-
ery, and Wonder. A profusely illustrated history of the
Institution's first century and a half August 1995.
The Smithsonian Guides to Natural America. A 16-volume series
companion set to the highly successful Smzthsonian Guides to
Historic America
Exploring the Ancient World. The last 3 titles in the 8-part se-
ries. Copublished with St. Remy Press.
Smithsonian Recordings
Great American Orchestras series. New titles in the series
are Philadelphia Orchestra/Eugene Ormandy and New York
Philharmonic: 1940-1954. Compilation and notes by
Richard Freed.
Old Time Radio series. Four different boxed sets:
The Cinnamon Bear, A Classic Children's Story (5-CD/5-cas-
sette set). Contains 26 original radio episodes of the magi-
cal adventures of Judy and Jimmy Barton and the
Cinnamon Bear through Maybeland.
Let's Pretend (4-CD/4-cassette). 12 adventures from “radio's
outstanding children’s theater.”
Science Fiction (4-CD/4-cassette set). 10 classic radio shows
of the science fiction genre including H. G. Wells’ “War of
the Worlds”.
The Stan Freberg Show. 7 complete radio shows from
Freberg’s famed 1957 CBS radio series.
Big Band Renaissance: Big Band Jazz from the 40s to the 90s.
5-CD/5-cassette boxed set. Compiled with notes and annota-
tions by Bill Kirchner.
155
Mean Old World: The Blues From 1940 to 1994. 4-CD/4-cassette
boxed set. Compiled with notes and annotations by Law-
rence Hoffman.
Hot Jazz On Blue Note. 4-CD/4-cassette boxed set. Compiled
with notes and annotations by Dan Morgenstern.
Smithsonian Video Division
The Earth Is Our Mother. Vand II.
Now, A Moment on Earth.
Smithsonian Expedition. Two programs.
Smithsonian World. A 12-tape collection: The Wyeths: A Father
and His Family; The Living Constitution; Zoo: Web of Life; The
Vever Affair; Tales of the Human Dawn; Nigerian Art—Kin-
dred Spirits; The Quantum Universe: Gender: The Enduring Par-
adox; From Information to Wisdom: A Certain Age: The Doors of
Perception.
Federal Series Publications
Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology
37. Chang-su Houchins. “Artifacts of Diplomacy: Smithson-
ian Collections from Commodore Mathew Perry's Japan Ex-
pedition (1853—1854).” 155 pages, 143 figures, 2 maps. (31
May 1995)
Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology
79. Nigel C. Hughes. “Ontogeny, Intraspecific Variation, and
Systematics of the Lace Cambrian Trilobite Drkelocephalus.”
89 pages, 47 figures, 11 plates, 27 tables. (29 November
1994)
81. Alexandre F. Bannikov and James C. Tyler. “Phylogenetic
Revision of the Fish Families Luvaridae and +Kushlukiidae
(Acanthuroidei), with a New Genus and Two New Species
of Eocene Luvarids.” 45 pages, 20 figures. (18 May 1995)
Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
552. Karl V. Krombein and Wojciech J. Pulawski. “Biosyste-
matic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, XX: A Revision of
Tachysphex Kohl, 1883, with Notes on Other Oriental Spe-
cies (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Larrinae).” 106 pages, 257
figures. (16 November 1994)
555. R. Daniel Bricefio and William G. Eberhard. “The Func-
tional Morphology of Male Cerci and Associated Characters
in 13 Species of Tropical Earwigs (Dermaptera: Forficulidae,
Labiidae, Carcinophoridae, Pygidicranidae).” 63 pages, 98
figures, I table. (17 March 1995)
557- Stephen D. Cairns. “Scleractinia of the Temperate North
Pacific.” 150 pages, 3 figures, 42 plates, 5 tables. (18 October
1994)
156
559. Colin Patterson and G. David Johnson. “The Intermuscu-
lar Bones and Ligaments of Teleostean Fishes.” 85 pages, 16
figures, 2 plates, 8 tables. (20 April 1995)
560. Nancy E. Adams and Robert E. Lewis. “An Annotated
Catalog of Primary Types of Siphonaptera in the National
Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.” 86
pages. (4 January 1995)
562. Louis S. Kornicker. “Ostracoda (Myodocopina) of the SE
Australian Contnental Slope, Part 2." 97 pages, 54 figures,
2 tables. (12 April 1995)
563. Alessandra R. Baptista and Wayne N. Mathis. “A Revi-
sion of New World Cyamops Melander (Diptera: Peri-
scelididae).” 25 pages, 59 figures, 1 table. (29 November
1994)
564. Richard P. Vari. “The Neotropical Fish Family
Ctenoluciidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes):
Supra and Intrafamilial Phylogenetic Relationships, with a
Revisionary Study.” 97 pages, 51 figures, 12 tables. (6 April
1995)
565. Victor G. Springer and Jeffrey T. Williams. “The
Indo-West Pacific Blenniid Fish Genus Istzblennius
Reappraised: A Revision of Istzblennius, Blenniella, and
Paralticus. New Genus.” 193 pages, 73 figures, 45 cables.
(29 November 1994)
566. David G. Smith. “Catalog of Type Specimens of Recent
Fishes in the National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, 6: Anguilliformes,
Saccopharyngiformes, and Notacanthiformes (Teleostei:
Elopomorpha).” 50 pages. (19 December 1994)
567. Wayne N. Mathis. “Studies of Gymnomyzinae (Diptera:
Ephydridae), VI: A Revision of the Genus G/enanthe Hali-
day, from the New World.” 26 pages, 59 figures. (10 Janu-
ary 1995)
568. Louis S. Kornicker and Thomas M. Iliffe. “Ostracoda
(Halocypridina, Cladocopina) from an Anchialine Lava
Tube in Lanzarote, Canary Islands.” 32 pages, 16 figures, 1
table. (12 April 1995)
569. C. Allan Child. “Pycnogonida of the Western Pacific
Islands, XI: Collections from the Aleutians and Other
Bering Sea Islands, Alaska.” 30 pages, 10 figures.
(12 April 1995)
570. Rafael Lemaitre. “A Review of the Hermit Crabs of
the Genus Xy/opagurus A. Milne Edwards, 1880
(Crustacea: Decapoda: Paguridae), Including Descrip-
tions of Two New Species.” 27 pages, 17 figures.
(20 April 1995)
571. Mario C.C. de Pinna and Richard P. Vari. “Monophyly
and Phylogenetic Diagnosis of the Family Cetopsidae,
with Synonymization of the Helogenidae (Teleostei:
Siluriformes).” 26 pages, 20 figures. (12 April 1995)
572. Cynthia Gust Ahearn. “Catalog of the Type Specimens
of Seastars Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in the National
Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.”
59 pages. (26 April 1995)
Publications for Museums, Bureaus, and
Related Organizations
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Calendar of
events. Published three times a year.
National Museum of African Art. Brochure reprint. August 199s.
National Museum of African Arc. Calendar of events. Pub-
lished three times a year.
Office of Elementary and Secondary Education. Let's Go. Bulle-
tin. Published twice a year.
Office of Fellowships and Grants. Fellowships in Residence at the
Smithsonian Institution. Poster. September 1994.
Office of Fellowships and Grants. Smithsonian Opportunities for
Research and Study. Booklet. August 1993.
Office of the Secretary. Regents’ Bylaws, July 1995.
1§7
Publications of the Staff
of the Smithsonian
Institution and Its
Subsidiaries in Fiscal
Year 1995
Sciences
Conservation Analytical Laboratory
Alexander, Ingrid C. “Technical Studies and the Field of
Conservation.” Study Series, June, 1995, 17-18.
Baker, Mary T. “Ancient Mexican Rubber Artifacts and
Modern American Spacesuits: Studies in Crystallization and
Oxidation.” Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology IV. edited
by Pamela B. Vandiver, J. R. Druzik, J.L.G. Madrid, I. C.
Freestone, G. S. Wheeler, pp. 223-232 Materials Research
Society Symposium Proceedings Series 352 Pittsburgh:
Materials Research Society, 1995.
. “Conservation Issues for Modern Materials.” In
Preserving the Recent Past, edited by D. Slaton and R. A.
Shiffer, pp. IV/11-IV/18 Washington, DC: Historic
Preservation Education Foundation, 1995.
. “Lifetime Predictions for Polyurethane-Based
Recording Media Binders: Determination of the 'Shelf-Life’
of Videotape Collections.” In Resins: Ancient and Modern,
edited by M. M. Wright and J. H. Townsend, pp. 106—110
Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for Conservation and
Restoration, 1995.
. “Thermal Studies on Ancient and Modern Rubber:
Environmental Information Contained in Crystallised
Rubber.” In Resins: Ancient and Modern, edited by M. M.
Wright and J. H. Townsend, pp. 53-56 Edinburgh: The
Scottish Society for Conservation and Restoration, 1995.
Ballard, Mary W. “Mechanical Properties: Preview and
Review,” Textile Conservation Newsletter, no. 28 (Spring,
1995): 14-28.
158
Beaubien, Harriet F. “’Low Tech’ Methods for Characterizing
Materials in the Field.” Materials Issues in Art and
Archaeology IV, edited by Pamela B. Vandiver, J. R. Druzik,
J.L.G. Madrid, I. C. Freestone, G. S. Wheeler, pp. 641-652
Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Series
352 Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society, 1995.
. Summaries of “Discussion #1,” “Discussion #2” and
“Discussion #3.” In Loss Compensation: Technical and
Philosophical Issues, compiled by Ellen Pearlstein and
Michele Marincola, Proceedings of the Objects Specialty
Group Session, 10 June 1994, 22nd Annual Meeting,
Nashville, TN, Washington, D.C.: American Institute for
Conservation, 1995, pp. 35-37, 72 and 122.
Becker, Mary A., P. Willman, and Noreen C. Tuross. “The
U.S. First Ladies Gowns: A Biochemical Study of Silk
Preservation.” Journal of the American Institute for
Conservation, 34, 2, 141-152, 1995.
Bishop, Ronald L. “Pre-Columbian Pottery: Research in the
Maya Region.” In Archaeometry of Pre-Columbian Sites and
Artifacts, edited by D. A. Scott and P. Meyers, Los Angeles:
The Getty Conservation Institute, 1994, pp. I5—55-
. “Analisis de composicion de la ceramica en el sur de
America Central.” Vinculos, (Costa Rica), 18(I—2), 19(1-2),
PP. 9-30.
Bishop, Ronald L., and Marilyn P. Beaudry. “Appendix B,
Chemical Compositional Analysis of Southeastern Maya
Ceramics.” In The Copan Restdential Zone, by G. R. Willey,
R. M. Leventhal, A. A. Demarest, and W. L. Fash, Jr.
Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and
Ethnology, vol. 80. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1994,
PP. 407-444.
Bocherens, H., M. Fogel, Noreen C. Tuross, and M. Zeder.
“Preservation of Trophic Structure and Climatic
Information Through Signatures in Fossil Mammals from a
Pleistocene Cave in Southern England,” Journal of
Archaeological Science, 22, 2, 327-345, 1995.
Butterfield, Dale, and Pamela B. Vandiver. “Microdots as a
Means of Marking and Tracking Artifacts.” In Materials
Issues tn Art and Archaeology IV, edited by Pamela B.
Vandiver, J. R. Druzik, J.L.G. Madrid, I. C. Freestone,
G. S. Wheeler, pp. 181-186 Materials Research Society
Symposium Proceedings Series 352 Pittsburgh: Materials
Research Society, 1995.
Crane, Brian D., M. James Blackman, and Pamela B.
Vandiver. “Continuity, Adaptation and Resistance: The
Cultural Contexts of the Manufacture, Distribution, and
Use of African-American Pottery in Eighteenth Century
Charleston, South Carolina.” In Materials Issues in Art and
Archaeology IV, edited by Pamela B. Vandiver, J. R. Druzik,
J.L.G. Madrid, I. C. Freestone, G. S. Wheeler, pp. 539-552
Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Series
352 Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society, 1995.
Dunsmurr, J. H., Pamela B. Vandiver, R. R. Chianelli,
H. W. Deckman, J. H. Hardenbergh. “X-Ray
Microtomography of Ceramic Artifacts.” In Materials Issues
mn Art and Archaeology IV. edited by Pamela B. Vandiver,
J. R. Druzik, J.L.G. Madrid, I. C. Freestone, G. S. Wheeler,
pp. 73-84 Materials Research Society Symposium
Proceedings Series 352 Pittsburgh: Materials Research
Society, 1995.
Erhardt, W. David. “Research and Technical Studies”. AJC
Newsletter 20, no. 1 Washington, D.C.: American Institute
of Conservation. (1995): 30.
- “Research and Technical Studies”. AIC Newsletter 20,
no. 3 Washington, D.C.: American Institute of
Conservation. (1995): 19.
. “Research and Technical Studies”. AIC Newsletter 20,
no. 5 Washington, D.C.: American Institute of
Conservation (1995): 24-25.
Erhardt, David, and Judith J. Bischoff. “To the Editors”.
Studies in Conservation 39, no. 4 (1994): 285-286.
Erhardt, W. David, and Marion F. Mecklenburg. “Accelerated
vs Natural Aging: Effect of Aging Conditions on the
Aging Process of Paper.” In Materials Issues in Art and
Archaeology IV, edited by Pamela B. Vandiver, J. R. Druzik,
J.L.G. Madrid, I. C. Freestone, G. S. Wheeler, pp. 247-270
Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Series
352 Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society, 1995.
Erhardt, W. David , Marion F. Mecklenburg, Charles S.
Tumosa and Mark H. McCormick-Goodhart.
“Determinacion de las Fluctuationes Permisibles de
Humedad Relativa.” Apoyo 6, no. 1 (1995): pp. 6-8.
. “The Determination of Allowable RH Fluctuations.”
Western Association for Art Conservation Newsletter, 17, no. 1,
(1995) pp. 19-23.
- “Guidelines for the Museum Climate.” Report to the
Task Force on Indoor Air Quality in Museums,
International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate,
June 1995.
Evershed, R. P., G. Turner-Walker, R.E.M. Hedges, Noreen
C. Tuross, and A. Leyden. “Preliminary Results for the
Analysis of Lipids in Ancient Bone.” Journal of
Archaeological Science. 22, 2, 277-290, 1995.
Foias, Antonia E., and Ronald L. Bishop. “El colapso Clasico
Maya y las vijillas de pasta fina en la region de
Petexbatun.” In VII Szzmposio de Investigaciones Arqueologicas
en Guatemala 1993, edited by J. P. Laporte and
J. L. Escobedo. Guatemala City: Museo Nacional de
Arqueologia y Etnologia, 1994, pp. 563-586.
Gayle, Frank W., and Martha Goodway. “Precipitation
Hardening in the First Aerospace Aluminum: the Wright
Flyer Crankcase.” Sczence 266 (Number 5187, 11 November
1994): abstract 949, text 1015-1017, illustration 947.
Gilman, Patrica A., Veletta Canouts, and Ronald L. Bishop.
“The Production and Distribution of Classic Mimbres
Black-on-White Pottery.” American Antiquity 59, (1994):
695-709.
Goodway, Martha. “Comment on Sharp and Mittrwede’s ‘Was
Kestel really the source of tin for ancient bronze?,””
Geoarchaeology 10 (1995): 139-141.
. “News of Archaeometallurgy.” Soctery for
Archaeological Sciences Bulletin 17 (3) July-September 1994,
3-4; 17 (4) October—December 1994, 1, 13; 18 (1)
January—March 1995, 1.
. “The Traditional Use of an Ore Mineral as an
Abrasive.” Journal of Field Archaeology, 22 (1995), 255-256.
Grissom, Carol A. “The Conservation of Outdoor Zinc
Sculpture.” In Ancient and Historic Metals, edited by David
A. Scott, Jerry Podany, and Brian B. Considine, pp. 279—
304. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute, 1994.
. “The Deterioration and Treatment of Volcanic Stone:
A Review of the Literature.” In Lavas and Volcanic Tuffs,
edited by A. Elena Charola, pp. 3-29. Rome: ICCROM,
1994.
Harbottle, Garman, Hector Neff, and Ronald L. Bishop.
“Appendix C, The Sources of Copan Valley Obsidian.” In
The Copan Residential Zone, by G. R. Willey, R. M.
Leventhal, A. A. Demarest, and W. L. Fash, Jr. Papers of
the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, vol.
80, Cambridge: Harvard University, 1994, pp. 445-458.
Kaplan, Emily, Katherine A. Holbrow, and Harriet F.
Beaubien. “Desalination Parameters for Harappan
Terra-cotta.” In Abstracts of Papers Presented at the 23rd
Annual Meeting, St. Paul, MN. Washington, D.C.:
American Institute for Conservation, 1995, pp. 69-70.
Klein, Elyse, Jia-sun Tsang, and Mary T. Baker.
“Noninstrumental Methods for the Characterization of
Arust’s Acrylic Paints.” In Abstracts of Papers Presented at the
23rd Annual Meeting, St. Paul. MN. Washington, D.C.:
American Institute for Conservation, 1995, p. 77.
Lange, Frederick. W., and Ronald L. Bishop. “Abstraction and
Jade Exchange in Precolumbian Southern Mesoamerica and
Lower Central America: Costa Rican Considerations.” The
Bulletin of the Friends of Jade, pp. 105-124. (Reprinted from
original 1988 publication).
Levine, Tim, Pamela B. Vandiver, and James W. Mayer. “A
Forward Recoil Energy Spectroscopy (FRES) Test of
Hydrogen Reduction as a Strategy for Firing of Chinese
Ceramics.” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology IV.
edited by Pamela B. Vandiver, J. R. Druzik, J.L-G. Madrid,
I. C. Freestone, G. S. Wheeler, pp. 167-186 Materials
Research Society Symposium Proceedings Series 352
Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society, 1995.
McCarthy, Blythe, Pamela B. Vandiver, and M. Gibson.
“Innovation and Continuity in the Technology of
Southwest Asian Monochrome Blue Glazes.” The Ceramics
Cultural Heritage, edited by P. Vincenzini, CIMTEC
Conference Proceedings, Florence, Italy, July 1994, Faenza:
Techna (1995) pp. 207-220.
Mecklenburg, Marion F., Charles $. Tumosa, and Mark H.
McCormick-Goodhart, “A General Model Relating
Externally Applied Forces to Environmentally Induced
Stresses in Materials.” In Materials Issues in Art and
Archaeology IV. edited by Pamela B. Vandiver, J. R. Druzik,
J.L.G. Madrid, I. C. Freestone, G. S. Wheeler, pp. 285-292
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Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Series
352 Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society, 1995.
Mecklenburg, Marion F., Charles S. Tumosa, and Nicholas
Wyplosz. “The Effects of Relative Humidity on the
Structural Response of Selected Wood Samples in the Cross
Grain Direction.” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology
IV, edited by Pamela B. Vandiver, J. R. Druzik, J.L.G.
Madrid, I. C. Freestone, G. S. Wheeler, pp. 305-324
Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Series
352 Pittsburgh: Materials Resarch Society, 1995.
Minc, L. D., M. G. Hodge, and M. James Blackman. “Stylistic
and Spatial Variability in Early Aztec Ceramics: Insights
into Pre-Imperial Exchange Systems.” In Economies and
Polities in the Aztec Realm, edited by Mary G. Hodge and
Michael E. Smith, Albany: Institute for Mesoamerican
Studies, SUNY, Albany, 1994, pp. 133-173.
Pena, J. T., and M. James Blackman. “A Neutron Activation
Study of Plio-Pleistocene Marine Clays from West Central
Italy: Compositional Variability and Implications for the
Proveniencing of Italian Fineware Pottery.” In ut European
Workshop on Archaeological Ceramics, edited by F. Burragato,
O. Grubessi, and L. Lazzarini, Departimento di Scienza
della Terra, University of Roma, Rome, 1994, pp. 313-321.
Petraglia, M. D., R. B. Potts, and Pamela B. Vandiver,
“Analyses Techniques de Deus 'Mortiers’ du Paleolighique
Superieur de la Madeleine, Dordogne, France,”
L’Anthropologre. (Paris) 98/4 (1995) pp. 674-682, 18 (2)
April—June 1995, 1.
Tsang, Jia-sun, Walter Hopwood, and Susan Lake. “A Study
of a Moisture-Sensitive Painting.” In Abstracts of papers
presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting, St. Paul. MN,
Washington, D.C.: American Institute for Conservation,
1995, p. 86.
Tumosa, Charles S., W. David Erhardt, Marion F.
Mecklenburg, and Mark H. McComick-Goodhart. “The
Effects of Relative Humidity and Temperature on
Exhibited Objects.” Speczal ICOM Study Series No.1. 1994,
P 9.
Tuross, Noreen C. “Archaeological Artifact and Biomolecule
Affiliation: Testing the Consequences of Cleaning.” In
Materials in Art and Archaeology IV. edited by Pamela B.
Vandiver, J. R. Druzik, J.L.G. Madrid, I. C. Freestone,
G. S. Wheeler, pp. 41-50 Materials Research Society
Symposium Series 352 Pittsburgh: Materials Research
Society, 1995.
Tuross, Noreen C., and T. Dillehay. “Mechanism of Organic
Preservation at Monte Verde and One Use of
Biomolecules.” Journal of Freld Archaeology. 22, 97-110,
1995.
van der Reyden, Dianne. “Material Care—Material Science:
Preservation of Research Collections.” The Grapevine,
Smithsonian Institution, 1994, pp. 1-2.
. “Maximizing Minimum Resources for Paper-Based
Archives, Library, and Research Collections.” [JC Summaries
of the Posters at the Ottawa Conference on Preventive Care,
160
Ottawa: International Institute for Conservation, 1994,
p. 32.
. “Preservation Responsibilities.” In Materials Issues in
Art and Archaeology IV, edited by Pamela B. Vandiver,
J. R. Druzik, J.L.G. Madrid, I. C. Freestone, G. S. Wheeler,
pp. 63-72 Materials Research Society Symposium Series 352
Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society, 1994.
. "A Sticky Problem: Technical Study and Treatment
of a Sam Francis 'Gouache’ Stuck between Glass.” Modern
Works. Modern Problems?, London: The Institute of Paper
Conservation, 1994, pp. 139-147.
van der Reyden, Dianne, and Mary T. Baker. “Genuine
Vegetable Parchment Paper: Effects of Accelerated Aging
on Some Physical and Chemical Properties.” In Materials
Issues in Art and Archaeology IV. edited by Pamela B.
Vandiver, J. R. Druzik, J.L.G. Madrid, I. C. Freestone,
G. S. Wheeler, pp. 271-283 Materials Research Society
Symposium Series 352 Pittsburgh: Materials Research
Society, 1995.
Vandiver, Pamela B. “The Ash Glazes of Jack Troy.” In
Wood-Fired Stoneware and Porcelain by Jack Troy, Radnor,
PA: Chilton Book Co., 1995, pp. 155-160.
Vandiver, Pamela B. “Introduction” and Reply to R.
Dunnell's “Why Archaeologists Don’t Care About
Archaeometry.” In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology IV.
edited by Pamela B. Vandiver, J. R. Druzik, J.L.G. Madrid,
I. C. Freestone, G. S. Wheeler, pp. 111-xxv Materials
Research Society Symposium Series 352 Pittsburgh:
Materials Research Society, 1995.
Vandiver, Pamela B. “Ceramic Manufacture and Use at Dolni
Vestonice, 26,000 B.P.” The Ceramics Cultural Heritage,
edited by P. Vincenzini, CIMTEC Conference Proceedings,
Florence, Italy, July 1994, Techna, Faenza 1995, pp. 183-196.
Vandiver, Pamela B. “Corrosion of Synthesized Glasses and
Glazes as Analogs for Nuclear Waste Glass Degradation.”
In Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology IV, edited by
Pamela B. Vandiver, J. R. Druzik, J.L.G. Madrid, I. C.
Freestone, G. S. Wheeler, pp. 395-412, Materials Research
Society Symposium Series 352 Pittsburgh: Materials
Research Society, 1995.
Vandiver, Pamela B. James R. Druzik, J. L. Galvan, G. S.
Wheeler, I. C. Freestone, Editors. Materials Issues in Art and
Archaeology IV, Materials Research Society Symposium
Proceedings Series 352 Pittsburgh: Materials Research
Society (960 pp.), 1995.
Vandiver, Pamela B., McG. Gibson, and A. McMahon. “Glass
Manufacture in the Late Third Millennium B.C. at Nippur
in Iraq.” In The Ceramics Cultural Heritage, edited by
P. Vincenzini, CIMTEC Conference Proceedings, Florence,
Italy, July 1994, Techna, Faenza 1995, pp. 331-342.
Vandiver, Pamela B., and Olga Soffer. “Chapter 4. The
Ceramics.” In Pavlov I: Excavations 1952-53, edited by Jiri
Svoboda, Etudes et Recherches Archeologiques de
LUniversite de Liege, The Dolni Vestonice Studies, 2, 1994,
pp. 163-173.
Vandiver, Pamela B., and Charles S. Tumosa.
“Xeroradiographic Imaging.” In American Journal of
Archaeology. 99 (1995) 121-124, included in “Science in
Archaeology: A Review” by Patrick E. McGovern, pp.
79-142.
Vazquez, L., R., F W. Lange, J. W. Hoopes, O. Fonseca Z.,
R. Gonzalez R., A. C. Arias, Ronald L. Bishop, Nathalie
Borgnino, A. Constenla U., F. Corrales U., E. Espinoza P.,
L. A. Fletcher, J. V. Guerrero M., V. Lauthelin, D. Rigart,
S. Salgado G., R. Salgado G. “Hacia futuras investigaciones
en Gran Nicoya.” Vinculos, (Costa Rica), 18(I-2), 19(1—2),
1994, pp. 245-278.
Wachowiak Jr., Melvin J. “An Introduction to Optical
Microscopy for Analysis of Resins.” In Resins Ancient and
Modern, edited by M. M. Wright and J. H. Townsend,
pp. 64-69 Edinburgh: The Scottish Society for
Conservation and Restoration, 1995.
Williams, Donald C. “The Past and Future History of Natural
Resins as Coatings.” In Resins Ancient and Modern, edited by
M. M. Wright and J. H. Townsend, pp. 88-92 Edinburgh:
Scottish Society for Conservation and Restoration, 1995.
National Museum of Natural History
Office of the Director
Bannikoy, A., and J.C. Tyler. 1994. Revision of the Eocene fish
family Exelliidae (Perciformes). Paleontologitchesky Journal
(Moscow), 1994(3):103—113.
Bannikov, A., and J.C. Tyler. 1995. Phylogenetic revision of
the fish families Luvaridae and +Kushlukiidae
(Acanthuroidei), with a new genus and two new species of
Eocene luvarids. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology,
81:1-45.
Matsuura, K., and J.C. Tyler. 1994. Triggerfishes and their
allies. Pages 229-233 in: J.R. Paxton and W.N. Eschmeyer,
editors, Encyclopedia of Fishes. University of New South
Wales Press, Sydney, 240 pages.
Tyler, J.C., and B-E. Luckhurst. 1994. Unusual features of the
colonies of the common western Atlantic garden eel
(Heterocongrinae), with a new record for Bermuda.
Northeast Gulf Science. 13(2):89—100.
Department of Anthropology
Afable, Patricia. 1995. “The Peoples Of Eduardo Masferré’s
Photographs” Discovery. 25(2):10-19.
Archambault, JoAllyn. 1994. “Mining the Museum” review in
exhibit brochure by same name, Baltimore: Maryland
Historical Society.
. 1995. “Collaboration and Multiple Points of View” in
The Grapevine April, News from the Smithsonian Forum on
Material Culture, Washington.
. 1995. “Wounded Knee” in The World Book
Encyclopedia, Chicago: World Book Publishing.
Arnoldi, Mary Jo. 1994. “Political and Social Community in
Sogobk Nasquerades ub Mali,” pp. 39-49 Africa Today.
. 1995. “Playing With Time: Youth Masquerade
Theatre” in Central Mal: Bloomington: Indiana University
Press.
Arnoldi, Mary Jo and Chris Mullen. 1995. Crowning
Achievements: African Arts of Dressing the Head Los Angeles:
Fowler Museum of Cultural History.
Baccino, Eric, Sheilagh T. Brooks, and Douglas H. Ubelaker.
1995. “Forensic Anthropology Workshops in Brest, France.”
Proceedings of the American Association of Forensic Sciences
1:173-174.
Behrensmeyer, Anna K., Richard Ports, Thomas W. Plummer,
L. Tauxe, and T. Jorstad. 1995. “Stratigraphy, Chronology,
and Paleoenvironments of the Pleistocene Locality of
Kanjera, Western Kenya” Journal of Human Evolution.
Berman, Tressa L. and J. Daniel Rogers. 1995. “Sahnish
(Arikara)” in Encyclopedia of the American Indian. Houghton
Mifflin
Bovee, D.L. 1994 and Douglas W. Owsley. 1994. “Evidence of
Warfare at the Heerwald site,” pp. 355-362 in Sheletal
Biology in the Great Plains: Migration. Warfare, Health and
Subsistence. Douglas W. Owsley and R.L. Jantz (eds.)
Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Boucherens, H., M. Fogel, N. Tuross, and M. Zeder. 1995.
Trophic Structure and Climatic Information from Isotopic
Signatures in a Pleistocene Cave Fauna from Isotopic
Signatures in a Pleistocene Cave Fauna of Southern
England. Journal of Archaeological Sctences.
Buikstra, J.E. and D.H. Ubelaker (eds.) 1994. Standards for
Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains. Arkansas
Archeological Survey Research Series No. 44, Fayetteville,
AR. Owsley: Rationale and Scoring Procedures for Skeletal
Inventory, (Chapter 2, pp. 5-9); Measurement of Adult
Remains (Chapter 7, pp. 69-84); plus contributions to
Paleopathology and Recording Taphonomic Changes.
Crocker, William. 1995. “Canela (Central Brazil),” pp. 94-98
in Encyclopedia of World Cultures Johannes Wilbert (South
America, ed.) New York: G.K. Hall & Co.
. 1995. “Canela Relationships with Ghosts:
This-Worldly or Other Worldly Empowerment” Latin
American Anthropology Review 5(2):17—22.
Ellwood, B.B., D.W. Owsley, S.H. Ellwood and P.A.
Mercado-Allinger. 1994. “Search for the Grave of the
Hanged Texas Gunfighter William Preston Longley”
Historical Archaeology 28(3): 94-112.
Fitzhugh, William and Valerie Chaussonnet (eds.). 1994.
Anthropology of the North Pacific Rim. Washington:
Smithsonian Institution Press, 368 pp.
Fitzhugh, William. 1994. “Introduction,” pp. I-24 in
Anthropology of the North Pacific Rim William W. Fitzhugh
and Valerie Chaussonnet (eds.) Washington: Smithsonian
Institution Press.
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Prospect,” pp. 27-52 in Anthropology of the North Pacific Rim
William W. Fitzhugh and Valerie Chaussonnet (eds.)
Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
. 1994. Richard H. Jordan. 1946-1991. American
Antiquity §9(1):77-81.
. 1994. Staffe Island 1 and the Northern Labrador
Dorset-Thule Succession," pp. 239-268 in Threads of Arctic
Prehistory: Papers in Honour of William E. Taylor, Jr. David
Morrison and Jean-Luc Pilon (eds.) Archaeological Survey
of Canada Paper 149, Mercury Series Ottawa: National
Museum of Civilization.
. 1994. “Forward,” pp. vii—x in Reckoning with the Dead.
The Larsen Bay Repartiation and the Smithsonian Institution
Tamara Bray and Thomas Killion (eds.) Washington:
Smithsonian Institution Press.
. 1994. Preliminary field Report for 1994: “Living Yamal”
project and Archeological Survey of the Siberian Arctic.
Washington: Smithsonian Arctic Studies Center Report
Series, 51 pp.
- 1994. “Smithsonian Institution: Arctic Studies
Center” Arctic Research of the United States 8:104—-115.
Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee.
Washington: National Science Foundation.
. 1995. “Preface,” pp. 6-7 in Crossroads Alaska: Native
Cultures of Alaska and Stheria Valerie Chaussonnet (ed.)
Washington: Smithsonian Arctic Studies Center.
. 1995. “Ancestral Times,” pp.36—47 in Crossroads
Alaska/Stheria Valerie Chaussonnet (ed.) Washington:
Smithsonian Arctic Studies Center.
Goddard, Ives. 1994. “The West-to-East Cline in Algonquian
Dialectology,” pp. 187-211 in Papers of the Twenty-Fifth
Algonquian Conference William Cowan (ed.) Ottawa:
Carleton University.
. 1995. “Regarding Native American Pronouns,”
Mother Tongue 24:62-64.
. 1995. “The Delaware Jargon,” pp. 137-149 in Neu
Sweden in America Carol E. Hoffecker, Richard Waldron,
Lorraine Williams, and Barbara Benson (eds.) Newark:
University of Delaware Press.
Goodman, Dean, Yasushi Nishimura, and J. Daniel Rogers.
1995. J. Daniel and Bruce D. Smith (eds.) 1995 Massisssppian
Communities and Households University of Alabama Press.
Greene, Candace and T. Drescher. 1995. “The Tipi with Battle
Pictures: The Kiowa Tradition of Intangible Property
Rights.” Trademark Reporter 84(4):418—-433.
Greene, Margaret E. and William Crocker. 1994. “Some
Demographic Aspects of the Canela Indians of Brazil” South
American Indian Studies 4:47—62.
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Boucaud-Camou, Eve and Clyde F. E. Roper. 1995. Digestive
Enzymes in Paralarval Cephalapods. Bulletin of Marine
Science, §7(2): 313-327.
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Somalia. Crustacea Stomatopoda. Tropical Zoology, 7:
271-291.
Felder, Darryl L. and Raymond B. Manning. 1995.
Neocallichirus cacahuate, a new species ghost shrimp from
the Atlantic Coast of Florida, with reexamination of N.
Grandimana and N. Lemaitrei (Crustacea: Decapoda:
Callianassidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of
Washington. 108(3): 477-490.
Goodfriend, Glenn A., Michaele Kashgarian, and M. G.
Harasewych. 1995. Use of aspartic acid racemization and
post-bomb “C to reconstruct growth rate and longevity of
the deep-water slit shell Extemnotrochus adansonianus.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta., 59(6): 1125-1129.
Hendler, G., J. E. Miller, D. L. Pawson, P. M. Kier. 1995.
Starfish, sea urchins and allies: echinoderms of Florida and
the Caribbean. Smzthsonian Press. 390 pages.
Jaeckle, William B. 1995. Variation in the Size, Energy
Content, and Biochemical Composition of Invertebrate
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Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae. Editor, Larry
McEdward, CRC Press, Marine Science Series. 49-77.
Kensley, Brian, Walter G. Nelson, Marilyn J. Schotte. 1995.
Marine Isopod Biodiversity of the Indian River Lagoon,
Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science. §7(1): 136-142.
Littler, Mark M. and Diane S. Littler. 1995. Impact of CLOD
Pathogen on Pacific Coral Reefs. Science. 267: 1356-1360.
Littler, Mark M., Diane S. Littler and Phillip R. Taylor. 1995.
Selective Herbivore Increases Biomass of its Prey: A
Chiton-Coralline Reef-Building Association. Ecology. 76(5):
1666-1681.
Manning, Raymond B. and Darryl L. Felder. 1995.
Description of the +ghost shrimp Sergzo mericeae, a new
species from south Florida, with Reexamination of S.
guassutinga (Crustacea: Decapoda: Callianassidae).
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 108(2):
266-180.
McLean, James H. and M. G. Harasewych. 1995. Revision of
Western Atlantic Species of Cocculinid and
Pseudococculinid limpets, with Descriptions of New
Species (Archaeogastropoda: Cocculiniformia). Contributions
in Science. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County,
1-33.
Norris, James N. and David L. Ballantine. 1995. Two new
species of the red alga Chrysymenia J. Agardh
(Rhodymeniales: Rhodymeniaceae) from the tropical
western Atlantic. Proceedings of the Biological Society of
Washington, 108(1): 153-165.
Rice, Mary E., Julianne Piraino, and Hugh F. Reichardr. 1995.
A Survey of the Sipuncula of the Indian River Lagoon.
Bulletin of Marine Science, 57(1): 128-135.
Ruppert, Edward E. 1994. Evolution Origin of the Vertebrate
Nephron. American Zoologist, 34: 542-553.
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Wright and Marti Colley (1994).
Ventocilla, Jorge. Anmar Napguana Mimmigana: We the
Children of Mother Earth: Nosotros. los Hisos de la Madre
Tierra. (Illustrations by Ologuagdi). Washington D.C.
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian
Institution (1994).
Ventocilla, Jorge and King, Beth. Gusa del Sendero Fausto, Isla
Barro Colorado. Panama (1995).
Ventocilla, Jorge, Herrera, Heraclio and Nujfez, Valerio.
Plants and Animals in the Live of the Kuna. Edited by Hans
Roeder and translated by Elisabeth King. Austin:
University of Texas Press (1995).
Villa, Marictin Valentin and Viera del Cid, Roque B.
Evaluacién Comparativa de Tres Agentes de Control
Bioldgico, sobre Larvas de Anopheles albimanus y Culex
quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Thesis. Panama:
University of Panama (1994).
Villalaz, Janzel R. “Morphometric and Biochemical Changes
is Two Age Classes of the Tropical Scallop, Argopecten
ventricosus, Under Laboratory Conditions.” American
Malacological Bulletin 11(1): 67-72 (1994).
Wachter, Ysyzyana S., Batista Zenith and Foster, Robin B.
“Inscant Field Guides and Micro-Herbaria for Tropical
Floras” [Abstract]. In: Forest Canopies: Ecology, Biodiversity
and Conservation. First International Canopy Conference,
November 9-13, Sarasota, Florida: 86. Sarasota: The Marie
Selby Botanical Gardens (1994).
Weislo, William T. “Learning Capabilities and the Evolution
of Condition-Sensitive Social Behavior.” In: Les Insectes
Socieaux: Proceedings of the 12th Congress International of
the Union for the Study of Social Insects: 183. Paris:
Universite Paris Nord (1994).
208
Wcislo, William T. “The Relevance of Mate Recognition to
the Evolution of Sociality in Sweat Bees (Hymenoptera:
Halictidae).” In: Les Insectes Socteaux: Proceedings of the 12th
Congress International of the Union for the Study of Social
Insects: 184. Paris: Universite Paris Nord (1994).
Weislo, William T. “Why Bother with Behavior?” [Book
Review}. Journal of Insect Behavior 7(6): 891-893 (1994).
Wcislo, William T. and Buchmann, S.L. “Mating Behaviour
in the Bees, Diexnomia heteropoda and Nomia tetrazonata,
with a Review of Courtship in Nomiinae (Hymenoptera:
Halictidae).” Journal of Natural History 29: 1015-1027 (1995).
Wcislo, William, Danforth, B.N. and Mieller, U.G. “In
Memoriam: George Campbell Eickwort.” Imsect Soctoux 41:
461-463 (1994).
Weislo, William, Minckley, Robert L., Leschen, Richard A.B.
and Reyes, Stephen. “Rates of Parasitism by Natural
Enemies of a Solitary Bee, Diexnomia triangulifera
(Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera) in Relation to
Phenologies.” Soctobiology 23(3): 265-273 (1994).
Wceislo, William and Turillazzi, Stefano. “Symbiosis: Parasitic
and Beneficial Associations Among Social Insects:
Intriduction.” In: Les Insectes Socteaux: Proceedings of the
12th Congress International of the Union for the Study of
Social Insects: 191. Paris: Universite Paris Nord (1994).
Wceislo, William T. and West-Eberhard, Mary Jane.
“Nourishment and Evolution 1n Insect Societies”, edited by
James H. Hunt and Christine A. Nalepa [Book review].
Quarterly Review of Biology 70: 226 (1995).
Wieder, R.K. and Wright, S. Joseph. 1995. “Tropical Forest
Litter Dynamics and Dry Season Irrigation on Barro
Colorado Island, Panama.” Ecology 76(6): 1971-1979.
Weil, Ernesto and Knowlton, Nancy. “A Multi-Character
Analysis of the Caribbean Coral Montastraea annularis (Ellis
and Solander, 1786) and its Two Sibling Species M. faveolata
(Ellis and Solander, 1786) and M. franksi (Gregory, 1895).”
Bulletin of Marine Science 55(1): 151-175 (1994).
Wellington, Gerard M., Allen, Gerald R. and Robertson, D.
Ross. “Xyrichtys perlas (Labridae), A New Species of
Razorfish from the Tropical Eastern Pacific.” Revue fr.
Aquariol. 21: 49-52 (1994).
Wellington, Gerard M. and Dunbar, R.B. “Stable Isotopic
Signature of E] Nifio Southern Oscillation Events in
Eastern Tropical Pacific Reef Corals.” Coral Reefs 14(1): 5-26
(1995).
West, Stuarc A. and Herre, E. Allen. “The Ecology of New
World Fig-Paratizing Wasps Idarnes and Implications for
the Evolution of the Fig-Pollinator Mutualism.” Proceedings
of the Royal Society of London (B) 258: 67—72 (1994).
Wilczynski, Walter, Rand, A. Stanley and Ryan, Michael J.
“The Processing of Spectral Cues by the Call Analysis
System of the Tangara Frog, Physalaemus pustulosus.” Animal
Behaviour 49: 911-929 (1995).
Windsor, Donald M., Demacedo, M.V. and Siqueiracampos,
A.D. “Flower Feeding by Species of Echoma chevrolat
(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) on Mikania
(asteraceae) in Panama and Brazil.” Coleopterists Bulletin
49(2): 101-108 (1995).
Winter, Klaus and Engelbrecht, Bettina. “Short-Term CO,
Responses of Light and Dark CO, Fixation in the
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plant Kalanchoé pinnata.”
Journal of Plant Phystology 144: 462-467 (1994).
Winter, Klaus and Virgo, Aurelio. “Photosynthesis and
Photoinhibition.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of
Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical
Forest Canopy: Phase I: 40-43, edited by S. Joseph Wright
and Marti Colley (1994).
Wolda, Henk. “The Demise of the Population Regulation
Controversy?” Research in Population Ecology: 37(1): 91-93
(1995).
Wong, Marina and Ventocilla, Jorge. A Day in Barro Colorado
Island. Second Edition. Panama: Poligrdfica (1995).
. Un Déa en Ia Isla de Barro Colorado, Second Edition.
Panama: Poligrdfica (1995).
Wright, S. Joseph. “La Selva: Ecology and Natural History of
a Neotropical Rain Forest (Book Review).” Vida Silvestre
Neotropical 3: 51-52 (1994).
Wright, S. Joseph and Colley, Marti (editors). Accessing the
Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and
Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I.
Nairobi: United Nations Environmental Program (1994).
. “Achievement Indicators of Short-Term Objectives.”
In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological
Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy:
Phase I: 58-59, edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti
Colley (1994).
. “Biodiversity.” In: Accessing the Canopy:
Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the
Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 12-13, edited by S. Joseph
Wright and Marti Colley (1994).
. “Canopy Energy Balance.” In: Accessing the Canopy:
Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the
Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 20, edited by S. Joseph
Wright and Marti Colley (1994).
. “Effects of Ultra-Violet Radiation on the Upper
Canopy.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of
Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical
Forest Canopy: Phase I: 55-56, edited by S. Joseph Wright
and Marti Colley (1994).
. “Evaluation of the Prototype Construction Crane As
a Canopy Access System.” In: Accessing the Canopy:
Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the
Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 5-11, edited by S. Joseph
Wright and Marti Colley (1994).
. “Future Perspectives.” In: Accessing the Canopy:
Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the
Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 60-88, edited by S. Joseph
Wright and Marti Colley (1994).
. “Introduction to Tropical Forests and the Parque
Natural Metropolitano.” In: Accessing the Canopy:
Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the
Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 1-4, edited by S. Joseph
Wright and Marti Colley (1994).
. “Physiological Responses to Variation in
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.” In: Accessing the Canopy:
Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the
Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 52, edited by S. Joseph
Wright and Marti Colley (1994).
. “Preface.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of
Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical
Forest Canopy: Phase I: iv—v, edited by S. Joseph Wright
and Marti Colley (1994).
. “Upper-Canopy Micro-Climate and Its Effect on
Plant Performance.” In: Accessing the Canopy: Assessment
of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical
Forest Canopy: Phase I: 23-25, edited by S. Joseph Wright
and Marti Colley (1994).
Wright, S. Joseph, Gompper, Matthew E. and Deleon B. “Are
Large Predators Keystone Species in Neotropical Forests?
The Evidence from Barro Colorado Island.” Ozkos 71(2):
279-294 (1994).
Wright, S. Joseph, Mulkey, S.S. and Kitajima, Kaoru. “Leaf
Area Seasonality in a Tropical Forest.” In: Accessing the
Canopy: Assessment of Biological Diversity and
Microclimate of the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 29-32,
edited by S. Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994).
Wright, S. Joseph and Samaniego, M. “Herbivory.” In:
Accessing the Canopy: Assessment of Biological
Diversity and Microclimate of the Tropical Forest
Canopy: Phase I: 17-18, edited by S. Joseph Wright and
Marti Colley (1994).
Wright, S. Joseph and van Schaik, C.P. “Light and the
Phenology of Tropical Trees.” American Naturalist 143:
192-199 (1994).
Yavitt, Joseph B., Battles, John J., Lnag, Gerald E. and
Knight, Denis H. “The Canopy Gap Regime ina
Secondary Neotropical Forest in Panama.” Journal of
Tropical Ecology 11: 391-402 (1995).
Zeh, David. W., Zeh, Jeanne A. and May, C.A. “Charomid
Cloning Vectors Meet the Pedipalpal Chelae: Single-Locus
Minisatellitce DNA Probes for Paternity Assignment in the
Harlequin Beetle-Riding Pseudoscorpion.” Molecular
Ecology 3: 517-522 (1994).
Zeh, Jeanne A. and Zeh, David W. “Last-Male Sperm
Precedence Breaks Down When Females Mate with Three
Males.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 257: 287-292
(1994).
Zeh, Jeanne A. and Zeh, David W. “Tropical Liaisons on a
Beetle’s Back.” Natural History 1994(3): 36-42 (1994).
Zimmermann, U., Hasse, A., Langbein, D and Meinzer, F.
“Mechanisms of Long-Distance Water Transport in
Plants: A re-Examination of Some Paradigms in the
Light of New Evidence.” In: Accessing the Canopy:
Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of
the Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 48—49, edited by S.
Joseph Wright and Marti Colley (1994).
209
Zotz, Gerhard, Harris, Gary, Koniger, Martina and Winter,
Klaus. “High Rates of Photosynthesis in the Tropical
Pioneer Tree, Ficus insipida Willd.” Flora 190: 265-272
(1995).
. “Photosynthesis and Carbon Gain of the Tropical
Pioneer Tree, Ficus insipida.” In: Accessing the Canopy:
Assessment of Biological Diversity and Microclimate of the
Tropical Forest Canopy: Phase I: 43-44, edited by S. Joseph
Wright and Marti Colley (1994).
Zotz, Gerhard and Winter, Klaus. “Photosynthesis of a
Tropical Canopy Tree, Cetba pentandra, in a Lowland Forest
in Panama.” Tree Physiology 14(11): 1291-1301 (1994).
Zotz, Gerhard and Winter, Klaus. “Predicting Annual Carbon
Balance from Leaf Nitrogen.” Naturwissenschaften 81: 449
(1994)
Arts and Humanities
Archives of American Art
Office of the Director
Wattenmaker, Richard J. “Les pays du danger, le pays de mes
vingt ans"/"Jean Hugo and the First World War," in Jean
Hugo Dessins des années de guerre (1915-1919. exhibition
catalogue, Musée national de la coopération
franco-américaine, Chateau de Blérancourt, October Is,
1994—January 30, 1995 and Historial de la grande guerre,
Péronne, February 15s—May 15, 1995.
. Observations sur Jean Hugo," in Jean Hugo.
exhibition catalogue, Maison de Victor Hugo, Paris,
November 22, 1994—February 26, 1995.
. “Samuel Yellin Metalworker,” public lecture, Stan
Hywet Hall and Gardens, Akron, Ohio, February 7, 1995.
. “Dr. Albert C. Barnes and The Barnes Foundation,”
public lecture, Philadelphia Museum of Arc, March 17, 1995.
. “Jean Hugo: Le peintre,” public lecture, Musée Fabre,
Montpellier, France, May 29, 1995.
. "Lart de Jean Hugo.” in exhibition catalogue, Jean
Hugo: Une Reétrospectif, Réunion des musées nationaux, Actes
Sud and Musée Fabre, Montpellier, Musée Fabre, May
30—October 8, 1995.
. “The Western Tradition of Wrought Ironwork,”
lecture, as part of symposium, Expressive Design in Iron: A
Penland Symposium, Penland School of Crafts, Penland,
North Carolina, September 14-17, 1995.
New England Region
Brown, Robert F. Editor. Archives of American Art Journal, Vol.
33 no. 3, Vol. 33 no. 4, Vol. 34 no. I: (1994-1995).
210
Southeast Region
Kirwin, Liza. public lecture, “The East Village in the 1980s:
The Evolution of an Art Scene from Block Party to Cocktail
Reception.” George Mason University, December 1, 1994.
. organizer/moderator, “The Life History of an
Object,” twenty-seventh meeting of the Smithsonian
Forum on Material Culcure. National Museum of American
Art and National Portrait Gallery Building. October 5,
1994.
. “Report of the October Meeting, The Life History of
an Object.” The Grapevine (November 1994):5.
. gallery talk, “The Real Inside Story of Roy de
Forest.” National Museum of American Art, November 2,
1994.
. public lecture, “Pluralism and the East Village art
scene in the 1980s.” University of Maryland at College
Park, March 28. 1995.
. “Transparent Truths: Glass In the Archives of
American Art,” lecture as part of symposium, Glass Weekend
'95. The Arc Alliance for Contemporary Glass, the Creative
Glass Center of America, and the James Renwick Alliance,
Millville, New Jersey, June 10-11, 1995.
. “Material Matters: Things at the Archives of
American Art.” The Grapevine (September 1995):I.
. public lecture, “Primary Evidence: The Papers of
Latino and African American Artists at the Archives of
American Art.” University of Texas at Austin, October 25,
1994.
West Coast Region
Karlstrom, Paul J. public lecture, “The Many Faces of Public
Service,” public lecture, Stanford University, October 16,
1994.
. “Interviewing Artists: Myth and Image,” public
lecture as part of Oral History Association annual meeting,
Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 27, 1994.
. “The Asian-American Experience in the Visual
Arts,” public lecture, Honolulu Academy of the Arts,
Honolulu, Hawaii, October 30, 1994.
. “California Figurative Art,” public lecture, as part of
Art Forum program, Rancho Santiago College, Santa Ana,
California, November 14, 1994.
. “Education and the Archives of American Art,”
public lecture and recipient of, Distinguished Alumnus
Award, Los Angeles Valley College, Van Nuys, California,
March, 1995.
. “Figuration and Personalism in California Painting,”
public lecture, M.H. de Young Memorial Museum, San
Francisco, California, April 27, 1995.
. They Painted from Their Hearts: Pioneer Asian American
Artists, catalogue, Wing Luke Asian Museum, Seattle,
Washington, with forward to the “Asian American Artists
Directory,” Spring 1995.
New York Region
Polcari, Stephen. “Barnett Newman's Broken Obelisk,” Art
Journal. Winter, 1994
. “Abstract Expressionism as, Historical Myth,” in
Giese, Lucrecia and Burnham, Patricia, Redefining American
History Painting, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
. guest seminar, University of Delaware, Winter and
Spring, 1995.
. public lecture, “American Artists Respond to World
War II: From Omaha to Abstract Expressionism,”
University of Delaware, March 1994.
. public lecture, “Adolph Gottlieb, ” Brooklyn
Museum, March 1995.
. public lecture, “Pre-Pop Art at Rutgers,” Newark
Museum, June 1995.
. public lecture. “Lee Krasner,” Krasner Symposium,
Pollock-Krasner House and Study Center, August, 1995.
Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M.
Sackler Gallery
Office of the Director
Beach, Milo Cleveland. “Characteristics of the St. Petersburg
Album.” Orientations. (January 1995), 66-79.
. Review of Sammlung Alice Boner—Illustriertes
Gesamtverzeichnis indischer Bilder, by Georgette Boner,
Eberhard Fischer, and B.N. Goswamy. Orientations,
(December 1994), 57-58.
Research and Collections Division
Chase, W.T. “Chinese Bronzes: Casting, Finishing, Patination
and Corrosion.” In Ancient and Historic Metals: Conservation
and Scientific Research, edited by David Scott, Jerry Podany,
and Brian B. Consadine, 85—117. Marina del Rey, California:
The Getty Conservation Institute, 1994.
Chase, W.T. and Jane Bassett. “Considerations in the Cleaning
of Ancient Chinese Bronze Vessels.” In Ancient and Historic
Metals; Conservation and Scientific Research, edited by David
Scott, Jerry Podany, and Brian B. Consadine, 63-74. Marina
del Rey, California: The Getty Conservation Institute, 1994.
Chase, W.T., I. Lynus Barnes and Emile C. Joel. “Lead Isotope
Ratios.” In Eastern Zhou Ritual Bronzes from the Arthur M.
Sackler Collections. Volume II]: Ancient Chinese Bronzes from the
Arthur M. Sackler Collections. Washington, D.C.: Arthur M.
Sackler Foundation and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery,
Smithsonian Institution, 1995.
Chase, W.T., Jin Zhengyao, et. al. “A Study of the Ratios of
Lead Isotopes in Bronzes from Shang Tombs at
Dayangzhou, Xingan.” Kaogu (Archaeology), no. 8 (1994),
735. 744-747.
Chase, W.T., Jin Zhengyao, Hisao Mabuchi, Chen Dean,
Karoku Miwa, Yoshimitsu Hirao, and Zhao Dianzheng. “A
Study on Lead Isotope Ratios of the Sanxingdui Pit-burial
Bronzes.” Wen Wu, no. 2 (1995), 80-85.
Cort, Louise Allison. A Basketmaker in Rural Japan (video).
Washington, D.C.: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and Mercury
Productions, 1994.
. “Hiroshima Kazuo: A Basketmaker in Rural Japan.”
Orientations (March 1995): 56-59.
. "The Changing Fortunes of Three Archaic Japanese
Textiles.” In Cloth and Human Experience. Tokyo: Domesu
Shuppan, 1995.
Cort, Louise Allison, with Nakamura Kenji. A Basketmaker in
Rural Japan. Washington, D.C.: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
and Weatherhill, 1994.
Dehejia, Vidya. “Iconographic transference between Krsna
and Three Saiva Saints.” In Indian Art and Connoisseurship.
Essays in honour of Douglas Barrett, edited by John Guy.
Ahmedabad and New Delhi: I.G.N.C.A. and Mapin
Publishing, 1995.
. “Women's Body: Site of Contestation.” In Meera
Devidayal. Bombay: Cymroza Gallery, 1995.
Gunter, Ann. “Marble Sculpture.” Labraunda Excavations and
Researches Vol. II, Part 5. Stockholm: Swedish Research
Institute in Istanbul, 1995.
. “Material, Technology, and Techniques in Artistic
Production.” In Civilizatzons of the Ancient Near East.
edited by Jack M. Sasson. New York: Charles Scribner's
Sons, 1995.
Jett, Paul, K. Aslihan Yener, and Annemarie Adriaens. “Silver
and Copper Artifacts from Ancient Anatolia.” JOM: The
Journal of the Minerals, Metals & Matertals Soctety 47 (May
1995): 70-72.
Lawton, Thomas. “Artibus Asiae: Seventieth Anniversary.”
Artibus Astae LV, 1/2 (1995): 5-16.
. “Yamanaka Sadajiro: Advocate for Asian Art.”
Orientations 26 (January 1995): 80-93.
Merrill, Linda. “Conspiring Against Whistler.” Tare: The Art
Magazine 4 (October 1994) 28-31.
. “Whistler and the ‘Lange Lijzen’.” The Burlington
Magazine 126 (October 1994): 683-90.
,ed. With Kindest Regards: The Correspondence of Charles
Lang Freer and James McNeill Whistler, 1890-1903.
Washington, D.C.: Freer Gallery of Art and Smithsonian
Institution Press, 1995.
and Ann Yonemura. “James McNeill Whistier and
Japan.” American Art Review 7 (June—July 1995): 138-43
and 159-160.
So, Jenny. “Bronze Ritual Vesseis from the Collection of the
Freer Gallery of Art: 1960-1990.” In Wenwu kaogu luncong:
essays in commemoration of the 30th anniversay of the Min Chiu
Society, Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Min Chiu Society and
Woods Publishing Company, 1995.
211
. “An Inscribed Early Eastern Zhou fow in the Arthur
M. Sackler Collection.” Artibus Asiae LIV, 3/4 (1994):
199-206.
Stuart, Jan. “Beyond Paper: Chinese Calligraphy on Objects.”
The Magazine Antiques (October 1995): 502-513.
, ed. Calliope. May—June 1995.
. “Review of The Porcelains of Jingdezhen. by Rosemary
Scott, ed.” The China Quarterly (December 1994): 1146-1148.
. “Unified Style in Chinese Painting and Porcelain the
18th Century.” Oriental Art XLI (Summer 1995): 32-46.
Center for Museum Studies
Fuller, Nancy and Susanne Fabricius. “Native American
Museums and Cultural Centers: Origins and Current
Issues” in Native America in the 20th Century: An
Encyclopedia. (Mary Davis, ed.) New York: Garland
Publishing, Inc. 1995.
American Indian Museum Studies Program
Cooper, Karen. “American Indians Working in Non-Indian
Museums” in The Sourcebook: Museums Educating for the
Future. Sourcebook for the 1995 American Association of
Museums annual meeting.
"On Exhibit/A Matter of Access: Milestones in
Exhibits Concerning American Indians in the United States
and Canada, 1976-1994." Center for Museum Studies Bulletin,
Volume 2, Number 1, October 1995.
"Traveling Exhibitions for Tribal Museums" in
Perspectives: A Resource for Tribal Museums. Series Number
One of the American Indian Museum Studies Program,
Center for Museum Studies, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, DC, January 1995, I-s.
"Why Have a Native American Advisory Council."
The Exhibitionist (Spring 1995) 18-19.
Cooper, Karen and Allison Wickens. Directory of Participants,
American Indian Museum Studies Workshops and Internships,
1991-1994. Washington, DC: Center for Museum Studies,
Smithsonian Institution, 1995.
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum
Department of Drawings and Prints
Davidson, Gail S. Contributed to Nature Observed. Nature
Interpreted, Nineteenth-Century American Landscape Drawings
from the National Academy of Design and Cooper-Hewitt,
National Design Museum. Smithsonian Institution. New York:
212
National Academy of Design with Cooper-Hewitr,
National Design Museum, 1995.
Horwitz, Elizabeth. Contributed to Nature Observed, Nature
Interpreted. Nineteenth-Century American Landscape Drawings
from the National Academy of Design and Cooper-Hewttt,
National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution. New York:
National Academy of Design with Cooper-Hewitt,
National Design Museum, 1995.
Symmes, Marilyn and Dita Amory. Nature Observed. Nature
Interpreted. Nineteenth-Century American Landscape Drawings
from the National Academy of Design and Cooper-Hewttt,
National Design Museum, Smithsonian Institution. New York:
National Academy of Design with Cooper-Hewitt,
National Design Museum, 1995.
. “James Ingo Freed’s Sketchbooks: A Language of
Lines & Angles.” The Print Collector's Newsletter. Vol. XXVI,
No.2, May—June 1995.
Office of Public Programs
Yelavich, Susan. “Reunions: Toasting the Real McCoys.” I. D.
(September/October 1995) p.32.
Department of Textiles
Commoner, Lucy. “An Approach to Problem Solving Through
an Interdisciplinary Roundtable Discussion on Sample
Books.” Symposium preprints for Treatment and Handling of
Textiles with Associated Problematic Materials. Textile
Conservation Group, October 1994.
Sonday, Milton with Santina Levey. “The Emergence and
Development of the Two Basic Lace Techniques.” Contact,
Crossover. Continuity: The Proceedings of the Fourth Biennial
Symposium of the Textile Society of America. Inc. Textile Society
of America, 1994, 139-145.
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Office of the Director
Weil, Stephen E. A Cabinet of Curtosities: Inquiries into Museums
and Their Prospects. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution Press, 1995.
. “Measuring Museums’ Merit.” Museum News 74
(January—February 1995): 22-24, 57-58, 63.
Office of Public Affairs
Sidney Lawrence. “The Roger Brown Mosaic at Foley Square,
New York.” New York: U.S. General Services
Administration, Public Buildings Service, 1995. [Brochure.]}
. “Alison Saar.” In Localities of Destre: Contemporary Art
in an International World. ed. Bernice Murphy, 65-66.
Sydney: Museum of Contemporary Art, 1994. [Exhibition
catalogue.} Excerpted from exhibition brochure
Directions—Altson Saar. Washington, D.C.: Hirshhorn
Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1993.
Department of Conservation
Lake, Susan. “The Analysis of a Moisture-Sensitive Painting.”
1995 AIC Paintings Speciality Group Postprints. Paper
presented at the American Institute for Conservation of
Historic and Artistic Works, Saint Paul, Minnesota, June
1995.
Department of Painting and Sculpture
Benezra, Neal. Bruce Nauman. Washington, D.C.: Hirshhorn
Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1994. [Exhibition
brochure.]
Benezra, Neal, and Kathy Halbreich. Bruce Nauman.
Minneapolis: Walker Art Center in Association with
Distributed Art Publishers, 1994. [Exhibition catalogue.]
. Bruce Nauman. Minneapolis: Walker Art Center in
Association with Distributed Art Publishers, 1994.
{Catalogue raisonné.]}
Cruz, Amada. Dzrections—Gary Simmons. Washington, D.C.:
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, 1994.
{Exhibition brochure.}
Fletcher, Valerie. Alberto Giacomett:: The Paintings. Ph.D. diss.,
New York and Ann Arbor: Columbia University and
University of Michigan, 1995.
. The Human Figure Interpreted: Modern Sculpture from the
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. In English/Chinese.
Taipei: Taipei Fine Arts Museum, 1995. [Exhibition
catalogue.]}
. The Human Figure Interpreted: Modern Sculpture from the
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. In
English/Japanese. Tokyo: Yomiuri Shimbun, 1995.
{Exhibition catalogue.}
Gettings, Frank. Dzrections—Martin Kippenberger: Works on
Paper. Washington, D.C. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture
Garden, 1995. [Exhibition brochure.]
Rosenzweig, Phyllis. Dzrecttons—Cindy Sherman: Film Stills.
Washington, D.C. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture
Garden, 1995. [Exhibition brochure.]
Viso, Olga M. Transcending the Borders of Memory: Maria
Brito/Maria Martinez-Canas/Ana MendietalMarta Magdalena
Campos-Pons. West Palm Beach, Florida: Norton Museum
of Art, 1994. {Exhibition brochure.]
. “Artists of the American Scene: The Gronlund
Collection of American Twentieth-Century Prints.”
American Art Review 6, no. 6 (December 1994—January
1995): 122-25. Excerpted from exhibition brochure Artists of
the American Scene: The Dr. Robert B. and Dorothy M.
Gronlund Collection of American Twentieth-Century Prints.
West Palm Beach, Florida: Norton Museum of Art, 1994.
. “Elaine Reichek.” In Localities of Desire: Contemporary
Art in an International World. ed. Bernice Murphy, 61.
Sydney, Australia: Museum of Contemporary Art, 1994.
{Exhibition catalogue]. Excerpted from exhibition brochure
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. Friedrich Dotzauer: Chamber Music. Anner Bylsma
and members of the Smithsonian Chamber Players. Liner
notes by Kenneth Slowik. SONY Vivarte, compact disc.
. Joseph Gehot: Chamber Music. Smithson String
Quartet. Koch/Schwann, compact disc. 3-1558-2.
Slowik, Kenneth. Johannes Brahms: Cello Sonatas. Anner
Bylsma and Lambert Orkis. Liner notes by Kenneth
Slowik. Released in Europe and Asia. SONY Vivarte,
compact disc. SK 68-249.
Slowik, Kenneth. “Issues in the Restoration of Musical
Instruments." In The Age of Elegance. Ithaca, NY: New York
State Early Music Association,1994.
Division of Science, Medicine and Society
Kondratas, Ramunas. Images from the History of the Public
Health Service. Washington, D.C.: Government Printung
Office, 1994.
. associate editor. The History of Pharmacy: A Selected
Annotated Bibliography. New York and London: Garland
Publishing, Inc., 1995.
Sharrer, G. Terry. “The Great Glanders Epizootic,
1861-1866—A Civil War Legacy,” Agricultural History 69,
no. I (Winter, 1995): 79-97.
Warner, Deborah J. “The Campaign for Medical Microscopy
in Antebellum America,” Bulletin for the History of Medicine
69 (Fall 1995): 367-386.
. “Compasses and Coils: The Instrument Business of
Edward S. Ritchie.” Rittenhouse 9 (November1994): I-24.
. “The Microscopes and Telescopes of Robert B. Tolles.
Rittenhouse 9 (May 1995): 65-83.
Division of the History of Technology
Johnson, Paul F. (ed.) Underwater Archeology Proceedings from the
Society for Historical Archeology Conference. Washington, D.C.:
Society for Historical Archeology, 1995.
and Paula J. Johnson eds. The Maritime Administration
Collection of Ship Plans (1939-1970). Washington, D.C.:
Smithsonian Institution, 1994.
Langley, Harold D. A Hzstory of Medicine in the Early U.S.
Navy. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1995.
. “An American Surgeon and His Papal Patient.”
Fugitive Leaves. College of Physicians of Philadelphia
(Spring 1995): 3-6.
Lubar, Steven. “Foreword.” InThe Smithsonian Visual Timeline of
Inventions, by Richard Platt. London, England: Dorling
Kindersley, 1994.
. “Inventing History.” Reviews in American History
(December1994).
. “Representation and Power.” Technology and Culture
36, no. 2, suppl. (April 1995): 54-81.
. “In the Footsteps of Perry: The Smithsonian Goes to
Japan.” The Public Historian (Summer 1995).
Stine, Jeffrey K. Twenty Years of Sctence in the Public Interest: A
History of the Congressional Science and Engineering Fellowship
Program. Washington: American Association for the
Advancement of Science, 1994.
Division of Information Technology & Society
Allison, David K. “Computers and Education.” Radio
programs prepared with Soundings, the radio service of the
National Humanities Center, Fall 1995.
Bower, Thomas. “Make My Day, Use My Image: New Visual
Resources Technologies and Some of the Applicable Laws
from the User's Viewpoint.” Visual Resources Association
Bulletin 22 (1995): 54.
Carter, Debbie. Book review. The Public Historian 17 (1995): 3-
Doty, Richard G. “Boulton, Watt and the Canadian
Adventure.” In Coznage of the Americas Conference at the
American Numismatic Society, New York, 1994.
Doty, Richard G. “Friends in Strange Places: Ancient and
Medieval Coinage in the National Numismatic
Collection.” The Picus (1994): 6-26.
Dory, Richard G. Radio scripts. American Numismatic
Association of Colorado Springs, 1995.
Forman, Paul. “Swords into Ploughshares: Breaking new
ground with radar hardware and technigue in physical
research after World War II. Revzews of Modern Physics 67
(1995): 2.
Harris, Elizabeth M. “William Kelsey, Entrepreneur.”
Campane (October 1995):1-11.
Harris, Elizabeth M. “The Rail Press.” Printing History 30
(1995): 42-48.
Kidwell, Peggy. “American Adders: Circles and Bands.”
ETCetera: Magazine of the Early Typewriter Collectors
Association 31 (June 1995): 3-6.
. “Ideology and Invention: The Calculating Machine
of Ramon Verea.” Rittenhouse 9 (February 1995): 33-41.
Kidwell, Peggy, and Paul Ceruzzi. Landmarks in Digital
Computing: A Smithsonian Pictorial History April 1995
(Japanese translation).
Kidwell, Peggy. Reviews. Annals of the History of Computing 16,
no.4; 17, nos. 1-3.
Wright, Helena E. With Pen and Graver: Women Graphic Artists
Before 1900. Washington: National Museum of American
History, 1995.
Division of Social History
Foore, Shelly, and Claudia B. Kidwell. “Du travail au loisir, le
demin et l’evolution de l'Amerique,” Histories du jeans de
1750.4 1994. Paris: Paries Musees, 1994.
Mayo, Edith. First Ladies: Political Role and Public Image.
Washington, DC: National Museum of American History,
1995.
Mayo, Edith. “Introduction,” in Doris Stevens, Jailed For
Freedom.
ed. Carol O'Hare. Troutdale, OR: Newsage Press, 1995.
Smith, Barbara Clark. “A Case Study of Applied Feminist
Theories.” In Gender Perspectives: Essays on Women in
Museums, edited by Jane R. Glazer and Artemis A.
Zenetou,137-46. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution Press, 1994.
Barbara Clark Smith. “Children in the House: The Material
Culture of Childhood.” reviewed in the Pennsylvania Magazine
of History and Biography.
Taylor, Lonn. “Southern Roots of Western Cattle Ranching:
Some Thoughts on the Literature.” Kingsville, Texas: John
E. Conner Museum of Texas A & M University.
National Museum of the American Indian
Ash-Milby, Kathleen. “Warbonnets in the Work of T.C.
Cannon and David Bradley: The Reappropriation of a
Stereotypic Image.” Talk given at Native American Art
Studies Association Biennial Conference, Tulsa, Oklahoma,
1995.
Benamou, Catherine. Review of “Carmen Miranda: Bananas Is
My Business,” directed by Helena Solberg, in The
Independent Film and Video Monthly (October 1995): 17-18.
. “Notes Towards a Memography of Latin American
Women’s Cinema,” in Latin American Women's Vorces: 500
Years After, special issue of Symposium XLVII (4) (1995):
257-269.
. “Cuban Cinema: On the Threshold of Gender,” in
Frontiers XV (1) (1994): 51-75.
Bonar, Eulalie. Contributing author in Tom Hill and Richard
W. Hill, Sr., eds. Creation's Journey: Native American Identity
and Belief. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution
Press/National Museum of the American Indian,
Smithsonian Institution, 1994.
Dewey, Pam. Original interactive for “Bad Museum,” in
Blender (CD-ROM magazine), 1995.
. Arust in “The Apartment Store: Artist-made Chess
and Checkers Sets.” Exit Art, New York City, 1995.
. Artist in “Domestic Landscapes.” Catskill Art
Society, Harleyville, New York, 1995.
. Artist in “Naked Words.” Gay and Lesbian Alliance,
New York City, 1995.
. Artist in “Other Spaces.” Ronald Feldman, New
York City, 1995.
. Artist in “Women of the Smithsonian.” SITES
Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 1995.
Ganteaume, Cécile R. Contributing author in Tom Hill and
Richard W. Hill, Sr., eds. Creation’s Journey: Native American
219
Identity and Beltef. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution Press/National Museum of the American
Indian, Smithsonian Institution, 1994.
Heth, Charlotte Wilson. “This Precious Heritage,” in Natzve
American Expressive Culture. Ithaca, N.Y.: AKWE:GON
Press/National Museum of the American Indian,
Smithsonian Institution, 1994.
Kaminitz, Marian A. “The Conservator’s Approach to Sacred
Arc,” in Stady Series of ICOM-CC (June 1995) and Western
Association for Art Conservation Newsletter 17 (3) (September
1995).
Clara Sue Kidwell. Choctaws and Misstonaries in Mississippi.
1818-1918. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995.
Lenz, Mary Jane. “Art of the Northwest Coast.” Antiques
CXLVI (4) (October 1994): 476-485.
. Contributing author in Tom Hill and Richard W.
Hill, Sr., eds. Creation’s Journey: Native American Identity and
Belief. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution
Press/National Museum of the American Indian,
Smithsonian Institution, 1994.
Martine, David Bunn. Drawing of aboriginal whaling
practices, illustration in The Long Island Historical Journal
(Winter 1994), Hofstra University.
Matos, Ramiro. Contributing author in Tom Hill and Richard
W. Hill, Sr., eds. Creation’s Journey: Native American Identity
and Beltef. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution
Press/National Museum of the American Indian,
Smithsonian Institution, 1994.
John C. Moses. “The Conservator’s Approach to Sacred Art,”
in Western Association for Art Conservation Newsletter 17 (3)
(September 1995).
Rosoff, Nancy. Contributing author in Tom Hill and Richard
W. Hill, Sr., eds. Creation’s Journey: Native American Identity
and Beltef. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution
Press/National Museum of the American Indian,
Smithsonian Institution, 1994.
West, W. Richard Jr. “Whence the ‘Art Object?” Grantmakers
1m the Arts 6 (2) (Autumn 1995).
. “The National Museum of the American Indian:
Perspectives on Museums in the 21st Century.” Museum
Anthropology 18 (3) (October 1994).
. “Cultural Rethink.” Masewm Journal (June 1995).
Nattonal Portrait Gallery
Office of the Director
Carr, Carolyn K. Foreword to Cecilia Beaux and the Art of
Portraiture by Tara Leigh Tappert. Washington, D.C.:
Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995.
