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HISTORICAL RECORDS OF 

THE SURVEY OF INDIA 

1815 to 1830 



1 




Zunuida, 


■■'■"'-' 




1773 


,:<„./.„;, 


O-car .. . 




.1778 




f Sir John Maciiliersoii 






of I.m-.t 








ComwaHis 




Malabw , ZHrtdjgul 








oFMarqu 


is WellesW 




fowihot 




KvnaadU Tanjorr 













Aiiapted from map published 1842 as 
I frontispiece to vol. IV of Thornton's Histwy 
I of the British Empire of India. 



■f Mar quis Has t 




1 Qt 






VOLUME I 18th Century Published 1945. 

VOLUME II 1800-15 .. 1950. 

VOLUME IV 1830-43 George Everest In Press. 

VOLUME V 1344-61 Andrew Waugh Under preparatit 



,„. 












VOLUME III 
Published I9S4 



PRINTED IN INDIA 



IN 1 J UKSU1T Uf 1'llNUAtvio 







%AMt>u, nh»*AL**/, 






HISTORICAL RECORDS OF 
THE SURVEY OF INDIA 

Volume III 
1815 to 1830 



Collected and compiled by 
Colonel R. H. PHILUMORE, CLE., D.S.O.^ 
( late Royal Engineers and Survey of India ) 




PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF 
THE SURVEYOR GENERAL OF INDIA 



PRINTED AT THE OFFICE OF THE GEODETIC BRANCH. 

SURVEY OF INDIA, DEHRA DUN (U. P.), INDIA 

1 954 



TRIGONOMETRICAL CONTROL 

One of the great objects for instituting a general office of 
survey was that.. .a uniformity of result might be obtained, 
and a definite prospect ( however distant ) of accomplishing 
the survey. ..on satisfactory principles. ... The operations of 
the Great Trigonometric;)! Survey must. -be assumed as the 
undisputed ground of Indian Geography |" 194 ]. 

Blacker. 22-12-23. 

PROFESSIONAL HONESTY 

It has been said.. .that when experienced observers, after 
taking all the pains and precautions in their power, find them- 
selves embarrassed by discrepancies for which they cannot 
account, they are on the point of making some important 
discovery ; at any rate.. .they may, by making a fan- disclosure, 
enable others.. .to do so [ 176 ]. 

HODGSON. 1820. 

It only remains to admonish the young surveyor to be dis- 
trustful of himself and of his instruments , and not too confident 
when he finds hi* operations agree with a surprising closeness, 
but to examine all, and when he finds his discrepancies not to 
conceal them, but patiently to investigate their cause, and 
repeat the work till he is satisfied. Young observers think 
they are alwavs right, but not the more experienced |' 201 ]. 

Hodgson. 21-11-21. 

ADMINISTRATION 

I am an advocate for all these works, but let it be. ..on a 
regular system of subordination [ 329 ]. 

Mackenzie. 12-9-18. 

The parties once set in motion should persevere on one 
undeviating plan, without interruption by other employment 
or duty ; by such a system alone the design and its expense 
may be finally terminated within a reasonable time [ 99 ]. 

Mackenzie. 14-12—15. 

SURVEYORS 

It is a fixed principle with me thai labour and meritorious 
exertions ought to be well paid. Work well and pay well 

[352]- 

Mackenzie. 30-1-19. 

You have now enjoyed a recess from active duty of six 
months, and it therefore becomes I. he- more necessary that you 
should exert, yourself to the utmost, in act: el orating the progress 
of the survey. Every surveyor is expected to be constantly 
employed in. the duties of the survey exclusively, and during 
the favourable season to devote his every hour, and his every 
thought, to it, and to it alone [ 200 ]. 

Peteii Grant. 18-10-27. 
INDIA 

All things in India are undergoing a change, and the ideas 
of the inhabitants are gradually altering ever since I ean 
recollect ; it must needs be so in peaceable times of long 
duration, such as this country has not known before this out 
of mind [339 3- 

Evebest. 10-8-32. 




Addenda & Corrigenda, Vol. I 



Supplementary to lists o 



i and 305 of that volumo, and pp. i 



1*1771-1*21). H.K. 
Gauhati, 1950. 
col. 1, above Land Revenue insert 
Lancaster- Jon e* CoMihgna of the Collections in the 
Science Shisr.-irn, .s'<);;!.'i h'eiisliiy- 
ton. Geodesy etc Survevimj. K. 
Lancaster.. To iif>s. I.nri.ii-.n" |0.25. 
South Kensington (o Je itidia, as also full 2nd line 
of title; 3rd line to read, in roman 
Oonatabk. London, 1921. 
. at end of note 4, insert 10 Cat. ( 5.10-78 ). 
i at end of nose 1, insert ; survd. April-Mav 1799 

t(> Oat. ( 226 i | II, pi. j :. 
: at end of note I, insert, Maps, 10 Oat. ( 104 ). 
, at end of note 12. «(M j-incii man by Gerard, GBO. 

Lib. C 1. 
t note 6, after 17*!, in-trl iv i 39-50) ; ( kxi, 87). 
I at end of note 6, insert , Blinyii.n ( 87, 287 ). 
at end of note 11. insert ; Elmvur, ( 51-433 ). 
! at end of note 1, iresert murdered Jan. 1796 ; Bhuyan 



(125) 



■I Bhuyan (29); J.46'B. I 



:, 10 Oil. 



!er read -writer. 
line 16, /or yon read you 

note 7, 201 ns. 1 and 3, for South Kensington read 

Lane as let- Jones, 
noto lit, for dresso rcul dcessee. 
it end of note. 1, insert ; rival schemes discussed, 

JASB. ill, 1S34 ( 41S-7 ). 
it end of note 4, nAHjiitin letter dated Smat 28-3 -95, 

Reynolds refers to his " p^e-ern " appt. of SO. 
noto 4, for indentity read identity. 
nolo !), for te toad its. 






nof 1 



337 under 

Worcester 7-1^19, aged S3. 

338 ooL 1 insert new Hno 0, rus. 

Smart. 1808. [ II, is: IV. pi 2'. _ 
inder Habdwicke, lino 2, for b. c. 175G re; J I.Kipt. 



Davy, King's 
1849 read d„ 
Portrait by Join 



2-10-55. 






if John Ha rd wi ■:;'•; e of Darlas- 



after botanist enter rp.s. I SI. 3. ; els. ; Faia. 
imiiJi.B/ier Hudson esisr. [I ( 3M7 ) : IV (OSS El!) ; 
Portrait presented to RS., ('/»( Trawi. 1828 
( apps. p. 7 ). 
under Km, line 5, for Ca.pt. read Lieut, 
line. 6, for nephew read cousin, 
line 12, after Hodso:i f.sJo.r, II f (113 ); III ( 730, 
810 ). Portrait >jy Jolm Smart [ II ; pi. 19 ]. 
under MiLr.oOK, line 2, before, visited enter JASB. 
xn, 1843 (542); Under orders of Henry 
Vansittart, 
after 1704 insert in 0-1 unsuccessful attempt to 
purchaae diamonds | .ii-i | ; Una 3 delete and. 
under Motik, lino If], after 1790 [30, 39], insert 

JAR.H.,sci, 1813 ( 542-f>3 ). 
under Plaisted. ni end o: due fi, a.*t Bhuyan ( 62 ). 
at end of note 12, add JAS11. xu, 1843 ( 1014 ) ; 

sm, 1844(1x1). 
under Re vxui.ds, oof, 2, after line 3 raseri Portrait- 

by John Smart, 1810 [ IV, pi, 22 ]. 
under Topping, after line 2, iin.-fi Portrait by John- 
Smart, bofon; April 1 735 [ I V, pi. 22 ]. 
under Watson, line 10, ifatee of 52nd Foot, 
lino 8 of eol. 1, after M0a-hm.-Lrn5.hs insert ref. to new 
note to read a rcl .el tnmrriLmh.v from E. of Dibru- 
<ra-rh ; Bhuyan ( .<.'., 189, 254 ). 
note 2, for aecoimt rend, aceounts and at end of note 
insert ■ Bhuyan ( 358-69 ). 



Addenda & Coerigbjjda, Vol. II 



Si.LppIciiiioritary to list on p. xiii of Vol. II. 



i col 2, against 210. lines 7 and S, enter refs. against 
Maekinnon an<.& Ma cpj lie is 11:1. to v.;,: note', reading 
Rev. Donald McKinuoii, DD., ehpn. Ben. Eur.; 
arrd. India 1783 ; 1783-4, to Delhi and " Upper 
countries" to catalogue ,: Lidustan manuscripts". 

LtCoL Allan MaophcrsoiL ( 1740-1816), Ben. Inf., 
Hudson III ( 192 ) ; with Upton's mission to 
Poona 1775-7 [ I, 30-r ]. 

a6l.2,delete5lhpara Wi Harrison'.-;.. . original, drawing" 
and substitute. Portrait of Michael jiuir. taken in 
Mjidrna fay Jehu suwrt h'.-lV.ro April 1795. 

Sth para, delete nets pub. Geo Bel.l....(i)r/"S ). 

A & C, Vol, II, against p. 403, line 6, for Burne's 
read Burnes". 

against Index for At end read 459. 

above Archer insert 

Anne Deane Tour through the Upper Provinces 



nvii above Poster insert 

Fanny Parks Wanderings of a I'iigrim. 1 
Parks. 2 vols. London, '. 



xxvii above Gribbie insert 
Grey & European A ■!>;,: xturers of N'orthern- 

Garrett India. C. Grey and H. L. O. 

Garrett. Lahore, 1929. 
below Kaye insert 

Kinneir A Geographical Memoir of the Per- 

sian Empire.. John Macdonald 
Kinneir. London, 1813. 



Lancaster- Cat-slogae of th. Collections in the 

Jones 8iie,i:;,.:,tu,:<.„.„ l ,S,. l :,!k Kt,:-h,a- 

ton. Geodesy & Surveying. E. 

Lane aster- .Tone... Ljudoo. 1925. 

o-iaiiifl Mark bar ii n line I, for CM', read O.R. 

col. 1, for Partiger rend I'ai'LntiT in two places. 

against BASl a-.n ) !>■:' X-itcs read Notices. 
eol. '2, delete w/i'Ae item South Kensington. 

shore H tan ton insert 
Stanley l.futton Bristol and its Famous Associa- 
tions. Stanlfv liutton. Ilri'.tol 
1907. 
ncAc r, after :>{ insert ( 8 ), S. part of Sagar I., March. 
1810, dra-.vn o\ r. V. Xielriils, asst. ; ib. 



Addenda & Corrigenda, Vol. II 



' 25 note 3, after ( e.1 s n ), in-iert 6 shoots, TO Cat. ( 171, 
180); 

35 2nd line of sedinn Oasis EtWti MSA D.vab n/ter 1810 

Anne Deane ( 13!* > dcseriVs irrand tour by these 
two Comiirs., 1808-9, from Fatehgarli to Delhi 
and back. 

30 note 2 / dr[ 38 et-ser; ) read ( 36-9 ). 

57 :u nilMii^rl l,m-vi; White's [.. of X\V IVonlnr, 

i6m.toindi.MRio. no (4i). 

atendofnote0«av.'ef. mf.eo. 15 ( 36 ) v. 83 [w/1- 

57 note 11, ff/icr ( ISO j i«--ftrt ; Grey S Garret.!.- ( 34-58 ). 

58 at end of note 5, insert ; 160 ( 43 ). 

65 lit end of oth 1';il-,i- from bottom, after 59, eMier, 'i'l. 

70 line 20' I'm! a bottom, after Observations insert ret. 

to new note, to read 
60 y. later Moni.nfimerie reeords 1 that "Col. Craw, 
ford's trigonometrical sttrvoy and map still 
supply t-ricj most reliable dni.ii- as to the position 
of Katmandu". SI Becords vm-i ( 7 ]. 

71 at end of note 5. in-sat with Crawford's handprinted 

autograph, obo Lib. 0( 2 ). 
81 line 2 from bottom, a/k-f Garhwal insert ref. to itf-w 
raofe, to read 
Guvkhas occupied .lilition 1700; Garhwal and Dehra 
DSn 1803. 
S3 note 4. ■!'!■!■ M.-.p of X. pur-t. of rfr«S and Hoon valley, 
>.15 ( 36 ) [ pi. io J, 

note 2, iitserf, triangles, 1808-9, IO Cat. 

of 10th para, far Montgomery read Mont- 



129 



n.-e7./ 



131 note 2 delete and po.>iblv, dianglatj eoinma I'l semi- 
wfon, t«nJ ire ,-'•'«;/ o/ !);! i''!-"'-;: irncic* ittseri 3, 4, 

.144 line 2:J, iio'f.r li ir.-.'tetob'.: insert r-..J. !■; nea: neic f.n rend 
Wm. Tobias Hirifrletaube ; b. 1770; ed. Halle; 
ordained Lutheran 170li; to India and back 
171)7-9 ; to Madras tor Lilt!.. Tranquebar 1804-6; 
Palamoottah 1806-7 :Travaneore, 1807-15; " oeccn- 
tric; ...great, mi "ionarv V a! | died in a sea voyage 
to Malacca - '. The.CI,i,reh in- Madras ( II, 387-3); 
F. Penny ; pub. 1912. 

155 note 3, Ben K.egr. to be in il'dies; at cod ol note 
insert 10 Cat. {33). 

158 at end of note 7. U-;-rt 2 vols. 1320, 10 Cat. (443 j. 

173 at end of note Si, insertv. Moriier, frpee. Malcolm's 

route 180!, IJushire —Tehran— Baghdad — shewn 
' in sketch by Rcnneil, Mhiraz to Constantinople 
[II, 444 n.3 ]. 

174 note 7, 'last line', i-efort Dim. in.:--rt 10 Cat. { 482). 
17(1 at end ofnei.e 2, idii iii>y°;. des.aibed -.villi tVequont 

dates by Miiedoniild ; Kinnoir. ( 171-425). 
.177 para 4, line 1, for I'arthmr ™,( Pa.-gii.cr. 

note 3, for BOS. read BCS. 
ISO line 27, after 28 '.aside, hnteket insert , 35, 37. 

190 at. end of 'note I iosert I'hU Trans. 1822 ( 40-4-30 ). 

191 line 19, /or est;) Mishmcnt read established. 
194 at cad of 2nd para/.jr 201 read 261, 

218 line 32, /or prerfect read perfect. 

221 uot o.i, /or 47 read 46-7. 

223 iineliiirorr, liot:i,]n,-;/,'".''l.i'ni i 'liton insert [ icji n.z J, 

and deleie re/, a-iwi note 6- 
230 note Si. read AniungiL bad 

232 note 3, for So.ii h Kensinnton rafi La nearer- J ones. 
249 »lf.i lien Kerr. In ■'/■>. Ha'-!'--*. 
254, at end of note 1, insert Both eiiains and i.:ic sealf 

arc now in Survey Museum at Dehra Dtin. 
2U-1 iiii'-- lii fir so:..^ r^wii aet. 

note6,/orovili)-6(K/ 1H1 S i 436 ). 
" 269 note. 5," after I 5ii ) in-strt , copy drawn 18S1 f 

orij.;iialofl80ti. 
270 cote 9, for 10-4 read 9-14. 






Page 

270 note 7, /or ill. read jimc. 

2S2 at end of note 1, in.if.rl jikio. . 
of Ondh including Lucknow. 

284 note 6, ?e/orr 85 inieil 70 ( 1, 2 ] ; 

323 line 15, read useful. 

352 under Rosscnrode f.ir ilis .son rend Two sons. 

against Bnnht/'lir^e 7 IVoai bottom, o/!er Survey oi 
iTCJicral insert | 303 "|. Son oi Priioeis &- Margaret 
Burkc;n..,Sieru-.!!apatam,7 2-07, Sophia 1'ulhanl 
' after Faint- ■" 



ooi. 2, 



tiDiv. 



dDivi 



f CHlHS'fir-: note 
Persion read Persian. 

386 under Cole GEO ok k. Henry Thomas, line 12, al 

DIB. add SAS { inn ), IV ( 108 ). 

387 ool. 1, line IS/or wrii.en read written. 
3S9 at end oi" note 0, add and d. 1837. 

pi. Ill under Ue..m(ier Ivy (I, last line of note, for 
Stbebt read, London. 

393 col. 2, line 4 from bottom, for 000 rp.ad 314. 

394 col. I, line from bottom, /wr 21s! -9 reid 247 n.4. 

395 ool. 2, line 33 from bottom, read Gibraltar. 

396 col. I, under Dukn, line S from bottom, after Snow- 

add, who d., liri^bion, !) .1.0-76, aged 71. 

397 col. 2, under 'l''nasi<:KJ.i:-i, line !), nei-i Westminster. 

399 col. 2, !(»;fer I'akhai'.h, Uiw. 2, add MI. 

M end of line. 1 add 1 l.lieii- i-on Win., Lieut. Mad. 
Engrs., d., Ooty., aged 20, 2-10-36 ; MI. 

400 col. 1, line- 10 delete Id mord which 

402 under GolijjM!ie.\.m. line 3 from bottom of col., 1 for 

d. 1S49 read il., Vi'oreester, 7-1-40, aged S3. 
col. 2, end o! line 3. fer [H3!l rend 1832 
line 10, delete, junr. and afkr 130s, ;fl^ert[IV, pi. 22]. 
at end of line 7 from ool.lom, insert ref. Io wie note, 
■ la read ef. JA.<H. If, 1833 (380-1). 
4(i3 under iia.iNT, lino I , read Philip, 
line 2, for 1744 read 1784. 
lino 3, after l'or-:ia- add mi. ISarrackpore. 
Iine5,u/(fr (313 ) add, IV ( 638 Bil | 
under UliiS'IiLAy. ■■.■.:■ , ':;■ :-e\e last -in... A.-.ld. James 

Wyldin preparation of 10 m. map, pub. 1847 ; liM. 

Map Room, 7-B-6I. 
under Hauk, line 3, for 1781.! rctwi 1798. 
at end of nnr-e o, add ; re;uembereil nv ■■, ill.izo™ 30 

years later, J AHfi. XIII, 1844 (702). 

404 col. 2, line 4, c/ojr Perron irt.iurt re/. (0 -nstu raoie Io 

read Grey & Garrett. ( 53 ti ) .shew that Hearsey 
had no capacity lor leadership. 

405 at end of note 4, 'add; 'Ibis u sta;e of 3fi vilia;;. ; .s lay 

nr, Bikhikes'a, par.yma. Chninli Lf' 1 - J Wjliie.rus 
( 197-8 ) ; the H'larsey fimiiv (■■Late llalliibiiikiih;, 
3 m. N. of Dehra, was acquired by g of I. 
100 years later. 
407 at end of last lino of page, after [ pi. 10 ], insert ref. 
to new note to read. Fanny Parks (247-8) 
visited lihiiilra-j 20 y. later, and foiled "a. large 
stone on which is ehiselied 'Ladyllood' 1814". 
The PA. told hsr that Lady Hood "only sent a 
man to chisel out lie.- name and that ol Colonel 
B[arton]. ... She never visited the pla.ee 
person" [ III, pi. 5 n. J. 

410 under KiTTSii, line <•, after i/Xf!. insert EA3 (m 

III ( 155 ) ; Stanley Kut.ton ( 280-1). 
eol 2 line 27 from bottom, afi-'.r (Jreenwieh, hi 
I'hil Trans. 1S2-M 133-239). 

411 col 1 at end of line 2 add [ 257-89) 
at end of lino 3, add ; also fS29 ( 331-8 ) ; 1830 



(» 



;l). 






under Kbos, 

416 under Ltsnn, at end of 2nd Si 
under LkTiiuRinoT.. let tine, ad 

417 wilder LoukbtT, at end of 2nd U 



2 after 191 1 




Addenda & Cobbigenda, Vol. II 



Pag' 



418 under M&cartkey add » ne -"> lilLe s - Bhmt 

( 13/39); Hodson,III(109]- 
wider MaoiXiNAIii. litsi Sw> Jww 'W W. /<"■ but "■' 
record.. .has lira! traood, rend under which name 
he pub. his Grograpkiea: Miin-.nir of the Persian 
Empire, London 1813. 

419 line 11 of col. 1, after ^eo u <rapny insert ref. la nr.w 

note, to read His t:;yjgraph..cal Memoir, give.* 
details of the various routes of Malcolm's officers 
[ 176 n.2 ] ; sen also Jlintortt nf Persia, by Watson, 
and another by C!i:mon;s Markham. 

i, H/ier to come, add Elsewhere lie 

the afi.aek his Portuguese servant, 

ftijiiililiriiini. mis precipitated under 

the animal [ riding camel ], svsid jjt'i - 

' his leuij waa... tossed like 

l=''Ki[!tieir(243). 

- l'':l:-:j!.r'- "'id tie-w [Jara 

Jtfuji 0/ Countries lying 

arid Indus, pub. London, 




4.» 



■I Akbar: II, o/ter Delhi rfoW; 
3 iTisert -37 ; 



" Arras? ee.r" 



1st line of 3rd para. /or 19113 ro.; ( / 
timier MaeMrrnno fine 3, /ci 

nr. Adesac and delete ref. 
ibm 10./WAUG. inreodPA., 
rfeZett note 3. 

coL 2, line 26, /or down read dawn 
col. 1, line 4, /or prefer reno! proffer, 
under NelthbOee 3rd line, after Chitaldroog, add mi. 
under NiOholls. iini-ri ««(.' .'irae- 2, d. New Hampton, 

MIddx., 11-12-64. 
a.iit-ee ■ .:.::■.. t.e'linm/lj 
MBIO. 170 ( 39 ), aurvd. ThorohiU's Channel, sw. 

of Sagarl., as aast. to Cudbert Thomhill, Master 

Attdt. 1807. 
ii*f(.'7 SiM.uAiK. fihari!!.-.. /■;■ .\iv,-. is:.:. 

read Bath, JO- 1 1-52 ; mi. Litnsdown. 
col. 2, 2nd line IVom end of Km it.ic, after to an inch 

insert fresh line 1823-9, avy. and construction 

doah canal, E. of Jumna., 
at end of note 6, add JASB. II. 1833(116). 
at end of 4th para, after broad add re/, (o new note 
■ of. Morier ( 128 ). 
at end of note 1 mid ; Rouuj of mission by Sutherland 

Facea Morier ( 68 ). 
note 3, after DUB., insert S<je. to Harford Jonea, 

1807-9, and oe/ore 2 vols, insert 1 vol. 1812, with 

maps by Remit II and Sutherland ; 2nd edn., 
■ tinder Tickell, at end of last, line of col. 1, after 

canal, add 1821 7, SupL. Delhi canals. 
. under Thoyeb, col. 1, at end of 2nd para after asb. 

ndd, Regktr.tr &. Kvamnif,;-, ("'..iltntta Lottery, 
at end of 3rd para c/!«r 20-3-35. add Settled in 

col. 2, under Walpole, line 3, /or 29-1-94 read 

21-9-04. 
at end of note 2 add of. ib. .1 it ( I. (8-33 ) ; V ( 7S4 ). 
] under Waisbeh, eol. 2, line 10, o/Jer family, insert 

ref. to new note, to read 
pr. on this return journey enquired at Cape for infn. 

re La Caille's meant, of arc ; M BAB,, I, 1825 

( 257 ) ; Everest to CD. 3-9-21. 
line 15, for Lambon read Lambton. 
1 under Henby Whtck, above last line, insert 

mbio. 156 { 6(1 ;, .May 132>, svy. of route S. of 

Prome on Irrawaddy, beautifully drawn. 



isomer 210 insert, 217, 
against Bessel, after Ency Brit, insert BAS{ ran ), 
VII ( 199 ). 

■161 against Bird. Win., ddd? 145, and /or 144 a.2 rend 
145 n.2, 
against BorthwiA, .i/icr 1808, insert kd. in action 

arjaires< Burke, /or 1828 reod 1829 

■1(L> ut/,-i!"vj..sJCh,iiiis/ir iiOt, 20ii read 204-6. 
403 'ig'jin-s!- Compass :. rmrvsj./yr I 111 r;.:i.i '200. 

affomsi Coorg delete 216. 

against Copland for 144 read 143. 

against Gossfor 220 read 200. 

against Crawford jar 1779 resii 3-6-1778 ; Blunt 
( 161/593 ) ; 

against Dogrcts, after 3, insert 215. 
464 mjfBK.si! Deihi. ttfit.r Fero/.c Shah /or abont An. 13S0 
read 1350-88 and shift 23. .18 to /oHmu 1806 in 



7,fft,- ii;i i;- 



>■(. 07 n.i:. 



165 



after Akhar II dsif t* from ..ra-:,' o/;?r 1806 insert -37 

/iri-.i «/(»;- 389 insert n.fi. 
aaaiKSi Dickuiis/j-r -1., Mfter lit 1808 rsa-i 1703/4-1808. 
ffl<?rxi-»s( Duncsn o'./orr sii i?;-.-! Blmit ( 163/614 ) ; 
uyai7i.it Kerore Snah for Kmperor of Delhi 1350 read 



against t'l^ii-r far b. 18!i:l r,,,d ].Sfi3 1951. 

467 iefcuj Hickcv, i.-B.«s-r( Hill. Thos. ( 1786-1846), asst. 

Hilrvr., Madras, 141-5, 163, 351. 
against IU mala jar, l.h-ts. aft-,- li, ■insnrt 81, 

468 against K-Mt^i Cants. f:ir 10 read 50. 
oaaiMsf Khonds/or 22 read 25. 

a/ierK^ii-n ^ir^ri: iwm itai ISi'.inulur ( 1S:;(1-1021 ). 

469 against l.lovd, Goo. .i/;..r aut.b. insert A,, Thebes, 

Egypt, 10-10^3. 
against Logarithms fir 125 reaii 128. 
against Lont^itu.lo ;" bv Lanibtuii, for -10, 250, 203 

rend 215, 240-1, 259-63. 
ugaiTist Maiuli.aiaH. <i;i.,2,for ..I. n : nd Ji>tr.'--3 So it: n led 

and for at mmi. I8I5-6 rend ( 1792-1843 ). 

470 agaim Matpherson for 1800 read 1799. 
against Mimsiliki;; Hods ddete 217. 

471 dtfaiiisi Milifaiv. kite 4. fo' 2112-3 read 292. 
against Morier//,,- 1.781) '■_ read ITS'.' and far js.nl.li. &.,. 

Persia, 1807-9 ; read Diplomatic Service ; JEG8. 
XIX, 1849 ( nxviii ). 

472 against 0' i IfJlr.c jlii after lilll), »isert ; Ben. Inf.; 

Kt. 1834; GGii. 1841. 

473 against Perron id't^c />/«. tviscrt ; .Blunt ( .15/I3!i ), 
■-iga.i-ii.Al Pla?ieta"hle /or I2li, 1 2< reau! 127—8 and 

deriefe 322. 
aoai-ns( Postal Services delete 358. 

474 for Rbnrletoiie rend H.i-iL;lc1:ai[b(: and for of Tinne- 

veUy 1808 rend Win. Tobias ( b. 1770 ). 
4;5 against Scale, line ?,,for So read 285. 

ayain.it Smaii. .isieff. j.n.r. it. 'id after L'-iwy Srii. insert 

476 aj/uinsi Thomas for 1756 t read 1755/6. 

477 uguinst Troughton for 1253 read 202. 
affoins! Vitiwuia bc/j.'c 406 insert 392. 



ADDENDA & CORRIGENDA VOL. Hi; Page 



■ .. ■ ' 


. .■''"■■ - 


■ 


■ 










. 




■ 













■ 



PREFACE 



This third volume brings to a close tho pioneer and patchwork period of our 
survey story. There was now a single department under one Surveyor General of 
India, but it was not till 1823 that the trigonometrical survey came under his 
orders, and it was longer yet before ho exercised any close control over the surveys 
of Bombay. It is still necessary to arrange the narrative presidency by presidency, 
for each had .Its own separate establishment, with different regulations, and different 
scales of pay. Each presidency had its own survey organisation, following its own 
pattern, regardless of what went on in Bengal where, It might be said, there was 
hardly any pattern at all. 

This volume records the passing of two great surveyors, Lambton, the Father 
of Indian Geodesy, and Mackenzie, the first Surveyor General of "Madras and of 
India, and the pioneer of ordered topographical surveys. It tells of the sound 
practical work of Hodgson , learning from every year's experience, and the all too 
brief appearance of Valentine Blacker, the, Surveyor General who insisted on the 
priority of the Great Trigonometrical Survey beyond all challenge, making possible 
the eventual establishment of "one uniform system" of regular surveys as dreamed 
of by Mackenzie. It tells of the hard years of apprenticeship served by George 
Everest, which enabled him to take firm control from 1830. directing tho Department 
for the next thirteen years, and setting the course that it was to follow for the next 
half century. 

Of these five great surveyors .Mackenzie was the only Engineer, Lamhton and 
Hodgson were Infantry officers, Blacker a Cavalry man, and Everest a Gunner. 
It is not goneral'y recognized how few of the early surveyors of India came from 
the corps of Engineers. 

The period 1815 to 1830 saw a wide expansion of British rule and of land to be 
surveyed. The Xepal war had opened up the mountain provinces to the upper 
Sutlej. The Maratha war had cleared, central and western India of the pinddri 
pest, and the war with Burma had brought the surrender of Assam, Arakan, and 
Tenasserim. In the train of topographic;!. I and geographical surveys, there followed 
the special revenue surveys;, so esseui ial to sound administration. 

It is hoped that this Volume in may issue from the press sometime during 1953, 
and that the printing of Volume iv may then be put in hand. This fourth volume 
covers the period 1830 43, during which Everest was Surveyor General and Superin- 
tendent of the Great Trigonometrical Survey. A start can then be made on the 
sorting and arranging of the mass of material that has been collected for the fifth 
period, that of Andrew Waugh, 1844 to 1861. Amongst the more interesting 
stories of this period will be the discovery and naming of Mount Everest— the print- 
ing of the first postage stamps of India —and the first survey of Kashmir. Many 
correspondents have urged that the story should be carried on with the same full 
detail, even should this entail breaking the fifth period into two volumes, hut 
consideration should perhaps be given to a reader who found the first two volumes 
"tedious", not having mastered the gentle art of "skipping". 

In writing oi geodetic and revenue surveys for professional record, much technical 
matter has to be included that will hardly be appreciated by the average reader. 
The tiresome details of revenue survey touch moreover on an important aspect of 
sociology, the relations of a Government with tho tillers of the soil, who, in an 
agricultural country such as India, contribute largely to its wealth. The civil 
officers of the British raj wore pre-eminently occupied with this complicated subject. 
They inherited the systems of zammduri and jwilrdari, or landlordism, under 
which the holders paid fixed rental to Government, or no rent at all, whilst they 
drew all they could from the cultivators. It is only now, more than 150 years after 
the introduction of the "permanent settlement" of Bengal, that the Government 



of the Indian people has set out to sweep away the whole system of landlords and 
zammddrs. In other areas where the revenue settlement was revised periodically, 
more and more reliance was placed on the professional surveyors, who worked in 
close co-operation with the settlement officers, till elaborate cadastral surveys were 
introduced to show the holdings of every cultivator in the smallest detail. The 
development of these surveys must he of the greatest interest to those now res- 
ponsible for land revenue administration. 

Attention is called to the departmental crest on the title-page. The opportunity 
was taken in 1947 to make suitable changes 10 the crest- that had been first intro- 
duced in 1883. After various small changes this was redesigned by Sir Edward 
Tandy in 1924 in the form that appears on the title-pages of volumes I and n. 
The main features comprised a map of India encircled by a belt with the name of 
the department, surmounted by the Tudor crown of England, and supported by 
the names of Lambton and Everest, and the dates 1767 and 1823. 

To adapt this crest to modern conditions, the crown is now replaced by the 
Asoka lions of the Indian Union, and the latin tag by a a;m : -;krit motto. The names 
of Rennell and Lambton represent the founders of Indian Geography and Geodesy, 
with their dates, 1767 and 1800. The name of Everest, with his year of succession 
1823, has been dropped. He was not a founder, but a very great builder. 

Though the bulk of these Historical Records comes from departmental sources I 
wish to thank my kind friends both in India and England who have helped me 
with information that seemed beyond my reach. I wish specially to thank the 
staff of the National Archives of the Government of India, and the Records Depart- 
ment of the Commonwealth Relations Office in Whitehall. For the domestic details 
of the biographical notes I am mainly indebted to Major Hodson. 

The printing and making of the volume have been carried out with the utmost 
patience and care by the Printing Office of the Geodetic Branch at Dehra Dun, and 
the maps and portraits have been beautifully reproduced by the Map Publication 
Branch of the Survey of India at Hathibarkala. Special attention is called to the 
tail-piece on page 345, which was taken from the faded cover of an old Manual 
of Surveying. 

By a happy coincidence there was published last year a biography of our 
great Surveyor General, Colin Mackenzie, written by a fellow Scotsman. 



Gulmarg. 
July 1953. 



. Phillimoke. 



CONTENTS 

PBBFA.CE 
CONTENTS 

References to MS. Records & Other Abbreviations 

K>; i'ektixces to "nr. ligations 



Pages 



General Narrative 
Notable Events 



Madras 

Bombay 

Revenue Surveys 

Great Trigonometrical Survey 



Chapter II 



Bengal & the Upper Provinces 
Chittagong & Sundarbans, 1815-8 
Calcutta 
Bengal Rivers 
Marine Surveys 
Orissa, 1818-21 
Nepal Frontier, 1818-20 
Oudh & Gorakhpur, 1817-20 
Saharanpur & Dehra, 1815—9 
Delhi Canals 

Allahabad to Agra, 1827-8 
Agra, 1829-30 
Roads 



Chapter III 



The Mountain Provinces 
Garhwal & Sirmur, 1815-8 
1818-9 
1819-22 
"Upper Sutlej Valley, 1817-23 
Kumaun, 1816-21 



North-East Frontier 
Garo Hills, 1817-8 
Sylhet, 1820-9 
Assam Valley, 1824-6 . . 
Source of Brahmaputra, 1825-8 
Manipur, 1824-30 



Chapter V 



Burma 

Chittagong-Arakan Frontier, 1823-4 
Arakan Campaign, 1824-6 



Chapter V — (Condd.) 



Burma— ( Condd. ) 

Irrawaddy River, 1824-6 
Martaban & Tenasserim, 1826-8 
Maps & General Surveys, 1824-8 

Chapter VI 
Centeal Indian Plateau 

Bundelkhand & Nagpur, 1815-20 . . 

Pindari & Maratha Wars, 1816-9 

Quartermaster General's Officers, Bengal, 1822-30 

Central India & Rajputana, 1819-30 

Nagpur, 1822-31 

Chapter VII 
Madras Surveys 

Re -organization, 1815-7. . 
Military Institution, 1815-6 
Guntur Circar, 1817-9 . . 
Coorg, 1815-7 
Pondicherry & Madras 

Northern Circars ; Masulipatam & Rajahmundry, 181,5-23 
uinarnrnkm & Ganjam, 1824-30 



Chapter VIII 
South Peninsula & Nizam's Dominions 
Travancore & Cochin, 1816-21 
Dindigul, 1821 
Nilgiri Hills, 1821-3 
Malabar, 1823-30 

Nizam's Dominions ; Garling, 1816-20 
Hvderabad Survey ; 1820-3 

Crisp, 1823-7 

Webb & Morland, 1827-30 
,1 Reviews, 1824-30 



Chapter IX 
Bombay Surveys 
Military Routes 
Khandesh, 1821-2 
Maratha Deccan, 1817-30 
South Konkan, 1819-30 
Kathiawar, 1822-5 
North Konkan & Gujarat 
Trigonometrical Surveys, 1819-30 . . 
Cutchfc Sind, 1825-30 .. 



Chapter X 



Revenue Surveys : Loweb Bengal 
General Policy 
Miscellaneous Surveys . . 
Noakhali & Chittagong, 1821-9 



134 
136 
137 



Chapter X — -(Concld.) 

Revenue Surveys : Lower Bengal — ( Concld. ) 
Snndarbans . . 
Sylhet & Assam, 1822-30 
Methods of Survey 



I'n.ges 



Revenue Survey. 
Organization 
Gorakhpur . . 
Bohilkhand . . 
Delhi 

Upper doab 
Methods of Survey 
Units & Standards of Measure 
Establishment Roll, 1829 



Chapter XI 
Upper Provinces of Bengal 



Chapter XII 
Revenue Surveys : Madras & Bombay 
Madras 

Bombay ; Bombay & Salsette Islands 
Broach 
Guj arat 
Deccan 
South Konkan 
Appreciations 



Chapter XIII 

Astronomical Control 

Himalaya Districts, 1816-22 

Bengal Surveys, 1816-23 

Burma War ; North-Bast Frontier & Arakan, 1825-7 

Burma, 1825-8 
Bengal, 1820-30; Proposed Astronomical Survey 

Surveyor General's Observatory 

Field Surveys 
Madras 
ColSba Observatory 



Chapter XIV 



Professional Details 
Policy 

Himalaya Districts, 1816-: 
Assam & Burma, 1824-8 
Plains of Bengal 
Barometric Heights 



Instruments 
Supply 
Theodolites & Compasses 



Chapter XV— { Concld. ) 



ixsTH.irjiKX['t; — ( Conxld. ) 
Sextants & Oireles 
Chronometers 
Perambulators 
Chains 

Planetables . . 
Barometers . . 



Chapter XVI 

Great Trigonometrical Survey, 1815-23 
De Penning & Lawrenee, 1815-7 
Transfer to Supreme Government, 1818 
Arrival of Everest, 1818-9 
Everest's .First Task, 1819-20 
Advance to Berar, 1821-2 
Everest's Western Branch, 1822-3 .. 
Passing of Larabton, 1823 
Computations & Reports 

Chapter XVII 
Great Trigonometrical Survey unher Everest 

Programme . . . . . . " 

The Great Arc, 1823-5 

Technical Details ; Luminous Signals 
Refraction 
Base-Lines 
Horizontal Angles 

Astronomical Observations 

Figure of the Earth 

Computations & Reports 

Instruments 

Chapteb XVIII 
Calcutta Longitudinal Series & Other Tasks 
Calcutta Longitudinal Series, 1825-30 
Dr. Voysey, Geologist to G.T.S., 1818-24 
Other Geological Surveys, 1817-28 
Visual Telegraph, 1817-28 
Natural History 

1 Observations 



Chapter XIX 



Maps & Map Making 
Bengal 
Madras 



General Maps of India 
Atlas of India 



Chapter XX 



Maps ( Continued ) 

Maps published in England 
Record & Issue 



218 
218 
220 



225 
227 

229 
232 



272 
273 



274 
276 
279 
281 



Chapter XX — ( Concld. ) 



Maps ( CowM. ) 
India House 
Projections & Scales 
Orthography 
Engraving & Lithography 

Chapter XXI 
Administration 

Surveyor General of India : Appointments 

Relations with Government . 
Duties 
Revenue Surveyor General 
Superintendent, Trigonometrical Survey 



Chapter XXTI 



Office Establishments 

Calcutta : Assistant Surveyor General 



305 
307 



Revenue Surveyor General 
Madras ; Riddell, 1817-8 

Mountford, 1818-23 

Mountford & Montgomerie, 1823-30 
Bombay 
Great Trigonometrical Survey 

Chapter XXIII 
Surveyors 

Bengal ; Topographical Surveyors 
Revenue Surveyors 
Quartermaster Ceiicrn.1',-; Officers 
Madras ; Military Institution 

Quartermaster General's Officers 
Surveyor; General's Officers 
Trigonometrical Survey 



Uniform 



:U2 
343 
344 



Chapter XXIV 



Pay & Allowances 
Bengal 
Madras 
Bombay 

Great Trigonometrical Survey 
Fioldbooks & Journals . . 



Chapter XXV 



Civil Assistants, Bengal 
Apprentice Surveyors 
Special Engagements 
Nominal Roll 



Chapter XXVI 



Civil Assistants, Madras & Bombay 
Madras 
Great Trigonometrical Survey 



.Nominal Roll ; Madras 
Bombay 



373 
378 
382 
384 



Ch 



XXVII 



Indian Survey Personnel 
Educated Staff : Bengal 
Madras 
Bombay 
Lascars & Followers ; Bengal 

Madras & Bombay 

Great Trigonometrical Survey 



390 
392 



Chapter 
People & Country oe India 



XXVIII 



Care of Health ; South India 

Great Trigonometrical Survey 

Guards & Escorts 

Surveyors & the People ; General . . 

Great Trigonometrical Survey 
Commissariat Agent 
Nizam's Territories . . 

Posts it Communications 



400 

■102 
405 
407 
412 
415 
417 
418 



Addenda & Corrigenda 


Vol. I .. 


V 




Vol. II .. 


V 




Vol. Ill . . 


xvii 


Further Abbreviations 




. . 420 


Biographical Notes 




421 


Index 




. . 517 



Front Cover 

facing Pubn. Imprint 

facing page xxii 



PLATES 

Map of India, British Possessions 1800 

In Pursuit of Pindaris . . 

The Dehra Doon 

Nepal Boundary 

Garhwal & Sirmur 

Sketch of Kumaon 

Upper Brahmaputra 

Country round Moclmyno 

Malwa 

Nagpur Territories 

Madras Military Institution 

Malabar 

Nizam's Dominions 

South Konkan 
. Kos Miliar 
, Baroche Purgunna 
. Great Trigonometrical Survey, Nagpur 
. G.T.S., Nizam's Dominions 

Tail-piece, Surveyor in Uniform 
. Sylhet-Jaintni Frontier. . 
. Valentine Blacker 
. John Anthony He 

William Lambton 
. Colin Mackenzie 
. General Map of Ind 

It has been found better to bind plates 17 and 18 in reverse order. 



164 

no 

260 
236 

345 
420 

4:>4 
425 
472 
473 
Back Cover 



Addenda & Corrigenda, Vol. Ill 



line a, for Walter read William. 

Jir,« 2 i'rnm bottom. r..-/,,j Surkiiod-/ 

noteb', before { Iv } insert T, 

line 10, for over read nearly 

halfway down pn^o. read hordedand as 

line 8 from bnr.tom read Xoiig:i!i!ao. 

line 11 from bottom read Att.avoossv. 

note 10/or 22-4-- 18 read 22-4-10. " 
; line 4, mover-', i to end nf line io follow n 

nntel, for 66 read 16. 
: line 11 from bottom delete no the Cape. 
I lino 14 from bottom for bcao f.ad b-r 
: at end of •■:■<< p?.ra fmra bottom aft, 

mi 

: para (i, read 'hi.hio.iwarru in {>>}■:, vlace'. 

'• at end of 2nd par*, from InUom insert nf, 6 to new 

note to read from Jo f ip, 2o 12-26, BoMC. and" 

renumber ref-, and notes 6 and 7. 

i .note;.:. .-/.■ic.(r r:mi!-ai, i i 

> at end of 5th para, from b^tUmi for 52 read 51. 

t para 6, line *2, between .Puissant (inii Biot. insert 

I seciion BURMA, (*«* 4. for Venio's read Vinee's and 
jitiere/. to new r.oif to r?a.i Samuel Vines ( 1749- 
1821 ), a,iith. of A complete system of Astronomy 






Pago 



■I i'd 



line 3 f;oj.i: bottom read COLABA. 

line 2 from bottom, aq'tinsl Own '''itor re/, to new 
noto, to read Capl,, later Adui., VV. F. W. Owen, 
RN., in ch. of "ill-fated" c-ipn,, "dreadful 
siekiioss and n.jttilitv ". 1S22 0', to svy. S. and 
E. coasts of Africa and shores of Madagascar ; 
Eiridlay ( 38-S, 316-7 ). 

n,2, and 254 Lin? lii, read Gawilgarh. 

at end oi~3n.l para, after feverish add [404 ]. 

note fi, Dang or -heli.:, omit hyphen 

line 3, re-ad perse vera nee 

■in-ii-r VWA.OW-. ii-n-. hi, sv.i-i f.'.LS' : wwi i italics 

.-■kw i,H Mn , 7 or iT<'5 .-fad 1793 

n«to HODGSOX, a: ■)■:■■!>■ Hue 2. h<*->ri Be;;. Int. 

under HYDE, Mtsert »* -'i« .'i, MI. S. Park St. 

rtMLS. Park St. oem. 



IllldBl- JACKCjOS, i' !'!!■" <'J,w. 

463 note 1, read 10 Gat. italics. 

464 line 10 from bottom, delete ref 

465 cot. 2, line 27 from bottom, for ed. at read from 
4G7 note 9, for IOR. read I. OS. . 

473 note 1, lino ?,,eh':nae .•■■/;/.'■? mm>™ fV/jrs bamsit-r 
4SB wider MALCOLM, line S, inside hrncb^h; before 

443, insert 7J, 
508 under Van liJin.'fTUVHE.X, line 9, read Mary 



References to MS. Records & other Abbreviations 



a go. 

B JC. 

KM" Arl.iUl- 

BMC. 

B Pol C. 

BRC. 

BlteM 

BSAL. 

BSC. 



M. 



Madra 



Man 









C .IS O. 

Old PP. 
Cert. 

CI i Sec. 

Coi.l/r/g/'i 

Com/Corr. 

Comu/r. 

ODn. 

DGOS. 

BLE. 

DSG. 
Dep. 
Dept. 
Diet. 