Fern, Alan. “Presidential Gifts in America.” In The Gift as
Material Culture. Yale/Smithsonian Reports on Material
Culture, no. 4 (1995): 48-50.
220
. Foreword to In Pursuit of the Butterfly: Portraits of
James McNeill Whistler by Eric Denker. Washington, D.C.:
National Portrait Gallery and University of Washington
Press, 1995.
Department of Painting and Sculpture
Miles, Ellen G. American Paintings of the Eighteenth Century,
with contributions by Patricia Burda, Cynthia J. Mills, and
Leslie Kaye Reinhardt. Washington, D.C.: National
Gallery of Art, 1995.
. Saint-Mémin and the Neoclassical Profile Portrait in
America, edited by Dru Dowdy. A Barra Foundation Book.
Washington, D.C.: National Portrait Gallery and
Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.
Department of Prints and Drawings
Wagner, Ann Prentice. “Japanese Printmaking: Talk by Paul
Schweitzer.” Washington Print Club Quarterly 30, no. 4
(Winter 1994-1995): 4-6.
. “Earning a Living with Pen and Graver.” Washington
Print Club Quarterly 31, no. 1 (Spring 1995): 12-14.
. "The Glory of Venice: Exhibition Tour by Andrew
Robison.” Washington Print Club Quarterly 31, no. 2
(Summer 1995): 6-7.
. “Prints On-Line: PRINTS-L.” Washington Print Club
Quarterly 31, no. 2 (Summer 1995): 8.
Walker, Lucile Lenore. “Roy Lichtenstein Retrospective.”
Washington Print Club Quarterly 30, no. 4 (Winter
1994-1995): I-12.
Department of Photographs
Panzer, Mary. Review of “American Art at Harvard.” In
Archives of American Art Journal 34, no. 2 (1994 [forthcoming
1995]).
. Review of Robert Frank, Moving Out by Sarah
Greenough and Philip Brookman. In Archives of American
Art Journal 33, no. 4 (1993 {1994]): 22-24.
. Radio interview. “The Photographs of Carl Van
Vechten.” A// Things Considered, National Public Radio,
July 7, 1995.
. Radio interview. “The Photographs of Carl Van
Vechten.” Vozce of America, August 1, 1995.
Department of History
Voss, Frederick S. Biographical entries on Margaret
Bourke-White, William Laurence, William Eugene Smith.
In Dictionary of American Biography. Supplement Ten.
1976-1980. New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan, 1995.
. Mazestic in His Wrath: A Pictorial Life of Frederick
Douglass. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press,
1995.
Publications Department
Dowdy, Dru. “’A School for Stoicism’: Thomas Tudor Tucker
and the Republican Age.” South Carolina Historical
Magazine 96 (April 1995): 102-118.
Catalog of American Portraits
Svoboda, Patricia H. Preface to Villa Lanna—Classtcal
Antiquity and Prague 1872. organized by Jan Baant. Prague:
Institute for Classical Studies, Academy of Sciences of the
Czech Republic, and Koniasch Latin Press, 1994.
The Peale Family Papers
Hart, Sidney. “The Enlightened City: Charles Willson Peale’s
Philadelphia Museum in its Urban Setting.” In Shaping a
National Culture. The Philadelphia Experience, 1750-1800,
edited by Catherine E. Hutchins. Winterthur, Delaware:
Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, 1994.
and David C. Ward. “Subversion and Illusion in the
Life and Art of Raphaelle Peale.” American Art 8, nos. 3 & 4
(Summer/Fall 1994): 97-121.
Miller, Lillian B. “Father and Son: The Relationship of
Charles Willson Peale and Raphaelle Peale. The American
Art Journal 25, nos. 1 & 2 (1993 [1995]): 4-61.
. “Not Guilty: A Response to a Debate.” MD 38
(1994): 10-12.
. “History and the Peales.” in Transactions and Studies
of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, ser. 5, vol. 16
(December 1994 [1995]): 101-6.
. Review of Alice Pike Barney: Her Life and Art by Jean
L. Kling. Washington History, 6, no. 2 (Fall/Winter
1994-1995): 81-83.
. Review of Audubon: Life and Art in the American
Wilderness by Shirley Streshinsky. Journal of the Early
Republic. 15, no. 1 (Spring 1995): 136-38.
Ward, David C. Review of Picturing a Nation: Art and Social
Change in Nineteenth-Century America by David Lubin.
Archives of American Art Journal 33, no. 4 (1993 {1995]) 1-14.
. Review of The Letters of William Cullen Bryant Vol. 5:
1865-1871 and Vol. 6: 1872-1878 edited by William Cullen
Bryant II and Thomas G. Voss. New York History 76
(January 1995): 111-13.
. Review of Barry Goldwater by Robert Alan
Goldberg. The Boston Book Review 2 (October 1995): 19.
. Review of The Grass of Another Country: A Journey
Through the World of Soccer by Christopher Merrill and The
Story of the World Cup by Brian Glanville. Aethlon: The
Journal of Sport Literature 12 (Fall 1994 [1995]): 157-58.
. Review of “Gazza Agonistes” by lan Hamilton.
Granta 45 (Autumn 1993) in Aethlon: The Journal of Sport
Literature 12 (Fall 1994 [1995}): 159.
. Review of Fever Pitch by Nick Hornby. Aethlon: The
Journal of Sport Literature u (Spring 1994 [1995]: 180-81.
. Review of Harriet Beecher Stowe by Joan D. Hedrick.
Boston Book Review 2 (March 1995): 200.
Smithsonian Institution Traveling
Exhibition Service, SITES
Beyond Category: The Musical Genius of Duke Ellington.
Exhibition brochure with text by John Edward Hasse.
Published by the American Library Association, 1995.
Louis Armstrong: A Cultural Legacy. Exhibition poster.
Washington, D.C.: SITES, 1994.
Mexico: A Landscape Revisited/Una vision de su paisaye.
Illustrated exhibition book with essays by Esther Acevedo
and Mary Schneider Enriquez. Washington, D.C.: SITES in
association with Universe Publishing, New York, N-Y.,
1994.
Mexico: A Landscape Revisited/Una viston de su paisaye.
Exhibition poster. Washington, D.C.: SITES, 1994.
Mexican Landscapes. New York, N.Y.: Universe Publishing in
association with SITES, 1995. (Reissued for 1996.)
People Power! Making Geography. 1995 Geography Awareness
Week Poster, published by SITES in conjunction with the
exhibition “Earth 2U, Exploring Geography.” Curriculum
lesson and poster, conceived and written by Gail Ludwig,
illustrated by Marc Rosenthal. Washington, D.C.: SITES,
1995.
Siteline. (SITES newsletter). Washington, D.C.: SITES, Spring
1995, Number 37.
Update. 1995-96. SITES annual program catalog. Washington,
D.C.: SITES, 1995.
Educational and Cultural Programs
Center for Folklife Programs and
Cultural Studies
Printed Materials
Belanus, Betty. “Center Education News.” Smithsonian Talk
Story (6)(Fall 1994):17. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution.
. Review of A Shared Authority: Essays on the Craft and
Meaning of Oral and Public History by Michael Frisch. New
York Folklore XX(1-2).
. “Education Update.” Smithsonian Talk Story
(7\(Spring 1995):9. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution.
Borden, Carla M., editor. Smithsonian Talk Story (6)(Fall 1994).
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
i)
is)
a
, editor. Smithsonian Talk Story (7)(Spring 1995).
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
, editor. Festzval of American Folklife Program Book.
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
Cadaval, Olivia. “Ta/leres de la Frontera: The 1993 Borderlands
Program Returns to the Border.” Smithsonian Talk Story
(7XSpring 1995):11. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution.
Franklin, John. “The Bahamas Festival Program Back Home.”
Smithsonian Talk Story (6)Fall 1994):5. Washington, D.C.:
Smithsonian Institution.
and Peter Seirel. “Learning from Cape Verdean
Experience.” In Festival of American Folklife Program Book,
edited by Carla M. Borden, 41-43. Washington, D.C.:
Smithsonian Institution.
Horowitz, Amy. “The Czech Republic Program:
Cross-cultural Negotiation and the Performance of
Scholarship.” Smithsonian Talk Story (7)(Spring 1995):5-
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
. “Cross-cultural Negotiation: Building Stages of a
Festival Program.” In Festival of American Folklife Program
Book. edited by Carla M. Borden, 60-63. Washington,
D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
Hunt, Marjorie. “Masters of Traditional Arts.” Smzthsonian
Talk Story (6)Fall 1994):6. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution.
. “Serving Those Who Serve: White House Workers.”
In Our Changing White House. edited by Wendell Garrett,
201—223. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
James-Duguid, Charlene. “For Folklife Friends and Crafts
Lovers.” Smithsonian Talk Story (7XSpring 1995):1.
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
Kennedy, Richard. “The National Mall Becomes the Sanam
Luang for Thai Americans.” Smithsonian Talk Story (6)(Fall
1994):7. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
. “Russian Roots, American Branches: Music in Two
Worlds.” Smithsonian Talk Story (7(Spring 1995):6.
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
. “Celebration of the Manas Epic in Kyrghyzstan.”
Smithsonian Talk Story (7)(Spring 1995):14-15. Washington,
D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
. “Tradition in Two Worlds: A Russian-American
Cultural Exchange.” In Festival of American Folklife Program
Book, edited by Carla M. Borden, 80-82. Washington,
D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
Kurin, Richard. “Director's Talk Story.” Smithsonian Talk Story
(6XFall 1994):4. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Instiration.
. “Director's Talk Story.” Smithsonian Talk Story
(7XSpring 1995):2. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution.
. “So Long, It’s Been Good to Know You:’ A
Remembrance of Festival Director Ralph Rinzler.” In
Festival of American Folklife Program Book. edited by Carla
M. Borden, 8—13. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution.
222
. “Public Display as Cultural Policy.” Journal of
Popular Culture 29(1).
. “The Festival of American Folklife: America on the
National Mall.” Trends 32(2).
. “Promotional Value and Public Image: Press
Coverage of Tennessee at the Smithsonian Institution
Festival of American Folklife.” Temmessee’s Business 6(1).
and Diana Parker. “A Short History of the Festival of
American Folklife and Michigan's Contribution to
Smithsonian Practice.” Folklore in Use: Applications in the
Real World 2(2):159-180. Middlesex, England: Hisarlik Press.
and Marjorie Hunt. “In the Service of the
Presidency.” American Visions Commemorative Issue:48—51.
Washington, D.C.: Dialogue Diaspora.
. “Doctor, Lawyer, Indian Chief.” Anthropology 94/95.
Guilford: The Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc.
, concluding remarks. “Presenting History - Session 4:
Museums in a Democratic Society.” Washington, D.C.:
Smithsonian Institution Folkways Cassette Series Soo004.
N'Diaye, Diana Baird. “From Project to Festival Program:
African Newcomer Communities in Metropolitan
Washington, D.C.” Smithsonian Talk Story (6)(Fall 1994):16.
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
. “Building a Home Away from Home: African
Immigrant Culture in Metropolitan Washington, D.C.”
Smithsonian Talk Story (7)(Spring 1995):12. Washington,
D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
and Berry Belanus. “Research Report: The African
Immigrant Folklife Study Project.” In Festival of American
Folklife Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden, 90-96.
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
Parker, Diana. “1994 Festival of American Folklife.”
Smithsonian Talk Story (6)(Fall 1994):1. Washington, D.C.:
Smithsonian Institution.
. “Notes from the Festival Director.” Smithsonian Talk
Story (7Spring 1995):3. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution.
. “The Festival Never Ends.” In Festival of American
Folklife Program Book, edited by Carla M. Borden, 14-15.
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
Seeger, Anthony. “Six Perspectives on Music Ownership”
excerpt from “Ethnomusicology and Music Law.” In Womex
1994. 20-21. Berlin: House of World Cultures.
. “Anthony Seeger on Music of Amazon Indians” part
of series “In Depth Series Music in Cultural Context.”
Music Educators Journal, February 1995:17—23.
. Canta per tua sorella: Struttura e performance negli akia
dei Suya in Tullia Magrini (editor) Uomini e Suont: Prospettive
antropologische nella ricerca musicale, 99-145. Bologna: Clueb.
. “Whar Is the Folkways Collection?” Smithsonian Talk
Story (7\Spring 1995):7—9. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution.
Seitel, Peter. “Notes from a Visit to Tanzania.” Smithsonian
Talk Story (7XSpring 1995):13. Washington, D.C.:
Smithsonian Institution.
and Ray Almeida. “The Cape Verdean Connection.”
Smithsonian Talk Story (7)(Spring 1995):4. Washington,
D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
Vennum, Thomas. “Southern Paiute Song Texts with a Note
on Musical! Transcriptions.” In The Collected Works of Edward
Sapir IV, edited by Regna Darnell and Judith Irvine. New
York: Mouton de Gruyter.
. “Lacrosse.” Encyclopedia of the American Indian. New
York: Houghton Mifflin.
. “The Song Repertoire of the Big Drum Societies in
the Western Great Lakes: A Study in Repertoire
Diffusion.” In Themes and Variations: Writings on Music in
Honor of Rulan Chao Pian, edited by Bell Yung and Joseph
C. Lam. Boston: Department of Music, Harvard University
and the Institute of Chinese Studies, the Chinese
University of Hong Kong.
. Lacrosse: Little Brother of War. Germany: Baum Verlag.
Walters, Matt. “Folkways Update.” Smzthsonian Talk Story
(6)\Fall 1994):14. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution.
Sound Recordings
Sterling A. Brown. The Poetry of Sterling A. Brown. Read by the
Author. Smithsonian/Folkways SF 47002.
Dream Songs and Healing Sounds in the Rainforests of
Malaysia. Smithsonian/Folkways SF 40417.
The Educated Eye: A Seven-Part Program on Connoisseurship and
Collecting. Smithsonian/Folkways SFSP 90003/4.
Field to Factory: Voices of the Great Migration.
Smithsonian/Folkways SFSP 90005.
Heartbeat: Voices of First Nations Women. Smithsonian/Folkways
SF 40415.
Langston Hughes. The Voice of Langston Hughes: Selected Poetry
and Prose. Smithsonian/Folkways SF 47001.
Music of Indonesia. Vol. 5: Betawi and Sudanese Music of the North
Coast of Java. Smithsonian/Folkways SF 40421.
Music of Indonesia. Vol. 6 Night Music of West Sumatra: Saluang,
Rabab Parlaman. Dendang Pauah. Smithsonian/Folkways SF
40422.
Music Traditions of Portugal. Smithsonian/Folkways SF 40435.
Old Believers: Songs of the Nekrasov Cossacks.
Smithsonian/Folkways 40462.
Rhythms of Rapture: Sacred Musics of Haitian Vodou.
Smithsonian/Folkways SF 40464.
Ritual Music of the Kayapé - Xikrin. Amazonia.
Smithsonian/Folkways SF 40433.
Sacred Rhythms of Cuban Santeria. Smithsonian/Folkways SF
40419.
Doug and Jack Wallin. Famsly Songs and Stories from the North
Carolina Mountains. Smithsonian/Folkways SF 40013.
Videos
“Ralph Rinzler: A Celebration of Life,” 85-min. memorial at
the Festival of American Folklife, July 7, 1994. Produced
by the Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies.
Office of Elementary and Secondary
Education
Office of Elementary and Secondary Education. Beyond the
Frame: Using Art as a Basts for Interdisciplinary Learning.
1995.
. “Memorials: Art for Remembering.” Art to Zoo.
January/February 1995.
. “Perfectly Suited: Clothing and Social Change in
America.” Art to Zoo. May/June 1995.
. “Tomorrow's Forecast: Oceans and Weather.” Art to
Zoo. September/October 1995.
. “Visions of the Future: Technology and American
Society.” Art to Zoo. March/April 1995.
Other Functions
Office of Communications
Office of Public Affairs
Blue Bulletin. A biweekly two- to four-page newsletter with
administrative information for staff. Circulation is to every
Smithsonian staff member. Editor: Colleen Hershberger
The Torch. A monthly newspaper for Smithsonian employees.
During this year, the newspaper's contents were revised to
highlight the Institution’s 1soth anniversary, exhibition
spotlights, the Home Page and other computers stories,
exhibitions “Now Showing,” classified ads, and more.
Circulation is 10,600, which includes staff, volunteers, and
a list of interested individuals and organizations outside the
Smithsonian. Editor: Jo Ann Webb
Smithsonian Institution Research Reports. A quarterly newsletter
that disseminates information on Smithsonian research to
an audience of nearly 90,000 readers (approximately 10,000
scienusts, libraries, museums, universities, journalists, and
others and 80,000 Contributing HI embers of The
Smithsonian Associates). Editor: William Schulz
Smithsonian Runner. A bimonthly newsletter about Native
American activities at the Institution, featuring
informational updates on the National Museum of the
American Indian and articles on research and other
projects, activities, and events. Circulation is more than
32,000, which includes Native American journalists and
we
Nv
wa
community leaders, as well as members of the National
Museum of the American Indian. Editor: Dan Agent
Office of Telecommunications
Radio Smithsonian Productions
Folk Masters from The Barns of Wolf Trap The fifth season of
this series of 26 one-hour stereo programs featuring
traditional music of the Americas—produced by Radio
Smithsonian, the Wolf Trap Foundation for the Performing
Arts, and WETA-FM; distributed by Public Radio
International and broadcast nationwide on more than 140
public radio stations and BBC Scotland.
Jazz Smithsonian Second season of this series of 8 one-hour
programs of classic jaw hosted by Lena Horne featuring the
Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra, conducted by
David Baker and Gunther Schuller, performing jazz of the
1920s, '30S, ‘40s, '50s, and ‘60s—produced by Radio
Smithsonian, distributed by Public Radio International and
broadcast on 185 public radio stations nationwide.
Home Video
In Open Air: A Portrait of American Impressionism A 28-minute
video portraying the life and times of the pioneers of
American Impressionism, illustrated with some of the
finest paintings created in America from 1880 to
1915—produced by the Office of Telecommunications.
Exhibition Videos
Exploring Marine Ecosystems A series of six videos offering a
close-up look at the workings of various marine habitats for
the National Museum of Natural History—produced by
the Office of Telecommunications.
First Ladies: Political Role and Public Image A 15-minute video
for the new theater in the National Museum of American
History's First Ladies exhibition—produced by the Office
of Telecommunications.
Promotion Publications
Radio Smithsonian Presents Jazz 1995-1996 A jazz calendar
promoting the Jazz Smithsonian radio series and the
Smithsonian Institution's jazz activities—features historic
photographs and birthdays of jazz greats whose music is
heard on the radio series—produced by Office of
Telecommunications in cooperation with the National
Museum of American History's Division of Cultural
History and the Smithsonian Institution's Traveling
Exhibition Service.
224
Affiliated Organizations
Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. (RIF)
Reading Is Fundamental Annual Report 1994: Building Connections
through Reading. RIF Newsletter. Published four times a year,
the News/etter reports on RIF activities nationwide. A
technical assistance insert, addressing local projects’
requests for information on how to motivate youngsters to
read, is included twice a year in Newsletters sent to RIF
projects. The Newsletter reaches 13,000 people throughout
the United States and offshore territories.
The Fun & Fundamentals of Running a RIF Project. A brochure
outlining the basic details on running a RIF program.
The RIF Handbook: How to Run a Successful Reading Is
Fundamental Project. A technical assistance manual to help
RIF volunteers organize and operate an effective reading
motivation program. Includes an overview of RIF as well as
sections on fundraising, book selection and ordering, and
activities to motivate reading.
“Parent Guide” Brochures. A series of 12 brochures on the topics
“Choosing Good Books for Your Children,” “TV and
Reading,” “Reading Aloud to Your Children,” “Upbeat and
Offbeat Activities to Encourage Reading,” “Teenagers and
Reading,” “Children Who Can Read, But Don't...,”
“Encouraging Soon-To-Be Readers,” “Magazines and
Family Reading,” “Family Storytelling,” “Building a
Family Library,” “Encouraging Young Writers,”
“Summertime Reading.”
The RIF Guide to Encouraging Young Readers. (Doubleday, 1987).
A sourcebook of activities, children’s book suggestions, and
resources for parents.
Helping Your Children Become Readers/Como Ayudar a Que Sus
Manos Sean Buenos Lectoers. Available in English or Spanish,
this reproducible, illustrated flyer features 10 reading tips
in simple language.
The Family Facts Book. This 24-page booklet provides a place
to keep important information about your children; also
features tips on raising readers.
Shared Beginnings® Idea Book: Tips and Activities for Young
Families and Their Babies. With an illustrated format
designed to appeal to teenage parents, this publication
features more than 100 ideas for nurturing emergent
language and literacy in infants and toddlers. Includes
rhymes, songs, and fingerplays.
Shared Beginnings® Leader's Guide. An eight-part activity
curriculum, resources, and reproducible pages. Developed
to provide a family component for those offering services to
teen parents.
Family of Readers® Activity Book. This booklet features
activities for families to enjoy together: reading, writing,
cooking, coloring, and other do-at-home projects. Also
available in Spanish.
Family of Readers® Parent's Handbook. Gives parents an
easy-to-follow overview of Inning the RIF book program.
Also explores the importance of parental involvement in
children’s reading and learning.
Famuly of Readers ®Advisor's Guide. An expanded version of
the Parent's Handbook. with additional notes to the advisor.
Resource section includes lists of children’s favorite books,
and family-related activities.
RUNNING START ® Teacher's Handbook. Helps first grade
teachers create reading-rich classrooms during RUNNING
START and beyond. Includes activity ideas and
reproducible pages for use in the classroom and to send
home.
RUNNING START ® Coordinator's Guide. Gives program
coordinators step-by-step instructions on setting up and
administering the program, including information on
fundraising, publicity, and working with teachers,
principals, volunteers, and other program partners.
STAR Science Technology And Reading® “Labs.” A supplemental
curriculum for the upper elementary grades that engages
children in discovery through hands-on science and uses
literature to spark and extend their interest. STAR
activities are presented in eight thematic “labs” including:
Mystery, Inventors, Habitat, Water, Sports, Ecology,
Flight, and Geology.
STAR Science Technology And Readings ® Mentor’s Guide. A guide
for career scientists from local industry to assist teachers in
conducting STAR in the classroom.
Woodrow Wilson International Center
for Scholars
Woodrow Wilson Center Press Books
Constas, Dimitri, and Theofanis G. Stavrou, eds. Greece
Prepares for the Twenty-first Century. Copublished with Johns
Hopkins University Press.
De Silva, K. M. Regronal Powers and Small State Security India
and Sri Lanka. Copublished with Johns Hopkins University
Press. Janes, Robert W. Scholars’ Guide to Washington, D.C..
for Peace and International Security Studies. Copublished with
Johns Hopkins University Press.
Morris, James M., ad. Legacies of Woodrow Wilson.
Orlovsky, Daniel, ad. Beyond Soviet Studies. Distributed by
Johns Hopkins University Press.
Reins, Mitchell. Bridled Ambition: Why Countries Constrain
Their Nuclear Capabilities. Distributed by Johns Hopkins
University Press.
Rimer, J. Thomas, ed. A Hidden Fire: Russian and Japanese
Cultural Encounters, 1868-1926. Copublished with Stanford
University Press.
Ruble, Blair A. Money Sings: The Changing Politics of Urban Space
in Post-Soviet Yaroslavl. Copublished with Cambridge
University Press.
Shaker, Sallama. State, Society, and Privatization in Turkey.
1979-1990. Distributed by Johns Hopkins University Press.
Shea, William M., and Peter A. Huff, eds. Knowledge and Belief
in America: Enlightenment Traditions and Modern Religious
Thought. Copublished with Cambridge University Press.
Taranovski Theodore, ed. and trans. Reform im Modern Russian
History: Progress or Cycle? Copublished with Cambridge
University Press.
is)
v
al
The Smithsonian
Institution and
Its Subsidiaries,
September 30, 1995
The Secretary
Office of the
Secretary
The Secretary
I. Michael Heyman
Executive Assistant
James M. Hobbins
Deputy Executive Assistant
Kathy A. Boi
Administrative Assistant for
Appointments
Mary Lee Nissley
Secretariat Records Management
Supervisor
Betty J. Russell
Administrative Assistant
Carol Anderson
Personal Secretary
Carol Anderson
Office of Inspector
General
Inspector General
Thomas D. Blair
Counsel to the Inspector General
Richard C. Otto
226
Assistant Inspector General for
Investigations
Gerard A. Roy
Assistant Inspector General for
Audits
John C. Fawsett
Administrative Officer
Mary Brough Emond
Office of Planning,
Management and
Budget
Director
L. Carole Wharton
Budget Formulation
and Execution
Assistant Director
C. Austin Matthews
Compliance and
Representation
Assistant Director
Mary J. Rodriguez
Program Planning and
Management Support
Special Assistant
Katherine Johnson
Systems and
Administrative
Support
Assistant Director
Jack D. Zickafoose
The Provost
Office of the Provost
Provost (Acting)
Robert S. Hoffmann
Executive Assistant
Ruth Selig
Emeritus Sentor Scholar
Wilton Dillon
Executive Officer
Mary Tanner
Office of the
Assistant Provost for
Science (Acting)
Assistant Provost (Acting)
Ross Simons
Special Assistant
Sandy Blake
Office of Environmental
Awareness
Director
Judy Gradwhol
Scientific Diving Program
Diving Officer
Mike Lang
Office of the Assistant
Provost for the Arts
and Humanities
Assistant Provost
Tom L. Freudenheim
Program Manager
Barbara K. Schneider
Special Assistant
Jane Glaser
Accessibility Program
Accesstbility Coordinator
Jan Majewski
Office of Institutional
Studies
Director
Zahava Doering
International Gallery
Director
Anne Gossett
Office of the
Assistant Provost for
Educational and
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Assistant Provost
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Program Manager
Manjula Kumar
Program Manager
Marshall Wong
Program Manager
Alicia Gonzalez
Office of the
General Counsel
Acting General Counsel
James D. Douglas
Acting Deputy General Counsel
Marsha S. Shaines
Associate General Counsel
Alan D. Ullberg
Assistant General Counsels
Rachelle V. Browne
Ildiko P. DeAngelis
Lauryn Guttenplan Grant
Elaine L. Johnston
James I. Wilson
Sciences
Conservation
Analytical
Laboratory
Director
Lambertus van Zelst
Assistant to Director
Beverly M. Smith
Administrative Officer
Vernetta M. Williams
Administrative Support
Assistant
Loretta E. Ester-Clark
Training Program Assistant
Francine T. Lewis
Office Assistant
Jocelyn D. Sellers
Research and
Development
Research Coordinator!Senior
Research Archaeologist
Ronald L. Bishop
Senior Research Scientist
Marion F. Mecklenburg
Senior Research Chemist
M. James Blackman
Jacqueline S. Olin
Charles S. Tumosa
Senior Research Organic Chemist
W. David Erhardt
David W. von Endr
Senior Research Photographic
Scientist
Mark H. McCormick-
Goodhart
Sentor Research Biochemist
Noreen C. Tuross
Research Organic Chemist
Mary T. Baker
Research Art Historian
Ingrid C. Alexander
Metallurgist
Martha E. Goodway
Sentor Ceramic Scientist
Pamela B. Vandiver
Support and
Collaboration
Scientific Support Coordinator!
Conservation Scientist
Melanie E. Feather
Research Chemist
Emile C. Joel
Conservation Information
Specialist
Gail L. Goriesky
Ann B. N’Gadi
Senior Conservator
Roland H. Cunningham
Analytical Chemist
Camie S. Campbell
Organic Chemist
Walter H. Hopwood
Computer Network
Administrator
Cheryl! D. Sultzer
Education and
Training
Education Coordinator/Senior
Furniture Conservator
Donald C. Williams
Senior Conservator
Carol A. Grissom
Dianne van der Reyden
Mary W. Ballard
Melvin J. Wachowiak
Conservator
Harriet (Rae) F. Beaubien
Jia-Sun Tsang
National Museum
of Natural History
Acting Director
Donald J. Ortner
Special Assistant to the Director
Maria Ballantyne
Staff Assistant to the Director
Colleen Dixon
Acting Assoctate Director for
Administration
Dianne Niedner
Administrative Specialists
Danielle Bielenstein
Kasandra Brockington
P. Yvette Butler
Nella Fischer
Associate Director for
Development and Public
Affairs
T. C. Benson
Development Officer
Mary Crowley
Public Affairs Manager
Randall Kremer
Associate Director for Public
Programs
Robert D. Sullivan
Acting Associate Director for
Science
Anna K. Behrensmeyer
Associate Director for Special
Projects
Catherine J. Kerby
Director, Biodiversity Program
Don E. Wilson
Director, Laboratory of
Molecular Systematics
Michael J. Braun
Biological Sciences Program
Administrator
Matthew D. Kane
Botanist
Elizabeth A. Zimmer
Research Biologist
David L. Swofford
Assistant Director for Collections
Janet Gomon
Collection Inventory Manager
Susan Wilkerson
Assistant Collection Program
Manager
Carol Butler
Assistant Director for
Automatic Data Programs
T. Gary Gautier
Mathematical Statistician
Lee Ann Hayek
Assistant Director for Education
Laura L. McKie
Physical Plant Administrator
Jerome A. Conlon
Museum Facilities Manager
Edward McCoy
Supervisory Museum Specialist,
Scanning Electron
Microscope Laboratory
Walter Brown
Smithsonian
Marine Station at
Link Port
Director
Mary E. Rice
Administrative Assistant
Joan L. Kaminski
Research Assistants
William D. Lee
Sherry Anne Reed
Julianne Piraino
Hugh F. Reichardt
Department of
Anthropology
Chairman
Dennis J. Stanford
Deputy Chairman
Carolyn Rose
Administrative Specialist
Carole Lee Kin
Public Information Specialist
P. Ann Kaupp
Collections Management
Collections Manager
Deborah Hull-Walski
Conservators
Natalie Firnhaber
Greta Hansen
Senior Research Conservator
Carolyn Rose
Handbook of North
American Indians
Managing Editor
Karla Billups
Administrative Technician
Melvina Jackson
te
Production Manager
Diane Della-Loggia
Bibliographer
Lorraine H. Jacoby
Lingurst
R. H. Ives Goddard III
Human Studies Film
Archives
Director
John Homiak
National Anthropological
Archives
Director
John Homiak
Archivist
Paula R. Fleming
James R. Glenn
Native American Indian
Program
Durector
JoAllyn Archambault
Division of Archaeology
Division Head
J. Daniel Rogers
Senior Scientist
Bruce D. Smith
Curators
Theresa Singleton
Gus W. Van Beek
Melinda A. Zeder
Arctic Program
Director
William W. Fitzhugh
Archaeologist
Stephen Loring
Paleo-Indian Program
Dennis J. Stanford
Betty Meggers
228
South American
Archeology
Division of Ethnology
Division Head
R. H. Ives Goddard, II
Curators
Mary Jo Arnoldi
Adrienne Kaeppler
Robert Laughlin
William Merrill
William C. Sturtevant
Paul M. Taylor
William Trousdale
Division of Physical
Anthropology
Division Head
Douglas W. Owsley
Curators
Donald J. Ortner
Douglas H. Ubelaker
Human Origins Program
Richard B. Potts
Office of Repatriation
Program Manager
Thomas Killion
Case Officers
William Billeck
Tamara Bray
Paula Malloy
Karen Mudar
Charles Smythe
Research Associates
Larry Banks
William Barse
Kenneth M. Bilby
Allison Brooks
Ernest Burch
Anita Cook
Jean Paul Dumont
John M. Fritz
Don Fowler
George Frison
Kathleen Gordon
James Griffin
Joel Corneal Knipers
Betty Meggers
Mike Petraglia
Stephen Potter
Mildred Wedel
John Yellen
Collaborators
Daniel Halperin
Pegi Jodry
Paulina Ledergerber
Robert Leopold
Li Liu
Tom Plummer
Henry Heuveling van
Beek
Curators Emeritus
William Crocker
John Ewers
Lucile St. Hoyme
T. Dale Stewart
Department of Botany
Chairman
Warren L. Wagner
Administrative Specialist
Linda M. Moreland
Collections Management
Collections Manager
George F. Russell II
Greenhouse Management
Horticulturist
Michael Bordelon
Sentor Botanist
Mark M. Littler
Curators
Pedro Acevedo
Paula T. DePriest
Laurence J. Dorr
Robert B. Faden
Maria A. Faust
Vicki A. Funk
W. John Kress
David B. Lellinger
Ernani G. Menez
Dan H. Nicolson
James N. Norris
Joan W. Nowicke
Paul M. Peterson
Harold E. Robinson
Stanwyn G. Shetler
Laurence E. Skog
Warren L. Wagner
Dieter C. Wasshausen
Elizabeth Zimmer
Research Associates
Lisa Barnett
Jose Cuatrecasas
Joseph Kirkbride
Elbert Little
Diane Littler
Alicia Lourteig
John Pipoly
Collaborators
Scott Armbruster
Carol Annable
Christian Feuillet
Lynn Gillespie
Aaron Goldberg
Charles Gunn
Elizabeth Harris
Lauritz Holm-Nielson
Robert King
Joan Follen Hughes Koven
Olga MacBryde
Angela Newton
Richard O'Grady
Lynn Raulerson
Gene Rosenberg
Edward Salgado
Ruth A. Siaca
Edward E. Terrell
Anna Weitzman
Curators Emeritus
John Wurdack
Department of
Entomology
Chairman
Jonathan A. Coddington
Collections Management
Collections Manager
Gary F. Hevel
Curators
John M. Burns
Don R. Davis
Terry L. Erwin
Wayne N. Mathis
Ronald J. McGinley
Robert K. Robbins
Theodore R. Schultz
Paul J. Spangler
Research Associates
Donald M. Anderson
William E. Bickley
Harley P. Brown
Margaret S. Collins
Gregory Courtney
Eduardo Dominguez
Lance Durden
Robert L. Edwards
Neal L. Evenhuis
Amnon Freidberg
Patricia Gentili-Poole
Adrian Forsyth
Ralph E. Harbach
Yiau-Min Huang
James L. Krysan
Mary F. Mickevich
Scort E. Miller
Charles Miter
Paul A. Opler
Philip D. Perkins
E. L. Peyton
Dan A. Polhemus
John T. Polhemus
Robert W. Poole
Curtis Sabrosky
Silvia Santiago
Nicolaj Scharff
Jay C. Shaffer
Jeffrey W. Schult
Petra Sierwald
Robert Traub
Frank N. Young
Collaborators
Joachim Adis
Mark J. Rothschild
Louise M. Russell
Affiliated Scientists
Robert W. Carlson
Douglas C. Ferguson
Raymond G. Gagné
Jayson Glick
Robert D. Gordon
E. Eric Grissell
Thomas J. Henry
Ronald W. Hodges
Douglass R. Miller
Sueo Nakahara
David A. Nickle
Allen L. Norrbom
James Pakaluk
Michael E. Schauff
Scott Stockwell
Rick C. Wickerson
Robert L. Smiley
David R. Smith
M. Alma Solis
Manya B. Sroetzel
F. Christian Thompson
Natalia J. Vandenberg
Richard E. White
Norman E. Woodley
Senzor Scientist Emeritus
Karl V. Krombein
Screntist Emeritus
Oliver S. Flint, Jr.
Richard C. Froeschner
Department of
Invertebrate Zoology
Chairman
Brian Kensley (term
ended 9/30/95)
Administrative Assistant
Martha V. Joynt
Emeritus Zoologists
Thomas E. Bowman
(deceased 8/10/95)
Fenner A. Chace Jr.
Roger F. Cressey
Robert P. Higgins
Marian H. Pettibone
Harald A. Rehder
Crustacea
Senzor Scientist
Raymond B. Manning
Curators
Frank D. Ferrari
C. W. Hart Jr.
Brian Kensley
Louis S. Kornicker
Rafael Lemaitre
James D. Thomas
Echinoderms and Lower
Invertebrates
Senior Scientist
David L. Pawson
Curators
Frederick M. Bayer
Stephen D. Cairns
Klaus Ruetzler
Mollusks
Curators 7
M. G. Harasewych
Robert Hershler
Clyde F. E. Roper
Worms
Curators
Kristian Fauchald
W. Duane Hope
Jon L. Norenburg
Mary E. Rice
Registry of Tumors in
Lower Animals
Director
John Harshbarger
Research Associates
Richard B. Aronson
G. Denton Belk
Darryl! L. Felder
Gordon Hendler
John Holsinger
E. Taisoo Park
Richard E. Petit
Marjorie L. Reaka
Janet W. Reid
Edward E. Ruppert
Michael Vecchione
Collaborators
Sigurd v. Boletzky
Mark Grygier
Peter Hovingh
Michael Lang
Donald W. Sada
Affiliated Scientists
J. Bruce Bredin
Steven Chambers
Elizabeth Chornesky
Maureen E. Downey
Joan D. Ferraris
Stephen J. Gardiner
Terrence M. Gosliner
Lipke B. Holthuis
J. Ralph Lichtenfels
Patsy McLaughlin
Charles G. Messing
Richard O'Grady
Isabel Perez-Farfante
(Canet)
Esther C. Peters
Anthony J. Provenzano, Jr.
I. G. Sohn
Ronald B. Toll
Austin B. Williams
David K. Young
Department of
Mineral Sciences
Chairman
Glenn J. MacPherson
Administrative Specialist
Ellen Thurnau
Meteorites
Curators
Robert F. Fudali
Glenn J. MacPherson
Mineralogy
Curators
Jeffrey Post
Michael A. Wise
Petrology and Volcanology
Senzor Scientist
William G. Melson
Curators
Richard S. Fiske
James F. Luhr
Tom Simkin
Sorena Sorensen
Physical Sciences
Laboratory
Chemists
Eugene Jarosewich
Joseph A. Nelen
Global Volcanism Network
Museum Specialists
Edward Venzke
Richard L. Wunderman
Collaborators
Howard T. Evans, Jr.
Michael Fleischer
Kurt Fredriksson
Curator Emeritus
Roy S. Clarke Jr.
Brian H. Mason
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\o
Department of
Paleobiology
Chairman
William A. DiMichele
Administrative Assistant
Patricia K. Buckley
Paleobiological Information
Specialist
Raymond T. Rye II
Collections Management
Collections Manager
Jann W. Thompson
Senzor Scientists
Richard H. Benson
Martin A. Buzas
Alan H. Cheetham
Richard E. Grant
(deceased 12/7/94)
Daniel J. Stanley
Kenneth M. Towe
Curators
Anna K. Behrensmeyer
William A. DiMichele
Sergius Mamay
Jerry N. McDonald
Herbert W. Meyer
Robert B. Neuman
William A. Oliver, Jr.
Lisa E. Osterman
John Pojeta, Jr.
Kenneth A. Rasmussen
Ruth Pamela Reid
Kenneth D. Rose
William J. Sando
David E. Schindel
Judith E. Skog
Anthony Socci
Gregory I. Sohn
Hans D. Sues
Joshua I. Tracey, Jr.
David B. Weishampel
Frank C. Whitmore, Jr.
Debra A. Willard
Christopher Wnuk
Keddy Yemane
Ellis L. Yochelson
Collaborators
Lisa E. Osterman
Curators Emeritus
Nicholas Horton III
Division of Birds
Curators
Gary R. Graves
Storrs L. Olson
Collections Manager
J. Phillip Angle
Division of Fishes
Curators
G. David Johnson
Lynne R. Parenu
Victor G. Springer
Richard P. Vari
Stanley H. Weitzman
Collections Managers
Susan L. Jewett
Jeffrey T. Williams
Division of Mammals
Curators
Michael D. Carleton
Charles O. Handley, Jr.
James G. Mead
Morton L. Isler
Phyllis R. Isler
Elisabeth Kalko
Roxie Laybourne
Bradley C. Livezey
Jonathan B. Losos
Linda E. Resnik Maxson
Naercio Menezes
Joseph C. Mitchell
Molly R. Morris
Guy G. Musser
Hidetoshi Ora
William F. Perrin
Gregory K. Pregill
John E. Randall
Sentiel A. Rommel
Norman J. Scott Jr.
Ian R. Swingland
Richard J. Wassersug
Michael Leonard Smith
William F. Smith-Vaniz
Jiakuu Song
Wayne C. Starnes
David L. Stein
Marilyn Weitzman
Edward O. Wiley
Merrill Varn
Robert J. Emry Jack W. Pierce Richard W. Thorington, Jr.
Douglas H. Erwin
Brian T. Huber
Francis M. Hueber
Ian G. Macintyre
Conrad C. Labandeira
Thomas R. Waller
Scott L. Wing
Research Associates
William E. Ausich
Barbara Bedette
Raymond L. Bernor
Anna Lisa Berta
Robyn Burham
Z. Chen
James M. Clark
Stephen J. Culver
John D. Damuth
Dary! P. Domning
J. Thomas Dutro
Ralph Eshelman
Jerzy Federowski
Thomas G. Gibson
Robert W. Hook
Carol L. Hotton
Nigel Hughes
T. W. Kammer
Kenneth G. MacLeod
Christopher G. Maples
230
Clayton E. Ray
Affiliated Scientists
Alan H. Cutler
Katherine Davies-Vollum
Christian DeMuizon
Jason Hicks
Ken Macleod
Department of
Vertebrate Zoology
Chairman
G. David Johnson
Administrative Assistant
Sybil Descheemaeker
Technical Information Specialist
Joy P. Gold
Division of Amphibians
and Reptiles
Curators
Kevin de Queiroz
W. Ronald Heyer
George R. Zug
Collections Manager
Elyse J. Beldon
Ronald I. Crombie
Collections Managers
Linda K. Gordon
Charles W. Potter
Research Associates
Ronald G. Altig
Aaron M. Bauer
Bruce M. Beehler
Eleanor D. Brown
Robert L. Brownell
John Robert Burns
John E. Cadle
Rafael Omar de Sa
Philip J. Clapman
Kenneth C. Dodd, Jr.
Andrezej Elzanowski
Carl H. Ernst
Louise H. Emmons
Sara V. Fink
William L. Fink
J. Whitfield Gibbons
Anthony Charles Gill
David A. Good
Catharine A. Hawks
Lawrence R. Heaney
Richard Highton
Aleta Hohn
Peter W. Houde
Ivan Ineich
Collaborators
Miriam H. Heyer
Patricia B. Zug
Curators Emeritus
Ernest A. Lachner
William R. Taylor
Richard L. Zusi
Affiliated Scientists
Richard C. Banks
Bruce B. Collette
Mercedes S. Foster
Thomas H. Fritts
Alfred L. Gardner
Joe T. Marshall, Jr.
Roy W. McDiarmid
Thomas A. Munroe
National
Zoological Park
Director
Michael H. Robinson
Deputy Director
McKinley Hudson
Associate Director for Biological
Programs
Benjamin B. Beck
Associate Director for
Interpretive Programs
David Jenkins
Associate Director for
Conservation
Christen M. Wemmer
Office of the Director
Registrar
Judith Block
Office of Facilities and
Construction
Assistant Director for Facilities
and Construction
Robin Vasa
Office of Public Affairs
Chief
Robert J. Hoage
Safety Office
Head
Kenneth R. Gilliam
Department of
Biological Programs
Associate Director for Biological
Programs
Benjamin B. Beck
Department of
Mammalogy
Curators
Edwin Gould
John Seidensticker
Assistant Curators
John Lehnhardr
Lisa Stevens
William Xanten
Department of Herpetology
Curator
Dale Marcellini
Collection Manager
Michael Davenport
Department of Ornithology
Assistant Curator and Head
Charles Pickett
Collection Manager
Paul Tomassoni
Department of
Invertebrates
Assistant Curator
Alan Peters
Amazonia Department
Curator
Jaren Horsely
Collection Manager
Vincent Rico
Department of
Nutritional Resources
Manager
Mary Allen
Assistant Manager
Earl L. Pinkney
Department of Zoological
Research
Assistant Director for Research
Devra G. Kleiman
Deputy Head, Research
Mammalogist
Miles S. Roberts
Scientific Staff
Daryl J. Boness
Robert Fleischer
Eugene S. Morton
Olav T. Oftedal
Katherine S. Ralls
Population Manager
Jonathan Ballou
Department of
Animal Health
Assistant Director or Animal
Health
Richard C. Cambre
Associate Veterinarian
Lucy H. Spelman
Pest Control Officer
Prince Seabron
NOAHS Center
Director
Ruth Stolk
Director for Science Outreach
Judy Manning
Department of
Pathology
Pathologist-in-Charge
Richard J. Montali
Associate Pathologist
Don Nichols
Department of
Interpretive Programs
Associate Director for
Interpretive Programs
David M. Jenkins
Office of Development
Head
Ruth Stolk
Development Specialist
Daniel Studnicky
Office of Management
Services
Head
James E. Fitzpatrick
Division of Exhibits
Interpretation
Head
Lynn G. Dolnick
Office of Police and
Communications
Head
George P. Day, Jr.
NZP Polzce Chief
Eugene Hicks
Office of Horticulture
Head
Charles Fillah
Department of
Conservation
Associate Director for
Conservation
Christen M. Wemmer
Deputy Associate Director
Scott R. Derrickson
Research Coordinator
John H. Rappole
Conservation Training Officer
Rasanayagam Rudran
Clinical and Research
Veterinarian
Mitchell Bush
Head, Reproductive Physiology
Program
David E. Wildr
Research Veterinarian
Steve L. Monfort
Theriogenologist
JoGayle Howard
Endocrinologist
Janine L. Brown
Collection Manager
Larry Collins
Administrative Officer
Martha H Rogers
Friends of the
National Zoo
Executive Director
Clinton A. Fields
Deputy Director
James Schroeder
Office of
Fellowships and
Grants
Director
Roberta W. Rubinoff
Assistant Director
Elizabeth W. Veatch
Assistant Director for
Administration
Catherine F. Harris
Academic Programs Specialists
Pamela E. Hudson
Bruce W Morrison
Sharon K. Nishizaki
Office of
International
Relations
Director
Francine C. Berkowitz
Assistant Director
Brian W. J. LeMay
Liaison Officer
Leonard P. Hirsch
Exchanges Officer
Raymond W. Seefeldt
Administrative Officer
Saundra A. Thomas
Program Officer
Vera H. Hyatt
Office of
Smithsonian
Institution Archives
Director
Edie Hediin
Archives Division
Archivist and Division Director
Alan L. Bain
Associate Archivist
Paul H. Theerman
232
Supervisory Archivist
Kathleen M. Robinson
Assistant Archivists
William E. Cox
Susan W. Glenn
R. Shawn Johnstone
Bruce Kirby
James A. Steed
Archives Specialist
Gerald J. Rosenzweig
Institutional History
Division
Historian and Division Durector
Pamela M. Henson
Program Assistant
Lynn M. Wojcik
Joseph Henry Papers
Project
Editor
Marc Rothenberg
Assistant Editor
Kathleen W. Dorman
Staff Historians
Deborah Y. Jeffries
Frank R. Millikan
National Collections
Program
National Collections
Coordinator
William G. Tompkins
Assistant National Collections
Coordinator
Lauri A. Hinksman
Smithsonian
Astrophysical
Observatory
Director
Irwin Shapiro
Associate Director
Planning
Bruce Gregory
Atomic and Molecular Physics
Kate Kirby
High Energy Astrophysics
Stephen Murray
Optical and Infrared Astronomy
John P. Huchra
Planetary Sciences
Brian G. Marsden
Radto and Geoastronomy
Mark J. Reid
Solar and Stellar Physics
John C. Raymond
Theoretical Astrophysics
Alastair G.W. Cameron
Department Manager
Central Engineering
Richard B. Dias
Computation Facility
Van L. McGlasson
Contracts and Procurement
George D. Dick
Controller's Office
Philip A. Hatfield
Library
Donna Coletti
Human Resources
Marion R. Aymie
Publications
James Cornell
Science Education
Philip M. Sadler
Travel
Nancy M. Adler
Scientific Staff
Thomas L. Aldroft
Yakov Alpert
Alice Argon
Eugene Avrett
James Babb
Robert Babcock
Sallie Baliunas
Carlo Benna
Mark Birkinshaw
Raymond Blundell
Jay A. Bookbinder
Nancy Brickhouse
Roger J. Brissenden
James Buckley
Nelson Caldwell
Robert A. Cameron
Nathaniel P. Carleton
Christopher Carilli
Frederic Chaffee
Kelly Chance
John Chandler
Jon H. Chappell
George A. Chartas
Allan F. Cook, II
Mario Cosmo
Salvador Curiel
Alexander Dalgarno
Thomas M. Dame
Laurence P. David
James L. Davis
Robert J. Davis
Edward E. DeLuca
Marino Dobrowolny
Adam Dobrzycki
R. Hank Donnelly
Andrea Dupree
Richard Edgar
Guenther Eichhorn
Martin S. Elvis
Ruth Esser
Robert Estes
Giuseppina Fabbiano
Daniel G. Fabricant
Emilio Falco-Acosta
Giovanni G. Fazio
George Field
Silvano Fineschi
Fabrizio Fiore
Kathryn A. Flanagan
Craig Foltz
Christine J. Forman
William R. Forman
Fred A. Franklin
Franco Fuligni
Terrance J. Gaetz
Michael R. Garcia
Larry Gardner
John C. Geary
Margaret J. Geller
Owen Gingerich
Leon Golub
Paul Gorenstein
Dale E. Graessle
Lincoln Greenhill
Mario Grossi
Gordon Gullahorn
Shadia Habbal
F. Rick Harnden, Jr.
Daniel E. Harris
Lee Hartmann
Eric Heller
Paul Ho
Robert Hohlfeld
Paul F. Hsieh
John P. Hughes
Paul Jaminet
Diab Jerius
David G. Johnson
Kenneth W. Jucks
Jiahong Zhang Juda
Michael Juda
Kenneth Kalata
Wolfgang Kalkofen
Margarita Karovska
Edwin M. Kellogg
Almus T. Kenter
Scott Kenyon
Dong Woo Kim
Steven C. Kleiner
John L. Kohl
Sylvain Korzennik
Ralph P. Kraft
Michael J. Kurtz
Robert L. Kurucz
Marc G. Lacasse
Charles Lada
Adair Lane
David W. Latham
Mark Lawrence
Myron Lecar
Marc LeGros
Enrico Lorenzini
Glen H. Mackie
Ursula B. Marvin
Colin Masson
Smita Mathur
Edward Mattison
Jeffrey E. McClintock
Richard E. McCrosky
Walter McDermott
Jonathan C. McDowell
Kim McLeod
Brian R. McNamara
Gary J. Melnick
Karl Menten
Alejandra Milone
Arun Kanti Misra
Vladilal J. Modi
James M. Moran
Marc Murison
Philip C. Myers
Ramesh Narayan
Martin C. Noecker
Robert Noyes
Eduardo Oteiza
Scott Paine
Alexander Panasyuk
Costas Papaliolios
William Parkinson
Michael Pearlman
Michail I. Petaev
James Phillips
Paul P. Plucinsky
Andrea H. Prestwich
Francis A. Primini
Charles F. Prosser
Michael I. Ratner
Somak Raychaudhury
Robert Reasenberg
Cordula A. Robinson
Suzanne E. Romaine
George Rybicki
Steven H. Saar
Hossein Sadeghpour
Jonathan Schachter
Rudolph E. Schild
Brian Schmidt
Matthew H. Schneps
Daniel A. Schwartz
Joseph H. Schwarz
Frederick D. Seward
Aneta L. Siemiginowska
Eric Silver
Patrick Slane
Wei-Hock Soon
Anthony A. Stark
John R. Stauffer
Robert P. Srefanik
Leonard Strachan
Andrew Szentgyogyi
Harvey D. Tananbaum
Patrick Thaddeus
Volker Tolles
Eric V. Tollestrup
Guillermo Torres
Wesley A. Traub
Ginevra Trinchieri
Eugene Y. Tsiang
Wallace H. Tucker
Han Uitenbroek
Aad van Ballegooijen
Leon P. Van Speybroeck
Olaf Vancura
Robert Vessot
Jan Vrtilek
Saeqa Dil Vrtilek
Ronald Walsworth
Zhong Wang
Brad Wargelin
Trevor C. Weekes
Steven Weinberg
Fred L. Whipple
Barbara A. Whitney
Charles A. Whitney
Belinda Wilkes
Steven P. Willner
Robert Wilson
Jonathan W. Woo
John A. Wood
Diana M. Worrall
Kouichi Yoshino
Ping Zhao
Martin V. Zombeck
Smithsonian Postdoctoral
Fellows
Paola Caselli
Hua Chen
Merces Crosas
Robert Donahue
Charles Gammie
Paul Green
Luis Ho
Suzanne Huettemeister
Shude Mao
Alessandro Massarotti
Michael McCarthy
Brian McLeod
Joan Najita
Nagayoshi Ohashi
Eve Ostriker
Rachel Pildis
Dimitar Sasselov
Uros Seljak
Richard Stoner
Mario Tafalla
Jathindas Tharamel
Jack Wells
David Wilner
Insu Yi
Li You
Ite Albert Yu
Xiaolei Zheng
Jun-Hui Zhao
T. Scott Zaccheo
Smithsonian
Environmental
Research Center
Director
David L. Correll
Assistant Director
Anson H. Hines
Administrative Officer
Helen M. Dalaski
Facilities Manager
Paul F. Tavel
Education Specialist
A. Mark Haddon
Animal Ecologists
James F. Lynch
Gregory M. Ruiz
Chemical Ecologist
Richard Smucker
Environmental Engineers
Gary Peresta
Peter Stone
Ecologists
Thomas E. Jordan
Geoffrey G. Parker
Microbial Ecologists
D. Wayne Coats
Charles L. Gallegos
Modeler
Donald E. Weller
Plant Ecologist
Dennis F. Whigham
Photobiologist
Patrick J. Neale
Plant Physiologist
Bert G. Drake
Smithsonian
Institution
Libraries
Director
Barbara J. Smith
Assistant Director
Nancy E. Gwinn
Assistant Director
Bonita D. Perry
Assistant Director
Mary A. Thomas
233
Special Assistant to the Director
and Publications Officer
Nancy L. Matthews
Development Officer
Gwendolen R. Leighty
Management and
Systems Division
Assistant Director and Division
Manager
Mary Augusta Thomas
Management Services
Office
Department Head
Laudine L. Creighton
Personnel Specialist
David L. Bartlett
Systems Office
Department Head
Thomas Garnett
Systems Librarian
Marcia Adams
Computer Equipment Analyst
Mimi Scharf
Systems Librarian
Anne Gifford
Systems Librarian
Sujata DeHart
Collections
Management Division
Assistant Director and Division
Manager
Nancy E. Gwinn
Acquisitions Services
Department
Department Head
Lucien R. Rossignol
234
Special Collections
Department
Department Head and
Exhibitions Officer
William E. Baxter
Reference Librarian
Leslie Overstreet
Preservation Services
Department
Department Head
Susan F. Blaine
Conservator
Clare Dekle
Conservator
Janice Stagnitto
Cataloging Services
Department
Department Head
Vacant
Cataloging Project Manager
Victoria Avera
Librarian Cataloguer
Thomas Baker
Librarian-Cataloguer
Margaret D'Ambrosio
Librartan-Cataloguer
Carolyn Hamilton
Librarian-Cataloguer
Suzanne Pilsk
Librarian-Cataloguer
Margaret A. Sealor
Special Collections Cataloguer
Diane Shaw
Catalogue Management
Manager
Sheila Riley
Research Services
Division
Assistant Director and Division
Manager
Bonita D. Perry
Cooper-Hewitt Museum
Branch
Branch Librarian
Stephen Van Dyk
Reference Librarian
Jean Hines
Center for Astrophysics
Branch
Branch Librarian
Donna Coletti
Smithsonian Tropical
Research Institute Branch
Branch Librarian
Vielka Chang-Yau
Central Research Services
Department
Central Reference and
Loan Services Branch
Department Head and Branch
Librarian
Martin A. Smith
Information Access Coordinator
Martin Kalfatovic
Circulation and Loan Librarian
Patricia Lasker
Museum Reference Center
Branch Librarian
Valerie Wheat
Museum Support Center
Branch
Branch Librarian
E. Gilbert Taylor
History, Technology, and
Art Department
National Museum of
American History Branch
Department Head and Branch
Librarian
Rhoda S. Ratner
Reference Librarian
Amy Begg
Reference Librarian
James Roan
Anacostia Museum Branch
Branch Librarian
Thomas Bickley
National Museum of
African Art Branch
Branch Librarian
Janet L. Stanley
National Air and Space
Museum Branch
Branch Librarian
David M. Spencer
Reference Librarian
Paul McCutcheon
Technical Information Specialist
Philip D. Edwards
| History Museum Branch
Branch Librarian
Timothy Carr
Horticulture Branch
Branch Librarian
Marca Woodhams
Natural and Physical
Sciences Department
National Museum of
Natural History Branch
Department Head and Branch
Librarian
Ann Juneau
Reference Librarian
Alvin R. Hutchinson
Reference Librarian
Amy Levin
Reference Librarian
Robert J. Skarr
Reference Librarian
David T. Steere, Jr.
Anthropology Branch
Branch Librarian
Maggie Dittemore
Reference Librarian
Mayda Riopedre
Botany Branch
Branch Librarian
Ruth F. Schaller
National Zoological Park
Branch
Branch Librarian
Kay A. Kenyon
Smithsonian
Environmental Research
Center Branch
Branch Librarian
Angela N. Haggins
Historian Emeritus
Silvio A. Bedini
Smithsonian
Tropical Research
Institute
Director
Ira Rubinoff
Deputy Director
Anthony G. Coates
Assistant Director for Facilities
Carlos Tejada
Assistant Director for
Fellowships and Education
Georgina de Alba
Assistant Director for
International and
External Affairs
Elena Lombardo
Assistant Director for Scientific
Support Services
Howard S. Barnes
Comptroler
Leopoldo Leon
Executive Officer and Assistant
Director for
Administration and Legal
Affairs
Leonor G. Motta
Special Advisor to the Director
for Technology Transfer!
Environmental Poltcy
Issues
Stanley Heckadon-Moreno
Accounting Office
Accounting Officer
Carlos Urbina
Development Office
Head. Development Office
Lucy B. Dorick
Development Officer
Lisa Barnett
Human Resources
Office
Personnel Management Specialist
Carmen Sucre
Photographic
Department
Photographer
Antonio Montaner
Procurement Office
Supervisor. Contract Specialist
Mercedes Arroyo
Protocol Office
Protocol Officer
Monica Alvarado
Safety Office
Safety Officer
José Ramon Perurena
Visitor Services
Office
Visitor Services Manager
Gloria Maggiori
Scientific Staff
Sentor Scientist
Jeremy B.C. Jackson
Olga F. Linares
Martin H. Moynihan
A. Stanley Rand
Mary Jane West-
Eberhard
Staff Scientist
Annette Aiello
Eldredge Bermingham
John H. Christy
Richard G. Cooke
Paul Colinvaux
Mireya Correa
Luis D'Croz
William G. Eberhard
Robin Foster
Héctor Guzman
E. Allen Herre
Llewellya Hillis
Nancy Knowlton
Egbert G. Leigh, Jr.
Harilaos Lessios
Dolores Piperno
D. Ross Robertson
David W. Roubik
Noris Salazar Allen
Fernando Santos-Granero
Neal G. Smith
William Wcislo
Donald M. Windsor
Klaus Winter
S. Joseph Wright
Center for Tropical
Forest Science
Director
Elizabeth C. Losos
Research Affiliate
Carlos Arellano-Lennox
Tomas Arias
Peter Ashton
Penelope Barnes
Héctor Barrios
Emérita de Borace
Edward B. Brothers
Roy L. Caldwell
Kenneth Clifton
Phyllis Coley
Laurel Collins
T. Robert Dudley
S. Robert Gradstein
Mahabir Gupta
Stephen Hubbell
Roberto Ibdfiez
Jorge Illueca
Patricia Jacobberger
Peter Jung
Elisabeth Kalko
Thomas Kursar
Stephen Mulkey
Diomedes Quintero
Robert E. Ricklefs
Tyson Roberts
Michael Ryan
Julieca C. de Samudio
Henry Stockwell
Melvin Tyree
Arts and
Humanities
Anacostia Museum
Office of the Director
Director
Steven Newsome
Deputy Director
Sharon Reinckens
Administrative Officer
Cynthia Chase
Maintenance Mechanic
Oscar Waters III
Director's Assistant
Patricia Lindsey
Registrar
Margaret Hutto
Education
Department
Director
Robert Hall
Education Specialist
Clara Turner Lee
Joanna Banks
Bus Driver
Wade Stuart
Partnership Coordinator
Wanda Aikens
Design Department
Visual Information Assistant
Pearline Waldrop
Program Assistant
Folami Ahota
Photographer
Harold Dorwin
Research Department
Senior Historian
Portia James
Program Assistant
Shelia Parker
Historian
Gail Lowe
Researcher
Leah Williamson
Kim Freeman
Jennifer Morris
Librarian
Tom Bickley
Public
Affairs/Programs
Public Program Coordinator
Louis Hicks
Public Affairs Assistant
José Ortiz
Program Assistant
Habeebah Muhammad
236
Archives of
American Art
Director
Richard J. Wattenmaker
Deputy Director
Susan Hamilton
Assistant Director for Archival
Programs
James B. Byers
Sentor Archivist
Arthur J. Breton
Research Services Chief
Judith E. Throm
Development Officer
Eric Hausmann
Membership Manager
Nancy Haitch
Southeast Regronal Collector
Elizabeth S. Kirwin
New York Regional Director
Stephen Polcari
New England Regional
Director and Journal
Editor
Robert F. Brown
West Coast Regional Director
Paul J. Karlstrom
Curator Emeritus
Garnett McCoy
Arthur M. Sackler
Gallery and Freer
Gallery of Art
Director
Milo C. Beach
Deputy Director
Thomas Lentz
Executive Assistant to the
Director
Toni Lake
Head. Public Affairs
Susan Bliss
Head. Development
Barbara Phillips
Assistant Director. Finance
Sarah Newmeyer
Head. Merchandising &
Marketing
Sally Guaragna
Head. Photography
John Tsantes
Research &
Collections Division
Senior Research Scholar
Thomas Lawton
Curators
Louise Cort
Vidya Dehejia
Associate Curators
Massumeh Farhad,
Islamic Near Eastern
Ann Gunter, Ancient
Near Eastern
Linda Merrill, American
Jenny So, Chinese
James Ulak, Japanese
Ann Yonemura, Japanese
Assistant Curator
Jan Stuart, Chinese
Head. Conservation & Scientific
Research
W. Thomas Chase, III
Head. Library & Archives
Lily Kecskes
Head, Publications
Karen Sagstetter
Head, Collections Management
Bruce Young
Public Programs
Division
Associate Director. Exhibitions
G& Faciltties
Patrick Sears
Head, Design & Production
John Zelenik
Head, Education
Lucia Pierce
Head. Facilities Management
Robert Evans
Center for Museum
Studies
Director
Rex M. Ellis
Administrative Officer
Eleanor M. David
Director's Secretary
Tiphanie Hill
Research Manager
Nancy J. Fuller
Program Assistant
Rosa Aguayo
American Indian Museum
Studies Manager
Karen R. Cooper
Museum Programs Specialist
Bob Kidd
Museum Programs Specialist
Magdalena Mieri
Communications Manager
Bruce C. Craig
Curriculum Coordinator
Bettie J. Lee
Secretary
Stacey Burkhardt
Intern Services
Intern Services Coordinator
Sarah C. Landon
Elena Piquer Mayberry
Intern Services Assistant
Rebecca Culpepper
Allison Wickens
Cooper-Hewitt,
National Design
Museum
Durector
Dianne H. Pilgrim
Assistant Director for
Administration
Linda Dunne
Assistant Director for Public
Programs
Susan Yelavich
Head of Development and
Public Affairs
Laura James
Special Assistant to the
Director
Caroline Mortimer
Special Assistant to the
Assistant Director for
Administration
Nerissa Tackett
Special Assistant to the
Assistant Director for
Public Programs
Hilda Wojack
Computer Specialist
Victor Dorizio
Budget Analyst
Mary Schlitzer
Personnel Specialist
Lorna Hannah
Museum Shop Manager
Chris Masaoay
Operations Manager
Angelo Rodriguez
Assistant Facilities
Manager
Jeffrey Schwartz
Public Affairs Officer
Barbara Livenstein
Special Events Coordinator
Pamela Haylock
Membership and Volunteer
Coordinator
Marla Musick
Registrar
Cordelia Rose
Associate Registrar
Steven Langehough
Head of Security
Luis Palau
Curatorial
Curator in Charge-Applied
Arts and Industrial
Design
Deborah Shinn
Curator of Drawings and Prints
Marilyn Symmes
Assistant Curator of Drawings
and Prints
Gail Davidson
Paper Conservator
Konstanze Bachmann
Curator of Textiles
Milton Sonday
Assistant Curator of Textiles
and Curatorial Chair
Gillian Moss
Textiles Conservator
Lucy Commoner
Assistant Curator of
Wallcoverings
Joanne Warner
Curator of Contemporary Design
Ellen Lupton
Exhibitions
Exhibition Researcher
Lucy Fellowes
Exhibition Specialist
John Fell
Editorial
Editor
Nancy Aakre
Library
Librarian
Stephen Van Dyk
Education
Department
Head of Education
Dorothy Dunn
Program Coordinator for School
Programs
Kerry MacIntosh
Program Coordinator for
Audience Development
Vacant
Program Coordinator for Adult
Education
Egle Zygas
Photo Services
Brad Nugent
Plant Services
Director of Plant Services
Tom Murdy
Director of CHM/Parson’s
Masters Program
Maria Conelli
Hirshhorn Museum
and Sculpture
Garden
Director
James T. Demetrion
Deputy Director
Stephen E. Weil
Administrator
Beverly Lang Pierce
Durector of Public
Programs/Chief Curator
Neal Benezra
Curators
Valerie J. Fletcher
Frank B. Gettings
Phyllis D. Rosenzweig
Olga Viso
Judith K. Zilczer
Publications Manager
Jane McAllister
Librarian
Anna Brooke
Chief Conservator
Laurence Hoffman
Conservators
Leland Aks
A. Clarke Bedford
Susan Lake
Registrar
Douglas Robinson
Chief, Exhibits and Design
Edward Schiesser
Sentor Educator
Teresia Bush
Head, Public Affairs
Sidney Lawrence
Chief Photographer
M. Lee Stalsworth
Maseum Facility Manager
Franklin Underwood
(through 9/1/95)
Institutional
Studies Office
Director
Zahava D. Doering
Social Science Analysts
Adam Bickford
Stacey L. Bielick
Audrey E. Kindlon
Elizabeth K. Ziebarth
Statistician
Steven J Smith
National Air and
Space Museum
Acting Director
Robert S. Hoffmann
Deputy Director
Gwendolyn K. Crider
Special Assistant to the Director
Steven L. Soter
Special Assistant to the
Associate Director
LeRoy London
Senior Advisor for Science
Ted A. Maxwell
Multicultural Outreach
Toni Amos
Center for Earth and
Planetary Studies
Chairman
Thomas R. Watters
Geologists
Ted A. Maxwell
Patricia A. Jacobberger
Jellison
James R. Zimbelman
Robert A. Craddock
Geophysicist:
Bruce A. Campbell
Program Manager
Priscilla L. Strain
Geographer
Frederick C. Engle
Research Technicians
Michael J. Tuttle
Diane Hanley
Andrew K. Johnston
Victoria A. Portway
Computer Systems Analyst
Karen L. Peters
Data Manager
Rosemary Steinat
Administrative Research
Assistant
Donna J. Slattery
Admin. Tech./Typist
Ruth Ann McGrail
Postdoctoral Fellows:
Mark Bulmer
Sarah Fagents
Department of
Administration
Assistant Director
Alice Adams
Staff Assistant for Personnel
Ellen Sprouls
Management Analyst
Theresa Unkle
Budget Analysts
Cynthia Carter
Deborah Swinson
Clerk-Typist
Angela Sumner
Department of
Aeronautics
Chairman
Tom Crouch
Curators
Tom Alison
John Anderson
Dorothy Cochrane
R.E.G. Davies
Von D. Hardesty
Peter Jakab
Russell E. Lee
Richard Leyes
Michael J. Neufeld
Dominick A. Pisano
F. Robert van der Linden
Museum Specialists
Thomas J. Dietz
Sam Fishbein
Joanne M. Gernstein
Alex M. Spencer
238
Ramsey Fellow
Donald Engen
Department of Art
and Culture
Chairperson
Mary S. Henderson
Museum Specialist
Susan Lawson-Bell
Department of
Collections
Management
Assistant Director
Linda N. Ezell
Extension Planning and Special
Proyects
Al Bachmeier
Collections Processing and
Support Group
Howard Kirshner
Conservation
Ed McManus
Restoration
William Reese
Facilities Management
Rod Milstead
Collections Preservation and
Care/Dulles Operations
Ed Marshall
Registrar for Loans
Ellen Folkama
Registrar for Collections
Natalie Rjedkin-Lee
Archives and Collections
Management Division
Supervisory Archivist
Thomas Soapes
Team Leader. Processing
Marilyn Graskowiak
Team Leader, Reference
Dan Hagedorn
Team Leader. Acquisitions
Patti Williams
Department of
Exhibits
Assistant Director for Exhibits
and Public Spaces
Nadya A. Makovenyi
Program Manager
Sandy Ritrenhouse-Black
Chief. Design Division
John Clendening
Chief, Audiovisual Division
David N. Heck
Chief, Production Unit
Dave Paper
Chief, Film and Video
Production
Patricia A. Woodside
Exhibits Writer-Editor
David Romanowski
Department of
Museum Operations
Assistant Director
Ronald Wagaman
Special Assistant for Plans and
Programs
Claude D. Russell
Department of Building
Management
Museum Facilities Manager
Jan Hall
Computer Services Division
Manager, Computer Services
Dan Cassil
Samuel P. Langley Theater
Manager
Bridget Shea
Department of
Museum Programs
Special Assistant
James H. Sharp
Cooperative Programs
Division
Manager
Helen C. McMahon
Program Coordinator
Pam Blalock
Einsteen Planetarium
Director
James H. Sharp
Aadtovisual Production
Coordinator
Geoff Chester
Program Resource Manager
Cheryl Bauer
Planetarium Technicians
Dalton McIntosh
Dena Harris
Department of Space
History
Chairman
Gregg Herken
Curators
Paul E. Ceruzzi
Martin Collins
David DeVorkin
Cathleen S. Lewis
Valerie Neal
Allan A. Needell
Frank Winter
Historian
Robert W. Smith
Museum Specialist
James David
Collections Manager
Amanda Young
Oral History Manager
JoAnn Bailey
Administrative Technician
Alice Jones
Special Assistant
Toni Thomas
Laboratory for
Astrophysics
Chairman
Howard A. Smith
Astrophysicists
Jeffrey J. Goldstein
Matthew Greenhouse
Physical Science Technician
Jodi Schroemer
Fellows
Tilak Hewagama
John Miles
Vladimir Strelnitski
Mark Wolfire
Office of External
Relations
Assistant Director
Susan Beaudette
Development Offtcers
Anne Seeger
Terry Putnam
Special Events Division
Special Events Manager
Kathie Spraggins
Special Events Coordinators
Darlene Rose-Barge
Marilyn Kozak
Marketing
Marketing Coordinator
Raymond Stephens
Publications
Chief of Publications
Patricia Graboske
Educational Services
Division
Assistant Director
Jacqueline Hicks Grazette
Educational Programs
and Services
Assistant to the Director
Tytishia Frazier
Formal Education
Chief of Formal Education
Maureen Kerr
Teacher Services Manager
Debra Daggs
Educational Services Center
Coordinator
Maretta Hemsley
Student Service Coordinator
Myra Banks
Curriculum Developer
Carolyn Balch
Informal Education
Chief of Informal Education
Jo Hinkel
Public Program Coordinators
Gloria Fulwood
Barbara Harrick
Gallery and
Demonstration Services
Manager
Christopher Stetser
Explatners Coordinator
Suvinee Vanichkachorn
Office Assistant for
Programming Departments
Vondale Spinks
Tours and Reservations
Supervisor
Davide Jackson
Scheduler
Thomas Gordon
Docent Coordinator
Carolyn Triebel
Office Assistant
Zelda Tooks
Office of Public
Affairs
Chief
J. Michael Fetters
Writer-Editors
Helen M. Morrill
Walton Ferrell
Public Affairs Specialists
Kim Riddle
Amy Dyson
Public Affairs Assistant
Kathleen Brooks
National Museum
of African Art
Director
Sylvia H. Williams
Assistant Director for
Administration
Patricia L. Fiske
Assistant Director, Exhibits
Design and Facility
Alan Knezevich
Founding Director Emeritus
and Senior Scholar
Warren M. Robbins
Senior Scholar Emeritus
Roy Sieber
Curatorial
Department
Chief Curator
Philip L. Ravenhill
Curators
Lydia Puccinelli
Roslyn A. Walker
Assistant Curators
Bryna Freyer
Andrea Nicolls
Public Affairs
Department
Public Affairs Officer
Janice L. Kaplan
Education
Department
Curator of Education
Edward Lifschitz
Assistant Curator of Education
Veronika Jenke
Education Specialists
Pedra Chaffers
Leasa Farrar-Frazer
Peter Pipim
Registration
Department
Registrar
Julie Haifley
Conservation
Department
Conservator
Steve Mellor
Eliot Elisofon
Photographic
Archives
Curator of Photographic
Archives
Christraud M. Geary
Archivist
Amy Staples
Warren M. Robbins
Library
Librarian
Janet Stanley
Publications Office
Writer-Editor
Joan Amick
National Museum
of American Art
Office of the Director
Director
Elizabeth Broun
Deputy Director
Charles J. Robertson
Curatorial Office
Chief Curator
Virginia M. Mecklenburg
Deputy Chief Curator
Jacquelyn D. Serwer
Associate Curator (Pntg. &
Sculpt.)