Aide-de-Camp 

Adjutant General 

Agent Id Governor General 

Assistant Surveyor General 

Bengal Letter to Court of 1 Jirectors 

Bengal Civil Service 

Bengal General Cuiisiilta-ti'jns 

l.iengal General Order 

Benpai Judicial Consultations 

British Un,'(.'u!!i, Additional Ma im script 

* J .sris;i-l Militarv delimitations 

Bengal Polhi.cai Consultations 

Bengal Revenue Consultation; 

Bengal Board of Revenue 

Bengal Service Army Lists, MS. ; C R 0. 

I.'-:.-;! Seorol Ooosh] tattoos 

I'.erigal Territorial CoriiulUulons 
Board 
:. Bc:igal:i:oe:e*ii>=tica.l/VVilIs/(.: RO. 
fill 'graph /ical/y 
Bombay 

Bombay Letter to Court of Directors 
Bombay Civil Service 
Bombay General Orders 
Bombay Judicial Consultations 
Bombay Mditnrv Consultation , 
Hombay Political Consultation-. 
Bombay Revenue Cousnh;; tioos 
Bombay Secret Consultation* 
Horn bay Survey Correspond! 
British, Association 
Com man dcr-in- Chief 
Court Despatch to Bengal/B 
Court Misecllanios, C R 0. 
Central India 
Chief Justice 
Centra; Provinces 
Comtnon'.voA- i.fi [illations Onioe 
Cadet Papers 
Certificate 
Chief Secretary 
Collect/ or/ing/ion 
Co m mitteo .'o f Correapon donee 
Cornmission/er 

Dehra Dun/Survey Records, now at NAI. 
Director General, Ordnance Survey 
Director of Land Records, ftWi IScmcvl 

( Records now at NAI. ) 
Deputy Surveyor General 
Deputy 
Department 
District 
Division 
East 

East India/Co mpany/House 
and following 
Executive Engineer 
exhibit No. 
Pieldbook 
Finance 
Port William 
. Geodetic I Iran eh /Computing Oliico/ 

Library /Dehra Dun. 
Governor General/in Council 
General 0rder3 

Great Trigonometrical Survey 
Govern/ov/m-ent 
House of Commons I'.epjrts Committee, 

1831-2 ; Vol. IX j 254 et scq ) ; PRO. I 

Dates : 22nd August 1817 or 22-8-17. Editorial Insertion : [ ... J. 

\ amber of page, consultation, or paragraph : ( 286 ). 

Reference to pas.'e. ; elate of this volume |_ *?•<> i" pi. 8 ] : of earlier volume [ II, 286 ]. 
Reference to Survey of India Map : 72 L/12 : v. Key, vol. II, pi. 24. 
FURTHER ABBREVIATIONS; Page 420 



I l.iniia'i'' Basi Endia Company 

His Majesty's Ship/Home Misc. Series, 

CRO. 
India Office ( Maps or Records ) ; now CRO. 



Advocate General 

1,1 Department 

sip* biography of Geo. Everee 

on, Lancelot Podding Everest 



• or Journals, Survey of India 

Civil Service 
Madras General Orders 
Alad-a-. .Milila.rv Consultations 
Madra- f-.duc 'Consultations 
Map Record & Issue Office, Survey of India 
Madras Record Office 
Maulras Revenue Selections 



ard of Revenue 



At 


NAI. 


National Archives of India, New Delhi 




NWP. 


- Xorth West. Provinces of Bengal 




PRO. 


. Public Record Office, London 


bay /Madras 


PRIO. 


. Persona! Records, I 0. 




PWD. 


. Public Works Department 




passim 


. here and there 




Pol. 


. Political 




Progs. 


. . Proceedings 




Pub/n. 


.. Pit b/lishcu'/.li ;;ntion 




Pres/dt/ey. 


.. Pres.d/eut/cnoy 



»UtQ 



lie;' Revere 1 id 



STS. 



(BKP) 



WP. 



)r General 

Survovor General's OITiec/.S: 
Surrey of India 
Society fc ■- 
Lond, 



y Bills 
of the Gospel, 

perir.tcndenl , Tr.igouomel rival Survey 



Secretary 

thus ; as printed 

Great Trigonometrical Survey ; Ms. Profesi 
ional Report/Tower Station 

Territorial 

■Upper; Lb, Bed .'Provinces, Bengal 



Wester 



R-RT'UUTSNCF.S TO PUBLICATIONS 



The Imperial Gazetteer of India, contents excellent historical accounts of the provinces, 
districts, and cities of India, scattered through its 26 volumes, with a general historical summary 
in volume II. For other books of interest see volumes I and II of this series. 



As See J. 

Attic Tables 



at Army Lists (periodicals ). 

,j, m itriiitfi Memoir of 'he bit*, David Scott, by Adam 

AdaM Whh.o. o.-l. l.v Co!. Archibald Wat.oiu 

Calcutta. 1832. 
Alexander Travels from India to England. J. E. 

Alexander. London. 1827. 
A&NMag. Army * Navg Magazine, (periodical). 

London. 
Annates dc Chhnic Annole* de. Chimic <:!■ de f'hysiqtu ( periodi- 
cal). Paris. 
Anne Deane Tout thorough the Upper Province' of 

Biwdostan , ■ - ■ hetucce n . . . 1 SO 4 asu.1 1S14. 
Anne Deane. London, ISiia. 
AS B Cent Rev. ! 'entsn;*., itevi-.-c of tin-. Asi'dic Society of 

Bengal. Calcutta, 1885. 
jis A R. Asiatic Annual- [tighter (periodical). 

iiondoo. 
As J.jAs Int. Asiatic Journal; Asiatic I rdetligenee ( periodi- 

cal ). London. 
Asiatic It.':--. ..■.-.■■■'.'".■ i ..'■'-i.'di: i.",)- Calcutta. 
Journal of the Asiatic Society of London 

( periodical 1 ; later Royal. 
Departmental Auxiliary Tables. Radhanath. 
Hick d ha;-, Bucvev of India, lat edn. 
DeliraDun. 1851. 
BSS. Selection of Papers from the Records at the. 

East Indi:i. f'toa-o relating to Reeeonte, ... 
Bengal. Vol. I, 132'); 1H. LS2f>, etu., 
London. 
B Dir <L- G/AjR. Bengal. Directory * General': Annual-Register 
( periodical). Calcutta. 
Bengal Atmana-c ,i: Annual Register ( periodi- 
cal,!. Calcutta. 
Bengal Directory { periodical ). Calcutta. 
Bengal Dress Regulations. Calcutta, 1823. 
pi.ukidieid, Calcutta. 
Bengal. Obamarg. Holmes & Uu., C:iieii:.i,a. 

1851. 
Bengal Past & Present ( p:.ir:io,hcal ;. 
Calcutta. 
Regr. A Register of li 

dency Surveg Committee, _ v-.oo '■ ' ■•'■■ -.\ u - 
1838. Sum ■'■■■■ i tary S ,—;■■-. OaW*&. 
1842. 
Ben 3d. Guilds Selection > from Records of the Bengal Govern- 

meiil ( cn: l : i |,siijual j. Canals. 
BSmyan Anglo- A ■■■■■:■,■■ ■ ■ B, lotions, 1771-1826. S.K. 

Bhuyau. Gan ha;]. 1350. 
Blacker Memoir of the Operations of the British 

A- --.rati:'. War of It IT, 

1818, and. !SI!f, by LI.- Q.LOnel Vafeilir-; 
Blacker, ... -QMC." of the Madras Army. 
•2 vols. Kiiiasijiu-y, Parburv & Allan, 
London. 1821. 
Blagder, Catalog.,- „f MSS... India Office. Vol. 1. 

The Mackenzie Collection*. C. 0. Blag- 
den. London. 1916, 
Blcchynden '■'<.' ,■'-,■.■ ,<■■.■ Pod ..:.■ i/r. -■ .■,■*. Kal-i lueii HJ.'L-liyri ■ 

den. London, 1905. 
Blunt Listof Inscrinlion'. on Chriiti'tn- Tombs tfc 

Tablets. ..in the IJ.P. by B.A.H. Blunt. 
Allahabad, 1811. 
B M. Kegs. A Code of the. Bengal Military R,:ej.:d-/ions. 

2yola. Calcutta. 1817. 
Bo Gal & Aim. Bombay Calendar A- Almanac ( periodical j. 
Bo Gas. Gazetteer of ih'- Borabag Presidency. Bom- 

bay. 1877. 



nAIt. 



Ben Dress Regs. 
Ben Harkaru 
Ben Ob. 



BoGeo&oeJJjP. Bombay Ge.cg<-api;ic-i.l Society! Journal; Pro- 
ceedings j periodicals j. 
BoQy Eev. Bombay Quarterly Review i periodical). 

BoSd. Selection'; from Hi.nihay Government Records 

Bo Times Gal ,b Bombay Times Calendar & Directory 

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li-Til.li'JiRE^CES TO I'lJULICATIOSS 



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Surveyed by Alexander Gerard. 1818. for Board of Com- 
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Names and site*, Mussonvii') and Laruiour, inserted much 
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^■MiM&Ss? 



'] DehraDoon ,/&. 







GENERAL NARRATIVE 

Notable. Even-It, — Bengal — Madras — Bombay — Revenue Surveys — Great Trigo- 
nometrical Survey. 

mHIS volume extends from May 1815 when Colin Mackenzie was appointed 
I Surveyor General of India, to October 1830 when George Everest took over 
as both Surveyor General and Superintendent of the Great Trigonometrical 
Survey. 

During this period the map of India was considerably changed by military and 
political events. The incessant agression of pmdfin marauders from Malwa and 
Bundelkhand as far as Guntur called for military action in 1816, and led to the 
Maratha war of 1817-8 and the downfall of the Peshwa of Poona and Appoo of 
Nagpur. Persistent encroachments by the Burmese led to the war of 1824-6, the 
British occupation of Assam, alliance with Manipur, and the surrender by the King 
of Ava of Arakan, Martaban, Tavoy, and Tenasserim. 

Wide tracts were thus opened for the advancement of geography. The close 
of the Nepal War in 1816 led to firm and lasting friendship with the Gurkhas, and 
their withdrawal to the east of the Kali River gave a glorious opportunity for ex- 
ploring the sources of the rivers and fixing the he.igl.d-, of the snow peaks. 

With the final passing of the Maratha Confederacy, and the establishment 
of treaties with princes and chiefs who had remained friendly during the war, 
surveyors could now work freely through the jnngles of central India, and the 
uplands of the western Deccan and Mahva. Under the lead of Elpbinstone and 
Malcolm the Bombay Government became definitely map-minded. 

The campaign in the Assam valley provoked a keen search for the source of the 
Brahmaputra, which produced strong evidence that it came from the Tsangpo of 
Tibet. Surveyors penetrated through Cachar and Manipur to Ava on the Irra- 
waddy, whilst the advance of the main army from Rangoon allowed a careful 
survey of the river, though it was never safe for surveyors to stray far afield. 
More was accomplished round Amherst and Moulmein where the country remained 
undisturbed by the war. 

But work was not confined to the exploration of new territories. Madras 
surveys were reorganised by Mackenzie under three main parties, one for Travancoro 
and the south peninsula, a second for the Nizam's territories, and a third for the 
Northern Circars. 

Revenue surveys started in Bombay before 1812 were extended into Gujarat, 
and a large staff of revenue surveyors was employed in Bengal and the Upper 
Provinces, where it was eventually decided to make no further extension of perma- 
nent settlement. 

From 1st January 1818 Lambton's trigonometrical survey, now reaching beyond 
the -limits of the Madras Presidency, was transferred to the control of the supreme 
government, and designated The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India. At the 
same time, Lambton, who was now over 60 years of age, was given two assistants, 
Henry Yoysey as surgeon and geologist, and George Everest as surveyor. After the 
close of the Maratha war, he carried his central arc northwards into Berar but 
died on his way to Nagpur early in 1823. Everest continued , the Great Arc of 
triangulation across the Narbada to Sironj, but was so crippled by fever that he had 
to take leave to England in 1825, and did not return till five years later. 



General Narrative 



In 1822 the Directors decided to start an Atlas of India to cover the whole 
country on the quarter-inch scale, and called on the Surveyor General to send 
home reductions from all surveys considered lit for incorporation. The sheets were 
engraved in London as material became available, and formed the standard map 
of India for the next eighty years. 

The surveys lust two great men by the deaths of Colin Mackenzie and William 
Lambton. Of their successors, Hodgson was an experienced surveyor who gave a 
good start to the revenue surveys of the Upper Provinces. Valentine Blacker had 
much to do with maps as Quartermaster General of the Madras Army, and during 
his short time as Surveyor General established the Great Trigonometrical Survey as 
the only sure foundation for future surveys and the new atlas. George 
was to prove a worthy successor to Lambton. 



i;E_\ : GAi. 



The survey of the Himalayan tracts evacuated by the Gurkhas was put in 
hand before the end of 1815, a few months before the signing of the final treaty of 
peace in March 1816. 

Hodgson left Saharanpur with three assistants and finding no suitable 
site for the measurement of a base-line based bis triangles on astronomical 
observations. He started by a general recon n ai s sa n ee uf the hills, through Sirrnur, 
Sabathu, and Simla, to Kotgarh hi the Sutlej valley. Fixing the position of 
prominent peaks, he returned over the high passes into the Tons basin and back 
to Sirmur, where tie made the Ohaur peak his principal station of observation. 
His assistants who had started detail survey nil resigned during the year as they 
found their small allowances did not nearly meet their high expenses. 

During the whiter he moved down to the plains, established a station at 
Saharanpur, and then worked eastward through Ko.hilklia.nd to .Bareilly, fixing his 
positions from the snow peaks already cut in, and sketching as much of the hills as 
he could see. Early in 1817 he met Webb who bad started an independent survey 
of the Kumaun hills. During the spring months he worked up to Jamnotri to locate 
the source of the Jumna, and then crossed over to the Bliagk-athi to Gangotri, 
the reputed source of the Ganges, being joined on his way by James Herbert, 
his new assistant. 

They both got away to military duty for a few months at the end of 1817, but 
on his return Hodgson found himself too unwell to take an active part in the 
survey, and left most of the observations to Herbert. He resigned in October 
1818 and, having convinced himself that astronomical observations alone did not 
prove a satisfactory basis for his triangles, left Herbert to measure a proper base- 
line on the ground. 

Herbert devoted the cold weather of 1818-9 to the measurement of this base- 
line, and, after connecting it with, the tri angulation, found satisfactory results at 
last. He spent the rains of 1819 at tiro pleasant hill station of Kotgarh, fifty miles 
north-east of Simla, and the next three months in the upper Sutlej valley beyond. 
He %vas later joined by Thomas Oliver and on his transfer to Calcutta left him 
to complete the work by Jtme 1822. 

Webb completed his survey of Kumaun towards the end of 1821. His first 
reports on the height* of the snow [leaks, which included those of Nanda Devi and 
the western giants of Nepal, created a sensation and some scepticism in 
Europe, but his critics were satisfied on the publication of professional details. 

During the struggle against /.lindarL? and Marathas most of the survey in 
the Bengal Presidency outside the Himalayan area was concerned with revenue 
■a-dministration, the settlement of boundaries, or the construction of roads. Revenue 
surveys became of increasing importance, and by IS±2 had been started seriously 
in Sylhet, the Sundarbans. and the Upper Provinces. 



Bengal 3 

In 1824 the outbreak of war against Burma diverted most of the revenue 
surveyors to the exploration of debar, Assam. Arakan and Burma, in support of 
the troops. Pemberton was the leading surveyor on the Caehar front, and he soon 
pushed forward into Manipur, where he continued for several years hi a semi -political 
capacity, surveying the frontier with Burma, and running a line down to Ava. 

Bedford, Wilcox and Burlton did most of the survey up the Brahmaputra, 
reaching Pasighat on the Diiiaug, and the Brahmalm nd. fifty miles east of Sadiya. 
On Bedford's withdrawal in September 1826, Wilcox was specially commissioned to 
discover the source of the Brahmaputra. Abor tribesmen stopped bis journey up 
the Dikang, but he satisfied hiimv.-lf by several measure snout.; that tile Brahmaputra 
derived the great volume of its water through the Dihang which appeared to flow 
directly from Tibet. After several journeys into the Mishroi Hills, he and Burlton 
travelled eastward into Burma, and in May 1827 reached the western branch of 
the In-awaddy near Putao, or Fort Hertz. The small flow of water in this branch 
gave strong evidence against the suggestion that the Tsangpo of Tibet made one with 
the River of Ava. Both surveyors were laid up with fever for several months after 
■Ehis adventurous journey, and Wilcox then withdrew to Calcutta to work up his maps. 
Very little work could be done by the surveyors in Arakan owing to the ravages 
of" fever, difficulties of communication and transport, and the impossibility of 
working without escorts. 

The most valuable work in Burma was done by Peter Grant, who had just 
returned from leave to the Cape, where he had spent most of his time with the 
Astronomer Royal. He landed at Rangoon in July 1825, armed with first-class 
instruments, and took observations tor latitude and longitude at Rangoon, 
Prome, and other places up the Irrawaddy, whilst his assistants made detailed 
surveys. After the campaign was over Browne and Trant made independent 
surveys across the Arakan Yoina to the west coast. 

After the signing of peace in February 1820, Grant moved to Moulmein, where 
he took more astronomical observations. He made three short trips up the Salween 
and surveyed the rivers of Amherst to the Siam border. By the end of 1827 
he was saturated with malaria, and had to withdraw to Calcutta. He hoped to 
regain health by a sea voyage but died at sea in April 1828. 

The close of the Maratha War left the southern and western frontiers open for 
further surveys. During the long minority of the young chief of Nagpnr, the Resi- 
dent took the opportunity to have a good one-inch survey made of the greater- 
part of the country, that was carried through between 1823 and 1.830 without 
reference to the Surveyor General. The Quartermaster General maintained a 
number of surveyors rated as a.q.m.g.'s, who extended military surveys into 
the sparsely habited territories of Nagpur, .Malwa and Rajputana. 

Of the surveys controlled by the Surveyor General, Franklin carried on in 
Bundelkhand intermittently till 1820. Under Hodgson's direction Johnston 
completed the survey of Bhopal between 1819 and 1823, and Alexander Gerard 
spent two seasons from 1822, and a short one in 1827, surveying further north, 
towards Nimach and Jaipur. In 1828, a more extensive survey was started 
by Boileau from Allahabad ; he ran traverse through Cawnpore to Delhi and 
Agra, incidentally correcting an error in the longitude of Cawnpore which had 
persisted since that fixed by Reuben Burrow. He then worked westwards 
towards Bharatpur, whose chief had at last submitted to British arms. In plan- 
ning these surveys, Hodgson aimed at a system of co-ordinated and intersecting 
traverse lines, controlled by regular astronomic! 1 observations; continuous triangu- 
lation was oat of the question. 



Mackenzie's appointment as Surveyor General of India found him just returned 
to Madras after four years absence in Java and Bengal. He applied himself at 



* General Narrative 

once to the reorganization of the Madras Burseys on "one uniform system", follow- 
ing the principles he had worked out in Mysore and the Ceded Districts. 

He planned four field parties which were later reduced to three, each under an 
experienced military surveyor, and each with, a number of country-bom assistants, 
and a writer or interpreter. Surrey was to be based on Lambton's triangles where 
available, but elsewhere the party was to measure its own base-lines. Lesser 
triangles were to be observed as a rule by the military surveyor in charge, 
and the detail filled in by theodolite traverse or plane-table. Survey was on the 
one-inch scale, each party reducing its own work to the quarter-inch scale 
season by season. Assistants were found for these new parties bv closing down 
the separate district surveys. 

The party which had just completed the survey of Sonda under Garling was 
now moved to Coorg under Conner. Garlins raised a new party for the Nizam's 
territories, and Ward a third for Travancore. There was some delay in forming the 
fourth party intended for the Northern CireSrs. A start was made at the end of 
1S15 by sending a. small detachment north of the Kistna, whilst Moimtford took 
another to Guntur, which had been left unfinished by the closing of the Military 
Institution, Mountford had to be withdrawn to take" over the Madras office, and 
it was not till 1820 that an officer was found to extend survev north of the 
Godfivari, beyond the last of Lambton's triangles. 

Survey was to cover all detail required for military and civil needs, with a 
Statistical and descriptive memoir of the country. Mackenzie insisted uu steady 
progress Strictly according to programme. All parties were to be under the 
control of his representative at the Presidency. 

Mackenzie was so engrossed with this work at Madras that he did not move to 
Calcutta till July 1817. He left Kiddell in charge, with a small drawing section 
that was fully occupied in maintaining records, copying maps for the Court of 
Directors, and subject to the Surveyor General's approval compiling any Special 
maps the local Government might call for. He kept a tight control from 
Calcutta, and exchanged letters with Eiddell at least once a week. On Riddell's 
death in 1818, Moimtford was brought in from Guntur, and the post was up-graded 
to Deputy Surveyor General in 1823. Mountford died in 1824. and was succeeded 
by Duncan Montgomerie. Both officers were good administrators, and did much 
to maintain a high standard of survey and mapping, even though thev were 
never able to inspect the units in the field. 

Ward set out from Madras in July 1816 and, picking up the assistant surveyors 
m Dmdigul, started them on work in Travancore, where the country was mount- 
ainous, heavily wooded, and full of fever. He was joined early in 1818 by Connor's 
party from Coorg. and between them the Travancore survey was completed bv 
the end of 1820. Ward then finished oFf the Diudignl survev. and moved to 
Comibatore to survey the NTlgiri Hills, for now that their healthy climate was 
appreciated there was an urgent call for maps. Ward completed his survey with 
heights of the plateau and its peaks by the end of 1 823, and then moved down to 
Malabar. 

He was now so saturated with fever that he had to take leave to the Cape 
leaving two trusted assistants to canyon. .Little progress was made in his absence' 
however, as both Keyes and MaeMahon Mere continually sick, and Keyes died' 
the following year. Ward returned at the end of 1825, "a new man with a- wife 
to look after him, and the survey went steadily forward till, early in 1830, 
Malabar was completed, together with the Wynad, and sound connection made 
with all adjacent surveys. Ward was a fine topographical surveyor, and his 
survey of these heavily wooded, intricate, and fever-ridden hills of the south-west 
peninsula was a magnificent piece of work. 

Lambton had taken his triangles into the Nizam's south-eastern territories during 
1815, and it was convenient therefore that Garling should start his topographical 



survey m 



the ftaichur Circar, hi the Tu.ngfibhadra----Klstini >J(m!j. He started work 



,o Julv 1SI6 with three assistants, completing Raichur by the end of 1817 and then 
moving northwards. Being a master triangulator after Lambton's own heart, he 
pushed his triangles beyond the western frontiers, and fixed the positions of the 
famous ruins of Bijapur, finding his work greatly appreciated by the Bombay 
surveyor's working from Poona. His enterprise was rebuked by Mackenzie, who 
insisted that he had no right to exceed his instructions which confined him to the 
Nizam's dominions. 

Survey was much interrupted by sickness, and the party had to retreat, to 
Bellarv each year for the rains. One of the assistants died in 1819, and Curling 
himself died the following year. Conner came up from Travancore, but died within 
a month of reaching Hyderabad. Robert Young took charge in December 1821, but 
after two field seasons he also succumbed, and died in July 1823. Under Crisp, 
another officer of the Military Institution, work proceeded steadily south of Hyder- 
abad till, in 1825, the Surveyor General ordered the suspension of the survey so 
that its records could be brought up-to-date and re-arranged by administrative 
circars, Crisp and one assistant moving to Calcutta for the purpose. The party 
reassembled again for field work in January 1827, but shortly after Crisp handed 
over to J. T. Webb. Webb took sick leave to England in 1829, and left the party 
to Henry Morland, in whose capable hands it continued, off and on, for nearly 
twenty years. 

The survey of the Northern Circars was long overdue and except for the fertile 
coastal fringe the country was practically unknown, as there had been none of the 
military activity that had opened up other parts of the peninsula. Mackenzie had 
hoped that Lambton would be able to provide the necessary tti angulation, but 
his main central arc had prior claim. 

After a start had been made by a party of assistants north of the Kistna, 
Richard Hodges took charge early in 1820 and measured a base-line near Ellore, 
but died shortly after. Snell, who took over in November' 1*20, held on for nearly 
15 years, and "carried triang illation and detail surrey right through to Ganjam. 
He had many casualties among his assistants owing to the pestilential character 
of the fever-ridden jungles, but he nursed the party through. Montgomerie was 
frequently roused to fury by the slow progress made, and was convinced that Snell 
was a shirker, but though wide gaps were left along the western borders they 
were not of much political or military interest and reliable maps were produced 
of the greater part of the country. 



Bombay* 



At the outbreak of the pindon-Maratha wars of 1816 to 1818, the energies of 
the Bombay surveyors were mainly directed to large-scale revenue surveys. 
Williams, whose office as Surveyor General had been abolished in 1815, continued 
in charge of the revenue survey of Broach, and as senior surveyor held charge of 
all mapping, and continued to advise Government on survey matters till he retired 
in 1821. 

During the war a number of officers were employed on military surveys of roads 
and communications, which under the enthusiam of Malcolm and Blacker were 
compiled into valuable maps of Malwa and the Deccan. Soon after peace was 
signed Elphinstone. now Commissioner at Poona, called for a regular survey of 
the Deccan, which was started by James Sutherland in 1818 with three or four 
Bombay officer assistants and another three lent from Madras. Triangulation was 
extended by Jopp from the south, starting from bases provided by Garling. An 
independent survey of the Southern Konkan was started in 1822 by Thomas Jervis, 
who measured his own base-lines as well as connecting to the triangulation of 
Oarling and Everest. 



(} General Narrative 

There were many changes amongst the officers of the Deccan survey, but work 
proceeded steadily "till, with the Konkan survey, it was closed down in 1830. 
Sutherland was appointed Assistant Surveyor General in 1 S22 and promoted to 
Deputy the following year. On his departure to Europe in 1826 he handed over 
to Jopp, who held the post for the next seven years. 

Neither the Itecean nor the Konkan survey was of very high standard, and 
hoth lacked the accurate control that would have been given had Everest's longitud- 
inal branch of triangles been continued to Bombay. In 1827 Jopp obtained the 
Surveyor General's support for a trigonometrical survey on scientific lines, and 
Robert Shortiede, famous later for his logarithm tables, started trrangulation 
from a base measured just above Khandala Ghat on the Bombay-Poona road. 
His work was not, however, in any way comparable with that of the Great Trigono- 
metrical Survey, and was stopped by Everest's orders in 1834. 



Revfvnue Surveys 

The East India Company was a commercial concern, and the Directors were 
immediately interested in their trading profits, and in drawing a substantial and 
regular income from their cultivated lands. They fully realised that a contented 
and hard-working peasantry was essential to the collection of land revenue, but 
their officers experienced great difficulty in making equitable assessments. The 
various indigenous systems of land measurement and valuation of crops were simple 
and cheap, but had no pretensions to accuracy, and were liable to the grossest forms 
of corruption and injustice. ■ 

After various experiments in Bengal, the permanent settlement of 1|93 had 
been introduced with the object of avoiding future difficulties. The aamtndars, 
or landholders in possession, were to pay a fixed sum every year, based on the 
estimated assessment of their holdings in 1793, and Government renounced ah 
further claims on the value of the crops. The drawbacks oi the scheme were 
innumerable, for no provision was made for future changes of ownership, or the 
subdivision of holdings. There was no record of the precise limits of the lands 
covered by the settlement, and no provision for the assessment and collection of 
revenue in areas not so covered. 

In Madras settlements of revenue were made district by district according to 
local circumstances. In most cases there was no regular land measurement, but 
assessments were made from old records and continued indefinitely. Alexander 
Bead in Salem, and Thomas Munro in the Ceded Disl nets, bad made important 
surveys with local Indian staff, and had introduced a trustworthy system by which 
a fair' assessment was spread over the cultivators of those districts. 

The rich lands of Bombav and Saisette blends were subjected lo a meticulous 
survey under Thomas Dickinson and his military assistants. Dickinson not 
only made detailed measurements with high technical skill, but also classrfied the 
soils and crops, and assessed the revenue to be paid on each holding. The survey 
was commenced in 1811 and not completed till 1827. . 

The survey of Broach by Williams and five or six military assistants, though 
not on such a large scale, was nearly as elaborate. After the experimental survey 
of one village in 1812, the survey of three parga/w* was completed by 1817, and 
then extended throughout Gujarat. Cmikshank, who took over from Williams 
closed down field survey in 1827, but did not complete his maps and reports till 
two years later. The Directors were greatly pleased to get the detailed information 
provided by these surveys, but they were expensive an] elaborate, and but little, 
r ,, „.t i ; _l_:„i „ce^.^ TO t, n nwt.uvr! lobi.se their revenue assessments and 



used by the tlistrict officers, who preferred to base tlreir revenue a 
collections on the ancient customs of the country. 

Less elaborate surveys were started in the Deocan, somewhat on the hues of 
Munro's survey of the Ceded Districts, but were in some instances unsatisfactory 



Revenue Surveys 



7 



,™„ to the tarn rate of HB.eB.ment. The most valuable was that made of Satiira 
hnolmsbS extended effort, made under Robert Pringle, a Bombay eivdian 

™ tta ,',.>,„. l -t of continued eiiUcism and discussion and eventually led to the 
vatoble system worked out by Wingate, and followed by the Bombay h»i««J 

'"The moeff^oSnt of the early surveys in Bengal following the permanent 
settlement were those of the Smrdarb.ns and of S, lhef . Kecl.mation of the Sundar- 
to wS i lad been abandoned soon after the death of Hencke 1, became a matter 
r Z .interest after i SOT and was mahdv effected by cultivator., who washed to 
&TirTerdTwrthont'inerea«e of taxation As ,11 land that had not b«r, 
S t,vated n 1793 was held to belong to Government, the first requisite was . survey 
SrSmiS between cultivation and waste land, and this was the mam purpose 
of the survey started by William Morrieson in 1811, and extended by Ins toother 
Hmrh till the breakdown of his health m 1818. 

In 181 8 a Commissioner was appointed to ascertain how far the *,m>«to. had 
encroached beyond thei, permanently settled estates, to — « such encroachments 
on Xlf Of Oovernrnent, and to settle the terms of redistribute. In 1 821 Thomas 
KtSp was appointed surveyor to the Sunderbans Commission and survey 
2Sed contnmously for the next ten years, Frtasep being succeeded in tarn by 
SS and Hodges. It was during this survey that the Sunderbans lands were 
Stated under the serial lot numbers by which they are st, 11 known. The 
SyS confined himself to natural features only, the khah or creeks which formed 
the ?oi limits; he was not concerned with measurement of fields or assessment of 

'"OX 2 100 square miles of Sylhet district came under the permanent settlement, 
the remainder over ii.ofio square miles, being at that tune uncultivated and the 
property of Government. There had since been much extension of cultivation, 
and So,t° wore Inst made to measure this by the doubtful agency of avun. In 
S the Commissioner obtained the services of Thomas m 8 her to control these 
S by a master survey of blocks and estates. Fisher continued thissurvey until 
m though interrupted for two seasons by the Burmese war His accurate 
!Sv of the outer limits of his blocks proved a great stimulus to the accuracy 
§§he Zins and produced valuable results without the excessive expense incurred 

fa fe' leig d^S'whSSTpernaanent settlement should he applied to the. 
districts of the s,,-e., lied- cJed and Conquered Piovinces, taken over by the Company 
betaeen 1801 and 1 sue. The Directors were most reluctant to make any settlement 
Sou" a better knowledge of the resources. They were much impressed by the 
reshlts of Monro's snrvey of the Ceded Districts, and still more so by Williams 
r„,ve, of Broach, and they strongly advocated the adoption of thorough surveys of 
this nature both in Madras and lh.= Upper Ihevmoes of Bengal. The Bengal Govern- 
ment was alarmed at the probable expense and very heavy nature of the work, 
arrf referred the question to the Surveyor Genera . Mackenzie was, however 
far too cautious to express any definite opinion, and indeed he was not suffic entry 
aooSinted with Bengal conditions, or the problems involved to formulate re- 
Sunendationa on tlj subjeet. His health was failing, and he had lost Ins vigour 
After his death in 1821 Hodgson took up the question with enthusiasm, and 
with his co-operation Government issued instructions laying .... the general 
principles that should guide the conduct of revenue surveys m the upper provinces, 
and the extent to which they should be used by the district revenue staff. 

Durin« IS-'" four separate surveys were started in Gnrakhpnr, Kotulkhand and 
Delhi; each under charge of a military surveyor, who had a military assistant, 
three or four count, v-bom assistants, and the same number of a.mnt. Itach party 
was responsible for a professional, or European, survey, entailing a base-measure- 
ment, with triangulation and traverse, and survey of mam topograplncal features 
B , administrative and village boundaries. The surveyor ,n charge was not 



| 



8 General Narrative 

responsible for measurement oJ' fields, or valuation of soil or crops, as in Bombay, 
these being left to the district officers and their Indian staff. Village maps were 
on the scale of eight inches to a mile, and areas of cultivated and waste land were 
calculated separately. The task was colossal and, : 
produce good work, progress was desperately slow 



The surveys came directly under the orders of the Surveyor General until Blacker 
took over from Hodgson in October 1823. Hodgson was then appointed Revenue 
Surveyor General, making his headquarters at fafehgarh where he was alongside 
the Commissioners for whom the work was being carrier! out. On the outbreak 
of the Burmese war all the surveyors except those of Delhi were called off for survey 
with the armies, most of them drifting back to the revenue surveys before the end 
of 1828. On Blaeker's death Hodgson resumed office as Surveyor General, and 
continued to administer the revenue surveys until Herbert look them over on his 
leaving India. By 1830 the number of parties in the Upper Provinces had in- 
creased to five, with a total of 6 military officers, and 25 civil assistants. 

Government, as well as the civil revenue officers, fully recognized the great 
value of the survey, but were impatient at the deliberate, precise, methods 
followed by the surveyors. Anxious to get sufficiently reliable surveys at a 
much faster rate of progress and at lower cost, the Governor General, Lord William 
Bentinck, summoned a conference of revenue officers and surveyors at Allahabad in 
1833, which led to a considerable increase of outturn. 



Great Teigonometrtcal Survey 

By 1815 Lambton, being in at least his (>0th year, had completed his triangula- 
tion. south of parallel 16°, and carried Ins central arc up to Bldar in latitude 18°. 

For the next six years he occupied himself at Hyderabad with reports and 
computations. On the basis of his great arc along ten degrees of meridian, and of 
French and British measures, ho worked out fresh values for the figure of the 
earth, and with these recomputed his work, not only once, hut twice. 

Field work was carried on intermittently by his assistants, though precautions 
had to he taken on account of the war. In addition to extending the great arc 
northwards to the Godava.ri during 1817, Do Penning spent several months of 1818 
on secondary connections to the south. 

When Everest joined at the end of the year he was, after a few months training, 
■deputed to run triangles north and south between the Kistna and Godavari rivers 
to the east of Hyderabad. Work lay through difficult hilly country, covered with 
dense forest. Following Lambton's regular procedure he took the field during the 
height of the rainy season, in order to take advantage of the clear visibility, and 
he and his men were overwhelmed by malaria.. After a second attempt he was 
compelled in 1S20 to take long leave to the Cape. 

During bis absence, tri angulation of the south-east area of the XizJHin's territories 
was completed under De Penning, and in the rains of 1821 Lambton moved out 
to extend the great arc to Berar. De Penning took the triangulation to within 60 
miles of Elhchpur, but then had to break oD ? as his whole party was crippled with 
fever. With Voysey's help Lambton measured a base at Takarkhera, and made the 
necessary astronomical observations, though he was no longer capable of accurate 
work or prolonged exertion. 

Everest rejoined from leave just as Lambton was packing up for his return to 
Hyderabad, and in October 1S22 was given an independent task, to run a chain of 
triangles westwards towards Poena and Bombay, whilst. "Lambton closed down his 
■establishment at Hyderabad, and set out, sick but determined, on the long march to 
Xagpur where he proposed to set up headquarters for his work to the north. The 
journey was too much for him ; he was nearly 70 years of age, and was in an 



Great TRiGOS'o\reTii.i:oAi, Survey 



5> 



advanced stage of consumption. He died on -Oth January 1823, at Hinganghat, 
about 50 miles short of Nagpur. 

Everest broke off Iris triangu lation just short of Sholapur, and returned to 
Hyderabad to assume charge and to follow out Lambton's programme irr carry- 
ing the great arc northwards towards Agra. During Ins independent operations 
he had worked out several improvements in technique and procedure. He had 
discovered and put into practice the great value of night observations to lamps, 
thus taking advantage of the nocturnal increase of vertical refraction. He had 
devised suitable lamps for the purpose, and was now able to avoid the unhealthy 
months of the monsoon. But he had found roi panacea for the vagaries of Indian 
climate and disease, and was struck down with fever just as lie was starting out 
from Hyderabad at the end of the rains of 1823. This fever haunted him on 
and off for the next two years, but he was a man of indomitable will, and did not 
give in until he had carried Ins; triangles to a successful close at Sironj. through 
iore than three degrees of are. Such was his weakness that he had at times 
i be held up to his instruments by two of his men- 
Setting out from Hyderabad in October, he deputed Joseph Olliver to carry 
the triangles northwards from the point where they had broken down two seasons 
earlier, whilst he and Voysey went forward to meet De Penning at Ellichpur. 
Here he accepted l.amhton.'s measurement, of the Takarkhera base, but took parti- 
cular care in connecting it to adjacent stations, and made fresh observations for 
zenith distance. 

He now lost the services of both De Penning and Voysey. De Penning had a 
large family to educate in Madras, and Voysey found his salary insufficient. He 
had done valuable pioneer work as geologist, though Ids researches had not revealed 
any hidden causes of local attraction, the chief purpose for which Lambton required 
bis services. His health had been badly shaken dining his lives years with the 
survey, and he died just before reaching Calcutta after his long march from Berar. 
Left now with but two trained assistants, Olliver and Rossenrode, Everest 
carried his- triangles through the difficult wooded hills and river valleys that Lay 
north of Berar, and reached comparatively open country round Sironj, on parallel 
"a November 1824. Here he spent three months measuring a base and making 
observations. He was now completely worn out and towards the end of 1825 
handed over Olliver and left for England, not to return till October 1830. 

The years he now spent in England were all in the service of the trigonometrical 
survey. The important instruments and equipment with which Lambton had 
started the; survey were damaged and worn — the great three-foot theodolite — the 
zenith sector — the chaius--and he was commissioned to study the latest develop- 
ments in Europe, and purchase for the survey the most up-to-date and suitable 
apparatus that could he obtained. Making contact with the Ordnance Survey of 
Great Britain, besides leading scientists and instrument makers, he fulfilled 
his mission to such good effect tha.t on his return to India he was able to 
reorganize the work of the survey, and bring its operations up to the highest 
standards of accuracy to be found anywhere at, that period. An equally important 
task was the working out and analysis of the results of his observations made 
between 1823 and 1825, and these he published in 1830 under the title An 
Account of the. Jltiuswe-irieni of an arc of the Moidia-if betwx-n Ike Parallels of 20° 3' 
and 24" 7' . 

discussion as how best to employ 
oJBcBE -uit ihly qualified who com 
s to the mountains, as planned, s 
ngitudlnal series of triangles frc 
working with the. best available *.>!■ viewable instrument. 
Olliver completed this by 1.832, working through the difficult, unhealthy, country 
of Biradelkhand, Baghelkhand, and Obota Xagpiir. Coming down to the flat 
plains of Bengal lie was faced by the same problem that Lambton had met on the 



There had be 
absence. There 
the great, are m 
Ollivee should i 



>n thine 
id that 
ileutta, 
IS-inoh theodolite- 



10 General Narrative 

coast of Tan j ore, but without the advantage of high pagodas to give visibility 
above the serried tree-tops. Help was found in the single line of telegraph 
signalling towers that had been recently built between Calcutta and Chunar, 
and these were sup piemen led by specially built lowers such as were later used for 
carrying the great triangles across the Ganges valley. 

Time marches on, and the story of another epoch has been told. 1830 is a 
most important date for the Indian surveys, for it: marts the triumph of Lam'bton's 
great conception, the subordination of all survey work to the one master survey 
'ascertaining the great geographical features of a country upon correct mathe- 
matical principles'". When Everest, became Surveyor (Jeneral ho gave the Great 
Trigonometrical Survey first, priority, and was determined to push it forward with 
all the means at his disposal, and to allow no survey to be initiated on any other 



CHAPTER II 



BENGAL Jt THE UPPER PROVINCES 

Uil * ftmtotom., 1815-8 - Calcutta — Bengal River, — Marine Sw- 
Oritsa 1818-21 — Sepal Frontier. 1816-20 — Ovili ,!■ Uoratlrpur, 1817-20 
' i Dehra, 1815-9 — Delhi Oernak — Allahabad to Agra, 1821-8 — 
'Agra, 1829-30 — Roads. 

rilHOUGH it was now more than forty years since Rennell had completed his 
I survey o£ Bengal, on scale no larger than five miles to an inch, it was only in 
-L a few'dist ria s that, demands were made for better maps. Such demands came 
Bnnerallv from district officials who wanted something in the nature of a general 
revenue survey shelving villages and their cultivated hinds ami the main features 
of the country. For such purposes were the surveys of Ohittagong and the 
Sundarbans where large areas had been opened up since the adoption of the 
t settlement. Roth were started before the Nepal war, and Cheape s 
of Ohittagong was too important to be interrupted on its account 

?'fieldbooks run from January 1818 to March 1817, whilst his final maps 
t completed till October 1819. The survey was conscientious and 
His maps were plotted fust on the one-moll scale, and then reduced to 
, quarter-inch, and finally to ten miles to an inoh, all clear and full of 
detail 1 . 

The survey ' 
the assistance of the Revenue Department it 
whieb was at th.il tune undertaken by the Agisted Collector. ... 

Bewly ouUivut.d la.nls Co contiguous to 111. loll, and Jim*, and neatly throughout the 
whole district a now topographical survey fs in. progress of all hnnl. lately reclaimed'. 

The man bus boot, ,,,,,,1™ t.al from a ..a- of route, surveyed by .omp.ss * chain, 
excepting the southern part, "f the di.trict...where the perambulator we. ™d. ■■■ 
The» route, have been carried along the edge of the hill, and jungle, and rate the 
cultivated recesses and corners, so a. to define the boundary of the cultivated tr.cte i j like- 
wise along the bank, of the rivers, along the whole of the read, and, where Ha, cultivated 
tracts are of sufficient extent, ... mtersecthig the country s. 



cultivated tracts not included in existing surveys.-for 

i.sment of the lauds, the measurement of 



overusing a apeu'e 3 



3 mdes each side. 



s of diagonals, 
> the peaks of 



■ The survey has been eon-octet! by latitutlcs... likewise by boatings-taken t 
hula when visible. ... The longitude of H.mab.d [ Ohittagong ] lie. been taken from Sh.jor 

B0, Tl,e s,™oi' She Seat Bive, was attended with a good deal of difficulty and fatigue in 
consequence of only small uncovered bouts being. proc.ir.blc. ... The Kurnefoolle. h.ver he. 
been surveyod...by mean, of a rope 1,000 foot Iocs, sustained on the water by float., and the 
position of R.eginatty determined by be.riu, & angle of altitude ol Dolphin, the distance 
being detlncctlfrumt.hu height of this hill having been previously dotstuunn 
Tsa flst-vo »,™™1 but burl down be bounties front Softoroeu Kill [1, 03 J- 



. Suntlocp 



Isd. I is 1 not surveyed, but laid dowut be bearings horn beetacoon H 

Cheape made no attempt to survey the wild hills to the east, but he gives 
a panoramic view shewing the -Bine Mountain" some forty miles distant, with. 



tMRIO. 39 ( ltb-lti ] ; Misr. It-O-CO. 'FSbk. MRU). J 
70 N/10. ilIRIO. 30 (10): Misc. 20-0-19. 



b Belt' 23 10-10 ( S3 :. 



12 



Bengal & the Upper Provinces 



The passes thro' the hilis being so similar to each other, it was considered a waste of time 
to go thro' the whole of them. ... In those the survey has been, carried through, the perambu- 
lator lias been used, beinji nnprai'l i cable for I Ise chain. 

The accompanying ma(i on tin: scale of 10 miles to an inch will serve to show my idea of these 
hills, with the course of the Koladyiig Bfver, s;iid to be our eastern boaadaxy [ 68 ], likewise 
of the nullahs running into it, th.e position of Av!';>c:ui |" 06 |. A roads thru' it. ... Altho' tho 
information it will convey is very limited, and I have no gi-en.t opinion (if its correctness, it 
will yet serve to show [he idea the bill people and Hugs' bave of our boundary 2 . 

William Morrieson had started the .Sundafljans survey in 181 1, and his brother 
Hugh carried on till called of}' by the Nepal war [ II, 14-5, 177 ]. Here again the 
primary purpose was to ascertain the extent of cultivation for revenue assessment 
1 134, 139 ]. William had surveyed the area " between the Hooghly on the west and 
the Juboona and rloyimmgul rivers on the east", his brother making ' : considerable 
progress.. .from the Roymungul River eastward to the Cubberduek" 3 . When 
Hugh resumed survey, Jst October .181(1, he reported that 

nearly one half of the survey. -is completed. Great, difficulties arise in tarrying on, ... the 
immense extent of jungle, the habitation, of t-ygers and other beasts of prey, preventing the 
possibility of landing on almost every part of this extensive tract. The variety of tides, 
currents, and counter- currents, flowing from a hundred different, channels, will in some 
measure explain the intricacy of keeping an exact log on board the vessel; indeed nothing 
but the most unremitting attention, with the ass is tin ice of the best instruments and constant 
scries of astronomical observations, can conduct a surveyor through such a labyrinth*. 

He carried on with many adventures and difficulties till October 1818, when he 
had to close down owinir to continued ill-health leaving urn-surveyed a width of about 
(it) miles west of the Meghna 5 [7, 140J. 

Another survey interrupted by the war was that of the district boundaries of 
Hooghly, TSurdwan, Midnapore, and the ''Jungle Mehals", or Manbhum, started by 
Jackson in 1814 [ II, 19 ] and completed by him between April 1 s Hi and July 1817 s . 
Everest remarks that though the map Ogives a good delineation of the topograph- 
ical features of the country'", its projection and scale were untrustworthy 7 . 



Caloi 



Surveys could never keep pace with the expansion of Calcutta, [ II, 17-S J, and 
in February ISlfi Richard Faithful, of tho Pioneers, was appointed "to correct the 
surveys of the suburbs... at Howrahand other places". His maps covered "Cosseepore, 
Barnagore", scale 100 yards to an inch, and the "Suburbs of Calcutta between 
Bamagore, Salt Water Lakes, etc, ". scale :'.uu yards to an inch". 

In the cold weather of 1818-0 a class of apprentice surveyors 9 made a survey of 
the botanical gardens at Sibpur, which was beautifully drawn, probably by their 
instructor, William Scott f 19 ]. It shows "General A. Kyd's garden [ I, 347], 
now the property of C. T. Metcalf, Esq." 10 , on the river bank in the north-east 
corner, the present site of the Bengal Engineering College 11 . During 1821—2 they 
also surveyed Calcutta vuiidan. scale S inches to a mile, from Government house 
on the north to the jail and militia lines in Alipore on the south 12 . 

A survey of Kiddeipore was made for the Board of Revenue by Henry Osborne 
[ 138 ], and" he tells of difficulties from the 

the great unwillingness of the adjoining owners to point out the boundaries of Lheir own grounds, 
or such as they lay claim to, and the removal of the pins which I. pat down to guide me. ... 
T should much wish to have a statement, of the whole quae tlty of around originally taken 

1 Miiha-mmJwIiiii people of Chittayoiip. J Report, 14-10-10, from MlilO. Misc. 20-0-19 & M 257 j 

nt-lier fdbkH. M 2".ti-!( ; Ltvr isuui.- i.'oirip:k-'.l !*:;■;. v. itl- hl.ibf's work l-o north | 1 ;- <i ]. i!.i. SB ( ij-IO ). 8m. to 
inch. «BTC. lli-ii-Iti ( 20 ) & BMC. 24-5- 1(> * 110). ■' ib. 25-10- lt5 ( fiS ). '"'His original rough pro- 
traction? on J,-im:li senle. MHI'>- Xiw- S-O-IS. ami ;-i [lt -b o-duuiuc*, .Mis,.:. S ■( . -IS. « HGO. GG. 39-t-18; 
map, about 1-ineh soak MRIO. SS i ;o-J ): flkk. ik. (15111. ; DD11. 2(>5 ( MK--17 ) 1 T-0-.11. *MRIO. 40 
(171,45(21]. 'T'olhil!. K:i,:p*tr-i<k fr niavt.m [7711.0,22. 154 11.6]. ™<;<i!is. 'LV<>nlii!ns '.Uctoatfo (1785): 
BCS. 1S00 : DNS. ; DIB. ll MKIO. 49 ( IS ) ; 200 ft. to inch. 'Mb. 4S ( 14 ). 



Calcutta 



i:j 



to make this road. ■ ■■ During ike ^ovevtuueet of Lord. Mo! , .ninst:on'..,it contained a width 
of 500 feet, and extended from the old Gacden Reach folk! nei-ir Ki.dd.e"p ore bridge to its 
junction near the 5th milestone, a distance of about 2\ mites. ... About 280 biggabs... has 
been distributed in various \ymk, of which it is noeessai'y bo render a-n account by my survey 2 . 
This survey was not completed, "the expenses having exceeded the amount contem- 
plated by Government" 3 , hut Osborne published in England a !i Plan of Calcutta, 
with the latest improvement* ". in one sdteet — in a. case — price 82s. 6d. 

From 1820 the capable and versatile surveyor. John fSchalch [If : 440-1], was 
employed by the "Lottery Committee' 7 (o survey the salt lakes and surroundhigs- 
of Calcutta, and to prepare a plan for navigable canals connecting the Hooghly with 
the waterways leading to the eiunriarba.ns. since Tolly's .Xuilah. [I, 64, 65 ] could 110 
longer cope with the traffic. He made a detailed survey, laid out the canals, and 
designed and constructed many important bridges. His map was engraved in 
eight sheets, scale 600 feet to an inch, and issued in 1825 with a '"Book of 
Reference"' 1 ; 

Map of CaJeutta...\vL!i i-suc from the pre?-' in the new y<}ar. Engraved by Mr. E. Le Combo, 
Entally. The umLsuid k.rge size of the plal.es, and ike minuteness A: a.ecuraoy with which 
every feature of the town is inserted, excite our admiration. ... The engraving has been made 
from the lar^e MS. survey executed under the immediiite sii perintendence of the Committee 
of Improvement., by a gentleman of rare at- hi iuui.en!.s and talent;.;, whose de-icacy we must not 
wound by broader allusion 5 . 

It is. proposed to publish in Calcutta an engraved mop of that city, on tho beat English 
drawing paper, 5 feet i ineh.es long by 2 feet. 10 incites broad, covering an area of about 20' 
square miles. The map will, eontairj every wi reef, lane, and road. in. the town. ... It will show 
every pueka building, public, olTice, A private dwelling. ... To be I'e.idy for deli very... March 
IS25. Price Rs. 40, or Rs. 45 mounted 6 . 

There were several engraved editions on various scales, the following legend 
appearing on that of 1830 ; 

Plan of the. Oily >?f Calcutta and its 1 «*iro-»-i. Surveyed by the late Major ,T. A. Schaleh foe 
the use of the Lottery Committor, and contain nip; all l.ivir ini proven viei its, with additions from 
the Surveyor General's office, and from recent surveys by Captain T. Prinsep. Engraved by 
E. DeLa Combe. The publisher begs to return bis thanks to Mr. W. IS T . James of the Surveyor 
General's office for the aid he has afforded in the surveys of the additions made to this edition. 

Scale about 500 feet to an inch. Price per set of I sheets 12 rupees. 

[Under the beading is A t y nn: oj tie- GoveiYiinoit [[oust, and tin:- [louses adjoining. No 
evidence as to the artist — A bhantnpvala carries two gforas of wm.er in centre — an empty 
gkara lies in loft-hand corner — an Indian woman stands talking te.. a squatting man 00 left 
. edge — a ■p'ilki with servant and 4 bearers stands by the road ] 7 . 

A reduced sketch, scale (> inches to a mile, was printed in 1820 by Samuel Smith 3 , 
and a later edition, scale 4 inches to a mile, with Prinsep's corrections, was issued 
by Tassinin 1832. 

The Lottery Committee was the prototype of the modern Improvement Trust, 
and the profitable manner in which it raised funds was no doubt adapted from the 
successful lotteries run by Edward Tiretta [ T, 389]. The lotteries were closed 
down in 1830 "for so-called moral reasons" 9 . 

Schalch's official designation was " Superintendent of Canals and Bridges". 
Accounts of his work are given in a letter to the "Directors, and in a volume of 
Selections from B^nga! Government Papers. IHHfj 1904, describing the canals ; 

The insufficiency of Tolley's Nullah has lon<j been admitted. The delays and difficulties 
which occur in the passage... constitute a serious evil. ... Being fully persuaded that the work 
proposed by Li.eutnT.ia.nt Me I ml ch... will be very beneficial, ...we resolved that the under- 
taking shall immediately bo com men cod. ... We have... appointed... a committee under. ..which 
Lieutenant Sohalch is to execute the. ..work, ... and nominated Cant t hi Jackson of the Quarter 
Master General's Department [I.I, 409 ] to be their Secretary. ... 

1 L.itci' Abu- our..- Weil^irv, <;(i. I 70S -1-m. = li P,cv Bd. 21-S-21 ( 23 ). a CD to B. 39-10-23 

f 2i). * Ben Rap:. IS (IT }, IU ■: UK) ), iDipoff.Vmiiiry- 1 ici. a i ■;.-;! Jviiihii .V. (Jsk'uttii, sluiiviiiu Canals, 12-9-2 1 ; 
Imp Lib S{ ,(-/'. 65 A 31 ( 1 ). 'Ch>->. (Inz. 11 W '24; the ".khcaiV of the Gazette would not suit, tho 

journalist- of 1947 ! : * As J. XVIII. Oct. 1824 ( 39fi ). " A diflerc.et vkv,-. from the south, impairs on 
1S25 ed D _ « Map ; SAI. Lib. 5 Hirst ; Evan Cotton ( 17.". ]. 



H Bengal & the Upper Provinces 

■■ Lieutenant Schalch... was accordingly appointed Superintendent «f Canals in Bengal, 
and Agent- for the preparation of Suspornioii Bridges, villi an allowance of 1,000 rupees per 
mensem, in addition to his military pay & allowances and. ..allowance for boats and other 
incidental oxpen=Pn. ... T.i en tenant Soimlclve pln.ii nod i>-jtimuts- appear to be the result of an 
aeeiwatc examination of the country, and of much careful and judicious consideration of the 
subject. ... To aid in the execution... we have appointed Lieutenant Taylor of the oth Cavalry, 
and Lieulcnant i'j'insep, Surveyor in the Sunda.i-ba-ns. to bo Ins uwistants 1 . 

>SchaIeh's scheme was 
to. cut a canal from Chitpur to the old Eastern Cmail, now known as the Circular Canal, on a 
line parallel to the Circular Road. It was completed in 1S31, Enid she Chitpur lock was opened 
in. 1S33. ... Previous to 1810, the Eastern Canal was simply a shallow and tortuous channel 
between the salt takes ami Ent.ally ; in 1810, the Eastern Canal was improved, widened, and 
lengthened nearly up to Circular Road. 

The Eastern Canal comprises a channel of communication, chiefly natural, but partly 
artificial, between Calcutta and iiarisal ; the natural portions are the tidal channels and rivers 
of the Sundarhans j the a rtifleiaJ portions are nearly all the results of the labours of Major 



One of the major considerations was the determination of 
the difference of level between ihe Huoghly and Salt Water Lake. ... Major Schalch, Captain 
Thomson, and Captain Fit./.gerald, as well as Captain Prinsep, have left statements which do 
not in some respects agree. ... The Commission have adopted the levels of Captain Prinsep... 
inasmuch as ho submitted tl mil p f t,ho Sa.lt Lakes "prepared upon a very accurate and minute 
survey carried' on by a European under my own immediate superintendence, and which may 
lie reiiiM"! en for ii.'euraey". 

Upon this map Captain Prinsep has drawn a guage representing the surface level of the 
lake tides, and bed, in relation to certain fixed [joints still exislin^. such as the bench-mark 
at Chandpaul Ghaut, and the sill of the old doel; at Kiddcrpore, ... and to the accuracy of this 
guage, or scale of levels, Colonel Sir Thomas Anbvvrey, then Chief Enginoor, bears favourable 
testimony 2 . 

The committee of 1865, however, prater-red Sohalch's levels, which were connected 
to- the Kidderpore tide-guage [J, 347] and differed only slightly from those run 
about the same time by Blechynden. Schalch expressly notices that his levels 
agreed within half an inch with those of 1783 [I, 52 ] 3 . 

Other canals "to Hoseinabiicl on the Jahoona "River" were sanctioned in 
March. 1823, and started by Sehafch till he was called off to military service 
[68].' After his death Thomas Prinsep was appointed in September 18213 to carry 
on the work-'. One of the Bofcftmeg that was never carried out is illustrated in a 
map of the Hooghly prepared by Taylor hi 1824, "explanatory of a plan for 
opening a communication betweesi Calcutta, Diamond Harbour, and new anchorage 
( near Dag Creek )", which hears a note that the southern part was taken from 
a survey by Thomas Prinsep 6 . 

Amongst surveys of other town Charles Smith, of the 15th Regt. N.I., was in 
January 1816 allowed P.m. 400 "for surveying and drawing plans.. .of the cantonment 
of Dacca", whilst the following month -James Tetley was employed to make "an 
accurate survey of the city of Dacca", which should contribute "as well. ..to the 
efficiency of the police, as to the proper arrangement... of the custom house choukey ". 
Tetley received "a monthly salary of sicca Rs. 200, and an additional allowance 
for the establishment, ... contingencies, etc., ... amounting to about 70 or 80 rupees 
monthly", with theodo lite, perambulator, and chain, from the public stores 6 . 

Later in the year Bent ley "Buxton, cadet of Engineers, was appointed to survey 
part of Dura Dum cantonments for the Military Hoard, being followed by Henry 
""' jrne in 1819 7 . In 1827 William Osborne, son of Henry [12, 138], was 
1 by the Revenue Board on a survey of Chinsmah 8 [ 369 ]. 

'BtoCD. (Rev I W---23 (231-M). -Ban, Sel Oa»ofe(ii,»). s probably by Mark Wood [ II, vil. 
Mb. (44-7,90). 'MttlO. 1*5(5(311, Ui'j ill. 12 ) ■ ]',<) ( .(:) }, H-.li. L:±.-~ v.ir - ^u:,!-. <;■ ,-cks. and Tolly's. 
Mullah [1, 63-il. '.I'll. is. '!'[■■ ::■■■■■ :(,, Thin. l^S. : 'T5M0. ir,-ii-W ( ISM ). 'lb. 27 -!')-!« I (50 j; Ke.n Rrgr.'M 
(281). a ib. LlOflliJ-8 ); Town & Suburbs. Llooahlv. Chim^jf.-ih ; 1.QIX1 it, to indi ; Xov. 1S26 to Jraie'lS27. 



'BENGAT, itlVEKS 



15 



The immense floods carried down by the great rivers of 

„J of perennial anxiety to this very day. From earliest times efforts have 

i made to control them by continuous embankments, for which surveys and 
lates were frequently demanded [ I, 32, 354 ]. 

Juring the cold weather of 181(1-7, Walter Forbes surveyed ''the bunds forthe 
Bajshahi District along the Ganges" 1 and, during 182^-5, William Fitzgerald made 
an extensive survey of embankments along the rivers of Jessore-. 

In 1817, George Everest, of the Artillery, was deputed to clear the rivers 
Ibhamati and MakVblianga of trees, sunken boats, and other obstructions to navi- 
gation ; bo snrvev was involved, but the ingenuity which he applied to the problem 
was typical of his later work in the Great Trigonometrical Survey 3 . His efforts, 
however, provided no permanent cure. The following year Wroughton and 
Blechynden made a survey of the Matabhanga, 4 and other officers followed ; 

The obstructions had became so many and dangerous u^ ti> cause the wreck of innumer- 
able boats, and to entail heavy losses. ... The merchants of UHieutta... petitioned that steps 
should be taken for remedying the evils. ... Mr. Robinson 5 was appointed Superintendent and 
Collector of the Ahitabansah, ;md commenced bis duties in the cold season of 1810-20, and 
effected great improvement?; by dcanua; the ciiatmcl of obstructions. 

Hewassuccceded-.-byltr. May. ..tor upwards of 20 years. ... During 1820-21, Mr.May made 
a careful smvev of the heads of the .Teltinghec end Matkbang'ha wit.ii the Ganges adjoining, 
and proposed "to make periodical surveys for ascertaining and recording the changes of the 
great river [I, 64-5; HI, 21-2 J*. 

At the end of LSI!) the old rpiesikm of an artificial cut between tlie Ganges and 
oneoHts outlets near .iaiangj was resurrected, and a review made of various proposals 
and experiments made since 1795 [ I, 64 ]. Recent surveys and unpromising reports 
by Forbes mid Edward Garstio were discussed, and it was re solved that 
the Superintendent and Collector roust... confine himself at present to the objects of 
removing such accidental causes of obstruction as may from time t-o time occur ; of clearing 
particular portions of the bed ; of confining the stream in cert-Lin places ; and of making partial 
outs where llicy may be oasy of cxuoiition ami doiinefl in thc.i.r result. ... 

Nothing can. ..be definitively settled without a careful survey of the various streams 
which intersect the delta of the Ganges. ... Government will.. .fee glad to receive.-.any 
suggestions which may occur t-o Colonel Mackenzie on the subject pencvuly of the internal 
navigation of Bengal, and of the means of improving it 7 . 

Mackenzie's health was, however, far too poor for him to advise on this difficult 
matter, and in June 1821 Schalch submitted a map of the rivers lying between 
the Hooghly and the Hundarbans, with a plan "for opening a permanent com- 
munication between the river Hooghly and the great river, through channels not 
likely to be obstructed" [ 13 ] e . 

In 1823 Government wrote to the Directors ; 

The maps annually prepared by Mr. May furnish a highly interesting view of the workings 
of the river and. ..may enable us. ..to ascertain the limits to which they extend. For, 
groat ami apparently capricious ;is i* rbe destruction Aral creation of iarni which occurs... 
eaeh year, it seems that the progress of the river is regulated by used laws, and...that 
after certain periods it returns over the space it lias already traversed, so that the bounds of it's 
encroachment on either bank may bo traced [ 154 ]. 

We have directed Mr. May to extend his survey to the. head of the Bhagruttee, there appear- 
ing reason to think that in one season the navigation will be most, easily kept open by that 
stream, in another by the Jelliiifzhoe, and in a third by the Matabhanga*. 

In a letter of 8th July 1825, May prophesied that unless drastic action was taken 
there was every prospect of the Matabhanga becoming "at no very distant period, 
... in the hot months, perfectly unnavigable for boats even of the smallest size" 10 . 
A set of lir.'ri ogra.pl led maps known as Prinscp' s Atlas contains 8 sheets showing 
the Ganges, Bhagiratbi, and Hooghly rivers from Allahabad to Calcutta, surveyed 

'BMC. 26-10-16 (120] & 8-11-10 ( 68 ); fdbk. MRI0. II 280. 'Maps.ib. 52(9-11). s Bto CD. 
( Rev), .1-7-1- I lii? -16) Jt CD to LI. ( F.ev ), 2 ;. 31 ( 45 ). -'BTI.T. 9-1U-23 ( 24). : 'C K. K-r.ijhwri ,. si c (; 
wneov.eiv.jkkTiin-i.-. '"■;k.)Ur ! . vfewiifi ■(. 11-4-Hi; Mi- Cimfhr 1M. .■■ 111. : map* ,if uc.i.l 01 Miitn,b.:;irii;i5 
R. and of Mntd.i. 1S20 Bo, !!■■„: :« { s.s. m,W\):.IASB. IV. IW!5 (119.177). "it™ Sd. II. 1"' 
'BRC. 19-5-20 (731. ■' .Maps, MRI.O. 1W> ( 15-1'. I ; IS to ''1). { R..,v 1 : 30-7 23 ( 22S ). 
">B Rev Bd. 19-7-25 (411; ]j.i«r mapa hy May, 1S27-S, MUIO. 163 (12), 169 ( 1: 



). 30-7-23(264-5). 



16 Bengal & the Upper Provinces 

by Oolebrooke [ I, 64-5 ; II, 20-3 J, May, and Fitzgerald [ 15 ], brought up-to-date 
in 1828 by Thomas Prinsep [ 13 ] l . 

An account is given later of the exploration of Assam and the survey of the 
upper Brahmaputra [ 53-64 ]• The following account is given by Wilcox of his 
survey of its lower course through Bengal, between February and June 1828. 

I. ..send you a chart of the Bralnnapootra river from Gowa.lpura to J an ml poor, made on 
my way down, from Assam at Mr. Scott's request 2 . ... I found it advisable to adhere to ono 
bank.. -and I soon perceived thai, instead of merely correcting Kennell's map for the altera- 
tions that have taken place, 1 miiit construe! one anew ; so little n'ficinljl.ance is now to be 
recognised wilds the former state of things. ... 

Having in my former survey fixed the position of aomo hills in the vicinity of Goalpars, I 
was at no loss for some miles to lay down my skit ions with snvlieient accuracy and. ..I found mv 
first protraction of the distance to Dooburee i! dillcrs but 1 furioiiL's fff.in t.-bnt. of Major Kennell's 
maps ; I was also so successful as to plnce Hufjoowa within 4 furlongs of Rennell's position. ... 

From thence, as the country is open, and as I found my progress very slow in tracking. 
I determined to use the perambulator, and accordingly the remaining distance to Jamalpoor 
was measured, excepting in some impracticable places. ... The names oven of some of the 
former villages have boon forgot; ton, and l.lm s It-era of many rcij-iuvtsd' 1 . fiugawtL is supposed to 
have been where the bed of the river now is. ... Below Burgoowa Bcarce any resemblance 
can be traced to the banks of the Brahmapootra in the upper part of its course ; instead of the 
long dreary tracts of impenetrable jonyle, a- line open and well cultivated country extends 5 . 

The Surveyor General then recommended that- Wilcox should make 
a survey of the Bramahpootra from Goal para downwards to. and a- little below, the parallel 
of Dacca, where several navigable streams join it. The object of the survey would be to as- 
certain the channel of the main river, the rival of the Ganges, and the courses and capabilities 
of all the navigable creeks and channels which branch from and connect it with the Ganges 
arid other rivers, both cast and west of it. 

The last surveys of the Bramahpootra are of remote date [ I, iq-zo, 158-9 ]. ... For more 
than 30 years past, geographical research and surveying operations have...aceornpanied...our 
arrmes...in. the North-West of India, but within a late period the Burmese War has recalled our 
attention to the vei y irnjicrfectly known countries tot lie north-east, east , and south-east* [ 50 ]. ... 

The gveat probability of obtaining abundant supplies of coal in the eastern districts, 
almost every part of which is accessible by water carriage, would render those districts of 
great value. ... Further, ...a knowledge of the present state and course of the Bramah- 
pootra, of its velocity, depth, and the mass of water it rolls to the sea in a given time, 
cannot be deemed object:; unworthy of I. ho attention of the Government'. 

The survey was duly authorised, but could not be started before 1830 when in 
asking that Wilcox m igbt be given an assistant, the Surveyor General pointed out that 
such great changes have taken place since the compilation of Major ReiiueU's map, that.. .it 
istTords little or no a.ecurate in fi intuition of this part, of Bengal. ... 

The method pursued by Lieutenant, Wilcox is that of triainr illation, and filling up the 
details by means of the plane-table, and the tvi genome trical operations, being conducted with 
care and accuracy, will afford data for correcting the position of many principal points in the 
eastern part of Bengal. ... It is very desirable that two officers should bo employed, ... and 
in the event of the removal of the principal by iiiolaioes, or any other causo, there would be a 
person ready to take charge of the records, and carry on the work. It will also be necessary 
for Lieutenant Wilcox to measure a base-lino, which is a very tedious operation, and cannot 
be well performed without an assistant 3 . 

Edward Ommaimey was appointed assistant from 1st October 1830. 



MiRTNK SURVEYS 

Charles Court held charge of the Marine Surveys department, Bengal, first as 
Marine Surveyor and later as Marine Surveyor General, from 1812 till his death 

1 10 Cat. ( 111-2) MErO- 166(30). ! Map,MEIO. 170(8. 10) : J&malpur, 7 m. above Mymensingh, 
78 HI 13; David !>uott, AQtt. Xil, (''rentier. -' Dhuari, 7S ["IS. 'of. Culi-I'rr.iokc's reports on Ganges 

[II, 22-3 1. "DDn. 231 ( 147 ), Caiautta, 23-6-28. S A Mtml.i.r SiiiniLtina to that of 1H42-5 ! ! 'DDnt 

231 ( 175 ). 29-9-28. e DDn. 285 ( 56 -S ), 13-9-30. 



Marine Surveys 



17 



in 1821 [ II, 391-2 }i when he was succeeded by Daniel lioss whose chief a 
was John Crawford 1 . Surveys proceeded steadily along the coasts of Arakan and 
Tenasserim [ 70, 74 ], and much useful work was done during the Burmese war of 
1824-6 a . The surveying ship Research, under Crawford, was fitted with 10 guns, 
and took part in actions on the Arakan coast [ 68-70 ]. Boss also fitted his ship, 
the Investigator, as a man-of-war, to support the occupation of Amherst and 
Tenasserim [ 73-4 ]- 

Other marine surveys to be noticed arc those of .lame;; Robinson oil the west 
coast, where lie co-operated with Jervis in 1823 [ 130, ], and a survey in 1829 of 
the Makran coast by George Bracks and Stafford Haines 3 . 

Surveys by other officers of the Bombay .Marine are described in Low's History 
of tlte Indian Navy, and Markham's Memoir on the Indian Surveys. In his retrench- 
ments of 1828, Bentinck ordered the marine survey department to be broken up, but 
Ross was allowed to continue survey of the Arakan coast till he resigned in 1833*. 



I * 1 S-2 I 



Although Sackville had spent three years from ISO!) to 1812 on a general survey 
of Cuttack, his map was not published, and in 1816, when the country was threat- 
ened with invasion by the dreaded 'pivdaris, the military commanding officer 
represented that he was 

utterly ignorj 1v.1t of the boundaries or parses into the Mahratta Country, and the information 
furnished by the hirefi.rrabs I employ is ,»i vague and unsatisfactory that I can form no just 
idea upon the subject [ T. 89, 241 ]. 
He was told that 

a map of Cuttack is about, to be forwarded... to the Jnd.^e and Magistrate of that, district ; 
His Lordship in Council dot's not consider it necessary that the expend: of protracting another 
for the use of T,t Colonel O'Halkiran [ I, 3S4 ] should be incurred, and accordingly request... 
that- officer. ..to refer to L-ho map in. the jkm::«!;kuoii of the civil authority 5 . 

Throughout 1S17 the country lay in the throes of a rebellion of tribesmen who 
rose in sympathy with the piTidari-s, with whom, however, they had nothing in 
common "beyond a desire to rid the country of the English. The rebellion was not 
stamped out till April 1818, when proposals were renewed for a deliberate survey 
to assist in the settlement of estates, for which the Collector had asked in 1816 for 
a supply of instruments including ''six chains, of 24 feet in length, each link fl- 
inches" 1 '. Cuttack, it must be remembered, had not been part of Bengal at the 
time of the permanent settlement of 1793 ; it was conquered from the Marat-has 
during the war of 1803-5 [ II, 23 ]. 

Bent ley Buxton was appointed in 181 S to make " a general map of the country 
and its principal divisions, ... reserving for future consideration the expediency of 
undertaking more minute surveys of individual est-ii.ies and villages" 7 . 

He was given the assistance of Marcellus Burke, one of Mackenzie's assistant 
surveyors from .Madras, and started by making a survey of the town and vicinity 
of Cuttack. After the rains, he took up regular triangular, ion, whilst Burke made 
a detailed survey, with traverses of the main roads 8 . He was later given two 
apprentices to train". 

11 miles ST.E. of Balasore, 1st April 1S20. The survey during the last month has been. 
extended to the northward of Balasore. ... Tin; deep nullahs and miwahtfr, however, which 
abound in. the vieiuitv of the coast, and which are passable only in few plates, present consider- 
able obstacles. ... The whole coast is likewise covered, with hL'h juuele expending about two 
miles inland ; the villages are few and poor, and the scarcity of roads and supplies render 
this part of the country difficult of access. 

'not to bo confused with John Crawfurd, ol" the civil est. PUT.. Java, and unroy to Ava [ 78 ]. 
'-Maps of Ar.ik.-in C.is: l,v Henry Hardy. MRIO. 175 i 8-11 ) & Chad. tVm. Jl'oui.i-ioii, ib. ( 13 ), and also 
JolmCriUvtV.nl ;oid Ch-.w. VnnitRmg. ib. 171 ( 72 ). & &.« R,-t,r. 5T0 [ 107 ). 'MRU). Ill (42]; Markham 
(11-3). 'Low, 1(400). 'BMC. 5-7-10 (32). Mb. 1-11-16 ( 147). 'TJDn. 133(7), 17-4-18. 

s MRJO. Fdbk. Miiiri. Tellull & Clayton [ 12 n.g]. 



)iita.ry i 



18 Bengal & the Upper Provinces 

The apprentices are employed in fillms* up Mm details '■(' purrieuiar 
which I have laid down with the chain mid theodolite 1 . 

About 45 miles to northward of Cuttack. l3t June. ... The rain 
in. ... I have closed the work of this season, and... am.. .on my -n 
ope rattens... of the past jrhsou have om.bra.red... about. 1 ROD square milt 
ite northern bound.; i.ry has been defined, us well as the boundaries of 
of Neelgur and Mohurbunge, and of the Churkleh of 1-ialusore, ... Tht 
included a wider extent of country had not my proceedings been twice interrunt - l'] 
violent attacks of sickness among my attendants, from... which few have vet l he M 

recovered. ... In January the delay was attended with much inconvenience as at fhnt i 

on account of the clearness of the weather, a. favourable opport unity was lost of extending th' 
triangles cmong the hills, and of fixing a greater aumboi- of" remarkable quints. 

But the unhealthiness of the climate is not the only obstacle. ... The count 
unfavourable to travelling ; the great dearth of provision*, their inferior description and th° 
exorbitant charges demanded for them, ...render it difficult to procure people who ill 
accompany mo into this part, of the district. ... During the last season it was in my 
only to carry on the triangles through the plains whilst Mr. Burke followed nit-, with the detai's 
using the points which I had fixed ; and as tbia...was solely conducted by Mr. Burke his 
personal aid was necessary in protracting the work and inserting the names of places 2 

Cuttack. 27th June. ... Next cold season... I shall strike off through the hills again where 
the triangles can be continued, ... to obtain the extent and principal places of the tributary 
states as soon as possible. ... I intend to take 3 or 4 months provisions for servants and sepovs 
from hence, and perhaps establish depots. The nature of the country is certainly against "m ' :l 

Khoordah*. 23rd September. ... The heat on the 21st during most of the dayl was 
in the palankeen was greater than I almost ever felt it, and one of my violent bilious 
headaches the consequence. ... There seems to be a good deal of jungle about Khoordah with 
a few hills, which will enable me to connect my former triangles. ... At a rou^h guess ther 
appears to ho about 500 villages in the Khoordah district, and many of the villages mentioned 
in the list were destroyed in the rebellion. ... The weather has prevented my looking much 
about the place, but there are, I understand, several old ruins 6 . ... I think of startui f 
hence on Monday, but wish first to mount the Khoordah hill to look about me, weather pei-miT 
: ting, it being a round, kmg-backed, one, and covered with high thick jungle*! 

Mackenzie had come down to Puri for a change from Calcutta, and was far 
from well, though taking a ciose interest in Buxton's progress. He writes 
about three months before his death ; 

Your plan of triangles extended from Khoordah was satisfactory to me, and I wis! h 

you may he able to extend them so as to embrace Ganjam fort. My reason is that the posit ^ 
of Ganjam and Cuttack being ascertained many years ago by an astronomer of some repute 
it will be very satisfactory to have your dobiila... confirmed by such authority. ( win 
send you these positions... when I can lay my hands on them'. 

He was probably referring to Topping's observations of 1785-6 [ I, jj l | 

At the request of the Commissioner the survey of Kliurda was made on a larae 
scale for revenue purposes [ 136 ], but it had to be closed in February 1821 owing 
to the coDapse of Buxton's health and was never resumed. The following is taken 
from his final report ; 

The survey was commenced in the latter end of the year 1S18, and carried on bv a 
of triangles computed from a base... measured on an extensive plain Bear the village of 'Simleff 8 
about 70 miles N.E. of Cuttack. ... The triangles being altogether of a secondary order no 
great degree of accuracy was to be expected, although perhaps sufficiently correct for all'th 
purposes of a common survey of a small tract of country. 

The triangles were with difficulty extended through the plain country, which naturall - 
a.bounded with obstacles, ...but by the close of the season were brought to the to ^t 

Cuttack and its vicinity. Mr. Marcelhis Burke... surveyed as 1 advanced with the triangles ° 
About 600 square miles were completed in this maimer during the first season. ... * " 

The following season, commencing again at the base, I oxtended triangles in a northe 
direction, embracing ii, considerable tract, of the hilly states of the tributary rajahs. From th 
facilities which the hills afforded, I was enabled to proceed more expcditiouslv.' though the 
country is almost an entire expanse of hills and jungle. 

iDDn. 147 (257). «&. (2Gi). Mb. (274). 'Khurda, 73 H/12. »„* M-w-jy 1 

■sological researcho, : ;<f. fjcirJin.Lr ( I.1I ). « Win. U7 ( m l',\r, j. ■ DDn. ICii ( 123 ), ij-l -2] ' 



Ortssa 



19 



31 y progress wni. however, imped eel by the prev,-i.k'in.:o of sickness, among my people, which 

to quit the liills for their kiwi very, and ocyusifsncsfl the, loss of a month. The 

b Mr. Burke also. ..had been attacked by severe illness, and rendered incapable of 

g duty 1 - But, asKuiKiiL-LiLcs, Iliad boon I'livnishyd with two Ccn-irmiiciii fij>j->ro?itk;cB... 

. .11 whose labours, however, 1 by no means derived the same aid as from. ..Mr. Burke 2 . 

In the survey of the details .1 found it necessary also to detach the apprentices to a greater 

distance tha-ti I cod Id have wished... from the wild hi id b,irh;i rous nature of the tributary states 

and their inhH hi tan t¥, tln.ijcH.lniis eve with which they Ir.cl-ed on all who entered their country, ... 

and the great scarcity of supplies. 

From the early commencement of the rains in Onitack, and their general continuance, 
leaving many parts of the country entirely under water, a surveyor can seldom prolong his 
operations in the field beyond the. ](tl.h of .Tune, or begin them earl ier than the 1st of November 3 . 
What with Mackenzie's death and Buxton's sickness, no use whatever was 
made of Buxton's survey till Everest discovered it nearly ten years later, and 
had it connected by the South Parasnat li series;. He writes in November 1831 that 
the papers were 

left in an imperfect st,;:te at the d«ith of Lieut. Buxton 4 , mid it. would take sometime to 
extricate the field hooks from the confusion in which they have ever since remained. 

The. detailed work bears appearance of jrrtat assiduity, and the- triangles, as far as they 
'O, seem to be creditably executed. They are of a Secondary class ; the instruments used 
common theodolite and... iron chain and, as the latter never appears to have 
been compared with any standard, ... doubt... attaches to the whole performance. ... In 
spite of this it appears to me to rani; next in accuracy to the survey of Gurhwal [ 30-40 ]. ... 
It extends from fifdnfloro l,o Jupgemath 5 . 

1 a rough plan constructed. ... The latitudes and longitudes of the places 
are not derived from the survey.. .and the line of coast, and Calcutta,, as well as everything 
without the boundary of the work, are put down by conjecture, so that this beautiful little 
detail work, though complete, or nearly so, within itself, is totally disjointed from the general 

During the first half of 1821 and through the rains till August, William Scott 
with a class of eight apprentices surveyed an area from I'uri to the southern end 
of the Chilka Lake, with a strip to the west [ 12, 361-2 ]'. 

Considerable interest had long been taken in the Chilka Lake for its possible 
use as a harbourage. A survey had been made in 18.1.2 by t 'hades Weston [ II, 12 ], 
and later by George Minchin of the "Bombay Marine*, who records the depth of water 
in December 1820, whilst William Stephen surveyed the "outlet as it existed in 
January 1821, together with a view of the range of sand hills which separate the 
lake from the sea", and also the "outfall" into the sea 9 [II, 443]. 

Surveys of the Orissa roads from Midnapore and Cuttaek to 1'nri and Sambalpur 
were made in 1827-S by Robert Rose, an assistant surveyor 10 . 



Nepal Frontier., 1816-20 

Under the treaty of Sagauli of March 1816, a stretch of foothills from the Gogra 
to the west border of Gorakhpur was ceded by the Gurkhas, and later transferred 
to Ondh 11 , whilst a much longer stretch of the tumi, eastwards from Gorakhpur, 
was ceded by the British to Nopal. During the next, four years several surveyors 
accompanied British and Nepnlcse commissioners to survey and demarcate the 
new line. 

Peter Grant surveyed the boundary with Oudh 12 ; William Garden that with 
Gorakhpur' s ; Pickers gill the frontier with Cham paean [pi. 4] 1 *. Peter Boileau, 
commanding the .Resident's escort at Katmandu, continued the survey eastward 

■granted 12 mo. leave to Madras [360]. a Maps MRIO, .10 ( 1-3, 40, 41, 51 ); 56 ( 29). etc. 

a DDn. ]% ( 130-9), 13-9-21. ^February 1825. *Di.)n. 26f> ( 'AW, Si, 10-11-31. «it>. (315-6), 

17-11-31. J'"dliki. DDii. i'7l> 1 ■! 1 ; .',-i'ic'i rn;;p. 10 Cm. i ISO ) ; :; charts of trani'los, 10 Cat. ( 53 ). ' DDc 
147(202), 28-5-21 ; sketch, ib. (214), 6 Mdpr,. I Si IS : Cap:. 1S3U: cb.in. MRIO. 177 (4). "Map, scale 
500 yards to an inch, wit!, an artistic sketrii of t- 1 1 . ■ sandhill.--, ib. ( 5. 6). '"ib. 47 (3), 333 ( 48 ) ; B(7t 
Supply Rft/r. 4 (1-28). " Restored to Nepal in 1859- 1S MRK). Misc. 2-0-17. 13 Fdbk. ib. M 308 ; 
Map, ib. Misc. 5-0-17, " BGO. GG„ yi-3-17: fdbks. MKIO. .\t 30s H ; nmps. Misc. 4-0-17; 19-0-17, 



20 



Bengal & the Upper Provinces 



along the boundaries of Tirhut and Purnea. One of his maps shews, in a 
dead straight line running east by south from a point about 8 miles west of 
Nathpur, 

a very extensive &, ancient eauseway nuiuin;; from t.-hi; hills near to the River Ganges, named 
'Bheem Bound and Mujoorree Kauth', ^apposed to hiivo been eoustrueted to check the over- 
flowings of the Koosa K., or to divide the statos of the Rajahs of Uonr & Sirnrum Gurh 1 . 

Boileau has left an interesting account of the decisions made by the com- 
missioners. Unfortunately he succumbed to the cruel climate of the tarai in 
December 1818, leaving 

nine unfinished copies nf boundary maps, three of the north- west borders of Chumpnrim, 
and six of the frontier of Mumee:;-.. .winch were ;;roparhi2; ni. the tune of his death, and were 
destined for the ("iovcrnuient of Nipaul and the loeal authorities 2 [ 2i ]. 

The boundary of eastern Nepal was surveyed early in 1817 by Weston, whose 
original map is still preserved at Calcutta, and extends into the hills some twelve 
miles north of Darjeeling, which name, with the spot-height 7,225, has been added 
in red many years later 3 . 

Of the few maps of Nepal itself we have some collected by Jirian Hodgson, who 
was Resident: for man;' years. One of them is described by Alarkham as Hodgson's 
physical map of Nopal, shewing the river systems, ...together with the routes obtained by 
Mr. Hodgson from Kathmandu to Peking ; from Kathmandu to Darjiliiig, and a measurement 
of the great military mud through Nepal, from Kumaon to Sikkim 4 . 

There is also preserved ai Calcutta a "map of Bhoti ( Tibet ), done at Nopal for Mr. Hodgson 
by a mendicant priest of lihot in 18-24 " E . 



Oudh & Gorakkpur, 1817-20 



Grant's survey of the Nepal frontier was spread out over several years, 1817-20, 
to suit thu vagaries of the boundary commissioners. He was under the general 
orders of the Board of Commissioners at JTairukhabad, who employed him on the 
eastern and western boundaries of Oudli with the Company's districts, and on 
various surveys in Oorakhpur. 

In September 1817 he was appointed to "survey the western frontier of Azimghur 
and Jwanpore, where it touches the territory of the Nawab Vizier"* ; 

Thia survey whs... necessary In i!iiii:M t iiranj! of tlio enerosiohm cut ■;.... mi ado by tho subjects of 
the Nawftb Vizier on the British territories, aiu.1 , . .to put a stop to the frequent affrays -which 
hail occurred between the landholders and villagers in the vicinity. 

He was also to recommend "a more convenient and distinct boundary " between 
Jaunpur and Azamgarh. His survey covered 7 pwrgawi Atroulia 8 , 

inhabited principally by a race of people called Pulwars, ... of a turbulent disposition, and 
less civilized than the other inhabitant?. ... The affrays originating from their violence arid 
oppressive exactions under the plea of a proprietary right to lands; adjoining the frontier 
rendered ii ...expedient to adopt some niea.su res... of putting an end. to the disorders 9 . 

He was called off in February 1818 to start survey on the northern boundary 
of Oudh, but returned to Jaunpur in .June with little accomplished and, 
having made a survey of the cantonments and some part, of the town, ! availed myself of the 
first fair weather of going to Amngarh, where 1 remained (hiring the rainy season, which was 
at an end by the 31st October 10 . 

He then moved back to the Oudli Nepal frontier : 

I had been instructed to execute this survey in the begining of ISIS, but the absence of 
the Commissi oners... detained mo till April hi the neighbourhood of Buhraitch 11 . The season 
of tho year was obviously loo far advimeed to leave a hope of its belnp; terminated before the 
end of June, and in the month of April the eountry is deserted und uninhabitable from the 
prevalence of ...fever. ... 

! MRIO. Misc. 13-0-18. 'fromResdt,., Katmandu, 11-3-20; B Pol C. 3-4-20. a Ben P & P. XVI 
( 26 ) ; MRIO. 49 ( 6 ) ; SI ( 4, 5 ). * Bogle ( exxvii ). s MRIO. 90 ( 1 ). • UJC. 23-9-17 ; BMC. 7-10-17 
( 126); maps, MEIO. U ( 18-21). 'B.TC. 27-1-1 S; Dl)n. 133 (137 I. ■' Fdbks.MRIO. M 321, 391 -Maps 
ib. 17 (14,17,23); 24 ( 18). >DDn. 153 ( 169 ), Dec. 1819. I0 Fdbk. EDn. 163 (99). "-63E/10. 



of "ill e 

LlWE of BOIWBART 

Be Veen 

a-nd the. 

Zbl lam Sarw 

Prepared ibrtlieinioymaJionofthe 




*Mc= 



Slightly reduced from planetable survey, scale about 1£ inches to 
a mile [ 19 ]. 

Brown riband indicates boundary between Nepal and district 
Champaran for the nest 130 years. The village Goraaan appears on 
i-noilom maps as Ghorashan, about 20 m. south-east of Raxaul. 



OUDH & GOttAKHPUE, 



21 



It was proposed, however, to resume the survey during •'■"■' ensuing cold season, and I wag 
accordingly prepared to commence it in the end of December; the absence- of the Vizier's 
Commissioner, however, protracted the commencement. ..till the beginning of February 
[ 1819 j. The disputes that occurred.. .as to. ..the interpretation given to the treaty... 
protracted— the survey till tho ontl of March, whon it waa found necessary to submit tho 
whole proceedings for tlio final decision of Government. 

According to the interprei-ation given by tho British authorities, the base of the nearest 
range of mountains "was to be considered as the boundary, ...and in those- places where... 
rivers issued from tho mountains, ... pillars were to be erected. ... Plana at large will hereafter 
be transmitted of those spots where ir.i artificial boundary may in: deemed necessary 1 . 

The Resident in Katmandu pointed out the Gurkha view ; 

It is not to be supposed that the foot of tho continuous range of III'. is is so distinctly markedl 
as not to leave soots of su'ound which may be reasonably eoTites'.ivi ; those contested grounds 
may.. .be valuable to both parties. The recesses between the projecting ridges will in some 
instances be found to terminate on the passes in tho mountains, and rigid construction on 
the terms of cession may possibly pJuee the very defences of the passes into the hands of 
tho Kawaub Vizier. 

There can be no doubt that an apprehension of this niLturo ha.s had great weight with the 
administration, and induced milch of tho hesitation which has attended the recognition of our 
demand and, if the principle be t'.arriod to its greatest length, it must... cause great irritation 
in this Durbar 3 . 

After spending the rains of 1819 at Lucknow and surveying the Ramganga 
above Farnikhabi'wi. Grant, returned to complete the demarcation ; 

This sinvey was terminated in February 1820 ; my stay in the terai did not exceed four- 
months. ... The primary object of the survey was to determine the line of demarcation betweoii 
the states of Oude and Nepaul, and I was directed to superintend the construction of 
boundary pillars whom no natural boundary existed 3 . 

The following extracts are taken from his iieldbooks 4 ; 

On tho 2nd December ISIS, I received my final hist met ions from the Resident at Lucknow 
respecting the demarcation of tho northern frontier of Oude ; as also a copy of the first article 
of a treaty conclude;! between the lintish anil Oudo Governments, by which the former cede 
to tho latter the province of "Klryreegurh, etc. . ... 