Andrew L. Connors
Senior Curator (Photography)
Merry A. Foresta
Curator (Sculpture)
George Gurney
Curator (Painting & Sculpture)
Lynda R. Hartigan
239
Senior Curator (Graphic Arts)
Joann G. Moser
Senior Curator (Pntg. &
Sculpt.)
Richard N. Murray
Senior Curator (Pntg. &
Sculpt.)
Harry Rand
Senior Curator (Pntg. &
Sculpt.)
William H. Truetcner
Renwick Gallery
Curator-in-Charge
Kenneth R. Trapp
Curator
Jeremy E. Adamson
Research & Scholars
Center
Chief
Rachel M. Allen
Office of Educational
Programs
Chief
Nora M. Panzer
Office of Registration
& Coll. Mgmc.
Registrar
Melissa L. Kroning
Office of Design &
Production
Chief
Val E. Lewton
Administrative Office
Administrative Officer
Maureen E. Damaska
Office of External
Affairs
Chief
W. Robert Johnston
240
Office of Publications
& New Media
Initiatives
Chief
Steve Dietz
Office of
Development
Development Officer
Marilyn B. Montgomery
Public Affairs Office
Public Affairs Officer
Katie M. Ziglar
National Museum
of American
History
Director
Spencer R. Crew
Deputy Director
Martha Morris
Special Assistant
Deborah Scriber-Miller
Planning Office
Planning Coordinator
Nanci Edwards
Planning Coordinator
Patrick Ladden
Project Management
Director
Harold Closter
Projector Coordinator
Eleanor Boyne
Administrative and
Automation Services
Associate Director
Dennis Dickinson
Budget Director
Richard J. Nicastro
Budget Analyst
Sandra G. Dunnigan
Management Analyst
Margaret M. Limehouse
Admistrative Specialist
Francis D. Roche
Computer Services
Center
Computer Specialist
Edward Johnson
Barbara L. Jordan
Bradley Tesh
Raelene L. Worthington
Capital Programs
Associate Director
Ronald E. Becker
Facilities Planning
and Management
Director
James D. Whoolery
Facilities Manager
Richard A. Day
Assistant Facilities Manager
Kenneth I. Jordan
Safety Manager
William Prebble
General Foreman
Sinclaire Jennings
Office of External
Affairs
Associate Director
Elizabeth E. Greene
Office of
Development
Director of Development and
Special Events
Ruth A. Sexton
Office of Special
Events
Events Coordinator
Elizabeth Little
Events Coordinator
Bee Gee Thompson
Office of Public
Affairs
Director
Tensia Alvarez
Office of Historical
Resources
Associate Director
Lonnie G. Bunch
Department of
History
Assistant Director
Arthur P. Molella
Collections Support
Collections Manager
Ray A. Hutt
Archives Center
Chief Archivist
John A. Fleckner
Deputy Archivist
Robert S. Harding
Division of the
History of Technology
Chair
Steven Lubar
Assistant Chair
Jennifer Locke
Curators
Pete Daniel
Paul Johnston
Harold Langley
Mina Marefat
Robert C. Post
Carlene Stephens
Jeffrey Stine
William L. Withuhn
Division of Cultural
History
Chair
James M. Weaver
Assistant Chair
Gary Sturm
Curators
Richard Ahlborn
Anthony Brown
Rayna Green
John Hasse
Cynthia Hoover
James O. Horton
Charles McGovern
Marvette Perez
Division of
Information,
Technology &
Society
Chair
David K. Allison
Assistant Chair
Joan E. Boudreau
Curators
Elvira Clain-Stefanelli
Richard G. Doty
Jon B. Eklund
Bernard S. Finn
Elizabeth M. Harris
Paul Forman
Helena C. Wright
Lemelson Center
Director
Arthur P. Molella
Program Manager
Claudine Klose
Division of the Social
History
Chair
Susan H. Myers
Assistant Chair
Shelly J. Foote
Curators
William L. Bird
Barbara Clark Smith
Anne Golovin
Claudia Kidwell
Edith P. Mayo
Keith E. Melder
Susan Myers
Rodris Roth
Lonn Taylor
Division of the
Science, Medicine, &
Society
Chair
Ramunas A. Kondratas
Assistant Chair
Steve Turner
Curators
Patricia Gossel
G. Terry Sharrer
Linda Tucker
Deborah J. Warner
nagement Services
Assistant Director
Katherine P. Spiess
Program Manger
Karen Garlick
Administrative
Services
Manager
Rosemary Phillips
Collections
Documentation
Services
Manager
Anne Serio
Operations & Storage
Services
Group Leader/Off-site Manager
Steve Hemlin
Deputy Group Leader
Debra Hashim
MSC Move Coordinator
Ginger Deucher
Master Plan Coordinator
Frances Dispenzirie
Collections Manager 1876
Margaret Grandine
Preservation Services
Manager .
Karen Garlick
Program Administrator
Joan Young
Registration Services
Registrar
Jeanne M. Benas
Deputy Registrar
Edward L. Ryan
Office of Public
Services
Associate Director
Harold A. Closter
Sentor Program Manager
Catherine C. Perge
American Past Times
Magazine
Elizabeth M. Sharpe
Education and Visitor
Services
Director
Nancy L. McCoy
Docent Coordinator
Martha Jo Meserole
Internship and Fellowship
Programs
Mary West Dyer
Hands on Science
Center
Director
Dina Rosenthal
Exhibits A/V &
Services
Director
William Thomas Tearman
Program in African
American Culture
Director
Niani Kilkenny
Program Planning
and Design
Design Director
Harold E. Aber
Program Production
Director
Kathryn Campbell
Cabinet, Paint, Plastic
Shop Supervisor
Peter Albritton
Graphics
Shop Supervisor
D. Omar Wynn
Historic Restoration
Shop Supervisor
Terry Conable
Office of Publications
Director
Robert D. Selim
NMAH Library
Chief
Rhoda S. Ratner
America’s
Smithsonian
(150th Project)
Project Director
J. Michael Carrigan
Project Manager
Ellen J. Dorn
National Postal
Museum
Director
James H. Bruns
Assistant to the Director for
Financial Affairs
Pat Bonds
Administrative Officer
Antoinette G. Williams
Registrar
Ted Wilson
Senzor Historian and Director
of American Studies
Program
Wilcomb Washburn
Museum Specialist (Philately)
Joseph Geraci
Museum Program Specialist
Nancy Pope
Head of Education
Wendy Aibel-weiss
Public Affairs Specialist
Daisy Ridgway
Exhibibits Coordinator
Pat Burke
Building Manager
Greg Cunningham
Librarian
Tim Carr
Museum Shop Manager
Maxine Kniseley
Security Office
Captain Gordon Swain
National Museum
of the American
Indian
Office of the
Director
Director
W. Richard West, Jr.
Deputy Director
Douglas E. Evelyn
Office of Finance and
Administration
Assistant Director for
Administration
Donna A. Scott
Human Resources Manager
Carol Belovitch
Acting Budget Manager
Kelly Bennett
242
Office of Cultural
Resources
Assistant Director for Cultural
Resources
Lee Davis
Deputy Assistant Director for
Cultural Resources
George Horse Capture
Acting Registrar
Ann Drumheller
Acting Senior Curator
Mary Jane Lenz
Conservation Program Manager
Marian Kaminitz
Acting Archives/P hoto Services
Manager
Pamela Dewey
Office of Public
Programs and
Community Services
Assistant Director for Public
Programs
Charlotte A. Heth
Deputy Assistant Director for
New York Operations
John Haworth
Deputy Assistant Director for
Exhibitions
James W. Volkert
Publications Program Manager
Terence Winch
Resource Center Manager
Martha Kreipe de
Montafio
Film & Video Program Manager
Elizabeth Weatherford
National Portrait
Gallery
Director
Alan Fern
Deputy Director
Carolyn K. Carr
Associate Director for
Administration
Barbara A. Hart
Curator of Paintings and
Sculpture
Ellen G. Miles
Curator of Exhibitions
Beverly J. Cox
Curator of Prints and Drawings
Wendy Wick Reaves
Curator of Photographs
Mary C. Panzer
Historian
Frederick S. Voss
Education Program Director
Vacant
Publications Officer
Frances K. Stevenson
Chief, Design and Production
Nello Marconi
Keeper, Catalog of American
Portraits
Linda Thrift
Editor of the Charles Willson
Peale Papers
of American Culture
Lillian B. Miller
Librarian
Cecilia Chin
Chief Photographer
Rolland White
Registrar
Suzanne Jenkins
Public Affairs Officer
Brennan Rash
Facilities Manager
Daniel Davies
Office of Exhibits
Central
Acting Director
Mike Headley
Program Analyst
George Quist
Administrative Officer
Debbie Yang
Supervisor. Design. Edtting.
and Graphics Unit
Mary Bird
Supervisor. Fabrications Unit
Harold Campbell
Supervisor. Model Making Unit
Richard Kilday
Computer Systems Administrator
Glenn Adams
Smithsonian
Institution
Traveling
Exhibition Service
Director
Anna R. Cohn
Deputy Director
Lori D. Wesley
Assistant Director for Budget
and Finance
Allegra Wright
Program
Associate Director for Programs
Frederica R. Adelman
External Relations
Assoctate Director for External
Relations
Andrea P. Stevens
Public Relations
Durector
Liz Hill
Development
Durector
Johleen D.N. Cannon
Educational
and Cultural
Programs
Center for Folklife
Programs and
Cultural Studies
Director
Richard Kurin
Deputy Director
Richard Kennedy
Director, Festival of American
Folklife
Diana Parker
Director and Curator.
Smithsonian/Folkways
Recordings
Anthony Seeger
Senior Folklorist
Peter Seitel
Senior Ethnomusicologist
Thomas Vennun, Jr.
Administrative Officer
Barbara Strickland
Folklorists
Olivia Cadaval
Amy Horowitz
Diana N'Diaye
Folklorists/Education Specialists
Betty Belanus
Marjorie Hunt
Program Managers
Carla Borden
John Franklin
Charlene James-Duguid
Technical Director
Pete Reiniger
Design Director
Joan Wolbier
Archivist
Jeff Place
Media Specialist
Van Robertson
Folkways Fulfillment Manager
Dudley Connell
Folkways Business Manager
Matt Walters
Folkways Promotion Manager
Brenda Dunlap
Folkways Acting Program
Assistant
Mary Monseur
Program Specialists
Felicia Erickson
Arlene Reiniger
Mary Van Meter
Education Coordinator
Emily Botein
Folkways Fulfillment Service
Tom Adams
Lee Michael Demsey
Andrea Lecos
Matt Levine
Fiscal Managers
Bill Holmes
Heather MacBride
Administrative Assistants
Linda Benner
Donnell Gudger
Bernard Howard
Design Assistant
Karin Hayes
Acting Assistant Archivist
Harris Wray
Research Associates
Ken Bilby
Roland Freeman
Ivan Karp
Corrine Kratz
Alan Lomax
Worth Long
Yoon Park
Kate Rinzler
National Science
Resources Center
Executive Director
Douglas M. Lapp
Deputy Director for Information
Dissemination. Materials
Development, and
Publications
Charles N. Hardy
Deputy Director for
Development. External
Relations, and Outreach
Sally Goetz Shuler
Administrative Officer
R. Gail Thomas
Financial Associate
Anne E. Pomerleau
Information!Technology
Specialist
Terence Proctor
Executive Administrative
Assistant
Gail Greenberg
Administrative Assistant
Katherine Darke
ice Assistant
Tonya M. Miller
Public Information Consultant
Kathleen Holmay
Development Consultant
Leslie OF lahavan
Science and Technology for
Children Prosect Director
Joyce Lowry Weiskopf
Research Associates
Wendy R. Binder
Edward Lee
Christopher T. Lyon
Carol ODonnell
Katherine Stiles
Program Assistant
Lisa Bevell
Office Assistant
Amanda Revere
Research Consultants
Donald Cammiso
Judith White
Outreach Director
Open
Program Officer: Technical
Assistance
Open
Program Associate: Leadership
Institutes
Julie Clyman Lee
Program Assistant
Cathy Gruber
Consultant
L. J. Benton
Director of Information
Dissemination
Evelyn M. Ernst
Program Officer
Marilyn Fenichel
Research Associate: Middle
School Resources
Barbara K. Johnson
Program Officer: Networking
Theodore D. Schultz
Resource/ Database Specialist
Rita C. Warpeha
Program Assistant
Sharon S. Seaward
Director of Publications
Dean Trackman
Writer/Editor
Lynn A. Miller
Publications Technology
Specialist
Heidi M. Kupke
Illustrator
Max-Karl Winkler
Editorial Assistant
David Stein
Editorial Consultants
Laura Akgulian
Cindy Allen
Judith Grumstrup-Scott
Linda Harteker
Dorothy Sawicki
Illustrator Consultant
Lois Sloan
Office of
Elementary and
Secondary
Education
Director
Ann Bay
Deputy Director for
Administration
Thomas E. Lowderbaugh,
Ph.D.
Publications Director
Michelle Knovic Smith
Finance and
Administration
Office of the
Assistant Secretary
for Finance and
Administration
Assistant Secretary
Nancy D. Suttenfield
Deputy Director for Finance
Rick R. Johnson
Executive Assistant for
Administration
Carolyn E. Jones
Executive Assistant
Betty Lathern
Special Assistant
Aileen F. Wakefield
Ombudsman
Chandra Heilman
Office of
Architectural
History and
Historic
Preservation
Director
Cynthia R. Field
Keeper of the AAHP “Castle”
Collection
Richard E. Stamm
Historic Preservation
Specialist
Amy Ballard
Architectural Historian
Robert J. Orr V
Restoration Specialists
Peter L. Muldoon
Michael Hendron
Office of the
Comptroller
Comptroller
M. Leslie Casson
Deputy Comptroller
Robert A. Mills
Operations
Manager
Phillip F. Norton
Financial Analysis
and Reporting
Manager
Elard J. Phillips
Financial and Payroll
Systems
Manager
Edward J. Ballotta
Office of
Contracting and
Property
Management
Director
John W. Cobert
Deputy Director
Vacant
Federal and Trust Contracting
Division Manager
Lynn R. Spurgeon
Business Contractin Division
Manager
Ronald F. Cuffe
Assistant Manager
Melissa S. Levine
Travel Services Office Manager
Judith Petroski
Adminstration. Program
Analysis and Property
Division Manager
(Acting)
John P. Howser
Procurenment Branch Chief
Vacant
Assistant Chief
Laura E. Simmons
Property and Inventory
management Branch Chief
Jospeph Swihart
Office of Design
and Construction
Director (Acting)
William L. Thomas
Associate Director
William L. Thomas
Project &
Construction
Management Division
Chief. Project & Construction
Management
Charles H. Schneider
Construction Management
Branch
Chief, Construction Branch
Loren D. Raap
Planning & Programming
Division
Chief, Planning G
Programming
Harry Rombach
Support Division
Chief. Support
Laura O. Hoing
Engineering &
Design Division
Chief, Engineering & Design
Division I
Shelley E. Harlan
Chief, Engineering & Design
Division I
Sukhinder S. Sodhi
Chief, Engineering & Design
Division II
Susan B. Wertheim
Office of
Environmental
Management and
Safety
Director
F. William Billingsley
Environmental
Management Division
Assistant Director
Rachel L. Gregory
Executive Assistant to the
Director
Walter G. Bailey
Fire and Life Safety
Division
Assistant Director
J. Andrew Wilson
Office of Equal
Employment and
Minority Affairs
Director
Era L. Marshall
Complaints Program Manager
Robert L. Osborne
Special Assistant to the Director
McKinley Harris
Affirmative Action Program
Manager
Carol Gover
Special Emphasis Program
Manager
Angela Roybal
Small and Disadvantaged
Business Utilization
Program Manager
Mauricio P. Vera
Office of Facilities
Services
Director of Factlztres Services
(Acting)
Richard Rice, Jr.
Program Manager
(Organization and
Development)
Mary Anne Valentine
Program Manager (Finance)
Ellen W. Miller
Education Specialist
Aimes L. Hill
Office of Human
Resources
Director
Susan Roehmer
Assistant Director. Operations
Division
Bernice B. Abram
Assistant Director, Policy
Division
vacant
Employee Assistance
Program
Manager
Verdine Frederick
Office of Plant
Services
Director
Patrick Miller
Financial management Officer
Glennel Cooper
Assoctate Director Engineering
and Customer Service
Division
Lawrence Stuebing
Asssttant Director
Horticultural Services
Division
Nancy J. Bechrol
Assitant Director Crafts
Services Division
Judie Cooper
Associate Director Utilitiers.
Operations &
Maintenance Division
Howard L. Wink
Office of Printing
and Photographic
Services
Director! Curator
Jim Wallace
Deputy Director
Lorie H. Aceto
Production Control Officer
Mary Ellen McCaffrey
Special Assignments/
Photography Branch
Chief
Dane A. Penland
Laboratory Branch
Chief
Edes F. Talman
Services Branch
Chief
Joyce M. Goulait
NASM Branch
Chief
Mark Avino
NMNH Branch
Chief
Victor Krantz
Color Branch
Chief
Joe A. Goulait
Duplicating Branch
Chief
Herman Thompson
Office of Protection
Services
Director (Acting)
Michael Sofield
Associate Director
“Management”
Vacant
Associate Director “Operations”
Thomas H. Bresson
Protection Division
Chief
Vacant
Security Services Division
Chief
Joseph Gallimore
Security Systems Division
Chief
Warren J. Danzenbaker
Health Services Division
Medical Officer
Vacant
NYC Security Operations
Chief
Luis A. Palau
STRI Security
Chief
Alejandro Arze
Parking Office
Manager
John W. Bausch
OPS Supply
Supply Officer
Vacant
Budget Officer
Grady Kimbrough
Office of Sponsored
Progects
Director
Ardelle G. Foss
Administrative Officer
Angela M. Lippitt
Grant Management
Unit
Assistant Director. Grant
Management
J. Scort Robinson
Grant/Contract Administrator
Kathleen Hindle
Karen E. Ou):
David R. Short
Financial
Management Unit
Assistant Director, Financial
Management
Ernest L Duncan Jr.
Grant/Contract Financial
Analysts
Delores Clyburn
Leni Figueiras
Karen Williamson
Office of Risk
and Asset
Management
Treasurer
Sudeep Anand
Risk Manager
Jacqueline C. Young
Senior Investment Analyst
Debra Winstead
Endowment Control
Analyst
Korri Gruner
Risk Management Analyst
Katherine Tkac
Paralegal Specialst
Nancy Lewis
Budget Assistant
Lizzie Clark
Disaster Preparedness
Coordinator
Priscilla A. Terry
Risk Management Analyst
Katherine Tkac
Claims Assistant
Nancy Lewis
The Under
Secretary
Office of the Under
Secretary
Under Secretary
Constance Berry
Newman
Executive Assistant
Anna B. Martin
Administrative Officer
Luwan Brown
Confidential Assistant
Constance Lykes
245
Institutional
Advancement
Office of the
Assistant Secretary
for Institutional
Initiatives
Assistant Secretary
Alice Green Burnette
Special Assistant
Daniel K. Stevenson
Program Manager
Lois A. Noack
Secretary
Donna R. Attaway
Office Assistant
Dorothy A. Black
National Museum
of the American
Indian National
Campaign
Director
John L. Colonghi
Assistant Director
Susannah Kellems
Development Officers
John Carlin
Lon Saavedra
Melissa Tallent
Program Specialist
Lisa Meredith
Development Assistants
Sean Jenkins
Ashley Tripplehorn
Membership Services Director
Lisa Gills
Membership Services Assistants
Arlette Draper
Danielle Lote
Manager, Special Events
Mary Thomson
Public Information Specialist
Carol Grace Woodruff
246
Public Relations Assistant
Lorraine Maughlin
Administrative Officer
Carol Nottingham
Management Support
Assistant
Patricia Davis
Secretary to the Director
Stephanie Fick
Office Automation Clerk
Kim Frietze
Office of
Membership and
Development
Director
Marie A. Mattson
Assistant Director for
Corporate/Foundation
Relations
Nancy Fischer
Assistant Director for
Individual Giving
Donna B. Ari
Assistant Drrector for
Membership & Volunteer
Relations
Diana D. Duncan
Assistant Director for
Administration &
Operations
Margo H. Knight
Development Officers
John Brown
Barbara W. Freeman
Arthur Gardner
Daniel M. Linguiti
Thomas Woodruff
Contributing Membership
Program Manager
Christine Skennion
Events Manager
Nancy Lynner
Database Coordinator
Ann Bissell
Information Resource Specialist
James R. Stone
Administrative Officer
C. Fred Burnette
Office of Special
Events and
Conference Services
Acting Director
Katherine Kirlin
Special Events Coordinator
Ted Anderson
Cheryl Gibney
Angela Leipold
Nancy Lynner
Conference Coordinator
Evan Stoddard
Other
Functions
Business
Management Office
Acting Senior Business Officer
Roland Banscher
Assistant Director of Operations
Joe Carper
Retail Museum Shops
Assistant Director, Shops
Personnel
Dana S. Moreland
Store Operations Manager
Richard Kavanaugh
Financial Manager
Shawn Keeley
Loss Prevention Manager
Claude Nelson
Retail Design Specialist
Thora Color
Warehouse Operations Manager
Jim Storr
MIS Manager
Christopher smith
Office Manager
Janice Boggs
Mail Order Division
Assistant Director, Catalogue
Maxine Ross
Controller
Donald Fretwell
Assistant Director. Operations
Carol Fox
Marketing Manager
Susan Boghosian
Purchasing Manager
Ruby Sherman
Office of
Communications
Director
David J. Umansky
Secretary to the Director
Michelle Carr
Management and
Administration,
Office of Public
Affairs
Associate Director
Eileen Jones
Administrative Officer
Carolyn Amundson
Media Relations,
Office of Public
Affairs
Associate Director
Linda St.Thomas
Staff
Mary Combs
Vicki Moeser
Hamlet Paoletti
Margaret Pulles
Cesar Quinones
William Schulz
Rachel Sears
Publications Office,
Office of Public
Affairs
Associate Director
Kathryn Lindeman
Staff
Ana Acosta
Dan Agent
John Barrat Volunteer Coordinator
Office of Office of the Senior
Colleen Hershberger ) ‘ Susan Mond Carpenter
Jo Ann Webb Government Information Officer
Relations Educational and
Director Cultural Programs
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Visitor I nformation M. John Berry ut es ey Study Tours/Seminars
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Pablita Abeyta Amy Korkin
Senior Government Relations Office of Information
: Offi : :
Director ee A nil eae Technology Liberal Arts/Special
Mary Grace Potter pemacadh ators D Events
DEA Dieoir Government Relations UAE
PEE yea DE Specialist Vincent J. Marcalus
Elizabeth Bennett
Administrative Officer
Manager, Infrastructure Program Manager
Manuel J. Melendez
Government Relations Technologies Ene ea
Grace Tull Specialist George A. Anderson
Carey A. Wilkins Manage, Customer Service Humanities, Arts, Sciences
Information Resource Secretary ahs
Nanene Dale Director of Systems Engineering
Division
Unit Manager
Jane Gardner
Public Inquiry Mail
and Telephone
Information Service
Unit
Unit Manager
Katherine Neill Ridgley
Visitor Information
Unit
Associate Coordinators
Patricia Byrne
Sheila Harris
Behind-the-Scenes
Volunteer Program
Program Coordinator
Robby Buchanan
Telephone
Information Service
Program Coordinator
Cordelia Benedict
Office of
Telecommunications
Director
Paul B. Johnson
Deputy Director
Karen Loveland
Motion Picture Production
Specialist
John W. Hiller
Audto/ Visual Production
Specialists
John P. Meehan
Laura Schneider
Jacqueline Gales Webb
Lee Woodman
Marketing and Promotion
Manager
Denise Freeland
Marketing Spectalist
Martha Knouss
Radio Production Specialist
Wesley Horner
John Tyler
Administrative Officer
Charlotte Brown
Administrative Assistant
Marie Gray
Susan McFarland
Manager, Research Information
Systems
Beverly Westermeyer
Manager of Budget and
Administration
Betsey Woods
Manager. Policy and Security
William McGeehan
The Smithsonian
Associates
Director
Mara Mayor
Deputy Director
Barbara Tuceling
Associate Director for Education
and Cultural Programs
Carol Bogash
Associate Director for
Marketing and
Membership
Holly Dell Shaheen
Public Affairs Officer
Howard White
Editor
Cecelia Reed
Administrative Officer
Crystal Fleary
Program Manager
Faye Browning
Performing Arts and
Humanities
Program Manager
Penne Dann
Smithsonian
Institution Press
Acting Director
Daniel Goodwin
Deputy Director
Vincent MacDonnell
Chief Financial Officer
John Ouellette
Administrative Officer
Anne Garvey
University Press
Acting Director
Peter F. Cannell
Managing Editor/Assistant
Director
Ruth Spiegel
Production Manager
Kenneth J. Sabol
Design Manager
Alan Carter
Marketing Manager
Hilary Reeves
Supervisor, Series Publications
Diane Tyler
Book
Development/New
Media
Executive Editor
Caroline Newman
Smithsonian Video
Executive Edttor
Andrew Ferguson
Smithsonian Books
Editor-in-Chief
Pat Gallagher
Senzor Editor
Alexis Doster III
Smithsonian
Collection of
Recordings
Executive Producer
Bruce Talbot
Smithsonian
Magazine
Editor
Don Moser
Board Editors
Constance A. Bond
Jim Doherty
Tim Foote
Marlane A. Liddell
Sally Scott Maran
Edgar Rich
Nancy Seaman
John P. Wiley, Jr.
Associate Editors
Diane M. Bolz
Kathleen M. Burke
Suzanne Crawford
248
Frances R. Glennon
Bruce Hathaway
Beth Py-Lieberman
Ruth Ravenel
Bonnie Stutski
Assistant Editors
Caneel Cotton
Marian Smith Holmes
Taehee Kim
Alison C. McLean
Lucinda Moore
Articles Assistants
Elizabeth J. Erskine
Angela M. Pleasants
Research Assistants
Karla Henry
Carolyn McGhee
Minna Morse
Contributing Editors
Edwards Park
Bennett Schiff
Publisher
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Affiliated
Organizations
The John F.
Kennedy Center for
the Performing Arts
Chairman
James D. Wolfensohn
President
Lawrence J. Wilker
National Gallery
of Art
President
Robert H. Smith
Office of the Director
Director
Earl A. Powell III
Deputy to the Director
Carol W. Kelley
Executive Assistant
Angela LoRé
Office of the Deputy
Director
Deputy Director
Alan Shestack
Andrew W. Mellon Senior
Curator of Prints.
Drawings, Photographs,
and Sculpture
Andrew C. Robison, Jr.
Senior Curator of Paintings
Edgar Peters Bowron
Curator of American and
British Paintings and
Deputy Senior Curator of
Paintings
Nicolai Cikovsky
Curator of Northern
Renaissance Painting
John O. Hand
Curator of Southern Renaissance
Painting
David A. Brown
Curator of Northern Baroque
Painting
Arthur K. Wheelock
Curator of Southern Baroque
Painting
Diane DeGrazia
Curator of French Paintings
Philip Conisbee
Curator of Twentieth-Century Art
Mark Rosenthal
Curator of Sculpture and
Decorative Arts
Douglas Lewis
Curator of Old Master Prints
H. Diane Russell
Curator of Old Master
Drawings
Margaret Morgan Grasselli
Curator of Modern Prints and
Drawings
Ruth Fine
Curator of Photography
Sarah Greenough
Head. Department of Curatorial
Records and Files
Nancy Yeide
Head. Department of Loans
and the National Lending
Service
Stephanie Belt
Chief Registrar
Sally Freitag
Registrar for Collections
Mary Suzor
Chief of Conservation
Ross M. Merrill
Chairman, Department of
Painting Conservation
David Bull
Head, Department of Paper
Conservation
Shelley Fletcher
Head. Department of Object
Conservation
Shelley Sturman
Conservator. Textiles
Conservation
Julia Burke
Head. Scientific Research
Department
René de la Rie
Head. Loans & Exhibitions
Conservation
Mervin Richard
Chief of Exhibitions Programs
D. Dodge Thompson
Sentor Curator. Chief of Design
Gaillard F. Ravenel
Executive Librarian
Neal T. Turtell
Curator of Photographic Archives
Ruth Rowe Philbrick
Editor-in-Chief
Frances Smyth
Head, Imaging and Visual
Services Department
Ira Bartfield
Head of Education
Linda Downs
Head, Adult Programs
Department
Lynn Russell
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Exhibition and Media
Programs
Susan Arensberg
Head of Education Publications
Programs
Barbara Moore
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Ruth R. Perlin
Head. Teacher and School
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Ann Henderson
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Vicki Porter
Office of External
Affairs
External Affairs Officer
Joseph J. Krakora
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Special Events
Genevra Higginson
Press and Public Information
Officer
Deborah Ziska
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Venture Programs Officer
Sandy Masor
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Ruth Anderson Coggeshall
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Music
George Manos
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Donald Hand
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Counsel
Secretary-General Counsel
Philip C. Jessup, Jr.
Deputy Secretary-General
Counsel
Elizabeth A. Croog
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Maygene Daniels
Center for Advanced
Study in the Visual
Arts
Dean
Henry A. Millon
Associate Dean
Steven A. Mansbach
Associate Dean
Therese O'Malley
Acting Associate Dean
Gail Feigenbaum
Office of the Treasurer
Treasurer
Ann R. Leven
Assistant Treasurer/F inancial
Management
Michael W. Levine
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William H. Roache
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Dale Rinker
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Administrator
Darrell Willson
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Charles Schneider
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Vacant
Chief of Administrative Services
Cathy Yates
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Michael B. Bloom
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Reading Is
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Chairman of the Board
Mrs. Elliot Richardson
President
Ruth Graves
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Christina Dykstra Mead
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Wade Sc. Clair
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Oriente Arzadon
Deputy Director. Programs
Victoria J. Heland
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Gail Oerke
Woodrow Wilson
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Drrector
Charles Blitzer
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Samuel F. Wells, Jr.
Deputy Director for Planning
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Zdenek V. David
Director of External A ffatrs
Moira E. Egan
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George L. Seay
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Ann C. Sheffield
International Studies
Division
Director
Robert S. Litwak
250
Division of Regional
and Comparative
Studies
Director. Asta Program
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Joseph Tulchin
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Advanced Russian Studtes
Blair Ruble
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Samuel F. Wells, Jr.
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Director of Publications
Joseph Brinley
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Editor
Jay Tolson
Publisher
Kathy Read
Donors to the Smithsonian
Institution in Fiscal
Year 1995
The Board of Regents and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution join
with the entire staff in thanking all of the Institution's friends for the gener-
osity they have shown with their financial support, gifts to the collection,
and in-kind donations. Gifts are recorded under the title of the recipient bu-
reau or office, with a brief description of the gift where appropriate. If per-
chance the name of any donor has been omitted from these lists, it is an
inadvertence and in no way diminishes the Institution's gratitude. Many
gifts were received from donors who prefer to remain anonymous; the
Smithsonian wishes to thank these people, as well, for their support.
Sciences
National Museum of
Natural History
Donors of Financial Support
$1, 000, 000 or more
Mrs. Janet Annenberg Hooker
$ 500, 000 or more
The Nippon Foundation (formerly known
as the Sasakawa Peace Foundation)
The Pew Charitable Trusts
Times Mirror Magazines, Inc.
$100, 000 or more
Anonymous
Citibank, N.A.
Discovery Communications, Inc.
Freeport McMoRan, Inc.
Harbor Branch Institution, Inc.
Integraph Corporation
S.C. Johnson & Son
National Ocean Industries Association
Orkin Pest Control
$50, 000 or more
Dr. and Mrs. Robert C.C. Chiu
Elesabeth Ingalls Gillet Foundation
The Ambassador & Mrs. L.W. Lane, Jr.
Fund
Motorola, Inc.
Mr. Laurence W. Lane, Jr.
Peninsula Community Foundation
Rockefeller Foundation
Surdna Foundation, The
$10, 000 or more
American Physical Therapy Association
Anonymous
Apple Computer, Inc.
Aroaima Bauxite Company, Ltd.
Bran & Luebbe, Inc.
Center for Marine Conservation, Inc.
Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc.
Dr. G. Arthur Cooper
Cyprus Amax Minerals Company
Marna Disbrow
Elle Corporation
Ford Division
Ford Motor Company
Mr. and Mrs. Alfred C. Glassell, Jr.
Golden Key National Honor Society
Mrs. Katharine M. Graham
Heinz Family Foundation
Mrs. Drue M. Heinz
Mrs. Teresa Heinz
Mrs. Marion C. Link
The John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur
Foundation
Marpat Foundation, Inc.
Molson Breweries USA, Inc.
National Geographic Society
National Ocean Industries Association
Mrs. Jefferson Patterson
Smithsonian Women’s Committee
Space Biospheres Ventures
UNDP Representative in Guyana
Mr. and Mrs. Milton H. Ward
The Washington Post Company
World Wildlife Fund
World Wildlife Fund-Canada
$5, 000 or more
The American Society for Cell Biology
Camalott Charitable Foundation
S. Sidney DeYoung Foundation
Dr. William B. Ellis
Mr. and Mrs. Ben Hammett
IBM Corporation
Estate of Helen Katchmar
Madame Tomo Kikuchi
Northeast Utilities Service Company
Royal Ontario Museum
Thai Airways International, Ltd.
The Science Alliance
T.F.H. Publications, Inc.
Mrs. Lillian Turner
University of California at Los Angeles
The Washington Biologist Field Club,
Inc.
Mrs. Alexander Wetmore
$1, 000 or more
American Federation of Mineralogical
Societies
Amoco Eurasia Petroleum Company
Bank of America Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Richard W. Carr
King and Jean Cummings Charitable
Trust
Mr. H. King Cummings
Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Gray, Jr.
Tatiana Dominick
Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Edson
Sumner Gerard Foundation
Mr. David M. Hicks
Hicks Charitable Foundation
Elaine R.S. Hodges
Dr. Ronald W. Hodges
Mr. D. Brainerd Holmes
Fidelity Investments
Jorge Scientific Corporation
Alice Stockton Konze Fund
Lieutenant Colonel William K. and
Mrs. Alice S. Konze
Dr. Roxie C. Laybourne
The Lerner-Gray Foundation, Inc.
The Maine Community Foundation
Mr. John C. Meeker
Norcold Division
Mr. & Mrs. David A. Olive
Mrs. Withrow Weir Meeker
Mr. and Mrs. James Patton, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Rudolph A. Peterson
Ms. Judy Lynn Prince
Quad/Graphics
Reef Encrustaceans, Inc.
Danforth K. Richardson
Honorable and Mrs. S. Dillon Ripley, II
Charles A. Ross
Marguerite V. Schneeberger
C.G. Sloan & Company, Inc.
Dr. Dwight Smith and Ms. Marillyn
Suzuki-Day
Mr. Alan G. Spoon
Sumner Gerard Foundation
The Honorable Sumner Gerard
Mr. and Mrs. William C. Storey
Dr. F. Christian Thompson
TPA Company
Dr. Austin B. Williams
Mr. John A. Traina, Jr.
252
The Washington Biologist Field Club,
Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Sidney S. Zlotnick
$500 or more
American Marine, Inc.
The Honorable and Mrs. James L. Buckley
Coralife/Energy Savers Unlimited
Detroit Zoological Society
Mr. Samuel C. Ford
Ms. Olga M. Mazza
Mr. John J. Trelawney
USA Hosts
Dr. Michael Vecchione
Dr. Don E. Wilson
The Zoological Society of San Diego
Donors to the Collection
Combined Gifts and Exchange
Materials from Institutions
Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas,
Mexico. 137 plants (414342).
Instituto de Botanica del Nordeste, Ar-
gentina. 268 plants (408813).
Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle,
France. 109 plants (409764).
National Tropical Botanical Garden.
142 plants (409322).
New York Botanical Garden. 76 plants
(408722, 409346).
Real Jardin Botanico (Madrid), Spain.
69 plants (414115).
Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia. 15
plants (410118).
Universidad Central de Venezuela, Ven-
ezuela. 291 plants (408443).
Materials Received as an Exchange
Between Institutions
Aarhus, University of, Denmark. 27
plants (410855, 412844, 414766).
Academia Sinica, Republic of China
(Taiwan). 56 plants (411658) .
Academy of Natural Sciences. 18 fishes
(413513).
Alberta, University of, Canada. 10
mosses (412993).
All Russia Plane Quarantine Institute,
Russia. 53 insects (410760).
Arizona, University of. 46 plants
(411683).
Australian National University, Aus-
tralia. 25 lichens (412486).
Bergen, University of, Norway. 49
insects (414872).
Bernice P. Bishop Museum. 1,439 plants
(406640, 407180, 410814, 411998,
412995, 414765)
Botanical Garden and Museum, Nor-
way. 81 plants (412018, 412986).
Botanical Museum and Herbarium,
Denmark. 650 plants (407224,
414145, 414267).
Botanische Staatssammlung, Germany.
651 plants (412497).
Brigham Young University. 70 plants
(413049).
California Academy of Sciences. 8 fruit
flies (412726).
California Department of Food and Ag-
riculcure. 10 fruit flies (412721)
California, University of. 4 insects (412743).
Centre ORSTOM de Cayenne, French
Guiana. 77 plants (411667, 414774).
Centre de ORSTOM de Tahiti, French
Polynesia: 428 plants (414335)
Colegio de Postgraduados, Mexico. 94
plants (410775).
Department of Natural Resources,
Puerto Rico. 38 plants (411627).
Fairchild Tropical Garden. 4 plants
(407177).
Field Museum of Natural History. 26
plants (410811, 413025).
Florida, University of. 400 mollusks
(410389, 410414); 33 plants (410073).
Friedrich-Schiller Universitat, Ger-
many. 4 plants (407149).
Guam, University of, Guam. 20 ferns
(408871).
Harvard University. 4 fishes (412253);
127 lichens (413820).
Helsinki, University of, Finland. 12 li-
chens (414333).
Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Bolivia.
188 plants (411930, 414072, 414314).
Herbario Nacional de Costa Rica, Costa
Rica. 91 plants (410856).
Hungarian Natural History Museum,
Hungary. 35 insects (410761).
Institute for Taxonomic Zoology, Neth-
erlands. 10 echinoderms (412867).
Institute of Botany, People’s Republic
of China. 200 plants (412475).
Institute of Systematic Botany, Nether-
lands. 727 plants (411685, 412484,
412833).
Instituto Boranico (Caracas), Venezuela.
12 plants (411706).
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas de
Amazonia, Brazil. 3 fruit flies
(412739); 54 plants (406188, 414100).
Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agro-
pecuaria, Argentina. 77 plants (414343).
Instituto de Botanica del Nordeste, Ar-
gentina. 119 plants (413823).
Instituto de Ecologia, Mexico. 18 insects
(411797).
Iowa State University. 161 plants
(411655).
Kansas, University of. 212 plants
(412547).
Kyoto University, Japan. I cast of a bird
skeleton (411612).
Laboratory for Plant Taxonomy and Ge-
ography, Netherlands. 26 plants
(407708).
Michigan Srate University. 210 lichens
(411684).
Michigan, University of. 4 plants
(414814); 1 vertebrate skull cast
(412179).
Missouri Botanical Garden. 803 plants
(411666, 412019, 412804, 413761,
413779, 414083, (414125, 414318,
414767).
Museo Argentino de Ciencias Natura-
les, Argentina. IO insects (414051).
Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle,
France. 61 plants (411992, 412965,
414813).
National Boranical Institute, South Af-
rica. 50 plants (412494).
National Herbarium of Canada, Can-
ada. 101 lichens (414842).
National Herbarium of New South
Wales, Australia. 42 plants (413822).
National Science Museum, Japan. 25 li-
chens (414784).
National Tropical Botanical Garden. 251
plants (411663, 412988, 413026).
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Aus-
tria. 100 plants (410837).
Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Germany.
13 echinoderms (410987).
New Hampshire, University of. 40
plants (410815).
New Mexico State University. 6 plants
(410843).
New York Botanical Garden: 1,020
plants (410794, 410836, 411665,
411720, 411988, 412502, 412824,
412987, 413760, 413763, 414063,
414126, 414302, 414304, 414827).
Oregon State University. 131 plants
(413762).
Panama, Universidad de, Panama. 7
ferns (408405).
Queensland Museum, Australia. 157
bird specimens (411605).
Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. 256
plants (410854, 414146) .
Real Jardin Botanico, Spain. 22 plants
(411721).
Rijksherbarium, Netherlands. 33 plants
(414778).
Royal Botanic Gardens, England. 439
plants (410824, 411697, 412515,
414094, 414796).
Royal Botanic Gardens (Edinburgh),
Scotland. 1 plant (411971).
Royal Botanic Gardens, Sri Lanka. 119
plants (412509).
Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia.
655 lady beetles (414052).
South Australian Museum , Australia.
162+ Crustaceans (410324).
State Herbarium of South Australia,
Australia. 90 plants (411651).
Stellenbosch, University of, South Af-
rica. 7 insects (409583).
Swedish Museum of Natural History,
Sweden. 64 bird skins, skeletons, etc.
(411535).
Tasmania, University of, Australia. 53
crustaceans (413575).
Texas A & M University. 127 plants
(414787).
Texas at El Paso, University of. 2 mol-
lusks (410398).
Texas, University of. 69 plants (408811,
411985, 413768).
Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan.
40 insects (411806).
Universidad Complutense, Spain. 50
plants (414106).
Universidad de Alicante, Spain. 4 in-
sects (414050, 414863).
Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
2,670 fishes (411101, 414970).
Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Bra-
zil. 69 fishes (412302)
Uppsala, University of, Sweden. 158 li-
chens (412476).
V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute, Rus-
sia. 264 plants (412992).
Vanderbilt University-Herbarium. 85
plants (410499).
Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 6
fishes (412269).
Wisconsin, University of. 81 plants
(407212, 409732).
Institutional Gifts
ARCO Alaska, Inc., Alaska. 17 fishes
(413533).
Aarhus University, Denmark. 166
plants (407188, 410860, 411644).
Academy of Natural Sciences. 2 fishes
(411103).
Agriculture, U.S. Department of. 12,513
insects (408016, 409060, 411802).
Alabama, University of. 23 echinoderms
(412952).
Alberta, University of, Canada. 11
ground beetles (411818).
Amazonas, Universidade do, Brazil. 26
fishes (412247).
American Indian Program Fund. 51 arti-
facts (380530, 400197).
American Museum of Natural History.
2 mollusks (408055); 20 echinoderms
(409673).
American University. 3 worms (410625).
Antioquia, Universidad de, Colombia.
53 plants (410783).
Architect of the Capitol. 4 rocks
(411446).
Arizona, University of. 1 plant (414306);
5 snake skeletons (400121).
Asociacion Jardin Botanico La Laguna,
E! Salvador. 28 plants (411637).
Asociacion Mexicana de Orquideologia
A.C., Mexico. 10 orchids (412008).
Australian Museum, Australia. 15 crusta-
ceans (392567); 4 mollusks (413103).
Australian National University, Aus-
tralia. 25 lichens (414768).
Bergen, University of, Norway. 1 plant
(414811).
Bernice P. Bishop Museum. 8 plants
(411934, 411972, 412765, 413027); 4
crustaceans (361637); I fish (412285).
Biosphere II. 100 + echinoderms
(412921).
Biosystematic Research Center, Canada.
3 insects (414880).
253
Birmingham, University of, Great Brit-
ain. 87 plants (414830).
Bonn, University of, Germany. 21 plants
(412.485).
Brigham Young University. 8 insects
(409605); 1 plant (412826).
British Columbia, University of, Can-
ada. 9 plants (414266).
British Museum (Natural History), En-
gland. 21 birds (406588, 411556).
California Academy of Sciences. 2 in-
sects (411805); 2 plants (414799); 2
echinoderms (412886).
California State University. 593+ crusta-
ceans (405300); 20+ echinoderms
(412898).
California, University of. 20 crustaceans
(411863, 413569); 302 echinoderms
(412859, 412870, 412880, 412887,
412918, 412903, 415463); 1,357 imsects
(409044); 5 plants (411719, 414151); 18
fishes (413546).
Cambridge, University of, Great Brit-
ain. 10 plants (411970).
Campinas, Universidade Estadual de,
Brazil. 7 plants (414278).
Canfield Fund. 3 minerals (409199,
411234, 411246).
Canfield and Mineral Funds. 2 minerals
(411298).
Canovas del Castilio, Spain. 4 mollusks
(410448).
Casey Fund. 3,484 insects (414033).
Center for Biodiversity. 6 crayfish
(411866).
Centre ORSTOM de Cayenne, French
Guiana. 381 plants (410813, 410866).
Centre for Land and Biological Resource
Research. 12 plants (408890).
Centre for Research in Medical Ento-
mology, India. 3 insects (409055).
Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana
Roo, Mexico. 6 crustaceans (407871,
410302, 411921, 413616).
Chamberlain Fund. 1 mineral (411302).
Charleston, College of. 1300+ crusta-
ceans (405155).
Chiba University, Japan. 2 plants
(412764).
China University of Geosciences, China.
430+ fossils (411180).
Clemson University. 28 insects (409604,
410740); 1 plant (411643).
Colegio de Postgraduados, Mexico. I
plant (411625).
254
College of William and Mary. 275 fishes
(412263).
Colorado College. 1 plant (414781).
Colorado State University. 7 plants
(414073, 414324).
Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, Brazil. 8
plants (410849, 411702).
Conservation Fund. 20 crustaceans
(411859).
Conservation International. 54 echino-
derms (409685).
Cook Islands Natural Heritage Project.
Go freshwater fishes (412261).
Copenhagen, University of, Denmark. 2
spiders (414045).
Coral Reef Research Foundation, Micro-
nesia. I echinoderm (412871).
Cornell University. 43 crustaceans
(410386); 130 plants (407660).
Costa Rica, Universidad de, Costa Rica.
4 fishes (414964).
Department of Marine & Wildlife Re-
sources, American Samoa. I bird skin
(411544).
Department of Natural Resaurces, Mari-
ana Islands. 1 bird skin (410285).
Desautels Fund. 1 mineral (404721).
Doe Run Company. 2 rocks (411441).
Drew University. 4 crustaceans (411887).
Dublin, University College, Ireland. 33
worms (412556).
East Tennessee State University. I crusta-
cean (413600).
Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa
Agropecuaria, Brazil. 10 plants + 1
seed packet (414359).
Fairchild Tropical Garden. 1 plant
(414311).
Far Eastern State University, Russia. 4
worms (410628).
Field Museum of Natual History. 25
plants (411983, 412963, 414268).
Florentinae, Universitatis, Italy. 37
plants (414084).
Florida State University. 1 plant (410845).
Florida, University of. 29 crustaceans
(407858, 407788); 4 insects (414870);
1 plant (408365).
Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum,
Germany. 17 insects (410766, 411813).
Fundacao Instituto Brasileiro de
Geografia e Estatistica, Brazil. 379
plants (412984, 414091, 414841).
Gdansk University, Poland. 25 lichens
(414313).
Geological Institute, Yokohama Na-
tional University, Japan. 50 mollusks
(398251).
George Washington University. 5 echi-
noderms (410995).
Georgia, University of. 121+ crustaceans
(403806).
Gottingen, Universitat, Germany. 6
plants (412000).
Guadalajara, Universidad de, Mexico.
92 plants (410804).
Guam, University of, Guam. 328 plants
(407480, 410835).
Guelph, University of, Canada. 1 proto-
zoan type slide (412891).
Gulf Coast Research Laboratory. 114
echinoderms (412940, 415467).
Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institu-
tion. 3 worms (410620).
Harvard University: 1 plant (411682).
Helsinki, University of, Finland. 40 in-
sects (414869).
Herbario Amazonico Colombiano. 5
plants (411937).
Herbario Forestal Nacional “Martin Car-
denas”, Bolivia. 70 plants (412478).
Herbario Nacional de Bolivia. 512
plants (411924, 411928, 414066,
414067, 414315, 414316).
Horticulture & Food Restaurant Insti-
tute of New Zealand, New Zealand.
2 echinoderms (412924).
Hugo de Vries - Laboratory, Nether-
lands. 11 plants (412542, 412774).
Hungarian Natural History Museum,
Hungary. 18 insects (411787).
INBIO, Costa Rica. 2 insects (410771).
Idaho, University of . 15 insects
(410758).
Illinois Natural History Survey. 35
plants (412471).
Institut d’Estudis Avancats de les Illes
Balaers, Spain. 2 bird skeletons (414370).
Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles
de Belgique, Belgium. 5 crustaceans
(410379).
Institute of Systematic Botany, Nether-
lands. 51 plants (412544).
Instituto Botanico (Caracas), Venezuela.
108 plants (410527).
Instituto de Biologia, Brazil. 113 crusta-
ceans (410353).
Instituto de Botanica (Sao Paulo), Bra-
zil. 1 algae specimen (414068); 1 fern
(414331).
Instituto de Ecologia, Mexico. 41 in-
sects (411792).
Insticuut voor Taxonomische Zoologie,
Netherlands. 2 worms (408614).
Instituut vor Systematiek en Pop-
ulatiebiologie, Netherlands. 22 crus-
taceans (410381).
International Potato Center, Peru. 68
plants (410099, 414104, 414852).
Towa State University. 3 plants (414061,
414281, 414290).
Iowa, University of. 20 echinoderms
(412876).
J-L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology,
South Africa. 5 fishes (412266, 413465).
Jardin Botanico Juan Maria Cespedes,
Colombia. 71 plants (411923, 413793).
Juiz de Fora, Universidade Federal de,
Brazil. 19 plants (410851, 414142).
Kansas, University of. Io insects
(409057).
Khartoum, University of, Sudan. 160
plants (414307).
La Habana, Universidad de, Cuba. 25
crustaceans (407861).
Laboratory for Plant Taxonomy & Geog-
raphy, Netherlands. 1 plant (411964).
Lamar University Orange. 3 shrimps
(411824).
Lisboa, Universidade de, Portugal. 6
crabs (411857).
Liverpool Museum, England. 76 plants
(411713).
Los Angeles County, Natural History
Museum of. 11 flies (414040).
Louisiana State University. 126 crusta-
ceans (410358); 4 fishes (411117); 68
plants (414782); 1 bird skin (411601); 1
worm (412585).
Lund University, Sweden. 4 echino-
derms (411005).
MacQuarie University, Australia. 10
worms (410612).
Maine at Orono, University of. 1 rock
(411463).
Maryland, University of. 2 crustaceans
(413639); 2 echinoderms (412916).
McMurry University. 3 crustaceans
(413561).
Miami, University of. 1 echinoderm
(412875); 1 crustacean (407800).
Michigan, University of. 2 plants (414137).
Minas Gerais, Universidade Federal de,
Brazil. 89 plants (414273, 414279,
414332).
Mineral Fund: 23 minerals (406382,
411262, 411301, 413672).
Mississippi State University. I insect
(409591); 682 salamanders (398017).
Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium.
919 plants (404952, 407687, 410561,
410841, 410852, 412017, 412021,
413859, 414850).
Monterey Bay Aquarium Institute. 8
mollusks (413102).
Museo de Historia Natural, Peru. 669
freshwater fishes (412317).
Museu Botanico Municipal, Brazil. 377
plants (407381, 410850, 411701,
412815, 412967, 414118, 414127,
414785, 414792, 414815, 414818).
Museu de Ciencias Naturais, Brazil. 85
plants (413037, 414297).
Museum National D’Hiscoire
Naturelle, France. 3 insects (411796);
3 crustaceans (407831, 407863); 186
plants (413812, 414345, 414822,
414848); 5 mollusks (413082).
Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum,
Netherlands. 1 crustacean (410354).
National Institute of Biology, Slovenia.
17 crustaceans (410361).
National Institute of Hygiene & Epide-
miology, Vietnam. 397 crustaceans
(407853).
Natural History Museum, Great Brit-
ain. I plant (413019).
Natural History Society of Maryland,
Inc.. 1 mummified human head
(409910).
Nature Conservancy. 1 plant (412802).
Naturhistorisches Museum, Austria. 2
crabs (405154).
New Hampshire, University of. 15 echi-
noderms (411019).
New Mexico State University. 10 plants
(410842, 414761).
New Orleans Mosquito Control Board.
1,402 crustaceans (407904, 411870,
413574).
New South Wales, National Herbarium
of, Australia. 1 plant (414136).
New York Boranical Garden. 6 crusta-
ceans (407784); 122 plants (410791,
410820, 411662, 411668, 411987,
412500, 412541, 412985, 413795).
New York State Department of Health.
5 fossils (410245).
New Zealand, National Museum of,
New Zealand. 34 mollusks (413104).
Newberry College. 72 plants (411931,
412.490).
Newfoundland, University of, New-
foundland. 30+ crustaceans (395911).
Nippon Veterinary & Animal Science
University, Japan. 2 protozoan slides
(412881).
North Carolina Central University. 5
echinoderms (412922).
North Carolina State Museum of Natu-
ral Sciences. 7 crustaceans (410345); 1
fossil shark tooth (410207); 52 insects
(414030); I worm (412567).
North Carolina at Charlotte, University
of. 7 echinoderms (412874).
North Texas, University of. 132 insects
(410735).
Northern Arizona University. 2 echino-
derms (410997).
Northern Kentucky University. 27
plants (412837).
Northern State University. 1 bird skin
(407622).
Nova University. 6 decapods (403787);
2 worms (410624).
Nova University Oceanographic Center.
11 echinoderms (411004).
Oceanology, Institute of, China. 1 echi-
noderm (410994).
Office of Director Discretionary Fund. 1
skull cast (412201).
Ohio Strate University. 3 echinoderms
(415469).
Old Dominion University. 48 crusta-
ceans (394096).
Oman Natural History Museum,
Oman. 1 bird skin (406588).
Oporto, University of, Portugal. 2 pro-
tozoan type slides (411006, 412897).
Oregon State University. 264 insects
(409596, 409602, 410759).
P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology,
Russia. 12 fishes (412296).
Panama, Universidad de, Panama. 4
crustaceans (410334).
Pennsylvania, State Museum of. I cast
of fossil skull (411206).
Pernambuco, Universidade Federal de,
Brazil. 126+ crustaceans (405265).
Pisa, University of, Italy. 40 insects
(411791).
Portobello Marine Laboratory, New Zea-
land. 6 crustaceans (407859, 411826).
Potomac Museum Group. 6 fossils
(411208).
Prirodovedecka fakulta Univerzity,
Czechoslovakia. 6 insects (409588,
409590).
Puerto Rico, Universidad de, Puerto
Rico. 2 plants (414310); 14 echino-
derms (411013, 411018, 411906,
412894); 1 leech (410593); 34 shrimps
(410383); Io fishes (413547).
Queens University, Canada. 1 echino-
derm (412860).
Queensland, University of, Australia. 1
worm (412568).
Reading, University of, Great Britain. 1
echinoderm (415462); 3 plants (412755).
Real Jardin Botanico, Spain. 30 plants
(410810).
Remington and Marguerite Kellogg
Fund. 400 fossil vertebrates (408303,
411165).
Rio de Janeiro, Univ. do Estado do, Bra-
zil. 66 insects (412729).
Rochester, University of. 2 crustaceans
(405341).
Roebling Fund. 86+ minerals (406383,
409122, 409123; 409152, 409153,
411242, 411303, 411311, 411312, 411313,
411314, 411315, 411318, 411320, 413669,
413670, 413673, 413679).
Roland W. Brown Fund. 121 fossil
plants (412191).
Royal Botanic Gardens, England. 24
plants (410543, 414119, 414801).
Royal Botanic Gardens, Scotland. 37
plants (412810, 414105, 414788).
Royal British Columbia Museum, Can-
ada. 1 echinoderm (410998).
San Marcos, Universidad Nacional
Mayor de, Peru. 19 plants (411623,
413801, 414325).
Sao Paulo, Universidade de, Brazil. 32
plants (412548); 2 mollusks (413147).
Sarawak Forest Herbarium, Malaysia. 21
plants (414330).
Servicio Agricola y Ganadero, Chile. 3
insects (414054).
South Carolina, University of. 7 plants
(406116).
Southern Arkansas University. 8 cray-
fish (407742).
Southwest Louisiana, University of. 1
shrimp (411874).
Stuart Fund. 14 minerals (406376,
409121, 411235, 411269, 411300).
Scuart and Chamberlain Funds. 2 miner-
als (411233).
256
Sul Ross State University. 116 plants
(411714, 413017).
Tel-Aviv University, Israel. 89 insects
(414047).
Texas A&M University. 1 shrimp (410350).
Texas Park & Wildlife Department. 2
insects (409063).
Texas Technical University. 4 mites or
ticks (411804).
Tokyo University of Fisheries, Japan. 3
fishes (413516).
Transkei, University of, South Africa. 9
plants (410853).
Trondheim, Universitetsbiblioteket,
Norway. 15 fishes (412311).
Turku, University of, Finland. 96 crusta-
ceans (407798).
Ucah, University of. 1 plant (414844).
Valle, Universidad del, Colombia. 4
plants (410793).
Venezuela, Universidad Central de, Ven-
ezuela. 11 plants (410781).
Virginia Department of Conservation. 1
insect (411788).
Virginia Division of Natural Resources.
5 crustaceans (407764, 411858).
Virginia Institute of Marine Science. 2
shrimps (411878); 289 fishes (412263,
413487).
Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State
University. 4 freshwater clams
(413135).
Walcott Fund. 220 fossils (411132, 413905).
West Florida, University of. 23 echino-
derms (410999, 412917).
West Indies, University of the, Jamaica.
9 echinoderms (411011).
Western Australian Museum, Australia.
430 marine fishes (412242); I5 meteor-
ices = (414490).
Wildfowl and Wetland Trust, England:
15 bird skeletons (411578).
Wisconsin, University of. 18 plants
(410798).
Yale University. 2 insects (409053).
Zulia, Universidad del, Venezuela. 37
plants (411984).
Zurich, Universitat, Switzerland. 26
plants (413041, 413042).
Material Found in the Collections
Smithsonian Institution. 6 rocks
(411442, 414492); 8 birds (411528); 9
meteorites (411406); scientific equip-
ment (409909).
Transferred Materials from other
Government Entities
Agriculture, U. S. Department of. 273
crustaceans (407797); 4,692 insects
(414024, 414037); 18 beetles
(412748).
Commerce, U.S. Department of. 1 echi-
noderms (412926); 102 crustaceans
(256361, 405195, 410355); 54 fishes
(412299, 413486).
Department of Environmental Quality.
142 fossils (413916).
Environmental! Protection Agency,
U.S.. 13,773+ fishes (411084, 414963);
I worm (410598).
Interior, U.S Department of the. 372
birds (387814, 399219, 411526, 411530);
115 crustaceans (410311, 411910); 2
fishes (412273); 249 fossils (411200,
411202, 412126, 412149, 412155,
412220, 413955, 414562); 12 minerals
(411243, 411282, 413674, 413717); 44
plants (410496); 231 rocks (364237,
411462); 10 slides (413862); 2 sets of
drill cores (411445).
National Biological Service. 401 fishes
(414965).
National Marine Fisheries Service:
400+ crustaceans (406087)
National Science Foundation. 302 mete-
orites (414476).
Smithsonian Institution. 7 crustaceans
(407756).
Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhi-
bition Service. 19 rocks (411439).
Smithsonian National Zoological Park.
lizards (373545).
Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti-
tute, Panama: 340 plants (407136,
408404, 408827);
4 worms (412574.)
Donors to the Collection
Bequests
George W. Bain. 3 minerals (411278).
Louis Walters: 1 mineral (404731).
Material Collected for the Museum
Dr. Pedro Acevedo-Rodriquez. 1,074
plants (411974, 411975, 411976,
413798).
Nancy E. Adams. 14 insects (412736).
D. Appleman: See also Timothy Rose
(411497).
Dr. Diomedes Quintero Arias. 31 insects
(409041).
Vic Avery: See also Timothy Rose
(411430).
Dr. Bruce M. Beehler. 1 bird (411590).
Dr. Raymond W. Bouchard. 68 insects
(410741).
Dr. Michael J. Braun. 584 birds
(408936, 411598, 411618).
Dr. Mike Brett-Surman. 50 fossil reptile
specimens (410187).
D. Chaney: See also Timothy Rose
(411497).
Dr. Jon Coddington. 329 spiders and
other arthropods (412733, 412744).
Deborah Danaher. 1 echinoderm
(412955).
Dr. Don R. Davis. 1,080 insects and
plants (410753).
James P. Dean: See also Dr. Michael J.
Braun (411618).
Dr. Paula DePriest. 437 lichens
(410564).
Louise Emmons: 43 frogs and lizards
(400118).
Dr. Robert Faden: 105 plants (410844,
411963, 412487, 412775).
Dr. Kristian Fauchald. 500+ crustaceans
(407887).
Dr. Daniel J. Feller. 50+ mollusks
(410444).
Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr.. 2,974 insects, 6
crustaceans (410767, 410770, 411793).
Dr. and Mrs. Oliver S. Flint, Jr.. 9,728
insects (410765).
Dr. Kurt Fredriksson. 52 meteorites
(414489).
Dr. Terrence Frest. 300+ mollusks
(410429).
Vicki A. Funk. 145 plants (414303).
Gary R. Graves. 113 bird specimens
(411560, 411561).
Leslie Hale: See also Timothy Rose
(411430). , See also Dr. Sorena Soren-
son (411433).
Christopher R. Hardy. 1 plant (411965).
John Haynes: See also Dr. Sorena Soren-
son (411433).
Dr. Robert Hershler. 200+ freshwater
snails (413144).
Dr. W. Duane Hope. 65+ worms
(412577).
Dr. Nicholas Horton, III. 200 fossils
(412164).
Carol L. Kelloff. 116 plants (410534).
Dr. John Kress. 182 plants (411700,
412506, 412545, 412976, 414350).
J. Jerry Landye. 1000+ freshwater snails
(413127).
David B. Lellinger. 86 plants, mostly
ferns (407640).
Jon Lewis. 191 insects (414057).
Jim Luhr. 6 rocks (411434). ; See also Dr.
Sorena Sorenson (408650, 411433,
411440).
Dr. Raymond B. Manning: 1 worm
(403762).
Dr. A.M. Frias Martins. 30+ freshwater
snails (410483).
Dr. Wayne N. Mathis. 7,701 insects
(409577, 411789, 414031, 414048,
414049).
Dr. Michael Mazurkiewicz. 1000+ fresh-
water snails (413121).
Dr. William Melson. 1 rock (411443).
Dr. Ernani G. Menez. 39 marine fishes
(413527).
Dr. Ellinor Michel. 25+ mollusks
(410397).
Natalie Nielson: See also Timothy Rose
(411430).
Albert Noonan: See also Dr. Kurt
Fredriksson (414489).
Dr. Lynne R. Parenti. 912 freshwater
fishes (413478).
Dr. Paul M. Peterson. 41 grasses & other
plants (411693).
Arnold L. Powell. 15 echinoderms
(411009).
John Pruski. 7 plants (407722, 414344).
John Rappole: See also Dr. Pamela C.
Rasmussen (411569).
Dr. Pamela C. Rasmussen. 397 bird
specimens (411569, 411622).
Mark B. Robbins: See also Dr. Michael
J. Braun (411618).
Timothy Rose. 19 rock (411430, 411497).
See also Dr. Sorena Sorenson
(408650, 411440).
Dr. Klaus Ruetzler. 13 echinoderms
(412939).
Eugene Sattler: See also Dr. Michael J.
Braun (411598).
Dr. Laurence E. Skog. 29 plants
(408397).
Dr. Sorena Sorenson. 43 rocks (408650,
411433, 411440).
Dr. Paul J. Spangler. 5,999 insects
(409592, 410756). , 50 mollusks
(410756).
Mark T. Strong. 117 plants (411961).
Dr. James C. Tyler: 1 crab (403489). , 17
fishes (412252, 414986).
Dr. Dieter Wasshausen. 120 plants
(407666).
Chris Wemmer: See also Dr. Pamela C.
Rasmussen (411569).
Kristof Zyskowski: See also Dr. Michael
J. Braun (411618).
Material Received as Part of an
Exchange
Dubi Benyamini. 16 bees (412753).
Jerrell Daigle. 10 insects (409585).
Dr. Mark N. Feinglos. 7 minerals
(404732).
Dr. Stuart M. Fullerton. 14 insects
(409049).
Dr. A. A. Godovikov. 16 various miner-
als (409149).
Dr. B. Hofmann. 7 minerals (396381).
Dr. John W. Ismay. 41 insects (409573).
Marvin Killgore. 1 meteorite (409649).
Karel Majer. 7 insects (410755).
Dr. Bernhard Merz. 24 imsects (411794).
Thomas W. & Jane P. Nelson. 1 plant
(412009).
Dr. Shuji Okajima. 40 insects (410750).
Dr. Masataka Sato. 16 insects (409054).
Dr. James Schwade. 1 meteorite
(411344).
Donations from Individuals
Dr. Philip A. Adam. 1 insect (410737).
Dr. James K. Adams. 27 moths
(414877).
John Allaman. 39 minerals (411281).
David Alligood. 306 fossils (411217).
L. E. Anhorn. 18 spiders (409575).
Dr. J. S. Ash. 1 partial pelvis bone of a
bird (411619).
Sheridan W. Atkinson: See also James
W. Cowan (411249).
Dr. Warren T. Atyeo. 12 mites and ticks
(414042).
Dr. S. W. Bailey. 1 mineral (409202).
Dr. Joseph K. Balcionas. 16 moths
(414036).
Dr. George E. Ball. 5 insects (409578).
Dr. R. M. Baranowski. 2,560 insects
(411795).
Dr. Roberto Barbieri. 8 fossils (413913).
Carlos do Prado Barbosa. 1 mineral
(409120).
Ruth S. Barnes. 4 Somalian artifacts
(400217).
Linda Basham. 2 cicadas (414053).
Vernon Bates. 1 plant (410784).
John L. Baum. 1 mineral (372621).
Eric N. Beach. 10 fossil vertebrates
(407551).
Dr. R. S. Beal, Jr.. 3 beetles (414864).
Dr. Rudolf W. Becking. 4 plants
(413802).
Dimicrii Belakovskii. 2 minerals
(413714).
Mrs. Genevieve H. Bellis. 27 artifacts,
102 photos & 1 book (400216).
Marcia K. Benouameur. 8 fossil mol-
lusks (413888).
Dubi Benyamini. 6 ants (414035).
Joe Bernstein. 13 fossil vertebrates
(409465).
Vito Bertocci. 8 fossils & 3 casts (413899).
Dr. Wes Bicha. 73 insects (409058,
414058).
Dr. George H. Bick. 4 insects (414881).
Dudley Blauwet. 1 mineral (404729).
David J. Bohaska. 50 fish fossils
(408266).
Dr. Richard Boscoe. 4 insects (409043).
Dr. L. Botosaneanu. 82 insects (410768).
Jim Bourdon. 3 fossils (412215, 413950).
Dr. David E. Bowles. 1 insect (411799).
Marcelo Silva Briano. 18 crustaceans
(407789).
James G. Bulich. 1 cicada (414041).
Drs. Tom & Beatrice L. Burch. 61+ mol-
lusks (410450).
Dr. George Byers. 4 insects (414028).
J. Gregory Cahill. 2 rocks (411481).
Stephen & Janet Cares. 3 minerals
(413700).
Kevin R. Chamberlain. 2 rocks (411454).
Dr. Richard Chandler. 1 fossil whale
tooth (411193).
Dr. Jose Clarijo. 7 insects (414038,
414039).
258
Carl C. Clayton. 1 lot of synthetic miner-
als (409180).
Dr. Mark Cloos. 8 rocks (411464).
H. R. Colbert, Sr.. 1 bird (411602).
Aulano Contreras-Ramos. 552 insects
(409600).
Dr. Charles V. Covell, Jr.: 185 insects
(411822, 412727).
James W. Cowan. 8 minerals (411249).
Elizabeth M. Cridlin. 4 fossils (410160,
410222, 411213).
Brad C. Cross. 2 minerals (413720).
Dr. Earle A. Cross. 5 mites (409046).
Stephen J. Culver. 24 fossils (412206,
410246).
Tom Cushman. I mineral (411307).
Dr. D. L. Deonier. 579 flies (414027,
414868).
Mrs. K. Sobita Devi. 1 carnelian neck-
lace (400218).
Harold & Doris Dibble. 1 mineral
(404716).
Dr. Henri Dillen. 1 mineral (409148).
Dr. Daryl! P. Domning. approx. 30 fossil
vertebrates (410201).
Dr. Stephen K. Donovan. 2 fossils
(410168, 413869).
William F. Douglas, Jr.. 2 fossil bones
(409487).
Trevor Dumitru: See also Dr. Juhn G.
Liou (411494).
Richard Dunn. 1 plant (414263).
Dr. Lance A. Durden. 4 insects (412420,
412421, 412422).
Fred S. Ellers. 1 gold specimen (409158).
Michael Ellwood. 3 fossils (407493,
411148).
Dr. N. J. Elton. 1 mineral (409147).
Al Falster. 1 mineral (413716).
Benny Fenn. 45 minerls (409200).
Dr. Glenn Fisher. 101 insects (411809).
Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr.. 191 insects
(414056).
Dr. Michael A. Floyd. 15 caddisflies
(414044).
Dr. C. Edgar Folk, Jr.. 125 artifacts
(400225).
George C. Fonger. 307 fossil vertebrates
(410198, 411127, 411195, 411215, 412217,
412145, 412167, 412183, 413909,
413940).
John M. Foster. 1 crab (407811).
Dr. Carl Francis. 1 rock (411437).
Dr. J. H. Frank. 2 insects (411801).
Dr. Richard Franz. 10 insects (410751).
Dr. Jack Frazier: 1 barnacle (337938).
Dr. Claudio Froehlich. 18 insects
(410764).
Dylan Fuller. 1 plant (408652).
Dr. Stuart M. Fullerton: 18 insects
(410763).
Dr. Richard V. Gaines. 1 opal (409124).
Marilyn Galvin. 8 artifacts (400224).
Mr. and Mrs. Lucien P. Garo. 2 artifacts
(400227).
J. L. Garrison. 7 meteorites (411394).
Dr. Rosser W. Garrison. 12 insects
(411803).
Dr. Jon K. Gelhaus. 244 insects
(410769).
Dr. Julio Antonio Genaro. 20 insects
(409601).
Dr. Mario Gentili. 28 insects (414865).
Ernest H. Gilmour. 12 fossils (411199).
James B. Glover. 82 caddisflies
(414034).
Dr. A. A. Godovikov. 2 minerals
(409150).
Dr. Richard Gordon. 34 flies (411821).
Pat Gotsis. 1 fossil skull (413911).
Dr. Carlo Maria Gramaccioli. 1 mineral
(411260).
Dr. John C. Green. 5 rocks (411455).
Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd F. Gunther. 41+ fos-
sils (411158).
Val Gunther. 1 fossil slab with ca. 28
specimens (411157).
Dr. Dale Habeck. 1 insect (409042).
Jeff Hall. 12 plants (411935).
Dr. Tsu-Ming Han. 2 fossils (412171).
Martin I. Harman. 1 mineral (406358).
Christopher Harmatuk. 1 fossil seal ver-
tebra (409451).
Peter J. Harmatuk: ca. 350 fossil verte-
brates (409452, 411150).
Dr. Steven C. Harris: 116 insects
(409603, 411800, 414871).
Peter Hattenschwiler. 127 bagworm
moths (412746).
Erik Hauri. 2 rocks (411485).
Dr. John Haynes. 3 rocks (411480).
R. W. Heard. 25+ freshwater snails
(410465).
Mark Helper. 1 blueschist rock (411466).
Amy Hochberg. 53+ freshwater snails
(410473, 413062).
Dr. E. Richard Hoebeke. 17 insects
(412731).
Dr. Michael D. Hogan. 5 fossil verte-
brates (410199, 411164).
Doris S. Holt. approx. 50 fossil shark
teeth (411186).
Janet A. Hooker. 4 pieces of diamond
jewelry (411277).
Dr. Robert J. Horodyski (deceased). . 1
fossil (411201).
Dr. J. Michael Howard. 12 minerals
(406292).
Steve Howard. 1 mineral (409166).
Dr. David A. Hubbard, Jr.. 90+ fresh-
water snails (408080, 408136,
410447, 410463, 410466, 411166,
413064, 413076, 413089, 413142).
Jane Hubbard: 15 fossils (411166).
Paul H. Humann. 3 echinoderms
(412877). , 1 fish (413555).
William Huntc. 1 mineral (406350).
W.R. B. Hynd. 213 insects (414059).