6th Jan. 1819. I was doslroi is i<i' observing the azimuth of s> mo peeks in the 1st range- of 
hills ; but the atmosphere was so extremely hazy, and the smoke arising from the burning of 
the grass jungle was so dense, that nothing could be seen. Add to this I was encamped in a 
wide and barren wusr-e where there was scarcely a tree to he seen ; a cold wind blew from tho 
west. The thermometer fell to 'Mi'' in the tent, and the servants and cattle without any cover 
were almost frozen. I never indeed suffered a greater degree of cold in India. ... 

1st January 1820. Halted at SLughni for workmen who were expected from Lucknow 
to construct pillars, of masonry. ... 

2nd. Halted. The Oude Commissioner mid the workmen joined this day. ... 

9th. Marched to lhirelia Ghaut on the left bank of the Gograh. From the 10th to 16th 
January I halted for the Ncpaleso Commissioner, but finding there was no prospect of his 
joining me for some days, I caused a pillar of masonry to be constructed on the left bank o-f 
the Gogrnli in Lat. 23' i' 00" and Long. 80" o' 00". ... 

23nd. Nepalese Commissioner joined this day. ... 

24th. Scries of 24 lunar observations for longitude. ... 

1st February. Surveyed the Mnre!a...laid down in tho survey of February 1819. Here 
therefore terminates the survey of the X. frontier. It only remained for me to proceed to the 
Mongsoth N. and to see that, the turrai in that quarter was evacuated, and to superintend the 
construct:. ion of pillars in the right and left, hanks of the Rapti. ... 

24th. Marched to Goruckpoor. 1 propose remaining; some days to finish my reports. 

On loth March he moved out again from Gorakhptir to complete the western 
boundary of the district ; 

30th. Halt for the Oude Commissioner, and employed in making enquiries about the 
boundary. ... 

31st. Received from tho Resident 9 unfinished maps of the Tirhut and Morung 
Frontier to be completed. They were begun by Lieut. Eoileau, who died before completion 
[20]. 



22 Bengal & the Upper Provinces 

He closed work in the middle of June when the rains set in, and sent his maps 
down to the Surveyor General the following month 1 . Final maps followed in 
March 1821 by the hand of Arthur Fitzpatrick, who had been attached as assistant 
for the past year [ 12 n.o, ]. 

let. ... Portion, of the Uo-ruckpoor iron tier. ..where it touches the dominions of the King 
of Oude. ... Scale 1 inch to the English mile. ... 

2ndly. ... Fin-rue kaiwd frontier, ... comprehend in 2 ilia I porl ion of die pellicula within the 
Ganges and Ramgunga rivers which appertains bo 1 he King of Oude. 

3rdly. ... Western frontier of A/im^arh and Jounpoor, ... 3 miles to one inch. 

4thly. ... Northern frontier of Oude, ... from the Urrah Nuddee to the Kali, or Gogra, ... 
2 J miles to one inch 2 . ... Boundary pillars... est liI 'll..hr;d in the srorges of I lie mou ii lain-;.. .laid down 
from survey combined with astronomical observation, but in a country intersected with thick 
and almost impervious forests very groat, accuracy as to the relative longitude cannot be 
expected. 

The writing in all these maps has been performc .1 by Mi\ I'll -:-">airiok. wh-o.-se zeal and deli- 
gence is highly eomrncndiblo. TIlc mountainous parts I myself have delineated. ... 

For several important reasons I made no jittoinpb to examine the southern chain of moun- 
tains, or even to pursue enquiry anion.- thoss? who were best qualified to afford information. ... 

5thly. ... Various surveys... from Furrukabad to the Gunduk, comprehending also the 
mountainous regions to the north of Oude, and of the district of Goruckpoor, ... 5 English 
miles to one inch 3 . 

A few months later Grant was placed in charge of the revenue survey of 
Gorakhpnr district [ 151 ]. 



SabAranftjb & Dekka, 1815-9 

For some years the Commissioners of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces 
had been pressing for a survey to assist assessment and collection of revenues, 
and at the end of 1815 Alexander Gerard, whose survey of Saharanpur had been 
interrupted by the Nepal war, was again put at their disposal [ II, 180 ; 1 II, 157 J . As 
the "minute topographical survey" which the Commissioners asked for would take 
too much time, Gerard confined himself to a "correct trigonometrical survey", which 
was no more than a series of traverse circuits, by perambulator or pacing, with 
bearings by theodolite compass, corrected for needle variation*. He completed the 
north division of Saharanpur which at that time included Dehra Dun, and also 
Moradabad district, by May 1818 s . 

He gives a good description of the Dim [ II, 82-4 ; pi. 10 ; III, pi. 3 ] ; 

The cultivation is not marked from actual measurement, but from what I supposed to be 
nearly right, hi order to give some idea of the quantity of waste land in the Doon s . 

Roads. The only carriago roads thro' the Doon are from...Timli Pass, via Dehra, to Kans- 
tow Pass on the foot of Bheem gora. From there to Dehra, and from Joolapoor to Lukughat. 
The above roads are bad, and drag ropes are frequently necessary. Throughout the rest of the 
Doon there are nothing but footpaths, often impracticable for camels and s 



Rivers. The canal which supplies Dehra and some of the surrounding villages with water 
is cut from the Rispana, and runs in the hot weather. ... 

Hills. The outer range of the Doon 7 is composed of sandstone, with some pieces of quarts 
intermixed. There is not a single village nor the least cultivation upon them, and the whole 
is entirely covered with low sal, kanta, and small bamboos ; there are likewise some firs, but 
not in any quantity. I ascertained the height of a few of the peaks, and found them from 
2,000 to 2,500 feet above the sea. 

The other range which divides the Doon from Garhwal \-; composed of a bluish kind of 
clay slate, with a few pieces of limestone and quartz here and there. The northern face is in 
general covered with oak, boorahs...and firs, and the southern exposures with thick kanta and 
kawada bushes. They are very rugged and abrupt, and consquently there is very little 

1 DDn. 147 ( 160 ), 5-7-20. Maps. MRIO. Misc. 8-O-30. s ib. 17 ( 32 ) 10 Cat. ( 217 ). ■ DDn. 147 
{ 180), 12-3-21 ; Maps, MRIO. hi { 32-7, 40-1 ] ; 17 ( 14-9, 22). »"Fdbk. DDn. 138. s Maps, S! m to 
1 inch, MRIO. 25 ( 3-4, 62-4 ) 26 ( 16 ) 185 ( 10 ). * DDo. 212 ( 15 ), 25-11-18. ' Siw.olik Range. 



Sahaiianpur & Dehra 



■2;; 



cultivation upon thorn. The fields seldom exceed 10 or 15 feet in breadth, and run along 
the faces of the riill like steps. 

■ I have noted in the map the heights oi ;i low of Ihe principal penks, which are all I could 

accurately ascertain [.njiojiomctricully. I uiiidit have ilol.oiniii-iecl the altitude of the others I 

seed over, had not ray ten barometers been broken few days after my arrival at Dehra [204]. 

Villages. Throughout the Doon the villages are., .very poor, consisting of soldcm more 
than o or 6 mud huts. Those on the hills.. .arc likewise small, but the houses are better 
instructed, being built of stone two stories high, and covered with slate or flat-roofed. 

JunyU. The different kinds of jungle are put down in the map. Large sal timber is 
scarce, being only found in Rajbur, West of the Jumna, and near Lukurghat. The grass and 
surkhnnda jungle grows to a great height, and affords cover to elephants, tigers, leopards, 
hears, hogs, and deer, with which the valley abounds. ... 

Mines. Them are several mines in '.be district of Jounsar 1 , which borders upon the Doon, 
and belongs to the British Government. There is a copper mine at Kalsee, not worked at 
present owing to the hardness of the rock. The Gorkhas tried it hut found the expenco of 
labour too groat. There is an iron mine at, Busd.ti on the banks of the Jumna, and both iron 
and lead mines at...Lohakundee, a hi;ik mountain. ..about 12 miles north west of Bhyrat ; 
the latter are worked. Gold is found in sniiul quantities in the sands oi the Ganges. ... 

Climate. From the vicinity of the bills the weather is in general [ mild ? ]. In the cold 
season the thermometer ranges from fill to 70° in a tent at noon, and at night was about 50°. 
In May and June I. ..found the heat oppressive, the thermometer being 118° in tents. 

The outer range of bills is seldom covered with snow, and what- falls hardly ever lies the 
whole dav unless it be cloudy. The oilier range is covered with snow for about 4 months 
in the year, and several of the high peaks much longer. In the beginning of November snow 
fell upon Bhudrajh, the thermometer being ill" about an hour after sunrise, and I understand 
in January the snow is from 5 to 6 feet deep upon Bhyrath and Bhudrajh [ 30-4 ; pl.5 f. 

■ In November 1818, Gerard re ported that he had been 
directed by the Hoard of Commissioners to survey the whole of the Ceded and Conquerod 
Provinces, to make out the map upon such a scale as to include every single village, hamlet, 
and to define the boundaries of rlie purgaiias as exactly as possible. 

Last season T was employed partly in the Dohra Dun, partly in the Moradabad District. 
In the Doon I surveyed SLU square miles, in .Moradabad about 1330, making a total of 1760. ... 

If you wish the original map of Slaha ran poor... 1 can despatch it immediately, but I am 
a hopes you will allow me to furnish you with a fair copy, for it is just as it was protracted, 
a 4 pieces of paper, sadlv disfigured and blotted ; it. likewise contains part of the southern 
division of Saharanpoor, in the survey of which I have made considerable progress 3 . 

He continued survey of the southern division of Saharanpur until 1st February 
1819, when "the office of Surveyor to the Board of Commissioners" was abolished, 
A portion of his half-inch map of the Dun, beautifully drawn by his assistant 
Blandford, i-> reproduced as plate 3. 



Delhi Canals 

Proposals for the restoration of the old Jumna "canals, which had led to the 
surveys by Tod and Macartney during 1810 and 1811 4 , had been put aside owing 
to the distractions of the Nepal war. 

A survey and design for the work of re-opening the Delhi canal was completed... by Lt. 
Macartney, of the cavalry, in the year 1810 ; this was further followed up, if not preceded, 
by Beveral reports by other officers on the subject ( Lt. White of the Infantry [ II, 67 ] and Lt. 
Fordyco of the Engineers 6 , amonget the number ), and elicits"! ouch a variety of opinion from 
Colonels Kyd, Garstin, and Colebrooke, either as Surveyor Generals, or Chief Engineers [II, 
67-9 ], that the matter seems to have fallen into abeyance 6 . 

The subject was again brought to notice by Rodney Elane [II, 383 ], who 
wrote from Delhi in 1816 ; 

Being at this time quite unoccupied, ... it has occurred to me that if the existing papers 
Mid surveys relating to the Delhi Canal could. ..be entrusted to my charge, considerable 



■ 'Cha.kra.ta. = ODn. 133 ( 150-01 ). »l>T)n. 212 (3), 23-11-18. J Tod surveyed the FI. Jumna 

si, on left bank of Jurami ; Macartney sarveved the W. Jamiia or Delhi canal [ 11, 6H-0 ]. 'Arthur 

Dingwall Fordycc. lien. Kn<rrs. Ktis. 1S01 : Caiit. 181U ; d. at sea en passage home, 1812. *JASB. 
II, 1833 (112). 



24 Bengal & the Upper Provinces 

preparation might be made toward;-* tarrying into exeenlinn the in ton 'led repairs. ... "With tile 
assistance or these materials, mul from such an examination of the course: of the canal between 
Delhi and Kurnaul as may be made when I am returning to Loodhtauuh. an estimate of the 
e.\[jeiiijB itjiji'ht bo framed 1 . 

Alter long search. Macartney's plans and reports wave, retrieved and entrusted 
to Blane, who made a good start in the reconstruction of the canal. On his death 
the work was carried on by Colviti and Tickell. Cnlvin holding the appointment of 
Superintendent of Canals from 1827 till 1839 a . 

In 1809 Hodgson had called attention to the possibility of restoring the old 
Perozeshah canal lh.it. had once watered Hart ana | i 1, b=j , 69 j, and Colvlri ha.d notieed 
the same derelict esmsil when surveying on the "Bhatli frontier Ln 1818 3 . In March 
1820, Calvin was appointed "to survey the course of the ancient canal, 
Chittang Caddie-", and he completed this and the survey of the Ferozeshah canal 
"between November 1820 and January 1821. He ran levels — measured a base — 
observed triangles — and produced a useful map showing his marches, with a 
separate one for the Resident at Delhi to show administrative boundaries 4 . 

The survey and restoration of the dnab canal, ea.st of the Jumna, was earned 
out by Henry De Bude and Robert 8ra.it h between 1822 and 1830 6 . 



Allahabad to Agra, 1827-8 

In 182L Hodgson, now Surveyor General, obtained sanction for Alexander 
Boileau to resurvey the country between Allahabad and Cawnpore. The accuracy 

of the old maps had long boon suspect owing, as (joiebrooke, suggested, to careless- 
ness on the part of Reuben Burrow in letting his chronometers run down [ I, 163 ; 
II, 190-1 ]. Hodgson wrote that, being 

now employed in tlio construction of an Atlas of India on Llii> scale of 4 i'Jritisli mi las to an inch 
[2S4-5 1, ... T am anxious thii.t tiie map should bo as Cull and nmmiti! hh possible. ... The lower 
part of the clonh from Cawnpoor to AlUhabud mijdit be r&iiu-veyed with advantage, an the map 
...presents many blank a paces, and it is a compilation of which I suspeel the accuracy. ... A 
corrected map 011 the ser-xlo of two miles to an inch would lie a, useful document to the Judicial 
as well as the Military otti;'e, and. ..an. import-am component part of the Httlas 8 . 

To Boileau he writes ; 

The survey. ..will ho of a- em-sory nature only, ... oompleted in one season or perhaps 
in a less period 7 . ... It, scorns. ..not impossible that the i?om:>ilev of the in a- p"... has... protracted 
the survey routes probably too Ions;, for those lines were surveyed by different persons. 
Sufficient allowances may not. have been made for the winding of the roads and. ..it is 
difficult for me to insert this tract of country into the general maps. ... To clear up any 
doubt. ..you are directed to...remeasure some of the principal lines, and to trace some new 

When you have completed thu'line Lu Cawnpure, you will cross iho eloab thence to Calpee 
and thence make dia-gonisl sketches. ..J'nim the Jumna to the Ganges and back alternately, ... 

laying down many villages which are not in the old map, and... ascertaining the accuracy of 
your main line. ... The more villages you can lay down the better, and your enquiries... may 
be usefully directed. ..to I lie distance of S or 10 miles" [ 3 ]. 

Starting from Allahabad in October, Boileau ran his traverse first to Cawnpore, 
and then made a series of aig/.agB between the .Jumna and the Ganges, passing 
through Cawnpore 1st December, Kalpi 28th, Eatehpur 23rd January 1828, 
and back to Allahabad on 11th March. He then worked up through Ghazipur 
to close at Cawnpore on 30th April 10 . The following notes are taken from his 

fieldbook 11 ; 

'fromBlano 12-3-16; BMC. 13-4-16(31). = History of tlnse ,-anals by Colvm, J [SB I ( 105 ) ■ IE 
Marcli 1533 ( 105-27 ). = .l-'cLk., la Si (■■ 2S- 9 13. M1UO. M .VfS ; Out, ISIS, ib. 12 J 215 1 ■ 31 ( 12 13 )'- 
18>(25-7). J DDn. ISO, .11 40.5 j MRK1. 11297, general map in 3 sheet-, ib. ISO { 2f>-7 | ; 10 Cot. (233) 
gives Culvin'a map uf Jiai.i.a unnls. l).;bii 'l'erri:.n:-\- i; > u.i |. '- J A.-'lii. I i. i .-:■!:! f 1 ll'n ■ rmp bv lift Bude- 
MRIO. 168(14). =T>Dn. 204 (325), 5-7-27. ''ib. (240"), 2d 7 27. s 0. G. NiehclU | II, 4^3 1. MEIo' 
18(9). ' DUn. 220 ( £fiS ) T-ft-27. '"Map*. MRTO. 2fl ( 40 ), ( S3 I. SI ( 33 ). »ili.M34S.' 



Allahabad to Agra 25 

The primary a bj cot... being to ascertain the longitude of Caunpoor by si series of accurate 
measurements connecting a given point at Allahabad with the garrison flagstaff at that 
station, as well as.. .to fill in the. ..unsurveyed portions of the lower doab, ... [ I ] measured a 
short base and laid out a triangle. ... 

20th November 1827. — [Used two perambulators the whole time] — the two hands of 
Cant Gerard's perambulator do not always exhibit the same proportional parts of a mile, 
owing to the looseness of (he shorter index. ... 

Many of the stations may appear to be unnecessarily short ; and indeed they are, but the 
camel -flag-bearers are 'quite new in their office, and have not yet learnt how to judge for 
themselves in taking up proper points whoii Strut on ahead [II, 202 ]. ... 

I have been employing my spare time. .in practising with the sextant & chronometer, 
to take the altitudes & turn's at the same instant. A. find that 1 can siivcady ascertain the error 
of the watch to within less than a second. ... Hoping to improve by practice. ... 

10th December. I have at length brought my work to a close at the Magazine Ghat at 
Caunpoor, & am very much surprised to find that I cannot make my observations on this spot 
agree at all With those of Mr. Burrow, who must of course he eorrect, as he was one of the first 
astronomers of his day 1 . ... The perambulator & my eexftftn* agree pretty well together. ... 
but I am mortified at finding my altitudes differ so much from those of such an excellent 
observer as Mr. Burrow. 

He writes to the Surveyor General ; 

16th January 1828. On arriving at iairajnoor on the Ganges...! was enabled to bring 
my measurement to a close, for the first time during a run of upwards of 200 miles, on a point 
from which 1 had taken a circuit of upwards of -SO miles via Caunpoor, and had the satisfaction 
to find that my rou»h protractions of the routo closed within J a mile of the proper point. 

8th February. The old map is very incorrect in some matters. ... There are some of the 
■villages 011 the wrontr side of the Jumna, and some of the small rivers naming in places where 
I could discover no trace of them. The entire zigzag to Allahabad will probably be completed 
by the middle of end of March. 

3th March. The different In ies agree very well with each other at the points of meeting. ... 
The whole of the work is protracted from the very commencement to the close of this morning's 
work, and the whole of the traverses are brought up. ... The more the old map is examined 
the more errors are discovered in it, and the smaller rivers are particularly faulty. The 
different routes, too, not having beeu laid down by the same person, differ considerably 
...from those which have all been taken with the same theodolite & the same perambu- 
lators. 

27th March. I am keeping as much as possible among the blank spaces in the map, that 
these unknown parts may be filled in correctly. The three measurements from Caunpoor 
to Allahabad ought to give the relative longitudes of these places very near the truth, being 
assisted by your latitudes ( and those of Mr. Burrow ), if I can identify your bungalow, but 
there was no plan of cantonments in Caunpoor. ..as the Superintending linginoer had taken 
it on tour with him. 

Caunpoor, 2nd May. Having arrived at Caunpoor wo much earlier than I expected, there 
are now nearly two months of tins season re ma hung, in which I think I can manage both tile 
lines you wished to have measured before the rains, that is. from Caunpoor to Fattehgurh, & 
from thence to Agra. I am now wsiting for the repair of 2 of my perambulators, one of which 
is much out of order & 1 expect to reach Futtehgurh about, the end of this month. 

7th May. As I am actually on my way to Agra, and the weather is still very fine, I think 
that I can complete both the desired lines before the rains, and will do my beat to ascertain 
the relative longitudes of Futtehgurh, the Taj, and Caunpoor [ 190 ]. 
Hodgson replies ; 

You havo done good work in getting through the lower doab so well and quickly, and 
I will be glad to hear [ that you have reached J shelter at Agra, for the weather must be- very 
hot. However, I hope your health will not .suffer from being in camp in hot winds ; mine never 
did, and I think I was better in the field, changing ground every day, than iu a house,- and 
the time certainly passed more lightly 2 . 

Boileau compiled bis survey into a "large map of the lower dooab, on a- scale 
of two geographical miles to an inch" 3 , which he submitted from Agra in September,, 
and Hodgson reported the satisfactory conclusion of the survey ; 

"Boileau's latitude f;>r 0:e.i:ipora 26° 29' 7''7 
(.331 ), 14-5-28. "Memoir ilcs^rilii'iL' :tiap, II 1 21 
31 (42];. for details see l>J>n. 415 ( IB), lS-10-^5. 



: true position 26° 2 


S' V. ; 80 


° 21' E. 


'DDn. 220 


MRIO. 25 ( 4(1 ) ; ot 


h.r-f .imps. 


ib. 25 { * 


i ) 2fl ( 46-7 ),- 



X 



Bengal & tee Upper Provinces 



. Lieutenant Boileau, whom I guided in all the details of his duty by correspond enco has 
executed the work...in a manner very much to his credit, and has, under my special instruc- 
tions, carried linos from my observatory at Futtehgurh [ i8tj ) to the Tajh at Agra. 

The old surveys of the lower dooab, which required revision as I aupposod they would, 
have been corrected, and the country between Cawnpore and Allahabad has been traversed 
and intersected in many directions, and the difference of longitude between the two places 
is now satisfactorily settled. The old difference has, as I supposed it would, proved very 
considerably in error. The other lines above Cawnpore wore found to be correct 1 . 

This was the last deliberate peace-time survey to be based wholly on traverse 
and astronomical fixings. 



Agra, 1829-30 

The capture of Bharatpur in January 1826 2 opened up new country, and after 
Boileau's arrival at Agra Hodgson ordered him to measure a base-line between 
Agra and Delhi, and carry triangulation into Bharatpur, from which detail survey 
could be extended by theodofile traverse ; 

What your next season's work will be I cannot exactly say at present, but either in Bhurt- 
poor or Rohilcund, probably. If the former, wa must proceed from a measured base When 
atAgrayou may examine the ground. I think 2J or 3 miles., .fit for a base may be found near 
where General NichoU's 8 division was encamped before the siege. If so, the Taj, Secundra 
and other buildings, are points, and sides most be found to connect thorn to Futtehpoor Seckri' 
whence the citadel of Bhurtpoor and the Taj are visible, and the principal forts, Kumar Deis' 
etc., will be fine points in Bhurtpoor country, and we can sketch easily 10 Ahvar etc f zo^ 1 

Perhaps you may find ground for a base | way between Agra to Futtepoor Secri where 
both are visible ; there is a chain and coffers, etc., in the Agra magazine [ 250 ] 4 . 

Boileau was directed first to make connection with the Jumma Musjid in Delhi 
and to traverse ' 

from the Taj at Agra... -to the fort of Bhurtpoor tlirough Chaksana, and to return...by Fatteh- 
poor Sikri, that the difference oflongitude might, be ascertained by a double measurer 
examining what ground... would be best adapted for the measurement of a base 6 . 

He did this 

without any accident or interruption, though I have just received a public notice.. .through 
the Political Agent at Bhurtpoor, forbidding me to carry on any surveying operations in the 
Bhurtpoor State. Though Major Locket [ LT, 417 ] eould not publickly lend me his assistance 
in running the perambulators through this independent territory, yet he very kindly furnished 
nae with such aid... previous to the arrival of this order, and the people of the country, far from 
throwing any obstacles in the way of the work, were perfectly civil and obliging 8 . 

Whilst waiting for permission to cross the Bharatpur frontier, Boileau, 
being quite tired of remaining still at Agra, ... took an opportunity of running down to Jeypoor 
early in April 1829, taking with me a sextant and chronometer for the purpose of ascertaining 
the latitude and longitude of that place 7 . ... Being positively forbidden... I dared not carry on 
any route survey beyond our frontier, but when the prohibition is removed, I hope some 
opportunity will occur of verifying the above. ... I will prepare to undertake the measure- 
ment of a base betwi'-en Auen ;md Fattehpoor Seekree 9 . 

At last, in August 1829, the ban was removed 8 to bis great delight ; 
for really I have been so many months eating the bread of idleness that I began to be quite 
ashamed of myself. ... Further examination will, I hope, enable me to find sufficient ground 
for a base of five miles, and there will no doubt be a less objectionable method of connecting 
the Taj at Agra with the proposed chain of triangles than by the mode formerly suggested 10 . 

He spent November and December 
reconnoitring the country south of Agra, within the dominions of the Company, which was 
flat and difficult for triangulation. ... I have found three places southward of Agra which 
would form nearly an equilateral triangle with Akbar's Tomb at Sikandra and the gateway 
of Fattehpoor Seekree. ... Having completed a very minute examination of all the country 
immediately south of Agra, ...the following month will be chiefly employed near ZVIuttra 11 

•DDii. 231 ( 198 I, 22-12-28. * Plans siirvd. during siege. MRIO. S3 ( 9-11 ] JQen Sir Ta^r 

Nicholla .(±778-1849); C-m-C, 1.S3SM3; DNB. 'One 1 tl (ITS. 1 | , , DDn 220 (33lT 

* ".„r> a j. b ''"''"" " 8 - ' FLwdb . v l['."-;^ontfn vcurs earlier [34 1' 
"DDn. 227,30-8-29. "DIM. ^<t, M 5^; 1-1-30. 



Agra 27 

He reported later that 
nearly the whole of the central ami northern parts of the Agra and \Tuttra frontier have been 
very minutely surveyed, and nil elovateol points have beer. carefully noted which may assist 
in carrying on the intended triangulation. No difficulty will occur in finding convenient 
Stations within the Bhurtpoor territory, and many difficulties havo boon already dono away 
with, ... but much yet remains to be dono to the southward and westward of Agra 1 . 

He completed his survey of Bharatpur during the next two years. 

Roads 

During the Maratha war of 1817-8, Quartermaster General's officers of all three 
presidencies were employed on military surveys, and from 1st January 1817 a 
special cadre was authorized for the Bengal army, as had been formed in Madras 
in 1810 [II, 321-2 ; III, 334-7]- To avoid infringing on the responsibilities of 
the Surveyor General, duties were restricted to the survey of roads and communi- 
cations ; 

On the cloHii of operations. ..t!io o filters of the- Quarter Master General's; Department being 
disposeable, His Excellency the Commander in Chief.. .lws directed thu.t they should be imme- 
diately employed in H in boring tho object of,. .the Superintendent in tho "Western Provinces. ... 
You are. ..to commence a survey of the roads, etc., in the District of — . The survey,. .ia 
to be confined to the roads with the objects immediately on them, or adjacent thereto, and ia 
to consult both civil and military convenience. ... 

The more immediate obk«-r, tieinrt to enable 1 lie i nil- dsl rates 10 dot ermine on a rra.n foments 
for the general convenience and security of travellers, the officers employed will carefully 
examine the localities of the several police chokies, ... and recommend such positions as in 
their judgements may seem to be better... thitn those at present fixed on. 

The surveyors were to make daily observations for latitude, weather permit- 
ting, and to keep close touch with the Superintendent of Police ; they were 
to be employed at loast six days in seven, unless interrupted, by indisposition or the inclemency 
of the weather, and during the [jeriudieal j-n-jius their ai.tem.ioa is to be devoted to the compil- 
ations and topography of their surveys, of which three eopks are to be prepared, both of the 
maps and field books, in order that the Quarter Master General of the Army, the Superinten- 
dent of Police, and tito Magistrate of the District may oaeh have one B . 

From October 1818, all military roads were placed under the control of the 
Quartermaster General, including that between Calcutta and Benares [ I, 368 ] 3 . 
In 1820 the establishment included Ezekiel Barton [ II, 380-1 ] as d.q.m.g. with 
headquarters at Cawnpore ; James B'ranklin as a.q.m.g., and a number of 
d.a.q.m.g.'s [ 335-7 ]■ Copies of surveys were sent as a matter of routine to the 
Surveyor General 4 , and included roads in Rohhkhand by William Garden — routes 
in Allahabad district, and thence to Nagpur via Rewah and Jubbulpur, by 
Becher — roads to the north of Delhi by Paton— and through Mirzapur and 
Rewah by Drummond. 

Officers of the Ramgarh Battalion were still interested in surveying roads of 
Chota Nagpur, and in 1817 Ferguson surveyed the road from Gaya to Patna 6 under 
the direction of Roughsedge, president, of the road committee. In 1822 James 
Aire, of "the Hill Bildars", was one of the officers surveying new roads of 
Singbhum 6 . Surveys through Central India, Matwa, and Rajputana, will be noted 
in a later chapter [ 83-90 ]. 

During the Burmese war, when most of these officers -were on active service, 
"Superintendence and Executive charge of all public roads" was transferred to 
"the Department of Public; Works" 7 . 

During 1819 Jackson [ II, 409 ; III, 12 ] surveyed the line for a road between 
Midnapore and Nagpur through Keon.jar and Sambalpur, receiving instructions that 

iDBn. 22Q, M530j 1-5-30; «ee also M 315, 317. SIB, W. which oonfeun i-inc'n maps of Agra-Muttra 
frontier, beantifullv clrar and nt';i-t ; olJ.cr mmi are. M1.U0. Iu I 6 ) ; 39 (3-1-1]. ! DDn. 282 (290), 
30-3-18. 3 BOO."G«.. 10-10-1 S. ' IIRIO. M 379; 31 ( 30 ) ; 32 ( 1-57 ). '" presumably tbatsurveyed 
by Peokett iu 1812 [ II, 436 ]. ' 511110. 46 ( 35 ). 7 BGO. 30-9-25. 



28 Bengal & the "Upper Provinces 

the precise direction... must be faithfully laid down, giving full and distinct reasons for all 
windings, and the most particular account of the nature of the soil and features of the country, 
whether open or through jungle, plains, ascents and descents, and, where low and requiring 
to be raised, the probablo (jiumtity of labour and means of accomplishing it ; what trenches 
or drains for vtatx-r- courses, or bridges, will bo necessary. 

The outline of towns and villages... must be given, with the streets passing through them, 
and defences where they have any ; also of ail forts, buildings of importance, bridges, tanlts, 
etc., not to mention wells wherever met with, or. ..wanted for the convenience of troops or 
other travellers. ... 

A particular description will be expected of all rivers, nullahs, ghauts, passes, fords, 
and ferries, ... and the names and residence? of the. zemindars to whom the villages and lands 
belong, or by whom rented. ... The climate, ...the populations and castoa ; number and 
description of their cattle and carriage.?, produce of the crops, and state of manufactures 1 . 

Without, perhaps, collecting quite all the information here called for, Jackson 
produced a useful map, and the road was constructed on his 

rough estimate of probable expence of constructing a road from Midnapoor to Nagpoor, 
30 feet wide, and clearing away 25 yards of jungle on either side— Rs. 3,38,448 for the part 
thro' the Company's dominions -Rs. 2,75,136.. .th.ro' JTagpoor — Rs. 6,13,585 total 2 . 

An advertisement in the Government Gazette, of 22nd .June isi'O roads that 
Dak runners have recently been laid on the direct route betwixt Calcutta and Nagpore, a 
route lately explored and surveyed by Captain Jackson. This line of communication with 
the capital of Berar runs, nearly in an easterly direction through Kaipur, and shortens the 
dak to Bembiiy | 266 n.i ], 

At the end of 1829 CI1 more and Omnianney, both of the Engineers, were deputed 
to survey the line for a road from Burdwan to Bihar, which was -afterwards to 
be constructed as part of the Grand Trunk Road. 

There was a direct road from Burdwan to Behar formerly used, ... and though not now 
frequented... it appears probable that by pursuing its course the surveyors will meet fewer 
obstructions than they would be likely to encounter in any other direction.. It is also probable 
that coal, lime, and other materials, will be found. ..for the construction of any bridges that 
might be necessary 5 . 

The Surveyor General gave Gihnore detailed instructions ; 

You will commence. ..at Burdwan, and. ..survey by perambulator measurements and magnetic 
bearings, intersecting all remarkable objects to right and left, and especially... such features 
of the country as may be useful in defining the proposed line. You will also. ..report on the 
natural productions... such as coal, limestone, etc. ... 

It is supposed that.. .you may survey daily from 6 to 8 miles according to the difficulties 
of the country. This distance you will protract, filling in all the details dnaisg the heat of the 
day when your work in the field is suspended, as it essential to the accuracy of such a work 
that the map should keep pace with the Held book. 

The scale of these field protractions will bo 2 miles to an inch ; these will be afterwards 
combined and reduced to a scale of 4 when the whole is finished. It will be necessary also 
to take daily azimuths for the ascertainment of the error of the needle. ... You will forward 
to this office on the 1st of each month a report of your progress. ... 

In the accompanying sketch,, .you will find laid down several triangles belonging to the 
series of tho Groat 'Trigonometrical Survey 4 . ... You should chock your operations by con- 
necting them with those fixed points. ... The simplest method of doing this will be to observe 
the angles subtended by any three of those stations thai, may be visible, by observing their 
azimuths with the theodolite which has been furnished you 5 . 

Giimore reported the completion of the survey 8 in a letter from Patna dated 
22nd March, and then returned to Calcutta and discharged his staff. His road ran 
through Raniganj, Rupnarainpur, Palamau, Karakdiha, to Bihar, about 30 milea 
south-east of Patna'. 

'DDa. 133(529), 1-12-18. - Fdbk. MRIO. M. 221. " from Mil. Dept. to SG„ DDn. 263 ( 91 I, 
11-12-29. . 'Ollc.er's l.:.i!L'i-i.i:iin;i! ."fries | !6l-- ]. ■' ivhat v.;- now call a theo<:nlii.a resection [ 197 1 ■ 

SG. to Gilmoro, DDn. 267 < 1 ), 6-1-30. "Eiffik, M2«; mapsMRIO. 46 ( 1-3 ). 'Report, DDd. 265 

(31-9}, 23-7-30. 



CHAPTER Ill 



THE MOUNTAIN PROVINCES 

Garhwal & Sirmur, 1815-S — 1818-9 — 1819-22 — Upper Suttej Valley, 
1817-23 — Kitmatm, 1816-21. 

THOUGH the glorious views of the snow peaks had long fascinated surveyors 
toiling in the plains, it was not until the Gurkhas had been dispossessed of 
their Himalayan conquests, and had accepted the Kali Hivcr as their western 
boundary, that any regular survey of the mountains was possible [II, 84, 89]. 

Robert Colebrooke, Crawford, Webb, and Hodgson, bad set their hearts on 
penetrating into the mountains and discovering the secrets that lay beyond the 
lower foothills. Sickness and death had robbed Colebrooke of any greater joy than 
taking distant observations and calculating (he 'heights of a few recognizable peaks 
[ II, 86-7 ]— Crawford had the thrill of actually working in the mountains of Nepal 
f II* 70-2 ; pi. 8 ] — Webb had penetrated far up the two main branches of the Ganges, 
and was now given the survey ofKumaun [IT, 70-7 1 pi. 9]— and it fell to Hodgson 
who had already climbed the lower spurs above the Dim [II, S2-4; pi. 10] to lead 
the regular survey which Lord Moira sanctioned at the end of 1815 ; 

A favorable opportunity now offers for making a correct survey of the lately liberated 
provinces of Gurawal, Sirmoor, and Hindoor 1 , as well as of the countries to the north... 
teaching to the Himalehah, a tract which couaprwiea the aourow of" the Ganges, Jumna, Tonse 

''■■■■■■' -- — s, and which, is bounded 

influence. ... A survey 
to the public interest!; 

its, and of the height* 
of British research and 
[lightened Government. 
with Kepaul, and the little pro- 
bability there is that Captain 'Hodgson would ever be allowed to en tor that country in time of 
peace for... making a leisurely and extensive survey, induced the Commander-in-Chief 3 to 
think he might be more advantageously employed in making the survey above described, 
and he has accordingly directed thut officer to proceed towards the upper part or the dooab, 
subject however to be recalled in the event of the array on the frontier of Sarun and Tirhoot 4 
taking the field [ TT, 43 : M, I, 2 ]. ... 

Captain Hodgson is well known as a prac-tised trigonoTnei.neal surveyor of no common 
stamp. ... He purposes to measure a long base on the plains of the upper part of the dooab 
or of Rohilcund, and then proceed with a series of grand triangles, in which the highest and most 
remarkable mountains would form stations, whence every peak and rango visible may be laid 
down with the greatest accuracy. At favourable seasons, when the snow is sufficiently melted, 
the sources of the great rivers may be visited and determined with precision 5 . 

Hodgson was appointed to this charge from 17th October 1S15, keeping as 
assistants Ezckiul Barton and two young engineer officers, Edward Garstin and 
Paton, who had been with him on the Nepal frontier [ II, 41 ; pi. 21 11. ]. 

He reached Saharanpnr on 30th December, and after searching without success 
for a suitable site for a base-line, and losing several weeks from a return of the 



( hitherto unknown though larger than the Jnnma 2 ), and Sutledge 
by some of the noblest mountains of" the world [pi. 5]- 

The whole of those provinces are now. ..under British protection 
could therefore be carried on. ..at leisure, ... as immediately 
as it would add to geographical science. ... 

An ascertainment of the heads and courses of the four great 
and distances of the snowy peaks, are now completely ■ 
enterprise. These ii.ro objects becoming the attention of ; 

The prospect of a speedy termination to the present 



! orNalagarh. one of the SimliiStiit.es. west of Sic 
Mils!. ';■ Ji,!-rm.-i ai c.n-.liif.:icv : imr,i:,ii. XXI LI, 41 S-fl. 
Ptr. ^From AG., DDn. lil ( IS1 ), 27-9-13. 






30 The Mountain Provinces 

fever which he had picked up in the iarai [ II, 42 1 he decided to postpone 
ground measurement, and to start his survey from astronomical observations. 

The fever & ague by which 1 ""a.s confine' I since the 2i>1,li of J any., hating abated, ...I 
proceeded on 11th February 1S16 by the Timli -pass to the U<»>ii. ... 1 rocoiirioitroct the ground 
Dear Beit ( Sahara npoii;' i. which I ihough!, niiidii, perhaps bo :j; i I'lir-iimt.ly level for a base, but 
found it not so, & as no answer had arrived ...to my application to. ..charge the extra expenses 
...on the measuring a .lout; base in a correct manner, and as the season proper for such an 
operation v.'as passing a w ay, I resolved to think no more of the base this year, but to use 
differences of latitude of places verj distant. from each other ( but nevertheless visible I 1 . 

Marching through Kiiisi, where the Jumna, breaks out from the hills, he took a 
long series of observations from SmghorF — for latitude — to the hills around — ■ 
and to snow peaks. "I mean to go to the summit of the lofty Chour-ke-Dhar s , 
5 days journey hence over high mountains". Passing through j\uhan, capital of 
Sirmur, he reached the Cham, .1 LWiti feet above the sea, on -1st April, and started 
another long scries of observations [IT, pi. 10 ; III, 175 ]. He found that work on 
these hills after fever was very trying ; 

Whether it. bo from tlio ctiiirigea in the. atmo'-sp hero on high siioiint.iiin.-s, or tho inconvenience 
of being exposed to severe cold & high wind-. !. find my observations never agree a fourth part 
so well as on the plains. ... Had I not bee:.! disable-' ! b\ the- daegerons in iia in mat ion of my throat, 
I could have taken a, series of stars by the circular instrument, but, on the 2Sth April I was 
obliged to go down to Kalian to nonsuit- Dr. Russell 1 . ... 

28th April. Camp on the Chaur Medur mountain. Know. ... A heavy fall last night. 
I purpose going to .Sabatoo, & thence Ram poor in fnissair 1 " 40 ; pi. -; ] high up on the Suttleez. 
Should there be a mountain barometer to be sold, in Calcutta., I should be greatly obliged by 
your buying 2 for me [ 34, 222 ] fl . 

In May 1816, he marched through Nahan and Sabathu bo Simla, where he 
pitched his tent on the ridge, and found villages distant and supplies scarce. He 
then went along the track now known as the Hindustan-Tibet road, through 
Theog and Matiana, to reach Kotgarh 7 on 27th May [pi. 5]. 

As soon as I am relieved from the inconvenience of an in da tut 11 at ion of tho throat, caused 
by tho frequent, chr, nges front the heat- of the vaihe- & the C' if I di y air &- cutting winds on the 
high mountains, I mean to survey liy Ram pour & the valley of the Huttluj along the foot 
of the Himalya, & to visit, if possible the source of the Suttluj, as that cannot be done except 
in June or in the rains. ... 

.t surveyor, is on sick certificate at Ma-ban. Ensign Paton joined 
mpanied me to this pla.ee. He will be detached to survey the routs 
to BiilJaspour £.: Subalhoo by (lie Sntthi7_ "Ensign I"! a rsti n , when nhio, will be employed in a 
survey of the diitriels bei.v>oen Sabaitoo i th.e SvLttkiz, and. bot !i the assistants generally in 
filling up details between fixed points. 

The want of mountain barometers I greatly feel ■ the last I had was broken on the Chour. 
I have two doming from England ; they are not procurable in India, either from the public 
or in the shops 8 . 

Leaving Kotgarh on 8th June, Hodgson travelled by Rampur and up the 
Sutlej, finding supplies very difficult as there was great shortage of grain. 
Before the end of the month he crossed the; Sliatui pass, ltj.555 ft., over the high 
snow range to the upper Tons, returning to Kotgarh over another pass by 15th 
July. The following extracts from his journal describe this notable journey ; 

By determining the position of the Kylas peaks 9 [I, 71 ; II, 81 n.4 ]...! shall determine 
the course of tho iSutriua so far. A beyond it T believe the country is not inhabited. ... As to 
the source of the Suttlu/., I hope to giro more satisfactory information hereafter, but am 
greatly inclined to believe it is not in the Himalya ; the people universally say that it 
comes from near. ..JlansoTiir hake ; some pretend to have gone along it so far ; one man whom 
( examined... i^avo uic a cle-scriptii n of rite lake j' II, 80 ]. 

23rd June. Burrah, towards the pass over flu; Himtnalya into Swarra, 10 . ... 

24th. Halting place above pine forest to. ..foot of pass. ... The Kylas Peak seen hence Some- 
what resembled the form of the Pe.guo temple of Sheo-iMa-hadeo. rising from a broad base, & 

•Fdhk. MRIO. M 359 Eek 1816. a 7632 ft., N. of Barat. =53F/5, conspicuous from Simla. 

'SYlbk. M Ssy. 3 Rampur, 53 E-'U. 'Letter to livilc. ASM. I'Die I Stj : M. 575. " Summer hdqrB. of 

detachments of 1st .v :>na NasH tbtt, [ .10 11.5 J. s M.RIO, fdhk. 11 Soil. * Kuila-, 22,02S, r/2 E. "Shaora ? 
1111 upper Tons, 53 I. 



L A 



n,& 



OARHWaL & STRMCR 

Northward extension shewing Spitt R. 

3> A K 



"ay incite 







*~ .^t^Saxi'. 



Reduced from 8-mile tu*p prepared in Purveyor General's office, 
1822 I!, from surveys of Hodgson, Herbert, and Oliver, 18 lfi-22 [29-40]. 
Meridian lines drawn a;. 20' intervals from meridian of The. Chnor. 
assumed to bo 77"' i!S' 30" Past of Greenwich. Survey was started 
from the observed latitudes of stat ionn at BrfviUe, Tin: Choor, Baraiit 

,-l:",.: ^-oorki/ndu . O'.'iii^' to d isoa'daiit result:; wlii'Cl Sv r he ui;:-:: 1 .-^c^.ed 
vagaries of local attraction [3^, 17;], Herbert measured a base-line 
early in 1819, one mile east of Dehra [j?.B.?l and with Hodgson 
compiled (! quuitei'incli map on the l-iangttlatioe values thus revised 

[38]. 

For exploration of Kin alayau passes and of Spiti and SutltJ river.; 
by Hodgso)), Herbert, and Gerard, see pp. 30-1, 40-3, and Gerard';: 
frontispiece maps, Lloyd, I & II. 

■Fi.ll t.riflTi m> lotion nWtB jmiwsr ns nlnt,™ m A iv. 4sinl.ii- H«™r*ji 



mmm 



. 




Surveyors' Stone, Bhadraj Hill, 9 in. west of Mussoorie, 
lies 30 yards e;ist of fakir's hut on lower summit, 440 vds. w. 
of point 7320- Bridle track from Cloud End passes between 
these summits. Initials cut include 

1HB. (John Stephen Boldero (1791-1858), BCS., Jt. Mte. 

SaMranpur, from 1815). 
RDG.? 

W L, G ( Wm. Linnaeus Gardner ) [ 32 n.z j. 

I A H (John Anthony Hodgson, who c limbed Bhadraj in 1814 
and 1816 to observe snow peaks [IT, 85,407 ; pi. 10 ■ 
IH.pl. 5]). 
A G ( Alexander Gerard [ III, 22-3 ; pi. 3 ] ), and a name in 

Persian script. 
In lower right corner is 
Lady Hood 1814 ( Maria, wife of Admiral Sir Samuel Hood, comdg. 

E.I. Squadron [II, S3, 407] ). 
Fanny Parks tells: of riding out to Bhadraj c. IS^5, Wanderings 
of a Pilgrim [ II, 247-8 Jj "A little further on we found a Hindu idol 
rudely cut in stone ; this idol is now neglected. ... Near it is a large 
stone on which is chiselled 'Lady Hood IS14'. On speaking of this 
to the political agent, he laughed and said, "You were more enter- 
prising than Lady Hood — you visited the spot—she only sent a man 
to chisel out her name and that of Colonel B. on the top of Bhadraj ; 
she never visited the- plaet: in person". 

The hut contains, 1951, two stone images, and a holy man was 
living here as late as 1030. 



GAKHWAL & SlKMUR SI 

decreasing by steps as it ware. There are other peaks near called Kylas, but this is the 

most eminent. ... 

Abandoned my email tent, to allow the people to help on those who were falling down 
Siek. ... Whether from the thinness of the air, or the escalations &em certain plants, very 
many of the people were attacked with laiotnoss it laid down ; I »■]» > experienced an nn pleasant 
sensation & headache all this day. ... Halted for the night at the Pamori river. 

Observations for latitude gave 31° 29' 25*. At night wk preparing to observe an immersion 
of J's satellite, when I was seized with giddiness .fc could not stand to the telescope ; but it 
was misty, tt probably the observation, would not. have been good. 

I found that water boiled here at 188° of Farhenheit. The water was in a kettle in high 
ebluition. I ordered the people to take wood in the morning to the top of the paw, & to await 
my arrival there, that 1 might try this same experiment there with boiling water, but had the 
vexation to find they had gone forward to avoid the snowstorm there, I find it boils at Kote- 
ghnr at 166°. 

25th 1 . Halting place across the pass in th© Himalya into Swarm 86fch. To Roul 

village. ... 1st July. Into the Pabur valley 3 . 
He wrote to Hyde on 1st July from 
Camp at Rooron 3 on the Pabrot River, Bussahir. The survey is going on into...the rains 
if the thick weather does not oblige me to give it up. I must bring up my indoor work in 
the cold season below, when these mountains arc buried in snow. 

I have surveyed tip Kunaur 4 [ 40, 43 ], the valley ( or rattier chasm, its so steep )... 
through which the Suttiez flows, one of the most rugged countries in the world to have 
inhabitants. I went up as far as I could get gram for my people, but at this season the poor 
crops of barley are yet green., and the- people cannot grow enough for themselves, & are obliged 
to import it from the south side of the H'iinalyu. in exchange for wool. ... I purpose shortly 
to go up into Kunaur again, and higher. As I went by the course of the river, I got within 
the Himalya without passing the snow, but returned south over the snowy mountains into 
Swarroa. 

There are 2 ridges of the Himalya, between which the Sutiiuj flows near east arid west. I 
came over the southern one, which I crossed on the 24th at noon, and found it a very arduous 
undertaking. ...The want of barometers most mortifying indeed! Even at this season 
people frequ&ntly psi'ieh there, &. t found one desd, & with difficulty preserved the lives of 
several of my people, with the loss of some of my baggage. 

Pray tell Col. Mackenzie the above when he arrives, & that I have preserved some of the 
rook of the Himalya for him, & have collected some flowers, &c, which grow below tile snow 
For the botanical professor [ 48 11.2 ] ; they are chiefly such as grow in the spring in England. 
I wish .1 had a skilful nal.ive garduer from the botanical gardens with me to collect plants & 
preserve them, as I am no botanist. 

He asked for an astronomical quadrant : 

Pray... mention this urgently, also a supply of bum meters, &c, in a public way, as without 
Government will help, 'tis in vain to rim the risk of breaking one's neck, or being starved or 
frozen to death. 1 hope when Col. Mackenzie comes he will set these wants in a proper light, 
for 'tis a shame that a great Government should have no better iiistrn merits in their store 
than those seat to Mr. Gamin ; so bad & rough that I really would not myself be at the 
expenee of carriage for them [ 212 ]. 

Mr. Paton is employed at Ilindoor. .Mr. Gavstiu I believe sick at Kalian. I suffer greatly 
from inflamed sore throat 6 . 

From Kotgarh he returned to Nahaii, where he stayed from 10th August till 
20th September, taking lunar observations for longitude when rain permitted. 

I was also eu go Lied hi bringing up the map. but having doubts as to the precise latitude 
of my grand station on the Ohour, on which everything depends, I thought it best to defer 
doing anything definite till 1 eould revisit the peak. 
This he did during October ; 

At a place like the summit of this vast mountain. ..no one who has not resided in such a 
stormy region can have an idea of the violence of the wind, and the suffering of an observer 
by night from the cold, always much below freezing point. ... On the 10th of October, water 
instantly froze when poured out at 9 in the morning, tho' the sun shone out, the thermometer 
being then at 31 c . Judge then what it is by night, accompanied by a wind which peels the 

Mats- also entsred in map; MRIO. 10 (IS). 2 . 

Boliru. * Katiiiivar is upper -iibaivn. of Uishii.hr st 
Oaz. VII ( 49-5 ). XIV ( 372-3 ). ' DDn. 130. M 575, 1 



32 The Mountain Provinces 

akin from the fate, &. blows with a violence which seems to shako the very ground. I had. a 
tent cut open to the north & south to protect the instrument, but at the time of observation 
the wind rushes in &■ shakes the instrument, & blows out the lights & creates; confusion, & 
people holding the tent to prevent its being-carried away are apt to touch or shake the stand,: 
so that I found it- impossible to keep the adjustment- in order Train night to night, "and ara 
obliged to reject some pairs of observations, taken with so midi trouble. 

As winter was coming on, he now moved down to Saharanpur where 

I repeated the observations for the altitudes & a/.itt-iulhs of the different snowy and other peaks, 
and took many new observations, & have, from the Chaur &, Saha ran poor, points in the Himalya 
which Capt. Webb will also have [ 46, 47 ; pi. 6 ], so that our triangles will join and show the 
difference of latitude & longitude of a vast tract of country from the Jumna to the Gogra. ... • 

I hope to close this station by the end of November. ... I will then traverse to the east 
towards Bareilly, and fix the positions of places in the doab ,t l-iohiicund from the snowy peaks, 
as it is no use remaining in the deep and dark glens in the mountains in the cold season. ... 

About February I will again enter the mountains, and remain there. ..till next cold 
season, & if I receive the mountain barometers... sh all, I trust, do much A wellf 30,204,222 ■]•-. 

He worked down into Rohilkhand : 

24th December. At Moradabad the thieves carried off the large & excellent Dollond's 
theodolite, having also the telescope A every requisite. They also stole a dovible barrolled 
rifle gun from me. I was using this theodolite and, deprived of it, I could do nothing till 
I should arrive at Bareilly. ... The police in the neighbourhood of Moradabad is very bad. 

He readied Bareilly on 26th December, and compared the bearing and distance 
with those used by Keuben Burrow [ T, 160 ] and Colebrooke [ II, 68 ] ; 

At Col. Gardner's- eamp, the snowy peaks, Al & those east of it are visible. I erected 
( as usual ) a pillar of masonry for the circular instrument, to observe them when the weather 
should clear up. ... A ia the high peak of JWahir, &. is the western peak of Capt. Webb's 
survey, & the eastern one of mine ; it is very conspicuous, & visible from most parte of 
Rohilcund & the upper doab 3 . . . 

The views of the snows are at their best on clear days in January, but later 
become obscured by dust haze, as noticed by Lord Moira, 27th March 1818 ; 

We now halted at Pusah. ... Rain having fallen in the night, I this morning saw again 
the glorious range of mounli.itis which separates Hindost.an from Tartary [II, 89]. At this 
season, though the air seems perfectly clear, there exists a haze which prevents even any dim 
adumbration of the mountain;; from being- perceivable., unless after codling showers' 1 . 

On his return through Moradabad Hodgson turned aside to meet. Webb who was 
making good progress with his survey of Kumami [46] ; 

Tho' I was anxious to return to the westwards, I. thought, a few days would be well bestowed 
in going up towards Itoodoipour to meet Capt. Webb, that we might fix on some peaks by 
which our surveys could he connected. I accordingly went up, & wo fixed 011 A & D', tmd con- 
certed other matters. I also re-infureed my already valuable collection of instruments with 
an excellent chronometer it a 42" Telescope. 

27th January. ... The Company's factory, near Kasliipour 8 .- ... I came up here and 
observed the great peak A. I must remain here some days until I receive an additional valu- 
able chronometer A other instruments... for which 1 have sent to Almora 3 . 

He got back to Saharanpur on 15th February and halted there till 26th, when 
he started out to the hills, determined to reach the sources of both the Jumna and 
the Ganges. He was encouraged by the promise that he would be joined by James 
Herbert, for he had been working single-handed for a long time, Barton, Garstin, 
and Paton, having all dropped out during 1816 for one reason or another [II, 381- 
III, 346-7 ]■ He knew that he would not be the first European to reach 'these 
celebrated spots, for both had been visited two years before by James Eraser 
[ II, 78, 398 ] ; but ho intended to bo the first surveyor to do so. 

24th March 1817. I shall go on to Jamnoutrie 7 as soon as the path is open, but I fear the 
uncommon quantity of snow.. .will shut up Gangoutri this year ; however, if Herbert gets up, 
& we can repair the barometers, I may try ; without them nothing satisfactory can he done. ... 

»Fdbk. 11 360, 15-11-1& : Wra. Linnaeus Gardner. (1770-1835) [ pl.5 11. J ; Ens HM 03rd 

I'oot, 1783: in MWethu wrvke 17!tS-lBf.H: mi.**! Gardner'.! Hers;;. ISO!): m. 171)1 by v.uslhn rife* ■ 
Iftrgo states Kliu-.-i.nj ; Fn:ir.v Pill-la, I (INI), 420); An,!. XIX 1S3I) {47); I'luilsull, IV (367)' 
"MRJO, U 3f>0. 14-1-17. -'H.'ls! inf-V ■!o,i,)i«l (:iM). *53K/lfi; Xanda Devi [ 4 ti n..] 1. "MRHX M 36u! 
' st. tin- liCiiii df" the Jumna. 



GUSHWAL & SlRMTO 



33 



Baraut 1 . 26th. The heads of my work thifl month arc obaervatioiM at Deyrali 
from that to this — and observations here for a few days. ... 

31st. Lakho Mundul. Latitude 30° 13' 24" by an indifferent observation as it was cloudy. 
I am now going to Jtiranout.ri .« am within 10 days of it, bat there is so much snow that I 
must tack about in places. ... At Baraut I was detained l'J days bv -now ft rain [ pi. 5 ]. 

I hope to get also 10 ("iangoutri. ... T moan rheti to cross to Btissair 011 the du ttloz, and remain 
there the heavy part of the rains, and after that:. & before, the first heavy full of suow to remount 
the snowy llmi.i.lya Range, if I. receive the barometers in time. 

Since I left Baraut. ..I have been obliged to bring on grain from Kalsi, these mountains 
being almost in a state of famine. ... 1 am doing much good to these iniiiLTy regions by plant- 
ing potatos wherever ,t go, and thus assisting Lord Jloira's wish to introduce them into the 
mountains. ... I found a crop of them on the summit of the lofty Sc inclement peak of Baraut, 
on which the snow had laid nvaro or less since !n.sc Xovember. ... This unlooked-for orop must 
have sprung from some potatos swept oat i'vorn the cookroom of an officer wiio was a short 
time since posted at Baraut... 3 years [ 1130 ]. I was so pleased with this discovery that I sent 
down by dawk two of tlio potatos nf a larger size than usual... to Lord .Aloira, ... 

2nd April. ... The exact lengths... I cannot ascertain ; the wheel could not go, and the man 
who counts the paces kid fallen down : indeed it rained so hard & was so slippery I could not 
pay attention to anything except- my footing. ... 

5th to 11th. Halt at Geirah hi Banaut. As there Ls too much snow around to think of 
getting to Juninoutri for... 20 days, I cannot do better than to remain here a few days to try 
the rates of my chronometers by trmisits of stars. ... The last 2 days have been productive 
is I lost the immersion of -hipirer's 1st satellite by a stupid mistake in looking out 



The women here mvs uncommon ugly it liltliy, dressed in dirty ragged blankets; there 
being little at present to do in the fields, their whole employment, and that an active one, 
seems to be in catching rhe lice which swarm on them. 

17th Barmassa to Kursaiie". This village is immediately at the south foot, of the great 
Jumnoutri Himalya, and is the coldest inhabited place I ever was at ; the snow lays deep 
around & above, ami below the village, and in it, except where swept away. The two grand 
peaks of Jumnour,ri arc not visible, beim; hid by the lower but nearer pa.rt of the mountain. 
The source of the river is: only 3 or -k miles distant [ 2 ], 

He then describes the minal pheasant — the gaoral, a wild goat— and the thar, 
a wild sheep — and on April 21st marched 7 miles to Jamnotri, the actual source of 
the Jumna ; 

I could not ascertain the precise heat, of the spring, but it was too hot to boar the finger 
in for 2 seconds. Here then is the head of the Jv-iima, on the south-west, side of the grand 
Himalaya ridge, differing from the ilawji-x, inasmuch as that rivet' lias the upper part of its 
eourse within the Himalaya 3 [II, 77-8; III, 36-7 ; pi. 5]. 

After retracing his steps lie crossed over to the Bhagirathi, or west branch of 
the Ganges 4 where he was joined by Herbert [11,405 ; III, 2, 176]. 

Captain "Webb's survey in 1808. ..was discontinued at Keital [".II 74-7] ; I shall therefore 
only give an account of the course of the river above the village. ... 

On the 19th Jiay 1817, I wa.s joined at Roital by Lieut. Herbort of the Sth Rogt. NX, 
who had been appointed my assistant, and from his eld.ll and zeal the survey hasi received 
much benefit. Mr. Herbert came direct from Calcutta, and brought for me 3 pair of mountain 
barometers, but the tubes tilled in Kngland had been broken ere they arrived in Calcutta - 
there were some spare tubes which we rilled and used, but we could not succeed in boiling the 
mercury in the tubes to free it entirely of ah-. The height of Keital above the sea as indicated 
by our barometers is 7,108 feet [ II, 453 ; pi, 9 ; III, pi. 5 ]. ... 

26th May. Distances paced. ... Reached Gtuigotri. Much too tired to attempt to boil 
mercury in the tubes today. At night, bin ing prepared the instruments to take the immer- 
sions of one of Jupiter's satellites, we lay down to rest, but between 10 and 11 o'clock were 
awakened by the rocking of the ground and, on running out, soon saw tlie effects of an 
earthquake, and the dreadful situation in which we were, pitched in the midst of masses of rock, 
some of them more than 100 feet in diameter, and which had fallen from the cliffs nbove us 
and probably brought down by some firmer earl hqitakc. 

The sceriA around us, shewn in nil its dangers by the bright moonlight, ""'an indeed very 
awful. On the second shock, rocks were burled in every direction from the peaks around to 



1 "Barat, 7406 ft. [ pi. 5 ]. * Banas to Kharssli, : 
1823 ( H9 ). * Burrard k Hayden ( 183 ). 



., Upf.Hjr ,1 111 



J MRIO. M 360 ; .-is B. XIV. 



■M 



The Mountain Provinces 



and never to be forgotten ; after 

(Villi still hear the terrible sounds of 



tiiu bed (jf i In; river, with a hideous noise 
the crash caused by the falls near us hai 
heavy falls in the more distant recesses of the n 

We looked up with dismay at the cliffs overhead, expecting that, the next shook would 
detach some ruins from them ; had they fallen we should not have escaped, as the fragments 
from the summit would .have flown mtr our beads and we should have "been buried by those 
from the middle. Providentially there were no more shocks that night. This earthquake 
smartly felt in all parts of the mountains, as well as in the plains of the N.W. province 



trigonometri tally the heiiiht. of -[he cliffs. ..and found 



of Hindustan. 

We had the euriousity to r 
it to be 2,745 feet. 

31st. A most wonderful scene. The Bhagirathi, or Ganges, issues, from under a very 
low arch at the foot of the grand snow bed 1 . The river is horn bounded to the right and left 
by high snow- and rocks; hut in front.. .the mass of snow is perfectly perpendicular, and 
from the bed of the stream to the summit we estimate the thickness at little less than 300 feet 
of solid frozen snow, probably the accu.itmlai.ion of apes ; it. is in layers of some feet thick, 
each seemingly the remains of a full of a separate year 2 . 

Hodgson calculated the height of his, camp at Gangotri to be 12,914 feet above 
the sea 3 . flis journal continues ; 

And here we were obliged to return I Bad it been possible to have got across the chasms 
in the snow we would have made every exertion, so anxious were we to get on ; but onwards 
their sides wore so steep, and they appeared of stieh great depth, that I do not think it would 
be possible to cross them ( this year at leas!, ) even if the snow were not, as at this hour, soft, 
is iLo bottom:; ofthc ciia..(jiw til I in.™ with water. 

On our return we were detained 8 days at Sookie, then we proceeded by Reital to Barahaut, 
from whence the survey continued down to the Doon valley' 1 . Plains set in with violence. 

No voleanos were seen or heard of in these mountains [ II, 87 ] B . 

The surveyors now withdrew to work up their maps and computations at 
Saharanpur. As the weather cleared in October, Hodgson started observations 
"from a very steady pillar of masonry" to the snow peaks — and for latitude— 
whilst Herbert was sent to the Chaur for the same purpose [ 176 ]. They burnt 
white Lights at each station .for reciprocal observation. 

Growing restless at being kept out of military service whilst the war was on, 
they both got leave to join the Reserve Army [ 21811.3, 335 j. Hodgson accompanied 
the advance column to Jaipur, and surveyed the route with the help of Ezekiel 
Barton, but returned in time to resume observations at Sahiu'iiiipur during February 
1818. From now onwards he was much troubled by ill-health. During March. 
Lieut. Herbert & myself had employed ourselves., .re vising various calculations regarding the 
snowy peaks, & the astronomical observations we had taken, & in such other matters as I 
could attend to within doors ( being lame of the gout & also suffering from the pain in my . 
head. ) ; also taking the rates of my eh milometers by the new transit instrument. 

I had great hopes of being able to go to Kairaut, hut finding.. .that there was no chance of 
my being able to travel, V thought it better to detach Lieut. Herbert alone ; he accordingly 
marched on the 16th. 

Herbert marched up via Timli and Kaisi, and spent April observing on the Barat 
and Bhadraj peaks [ 23 ], and was then joined by Hodgson ; 

During the first week of May ISIS Lieut, Herbert & myself were confined by severe illness 
at Nahan, Mr. Herbert with a jungle fever, S 1 with the affection of my head and eyas. When 
able, we were employed 111 revising & making many calculations of which in this survey there 
is a most formidable quantity. ... J. eft Nalia.ii on May 17th. ... 

21st. .[ was not satisfied altogether with the angles taken in the. looming on account of 
the unsteadiness of the wooden tripod on which the theodolite had been placed ; I ordered 
n. stone pillar to be erected, & in the livening repeated all t hose of most eonsqu.en.ee. 

The elevations L t depressions are much more to be depended on than those taken yesterdav, 
for on the wooden tripod the instrument will not remain level 5 minutes. 

During May they worked up to the head of the Tons ; 

May 3.1st. ... To source of river. ... Very distressing ascent over huge blocks of stone 



*See53X;G;!i[inuk!-, at iV.t of Oncjoiri L'kricr. til lie- 17 m.NW. f;om BjihauUh, 23.420 ft 
XIV. 1822 M17). *G:>i-t <!.,-. l|!-s IS : Hod::vni's jonrn.nl rend nt As Six-.. [0-8-]* 'M i)r .i MI1I0 
IRS ( 34 ). ■■■ .\<>v,t::-a\. MRIO. M W>. 31-R-17. 



It. 



GJakhwal & SffiMUK 



piled ii 



s height, being- part of the 
h, but vegetation, either 



e the Jumnootree peaks ; 



:\-rricabl'.' iNirifnsion. 

_ 3 of the Himm&leh. . 

grass or lichen, extends much higher. ... 

We are, as it were, at the foot of the snowy chain, 
the left bank of the river to an altitude of 16 degrees. 
Return to Wodar...in heavy rain. 

They spent the rains at Sabathu. Hodgson was far from well, and had left 
all recent observations to Herbert. He writes from Sabathu ; 

Tho' I have been during these two months en the "round of survey within the mountains, 
I was prevented by that distressing disorder in my head. ..from taking an active part. ... 
Lieut. Herbert &■ myself set out together to go to the Chovir, but I suffered so much from my 
complaint, that I was obliged to relinquish the undertaking, as my sufferings were much 
increased by the cold & the mountain was yet in snow. ... I entrusted my valuable circular 
instrument, to Lieut. Herbert. ..to make the observation:-;, both celestial & terrestial'. 

In July he asked to resign - r 

I will nevertheless consider myself bound to complete mid scud tho calculations respecting 
the heights, distance:;, latitudes and ion id;.!, ides, of the Himalaya peaks;, so soon as my sight 
ia strong enough ; but if it should fail roc altogether Lieut. Herbert is fully competent. ... 
I have verv satisfactory data, and the grand base 2 , the difference of latitude of the 2 ends 
of which is no less than 3,1 Sfi seconds, as now 'determined from a multiplicity of observations 
[ 175-7 ]; The snowy mountains have never been observed from the extremes of solongaline. 

The calculations will be made according to the met hod- used by the English and French 
astronomers employed in the measurement of degrees of tho meridian, and due attention 
paid to tho spheroidal figure of the- earth as determined by them. 

The only data, wanting a>-e a few- more tibsei-vi.vt.ions of altitudes made at stations as near 
as possible to the great peaks. ... Keverthless the calculations will in the interim proceed 
with such data as are already in hand 3 . 

In spite of this apparent confidence, Hodgson was reahy anxious about the 
precision of the work, and before leaving decided that it was essential to measure 
the base-line he had originally planned. He still had no suspicion of the real 
cause of his difficulties, which was the disturbing effect of mountain, or terrestial, 
attraction, which, some eighty years later, was proved to be abnormally irregular 
in this neighbourhood 1 . It was not yet generally recognized that latitude derived 
from astronomical observations may be a most unreliable means of calculating 
horizontal distance [ 177 ; pi. 5 ]. 

Continuing in wretched health, Hodgson withdrew from the survey in October 
1818, leaving Herbert to continue alone [ 2 ]. 



GtABHWAL & Siemub, 1S1&-9 

Leaving Hodgson marooned at Sabathu, Herbert moved to Kotgarh, and set 
out towards the upper Ganges, across the heads of the Tons and Jumna, in- 
tending to work back to the Dun, and find a suitable site for a base-line. 

Left Kotghur 31st July 1818, to explore the head of the river Jannubbe [ 36 n.S ], which 
joins the Bhageerettee about 5 mile? below i^mgotri. I determined to proceed E. from Kot- 
gurh, where I had in duly taken refuge from tho rains 5 . 

He crossed the range cast of Narkanda into the Tons basin by a pass which 
was considered one of the 2nd or 3rd passes into Tibet. Neither this one or any of the others 
had been yet examined by European" ; indeed, previous to the commencement of the present 
survey, the existence of such passes had not even been suspected, if we except that of Niti 
[IT, 80; III, -17 ], the Himmaluh having been always supposed to form an impenetrable 
barrier between Hindoostan <t Chinese Tartary 6 . 

Having no barometer, I had recourse to the method of boiling water, & tho' the thermo- 
meter.. .has a verv small scale, yet... the results are nearly as much to be depended upon as 
those obtained by a barometer. 

* Journal, MRIO. M 380. ! Suhiranpur-Caaur. n DDn. 152 

tniwks As J;.XI1I pi. iv.p. 224 [ v'l. i 11. 1. * Surrey of India, Prujw 
of route, Ko^r!-.. I'.K.-anrk^tii. .MRIO. YM 2TH. " Uiou S h ofk-r tros 



36 



The Mountain Provinces 



August 2nd. Passed the dismantled fort of Bagee 1 , situated on the summit of a ridge 
jutting out from the Whartoo mountain. 

12th. Cross Tonso on a sanga. or bridge of spars' 2 . ... 15th. To the summit of Kodarkanta, 
a peak of considerable elevation, being in round numbers 12, 000 above the sea s . ... 

21th. Khursalie to Jiramoutri. „. Very difficult path along river's edge ; ... go up bed of 
Bedueo-ka-Gad, large stream 8 feet wide & deep. Vast.- precipitous ei-a^s rise from the bed 
of the Jumna perpendicularly <fc almost meet at top. 

To crest of ridge ; here commences the grand ascent of Bhyro Ghattee. Exceedingly 
steep ascent up face of mountain. ; path bud &. slippery. Much bikh, or wolf's bane 1 ; fine 
strawberries & raspberries of several kinds. Still steeper ascent to crest of Ghattee Jum- 
nootree. Equally steep descent. All clouds and nothing visible; Easier descont into bed of 
torrent to boiling springs, crossing Jumna on l,»u loose spars, a puasago of some danger. Vast 
loasfcos of snow, llimnlyn Range rises above. 

On 31st August he crossed into the Bhaglratki basin by the same route 
as followed by James Fraser in 1815 [II, 78]. Using snow, and with firewood 
specially brought up, he found water to boil at the top of the pass at 188°'8 
Fahrenheit, and computed the height to be about 15,180 feet. From here he 
descended to Jhala 5 where he was kept three days 

by the inattention of the Rajalrs DjOOtenddee [ 102 ] whom, he had sent for iho purpose of 
assisting in procuring supplies, instead of which I found him invariably it- hindrance. ... 

The Bramin w!k> had necouipamed OupL Hodgson to Gangotrt came to wait upon mo. 
He informed me that Lieut. Walker 6 of the 2fitJi had visited Cangotri, & had endeavoured 
to penetrate to the head of the Bhageerattee, but had been prevented by the snow and tho 
difficulty of the way. None however but Capt. Hodgson 7 has yet been able to boast he had 
seen the source of the far fumed Ganges, hitherto ho much obscured by fable. 

11th Sept. The road had hitherto been along the right bank of the Bhageerattee. ... 
I- 1 imles from Kopang we turned up. ..the Jumnubbe a river. ... Tho path gradually ascends & 
then leads along the lace of the rocky scarp forming iho right bank of tho river, being part 
of the great Hhnmaleh itself. ... Frequently I was obliged to hold by the rock as I cautiously 
turned the corner of a preripiee, fearful to look below lest- my head had turned. 

We encamped in the river bed on the banks of a small stream, ... A small piece of open 
ground sufficient to contain about two small hovels, almost overhung by the bare rockv 
precipice which rises above it— the river rolling by in its rock-obstructed bed — with the 
opposite mountain rising... far above the level of forests-such is tho picture of Gurtag. 

Sree Kanta 3 , the peak, is also to be seen hero, and affords an opportunity of settling the 
position of the place. 

Crossing Chippila ghat about S0O feet above* the river, the path then descends to cross 
the river by the Dadha sangur. This the Thibetans affect to consider the boundary, .fc con- 
ceive the crossing of it by a European to be an event of some moment. The people of Neilung 
are ordered to watch it & l.o report instantly any circumstance of this kind. I halted at an 
open...spot called Kurchn ; although not more than 5 miles from Gurtag, such -were the 
difficulties of the way that it was near sunset when 1 arrived. 

12th. Cross an open corner of a precipice on a scaffolding ; there are. several of these. 
Cross first sango [ sup ], much worse than that of Bhyro Ghatee, being like that in an inclined 
position, but so much longer A eonsqiicntly so much more elastic. It is very narrow, & the 
appearance of the river below, foaming over high rocks, is rather alarming 10 . 

On 13th September he reached the village of Xelang [ 42 ; pi. 5 ] ; 

The villagers said that they had resolved on deserting the village when they heard of my 
approach. ... The Brahman however had persuaded them that no harm was intended, &. that 
I would not proceed any further against, their will. ... Mot only did they give me to understand 
that they considered my going any farther quite out of the question, but also that I should 
pledge myself that no European would ever again visit Moilu-ng. ... 1 assured them that such 
an event was very unlikely again to occur ; and that my only motive was curiosity... to 
explore the source of the river. This, however, is an object which these people do not 
1.11 uier?t and. it (.hey were.. .to the last very suspicions it anxious that I should return. ... 

153 E'SE.; 10 m. E. of Narkanda. -an cantilever principle. 3 oS I; 13,509 ft.; map, MBIO 
31 (70). *acjui;.«, or rr:->r;ks-hoocl. -LrU. 3.1" 1' SO" X.. ;j:.{ I. ' U'm. ""jli^r ( 17!M -182-1 ) Hen hit' - 

Ens. 1806; 1st. S'.issiri K.itt. lSlfj-S: d. Ilninsrarh nr. Sa hath 11 1*2-1. ■ lint, what of IVaaer ? Too MS 

-■ ■" "«nd Herbert, my companion 4 friend, the ivritrr of this journal" 
a SrikSata, 20, 120 ft.. 53 J/NE. "Fur country N. of Gsmmnkh & 



, or JadhGan^i. 53 M. 
e 53 M ( 1940 ). H ( 1936 ) 



Garuwaj, & SlrmOr 



:;t 



I then macks some enquiries as to tho source of the river, the distance of Chaprang [I, 6S 
q.io ], with other particulars, ... They laid particular a tress on the dangers & difficulties 
of the road. ..- oi ideally -.v i t ! i. the view of d'snoadirig u:0 IVolu atieo"i|/L.iiig ibo journey. 

I was fortunate enough to obtain ;m observation of tin; sun the laafc day of my stay, from 
whence I dei.h.n-oii the la-i-ilmie tr, be ;"11° (>' 4(1". Tim luugikidt-i probably 79" 1 . 

Contrary to Major Rennell, who places his southern branch of the Ganges in the neighbour- 
hood of Chaprang [I, pis. 6, 7, 14 ], these people assured me they knew of no river in the in- 
terior. A slated positively there wlis not any that llowcd near Ohapratig*. 

He started back on 1 5th September : 

24th. To the summit of Oochoolaroo Peak 8 , ...elevated about 14,000 feet. This was 
a most fatiguing march and could not have consumed less than 12 hours. Arrived on the 
summit about 10 a.m. on the 25th. Here 1 established a station for which the mountain is 
very well fitted, being close to tho snowy peaks. ... Observed their azimuths and the angles of 
the Chour, Uyrtith, and Soorkuuda, interior stations, as well as their d press ions , and anoles 
of elevation of the snowy peaks. This labour, as well as that of erect-in;; a signal, consumed 
the afternoon of the 25th and forenoon of tho 26th. ... I should have devoted more time to 
this work but... I was compelled to descend in e on sequence of the negligence of the Rajah's 
people in forwarding supplies. ... 

26tli. I reached, at 12 o'clock at night , Reifchul, after a most exhausting march of 12 hours. 
... I was prevented surveying the latter part. .by night coming on. ... 

27th, 28th, 29th. Halted for the twofold purpose of fixing this principal point by inter- 
sections, which wi's highly desirable, as many longitudes hud been observed here by Captain 
Hodgson. ... I also employed myself in procuring the wood necessary for the construction 
of rods required for the measurement of a base 4 . 

He spent from 16th to 30th October 181 S at Surkanda [ 17611.6; pi. 5] making 
similar observations, and a fine panoramic sketok of the snowy range 6 [ 39 ]. He 
then marched down to Dehra, reaching Saharanpur by 20th November, to take 
up the important task of measuring 0, base-line. 

The discordance that existed be twee si obe latitudes of By rath ami the Chour, and which 
the most careful determination had failed to clear up, ... increased by the results obtained 
at Soorkunda, rendered it quite impossible to prosecute the survey until a satisfactory basis 
could be established. ... A difference of 10" on the scale of I miles to an inch was too consider, 
"in quantity to be 1 Hissed over, and as the i/esulls obtained both by nie and C'apt. Hodgson... 
concurred without exception in giving too high a latitude to the Choor s . it was seen that, what- 
r the cause of the discrepancy might be. ...the measure of a base would be.. .the most 
satisfactory solution of the difficulty [ 2, 35, 177 ; pi. g 11.]. 

He spent several days at Dehra, 

employed chielly on ea lcuiations. ... I he- teorniiius and even in its being devoted to the examina- 
tion of the ground in the vicinity, with a view to the measurement of a base. So difficult a 
thing is it to run a line of any length free from obstacles, even in the Doon, that I was 
unsuccessful in my search. 

He persisted until on 30th December lie "'succeeded after a great many 
fruitless trials in running a line free from obstacles extending 21,000 feet" 3 . He 
spent January and 'February i'l constructing apparatus, and clearing and measuring 
the base [ 197-8 ] ; 

The .labour attending this work was very severe— as 1 was without assistance of any 
kind. It employed me from daybreak till i.wihght in the evening, with the exception of 
an interval of 2 hours from 11 to 1 for refreshment. 

During March 1819 he connected the base to his main triangles and then set 
out for another long tour in the bills, starting with a survey of Jaunsar [ II. 9011.13 ], 
now part of Chakrata tchsiP. He passed the hot springs of iSansa Dhara f II, 408 ] 
and possibly climbed the hill above Rajpur. He observed from the summits of 
Barat and Chandpur peaks, and on 17th "May was on Hatu Dhar 9 above Narkanda 
before moving in to Kotgarh for the rains. 



'Kdani;, :-JJ- ly ;iir N. : Va"(l':jr E. ' Journal;; MSIIO. U :-!«. G!!0 bib. A a- 13. M 363. 3 Uchaiar. 
14,138 ft., 6111. N. of Eaitlial. 'DDn. EST, Jourjiiil. M Z22. J Oriein.-il ami i-epy. M R 10. Misc. 6-0-27 - 

10 {SI). "DcH«l,ior.s>.r ! ,k„.a.,-[i„ L . , SakSmnpor 1.',- ■ CA:,mv. 3ii- ; IWat 33' [177 |. 'Line sliownon 

MK.I0. !0 i 10); M. ,-n.i t>(.-tiv,-;n RasTKina X.ik n:v! IMira, S. end near Rampur cm BftrieM N.: DDn. 137, 
M. 322, 30-10 acid 7-11-1S. ■' Jaui^r Ba-.v/ir. ori/i:i;div pur ,;( Sirraur ; 1.815 -20 under pal. eh. ofRestlt 
under Supdt. Dehra Dim; Williams ( 165. 176). 3 or Whartoo. 10,310 [36; pi. 5). 



fMhi ;' 



38 The Mountain Provinces 

For an invalid I should suppose a residence at- Kotgnrh would he fully equal to it voyage 
to the Cape or New South Walos. having 1101 only myself experiences! t.ho groutest bone-fit 
from the air and climate, hut soon it in the case <_>f" others, even where tin; patient had been 
much reduced by a long protracted illness 1 . 

After two months at this delightful health resort, he spent eleven weeks from 
September 1st on a detailed survey of the upper Sutlej, taking as companion 
Patrick Gerard, brother to Alexander [ II, 402 ]. 



Gakhwal & SiRMUR, 1819-22 

Herbert stinted out again from Kotgaiii on lind December 1819. working down 
to Saharanpur via Sabatliu and Nahan. He was now joined by Thomas Oliver 
and two apprentices who had been with Gerard 2 [ 22-3, 360 ]. At the end of March 
he set out through Hard war to survey Garhwal ; 

On the 21th March T arrived here [ m-. Hardwar ] & have halted with a. view of settling the 
position of this principal point, & of seeing t.ho great periodical fair called the Ki>orab ka 

All the hill men, both here and in the neighbourhood having lied in an alarm caused by 
a fatal accident which occ-arred during the bathing, & by the breaking out of the cholera 
morbus amongst Hid people & troop*, it., is ."inly todisy r.hat. the Raja, of CarhwaP has with 
much difficulty procured me a. few people, with whom I intend proceeding tomorrow morn- 
ing towards Deoparyag, the eon fluency of the Alaknamla A: lihageerettee [ I, pi. 6; III, pi. 5]. 
My object hi choosing ibis route is, besides laying down the lower. , .course of the lihageerattee, 
to fix the boundary of Gurl avid in this i juun.ei-. as hiring the limit uf the survey. ... 

Captain Oliver is with me, it would no doubt lie able to afford me tin; greatest assistance 
but from being unl'oriiaiLitely unprovided with in strut neuts, tliose indented for last Novr. 
not having yet reached us. He is in want of a road theodolite, or surveying compass, a 
perambulator, a telescope & chronometer. The apprentices, Graham &■ Feasor, I have been 
i.'ctnpellei.! to leave at Sahanjiipeor [ 371-2 J 1 . 

Returning to Saharanpur, he was joined by Hodgson on 17th August 1820, 
and they set to work to re-adjust the computations, and polish up the map 
f 39 n.n ; pi. 5 ]. They also 00] la bo rated in preparing a paper entitled An Account 
of the, TrigotwtMlacal and Astroitaitdco.i Operations fur dMermiuing the heights and 
positions of the. Principal Peak* of the Himalaya .'Mountain,*, that was read at a 
meeting of the Asiatic Society at Calcutta on 17th February 182 1 5 . They claimed 
"the highest of the snowy peaks within the limits of the survey. ..to be 2o,S89 feet 
above the sea" , and "twenty peaks more elevated than Chimburazo, the most 
lofty summit of the Andes". 

Herbert pursued the determination of iioights, and in August 1821 made a series 
of barometrical observations at Saharanpur, corresponding with observations made 
by Hodgson at Calcutta, and deduced the. height of his observatory at Belleville 7 
to be 1,013 feet above the sea 8 . 

In September .1821, Hodgson, who was now Surveyor General, itsked for Herbert's 
appointment as Assistant Surveyor General at Calcutta [ 2, 309 ] ; 

He is at present at Saharunpoor, engaged in lidding... 1.0 I he large map. ... What remains 
to be done... bet ween the Ganges and Sutlej is not much, ... and I think that the field opera- 
tions may be closed at the commencement of the next rains or sooner. To effect thia duty 
.. .Captain Oliver.. .is very competent 9 . 

At the end of October Herbert handed over to Oliver, 
pointing out those parts winch remain to be filled up. I have. ..delivered the whole of the 
instruments... to him witb the exception of the mountain barometers and the protractor. 
The former I. ..propose n tikin^ observations with on my way down. I shall leave this place on 

'Journal, M 367 j GEO Lib. Aa-44. ! Sim™ Fraaraml John Gs'!\h,iiii. : P.aja of Srinagar, ejected 
ky Gurkhas 17QH:rrst!-.Trtl Ih^'i; Willinms i 177}. - DDn. I Si (139-40), 17-4-21). «AaJ. XII. 1821 

i3$l)\AsR. XIV. IK^jtkt ISi. i.-s :»:,', ); pi;.,, f.rucrii. ]\'l].I0C,if.. (3iii. * Ki iI n.,t,25,44TorN»nda 
Deri, 30,045. ■ Mi^islflic'a bunealow 1 m. S. uf ^Lamnpnr ; MP.10. 1» (l.S) [ II, pi. io ; III, pi. 5 ]. 

8 true height c 903 it.: F.jnIt. 'M1UO. M ;ir,.i„ v.-hioh Rivr* list -.if sl-istion* with t-aiiT.iphkul tallies. 'DDn. 
U'lj ( S0>,' 13-9-21. 



Garhwal & Stemur 

he rooming of the 31>^i Instant, to proceed hy i 
,\ lvuma-1. from which place they will proceed a 
To Oliver he wrote ; 

The principal blank in the map.. .is the state of Joobal, through which only one route 
has yet been surveyed. The Pnijore valley is mostly wanting, and a portion of the valley 
of the G.irree...to its confluence with the Jumna in the Doon. ... A few details are required 
1 the Dehra Puon between the ca n to nine nt and Hiirdour. ... That part of the Bbageerettee 
between Rikikhes and Deoprayaga. and agnin hetween iiarahat and Codec Ghat, are want- 
ing, as much also of the TJluknnndii. as lies within the limit* of this survey, which does not 
extend eastward of Gurhwal [II, pi. 9]. Thedooab of these rivers likewise requires filling up. 
These, with a few details not of much consequence in Jo w user... bet we en the Jumna and 
anges, and at the head of the Kvarda I loon-. comprise the whole of the unsurveyed 
a [pi. 5]. ... 

.could suggest, that yiui should in the first- instance proceed from Kumal to Loodheeana. 
ieing 11 route much wanted. ... The correct position of Siirhsnu is a desideratum, as is 
lat of Liiinlheeana, and to fi.\ these two places the snowy peaks, winnc positions I have 
you, will. afford, if visible, unexceptional means. ... At Loodheeana... the a/,imutbs of 
■ snowy peaks visible .should (m; observed, and a skek-li made of tkeir outline. It would 
1 iii(eresting...to a.soeEtain the discharge of the SiU.iuj o.l that place, bv d pterin ininrr the 

,y, breadth, and mean depth. 

0111 Loodheeana the survey might be prosecuted to 1-iupi.n- 3 , connecting, if possible by 
trigonometrical obsei various, the levels of the river [ Sutlej Jut those two places. A route from 
1 Nalian, occasionally ' diverging to right and left, would lay open the Pinjore 
. The head of the Kyardu Doon might, be then laid down, with any remarkable 
leading from it- into Sikh territory. ... From. ..the Doon, operations might be 
■Jirougb the JCyurd.a pass and. Sikh coi uitry to Ssdisinuipoor, where .Tauiuiry being a 
....might well !>c occupied in protracting. 

1st February operations might be again commenced...!};- the Kansurow pass into 

o Rikikhes, ... and to Sreenuggur or higher. ... The operations in Joobul will con- 

e perhaps a month or even more, and I think by that time the approach of the rains will 

expedient to tbin.k of baiting. ... 
Attention to the boundaries of the bill states. ..with their, ..purguniias should always he 

The levels of the.. .rivers ought always to be observed when circumstances permit, as 
.1 their breadth, depth, and velocity ; the elevation of passes. ..are also desirable; For 
these, barometrical observations will answer sufficiently well. ..where corresponding observa- 
tions are procurable ; but if not, they should In: connected with the nearest of the trigono- 
metrical stations 5 . 

Oliver completed the groat or part of this formidable programme. He surveyed 
up to Ludhiana by 3rd "December 1821, and through Rupar to Sabathu by 
the middle of the month 6 , being held up there by wintry weather. He then worked 
to Bilaapur on the Sutiej 7 

12th -January. This march appeared to me much longer than the perambulator indicated ; 
lilt from station ti (,o station 7 was twice the length stated above. The perambulator 
"ied up the next day, and it is not unlikely that it may have ceased acting Home time 

during the march. My road theodolite was .lashed to pieces, & 1 was obliged to use the 

' "rge one belonging to Government 8 . 

He was surveying through the eastern Dim at the beginning of June, whilst 
his assistant ( iraham [ 3S 11.2 ] worked from Haharanpur to flu [jar via Ambala, return- 
""g through Kiarda and Dehra 9 . The survey was brought to a close in June 1822. 
le maps completed at Calcutta included one on scale 4 miles to an inch with 
title Tlie Mountain Province* between- the Riven Sv.thij <fe Ganges, <& bounded on 
"e North by Chinese Tartar y & La-dak 10 , and a reduction to S mile scale which was 
_med by Hodgson on 20th April 1823" [ pi. 5 j. 

Besides Herbert's panorama of the snows taken at Sirkanda [37] another ' 
"5 taken from the Chaur, using the samp references:, and fair copied at Calcutta 

1 DDii. h~2 I 170 j. Siicaranour. 2S 10 21. -Kiarda Dim W . of Jiumia, in fciLrrafir State, 'Kfipir, 
.9. iPuijjur, -2,n. H. of K:ili:n. ■■ DDn. tr>i! ,' Ifiii ),Ooi.. IS -J I. 'S1RKI. 12 (4<i r>J) six sheets „i: 

4 inch scale. 'Map, ib. 10 ( 10 ). 'Journal iFdhk., ib. M IMS. :1 Mays, i!>. 32 ( OS 73 i, "> ib. 10 ( iS 
'9 ), original & copy. " ib. I.i{36);17 ( 58 ) [ pi. 5 ). 



40 The Mountain Provinces 

under the title ' J Pint iiresque Section of the Mountain Provinces, with Geometrical 
elevations of the Snowy and other Ranges". It gives a table of comparison with 
other mountains of the world taken "from Mr. Humboldt" 1 [44, 46 ]. Badrfnath 
is given as 23,441 feet above the sea, the present accepted value being 23,190. 

The great surveyor Andrew Waugh has left, the following comment on the 
work accomplished ; 

The survey of the mountain provrnfuss between ilifi Kutloj ami Cimgts rivers depends on 
a measured base & triaiisulntinn, the point of ifejKirtun/ beiiiL' ii^tnirnaiiically determined, 
lb the fnndamoiit.il! k-\o! above the sen- by ininirtiwrical <..bKi.-rvn.tiniiJ. An inn :ro.., tins; account 
of these operations is siven in the Asiatic Researches Vol. 14. 

The basis is liiiihly mvtii table l.o the scientific ability of the officers employed and, having 
Subsequently been connected hy the Great Trrgonometriead Survey, the results have proved 
satisfactory. But the in ion or iilhn.a is -caiity and iiH'Ot.ii|i|s't-;\ s.ijil the dniwhisr of the ground 
inaccurate ami iimrtistical. 

It is to be regretted that a work so well commenced w;is so ha-a.ih concii tded. Consider- 
ing the time and means employed, no greater completeness could be expected; but it can 
only be termed a first survey, requiring vo be taken up iiyuirs on rigorous principles. None 
hut first, rate draughtsmen can be expected to succeed in a mountain! .us country so difficult, 
of rie! in cation 8 . 