Mr. & Mrs. Frank Hyne. 1,036 fossil ver-
tebrates (408301, 412178, 413870).
Dr. Teruo Ishida. 340 crustaceans
(401115, 405264).
Dr. Glen Izett. 1 bedded ashfall
(411498).
Dr. James B. Johnson. 6 insects
(409584).
Linda Johnson. 7 fossils (411207).
Ralph Johnson. 366 fossils (411214,
413929).
Mark Joiner. 1 fossil walrus tusk
(413956).
Theodore R. Kahn. 26 amphibians &
reptiles (398061).
Dr. Chester Karwoski. 3 minerals
(404714).
Gregory Katz. 1 rock (411473).
Dr. Yosuke Kawachi. 1 mineral
(413686).
Ron Keil. 21 fossil vertebrates (412222,
413893).
Tim King. 37 insects (409052).
Dr. Donald N. Kinn. 3 mites (409045).
Dr. Guennadi N. Kisselev. 17-fossils
(412190).
Trish Kohler. 1 fossil (402070).
Dr. Boris Kondratieff. 123 insects
(409582, 411807, 411817).
Dr. B. C. Kondratiev. 24 moths
(414032).
Dr. Richard C. Konopacky. 30+ mol-
lusks (410456).
Hugo H. Kool. 50+ marine mollusks
(413107).
Dr. Chris Langdon. 50+ crustaceans
(405258).
William Larson. 5 minerals (413690).
Dr J. Lewis. 25+ freshwater snails
(408121, 413136).
Dr. Robert Lewis. 9 insects (409571).
Dr. Juhn G. Liou. 1 rock (411494).
Dr. Bruce Lockard. 1 spider (414046).
Alan Logan. 27 fossils (410253).
Dr. Roger D. Longley. 50+ freshwater
snails (408097).
Peter Lyckberg. 1 topaz (411305).
Sue Ellen Lyons. 18 fossil shark & ray
teeth (409484).
Dr. John F. MacDonald. 2 insects
(409056).
Dr. Allison Macfarlane. 2 rocks (411478).
Robert & Elizabeth Mallott. 8 artifacts
(409929).
Arnaldo Mangeaud. 9 insects (410736).
Dr. Bryant Mather. 749 insects
(409048, 409606, 412728, 414878).
Deborah Mathews. Io! insects (411816).
Dr. W. P. McCafferty. 2 insects
(409594).
Dr. Miriam E. McColloch: See also Dr.
Ernest H. Gilmour (411199).
Marion McDowell. 2 fishes (412284).
Frank K. McKinney. 1 fossil (413865).
Ralph E. McLintock. 10+ samples of
quartz (406388).
Dr. J.E. McPherson. 2 insects (412734).
John Medici. 1 mineral (409145).
Mark Meisenhalder. 31 minerals
(411261).
Ray Meisenhalder: 16+ minerals
(404703).
Silvina Menu-Marque. 209 crustaceans
(405203).
Eric H. Metzler. 408 insects (411798).
Dr. David L. Meyer. 90 fossils (412189).
Ruth Mickelson. 1 cicada (414882).
Dr. W. W. Middlekauff. 7 insects
(409597).
Dr. Scott Miller. 589 insects (412724).
Glenn Minnick. 1 jadite ring (409119).
Margot Monson. 2 insects (409061).
Dr. Tomas Moore. 2 insects (410762).
Dr. Steven Moulton. 2,515 caddisflies
(414874, 414875).
Wolfgang Mueller. 2 minerals (413678).
Dr. James D. Myers. 1 rock (411479).
Robert.F. Myers. 1 fish (413466).
Kusum S. Naorunne. 1 mineral (411304).
Randall Nix: 3 minerals (409151).
Dr. P. Nornberg. 1 mineral (409177).
Peter T. Oboyski. 2 insects (409599).
Ray Ogilvie & Son. a fossil dinosaur
claw (406866).
Dr. Vladimir Ortsharenko. 103 spiders
(410757).
Dr. John Oswald. 17 insects (411814).
Peter B. Pearman. 1,134 insects
(409040).
Dr. David L. Pearson. 2 beetles (412738).
Patricia Pendery-Bernard. 5 minerals
(411247).
Dr. William Peters. 78 mayflies
(414043).
Sid Pieters. 10+ minerals (413710).
Dr. Ingeborg- Zenner Polania. 27 in-
sects (412747).
Woody Pollard: See also Dr. Thomas
Rockwell (411471).
Dr. Leonid Popov. 347 fossils (411138).
Dr. Jeffrey Post. 1 rock (411482).
Arnold L. Powell. 1 fossil shark vertebra
(408344).
George W. Powell, Jr.. 4 fossils
(408309, 411172, 412203, 412204).
Dr. Roger Price. 70 insects (410739,
414862).
Eric Prokopi. 2 fossil vertebrate bones
(413944).
Jay Quade. 2 freshwater snails (413063).
Rob Raguso. 18 insects (408015).
Robert W. Read. 1 plant (405443).
Edward B. Reed. 597 crustaceans
(410356, 410380).
John Remer, Jr.. 1 mineral (404717).
Carla Restrepo. 4 plants (410557).
Dr. J. Keith Rigby. 84 fossil sponges
(412148, 413895).
Dr. Tyson R. Roberts. 5 fishes (412262).
Dr. George Robinson. 3 minerals
(409167).
Dr. Peter Robinson. 29 rocks (411470).
Dr. Thomas Rockwell. 1 rock (411471).
Dr. Sergio A. Roig. 2 ground beetles
(411820).
Dr. William I. Rose. 1 rock (411435).
Dr. John L. Rosenfeld. 1 rock (411493).
Vince Roth. 1 spider (409050).
Mark J. Rothschild. 138 insects
(409059).
Dr. David E. Ruiter. 8 caddisflies
(412722).
Aniko Sabo. 200+ worms (412614).
Dr. Curtis W. Sabrosky. 1,011 insects
(409047, 411812, 414025).
Mr. and Mrs. Parker Savage. 7 minerals
(411253).
259
Dr. Donald E. Schnell. 1 plant (410818).
Dr. G. G. E. Scudder. 37 insects
(412737).
Christopher Shaw. 2 rocks (411438).
Dr. Scott Shaw. 3 insects (414866).
Dr. Rowland Shelley. 132 insects and
other arthropods (409576, 412723,
412732, 414867).
Professor Haraldur Sigurdsson. 1 rock &
6 meteorites (411403).
Gordon Simonson. 4 fossils (399123).
Robin M. Smith. 2 insects (412730).
Samuel B. Snyder. 1 insect (411815).
Dr. James E. Sorauf. 7 fossils (412127).
Dr. Felix Sperling. 681 insects (412741).
Dr. Lionel Stange. 2 net-veined insects
(414026).
Mrs. H. Goodwin Stevenson. 4,718 in-
sects (412742).
Dr. Jeffrey Stevenson. 1 mineral
(406315).
Dr. Bruce L. Stinchcomb. 70 fossil mol-
lusks (412221).
Dr. Carl W. Stock. 4 fossils (411182).
Robert D. Storch. 1 quartz (409129).
Dr. Ben Srour, III. 10 caddisflies
(414879).
Dr. S. L. Straneo. 130 ground beetles
(411819).
Mr. & Mrs. Dale Stream. 2 fossils
(410158, 410208).
Patricia Stream. 1 partial fossil mammal
bone (413957).
Professor Franco Strumia. 92 insects
(411790).
Dr. Keith Sturgeon. 4 fossils (410165).
Dr. J. Bolling Sullivan: 311 insects
(414055, 414876).
Dr. Rebecca F. Surdick. 2 insects
(409580).
Dr. Robert F. Surdick. 6 stoneflies
(414861).
Mrs. Juanda Taylor. 4 fossil vertebrates
(411133).
Richard Tellekamp. 49 fossil inverte-
brates (411194).
Dale Theiling. 6 fossil blowfish bones
(408313).
Mary S. Thieme. 1 Nigerian textile
(400226).
David Thomas. I mineral (411248).
Dr. F. C. Thompson. 2 bird skins
(408912).
Dr. Ichiji Togashi. 1 insect (409586).
Herve de Toulgoet. 2 insects (411810).
260
Dr. Annette B. Tucker. 11 fossils
(412138).
Thomas L. Tucker. 2 quartz specimens
(411254).
Dr. George Uetz. 17 spiders (412720).
Michael Valenti. 2 moths (408017).
Papo Vives. 1 plant (412959).
Tim Vogt. 12 insects (409051).
John Wakabayashi: See also Dr. John G.
Liou (411494).
Dr. Kurc Walenta. 1 mineral (406314).
Dr. Paul Wallace. 5 rocks (411474).
Dr. David J. Ward. 1 fossil sharks tooth
(410229).
Maxine West. I insect (412735).
Dr. Nathaniel Whitney. 49 bird skins
(390033, 402861).
Mrs. Gail Willeke. 17 echinoderms
(411002).
Larry Wilner. 5 Native American arti-
facts (400223).
Dr. Harry C. Yeatman. 161 crustaceans
(405355).
Dr. Frank N. Young. 703 beetles
(409593, 412740, 412745).
National Zoological Park
Donors of Financial Support
$500, 000 or more
Friends of the National Zoo
$100, 000 or more
Director's Circle of the National Zoo
Mrs. Shirley P. Sichel
$50,000 or more
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Smithsonian Women's Committee
The Pew Charitable Trusts
World Wildlife Fund
$30, 000 or more
Arcana Foundation
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Ms. Caroline D. Gabel
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Communications Satellite Corporation
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American Association for the Advance-
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Mrs. Joan D. Haig
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Donors of Financial Support
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United States Agency for International
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Donors of Financial Support
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Erwin.
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Ripley.
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Manuscript on the History of the
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Sabrosky.
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Smith.
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History Collections. Records of the
Society.
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Janet W. Solinger. Papers of Janet W.
Solinger.
Paul J. Spangler. Papers of Paul J.
Spangler.
Holman J. Swinney. Papers of Holman
J. Swinney.
Henk Wolda. Papers of Henk Wolda.
Ellis L. Yochelson. Papers of Ellis L.
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Smithsonian
Environmental Research
Center
Donors of Financial Support
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Philip D. Reed Foundation
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$1,000 or more
Frank N. Magid Associates
Smithsonian Institution
Libraries
Donors of Financial Support
$5,000 or more
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ind
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Charles Blitzer
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John Jell and Dorothy Hill
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Mr. and Mrs. George Stubbs
Time-Life Books
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Nancy E. Gwinn
TAP Publishing Company
$250 or more
Frederick Bayer
J. G. Browne
Irene and Marvin Schneiderman
Barbara J. Smith
Jean Chandler Smith
$100 or more
Anonymous (2)
John Anderson
Antiques on the Hill
Robert Blackwell
Staff of Bowling Green State University
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Ross M. Cowden
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R. J. Durling
Giraud V. Foster
Pamela M. Henson
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William Oliver
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Jo Schneiderman
Alvin Schorr
Albert H. Small
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Donors to the Collection
Individual Donors
Dr. Joseph Adande
Dr. Kraig Adler
262
Mr. Jorma Ahvenainen
Ms. Josephine Anderson
Mr. Willie Atencio
Prof. Enrico Baldini
Mrs. Mary W. Ballard
Ms. Paola Barbarino
Mr. Bruce Barkley
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Mr. Carl H. Ernst
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Mr. Burton S. Greenstein
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Mr. Richard Haigh
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Dr. Hans-Joachim Herrmann
Mr. Howard W. Herz
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Ms. Pat Hewitt
Dr. Robert S. Hoffmann
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Dr. John M. Hyson
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Mr. David L. Jickling
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Mr. Alan R. Kabat
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Mr. George L. T. Kerr
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Mr. Guy Loudmer
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Sr. Juan A. Manelia
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Asian Vegetable Research and Develop-
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ton, D.C. :
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Physics, National Museum of Ameri-
can History, Washington, D.C.
Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Instituto de Ecologia, A.C., Veracruz,
Mexico
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DG:
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264
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Dr. and Mrs. Richard J. Wattenmaker
Ms. Angela K. Westwater
Reba White Williams
Mrs. Wallace S. Wilson
Mr. and Mrs. James H. Wineman
Mrs. Warren R. Woodward
Dr. and Mrs. Clyde Wu
Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Wyeth
$250 or more
Mr. and Mrs. Ansel Aberly
Mr. and Mrs. Hale R. Allen
Martin and Irene Bader
Mr. W. N. Banks
Dr. and Mrs. James Bannon
Mr. Edward Larrabee Barnes
Mr. Randall C. Bassett
Mr. and Mrs. Bogdan Baynert
Mr. and Mrs. Gifford R. Beal
Mr. and Mrs. William G. Beaumont
Mr. and Mrs. Donald A. Benyas
Dr. Annette Blaugrund
Mr. and Mrs. Paul Borman
Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Brosch
Mr. and Mrs. Henry F. Burroughs
Mr. and Mrs. Richard J. Burstein
Dr. Irving F. Burton
John W. Butler, Jr. and John M.
VanderLinden
Mrs. Martin L. Butzel
Ms. Natalie Canvasser
Mr. and Mrs. David M. Chamberlain
Citimark, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Ive Cobb
Mr. Harry Coburn
Mrs. Ellen R. Cooper
Mrs. Lammot DuPont Copeland
Ms. Priscilla Cunningham
Dr. and Mrs. Arnold C. Curry
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph L. Davidson
Mr. Bruce A. Davis
Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Day
Mr. and Mrs. Brian Dillon
. William A. Dreher
Zee
. Virginia Dwan
Mrs. Beatrice Elkin
Mr. and Mrs. Alex J. Erkin
Mr. and Mrs. Marvin A. Evenchik
Mrs. Hortense F. Feldblum
Mr. and. Mrs. Frank W. Ford, Jr.
Walter and Josephine Ford Fund
Ms. Jeanette Forrest
Mrs. Irma L. Fraad
Dr. and Mrs. Jacob B. Freedman
Mr. and Mrs. Walter J. Fried
Mr. and Mrs. Robert J. Friedlander
Miss Elizabeth H. Fuller
Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Germack, Jr.
Mrs. Henry Goldberg
Ms. Judith Goldman
Ms. Barbara Goldsmith
Mrs. Ralph Graves
Mr. Philip J. Hahn
Mrs. Miriam L. Hamburger
Harcourt General, Inc.
Dr. and Mrs. Reginald F. Harnett
Mrs. Iola S. Haverstick
Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Heaton
Mr. Charles Hess
Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin D. Holloway
Mr. and Mrs. Gedale Horowitz
Mr. and Mrs. John K. Howat
Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Jacobson
Mr. and Mrs. Leonard C. Jaques
Mr. Harry Kahn
Mrs. Martha Katz
Mr. John W. Kegler
Ms. Marcia Gygh King
Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Kogod
Kraushaar Galleries
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Kughn
Dr. and Mrs. Richard W. Kulis
Lachaise Foundation
Dr. and Mrs. Gregory K. Lane
Mrs. Eugene M. Lang
Mr. and Mrs. David Leader
Mrs. Harry Lenart
Mrs. Robert H. Levi
. and Mrs. Lawrence F. DuMouchelle
Mr. and Mrs. Robert K. Lifton
Mr. and Mrs. David Long
Mr. and Mrs. Mark O. Lynton
Mrs. William B. Macomber
Mrs. William A. Marsteller
Mrs. Susan McClatchy
Mrs. Nan Tucker McEvoy
Mary McFadden
Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas Millhouse
Mrs. Edward P. Moore
Mr. and Mrs. Lester S. Morse, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. E. Clarence Mularoni
Mrs. John U. Nef
Mr. and Mrs. Milford Nemer
Mrs. Annalee G. Newman
Dr. and Mrs. Kevin T. O’Donnell
Mr. and Mrs. Calvin W. Odom
Mrs. Harris K. Oppenheimer
Mrs. Janice C. Oresman
Mrs. Henry Pearlman
Dr. and Mrs. Terry Podolsky
Mr. and Ms. David Pollack
Mr. and Mrs. Martin J. Rabinowitz
Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Richter
Mr. Roger S. Robinson
Mr. Norman H. and Mrs. Dulcie
Rosenfeld
Mrs. Audrey Rosenman
Ms. Joan Sankovich
Mr. Michael Schoenith
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas L. Schoenith
Mr. and Mrs. Everett C. Schultz
Mrs. Lillian Schwartz
Mr. and Mrs. Jack Seedman
Mr. and Mrs. Frederic A. Scharf
Dr. Robert F. Sly
Mrs. Betty S. Smith
Mr. and Mrs. Howard Smits
Mr. James W. Snyder
Mrs. Markely Spivak
Mr. David H. Steinmetz
George Stern Fine Arts
Mr. and Mrs. George Strumbos
Mr. Bernard E. Sullivan
Ms. Ann E. Summers
Mr. James Thacher
Mrs. Helen S. Tucker
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Tucker
Dr. and Mrs. Lawrence Usher
Mr. Robert C. Vose III
Mr. John F. Walker, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. William C. Wallstein
Mrs. Joan Washburn
Mr. and Mrs. Cameron Waterman
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Wechsler
266
Wildenstein & Co., Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Erving Wolf
Mr. Kenneth Wolfson
Mr. Richard T. York
Freer Gallery of Art and
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
Donors of Financial
Support—Freer Gallery of Art
$100, 000 or more
Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney
$50,000 or more
E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foun-
dation
Smithsonian's Scholarly Studies
Program
$10,000 or more
Mary Livingston Griggs and Mary
Griggs Burke Foundation
Duron, Inc.
The New York Community Trust
Smithsonian's Special Exhibition Pro-
gram (formerly SEF)
Smithsonian Women’s Committee
$5, 000 or more
Mr. and Mrs. Melvin G. Alper
Dr. and Mrs. Alexander Chase
Madame Tomo Kikuchi
Mr. and Mrs. Peter L. Kreeger
Mr. and Mrs. James J. Lally
Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation
$1, 000 or more
Mary Livingston Griggs and Mary
Griggs Burke Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Brice M. Clagett
Mr. and Mrs. Willard G. Clark
Mr. and Mrs. Walter Freedman
Carl M. Freeman Foundation
The Hon. and Mrs. Richard Helms
Dr. and Mrs. David Ingall
Embassy of Japan
Mr. and Mrs. Alex C. Levin
Metropolitan Center for Far Eastern Art
Studies
Ms. Evelyn S. Nef
Mr. and Mrs. David Osnos
Mr. and Mrs. Peter Schwartz
Mr. and Mrs. John C. Walton
$500 or more
Mr. and Mrs. Donald Brown
Dr. and Mrs. Richard H. Conant
Mr. Gary L. Krauthamer
Ms. Karol Kirberger Rodriguez
Dr. Ronald M. Costell and Ms. Martha
E. Swiss
Donors of Financial
Support—Arthur M. Sackler
Gallery
$100, 000 or more
Smithsonian's Special Exhibition Pro-
gram (formerly SEF)
$10, 000 or more
The AMS Foundation for the Arts, Sci-
ences & Humanities
Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd E. Costen
The Arthur M. Sackler Foundation
Smithsonian's Educational Outreach
Fund
James Smithson Society
$1,000 or more
Embassy of Japan
Dr. and Mrs. David L. Raphling
Sumitomo Corporation of America
$500 or more
Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Benkaim
Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth X. Robbins
Mrs. Else Sackler
Donors to the Freer Gallery of
Art and the Arthur M.
Sackler Gallery
$10, 000 or more
American Business Conference, Inc.
Xerox Corporation
$1,000 or more
Boeing Company
Christie, Manson & Woods Interna-
tional, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Peter Rosenberg
Taipei Economic and Cultural Represen-
tative Office in the USA
$500 or more
Mr. and Mrs. Nathan J. Stark
Donors of Financial
Support—Friends of Asian
Art (Freer and Sackler)
$10, 000 or more (Corporate and
Foundation Sponsors)
The Arthur M. Sackler Foundation
$5,000 or more (Founders’ Circle)
Harriett Ames Charitable Trust
The Hon. Max N. Berry
Mrs. Jackson Burke
Mr. and Mrs. Roger E. Covey
Mr. and Mrs. James J. Lally
Mrs. John A. Pope
$2, 500 or more (Director's Circle)
Mr. and Mrs. William Beierwaltes
Mr. and Mrs. Brice M. Clagett
Mrs. and Mrs. Willard G. Clark
Mrs. Myron S. Falk, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. George J. Fan
Mr. and Mrs. Hart Fessenden
Mr. and Mrs. John G. Ford
Sir Joseph E. Horung
Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney
Mr. and Mrs. R. Robert Linowes
William Douglas McAdams, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. David Osnos
Dr. and Mrs. David L. Raphling
Dr. and Mrs. Kenneth X. Robbins
Ms. Karol Kirberger Rodriguez
Ms. Elizabeth A. Sackler and Mr. Fred
Berner
Mrs. Else Sackler
Mr. Robert C. Tang
$1,000 or more (Patrons’ Circle)
Dr. and Mrs. Bruce Alberts
Mrs. James W. Alsdorf
Mr. and Mrs. Steven Ames
Mr. and Mrs. David Austern
Mr. and Mrs. John T. Bennett
Mr. and Mrs. Dries Blitz
Mr. and Mrs. John B. Bunker
Dr. Victoria Chan-Palay
Mrs. Nien Yuan Yao Cheng
Mr. and Mrs. O.B. Collins
Mr. and Mrs. John R. Curtis, Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Danziger
Mr. R. H. Ellsworth
Mr. and Mrs. Giuseppe Eskenazi
Dr. and Mrs. Robert S. Feinberg
Dr. and Mrs. Horace Z. Feldman
Dr. Kurt A. Gitter and Ms. Alice Yelen
The Hon. and Mrs. Donald P. Gregg
Dr. Gaylen Hallick and Ms. Angelina
Chuang
Mr. and Mrs. Erwin Harris
Mr. John B. Henry and Ms. Ann
Crittenden
Mrs. Rolf Jacoby
Mr. and Mrs. Philip C. Jessup, Jr.
Ms. Shirley Z. Johnson and Mr. Charles
Rumph
Mr. and Mrs. Stanton Jue
Mr. Andrew Kahane
Mr. and Mrs. Ramesh C. Kapoor
Mr. Subhash Kapoor
Dr. and Mrs. Gregory T. Kruglak
Mr. and Mrs. Jatinder Kumar
The Hon. and Mrs. William Leonhart
Mr. and Mrs. James Marinaccio
Mr. and Mrs. Peter Marks
Ms. Johanne Master
Mr. Takeo Mayuyama
Dr. Allen M. Mondzac
Dr. and Mrs. Stanton P. Nolan
Mr. and Mrs. Lucio A. Noto
Ms. Toshihiko Okoshi and Mr. Machiko
Oyama
Mr. and Mrs. William H. Peters
Lt. Col. and Mrs. Joseph T. Pisciotta
Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Poster
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Pritzker
Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Reeves
Dr. Marietta L. Sackler
Mr. Anthony H. M. Schnelling
Mr. and Mrs. Iwao Setsu
Mrs. Richard E. Sherwood
Mrs. John Farr Simmons
Mr. and Mrs. Walter A. Simmons
Mr. and Mrs. H. R. Slusser
Ms. Laura Smith
Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Sokol
Dr. Mahinder and Mr. Sharad Tak
Mrs. H. William Tanaka
Mrs. and Mrs. John C. Walton
Mr. and Mrs. Guy Weill
Ms. Shelby White and Dr. Leon Levy
Ms. Doris Wiener
Donors to the Collection
—Freer Gallery of Art
David, Evan, Franklin and George
Chow. Ritual drum, China, Eastern
Han or Six Dynasties period, 3rd—6th
century, bronze (F1994.25a—b).
Dr. and Mrs. Robert Feinberg. “Thirty-
Six Poets at Leisure,” by Matsumura
Goshun (Japanese, 1752-1811), Edo pe-
riod, late 18ch—early 19th century, ink
and light color on paper (F1995-11).
Mr. and Mrs. Shigeru Fujisawa. Table,
China, Ming dynasty, 16th or 17th
century, lacquer inlaid with mother-
of-pearl (F1995.5).
Ruth and Sherman Lee. Allegorical fig-
ure, attributed to Nar Singh (Indian,
active 1589-1604), Mughal period, ca.
1600, ink and color on paper
(F1995.13).
Elizabeth Meyer Lorentz. Inkstone in
firted, carved, wooden box with lid,
China, Qing dynasty, Republic Pe-
riod, late 19th—early 20th century,
fine-grained rock, wood (F1995.4a—).
Nieces and nephews of Janet Gaylord
Moore. Album on landscape paint-
ings by Chikkei Nakabuyashi (Japan-
ese, 1816-1867), Edo period, 19th
century, ink and color on paper with
brocade binding F1995.12a-).
Alan, Donald and David Winslow.
Three prints by Hiroshige Ando (Jap-
267
anese, 1797-1858), Edo period, 1857,
ink and color on paper (F1994.28—.30).
Donors to the Collection—
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
Anonymous. Pair of manuscript covers,
Nepal, 17th century, polychrome-
painted wood (S1995.91a—b).
Anonymous. Set of ten sake cups in
original, inscribed box, Japan, ca.
1953-54, earthenware, porcelain, and
wood (S1995.95.1—.11a—b).
Eileen Aderton. Vase, by Kawai
Kanjiro (Japanese, 1890-1966),
stoneware, ca. late 1930's —early
1940's (S1994.17).
Pisarn Boonpoog. Waterjar with stand
and lid, by Thongrochana Boonpoog,
Kokhred, Pakkred, Nonthaburi Prov-
ince, Thailand, ca. 1882, earthenware
(S1994.16a—c).
Lois Connor. Collection of photographs
of Asian landscapes, by Lois Connor
(American b. 1951), late 2oth century,
platinum prints (S1995.16—.88).
Gregory Kruglak. Group of 39 wood-
block prints by various Japanese art-
ists, 19th century, ink and color on
paper (S1994.21-58.)
Joan and Frank Mount. Cermaic vessels,
Iran, 1350-500 B.C., ceramic
(S1994.11-I5).
Lily Overton. Hanging flower basket
and liner, bamboo, by Tanabe
Chikuunsai IJ (Japanese, b. 1910), ca.
1965 (S1995.90a—b).
Elizabeth Sackler. Vessel (jue), 12th—11th
century B.C., China, bronze
(S1994.61).
William Saunders. Group of three Jap-
anese prints, various artists, mid to
late 20th century, woodblock print,
ink and color on paper (S1994.18-
20).
Hiroshi Sugimoto and the Sonnabend
Gallery. Photograph, “Sea of
Japan/Oki,” by Hiroshi Sugimoto
(Japanese, b.1948), gelatin silver
print on paper, 1987 ($1995.93).
Duncan M. Whittome Revocable Trust.
Collection of archaic bronze objects,
Iran (Luristan), 1200-600 B.C.
(S1995.98—113).
268
Donors of In-Kind Support
Jenny So
Tokyo National Resource Institute of
Cultural Properties
Center for Museum Studies
Donors of Financial Support
Donors of $100,000 or more
Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Welters
Smithsonian Women’s Committee
Cooper-Hewitt, National
Design Museum,
Smithsonian Institution
Donors of Financial Support
$500, 000 or more
Ms. Agnes Cowles Bourne
The Estate of Ellinor Merrell
$100, 000 or more
The J.M. Kaplan Fund
The Marks Family Foundation
The Enid and Lester Morse Foundation
$50,000 or more
Mrs. Joan Bull
Hayden Family Foundation
$10,000 or more
Mrs. Kathleen Allaire
The American Express Company
Lillian and Huber Boscowitz Charitable
Trust
Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, Inc.
Choate Rosemary Hall Foundation, Inc.
Colbert Foundation
Krueger Family Foundation, Inc.
New York State Council on the Arts
The New York Times Company Founda-
tion, Inc.
The John M. Olin Foundation, Inc.
Paine Webber Group Inc.
The Pinkerton Foundation
Smithsonian Women’s Committee
Worldesign Foundation
$5,000 or more
The Baird Family Fund at New York
Community Trust
Chiat/Day, Inc.
Liz Claiborne Foundation, Inc.
Goldman Sachs & Co.
Mr. & Mrs. George Gillespie, II
Mr. Clifford H. Goldsmith
Mr. Richard M. Hayden
The Drue Heinz Trust
The Joe and Emily Lowe Foundation
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Newsweek, Inc. .
Charles E. Sampson Memorial Trust
Frances D. Smyth
Steelcase, Inc.
The Roy & Niuta Titus Foundation
$1,000 or more
Mr. and Mrs. Joseph C. Abeles
Architectural Digest
Art Center College of Design
Mr. Jorge L. Batista
Ms. Ruth Bowman
Mr. Donald J. Bruckmann
C & C Imports
Cenro Corporation
Coury Rugs, Inc.
Nancy Corzine
Cy Mann Designs Ltd.
Darius Corporation
Estee Lauder Companies, Inc.
Mrs. Joanne D. Foster
Mrs. Louise Grunwald
Mr. Albert Hadley
Ms. Birgit Hall
Ms. Harriet Sims Harvey
Ms. Laura S. James
Mr. Marshall Levinson
Mr. Kenneth B. Miller
Arthur Ross Foundation, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Herbert D. Schimmel
F. Schumacher & Co.
Joseph Seagram & Sons, Inc.
ial
Ms. Deborah Sampson Shinn
Ms. Frances D. Smyth
Sotheby’s, Inc.
Dr. Frank Stanton
Mr. Kenneth H. Walker
Mr. Gregory J. Wallance
Wood & Hogan, Inc.
Donors to the Collection
AIDS Action Committee. Posters,
AIDS-related, 1993, U.S.A. (1995-30-
1/6)
Steve Albini. Three record sleeves de-
signed by Steve Albini, 1993-1994,
U.S.A. (1995—22-1/3)
Alfred and Elizabeth Bendiner Founda-
tion. Prints and drawings by Alfred
Bendiner, various dates. (1994—135-
1/16)
Arthur G. Altschul. Group of Rozen-
burg Pottery vases and plate, c. 1900,
The Hague, Netherlands. (1994-117-
1/6)
Anglepoise, Ltd. Two lamps, “Anglepo-
ise,” steel enamel, c 1930 and c. 1990,
England. (1995-56-1,2)
Anonymous Donor. Group of graphic
design material, paper, 1993-1994,
posters, announcements. (1995-78-1/7)
Anonymous Donor. Daguerreotype
brooch, ca. 1860, U.S.A.; Tintype
brooch, c. 1870, U.S.A.; Photograph
brooch, c. 1890, U.S.A. (1995-12-1/3)
Anonymous Donor. Poster for Issey
Miyake, 1994; Poster, “Design Talk.”
(1995-52-1,2)
Anonymous Donor. Collection of jew-
elry, c. 1940-1968, Kenya. (1995-37-
1/11)
Anonymous Donor. Group of graphic
design material: announcements,
posters, brochures, greeting cards.
(1995-77-1/48)
Anonymous Donor. Scarf, c. 1960,
Paris, France. (1995-85-1)
Anonymous Donor. Group of topical
maps, printed paper, various loca-
tions, U.S.A. (1995-71-1/13)
Anonymous Donor. Group of posters,
various subjects, designers, dates.
(1994-114-1/40)
Anonymous Donor. Group of shopping
bags, c. 1990, U.S.A. (1994-111-1/6)
Anonymous Donor. Bracelet, gold,
ruby, c. 1950, U.S.A.; Earrings, gold,
ruby, c. 1960, U.S.A. (1995-5I-1,2)
Anonymous Donor. Group of posters,
various subjects, printed paper, C.
1950, U.S.A. (1994-109-1/20)
Art Chantry. Group of graphic design
material: postcards, CD covers, post-
ers, book covers by Art Chantry.
(1995-69-1/94)
Asian AIDS Project. Posters, brochures,
AIDS-related, U.S.A. (1995-28-1/10)
The Baltimore Museum of Art. Portfo-
lio of historic ornament, watercolor
and ink, by Elizabeth A. Nedwill, c.
1900, U.S.A. (1994-90-I-1/51)
Leo J. Blackman. Fabric with photo
print of New York scenes, c. 1940,
U.S.A. (1995-14-1)
Andrew Blauvelt. Graphic design mate-
rials, printed paper, by Andrew
Blauvelt, U.S.A.
(1994-89-1/7)
Lee Bolton. Four posters designed by
Lee Bolton, 1993-1994, U.S.A. (1995-
21-1/4)
Jonathon Boorstein. Two pins, “Ruby
Slippers,” plastic metal, 1994, U.S.A.
(1995-9-1,2)
June Braun and Robert Leibowits.
Poster, glass dish, printed paper bag
and box. All c.1920, designed in The
Netherlands. (1994-63-1/6)
Brother's Network. Poster, AIDS-re-
lated, 1985, U.S.A. (1995-27-1)
Melissa Burch. Poster, “Big Red,”
paper, designed by Susan Stoltz, 1991,
U.S.A.
Barbara E. Busch. Bracelet, agate, gold,
c. 1870, Scotland; Brooch, silver, dia-
monds, c. 1810, England or France.
(1994-130-1,2)
Chuck Byrne. Group of graphic design
material, by Chuck Byrne, U.S.A.
(1995-63-1/11)
Jessie B. Carlton and Carrie Carlton
Helser. Scarf, lino block for scarf and
design drawing for scarf. By Brents
Carlton, c. 1924, U.S.A. (1994-75-1/3)
Donald Carr. Prototype, “Video Sign-
Post 101,” U.S.A. (1995-58-1)
Catholic League for Religious and Civil
Rights. Poster, “Want to Know a
Dirty Little Secret?,” color litho-
graph, 1994, U.S.A. (1995-64-1)
Cicena, Inc. Two telephones, “Home
Phone Basic Unit,” designed by
Cicena, Inc., U.S.A.
(1995-94-1,2)
Estate of David Harris Cohen. Group of
silver cufflinks designed by Georg
Jensen Silversmithy, twentieth cen-
tury, Denmark. (1994-113-1/55)
Robert Coleman. Two architectural pan-
els, cast aluminum, c. 1925, U.S.A.
(1995-40-1,2)
E. Richard Covert. Group of tableware,
glazed stoneware, by Glidden Pot-
tery, c. 1950, U.S.A. (1995-10-1/7)
Julie Curson. Group of matchbooks,
printed paper, various locations de-
picted. (1995-68-1/13)
Dansk International Designs, Ltd. Cut-
lery, “Liisa”, stainless steel, 1993,
U.S.A. (1994-99-1/6)
Gail Davidson. Three holiday cards, c.
1990, U.S.A. (1995-16-1/3)
Department of Health, City of New
York. Posters, “Decision” series, En-
glish and Spanish text, 1992-1993,
U.S.A. (1995-32-1/7)
Gilles Derain. Group of design draw-
ings for jewelry, pen and ink, tracing
paper, c. 1985, France.
(1995-61-5)
Kristina T. Ells. Woven tape for lace-
making. Europe. (1995-54-1)
Helen Federico. Booklet for Charm
Magazine, printed paper, c. 1950,
U.S.A. (1994-76-1)
John Fell. Two bicycle tools, “Milk
Lever,” plastic, by Pedro's U.S.A., c.
1990, U.S.A. (1994-95-1,2)
Edward Fella. Graphic design materials
designed by Edward Fella, U.S.A.
(1995-42-1/65)
Louise Fili. Three book covers designed
by Louise Fili, c. 1980, U.S.A. (1995-
25-1/3)
Fitch, Inc. Model of cellular telephone,
“Talisman.” (1995-60-1)
Nancy Flinchum. Roll of wallpaper,
“Nicty-Gritty,” machine print on
paper, 1968, U.S.A. (1994-127-I)
Russell Flinchum. Tie tack, “Telstar,”
metal, c. 1958, U.S.A. (1994-133-1)
Florville Design. Holiday card and enve-
lope, cut-paper, U.S.A.; “Year
Round” perpetual calendar, plastic,
1986, U.S.A. (1995-95-1,2)
269
frogdesign, inc. “EO” personal com-
puter; “Angelo” cordless telephone,
group of office equipment. (1995-59-
1/7)
frogdesign, inc. Computer monitor and
system unit, “NeXt,” ABS plastic,
1986-1988, U.S.A. (1995-36-1,2)
FE. Schumacher & Co. Sidewalls,
children’s designs, by F. Schumacher
& Co., U.S.A. (1994-100-1/7)
Gallery 91. Group of office equipment,
“Repro.” (1995-91-1/5)
Gallery 91. Posters, “Good Manners
Campaign,” printed paper, designed
by Miyake Masahisa, 1992, Japan.
(199 4-112-1/16)
Denis Gallion and Daniel Morris.
Group of tableware and housewares:
vases, tureen, candlesticks, trays—
various dates, materials. (1994-118-
1/26)
Cora Ginsburg. Linen damask, made in
Germany. (1994-103-1)
Cora Ginsburg. Printed fabrics, late
eighteenth—early nineteenth centu-
ries, France.
(1994-80-1/36)
Cora Ginsburg. Dress fabric, woven
silk, c. 1710, England or Holland.
(1995-43-1)
Barbara Glauber. Postcard, “Lift and
Separate,” designed by Barbara Glau-
ber, 1993, U.S.A. (1995-24-1)
Janet Laib Gortlieb. Applique and em-
broidery cover, c. 1960, Czechoslova-
kia. (1994-83-1)
GVO, Inc. Concept model, “I/O Com-
municator,” designed by GVO, Inc.
U.S.A. (1995-88-1)
Julia Haiblen. Group of six buttons, var-
ious dates, materials. (1994-96-1/6)
Phyllis Harrison and Irene Spielman.
Poster, printed paper, for Geoffrey
Beene, c. 1990, U.S.A. (1994-II0-I)
Ariel Holdsworth. Fabric made in
France. (1994-94-1)
Jareth Holub. Vase, porcelain, by the
Rozenburg Pottery and Porcelain Fac-
tory, 1907, The Netherlands. (1994-
134-1)
Herbert Hoover. Poster, “New,” litho-
graph, by Herbert Hoover, 1994,
USS.A. (1995-66-1)
Coalition for the Homeless. Two post-
ers, printed paperboard, c. 1980-1995,
270
U.S.A.: “Jesus,” “Frigidaire.” (1995-
67-1,2)
ICF. “The Layered Wood Chair,” maple
wood, designed by Timothy
deFiebre, 1993, U.S.A. (1994-108-1)
Iris Center. Posters, AIDS-related, c.
1990, U.S.A. (1995-33-1/4)
Helen Salich James. Two architectural
drawings by Warren A. James,
graphite, paper, 1994, U.S.A. (1995-
46-3,4)
Simon Johnston. Graphic design materi-
als by Simon Johnston, 1993, U.S.A.
(1995-17-1/14)
Raphael Kalkstein. Sample book color sep-
arations, design drawings for wallpa-
per. 1950-1970, U.S.A. (1994-77-1/I18)
Rich Kilby. Graphic design materials
designed by Barefoot Press, c. 1990-
1994, U.S.A. (1995-19-1/6)
Dorothy G. Kolb. Collection of deco-
rated papers, c. 1928-1929, U.S.A.
(1994-124-1/96)
Carole Krohn. Vacuum cleaner, Model
30, designed by Lurelle Guild, 1937,
U.S.A; Pyrex percolator, glass, metal,
U.S.A. (1994-128-1,2)
Carole Krohn. Pocket Stapler, “Aceline”
stapler, “Wolverine typewriter ribbon
case. (1994-126-1/3
Stephanie Brody Lederman. Two calen-
dars, paper, designed by Stephanie
Lederman, 1989 and 1994, U.S.A.:
“Plug,” “Bronx Linoleum Floor.”
(1995-75-1,2)
Robert Leibowits. Vase, porcelain,
enamel, gilding, c. 1900, Austria;
Drawing, “A Masque of Winter &
Spring,” 1899, England. (1995-84-
12
Loewe Binatone. Telephone, “AlphaTel
F Comfort Telephone,” Germany.
(1995-93-1)
Joshua Mack. Portfolio, posters, various
subjects, c. 1960-1970, U.S.A. (1995-
38-1/28)
David R. McFadden. Key ring, alumi-
num, by Miguel Calvo, 1994, U.S.A.
(1995-II-1)
David R. McFadden. Holiday card,
paper, designed by Peter Srathis,
1994, U.S.A. (1995-35-I)
David R. McFadden. Padlock, meral,
designed by Tapio Wirkkala, 1975,
Finland. (1994—98-Ia/c)
Matuschka. Poster, “Time for Preven-
tion,” designed by Matuschka, 1994,
U.S.A. (1995-23-1)
Elsie Melby. Vase, “BM 86,” glass; Vase,
“BM 85,” glass. 1985-1986, Norway.
(1995-57-1,2)
Minnesota AIDS Project. Posters, AIDS-
related, 1993, U.S.A. (1995-29-1/I0
Mario Mirelez. Graphic design materi-
als: posters, letterhead, advertise-
ment. By Mirelez/Ross, Inc.
(1994-125-1/7)
Valerie Mitchell. Group of costume de-
sign drawings by Erte, paper, France.
(1994-131-1/6)
Gillian Moss. Queen Elizabeth IT lug-
gage label; German banknotes, vari-
ous denominations, 1934.
(1994-132-1/6)
Richard Neagle. Group of design draw-
ings for packaging by Richard Nea-
gle. 1958, U.S.A. (1994-85-1/17)
Meryl Moss Nesbitt. Archive of Saul
Nesbitt, 1951-1980, U.S.A. (1994-84-1)
Dirk Nienhuis. Mantel clock, patinated
bronze, copper, brass, c. 1920, The
Netherlands. (1995-53-1)
The Panwy Foundation, Inc. Collection
of precious tableware: perfume bot-
tles, snuff box, cups -various coun-
tries. (1994-129-1/I5)
Edward Pope. Group of jewelry, c. 1950-
1960, India. (1994-119-1/9)
Herbert T. Pratt. Ashtray, metal, de-
signed 1952, U.S.A. (1995-55-1)
Quadmark. Copier, “Passport,” U.S.A.
(1995-89-1)
Remington Products Co. Two hair dryers,
“Aero Series,” designed by Tucker
Viemeister, 1994, China. (1994-86-1,2)
Sarane Ross. Sweetmeat dish, glass, sil-
ver gilt, by Jean-Baptiste-Claude
Odior, c. 1805, France. (1994-12I-1)
Royal Copenhagen, Inc. Group of office
equipment, “Wave”, designed by
Steve McGugan. (1995-96-1/7)
Charlotte Salisbury. By Faberge: Brooch
and hair pin, gold and garnets; Glass
and silver gilt jar; Pad holder, green
malachite. Chess set, “The Reds and
the Whites,” porcelain, 1922, Soviet
Union. (1994-122-1/5)
Charlotte Salisbury. Group of jewelry:
gold pendant, brooch, finger ring,
various dates, countries. (1995-15-1/7)
Sam Schaefler. Poster, color lithograph,
by Coulange Lautrec, 1910, France.
(1994-74-1)
Susan Silton. Graphic design materials,
printed paper, by Susan Silton,
U.S.A. (1994-88-1/9)
Jilly Simons. Group of graphic design
material, letterhead designs, by Jilly
Simons, U.S.A. (1995-74-1/36)
Simple Machines. Graphic design mate-
tials designed by Kristin Thomson,
1993, U.S.A. (1995-20-1/5)
SisterSerpents. Four posters designed by
SisterSerpents, U.S.A. (1995-18-1/4)
Nancy Skolos. Two posters, offset litho-
graph, U.S.A.: “ALL-IN-1 Informa-
tion Systems...”, “Kloss Video
Corporation.” (1995-72-1,2)
Margaret Spader. Life Magazine issue,
“To the Moon and Back”, 1969,
U.S.A. (1994-106-1)
Eddie Squires. Fabric, photo-print, c.
1950, England. (1994-81-1)
Henry S. Spencer. Group of wallpaper
rolls, early twentieth century, En-
gland. (1995-13-1/7)
Alice Stern. Plate, “MacKinley”, glazed
earthenware, France; Glazed stone-
ware vase, France; Glazed stoneware
match holder, France; Silver tape
measure, U.S.A. (1994-105-1/4)
Alice Stern. Jeweled finial, silver, opal,
France; Pendant, gold, enamel,
France; Tie tack, gold, tooth, France.
(1994-120-1/3)
Gilbert Tauber. Sample book, “Oriental
Printing and Art Papers,” printed
paper, U.S.A. (1994-107-1)
Lucille Tenazas. Graphic design materi-
als, printed paper, by Lucille Tenazas,
U.S.A. (1994-87-1/9)
Transfer from the Exhibitions Depart-
ment. Group of road maps, c. 1990,
U.S.A. (1994-79-1/10)
Cynthia Plaut Trope. Roll of wallpaper,
printed in metallic pigment, c. 1925-
1935, France. (1994-78-1)
University Research Library, UCLA. Ar-
chive of lighting design drawings,
1894-1945, U.S.A. (1995-79-1)
Rick Valicenti. Five posters, color litho-
graph, designed by Rick Valicenti, c.
1980-1995, U.S.A. (1995-73-1/5)
Rudy Vanderlans. Group of graphic de-
sign material for music packaging by
Rudy Vanderlans, U.S.A. (1995-65-
1/11)
Visual AIDS. Five posters, AIDS-
related themes, 1991-1994, U.S.A.
(1995-26-1/5)
Tsirl Waletzky. Laser cut cards by Tsirl
Waletzky, 1982, U.S.A. (1994-123-1/6)
Walcraud Bethge Papiere. Group of of-
fice equipment, copper. (1995-92-1/4)
Seth Joseph Weine. Printing roller for
wallpapers, aluminum, U.S.A. (1994-
82-1)
Whitman-Walker Clinic. Poster, AIDS-
related, 1993. (1995-34-1)
WMEF Aktiengesellschaft. Cutlery,
“Taika,” designed by Peter Kuster,
1994, Germany.
(1995-41-1/II)
Women and AIDS Resource Network.
Two posters, AIDS-related, 1990 and
1993, U.S.A.
(1995-31-1,2)
Mrs. Edward J. Wynkoop. Embroidery
sample by Princess Marie of Greece
and Denmark. (1994-93-1)
Donors of In-Kind Support
Christie's. Donated free subscriptions to
various auction catalogs to the Na-
tional Design Museum Library.
Bombay Sapphire Gin. Donated liquor
for a special event.
Frangelico Liqueurs. Donated liquor for
a special event.
Kirin Beer. Donated liquor for a special
event.
Pimm’s Cup. Donated liquor for a spe-
cial event.
San Pellegrino Mineral Water. Donated
beverages for a special event.
Stolichnaya Cristal Vodka. Donated li-
quor for a special event.
Alex Donner Entertainment. Donated
music services for a special event.
The Body Shop. Donated products for
goody bags.
Hammacher Schlemmer. Donated mer-
chandise for special event.
HunterDouglas Window Fashions. Do-
nated products for goody bags.
Classic CD Magazine. Donated maga-
zines for goody bags.
InStyle Magazine. Donated magazines
for goody bags.
Interior Design Magazine. Donated
magazines for goody bags.
Museums New York. Donated maga-
zines for goody bags.
Whole Earth Magazine. Donated maga-
zines for goody bags.
Sotheby's. Donated free subscriptions to
various auction catalogs to the Na-
tional Design Museum Library.
Hirshhorn Museum and
Sculpture Garden
Donors of Financial Support
$50,000 or more
Jerome L. Greene Foundation, Inc.
The Robert and Phyllis Tishman Speyer
Family Foundation, Inc.
$25, 000 or more
Robert and Carrie Lehrman
$10, 000 or more
The Sydney and Frances Lewis
Foundation
$ I, 000 or more
Anonymous gift
Austrian Cultural Institute
$100 or more
Dodge Color, Inc.
Luso-Americana Foundation of Portugal
Pro-Photo, Inc.
Washington Chapter NSAL Award
Fund
Donors of In-Kind Support
Sandy and Jim Fitzpatrick
Robert and Carrie Lehrman
Peggy and Conrad Cafritz
Marvin and Elayne Mordes
Donors to the Collection
Olga Hirshhorn, Maquette No. 1:
Study for “Terpsichore.” 1994, pencil
on paper, by Richard Fishman
(94.23).
Olga Hirshhorn, Ambrose Vollard (Bloch
232, Bollinger 99), n.d., aquatint and
etching on paper, by Pablo Picasso
(94.24).
Paul W. Hoffmann and Camille Oliver-
Hoffmann, Farm No. 3. 1972, syn-
thetic polymer and charcoal on
fiberboard, by Richard Artschwager
(94.30).
Paul W. Hoffmann and Camille Oliver-
Hoffmann, Four Color Frame Painting
No. 9. 1984, acrylic and graphite on
canvas, by Robert Mangold (94.31).
Stéphane Janssen, Theater of the World,
1988, oil on canvas, by Roberto Mar-
quez (95.2).
Choong-Sup Lim, Untztled (Fossil. Scape)
#4, 1993, painted rubber and steel
spring on steel shelf, by Choong-Sup
Lim (94.25).
Choong-Sup Lim, Untitled (Fossil. Scape)
#5. 1993, painted rubber and elastic
band on steel shelf, by Choong-Sup
Lim (94.26).
Choong-Sup Lim, Untitled (Fos-
sil. Scape) #6. 1993, painted rubber
and wire on steel shelf, Choong-
Sup Lim (94.27).
The Robert Miller Gallery, Objective Ab-
Straction, 1933, oil on linen, by
Rodrigo Moynihan (95.3).
The Peter Norton Family Foundation,
Black Chalkboard (Triple Eye Mae-
stro). 1993, chalk and fixative on
slate-painted fiberboard with
artist's oak frame, by Gary Sim-
mons (94.29).
Searle, Inc., Skokie, Illinois, PAysiczan
and Arthritis Patient, 1994, plaster, by
George Segal (94.28).
The Andy Warhol Foundation for the
Visual Arts, Inc. (partial gift), Se/f-
Portrait. 1986, synthetic polymer and
silkscreen ink on linen, by Andy
Warhol (95.1).
National Air and Space
Museum
Donors of Financial Support
$1, 000, 000 or more
The Boeing Company
$500, 000 or more
$100, 000 or more
Bantam Books, a Division of Bantam
Doubleday Dell Publishing Group,
Inc.
The Estate of Thomas McLaughlan
$50,000 or more
M&M/Mars
$10, 000 or more
Air Line Pilots Association
American Apparel Manufacturers Asso-
ciation, Inc.
American Council of Life Insurance
Andersen Consulting
Baxter Diagnostics, Inc.
Delsey Luggage Incorporated
Dun & Bradstreet Corporation Founda-
tion
Fairchild Space & Defense Corporation
Ford Motor Company
Fortis, Inc.
Healthcare Insurance Services, Inc.
Hughes Danbury Optical Systems, Inc.
IEEE Computer Society
Johnson & Higgins
Lockheed Martin Corporation
Mr. and Mrs. John F. Mars
Merrill Lynch & Company
Metropolitan Washington Airports
Authority
National Space Club
Oracle Applications Users Group
Price Waterhouse
PROMAX International
Sandoz Pharmaceutical Corp.
Schindler Elevator Corporation
Teradyne, Inc.
Young Presidents’ Organization, Inc.
$ 5,000 or more
Aircraft Electronics Association
$1, 000 or more
American Astronautical Society
Mr. Edward J. Campbell
The James A. Macdonald Foundation
Dr. George E. Mueller
National Capitol Section, AIAA
$500 or more
Ms. Kathleen M. Ilyin
Mrs. Helen J. McCray
$250 or more
The James A. Michener Art Museum
Donors of In-Kind Support
AG Industries, Inc. Paper airplanes
used during the Great Paper Air-
plane Contest.
Mr. Fredric J. Bell. Video tapes used in
public lecture series.
Colortone Press. Design and printing of
the 1994 National Air and Space Mu-
seum holiday card.
E.I. Dupont Company. Tyvac used as
kite making materials for Educa-
tional Services “Kite Making Work-
shop.”
Eastman Kodak Company. Single-use
cameras distributed to those attend-
ing the “Flights of Fancy” exhibition
opening event.
Future View, Inc. Installation services
for video projection in the Langley
Theater.
Fusion Lighting, Inc. State-of-the-art
lighting system for “Space Hall”
gallery.
Mr. David P. Gianakos. 1/34 scale model
of the Saturn V launch vehicle for
“Apollo to the Moon” gallery.
Mr. Robert A. Hinkle. Storage/Display
unit for the Paul E. Garber Preserva-
tion, Restoration and Storage Facility.
Holiday Inn Capitol. Hotel accommoda-
tions and catering services for lecture
series and programs.
The Home Deport, Inc. Kite making
materials for Educational Services
“Kire Making Workshop.”
Hughes Information Technology Corpo-
ration. Hughes/JVC Projection Sys-
tem for video projection in the
Langley Theater.
General Electric Aircraft Engines. An-
nual GE Aviation Lecture series dur-
ing 1995.
GSCS, Inc. Repair and maintenance ser-
vices for Grid computer display in
“Beyond the Limits” gallery.
M&M/Mars. Candy distributed to
those attending the 1994 National
Air and Space Museum Trophy
event.
National Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration. Posters distributed to
those attending the 1994 National
Air and Space Museum Trophy
event.
Novadyne Computer Systems. Annual
maintenance services for computer
equipment in “Beyond the Limits”
gallery.
Paris Chocolates, Inc. Candy distrib-
uted to those atrending the 1994
National Air and Space Museum
Trophy event.
Lr. General Thomas P. Stafford, USAF
(Ret.). Marker of Oklahoma granite
to commemorate the Apollo-Soyuz
mission and the cooperation in space
between the US and the USSR.
Trans-Lux Corporation. Datawall dis-
play for closed captioning system in
the Langley Theater.
United Airlines, Inc. Round-trip air
transportation for winners of the
1994 National Air and Space Mu-
seum Trophy.
Dr. Ronald Wilkinson. Bausch & Lomb
8001 telescope and accessories used
for public programs held in the Ein-
stein Planetarium.
WSI Corporation. Hardware and data
service for weather system in “Look-
ing at Earth” gallery.
National Museum of
African Art
Donors of Financial Support
$1,000 or more
Mr. and Mrs. Milton F. Rosenthal
Ms. Joan S. Wadelton
$500 or more
Noah-Sadie K. Wachrel Foundation
Donors to the Collection
Anonymous. Seated female figure from
Céte d'Ivoire (1995-04-001).
Ernst Anspach. Figure of a woman and
child from the Republic of Benin
(1994-18-001).
Ernst Anspach. Four figurative weights
from Ghana (1995-06-001, 002, 003,
004).
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Erwin. Icon from
Ethiopia (1994-21-001).
Mr. and Mrs. Lucien P. Garo.
Gameboard from Liberia (1994-17-
oo!).
Deborah and Jeffrey Hammer. Emblem
of office from Nigeria (1994-19-
OOI.001-.002).
Bernice M. Kelly. Repoussé panel by
Nigerian artist Asiru Olatunde, 1918-
1993 (1995-07-00I).
Bernice M. Kelly. Linocut by Nigerian
artist Bruce Onobrakpeya, b. August
30, 1932 (1995-07-002).
Bernice M. Kelly. Pen and ink drawing
by Nigerian artist Obiora
Udechukwu, b. June 4, 1946 (1995-
07-003).
Dr. and Mrs. Robert Kuhn. Necklace
from Nigeria (1994-15-O01).
Mr. and Mrs. Waldemar A. Nielsen.
Screens by artist Adebisi Akanyji, b.
1930s, Nigeria (1994-20-00I—004).
Brother Louis Ruch, FSC. Shield from
Ethiopia (1995-05-001).
Ellen B. Wells. Currency from Zaire
(1994-16-001).
National Museum of
American Art
Donors of Financial Support
$100, 000 or more
The PEW Charitable Trusts
The James Renwick Collectors Alliance
$50, 000 or more
Howard Kortler Testament Trust
MCI Foundation
$10, 000 or more
Elizabeth Cheney Foundation
Gillman Paper
Melvin and Thelma Lenkin
William R. & Nora Lichtenberg Foun-
dation, Inc.
Philip Morris Companies, Inc.
Rabobank Nederland
David Schwartz Foundation
$5,000 or more
Anonymous
Consolidated Natural Gas Co.
Foundation
Hayes, Domenic: & Nunn
Hines Interests Limited Partnership
Mr. David Maxfield
Harvey & Francoise Rambach
$1, 000 or more
Abramson Family Foundation
The Barra Foundation, Inc.
The Thelma W. Bauerdorf Revocable
1990 Trust
Thomas W. & Ann M. Barwick
Beadles Lumber Co. (Mr. & Mrs. C. Vic-
tor Beadles)
Mr. Norman Bernstein
Berry-Hill (Mr. & Mrs. Frederick Hill)
Frederick J. Brown
Andrew J. Carrollman
Mr. & Mrs. Willard G. Clark
Edwin I. Colodny
Mr. and Mrs. Dale F. Dorn
is)
~~
ww
Mr. & Mrs. Donald J. Douglass
The Dunoir Trust Fund
Ebsworth Foundation
Mr. Frank Everett
Bertram Fields & Barbara Guggenheim
Fields
Mrs. Daniel Fraad
Mr. & Mrs. Morton Funger
Robert & Gayle Greenhill
Barbara Guggenheim Associates, Inc.
Gulf States Paper Corp. (Mr. & Mrs.
Jack Warner)
Hugh & Marie Halff
Mr. & Mrs. Raymond J. Horowitz
Ruth Horwich Marital Trust
Jaquelin Hume Foundation
Maurice & Margery Katz
Mr. & Mrs. Jack Kay
R.C. Kemper Jr. Charitable Trust &
Foundation
The Robert S. and Grayce B. Kerr Foun-
dation, Inc.
Blanche M. Koffler
Mr. & Mrs. Robert P. Kogod
Jon and Barbara Landau
Mr. Robert Lehrman
Mr. Samuel Lehrman
Mr. & Mrs. Jacques E. Lennon
Nan Tucker McEvoy Foundation
Mr. Paul Mellon
Marilyn L. or Michael A. Mennello
Mr. Harvey S. Shipley Miller
Mr. and Mrs. Charles & Judith Moore
The Ohio Historical Society, Inc.
Mr. Richard B. Pfeil
Polaroid Corporation
Jack and Marjorie Rachlin
Frank Ribelin
Mr. Samuel G. Rose
Mr. Samuel Rosenfeld
Mr. & Mrs. James F. Sams
Mrs. John Farr Simmons
Ted & Carole Slavin
Ira Spanierman (Spanierman Gallery)
Terry & Margaret Stent
Mrs. Keith S. Wellin
Mr. & Mrs. Stephen A. West
Mr. Eli Wilner & Ms. Barbara Brennan
Dr. & Mrs. Edward T. Wilson
Estelle R. Wolf
$500 or more
Mrs. Therese Heyman
Jordan-Volpe Gallery, Inc.
274
Miller-Plummer Foundation, The
Mr. Jon Randall Plummer
Joyce Ann Thurston
Weaving Workshop
$250 or more
Helen Drutt Gallery
John Kaldor Foundation
Stephen Lorch
Mrs. Beatrice Cummings Mayer
Quilts, Inc.
Judith N. Ross
Bob Stocksdale & Kay Sekimachi
Donors to the Collection
Julius and Anne Akman, in honor of
the dedicated docents of the Renwick
Gallery. Renwick Gallery, 1992, mo-
saic, by Julius Akman (born 1912)
(1994.86)
Dale and Doug Anderson. Tzptoe Ten-
dency, 1993; Cool Candy, 1993, collages
by Bruce Helander (born 1947)
(199 4.117.1,.2)
Dudley Anderson. San Blas, 1967, by
Ed Rossbach (born 1914) (1995.54)
Anonymous donor. Autumnal Warp, fm.
the series, Order from Chaos, 1982;
Mendenhall fm. the body of work, The
Tongass, 1986; CVNRA #37, fm. the
body of work, The Federal Lands,
1986; Jordanelle/Autumn Equinox, fm.
the portfolio, The Sundance Equinox,
1990, cibachrome prints, by Robert
Glenn Ketchum (1994.119.1-4a-c)
Anonymous donor. Sky Cathedral, 1982,
painted wood construction, by Louise
Nevelson (1900 Russia-1989 USA)
(1994.85)
Anonymous donor. Modern Consciousness,
1989, oil on canvas, by Daniel Sprick
(born 1953) (1994.79)
Thelma W. Bauerdorf Trust. Breathing
Series, #16, 1993, Monotype on paper,
by Anne Neely (born 1946) (1995.71)
Mr. and Mrs. Milton Baxt, in honor of
Michael W. Monroe, Renwick Gal-
lery Curator-in-Charge, 1986-1995.
Blue Flesh, 1991, blown glass and oil
paint, by Danny Perkins (born 1955);
#8 Study in Stone, 1989, fabricated
glass, granite and metal, by Jack
Schmidt (born 1945) (1995.36.1,2)
Ernest Birdseye Bayliss. The Canons of Colo-
rado, n.d., mechanical reproductions of
photographs, by William Henry Jack-
son (1843-1942) (1995.49.1-.16)
William L. Blockstein. Vernal Elegy,
1992, color lithograph by Georgia
Marsh (born 1950); AGB 1+ 10, port-
folio, 1993, etchings, by various art-
ists (20th c.) (1994.10.1,.2.1-.11)
Frid! M. Blumenthal, in memory of her
husband, Bernhardt Blumenthal. K7-
netic Brooch, ca. 1990, 18k gold, chryso-
prase, cabochons, and baroque pearl,
by Fridl M. Blumenthal (born 1905)
(1994.16)
Bogen Photo Corp. South Carolina Ocean
#2, 1992, selenium-toned gelatin sil-
ver print, by Harry Kalish (born
1947) (1994.102)
Bogen Photo Corp., made possible by
the Perkins Center for the Arts. Shav-
ing My Head, 1994, type C print, by
Matt Clowney (born 1969) (1995.57)
A. J. Carrollman Trust. Breathing Series
#9, 1993, monotype on paper, by
Anne Neely (born 1946) (1995.7.2)
Dr. and Mrs. Thomas L. Carter. Leroy
Neiman Pulls a Screenprint, 1982; Durer
at 23. in Venice, in Love, H1s Bags are
Stolen, 1977; Lunch with Lautrec, 1977;
Goya Studies War, 1976; Senefelder Re-
cerves the Secrets of Lithography, 1976; S.
W. Hayter Discovers Viscosity Printing,
1976; Entry of Lasansky into lowa City,
1976; The Last Printmaker, 1978; Pi-
casso at the Zoo, 1978; Ben Franklin at
Versailles, 1976, Rauschenberg at Tama-
rind in Hollywood, 1978; Rembrandt
Bankrupt, 1978; color etchings by
Warrington Colescott (born 1921)
(1994.97-I--12)
Maria Emilia Castagliola. A Matter of
Trust, 1994, paper on fiberglass screen
with cotton thread, by Maria
Castagliola (born 1946) (1995.21)
Mr. and Mrs. William M. Clary, Laura
and Marvin Clary (with Jane and
Bert Hunecke), Girl Standing in the
Mist of Heaven, 1985, oil on panel, by
Lorenzo Scott (born 1934) (1994.125)
Carlos Cortez. Welcome Home, 196s, lino-
cut, by Carlos Cortez (born 1923)
(1995-1)
Mr. and Mrs. Bartow V. Daniels, in
memory of their son, Bartow G. Dan-
iels. Primary Colors, 1978, acrylic,
metal, mirrors and styrofoam, by
Bartow G. Daniels (1952-1989)
(1995.31)
Dr. Hilbert H. DeLawter, in memory of
his wife, Lori. Untitled, 1961, reduced
stoneware with multi-glazes, by John
Glick (born 1938); Spring, 1961, wool,
by Joseph Hamling (born ca. 1939),
1995-44.1,.2
Darlene Mason Denard. Profile in Blue,
1988, ink, charcoal conté on paper, by
Ron Adams (born 1934) (1994.58)
Stuart and Beverly Denenberg. Depth
Bomb, ca. 1930, etching and drypoint
on paper; The Rainbow, ca. 1938, lino-
cut on paper, by Edward Hagedorn
(1902-1982) (1994.83.1,.2)
Reverend Virgilio Elizondo. La Tienda
de Elizondo, 1993, acrylic on canvas,
by Jesse Trevifio (born Mexico 1946)
(1994.126)
William W. Ellis, donated in memory
of A. Russell Ellis by his sons. Land-
Scape, ca. 1860, oil on canvas, by
Charles Herbert Moore (1840-1930)
(1994.82)
Henry David and Barbara Tannenbaum
Epstein. Selenium Ruby, 1994, cut, pol-
ished, constructed and cast optical
and dichroic glass and vitrolite, by
Michael Taylor (born 1944) (1994.94)
Joan Farrell. Double Summer, 1991, two
raku sculptures, by Susan Kemenyffy
(born 1941) and Steven Kemenyffy;
born 1943) (1995-38)
Matthew Fraser, for Caitlin Holcomb,
Douglas Holcomb, Lacy Presley,
Anna Presley, Jessica Presley, Mat-
thew Brenner, Thomas Brenner. Szh-
lings, 1990, 5-color reductive linocur,
by Judith Linhares (born 1940); Cut-
away, 1989, color linocut with Japan-
ese papers, by Robin Winters (born
1950); Life's Lures, 1985, etching; Lzfe's
Comet, 1985, mezzotint; Up or Down
Hill, 1991, color mezzotint with
chine collé by (C) Rayberry (born
1952); Habitat, 1990, eight-color linocut
with chine collé, by Hunt Slonem
(born 1951); Untitled, 1990, etching (var-
ious techniques), by Michael Tetherow
(born 1942) (1995.18.1-.7)
Robert B. Green. Cartoon for “Palinello”,
1934, conté crayon on paper; Phantas-
magoria, 1985, brush and ink and pen
and ink with white highlights on
paper; January Lark, 1986, watercolor
on paper; Chloe with Tobias and An-
gels, 1980, watercolor on paper; A/zce’s
Reverie, 1987, watercolor on paper; Cy-
clamen, 1989, watercolor on paper;
Palinello II, 1934, egg tempera on
gessoed masonite; Angels of Light and
Darkness, 1950, egg, oil, casein on a
gesso ground on imported herring-
bone weave hemp canvas; by Robert
B. Green (born 1909) (1995.19.1-.8)
Arthur Fribourg (bequest). Nude on the
Rock, n.d., brown marker on paper,
by Milton Avery (1893-1963); Ruzs,
1977, color lithograph, by Nancy
Graves (born 1940); After the Harvest,
1970, aquatint and intaglio, by Mark
Tobey (1890-1976) (1995.62.1-.3)
Hand Graphics. fm. portfolio Revisited,
1995: Untitled (New Mexican Site); Un-
titled (Intertor Site—rust ink), Untitled
(Ryan 21); Untitled (Interior Site—deep
brown ink), photo-electric intaglios,
by Nathan Oliveira (born 1928)
(1995.55-1--4)
Susan Harder, in honor of Pat Chieffo.
Untitled, 1971 (possibly later print),
gelatin silver print, by Andre Kertesz
(1894-1985), (1994.12)
Nancy Heller. Bird and Microphone
(a.k.a. Canary), 1953, linocut and
lithograph; Icarus and Mysterious
Stranger, 1982, monotype; Portrazt of
Pablo O'Higgins, 1947, linocut; Se/f-
Portrait, 1947, lithograph; Clown,
1952, color lithograph; Phoenix, 1984,
monotype, by Jules Heller (born
1919) (1994.122.1-.6)
Lloyd E. Herman, Director Emeritus of
the Renwick Gallery in memory of
Paul Vickers Gardner, Curator Emeri-
tus, Division of Ceramics and Glass,
National Museum of American His-
tory. Untitled, 1969, hot formed glass,
by Dominick Labino (born 1910)
(1994.101)
Olga Hirshhorn. Poster from the Armory
Show, ca. 1913, Letterpress and silk-
screen, by an unidentified artist
(1994.70)
Lee Hoffman. Malcolm as Griinwald,
1982-1983, drypoint on zinc plate
with watercolor and gouache on
paper; fm. portfolio It 7s Now Early
May, 1994: Rough and Tough (1); Drag-
ons sous la lune (11); Flourimond et Ray-
mond regardent une table immense (III);
Mon neveu avec les cheveux de Jerome
(IV); Sauce Pimentée (V); VE elise
Tourmentée (VI); Taze Dansant (VII);
Le Paysage de L'Atr (VIII); Nous
Attendons Avec nos Chapeaux (1X); En-
core Tot! (X); Le Vier! Homme de la
Forét (XI); Trente pas vers la Chine
(XII), gravures, by Lee Hoffman
(born 1942) (1994.99.1,2.1-.12)
Robyn and John Horn. Spoon from a For-
gotten Ceremony, 1994, dogwood, by
Norm Sartorius (born 1947) (1994.75)
Mr. and Mrs. Bert Hunecke (with Mr.
and Mrs. William M. Clary, Laura
and Marvin Clary). Girl Standing in
the Must of Heaven, 1985, oil on panel,
by Lorenzo Scott (born 1934)
(1994.125)
Charles T. Isaacs, Jr. Hunting by Stream
in Melville Bay..., 1873, albumen
print, by Dunmore and William
Bradford Chritcherson, (19th c.); Cas-
tle Geyser Cone, n.d., mammoth albu-
men print, by F. Jay Haynes
(1853-1921); The Manger, 1900, plati-
num print, by Gertrude Kasebeir
(1852-1934); Tropical Scenery: The Ter-
minum of the Proposed Canal-Limon
Bay, 1870, albumen print, by John
Moran, 19th c.; Edztor (man in odd hat
at table with writing...), 1850s, da-
guerreotype, by an unidentified artist
(19th c.); Family at Niagara Falls, c.
1860s, amabrotype, by an unidenti-
fied artist (19th c.) (1994.90.1-.6);
38th General Hospital, Camp Bowie,
Texas, July 3rd, 1942, ca. 19408, gelatin
silver print, by Walton Studio (ca.
19405) (1995.8)
Dr. Charles T. and Alma Isaacs, Sr. Va/-
ley of the Yosemite from Union Point,
1872, by Edweard Muybridge (1830—
1904); Cathedral Rocks, Susquehanna
near Meghoppen, LVRR, 1899, mam-
moth albumen print, by William H.
Rau (1855-1920); Corn Shocks and Sky,
ca. 1920s, platinum print, by Doris
Ullman (1844-1934); Watches Rock near
Echo City. Utah, ca. 1870, mammoth
albumen print, by Carleton Watkins
(1824-1916); Mirror Lake. Yosemite,
1865, mammoth albumen print, by
Charles L. Weed (1840-1903)
(1994.89.1-.5)
Girard Jackson. Study for Paderewski Con-
cert, Carnegie Hall, ca. 1913-14; Stand-
ing Figure study for Paderewski Concert.
Carnegie Hall, ca. 1913-14, charcoal
drawings on paper, by Theresa Bern-
stein (born 1885) (1994 106.1,.2)
Frederick Jules (with Gabriel Zepecki).