Upper Sutlej Vat-lev, 1817-23 

ion's journey into the Sutlej valley during 1816 haw already been des- 
cribed [30-1 ], and both Alexander Gerard in 1817 3 , 1818, and 1821, and Herbert 
in 1819, kept full rlescriplions of more extensive journeys [ 4 2 ~3 ]■ 

The source of the Sutlej had long been a matter of speculation. The lamas 
sent oat from Peking in 1711 had confused its upper readies with those of the 
Ganges [I, 70-1 : pi. 7 ], and the legend that it came from the sacred lake of 
Manasarowar was hardly heeded by European geographers until Moor croft visited 
that lake in 1812 [ II, 81 ]. 

For two hundred miles the Sutlej flows through the Hundes province of Tibet, 
until near Shipki it enters Kanawar, the upper part of Bashahr State. 4 [31 ], and 
flows past Rampur about 16 miles north-east of Kotgarh. Gerard's interest was 
led to this rugged gorge by visits to his brother Patrick, who was attached to the 
1st Nassiri battalion of Gurkhas at Kotgarh 5 [ 37—8 ]. He was naturally glad to 
■escape from his survey of Saliaranpur [ 22—3 ] to protract bis maps in so delightful a 
climate. 

In 1817 lie left Sabathu on ^7th August, and passed Maliasu on 31st, Kotgarh 
on 4th September, and Rampur on 8th. He marched up the right bank of the 
Sutlej and reached Rarung, 20 miles above Chini on 20th September. On his 
return he crossed the river at Wangtu and passed over the Shatul pass to the 
Pabar River, returning to Kotgarh on iit.h, and Sabu.ibu on I ith October. He was 
accompanied part of the way by Dr. Govan 6 , and surveyed his route by theodolite, 
perambulator, and c 1 1 tonometer. 

In 1818 lie left Sabathu three, weeks later, 21st September, crossed the Borendo 
pass from the south into the Baspa valley, and reached. Shipki 12th October. He 
then crossed to right bank of Sutlej, climbed to over 19.000 on the slopes of Pttrge-ool 1 , 
and went up the Spiti River to Shafkar, 21st October. He was accompanied 
throughout this trip by his doctor brother. James, and they were back in Sabatlm 
on 22nd November 3 . They were well equipped for survey, which was fortunate, 
for they had .several disasters on the road ; 

>DDq. 152 (132 I, 11-2-20; JIRIO. ilka. 21-0-19; with copy dated 28-3^2 and also pulid 
'PR. (31 ); DDn. 542 : I fifi j. 20 -.10 ;}■:>. :: :.nd p.-is*itaY s!-> 13]!>, ». i.icyd It ( 2S7 ). ' Imp Gaz. VTI 

(94). 5 1st ft 2nd \ T T.-.:;-i'i Butts. r,ii-:fi atn-r W-pi'd i.-.u- wiiii hdurs. S.ihrtliu :oid fieri . Krifignrh, and latti 
becaino 1st Gurkha l'oj'k'=. th« MaUuin Rest. *<>»;■'-;> Guimii f ITsT-l-t".,. }, OiMwfijT-d's l,U! B 6.14; turned 
back at Meru. 18-0-17: AWucw ( 101-267). 'Uiwo I'ii.-uKvuL 22,210 ft. ; Biirrard & Harden (44). 

* Koonitumr ( 271-308 ). 



Upfeii Sutlej Valley 



irches were, fraught with accidents : three barometers, a perambulator, 
■e smashed to pieces ; and the small theodolite, a very neat instrument 
into single minutes, with a brass wand, was rendered unfit for taking 
a having broken off. We hail remaining it strong perambulator, two 
irveyinft compap*. fimt barometer,;, and as ninny therm omerers, tcjaethor 
tants, a reflecting circle, oik! a- chronometer, so that ive were still very 
well supplied with instruments 1 . 

The narratives of both these journeys are given in Gerard's Account of 
Koonaivvr-. That of 1818 3 was read at a meeting of the Asiatic Society at 
Calcutta, anil reproduced in the Journal of 1S42, and also in the Edinburgh Journal 



Our last three 
anil then 
by Do i kind , 



of J 



s--k 



111 1821 he made a yet- more enterprising journey. Leaving Sabilthu early in 
June, lie and .lames ascended the -Shirt ul pass from the south, and camped there on 
the 8th. He deduced a height of 15,556 by a Dollond barometer, as against 15,554 
deduced by James the year before 1 , the mean being still accepted as the official 
value. Keeping to the south of the great range, they visited the Yusu pass to the 
east, and then camped two days on the Eorendo, before crossing to the Baspa 
valley to visit the Uunas and yet other passes. Here James had to return, and 
Alexander searched without success for a pass that would lead to Nelang [36 ]. 
He explored the difficult ridges south of the Sutlej and on 24th July crossed the 
Keobrung pass leading east, height 18,313 feet, longitude 79°, but was then held up 
by "Chinese Tartars", or Tibetans, from reaching his objective, Bekhur. 

Recrossing the Keobrung, lie worked north to ShipM, where he received a 
letter from the Oorptm forbidding him to proceed cast. He crossed to the north- 
bank, went up the Spiti to its junction with the I'araii, and was again turned back 
by messengers who were friendly hut firm. Returning to the Sutlej he crossed 
the Manirung pass to the north, and reached Manes on the road to Leh, but was 
not allowed to go further. Of this last effort he writes ; 

The trip had not added much to our ^eoirraphical knowledge : Manes, Peonoo. and Dankur, 
formerlv fixed fin the report of the natives and lukl down in the map, a grew very nearly with . 
their positions as now determined. The route is notwithstanding of great importance, as 
it verifies the accuracy of the statements ^iven by the Koonavvurees ; ... they may consequent- 
ly he relied upon to greater extent as to remoter objects 5 . 

He now marched down the Sutlej to Rampur ami reached Kotgarh on 24th 
September after a remarkable journey and the acquisition of much geographical 
knowledge 6 that he set out in clear maps 7 . He again had a wealth of instruments ; 
two perambulators — three theodolites — two sextants — a reflecting circle — two 
mountain barometers— a fifty-foot chain — and a five-foot standard scale. He was 
master of them all ; at Rubor he writes ; 

It was 2 h. 30 m. pm. when I reached cmup, and at three the traiiii! arrived : it was imme- 
diately put- up, and gave me excellent observations for the time. 1 find this is by far the 
best plan, and the only one when you do not reach your ground till afternoon, in which case 
it requires the latitude to be observed to a- very great ,-leiiree of nicety to get the time to accord; 
but with the transit, operations are very simple. 

A pillar is erected in ten minutes, inift the transit is fixed within a few minutes of t lie meridian, 
levelled, and ready for observing half an hour after it arrives. By a short calculation ( for 
I have got tables which reduce the computation nt least two-thirds ), if T get two proper stars 
which one seldom fails to do in those serene regions. 1 fun obtain the time and deviation of 
the telescope, and thence the variation of the needle. 

During my halt, at Alnrung I had an exeellcnt opi>i>tt unity of comparinR the results of the 
transit with those of equal altitudes, and the greatest- difference was only once a quarter of 
a second. T saw stars of the fifth magnitude very clearly in the middle of the day 8 ! 
His! memoir was read by Henry Cole brook e lief ore the Royal Asiatic Society in 
London on 5th November 1825, and reproduced in their Transactions 9 . 



l&snnaw ( -203 j * liii-lr.di- '.mill !!!;>;, liv .!. ,'v. ( '. WiiJitcr ill [.(M'.kc.t. in front cover. "Lloyd, I 

(272); AsJ.lX. \WX) i :>'<! i: /.l>7;. XI i :HU 1H ). 'when Janus* let two ;-t>r™nt ; ; "frozen to death at 
midday". * Lloyd, II (258). * Xarrsiivc ic.wt.Ti, ih. II ( I -32:1 ). 'Maps, ib. I. frontispiece, II (23). 

8 ft. II ( 106-7 ). » Vol. I, part II ; see summary At ■'. March 1826 ( 333 ), & April 1826 ( 427 ). 



42 



The Mountain Pkovincks 



I yet 



He made another journey in 1822, in company with William Lloyd [II, 417 ] 
and others, that was more of a picnic party, described in Narrative of a Journey 
from Caunpoor to the Boorendo Pass. They "stopped one night at Simla, and enjoy- 
ed vigorous air and the view of the snow peaks from " Herbert's observatory " at 
the top of Jakho [ II, 417 ]*. 

Now for the journey made in 1819 by Herbert and Patrick Gerard [40]. 
They left Kotgarh on 1st September, erossed south into the Giri valley, and on the 
30th recrossed into the Baspa valley over the Gunas pass [ pi. 5 ]. Then to Shipki 
by 14th October, making their furthest point at Lori [ 43 ] on the Spiti River on 
26th. They were back at Kotgarh on the 16th November 2 . 

The following extracts are taken from Herbert's journals and from the account 
in Asiatic Eesearch^ 3 , entitled— -'Tour made to lay down the course and levels of 
the river Sutlej, or Satudra, ... within tbe limits of the British authority". 

He was anxious to test the statement of the villagers of Nelang [36] that 
no great river such as the Sutlej flowed by "Tsaparang" 4 [I, 68]. Hodgson's 
journey of 1817 had proved the falsity of the old Lama version that this Kanawar 
valley formed the southern branch of the upper Ganges ; confirmation 1 
required that Lake Manasarowar was the source of the Sutlej. 

The Sutlej lias been known lately to derive its source, if not from the lake Rawan Head, 
or the neighbouring one of Mansarovar, from the high ground on which they are situated! 
Prom the source, however, ... to Ropur [ 30 n.3 ]. ... a distance of 400 miles, little was known 
concerning it or the country it flows through. Till the expulsion of the Gorkas gave facilities 
to research", the existence of a western branch" of this great river beyond the snowy chain 

Desirous of following a route which had not yet been examined, I determined to proceed 
by...Chepar in a S.K. direction, ivnd afterwards, striking off to the north, to ascend the 
Eoopin, or right branch of the Tonse, and find a pass over the flimmalya, ... 

Our expectations of accomplishing the passage of the range were strengthened by our meet- 
ting a party. ..on the Tonse, who were returning with salt from.. .Kunnowr They had crossed 
the pass about- runni. & reported the old snow sufTu'ienUv firm. ... 

Those who have travelled through such desolate & unfrequented putts will alone under- 
stand the sensation which the mooting with these poor... mountaineers afforded us ; the sight 
of even the first straggling sheep preceding the calvaleade was hailed almost as that of a 
friend. An animal, even a bird, any living thing in fact, serves to take from such a scene the 
almost... death dike character of solitude. ... 

The total distance to the pass I have no means now of ascertaining, for the last few leaves 
of the route -survey... were afterwards blown from the book on the stormy Summit of the pass. 

Crossing the Gunas pass from the south, Herbert describes the open waste of 
snow and the exhaustion of wading through it ; 

The servants & hill foEowers began to he alarmed at the length of the way, seeing no 
immediate termination of the wintry horrors that surrounded them. To add to our per- 
plexity the sky became overcast. ; black clouds collected overhead a 
and alarm, I thought I felt a flake of si 
nately my fears deceived roe. ... 

"We reached the crest of the Gunas pass, extremely fatigued. ... Might was falling, the 
greater part of the baggage men had not started up the last ascent. ... so loads were abandoned, 
and the men were with difficulty brought over. ... Between 8 and 9 o'clock we at length 
reached a spot where a few stunted bushes of dog briar afforded us fuel to restore with warmth 
a little confidence. ... 

Arrangements were made to bring in the few men who had spent the night on the pass. 
It was very satisfactory to find that, amongst, so many, but one had suffered, a circumstance 
to be attributed in a great measure to the care I had taken in making them provide 
themselves with blankets, stockings, and shades for the eyes. This one man had neglected 
to defend his eyes from the glare...and was perfectly blind for a day or two [II 6% ■ 
in, 44 n. 7 I ... 



On promising a rupee for each load that should be recovered, the carriers set off ii 
spirits, and in the course of tbe day everything had arrived. 



= ii.. II 36:!, 367; AsB.XY. I 



high 



C'pftcb Sutlej Valley 



■(■:i 



s the cold that the ink fro/.o. and forced i; 



The following day Herbert went back to survey tlu; ij. miles ho had been t.i 
to survey on the 30th ; 

It was a fine frost;' morning ; so great v 
write my notes in pencil. ... 

As viewed from this spot, the .H.hom;i.i)t.Yi;. is far from lining a re.gi liar ridge, of .single series 
of peaks ; tliey are seen in every direction, rising up from amidst: the wilderness of snow that 
extends many miles in bxem.lth. ... Beyond the Baspn appear peaks still higher than those 
of the ridge on which we stood. ... 

It has been thought by some that tho northern ridge is distinguished by the name of 
Kailas f 30 n.o ] while the souclisni retain? thai, of II i mmalaya, but I have not myself observed 
any distinction of this kind made by the mountaineers. It has rather appeared to me that 
they, as well as the people of the plains, cull every high plnec l.iy toe term Kailas, and apply 
it equally to the southern as to the northern ridge. 

On the 3rd they marched down the Baspa < alley to Safigla 1 ; 

We were now in Kaivawar, a. puvgunnuh of the- mountain state Bissehir [ .|0 ]. Kunawar 
comprehends tiie valloy of the Set iej :.uui its principal feeders. ... On the north it. is co-tenninous 
with the Chinese possessions, and on the west with the Tarter pi.irgannali of 1 1 angaveng, also 
subject to 1 '.is,u-i liir, with f,sidn.k fitnl with Ku in. now subject, ro Ti.unjit Singh 3 . 

From Sangla they turned up the Siitlej, but 

from the jealousy of the oltietrs on the frontier, I ho survey noeesstmi y i.t.-nn mated at the limit 
of our authority. At Shipki, the first village of Chinese Tarl.ary, I was compelled to retrace 
my steps [ 41 ]. 

On the way back they turned up the Spiti. and reached Lort [ 42 ] the first 
village of Ladilkh, Herbert noting that "we had now reached the 3 2nd degree of 
latitude and had left the true Himalaya far to the southward". They returned 
over the Manirang pass to Sainmam. and thence back to Kotgarh 3 . 

A reduction of Herbert's map appears in Amu tic Researches. Latitude was 
observed at about 30 places besides a, few longitudes from Jupiter's satellites, and 
several peaks were fixed by triangulation. It i.s typical of the times that we 
find no mention of exchange of information between Alexander Gerard and 
Herbert regarding their surveys of the Dim and the Sutlej valley, though it is 
difficult to believe that there was no communication between them. 

This appeal's to be a suitable point at which to mention Moorcroft's journey 
to Ladakh made in 1821 with Irebenk and Guthrie' with the ultimate objective 
of reaching Bukhara, by way of Yarkand. Leaving "Biulspur on the Sutlej in July, 
they travelled through [vaugya, Kulu, Lahoul, and over the Bara Lacha pass, to 
reach Leh on 20th September. The route was surveyed, and astronomical obser- 
vations taken, by Trebeck. A map by .John Arrows mi th 5 is included in the accoirnt 
of Moorcroft's travels edited by Horace Wilson, who records that 

the materials of the map are. first, the field hooks of Mr. Treheek, minute. careful, and accurate. 
The measure men I, is made by paees, bur. the bearings by the compasa are noted with great 
precision, and eorreeted or confirmed l.iy repeated cenparisoii. 

The latitude of Le, of Kashmir, and various intermediate points determined by ob- 
servation, and height of barometer and thermometer at principal elevations, [are] aet 
down . 

The latitude whieh Moorero.fr- assigned to Leh, 34° 9' 21", differed considerably 
from values previously given — the Lamas' map of ''Tibet, less than 31° [I, pi. 7 ] — 
D'Anville, 33° 20' [1, 210]— Macartney, 37° [II, 271 ]— Buchanan, 36° 30' [II, 70]'. 
A map compiled at Calcutta, lS2o s . show's that it was controlled by latitudes 
observed by Hodgson, Herbert, and Trebeck, and quotes a letter from Trebeck to 
his brother in Calcutta'' explaining an error in two sketches of his route to Leh that 
had already been submitted, 

from a miscalculation of the latitudes, in whieh a correction of i,he sun's declination for longi- 
tude was omitted. ... [The result- j differs nut- more than 3 or 4 miles from the true distance... 

'53 I, 7S° 15' E (pi. SStinglo,. 'filths occupied Kaehmir and iiulu 1631. ''cl. Qocar J's routo two 

years later [ 41 ]. 'JJo. Est.; sulj-.isst. surgeon, * 10. Oat. ( 46(1 ), IStl. itnlc 0110 inch to degree. 

'Moonrvfl & Tnhixk ( Iv). 'True value, 34° 10'. » Orisdii.il en:.. MfUO. 12 ( 4 ), with copies 12(3-6). 
'Chas. Trebeck. jimr.. attorney. 



44 The Mountain Provinces 

bofcween Bilaspur and the capital of Ladakh. rather a near approximation considering the 
uneven and circuitous nature of t!ie road. 3 

They stayed in Ladakh for two years, making several survey expeditions, 
whilst Mooreroft won a great reputation by successful operations for cataract. He 
had set his heart on visiting Bukhara and, on being refused permission to travel 
via Yarkand, decided U> attempt the journey by Peshawar and Kabul. 

Leaving Leh on 20th September 1822, they crossed the Zoji La and reached 
Srinagar on 3rd November. After various trips in the Kashmir valley they set out 
again in September 1823, and travelling via Punch, Jhelum, and Rawalpindi, 
reached Peshawar on 9th December, staying there over six months. After collect- 
ing a, large caravan they went forward again in May 1824 and reached Kabul on 
20th Juno. Their Kashmiri and Gurkha followers wisely refused to accompany 
them any further, and after six months hazardous travel they reached Bukhara in 
February lS2f>. Falling sick on the return journey all three' died some six months 
late 3 . 

Moorcroft's travels, as those he made hi 1812 [II, 8o— I J, covered much ground 
that was entirely new, and contributed greatly to geographical knowledge 3 . 

It. is not known who was the author of a letter dated SabSthu l.tth December 
1823, published in the Aslatk- Journal 1 of 1825 under the title of "Route to Ladak". 
The writer followed the Soiti River from its junction with the Sutlej to within 30 
miles of the Bara Lacha La, on the road to Leh. He describes the immense snow 
peaks, but greatly over-estimated their height, which would not be expected from 
experienced surveyors like Herbert or Alexander Gerard. 

From the angles of altitude which I observed, their pale outline, and the broad outline 
of enow, they cannot be loss elevated than 2!>.<><if) feet. ... As 1 had no time or place for fixing 
their position, I adopted Humboldt's plan of vertical lenses, 5 the results of which would 
give an approximation to their height. ... 

From Sheealkur* onwards was new ground to me, and I was occupied in surveying. Our 
territory here confines upon China and Ludak. Shee-alkur is part of Bussahir, but this state 
still extends a day's journey before u infringes upon Ludak. 

He continued up the Spiti past the villages Dankhar, Lara, and Rangring, 
12,000 feet above the sea ; 

I surveyed, by the tract [ sir, ] of the yaks, and got on pretty well through the snows 

The reflection from the snow dazzled me, as 1. took no precaution for my eyes, and suffered 
dreadfully from its effects 7 — My hands eould no longer point the theodolite, and I ceased 
surveying— Party exhausted somo miles short of Lassar, 8 the last village — Here ended my 
tour, as it began, in disappointment — heh still 10 days journey bevond me. 
The writer returuei.1 by the way he came. 



Kumauk, 1815-21 

Webb's previous experience marked him. as well fit for the survey of Kumaun, 
the hill tract lying between 'larhwal and Nepal. He had assisted Coiebrooke in 
the survey of Roh.il khand, and Jed the expedition up the Ganges above Hardwar 
[II, 32-3, 73-7 ]. He then spent two years surveying northern Oudh and Gorakh- 
pur before taking sick leave to England [ II, 33-4 ]. While at home he attended 
courses in astronomy at Greenwich observatory, and returned to India with a 
battery of new chronometers just in time for the Nepal war. He joined the force 
that occupied Kumaun [ II, 90 ], and was appointed surveyor in March 1815 9 . 

Like Hodgson he started without measuring any base-line, but suffered no 
inconvenience from the vagaries of local attraction [ 35 ; pi. 6 n. ] ; 

A base was determined by astronomical observation, using the difference of latitude be- 
tween its extremities and the true azimuth. ..for computing their distance, and upon this base 

1 dated Srimipii. Kashmir, *1 -6-23. - Mtnrcrof; & Trtbccb { xivii-ix ). :! ¥ai'Pr mid at ASB -v 
oW. ««,*., 12-5-25. 'A* J. XIX ( fiL't) -IS ). » E, 1I( ,n A;™.,.1<t v U11 IWl.i, h lk,r„W,]i ( iTfiii-lSfli ). 
* fclmlkar, .13 [ ; 1.1 ,u. aliovc irifiull of Suit! | pi. 5, HI;;,!!;-;- !. ■ tk-vlj.-rt -.votnl ! ;,-., h.-.T, ivisr to thin. T .■• 1 
"Lo 3 ar,52H;on,SpitiE..77°4.i'E. J BG0. 23-3-15. " 



KUMAUX 



45 



uigulat-icui ban been formed, which now connects Hurdwar with Tuklakot Pass 
in longitude 30° 48' E. 

It is remarkable that though Hodgson, Herbert, and Webb, were oblivious 
of the possible effects of local attraction, George Everest, only 15 years later, was 
fully aware of the danger, and classed Webb's survey as untrustworthy ; 

The survey of Gurhwal by Captain Hodgson and biout, "Herbert... was commenced... on 
a basa-lino measured astronomically, but as that was not found to answer, the whole distances 
were corrected by a base, line measured by Captain Herbert. This survey may therefore 
be considered, as final, and quite suiticicrnlly acturaii: Fiji- geographical purposes. ... 

The survey of Kumaon... depends on a base measured astronomically, of 10 minutes. 
Uow it is a well hiemi fact- that :i base of sue}) extent is liable, pardoukirly in mountainous 
countries, to be affected by local attraction. ... We may slate the probable- error as 10', 
which amounts in that latitude to 1,000 feet and upwards, so that about 100 feet per mile, 
in excess or defect, is the error to be apprehended. 

This survey was carried on by. ..a trigonometrical process, but it cannot be comprehended 
under the term of a regular triangu lotion, for none of the triangles arc symmetrica-!, the three 
angles are not- measured, and errors of 40 feet per mile are of frequent occurrence, so that 
it. is, on the whole, little better than what is called a wheel and compass survey 1 . 

By Webb's own account, 

The number of stations, includio;; those by the barometer, will furnish... more than four 
hundred points of elevation. ... The whole survey having liii herto devolved upon myself, and, 
being ill qualified as a draughtsman f II, 70, ,-| y; ], my attention lias been principally directed 
to the formation of die outline, and com para lively little to the map, in which I have been 
in. continual expectation to be aided by an assistant. 

But I have on all occasions surveyed the route by which I have travelled, and the- dis- 
tances since the first season have been measured by an instrument which I have found very 
convenient, ... resemblinc; an open pair of compasses, whose points are just one fathom 
distant from each other. These several routes, with the exception of about 15 marches, ... 
will fill rather more than one half of the map of Kumaon upon a scale of about- three miles to 
an inch 2 - 

His main interests lay in fixing the snow range, and exploring the Tibetan 
borderland. By May 1310 he had surveyed to the sources, of Lite Kali and was work- 
ing along the: north bonier, trying to negotiate permission to visit Lake Manasarowar 
[ IT, 79 ; HI, pi 6 ]■ 

I considered that to pass churlishly along the bonder, prying into its passes and recon- 
noitring, would be more likely to excite. ..than to allay the jealousy already kindled, and there- 
fore, to induce some friendly intercourse, I sent forward some of the Hhooteea' 1 Kumeendars. 
to Tuklukot' 1 , desiring them to state to the Governor llio nature of my. ..employment, and 
to express a wish. ..to lie permitted to visit the lake .Vhiusurwur, ... paying my respects to him 
personally. 

The Chinese Governor, or Deba. agreed to a meeting ; 

May 28th 1816. The snow this morning was eight inchet deep upon the ground, nor had 
the- thaw become sufficiently effectual to admit of our proceeding towards Kalapanee till: 
one o'clock. ... [rides a yak- — meets the De6o — permission to visit Manasarowar rofused, 
politely but firmly ]. ... 

The 'Viceroy of Gurdim [ Kurdam ? ] who had disobeyed tins order in favour of Messrs. 
Moorcroft and Hearsay [II, 80], had been removed from his situation with disgrace, and 
summoned to Ooehuug where, in all probability, further punishment- awaited him. 

The Chieftain remained with me near five Injurs ; sending for bis pipe and largo toapot, 
as seeming to consider me but an indifferent preparer of that beverage. 

To Government's request that he would confine himself " to the work assigned to 
you" 5 Webb replied that "a proper degree of caution and discretion was observed" 
and promised that he would not "again re-enter Bootan till authorized to do 
so". His claim for Rs. 309-S-O for presents was allowed. 

In a letter of June 7th he reports that he had 
visited the source of the river Ivalee, and with imminent- peril crossed the- snowy ridge...by 
the pass of Lebong 6 . The extreme labor, great difficulty of respiration, experienced in the 
last undertaking, has occasioned a general sickness 111 my camp. 1 hope, however, to get 

.5]. '35 m- 



46 The Mountain Provinces 

the whole party under shelter tomorrow, and to accelerate their recovery ...I purpose remain- 
ing stationary for some time. 

He later reported that ho had bern detained "by unusually violent falls of snow 
about the equinox which confined me for many day;; In one of the southern villages 
of Dharrna". He sent specimens of gold dust and articles of Tibetan produce'. 
Driven down to the plains by the winter weather, he met Hodgson at the end of 
January 1817 [ 32 ]. 

I have 'been employed during the past month in the teraei, . n- in situations whence observa- 
tions of the Himaleea may be taken with the greatest advantage. Afaulgurh is the last 
of these, the debouche of the Raraganga, by which route I purpose re-entering the 



His report for 1816 gave a list of 130 points with their latitudes, longitudes, and 
heights. It was read before a meeting of the Asiatic Society with Lord Moira in 
the chair 3 , and tolls of a peak of 25,669 feet, at 30° 21' 51" N. ; 79° 48' 39". 6 E., 
obviously Xanda Devi*. 

He reported on the 1st August that he had added at least one hundred further 
barometer heights, and was checking them by triangulation 5 . In December he 
a full account of his work to Mackenzie, who had now come up from 



It seems necessary, during the present season, to establish by barometrical observations 
the height of that part, of Kohilkhand from whence; my efevctious commence, ... hitherto... 
assumed by estimation only [ 47 ]. It is therefore my intention to visit the terrao either 
this month, or in January, in which I must bo rc-mLned by l.aid.low'is a | iproach*. ... 

It would give me great pleasure to communicate at some length the general principles 
upon which my tabetics have been conducted, ... for, however i la tiered I certainly must feel 
by Colonel Crawford's having committed the whole arrangement to my own discretion, it 
would now bo very desirable that you should review the work. ... 

I am the more anxious on this subject as I know from literary friends in England that 
this survey has excited some curiosity there, and perhaps even beyond that country, as Mr. 
Strachey 7 procured from the Russian embassy, and forwarded to me from "Tibreez" 8 a 
number of "Le Conservateur Impartial'' dated March lltb unit printed at St. Peters burgh, 
which contains the following pisragraph ; 'he eaoitaino Anglais, Webb, qui pureourt le nord <le 
1'Asie, a, dit-on, ...traverse d'enormes chaines de montaenos couvcrfes de neige, regaidees 
conmae hiaecessi'oles, et par le.squelles on peut ouvrir une route par la Tartarie jusqu'en 
Russie 9 . 

The preliminary reports of Webb's work had indeed created a stir. They 
called forth a favourable review Sur i'EUvation dea Montagues de I'Inde by 
Alexander von Humboldt' [ 40 ], but the accuracy of his heights was challenged by 
a writer in the Qunrltrly Review' 11 [ II, 88 J. This sceptical attitude roused Herbert's 
wrath ; 

This survey involves as a principal point the determination of the highest range of moun- 
tains in the world, [ as recognised by ] all except such as at home think science confined to 
Europe, and that it is impossible for an officer in the Company's service- to measure the height 
of a mountain. ... I think I may say the national honor is concerned, as well as that of the 
Bengal Army. 

I... refer... to the very unhandsome remarks passed on Captain Webb by the Quarterly 
Reviewers in return for his his polite communication -of some of the heights ho bad determined. 
It is quite clear. ..that no d o term 1 nation of heights will ever satisfy the curious in Europe, 
that is not accompanied with ample details as to the original observations, as well as a full 
exposition, of the methods of ealeulal ions. ... The ordinary rout ine of surveying is in no wav 
applicable to the determination of so nice a point, which involves many other considerations... 
f such as ] the flcto'e of the earth. ... 

By such ample details alone will they be able to .judge of the ability of the person who 
gives them, and it is only when they ^ee that- ability fully manifested, that- they will place any 
confidence in the results deduced 12 [ 48 ]. 

Mb. 16-11-16 (18). = DDn. 136; M S75, 1-2-17. 'Govt. 0m 17-4-17; At S. XII, 1818 

(253-93). 'Nanda- Devi. 2-V-Ue it. ; 30 " 22' 32" X. ; 79' 58' 22". s BDn, 150 (7). 'appointed as 
mineralogist, June LSI" i iu'j } : joined survey 17 2 -IS. 'Rkhurd 8i-r:icli,-,- IK.'S., writer 17SS ; Retdt. 
Lucknow 1815 ; resd. 1817. ! Tabriz, Azerbaijan, NW. Persia. °i>Dn. l.'iO ( 22 !, 2-12-17. "Annates 
de Chimie et de Physique IS. Paris. "No. sisn & V ol. 22, 1S20. I! to SG. ; DBn. 152 (100), 14-10-19. 



Ktjmattn 



17 



In October 1818 Webb sent the Surveyor General, another annual report, and a 
lescription of the country that will be more fully appreciated if read with a modern 
.yered map ; 

" Excluding 'i bell, of s!n' turaoo { morass and forest i, which skirts the base ol" the mountains 
the S.W., the total extent of the survey may be considered as a section of the bank, or 
stress, which supports the tableland of 'Tartar;'. There is not, I believe, a single square 
Le of level ground, in one plot, within its boundaries. 
The height, of tin* Tuklid;ot. pass, by a geometrical process, appears to be 17,70,5 feat above 
aea, and that of the Neetee pass by the barometer lfi,97t> feet 1 . These mark the minimum 
fcitude attained by the crest of the glacis. ... The mean distance from the base of the 
inoniiteins to the plateau of Tartary I consider to average about 9» English miles. ... 

The term ITimuleea chain, or ranee, seems to me a misnomer. It is not, as it appears 
n the plain, a coiit.inw.nis ridge, tho dips in which form the passes to Tartary ; nor do the 
•her pea.ks approach very near to tbe tableland [ II, 77 ]. As the traveller approaches the 
snowy mountains, his road invariably lends along the bed of a river ; as he advances farther* 
the defile straightens 2 , the rocks form perpendicular walls on bnth aides ; there is scarcely space 
between them for the stream of the foaming torrent ; ... while avalanches threaten from 
above, and the current is frequently buried under snow from 40 to 100 foot in thickness. 

This portion of his route ( perhaps two or three days ) is full of peril and difficulty but, 
when "accomplished, the hills again sLope more gradually, and he reaches the purgunas in- 
Blioteea subjects, whose villages are from 10,000 to 
to Tartary the road is generally good, and gradually 
II, on the fourth or fifth day, a sharp ascent of 2,000' 
iramit of which the plateau opens to view. Snow is 
during the latter part of the journey. 



months by i 



habited during 

12,000 feet above the aea. ±<Tor 

ascending along the bank of a at 
3,000 feet is encountered, fro) 
seldom seen, except sheltered in 1 



During the current. vear...the season commenced with survey in the purguna of Cliou- 
gtirkha,, passing backwards and forward through it as roads eould be found, fixing trigono- 
metrical points occasionally, and completing the course of the ISurjoo Kivec. ... In like manner 
7.is-zag lines were measured through the purgunas adjacent. ... 

This brought me near to the head, of the Gura .River 3 , which I traced, to its debouch at 
Musware-e Ghat, proceeding thoneo to Pcleehbeet, and ultimately to Barelly, to receive a case 
of barometers recently arrived from England, some of which being found in good order, I 
marched without loss of time. ..to Kasheepoor, where it waa necessary to make a series of 
observations, this being the first elevation in the survey, and previously estimated at G50 feet, 
instead of 757 feet which appears to be the correct value 4 . 

The observations at Kasheepoor being completed, ...I re-entered the mountains at the 
Kotdwara I'atii [ March tKiS ] s , and repaired to l.ungoor Curb, a- lofty dilapidated fortress, 
I the first trigonometrical station in Garhwal. Its position being determined, I traced 
several routes.. .settling frequent points of connection. From one of these. ..I was enabled to- 
connect the iriiuigulation of Kuiuaon with llurdwar. ... 

As soon as the road to Kodar Nath was reported open, .1 marched hi that direction, cross- 
z the Aluknandra R. near Sireenugur, and occasionally deviating from the road to ascend 
high ridges where I hoped to establish stations of observations. The latter part of the road 
led over extensive (folds of .-now, and the height of Kodar Natii's temple, situated at the base 
of the snowy peak No III, is 11, 879 feet above Calcutta by correspondent, observations with 
the barometer [ If, pL 9 i til, pi. 6 J. 

[He returned to ,1 os'niuiath and, after waiting a few days for a permit, worked up to the 
Nitl Pass f. 

The road followed from Jose e Muth to the crest of tho Keetee pass was that travelled 
by Mr. Mooreroft [ II, So ], but I should hardly have been able to obtain for the first time a 
view of the table land of Tartary without exciting the jealousy of the Chinese officers but 
for tho collateral aid 1 derived from being entrusted with an investment of goods belonging 
to Government, and destined for the Tartar market. 

The barometrical observations on the route are in the highest degree interesting, as they 
lead to a knowledge of the altitude of the table land, and will possibly... mark a notable 
epoch in physical science. ... 

Upon reviewing the work of the year, I find the results leas consistent and satisfactory 
than in former seasons. They do not, indeed, indicate any great error in the positions of 
the snowy peaks ( all of which were settled from bases to the eastward... ), but discrepancies 



8 ft. 



■T S.ird*. 



ndue about 775. 



s 63 K/9. 



'f.lhk 






48 The Mountain Provinces 

are perceptible. This is in a great measure to bo attributed to the want of a better instrument 
than is in my possession 1 . 

He was now better able to meet the challenge of the Quarterly Review, and at a 
meeting of tho Asiatic Society at Calcutta in February 1819 Dr. Wallich 2 submitted 
a letter received from him, admitting the justice of some of the reviewer's remarks, 
euch as the want of a measured base, and uncertainty as to the proper correction 
for refraction, but holding to the general probability of his results. 

He has about 20 stations, at very unequal distances from the Himalava, whose altitudes 
-are deduced geometrically from the snowy- peaks, and barometricallv. The agreement* 
between all of them aro very satisfactory 3 . 

Webb's letter, with his observations at Kedamath temple and the Niti Pass 
was sent to England, and the Quarterly Review thereupon withdrew all objections! 
and declared "absolute confidence" in the results 4 [3]. 

Towards the end of 1818 he was given the assistance of a draughtsman, 
Robert Tate, who, besides doing some survey in the field, was specially useful in 
drawing the maps, which were submitted, some in 1819 and others at the close of 
the survey* [ pi. 6 ]. Webb closed field work in October 1821 and, left India for 
good in February 1822. 

Waugh was not so critical of Webb's work as Everest [ 45 ], and does not 
comment on the lack of a measured base-line. His verdict was similar to that he 
passed on Hodgson and Herbert [ 41 ], viz., that the framework showed consider- 
able scientific skill, and waB subsequently adjusted to the Great Trigonometrical 
Survey, but that the depiction of hill features left much to be desired. He paid 
a special tribute to Webb when working out the heights of the great peaks ; 

I enclose.. .a memo, regarding the identification of the famous mountain Dewaigtri. Our 
point XLn is Webb's mountain. ... Any great numerical refinement cannot be expected in 
comparing our position with Webb's, but the difference... is not ao much as to cause any doubt 
as to the real identity. ... Nevertheless more refinement would be satisfactory, and might be 
obtainable if Webb's angle books, maps, or reports, are forthcoming in our offioe, or at the 
Asiatic Society. 

I should like, when I publish, to shew a comparison more accordant, and therefore more 
worthy of the memory of an old surveyor like Webb, of whose reputation I am tho natural 

n , -'^ li 2-^ B3 " 8 ? ) ; *~*°iih ^athamal Wullkhf 1786-1854) * Dane; Ban Med.; Supdt. 
Botanical Gdns., Sibpur. 1816-50. DNB. 'As J. VII 1819 'vol 22 ISO) ( 417 i -latest ]»* 7fi£p 

'V,™^ 764 "': ' MRI °- 2fl ( I* I- 28 ( 28-32 ). •D Do . 605 (157 ), 1IM2-M; JASB. XI.1842 
pan 1-16(1), pp. x-xiv-i, H ivw lift of 50 snow peaks, Webb's No. XIV, ■■,; .::: iWj -.-.m i|„|™,„' BN „ .*« 
Iwing sum |vak. Ni.rid.i I)i:vi [ y_: ,,.5, 46 n . 4; p[g. 5,6]. ' ' 






CK.U'TER IV 



NORTH-EAST FRONTIER 

Garo Hills, 1817-8 — Sylhet, 1 1820-9 — Assam Valley, 1824-6 — Source of 
Brahmaputra, 1825-8 — Manipur, 1824-30. 

SINCE the withdrawal of Welsh's force in 1794 [I, 81-2], the only official 
contact with Assam had been through petty frontier incidents. It is a favourite 
pastime of all hill people to swoop down on the rich villages of the plains for 
profitable loot. In 1816, "after a particularly atrocious raid" on the part of 
the Garo tribes, who inhabit the thickly wooded hills at the great bend of the 
Brahmaputra [ I, 19-20 ], David Scott, Commissioner of Rangpur, visited the 
frontier and made terms with the tribesmen, who in return for trading facilities 
were to be protected from exactions by the zamin&ws along the border 2 . George 
Wilton [ II, 457 ] was appointed to survey the strip of Rangpur district on the left 
bank of the river, and such parts of the Garo Hills as might be accessible 3 . 

The country was exceedingly unhealthy, and Wilton died after a few months 
work. Schalch was appointed to carry on, but after four months in the held, he 
also fell ill, and was sent on a sea voyage to recover [ II, 359 ]. His survey was 
left unfinished, and the Surveyor General had no map to produce ; 

Mr. Schalch'!; illness had prevented any writter 
his field books- ... When. Mr. Schalch went away h 
the papers of the survey preserved untouched till his r 
them up 4 . ... 19 unfinished sketches. ... 

To a surveyor it will bo understood that !,hc sketches of on< 
another. On this survey an ratemjption had already taken plac 
papers are also deposited hero, and if Mr. HJiitluli cannot resume 
commence a^ain anew ; this is a necessary consequence of having only one surveyor on an 
extensive mountainous unhealthy country. It is in fact a never-ending and most heart- 
breaking undertaking to employ one man in such a situation, and if health is preserved it 
must take many years, or it will be a very imperfect work*. 

Mackenzie's fears were jusi.iiied ; Schalch did not return to the survey, which 
was left uncompleted and of little value [ 18, 329 ]. 



cop I" v.dsiit are contaJTuvi in 
i:"i anxiuus do.-iro to have ail 
which I promised, and sealed 

! is not easily wrought up by 

e by Mi'. Wiil.ori'-- fWalh, who.-" 
a afraid you will havo to 






Sylhet, 1820-9 

In December 1819 Thomas Fisher was appointed to survey the boundary between 
Sylhet and the independent state of Tripura 6 . He was not able to start till 
late in 1820 and, as the magistrate could not then attend himself, or arrange for 
the Tripura representatives, Fisher spent that season surveying the boundary 
between Sylhet and the independent territories of Jaintia and Cachar, working 
from Chagaon along the banks of the Surma river [ pi. 19 ]'. He then 
resolved...to...visit Cachar, partly in the hope of enlarging our geographical information in 
a country so Utile known to Europeans, but more particularly in the expectation of being able 
to procure some information relative to Tipperah...to illustrate the ancient boundary be- 
tween that country and Sylhet. 



iSvlhet was a Bengal district till 1874 [I, 8z ]. a NB. 
«DDn lMlY'll. 10 8-1*.' 'ii..(Ki), 7-U-H. " BGO. 17-12-19; 
Btattoa^to-Alh^MxylO-"-"*- 'Wbk.MRIO.M411.pl~ 
Misc. 4-0-22. 



'runt-kr (59). 3 BGO. 15-12-16. 
l.j J. X. 1820 ; DDn. fir, ( 22?, ), Oh. 
1-inch and 4-iniih to mile, MRIO. 



r,o 



NoRTH-EaST 'FRONTIER 



I have previously consulted.. .the magistrate of Sylhet. on the propriety of my visit, and he 
was of opinion that, provided the consent of Ohow.ieet. Sin S h the present ruler of Cachar were 
obtained, it would be desirable in every point of view, as in addition to the before -mentioned 
objects I should be able to obtain some account of the passes in the mountains separating 
tho plaiu country of Cachai' from Mekhley Ummipoor, now occupied by the firmans who 
threaten continually lo invade the former oonntrv, from which there would be no' impediment 
to their entrance to Sylhet 1 . ^ 

After an adventurous visit to Cachar [ 411 ], he surveyed the Tripura frontier 
between May 1821 and April 1822, being now granted" full responsibility for 
deciding the line. 

The southern part of the district of Sylhet, which 1 
territory of tho Ilajali of Tipperah. bavin.™ boon for some 
arising entirely from the want of a well defined and known boundary, 
ordered to be made ; ... 

1. To improve the geography of the frontier. 

>f the contending parties on either side of the boundary. 

ecognizable line of frontier, as a river or chain 



1 upon the independent hill 
B of frequent disputes 

survey therefore whs 



1 a natural and t 



ofrr 

Government accepted his line ; 

His Lordship in Council trusts that the field book, and depositions stated fco have b 
taken, will contain alt the information that can be desired. ... The original depositions ™ 
taken by Lieutenant Fisher shall bo deported for eventual reference in the office of th 
Committee of Records at. rfylhet. Ho will likewiso... forward lo the Committee 1 mnn e +J* 
field book of the survey. py oi the 

The greater part of the frontier line is stated to have been laid down with the concurrer, 
of the persons who attended on the part of the Kajah. ... Hence if. is presumed that the attestT 
tion of these people will have been fixed to the documents and depositions. .. I„ the 
time...the line of demarcation... should be assumed, and acted upon as forming th a m ** n ; 
frontier of the two territories. ... s e actual 

The line...is sufficiently defined by mi Lias and by ridges of lulls, except where tb« 
boundary lino runs over cultivated fields in the valley. Unless therefore some landmark* 
have been erected, tnere is danger of its being entirely lost. Lieutenant Fisher', report ' , 
sufficiently particular in don'rims; tho ..recaulions taken. ... His Lordship in. Council ores 
however, that the requisite arrangements have been made to prevent anv future Le^?' 
ments by the COTStraotiOn of pillars or other land marks. ... eneroach- 

The neatness with which the plan is executed, and the apparent accuracy and care witl 
which it has been constructed, have attracted the favourable notice of Government h'l 
the information collected in the report...is clear, useful, and well divstwr 1 [ pi iq 1 ' ™ 

Fisher was now employed on the revenue survey of'Sylhefc until on th 
recommendation of the Surveyor General, he accompanied Scott towards Caohll 
where trouble from the Burmese was coming to a head. Scott was now Aeent tn 
the Governor General on the North-East Frontier [55 ], 

Captain Fisher's employment was on the Tipperah frontier, south of Sylhet and on tb * 
side his map and information are very satisfactory. ... I believe Mr. Scott has mueh J 

local information of tde frontier on his side, but the fact is tliHt our operations and »< ta V* 
.ittU drawn to tho Bas6ward for ages past, that we Co very httle of fte 



have been 

eastern -jarts of ISei^Uiil. |" t6 n.7 ] 

I certainly should be glad if we had a better notion of the frontiers 
pooter, especially the whole boundary of the Sylhet province wherevei 
foreign territory and none can give so good as...Mr. Fisher, if yQu .,. 
services. ... For the present L think ins attention ,nkdu. be directed to the ^unhw of ±hlh ± 
information he can, which might be verified by a survev when the season is mo > M 

and when there i B more leisure, for exact surveys in those countries cannot be TapiSv 
executed on account of the wetness of the country and tho iosahihrkv o^the jungles* 

Scott was directed s ' 

to proceed in person to Sylhet with the view of bringing to an early close our nee f f 
for an alliance with Cachar. ... Your presence in that quarter would be more especial tetfc. 

'DDo. 212 (363 ), 1-5-21. 2 ib. ( 315, 443 ), Magto. to Mgher, 1-3-21 . jm rri ^ , ■>„ 
of Sylhet Dist., by Ffchor, 1821-2. » PJDu. 1-1.1 • 1*5 ; ; n.ii: o_fi-2a : Fdbks DDn 2W w ( ^iffi 
II 412; DLB, M 410. 'DDn. 108 ( 124 ), 8G. to Pel. Dept 18-10-23 ffl0 * M *»f-*BlQ, 



SyUlKT 



:>\ 



able if the Burmese.. .foiloiv up riieic design.* against that country. In that event it would 
further conduce materially to the public interests that Captain Fisher accompany you for 
...surveying the passes which lend from Muuipore find Assam 1 . 

Shortly afterwards i' is her was requited for military duly on the Caehar frontier, 
and he writes to tlie Surveyor General, -7th February IS^'4, regretting the delay in 
submitting copies of his memoirs as he was ' : at present so much engaged having 
the executive charge of tlie Quarter Jl aster General's and Commissariat Depart- 
ments" 2 . In his place, .lames Blechyndeii, who had been sent up for the revenue 
survey [ 145 ], was lent to Scott for a. pioneer march from Sylhet over the 

Jvbasi Hills fn.sn .1 yn tea-pore on south to. ..junction of Kill lung and Copley rivers 9 , thence down 
the Kullung to junction with lirahmaputra about IJ miles above Gauhati..,thro' a country 
hitherto unexplored by Europeans 1 . 

We are to proceed on or shout the 30th hist. [March 1SJ4 ] direct to ■joyiiteah ; thence 
to commence a survey in a northerly direction as correctly .is oireu 111 stances and the rapidity 
of the marches would admit of, us far t is tlie Burrampooter Elver, noticing the face of the 
country, the difficulties of the mail. etc. ... On our reaching the rhirrampooter River I was 
to return by water, tis the season would be., .too far advanced for me to attempt a passage 
haek over laud. 

ived instructions from him. ... He would not 

t of the distance between each day's halting 

r steep acclivities, anil notice 



I then called on Lieutenant h'isher 
advise my attempting any aecui 
place, hut thut I should pace those lin 



the time emplo 

April 1st 13: 

with tliem...i 

2nd. Marcl 

3rd. Mr. S 



ed in each day's 



y break the escort set off ; ... I left a 






escort, and rea.ched .loynteah about 2 p.m. 
'1 \.a. this morning. Employed 111 (* trigonometrical 
the rmiajj of mountains over which our route would lay ; 
■ part of the farthest range was l.Doo feet above the level 
■veiling one was only 1,200 feet. ... 

j- careful hi not letting the Oosseahs know 
use the theodolite, chain, or gay 
ini our paasLim through their terri- 



e.aJeulation to 

the result was that tlie hit 

of the country, and that a 

4th. Received orders from Mr. Scott to b 
what I was about when, surveying, and aboi 
instrument, as they would get alarmed, and perhaps prev< 
tory, but to use the pocket compass and pace the distances 

In consequence of the difficulty. ..in procuring coolies, we did not leave our encampment 
till 3 r.M. ... The lirst two days marches were the worst of any we experienced ; the rood was 
very narrow and utmost perpendicular, and for the most part covered with sharp atones on, 
the sides, which so much narrowed it that the elephant* with the utmost d iff iculty... could 
force themselves between, oven after being unloaded. The Company's bullooks could not 
proceed a quarter of the first day's march owing to the sharp pointed lime .stone*, which split 
their hoofs, and ui*re consequently sent back thence. 

The distance- *,.,-.■ paced. 1 he time of each day's march noticed, and the bearings taken 
with the pocket eompa-s as correctly as the rapidity of the marches and the hours we pro- 
ceeded... a. hn it of. The paces 1. calculate at 2.S feet each, but subject to a restriction for tbi> 
steep ascents and descents" [' D, So ]. 

At the close of his military duties h'isher resumed the revenue survey [145], 
and at the end of 1826 was deputed to survey the boundary between Sylhet and 
Jnmtia, with 

■fcaintug the boundary line, and investigating the claims of.. .the lull 
ndars, where it may be disputed. ... 

the lauds appertaining to the liajali 



the entire duty 
chiefs and our 

Commence your survey... from the 
of jaintia to the 1 tstwi rd 1 rsi ,■ ■■ , in 
,i;id proceed then.', i _-,il,i ■» i.i.[<- ■ ■■ t 
from those of the llajah and other hill 

At the two extreme points a pillar 
cro rich men t or misapprehension on eithi 

Two of Fisher's maps were on scale four miles to an inch, and about one degree 
square. The hist had meridian laid down through the circuit house, Sylhet, and 
was compiled from his boundary surveys of !S2l--!i and revenue surveys of 1822-3. 



bank of the liner rtuormali. 
g the territories of I he [ion 'tile Company 
again cross the river, ... 
ihould be erected to prevent future en- 



'BSC.!. 2s 1 



1 (5). 



= DDn. 



3 K»]an 



I K^.iii 



1 Hits. 



; ds J. 



5:> 



North-East .Frontier 



It included tho roads from Sylhet to Dacca,- Cachar, and Mymensingh, with the 
branch road along the western foot of the mountains to Pandu, besides various 
river routes 1 . 

The second map covered most of the cultivated area of ( 'aohlir, and was prepared 
from sketches made during 1824-5. It includes the road made by the Pioneers 
from Badarpur 2 through the Kumranga forest to "Jirimula", and the mountain 
route to "Agm", and the course of the Barak river 3 . 

In 1827 the Surveyor General had to refuse the Quartermaster General's request 
for Fisher's services on the grounds that, he was 
employed by.. .the Terrii.'-u-ia-l Department- in Sylhet, in making a ve 
survey under the superintendence of Mm Collector, and that- a number of i! 
ployed under.. .the Surveyor. 

■ I have... instructed lieutenant. Lusher to avail himself of every opportunity of laying 
down the various lines of communication, by land and water, of all the principal places in 
tSyHiet. and by means of certain astronomical observations to determine the meridian of 
the station of S-ylhet. that others, may be referred to it*. 

In July 1 829 Scott submitted 
a map of Cossya territory prepared by Lieutenant Fisher. The boundaries of the several 
districts are merely conjectural, ... but... throughout these mountains peculiar spots are to be 
found belonging to one chief, although surrounded with the territory of another, and that 
two or more of them arc occasionally found exercising authority in the same village. ... 

Few villages have been inserted in this map except such as have been surveyed 5 . 



Assam Yai^ry, IS24-6 



For several years the Burmese had been pushing west. They had now occupied 
Manipur and reached Kaliabar and Jorhat in Upper Assam 6 . In December 1823 
they started to invade Cachar, but were defeated by the British in a clash on 
the Sylhet frontier [ 64 j. War was declared by the Governor General on 5th 
March 1824, and on 13th a British force advanced from. Goalpara and occupied 
Gauhati. It was at this juncture that Scott marched across the Khasi Hills 
[ 51 ], reached the Brahmaputra on 15th April, and joined the troops at Gauhati. 
The force, about 3,000 strong, now under the command of Colonel riiehards 7 [69 J, 
advanced as far as Kaliabar without much opposition, but had to withdraw 
during the rains, when the Burmese a.train advanced as far as JN'owgong, looting and 
plundering. 

At the close of the rams, the British went up the river by boat, reached Jorhat 
17th January 1825. and occupied the- capital, Kangpur near Sibsagar, on the 
30th. The Burmese hastily evacuated the country, taking off about 30,000 



Before the start of the expedition the Surveyor General had been asked for 

copies of the b.;.-;t. maps octant of Assam and. ..tho lluntinijioiitcr ( supposed to be.. -Wood's... 
survey in I79S ) [ I, Ho -i j as also of the Garrow frontier fienerally. A copy in likewise 
required.. .of the best, map of Sythet, and as much of Cachar as may bo kimwu from survey or 
report. These sketches, beinu for temporary use, may. ..be hastily' taken on oiled paper, and 
will be held liable to return or transfer on the completion of the service. ... 

You will take measures for the attainment of as much geographical knowledge on or 
beyond. ..the eastern frontier as the present or expected movements may admit ; your assistant 
Captain Cheap being w ii U tins force lo tin: wjutli cost [ Oy ], laeun-oiiaiit Fisher of the Quarter- 
master General's department in Sylhet [51] and some competent otiicer perhaps avail- 
able with the north-east detachment, at- Coalparah*. 

Xo surveyor was available until the arrival of the revenue surveyors from the 
Upper Provinces [ 151 ] when James Bedford was given charge in the Assam valley, 
being ordered on 20th December 1824 

'See also MRIO. 3S (23), 16 m. to one inch. »83D/9, 15 m. W. ofSilchar. S DLR. Fdbk. 70- 
Much rait-p 8. Cachar. MPJO. !■!!»). 'BTC. 22-8-27 (.1.2). '■ l>l>ri. 262 ( la). 20-7-29. "Bhuvau 

("459-75). 'Si'.-YVr:i. Kit-linnb ( 177s. ! Mil ! :Bcn. Inf. ; Cn. ISSl: Hudson IT1' ( 0*1-2 )■ * Imp (he. Avi<nn 
and F?rmli-r l-h-.p-Uli^ii: V ( 1 0, 39 >. ! DDn. 205 [ 38 ) ; BMC. 16-2-24. 



to make every practicable expedition to proceed to Assam. Lieut. Wilcox will accompany 
u as your assistant, ami Mr. Polhill will be attached to your survey. ... 
A minute and accurate survey of the country through which the army may penetrate 



. correct local 
opportunity untried of 



i chief object. 



but 
several other 



s entrusted to you. The ignorance which at present prevai 
knowledge of it of peculiar interest & consequence. ... Leave i 
pushing to the utmost your enquiries and researches 1 . 

Besides these written Instructions, 
Bedford was verbally directed to consider the Brahmaputra as h 
endeavour to unravel the mystery.. .respecting its fountain head, b 
as far as. ..the safeguard of a detached escort might permit 3 . 

The revenue surveyors were at first under Sehalch's 
were later placed under the Surveyor General 3 [333]- There ^ 
surveyors with the troops, some under Bedford's orders, and some working 
independently as opportunity arose*. Burlton, Jones, ami Neufville were on the 
q.m.g.'s staff, whilst Mathew and Bechngtield worked for Scott 5 . In April 1825 
Scott sent in 

a map prepared by Lt. Burlton, exhibiting the upper part of.. .the Brahmaputra, or Loheet, 
as far as it is navigable*. ... Lt. Burl ton's means did not permit of his following the course of 
the river to the Burmah Koond 7 [ I, 78 11.5 ], but the diminished volume of water, and the un- 
broken appearance of the mountains, together with the information gathered from the inhabi- 
tants of Sadiya and Unit neighbourhood, all tend to a belief that it cannot come from the very 
distant point assigned to its source by modern geography. 

The Dohong, which Lt. Burlton could not examine... for want of provisions, was. considered 
by him, but not ascertained by measurement, to contain a larger body of water than the Luheet 
and, from its sine and direction, it would appear most probably that this branch is the con- 
tinuation of the Sa.npo 8 , if either of them are so. ... 

These points will no doubt be satisfactorily settled by Captain Rod ford and Lt. Wilcox 



11 the c 



f the c 



Scott pointed out that the discharge of the Braimiapu'.Ta greatly exceeded 
that of the Ganges, far more so than estimated by Rennell [ I, 78-9 ] ; he quoted 
measurements made near Goalpara by Bedingfield in December 1823, and by 
Burlton in the middle of March 1825°. 

Calcutta papers were full of correspondence about the Brahmaputra, an article 
in the Government. Gazette of l Mh May inclining to D' Anville's belief that the Tsangpo 
flowed out through the Irrawaddy [ 57 ]. The Gazette of 20th June produced a 
"lithographic sketch of the upper part of the Brahmaputra.. .from a map prepared 
by Lieutenants Burlton and Xeufville on the spot". This takes the upper Luhit to 
about ten miles above Sadiya, and shows the Bori Dihing and No» Dining in 
considerable detail 1 " [pi. 7]. 

Wilcox gives the following account of the surveys of 1825 11 ; 

We arrived at Goalpara.. .in the latter end of January LS25. immediately after the capitu- 
lation. of the Burmese at Kaugpur ; and we were then eager to join the headquarters, in full 
expectation of an attempt being made to advance towards Amarapura. ... 

Ensign... Wood's survey reached no fnrrhci- ibaii Kniiiijiur, and he leaves the space beyond 
a perfect blank [ I, St ]. ... 

Lieut. Burlton was detached to survey the river beyond as far as possible. ... The natives 
knew well that the boats of Bengal could not pass more than one day's journoy beyond Sadiya ; 
they spoke confidently of the Bramakund, the origin of the river, being situated in the east 
and, indeed, they had presented a map drawn in their own incorrect style. ... It was afterwards 
remarked that in this production the Dibong and the Dihang were not distinguished from 
other tributary streams. 

The commission with which Lieut. Burlton was charged was executed by him in a highly 
creditable manner. With a surveying coyripuss only, arid unfurnished with any instrument 
for measuring distances, he surveyed the river to Sadiya and a short distance beyond, and 
subsequent survey has detected but little error in his map. 



'Orders by .Scbale-h. ; DDn. 214. 'Xarrauvc by Wilsox, A- ti. XV1[ (315). J bGO. 29-7-25. 

'Maps received IV.:., m QMH. July- 1S2-1, MIUO. Ill (IS, 19). '-Mam, 'b. :}7 ( U-2. 19-20). 'lb. 171 

(27). ' 13raliiuakuii:l, U2 A/.i. 3 1'rovcd correct by Bailuy " " 
20-t-25. "See also HMS. 67S. "At B. XVII (314-4S9 ). 



y S Murshcad hi 1912. * Ol.hi. 23 1>, '.[ 4M, 



o4 



North-East .luiON'msii 



of the Brahmaputra must lio in some high 
awuy to the east, beyond the direction of the 
perpendicular 



Burlton reported that he imagined the 
mountains, covered with snow, which he si 

Brahmakund, which he told me was a large bottomless bay at the foot of 
height over which the river falls. Ho also gathers that, the Irrawaddy rises in 1 

In the meantime Bedford and I had readied Bishnauth 1 . and received orders to survey 
the BuriLohit, or old channel of the river, ...one of us r e .s,nveyin K ...tho Dining or southern 
branch. Captain Bedford chose the B.iri Lohit as it represented novelty, and left me to 
re-trace Ensign Wood's steps towards Rangpur. Ho completed his survey, but I met with 
an unfortunate accident ; ...about halfway from Bishnaut my map and field book, -with the 
sroatest part of my property, were lost by the sinking of my hoat. 

Captain Bedford afterwards continued his route towards Sadiva. making a more accurate 
survey than Lt. Burlton had the moans of doing, ami before the expiration of the month of 
■™ he had surveyed not only.. .the great river from Bishnauth to Tengapani but, having 
accompanied Cap!. Xeufvdlo on the expedition asramst tl,o Sinefo* chiefs, he also added a 
hasty survey of the Nba Dihing 3 . 

Wilcox. himself continued with the troops, making hasty surveys up the Disaag 
down the Bun Diking, and up the Dikho, though much hampered hv the loss of 
his best instruments, which the Surveyor General could not replace 'till the close 
of the Arakan campaign. Jones made route surveys with detachments sent out 
from Rangpur, and sketches of other branches of (lie great river 4 . NeurVille and 
Bedingfield collected information from Burmese prisoners and others about the 
country m the direction of Burma, submitting a. map which included the 
Ckmdwin River. Mat hew surveyed the Dhansiri River 6 . 

Bedford reported monthly to the Surveyor General ; 

29th August 1825. The whole of my field work is now protracted, and my calculations 
for latitude, time, and longitude, in hand. ... In the absence of anv particular instructions 
...T proposo...to explore as far as may be practicable, even in a canoe, the Lahree Dining 
and Dihmg rivers, which have excited of late a yood deal of local interest ■ and on to lav 
down such part of the northern bank of the Buvhampootor and noighhourie..- islands I wa* 
not able to survey last season. ... 

16th September. ... I was induced, from the low state of the river, to undertake a short 
survey.. .to connect the ]Um,joluh point with the Oikliao Mookh. where the Disu™ 
2tuddee also joins the Burbampoofer, and Lieut, Wilcox's survevs now form a connected 
map with my own opera 1 ions on the mam river. ... 

As the Singphoh Chiefs now appear amicably inclined, I propose, after examining the 
Dipung and Dihong rivers, to proceod again towards Sudeoa, with a view to establish 
Beesagaum and .the Kusan pass, which the want of instruments prevented when *T 
jiccoinjBmied Lieul. N'eiilvillc's detai.hment. ... 

11th October. ... I have recently received instructions to detach Lieut Wilcox foe 

accompanying the troops.-.and to continue my own operations on the river This" double 

arrangement.. .renders the want of many useful instruments the mora to be regretted. 

r chronometer, nor are the results of 
7 a false horizon glass since the loss of 



. Lieut. Wilcox has neither a telescope, 
his sextant, so much to bo depended on.. .from the 
his boat. ... 

I quitted Itungpi 



I quitted l.-m^uv wsterday afternoon. ... ( purpose successively to attempt each of 
the streams which .,om tlie Bi,rl 1 ampoofer...a little below the Koondil Xmldcc on which the 
town of Suddocfi. rs situated, and afterwards to proceed to that place with a view of exT>lorm« 
the ripper pans of the ^.vhampooter, in which I might proh.bly have the company and 
assistance of Lieut. Bedmgfield*. ... . " 3 

2Sf.li November. Anxious t< 
the Assam Field Force up tl 
sions, and again started on the 18th hist, to explore the Billing Kiver'" 

Though a good deal annoyed and delayed by the occasional rapid.,...! succeeded on the 
6th day m making my way to an Abor village called Pusoeal, situated on a small hill of the 
although the wat.or would have admitted mv further pro-Toss all r 



o avail myself of the short leisure which the slow progress of 
« allowed, I baited butane dray... to lay in ten .lays provi- 



Hrst range 

endeavours to persuade *W» mountain tribe to peno.it my further progress proved unavaUing. 

In fact they appear of late to have been so closely watching- ■ 

that even my appearance caused no small suspicion, and I 



r operations in Upper A 

i received by the villagers i 



' S3 F/2. ' or Knoli 



■ <" U[ip.;r A 






Assam Valley 



55 



anas. ... After the first day I partly succeeded in allaying their suspicions, and ultimately 
found them civil and oven hospitable. I could not, however, overcome their disclination to 
my further progress. ... 

I expressed my wish to return, hut could not effect even this until the. u ftornooii of the 24 th 
when, after exchanging presents, we parted on friendly terms. My detention, though un- 
pleasant at the time, enabled me to collect some local information. ... They all agreed that 
two more days would t saves brought, me to where the main river issues from the hills ; in fact, 
when their first suspicions were aliaA-ed { and with two seapoys only there mis but little to 
cause any... ). I found them very communicative. ... 

As the Assam Fores is still in my rear 1 . ..I propose b 
and proceed up the Depuiig 1 river. ... With regard t 
hitherto been carried on by regular measurements a 
pace with the canoes up these stony s 



■j take 15 days provisions on my canoes 

o my present operations ( which have 

d intersection ; ... 1 can in general keep 

> application for any escort beyond the 



naick & four men has been made-, from a conviction that, amongst these warlike mount- 
aineers', any force which my esanoos could accommodate would be perfectly useless in case of 
attack, and merely excite their su-a/scious, so that « hatever is effected., .mi.isl. be by persuasion 
and conciliatory conduct. 

He adds that Wilcox had recently been ordered down to Goalpara [56], 
and had "since applied. ..for a few smart lasers, to instruct, others who may be enter- 
tained to accompany him towards Thibet", Bedford Inning brought several of his 
revenue survey lascars from >Turadabad 2 . 

Bedford's journey up the Dibang was just as disappointing as that up the 
Dibang ; 

I yesterday returned to my bndjrow after an attempt- to truce the Dipung River to its 
source. Notwithstanding the strength of the current, and the great number of rapids... 
I arrived near the llssniee villages situated on the small hills. ..of the nearest northern range. 

Here, I regret to say, the prejudices and fours of the inhabitants agitin foiled me. ... My 
disappointment... proved the more- mortifying from having, after some days discussion and 
exchange of presents, gained the consent of tins three Gaums. ..to ray further progress ; hardlv, 
however, had my boats beesn unmoored on the following morning when other headmen 
arrived, and objections were raised. ... After a vain wait f" ordered my boats to be unmoored 
for.. .moving down the river. 

To this no interruption was offered by t ho Misinees, but. ..one of ;uy double dingees was 
broken to pieces in a rapid, ... where the water was so strong and deep that no attempt could 
be made by those on board except to save then- lives, s.nd every thing, except one or two arti- 
cless washed on shore about a- mile hnver down, was lost, including the arms and accoutrements 
of two seapoys. my personal supplies of every kind, and table furniture. Fortunately five 
days supply of grain. ..was on board another dingeo when the accident happened 3 . 

Still undaunted, he 

turned up the Dikrony above Ka.rnjau, and the voys.go continued three days till the river 
became too shallow for the canoes to proceed, and Dipt, Bedford returned to the Dibong, 
and got back to its mouth on the Brahmaputra on December 215th. after 6 weeks in unknown 
waters 4 . 

He then turned to the exploration of the rivers beyond Sadiya, and in April 
1826 reported his return "from a most harassing survey up the Sokato, a branch 
of the main river, which terminated in a visit to the Burhrna Koond" B , He 
took sections of the Dihang, Dibang, and Lali rivers at three different seasons, and 
of the Bara Lnhit, Naya Dihfng, and Tenga rivers at the commencement of the 
rains. He reported back in Calcutta on 6th September 1820 s , leaving Wilcox and 
others to carry on the good work. 



Source of Brahmaputra, 1825-8 

Both Blacker, Surveyor General, and Scott, in political charge of Assam, 
were anxious to solve the riddle of the Brahmaputra, and in September 1825 
Biacker asked for Wilcox to be put on special duty to trace " the sources of the 



North-East Frontier 



great body of water which the Brahmpoottir pours through Bengal" 1 [i ]. Scott con- 
curred, and on receipt of Government approval Blacker sent, suitable instructions 
to Wilcox, adding that 



abundant in fori; 



>n, if of ordinary 



than a vory lin 



quantity that may possess higher pretensions to rnathoTnatit'.K,! correctness. ... You will attend 
parriiailarly to the wishes and views which Mr. Seott may.. .communicate to you 8 . 
Wilcox replied from Goalpara ; 

26th October. ... T run prepared to start tomorrow morning, having arranged with Mr. 
Scott for every assistance. ... Mr. Scott hat recommended thai, my first attempt shall be made 
on.. .the Sooburnti Shree 3 , falling into the Boroe Lohit in longitude 84° 13', considering that 
if, as reported, this river httve a navigable course of S or 10 days journey in a 1ST. and S. direc- 
tion, a successful trip up it must tend to throw light on the connexion of the great Thibet 
river with the waters of the plains of Assam 4 . 

On the sixth day of his journey up this river, finding the rapids "'dangerous for 
canoes of the smallest size" s , he abandoned further attempt in this direction 
and moved up to Sadiya, where 

Ca.pt. Bedford had already proceeded up both the Dihong and the Uibons as far as he was 
permitted by the mountaineers, and I bail great, reasons to fear that the same obtacles... would 
.also interfere with my prepress, but with a supply of presents anil a- iiitani I did not hesitate 

to make the trial 6 . 

Accompanied by BiirRon lie was, however, held up on the Dili arig by the same 
villagers as had stopped Bedford, and he then tried the Mishmi hills to the east. 
He writes from Sadiya, 

25th February 1826. ... This month I have been occupied in a trip to the Miahmee Hills east 

of this place .v. a short distance south of the river. ... When I set out the commissariat was 
unable to add one day's provisions to my own st.ores, &...'[ whs.. .soon compelled to return. 

The distances in my field hook were all estimated in time. ... It would be an object to 
proceed in this hasty manner [without] any attempt to use? measuring instrument*, since 
those are calculated t" increase tl e (iiijieohy where jealousy already exists. 

Had not Captain Bedford expressed Ins earnest wish to he the first to explore the upjjer 
parts of the Burriunpooter, T should have adhered to its course. ... I now propose to retrace 
my steps to the hills, &. thence endeavour either to reach the Lama country N.E., or the Bor 
Kampti country S. of E 7 . 

5th May. ... I proceed.ed early In the month id' March i« tho Mecsinee Hills directly E. of 
this place, & had the route been practicable at the time should have journeyed on to the Bor 
Khampti country, situated on both banks of the Ira.wady ; but I found that the heavy snows 
still covering the range which must, bo crossed would yet delay me at least another month &, 
having ascertained that the only road to Thibet known to the mountaineers lies very near 
the course of the Burrumpooter, in deference to Cap!. Bedford's wishes before alluded to I 
refrained from pursuing that direction. ... 

Mr. Scott proposes that I shall proceed once more up the Dee hong & endea.vour to mollify 
the Bor Abors with a view.. .of our being able to march up the bed of this river in the cold 
.season. From, hence | Sadiya |, I he opening whence it issues is distinctly seen, ... 50 miles in 
"N. "Why. direction, it the hills filling un the back-ground are low; the break in the range is 
more marked than that I have seen in any other river, & the only objection to the palpable 
supposition of this being the Lhasa river is the singular account in Assamese history of 
the sudden increase of I. ho Deohang from a. trifling stream to a mighty and over-whelming 
river, which... swe pi, before it m.my villages. The date of this occurrence is a.d. 1736. 

2nd September. ... On the 29th of March I took. ..a section of the Burrumpooter opposite 
the station of Sudeoya, which gave the discharge 33,900 feet per second, but the following 
day I took with equal care a section, ..beiow the junction \ with the Dihang ] ; ... the result 
was a discharge of 120,000 feet per second ; deducting the value of the Burrumpootur & 12,000 
feet assumed us the outside discharge of the Deebong, we have 74,:!0O feet. ;><:v second for.. .the 
large branch 8 . 

1st June. ... In the early part of last men til I proceeded I o Lhe Dee I lung river, & brought 
•down to Mr. Scott the Abor ehioflabi who formerly objected to Captain Hertford's and to 

'DDn. 204 (208 1, 27-9-25. 'DOn. 220 ( 101) }. 13-10-25. a .Subansiri, 82 L, S3 T. 'Da, 314 
■28-10-25. 5 M»p; MRfO. 1 7M { SO) ; Report, A* ft. XVII! ( SM ) ; DIjR. M -ial ; DDn. 214, 20-12-25. 

In ignoramie of this, (*■:>;! win -Au-stcn, in IS-fi", i.as ■ 1 i reitte; i l" i:\pldre sin: Saljaesiri ns a pe—ihle sour-r- 
of the -Brahmaputra. * As B. XVII (331 ). : Mishmi Ililis. H2. A.R. ; Hhr.ruti Lw>, or Puiao hdqrs" 
later Fort Hertz,, 92 B. a cf. note on map MRIO, 173- ( 20-2 ). 



Source of Bkahmaputra 

my passage, &...the result of their visit is a fair prospect of getting their full c 
aace...as far as their country & influence extend. ... 

Intelligent Ilootea merchants, one particularly who had travelled from Lhasa into China, 
gave Mr. Scott. ..a sketch of the Sampoo. in which they lost it at a point very far east, but 
affirm that it flows southwards through the Abor country, and is known to us as the Burrum- 

I have lately been occupied in a. survey of the Tenga Panes, which I ascended till its breadth 
was reduced to S or 10 yards, & canoes could not proceed no farther'. 

The Luhit vallev and all its tributaries within reach of Sadiya had now been 
thoroughly explored as far as accessible. Several routes had also been brought 
in by native agents employed by Scott, one of whom had visited the Moamaria 
country 2 "to ascertain the extent of cultivation " ; his route, was protracted taking 
"1,320 of his double paces as equal to one mile" [II, 80 ]. Wilcox spent much 
of his time during the rains studying the language and collecting information 
about the country to the east towards the sources of the Imtwaddy. He sent the 
Surveyor General "a sketch of the route to Hookong 3 ... compiled from numerous 
sketches given me by Sinpohs and others, and from verbal information carefully 
compared" 4 . 

The work of the past year had shown conclusively that the Luhit branch of the 
Brahmaputra that came'from the Brahmakund was not the main river, but that 
the great volume of water came down the Whang. This was, of course, no proof 
that the Dihang was the outlet of the Tsangpo, and Wilcox's next task was to test 
the widely lielri" theory that the river of Tibet discharged its waters through the 
Trrawaddy [ 3, 54 ]. Hodgson, who was now Surveyor General, wrote to him ; 

A great interest is taken about the Buirampooter and much nonsense issues from the 
press. ... Mr. Klaproth, 5 a continental coxcomb, has written that- the Sampoo is the Irawuddi, 
which can hardly be. Sampoo means a river, but the Gnroo Sampoo of Do Halde [ I. 70 
11.9, 79 1 issues, it is supposed, from the high land near the Ma-nsa.ro vur Lake [ I, 72 ; pi. 7 ; 
III! pi. 6 ] ; I say 'suppose', for I have no evidence to that purpose, but think it likely to be 
the' case. If so, its length...to the »orth-eafit of Ava would make it a very large river. Rennell 
thought it was tbc Bun-ampooter [ I, 79, pi. 14 "1 but, supposing it to come from so far west as 
the Munsarovar Lake, it would even then be almost too large a stream to be one of the main 
feeders of the river. ... 

Pray make all enquiries respecting rivers llowmjz on tho north -if ihe snowy chain, from 
west to east, or otherwise. Turner, in his Embassy to Teshoo Snmboo [ 1, 74, 394 ], saw a 
river he calls the IhirrampooLer or Krechoomboo... which he says -joes into Assam [I, 80 ] e . 
The following review explains Klapioth's theory ; 

Mr. Klaproth of Paris has had a map of the parr, of Asia that lies between 21° and 31° N. 
and 89° end 101= E. cnijraved for the second number of his Magazine Asiatique 7 . ... 

■ What makos this map and the memoir. ..particularly interesting at this present time is 
that it lays down the sources and course of the river Brahmaputra., about which there has 
lately been much speculation ; and that it gives the course of the Yu.ru dr.i-LiiJzbo-t.chu, or river 
of Tibet, which Ketmell has erroneously connected with the Brahmaputra. [ I, pi. 14 ]. 

The courses of these rivers a.s laid down by M. 'Klaproth afford .strong confirmation of the 
opinion. ..read before the .Royal Asiatic Society about 18 months since, namely ''that the 
Sanpoo, or river of Tibet, is not connected with the Brahmaputra, but is probably connected 
with the Irra-wady, or river of Ava" 8 . 

Hodgson also called attention to an article by Wilford On the A-ncmU Geography 
of India?, which gives a summary of Hindu legends concerning the rivers of upper 

India [I, 3971; . n , >ja a - , 

I think, as far as it :zoes, the notice in the Ancioot (.Jeo^raphy wiw. with tbi information 
you have sent down. There is one contradiction, however, in the ancient story. He calls 
the-east branch the Lohita, which it is, and mentions how it became so by the stroke of the 
a of Brahma Koond, and in another place it says the Lohita joins the Burharapooter 

rjf Burhi Diliine R. ; 
<DDn. 2N, 6-1(1-36. 

if Jlartiu Ueinrisli KlaprotJl 
s BDn. 220 ( 170), 17-11-26. 
>7 ; Munoircs relatifo h f .4 .sin. 



weapon ' 



Hb 171 (16 17) 173(311; DDn. 214. s ->ii kft bunk <>!" Urii.lirai-.iniir.i 

\r.,am^ri:^ I'm-m-viv i„H-,r,5™'l ivl'i-i<^.i> f.^iti^ [ ), i'», 1. :: Hubiwng valley, »2 
•-■ Ilmm-i-i'l, Juliu- v:.n Klipcotd I 17 -S3- 1 S3".), oriersulitt X'. ! reveller, s- ~ 
( 1743-1 JU 7 ) i''ir'i:ar«t. .■■'■leniist in Oermimv ; An ■/. v I - v - !SSb { '1.1 ,■ 1 1. 
'■ It-vlov ,.f A.T.v.v-nnr.u'-; .;i-.m of 1^2- Klaproth. Paris, 1*26, 10 Tr„c. 
3 vols. Paris 182i-8. ■ A s f. May 1826 ( 621 ). >JASB. 1851. 









58 North-East Frontier 

from the north, coming from Tibet. This looks more like the Dihung. The enquiry is highly 
interesting, and I hope you will be able to throw great light en it 1 . 

On the 8th October Wilcox started onao unsuccessful attempt to trace the source 
of the Luhit to the east of the .Bnahniakuiid [ pi. 7] ; 

[ kept the road a long the south bank of the Burrurnpooter &, had arrived opposite the 
village Soomlit ; this village, I suspect, will have to be carried more E., while the latitude 
is not much in error. ... 

The path, which scarcely ever deserves the name, is such that I question whether in cir- 
cumstances of leisure any actual measurement by chain or line eonld be made. Whilst wind- 
ing in the dark cover of a thiek tree jungle, the direction of the patii changing every 20 or 30 
yards, I have sometimes had no better means of estimating my direction than.. .the sun's light 
or, on issuing forth from it, a bearing on a peak before observed. ... A large portion of my 
route may be ct> rro r:ted by bearings on. soeh peaks. ... 

Owing too to the badness of the path and the scarceness of provisions, many articles of 
utility in surveying, or necessary to private comfort, must be left behind. It is absolutely 
requisite that not a single extra man should be taken ; every one, either sepoy or coolie, carries 
his own food & cooking utensils i...some article of mine of small bulk. 

I took.. .my large sextant, but no roof for my false horizon. My only barometer tube & 
two thermometers were broken before doing me any service. I had no Hindoostanee, ... the 
only servant I originally, took having been early knocked up. Kbamtees such as I had, or 
men or similar habits, are the only people who could act as an escort or as coolies a . 

He regretted that Burlton was not of the party, 
for, with one staunch friend who knew how to use a douhle-barellcd gun, I should have been 
very ill inclined to suffer myself to be bullied by the barbarian Mishmis. 

With " a stock of twelve days provisions " the party "broke new ground beyond 
the "Rrahnmkimd. and 

such was the nature of our slippery and rugged path that although we passed the holy pool 
about nine o'clock it was twelve when we arrived at the mouth of the Mtee rivulet, about 
one thousand yards beyond it. A little Miahmi boy led the way, clambering up the face 
of a perpendicular rock, assisted by a hanging cane made fast for the convenience of 
passengers to some trees above. All that I could surmise of our direction was that we were 
travelling towards the east. ..and owing to the sharpness of the ascent the distance was 
equally uncertain. 

They were held tip by rain for three days a few miles beyond, taking shelter in a 
Mishrni "hovel", vacant "on account of two or three deaths". Then, working 
north, they dropped down to the main river, here named Telia on modern maps, 
and for the next two days 

continued along the left hank of the river to the mouth of the Lung 3 , where we found 
Glialum, who had parted from us six days before to have a bridge built [ across the Lung ]. 
While at Qhalum'x village I hod throe good, observations for latitude. ..which gave 27° 50' 33"- 2. 
Of the direction...! could now be quite sure, as I not only had beatingS...on Ghalum'a house, 
but could now recognize a low peak very near our [last] halting place. ... We had been 
employed the entire day in advancing less than two miles. 

They were kept waiting at Ghalum's village four days whilst the Mishmis feasted 
on a miihan [ox] slain in their honour, and wrangled over presents and the 
possibility of further advance. On 31st, "after an awkward diminuation of my 
stock of provisions", they moved onto the next village where they were glad to 
barter a few seers of salt for six days supplies. They then followed eastward up 
the Luri River, crossed the high ridge which rises to over 10,000 feet, and compels 
a northward bulge of the Bramaputra or Telhi, and dropped down into the village 
of Ruding, a Mizhu Mishmi chief. Here on the banks of the river they lost two 
more days. 

I was very anxious to proceed the nest morning, but was foiled again by the lazy Mishmis ; 
they wished to wait for the return of our emissaries, or at least to allow them one whole day 
for a. parley with the chiefs. With rice to eat, and a house to sleep in, they could not conceive 
that any motive need occasion haste. In the course of the day we learned that we are threat- 
ened by one chief, who declares that if we come near his passes he will roil down stones 

>DDn. 223 ( 42), 30-11-26. =DDn. 214, 4-12-26. "Lang E. 92 A/5. 



.Source of Beakmapittra 



5fl 



in spite- of this warning, Wilcox made two more marches up the left bank of 
the river towards Jingsha's village' [ pi. 7 ], before he was again held up by ominous 
threats, and at the earnest entreaties of his followers made a discreet withdrawal 
just before midnight. The next day they were told by Ruding'a son 
that an hour or two before daylight in the mureiug the assembled uenaars had invested our 
position, and ooneeuling themselves in the jimsflo while advancing from ill! sidos they at last, 
rushed upon our huts. and to their intinile disappointment found <toiu empty. I do not 
vouch for the tint h of this story, ... for I found I hat ! lading'-; game was now to demand a 
reward for his interference to preserve, our party from utter d est ruction. 

Wilcox's furthest point lay some; thirty miles east of Brahmakund 2 , though he had 
travelled quite double that distance. Up to the last day before his retreat he had 
been fixing his positions by the sun at noon, and bearings to recognized peaks. 
On the return march ho followed the main river right- hack to Sadiya a , .and wrote 
to the Surveyor General on 4th December ; 

I hasten to report to yon uiy return from a lab< prions ami unsuocess I'nl journey. ... Having 
penetrated into the Mhnzha-0 lliiswmpi' country, which is entirely beyond the sphere of our 
influence — ... strongly suspecting that the presents I had dealt, out had so excited the cupidi- 
ty of Home chiefs- that they meditated an attempt to plunder me 1 yielded to the wishes of 
my people anil mscle a hasty retreat. ... 

Ass I feci confident that their thirst for plunder may lie restrained by my appearing amongst 
them with a more respectable escort, I propose to make another trial, ... in which I shall 
liavo the great advantage of Lieut. Btirlt.on, who has been appointed to accompany me. 
The upper Lttliit basin above Brahma kund was not properly surveyed till visited by 
the Mishmt Mission survey detachment of 1911-2*. 

Wilcox now received an invitation from the Allots to pay them another visit ; 

ll.aving had some experience, Lou ever, of their uncouth manners, and of their susceptibility 
of being suddenly influenced h\ Ihe strange harangues of their native orators, I requested to 
have with me a small party of regular troops who might keep the villagers in some awe. ... 
I had also 15 musket eers of the Khamptis to accompany us if wo should bo able to advance. 

With Bullion with me I arrived at Shiga™ Ghat, and sent the Mishini chief, resident 
i if the Dihong, I o the iUemba village'' ; o reniiu' i them of their invitation, find received satis- 
factory replies. ... After a conference the Memlai people promised lo inform the Bor Abors 
of our arrival. They declare the Dihong to come from a very great distance, and that it can 
nowhere lie crossed hut by boats or rafts, being always too wide for a cnue bridge. 

They were allowed to visit 1'a.si village", where " the breadth of the river was 
reduced.. .to 100 yards, and it was still mild and tranquil, but the form of the hills 
suggests immense depth". They then returned to "Shingaru Ghat" 1 till some 
Bor Abors eame down and promised to get the orders of their chiefs, after which 
Wilcox returned to Sadiya: still further convinced of the identity of the Dihang 
with the Tsangpo 3 ; 

19th January 1827. Wo visited two of the nearer villages without meeting any decided 
opposition. We explored the river about- two days journey beyond the point reached by Capt. 
Bedford [54—5 ]- ■■■ Wo were suddenly brought up by 'die nature of the bank which no longer 
shelved to the water from the bases of ihe hills, but presented perpendicular rocks, surmounted 
by very steep hills, which are covered with, a jungle tuo dense to allow of (jutting a path. We 
proceeded 2 or 3 miles fart tier in a small canoe, bur. were stopped by a rapid, formidable to 
ascend & promising destruction to the boat on return. Scrambling over the rocks, I saw an- 
other long reach of still water above, &- ties, as well as the part we had explored, is in a west- 
erly direction. ... 

All my accounts agree in placing the .souive of the Deohong at a ver\ great distance, that 
is, far beyond 1 he ken of my informers. The Simi nigs, a hostile tribe, were close at hand, A 
I have reason to conclude that the Lamas are beyond them at- no great distance. 

tst April. ... I do not think that 1 conveyed ;l sufficiently strong impression of the hostility 
of the Abors to our attempt to enter their country. When... 50 or CO of them suddenly intrud- 
ed on us one evening, they no doubt iidi-ndcd to oppose our further progress, and T got rid of 
them by promising that, without permission, J would not leave the banks of the river for the 

'n. map facing p. 314, As R, XVII. ii'ii; of. MBIO. 157 ( 45) ; pi, 7. ! short of Kuirabuui, 92 A/0 

'As It. XVII. 1832 ( 302-94 ). 'SI. Records IV ( U-'ii. ' S m. KB. of Pastchfit. " P^igaiit. Hi P/S 
'Sign.r, 4 m. below PSsighnt. ■ A-* 11. XVfl ( 395 1. 



60 



North- East Frontier 






path inland. Their insolence to u? at Momh.io, while thoiv guests, wiis so great that we heartily 
congratulates! uursolvos when we had cleared the village without further disturbance 1 . 

He was at last abLe to start on the long-planned trip to Hkaniti Long. He 
left Sadiya with Burlton on 15th April, reached the Irrawaddy near Putao, or 
Fort Hertz, and got back to Sadiya on 16th June, saturated with malaria. 

I am preparer! for starting, & am much annoyed at the unrieeesiaiy delay caused by the ■ 
nonchalance of a Singpho of rank [ 5-t n.2 ] whose arrival 1 expect. .Ho is to accompany me. 

I shall carry my barometer & hope to set it up in the snows ; also my sextant in which, 
with all its error, I feel more confidence than iti the circle. The perambulator too if pozsibli' 
I. will wheel ; I fear it will not stand LI 10 shock of traversal: the -tones [ 69 j 2 . 

To quote from his official narrative 3 ; 

I. ..looked with anxiety at the snow on the, mountains, waiting till. ..they might bo pro- 
nounced practicable. I had left it to the Luri Gohain to make such arrangements as 
appeared to him necessary, ...and he, considering it only proper to have with 11s some 
Singfo chiefs of responsibility. ...fixed on the son of the Gam of Latora, arid a relation 
of the same family. ... These two with their following were to add about fourteen to our 
number; some- Khamtts of rank from Sadiya with their followers number as many more, 
and for a guard we had ton 01 the ivhamti militia. We h>id but 16 coolies to carry our 
...own light equipment of necessaries-, several bundles of presents, besides... instruments. 

We embarked our stock of rice and our own followers on the 15th April. The navigation 
of i.he Dihing 1 , which we entered on the second day, proved very tedious. 

They left their boats at Kiisan 6 and started into the hills keeping the During 
on their right [ pi. 7 ] ; 

Wo were now to. ..enter a wild region where no patliu exist IjuL those made by the constant 
passage of wild animals. ... For the last two years none had traversed the wilderness except- 
ing the two Mishmis who wore now our guides, and their only means of finding their way... 
was to hunt for (lie notches left on t.!i" tree's by themselves, and. by occasional travellers of old 
before them. 

The elephant was sent back as no longer useful. The perambulator has been left at the 
Dapha with the Burman who wheeled it, who had already fallen ill. I had olfereel in vain a 
handsome reward to anyone who would undertake to convey il on, arid afterwards found it 
■could not possibly have been used [ 69, 220 ]. 

On the 4th May we left tlio Dihing. ... The men lent us from the Tumong Tjkrang 
now took their leave. We could not induce them by any offer to proceed further into the 
hills. Two of Lieut, Hurl ton s men were ai Lacked with lever, and we anxiouslv endeavoured 
to persuade them to leave us and return to riadiya-, but they would not. They wore probably 
■afraid of being: seized as slaves by the Singfos. 

6th May. We were now crossing that ridge of mountains which separates the nearly 
parallel streams of the Dining and Dapha 8 . ... Beyond the Dapha, at no great distance on the 
north, a high wall of mountains capped with snow stretched eastward to some distance', 
and then turning south, gave rise to tire Dapha and Dihing 011 this side, and to several rivers 
[lowing into the Ira wad i cm the other. 

Burlton now developed fever, and they had much rain. They crossed the 
Hpungan Pass, 10,080 feet, and then the Namchai stream which, like the Hpungan 
stream, flows into the Nam Lang, about twenty miles west of Fort Hertz. 

On the 20th it continued to rain heavily hut, as this was to be the last day's journey east, 
wards, ...we act out. After wading through the Kumtong. we shortly began the ascent of 
the hills separating the Xumlang river from the plains of the frawndi 8 . ... We at last, about 
two o'clock, beheld at a distance the object of our eleepent. interest, the Ira.wadi, winding in 
a large plain, spotted with light green patches of cultivation and low jungle. Better eyes 
than mine oould distinguish Manchi, t!io capital 6 . ... We were met at last by the Rajah's son 
with two ponies for our use, and our approach towards the villages was nuised by incessant 
beating on two little gongs 10 . 

I was Lame from an unpleasant sore in the foot contracted on the march, and Burlton 
was not at all in order for moving about. 

1DD11. 214. *»., Sadiya, April 1827. Ms B. XVII ( 412-68 ); BDn. 226, M *79. 'Nor. 

Dining joins Luhit It! in. E. of" n.idiy.i. '■ possibly in.-iir Lliu |.i:i.':>(.ii!K!i:ui;i;k, or Klia^oi, U2 A/2. « Dapha 
joins Diliine 3S° 30' X., Ofi 5 30' E. 7 parr, of Nieimeri^one. M;al:n Kaiijc, '-villi peaks up te [l,;STI> ft ■ y2 H-" 
8 The W. branch, Ina'" oalled Xam Kin, or Marl Hka. 9 Man Sc, a m, X\V. of Fort Hertz. ,0 A typical 

Shan welcome to thia day. 