Cove, ca. 1988; Night, ca. 1988, mono-
types, by Mervin Jules (1912-1994)
(1994.96.1,.2)
Max Kahn, Estate of (bequest). sketches
for Greenhouse, 1950, charcoal on
paper; Rising Sun Farm, 1953, oil on
canvas, by Lee Gatch (1902-1968)
(1995.23.1-.4)
Ron Kent. Footed Vessel, 1993, Norfolk Is-
land pine, by Ron Kent (born 1931)
(199 4.103)
Jim Kitchens, in honor of Michael
Ford. Untitled sculptures, 1986,
mixed media, by Humberto Dionisio
(born 1950) (1994.118..1,.2)
Rebecca Klemm. Cabbage Vase on a Pedes-
tal, 1993, wheel thrown, carved and
incised porcelain with celadon glaze,
by Cliff Lee (born 1951) (1995.39)
Judge William G. Kocol. Brain Trust
(Conference), 1935, oil on masonite, by
Jack Levine (born 1915) (1994.88)
Alan and Michael Lipton. Untitled draw-
ings, 1957, 1959, 1971, 1972, 1982,
1982, oil crayon on paper, by Sey-
mour Lipton (1903-1986) (1994.98.1-
.6)
Michael Mazur. Nightswimmer, 1983, by
Michael Mazur (born 1935) (1995.68)
Sam and Alfreda Maloof, in honor of Mi-
chael W. Monroe, Renwick Gallery
Curator-in-Charge, 1986-1995. M:-
chael W. Monroe Low-back Side Chair,
1995, zircote, by Sam Maloof (born
1916) (1995.29)
Alfred T. Morris, Jr. Untitled, n.d., oil
on masonite, by Rolph Scarlett (1889—
1994) (1994.123)
Jan Myers. Golden Warriors, n.d., seri-
graph, by Guy Maccoy (1904-1981)
(1994.109)
Benjamin P. Nicolette. River House,
1980, painted wood and dirt, by Wil-
liam Christenberry (born 1936)
(1994.92)
276
Michael and Justine O'Donovan. Head-
lands VI, 1965 (signed 1985), etching,
by Gordon Cook (1927-1985) (1995.33)
Georgia O'Keeffe Foundation. Cityscape
with Roses, 1932, oil on canvas; Special
No. 32, 1914, pastel on paper, by Geor-
gia O'Keeffe (1887-1986) (1995.3.1,.2)
Mrs. William Ordway Partridge. Bust of
Percy Bysshe Shelly, n.d., by William
Ordway Partridge (1861-1920)
(1994-73)
Gerald L. Pearson. John Henry, 1979, oil
on canvas; Green Window, 1970, oil on
canvas, by Fred Brown (born 1945)
(1995.22.1,.2)
Sue and Bernie Pucker, in honor of Ir-
ving and Charlotte Rabb. Large Vase
with Cover, 1991, porcelain with
honan tenmoku glaze, by Brother
Thomas Bezanson (born 1929)
(1995.63)
Roderick S. Quiroz. The Bridge, Sunday,
1952; Black on Black. Pittsburgh, 1948;
Orpheus—The Look Back, 1953; Sunday
Night in the Plaza, 1961; Self-Reflection
at Museum of Modern Art, 1971, litho-
graphs, by Prentiss H. Taylor (1907-
1991) (1995.45-1-.5)
John Raimondi. In the Fifth Season II,
1985, by Gregory Amenoff (born
1948) (1994-113)
James Renwick Alliance. When She Was
Bad..., 1994, painted wood, rift white
oak, pau amarello, hand-made paper,
by Roseanne Somerson (born 1954)
(1995.32); Rehoboth Meander: Quilt
#159, 1993, machine pieced cotton
and silk; machine quilted, by Mi-
chael James (born 1949) (1994.76);
Huntress, 1933, bronze, gold-plated
bronze, blown glass and plate glass,
by Dan Daily (born 1947) (1994.77);
Tea Service, 1991, teapot: sterling sil-
ver with rosewood; sugar and
creamer: sterling silver with
cloisonné enamel lids, by Maureen
Banner (born 1946) and Michael Ban-
ner (born 1939) (1994.78.1-.3); Neck-
lace, 1954, cast sterling silver, by
Ronald Hayes Pearson (born 1924)
(1995.6); G. W. Cabinet, 1994, painted
wood, by Tommy Simpson (born
1939) (1995.13); Ooh! I am Precious #21,
1987, gold and silver papercord and
canvas, by Gene and Hiroko
Pijanowski (born 1938; born 1942)
(1995.14); Fruit Still Life, 1994: Opaque
Apple; Zanfirico Apple; Zanfirico Plum;
Opaque Pear, hand-blown glass sculp-
tures, by Flora Mace (born 1949) and
Joey Kirkpatrick (born 1952)
(1995.16.1-.4); Teapot Goblet (#260),
1991; Teapot Goblet (#94-14), 1994; Tea-
pot Goblet (#324), 1992; Teapot Goblet
(#3206), 1992; Teapot Goblet (#94-17),
1994, hand-blown glass, by Richard
Marquis (born 1945) (1995.24.1-.5);
Bracelet, (1988), sterling silver, 18k
gold, metal and slate, by Rachelle
Thiewes (born 1952) (1995.26); Head
Vase with Large Lips, 1988; Head Vase
with Jagged Harr, 1988, cast bronze
with relieved and burnished edges,
carnauba wax, by Janet Prip (born
1950) (1995.42.1,.2); Red Group, 1995,
blown glass vessels, by Dante
Marion: (born 1964) (1995.88.1-.3);
Noon Mark, 1995, bronze, by Jona-
than Bonner (born 1947) (1995.60);
Log Cabin Maze, 1992, hand-painted,
hand-quilted, and machine-sewn
dyed fabric, by Ellen Oppenheimer
(born 1952) (1995.66)
James Renwick Alliance, in honor of
Michael W. Monroe, Renwick Gal-
lery Curator-in-Charge 1986-1995.
Monkey Settee, 1995, walnut and
bronze, by Judy McKie (born 1944)
(1995.67)
James Renwick Alliance (and museum
purchase). Arabian Seasons, 1994,
glass, paint and plastic, by Therman
Statom (born 1953) (1995.5)
Park and Phyllis Rinard, in honor of
Nan Wood Graham. Shrine Quartet,
1939; Family Doctor, 1940; March,
1939; Sultry Night, 1939; Honorary De-
gree, 1938; January, 1938; Fertility,
1939; Seed and Harvest Time, 1937 ;
July Fifteenth, 1938; In the Spring, 1939;
lithographs, by Grant Wood (1891—
1942); Coyotes Stealin’ a Pig, 1927,
lithograph, by John Steuart Curry
(1897-1943); Sons of Peace, 1934, litho-
graph, by John T. McCutcheon (1870—
1949) (1994.115.1-.12)
Dr. S. Dillon Ripley II and Mary Living-
ston Ripley (partial and promised
gift). Washington Sea Eagle, (ca. 1836-
1839), oil on canvas, attributed to
John James Audubon (1785-1851)
(1994.121)
George and Dorothy Saxe, in honor of
Michael W. Monroe, Renwick Gal-
lery Curator-in-Charge, 1986-1995.
Implied Movement, 1986, blown, cut
and polished glass, by Harvey Little-
ton (born 1922) (1995.35)
Paul and Deane Shatz. Dis/ocations Suite,
1995, chine collé, intaglio, silkscreen,
and monotype on artist-made papers,
by Christopher French (born 1957)
(1995.28.a-f)
Rosalind Solomon, in memory of Harry-
ette Cohn. Turkey, 1995; Staten Island
Ferry—New: York, 1987; Staten Island
Ferry—New York, 1987, gelatin silver
prints, by Rosalind Solomon (born
1930) (1995.17.1-.3)
Lenore and Allan Sindler. Untitled, ca.
1976, earthenware with acrylic paint,
by Bennett Bean (born 1941)
(1994.100)
Smithsonian Women’s Committee in
Honor of Michael W. Monroe,
Renwick Gallery Curator-in-Charge,
1986-1995. Black Textured Jar, 1994,
box elder, fossilized ivory, India ink
and lacquer, by John Jordan (born
1950) (1995-41)
Bernard and Estelle Sobie. The Forest,
ca. 1964; Blue Churn on Yellow, ca.
1964; Red Boat on Blue, ca. 1964,
crayon/craypas drawings on paper, by
Eddie Arning (1898-1993)
(1994.105.1,.2)
Lionel Sosa, Ernest Bromley, Adolfo
Aguilar of Sosa, Bromley, Aguilar
and Associates. Mus Hermanos, 1976,
acrylic on canvas, by Jesse Trevino
(born Mexico, 1946) (1994.74)
Samuel and Marilyn Stern. prints from
the series African Sculpture, 1935, by
Walker Evans (1903-1975) (1994.II.1-
10) (1995.9.I-.10)
Louis K. Stone Art Trust. Untitled
(2140), 1945, watercolor and gouache
on paper, Untitled (2074), 1939, water-
color and gouache on paper; Untitled
(2149), 1940, watercolor and gouache
on paper, by Louis K. Stone (1902—
1984) (1994.124.1-.3)
Marjorie Tyre Sykes. Birch Bark, n.d.,
pen and ink, watercolor, acrylic; The
Cage, n.d., color lithograph; Street in
Guanjuato, n. d., lithograph; Adeste
Fidelis, n. d., lithograph; Calsada de
Guadolupe, Guanjuato, n.d., litho-
graph; Untitled (soldier walking along
tents at night), n.d., watercolor and
pencil on paper; Pemaguid, 1984, pen
and ink wash drawing; Colosseum,
n.d., etching and aquacint; Tre//zs,
n.d., color etching; Caterpillar, n.d.,
etching (sepia); Mazne Coast Two,
n.d., color lithograph; Zen Garden
Two, n.d., black and white litho-
graph, by Maltby Sykes (1911-1992)
(1994.108.1-.12)
University of Tennessee. Hokes Bicenten-
nial View, 1994, color lithograph, by
Beauvais Lyons (born 1958) and Rob-
ert Cothran (born 1930) (1995.56)
Leila Usher. Francis James Child, 1891,
plaster bas relief, bronzed, by Leila
Usher (1869-1955) (1994.71)
The Andy Warhol Foundation for the
Visual Arts (and museum purchase).
Untitled (Eyeglasses). 1976/1986, six
stitched gelatin silver prints, by
Andy Warhol (1928-1987) (1995.64)
Marc Wise. Walcott. lowa, 1990; Sayre,
Oklahoma, 1988; Wise. North Carolina,
1989, color photographs, by Marc
Wise (born 1964) (1994.69.1-.3)
Don and Caro! Wiiken (and museum
purchase). Asymmetry Necklace, 1992,
glass, silver, copper and 18k and 14k
gold, by Julie Anne Mihalisin (born
1962) (1994.114); William P. Wright,
Jr. fm. The Tiguas: Pueblo Indians of
Texas, 1994: T1gua Women Dancers, Ra-
mona Paiz Residence, A Tigua Family,
Johnny Hisa and the Rio Grande, Ra-
mona and her TV; Grandsons of Att-
wood, A Tigua Wedding, Cacique
Trinidad Granillo, Herminia Silvas,
Breadmaker, Shotgun, Joe Sierra and
Grandson, The Whipping Ritual, Tribal
Dancers, Cacique Granillo and Mary
Jopola; Cactque Enrique Paiz, gelatin
silver prints, by William P. Wright,
Jr. (born 1933) (1994.93-1-.15)
Tomas Ybarra-Frausto. works on paper,
various dates, by various Hispanic
artists (20th c.) (1995.50.1-.60)
George C. Zachary, in memory of
Devlin Mario Archie. Vase, ca. 1970,
glazed earthenware, by Beatrice
Wood (born 1893) (1994-104)
Gabriel Zepecki (with Frederick Jules).
Cove, ca. 1988; Night, ca. 1988, mono-
types, by Mervin Jules (1912-1994)
(1994.96.1,.2)
National Museum of
American History
Donors to the Collections
Rear Adm. Faye G. Abdellah, R.N.,
Ed.D., Sc.D., FAAN, USPHS (Ret.):
Dr. Abdellah’s Class A U.S. Public
Health Service uniform including a
jacket, skirt, shirt, tie, shoulder bag,
black pumps, black hose, cap, cap
cover, and a hat box, 1980s
(1992.0453).
Rita J. Adrosko: brown leather hat,
made in France for Lord & Taylor De-
partment Store, 1967—69 (1994.0201);
woman's clothing of the 1970s includ-
ing 2 blouses, a skirt, and a dress
(1994.0323).
Harold H. and Marjorie A. Alexander:
boxed set of 15 sample papers hand-
made from agricultural refuse and
weed fibers, researched and made by
Mr. and Mrs. Alexander, 1994
(1995.0184).
Nancy M. Allen: 5 nightgowns ac-
quired by Miss Allen for her wed-
ding trousseau in 1944 (1994.0159).
American Type Culture Collection
(through Dr. Frank Simione): 2 ship-
ping cannisters, 2 sets of ampules, a
cane to hold ampules, and a circular
slide rule, all related to shipping in-
fectious materials (1995.3043).
Leathy N. Anderson (through Susie
Smith): man’s watch chain made of
brown human hair woven into a deco-
rative design, “Carrie” and “1893” are
written on the fob attachment
(1994.0374).
Anne Arundel! County Central Services
(through James F. Ryan): 12 pistols
and 3 revolvers (1993.0444).
Anonymous: covered aluminum bowl
made by Buehner-Warner of the
Pfaltzgraff Company of York, Penn-
sylvania, 1930-59 (1995.O1I0); tin-
i)
™S
N
plated sheet iron open-topped kettle
painted rust-orange, 19th century
(1995.0221).
Government of Antigua and Barbuda,
Barbuda Post Office, Philatelic Bu-
reau: 44 stamps and 6 first day covers
of Antigua and Barbuda (1993.2024);
34 stamps, 6 first day covers, and a
miniature sheet of Barbuda
(193.2097).
University of Arkansas, John Brown
Watson Memorial Library (through
Edward J. Fontenetto): dried cotton
plant in a box (1990.3028).
Betty J. Askin (through Norman M.
Sevin): linen hand trowel embroidered
by “Mary A. Kraft the January the 30
1840” (1994.0352).
AT&T Network Systems (through
Joann M. Pacifico) and Bell Atlantic
Network Operations (through Ed-
ward H. Sproat): 10-piece control
unit of the #1-ESS electronic switch-
ing system, the first such system
used in the U.S. which went into ser-
vice in Succasunna, New Jersey, used
1965-91 (1993.0247).
Jalil Azzouz: diazo print of sheet music,
photocopy of sheet music, and a pho-
tocopy of a newsletter article
(1994.3116).
Mrs. Basidio Balkinson: pair of man’s
black wool trousers with a silk lin-
ing, hook-and-eye closure is patent
dated 1894 (1994.31I5).
Stanley M. Barkin in memory of Daniel
Barkin: concert program from Duke
Ellington's 1943 debut at Carnegie
Hall (1995.3079).
Bruce S. Bazelon: 217 pieces of military
insignia, badges, buttons, and medals
(1979.0130).
Miriam Lloyd Beall and Richard Louis
Lloyd: 3 man’s black silk bow ties,
1935, and a pair of man’s white kid
leather gloves, 1895-1905 (1995.0050).
Marion R. Behr: print by Marion and
Omri Behr using their patented elec-
troetch method, 1993 (1995.0183).
Arthur A. and Lanenne L. Beltrone: in-
vasion vest used in WW II
(1994.0025).
Bradley F. and Virgina W. Bennett: 391
ancient Greek coins made of bronze,
silver, potin, and billon (1993.0493);
278
307 ancient Greek and Roman coins
of Asia Minor (1994.0023); 319 silver
and bronze ancient Greek coins
(1994.0104).
Sharon N. Berger: infant's coat, cap, and
sacque, all made and embroidered for
Ms. Berger by her grandmother in
1946 (1995.0091).
John M. Bergey: 15 mostly Pulsar wrist
watches and watch mechanisms show-
ing the origin and development of
the electronic digital watch, the re-
search of which was directed by Mr.
Bergey, a Pulsar advertising sign of
the early 1970s, and a plastic sample
case (1994.0354).
Maryrose A. and Neal S. Bezoenik: Gor-
don platen jobbing printing press,
ca. 1858 (1994.0380).
Dara Minocher Bhot: 2 silver medals
with portraits of Mr. Bhor
(1994.0290).
William L. Bird: plastic President Clin-
ton face mask (1995.0029); 2 issues of
Time magazine, 1938 (1995.0059); 18-
piece corn service set and an acrylic
kitchen knife (1995.0112).
Mr. & Mrs. E. J. Blume: Vitascope mo-
tion picture projector (1994.0333).
Richard Bogard: 9 pharmaceuticals, 2
photographs, and an advertising tie
tack (1991.0415).
Elizabeth I. Bonnes: Permutit domestic
water softener and its original instruc-
tion card, ca. 1928 (1995.0120).
Banco Central do Brasil, Departamento
do Meio Circulante (through Jose dos
Santos Barbosa): 3-reazs proof silver
coin of Brazil, 1995 (1995-0192);
(through Antonio Carlos Meda): sil-
ver proof coin commemorating the
tercentenary of the establishment of
the Brazilian Mint, 1994
(199 4.0393); 8 bank notes and 5
steel coins of Brazil, 1994
(1995.0031); silver proof coin com-
memorating Brazil's World Cup
soccer victory in 1994 (1995.0075).
Geralyn R. Breig, Elizabeth T. Rella, Jo-
seph G. Rella, and Mary Ellen Rella
in memory of Joseph and Marie
Rella: blue Kodak Petite camera
(1995.0046).
Deborah Bretzfelder: woman's mutton-
shaped off-white net undersleeve dec-
orated with a blue velvet ribbon and
lace trim, 1860-75 (1995.0150).
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Asso-
ciated Universities, Inc. (through Ber-
nard J. McAlary): set of 5 “coat
hangers,” transparent plastic retrore-
flective bars for illuminating particle
tracks in the 80-inch hydrogen bub-
ble chamber, ca. 1964 (1988.0766);
documentary material of the 80-inch
bubble chamber including 11 films of
particle tracks, 6 reels of audio tapes
of operations, a film of construction,
log book, operations manual, and a
user package (1995.3003).
Francis W. Brown: slave whip with
wooden handle and leather strap
(1993.0507).
Mrs. W. N. Brown: woman's gray silk
bustle dress, muslin drawers, muslin
chemise, and a white cotton robe, all
1873, woman’s pale green silk gauze
stole, 1800-25, and a child’s pale blue
silk coat, 1882 (1994.0346).
Donald C. Burnham: Napoleonic coach
model made by Mr. Burnham in 1931
for the Fisher Body Craftsman’s
Guild contest, the original wooden
base, a box of dies and brasses, and 2
junior division first place award rib-
bons (1993.0501).
Sal Buscema: 23 original storyboard
drawings, a script, and a published
comic book, all for Spiderman stories
by Mr. Buscema (1994.0196).
William E. Bustard: 2 plans drawn by
Mr. Bustard of the skipjack Flora A.
Price. originally built in 1909 at
Champ, Maryland (1994.3095).
University of California, Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratory (through Bri-
gitte Fitzsimmons and Dr. Leroy T.
Kerth): emulsion-scanning micro-
scope, “Frankenstein” track-measur-
ing machine, 4-inch hydrogen
bubble chamber, and an inflatable
gasket, 1950s—60s (1989.0171).
Capital Film Labs (through John Gant):
tripod head (1995.3015).
Bobb Carson: motorized midget car
built by Mr. Carson, with his father's
help, from plans purchased from Pop-
ular Mechanics. 1955 (1995.0153).
Prof. Lester Earl Casida, Jr.: box con-
taining a vial of crystalline penicillin
G sodium, labeled as being assayed
in September 1946 by the Upjohn
Company (1994.0359).
Elizabeth Chabanoff, M.D. (through
Rev. Serge Kotar and The Very Rev.
Stefan Pavlenko): woman’s black silk
dress with embroidered ecru tissue
linen shawl collar, made by Bouet
Soeur of Paris and sold in New York,
1913-18 (1994.0262).
Robert G. Chamberlain: 2.5 cubic feet
of archival material documenting nu-
merical control of machinery and Mr.
Chamberlain's role in its develop-
ment (1995.3009).
Chick Publications, Inc. (through Rita
McGarity): 170 Protestant religious
tracts and publications printed in 39
languages (1993.0552).
David E. Christie in memory of Elise
Eugenia Hagan Carlier and Harry
Raymond Arnold: man’s 3-piece
black wool wedding suit and an extra
wool and silk vest, ca. 1895
(1994.0116).
Citizen Watch Company, Ltd., Corpo-
rate Communications Division
(through Youichi Urabe and Yukoh
Yamamoto): watch whose time can
be regulated by very low frequency
radio waves associated with an
atomic clock for extreme accuracy,
1993 (1993.0177).
Camilla S. Clough: plastic Barbie doll
Christmas tree ornament, 1994
(1995-OIII).
Barbara J. Coffee: woman's plaid mo-
hair, wool, and nylon bag, 1970s
(1994.0238).
Helen D. Colison in memory of Alvina
and Fred Drew: folio of 42 photo-
graphs showing the construction of
the reinforced concrete foundation of
the Lincoln Memorial in Washing-
ton, D.C., done by the Fred Drew
Company, 1914-15 (1995.0207).
Kenneth R. Colwell (through Russell
E. Colwell): 19th-century American
treadle loom with a 100-hook French
jacquard head mechanism, card sew-
ing board, card hand punch, and a
set of punches (1992.0034).
Mary C. Combs: objects relating to
Mark Farmer's First Ladies Dolls in-
cluding 5 clothing patterns, a doll
kit, and an Emily Donelson doll as-
sembled from a kit (1993.0580).
David and Harriett M. Condon: match
rifle made by Morgan James and
Edwin Phillips of Utica, New York,
mid-r9th century (1994.0395).
Coolican: child's 2-piece dresses, skirt,
and a blouse, all of cotton, 1850-75
(1995.0151).
P. S. Corbin, Ruth Ann Skaff, Thomas
Skaff, and Melanie S. Wood in mem-
ory of Elaine Khoury Skaff and Rev.
Thomas Skaff: 5 cubic feet of docu-
ments, correspondence, photographs,
artwork, and books relating to the ca-
reer of Rev. Thomas Skaff as a priest
in the Antiochian Christian Ortho-
dox Church in America (1995.3047).
Rosemarie A. (Harmon) Costick: U.S.
Marine Corps enlisted man’s green
uniform coat and trousers worn by
Sgt. Frederick George Harmon, 1918-
19 (1994.0086).
Colleen K. Cotter in honor of Elizabeth
Crehan Miniter: Timesaver typing
copy stand made by the Lineatime
Manufacturing Company, given to
Mrs. Miniter when she left her bank
job to marry during WW II
(1993.0564).
George A. and Lily K. Coury: 9 family
photographs and a souvenir program
from the 1959 Overseas Convention
of the National Association of Federa-
tions of Syrian and Lebanese Ameri-
can Clubs (1995.3022).
Dan C. Cowman, M.D.: glass vial sam-
ple of Dr. Jayne's Sanative Pills, late
19th to early 20th century (1993.0443).
Henry P. Crawford: Eastman Kodak
folding pocket camera (1994.3105).
Mario Cruder and Stanley Suzdak: Wat-
son regulator, Foster regulator, Pen-
delton steam service control, gauge
tester, and a bayonet lock valve seat
(1995.0107).
Joseph G. Curry, Jr.: 15 photographs
and 3 patent certificates (1994.3081).
Winifred Curtis-Stebbins: 750 homeo-
pathic medicines used by Dr. Wini-
fred Woodmans Curtis and her
mother, Ethel R. Woodmans, over an
80-year period (1988.0190).
Government of the Czech Republic,
The Postal Museum (through Pavel
Crvrtnik, Ph.D.): 38 stamps and 4
souvenir sheets of the Czech Repub-
lic and Czechoslovakia (1993.2127).
DEJA, Incorporated (through Julie M.
Lewis): 10 samples of material, most
from recycled contents, used to make
a DEJA shoe, and a shoebox made
from recycled cardboard, 1993
(1995.0105).
Alan H. Darby: 2 small amateur print-
ing presses made in Baltimore, Mary-
land, a printing wheel marking
device, pamphlet about one of the
presses, and a trade card featuring a
boy printer (1992.0608); Multigraph
duplicator with roller, empty oil can,
and a set of miscellaneous accessories
(1993.0008).
Delores Ziton David: calendar of the
Antiochian Christian Orthodox
Church (1994.3099).
Harry T. Davies: Elto outboard boat
motar, 1927, with a rudder that func-
tions as a cooling system (1995.0189).
Clyde Dawson: page of Universal Prod-
uct Codes and a Marsh Supermarket
cashier's smock with the name tag
“Betty,” worn by Betty Kessler who
was the first person to scan a UPC
coded label at point-of-sale, 1974
(1994.0341); 24 food containers with
Universal Product Codes for scan-
ning technology (1994.3123).
S. LeRoy Deavenport and Judith D.
Mitchener: Kodak Cine 16mm movie
camera (1994.0299).
The Deep River Historical Society, In-
corporated (through Edith M. DeFor-
est): 0.13 cubic foot of archival
documents relating to the firm of
Pratt, Read & Company and its pre-
decessors, ca. 1863—68 (1995.3033).
Berthe Delkin: pocket watch with a
gold nugget-encrusted case, made by
Anton L. Delkin when working in
Nome, Alaska, 1906 (1994.0160).
Robert Dennis: Io stereoviewers, 4 ste-
reographs, a set of eye pieces, and a
sliding holder (1995.3049).
Irwin Dermer: 4 color photolithographs
(1994.0367).
Jane des Grange: 19 cubic feet of histori-
cal ephemera, dated from the late
1700s to ca. 1978, including trade ad-
vertisements and catalogues, fashion
279
plates, magazines, photographs, ac-
count books, etc., collected by histo-
rian Gladys Reid Holton (1992.3188).
Hyman Diamond: composing stick and
a cylindrical calculator for type mea-
suring on the Monotype keyboard
(1994.0209).
Katherine Dickason: man’s striped tan
cotton gauze handkerchief, 1949
(1995.0147).
Donald S. Dinsmore: Blatz beer can and
a Schlitz “Tall Boy” beer can
(1993.3015).
Lilian Price Dixson: 2-piece tan silk and
lace wedding dress, 2 photographs,
and a wedding certificate, all used by
Lilian Brockett Roberts Price who
was married June 8, 1881 (1994.0179).
Joan Donahue: black machine-knitted
silk shawl, 1850-99 (1995.0148).
Anne Doniger in memory of Paul Doni-
ger: Revolutionary War era officer's
saber and flintlock Kentucky type
rifle (1994.0370).
Joel Dorn: 5 cubic feet of recording ses-
sion logs, ledgers, accounting sheets,
correspondence, photographs, and
newsclippings documenting the ca-
reer of Mr. Dorn at Atlantic Records
(1995.3087).
Albert Doumar: 2 ice cream cone man-
drels used to lift the waffle from the
griddle iron and shape the cone,
1920s and 1970s (1993.0572).
Margaret Driggs in honor of Camile
Quarrier Bradford and Ruth Woelfle:
woman's traveling satchel, 1870-1900
(1994.0193); 2 hair ornaments, 1920-
35, and a woman's purse with a scene
of New Orleans, 1974-76 (1994.0375).
Eve Drossos: Greek bouzouki, a stringed
musical instrument made in the sec-
ond quarter of the 20th century
(1995.0130).
Louis F. Drummeter, Jr.: pamphlet,
“1962 Official Fallout Shelter Plans
for Home & Family” (1995.0027).
Douglas L. Dunbebin: 2 T-shirts, a tote
bag, and a button, all featuring Presi-
dent Clinton and his saxophone, de-
signed by Mr. Dunbebin as a fund
raiser for Habitat for Humanity,
1992-93 (1995.0028).
Duncan Industries (through Dennis E.
Brown and Richard T. Farrell): Dun-
280
can AutoParq electronic personal
parking meter, 1994 (1994.0266).
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company
Incorporated (through Catherine L.
Andriadis): empty cylinder for SUVA
non-ozone-depleting alternative re-
frigerant and a refrigerant recovery
unit (1993.3164).
Willis H. du Pont: U.S. silver dollar of
1804 in the “draped bust” design and
a $5 gold coin struck in Stockton,
California, in 1850 (1994.0391).
Earth Day USA (through Patricia Hill):
2 posters and a bumper sticker com-
memorating Earth Day and its goals,
1990-93 (1994.3090).
Nanci K. Edwards: pair of pruning
shears (1993.3142).
Central Bank of Egypt, Note Issue De-
partment (through Fanauk El Ashu):
Egyptian 100-pound specimen bank
note, 1994 (1994.0392).
Government of the Arab Republic of
Egypt, The National Postal Organiza-
tion, Philatelic Office (through Omar
Amer): 36 stamps of Egypt
(1993.2085).
Elias Brothers Restaurants, Inc.
(through William H. Morgan): video-
tape cassette of the “Elias Brothers
Through the Years,” about Elias
Brothers Restaurants including Big
Boy Restaurants (1994.3118).
Marion K. Elias in memory of David G.
Elias: Lebanese style copper and iron
still used to make arak by Mr. Elias
in Utica, New York, 1930-75
(1994.0058).
Charlotte T. and Loretta Ellis: 9 pieces
of correspondence, an Arabic book,
notebook, photocopy of a driver's li-
cense, naturalization certificate,
and a U.S. citizenship certificate,
all of which belonged to Anthony
Elias Ellis and Marie Ellis
(199 4.3117).
Edward Epremian: Leeds & Northrup
portable potentiometer (1995.0103).
Ralph E. Eshelman: 18 sets of paper la-
bels for various canned seafood from
packing companies in Washington
State (1995.3048).
Martha M. Evelyn: General Electric sun
lamp and its original box, 1950-65
(199 4.0313).
Elizabeth M. Everall: woolen Greek
bag, 1968-72 (1990.3135).
Government of the Faroe Islands, Phila-
telic Service, The Faroese Postal Ad-
ministration: 85 stamps, 8 first day
covers, and a souvenir sheet of the
Faroe Islands (1993.2091).
Floralee Felsenthal: single shot German
pistol, Belgian revolver, and a Ger-
man dagger with scabbard
(1994.0254).
Fender Musical Instruments Corpora-
tion (through Daniel J. Smith): elec-
tric Stratocaster guitar made from a
1957 design and an electric bass gui-
tar made from a 1967 design, both
made by Fender in 1995 (1995.0186).
Dr. Eugene S. Ferguson: 0.33 cubic foot
of documents from Dr. Ferguson's
tenure as president of the Society for
the History of Technology, 1977-80
(1995-3057).
Jane Adams Finn: Social Security card
issued to Alfred L. Herrington, 1950s
(1995.0025).
Carolyn E. Fix: 2 woman's floral
brooches and a pair of off-white cot-
ton gloves with the original box,
1949-50 (1995.0052).
Shelly Jayne Foote: woman's clothing in-
cluding 3 dresses, 2 blouses, a T-shirt,
denim trousers, sweater, and a
jumpsuit, 1974-88, and a Garfinkel’s
Department Store box, 1970-87
(1994.0153).
Mrs. R. H. Frain: 2 man’s silk and linen
waistcoats with floral embroidery,
1780s (1994.0256).
Beatrice and Jacques Francais: 10 violin
cases, 18th and 19th centuries
(1994.3114).
John Gallaher: binder of MITS Altair
documentation (1994.3089).
David L. Ganz: Chinese bank note, 1980
(1995.0054).
Hyman J. Gardsbane, O.D.: 3 sets of
glass eyes, 2 individual glass eyes,
and a broken glass eye showing its
hollow interior, probably made in
Germany, early 1900s (1994.0133).
Carole S. Geithner: clothing from the
wedding of Florence and Henry Ben-
son, great-grandparents of Ms. Geith-
ner, on November 12, 1902,
including the woman's dress, sash,
mitts, petticoat, drawers, shoes,
stockings, and 2 corset covers, and
the man’s shirt and vest (1994.0206).
Daphne deL. Gemmill: 2 pamphlets
produced for Earth Day 1970, one
about automobiles and the other
about water pollution (1995.3065).
Geochron Enterprises Inc. (through
James M. Kilburg): illuminated
world time indicator clock showing
time zones, date, and the sunrise and
sunset positions, 1993 (1993.3067).
Gibbs & Cox, Incorporated (through
Clifford G. Prime): 29 sets of design
drawings of the S.S. United States
(1994.3121).
William E. Gilbert: 2 slide rules and a
Dalton “Dead Reckoning Course
Computer” plotting board
(1995.0087); set of drawing instru-
ments sold by the Hirshberg Art
Company of Baltimore, Maryland,
ca. 1918 (1995.0125).
Arlyn S. Gill: pass to the Democratic Con-
gressional Campaign Committee's
Democratic Party Election Night on
November 8, 1994 (1994.0337).
Deem A. Gillmore: 7 Armed Services
edition paperback books, WW II
(1993.3018).
The Honorable Newt Gingrich: 2 cop-
ies of TV Guide magazine for the
week of October 22-28, 1994, contain-
ing the Republican National
Committee’s “Contract with Amer-
ica” (1994.0369).
Gold Bond-Good Humor Ice Cream
(through Lawrence A. Link): 4 bur-
tons, a measuring tape, emblem, coin
apron, belt, hat, and a set of pushcart
bells, all used by persons selling
Good Humor ice cream (1994.0143).
Alan N. Gold and Joseph A. Verones:
Toro Fly-Mo push lawnmower
(1992.0203).
Mary A. Goles and Ruth Hunter
Sobolewski in honor of the Wedel
Family: 13 pieces of Homer
Laughlin’s refined earthenware dishes
in the Angelus pattern including 2
serving plates, 2 dinner plates, 2
bowls, a relish bowl, serving bowl,
sugar bowl, cream pitcher, gravy
pitcher, salt dish, and a cup with sau-
cer (1994.0215). °
Martha Goodway: Amana Radarange
Model RR-1, developed in part by
Ms. Goodway’s father, John T.
Goodway, 1950s (1995.0034); set of
fabric samples and receipts, wedding
announcement, patterned stockings,
and a light green rayon crepe dress
made by Elizabeth Bliss Tinkham for
her marriage to John Tomlinson
Goodway on August 3, 1933
(1995.0053).
Vice President Albert Gore: 11 Christ-
mas decorations made from recycled
materials (1995.3039).
Archie Green: U.S. silver dollar of
1923 presented to Mr. Green upon
the launching of a ship on which
he worked to build, ca. 1941
(1994.0296).
Virginia Lee Grimes: 2 Eastman Kodak
box cameras, both patented in 1902
(1995.0040).
Paul B. Girsso, Jr.: Westclox Bull’s Eye
open-faced “dollar” pocket watch, ca.
1962 (1993.0368).
Calvin B. and Marilyn B. Gross: bronze
busts of musicians Louis Armstrong
and Benny Goodman made by sculp-
tor Ed Dwight (1994.0400).
Dr. Phillip D. Grub: hand-pulled news-
paper delivery cart, used by the Wash-
ington Evening Star. ca. 1927
(1994.0203).
Gurley Historical Services (through
William H. Skerritt): 2 surveyor’s
chains made by W. & L. E. Gurley of
Troy, New York, one 20 varas in
length and the other Io meters in
length (1994.0280).
Bernard Hahn: Mississippi River clam
shell with 12 holes drilled through it
from which buttons were made
(1993.3191).
John R. Halko: stock certificate in the
Swarthmore National Bank and
Trust Company, Pennsylvania, and a
flawed dollar bill of 1969 (1994.0291).
Constance Gay Morenus Hammerman:
set of 2 photographs of, and a sketch
with poem by, Pocahontas Virginia
Gay (1992.0534).
David.S. Hamrick: political banner
used to support James K. Polk’s presi-
dential campaign in Dallas, Texas,
1844 (1995.0080).
Harley-Davidson, Inc. (through Rich-
ard F. Teerlink): 1993 Harley-David-
son FLHTC-U Electra Glide Ultra
Classic motorcycle commemorating
the company’s 90th anniversary
(1994.0226).
Samuel E. Harris, Jr. in memory of
Reba A. Harris: woman's wool cloth-
ing including 2 coats, 1957-65, and a
2-piece gray suit, 1952-57
(1994.0178); 2 pairs of man’s
Rockport shoes and their original
shoeboxes, 1990-91 (1994.0322).
Donna D. and John D. Hartigan and
Patrick J. and Sherry McGarry in
memory of Flora and Len Hartigan:
brown leather Spalding football with
autographs, 1920s (1994.0162).
L. L. Hassoun: Middle Eastern cook-
book by George P. and L. Louise
Hassoun, 1989 (1995.3031).
Rosina Hassoun: 2 photocopies of Mid-
dle Eastern songbooks, 1958 and 1975,
photocopy of an article about Arab-Is-
raeli conflict, 1989, and a newsletter
with an article by Ms. Hassoun, 1993
(1994.3097).
Robert M. Hazen: square fortepiano
made by Carl Toefling of Gotha, Ger-
many, ca. 1820 (1995.0233).
Daniel A. Healy, BMCS, USCG: photo-
graph album documenting a 1935
cruise to Bermuda aboard the yacht
Migrant (1994.0297).
Catherine W. and Jerome E. Henderson:
decorated brass and silver trombone
acquired in Leipzig, Germany about
1900 by a member of John Philip
Sousa’s Concert Band (1994.0273).
Linda M. Henderson: 10 uniform items
worn by Col. Pauline E. Maxwell of
the U.S. Army Nurse Corps, and an
embroidered pillowcase, 1943-73
(1993.0224).
Linda M. and Richard A Henderson: 3
hats, 3 caps, 2 shirts, a collar tab, and
a raincoat, all worn by Col. Pauline
E. Maxwell of the U.S. Army Nurse
Corps, 1943473 (1993-0449).
Jules Herstein: military-issued Jewish
prayer book used by Mr. Herstein
during service in WW II (1993.0505).
Dr. Sue Hickmott: neckerchief deco-
rated with the combat history of the
U.S.S. Canberra in the Pacific theater
281
of war, used by Ronald Atkinson,
1941-45 (1993.0455).
Michael E. Hill: pair of man’s reptile
skin platform boots, 1973 (1994.0151);
man’s silver belt buckle with an ab-
stract inlaid shell design, made in
Mexico, 1973 (1994.0199).
Warren Himmelberger: 2 Massachusetts
auromobile license plates, 1910 and
1915 (1994.0267).
Hoffman & Hoffman (through Michael
L. Hoffman): obverse and reverse dies
for the William Jefferson Clinton in-
augural medal, 1993 (1993.0588).
Richard Hollerith, Jr. for the Herman
Hollerith family: 2 weights, a tabu-
lating machine component, tube,
and a wooden box, all associated
with inventor Herman Hollerith
(199 5.3037).
Homer Laughlin China Company
(through J. D. Conley): Fiesta signa-
ture ceramic plate, 1994 (1994.0234).
Dr. John M. Hood: chart of the infrared
spectrum of the sun produced by
Samuel P. Langley and Charles Gree-
ley Abbot at the Smithsonian Astro-
physical Laboratory in Washington,
D.C., published in 1901 (1995.0063).
Richard L. Hopkins: set of braille type
made by the American Type Found-
ers Company and a set of steel matri-
ces for casting braille characters fora
multigraph machine (1994.0270).
Houston Museum of Natural Science
(through Truece Latimer): 6 groups of
objects from the 1969 voyage of the
S.S. Manhattan through the North-
west Passage including an oil barrel,
47-piece survival sled, 23-piece set of
ice boring equipment, 14-piece set of
documentation, I1-piece survival kit,
and a 2-piece voyage logo sign and
stamp set (1993.0494); 3 groups of
objects from the 1969 voyage of the
S.S. Manhattan through the North-
west Passage including a set of 7
food pouches, set of 7 matchboxes,
and a set of 5 canvas bags
(1993.3208).
Charles R. Howe IV: traveling shaving
kit, provided to customers of United
Air Lines, containing an Enders razor
and Glider shaving cream in their
original box, 1947-55 (1994-0157).
282
Betty A. and Roger W. Hubbell:
Kodak disc camera, Minolta disc
camera, and a Rollei 35mm camera
with a Toshiba flash attachment
(1995.0131).
Government of Hungary, Enterprise de
la Poste Hongroise, Direction
Generale: 4 stamps and a souvenir
sheet of Hungary (1993.2145).
J. B. Hutton, Jr.: Edison Voicewriter
dictating and transcribing machine
and a set of vinyl discs, ca. 1950
(1993-0277).
Government of India, Ministry of Com-
munications, Department of Posts
(through S. K. Parthasarathy): 16
stamps of India (1993.2105).
Government of the Republic of Indone-
sia, Directorate General of Posts and
Telecommunications (through
Baringin Batubara): 36 stamps of In-
donesia (1993.2129).
Government of the Srate of Israel, Min-
istry of Communications, Philatelic
Services: 11 first day covers of Israel
(1993-2099).
Theodore J. Janssen: ice cream scoop,
ca. 1876, and a baster, napkin holder,
spoon set, plate set, and a serving
tray set, 1940s-50s (1995.01I5).
Alice Mokarzel Jaoudi: 28 family photo-
graphs and 0.15 cubic foot of family
documents (1994.3093).
The Bank of Japan, Issue Department
(through Toshitaka Sakoda): 8 Japan-
ese coins commemorating the open-
ing of the Kansai International
Airport and the Asian Games, 1994
(199 4.0320).
J. J. Johnson: King Silver Sonic slide
trombone, stamped on the silver bell
as being presented to Mr. Johnson
“in recognition of his unique contri-
butions to American music, June 26,
1976” (1994.0358).
Mrs. Mary Ellen Johnson: sample of En-
ovid oral contraceptive made by G.
D. Searle and Company of Chicago,
Illinois (1991.0883).
Juliana C. and Robert M. Jones in
memory of their father, Thomas J.
Jones: 2 baseballs, one autographed
by Babe Ruth and the other au-
tographed by Connie Mack
(1993.0460).
Jordan: black silk net shawl with a
woven floral design, 1920s
(1994-0257).
Wayne M. Joseph: notebook and a vid-
eotape cassette of the Joseph family
genealogy (1994.3098).
Sylvia E. Josif in honor of Simon Yousif
Estfan and Victoria Saigh Estfan:
miniature camel made from fabric
wrapped around lamb’s bones, made
by Julia Hanna Saigh (1994.0277).
Phyllis H. Joyce: Spanish military re-
volver with leather holster
(1994.0255).
Junghans Uhren GmbH (through M.
Kiolbassa and Dietrich Rosin): radio-
controlled Junghans Mega I wrist
watch with original packaging
(1993.0367).
Lila Kadaj: 2.75 cubic feet of archival
materials related to the singing ca-
reers of Amer and Sana Kadaj
(1995.3021).
Lawrence J. Kamm: 2 Pickett calculat-
ing rules, a Multiflex curve, and a
pamphlet of instructions for a Deci-
mal-Keeper slide rule (1995.0126).
Linda Lichtenberg Kaplan: woman's
silk vest handmade by designer Sao
which is number 4 in a limited edi-
tion of 50, 1975 (1995.0017).
Edward K. Kaprelian: portrait photogra-
phy lens with a sliding barrel, pat-
ented by Ulrich Nehring on February
9, 1904 (1994.0332).
Nicoletta Karam: 2 biographical ex-
cerpts, a manuscript, and a photo-
graph, all pertaining to Arab
American author Afifa Karam
(1995.3030).
Celine Karraker: 7 diaries of Leo H.
Baekeland, 1925-30 (1994.3055); 9 dia-
ries of Leo H. Baekeland, 1927-35
(1994.3056); 8 diaries of Leo H. Baeke-
land, 1936—42 (1995.3073).
Constance L. Kelly (through Kathryn
DuBois Elliott): silver gelatin photo-
graph, it’s original glass plate nega-
tive, and a frame, photograph taken
in 1885 by R. L. Kelly of “The Bull
Train” showing 250 head of cattle
pulling 30 wagons to haul freight in
South Dakota (1995.0002).
Frances Hall King: 2 pin cushions, a set
of 3 spools of crochet thread, and a
length of silk ikat stripe fabric
(1994.0184).
Todd Alan Kinser: 17 pieces of man’s
clothing including 4 pairs of blue
jeans, 4 neckties, 2 pairs of jogging
shorts, 2 pairs of boxer shorts, a pair
of Bermuda shorts, briefs, khaki trou-
sers, T-shirt, and a 2-piece suit, and a
woman’s black nylon Wonderbra
brassiere (1995.0085).
Amy Loeserman Klein: framed color
photograph of 2 John Deere com-
bines in a soybean field by William
Eggleston (1994.0368).
Belle Kogan: 14 pieces of household
glass, 7 pieces of ceramics, and a plas-
tic tumbler, all designed by Ms.
Kogan, 1940-64 (1992.0257).
C. Everett Koop, M.D.: Dr. Koop’s
Class A U.S. Public Health Service
uniform including a jacket, trousers,
shirt, necktie, cap, and a name tag,
1980s (1992.0452).
Government of the Republic of Korea,
Ministry of Communications, Bureau
of Posts, Postage Stamps and Philat-
ely Division (through Kwak Tae-
geun): 36 stamps and 12 souvenir
sheets of Korea (1993-2043).
Alfred Koury, Jr.: 89 photographs and
0.6 cubic foot of family papers
(1994.3III).
Krest Products Corporation (through
Rick DiMarzio): 12 burgundy combs
made of du Pont Delrin plastic, 1993
(1993.0408).
Mark A. Kritz: Earth Action poster and
button, 1970 (1995.3064).
Karen E. Krueger: 16 uniform items
worn by Hilda Lois Johnson when
serving in the Women’s Auxiliary
Army Corps during WW II
(1992.0488).
Tsugio Kubota: 5 commercial product
containers designed by Mr. Kubota
and others at Landor Associates
(1993-0544).
Rev. Abram G. Kurtz in memory of
Ellen Scheifley Kurtz: nearly com-
pleted piece of Duchess tape lace
mounted on a printed pattern
worked by Mrs. Kurtz, early 20th
century (1995.0007).
C. B. Landberg: white cotton crocheted
minidress, 1967-69 (1994-0194).
Landis & Gyr Powers, Inc. (through
Gary P. Lukas): 8 thermostats and
regulators, a damper motor,
pneumatic switch damper control
board, and a balancing relay
(1994.0269).
Landor Associates (through Jean Marc
Bara): 50 cubic feet of archival mate-
rial documenting the designing of
product packaging and graphics by
Landor Associates after January 1,
1973 (1993-3206).
Walter and Josephine Landor Revocable
Trust (through Ted Mitchell): 50
cubic feet of archival material docu-
menting the business and personal
history of Walter Landor before De-
cember 3], 1972 (1995.3036).
George J. Lannen: pamphlet, “Technical
Manual, Converter M-209,” prepared
by the War Deparcment, Chief Sig-
nal Officer, 1942 (1978.3004).
Harry J. Lasell, Sr. in memory of Cmdr.
Harvey Lasell, USN (Ret.): cased set
of duelling pistols made by E. P.
Caron of Paris, France, 1852-74
(1994.0309).
Prof. Kennon A. Lattal: 2 laboratory
manuals covering studies of condi-
tioned response and operant behavior
of animals (1995.3066).
Melvin Lerner (through Adelaide
Kaplan and Frances Smyth): 3,158 ob-
jects from World's Fairs and Exposi-
tions of the 19th and 2oth centuries
collected by Larry Zim (1989.0438).
Sidney H. Liebson: 3 deForest AudioT-
ron audion tubes (1995.0066).
Dean C. Lincoln: mechanical Bible
study device consisting of a scroll
with color lithograph scenes, a box-
like container for the scroll, and a
key used to turn the scroll in the
box, 1902 (1994.0164).
Lionel Trains, Inc. (through Richard P.
Kughn): 9 Lionel/Smithsonian 20th
Century Limited model railroad cars,
reproduced from the original cars
styled by Henry Dreyfuss in 1938
(1994.0239); (through Nicholas J.
DeGrazia and Richard P. Kughn): lo-
comotive engine model of the Penn-
sylvania Railroad K-4 with tender,
trackbase, sound box, and storage
box, and 4 model railroad cars for the
20th Century Limited locomotive
model (1995.0030).
Leland L. Locke: 55 calculating machine
components, 5 groups of documents
concerning George B. Grant, 2 sets
of documents and a photograph
album about calculating machines,
and 2 adding machines (1983.3003).
Mrs. Walter C. Louchheim: man’s
brown felt hat, 1950s (1994.3086).
Lewis G. Lowe: 8 commercial product
containers designed by Mr. Lowe and
Landor Associates (1993-0543).
Steve Lubar: Multi calculating rule set
including 2 thermal controls, a
sleeve, and an instruction sheet
(1995.3051).
Government of the Grand Duchy of
Luxembourg, Entreprise des Postes
et Telecommunications, Direction
Generale, Office des Timbres: 20
stamps of Luxembourg (1993.2141).
Maria Maccaferri: plastic guitar de-
signed by Mario Maccaferri, 1954
(1994.0136).
Dick Mackay: sign,"!NOTICE! Mario
Cuomo is NOT here - it is a
RUMOR!," which had been posted
at a hall where Cuomo was supposed
to appear during the New Hamp-
shire Primary Campaign, 1992
(1995.0024).
Michael B. Margolius and Kurt F.
O'Connor: 2 black Western electric
French style telephones of the 1920s
and 1930s (1995.0043).
Dr. Frank Maria: 2.5 cubic feet of docu-
ments relating to Dr. Maria's career
and his involvement in the Syrian
Lebanese American Federation
(1995.3046).
University of Maryland School of Nurs-
ing Alumni Association (through
Jean W. Keenan and Judith E.
Littlejohn): cotton and lace nurse's
cap patterned after the cap worn by
Florence Nightingale about 1860
(1995-0139).
Massachusetts General Hospital: set of
Mazda foil-filled flash bulbs, manu-
factured by General Electric, con-
tained in Sylvania packaging
(1994-0345).
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Laboratory for Nuclear Science
283
(through Richard Adams): multiwire
proportional chamber, and a pencil
drawing of the experiment layout,
from the J-particle experiment of
Samuel C. C. Ting at Brookhaven,
New York, 1973-74 (1989.0050).
McKee Button Company (through Jay
McKee): sample box of McKee poly-
ester buttons, ca. 1994 (1994.3041).
James Edgar Mead and Virginia Lee
Mead: Chinese black lacquered trunk
containing 25 pieces of clothing, 3
baby carriers, and a commemorative
wall hanging, all used by the Lee B.
Lok family, 1885-1935 (1992.0620).
Ruth L. Meehan: woman's jacket of
ecru-colored tape lace over white silk
gauze, 1901-3 (1995.0149).
Betty J. Meggers: 2 coins of Cuba, 1992,
a coin of Bermuda, 1986, silver sports
commemorative medal of the city of
Santo Domingo, and an unofficial cer-
uficate designed for the War Finance
Committee by Walt Disney, 1944
(1995.0076).
Curtis G. Mellen: boxed dry-card boat
compass made by Samuel Thaxter of
Boston, 1792-1822 (1995.0014).
Selma Merkin in memory of Lester Mer-
kin: US. silver dollar of 1795, in the
“draped bust” design, and a silver
proof commemorative Lafayette dol-
lar of 1900 (1994.0288).
Government of the United States of
Mexico, Servicio Postal Mexicano,
Departamento de Asuntos Inter-
nacionales, Oficina de Convenios y
Aguerdos (through Jorge E. Aldana
Margain): 35 stamps of Mexico
(1993.2062).
Fred Milkie: 4 convention catalogs from
the Western Federation of Lebanese
and Syrian Arab American Clubs,
1959-70 (1995.3027).
Irving Miller: 3 brochures and an adver-
tising pull-out card, all relating to
the Sanforizing process to control cot-
ton fabric shrinkage (1993.3202).
Ruby C. Miller: 2 issues of the Farmer's
Bulletin. 1921 (1994.3127).
Millipore Corporation (through
Thomas Anderson): 2 videotape cas-
setres of the Millipore teleseminar ti-
tled “Bioresearch Tools for the 1990s”
and a videotape cassette titled
284
“Miligen Bioresearch Sequenet Pro-
tein Entrapment Chemistry,” dated
July 28, 1989 (1990.3202).
State of Missouri, Department of Natu-
ral Resources, Missouri Geology and
Land Survey Division (through Dr.
James H. Williams): pocket sextant
made by E. & G. W. Blunt of New
York in the first half of the 19th cen-
tury and a carriage odometer which
clamped onto a wagon wheel to oper-
ate, made by A. S. Aloe of St. Louis
in the last half of the r9th century
(1994.0147).
University of Missouri—Rolla, Depart-
ment of Civil Engineering (through
Dr. R. W. Stephenson): surveying
compass patented by James M. Lilley
of Greenville, Virginia, 1857, and
manufactured by F. W. & R. King of
Baltimore (1994.0377).
R. Madison Mitchell, Sr.: 9 duck decoys
made by Mr. Mitchell in 1975
(1994.0188).
Government of the Principality of Mo-
naco, Postes et Telecommunications,
Office des Emissions de Timbres-
Poste: 29 stamps and a souvenir sheet
of Monaco (1993.2147).
Robert Mondavi: Chateau style oak
wine barrel made in France by the
Seguin Moreau cooperage firm, 1990
(1993-3034).
Mary O. Monte: woman’s navy blue
plaid coat with bars of peach, peri-
winkle, and magenta colors, 1940
(1995.O114).
Howard W. Mordue: bottle of
Hostetter’s Bitters patent medicine
and a hanging show globe
(1988.0618).
Mrs. John H. Murray: 3 perfume bor-
tles, 2 stickpins, a cigarette lighter,
stud set, tie bar, and a manicure set,
1910—60 (1994.0061); brownish-pur-
ple wool coat, brown felt hat, and the
original hat box, all acquired by Mrs.
Murray in December 1978, and a
brown and white polyester scarf,
1978-79 (1994.0200); 4 stipple en-
gravings of street criers published by
S. & Jv Fuller of London, 1812
(1995.0094).
Ann B. Muth: woman's camisole style
slip with beige medallion-patterened
lace and openwork embroidery, hand-
made in Paris for Laura Fondeville,
1920S (1995.3055)-
Judie C. Neel and Barry O. and Robert
M. Weinshenker in memory of
Simon Weinshenker: Victory Edition
of Pacific Newsweek magazine printed
in Tokyo, September Io, 1945
(1986.3086).
Government of the Netherlands, Royal
PTT Nederland NV, PTT Post BV
(through J. W. A. Mijne): 72 stamps
of the Netherlands (1993.2033).
New York Academy of Medicine
(through Steven A. Pelovitz, J.D.): 9
vials of radium, 2 blue glass vials, a
pharmaceutical hourglass containing
radium, radium detector, wire device,
and a display case, all related to the
work of Drs. Marie Curie and Robert
Abbe (1993.0262).
New York Yacht Club (through Robert
B. MacKay): club yearbook of 1880
(1993.0506).
Nike, Inc. (through Joseph D. McCar-
thy and Mark Thomashow): 4 cubic
feet of advertising materials of Nike,
Inc. including videotape cassettes,
tearsheets, business records, and corre-
spondence, 1970-91 (1991.3087).
Joseph Veach Noble: 7 bronze medals 1s-
sued by the Society of Medalists in-
cluding a 6-medal set picturing
dinosaurs designed by Don Everhart
and a medal of Old Kabul Bazaar de-
signed by Amanullah Haiderzad
(1995.0088).
Larry A. Noble: color print titled
Sheridan's Ride, by Mr. Noble, ca.
1984 (1984.3065).
George A. Norton: Nikon 8x Super
Zoom motion picture camera and 12
accessories (1994.0298); Vernon flash
gun reflector, made in Japan
(1995.3016).
Government of Norway, Norwegian
Post Stamp Bureau: 41 stamps, 7 first
day covers, and 3 souvenir sheets of
Norway (1993.2089).
Madeleine Noumair: The Syrian Ameri-
can Directory Almanac. Vol. 1, pub-
lished in 1930 (1994.3014).
State of Oklahoma, Oklahoma Depart-
ment of Transportation (through
John F. Crowley): “Oklahoma US 66”
shield-shaped route marker
(1993.0282).
Jean M. Olsen: blue jumper and a black
neckerchief worn by Charles Gilette
Pratt while serving in the U.S. Navy,
1864-65 (1993-0433).
Gregory Orfalea: book of poems by Mr.
Orfalea, 1988 (1994.3100).
Craig A. Orr: photograph of a nurse
with patient at Base Hospital #34 in
Nantes, France, dated August 14,
1917 (1993-3167).
Raymond A. Osbourn: Keuffel & Esser
model 4088-5 slide rule (1994.0376).
Rudy Padilla: 12 panos. painted handker-
chiefs made by Mexican American
prisoners in New Mexico jails
(1993.0150).
Government of the Republic of Pan-
ama, Direccion General de Correos y
Telegrafos, Departamento de
Filatelia: 12 stamps of Panama
(1993.2082).
Donna L. Parsons: film about a polluted
river made by a high school student
for the first Earth Day observance in
1970 (1994.3091).
Ginette V. Patch: 6 woman's dresses
and gowns and 6 muslin dress pat-
terns, all designed by Mrs. Patch’s
mother, Charlotte Villaret, 1945-63,
and a Julius Garfinckel & Company
clothing box, 1960—90 (1994.0263).
Alice Paul Centennial Foundation, Inc.
(through Jill Zahniser): wooden drop-
front desk used by Susan B. Anthony
and Alice Paul and 170 pieces of suf-
fragette memorabilia which belonged
to Alice Paul (1987.0165); 461 photo-
graphs, 68 postcards, 43 sets of maga-
zines, IO texts, 3 newspaper
clippings, 2 folders, a set of nega-
tives, and a note, all related to suf-
fragette Alice Paul (1991.3016).
Les Paul (aka Lester W. Polfusen):
Gibson's “Les Paul” model studio
electric guitar, 1984, owned and
played by Mr. Paul (1993-0579).
Pierce Chemical Company (through
Ralph T. Farmer): 4 sets of Slide-A-
Lyzer dialysis cassette units invented
by Carl Clark, Ph.D., at Pierce Chem-
ical Company (1995.0188).
Dan and Mary Ann Pocapalia: 0.33
cubic foot of archival material docu-
menting the manufacture and sale of
Kit mobile homes (1995.3004).
Government of Poland, Muzeum
Poczty 1 Telekomunikacji: postal sou-
venir card of Poland for Christmas
1992 (1993.204I1).
Christina A. Popenfus: paper fan pictur-
ing a girl with hymnal and a bank ad-
vertisement, 1945—60 (1994.0152);
woman's clothing and accessories 1n-
cluding 6 dresses, 4 necklaces, a pair
of shoes, black tights, knit leggings,
sweater, and an elastic vest clip, 1987—
94 (1995.0084).
Carol E. Porter: coat and vest set, 1975—
80, and an Ancient MacLaren tartan
kilt, 1979, all worn by Kent Worth
Porter for Scottish country dancing
(1993.0468).
The Presidential Museum (through
Timothy M. Hewitt): Presidential
Directory educational kit containing
portraits of the presidents from
George Washington to James E.
Carter (1994.3079).
Al Prueict and Sons, Inc. (through
David J. and Sandra Prueitt): 4 sam-
ples of green embroidered silk,
leather, and pile carpet used in a 1933
Duesenberg automobile (1993.0554).
Wilhelmine E. Pryor in memory of
Lewis A. Pryor: instruction leaflet for
using Taylor's adjustable type mold
(1994.0382).
Government of the State of Qatar, Min-
istry of Communication and Trans-
port, Department of Posts (through
Abdulrahman Jaber Muftah): 20
stamps of Qatar (1993.2037).
QUALCOMM Incorporated, Om-
niTRACS Business Unit (through
Dr. Irwin Mark Jacobs):
OmniTRACS Complete Satellite Sys-
tem consisting of a communications
computer, external antenna, and an
operator's keyboard and display unit
(1994.0384).
Elizabeth Rawlinson: woman’s black
silk crepe evening dress with leopard
print silk jacket, designed by Geof-
frey Beene, 1987-89 (1994.0321).
Keith S. Rerd-Green: 18 sets of docu-
mentation relating to tabulating
equipment and computers
(1994.3128).
Franklin J. Richards: pair of man’s
gloves and pair of woman's gloves,
both of white kid leather with shell
buttons, worn for a wedding in 1912
(1995.0038).
Col. Eri H. Richardson, AIA and USAF
(Ret.) and Phyllis Richardson: can-
nonball from the War of 1812 exca-
vated from the west bank of the
Patuxent River in Maryland
(1994.0005).
Dorothy Riggle: 2 buttons, 2 letters,
and a leaflet, all from recent political
campaigns (1995.0026).
Mary Livingston Ripley: woman's black
and white diagonally-striped silk tea
gown designed by Arnold Constable
& Cie, 1885-1900 (1994.0361).
Alice Robinson: Silvertone 12-string
electric guitar, ca. 1960, and a hand-
made foot-operated electric fotd:lla
for bass accompaniment, both played
by Jesse Fuller (1994.0053).
Franklin A. Robinson, Jr: 2 “show” T-
shirts from plays in which Mr. Robin-
son acted including The Pirates of
Penzance and White Jacket. 1987 and
1992 (1994.0304).
John Rockett: Mark IV computer pro-
gram, 1955-60 (1981.3013).
Stephen J. Rogers: set of experimental
telegraph wires, ca. 1850, used by
Henry J. Rogers who worked on de-
velopment of the first telegraph line
in the U.S. (1995.0067).
J. William Rosenthal, M.D.: voodoo
pain doll with pins applied and a
gris-gris bag worn around the neck
to alleviate pain (1994.0059); 3 pairs
of Chinese spectacles (1994.0075).
Cathy L. Cox Roznovsky: pair of inflat-
able yellow plastic boot forms, 1967-
68 (1994.0294).
Harry R. and Max Eli Rubenstein:
child's T-shirt with cartoons by
R. Flores, made for the 15th
Annual Great Labor Arts Ex-
change, Labor Heritage Foundation
(1994.0300).
Fath Davis Ruffins: 2 paper patterns for
woman's dresses in an African Ameri-
can style, 1970-75 (1993.3004).
SAS Philatelic Club (through Niels
Sommer): 21 first flight covers of the
285
Scandinavian Airlines System
(1993-2021).
Terry M. Sachs: 6 instruction pam-
phlets, 2 boxes for slide rules, and an
IBM logic template (1995.3023).
Mehrdad Sadigh: ancient Greek Parth-
ian silver drachm with a bust of
Parthamaspates (1995.0089).
Frank Salerno: Marchant Figurematic
calculating machine, early 1950s
(1994-0307).
Helen Samhan: 2 issues of the New Leba-
nese American Journal. 1971-73, a New
York Times article, photograph of a
Lebanon American Society dance,
1947, Gibran International Peace
Conference poster and program, 1986,
and a dedication catalog and pro-
grams for the Kahlil Gibran Memo-
rial Garden, 1991 (1995.3076).
Mr. and Mrs. William Santillo:
woman's striped silk dress of the
1860s (1994.0360).
Sarns Incorporated (through T. R. Eng-
els): model 5000 heart and lung ma-
chine with a heater-cooler unit
(199 4.0366).
Edward J. Schantz: vial of Botulinum
toxin type A, vial of Oculinum,
empty vial for Botulinum toxin,
photomicrograph of Botulinum toxin
crystals, gel diffusion apparatus, mili-
tary test kit, and a patent certificate
awarded to Mr. Schantz for the test
kit in 1958 (1995.0190).
Robert A. Schein, M.D.: American
Standard hemacytometer, an
apparatus used to count red blood
cells, containing a Levy-Hausser
counting chamber, ca. 1938
(1994.0032).
Richard S. Schlein: 710 pieces of obso-
lete 19th-century paper currency is-
sued mostly by state chartered banks
in New Jersey and New York, 1807-
1864 (1993.0583); 400 pieces of 19th-
century U.S. paper currency
(1994-0390).
Clarence Schmarje: 2 button sawheads
and a Barry cast iron button tum-
bling machine (1993-0511); 8 sets of
river shells with holes where buttons
were cut out, 3 cards of pearl buttons,
2 sample books, and 2 pearl shell but-
tons (1993.3193).
286
Mary Elizabeth Schmidt: 5 sets of pa-
pers, 4 sets of photographs, 2 sets of
books, and a set of pamphlets, all re-
lated to the work of Dorr E. Felt and
his development of the Comptometer
(1994.3060).
Patricia E. Schneider: Washington Job-
ber printing press made by John M.
Jones of Palmyra, New York, 1880s
(1995.0142).
Alfred H. Schrader: first numbered bul-
let using Mr. Schrader’s 8-digit num-
ber and letter system (1995.0193).
Raymond A. Schwartz: 2 Stegmann
view camera outfits made in Berlin,
Germany (1994.0282).
Catherine D. Scott: pair of woman's white
pearlized leather shoes with a pink rose-
bud and leaf motif embroidered and
painted on, worn at the second Eisen-
hower Presidential Inaugural Ball, Jan-
uary 1957 (1995.0078).
Charley Scott: Willis polar planimeter
#749, made by James L. Robertson &
Sons of New York, patented in 1896
(1994.0356).
Sea Heritage (through Bernard Klay):
print of The Charles W. Morgan at
Chubb’s Wharf by Moonlight, by John
Stobart (1994.0349).
David H. Shayt: Clinton caricature
watch whose hands run counterclock-
wise, 1994 (1994.0301); “Guide For
Civil Defense Action in the Washing-
ton Warning Area,” published by the
U.S. Government Printing Office,
1959 (1995.0060).
Michael Sherman: Condex Io0-key add-
ing machine (1995.0018).
Roger E. Sherman: Fuji 35mm dispos-
able camera printed with a cigarette
advertisement (1995.0175).
George L. Sherwood: hanging ring fora
chandelier patented by William Law-
rence of New Haven, Connecticut, on
March 23, 1831 (1994.0378).
Richard B. Siday: trophy won by Rich-
ard R. John for the 1963 Fisher Body
Craftsman’s Contest and a “Body by
Fisher” nameplate (1994.0046).
Simpro Corporation of America
(through Arnold S. Cohen): 5 Simpro-
X cameras (1995.0039).
Edward Simpson: wire rope suspender
assembly, 1883, removed from the
Brooklyn Bridge in the 1980s
(1995-0159).
Government of the Republic of
Slovenia, Sestavljeno PTT Podjetje
(through Janez Gril): 64 stamps and
2 miniature sheets of Slovenia
(1993.2044).
Henry W. Smit, Jr. and Linda L. Smit
in memory of Martha M. Phillips: 18
insecticides and a package of Kotex
sanitary napkins (1993.0348).
SmithKline Beecham, Incorporated
(through Douglas B. Cox): 4 objects
relating to the first change of pack-
aging for Sucrets throat lozenges in
60 years including a Sucrets Early
Retirement kit, invitation to the re-
tirement party with a Sucrets tin ina
rocking chair, a tin of the 1930s, and
the new plastic package introduced
commercially on October 1, 1994
(1994.0233).
Society for the History of Technology
(through James C. Williams): 4.5
cubic feet of archival records of the
Treasurer of the society (1995.3010).
Government of the Solomon Islands,
Solomon Islands Philatelic Bureau:
66 stamps and 3 souvenir sheets of
the Solomon Islands (1993.2109).
Government of the Republic of South
Africa, South African Post Office
Limited, Philatelic Services and Inter-
sapa (through Hennie Diedericks): 50
stamps of South Africa (1993.2068);
59 stamps of South Africa (1993.2132).
Michael Spodak, M.D.: 41 miscella-
neous utensils, equipment, and
canned food, collected by Dr. Spodak
for use in a family fallout shelter
(199 4.3131).
Lawrence R. and Harvey G. Stack: 2
$20 U.S. quintuple Stella coins of
1879, one in gold and the other in
gilt copper, struck as prototypes for
an unsuccessful attempt to make a
standard equivalent of European coin-
age (1994.0371).
Harvey G. Stack: 3 silver halfdollars of
1861 struck at the U.S. Mint in New
Orleans, one struck while the mint
was under Federal control, the second
struck after the mint was seized by
the State of Louisiana, and the third
struck after the mint came under the
control of the Confederate States of
America (1994.0105).
Fletcher C. Stewart, Sr., M.D., F. Clark
Stewart, Jr., and Grace M. Stewart: 2
uniform jackets, 2 pairs of trousers, a
bridge coat, hat, pair of shoes, tie,
sword, sword belt with scabbard, and
a white lab coar, all worn by Dr.
Stewart during his career in the USS.
Public Health Service (1991.0774).
Jeffrey K. Stine: unopened package of 3
man’s handkerchiefs of white lawn
with woven bands of satin, 1950s
(1995-0129).
Nancy L. Stipe for the John Stipe Fam-
ily including Sydnor Stormy Stipe-
Lowrey, Skipper G. Stipe Maas,
Shirley M. Stipe-Raines, Sabra Bragg
Stipe, Sea Stipe, and Shaddock
Lowrey Stipe: split white oak basket
with pieces of cotton caught in the
plaits from its last use in the fields,
made ca. 1960 (1993.0281).
Mary-Alice Stoddard: woman's 4-piece
wedding dress of gold-colored velvet
with a voided floral pattern, 1880-85
(1994.0275).
Lois Greene Stone: dress designed and
made by Mrs. Stone for her eldest
daughter's wedding, 1985 (1994.0158);
Eicor reel-to-reel tape recorder, ca.
1949, and a Louis Marx and Company
toy train transformer (1994.0340).
Isabella Larner Stott: woman's white
grosgrain satin wedding gown with
brown silk lining, worn by Anna Par-
ker Larner on Apri! 8, 1891
(1994.0276).
Susan B. Strange: girl's alligator leather
purse, 1954-57 (1995.0016).
Lea E. Sullivan: phonograph record la-
beled “Victor Records of Health Exer-
cises,” 1908, and a vibrator
(1994.0364).
Government of Sweden, Sweden Post
Stamps (through Sirkha Lehtinen):
112 stamps and 12 first day covers of
Sweden (1993.2113).
Hildegard P. Swick: 7 pieces of
paper money from Switzerland,
Sweden, and Denmark, 1936-55
(1994.0289).
Government of the Swiss Confedera-
tion, Swiss PTT General Directorate:
52 stamps of Switzerland (1993.2150).
Mary N. Symington: U.S. Army winter
uniform vest worn by Lt. James
McKim Symington during WW II
(1993.0009).
Synergistic Designs (through Jennifer
C. King): 4 posters and 3 T-shirts
about biotechnology (1994.3092).
Judith Jaidinger Szesko: 3 prints made
by the wood engraving process by
Ms. Szesko (1994.0336).
David A. Taylor: folk art coffin with
codfish, made by Daniel Murphy of
Dunville, Newfoundland, Canada,
1994 (1994.0330).
Claudette Koodray Tencza: 16 photo-
graphs and a videotape cassette
(194.3084).
Nan Lane Terry: souvenir pillowcase
from the 2nd Women’s Auxiliary
Army Corps Training Center in Day-
tona Beach, Florida (1993.0015).
Audrey H. Thomas (through Stephen
M. Schneebaum): Oakland Motor Car
Company All-American 4-door sedan
made in Pontiac, Michigan, in 1929
(1993-0483).
Donald D. Thornton: Dover rotary-
cranked eggbeater, ca. 1891
(1992.3007).
Marilee Tillstrom: woman's accesso-
ries including a powder cake, lip-
stick, false eyelashes, white shoe
powder, and a clear plastic rainhat,
1940-80 (1994.0373); Thread-Mas-
ter needle threader patented in 1883
(1995.0010).
Miriam D. Tod: wooden piece of the
steering wheel of the U.S.S. Mazne,
1898 (1994.0183).
Jane Townes: pair of man’s bell-bottom
blue denim Levi Strauss jeans and a
unisex Woodstock logo T-shirt, 1968—
69 (1994.0250).
Margot Townsend, Inc. (through Rich-
ard P. Clark, Jr. and Margot
Townsend): 10 pieces of woman’s cos-
tume jewelry which are reproduc-
tions or adaptations from objects in
the National Museum of American
History's Division of Costume collec-
tions, 1988-93 (1993.0465).
Travenol Labs Incorporated, Fenwal Di-
vision (through Roberto Perez):
blood warmer and a thermometer
(1993-0414).
Don Troiani: 2 signed lithographs of
Civil War subjects by Mr. Troiani
(1994.3112).
Linda B. Tucker: 2 Domino granulated
cane sugar sacks (1994.3023).
James Tuma: 2 booklets and 2 photocop-
ied newsclippings about the Rashid
family, 1949-79 (1995.3006).
Government of the Turkish Republic of
Northern Cyprus, Directorate of the
Department of Posts (through Aysel
N. Erduran): 9 stamps, 4 first day
covers, and a souvenir sheet of the
Turkish Republic of Northern Cy-
prus (1993.203I).
Elise W. Tyree: deep blue cotton-rayon
caftan and a pair of green plastic ear-
rings, 1970s (1994.0103).
Fred C. Uhlmann: 13 pieces of costume
jewelry, 7 original boxes, 2 litho-
graphs for store advertisements, a dis-
play stand, and a card (1994.0211).
Katherine Uniss-Haddad: Arabic man’s
vest, sash, and headband (1993.0590).
Unisys Corporation (through D. R.
Curry): 7 UNIVAC [and II com-
puter components, a UNIVAC photo-
graph notebook, and a Remington
Rand pamphlet, 1950s (1982.0638).
U.S. Department of Defense, Depart-
ment of the Air Force, Air Force In-
telligence Support Agency (through
Brad Houston): 2 light machine
guns, 2 submachine guns, 2 auto-
matic rifles, a semiautomatic rifle,
semiautomatic carbine, bolt action
rifle, and a rifle (1992.0007); Head-
quarters Air Force Military Personnel
Center (through Victor Arnold-Bik):
Taurus pistol with accessories, made
in Brazil, ca. 1983 (1994.0326); Yugo-
slavian cased semiautomatic pistol
with accessories, 1986 (1994.0329);
Robins Air Force Base, Georgia: leaf
assembly shutter (1995.0033); 7th
Communications Group (through Lr.
Col. Richard H. Hange): Western
Electric tactical switchboard position
#4 used at the Pentagon from WW
II to the early 1990s (1994.0128).
U.S. Department of Defense, Depart-
ment of the Army, Corps of Engi-
neers, Canal Park Museum (through
C. Patrick Labadie): piece of iron
hull from the steamship Surveyor. one
287
of the first iron ships built in Amer-
ica, 1842 (1995.0042); Headquarters
(through Victor Arnold-Bik):
Pioneer model Rossi cased pistol,
made in Brazil, 1986 (1994.0327);
U.S. Total Army Personnel Com-
mand (through Victor Arnold-Bik):
rifle with case made in the Federal
Republic of West Germany, 1988
(1994.0331).
U.S. Department of Defense, Depart-
ment of the Navy, Naval Research
Laboratory (through C. Woods): spec-
trograph made by Adam Higler Lim-
ited of London, NaCl rock salt prism,
and a CaF2 prism (1995.0048); U.S.
Marine Corps, Museums Branch, Ma-
rine Corps Combat Development
Command (through Jennifer L. Cas-
tro): 2 shoulder knots of 2nd lieuten-
ant grade worn by Brig. Gen.
Woodrow M. Kessler in 1937, and a
leather storage box (1993.0182).
U.S. Department of Defense, Director
of Administration and Management,
OSD (through Victor Arnold-Bik):
Helwan semiautomatic pistol with ac-
cessories, 1988 (1994.0328); silver
handgun with accessories and a dou-
ble action revolver with case, 1994
(1995.0141).
U.S. Department of Energy, Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory
(through Christine Bach): streaking
camera, framing camera, capacitor
discharge unit, dual air control unit,
telescope attachment, and a rotor, all
developed to record and analyze ther-
monuclear tests, 1940s—50s
(1992.0609); Superconducting Super
Collider Project Office (through An-
tonio Acuna, Jr. and Edward G.
Cumesty): rock bolt used in tunnel
construction (1995.0095).
U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Mar-
shals Service (through Cary H. Cope-
land): 1948 Tucker 4-door sedan, 39th
of 51 such automobiles made
(1993-0484).
U.S. Department of State, Office of
the Chief of Protocol (through Vic-
tor Arnold-Bik): cased double bar-
rel shotgun made in the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, 1990
(1994.0325).
288
U.S. Department of the Treasury, Bu-
reau of the Mint: 855 U.S. and for-
eign coins and medals, pre-1923
(1992.0121); 491 U.S. and foreign
coins and medals received between
1923 and 1957 (1993.0205); U.S. Cus-
toms Service, Armament Research
and Development Center (through
Carol Barr): 19 pistols and revolvers
and 10 carbines of U.S. and foreign
manufacture, 20th century
(1986.0220); U.S. Mint (through
Philip N. Diehl): 13 U.S. commemo-
rative coins and a piece of commemo-
rative paper currency, 12 uncirculated
coins, Io proof coins, and a medal
commemorating Secretary of the
Treasury Lloyd Bentson, 1979-94
(1994.0235); 4 gold and a silver eagle
proof coins, 4 coins commemorating
veterans and the U.S. Capitol, and a
bronze medal commemorating Joe
Lewis (1994.0372); Marketing Depart-
ment (through Christy Bidstrup): ob-
verse and reverse plasters used to cast
dies for striking the Thomas Jeffer-
son commemorative silver dollar,
1993 (1994.0319).
U.S. Legislative Branch, Library of Con-
gress, Exchange and Gift Division,
American-British Exchange Section
(through Joseph P. Molnar): DeJur
Grundig Stenorette B dictating ma-
chine with accessories (1992.0343);
Manuscript Division (through David
C. Mearns): hand seal of the Associa-
tion of Acting Assistant Surgeons,
U.S. Army, 1888 (1994.0004).
U.S. Resolution Trust Corporation
(through Steve McGregor): 2 Spanish
silver coins dated 1492 and 1741
(1994.0110); Public Affairs (through
Joe B. Taylor): April 9, 1800 issue of
The Spectator newspaper of New York
carrying the story “Franking
Privledge to Martha Washington”
(1994.0114).
U.S.S. Alabama Battleship Memorial
Park (through Charles M. Breland): 7
pieces of U.S. Navy officer’s ward-
room china service including 2
bowls, a dish, plate, cup, saucer, and
a mug, WW II (1994.0181).
United States Singer Company
(through William D. Enerson): 13
sewing machine accessories, 2 empty
accessory boxes, and a cast iron trea-
dle stand (1993.0573).
Unknown: 2 Revere Camera Company
photographic enlargers (1994.0281).
Muriel I. Urban: military style revers-
ible raincoat and topcoat and a gray
wool felt bag, 1943 (1995.0065).
Chantal and Jan L. Vagassky: 13 silver
imitation Roman coins (1994.0107).
Margaret E. Vaill: 66 molded plastic ob-
jects and sets of objects reflecting the
career of Edward W. Vaill in early
plastic technology (1994.3122); 45
molded plastic objects and sets of ob-
jects (1995.3053).
Government of the Vatican, Ufficio
Filatelico - Numismatico: 36 stamps
of the Vatican (1993.2143).
John J. Vicari: 0.33 cubic foot of cata-
logs and newsletters documenting
the partial history of the Midwest
Federation of American Syrian-Leba-
nese Clubs, Inc. (1994.3018).
Will Vinton Productions (through
Todd Norgaard): 44 objects includ-
ing animation figures, materials used
co make figures, advertising papers
and videotapes, and promotional
goods, all related to California Raisin
advertisements using Claymation ani-
mated figures (1991.3182).
Robert Vogel: 5 photographs and a
Pathex motion picture projector
(1994.0148).
Barbara H. Walker: woman's clothing
including an evening dress, matching
shoes, and a shoebag of 1888-1900,
and an off-white organdy dress, para-
sol, parasol cover, and silk slip of
1906-10 (1994.0112).
Mary Linn Wallace: Jane Addams Peace
Dove medallion and its original Jap-
anese lacquered box (1995.0023).
Warden Leathers, Incorporated
(through Warren Dennie): maple
wood block used to hand cut leather
to make gloves, used at Zimmer
Gloves of Gloversville, New York
(1994.0268).
Warner-Lambert Company (through
Melvin R. Goodes): 4 bottles of
Listerine mouthwash including a
corked bottle of 1895-1906, and the
last 2 glass bottles produced and the
first plastic bottle packaged on Au-
gust 9, 1994 (1995.0013).
Virginia C. Warren: woman's brown faille
and patterned plush dress disassembled
into I3 pieces, 1885 (1994.0347).
Bertha A. and Herbert Waters: wooden
block, drawing, overlay, and a final
print of the wood engraving My Stx-
dto by Mr. Waters, 1982 (1995.0122).
George Watson: man’s brown straw hat
with a black silk hatband, 1840-90
(1995.0037).
Merle G. Waugh: Dress Gordon tartan
kilt, made by a member of Mr.
Waugh’s family in 1906, and a Bal-
moral style cap, possibly of the 1930s
(1993-0352).
Nancy S. Webb: paperback book, How
to Survive an Atomic Bomb. by Richard
Gerstell, 1950 (1994.0287).
Siham Wehbe: 8 magazines and 4 books
in Arabic including the D.A.R. Man-
ual for Citizenship, 1920-40
(1994.3109).
Elizabeth Lucile Lenfers Westby
(through Paul deHoll): framed em-
broidered picture of a dairy farm
scene signed and dated by “Lucile L.
Westby Apr 1980” (1994.3048).
Ellen R. Wheeler: woman's dark blue
wool jacket, 1885-1910 (1994.0312).
Roger B. White: American Revolution
Bicentennial license plate, 1976
(1994.0047).
Dr. Ronald S. Wilkinson: Dobsonian-
mounted 13.1 inch reflecting tele-
scope made by the Coulter Optical
Company, ca. 1982 (1994.0399).
Edith R. Williams: woman's black and
off-white slubbed tweed pantsuit and
a photograph of Mrs. Williams’
mother wearing the suit, 1924-25
(1995-0113).
Sule Gregory C. Wilson: 6 publicity
buttons, 3 T-shirts, 2 posters, and a
brochure, all reflecting African Amer-
ican college and social life
(1993.0567); 3 T-shirts and a man’s
shirt, 1961-89, all with African Amer-
ican slogans or designs (1994.0251).
The Windsor Historical Society of
Windsor, Connecticut, Inc. (through
Robert T. Silliman): pair of man’s
blue and white checked cotton over-
alls, 1930-45 (1994-0353).
University of Wisconsin, College of Ag-
ricultural and Life Sciences, Depart-
ment of Bacteriology (through Prof.
Ronald D. Hinsdill, Ph.D.): 20 ob-
jects from early science laboratories
and the study of bacteriology and mo-
lecular biology (1995.0191).
The Wolper Organization (through David
Wolper): set of hand shackles used in
the television miniseries “Roots,” 1977,
and a rag doll used in the television
miniseries “Queen,” 1992 (1993.0170).
Priscilla Q. Wood: 11 sets of shoulder
pads, 1985-90 (1994.0335).
Woolworth Corporation (through Au-
brey C. Lewis and E. J. Swain): 26 ob-
jects including a lunch counter with
footrest, 4 stools, 3 mirrors, 2 cornice
pieces, a soda fountain, milk shake
container and glass, napkin holder,
pie case, salt shaker, waitress’ uni-
form and notebook, and 8 signs, all
from the Greensboro, North Caro-
lina, Woolworth store where 4 stu-
dents conducted the first sit-in
against segregated lunch counters in
1960 (1994.0156).
Eugene C. Worman, Jr.: lithograph by
Mrs. Orra Hitchcock of the “Gorge
Between Holyoke and Tom” used in
a book about the geology of Massa-
chusetts, 1830s (1994.0362).
Yamaha Corporation of America
(through Terry Lewis): 24-piece cus-
tom maple drum set (1994.3072).
Rose C. Yanney: 2 convention booklets
of Federated Syrian, Lebanon Clubs
of America, 1947 and 1948
(1994.3108).
William H. Yeignsct: Wham-O sling-
shot, ca. 1950, Kimball fiberglass
bowl, 1950s, and a Tuppercraft plastic
box set, 1960s (1995.0109).
Richard C. Young: 2 Landor Associ-
ates T-shirts and a Hills Brothers
coffee can printed with an Ansel
Adams photograph, 1969
(1993.0542).
Government of the Republic of
Zimbabwe, Posts and Telecommu-
nications Corporation, Philatelic
Bureau: 8*"Owls of Zimbabwe”
postage stamps, 1993 (1993.2059);
12 “Pottery of Zimbabwe” stamps
(1993.2103).
Barry and Margaret A. Zorthian: Safe-
Guard Model Y checkwriter and a
vial of Protex ink (1993.0289).
National Postal Museum
Donors of Financial Support
$500, 000 or more
Pitney Bowes Inc.
$100,000
Jeanette Cantrell Rudy
$50,000 or More
National Grange
Norfolk Southern Foundation
$10, 000 or more
Friden Neopost
Subaru of America
Alvin and Marjorie Kantor
David and Donald Sundman
Florence Corder-Witter
United States Postal Service
Leo August
Envelope Manufacturers Association of
America
$5, 000 or more
Avery Dennison
Lillian Turner
Jimmy Dean Foods
AT&T
Rodale Press
Meredith Publishing
National Association of Postmasters of
the United States
Hallmark, Inc.
Prudential Insurance Company
Ducks Unlimited, Inc.
$1, 000 or more
Book-of-the-Month Club
Joan M. Berkley
Advertising Mail Marketing Association
Amos Press
Donors to the Collection
A collecting moratorium, imposed in
1992 1n conjunction with the reloca-
tion of the collections from the Na-
tional Museum of American History
to the National Postal Museum, re-
mained in effect for the National
Postal Museum during 1995.
Donors of In-Kind Support
Pitney Bowes Inc. Significant technical
support to maintain mailing and ad-
dressing kiosks and exhibition
development.
Subaru of America. A 1995 “Outback
Legacy” station wagon for the
museum's use.
Avery Dennsion. Technical support for
an upcoming exhibit.
Westinghouse. Technical support for an
upcoming exhibit.
Weigh-Tronix. Technical support for an
upcoming exhibit.
Excelsior Publishing. Printing an educa-
tional pamphlet.
National Museum of the
American Indian
Donors to the Collection
Anita Alvarez de Williams. Cucapa
fishtrap.
Douglas Coffin. Grandfather Pole, sculp-
ture by Douglas Coffin (Potawatomi-
Creek) from This Path We Travel
exhibition.
Henry Curtis. Painting on sealskin
from St. Lawrence Island, Alaska.
Estate of Patricia C. Dodge. Northwest
Coast basket and Chavin-Chimu str-
rup pot from Peru.
290
Eel River Micmac Community.
Gesgapegiag Micmac ash splint
basket.
Monica Flaherty. Records of petro-
glyphs in Puerto Rico.
Peter B. Greenough. Passamaquoddy
club.
Marian Kaminitz. Achuar comb, Ecu-
ador; Bush Negro comb; palm fiber
bag from Maka, Paraguay.
T)jyraru Karaja. Two Karaja wetaara
(dance belts).
Helen Katchmar. Collection of South-
west jewelry and artifacts.
Barbara Knapp. Pair of Naskap: snow-
shoes.
Naralie K. Kutz. Three dolls, made by
Bobbie Bear (Ottawa).
Estate of Joan W. Leidesdorf. Collection
of southeast pottery and jewelry.
Ellen Loewenthal. Four Eskimo-An-
aktuvuk Pass masks.
Robert A. Logan. Assorted Eastern
Woodlands materials (six objects).
Janis M. Maxwell. Plains pipe bag.
Mid-America Arts Alliance. Assorted
Hopi materials (seven objects).
Peyton S. Moncure. Two blankets, pair
of moccasins, and necklace from trad-
ing post in Busby, Montana.
Darlene Raskind. Navajo sandpainting
from the Whiteshell Arrow people.
Mrs. Moreland Griffith Smith. One
blackware vessel (“Maria/Popovi")
and set of three katsinas by H
Namaquaptewa (Hopi).
Charles Steiner. Plenty Coups. sculpture
in bronze.
Liane Fenelon Waite. Seminole skirt.
Tony L. Weldon. Learning How to Fly,
pencil drawing by Tony L. Weldon
(Cherokee).
National Portrait Gallery
Donors of Financial Support
$50,000 or more
Scripps Howard Foundation
$10, 000 or more
The Barra Foundation, Inc.
Fannie Mae Foundation
The Shubert Foundation, Inc.
$5,000 or more
Cellular Telecommunications Industry
Association
Clark 1983 Charitable Trust
$1,000 or more
Esthy and James Adler Philanthropic
Fund in The Foundation for the Na-
tonal Capital Region
Bank One, Springfield
Mr. and Mrs. Alan Fern
Rosemary L. Frankeberger
Leslie Goldberg Charity Fund of the
Fidelity Investments Charitable Gift
Fund
Jack Haas
Chester H. Lasell
Harold and Judy Prince
Gordon Tindale and W.H. Smith
Group (USA) Inc.
The Clarence and Jack Himmel
Foundation
$250 or more
Sidney Hart
Mr. and Mrs. Barry Pierce
Elena Klionsky Pipko
Turner Associates, Inc.
Donors to the Collection—
Painting and Sculpture
Anonymous gift in memory of the
Charles Carroll Simms Family. Wi/-
liam Gilmore Simms, oil on canvas, by
an unidentified artist (NPG.95.020).
Eleanor Morein Foster. Jenny Lind. 1852,
oil on canvas, by Francis Bicknell
Carpenter (NPG.94.123).
Mr. and Mrs. C. Joseph Giroir, Jr. Wil-
liam Jefferson Clinton. 1994, bronze
bust, by Jan Woods (NPG.94.126).
IBM Corporation. Thomas J. Watson, Sr.,
1956-57, oil on canvas, by Albert K.
Murray (NPG.94.125).
Everett Raymond Kinstler. Charles Ad-
dams. 1975, oil on canvas, by Everett
Raymond Kinstler
(T/NPG.94.124.98).
Estate of Herbert Leldon Kirk. Col.
Lewis Morris, ca. 1800, watercolor on
ivory, by an unidentified artist
(S/NPG.95.115); and Anne Elliott Mor-
ris. ca. 1800, watercolor on ivory, by
an unidentified artist (S/NPG.95.116).
The Beneficiaries of the Andrew Longa-
cre Estate. Coins and medals de-
signed by James Barton Longacre
(AD/NPG.95.1.1 - 10).
Jonathan Prude. Agnes de Mille. oil on fi-
berboard, by Elizabeth Montgomery
(T/NPG.95.118.03); and Martha Gra-
ham. oil on fiberboard, by Elizabeth
Montgomery (T/NPG.95.019.01).
Robert Gordon Stewart. Suit of cloth-
ing worn by Stewart in his 1969 por-
trait by Alice Neel (AD/NPG.94.2).
Joan Lieber Sweeney. Frederick W.
MacMonnies. 1922, oil on canvas, by
James Montgomery Flagg
(NPG.94.86).
Harold Tovish. e. e. cammings. 1994 cast
of 1962 original, death mask, made
by Harold Tovish (NPG.95.7).
Billy Dee Williams. Self-Portrait with
Gardenia, 1993, acrylic on canvas
(S/NPG.94.92).
Donors to the Collection—
Prints and Drawings
Alfred and Elizabeth Bendiner Founda-
tion. 5 caricature drawings, ink on
paper, Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne,
1943, Ethel Merman and Burt Lahr.
1939, Van Cliburn, c. 1955, Alfred and
Elizabeth Bendiner, c. 1950, Helen
Hayes. 1943, by Alfred Bendiner
(NPG.95.63-67).
Heywood Hale Broun. Heywood Camp-
bell Broun, c. 1935, pencil on paper, by
Joseph Hirsch (NPG.94.111).
Lydia Freeman. 7 drawings on paper,
Boris Aronson, Joe E. Brown, William
Glackens, Henry Kaiser, Buster Keaton,
two drawings of Arnold Schoenberg. by
Don Freeman (NPG.95.135-141).
Everett Raymond Kinstler. Joan Fon-
taine, 1993, charcoal on paper, by Ev-
erett Raymond Kinstler
(S/NPG.94.112). Al Hirschfeld, 1993,
charcoal on paper, by Everett Ray-
mond Kinstler (T/NPG.94.113.). Rob-
ert Motherwell. 1985, pencil on paper,
by Everett Raymond Kinstler
(T/NPG.94.114.01).
Ruth Munson. Nolan Ryan, 1993, water-
color on paper, by Ruth Munson
(T/NPG.95.044.).
Bernard Perlin. Erick Hawkins, 1942,
silverpoint on paper, by Bernard Per-
lin (NPG.95.028). Patrick Hurley,
19443-1944, pencil on paper, by Ber-
nard Perlin (S/NPG.95.031). Vincent
Price, 1942, silverpoint on paper, by
Bernard Perlin (NPG.95.029).
Glenway Wescott. 1946, silverpoint on
paper, by Bernard Perlin
(NPG.95.030).
Milton Rose. Nathaniel Lyon. c. 1861,
lithograph, by T. Sinclair
(NPG.95.71). Stephen Grover Cleveland
and Thomas Andrews Hendricks, 1884,
engraving, by James R. Rice
(NPG.95.72).
Edward Sorel. The Warner Mob. 1983,
color halftone poster, by Edward
Sorel (S/NPG.95.003). Thinking Tuna
Fish, Talking Death. 1988, color half-
tone poster, by Edward Sorel
(S/NPG.95.002).
Erwin P. Vollmer. Aline Fruhauf. 1928,
pencil on paper, by Alexander Calder
(NPG.95.32).
Donors to the Collection—
Photographs
Herbert H. Coburn. Judith Anderson,
1937, gelatin silver print by Carl Van
Vechten (S/NPG.95.10).
William Coupon. George Herbert Walker
Bush, 1991, Iris print on watercolor
paper by William Coupon
(NPG.95.21).
Edward Brooks DeCelle. Lawrence
Ferlinghetti, 1974, gelatin silver print
by Crawford W. Barton
(T/NPG.94.100.).
Keith de Lellis. Cecz/ B. DeMille. c.
1930, gelatin silver print by George
Hurrell (S/NPG.95.118); Mae West,
1935, gelatin silver print by C. Ken-
neth Lobben (S/NPG.95.119).
Elsa Dorfman. Adlen Ginsberg and Peter
Orlovsky, 1983, Polaroid Polacolor
print by Elsa Dorfman
(T/NPG.95.17).
Eastman Kodak Company. Summit of the
Americas, 1995, chromogenic print by
Eduardo Galliani (NPG.95.77).
Louis and Jude Patch Guglielmino. Ge-
ronimo, c. 1886, albumen silver print
by C.S. Fly (NPG.95.117).
Claire Kaland. 19 lantern slides of Civil
War scenes, various dates, by
Mathew Brady Studio (S/NPG.95.121;
AD/NPG.95.2.1-18).
Danny Lyon and the Jan Kesner Gal-
lery. John Lewis, 1962, gelatin silver
print by Danny Lyon (T/NPG.95.16).
Rollie McKenna. James Merrill, 1995
from 1969 negative, gelatin silver
print by Rollie McKenna
(T/NPG.95.74.05); Sylvia Plath, 1995
from 1959 negative, gelatin silver
print -by Rollie McKenna
(NPG.95.75); Anne Sexton. 1995 from
1961 negative, gelatin silver print by
Rollie McKenna (NPG.95.76).
Estate of Hans Namuth. 52 gelatin sil-
ver portrait prints, various dates by
Hans Namuth (NPG.95.)
Maurice Roth. Mabel Mercer. 1978, chro-
mogenic print by James D. Wilson
(S/NPG.95.73).
Mrs. Albert B. Sabin. Adbert B. Sabin,
1982, gelatin silver print by unidenti-
fied photographer (T/NPG.95.79.03).
William and Drew Schaeffer. A/fred E.
Smith, c. 1925, photographic montage
by unidentified photographer
(NPG.94.101).
Ruth and Richard Shack. 2 gelatin sil-
ver prints of Jane Alexander, 1992, by
Timothy Greenfield-Sanders
(S/NPG.94.279-80); Hillary Rodham
Clinton. 1994, gelatin silver print by
Timothy Greenfield-Sanders
(S/NPG.94.281).
Frances O. Tames. 99 gelatin silver por-
trait prints, various dates, by George
Tames (NPG.94.144-242).
Diana Walker. William Jefferson (“Bill”)
Clinton, 1993, chromogenic print by
Diana Walker (NPG.95.107); George
Herbert Walker Bush, 1990, chromo-
genic print by Diana Walker
(NPG.95.108); Ronald Wilson Reagan.
291
1986, chromogenic print by Diana
Walker (NPG.95.109); Ronald Reagan
and Mikhail Gorbachev. 1987, chromo-
genic print by Diana Walker
(S/NPG.95.110); William Jefferson
(“Bill”) Clinton and Albert Gore, 1994,
chromogenic print by Diana Walker
(S/NPG.95.111); William Jefferson
(“Bill”) Clinton, 1994, chromogenic
print by Diana Walker
(S/NPG.95.112); George Herbert Walker
Bush and Barbara Bush, 1988, chromo-
genic print by Diana Walker
(S/NPG.95.113),; William Jefferson
“Bill” Clinton. 1994, chromogenic
print by Diana Walker
(S/NPG.95.114).
Sandra Weiner. Dan Werner, c. 1949, gel-
atin silver print by Sandra Weiner
(NPG.94.99); Ed Zern, 1985, gelatin
silver print by Sandra Weiner
(T/NPG.94.98.04).
Donald Windham. Donald Windham
and Sandy Camptell, 1955, gelatin sil-
ver print by Carl Van Vechten
(S/NPG.95.78); 15 gelatin silver por-
trait prints, various dates, by George
Platt Lynes (S/NPG.94.264-78).
Library
Herbert Waide Hemphill. Thirty-nine
(39) boxes of of folk art books, exhibi-
tion catalogs and vertical file items.
Archives of American Art. Four (4)
boxes of art magazines and newslet-
ters and three (3) boxes of small press
publications.
Merry Foresta. Five (5) boxes of bio-
graphical information, exhibition an-
nouncements and small catalogs.
Donors of In-Kind Support
Eastman Kodak Company. Kodak
Photo CD Player.
Capital Plastics Company, Inc. Vitrines
and book cradles displayed in the ex-
hibition “In Pursuit of the Butterfly:
Portraits of James McNeil Whistler.”
Capitol Paint Center. Paint and paint
supplies for the installation of the ex-
hibition “In Pursuit of the Butterfly:
Portraits of James McNeil Whistler.”
292
General Typographers, Inc. Produc-
tion of film positives used in
preparation of graphics for the
exhibition “In Pursuit of the But-
terfly: Portraits of James McNeil
Whistler.”
Heritage Flag Co., Inc. Outdoor ban-
ner used to publicize the exhibition
“In Pursuit of the Butterfly: Por-
traits of James McNeil Whistler.”
Normandy Carpet Care Co. Cleaning of
gallery space carpeting in support of
the exhibition “In Pursuit of the But-
terfly: Portraits of James McNeil
Whistler.”
Schneidereith & Sons. Printing of
invitations for preview reception for
the exhibition “In Pursuit of the But-
terfly: Portraits of James McNeil
Whistler.”
Smithsonian Institution
Traveling Exhibition
service, SITES
Donors of Financial Support
$ 500, 000 or more
Nissan Motor Corporation U.S.A.
$50,000 or more
The Boeing Company
$10,000 or more
Rockefeller Foundation
Educational and
Cultural Programs
Center for Folklife
Programs and Cultural
Studies
Donors of Financial Support
$100, 000 or more
The Ford Foundation
$10, 000 or more
Cape Verdean American Folklife Festi-
val, Wareham Folklife Comm.
William H. & Camille O. Cosby
Embassy of the Commonwealth of The
Bahamas
Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian
Fundacao Luso-Americana
New Bedford Cape Verdean Smithson-
1an Committee
NYNEX Corporation
Pontificia Universidad Catolica Del Peru
The Rex Foundation
David Schoenbach
Trust for Mutual Understanding
$5,000 or more
Fleet Charitable Trust
Ford Motor Company
Organization of American States
$1,000 or more
Bell Atlantic of Washington, D.C.
Cape Verdean Club of Falmouth, Inc.
Cape Verdean Cultural Preservation
Council
Cookson-America, Inc.
Elizabeth G. Cushman
Czech Heritage Society of Texas
Foundation of Cabo Verde, Inc.
Kathryn Rinzler
Toshi Aline Seeger
$500 or more
Adler Pollock & Sheehan
Louise Andrade
Arts in Progress, Inc.
Citizens Bank of Massachusetts
Citizens Financial Group, Inc.
Melvin and Ryna Cohen
James C. Early
Edwards & Angell
Julius Gonsalves & Son
Shirley Gould
Guest Services Inc.
Martin & Marianne Harwit
Bess Lomax Hawes
Hope St. KFC, Inc.
Hospital Trust
Institute for Community Research, Inc.
International Packaging Corp.
Charlene James-Duguid
Kilmartin Charitable Corp.
Richard Kurin
The Monet Group
New England Trust Company
Marion Surling Pugh
Mr. and Mrs. S. Dillon Ripley
Rockland Trust Company
Peter and Martha Seitel
Tillinghast Collins & Graham
White House Historical Association
$250 or more
Associacao Caboverdiana De Brockton
Francisco L. & Lynne M. Borges
Cape Verdean Women’s Social Club, Inc.
Gerald Cerny
Cooper & Sanchez
Gordon D. Fox
Harris Co. Czech Heritage Society
Hope Webbing Company
Carolyn Long
Doug Wonderlick
Donors to the Collection
Cape Verde Delegation. Clay figure of
woman with mortar and pestle; clay
figure of woman grinding corn with
stone; clay figure of man playing a
drum for cola procession; and clay fig-
ure of man playing ourim game, all
made by Tito from Mindelo, San
Vincente, Cape Verde.
Cape Verde Delegation. Woven pano
(body cloth), a round stone corn
grinder, and a clay cuscus por with
steamer.
Center for Popular Music, Murfrees-
boro, Tennessee. 200 LPs donated to
the archives.
Czech Republic participants. Three
small painted eggs, one large painted
egg, and two corn husk dolls, one of
a woman carrying firewood.
Flying Fish. Recordings donated to the
archives.
Rebel/County Records. Recordings do-
nated to the archives.
Russian participanc. Recording, The
Nekrasov Cossacks: Russian and Turkish
Songs and Tunes.
Shanachie. Recordings donated to the
archives.
Donors of In-Kind Support
Ben & Jerry's. Two cases of Peace Pops
for the Festival of American Folklife.
Dunkin’ Donuts. Three dozen donuts
for the Festival of American Folklife.
Farberware, Inc. Two coffee urns for par-
ticipant hospitality at the Festival of
American Folklife.
Faxland Corporation. Loan of two fax
machines for administrative use at
the Festival of American Folklife.
Fischer's Hardware. Office supplies for
the Festival of American Folklife.
Frito-Lay, Inc. Twelve cases of chips for
the Festival of American Folklife.
Herr's Food, Inc. Several cases of potato
chips for participant hospitality at
the Festival of American Folklife.
Johnson's Flower & Garden. A $25 gift
certificate for the Festival of Ameri-
can Folklife.
KMart. A $25 gift certificate for mer-
chandise for the Festival of American
Folklife.
Krispy Kreme Donuts. Ten dozen
donuts for the Festival of American
Folklife’s volunteer orientation.
Little Caesar's Pizza. Several large pizzas
for the technical crew working on the
Festival of American Folklife.
Melitta North America, Inc. Ground
coffee for participant hospitality at
the Festival of American Folklife.
Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc. Donation
of 8,000 single-portion cartons of
juice for participant hospitality at
the Festival of American Folklife.
Pepperidge Farm. Cookies for partici-
pant hospitality at the Festival of
American Folklife.
Recording Industries Music Perfor-
mance Trust Funds. Honoraria for
the musicians from the United States
at the Festival of American Folklife.
Reliacare Medical Systems. Loan of four
wheelchairs for the Festival of Ameri-
can Folklife.
Safeway. A $25 gift certificate for grocer-
ies for foodways demonstrations at
the Festival of American Folklife.
Shoppers Food Warehouse. A $25 gift
certificate for groceries for foodways
demonstrations at the Festival of
American Folklife.
Snyders of Hanover. Several cases of po-
tato chips for participant hospitality
at the Festival of American Folklife.
The Sugar Association, Inc. 400 pounds
of sugar for participant hospitality
and foodways demonstrations at the
Festival of American Folklife.
USDA Subtropical Horticultural Re-
search Sration. Approximately 900
stalks of sugar cane for use in demon-
strating a sugar mill from Cape
Verde at the Festival of American
Folklife.
Wilkins Coffee. Ground coffee for par-
ticipant hospitality at the Festival of
American Folklife.
William B. Riley Coffee Company.
Twenty-four pounds of coffee for par-
ticipanc hospitality at the Festival of
American Folklife.
Office of Elementary and
Secondary Education
Donors of Financial Support
$50,900 or more
Brother International Corporation
Pacific Murual Foundation
293
National Campaign Office
Donors of Financial Support
$100, 000 or more
Mr. and Mrs. James A. Block
The Coca-Cola Foundation
The George Gund Foundation
George Gund III
Ru Lennox Lang
Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation
Merrill Lynch and Company
Eugene and Clare Thaw Charitable
Trust
Jerry R. White
Zemurray Foundation
$50, 000 or more
The Chase Manhattan Bank N.A.
The Educational Foundation of America
Victor and Loretta Kaufman
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur
Foundation
Carroll and Nancy O'Connor
Time Warner Inc.
$10, 000 or more
Aspen Celebration for the American In-
dian
The Chickasaw Nation
Consolidated Edison Company of New
York
Coopers & Lybrand
Valerie T. and Charles M. Diker
The Walt Disney Company
The Heard Museum
Norman Hirschfield Foundation
Gene Keluche
The Knowles Foundation
Henry and Lucy Moses Fund, Inc.
Newman’s Own, Inc.
The New York Times Company
Foundation
Olympus Corporation
Procter and Gamble Company
Ann R. Roberts
Helen Roberts
William D. Rollnick
Samuel and May Rudin Foundation,
Inc.
Seminole Tribal Museum Authority
Spring Creek Art Foundation
Paul and Helga Tarver
Ellen Napiura Taubman
Turner Entertainment Group
$5, 000 or more
Ann Simmons Alspaugh
Joseph Boyle
Bozell Worldwide Inc.
Corning Incorporated Foundation
Joseph and Barbara Cowen Foundation
Carl and Wally Davis
DeGrazia Art and Cultural Foundation
Grey Advertising, Inc.
IBM Corporation
Mr. and Mrs. J. Rukin Jelks
Kenner & Company, Inc.
James N. Krebs
Joe and Emily Lowe Foundation
Richard & Jane Manoogian Foundation
The Nature Company
Neutrogena Corporation
Antoinette Peskoff
Research Foundation of the City Univer-
sity of New York
Santa Fe Pacific Gold Corporation
Charles Simon
Norman-Rita Tishman Fund, Inc.
$ 1, 000 or more
Alexander Gallery
Alixandre Furs, Inc.
Charmay B. Allred
Arnold Aronson
Jacalyn Askin
Bank of Hawaii
Bankers Trust New York Corporation
Leah K. Barnett
Bartfield Galleries
Mr. and Mrs. T. E. Beck, Jr.
Frances and Benjamin Benenson
Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Howard R. Berlin
Richard and Elaine Binder
Patti Birch
Mrs. Martin Blumenthal
Beth B. Braden
Jeffrey Bronfman
CBS Entertainment Productions
Caledonia Pictures, Inc.
Capital Cities/ABC, Inc.
Sandra C. Chapin
Philip Chapman
Sang Ho Chung
City Parks Foundation, Inc.
Coldwater Creek
Common Ground, Inc.
Barber B. Conable, Jr.
Nan Cooper
Jean Coyne
The Louise B. and Edgar M. Cullman
Foundation
Georgia DeHavenon
Paula Delnunzio
Ehrenkrantz & Eckstut Architects, P.C.
Donald Ellis Gallery Ltd.
Thomas W. Evans
Arlene Farkas
Felberbaum Family Foundation
Minna J. Finberg
Anne Forbes
Debra L. Franklin
Michael R. French
Gallery to, Inc.
General Service Foundation
Richard Gilbert
Golden Family Foundation
James C. Goodale
Gover, Stetson & Williams, P.C.
Emily L. Grant
Glenn Green Galleries
GTE Hawaiian Telephone
Agnes S. Gund
Geoffrey Gund
Robert D. Haas
David C. Harrison
Samuel J. Heyman
Trinidad Hidalgo
Tracy Hill
Hobbs, Straus, Dean & Walker
The Horn Foundation
Phillip S. Hughes
Humana Inc.
Clarice Hunter
Jewish Communal Fund of New York
Ann L. Johnson
Steven W. Kohlhagen
Rose C. and Harold H. Kramer
Robert J. Krane
Robert Krissel
Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Krueger
Lannan Foundation
William & Mildred Lasdon Foundation
Leonard A. Lauder
Naomi Leff & Associates, Inc.
Lindenbaum Family Charitable Trust
Margot T. and Robert E. Linton
E. F. MacNichol, Jr.
Maryann McCaffery
Amy McCombs
The McDonough Foundation
Meek Family Foundation
Mrs. R. K. Merrill, Jr.
Marie B. Miller
Monterey Fund, Inc.
Joan Moore
Anne M. and Paul Morgan
Morse Family Foundation
Brean Murray, Foster Securities Inc.
R. Carlos Nakai
NECO Foundation
New York Vista Hotel
Frances Newman
Oklahoma State Regents
Peabody Essex Museum
Max Pine
Anne C. Pizzorusso
Polo/Ralph Lauren Corporation
Joel Portugal
Stephen Potters
Harold and Judy Prince
William M. Ray
James Reid Ltd.
Ann Reinking
Nancy Clark Reynolds
Lawrence Robinson
Edward J. Rosenthal
Richard & Hinda Rosenthal Foundation
Steve Rufer
Mary A. H. Rumsey Foundation
Stephen Russell
Saturn Corporation
Edmund C. Shaw
Shiprock Enterprises, Ltd.
Allen T. Short, Jr.
Adrianne W. Silver
Slovin Foundation
Kenneth L. Smith
Spear, Leeds & Kellogg
Sandra D. Speiden
Frank and Domna Stanton Foundation
Deborah Szekely
J. Richard Taft Organization
Tambaran Gallery
Terner Foundation
J. Walter Thompson Company
The Times Mirror Company
Alan & Peg Tishman Foundation, Inc.
John and Daniel Tishman Fund
Twenty-First Century Limited
Corporation
Ruby Uthman
J. David Walker
Barbara Ann Watkins
Wear Me Apparel Corporation
Ruth L. Webb
W. Richard West
T. S. Whirecloud, III
D. G. Whitmore
David Wilshin
Ralph C. Wilson Foundation
Reagan Wilson
William Stewart Woodside
Edward Wooh
Zeckendorf Foundation, Inc.?
$500 or more
Robert Abrams
Ameritech Foundation
Automated Mailing, Inc.
Mr. and Mrs. Horace W. Baker
JoAnn and Bob Balzer
Chemical Bank
Victor J. Barnett
Cletos O. Bennett
Bruce C. Berger
Leonard and Patricia Berliner
Robert A. Bernhard
Royd A. Byjornoy
Michael Bondanza Inc.
John G. Borden
Donald S. Bowman
Bernadette M. Brown
Helen Brown
Vaughan W. Brown Charitable Trust
Murray Bruce Productions Inc.
Alice Green Burnette
James J. Butler
Canyon Records and Indian Art
Dr. Joni Cherbo
Kay L. Clausen
Dorothy Collins
Robert W. Conklin
Copeland, Rutherford Find Arts
Carina Courtright
Nancy Criswell
Joel Delisa
Mr. and Mrs. David Dibner
June Elliott
Exhibit Management Corporation
Bruce Geismar
Ruth Greenberg
Ann Sward Hansen
Jane Henson
Jennefer Hirshberg
Frank W. Hoch
Ellen P. Isan
Karen Keland
Mrs. Thomas A. Kelly
Susannah Simpson Kent
Julie Kollitz
William Lauder
Jay B. Langner
Wendy Lavitt
Elizabeth & John Levin Fund
Kathy E. Levin
Ruth Lopp
Diana T. MacArthur
James S. Marcus Foundation
McGraw Hill Foundation, Inc.
Edward Mele
Eugene Mercy
Mary Miller
Morning Star Gallery, Ltd.
D. Moritz
Mrs. Paul M. Niebell, Sr.
Melvin Olsen
Deborah Olson
C. Osterman
John H. Paes
Melvin F. Pervais
William L. Phillips
Barbara B. Poirkhead
Port Authority of New York and New
Jersey
Ramscale
Judson P. Reiss
Rolando Reyes
Grace Jones Richardson Trust
Henry and Betsy Robertson
Shelia Robertson
Judith Schalic
Linda N. Schapiro
Deborah A. Schaudt
Mr. and Mrs. Lewis C. Schneider
OI S. Schneider Elementary School
Whitney N. Seymour
Mrs. Robert L. Simmons
Philip Smith
Jerry I. and Lynne Speyer
Kenneth A. St. Andre
Helen D’Olier Stowell
Alan Sturm
Jay T. Suagee
Telephone Employees Credit Union
Ted N. Trotta
John Ungar
Diane van Amerongen
Frances C. Wagenseil
Elisabeth Waldo
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Wright
Beth Zucker
295
$250 or more
Anonymous
Phyllis K. Abell
Alethea A. Adams
Rebecca Alexander
American Indian Store
Amerind Gallery
Marilyn Anderson
Thelma L. Antal
F. Arcuri
L. B. Armentrout
AT&T Foundation
Mr. and Mrs. Victor G. Atuyeh
Dr. Virginia M. Ayres
D. R. Baines
William Banner
A. M. Bard
The Barns Fund
Brian Bartlett
Anthony D. Bastone
Peter H. Beck and Luli Mendez-Beck
Elicia W. Beebe
Elizabeth A. Bell
Marie K. Bell
Donald Belz
Hans and Jutta Bertram-Nothnagel
Bill's Trading Post
Connie Binghier
Martha O. Blaxall
Richard Block, Jr.
Evangeline G. Bollinger
Moe Bordwin
Mary Ann Borkowski
Wilbur C. Bragg, I
I. H. Brennan
Harriet Brittain
Dr. Jean Cramer Brown and S. H. Oliver
Lawrence D. Brown
Nomie Budelier
Christine Budzyski
David Burr
CBR Inc.
Ed and Shirley Cheramy
Billie J. Cherry
Citicorp
Robert K. Clawson
Tom Conlon
Robert A. Conway
Catherine Cooper
Dr. Robert B. Craven
William H. Crocker
Paul Cronson
Priscilla Cunningham
John G. Danz, Jr.
296
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Davison
David Davies
C. Y. Deknatel
Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Demartino
Michael W. Devlin
M. C. Dickinson
Mrs. J. E. Dillinger
Dieter Doppelfeld
Mr. Marvin Droes and Dr. Nellie Droes
H. Drury
James E. Dykes
G. Efting
Gerald Eskin
H. Allen Evans
Dr. Joyce M. Evans
Gary Felumlee
Richard R. Ferland
S. Leigh Ferst
Nancy K. Fine
Michelle D. Funatsu
Jack Flores, Jr.
Jeffrey B. Flores
Lorraine Forston
Four Winds Trading Company
Mrs. Thomas W. Frank
W. L. Freeman
Dr. and Mrs. E. W. Friday, Jr.
Harriet Frieze
John W. Gage
Nicklaus Gerspach
Jim Gerth Galleries
Dr. Murray Gell-Mann
Bea Gian
Arnold B. Glimcher
Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Grice
H. E. Griffith
Elaine Grudzinski
Mr. and Mrs. Paul S. Gumbinner
J. R. Hafemann
John Haldeman
Pamela Hall
Marjorie Haller
Ms. Louise G. Harper and Mr. Theodore
Schuchat
Cynthia Harris
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Hart
Ann C. Hartfiel
Enid A. Haupt
April and Joseph Heindl
John Heller
A. Hertzler
Johanna Hill
Lawrence B. Hobson
Miriam S. Hogan
Wendy Holmes
Dr. Lois T. Hunt
Illinois Tool Works Foundation
The Indian Craft Shop
K. Irons
Marie Jensen
Diane Jergins
Dorothy C. Jones
Fred Kaplan
Sigrun Kast
Keshi, The Zuni Connection
Katharine Kosmak
Nancy B. Krieble
Elizabeth J. Kuen
Robert B. Kullman
John L. Kuruc
Evelyn Larson
Lisabeth S. Lehman
Eleanor Lewis
Elsa Limbach
Samuel H. Lindenbaum
Mr. and Mrs. Robert MacCrate
Lee Anne MacDonald
Ginny MacDowell
James P. and Roselle Mackellar
The Magazine Antiques
Ronald Main
John and Susanne Manley
Vanessa Martens
Lola H. Mason
Judith A. Mattich
Tomoyoshi Matsuda
Dewi McCormack
George McDonnell
Mrs. Ray F. McIntire
Sue Melchair
Mesa's Edge
Mrs. Osmond Molarsky
Marilyn Monkman
Sheila C. Montooth
Ray Moody
Mrs. E. P. Moore
Peter A. Morgan
Mrs. James Moriarty
Jack R. Mummert
Ellen E. Murphy
Kimberly Murphy
Mrs. Alfred K. Murway, Jr.
Mrs. Carl Muschenheim
Nanticoke Indian Association, Inc.
Native American Perspectives
I. Nazar
P.B. Newman
Mr. and Mrs. Henry V. Nickel
Mr. and Mrs. G. S. Nolte
Joseph E. Nordsieck
The Contributing
Membership of the
Smithsonian
Institution in Fiscal
Year 1995
The Contributing Membership supports the Institution
through generous annual donations and special giving
opportunities. Members’ participation enables the
Smithsonian to pursue specific projects and broader
research, acquisition, preservation, and education efforts
than might otherwise be possible.
The Smithsonian Institution therefore gratefully
acknowledges the loyal and thoughrful assistance of the
Contributing Members, including Patron Members
($1,200 annual contribution), Sustaining Members
($600 annual contribution) and Sponsoring Members
($300 annual contribution), listed below.
Patron Members
Mr. Laurence J. Adams
Mr. Terry L. Albertson
Mr. & Mrs. Lambert E.
Althaver
Mr. Alfred C. Antoniewicz
Mr. & Mrs. S. D. Bechtel, Jr.
Ms. Marguerite Bender
Ms. J. A. Boorman
Mr. E. T. Byram
Ms. Eva M. Casner
G. E. Chapin, Jr.
Mrs. Harold W. Cheel
Mr. Fred Clements
Ms. Leslie A. L. Coggins
Mr. Robert L. Cummings
Dr. Robert D. Cunningham
Mr. E. A. Defalco
298
Mrs. Mary J. Deutschbein
Mr. Hilton B. Dickerson
Mrs. Mary Jane Fisher
Ms. Virginia Friend
Ms. Cornelia M. Geddes
Ms. Judith F. Geller
Mr. Gary R. Gibson
Ms. C. Graton
Ms. Ruth C. Greenberg
Mr. Corbin Gwaltney
Mr. Harold Haverty
Mr. William Herbster
Ms. Catherine W. Herman
Mrs. H. Houseman
Mr. & Mrs. Phillip S. Hughes
Mrs. Elizabeth:L. Hunter
Mr. Arthur Jung, Jr.
Mr. & Mrs. Charles J.
Kennedy
Ms. Mary E. Kingsland
Mr. Michael N. Klein
Mrs. Margaret R. Knudsen
Mr. Otto Kruse
Mr. & Mrs. Robert H. Lando
Ms. Marilyn Brody Lane
E. M. Lang
Mr. Edmund W. Littlefield
Dr. Wayne Mathews
Mr. & Mrs. John D. McLean
Mr. & Mrs. M. McNulty
Mr. Edwin E. Meader
Mr. Vincent Mercurio
Mr. & Mrs. E. Mercy, Jr.
Ms. Mildred Middlekauff
Mr. & Mrs. Peter R.
Monrose, Jr.
Mr. H. W. Morgan
Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth F.
Mountcastle
Mr. Henry Nickel
Ms. Margaret M. Norton
Ms. Marvis J. Oehm
Mr. Stephen E. Peat
Mr. H. Posner, Jr.
Mr. Conrad W. Raker
Ms. Nina Belle Redditr
Mr. L. A. Roepcke
Mr. & Mrs. L. Rothschild
Ms. Marcia Rubenstein
Mr. Bruce Schreider
Mr. Harold A. Serr
Mr. & Mrs. David M. Shapiro
Mrs. V. Spratley
Mr. Jeffrey Sturgess
Mr. Michael D. Sullivan
Ms. N. Taft
Mr. Charles A. Turner, III
Mr. & Mrs. J. Bernard
Vallandingham
Mrs. Maria C. Volpe
Ms. Mary Wibel
Mr. James E. Wiley
Mr. & Mrs. Robert Willson
Mrs. Richard E. Wright
Sustaining Members
Dr. A. Ackil
Mr. Davey L. Adams, Jr.
Dr. & Mrs. Samuel W.
Adams
The Honorable & Mrs.
James E. Akins
Mr. Yale H. Alexander
Mr. & Mrs. William C.
Allbert
Carrol B. Allen
Ms. Marcia Y. Almassy
Mr. George J. Ames
Mr. & Mrs. Richard S. Antes
Dr. & Mrs. Darrel J. Apple
Miss Edith-Marie Appleton
Mr. R. Arkin
Mr. Donald G. Avery
Dr. Wilma A. Bailey
Mr. William W. Baker
Seth W. Baldwin
Ms. Velma N. Baldwin
Mr. & Mrs. Edward Balfour
Captain Celia Barteau
Mr. & Mrs. Dorsey Baskin
Mr. Jeffrey D. Bauman
Mr. Claude P. Baumann
Mrs. Caroline Beck
The Honorable & Mrs.
Berkley Bedell
Mr. Charles Beer
Ms. W. Tapley Bennett, Jr.
Mr. Robert P. Benninghofen
Mr. Richard H. Berg
Mr. James H. Berkson
Dr. Harold Berman
Mr. Charles P. Berney
Mr. Samuel W. Bernheimer
Jules Bernstein
Mr. Jerry Bethel
Mr. Michael D. Bielucki
Mr. J. Blazek
Mrs. Irene D. Bosse
Mr. & Mrs. Mitchell T.
Bowie
Mrs. Constance T. Boyd
Mr. & Mrs. Jay M. Boyd
Mr. & Mrs. Terry Boykie
Mrs. Rose J. Bratton
Mr. John F. Breyer, Jr.
Mr. James E. Brodhacker
Mr. John J. Brogan
Mrs. Arlene A. Brown
Mr. & Mrs. William L. Bryan
Mr. Frederick Buechner
Mr. & Mrs. I. Townsend
Burden, II
Mr. & Mrs. Richard W.
Burkhardt
Mrs. Poe Burling
Mrs. Poe Burling
Mr. & Mrs. D. C. Burnham
Dr. Marjorie L. Bush
Suzanne J. Obaid
Lawrence F. O’Brien, III
Stanley P. Owen
Pacific Western Traders
Mrs. Walter H. Page
Y. C. Parris
Susan Penick
Veronique Pepin
Gladys and Arie Pilz
Joseph Pisciotta
Allan S. Pohle
Norman Porter
Lesley C. Powell
Prarie Edge
Adaline H. Rand
Red Cloud Indian Arts
Patricia F. Redeker
David and Roslynne Reed
Catherine Rein
Phoebe Resnick
Caethe Richardson
Mr. and Mrs. Albert K. Roehrig
Whyland Rose
Nancy Rosenberg
Eileen Rosner
David Saity
J. Patricia Scanlon
Dr. John Scheid
Marion A. Scott
Sealaska Corporation
Mrs. Dan Searight
Kate M. Sheehy
Allan Shore
O. Six
Howard M. Smith
Dean B. Smith
Robert M. Smith
Ruth K. Smith
Nancy B. Sokal
Beano Solomon
The Suskind Family Foundation
Rick Terry
Andrew Thomas
Jacqueline Thompson
Mrs. E. B. Tolman
Deborah J. Travis
Tribal Expressions
Pearl Urist
Marilyn Vaughan
Esther L. Voorsanger
Virginia M. Voss
Mr. and Mrs. Fred Weck
Ray T. Weeks
Richard Weiner
Norman and Janet Welford
Ruth Wender
Gordon Wesdahl
The White Buffalo
Lenore Winters
Mrs. Jacque D. Workman
Joseph Yeager
Judy Anne Young
Howard L. Zauder
Marie L. Zefi
Brian Zimmerman
Donors of In-Kind Support
Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc.
Office of Public Affairs
Donors of Fonancial Support
$50,000 or more
Chevy Chase Bank
Office of telecommunications
Donors of Financial Support
$100,000 or more
The Corporation for Public Broadcast-
ing
The Wolf Trap Foundation for the Per-
forming Arts
297
Mr. Nicholas Bush
Mr. Kenneth S. Cameron
Mr. John E. Cannaday
Mr. J. Carson
Mrs. Betty G. C. Cartwright
Mr. Frank T. Cary
Mr. Michael Cassidy
Mr. Donald Chase
Mrs. Betty Sams Christian
Captain Roy T. Church
Mr. Roy T. Church
Mr. & Mrs. Page B. Clagett
Mr. & Mrs. W. H. Clement
Mr. Charles C. Convers
Mr. Mark E. Cooper
Mr. & Mrs. Robert W.
Copeland
Mr. & Mrs. Frederick D.
Cornelius
Mr. Dennis J. Cotter
Mr. Geoffrey Creede
Lieutenant Commander
Wilmer H. Cressman
Mr. Jerry D. Crites
Frances J. Cronin
Mr. & Mrs. Thomas R.
Dashiell
Mrs. L. S. Daspit
Mr. Madhavarao S. Dasu
Mr. & Mrs. Jerry R. Davis
Mr. & Mrs. J. Edward Day
Mr. Joseph E. Dean
Mr. Marvin Dekelboum
Dr. W. Morgan Delaney
Mr. Arthur F. Dellheim
Mrs. V. E. Demarest
Mr. & Mrs. George W. Devoe
Mrs. D. J. Dewart
Ms. Marna Disbrow
Michael Diteccia Farina
Eleonore Dmitrieff
Reverend & Mrs. James K.
Donnell
Mrs. Joyce N. Dortch
Ms. Barbara M. Doty
Mr. Joseph F. Douglas
Mr. Karl Douma
Dr. & Mrs. Joseph S. Drage
Mr. Jim Drehle
Mr. & Mrs. H. Stewart
Dunn, Jr.
Ms. Mildred King Dunn
Mrs. Shirley Egashira
Mr. Douglas Eggli
Mr. Peter D. Ehrenhaft
Mrs. Bart M. Eisner
Mrs. Harriet J. Eiwen
Mr. Bruce Francis Elchison
Mr. & Mrs. Richard England
Dr. & Mrs. John Esswein
Mr. & Mrs. James G. Evans, Jr.
Mr. & Mrs. Paul Evenson
Commander & Mrs. Thomas
E. Fahy
Ms. Ruth S. Feltner
Mr. & Mrs. John Ferguson
Mrs. Rugeley Ferguson
Dr. Ruth C. Flanagan
Mr. Alan Ford
Mr. & Mrs. Samuel C. Ford
Mr. C. Herbert Foutz
Mr. Benjamin Frank
Mr. Peter L. Frechette
Ms. Mary M. Free
Mrs. Frances Freeman
Mrs. Charlton Friedberg
Mr. Cary J. Frieze
Mrs. P. Fuller
Dr. & Mrs. Peter M. Fuller
Captain & Mrs. J. E. Galloway
Mr. & Mrs. Arthur F. Gerding
Mr. & Mrs. William W.
Gilbert
Dr. Leonard M. Glassman
Dr. & Mrs. Clarence Glenn
Mrs. Charles C. Glover
Dr. Louis Gluck
Colonel & Mrs. Julius
Goldstein
Dr. & Mrs. Kenneth P.
Gorelick
Colonel & Mrs. Herbert
Graeser
Mr. & Mrs. Bernard Green
Mr. Regis A. Greenwood
Mr. George Grenley
Mrs. James T. Griffin
Mr. Tom Gwaltney
Mr. Ronald K. Hamburger
Mr. & Mrs. B. M. Hanley
Ms. Morella R. Hansen
Mrs. Walter E. Hansen
Dr. David L. Harden
Mr. Jack R. Harlan
Mr. & Mrs. Edwin F. Harper
Mr. Irving B. Harris
Ms. Leslie S. Harrold
The Honorable & Mrs.
Parker T. Hart
Mr. Sid Harth
Ms. J. L. Harvey
Cynthia L. Hathaway
Mr. Mones E. Hawley
Miss Nancy A. Haynes
Mr. & Mrs. E. H. Heaton
Mr. & Mrs. Felder F. Heflin
Mrs. D. E. Heimark
Mr. Landis C. Heistand
Mr. Robert A. Hennings
Ms. June Herrick
Dr. William Herring
Dr. & Mrs. David C. Hess
Mr. Edwin L. Hill
Mr. Roderick M. Hills
Mr. & Mrs. William J. Hines
Mr. & Mrs. Bill Hirsch
Mrs. Miriam S. Hogan
Mr. Richard Hollander
Mr. & Mrs. Larry
Hollingsworth
Mrs. Richard W. Homer
Mr. William R. Hoover
Mr. Embry Howell
Mr. & Mrs. Dean Huffman
Mr. William H. Hunter
Mr. L. R. Ingels
Dr. John R. Jacoway
Mr. David A. Jacques
Mr. John F. Jameson
Mr. Arthur W. Johnson
Mr. Bruce E. Johnson
Mr. & Mrs. David D. Johnson
Mr. Ray A. Johnson
Mr. Brian L. Jones
Mr. & Mrs. Guy W. Jones
Mr. & Mrs. Richard E. Jones
Mr. & Mrs. Samuel C. Jones
Mr. L. R. Jordan
Mr. & Mrs. Edward H.
Judson
Mr. Eugene Kalbfleisch
Daniel C. Kaufman
Mr. Walter Keating
Mr. Kenneth E. Kerle
Mrs. Juliet F. Kidney
Ms. Marjorie B. Kiewit
Mr. Stephen King
Mr. William W. King
Mr. Richard F. Kingham
Mr. Edward J. Kirby
Mr. Albert T. Kister
Mr. Karl D. Klauck
Ms. Susan L. Klaus
Mr. & Mrs. E. L. Koning
Mr. Norman H. Kreisman
Miss Martha Ladd
Dr. Emanuel Landau
Ms. Virginia R. Lazzati
Mr. & Mrs. L. Gene Lemon
Mr. & Mrs. Elmore Leonard
Mr. Garry Lewis
Mr. Walter H. Long, Jr.
Mr. & Mrs. Stephen Lorch
Mr. & Mrs. Schuyler Lowe
Mr. & Mrs. Harry D.
Ludeman
Mr. & Mrs. Ronald P. Lynch
Ms. Nancy Lynner
Dr. Gwen R. MacDonald
Mr. Ralph K. Madway
Ms. Ashley Malinovsky
Miss Helen J. Malmstead
Mr. Elli Malta
Mr. Robert A. Marmon
The Honorable & Mrs.
William M. Martin, Jr.
Mr. Michael L. Martin
~ Mr. & Mrs. Benjamin L.
Mar, Jr.
Miss Priscilla Mason
Dr. Robert B. Matheny
Dr. & Mrs. M. Mathews
Dr. Pam Matsuura
Mr. & Mrs. Bruce Mayor
Mrs. W. V. Mc Clain
Mr. James I. McAuliff
Mr. W.W. McCalla
Mr. Donald E. McCallister
Dr. Jeane McCarthy
Mr. James D. McClary
Mr. Edward J. McCormack, Jr.
Mrs. Jack H. McCreery
Mr. Dale E. McDaniel
Mrs. J. A. MclIlrath
Dr. & Mrs. Frank W. McKee
Mr. George M. McNulty
Mr. George W. McQueen
Mr. James C. Meade
Mr. Kevin T. Medwedeff
Mr. Robert S. Melville
Mr. Louis W. Menk
Mrs. Rose Menz
Michael Mermelstein
Mrs. Ida C. Merriam
Mr. Paul D. Meyer
Mr. Harvey L. Miller
Colonel & Mrs. James E.
Miller
Mr. & Mrs. John L. Miller
Mr. Kim Edward Miller
Mr. & Mrs. Roger W. Miller
Mr. Stanley G. Miller
Mr. Damon F. Mills
Dr. & Mrs. Gary M. Mire
Dr. Michael H. Mishkind
Mr. J. B. Montgomery
Mrs. Ann K. Morales
Mr. John H. Morison
Mr. & Mrs. James:A. Morrill
Dr. Joel M. Moskowitz
Elizabeth W. Murphy
Mr. John M. Murray
Mrs. R. D. Murray
Mrs. Ray Murray
Mr. & Mrs. James Myles
Mr. R. Nelson
Sharon T. Nelson
Mr. Robert W. Ney
Mr. & Mrs. Richard A. Niles
Mr. & Mrs. Robert L. North
Ms. Kim Golan Norton
Mr. & Mrs. Karl G. Nowak
Mr. & Mrs. Francis R. Nullet
Ms. Eileen O'Brien
Mr. Robert K. Oaks
Mrs. Alfred J. Olmo
Mr. & Mrs. James R. Palmer
Mr. Vincent N. Palmo
Mrs. Irvine H. Paris
Mr. William T. Parker
Mr. & Mrs. David T. Parry
Miss Muriel H. Parry
Ms. Mabel Parsons
Dr. J. D. Patterson
Ms. Joan A. Payden
Mr. & Mrs. C. E. Peck
Mrs. Mary V. Pendleton
Mrs. Thomas Perkins
Mr. James T. Pettus, Jr.
Dr. Marjorie P. Pollack
Dr. Muriel Pollia
Mrs. Donald T. Pomeroy
Mr. Daniel B. Pope
Mr. Ralph Porter
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Mr. R.D. Ports
Mr. A. Price
Mr. & Mrs. John A. Prignano
Mr. William Rapp, Jr.
Ms. Ivy Reade
Mr. Rollin M. Reeder
Mrs. Ralph Richardson
Mr. William W. Richardson
Miss B. A. Richmond
Mr. Daniel M. Ricker, Jr.
lal
=
al
300
Mr. Roland Rieder
Mr. Edward K. Robertson
Mr. & Mrs. George A.
Robeson, Jr.
Ms. Marilie W. Rockefeller
Mr. Dietrich Roesler
Dr. Daniel P. Rollo
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Mrs. George Rosenfeld
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Mr. & Mrs. Howard W.
Rosser
Mr. & Mrs. Thomas E.
Rowland
Mr. & Mrs. Roy R. Russo
Mr. Dick Sanborn
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Dr. John R. Sauer
Mr. & Mrs. Thorndike
Saville, Jr.
Mrs. Lillian M. Saxe
Ms. Alice E. Sayre
Mr. & Mrs. J. Vincent
Schlegel
Mr. Robert Schneider
Mr. Lyndon J. Schroeder
Mr. Paul Schumacher
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Mr. James J. Scott
Mrs. Martha E. Seely
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Mr. & Mrs. Gerard E. Shelton
Dr. & Mrs. R. M. Shepard
Mr. & Mrs. Gerald A.
Sheppard
Mr. & Mrs. Theodore J.
Shively
Mrs. Ross K. Shoolroy
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Mrs. Laura Devine Shown
Mr. Richard Sills
Mr. L. M. Silverman
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Mrs. Alan P. Smith
Mr. Dean B. Smith
Mr. & Mrs. Dean Smith
Mr. Malcolm A. Smith
Mr. Robert D. Smith
Mr. William Y. Smith
Miss Ginny Sniegon
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Mr. William B. Snyder
Ms. M. F. Sorel
Mr. & Mrs. William H.
Spooner
=
Mr. Sydney Staffin
Mr. R.N. Stefan
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Suckell
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Mr. W. Warren Taltavull
Louis Tenebaum
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Dr. B. Willis
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Wintermann
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Mr. & Mrs. Stanton Wong
Mrs. Margaret Y.
Woodbridge
Mrs. Ella L. Woolf
Ms. Florine Yoder
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Dr. & Mrs. Keith Young
Mr. & Mrs. Robert A. Zarzar
Dr. & Mrs. Don B. Ziperman
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Mr. & Mrs. F. W. Zoeller
Sponsoring Members
Mr. Paul R. Aaronson
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Mrs. August Ackel
James D. Adams
Mr. Joseph H. Adams
Mrs. R. E. Adams, Jr.
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Mr. Max Adkison
Mr. Howard Adler
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Mr. Michael S. Albritton
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Perry Andrews
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Vivian E. Ball
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Sharon L. Bernier
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Mr. & Mrs. Philip
Boerschinger
Gail A. Bohan
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Constance J. Bohon
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Mr. & Mrs. John Boppart
Mr. & Mrs. Nicholas Boraski
Mr. Rick Borchert
Dr. Fredricka Borland
Mr. & Mrs. Blaine Jonathan
Bos
Mr. Arthur D. Bosworth
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Dr. & Mrs. Maxwell
Boverman
Ms. Helen Caldwell Bowen
Kevin Boyd
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Mr. William G. Bradford
Mr. Wilbur C. Bragg, II
Mrs. Calvin Brantley
Mr. Fred J. Braun
Mr. & Mrs. Michael
Braunstein
Mr. William W. Bray
Mrs. Shirley F. Brazil
Mr. & Mrs. Robert A. Brechler
Mr. Robert B. Breisblatr
Mr. & Mrs. Roy Bremerman,
jr
Mr. & Mrs. Charles E. Brett
Mrs. Gene C. Brewer
Mrs. Lorna E. Bridenstine
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Mr. & Mrs. H. A. Brinner
Mr. & Mrs. Allan C. Brittle
Dr. Sylvia Broady
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Mr. Marc H. Brodsky
Jere Broh-Kahn
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Mr. & Mrs. F. M. Brosio, Jr.
John A. Bross
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* Miss Dorothy A. Brown
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Philip Buchen
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301
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Dr. A.R. Butler -
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Cahn, Jr.
Mrs. Bartley H. Calder
Mr. & Mrs. Lawrence B.
Caldwell
John L. Call
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Canfield
Miss Helen R. Cannon
Mr. C. G. Carey
Mrs. Phyllis H. Carey
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Mr. Bill Carlson
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Mr. Richard V. Carolan
Dr. Whatron Carole
Ms. Anne Carpenter
Dr. John M. Carper
Mrs. Martha A. Carr,
Ms. Christine K. Carrico
Mrs. E. A. Carson
Colonel & Mrs. Douglas H.
Carter
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Dr. William H. Casson
Ms. Caron Caswell Lazar
Mrs. James A. Cathcart
Dr. Charlotte Catz
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Mr. John L. Caughey, Jr.
Mr. Fenner A. Chace, Jr.
Ms. Colleen M. Chalker
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Mr. Jonathan L. Chang
302
Daniel T. Chapman
Dr. Samuel Charache
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The Honorable & Mrs.
Steven M. Charno
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Mr. Donald Chase
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Mr. Richard T. Chenoweth
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Mr. H. T. Chester, Jr.
Mrs. June Chewning
Dr. J. Chiaramonte
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Childs
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Choppin
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Mr. George Clark
Mr. H. Lawrence Clark
Mrs. D. S. Charke
Mr. Edward J. Clarke
Mrs. Robert L. Clarke
Mr. James A. Clements
Mr. & Mrs. J. Donald Cline
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Dr. Bryan Cobb
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Cobey
Mr. Donald R. Cochran
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Mrs. Gladys Cohen
Mr. James Coke
Mr. Edmond Colaianni
Mr. & Mrs. Richard D.
Colburn
Mr. & Mrs. W. H. Coldiron
Mr. Addison D. Cole
Franklin C. Coleman
Mrs. John E. Coleman
Mr. Patrick J. Coletta
Ms. Pamela D. Collins
Mr. Philip R. Collins
Mrs. W. A. Colvin
Miss Bertita E. Compton
Mr. & Mrs. Barber Conable
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Mrs. Herman Cone, Jr.
Mrs. Ethel Conlisk
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Dr. Philip Connolly
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Mr. & Mrs. Charles W.
Consolvo
Mr. J. Conte
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Mr. David O. Cooke
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Dr. Lawrence U. Cookson
Mr. & Mrs. H. Warren
Cooper, III
Ms. Janet B. Cooper
Miss Margaret Sue
Copenhaver
Dr. W. G. Corey
Mr. Ray Corley, Jr.
Ms. Judith Corley
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Mr. James A. Corwin
Mr. Charles R. Cory
Mr. Ralph J. Coselli
Mr. Arthur Cotts
Donald Couchman
Mr. & Mrs. C. L. Coulter
Mr. & Mrs. Donald N.
Coupard
Columbus B. Courson
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Mr. Jorge Covarrubias
Ms. Marylouise Cowan
Mr. W. L. Cowden
Edwin Cox
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Ms. Jean Coyne
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Crabtree
Miss Frances M. Craig
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Dr. & Mrs. James A.
Cranford, Jr.
Mr. G. B. Crary, Jr.
Dr. Robert B. Craven
Mrs. Verna H. Craven
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Dr. H. David Crombie
William S. Crowder
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H. P. Daulton
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Dr. & Mrs. J. Sanford Davis
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Mr. & Mrs. Vernon E. Davis
Mrs. Margaret C. Davison
General & Mrs. Kenneth F.
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Ms. Deanna K. Dawson
Irene P. Dawson
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Mr. & Mrs. Michel A. Daze
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Captain Victor Delano
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Deming
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Mrs. John R. Dempsey
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Dr. Gail Deplanque
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Ms. Claudia Dickman
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Christopher J. Doozan
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Mr. William E. Duffy
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Ms. Joanne E. Dumene
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Mr. A. F. Dupont, Jr.
Mr. Julius Dupree
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Mr. & Mrs. Douglas & Linda
Dwyer
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General & Mrs. George D.
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P. E. Ellingsen
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Mr. James Alan Farley
Mr. T. M. Farley
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Ms. Gloria M. Farrar
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Mr. Kit Farwell
The Franciscan Fathers
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Ferguson
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Ferguson
Dr. Willard B. Fernald
Reverend H. A. Ferrell
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Dana B. Fisher
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Mr. Ted Flora
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C. Fogelstrom
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Mr. L. D. Follmer
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Mr. Robert Forcey
Dr. & Mrs. Otto L.
Forchheimer
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Mrs. Russel Fosbinder
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Mr. Redmond Foster
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Thiry Foundation
Whitney Foundation
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Mr. Norman Frank
Mr. Peter L. Frechette
Dr. Donald E. Frein
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Mrs. Valerie T. Freund
Mr. Andrew L. Frey
“Mr. & Mrs. T. E. Frey
Mrs. Jean W. Friedlander
Mr. Arnold S. Friedman
Mr. Kenneth I. Friedman
Mr. Edward Fritz
P. Froeder
Mr. Warren Fugate
Mr. Reginald H. Fullerton, Jr.
Mrs. L. J. Futchik
Mrs. Guy Gabrielson, Jr.
Dr. & Mrs. Paul A. Gade
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Mrs. D. R. Gairing
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Mrs. M. J. Galbraith
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Mr. Vernon M. Gale
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Galligan, Jr.
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Garfink
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Mrs. Joy Garney
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Geisinger
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303
Mr. & Mrs. Emanuel Gerard
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Mr. Fred O. Gibson, Jr.
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Mrs. Wanda Gilbert
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Ms. Nancy V. Giles
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Yvonne L. Gillespie
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Mr. David E. Gingrich
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Ms. Martha Glantz
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Mr. James W. Goff
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Mr. & Mrs. Arthur E.
Goldberg
Mr. Leslie H. Goldberg
Mr. Raymond R. Goldberg
Mr. Gregg H.S. Golden
Mr. James R. Golden
Mr. Aaron Goldman
Ms. Susan S. Goldman
Mr. & Mrs. Charles
Goldsberry
Mrs. Fred Goldsmith, Jr.
Dr. Edwin G. Goldstein
Resa Goldstein
Dr. S. Goodloe, Jr.
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Goodman
Mr. Stuart N. Goodman
L. Goodwin
Dr. Richard FE. Gordon
Mr. David W. Gorham
Mrs. Mary Beck Gorman
Harold W. Gossett II
Mrs. Christian V. Graf
Mr. William F. Graff
Mr. Steven Grainger
Mr. S. Grandits
ial
eal
304
Dr. M. L. Oster Granite
Mr. Gerald W. Grantham
Mr. Cameron Graves
Lieutenant General & Mrs.
Ernest Graves
Mrs. Mary Graves
Mr. Ian J. Gray
Mr. Leslie Gray
Dr. Robin B. Gray
Mr. Thomas E. Gray
Mr. & Mrs. Louis J. Grayson
Dr. & Mrs. Henry D. Green
Dr. & Mrs. Joseph E. Green, II
Mr. Hix H. Green, Jr.
Mrs. Susan Green
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Mrs. L. S. Greene
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Miss Joanne T. Greenspun
Ms. Lumina Greenway
Mr. & Mrs. William Greer
Mr. & Mrs. John Gregory
Mr. Gerhard R. Grieb
Mr. Herbert E. Grier
Ms. Helen W. Grieve
Mr. Donald O. Grimes, Jr.
Mr. Ronald K. Grimes
Mr. & Mrs. Steele T.
Griswold
Mrs. Helen Grossman
Mr. & Mrs. Paul W. Guenzel
Ms. Mary N. Guild
Dr. Joseph I. Gurfein
Mr. Sanford L. Guritzky
Mr. Edward Guro
Mr. & Mrs. Richard J.
Haayen
Mr. Dean Alan Hadley
Ms. Lindsey Haggar
Mr. & Mrs. William H.
Haggard
Mr. Philip J. Hahn
Mr. & Mrs. Richard G. Hahn
Mr. Dean O. Haley
Mrs. Timothy J. Haley, II
Ms. Dorothy M. S. Hall
Mr. J. Richard Halley
Dr. Mimi Halpern
Mr. M. Hamada
Mrs. Gloria Shaw Hamilton
Lieutenant Commander
Maynard L. Hamilton; Ret.
Mr. Robert A. Hamilton
Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth C.
Hamister
Dr. & Mrs. John W.
Hammon, Jr.
Miss M. A. Hammond
Mr. Mark Hampshire
Barbara Hampton
Mr. P. M. Hampton
Mr. J. S. Handler
Mrs. Vincent S. Haneman
Mrs. Hamp Hanks
Ms. Dolly D. Hansen
Ms. Morella R. Hansen
Mr. Peter U. Hansen
Mr. Stan Hanssen
Mr. Charles C. Hansult
Ms. Linda Hardcastle
Mr. William L. Harding
Mr. & Mrs. Gordon A. Hardy
Mr. & Mrs. Hardy Hargreaves
Mr. John M. Harker
Mr. Kenneth R. Harkins
Mr. Peter B. Harkins
Dr. Robert A. Harper
Mrs. Lucy W. Harrell
Mr. C. J. Harrington
Miss Catherine E. Harringron
Dr. John M. Harris, III
Mr. Robert C. Harris
William D. Harris
Mr. Graham Harrison
Mr. Frank C. Hart
Mrs. Pauline Hart
Mr. Alfred A. Hartley
Ms. Janet W. Hartley
Mr. P. W. Hartloff, Jr.
Ms. Gertrud B. Hartmann
Mr. James E. Haskins
Mrs. Audrey H. Hatry
Mr. Timothy S. Haueter
Ms. Gertraud E. Haupt
Dr. & Mrs. James W.
Haviland
Mr. G. W. Hawk
Dr. Jeffrey W. Hawkins
Mr. William M. Hawkins
Neil F. Hawks
Mr. James M. Hawley, II
Mr. J.Y. Hawthorne
Mrs. Marjorie C. Hayes
Mr. Kenneth C. Healy
Mr. & Mrs. Frank R. Heath
Mrs. Kathleen H. Heaton
Mr. Gordon E. Hed
Mrs. Jeannette P. Heim
Mr. William J. Heim
Mr. Carl Heishman
Captain & Mrs. Arthur A.
Helgerson
Ms. Kathleen Hellmann
Mr. James W. Hellwege
The Honorable & Mrs.
Richard Helms
Mr. William A. Helsell
Mr. & Mrs. Robert J. Helwig
Ms. Deborah W. Hemenway
Dr. & Mrs. Jack Hendershot
Mr. & Mrs. Allyn B.
Henderson
Mr. E. M. Hendrickson
Mr. John R. Hendrickson
Mr. & Mrs. Louis Henke, Jr.
Mrs. W. Henrick
Mrs. E. Henriksen
Ms. Beverlee B. Henry
Mr. Joseph Henry
Mr. & Mrs. Irving N. Hepner
Mr. Richard A. Herbert
Mr. Richard N. Herbert
Mr. & Mrs. Michael Herman
Mr. Birgit Hershey
Mr. & Mrs. Paul & Martha
Hertelendy
Mr. Terrence J. Hertz
Mr. Michael J. Hessell
Mr. Edward G. Hetrick
Mr. Barry R. Heuring
Mr. L. R. Heurlin
Dr. Peter F. Heywood
Mrs. Laura E. Hicks
Mrs. Jane D. Highsaw
Dr. Steven I. Hightower
Dr. Albert G. Hill
Mrs. G. E. Hill
Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth E. Hill
Ruth C. Hill
Mr. & Mrs. John Hille
Mr. H. Hilton-Green,Jr
Miss Barbara L. Hinckley
Mr. Richard L. Hocker
Ms. Roberta Hockman
Mr. Lorentz R. Hodges, Jr.
Mr. Morton S. Hodgson Jr.
Miss K. T. Hoffacker
Mr. Wilfred C. Hoffman
Lucy Hogan
Dr. & Mrs. Raymond T.
Holden
Mr. Barton S. Holl
Mr. Ian E. Holland
Mr. William M. Hollis, Jr.
Mr. Milton C. Holloman
Mr. David R. Holly
Ms. Dorothy K. Holmberg
Mrs. Hazel Hooker
Mr. Samuel P. Hoopes
Mr. & Mrs. James P. Hope
Mr. J. K. Horne
Dr. John H. Hoskins
Sally S. Hortle
Mrs. Amory Houghton
Mr. Guy T. Howard
Mrs. James Howard
Ms. Margaret J. Howe
Mr. Theodore L. Hoy
Mr. & Mrs. James W. Hubbel
Ms. Bonnie Huber
F. Hubert
Mr. & Mrs. Larry L. Hubler
Mr. C. Huckins
Mr. Charles E. Hucks
Mr. & Mrs. Robert S.
Hudgins, IV
Mr. David Huffman
Mr. Joseph G. Huffman
Mrs. Charles A. Hufnagel
Mr. John R. Huggard
Mrs. Edward W. Hughes
Mr. & Mrs. Norman Hughes
Ms. Jean M. Hulme
Mr. Ronald Hummel
Ms. Suzanne Humpstone
Mr. William F. Huneke
Dr. & Mrs. James C. Hunt
Mrs. Margaret Stuart Hunter
Ms. Margie Hunter
Ms. Nancy B. Hunter
Mr. Ronald D. Hunter
Mr. & Mrs. Sidney H.
Hurlburt
Mr. Bruce Husted
Mr. Alan S. Hutchinson
Captain & Mrs. George
Hutchinson
Mrs. J. E. Hutchinson
Ms. Marjorie P. Hutchinson
Mrs. Avis C. Hyde
Mr. William W. Idler
Mr. & Mrs. P. W. Ifland
Mr. & Mrs. John L. Ingersoll
Reverend R. M. Ireland
Mr. John E. Irons
Mr. George Irving
Ms. Mary A. Irwin
Mr. William D. Iverson
Miss Yoko Iwawaki
Dr. & Mrs. Barry S. Jackman
Mr. Gordon L. Jacks
Mr. B. B. Jackson
Ms. Joanne B. Jackson
Ms. Ellen Jacobson
Mr. Sidney A. Jaffe
Mr. & Mrs. William Jagoda
Mr. Reinhardt H. Jahn
Mr. Joe Jankowski
Mr. & Mrs. Robert T. Jaske
Miss Ruth M. Jeltema
Mrs. C. Jennings
Mr. & Mrs. David G.
Jennings
Reverend Andrew Macaoidh
Jergens
Mr. Douglas F. John
Dr. & Mrs. A. Johnson
Mr. Harald R. Johnson
Mr. Robert R. Johnson
Dr. Robert S. Johnson
Ms. Sally P. Johnson
Mrs. Thomas W. Johnson
Mr. Woodrow C. Johnson
Mr. John H. Johnston
Mr. Alfred Jones
Mr. Buell B. Jones
Mr. James E. Jones
Mr. & Mrs. John Allen Jones
Mr. John O. Jones
Mr. Howland B. Jones, Jr.
Mr. John B. Jones, Jr.
Ms. Mayorie C. Jones
Ms. Margaret E. Jones
Mr. W.R. Jones
Ms. W. S. Jones
Mr. William J. Jones
Mrs. C. Jory
Mr. Andrew Joskow
Mr. A. Jossey-Bass
Mrs. Jove
Mrs. Jean Joyner
Mr. & Mrs. A. W. Jurgeleit
Mrs. Rosemary Bonar Kabel
Mr. Richard Kaczmarek
Mr. George W. Kahler
Mr. & Mrs. John M.
Kalbermatten
Mr. F. M. Kalenborn
Ms. Sona Kalousdian
Dr. James P. Kane
Mrs. W. R. Kanne
Mr. Raymond S. Kaplan
Mr. Steven Kaplan
Dr. & Mrs. K. S. Karb
Dr. & Mrs. Richard A.
Kaslow
Captain William J. Kastner
Mr. Jack Katz
Dr. & Mrs. Nathan Katz
Mr. R. L. Katz
Mr. W. Katz
Mr. Larry Katzmire
Mrs. A. G. Kavalar
Lieutenant Colonel Eugene
K. Keefe
Ms. Sheila A. Keefe
Mr. Frank S. Keene, III
Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth C.
Keller
Captain & Mrs. William
Keller
Ms. Jettie Kelly
Mr. Edward S. Kelly, Jr.
Dr. June L. Kelsay
Mrs. John L. Kemmerer
Mr. John William Kemper
Mrs. Harris L. Kempner
Mrs. R. Grice Kennelly
Mr. & Mrs. David T. Kenney
Mr. G. Dickson Kenney
Mrs. Anna Marie Kent
Mr. & Mrs. B. R. Kent
Ms. Rebecca Kenyon
Mr. William Keohane
Mr. & Mrs. Donald M. Kerr
Mr. & Mrs. Robert Kerr
Ms. Susan Kerslake
Mr. & Mrs. Paul D. Kervin
Mr. & Mrs. Thomas H.
Kerwin
Mr. Marc Keshishian
Mr. W. Ben Kibler
Dr. & Mrs. Thomas M. Kiefer
Dr. Kyumgsoo Kim
Mr. & Mrs. William R.
Kimball
Mrs. Jeanette Kimmel
Mr. & Mrs. David
Kimmelman
Mr. Charles T. Kindsvatter
Mrs. Paul M. King
Mr. Robert L. King
Mrs. Richard K. Kingsley
Ms. Elizabeth R. Kipp
Mr. Dan L. Kirby
Mr. & Mrs. Philip C. Kirby
Mr. Harry L. Kirkman
Mr. Stephen Kirkpatrick
Mr. Ron Kite
Mr. John G. Kittredge
Mr. J. W. Klages
Mr. Kenneth W. Klein
Mr. & Mrs. Lawrence R.
Klein
Mr. Norman S. Klein
Ms. Elaine H. Klemen
Mr. W.A. Kloos
Mr. L. S. Klotz
Mr. J. A. Knapp
Mrs. J. K. Knee
Mr. M. G. Knerr
Mrs. James H. Knowles
Mr. & Mrs. Keith L.
Knowlton
Ms. Susan J. Koch
Ms. Margie Koenig
Mr. & Mrs. Leonard R. Kojm
George C. Konolige
Dr. & Mrs. C. Ronald Koons
Mr. Herbert J. Kopff
Mr. A. George Koplow
Gary A. Kopp
Dr. & Mrs. Marvin C.
Korengold
Dr. & Mrs. Ross Kory
Mr. & Mrs. Donald S.
Koskinen
Dr. & Mrs. George
Kottemann
Mr. Stanley Kottock
Mr. George Kovar
Mrs. Anna Kovasznay
Mr. & Mrs. Brian R. Kowalk
Mrs. Solveig M. Kramer
Mr. David K. Krane
Ms. Sandra R. Krawchuk
Mr. Irving Kreisberg
Mr. Irvine P. Krick
Mr. & Mrs. William H. Krohn
Mr. Harold E. Kubly
Dr. & Mrs. Max J. Kukler
Ms. Linda Kulin
Mrs. William O. Kurtz, Jr.
Miss Suzanne Kuser
Mrs. Grant E. Lachapelle
Mr. & Mrs. Frank A. Ladd
Mrs. Patraicia K. Laftercy
Mr. Richard D. Lake
Mrs. Richard T. Lambert
Dr. Robert M. Lambert
Mr. Thomas Lamotte
Mr. & Mrs. Frederick W.
Lamson
Mrs. Edwin H. Land
Mrs. Ernest A. Land
Mr. & Mrs. Hans A. Land
Mr. W. G. Land
Mr. & Mrs. Robert G. Lander
Mr. James H. Landers, Jr.
Mrs. Stephens J. Lange
Mr. Richard F. Langston
Ms. Janet E. Lanman
John V. Lanterman
Mr. & Mrs. Peter Larocca
Dr. Kathie Larsen
Mr. Francis Y. Lau
Ms. Rose Mary Laur
Mr. Robert E. Laux
Mr. & Mrs. Harold A.
Lavalley
Mr. L. G. Lavengood
Dr. & Mrs. Noel Lawson
Dr. Jack M. Layton
Mr. Richard A. Lazarus
Dr. Deborah Leavens
Mrs. Barbara Lecky
Mr. & Mrs. David B. Lee
Ms. Elizabeth B. Lee
Ms. Florence S. Lee
Ms. Mary Carolyn Lee
Mr. T. C. Lee
Ms. E. A. Lefevre
Mr. & Mrs. William Lehfeldt
Mr. John H. Lehman
Mr. Roger M. Lehman
Ms. Ellen R. Leighton
Ms. Jeanne Lemmer
Ms. Kimberly D. Lenczuk
Ms. Christiana M. Leonard
Mrs. Ethelynne H. Leonard
Mrs. Aleen Leslie
Mrs. Lawrence S. Lesser
Mr. Daniel W. Leubecker
Ms. Luanne K. Levens
Mr. Eugene M. Levin
Richard Levine
Dr. Richard A. Levinson
Dr. Jerrold Levy
Mr. & Mrs. Baugh Lewis
Mr. Ernest E. Lewis
Dr. Ronald W. Lewis
Dr. Fredrick J. Lieb
Ms. Toni Lieberman
Mr. Peter Liebesman
Mrs. Francis Light
Mr. Raymond Yung Lin
Mr. Donald V. Lincoln
Mr. W. L. Lindholm
Dr. A.F. Lindquist
306
Dr. Patricia Lindquist
Ms. Teri Lindstrom
Mr. Robert F. Lint
Mr. & Mrs. Rodney C. Linton
Mr. L. H. Linville
Mr. James A. Lipsett
Mr. Robert S. Lipsey
Mr. & Mrs. Robert J. Liskay
Mr. & Mrs. Robert J. List
Mr. Burton J. Litman
Mrs. Frances L. Litvin
Mrs. John H. Livingston
Mr. Mark E. Lloyd
Ms. Maureen C. Locke
Mr. C. Henry Lockwood, II
Ms. Diana L. Lodzinski
Dr. Arthur J. Loerzel
Mr. James E. Loesch
Dr. Charles J. Loewe
Ms. J. Logermann
Ms. Joyce A. Lonergan
Mr. Nimrod W. E. Long
Mr. & Mrs. T. M. Louden
Mr. Homer B. Louya, Jr.
Mr. H. M. Love
Mr. Robert B. Love
Mrs. Hazel L. Lozier
Mrs. George E. Luce
Mr. Joseph Luchok
Mr. & Mrs. Jack Ludwick
Ms. Sarah L. Ludwig
Mr. Dean Luedlke
Mr. Arthur Luedtke
Dr. & Mrs. Ronald R. Lund
Mr. & Mrs. Wilbur A.
Lunday
Mr. La Rue R. Lutkins
Mr. Kevin P. Lyden
Mr. H. Lykken
Mr. & Mrs. J. R. Lynch
Mrs. Lee Lynch
Mr. & Mrs. William Lynch
Miss I. T. Lynn
Mr. & Mrs. E. Phillip Lyon
Mr. Dennis L. Maas
Mr. Neil R. MacDonald
Mr. Watson MacInnes
Mr. & Mrs. Steven A.
MacIntyre
Mr. P.E. Macallister
Ms. Caroline S. Maccoll
Mr. W. K. Maccready
Mr. Louis A. Mackenzie
William G. Maclaren Jr.
Mr. James G. Maclean
Mr. Fred Macleod
Dr. & Mrs. J. Macnamara
Mrs. John Macomber
Mr. Rex A. Maddox
Mr. Raymond F. Mahaffy
Mr. & Mrs. Robert L. Maher
Dr. & Mrs. Leslie D. Major, Jr.
Mr. Dayton S. Mak
Ms. Alexie M. Malcolm
Mr. T. L. Malec
Mr. & Mrs. Pal Maleter
Mrs. Janet Malley Richard
Mr. James Malloy
Lieutenant General & Mrs.
W. R. Maloney
Mr. Elli Malta
Dr. Randall C. Manaka
Mrs. E. B. Mann
Ms. Elizabeth S. Mann
Mrs. Sandra Alan Mannherz
Mr. & Mrs. George C.
Mansius
Mrs. Catherine Manson
Mr. Stanley A. Maple
Dr. & Mrs. Peter D.
Marbarger
Mrs. A. Marcelle
Mr. Eugene A. March
Dr. B. T. Marchello
Mr. & Mrs. Stanley J.
Marcuss
Mrs. F. J. Margolis
Dr. R. N. Margrave
Mr. Paul Margus
Mr. Jack Mark
Mr. & Mrs. William J.
Marlow
Mr. Kenneth S. Marsh
Dr. & Mrs. William G.
Marsh
Mr. D. B. Marshall
Mr. Robert M. Marshall
Mr. Bernard H. Martin
Mr. Earle W. Martin
Mr. Guy R. Martin
Mr. Robert M. Martin, Jr.
Mr. S. E. Martin, Jr.
Ms. Margaret A. Martin
Mr. S. T. Martin
Mrs. Mildred H. Martindale
Mr. Robert E. Martini
Mr. Arthur Marush
Mr. & Mrs. Arthur K. Mason
Mr. David Mason
Mr. Joel J. Mason
Ms. Pamela W. Massey
Mr. & Mrs. Frederick W.
Mast
Mr. Thomas R. Masters
Mrs. Elbert G. Mathews
Captain Tyler R. Matthew,
Usnr
Mr. Winton E. Matthews, Jr.
Mr. James Mattimore
Mr. Robert Mattox
Mr. & Mrs. Calvin R. Maurer
Mr. & Mrs. W. W. Maxey
Mr. & Mrs. Jesse C. Maxwell
Dr. Bella J. May
Mary J. Mayer
Mr. George D. Maynard, Jr.
Mr. & Mrs. Gerald Mayo
Mr. & Mrs. Harry W. Mazal
Dr. John E. Mazuzan, Jr.
Mr. Allan H. McAlpin
Mr. Terence McAuliffe
Ms. Nancy M. McCabe
Mr. Robert E. McCabe
Mr. Gregory P. McCarron
Ms. June W. McCarron
Mr. Francis X. McCartin
Dr. Maclyn McCarty
Mr. Stephen McClanahan
Dr. Jonathan McCone
Ms. Patricia McConnell
Mr. Michael McCormack
Dr. Marie C. McCormick
Mrs. Anne B. McCourt
Dr. Catherine F. McCoy
Mr. John A. McCoy
Mr. Clayton McCuistion
Mrs. Emily P. McDaniel
Mr. Brian L. McDonald
Mr. J. McDonald
Mrs. Rosa Hayward
McDonald
Ms. Suzanne O. McDougal
Ms. Cornelli McElrath
Mr. William D. McElroy
Ms. Elizabeth McFadden
Ms. Mary F. McFadden
Mr. John McGreevey
Mr. John McGuinn
Mr. Donald G. McInnes
Mr. Larry V. McIntire
Mr. Thomas H. McIntosh
Francis J. McIntyre
Dr. J. W. McKibben
Mr. Joseph McKinley
Mr. & Mrs. Albert P.
McKinney
Ms. Katharine K. McLane
Mr. & Mrs. John H. McLaren
Mrs. Betty H. McLaughlin
Mr. Charles McLaughlin
Mr. James D. McLean
Mr. Paul B. McMahon, Jr.
Mr. Wallace McMartin
Mr. & Mrs. Andrew J.
McMillan
Mrs. S. McMullen
Mr. & Mrs. Paul McNitt
Mr. & Mrs. R. V. McPherron
Mr. James I. McPherson
Lieutenant Colonel John L.
McRae
Mr. & Mrs. C. P. Mead
Mr. & Mrs. David L. Mead
Mr. Thomas Mears
Mr. & Mrs. James W. Meek
Mr. Frank Meek, Jr.
Mrs. Roberta V. Meek
Dr. Henry P. Meijer
Donald F. Mela
Mr. & Mrs. Richard P.
Mellon
Phillip Melville
Mr. Dennis Mendyk
Mr. & Mrs. George A.
Menendez
Mr. Leon A. Mensing
Ms. Marilyn Mercer
Captain Robert H. Mereness
Mr. James Mero
Mrs. William H. Meroney
Dr. David F. Merten
Mr. John J. Meyer II
Mr. Gregor F. Meyer
Mr. Henry H. Meyer, Jr.
Mr. & Mrs. Louis Meyer
Mr. & Mrs. Samuel M.
Meyers
Mr. R. D. Michaelson, Jr.
Dr. Catherine Michaud
Dr. Marie L. Michelson
Mr. B. Jenkins Middleton
Ms. Betty J. Middleton
Mrs. Clara Blackburn Miksic
Mr. & Mrs. Jeremiah
Milbank
Commander & Mrs. R. J.
Miles
Mr. & Mrs. David H. Millang
Dr. Alan G. Miller
Mr. Carroll L. Miller
Mr. Herbert S. Miller
Mr. J. R. Miller
Mr. John W. Miller
Marcia J. Miller
Ms. Margaret A. Miller
Mr. Steven G. Miller
Mr. William B. Miller
Mr. Richard Millett
Mrs. Joan H. Milligan
Ms. Gloria Mills
Ms. Marie E. Minnich
Mr. Stephen L. Minter
Dr. Joseph C. Mirabile
Mrs. Michele Mirman
Dr. & Mrs. Albert R.
Mitchell
Dr. D. W. Mitchell
Mr. & Mrs. Donald M.
Mitchell
Colonel & Mrs. Robert O.
Mitchell
Colonel & Mrs. Jerome M.
Modolo
Mr. Edward O. Moe
Mr. John Mohlar
Mr. & Mrs. Eric Mcd. Moir
Mr. James J. Monagle
Mr. T. R. Monge
Mrs. Sarah D. Monk
Dr. & Mrs. J. Charles Monnet
Ms. Maria Montalvo
Lucille H. Montgomery
Mr. & Mrs. Robert M.
Montgomery
Mr. Ray Moody
Mrs. Christel K. Moore
Ms. Joan Turner Moore
Dr. & Mrs. Paul D. Moore
Mr. Richard H. Moore
Thomas Moore
Mr. & Mrs. John H. Morava
Mr. Robert L. Morelli
Mr. & Mrs. Robert Morey
Mr. Joyce Morgan
Mr. Shane Moriarity
Ms. Firth Morris
Mr. Frank Morris
J. Morris
Mr. J. C. Morris, Jr.
Mr. David E. Morse
Mr. Arthur R. Morse, Jr.
Dr. & Mrs. Samuel Moskow
Mrs. Wilson Mothershead
Dr. & Mrs. Gary L. Mueller
Mr. R. Mueller
Dr. J. Andrew Mulholland
Mr. J. W. Mullins
Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth C.
Mundell
Mr. David C. Mundy
Mr. & Mrs. Robert Munoz
Dr. & Mrs. John C. Munson
Mr. C. Murphy, Jr.
Mr. James L. Murphy, Jr.
Mrs. Helen M.. Murway
Mr. & Mrs. E. H. Muschlitz
Mr. Rob Mustard
Ms. Carol A. Myers
Mr. Raymond R. Myslivy
Mr. Gordon J. Naff
Mr. Andrew Najberg
Dr. M. .J. Nareff
Mr. George Nassauer
Mr. Robert H. Neff
Mr. Walter G. Negwer, Jr.
Mr. Robert Negwer
Mr. George E. Nelson
Dr. J. R. Nelson
Mr. Lawrence L. Nelson
Ms. Linell E. Nemeth
Mr. Andrew K. Ness
Mr. Conley W. Ness
Mr. C. R. Neuburger
Mrs. Paul W.
Neuenschwander
Mr. & Mrs. A. Newell
Mrs. Frances Newman
Mr. Gerard K. Newman
Ms. Martha Newman
Mr. & Mrs. Palmer E.
Newman
Mr. W. E. Newman
Mr. Herbert L. Newmark
Lieutenant Colonel Arthur
Newton
Mr. Kenneth E. Nicholl
Mr. William L. Nicholls,
Ms. Penny L. Nickle
Mr. Gary Nielsen
Dr. Orville F. Nielsen
Dr. Thomas P. Nigra
Ms. Kathlene Nissenbaum
Mrs. Elizabeth A. Noble
Mrs. Henry M. Noel
Mr. Roger M. Nolan
Roxanne Nolan
A.J. Nolewajka
Dr. Patricia F. Norman
Mrs. Nanna M. Norrington
The Honorable & Mrs. Allen
L. Norris
Mr. David S. Norris
Ms. Judith A. Norris
Mr. Donald North
Ms. D. A. Norton
Mrs. John Norton
Mr. R.H. Norweb
Mr. James F. Noss
Mr. & Mrs. David P. Notley
Mrs. Dorothy Nubel
Mrs. Elisabeth H. Null
Mr. & Mrs. Peter M. Nunn
Mr. Michael Nussbaum
Mr. & Mrs. Lawrence C.
Nussdorf
Mr. Michael Nuzzo
Mr. William J. O'Brien, Jr.
Mr. J. E. O'Connell
Ms. Frances Jean O'Connor
Linda O'Connor
Mr. & Mrs. William J.
O'Connor
Mr. Joseph F. O'Neil
Ms. Betty O'Neill
Mr. & Mrs. Denis T.
O'Sullivan
Ms. Angela Caldwell Oates
Dr. & Mrs. Robert W. Oblath
Mr. & Mrs. R. L. Oborn
Mr. Robert S. Oelman
Ms. Margaret Oettinger
Ms. Donna Oetzel
Mrs. Edward Ogle
Dr. S.W.J. Ogush
Mr. W. G. Ohde
Ms. Helen L. Ohler
Stellan Ohlsson
Dr. Snorri Olafsson
Mr. T. K. Oliver, Jr.
Ms. Janet L. Olsen
Mr. Melvin Olsen
Mrs. Rachael B. Olsen
Mr. Sam R. Olsen
Dr. Jean L. Olson
Ms. Ruth G. Olson
Mr. Richard Omohundro
Mr. & Mrs. Guy H. Orcutt
Mr. W. R. Orthwein, Jr.
Mr. Martin B. Ortlieb
Dr. Thomas O. Orvald
Mr. & Mrs. David Osnos
Ms. Anna M. Orhold
Mrs. James C. Otis
Mr. James A. Ort
307
Mr. Joseph H. Owen
Mrs. Kathleen M. Owren
Mr. & Mrs. Gerald W. Padwe
Mr. James A. Painter
Mr. Donald K. Palmer
Lynne & Archie Palmer
Mr. William R. Palmer
Mr. Pravin Panchal
Dr. J. F. Paquet ©
Mr. G. M. Pardee, Jr.
Mr. W. Robb Parish
Mr. & Mrs. Rogers Parker
Mrs. Grace M. Parr
Ms. Mary L. Parramore
Theda A. Parrish
Mrs. George E. Parsons, Jr.
Mr. R. F. Paschal, Jr.
Mr. Jerry Pasek
Mrs. George I. Pattee
Jackie W. Patterson
Mr. Geoffrey L. Patton
Miss Ruth Uppercu Paul
Mr. Benjamin C. Payne
Mr. E. George Pazianos
Mrs. Julian . Peabody
Dr. Joanne M. Pearson
Ms. Sylvia L. Pearson
Mrs. Ben M. Peckham
Thomas Peele
Mr. Michael Peetz
Ms. Caroline F. Peine
Mrs. William P. Pence
Mrs. Ann Cooper Penning
Mr. Clarence Pennington
Mr. John Peper
Mr. James S. Peppell
Mr. Alan L. Perkins
Robert A. Perkins
Mr. & Mrs. Warren A.
Perkins
Mr. Michael Perlberg
Mr. Eric C. Peters
Mr. & Mrs. C. Wrede
Petersmeyer
Mr. Ewart A. Peterson
Mr. & Mrs. Fred M. Peterson
Mrs. Irene E. Peterson
C. Pettis
Mr. Cliff Pfaff
Mr. R. Pflager
Mr. & Mrs. P. Pfouts
Mr. Frank Phelan
Mr. Daniel Phillips
Mr. I. S. Phillips
Mrs. W. R. Phillips
aon
308
Mrs. Robert H. Phinny
Mr. E. Chilton Phoenix
Ms. Eileen Pickenpaugh
Mr. & Mrs. William H.
Pierson, Jr.
Mrs. Charles M. Pigott
Dr. Karol Pilarczyk
Mr. & Mrs. William Piper
Mr. & Mrs. Ronald G.
Piskork
Mrs. P. E. Pitts
Mr. David Pixley
Mrs. Louise E. Planet
Ms. Elinor Plimack
Ms. Clarideth J. Plott
Ms. Diane J. Plotts
Mr. Richard R. Plum
Mr. John E. Poland
Mr. & Mrs. Robert L. Pollard
Mr. & Mrs. Robert D.
Pomeroy
Ms. Janice Popp
Mr. & Mrs. Dwight J. Porter
Mrs. Elias H. Porter
Mrs. Mary Ann Porter
Mr. Charles H. Potter, Jr.
Mrs. Sandra A. Potter
Mr. & Mrs. Steven E. Potts
Mr. & Mrs. Franklin E.
Powell
Mr. Watson Powell, Jr.
Mr. Patrick K. Preminger
Dr. Robert C. Prentice
Ms. Jana Prewitt
Mrs. Helen G. Price
Dr. Robert E. Price
Mr. Lolt D. Proegler
Mrs. Juanita Prough
Ms. Laurel Provine
Mr. R.A. Praszynski
Mr. Henry Pupke
Mr. & Mrs. John E. Purcell
Mr. W. M. Quackenbush
Ms. Marjorie R. Quandt
Mr. & Mrs. James Quarles
Mr. Fred Quebec
Miss Anne E. Quiggle
Mr. Michael J. Quigley, HI
Ms. Dennis O. Quinn
Mr. Jeff Raben
Colonel & Mrs. Robert S.
Rabinowitz
Mr. Charles Anton
Rademaker
Mr. Lawrence Randall
Mr
. & Mrs. Donald A.
Rankin
Mr
. Coleman Raphael
Miss Ann Rasche
Mr
Mr
Ms
Mr.
Mr
Ms
Mr
Mr
Ms
Mr
Mr
Mr
Mr
Mr
Mr
Ms
Ms
Ms
. Robyne Rast:
. Eleanor L. Rathbun
. W. Wyatt Rauch
. & Mrs. Earl C. Ravenal
. & Mrs. F. Jan Ravenscroft
. & Mrs. Paul Rawn
s. Carol H. Ray
. Ruth A. Ray
s. Robert Raymond
. & Mrs. Lawrence Raz
. Patricia Reardon
s. Jane S. Reaves
. Ralph H. Redford
. Sue Redman
s. E. N. Redmon
. D. R. Redmond
. Atlee J. Reeb
. Sara Reed
. William A. Reed
. William R. Reed
. Conrad Reese
. & Mrs. Robert Reeves
. Ann Regan
. Lynn Regnery
. Carol A. Reichgut
Mrs. Frances Reid
Mr. Robert J. Reid
Mr
Mr.
Mr
. W. Reid
s. Joan Reilly
. Lawrence F. Reinalcer
Mr. Ray Reinheimer
Mr. & Mrs. John W. Reiser
Dr. John W. Remo
Mr. Paul A. Renard
Mr. & Mrs. G. Resnick
Dr. Mary Restifo
Mrs. N. Linn Reusswig
Mr. & Mrs. J. C. Reynierse
Mr. Don F. Reynolds
Mr. R. L. Rhodes, Jr.
Dr.
Walter Ricci
Mr. Robert Rice
Mr. G. R. Rich
Dr.
Nancy E. Rich
Mr. E. Jerome Richards
Mr. B. Richardson
Mrs. R. M. Richardson
Ms. Pamela Richey
Mi
Mi
ss Nancy Ann Ridenhour
ss Rozanne L. Ridgway
Mr. M. M. Rifkin
Ms. Mary Lou Riley
Mr. James F. Rill
Dr. J. Jerome Rinaldi
Mrs. H. T. Rindal
Ms. Kimberly Ringley
Miss Marilyn Rising
Mr. David M. Ritchie
Mr. Robert L. Ritter
Mr. & Mrs. Carlos Rivas
Mr. & Mrs. Chalmers M.
Roberts
Mr. George O. Roberts
Mrs. Helen Roberts
Mr. & Mrs. Richard Roberts
Ms. Ruth Roberts
Mrs. Susan E. Roberts
Dr. Louise W. Robertson
Ms. Jean Robins
Mr. & Mrs. J. M. Robinson
Ms. Jane Washburn
Robinson
Dr. N. M. Robinson
Ms: De Ann Roddy
Mr. S. Rodriguez
Ms. Duane C. Roe
Dr. & Mrs. D. K. Roeder
Mr. & Mrs. Albert K.
Roehrig
Mr. Scott Roeth
Mr. Arthur H. Rogers
Ms. Bonnie M. Rogers
Mr. H. Rogers
Ms. Mimi Rolland
Mr. Alan R. Rollow
Ms. Barbara K. Rolph
Ms. I. Romero
Dr. Barbara Roop
Mrs. H. D. Root
Mr. & Mrs. Robert W. Root
Mrs. M. Elaine Roschman
Mrs. J.S. Rose
Mr. & Mrs. John M. Rose
Dr. & Mrs. Quentin Rose
Mr. & Mrs. Raymond T. Rose
Norman R. Rosen (Ret)
Mr. Daniel Rosenbaum
Mr. Ernest S. Rosenberg
Mr. M. L. Rosenthal
Mr. & Mrs. Richard R.
Rosettie
Mrs. Arthur H. Ross
Mr. Dale Ross
Mr. David W. Ross
Dr. Mitchell Neal Ross
Dr. James A. Roth
Mrs. M. W. Roth
Ms. Janice K. Rothlauf
Mrs. Elizabeth D. Rott
Dr. James A. Rourke
Mr. & Mrs. Herbert J. Rowe
Mr. & Mrs. Josiah P. Rowe
Mr. Gerald M. Rubin
Mr. & Mrs. Donald Ruegg
Ms. Jeanne Ruesch
Mrs. James A. Rugh
Mr. Lawrence A. Ruh
Mr. Jay A. Runkel
Dr. Edward C. Ruth
Mr. William Rutledge
Mr. William A. Rutter
Dr. & Mrs. Abner Sachs
Mr. & Mrs. W. Leo Saddler
Mr. & Mrs. Richard H. Salz
Ms. Jean E. Sammet
Ms. Linda Sampey
Mr. Charles L. Samz
Mr. James N. Sande, Jr.
Dr. Janice E. Sanders
Mr. T. B. Sanders
Mr. Ronald Sanderson
Ms. Arbelyn W. Sansone
Mr. Nilo M. Santiago
Mr. Thomas J. Sarmento
Mr. George A. J. Sarner
Mrs. Stanley J. Sarnoff
Mr. Rodney W. Saubers
R. Wayne Sayer
Mr. Francis B. Sayre
Mr. James P. Scannell
Sheryl Scarborough
Mr. & Mrs. John P. Schaefer
Mr. Thomas R. Schafer
Mr. Charles W. Schaffer, Jr.
Ms. Judith Schalit
Dr. E. A. Schenk
Mrs. Robert S. Scheu
Mr. Roger Schlemmer
Dr. S. P. Schmal
Captain Victor A. G.
Schmidt
Mr. Albert D. Schmutzer
Miss Marguerite V.
Schneeberger
Ms. Katy Schnitger
Mr. James Schnitz
Mrs. Debra C. Schoenstein
Mr. Adolf Schoepe
Mrs. Jean D. Schrader
Dr. Leonard Schreier
Mr. Allen B. Schroeder
Mrs. Gene M. Schroeder
Mr. & Mrs. J. Schroeder
Mr. Edward J. Schroeder, Jr.
Mr. Donald Schuder
Mr. Robert Schwaner
Mrs. Lillian E. Schwartz
Dr. Edward H. Schwarz
Mr. W. Harry Schwarzschild
Mr. B. Elmo Scoggin
Mr. Frank Scott
Mr. & Mrs. Harlan Scott
Mr. David C. Searey
Dr. Barbara Searle
Mr. & Mrs. Gene F. Seevers
Mr. Richard E. Seidell
Mr. Steve Mary Seidlitz
Ms. Sarahelen Selby
Mr. & Mrs. Harold J.
Selinsky
Mr. Paul C. Seltman
Mr. & Mrs. Clarence Semler
Miss Susan I. Sewell
Ms. Catharine Seybold
Mr. & Mrs. Guy Shaffer
Mrs. H. Shambaugh
Mr. Kevin E. Shanahan
Dr. & Mrs. Lewis Shapiro
Mr. & Mrs. Philip H. Sharpe
Ms. Barbara W. Shaw
Dr. Daniel L. Shaw, Jr.
Mrs. Norris Shealy
Mrs. R. L. Sheetz
Dr. Carol V. Sheldon
Mr. & Mrs. George E.
Sherman
Ms. Amanda Sherwin
Ms. Virginia Sherwood
Mr. David C. Shinstrom
Mr. Ken Shirey
Mr. & Mrs. Felix F. Shore
Billie Lou Short
Mrs. S.C. Shortlidge, Jr.
Mr. Roy Shrobe
Mrs. D.L. Shuman
Ms. M. L. Sibley
Ms. Martha F. Siccardi
Mr. S.S. Sickels
Mr. W. R. Sieben
Mr. & Mrs. Irving H. Siegel
Mr. Steve Sigafoos
Mr. & Mrs. Jack Silberman
Mrs. Barbara B. Silge
Victor Silveira
Dr. Lester P. Silverman
Colonel & Mrs. Robert L.
Simmons
Mr. Erwin S. Simon
Mr. Raymond Simon
Mr. Robert E. Sinclair
Mr. Richard Singer
Mrs. Richard W. Singer
Ms. Tammy Sisson
Ms. M. J. Skidmore
Mr. & Mrs. George S. Skinner
Mr. & Mrs. Robert Skold
Mrs. Eileen S. Slack
Mr. Kevan Slattery
Mr. Harold Slawson
Ms. Helen Slinger
Mr. Charles E. Slonaker
Mrs. Leon Sloss
Miss Anne Smalet
Albert/Shirley Small
Dr. K. C. Smeltz
Mr. J. A. Smith III
Mr. Charles H. Smith
Mrs. Duane Smith
Mrs. Golden R. Smith
Dr. & Mrs. H. Zack Smith
Mr. Harold R. Smith
Dr. J. T. Smith
Mr. James T. Smith
Ms. Janet S. Smith
John B. Smith
Mr. Joseph C. Smith
Mr. & Mrs. Howard Worth
Smith, Jr.
Mr. & Mrs. James F. Smith,
Jc.
Mrs. L. Smith
Mr. & Mrs. Lee Smith
Dr. Lex B. Smith
Ms. Margaret Smith
Mrs. Muriel E. Smith
Ms. R. Marianne Smith
Mr. Raymond S. Smith
Mr. S. Wylie Smith
Mr. Michael L. Smithson
Mr. Patrick Snead
Dr. George E. Snider, Jr.
Ms. Virginia L. Snider
Mr. C. Stewart Snoddy, Jr.
Mr. Edward W. Snowdon
Mr. J. Edward Snyder
Mr. David Solo
Mrs. Lawrence Solomon
Mr. Stephen Sondheim
Mr. Paul Sonnenblick
Mr. & Mrs. C.B. Sorrels
Ms. Lynn A. Soukup
Ms. Alice F. Southworth
Leslie L. Spain
Mr. & Mrs. John L. Sparks
Mr. H. Speer
Mr. Mark Speizer
Mr. Harry H. Spence
Mr. Thomas R. Sperling
Mr. Michael G. Spishock
Mr. George S. Sproesser
Mrs. J. R. Spung
Mr. Omer F. Spurlock
Mr. Bernie Stadiem
Mr. Marvin N. Stanford
Ms. Irene T. Stankiewicz
Mr. William R. Stanmeyer
Mr. Philip Stanton
Ms. Karen Stanuch
Mrs. Linda J. Starzman
Mr. Anthony V. Stassi, Jr.
Mr. F. J. Stastny
Farmers State Bank
- Mr. & Mrs. Albert H.
Staton, Jr.
Ms. Cynthia V. Stauffacher
Mrs. Catherine Strayer
Mr. W. R. Stealey
Mr. Donald P. Stearns
Mr. & Mrs. Frederick R.
Stebbins
Mr. Simon Steely
Mrs. A. Stein
Mr. Alexander W. Stein
Mr. Peter Stein
Ms. Kim R. Steinke
Mr. & Mrs. William L.
Stenger
Dr. Peter J. Stephens
Mr. Richard Stephens
Mr. & Mrs. Robert B.
Stephens
Mr. Mason W. Stephenson
Mrs. Shanda Stephenson
Mr. August Stepura
Mr. William Scernfe!d
Mr. Edwin L. Stevens
Mr. Jay Stevens
Ms. Suzanne E. Stevens
Mr. Ralph D. Stewart
Mr. Robert E. Stewart
Mr. John S. Stiles, Jr.
Mr. & Mrs. Glen E. Stillwell
Mr. & Mrs. John E.
Stinchfield
Mr. & Mrs. David D. Stirrett
309
Mr. & Mrs. Frank A.
Stocking
Mr. Fred Stoddard
Mr. & Mrs. Dennis W.
Stolldorf
Mr. Columbus M. Storey, Jr.
Mrs. Alberta Stout
Mr. Frank D. Stout
Mrs. E. E. Stowell
Mr. S. Tudor Strang
Mr. Everett Strickland
Mr. & Mrs. E. H. Strobel
Mrs. Roxalena T. Strong
Dr. & Mrs. J. M. Sudarsky
Mr. Steven C. Suddaby
Mr. Ed Sullivan
Mr. Thomas J. Sullivan
Mr. Vincent M. Sullivan
Ms. Nuzhat Sultan-Khan
Mrs. Harriet C. Sumerwell
Mr. Sid Sussman
Mr. David M. Swan
Mr. Richard Swan
Ms. Patricia S. Swaney
Mr. H. H. Sweeney
Ms. Carolyn Swift
Mrs. Phelps H. Swift
Mr. Steven L. Swig
Smelkinson Sysco
Ms. Anne E. Tait
Ms. Donna G. Takeda
Mr. Craig Talbot
Mr. & Mrs. Leland E. Talbort
Mr. Donald J. Tamulonis
Mr. Gary E. Tanglin
Mr. Darrell G. Tangman
Mr. & Mrs. Ronald Tansky
Mr. Parker D. Tappen
Ms. Nancy Tarsitano
Ms. Nancy E. Tate
Mr. James Tateyama
Mrs. Walter Tauer, Jr.
Mr. John Tavano
Mr. John W. Taylor
Dr. Jon Taylor
Mr. G. Kimbrough Taylor, Jr.
Mr. L. H. Taylor
Mr. Mark E. Taylor
Mr. Rowan H. Taylor
Mr. T. C. Taylor
Mr. William C. Taylor
Mrs. Mary L. Tecklenburg
Ms. Linda Teixeira
Mr. & Mrs. Charles E.
Tennant
310
Mr. Roy Teramoto
Mr. Norman R. Thal, Jr.
Mr. Harper Thayer
Mr. Alan Thebert
Mr. Edmund Thomas
Dr. F. Joseph Thomas
Mr. & Mrs. Holcombe H.
Thomas
Dr. Alvin D. Thomas, Jr.
Mr. William E. Thomas, Jr.
Mrs. Lewis V. Thomas
Ms. Marcia A. Thomas
Ms. Marjorie Thomas
Mr. & Mrs. Robert J. Thomas
Mr. & Mrs. Edward L.
Thompson
Dr. Jack Thompson
Ms. Jacqueline Thompson
Mr. & Mrs. John A.
Thompson
Mrs. Thelma G. Thompson
Mrs. Grace M. Thoms
Miss Isabel Thomson
Mrs. James L. Thornton
Mrs. Veronica Thorp
Miss Margaret Joy Tibbetts
Ms. Barbara L. Tierney
Mr. William J. Tierney
Mr. & Mrs. C. L. Tillman, HI
Mr. Clayton M. Timmons
Miss Catherine Tinkham
Mr. W. L. Tinslar
Mrs. J. Tischler
Mr. F.C. Titus
Christina Tochko
Mr. Hartley K. Todee
Ms. Paula Lynne Todrin
Mr. C. Tofte
Mr. Toshio Tokunaga
Mr. John A. Tolleris
Mr. & Mrs. Vladimir R.S.
Tolstoy
Mr. James S. Tomes
Mr. W. W. Townes
Mr. & Mrs. F. Gerald Toye
The Honorable & Mrs.
Russell E. Train
Mr. & Mrs. Francis R.
Trainor
Mrs. W. Trainor
Mr. Anthony Tralla
Ms. Lorraine Tregde
Mr. Pete V. Treibley
Mr. Richard T. Trelfa
Mr. Edmond R. Tremblay
eS
i
Mr. Glenn E. Trezona
Ms. Margaret Tribble
Mr. T. Trickett
Bernard H. Trimble
Mr. Donald O. Tucker
Mr. Ernest H. Tuenge, Jr.
Mr. Robert L. Tull
Mrs. James N. Tulloh
Ms. Eva F. Tully
Ms. Christine Turnbull
Mr. James F. Turner
Mr. Richard A. Turner
Mr. Robert W. Turner
Mr. D. FE. Tuthill
Ms. Evelyn Twigg-Smith
Mr. & Mrs. Philip E. Uhrig
Reverend R. L. Ullman
Mr. Glenn A. Ulrich
Dr. Paul L. Urban
Mr. Donald Usher
Mr. Robert C. Utley
Mr. Tomoyuki Uyesugi
Mr. & Mrs. Robert Vallier
Mr. Ray E. Van Alstine
Mr. John P. Van Alstyne
Mr. J. V. Van Cura
Mrs. Deborah Van Vlack
Miss Julia M. Vance
Mrs. Richard C. Vandusen
Mr. William A. Vanelli
Ms. Caroline E. Vanmason
Mr. W. G. Vansant, Jr.
Mr. & Mrs. Robert F.
Vanvoorhees
Mr. John A. Varela
Mr. Armen Varterssian
Mr. Samuel M. Vauclain, III
Mr. Henry J. Velsor, Jr.
Mr. Emilio Jose Venegas
Ms. Natalie D. Venneman
Mr. Richard Venning
Mr. Rowland P. Vernon, Jr.
Dr. John J. Vill
Mr. Charles Villa
Mr. J. A. Vincent
Mr. James F. Vincent
Donald J. Vitale
Mr. R. G. Volk
Ms. Florence E. Voorhees
Mrs. J. Vroom
Ms. Jill R. Wade
Ms. Frances C. Wagenseil
Mr. David H. Wagner
Mrs. J. E. Waites
Mr. Edward B. Waldmann
Mr. Robert C. Waldvogel
Mr. & Mrs. George E. Walker
Mr. James F. Walkup
Mr. Kent Wall
Mr. C. Wallace
Mr. James N. Wallace
Ms. Jane Wallace
Mr. & Mrs. J. M. Wallace, Jr.
Mr. Wayne D. Walling
Mr. Edward J. Walsh, Jr.
Mr. George R. Walter
Mr. & Mrs. Frank S. Walters
Mr. Robert W. Walton
Dr. Alan B. Wambold
Mrs. H. R. Ward
Mr. & Mrs. John W. Ward, Jr.
Mr. & Mrs. Robert B.
Wareheim
Mr. & Mrs. Richard
Wargowsky
Mr. & Mrs. C. Grant Warner
Mr. & Mrs. George E.
' Warner
Mrs. Vernell Warrington
Mr. Kyle V. Washbourne
Mrs. Wanda A. Washburn
Ms. Eileen Waslin
Dr. Bernard Wasserman
Mr. B. Y. Wat
Dr. & Mrs. Richard C.
Waterbury
Ms. Ruth M. Wathen
Mr. J. C. Watkins
Mr. & Mrs. Scott J. Watson
Mr. & Mrs. Alvin D. Wax
Mr. H. Wayne Weagly
Mr. John E. Weaver
Mrs. Sylvia B. Weaver
Mr. V. Phillips Weaver
Mr. Glyn H. Webber
Mr. Richard L. Weed
Mr. William C. Weeden
Mr. Peter M. Wege
Mrs. Robert M.
Weidenhammer
Mr. & Mrs. Edward Weinberg
Mrs. Marjorie Weinberg
Dr. Jon L. Weingart
Mr. Eric W. Weinmann
Charles J. Weir
Mr. G. R. Weir
Ms. Jean M. Weis
Mr. W. Weisberg
Mr. Carl J. Weisel
Mr. & Mrs. Joseph A. Weiss
Mr. Charles E. Wells
Mr. & Mrs. Terry Welsh
Mrs. D. C. Welton
Mr. P. A. Wentz
Mr. Henry Wentzien
Mr. Fred H. Werner
Mr. Gerald L. Werner
Mr. Stuart L. Werner
Kenneth F. Wesolik
Captain J. H. Wesson,
US.N.
Mr. & Mrs. James T. West
Mrs. Sharon Westafer
Mr. R. R. Westberg
Mrs. Harriet K. Westcott
Ms. Betty S. Westfall
Mrs. John Wettroth
Miss Hilda Wexler
Ms. Virginia Weyres
Mr. Grant D. Whipple
Mr. Howard Whitaker, Jr.
Mr. David R. White Jr.
Mr. & Mrs. Donald W.
White
Mr. John K. White
Ms. Karen K. White
Leslie M. White
Mr. W. C. White
Ms. Jaan Whitehead
Mrs. Mary Tyler Whitney
Ms. Ruth E. Whitt
Mrs. Bradford A.
Whittemore
Mr. Bret G. Wien
ial
Mr. & Mrs. Leonard A. Wien
Mrs. Muriel S. Wiessner
Dr. & Mrs. Herman S.
Wigodsky
Dr. & Mrs. U. V. Wilcox, i
Mr. & Mrs. Edwin N.
Wilkins
Mr. & Mrs. J. Burke
Wilkinson
Dr. & Mrs. Robert S.
Wilkinson, Jr.
Mr. & Mrs. Andrew W.
Williams
Mr. Jack B. Williams
Mr. & Mrs. John M.
Williams
Ms. Kathleen R. Williams
Mrs. Wanda Rees Williams
Mr. Kenneth R. Williamson
Mr. R. H. Williamson
Dr. & Mrs. William N.
Williford
Mr. & Mrs. Vernon B. Willis
Mr. & Mrs. W. Cooper
Willits
Ms. Katheryne Willock
Mr. George C. Willson
Ms. Louise W. Willson
Captain Lucille A. Wilson
(Ret)
Mr. Hugh H. Wilson
Mr. F. A. Wilson, Jr.
Mr. Lowell Wilson
Mr. Paul Robert Wilson
Mr. Peter Wilson
Dr. & Mrs. Richard B.
Wilson
Mr. Stephen Wilson
Mr. Wallace H. Wilson
Dr. Carl D. Winberg
Mr. Philip H. Winter
Mr. James D. Wirt
Mr. Robert Wissoker
Dr. Raymond R. Wittekind
Mr. & Mrs. William W.
Wittie
Mr. David L. Wittle
Ms. Linda Wohl
Mr. Leland A. Wolf
Mrs. Harry B. Wolfe
Mr. J. Wolfgang, Jr.
Mr. & Mrs. Marvin Womack
Mr. Gary S. Wong
Dr. & Mrs. Thomas P. Wood
Ms. L. Wooden
Mrs. W. Woodmansee
Mr. R. H. Woodrow, Jr
Mr. Marshall D. Woods
Mrs. Louise Woodson
Mr. H. Woodward
Mrs. W.T. Wooley
Mr. & Mrs. Mark S. Woolley
Mr. Cyrus G. Wright
Mr. David M. Wright
Mrs. Harriet A. Wright
Dr. Martha Wright
Miss Nancy Wright
Dr. Reverdy E. Wright
Mr. Wallace C. Wu
Dr. Christopher Wuerker
Mrs. Bernard J. Wulff
Mr. Robert Wulff
Mr. Charles E. Wylie
Mr. Charles Yarbrough
Mrs. Orval Yarger
Mr. M.H. Yendrejczyk
Mr. John Yeomans
Ms. Rhinee Yeung
Miss Jane B. Young
Mr. & Mrs. Daniel K.
Young, Jr.
Ms. Marguerite G. Young
Mrs. Patricia B. Young
Mr. Robert L. Young
Mrs. W. Young
Ms. Jean R. Youtsey
Mr. & Mrs. William A.
Zachary, Jr.
Mary Zaemes
Ms. Shereen Zakauddin
‘Mr. Rudy Zalesak
Dr. Jay Zatzkin
Mr. David R. Zauner
Dr. Berton Zbar
Mrs. Robert Zeppa
Mr. Lee B. Zeugin
Mr. & Mrs. Edwin
Zimmerman
Dr. Richard L. Zizza
Dr. & Mrs. M. J. Zukel
Mr. & Mrs. C. Lee Zwally
311
FINANCLAE (REPRO Re
Introduction
The Smithsonian Institution receives funding from both federal
appropriations and nonappropriated trust sources. Nonappro-
priated trust funds include all funds received from sources other
than direct federal appropriations. These other sources include
gifts and grants from individuals, corporations, and foundations;
grants and contracts from federal, state, or local government
agencies; earnings from short- and long-term investments; re-
ceipts from membership programs; and receipts from sales activi-
ties, such as Smithsonian magazine, museum shops, mail order
catalogues, and food service concessions.
Federal appropriations provide funding for the Institution’s
core functions: caring for and conserving the national collec-
tions, sustaining basic research on the collections and in selected
areas of traditional and unique strength, and educating the pub-
lic about the collections and research findings through exhibi-
tions and other public programs. Federal appropriations also
fund a majority of the activities associated with maintaining
and securing the facilities and with various administrative and
support services.
Scientist Roberto
Ibanez studies a frog
at the Smithsonian
Tropical Research In-
stitute in Panama in a
project to determine
the causes for a de-
cline in the amphibian
population. (Photo-
graph by Marcos
Guerra).
NANCY D. SUTTENFIELD,
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER
Smithsonian trust funds allow the Institution to undertake
new ventures and enrich existing programs in ways that would
not otherwise be possible. These funds provide the critical mar-
gin of excellence for innovative research, building and strength-
ening the national collections, constructing and presenting effec-
tive and up-to-date exhibitions, and reaching out to new and
under-represented audiences. In recent years, the Smithsonian
has also begun to rely on trust funds for a portion of the funding
for major new construction projects.
The following sections describe the external environmental
factors affecting the Institution’s general financial! condition, the
Institution’s financial status, and its planned response to chang-
ing conditions; financial results for fiscal year 1995; and mea-
sures, both organizational and financial, being taken to ensure
the continued fiscal health of the Institution.
Financial Situation and Prospects
The Smithsonian celebrates its 150th anniversary in 1996. It will
be an exciting year marked by the spectacular traveling exhibi-
tion, America’s Smithsonian, as well as many other grand events.
These events will be funded almost exclusively by private contri-
butions and funds generated from business activities related to
the events. Funding for these celebratory events exemplifies the
paradigm shift facing the Smithsonian and many education and
cultural organizations—less reliance on government and more
reliance on the private sector.
The transition to this new paradigm will be challenging for
the Smithsonian as it will be for many public institutions. For-
tunately, the Smithsonian enters the new year with a strong
balance sheet and excellent prospects for the future. The Smith-
sonian occupies a special place in the hearts and minds of Amer-
icans and receives generous support from its many constituen-
cies. Congressional and private support continues to be strong.
Through many years of prudent financial management, the
Smithsonian has built a sizeable and growing endowment and
adequate reserves. Moreover, the Smithsonian has taken decisive
action to address prospective funding shortfalls over the last few
years. Immediate steps have been taken in recent budgets both
to cut cost and enhance revenues.
More fundamentally, the Institution has recognized the need
to restructure—both programmatically and organizationally—
to meet the challenges of the future. To better inform the restruc-
turing process, the Smithsonian Board of Regents established
the Commission on the Future of the Smithsonian Institution in
September 1993. This Commission was asked to conduct “an
examination of the Smithsonian, its mandate and its roles, and
an examination of the cultural, societal, and technological fac-
tors that influence its capacity to act.” The Commission deliv-
ered its report to the Board of Regents in May 1995. The report
describes the Commission’s vision of the future of the Smith-
sonian and makes specific recommendations for making that
vision a reality. The Regents formed a committee to consider the
recommendations and to work with the Secretary in his strategic
planning process.
Last summer, the Secretary formed a Strategic Planning
Group of senior management staff to analyze, at a detailed level,
potential restructuring, consistent with the mission, vision, and
priorities of the Institution, that will assure fiscal stability. Sev-
eral restructurings have already taken place. The Office of Plant
Services, Design and Construction, and Architectural History
and Historic Preservation were consolidated into the new Office
of Physical Plant. This consolidation brings together three inter-
dependent organizations for more efficient management of the
Institution’s facilities.
The Smithsonian continues to take a close look at the effec-
tiveness of its revenue-producing and fund-raising activities.
Senior management currently is addressing several years of de-
clining revenues at Smithsonian magazine and examining a
major loss at the Smithsonian Institution Press this past fiscal
year. On the fund-raising side, the Institution plans to rely on
the promotion of its 150th anniversary celebration activities in
forming new and expanded relationships with individuals, cor-
porations, and foundations.
The deterioration of the Institution’s facilities continues to be
a major concern. The current rate of facilities deterioration and
obsolescence will, if not fully addressed, place the collections,
ongoing activities, and public accessibility at risk. Smithsonian
facilities total more than 5.5 million square feet of space and
range in age from new to more than 140 years old. Funding for
maintenance, repair, and renovations has not kept pace with the
deterioration of the buildings. Best estimates indicate that at
least $50.0 million annually is needed to fully meet the require-
ments for systematic facilities renewal and maintenance to offset
normal wear and tear. While funding in fiscal year 1995 was
only $24.0 million, prospects for a significant increase in fiscal
year 1996 are strong. Congress has been very helpful in working
with the Smithsonian to meet this challenge. It is hoped that in-
creased appropriations in future years will be at a level that will
arrest the rate of decline of those buildings in greatest need.
The Smithsonian faces significant challenges, but it has
prepared itself to meet them by emphasizing strategic planning,
focusing on a future vision, and by setting resource allocation
priorities that are tied to its mission and its core functions.
FY 1995 Sources of Net Operating Funds
Federal 71% Sl ke eas
ay Pe
ve —
y Gifts &
Grants 4%
Investments 3%
Membership & Sales 10%
Gov't G&C 11% ~~ Other 1%
Fiscal Year 1995 Results
Revenues received by the Institution in fiscal year 1995 from
all sources totaled $708.1 million. Federal appropriations ac-
counted for $358.0 million, and nonappropriated trust funds
provided an additional $350.1 million. When adjusted to
remove auxiliary activity expenses of $185.8 million, net
revenues for operations, construction, and additions to endow-
ment totaled $522.3 million, a 5.7% increase from fiscal year
1994. The following chart reflects revenues by source and broad
purpose of use.
313
Fiscal Year 1995 Sources of Gross/Net Revenues
Percent
Net
Gross Net* Operating
Revenues Revenues Revenues
($millions) — ($millions) (%)
Operations
Federal Appropriations 313.3 313.3 71
Nonappropriated Trust Funds
Unrestricted 226.8 41.0 10
Restricted
Gov’t Grants and Contracts D033 50.3 11
General Restricted 36.7 36.7 8
Total Sources for Operations 627.1 441.3 100
Construction
Federal Appropriations 44.7 44.7
Nonappropriated Trust Funds 7.0 7.0
Total Sources for Construction S127, S27
Endowment and Similar Funds 29.3 29.3
Total Revenues from All Sources 708.1 522.3
* Net of expenses related to revenue-generating activities, e.g., museum
shops, restaurants, publications, etc.
OPERATIONS (TABLES I AND 2)
Federal appropriations of $313.3 million provided the core fund-
ing for ongoing programs of the Institution. An increase of $10.9
million from the fiscal year 1994 level funded the continued de-
velopment of the National Museum of the American Indian, the
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory’s Submillimeter Tele-
scope Array, the move of collections to the Museum Support
Center, expanded Latino programming, and partial support for
inflationary increases in salaries and benefits. Unfunded but
mandatory inflationary costs for salaries and benefits, rent and
utilities were absorbed within baseline resources through cost
savings gained from restructuring of programs and activities.
Unrestricted trust fund income showed an increase of $4.9
million from last fiscal year. Several business activities, such as
Smithsonian magazine, restaurant concessions and museum
shops, along with investment income, showed healthy increases.
However, these increases were more than offset by the $4.5
million loss by the Smithsonian Institution Press. This unprece-
dented loss led the Institution to begin to reevaluate this activity
completely.
Restricted income from investments, gifts and non-govern-
ment grants and contracts totaled $36.7 million, a level that
sustains and modestly improves upon the large, 38% growth
last fiscal year. The Institution continues to intensify its fund-
raising activities and focus on new strategies. Last fiscal year
was the most successful year ever in raising funds for a wide
range of educational, exhibition, research, and related construc-
tion programs throughout the Institution. Major gifts and grants
received in fiscal year 1995 helped to support the National Postal
Museum, the exhibition “How Things Fly” at the National Air
314
and Space Museum, and the establishment of the Jerome and
Dorothy Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Inno-
vation at the National Museum of American History. The
Smithsonian is especially grateful to its many friends in the
private sector whose generosity contributed vitally to its work.
The names of major donors are listed in the Benefactors section
of this publication.
In fiscal year 1995, the Institution received $50.3 million in
contracts and grants from government agencies, an increase of
$4.6 million over fiscal year 1994. Support from government
agencies constitutes an important source of research monies for
the Institution while also benefiting the granting agencies by
providing access to Smithsonian expertise and resources. As in
prior years, the majority of these funds were provided by the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration for research
programs at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Other
projects funded included a study at the Smithsonian Environ-
mental Research Center of the rising concentration of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere and support for sorting biological
specimens from the polar regions at the National Museum of
Natural History.
ENDOWMENT (TABLES 3, 4, AND 5)
The Institution pools its endowment funds for investment
purposes into a consolidated portfolio, with each endowment
purchasing shares in a manner similar to shares purchased by
an investor in a mutual fund.
The Investment Policy Committee of the Smithsonian’s Board
of Regents establishes investment policy and recommends the
annual payout for the consolidated endowment. The Smith-
sonian’s policies for managing the endowment are designed to
achieve two objectives: 1) to provide a stable, growing stream
of payouts for current expenditures and 2) to protect the value
of the endowment against inflation and maintain its purchasing
power. Current policy calls for an average payout of 4.5 percent
of the average market value over the prior five years. With this
payout policy, to achieve the endowment’s objectives, the invest-
ment policy targets a real rate of return of 5 percent.
In fiscal year 1994, the Investment Policy Committee approved
a new asset allocation policy with higher exposure to equities to
increase expected return, while controlling risk through modest
international diversification. During fiscal year 1995, the Com-
mittee implemented this policy. The investment managers were
given global mandates, and new specialist investment managers
were hired for domestic and international equities.
As depicted in the chart below, the market value of the en-
dowment increased from $379.0 million to $434.6 million dur-
ing fiscal year 1995. Of the $434.6 million, $189.6 million, or
44 percent, was unrestricted, and the balance of $245.0 million
was restricted. New gifts and internal transfers totaling $3.4 mil-
lion were added to the endowment while the payout was $14.8
million. Investment management fees were $1.2 million. The
total return on the consolidated portfolio was 18.3 percent. At
year end, the Institution’s portfolio was invested 76 percent in
equities, 21 percent in bonds, and 3 percent in cash equivalents.
Marker Value of Endowment and Similar Funds
(in $ millions)
($ millions)
$450 ORestricted, Freer
®Restricted, Other
$400 Unrestricted
$344
$350* $324
$300 1
1992 1993 1994.—«1995
Fiscal Year
CONSTRUCTION AND PLANT FUNDS (TABLE 6)
In fiscal year 1995, the Smithsonian received federal appropria-
tions for construction netting $44.7 million after a rescission
affecting both fiscal year 1995 and balances from prior years.
Net funds provided in fiscal year 1995 included $24 million
for general repair, restoration, and code compliance projects
throughout the Institution. Although the repair amount Is a
substantial sum, it is less than half the estimated $50.0 million
per year required to keep up with the rate of deterioration in the
physical plant. Net funds earmarked for new construction, al-
terations, and modifications totaled $20.8 million. Included in
this amount is $19.5 million to continue development of a
collections, study, reference, and support facility in Suitland,
Maryland, and the Mall facility for the National Museum of the
American Indian; $3.0 million for renovations, repairs, and mas-
ter plan projects at the National Zoological Park, including con-
struction of the African Grasslands exhibit; and $2.4 million in
rescissions related to prior years.
Additions and transfers to nonappropriated trust construc-
tion funds, termed plant funds, totaled $10.2 million. Approxi-
mately $5.4 million was for construction of facilities for the
National Museum of the American Indian, $1.6 million was for
renovation of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum,
and $2.2 million was for reinstallation of the Gem Hall at the
National Museum of Natural History.
Financial Condition
The Smithsonian Institution’s Statement of Financial Condition
represents the total assets, liabilities, and fund balances of the
Institution. Total assets of $1.2 billion far exceed total liabilities
of $187.0 million and are indicative of the financial strength of
the Institution. In fact, only $3.4 million of the $187.0 million in
liabilities represents long-term debt. The Smithsonian dnstitu-
tion’s assets increased by $96.0 million since the end of fiscal
year 1994, while liabilities increased by just $37.0 million for
the same period.
Financial Management
The Institution’s overall effectiveness in utilizing its newly imple-
mented purchasing and payables system accelerated during fiscal
year 1995. It began to use newly available data from the system,
such as transaction status, purchase volume by type of product,
individual staff output, etc., to generate efficiencies in procure-
ment and document processing. Significant progress was also
made on the second phase of a new accounting system that in-
cludes replacement of the Institution’s general ledger, financial
reporting, and management information system. A new coding
structure has been developed that will provide new opportunities
to report on and analyze programmatic activities and to increase
the utility of financial reports for management decision-making.
Other financial management improvement initiatives under-
taken in 1995 include:
e Finance units routinely make use of internal and external cus-
tomer feedback, strategic and operational planning, performance
measurement, and process reengineering to continually improve.
e New approaches have been developed to increase procure-
ments from minority and small business contractors.
e Teams developed the policies and procedures necessary to
implement new not-for-profit accounting standards for contribu-
tions (SFAS No. 116) and financial statement presentation (SFAS
No. 117) effective in 1996.
e Procurement efficiencies and improved customer service
were achieved through limited use of electronic data interchange
strategies and expanded delegations of authority while maintain-
ing effective internal controls.
e New systems, processes, and procedures were developed so
that the Institution could shift to Office of Management and
Budget Circular A-122, Cost Principles for Nonprofit Organiza-
tions, which covers federal grants and contracts received by the
Institution. Previously, the Smithsonian followed cost principles
for educational institutions.
e Work began on an initiative that will automate the plan-
ning and budget formulation process.
Audit Activities
The Institution’s financial statements are audited annually by
KPMG Peat Marwick, an independent public accounting firm.
The audit plan includes an in-depth review of the Institution’s
internal control structure. KPMG Peat Marwick’s Independent
Auditors’ Report for fiscal year 1995 and the accompanying fi-
nancial statements are presented on the following pages. The
Smithsonian’s internal audit staff, part of the Office of Inspector
General, assists the external auditors and regularly audits the In-
stitution’s various programs, activities, and internal control sys-
tems. The Audit and Review Committee of the Board of Regents
provides an additional level of financial oversight and review.
In accordance with the government requirement for the use of co-
ordinated audit teams, the Defense Contract Audit Agency, the Smith-
sonian Office of Inspector General, and KPMG Peat Marwick coor-
dinate the audit of grants and contracts received from federal agencies.
315
Table 1. Source and Application of Operating Funds for the Year Ended September 30, 1995 (in $000s)
Nonappropriated Trust Funds Total
Restricted Federal Funds and
Total Nonappropriated
Government Non- Trust Funds
Federal Grants and _—Appropriated
Funds Unrestricted General Contracts Trust Funds FY 1995 FY 1994
FUND BALANCES: Beginning of Year ..... $35,624 $39,396 $24,576 $ 63,972 $99,596 $101,166
FUNDS PROVIDED:
Federal Appropriations (see Note 1) ...... 313,254 313,254 302,349
InvestmenteImCOme ys,chedeus,=yck> Sytasceccneusisve tous 10,756 9,915 20,671 20,671 18,268
Government Grants and Contracts ....... 50,353 50,353 50,353 45,701
Gifts & Non-Government Grants ........ 9,859 23,340 33,199 33,199 32,175
Sales and Membership Revenue ......... 193,808 193,808 193,808 197,233
(@theripsyereeepsesrsasloe a eyncye heats Seasieineones 12,398 3,428 15,826 15,826 8,844
TOTAL FUNDS PROVIDED ......... 313,254 226,821 36,683 50,353 313,857 627,111 604,570
TOTAL FUNDS AVAILABLE......... 348,878 266,217 61,259 50,353 377,829 726,707 705,736
FUNDS APPLIED:
Sciences:
ASSISTANTISECECLARY gi); salcs.'sx a <ysus] sgn te=,scs ame 1,168 507 76 18 601 1,769 1,644
Office of Fellowships and Grants ........ 17 1,612 334 1,946 2,125 1,713
Astrophysical Observatory ............. 13,878 8,739 452 44.684 53,875 67,753 62,077
Less Overhead Recovery ............-. (7,672) (7,672) (7,672) (6,879)
Tropical Research Institute............. 7,776 1,598 1,107 311 3,016 10,792 10,715
Environment Research Center .......... 2,564 236 45 1,142 1,423 3,987 3,591
National:Zoological! Park.) 8-2. 04.4..%- 17,604 1,362 3,128 748 5,238 22,842 21,168
Smithsoniam Archives’. oi. 6s.6:s.0:s06%.5 6 eure 1,202 105 39 144 1,346 1,225
Smithsonian Libraries ...............- 5,920 775 134 4 913 6,833 6,937
International Environmental
SciencewRropramyss ccm sate sant cstd eee 764 764 671
Major Scientific Instrumentation ........ 9,288 9,288 7,796
National Museum of Natural History .. .. 35,635 2,960 4,708 2,050 9,718 45,353 44,512
Conservation Analytical Laboratory ...... 2,950 160 44 204 3,154 2,803
Museum: Support Genter <2... .5.s'ns0%.. 3 3,660 1 1 3,661 3,173
International Relations .............%- 551 408 2 227 637 1,188 1,189
potalisclencesy rs. ..yec tessa iene cue 103,139 10,791 10,025 49,228 70,044 173,183 162,335
Arts and Humanities:
IAASSISEANT SECIELALY cee eas soe Sue os ee 971 600 24 1 625 1,596 2,644
Office of Museum Programs ........... 914 119 16 135 1,049 962
National Air and Space Museum ........ 112755 9,254 959 853 11,066 22,821 19,750
National Museum of American History . . . 17,265 1,911 1,842 123 3,876 21,141 24,654
National Postal Museum ........... ; 461 133 2,768 2,901 3,362 3,368
National Museum of the American Indian . . 12,504 336 325 661 13,165 12,909
National Museum of American Art ...... 6,837 2,250 1,812 4,062 10,899 9,330
National Portrait Gallery .............. 5,532 419 97 516 6,048 5,441
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. . 4,146 797 1,315 2,110 6,256 8,255
Freer! Gallery OfsArt ys. cie Sis «ieteve sicie sve oo s,3 2,281 259 3,496 3,755 6,036 5,501
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery ............. 3,149 237 1,801 2,038 5,187 4,722
Archives'of’American Art si 2.05 c.0.5.. 1,486 48 744 792 2,278 2,168
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum . . 2,398 2,163 600 49 2,812 5,210 5,603
National Museum of African Art ........ 3,861 167 (23) 144 4,005 3,900
National African American Museum ... .. 449 293 100 393 842
ANACOSTIA MUSEUM wis lecete s elete i siete eis one's 1,049 309 14 323 1,372 1,612
Office of Exhibits Central ............. 1,989 49 49 2,038 2,660
Traveling Exhibition Service ............ 2,302 1,696 1,755 22. 3,473 5,775 4,806
SE — — ——————
Total Art and Humanities............ 79,349 21,040 17,643 1,048 39,731 119,080 118,285
Education and Public Service:
IASSISTANTASCCLETALY/ehsrejcrsqstsio,ofsvcue-ois is jaisf sis 417 488 6 494 911 940
Center for Folklife Programs and
@ulturaliStudies s .\fco5.. ccc fe eke 3s 1,258 2,110 505 2,615 3,873 3,112
Office of Elementary and
Secondary/Educationyitoet. teneie..cheyeusis lek 503 8 211 70 629 1,132 1,051
National Science Resources Center ....... 161 234 234 395 451
ee
Total Education and Public Service ... .. 2,339 3,180 722 70 3,972 6,311 5,554
ee ————————EEEEE———E—=E__ EE
316
Table 1. Source and Application of Operating Funds for the Year Ended September 30, 1995 (in $000s) (continued)
Nonappropriated Trust Funds Toral
Restricted Federal Funds and
Total Nonappropriated
Government Non- Trust Funds
Federal Grants and = Appropriated
Funds Unrestricted General Contracts Trust Funds FY 1995 FY 1994
Se
External Affairs:
Office of Telecommunications .......... 305 739 150 889 1,194 1,146
Visitor Information and Associates’
ReceprioniGenter, s,s 5-<<cusiyccr nes 28 269 1,330 2 1,332 1,601 1,499
Office of Special Events and
Conference Services ..........------ 194 194 194 253
Smithsonian Institution Press ........... 1,270 22;753 83 22,836 24,106 23,626
IMapazinesrres stoscte sie crctersters sista eie mirdsis io 62,576 62,576 62,576 63,119
The Smithsonian Associates .........-.. 32,728 25) ZUR AY 32,753 34,744
IPCC aAPAGEAVIUIOS! orc sc¥ Fen cs ase ieusneielisveieiiel e212 10
—eEeEeEeyexy—eEEEEEE——E————————————————————————————— eee EE eee
Total External Affairs............... 1,844 120,320 260 120,580 122,424 124,397
Institutional Advancement ............. 88 12,716 494 13,210 13,298 5,717
Business Management/Activities......... 54,720 54,720 54,720 53,634
PATENITUISUEACION: Ga ayers orsce ncarar sw dieses = s.nl ese 27,789 16,200 380 7 16,587 44,376 46,816
Less Overhead Recovery ..........-.. (12,317) (12,317) (12,317) (10,669)
acilittest Services jo..ccpe ss ues icesa cine etc ee 82,246 1,404 26 1,430 83,676 82,457
Transfers Out/(In):
HIS CASUGY preemie: folertcsseteisiaiecs stele sce (svenete 1,657 L657. 1,163
Plant pecieroevctetetes siete stake ie ee Sete Sees ene (594) 3,134 2,540 2,540 1,384
IEMGOWMERE Se herciciacd oc ects Bees ce oe 798 S273 4,071 4,071 4,384
1,657 204
298,451 228,258
11,203
3,600
6,407 6,611 8,268
613,019
11,203
2,889
6,931
35,957 50,353 314,568 595,457
Expenses Against Prior Years’ Obligations . .
CHANGES IN FUND BALANCES ........
FUND BALANCES—End of Year
fSCeMNOTE2 Vaans, coc ahcrsrapeceussagacsieie ss eva ss
10,683
(1,437) 726 (711) (1,570)
$39,224 $37,959 $25,302 $63,261 $102,485 $99,596
Note 1: Excludes $225 thousand in FY 1994 and $265 thousand in FY 1995 received as a permanent indefinite appropriation for the Canal Zone Biological Area Fund. Also
excludes $1,459 thousand received in FY 1994 and $966 thousand received in FY 1995 foreign currency for research projects in India.
Note 2: The Federal fund balance includes $32 million associated with no-year appropriations and $7.5 million associated with annual appropriations for fiscal years 1991-1995.
Table 2. Auxiliary Activities, Fiscal Year 1995 (in $000s)
Sales and Net
Membership Revenue
Revenue Gifts Expenses (Loss)
B19 DA ate eae yest Moet aed A oRIe Kea cr ce fice fevcirz afentns (ousvaieys Iusavieiauine (Meuss@ie sieusirascolesdis),s 3/6/30 % $197,233 $9,372 $183,142 $23,463
FY 1995:
Central Auxiliary Activities:
WVIAC AZIMES! Goo re operate rset seis oracle sstereah se wince « 4 Sin iale stile woinlate sie ats a slave: s eieimietale.e) ¢ 71,906 i 62,576 9,337
DHE, SMITMSOMIAMASSOCIATES) «vies, -.0.0.0 occc eps cpee 618 Bose eie o 40 Sine eho we eiaie! ols win eels dite 6 31,462 8,781 36,914 3,329
Business: Manapements) aie, execs ie.c-e otyoe oso sie cance niene owe ei aceieia ewe oa a ssid nie eral 7 463 (456)
Museum Shops/Mail Order ........ 2-2 c cece cece cree eect eee tet eeernnes 56,493 51,448 5,045
GOTICESSIONS pete ye eee ei oes ero ese uegsha aie fois tovalforslis aie yar Sie tee eel estes eurgenelienscetars eves 3,577 2,025 1,552
GY Mer ie ean sens oe easy arouse eager joi obeys Voie are afattonalian als Oe tet ier) n mlorauclaersisefene 1,751 781 970
Smithsonian Institution Press ........--- eee eee e erect tere terete eee teeeeeee 18,191 22,676 (4,485)
Electronic: MediasACtivitieS se.cvecocaveiensvarereve sus sce wieuacas 015647800 wee eg ee ep enaie Sa wala ets 59 16 43
Bureau Auxiliary Activities:
Air and Space Theater and Einstein Planetarium ......--+.+0 02+ esse eerrttceeee 4,275 2,960 1,315
Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum .........-- 000 eee e eee erent serene 817 502 315
Traveling Exhibition Services ...... 2.0.2 e cece eee e cece eee e ence eetteenees 840 977 (137)
Fern eee sia area ae are eile eveveravelieiaeate/eics wisiaite estates slcel-di/e) sys 10)%ay'o))a) ov ojin Coisiie nani sie =\ 4,430 560 4,453 537
AOE EY IOS: Wag vere ic re va te sate cafuite oils to sfoilerinyte joile reise; 6%. Dievrevayev'eiigie! eieiaie. ia @iacstialey eas alee $193,808 $9,348 $185,791 $17,365
Table 3. Endowment and Similar Funds, September 30, 1995 (in $000s)
Book Market
Value Value
ASSETS:
Pooled Consolidated Endowment Funds:
(GashYandlequivalentsaersp peters eyes acces a Gs sky ose oN ca cguebete teh c abo catechins etetacey Soares oranslate tos fue ict ouemleuee vedo umes $24,638 $24,638
ANCEKEUNCIReCElV a DLC MES iii c cise) ones occ devanahe ponds. Cooueouus davsasausitcied “dge eaeteua tbo master one canal o. cin cet onaatemidins eather ee ane 1,495 1,495
Si Governmentsand| Government) © bliga tion Sway s.24eveycjoxeketaseusjs/ agi coasksuensecusdegapepsucus coun goaeievovspsyenoitnee nc wohevshsicnsierereas 34,441 34,671
Bei Sa ee aoe, Nae oo Siig: Rusiey ocecacor audpolohebeabtaiis Stace oreunisuniaeatetalara oto webcererdisiern cue cidcate ecm 52,638 54,451
GonvertiblevPreferred yee rtra ccs acheive Sev ter ate cis) vase oe sien cess tne os ana os ener atctia ayaa bepcee. Aye acetate &, SPAMS cue ahr Setar sts 7,054 8,387
SOCKS HARON NCTE a PMe Lap LISA A Le, aiteneysn aye yerelicre ave, euclictnue ate due ahi Gisiaynid foeidua: Sosvald adysveueacaubnavevarduavee ovnrhe tieoss 270,090 319,742
ReceivablepfomSecurities:SOld ciara, cseretese a) sue tanaies sais (sisters sofas endisoye ientdshel osahanas aL eee: dfeokes! Aisyvade ad speravevoueieesereeasl ene 3,113 3,113
Hota lPPGoledphundsyepreccyatspe sveycuspeg-ve:coriseneynsevel <1 a-e/cusireXe\oiyra ov adey a eal eveyey oy ayaa dyaady Seeesuctaieys catch cdasel as Sheroisnore test 393,469 446,497
Nonpooled Endowment Funds:
[oanttonWsSumlreasurysnPerpenultys see ats .ecerevays wieesysy cronateqenere era cts aie 1 Sypapaie Stenctisea faitellieve oxauellota se aflshanevetsia ie 0635 1,010 1,040
Receivables ier. merce pores gos crc ecectaners) aids siete: ertelia ion eve’ oi oitei/ohensueravieronohorist sxcous ta denanenayedetles ciel Saswsion sien onaMleneiret feilave levencvs Ko vonewe 18 18
Investmentsvmi GharitablewUrustsis tayesac 2 cous Goce ahs.m annie) shop eoselouny manag) 1 Cusaoh © sevens esta weyers tayo er etepeate eve eeleve ose 1,467 1,580
sTocallNonpooled:Fumds 5g .o7z co's: orsevavs, ove 005 Sysvausve say's avs. ors cor airs aye sie. shisiei a eueietasg araveisibrs eueteeue, cert magia © Selene 2,495 2,638
Bh OCalWASSEES wravewawaheiroccvcuebotisderi-welsueuasuake beac onehthsiansnes 20 arcieyclis)weiceid iyentuen Ole yeus)oouetce Gas Syed derspocenisyerecat sia, dea ucanTe-estous $395,964 $449,135
LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCES:
LIABILITIES:
Pavablestorssechiritiesphurchased) casts favs attests 6: loval(sv'ae/ a) everTohenshcieseiala’ sis setts «. aevoue fuse waters) a2 Suey atete ares oO atehe $12,923 $12,923
DeferredjRevenue— Charitable: Trusts) ci... se. @ © ors eres ceive anole 05) 46 syahet ener atat aire cg el see Ryesira: Sra cvayetie oehace erate 1,467 1,580
Potalbleta Dilsties ese eee ckevet eves etepsyctey atone cassia vedere: cia ste ilsuoncus%e cayayca.aie auavebe faust et avieragece cure) nai chntene ee erate eee eae aeTe 14,390 14,503
FUND BALANCE:
Wnrestricted Purpose: Crue; ENGOWIMENE: air; 0) 5, dithei onic! seuss s ole asehe seebetove aiglziant erere. ici die, sumie sel eiain 6.4.46 eee ohare 9,890 12,004
QuasiVEndowmentqaisa2 isis, scsutsyeieyetel «ater apayacene 2 sr sfeaish myers (< seqenveraeeminweies recare eeepc even 158,121 177,634
WotalUnrestricted\Purpose oz aerciscsreve aca;acs bo efaucraje. cus ete eusvee)s 41a ele uersce aye aie oie e.@ eieneeteresows.n. ve Ca siviel oes 168,011 189,638
Restrictedt Purpose: plrue vend OWmMeNt, sis src a svar evel =: 5:75 aire, desarcace: a a RMayat a a fence eyed are Taf sve Se ane rate raenay chs thea -aete ve sia s 137,785 159,595
QuasiEndownmiente cs scs7r ee pase aa ae aw 5a aes Sch SPN Lalor eee SSS 9 Sa TAS enevetehienavehe 75,778 85,399
eT otalsRestrictedsPurpOseessre taravarevat a ep sbo ta aye on ow) Socana wancac ORs ayccl Aca ooh rd ire veyavehee Ps Beste cwcreniere wae (evaneta N= as, cepeeeeae 213,563 244,994
PPOPAIPE AUC sa LANICES seperti ore cana le: cleo edacsalk cays yeirorsey dycelaehs ubscose iancacnerore Bre sua ceteeoe ensis-GlelBue miwaece Wie. ous repartee eteuetels 381,574 434,632
rotalieiabilitiestandtkund'Balancesicv:. oA7netard aaees Sha avsvena chaveveieter ateatine oteimnav tS, cre adie) set atehe tale} ba wis, aGte tava s $395,964 $449,135
Table 4. Changes in Market Value of Endowment and Similar Funds, Fiscal Year 1995 (in $000s)
Unrestricted Freer Restricted Total
VERTIS DAV let me— 1 9 cr ee avonice eiie ceiistanyel-oca's! wiiescovat-oraue ets ca lavar Piva Weirn aire hfe Srayercaia. arayaniaraareyera $166,799 $64,821 $147,410 $379,030
Changes:
Gifts mire estps ies Sc rssccuicveiereravass cucie ova OR eetelera. one, oréyalie ensue oveilenesa Se Guest wide wie, secenese 171 _— 1,553 1,724
Gifes=—Orasiy ccc ter chee ce sreae eit aiererecs laa! sustel dveshi a bersieia due aia-aisioqatelana oid erdrapere ae Scvevee 512 — 1,946 2,458
Interna lughransterspertersicrsfore siera cle e arace oreo eoarot ase oie eiSeeimiecs 5 Siajeled Sis ay tiadeaysstra’ aagerai (755) — 27. (728)
Other
Interest-anGeDividends: ‘ere... s-cscre.cisys ve: doc.clohers ik ole, wttiwters Weieratapallozalleraene lofrenatelere a ererets 8,080 3,127 7,173 18,380
MarketaValuevAppreciation < s<ie.s1cccve cco x ele teia's so cre cele wc © soeieypieie) © cpelerpere a eupoaleceiace 21,879 8,428 19,500 49,807
Day ULES Meena ett aras cre siayersreisian icin role hci nere er cmrere Pee sancayanya Dam ayaie eracaiayeueworerans (6,519) (2,519) (5,794) (14,832)
MaMa PCS I RECS Esmee eee eile eterehers ooh heehee, a7 2 cls) cial 2 le hiss siesaiay sie avate o's ateysiererere (529) (206) (472) (1,207)
Meir KetaW al ea 9/01 9 Sire ext gevstate cucvazsyatevs rokerepare 7s eie cone aree, sos ecia( alec’ ae t) x1e ads acolerocyersic $189,638 $73,651 $171,343 $434,632
Table 5. Endowment Funds, September 30, 1995
Principal Income
Book Market Net Unexpended
Value Value Income Balance
UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE—TRUE:
Avenvabunds(SeeyNotect)i) crac = cynic Reeth Sheree ea ess ister onsWonauerenecs eucres $318,551 $395,100 $13,924 $s —
OU PENPatriCiag heey tel apo Woy Toe ei howe ckehesaa tl treteNelenone/Serace oye witie aie ee 1,807 1,946 54 =
Fund forthe Future—— Unrestricted «S12 lait Siac a ce ee cath ad butyetece woe na 129,890 135,450 4,266 _
Fuipheem larry, Memorial c2cvccnictecsse cieterstets) 2 ope evore exeetetabene lee re: arapors 114,738 139,406 4,767 —
odekinsphund i(Seev Note: 1!) ao a tcsie's eerste anes save en onsketestle te cial, fiaievs 437,251 490,816 20,208 ——
Morgan, Gilbert B. and Betty J. Memorial Fund ................... 49,773 55,054 1,883 —
INIOELOWSD WIP GE eee are te: «ccs austere ers ieteeenniar ssid (ole reba Gustanetsaite cv tra ole due 578,860 727,376 24,873 ——
MussinansAlfred iti ysis ircctic aoa) sb Riel die bo aie ales en Phos aoa des 174,880 212,716 7,274 =
@lmsted whielenyA Gee pe ceiers, coc sees eae ehesitel tre ee enarn ce Te etav eine Webi cnaial ata ae 5,977 7,425 254 =
Pooresucyjlsand! George’ W..(See Note D)t 3. cc. ce EN Site ee eh oe 1,274,690 1,596,361 55,375 =
PorterpblenrysKirkess Memorial occ. iste le tieleue!oeensie eile atelahelellehs!s! «10 9% o/s 2,138,859 2,685,932 91,845 =
Sanford Georgertla (Sees NOtedli)igaahccreseics, aise sue ueseuansithote Nise fevers, Wiacans 8,465 10,229 382 =
SmithsonseJamesi(SeesNote Ll) fancce ctheetehaiar agaya ails war eiaaetn wfetaece ee eevee 967,672 9935115 14,179 =
SmithsonwsOclery James cee apsises, eke pare hor ee ace seie tary wile a ele tere, wale) aaian 349,522 366,720 47,772 =
Walcott Charles D. and Mary Vaux, Research (Designated) ........... 3,339,427 4,186,096 143,144 107,224
Corfe all ocelae ig 3 ae ee me ee 9,890,362 12,003,742 430,200 107,224
UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE—QUASI:
Pod pemPatrictat cprvcrstrs (scree inca 12 encpepsbseepensiere ae sks le eceye aisice, nie is Sevsiici 214,891 221,911 7,588
reba @harlessblenmprsy ys faccncectoticten chain ceemsh sc sisnsiis: cas eisevetot ence vanciroste) or ener 1,441,201 1,606,667 54,940 ==
Rerpusonsy RcanicesyD peeps tages ics (ae src cgchaz one avalavaraies tela aucnsv on o(eyeNepeys 733,106 797,187 27,260 =
ROLreSt pK O DELO Cine nen racs circa hecegete Sinyenacera hE bm ean He RO Oa D 7,309,133 8,094,297 276,785 _—
Fund for the Future—Unrestricted .......... 0.002 e eee e es eeee 415,499 425,203 12,858 —_
General Endowment (See Note 1) .......... 0.2 eee eee eee ee eee 124,750,403 140,888,139 4,815,544 _
Goddard#Robertaklss ts fat.cct Sos anche sve/arsaccs.ctece. ous waste ora saces secs vce selena 57,863 64,101 2,192 —_—
Eiabel Dre: (SeesNoterl).. ss secs 2 sais srageteievs nocd ease aieye gyaseatacer ss ayers 827 858 44 —_—
Earn Gusta vitss beras: corcse ceo sterersce st arama need ioeec Sim arayeransrie grasses a aire 4,014 4,797 164 —_—
Elen nya Garolime asters pp oes ery ey oversee os heiio se esinge vai ee aieueee, ie 9,918 11,831 405 —_—
lenny) osephrandshlarriet; Avi ist1s-cr ye qcgsie ois. ¢coue. ey oxaurseeule o.. auni elious. aie SOT27, 473,206 16,181 —
Elev se Maude! Gent kens ce ensrcteaciie aps iene layer sire. eusi. sio.lasjeadle: (elidel aig) si aaa"bat 706,218 787,618 26,933 —_—
Tinton G@arnien SUSAllmeyetere essere ree eee eee resin wystereniaatone sueasidace nue 198,022 230,404 7,879 —_—
Koteen DOrotnyaBemeyeicrtie ches eserestaces shay shavenriace ad tavadusonete sigue an fyaver azencis 259,211 274,839 9,398 —
Neambertabaulal Graces icici, ics encyaievs erence tccs tus dard wGnegenetveo@ Oeie ee <8 360,086 422,706 14,454 —
Whe cinuist Grace aps aA cones cce asthe Nava: tae Sopa ae wicmare ee BK oye. Bae 7,011 7,840 268 —
@OpWearavraylt sey ever crepes tre eeay sete: Niches dis oy a tara lake dageyokexehaye vue Ge. vuele. 237,117 269,140 9,203 _—
Birillipsw Oya ee Staleuerccsrer meters tse ree eyenn ey cae ah csaier neKe vayste, ches odsueros leno 1,049,391 1,159,259 40,911 _—
Rheesswilliamijonesi(SeesNote!))) css Sic.s ein so die: panereyereiaiaie sara eee 4,829 5,600 208 —_—
GaHOrd eG lara MOUSe ta ci-& crereco crease Occs, ails) ohend: alle, siiagehagajasacn,Siorace> Maca 326,226 367,889 12,580 —
Smithsonian Bequest Fund) (See JNoter]) 9575. 622 ose cvencie yee rae eee 2,759,283 2,601,565 87,890 —
Stiltner) Oma lve rere con satay eve ver seeeese a howe catea eicpavewe soXeraioancler tera.s 655,630 1,003,336 33,978 —
Plagparts (Gansonitee ates cis ccsretecs) <teqstard, a's. ois eave. de wy euetose ese cious 4/0) @.G.e) = 37991 4,483 153 —_
WWiinterereA liceylMplcwsrcte pas seven ten eet tei Accs fone. cig) a aeuinlayey o.ce ere e-eiierenel shone 176,743 169,404 5.795 —
Abbotts William @si(Designated)). sepijvace cre s © sxetafaneyepe gegade sce. events atels 933.239 1,112,290 38,035 37,647
Barstow, Frederic'D. (Designated) cic mic. h.c ced cc cresaue uese ser oua osu 7,806 9,296 318 7,051
Hirshhorn Museum Acquisition Fund (Designated) .........-.-..+-- 3,144,558 3,744,034 125,547 —
Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History (Designated) ........-....+.4- 3,402,947 3,852,350 131,731 91,626
indberghGharlestA™ (Designated) g4..5 o.s<s1e ne rae ts Gyo oe Ol oe) ne 55,481 62,023 2.121 13,343
Byone Marcus: Ward; [r.,(Designated)) piicjeiie cre cis svete 0a tiaieie's 9 ei aise = 37532 42,192 1,443 7,743
Martin Marietta Internship (Designated) ..........-.--00e eee reese 241,283 276,821 9,466 166
INMINHT Researchi(Designated)! i. ise. cs fae ote oie. 6 syciavenegers es suerte eo 163,520 163,666 5,595 13,653
INZPiPrograms. (Designated) ett tok nsfodeterd 5 css Sia. auc: eps ferarege sjese scl in e3 357233389 3,629,662 124,116 3,188
Smithsonian Agency Account (Designated) ........---000eeeeeeeee 20,354 24,633 842 (18,268)
Smithsonian Press Scholarly Books Fund (Designated) ..........-.---- 2,268,243 2,699,576 92°315 55,045
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Endowment Fund
(Destenated) (SeesNote'2.)) < aie Sencgecyoloxs etacehscenais cis eth nifelte pies aac eels — _— 21,687 —_
Webb, James E., Fellowship (Designated) ........-.eeeeeeeree eens 1,716,329 1,793,720 61,336 162,704
Women’s Committee Fellowship (Designated) .........-..-++++ 0055 328,434 339,498 10,946 8.329
Subtotal evra tereacterctercaves eloieccstt Causa ps fe: ais ate mcd conan wim oe wIptell eb alias 158,121,055 177,634,041 6,089,107 382,227
soral:Unrestricted Purpose: wic occ cic ieee So ne ce eee wieee oe ose Sse 168,011,417 189,637,783 6,519,307 489,451
RESTRICTED PURPOSE—TRUE:
SEK ETE PAATITIIC AUDIO arcs ctr acc ole hey exe ehepticsieuss tas aeronehopers sstoreuee te 0. ster 466,084 537,426 18,377 76,582
ATCHUE JAITICS,. Were, Mc 5 cites che roncheracs, eceuensrs tie ane leja ie ene eters 288,794 364,319 12,458 20,245
IA XelFOd. Dr. FAEL bert Rs, eicse ce fone des toysteiauehene orca wie efalane isle dace 6 sie 126,781 132,873 2,660 2,660
Bards Spericer, FUMerton) cys 2) cops crate fous Got erous avarle ors ePovedele eleva snece' esi er 259,650 325,663 11,136 2,242
Barney; Alice Pikes Memorial) oi. %ici5,0. fstevsie orev a el nisle elaine Sema a ose 206,987 261,073 8,927 48,689
BAtCHElOM EMiMlas hs cove, ccc cue cnautberehey Ravan oo oe, coe ehateholg devaile 6 sess sve 235,161 270,052 9,234 31,640
Beauregard, Catherine, Memorial ....... 26.0.0 eee eee ce cee e eee 377,615 435,298 14,885 84,762
319
Table 5. Endowment Funds, September 30, 1995 (continued)
rr
Principal Income
Book Market Net Unexpended
Value Value Income Balance
Bergen s Charlottes Vics atiyetews nvespe tastoysceyovsverstovsuscusite ciauaite, oye cileler ent ca 24,547 26,963 934 5,389
Browns Rolandywigsra ene isscnwer sieves te teeta ats ores wataxis oicofel abavteeae teri rach 235,233 279,636 9,562 14,204
Burch, George, Fellowship in Theoretic Medicine and
Affiliated Theoretic'Sciences Fund = .'i25)6. 2. c)s se bile le wee ce oe 2,271,367 2,450,169 83,784 174,460
GamelPRund tye Meer cake la sen erate. dics kod deaeattohaee le alee iaucted 112,579, 108,668 3,716 1,677
Ganheld@kredericktAW ws Feito s Urea. «sar cushion miaaia Satan 308,651 401,397 13,726
Gaseyihomasyincolm ares) ces cictss-Petelaeter scl tsi ael bhatt ott fe one cal ees 98,143 116,963 4,000 15,132
GhamberlainvFrances* sea: te ate a seokess be Se occharctad cla) statute ae arenes. 203,233 256,340 8,766 26,721
CooperFund}for, Paleobiology .5° .. 4. ett. < occn bated BS es oe 362,367 390,970 12,468 9,541
deSallesAllberwandtheppy® sarsc.tcsctehits cule a sieec naratoate on bo anbeacs 67,377 67,399 576 576
Deibel: Charles Pied cc aill, PROPER. siusdteteblita bars oe og 117,099 114,146 3,903 10,349
Discovery «Gommunmicatlonsy ING. = recc/sheyese ace cre wale cs wibbcke o Pee eos ee 350,918 361,780 5,362 5,362
Division of Mammals Curators Fund .............0.c0cceeee cece 20,885 24,011 821 1,643
Drakeghoundationersta nai oie a sss ora sietscs agus om oe ais daSisiaetle oud at accra 1,353,708 1,557,966 53,014 144,320
Drouet, Francis and Louderback, Harold B. ...................... 475,512 514,903 17,607 27,722
Dykes Gharless' Bequests ..cs.2 01 hel eters Gots te ens saree scaen ators Mesos ciate 451,216 516,653 17,667 59,190
arOmahlacrletph mill pSios straye, ay-tastaqtiey syeutrevsia cv evea ahs, deg uaa cee e « ole 83,776 89,430 3,058 14,791
Eickemeyer;-Florence!Brevoort. e100 00.6600 oc 2 oeSa gage pans peed ane 78,423 98,907 3,382 8,937
Ep pleya Mem Onialiy cast aycecs/2) sieseronei einickehe aucs speci sees shelve cusxspetsl a,<) ¢ che 39,303 41,955 1,435 6,939
RorbessiEdwardy Waldo cialeurssrideic acts) wettee sess alt 4.4 c4.e6 Ga alae 1,304,328 1,413,468 48,333 119,459
reer Gharles sls gycet. ca acc-sy susp testes hh ope orcas ane austere eer ad Dae Oe ake ce 61,866,904 73,651,475 2,518,513 2,044,592
Fund for the Future—Samuel C. Johnson Theater ................. 816,500 828,848 22,351 17,248
Fund for the Future—Mary L. Ripley Garden ................ 2... 52,873 53,952 1,018 1,249
Fund for the Future—Ethel Niki Kominik ....................0.- 109,463 112,812 3,858 5,728
Fund for the Future—Vincent Wilkinson ..............-2.0-- 000 52,473 54,153 772 772
Global Environmental Endowment Fund ................0-.-0-0- 3,920 4,173 143 683
GrimmiySergentNe Ae oe, soc foes aie vhs Mapas sold ga cise case oa 208,164 230,755 7,891 13,396
Groommbarrickaway eerie ci a jaw ae wire cre eases pina eee oe 211,641 232,285 7,943 31,146
Guggenheim, Daniel and Florence .............. 0.00 e cee eee eee 830,934 942,381 32,225 3,842
Elamilton-James (See Note 1)! ccc dc 6 ater ae-c1s.s oc veld antes nana ca oc watt 8,232 343 5,369
Haupt denidvAs Gardens «jz svcasiays Bie Side ave ose we Se Be gia eae oo aS 3,554,431 3,465,262 118,495 234,083
Henderson, Edward P. and Rebecca R., Meteorite Fund ............. 351,985 364,104 12,451 22,890
Hewitt, Eleanor G:, Repair Fund je. ces osc os te eects cee sees 515135 59,249 2,026 4,253
Flewitts SaraliGoOoper: aiiccetssscoccckats oporthe 6m are axeine qnistaus sna) pean arreun 91 302,073 349,723 11;959 1557897;
Pull verspVare ill 2 Zeyete eceay ausiceys lateness cia asle ohttexeidcreusl bie. 8 Ganeussie agers sve edhe 51,465 61,336 2,097 14,963
HitchcockssAlbertiSih ay. mvancceise ate cigvanelics, o nis costs ote wlayeidieiS oP ecyn eee ors 11,530 14,595 499 3,268
Hodgkins Fund (See Note 1) ............ ccc cece eee e cece te eees 165,372 171,554 8,819 35,902
FirdlickawAles and (Marie: on. a:c, ««, lerciw a Sa0eh aves deesvounisienen Soe + egc« SAP 453,563 15,510 16,840
Fiughest Bruce terriers srareccte, aoc we Betas sy oa) dy gvareca: oA Me Uese cuaveamranee ase 138,266 174,443 5,965 21,361
Huntington Publication Fund: «....::.4%). c.ae.s 0.0004 <6 aerarna aa dene aad 353,596 375,884 12,780 59,381
Johnson, Seward, Trust Fund for Oceanography ............... 0... 25,670,841 30,632,739 1,047,487 —
Kellogg, Remington and Marguerite, Memorial ............... 2... 410,347 462,034 15,799 1,940
Kottler, Howard, Endowment for Ceramic Art .............-.-- 000 75,264 76,479 218 218
I STETITET A INE Ya EVE ae er aR cere ee ae rr 28,676 32,296 1,104 3,022
Krombeins arliegtcancya cnnucns.ccetele, eelvine S an) oa aye aadetein Da nece sae's 59,452 59,350 2,030 332
Mandil) Harry and Beverly: sii s:crchepedici0a os sie.os Sew sie we ve earns 125,868 128,037 4,378 2,133
Maxwell MiMarwaibe gee © cites crescnakclahustserras) to ctourge Sets s eames 141,67 178,733 6,112 32,340
Mellon Foundation Challenge Gran/Endowment ...............2-- 73,670 996,866 34,088 124,252
Mellon Publications Endowment Fund ............... 0.0000 eee 1,125,601 1,158,122 39,602 101,589
Milliken, H. Oothout, Memorial ............. 0000 eee e eee eee 1,161 1,741 60 478
MineralgendOWMments i n.cc. cere, c'< sttsuowtetoe.ca vhs eb ea eiMiok eke hae 690,644 804,385 27,506 419
Mitchell -AWalliarmeA wea er, cisveracciclsBalchoiops.cre rare dior Gudd © s4dne eremane ae 94,098 109,808 33755 648
Moynihan, Elizabeth: Brennan’ ......5.00.0cc00 c0ce esac aes e vase vec 54,730 52,450 1,794 2,953
Museum of the American Indian—Heye Foundation ............... 1,197,514 1,278,326 43,712 168,508
NMAI Educational Endowment Fund..............2.0-0000- eee 97,824 97,408 2,401 177
Nelms wElenning iy fer tein de sco. oui ow avdases a Parcnaean eG ae. sie 2972315: 304,539 10,395 36,320
Nelsonwedwardu William cs, «.1,0slels aa ce one-s'G aete ha wes ne wee ete 163,036 202,400 6,921 23,578
Nesbitt owelllia static & <.cccerecs aie Wiscle cis «sve aid sc8- ce db alae ok aes 21,571 22,676 711 711
Retrocellis JosephsMemorial).c.e04:5 bd cis ge wees Seek Ge see Ss 0 Seek 53,693 67,795 2,318 14,454
ReidiyAddisony ien(Sees Note ll) sero erste as, e ic Sieteneie stervteranclenerelx wos ae 157,391 184,743 6,642 37,876
Ripley, S. Dillon and Mary Livingston .............0000 eee ee cee 307,704 339,841 11,366 —
Rioeblinpabundiee creretrctee «6.6 et areccycicpanx crovcioe cc chercie ciel aces ee ao ehaven ci 867,943 1,093,352 37,387 111
RoallinsMiritamsandywalliami, <.scs.0 cfasess,060. eid awe ftp eitie@ dome a 1,950,733 2,307,682 78,142 87,790
SaclelemPublicsAtharrsicte oo cyerasc.c) Sesto Sieleiesa bos € itera 41% adv srerar/erere-s 3,345,367 3,261,012 111,510 146,521
SCHMICHe] OMNI W) et err te terareieleretenckers Sestteieencccisre c hudine suaie-s cil keene 24,478 26,130 894 4,322
Simsp GeorpenwWen pry sins cacdor ot castokat ine ct asia nctemtaie Ge a emia «bos 216,505 238,458 8,154 48,606
The Sichel Family, Endowment for Research at the NZP ............. 104,415 105,122 1,198 1,198
Sisley $ George] teprtcsten steerer fe Sie Arosa crencrae ioncayanmaouce aes act wiarars 169,886 176,950 4,714 5,745
Space eae Eun Giger peste cach ncayeia) tein fopetn emis oval coe revel ost never arcs Haunt 12,086,695 13,796,539 467,171 313,975
SPUN BER MBrAN KG Mec vecst rach neu Tere Miers olers stctns ciatatpercpo « va caos oes 129,644 163,152 5,579 24,535
Sterns baroldgheeMemoriali§ .)cj.sehetee GR e. 4, roc 6 ale sapeestevore.e © 6 8 e.s0.005 1,355,001 1,558,003 53,276 388,043
Stevenson, John A., Mycological Library .............0-0200. 0005 37,494 44,574 1,524 7,897
320
Table 5. Endowment Funds, September 30, 1995 (continued)
SS
Principal Income
Book Market Net Unexpended
Value Value Income Balance
Berpene Gharlortes Wise Gs aleve cyeveietone oo 7s Guo’. s ioynisisl ee oe revere aiey ue he 24,547 26,963 934 5.389
IBEW ROL ANGMAW oy aicoesepaucssitepeuentutc ereener eve gerade mucus sucuernie tole syle cena etictnoets 235,233 279,636 9,562 14,204
Burch, George, Fellowship in Theoretic Medicine and
Afhliated theoretic: Sciences'Fund=2 .s:c2 fists obeiv he chee Hae es 2,271,367 2,450,169 83,784 174,460
(Cerri RET aa PR Oey he tae ens oR eT IER Pan ate oe EE Ce 112,579 108,668 3,716 1,677
Canfield sbredericla Atsucspecscensvai ay scene Aus lenaiehais Satake fcuk aa elds Se 308,651 401,397 13,726
Caseyshomas: Uincolnia tec. sueteeste ess eso a ers Soe oa tyson Gene 98,143 116,963 4,000 15,132
GhamberlainyFrances#lea's chyayctscretais cleparcdencuetss ci neve woteges Stevayaieis e Eeeasos 203,233 256,340 8,766 26,721
GCoopersbundiforsPaleobiologyeniassieuvsneusie sieyerels s Susie oe ole, e cveve 6 bh lois 362,367 390,970 12,468 9,541
deSallewAlbertrandtPegey. ce, cxten thenei sate tage. apanel oss suey oy oxlecate a ae local gy evade 67,377 67,399 576 576
DetbelMG@harlesiPssa.ce erect aisuee selec aire © Shbte/ Salas eneot cusra’s daz eeerare ais 117,099 114,146 3,903 10,349
MiscoveryaGommunicationss ING sk ePAaterce a eects sats @ suerd glee gle ve 350,918 361,780 5,362 5,362
Division of Mammals Curators Fund .........05 0.00 cesses e eee 20,885 24,011 821 1,643
Pra ESOC atlOM) stesepet hayegets ee rens).e eine cea: songs annie eese aya ese jane we Se ave 1,353,708 1,557,966 53,014 144,320
Drouet, Francis and Louderback, Harold B. .................. 005. 475,512 514,903 17,607 27,722
Dykes CharlessBequesttvceieerct cle telesens enone 6 eee we acd ae hae ee 451,216 516,653 17,667 59,190
EatonsbtarrietsPhilli psig a ian ojecsaus, Sconsi a: ties evasti's ay susrte-s)acetcucntre sane, 83,776 89,430 3,058 14,791
ickemeyer Florence BrevOOrtreisscaicis sic ex die aps og wis gears Suclsl engi ane 78,423 98,907 3,382 8,937
Eppleyg Memorialayntsets Mot: Povarvet esc us ac 2s a oie aha: sveontal eo tyanseeve aie siayeye 39,303 41,955 1,435 6,939
IROEDese d ward awal doyetevrsssyeyee iene Gil cl coeie susee: wlere Husa che chorea Boe tous 1,304,328 1,413,468 48,333 119,459
preert@hatleciive vas tine tee ek eet he on eae ah ne ae 61,866,904 73,651,475 2,518,513 2,044,592
Fund for the Future—Samuel C. Johnson Theater ..............-.. 816,500 828,848 22,351 17,248
Fund for the Future—Mary L. Ripley Garden ................ 0.5. 52,873 53,952 1,018 1,249
Fund for the Future—Ethel Niki Kominik ...................00-. 109,463 112,812 3,858 5,728
Fund for the Future—Vincent Wilkinson ........-.-....000000 00505 52,473 54,153 aD 772
Global Environmental Endowment Fund ...............-00020 0055 3,920 - 4,173 143 683
Grimms Sergely Naren esearch tei homme bres sore ines tara ener anerets 208,164 230,755 7,891 13,396
Groom Barrick ® We 2: i eqstinicesyssevsutvavacto ovis Ovadeutily le eadye eneves anes, Sis .age estodaaes 211,641 232,285 7,943 31,146
Guggenheim;:Danieliand Florence)... 0.0502 sie ee ct ce dle eas 830,934 942,381 32,225 3,842
FAarniltorea) amesi(S€e,INOLe eh) ci syerckent, <6 ssiciai tie ener ctsvane jajleduielsne altetbtiaceute Fart 8,232 343 5,369
FlaupteenidcA. Garden) 3 acterrethnhs sic mia the haa cata me Be cra 3,554,431 3,465,262 118,495 234,083
Henderson, Edward P. and Rebecca R., Meteorite Fund ............. 351,985 364,104 12,451 22,890
lewitrveleanoriG:, (Repairmhund! eitior te scsrcereeAcia aie S « eles we ss Scarab 515135: 59,249 2,026 4,253
IfewitrsaranCooper hitters «ities eset. isl ee eateries 302,073 349,723 11,959 15,787
Bballyersa Vite gil owe sccowspaiss se dagars re Ueseteheatl eae Gus: 34 se! duis )aife-auer'sdeizosnc! abeneueuse au 51,465 61,336 2,097 14,963
ElitchcocksvA I bertiS iia ant strc eatvc cule aysealhis alin: so dees dane 11,530 14,595 499 3,268
odgkinsEund, (See Note lien. sae neers cet eos I Ok nao. pe 165,372 171,554 8,819 35,902
FirdlickawAlesiandsMariessryeisc.- Sac <) ceve Taystorns syarenei evevoys «- dttuete soo 377,511 453,563 15,510 16,840
Rug hess BEUCE a2 ah yo oy cance sRelefelioye aie. socus cTale « # lene ae a ays. 9 eraerenens 138,266 174,443 5,965 21,361
EiuntingroniPublication Fund: ..sec sec se cnt cie le cc cone otc cue, AeuNcre 353,596 375,884 12,780 59,381
Johnson, Seward, Trust Fund for Oceanography .................-- 25,670,841 30,632,739 1,047,487 —
Kellogg, Remington and Marguerite, Memorial ...............---- 410,347 462,034 15,799 1,940
Kortler, Howard, Endowment for Ceramic Art .........2-..0.0 0005 75,264 76,479 218 218
rari NAGA so cays rcrsiraney Sees tonece Selsey cosa es oe ghaos ah el yaaa rbd -siraucch oat 28,676 32,296 1,104 3,022
Krombeins Karl Vive si cscceec aya, 322 Sie. sheet ernsisis orn SE ibe tans & aes 59,452 59,350 2,030 332
Mandiliiblarry, and; Beverly. «2... ¢ccte.<.0 ncicda e425 cis.s sow 6 astern 125,868 128,037 4,378 2,133
Maxwell: eMary sa Semuscrspt sits foe ante cious Sei pile: a0 Se ened PRES 141,670 178,733 6,112 32,340
Mellon Foundation Challenge Gran/Endowment ........---.--+ +++ 873,670 996,866 34,088 124,252
Mellon Publications Endowment Fund ............-000eeeeee cece 1,125,601 1,158,122 39,602 101,589
MillikensHi@othout,;Memorial. ccc s-s co ssce sc ta 2 esi 3s Oa 2 Feleereas 1,161 1,741 60 478
IMineral:Endowment’ sessed atthe ote ea wa cts aio alee ence hele 690,644 804,385 27,506 419
Mitchell: William=A‘y Gccaviclesc a ols shire tvs va oe nae oe aga elas SARI 94,098 109,808 33755 648
Moynihan, Elizabeth Brennan’ 2.2 oe o4 wee wee ee ee os a oe oes serous Sys 54,730 52,450 1,794 2,953
Museum of the American Indian—Heye Foundation .............-. 1,197,514 1,278,326 43,712 168,508
NMAI Educational Endowment Fund ............-0000eeeeeeeeee 97,824 97,408 2,401 177
INelmis:sFleriting seer tees cies cccele ae sve sie erase ace eenslans' 252 (cet pertains 4 297,315 304,539 10,395 36,320
Nelsons Edward, Walliams. <.0:2 < evstee «aia 0 coe ait ecaan a nietere.s 6 geen ooys 163,036 202,400 6,921 23,578
Nesbitt; Lowell 5 .<c.cc0ls zane soe: ena pa Melee eh asa dud fa gee aia as ai oie Be Sa 21,571 22,676 711 711
Petrocelir, Josephs Memorials. :.s:cs c ciere¢vsisitievs, a 2 footers tab ecasbeene aye 53,693 67,795 2,318 14,454
Reid’ Addison: (SeesINOte Ii) ~ ative gs ecye.dia, oer sare, ava we oa ee 157,391 184,743 6,642 37,876
Ripley; 'S-/Dilloniand!MarysLivingston: -h..c%0c70 84 ov oes See om on 307,704 339,841 11,366 —
Roebling Fund irae a2 cesses sonrspe Seatehe sisi oon wee on crc © baste deele as 867,943 1,093,352 37,387 111
Rollinss/Miriamiand Williams: 2% cece evens eiceere & cin weiss devel is eee es 19505753 2,307,682 78,142 87,790
Sackler BublictAtfairsssrsiere eco iat set cero ee Sean cceueicheue auetehade sya sey tel ou 3,345,367 3,261,012 111,510 146,521
Schirnitttog) OMIA) Mea seege ees eee cea ape le yoko ence wane, eens anenetaspscaie’ seven enzo 24,478 26,130 894 4,322
SINIS Hh GEOLLE Wa tere ene ate e aot Cres ctf oe ace nie teen seats! elielie cds sueretaver axeca¥s 216,505 238,458 8,154 48,606
The Sichel Family, Endowment for Research atthe NZP ...........-.. 104,415 105,122 1,198 1,198
Sisleya George aioe et ety sporschaucnnie ase aioe niyo Bis toe eines ae ne 169,886 176,950 4,714 5,745
Sprdgites bari ie yeyevage o yeke eyeia. es cgsayaiie une teva aun' eve veers cee beara gueutife sie 12,086,695 13,796,539 467,171 3155975
SPEin gery E carl orepeuers opeyevete gered es wrerayen shel evcdes Mrsnave asaya, ww bse 8 wise wt ekerene 129,644 163,152 53579 24,535
SECESI A FIarOldl E-stWVACIIONIAL. acc oaeincenti note tielnclG Gat tc Ceaesianeios. wes ist 1,355,001 1,558,003 53,276 388,043
Stevenson, John A., Mycological Library .........-..-- eee ee eeee 37,494 44,574 1,524 7,897
Table 6. Construction and Plant Funds, Fiscal Years 1995 and 1994 (in $000s)
FY 1995 FY 1994
FUNDS PROVIDED
Federal Construction Appropriations:
INationaleZoologicalmParkse sense pe etter ce aire (oh cit 0s, fove ko det ods, ov oxic ra ou bd avehay dyeue cca, les) Sustagecsisuer ajcpators amore eine 3,042 5,400
Repairand’Restorationiof Buildings: J 6h sasha. sc ei. cs eGR feos misc s qe sie s creKd se isue clea ea Sheree Ggndne coo sleioetane 23,954 24,000
Constructioniblanninggand Min ona Gonsteucti On 22) tys or. ca teas (oasis. latoee, y dis-(edanacebs ecirersiaie «ei lsieuaa ave ab ene foeiet Saeee 571 4,200
INationaluMuseumpotathezA menicanlndian eps cy cee, <csn..se se bepehe. se oo seek ene 1c Let ol: oyecavretie: sve) sy ecves erence SS ewe acing ool 19,469 6,200
SmithsonianplropicaltResearchiInstitutese se «ccc co nt AM SEG ss ce wee 6 A Sretstayclab ie. os estou glee Sienensie oes (700)
INationalyAireand:SpaceeMuseumDullestExtension! ys <0. Siroty sisyyg nee ais 0-2 elds. o <a o tasaBl ide Oa Gee ced ative aie 92
(General sPosts@ fhices Buildings cad es, at rea ehe be jaude, ance ge eke pela de!S yeitel sees qu: cide bs) Syme ranegecesaysalraia heb Src raneye es Svce zaarens (1,700)
otaltkederali Construction, Appropriationsy ~ <:<.<:<.. <5 seis Eye vio 6 ees oe eects Sos ee eee shia See De svar doa deacone 44,728 39,800
Nonappropriated Trust Plant Funds:
Income—Gift and Other
GooperzHewitrNationalt DesigmiM useumn gts cio .e. aie. cts one cepesesots oe etay a= ey aie az aie eyevestergcautl Satpeccrac@e ethane aie 1,613 30
INationaleMuseumyofitheyAmericar Indian tis ce aes eet ays Rha ys se petreyan cove som ciia ateuesn.ciue qlarsaag eine eeeeeeenln a Ne 2,894 9,042
National) Museum, ofsNatural ‘Historyv-—Gem Hall... 36 age icegete ce ace 55. 40ce ewe Ceo a 8 a Dee eae aE 2,215 2,434
there eared ce se sae Rs ere ecu tuh ce ese etary ene ai Bw cat MARINE. Ble 3 aures Soeeale SM waded dna bas eeayenn Bee BGS 322 196
PLOralWINcOMmie wetter stares etc devetatertcttoye gags ec sye aust aie (as exewssapncrcvcya ets SA sists} epenenetcice, sieitienese oe ete IRI eI 7,044 11,702
Transfers (to)/from Other Funds:
National Museum of the American Indian ............-...--. sp raetraneys “Ecapotstos ase snare te Byade tetene Shane lel Saneete 2,496 1,600
OVE rab ese eat ate eeFe Pel caer: porte tere eae xa rc aan"sne yay anata ec ateie: wifealre sete ote @ 4 Grade: da verw mace Vlahace ols IORI ce oie ee 44 (617)*
WOta lbaliramS lens awetete so cre sie cone eee Meets e es. o fe sais ice: fave oe fetteiatsnne lar Bacercp Sve “oye Nok Sl apauana lake Heveheyia\ cuatel censuestued Sin 2,540 983
Vora GR UMaSKETOVIGed iit oe, cle arsian ond atauentesdaatatar age ove chue.tard Sus. Nia dus Sole SGd aoe SE w Slee Rae eee ced eemane reins 54,312 52,485
* $216,000 reclassified to current operating funds, and $401,000 transferred to an endowment fund.
Rita Mesquita of the National Institute for Amazonian
Research (INPA) and Don Wilson, Director of Biodiver-
sity programs at NMNH, examine regenerating forest in
the heart of the Amazon basin in an effort to learn more
about the effects of rainforest destruction and the result-
ing loss of biodiversity in the tropics. (Photograph by
Laurie Minor-Penland)
——
Independent Auditors’ Report
BOARD OF REGENTS
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION:
We have audited the accompanying statement of financial condition amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also
of the Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 1995, and the includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant
related statements of financial activity and cash flows for the year estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall
then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides
Institution’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opin- a reasonable basis for our opinion.
ion on these financial! statements based on our audit. In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above pre-
We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted sent fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the
auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and per- Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 1995, and the results of
form the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the Its Operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in confor-
financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit mity with generally accepted accounting principles.
includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the
Statement of Financial Condition
September 30, 1995 (with comparative totals for 1994) (In thousands)
Trust Federal Total Total
funds funds 1995 1994
Assets:
Cash and balances with U.S. Treasury $ 1,075 173.124 174,199 172.880
Investments (note 3) 464.048 - 464,048 409.731
Receivables and advances (note 5) 82,582 14,595 97,177 72,765
Inventory 18,222 1.425 19.647 19.302
Prepaid, deferred expense and other (note 6) 28,293 - 28,293 21.007
Property and equipment, net (note 7) 89,355 353,412 442,767 434.613
Collections (note 11) = - - -
Total assets $ 683.575 542.556 1.226.131 1.130.298
Liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued expenses $ 52.422 24,048 76.470 59.663
Payable for investment securities purchased 12,923 = 12,923 9.544
Deposits held for others (note 2) 5,996 1,349 7,345 12,084
Accrued annual leave and voluntary
separation costs (note 14) 4.213 12,960 17,173 22.244
Deferredrevenue 69,820 - 69,820 43,625
Long-term debt (note 9) 3.350 - 3,350 3.103
Total liabilities 148,724 38,357 187,081 150,263
Fund balances:
Trust:
Current:
Unrestricted general purpose 10,159 - 10,159 11,019
Unrestricted special purpose 27,800 - 27,800 28.377
Restricted 25,302 - 25,302 24,576
Endowment and similar funds (note 4) 381,574 - 381,574 348,228
Plant funds 90.016 - 90,016 83.778
Federal:
Operating funds (note 10) * 51,360 51,360 47.986
Construction funds - 98.003 98.003 89.357
Total fund balances 534.851 504,199 1,039.050 980.035
Commitments and contingencies (note 8)
Total liabilities and fund balances $ 683.575 542.556 1.226.131 1.130.298
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
323
Smithsonian Institution Statement of Financial Activity for the year ended
September 30, 1995 (with comparative totals for 1994) (In thousands)
a EEEESEEEEEEE
Trust Funds Federal Funds
Current Endowment
funds and similar —_ Plant Total Operating Construction Capital Total Total Total
(note 16) funds funds trust funds funds funds federal 1995 1994
Revenue and other additions:
Appropriations (note 10) $ = = — _ 313,254 44,728 — 357,982 357,982 342,149
Government grants and contracts 50,353 _ — 50,353 _ _ = — 50,353 45,701
Investment income 20,671 _— 984 21,655 _— — = = 21,655 18,885
Net gain (loss) on sale of securities (33) 27,551 — 27,518 — — — — 27,518 17,279
Gifts, bequests and private grants 33,199 1,724 5,995 40,918 — =< ae pis 40,918 46,588
Additions to plant _ — 3,202 3,202 _— — 41,634 41,634 44,836 55,663
Rentals, fees, and commissions (note 10) 15,859 — 24 15,883 1,231 — — 1,231 17,114 10,641
Auxiliary activities 193,808 — — 193,808 — — — — 193,808 197;233:
Pees crsac 2D wo ee eset _ATAN IS RAEN SS OE ee eee
Total revenue and other additions 313,857 29,275 10:205. 353,337 314,485 44,728 41,634 400,847 754,184 734,139
SAA EI Heh lal Ac as ek EMME AVE LEEDS Wa SR OOO Sm aR et = STR TRA CSD OPM eZ mere PD Ped IR RDA PSR EE
Expenditures and other deductions:
Research, education and collection
acquisition (note 11) 104,521 —_— — 104,521 199,418 —_— — 199,418 303,939 289,048
Administration 25,736 — —_— 25,736 27,790 — — 27,790 53,526 55,157
Facilities services 1,429 — _— 1,429 82,246 = — 82,246 83,675 82,457
Acquisition of plant — _— 2,600 2,600 — 36,082 — 36,082 38,682 49,306
Property use and depreciation (note 7) — —_ 3,907 3,907 —_ — 35,512 33,512 37,419 35,575
Auxiliary activities 176,271 _— — 176,271 — _— — ATO wealiasoes
i OR NN ——————EEE ES eee ee ee
Total expenditures and other deductions 307,957 6,507 314,464 309,454 36,082 33,512 379,048 693,512 685,366
Excess of revenue and other additions
over expenditures and other deductions 5,900 29,275 3,698 38,873 5,031 8,646 8,122 21,799 60,672 48,773
Transfers (note 12) (6,611) 4,071 2,540 — — = =a ces =4 =
a a eee
Net increase (decrease) for the year (711) 33,346 6,238 38,873 5,031 8,646 8,122 21,799 60,672 48,773
Returned to U.S. Treasury (note 10) = = = _ (1,657) = “— (1,657) (1,657) (1,163)
Fund balances at beginning of year 63,972 348,228 83,778 495,978 47,986 89,357 346,714 484,057 980,035 932,425
Fund balances at end of year $ 63,261 381,574 90,016 534.851 $1,360 98,003 354,836 504,199 1,039,050 980,035
LL
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
Smithsonian Institution Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended
September 30, 1995 (with comparative totals for 1994) (In thousands)
Trust Federal Total Total
funds funds 1995 1994
Cash flows from operating activities:
Excess of revenue and other additions over
expenditures and other deductions $ 38,873 21,799 60,672 48,773
Adjustments to reconcile to net cash provided
by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization 5,499 33,302 38,801 35,694
Loss on disposition of assets 87 284 371 1,308
Provision for doubtful accounts 1,736 - 1,736 2,609
Net gain on sale of securities (27,518) - (27,518) (17,279)
Returned to U.S. Treasury - (1,657) (1,657) (1,163)
Increase in net receivables and advances (19,458) (4,385) (23,843) (6,468)
Increase in inventory (269) (75) (344) (664)
Increase in prepaid and deferred expense (7,286) - (7,286) (821)
Increase (decrease) in payables 6,045 4,179 10,224 (65)
Increase (decrease) in deposits held for others 129 (4,868) (4,739) 6,331
Increase (decrease) in accrued leave and other (6) (5,065) (5,071) 6,502
Increase (decrease) indeferred revenue 26.195 26,195
Net cash provided by operating activities 24.027 43.514 67,541 71,619
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of assets (6,203) (41,634) (47,837) (58,192)
Purchases of investment securities (1,433,791) - (1,433,791) (828,110)
Proceeds from sale of investment securities 1,415,159 - 1,415,159 829,212
(24,835) (41,634
Net cash used for investing activities
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from long-term debt- 500 = 500 -
Repayments of long-term debt (253) = (253) 8.433)
Ww
a
Smithsonian Institution Statement of Cash Flows for the year ended
September 30, 1995 (with comparative totals for 1994) (In thousands) (continued)
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities 247 a 247 (8,433)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and balances with
U.S. Treasury (561) 1,880 1,319 6,096
Cash and balances with U.S. Treasury:
Beginning of year 1,636 171,244 172,880 166,784
End of year W075. 173.124 174,199 172,880
See accompanying notes to financial statements.
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
Notes to Financial Statements, September 30, 1995
(1) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
These financial statements reflect the Smithsonian Institution’s receipt and
expenditure of funds obtained from all sources. These funding sources
include federal appropriations, private sources, government grants and
contracts, investment income, and certain business activities.
Funds received from direct federal appropriations are reported in the
columns titled Federal Funds in the financial statements. All other funds are
reported in the columns titled Trust Funds in the financial statements.
Federal funds and trust funds are accounted for on the accrual basis of
accounting.
These financial statements do not include the accounts of the National
Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, or the
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, which were established
by Congress within the Institution, but are administered under separate
boards of trustees.
Fund Accounting
To ensure compliance with the limitations and restrictions placed on the use
of resources available to the Institution, accounts are maintained in accor-
dance with the principles of fund accounting. This procedure classifies
resources for control, accounting and reporting purposes into distinct funds
established according to their nature and purposes. Separate accounts are
maintained for each fund; however, in the accompanying financial state-
ments, funds that have similar characteristics have been combined for pre-
sentation into fund groups. Accordingly, all financial transactions have been
reported by fund group.
The assets, liabilities, and fund balances of the Institution are self--
balancing as follows:
Federal operating funds represent appropriated funds available for sup-
port of the Institution’s operations and are generally available for obligation
only in the year received. Separate subfund groups are maintained for each
appropriation as follows: Salaries and Expenses; Special Foreign Currency;
and the Barro Colorado Island Trust Fund, which supports the Smithsonian
Tropical Research Institute.
Federal construction funds represent the portion of appropriated funds
available for building and facility construction, restoration, renovation and
repair and are available for obligation until expended. Separate subfund
groups are maintained for each appropriation: Construction and
Improvements, Repairs and Restoration of Buildings, and the National
Zoological Park.
Federal capital funds represent the depreciated historical cost of the
Institution’s assets acquired with federal funds plus nonexpendable property
transfers from U.S. Government agencies.
Trust current funds which include unrestricted and restricted resources,
represent nonappropriated funds available for support of the Institution’s
operations.
Trust endowment and similar funds include both true and quasi-
endowment funds. True endowments are subject to restrictions of gift instru-
ments and require that the principal be invested in perpetuity and that only
income be expended. Also classified as endowment and similar funds are
gifts which allow the expenditure of principal only under specified condi-
tions. Quasi-endowment funds are funds established by the governing board
for the same purposes as endowment funds; however, any portion of such
funds may be expended with board approval. Restricted quasi-endowment
funds represent gifts for restricted purposes where there is no stipulation that
the principal be maintained in perpetuity or for a period of time, but the
governing board has elected to invest the principal and expend only the
income for the purpose stipulated by the donor.
Trust plant funds represent resources restricted or internally designated for
future plant acquisitions, and the depreciated historical cost of the
Institution’s assets acquired with plant funds.
Investments
Investments are stated at cost or amortized cost. Investments are recorded at
cost on a trade date basis if purchased, or at estimated fair value at date of
acquisition if acquired by gift.
All investment income, except that of endowment and similar funds, and
gains and losses arising from the sale of investments, are accounted for in the
fund in which the related assets are recorded. Income of endowment and
similar funds is accounted for using the total return method (note 4) in the
fund to which it is restricted or, if unrestricted, as revenue in unrestricted
current funds. Gains and losses on the sales of investments are recognized on
the trade date basis using the average cost method.
Inventory
Inventories are reported at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined
using the first-in, first-out method.
Deferred Revenue and Expense
Revenue from subscriptions to Smithsonian magazine and Air & Space/
Smithsonian magazine is recorded as income over the period of the related
subscription, which is generally one year. Certain costs to obtain subscrip-
tions to Smithsonian magazine and Air c» Space/Smithsonian magazine are
charged against income over the subscription period.
The Institution expenses promotion production costs the first time the
advertising takes place. Direct-response advertising is deferred and amortized
over one year.
325
Works of Art, Living and Other Specimens
The Institution acquires its collections, which include works of art, library
books, photographic archives, objects and specimens, from purchases using
federal or private funds or by donation. All collections are held for public
exhibition, education, or research, furthering the Institution’s mission to
increase and diffuse knowledge to the public. The Institution provides pro-
tection and preservation services for its collections.
In accordance with policies generally followed by museums, no value is
assigned ro the collections on the statement of financial condition. Collection
purchases are expensed currently. Proceeds from deaccessions are recognized
as revenue in the year of sale, and are designated for future collection acqui-
sitions.
Property and Equipment
Federal Funds
Property and equipment purchased with federal funds are recorded in the
capital funds at cost and depreciated on a straight-line basis over their useful
lives as follows:
Buildings 30 years
Major renovations 15 years
Nonexpendable equipment 10 years
Certain lands occupied by the Institution’s buildings were appropriated and
reserved by Congress for the Institution and are not reflected in the accom-
panying financial statements. Property and nonexpendable equipment
acquired through transfer from government agencies are capitalized at the
net book value or fair value, whichever is more readily determinable.
Trust Funds
Property and equipment purchased with trust funds for use by
nonincome-producing activities are recorded at cost, or appraised value at
date of gift, except for gifts of certain islands in the Chesapeake Bay, which
has been recorded at nominal values.
Capital improvements and equipment purchased with trust funds for use
by income-producing activities are capitalized at cost in the current funds.
Property and equipment are depreciated on the straight-line basis over their
useful lives as follows:
Buildings 30 years
Major renovations 15 years
Equipment 3-10 years
Government Grants and Contracts
The Institution receives grants and enters into contracts, with the U.S. gov-
ernment and state and local governments, which primarily provide for cost
reimbursement to the Institution. Governmental grant and contract revenue
is recognized as reimbursable expenditures are incurred.
Gifts, Bequests, and Other Grants
The Institution recognizes revenue from gifts, bequests and private grants in
the year the cash is received.
The Institution records pledges based upon letters signed by donors.
Pledges are recorded at net realizable value as a receivable and as deferred
revenue on the statement of financial condition. Revenue from pledges is rec-
ognized in the year the pledged funds are collected.
Contributed Services and Facilities
A substantial number of volunteers make significant contributions of their
time to further of the Institution’s programs. The Institution also uses certain
facilities for a nominal charge. The value of the contributed time and facili-
ties is not reflected in these statements as it is not susceptible to objective
measurement or valuation.
Annual Leave
The Institution’s civil service employees earn annual leave in accordance with
federal laws and regulations. Separate rules apply for trust employees.
Annual leave for all employees is recognized as expense when earned.
326
Cash and Balances with the U.S. Treasury
Amounts represent cash deposited with financial institutions and balances
held by the U.S. Treasury which are available for disbursement. Cash interest
payments were $201,000 and $781,000 in 1995 and 1994, respectively.
Statements of Financial Accounting Standards No.’s 116 and 117
For fiscal year 1996, the Institution will be required to implement SFAS
No. 116 Accounting for Contributions Received and Contributions Made,
and SFAS No. 117 Financial Statements of Not-For-Profit Organizations.
Among the significant provisions of SFAS 116 is the recognition of pledges as
revenue when made. SFAS 117 requires changes in the display of financial
statements from fund accounting to a display based on the concept of “net
assets.” The impact of these pronouncements and the options available to
the Institution are under study.
(2) Affiliate Relationships
The Institution provides certain fiscal, procurement facilities and administra-
tive services to several separately incorporated affiliated organizations for
which certain officials of the Institution serve on the governing boards. The
amounts paid to the Institution by these organizations for the above services
totaled $169,000 for the trust funds and $370,000 for the federal funds for
fiscal year 1995.
Deposits held in custody for these organizations at September 30, 1995,
were $5,996,000 and $1,349,000 for trust and federal funds, respectively.
(3) Investments
At September 30, 1995, investments consisted of:
($000s)
Carrying value _Market value
Current funds
Cash equivalents s 22,498 22,502
U.S. government obligations 49.720 49.434
Common stocks 6 5
72.224 71.941
Plant funds:
U.S. government obligations 361 365
Common stocks 125 288
486 653
Endowment and similar funds.
Pooled investments.
Cash equivalents 24.638 24,638
U.S. government and
quasi-government obligations 34.44) 34,671
Corporate bonds and other obligations $2,638 54,451
Common and preferred stocks 277.144 328.129
Total pooled investments 388.861 441,889
Nonpooled investments
Deposit with U.S. Treasury 1,010 1,040
Chanitable trusts 1,467 1,580
Total nonpooled investments 2,477 2.620
Total endowment and similar funds 391,338 444,509
Total investments S$ 464.048 517.103
(4) Endowment and Similar Funds
The Institution uses the total return approach to investment management of
endowment funds and quasi-endowment funds. Each year, the endowment
pays out an amount for current expenditures based upon a number of factors
evaluated and approved by the Board of Regents. The payout for 1995 was
4.2 percent of the average market value of the endowment over the prior five
years. The difference between the income (i.e., dividends, interest and realized
capital gains) and the payout for the year is reinvested or withdrawn from
previously accumulated returns. Actual income exceeded the payout amount
in fiscal year 1995 and the excess was transferred from current funds to the
endowment and similar funds (see note 12).
Substantially all of the investments of the endowment and similar funds are
pooled on a market value basis. Each fund subscribes to or disposes of units
on the basis of the per unit market value at the beginning of the month that
the transaction takes place. At September 30, 1995, each unit had a market
value of $483. The market value of the pool’s net assets at September 30,
1995 was $433,351,000, representing all pooled investments (see note 3) net
of receivables and payables for investment transactions.
Each fund participating in the investment pool receives an annual payout
equal to the number of units owned times the annual payout amount per
unit. The payout for fiscal year 1995 was $16.50 per unit. Based on
approved Board policy, if the market value of any endowment fund is less
than 110 percent of the historical value, the current payout is limited to the
actual interest and dividends allocable to that fund.
Fund balances of the endowment and similar funds were comprised of the
following at September 30, 1995:
Units 3000s)
Endowment - unrestricted 23.370 $ 9.890
Endowment - restnicted 330.504 137,785
Quasi-endowment — unrestncted 367,229 158,121
Quasi-endowment — restncted 176.984 75,778
Total endowment fund balance $_ 381.574
(5) Receivables and Advance Payments
Trust fund receivables at September 30, 1995 consisted of:
(S000s)
Auxiliary activities and other, net of $1.722 in allowances S$ 18,907
Invesument secunties sold 3)13}
Pledges 22.447
Grants and contracts 9.176
Interest and dividends due 2.520
Interfund receivables and other 26.419
Total receivables and advances - trust fund $782:582
Federal advance payments of $14,595,000 represent prepayments made to
government agencies, educational institutions, firms and individuals for ser-
vices to be rendered, or property or materials to be furnished.
At September 30, 1995, the Institution had advance payments outstanding to
the General Services Administration of $10,178,000, principally for equip-
ment purchases for the Museum Support Center and other projects to be
completed in future years. Advance payments to educational institutions
amounting to $2,316,000 were principally under the Special Foreign
Currency Program. Other advance payments totaled $2,101,000.
(6) Deferred Promotion Costs
At September 30, 1995 and 1994, respectively, prepaid, deferred expense and
other includes approximately $11,800,000 and $11,000,000 of deferred pro-
motion costs, mostly related to the Smithsonian Magazine, were reported as
assets. Promotion expense was $17,957,000 and $20,549,000 in fiscal year
1995 and 1994, respectively.
(7) Property and Equipment
Property and equipment at September 30, 1995 consisted of:
$000s)
Trust funds
Current Plant Federal
funds funds Totals funds Totals
Land s - 2.565 2.565 - 2.565
Buildings 4.125 86.012 90.137 310.359 400.496
Capital improvements 28.486 - 28.486 328.203 356.689
Equipment 13.335 7.484 20.819 50.207 71.026
Leasehold improvements 1,582 = 1,582 = 1.582
47,528 96.061 143.589 688.769 832.358
(24.142) (30,092) (54,234) (335.357) (389.591)
Total property and equipment S$ 23.386 65.969 89.355 353.412 442.767
Property use and depreciation in the federal funds for expenditure and other
deductions for fiscal year 1995 included $33,302,000 of depreciation
expense in the capital funds.
Depreciation expense in the trust funds for fiscal year 1995 for
income-producing assets amounted to $2,069,000 and is included in auxil-
lary activities expenditures in the current funds. Depreciation for non-income
producing equipment and buildings for fiscal year 1995 amounted to
$3,907,000 and is included in the plant funds.
At September 30, 1995, the fund balance of the trust plant funds included
$22,652,000 of restricted funds and $1,395,000 of unrestricted funds desig-
nated for future plant acquisitions.
(8) Commitments and Contingencies
Leasing Activities
Leases for Smithsonian warehouse and office spaces provide for rent escala-
tions to coincide with increases in property taxes, operating expenses attrib-
utable to the leased property and the Consumer Price Index. The Institution
has the authority to enter into leases for up to 30 years using federal funds.
The Institution’s operating leases for the warehouse and office spaces require
future minimum lease payments as follows:
Year ($000s)
1996 $ 10,771
1997 9,137
1998 8,553
1999 7,900
2000 3.245
Thereafter : 4,237
$ 43.843
Rental expense for these operating leases totaled $9,880,000 for fiscal year
1995:
Government Grants and Contracts
The Institution receives funding or reimbursement from governmental agen-
cies for various activities which are subject to audit. Audits of these activities
have been completed through fiscal year 1994. However, audits of fiscal
years 1993 and 1994 have not been closed with the cognizant agency.
Management believes that any adjustments which may result from those
audits and the audits for fiscal year 1995 would not have a material effect on
the Institution’s financial statements.
(9) Long-term Debt
All September 30, 1995, long-term debt consisted of an unsecured note
payable to Signet Bank totaling $2,850,000 and an interest-free loan from
the Virginia Department of Aviation totaling $500,000.
The Signet note bears interest at 1 percent in excess of the Federal Funds
Rate, which was 6.20 percent at September 30, 1995. Interest is payable
quarterly; principal is payable in quarterly installments of $63,333. The
remaining unpaid principal balance is due December 31, 1996. The proceeds
from the Signet Bank note financed a warehouse facility for Institution muse-
um shops. During the fiscal year 1995, $203,000 was recorded as interest
expense in the auxiliary activities funds for the note with Signet Bank.
The Virginia Department of Aviation provided the Institution with an
interest-free loan totaling $3 million, $500,000 of which was received by
year-end. This loan will help finance the planning, marketing, fund raising,
and design of the proposed National Air and Space Museum extension at
Washington Dulles International Airport. The Institution is scheduled to
repay the outstanding loan not later than June 30, 1998.
The aggregate amount due for outstanding loans for the years ending
September 30, are as follows:
Year ($000s)
1996 s 253
1997 2.597
1998 $00
$ 3,350
(10) Availability of Prior Years’ Appropriations
The U.S. Congress enacted Public Law 101-510, the Defense Authorization
Act (the Act) which determined prior year appropriations are only available
for a five-year period. Beginning with the fiscal year 1989 appropriations,
recipients were required to maintain annual appropriations for a five-year
period following the year of appropriation. At the end of this six-year life,
the appropriation account is closed and any unobligated balances are
returned to the U.S. Treasury. During fiscal year 1995, the Institution
returned $1,657,000 to the U.S. Treasury which represented the unobligated
balance for fiscal year 1990.
(11) Accessions and Deaccessions
For fiscal year 1995, $4,224,000 of trust funds and $2,160,000 of tederal
funds were spent to acquire collection items. Proceeds from trust fund deac-
cessions were $601,000. There were no collection deaccessions purchased
with federal funds in fiscal year 1995. At September 30, 1995, proceeds from
deaccessions of $10,138,000 were designated for collections acquisitions and
preservation in the trust funds as quasi-endowment.
(12) Transfers Among Trust Funds
The following transfers were made among trust fund groups for fiscal year
1995:
($000s)
Endowment
Current funds and similar Plant
Unrestncted___Restncted funds funds
Investment return in excess of payout $ (1.032) (1.309) 2.341 -
Quasi-endowment funds retumed 872 1.170 (2.042) -
Designated as quasi-endowment (629) (3.143) Beta: -
Other transfers, net 585 (3.125) = 2.540
Total transters S (204) (6.407) 4.071 2.540
(13) Employee Benefit Plans
The federal employees of the Institution are covered by either the Civil
Service Retirement System (CSRS) or the Federal Employee Retirement
System (FERS). The features of both of these systems are defined in pub-
lished government documents. Under both systems, the Institution withholds
from each federal employee's salary the required salary percentage. The
Institution also contributes specified percentages. The Institution’s program
costs for fiscal year 1995 was approximately $14,450,000.
The Institution has a separate defined contribution retirement plan for trust
employees, in which substantially all trust fund employees are eligible to par-
ticipate. Under the plan, the Institution contributes stipulated percentages of
salary which are used to purchase individual annuities, the rights to which
are immediately vested with the emplovees. Employees can make voluntary
contributions, subject to certain limitations. The Institution's cost of the plan
for fiscal year 1995 was approximately $8,267,000.
It is the policy of the Institution to pay the accrued costs of all plans cur-
rently.
In addition to the Institution’s retirement plans, the Institution makes
available certain health care and life insurance benefits for active and retired
employees. The plan is contributory for retirees and requires payment of pre-
miums and deductibles. Retiree contributions for premiums are established
by an insurance carrier based on the average per capita cost of benefit cover-
age for all participants, active and retired, in the Institution’s plan. The inclu-
sion of retirees in the calculation of average per capita cost results in a high-
er average per capita cost than would result if only active employees were
covered by the plan. Therefore, the Institution has a postretirement benefit
obligation for the portion of the expected future cost of the retiree benefits
that are not recovered through retiree contributions. The Institution’s policy
is to fund the cost of these benefits on the pay-as-you-go basis.
The Institution adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board's
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 106, Employers’
Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions, during fiscal
year 1994 and elected to record the October 1, 1993, accumulated postre-
tirement benefit obligation (APBO) using the 20-year amortization option.
328
The following table presents the Plan’s funded status reconciled with
amounts recognized in the Institution’s statement of financial condition at
September 30, 1995:
(S000s)
Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation (APBO)
Retrees $ (2,542)
Eligible active plan participants (4,664)
Total APBO (7,206)
Plan assets at fair value 190
Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation in excess of plan assets (7.016)
Unrecognized prior service costs -
Unrecognized net gain (1,167)
Unrecognized transition obligation 5,869
Accrued postretirement benefit cost $ (2.314
Net periodic postretirement benefit cost for the year ended September 30,
1995 includes:
(000s
Service costs $ 490
Interest costs 519
Amortization of transition obligation over 20 years 326
Net penodic postretirement benefit cost 7 $ 1,335
The discount rate used to determine the APBO was 8.25 percent. A
10 percent health care cost trend rate was assumed for fiscal year 1995 with
this rate decreasing .5 percent each year to an ultimate rate of 5 percent in
fiscal year 2005 and thereafter. If the assumed health care cost trend rate
was increased by 1 percentage point in each vear, the net periodic postretire-
ment benefit cost would be higher by $158,000 and the APBO higher by
$1,004,000 as of September 30, 1995.
(14) Voluntary Separation Costs
During fiscal year 1994, the Institution announced the Voluntary Separation
Incentive Program. This program was offered to meet employee restructuring
requirements of the Federal Workforce Restructuring Act. The Institution
accepted 209 federal funds employees and 23 trust funds employees into the
program. Voluntary separation costs totaling $5,109,000 and $434,000 were
recorded in the federal and trust funds, respectively. This program-had no
carryover into fiscal year 1995 expenses and no similar programs were
announced in fiscal year 1995.
(15) Income Taxes
The Institution is exempt from income taxation under the provisions of
Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (the Code). Organizations
described in that section are taxable only on their unrelated business income.
No provision for income taxes was required for fiscal year 1995.
It is the opinion of the Institution’s management that it is also exempt from
taxation as an instrumentality of the United States as defined in
Section 501(c)(1) of the Code. Organizations described in that section are
exempt from all income taxation. The Institution has not yet formally sought
such dual status.
(16) Current Trust Funds Financial Activity
Current unrestricted funds are comprised of three distinct subfunds. These
subfunds include the auxiliary activities fund that represents primarily the
revenue and expenditures of the Smithsonian Associates, Smithsonian and
Air & Space/Smithsonian magazines, and museum shops, concessions and
mail order sales. The special purpose fund represents funds internally desig-
nated for specific purposes and the general purpose fund consists of all other
unrestricted activity in the current funds.
The financial activity for the current trust funds by subfund for fiscal year
1995 is as follows:
($000s)
Unrestricted
General Auxiliary Special Total
funds funds tunds Unrestricted Restricted Totals
Revenue and other additions:
Government grants and
contracts $ = - - - 50.353 50.353
Investment income 9.824 - 932 10.756 9.915 20,671
Net gain (loss) on sale
of securities (33) - - (33) - (33)
Gifts, bequests and
private grants 300 8,788 77\ 9.859 23,340 33,199
Rentals, fees, and
commissions 881 - 11,550 12.431 3.428 15,859
Auxiliary activities - 183.446 10.362 193.808 - 193.808
Total revenue and other additions 10.972 192.234 23.615 226.821 87,036 313.857
Expenditures and other deductions:
Research, educational and
collection acquisition 10.410 - 24,922 35,332 69.189 104.521
Administration 5,914 8,239 895 15,048 10,688 25,736
Facilities services 1,366 - a7 1.403 26 1.429
Auxiliary activities - 168.660 7.611 176.271 — 176,27]
Total expenditures and other
deductions 17.690 176.899 __ 33.465 228.054 79.903 ___ 307.957
Excess of revenue and other
additions over (under) expendi-
tures and other deductions (6.718) 15.335 (9.850) (1,233) FABRE! 5,900
funds (note 12) 5,858 (151335)).. '9:273 (204) (6.407) _ (6.611)
Net increase (decrease) for the year $ (860) a (577) (1.437) 726 (711)
Transfers among
329
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