Soubce of Brahmaputra 



til 



D make arrangements for a visit to the Irawadi, which we eould not 
well contrive at Manehe on account of the enemy's stronghold, Meag Khamti 1 , being in the 
way. ... When, however, they found us fixed to have a sight of the Irrawa.di, and to avoid 
fighting where we hod no. quarrel, they consented to furnish ponies and a guide, that we might 
gee the river higher up, at a point sufficiently removed from danger. ... 

In the morning we wont off at an early hour, ace.ompa.niod by a guide mounted on a third 
horse, and in two hours we crossed the plains. The Irawadi. we were surprised to find but a 
small river, smaller than we anticipated, though aware of its sources. It was not more than 
eiiihty yards broad, mill still fundable 2 . 

As to the origin of tin; Irawadi, I felt perfectly sat.isiie-d from the moment I made enquiries 
at Sadiya but, since further evidence founded on the reports of native might not have 
satisfied those who had adopted Mr. Klaprotlrs opinion, ... I had resolved, if possible, to have 
ocular and incontrovertible demonstration: and. I could not help exulting, when standing 
on the edge of tin; clear stream, at the- successful result of our toils and fatigues. 

Before us to the north rose a towering wall, stretching from W. to E., offering an awkward 
impediment to the passage of a river 8 , ... and we agreed on the spot that, if Mr. Klaproth 
proved determined to make his Siunpo p^iss by Ava. he must find a river for his purpose consider- 
ably removed towards, or into, China. 

Wiloox observed the latitude of Man Se to be 27° 29' 16"-5 [true value 27 
24' ], and collected information about the course of the Irrawaddy southward, the 
point of junction of the eastern and greater branch, the Nsnai Hka 4 , and the route 
between Burma and Assam through the Hukawng valley further south [ 57 n.2, 62 n.5 ]. 

On the 25th May I paid a visit to the Bura Raja to talk of our return, and was instantly 
promised a supply of rice and whatovcr fitee they could furnish for our journey. He smiled 
at my offer of payment, and answered that be should be heartily ashamed to accept an. equiva- 
lent for such trifles 5 . According to promise, a specimen of the tea-tree was brought, to me from 
one of the neighbouring low hills ; it was a full-grown one, about Eve feet high ; the leaves 
were coarse and large 8 . 

At Nambak, on May 31st, we for the first time had an opportunity of observing some 
lunar distances. On the 2nd June, at an early hour, we were fairly on our way to return, 
anxious enough to see our neat house at Sadiya, with such comforts as it afforded. 

They had an arduous journey homewards, taking a more northward route to 
cross a higher and snow-covered point of the great range ; 

Leaving the Phungan, ...we mounted the wall on its right bank, and there, whilst des- 
cending the ridge which divides the waters of the Irawadi from those of the Brahmaputra, 
a transient clearness gave us a view of our halting place on the Dapha, which we could not 
perceive without great delight. A short march brought us back into our old path at the 
crest of the Phungan Pass. ... 

We landed at Sadiya. Of those who set out with us on the return, all arrived safe 7 ; and 
of those of Burlton's men who remained, one...found his way back with another party. 

In a letter to the Surveyor General Wilcox tells of some of the troubles on the 
return journey ; 

17th June. I am very happy this time.. -to tell you of complete success in my under- 
taking. It hiiK not been without difficulty, & the melancholy loss of two of our party, if not 
more of those still lagging behind, has been occasioned by exposure & fatigue. 

Lieut. Burltou & I have, however, returned in good health*, as have all the natives of this 
part of the country, who are more used to the inconveniences of mountain .jouniies. We passed 
snow still hiving in extended, sheets on the 4-th of this month. 

We had the pleasure to sit a few minutes by the Irawaddy's side in Int.. 27 J 30' s , where 
it is fordable .t not SO yards broad ! A. whence the source is not more than 50 miles distant 10 . 

The following occasional notes aro taken from his rough diary 11 ; 

April 15th. Travel up the Dihing S. ... Barometer readings give apparent height above 
Calcutta. 1,876 feet. ... 

Ten men. ..were employed in rendering the path passable for the otcphani ; however, after 
passing the Insong 1 *, the pat* up hill, on a clayey soil, was so slippery from the rain which had 

'Now Fort Herts. The Shuns «f llksmti Long were then at war with the Burmese. '-7 m. NE. of 

fort Hertz, ami o'uc K. ufMnihX. : -Vuil Kiu ,i«™ f<™ „m ? : ■,,,-r HS.noO ft.. I:.:. 2s- X.. about 45 m.K., 
nf Fort Hertz 'Nmai Hka r-;s iil,:>ut i*> m. -till furl her \.. ;>.:id |.iin- Mn.h If;;, 2i m. \>. of llyitkyma. 
"as courteous au,l kiudns SlMnsarc tr. this dr. v. "Tra lirst c.ltivi'.-ed a Ass;„u 1*36-7. ^ some of them 
mi'iiv days later " hut full of malarin. see buvt.nn's nr-.i «: 30th June r 62]. ! Correct within 5 
214.' ' "' Kr.t^Siook. JO Cat. (1IS-9). ' : 9tiT.;m. near Nations Bum ( hill ) 92 A/6. 



! "l.)Dn. 



83 Ngeth-East I'Koxtier 

been falling throughout Hie day ami yesterday, that the beast could proceed no further with 
it a light, loud. ... 

Elevation at Roonkoo, on the bed of the Dupha. above Ca-loutta 1.48S feet. Unfortunately 
broke two tubes in attempting to bfii! them f 33, 2>2 ]. ... 

Compared with the difference of latitude from Kasan, the traverse, after allowing for the 

variation, showed an error j against observed latitude, a good one, from Ursa; Majoris | of 

i.276 mile* too much northing. This is easily. ..amounted fWin the uncertain windings. ..: 

May 4th. It was so difficult today to ascertain the direction that I fully purposod to 

...make a better survey on the return ; however circumstances prevented my doing so. ... 

We ascended nearly IS, 000 feet, in the course of the day. "We eould not see anything of the 
surrounding country. The guides lost the way immediately they entered the jungle, and the 
experienced of the party would not. ..run the risks of advancing in the track of former 
travellers to be found by cuts in the trees. ... We were all much fatigued. ... Our huts were 
built of a plant resembling fern 1 , and would have proved a sorry defence against rain. 

May 5th. The latitude of. .the end of the day's journey is pretty well ascertained 
by a bearing on Dupbla Mookh, and a bearing mi Duphla limn 2 noted on our return serves to 
Confirm the position in longitude. ... Early tho nest day I hud several bearings on Duphla. 
Hum. which have caused. ..large red actions. ..from my first estimation of distance. 

May 7th. We are on a mountain separating the heads of the Dupba ; snow hangs in tho 
ravines, at an altitude not much exceeding ours, on the mountains on either side. 
The following ii.ro. extracts from Biirltoti's journal 3 ; 

April 25th. Halted to make preparations for a, move by land ; hauled the dinghy up hi<di 
and dry ; made t he loads up for pack. 

20th. .Fotind tbrtt wo had more than could be carried ; left at the village what could ill 
he spared, wine & solah hats, etc., A, started in the rain. Marched up the bed of the 
Dihing. ... 27th. Left Dihing; ascended several steep places daring the day: tho elephant fell 
at one and threw its load. ... 

20th. The villagers hud made the jungle practicable for the elephant ; the beast fell again 
and was nearly strangled ; for the remainder' of the march bin load was carried bv men 

May 2nd. A Burmese who liad hitherto wheeled the perambulator was taken ill and 
obliged to return. The elephant returned to Muddeeya. ... 

3rd. Heterogeneous retinue ; Sinpho, Khampti, Minium, Moolook, Kaiujauns [ Kuchma f 1, 
and Burmese, all talking Assamese 4 . 

4th. Guides lose the way in the jungle. ... Heavy rain day after day. ... Leeches. 
"D:un-dntn ilios | blood-blister ], ... 

5th. Barometer 7,;SS7 feet up in the hills. ... A number of our fowls had died, and W e 
had. only one for today's (firmer. ... 

7th. Several men ill with fever and swollen legs. ... Barometer tubes broken. 
8th. Very cold. ... The pass we surmounted is the termination of tho left branch of the 
Dupha. Waters to the wost into the Dihing, to the east into the T'oonghan. 

13th. The guides had to cut their way through the first part of the day's march. Left 
the Sam Shee at its junction with the Sam bong 5 , a river 30 or 40 yards wide. ... Burlton 
has fever, attributed to tho rice diet, which certainly docs not agree with a European. ... Over- 
taken by one of the men who had been left behind 011 the snowy mountains 011 8th ■ reported 
the death of his companion. ... 

14th. Reached a Moolook village in tho evening, and the sight of the houses in the plain 
beforo arrival was pleasing in the extreme. ... People most friendly. ... ' 

20th. Beached Maunohu, the local Shan capital ; met by the Rajah's son, and treated 
with every respect and kindness. 

Journal signed at Sadiya, 30th. June ; 

In the above journal it may be said that too much egotism has been displaced in mention- 
ing our own personal hardships and troubles. They have been mentioned merely that a true 
idea of the many difficulties to lie eneountered should be fully known, in order "to warn auv 
European from ever attempting the same journey 6 . The chances are much against a man's 
ever returning alive ; and, even to us who have had much experience in travelling of the same 
kind, the effects of the journey are not yet known. Lieut. Wilcox is at present confined to his 
bed with a dangerous fever, & Lieut. Burlton has scarcely recovered. All who aecomnaniod 
U!r have ulso snlTored more or less. 

1 priilmWy cane. *B»p1tt Bratt, I.I.ol'U ft., 82 A. Id. >DDa.-fi24( 36-53 ) tog®, 4-7-2?. ■■*;,.. 



Source of Brahmaptjtka 



63 



Hodgson arranged to have the results of this remarkable achievement widely 
published and brought to the notice of all who might be interested 1 ; 

10th August 1827. Fay thanks to Mr. Burl ton for his kirn! allention in sending the journal 
which I found very interesting indeed. ... I hope the consequences of the extreme fatigue 
and privation you so cheerfully underwent, will have had no bad effect on your health, and 
I congratulate you on the success of your undertaking. ... When you are well and the season 
is suitably, you can d.o what you think is rno.-^f, needful. ... 

I showed your journal to Mr. Swinton- ; he begged mo to make some extracts for Dr. 
Brewster 3 , to which I agreed, and iiopo it, will be not disagreeal.de to Mr. Hurl ton and yourself, 
though I hesitated, considering ii as a private paper. I insisted that it should not be 
published, but it is aa well to let Dr. Brewster know sometbjng of the merits of the ease, as in 
his journal there was broached some of the... assert ions... that the Ereechoomboo was the 
Irrawady [ 57 ]■ 

When you have full leisure, is well-digested official nocoiinl of your lam expedition would 
do you credit, if prepared for the Asiatic Society, and 1 would have much pleasure in presenting 
it [ 6on-3 ] ; hut if you see any chance of settling the remaining part of the question soon, it 
rnisrht perha.ps be as well to wa.it, and bring the v> hole of the subject into one paper. ... 

I wish to have the whole of Assam surveyed geographically, ... but I do not suppose you 
will have time, as if opportunities arc favourable your chief object will naturally be the 
Puhong 4 . 

20th Augus.t. ■-- Anything. ..you can send ! can insert in the Oriental Quarterly 5 , which 
is read much sooner than the Asiatic Researches. ... I do not think there can be any better 
form.. .than a, daily journal of personal adventures like that sent by Mr. Burlton [ qv ], 
with... distances marched, and tlio soneral directions ami the result of such observations for 
latitude, temperature, altitude, etc., as you made?. 

Wilcox's paper appeared in Asiatic, liesiarchw , but he was not able to add any 
further information about the Dihang. He begged for more attention to the spell- 
ing of place names, having spent much of his leisure during the rains in 
mastering the language ; 

When I went to the Thethong village I had on interpreter, not then understanding Assamese. 
Of what infinite use has the knowledge of this language l.ieeu to me t I never could have got 
a proper person to accompany me ; ... the people capable of interpreting are about Mr. 
Scott. ... I much wish to seo some of Captain Bedford's spelling altered. ... The river is 
spelled Dfhang ( ee ), but as this sounds harshly, I propose to continue IXW.'s 8 spelling 
Dihong, & which... approaches closely to the pronunciation. 

The Dibong...was never yet written Dipung, nor Dipong, nor ever so called in my presence. 
Capt. Bedford got this from the "Domes, who are the lowest... class of society 9 . 

He now set to work to complete the survey of the Brahmaputra valley, 
incorporating the work of other officers 10 ; 

28th August. ... My present plan is to survey upwards from Goalpara.. .to Towang ; 
aftorwards to complete the river survey to fiuddeeya-. There are points, for instance Gowahatty, 
where for the rocks no measurements can be made, but by triangles on the near hills. 

7th September. ... From all that I can learn, the interior survey of Assam will be attended 
with almost insuperable difficulties. I have just got from Lieut. Jones [ 54 ] an average 
day of bearings in the grass jungle— 110 in 1-i- miles— and Bedingfield [ j.f, 64 ] informs me that 
in Durang, which is comparatively clear, it is little better 11 . I shall be very happy, however, 
to continue in Assam &■ draw my allowance whilst my health lasts. ... 

I would have tried the Abors on the north bank below the Dihong, though... without 
hoped of penetrating far. I asked Mr. Scott's opinion today, & he is against it ; he thinks 
that their' objections are at present insuperable. ... A grand point of fear with them appears 
to me to be lest we have designs on the T.a.ma country, & should hereafter want to march 
through their hills in force 13 . 

" q the futility of tedious traverses through waste country ; 



1 Records wr; ; consulted ia i'.li I, KxplvntUum X£. Fruaiif; . 
li(S 1H[V>. 33 ; Sec. to Govt 'Sir D:w'"\ Browser j 17sl EStiS): 

vM-=ity Vd. o\ Jottniat r,! Sekne- ; V\l*. ' to Wiicox, T)T)n. 220 (24" 



ge Swinton. ( 1780-1854 ) ; 
; Vice Chancellor of Edinburgh T7ni. 
'The Quar'trl--/ Qrl-Mal Mug., 
,^rf"to f ivib"("Mciii.l!i', Is2t-3:cd. bv Rtv. Jam;-* Tirv.iu. eigbi- vol*. BM. PR 37! '9. «DDn.220 
("■>=>'!} 211- s •!-. 'A.' P.. XVI f, IS;SU i SU -X acq.: Ili-ili: cf. A.J. X.I A., !•■-:;<!. ( l'J5-i[)l ] quoting 

f,i*n<i>,f Tndn pub. Serampore. » Did: Wilcox '.' 'D!)n. 2 LI. 224 (54)31.-7-27. "> Includes his own 
maps MR10. 171 1' Nt, -IS ) ; 172 ( 38 ) ; 173 ( 38-0 ). " Bedingfield's survey ol S. boundary of Darrang, 
MRIO. Misc. 6-0-28. ri D r>u. 214. 



ii ■ 



Mouth-East Frontier 









i [. 



> your choice what route nest to take. ... I do not see what good can be done 
by exploring the land paths tlu'cmgli wastes and jungles, at the almost certain loss of health 
and very certain loss of time. What we wmi[. for geographical and military purposes are 
the courses of the rivers, and the examination of sinVh roads as may he turned to account for 
the march of troops; ... I suppoae...2 or 3 of the best routes to SyUlet and Mnnipoor. ... 

As to the size of your map, ... take it as much east and west as you can, adding. . .from 
information to what you have surveyed, only taking doe care to distinguish each from each ; 
and you can. insert the whole of your .survey and as much of Bedford's as you can ; but to 
make the map thus general it will be necessary to reduce the Hiiafir, arid 3 iriijes to an ineh may 
do. ... This, accompanied by a memoir of its construction and of the country, would he a 
good thing to send to England 1 . 

He stressed the- importance of secrecy ; 

il August. ... You mention Lieut. Jones ; f do not understand why his surveys are not 
■ me ; I suppose they will. What is he doing ? 2 . ... Do not communicate 
any of your maps of anyone except to me ; it is against orders, and very unusual. ... 

28th September. ... I do not want Mr. Jones' eclipses, or anything privately from. the 
Quarter Master General's, oirleers : if I want anything i will asioly for i J - publicly here. I hope 
yoM keep -dl \ jiii oL'seri utions to yourself 3 . 

In February 1828 Wilcox was called down to Calcutta to recover his health 
and complete his maps [ 3 ] ; 

Lieut. Wilcox, actuated by laudable motive,', is endeavouring to prosecute his duty, but 
as he is evidently in weak health I do not think.. .thai his attempting to do so is likely to be 
productive of good, and, as it is no!, ndviseable thai, irnn'c arrears of indoor work.. .should be 
accumulated, I purpose... to direct Limit. Wilcox to repair to tin! Presidency, ... and with the aid 
I can afford him in tho way of writers and draftsmen. ..to complete a map of the valley of 
Assam and tho contiguous countries 4 . 

What are we to do about the geography of Assam I know not, except Bedingfield should 
be put on it instead of the revenue affairs. ... We ought, to have a complete man of the valley, 
and of every stream which flows into it ; also we should have as many hands employed to 
penetrate in every direction 6 . 

On his way down Wilcox marie a hasty survey of the Brahmaputra from tJoalpara 
to Jamiilpur near Mymensingh [ 16 ], rea.ching Calcutta in June. His map of 
Assam, scale 4 miles to an inch, completed dining 1.8:18, extended from 20i° to 
30" in latitude, and from 90|° to 99° hi longitude, shewing the source of the 
Irrawaddy and the eastern branches of the Brahmaputra'', and including the work 
of the surveyors in Manipur and Burma, as well as those in Assam. The sources 
of the Mali Hka, the western branch of the Irrawaddy, were shewn at about 28° 
north, which is approximately correct ; the Tsangpo was shewn in dotted lines as 
falling into the Dihang, but its big loop to the north-west round Namcha Barwa 
was unknown before 1912. A reduction by J. B. Tassin 7 was issued with the 
journal in Asiatic .ResrarcUes [pi. 7]. 

Jones, Bedingfield, and Burlton, continued on survey under the direction of 
Scott, but in April 1829 Beding field and Burlton were both murdered by Khasis 
at Nongklao on the new road that was being constructed to Oherrapunji [ 273 ]. 

Thomas Brodie and Henry Rutherford surveyed the ( .to al para-Bhutan frontier 
early in 1830 s . 



Manipur, 1824-30 

The Burmese had overrun Upper Assam and Manipur between 1810 and 1822, 
and when they threatened Cachar [51,52] the ruler appealed to Calcutta for 
protection. In January 1824 they were repulsed by a small British force, and 
retreated to Manipur 9 . War was declared on 5th March [ 52 ]. 

1 Memoir, DLR. M 45(i ;DpD. 320 | 281 ) 2S-9-27. 'various surveys betmsen Ganhati and JorMt; 

MRIO. 172 (4G) ; R'<p>H-; 1)1. R. M 3,i ; m'.r. \li-r.. vol. IS, limit.,'- t.tin,' K'i J1K i Hills M.RIO, 37 (24) 
'DDn. 220 ( 181,261). ' n-mn S(J., 21-2-28, DUn. 21J] ( 88). -DDn. 234 [ 77 ), 14-1-28. °MRIO. 172 
( 19-21 ); rongSi copius, 172 C 22 -1 ) ; tUit- topics I7:.l ( 20 2 !. in 3 sSir-ets ; «f. I,i7 ( 45). ' Jcan-Bnptiste 
Tassin, dmn. & liUiogn.phfir [ 208-1)']. « 20-12- 20 to 13-4-30; It't'U. 5 8 33 { 6 ). ° Thornton, V ( 13 ) ; 
Bhuviin { 514-6 J. 



• ■> 



$ 



n 



%3i 



-■SS 
1 1 M 

i -- £ ; 







II 



Manipur 



65 



The Manipuris also obtained promise of British support, and collected in Cachar 
under Gambhir Singh to co-operate with Shuldham's force which advanced from 
Sylhet and occupied Banskandi in February 1825. Owing to obstacles of road 
and weather the attempt to reach Ava by way of Manipur was abandoned, and 
Shuldham's force broken up. Gambhir Singh was, however, encouraged to continue 
with his own irregular troops, "and in less than a month had succeeded in turning 
the enemy out of Manipur" 1 . 

The surveyors posted to Cachar had been Birnie Browne, Pemberton, and sub- 
assistant Macpherson, all from the revenue surveys. Shuldham's force, writes 
Pemberton , 

remained in camp for some time at- Banskandee, ... on the right of the Soormali or Barak 
River, while attempts were making to dear ». road through a den?c ami almost impervious- 
forest, which stretched from the bases of the mountains, forming a natural boundary. ... 

On Hist [ December ] 1824 I left Kanskundee. aeeompanied by a srna.ll tiuard of Ghumboer 
Singh's '.Ylu.nyporcans & nine elephants for transport. 

He and Browne carried survey as far as the Kuki village of Tangum by April, 
and then Pemberton went forward with the Manipuris 2 , whilst Browne and 
Macpherson were transferred to Burma [73]. On 14th June Pemberton reported 
the occupation of Manipur 3 . In September the Surveyor General reported that 
Lieuts. Browne and Peniher ton... made a survey of about 150 miles of route beyond the- 
frontier 4 . ... Lieut. Pemberton has since surveyed the road to Manipore and partly hack, 
about 112 miles 5 , and Lieut. Browne, having come to Calcutta by orders from the Quarter 
Master General of the Army, has since been detached to Prome. ... Lieut. Pemberton will 
return to the Si 1 hot. frontier after the leave on which he is now in Calcutta 6 . 

Pemberton returned to SyUiet in .December to rejoin Gambhir Singh at Manipur, 
and explore communications between that country and Assam and Tripura. He 
arrived in time to accompany Gambhir Singh's advance into the Kabaw valley 
in pursuit of the Burmese, and reported from Tanm 7 that he had surveyed the 
route, with observations for latitude, and "a series of barometrical observations- 
for ascertaining the altitude of the various ranges" 8 . He then returned to Cachar 
by a new route, and thence to Rangpur, capital of Assam 9 . 

In February 1827 he reported from Kabaw that he had reached Manipur on 
7th January by the Kala Naga route ; 

The whole of this route J. have resurveyed as, my first visit to Muni-poor lining made dur- 
ing the rains when we were compelled 1 hasten in by forced marches, the observations then 
noted were unavoidably defer-'!. i ve. ... 

I remained at. .Munipoor but two days, ami again marched to the Kubboo valley where, 
recommencing my survey from the Tumnoo stockade, I have extended it in a south-easterly- 
direction to the right bank of the Ningthee River" 1 , opposite a Barman stockaded 
vil!age. ... 

I have made every preparation for ^oing from the Xingthec to Cnieerapoofe 11 , but I regret 
to say that my progress wits there arrested, and permission to advance firmly though respect- 
fully refused until the sanction of tho King of Ava should ho obtained. Xot boing more than 
ten days distant from the capital of the Biuman empire. I wrote to the Resident 12 soliciting 
the exertion of his influence in obtaining (be necessary sanetion. An answer mav be expected 
in a month. ... 

T have been compelled, in consequence of this opposition and from want of provisions, 
to return this far, and shall tomorrow commence the survey of a route through the Meuing 
hills to Munipoor. ... 

In traversing the numerous ran^us of hills which form so characteristic... a feature hi this 
mountainous region, I have made several barometrical measurements, and established the 
latitudes of all places of importance... with an excellent reflecting circle, while the chronometer 
you... lent me has enabled me to approximate the longitude with some degree of 
confidence" 3 [3 ]. 

1 Frontier Expeditions, Burma (42 ) ; Pemberton (47) Bhayan (546). ! DI.ll. 39; Peniborton 

l-i-28;DDn. 230, 6-6-25, 'As J. .!&.<,. 1si>6( 100 ) .c. HMS.iWI Ho ;.. 'Skrt,-h of JWsik R-., JIRTO. 173 
( 13 ). Route of .Shuldham's Div. from Svlhet, ib. 37 ( 21. 23 ). E ib. 315 ( 29 -32 }. 6 DDn ■>M { PI'I ) 

20-9-2G. '83 h'8. Fdbks. OLIt. :i7-Hil ': .M:l P s, JilUO. liil l 0, s ,. M.Miti. 2IS{ <!1 ). 24-1-36. »DDn 
220 ( 140), 14-4-26. "•orOhindwin [78-9]. " Amarapurn, the old r;o>ii.:d. id.ou; fi m. S. of Manually. 
"JohnCrawfnrd [78 j, "to Hi>:ii.«i, Idle. 2nt ( 30S ) ; 213 ( 115-20}, 4-2-27. 



■ 1 



66 North-East Frontier 

He now had the assistance of George Gordon, of the Manipur Levies, having 
always, indeed, received "very cordial assistance and friendly aid" from Gamhhir 
Singh 1 . By July he was able to submit 

a map of the whole Territory of Munnipoor, the greater part of which. ..has been actually 
surveyed during the present season. ... 

A very cursory view of the nature of the boundary defined by the course of the Muneepoor 
and Nurinjeerab Rivers clearly shows how desirable it is that they should form the limit of 
the Muneepoor territory in this direction. ... Many years, however, have elapsed since the 
conquest by the Burmahs, and there is every reason to believe that they will strenuously 
oppose any attempt to restore it to its ori;>innl masters. 

During the late war, a detachment from the troops of Kajfi Coinbhoor Singh crossed the 
hills. ..and expelled every Burmah from Kubo as far south as Kumbat, while the Raja after 
capturing... Tummoo marched from thence to Sumjoh and Monfoo. The Munnipoorees have 
ever since continued in possession of the valley. ... 

Should it he determined to make ji final adjustment of the boundary between Munepoor 
and Ava during the ensuing season, ... nothing should he wanting to give the measure its due 
-..impertanee in the minds of the parties principally interested and, unless some decisive stop3 
are immediately taken, it is highly probable that the Burmahs, who have never renounced 
their claim, will again endeavour to n;-ostahiish themselves in Kuho, ... which will, of course, 
he opposed by the Raja of Muneepoor, and must.. .lead to a renewal of... bloodshed and 
devastation 2 . 

His work was greatly appreciated at headquarters, and the Surveyor General 
welcomed his map ; 

It will be a vnluubfe addition to our eastern knowledge, and from vour frontier we can lay 
our hands on Ava whenever wo please, having the weather trage. as the sailors would say, in 
our favour. All we would require would be alum dance of pioneers to make your hilly paths 
a little better, though, as they are, you could shew a light force very soon in a position to 
mahe the Golden King runaway from his capital 3 . ... 

.Twill give the Government a copy of your map and papers as soon as they arrive and can 
be copied 4 . 

During 1S2S i'embertoti was appointed member of a commission for the settle- 
ment of the Manipur-Burina boundary. After the usual delays waiting for the 
Burma fellow- commissioners, and endless discussions and disappointments, a 
satisfactory line was agreed upon, and the Commissioners received the congratula- 
tions of the Governor General in a letter dated 30th April 1830'. 

Pemberton was able to extend his surveys all along the frontier, and when the 
boundary business was concluded lie travelled down to Ava, and then across the 
Yomas to Arakan [71 ]. Leaving Manipur on 15th July 1830, he passed Tamil on 
21st and reached Ava on 13th August and after a month there he went down the 
Irrawaddy to Minbu, and reached Arakan on 1st October 6 . He then reported to 
the Governor General at Allahabad'. 

1 DDa. 213 ( 323 ), 3-5-27. Mb. ( 330 ), S-7-27& HMS, 671 ( 67B ). Kabaw valley poueftdb r«ttor- 
nti to Biii.-Hia-inl'KU. ] T1ip r,::nl fviu _M:;mpm- Uj UmnhUv in l!M4 w;im not ~o tasv as'nll that. *BDn. 
.220(27S), 22-9-27. a HMS. 072 (-161 ). nUtps. Msnipiit m Amarapura., .MftlO. Misc. (8-0-35. Eastern 
Frontier, 12 sheets, IS m. to inch; 10 Cat. (171). : Jourmi.l UMd. 677 ( S23 ), 9-11-30. 



CHAPTER V 






Ghittagong-Arakan Frontier, l£2?>-4 — Arafain Oampaigii, 1.824-6 — Irrawaddy 
River, 1824—6 — - Martaban Jb Tenass&n-m. 1828 8 — Maps <fe General Surveys, 
1824-8. 

TN September 1823 Burmese from Anikau attacked the British post on the island 
of Shahpuri at the mouth of the Naf River, kiDed four sepoys, and then with- 
drew. Two companies of infantry were promptly sent down to occupy Shah- 
puri 1 , and the magistrate of Chittuso.ug was ordered to meet Burmese deputies with 
John Oheape as surveyor [ 52 J, and demarcate tho frontier. 

You should proceed in person tJnriri.^ toEiti present cold senson and..,endeiivour to. ..define 
the whole extent of the disputed frontier, a-ssuniiu!i the Morussee River as the boundary 
acknowledged by the; ISm'tnese themselves in 1794. ... 

The final adjustment, of tho boundary line should be won ;.hv. 1 in communication with the 
Burmese. With this view the King of Ava will bo ree|uesl.ed to direct his local authorities... 
to depute someone on their part to attend. ... It is not intended, however, that tho survey 
...should be suspended on account of the mm -attendance of a Burmese officer, after allowing 
a reasonable, time for his joining you. ... 

It is understood from Captain Cheapo that it will not be difficult to fix a suffieionfcly dis- 
tinct boundary, ... taking certain rivers as the general lino of demarcation, and. where these 
may be wanting by digging trenches or erecting pillars as Inn el marks. This is the more requi- 
site as most of the recent, disputes with the Burmese have originated in that quarter to tho 
south-east of Ramoo... which is visited by our elephant hunters*. 

Cheape wrote from the Naf, asking for 
boats, which are not procurable here, and "-ill be absolutely necessary to an accurate survey,, 
as well of this fiver as of those running into it. their banks being covered with impenetrable 
jungle. ... On these rivers being surveyed....!, purpose going inland. ..defining the boundary 
as nearly as possible- ; but...I must: beg. ..for the requisite guard being furnished, ... as well as 
for elephants, etc., for the carriage of csinii equipage and supplies through so difficult a ■ 
country. ... 

Having been over occasionally to the opposite country and received very civilly, no obs- 
tacles made to going aboi.it, ... 1 have desired them to write to Arakan for a man of rank... 
to accompany rue up the Mooroosay as far as we can, and thenee by land along the 
boundary... to jlainoo, where. ..all matters can be settled. They seemed much pleased with this 
arrangement, and I do not apprehend there will be any difficulty. ... Their claim to Shapooree 
...has been referred to Ava ; it must, however, be a mere point of honour with them, as they 
ridicule the idea of two grout .state going to war for the possession of such a pjaxis 3 . 

In spite, however, of their apparent friendliness, and obviously under instructions: 
from Ava, when the Ohittagong magistrate joined Cheape in January 1824 the 
Burmese demanded the unconditional surrender of Shahpuri and withdrew when 
this was refused. Shortly after, they seized the officer commanding the pilot 
vessel, and this, coinciding with the threat towards Caehar [52,64], brought a 
declaration of war on 5th March*. 

Cheape's map covered the coast north and south of Cox's Bazar, and extended 
east to the Mayu River. It showed all the tributaries of the lower Naf, distinguish- 
ing those inserted from actual survey"'. A rough 12-mile sketch of Chittagong 
and Arakan, compiled hi the Surveyor General's office before Cheape's survey, 
is the earliest map known to have been lithographed at Calcutta [ 298-9 ] fi . 

'Thornton. V ( 9 } ; Almoin: I it 1 clirfmoliijji'.:!!! in lib ). 5 Ramu, ( 

BSC. 7-11-23. r 'DDn. 204 (18) & 213 (11-2). 2i-IJ-iS. ' Pogst 

'(hvt/Ki 13-10 -::\ ■ ibis. i-;:s ,t MR-io. .viiso. ii-o-20. 



Abakan Gajifaign, 182-Ki 

The first military action on the Arakan front, after the declaration of war, waa 
taken hy the Burmese. Soldiers from a force assembled in Arakan crossed the 
Naf early in May 1824, and practically annihilated the British detachment at 
Ramu. Owing to the monsoon, it was not until September that orders wero "iven 
in Bengal for the assembly of an army at Chittagong under the command of Brigadier 
General Morrison 1 . Surveys were entrusted to a small temporal- v corps of pioneers, 
officered partly from the revenue surveys of the Upper Provinces. They were 
formed into three companies under the command of Major Schalch, and employed 
on roads and bridges as well as survey 3 . 
. The advance did not commence until January 1825, and Teknaf 3 was reached 
oil 1st February. The force was supported from the sea by the two surveying 
vessels Research and IfmMgttiar, each fitted with ten guns. Sailing in the Research 
Commodore Hayes led a small armed flotilla up the Kaladan River* to reconnoitre. 
On the 23rd February they came abreast the stockades at Chamballa, and a sharp 
engagement tool; place which resulted in the withdrawal of the flotilla. Amorist 
other casualties Schalch died two days later from a bullet wound 5 [ 182 ]. 

Wroughton was now left in charge of the survey, and had as assistants Crorn- 
melin and Thomson of the Engineers, and Nelson, Durnbleton, and Scheneks of the 
revenue surveys. Amongst the many routes surveyed was one by Wroughton and 
Thomson between 2.1st and 23rd March. They landed south of Moungdaw, crossed 
the central ridge of the Mayu peninsula, followed a track parallel to the right 
bank of the Mayu River to the south, and then worked their way back over the 
hills to the sea 8 . 

Ot'ommelin and Wroughton surveyed the route of the main force from Moung- 
daw 7 , which crossed the Mayu River on 20th March, and on 31st after a sharp fight 
occupied Myohaung s , at that time capital of Arakan [ 12 ]. Wroughton made a 
detailed sketch of the city defences on the six -inch scale", and Drummoncl of the 
Quartermaster General's department, sketched the route to the east by which the 
Burmese retreated. Surveys were much interrupted by sickness and other duties 
and by the rapidity of the marches [3 ]. Wroughton had to take sick leave to 
Bengal, and reports later that 

the progress of the south- eastern division, and. the various obstacles. ..occasioned by the 
myriad of side streams and rivers of great- magnitude, rendered it utterly impossible for any 
steady proceedings... by the surveyors ; ... ignorance of the country... obliged Brigadier Morrison 
to make constant use of the surveyors in reconnoitring, ...the officers of the Quarter Master 
General's department heing completely occupied on other matters. ...All papers, among which 
were several field hooks of the survey, .,. were transmitted to the Government by the late 
General Morrison, ... 

Fair protractions were sent to Government of all such routes followed by the division 
:and in some instant.. .diverging from the general course. ... The extraordinary marches on 
many occasions. ..rendered it quite out of the question for one surveyor.. .to make up the route 
a*id...Crornmelin and self regularly divided the survey of each march, either he or self proceed- 
ing £ of the way, and there leaving a flag from whence either party closed, and the othor 
brought up the survey to it from giouml quitted in tho morning. ... On arriving at Arracan 
these documents were left, with Croumiolin, who made out as good a plan as could be drafted 
from the...joint operations ; this plan was sent, into your office, and is m good...as could 
ho drafted 1 ". Cromraolin agreed to i,iii,.; division of t>ho work. ... 

What with the detachment being sent under the poor Major [Schalch], and then in the 
General's hand, and from thence turned over to the Quarter Master General, and finally made 
over to the Surveyor General, it waa quite out of the question to proceed upon any clear 
instructions, and thus wo wore left to the mercy of General Morrison who... employed his 
surveyors in reconnoitring... when we had completed the survey of the route 11 . 



1 about 25,000 at.'ong ; Joseph Want™ 
■664 ( 137 ). 3 12 iu. above n,outli of Naf R. 

(437). 'MltlO. 156 (72). 'ib. (45, 51-2], etc. e 84 H/2, 40 
XVIII (160-1). 'MaiO. I57 ( 1-:.l >, hrjituiifully drawn, 11-4-25. 
with 8 ra. reduction. "t.i> SO., TJDn. 225 ( 111-6') and 215 ( 48 ), 29^. 



tomaon, HM. 44(,kR.;,<(. ; rf. ],j -2--2H s BHC. 10-0-24- HMS 
On ft creek E. of Kakdait P.., s !."> 01. S. of Myodaung ' s Iow 

NB. of Akyab- ,„,, /„,p G„-~. 

b. 155 ( 17-0 ) ; 4 ra. to inch ; 



Abakan Campaign 



09 



This report came long after the dispersal of the surveyors, and, at the time, the 
Surveyor General only knew that 

three officers, Limits . Wrou^itton. Thomson, uoul Crommciiii, stand appoints;! there, ... the first 
being on leave to fienares since 1st of June. ... Lieut. Crommelin has been employed during 
the rainy sea-son... in constructing a. ma]) of the country from Miinsrdon 1 , but T have gained no 
information of any survey except that of a part of the new road from Chi Ha;;; 0113 to Cox's 
Bazar. ... Both the Engineer officers 't-Jverr. to orh.or duties which require their occasional 
attention, and which they declare to be paramount to their survey duties. ... 

On the expiration of Lieut. Wro ugh ton's: leave on ihe 10th proximo, there will be three 
independent surveyors! with the Arrakan Rirco. ... ft appears to me, therefore, ... that Lieut. 
Wroughton, with the aid of his .sub -assist iitits 3 , will be found as equal to the duties of that 
division as either of the officers similarly attached to the Ava. and Assam forces 3 . 

On the strength of this rct;ominondaiiori. Thomson ami (Jrommelin were relieved 
of survey duties, though somewhat prematurely, for Wroughton never rejoined. 
The army became impatient for maps, and the new commander, Brigadier General 
Richards [ 52 ], wrote that, 

silica Lieutenant.;! Thomson and Crommelin have Leen taken nv/ay from the survey depart- 
ment, there has been no one left here to carry on those duties, as all the officers of the Quarter 
Master General's department have boon oblige!! to quit Arrakan ou sick certificate ; I have 
therefore reappointed Lieut. Crommelin... as it is absolnl-ely necessary that the islands at 
the mouth of the river ( especially Akhyab J, as likewise its right bank up as far as Piekeora, 
and then its left down to Arra.kain. should be forthwith surveyed. ... 

I have no map whatsoever... of this pari, of the country, from survey or information, to be 
depended upon. The one that was furnished by Capt. Drummond, Qr. .Mr. Genl., was given 
to Brigadier Gen). Morrison, C.B., who took it, with him to Calcutta 4 . 
Reference was made to Morrison, who said that all the route surveys had been 
handed over to the Commander-in-Chief, and that the two general maps compiled 
by Drummond and Crommelin had been given to the Quartermaster General 5 . 

On reversion from survey duties Crommelin had returned all instruments to the 
Surveyor General's office, and 011 being re-appointed to survey the islands at the 
mouth of the Arakan river, he 

proceeded about the beginning of November in the Dragon schooner* with Lieut. Thomson 
for that purpose. I was thus employed till tho beginning of December 1825. At this time 
the Dragon drove on shore in a- <-n\a, and was rendered unserviceable for some days. On the 
arrival of Commodore Hayes [ 68, 70 n.5 j about 22nd December, she was made over to. ..the 
sub -commissioner. Owing to this deprivation, and the departure of Brigadier Richards, 
together with the death oi" the next officer who came into command... and the consequent 
confusion, of all business, ... i did little besides drawing until the arrival of Brigadier 

I have just received orders to hold myself in readrnoss to proceed across the Yamatong 
mountains for the purpose of reconnoitring the Aetig .Pass [ 71 ]. ... For this interesting duty 
I have scarcely a ooeket comoa.sj, nothing wherewith to determine tlio height of the mountains, 
or even a sextant. The absence of a perambulator will not be of any moment, a? the use of it 
must be totally impracticable over such steep and rocky ground 8 . 

In another letter he writes ; 

Brigadier Mae.l ones havinsr a.rrived, arid intimated his intention of taking me to Sandoway, 
Ramree 8 , Cheduba, Amherst Island, <fcc, for the purpose of making military sketches of the 
ground chosen for cantonments, ... I am totally deficient with regard to instruments, men, 
paper, perambulators, &c. 10 

In spite of this hajidicap he -was able to produce a "sketch of the creek navigation 
from Sandoway to Toungoo and Ramri Roads, traversed by Brigadier Maclnnes 11 
in his inspection tour on the Arracan frontier". 

Maclnnes at the same time appointed Frederick Birch to extend this survey ; 

The tour in which I was engaged... through the inland navigation of these provinces im- 
pressed me with the importance of having ihs intricacies of that navigation accurately surveyed, 
and...defuung the creek routes from at least one station to another. Lieut. Birch being... 

iMauoedaw, 34 D/5. -Schontka & Dumbletoa [68]. 3 DDn. 204 ( 199), 20-9-25. *DDn. 215 

f 2 7\ 'T>-n-"i dllii 201 ( 1*7 ), 7 12-2o. c ooiiidd. till .Aa^e-t IWD ay I [unttio Nelson [ 151 ]. 

'John Ma-Inn''-; j 177-18*11; Wi.'hif.: Uods>n, III j Ma i. M)Ua. 213 ! I'll), Sandoway, 1-3-26. 
•Sketoh of Ramr^, MBIO. 157 ( 59 ). » DDi. 213 ( 99 ], Akyah, 3-2-26. » MRIO. 175 ( 4 }, March 1326. 



■'i 

: 



70 BtTRMA 

qualified for this duty, and about to return to Bengal with the only set of instruments 
nearer than Calcutta, determined mo on availing myself of his services immediately 1 . 
It was not only instruments that were lacking, for, writes Birch, 

to carry on a survey in a country so interceded. ..wit.h Wsrn nxtpnsive rivers ( in some places 
almost seas themselves ), with any satisfaction to the surveyor, ... a boat, sea-worthy in every 
respect, and with a sufficient crew, is an absolute requisite, and to procure & to keep up such 
a one my allowance would be totally inadequate ; putting out of the question the necessary 
establishment of classiea, & who could only be induced to remain in that climate by the lure 
of increased wages. 

The greatest difficulty has all along existed in procuring a \i:vy few co\il>.es, at the enormous 
expense of 8 rupees each ninn per mensem, ... and at present noithcr coolies or boats are to be 
hired or brought for any sum. Lt. Crommelin and myself have hitherto had the advantage 
of the Commissioner's pinnace, hut that is now required for other purposes, and without 
boats or oilier establishment- of any kind I am at a loss how to employ myself. 

If there is any survey required in another part of India, where the greatest attention to the 
duties, ... and the exertion of what quiiiiflcHtioii-:; I possess, may be of use, ... you will so 
far oblige me by bringing me to the notice of Government; otherwise... [ I ] would prefer 
rejoining my corps 2 . 

In his formal resignation Birch pleaded that his "constitution is incapable of 
combating the climate of this country 3 ", and troops who fought the Japanese in 
the campaigns of 1942-4 will appreciate the verdict of 1826 ; 

Arracan has proved the valley of death and, after almost, destroying Cionora-1 Morrison's 
army, is found to be too unhealthy even for those regiments stationed on the islands and sea- 
coast 4 . 

Marine surveys of the coasts, creeks, rivers, and harbours of Arakan were 
carried on continuously from 1824 till after 1830 by officers of the Company's 
marine service and His Majesty's navy, amongst whom were Henry Hardy, John 
Crawford, Armstrong, Bowman, Criddle, Montriou, mostly under the orders of 
Commodore John Hayes 5 [17]. 



EbBAW \DWii RnrjsB, 1824-6 

The main British army under Sir' Archibald Campbell 6 occupied Rangoon in 
May 1824, and having beaten off strong attacks there during .December started 
to advance up the Irrawaddy in February 1825. Prome was occupied at the end 
of April and Pegu in September. Alter an advance of about forty miles above 
Prome, the army settled down there for the rains of 1825, and did not resume the 
advance till December when, after the defeat of a large Burmese force, a move was 
made towards Ava, and negotiations opened. As the Burmese court still remained 
obdurate, a further advance was made to Yandabo 7 , where a treaty was signed 
on 24th February 1826, under which the Burmese renounced all claim to Assam, 
Cilcliar, and Mainour, and ceded Arakan, Maria-bun 8 , and Ten as scrim [ 1 J. 

The only knowledge of the geography of Burma was from early marine sketches, 
and the maps and reports made by Wood and Buchanan in 1795 [ I, 84-5 ]. It 
was uncertain whether it would be easier to reach Ava by way of Manipur, Arakan, 
or B,angoon 9 . 

Thomas Trant, of H.M. 95th Foot, who was the most useful surveyor on the 
Q.M.G.'s staff, records that on the march to Prome, 

as the country was quite imknown to us, and.. .we could not rely upon the assertions of our 
guides, an officer of t lie Q.M.G.'rf department was daily seal with an escort of cavalry m advance 
of the army, and directed to sele.c! a position for the onsuinf; day's eiicampmont. ... 

'"Survey of thecrrok roiite iioiweeji Akyub. Talaol; and ALusr' hv- C'ruinmclin b. Birch April 1826 
SE. from Akrub ; >!KI0. 171 i'2U-\ !. - i)J1n. l'H (1(3 i. Akyab, !*-;>-■! 6. dllln. I'll (3*1 14^5-»6 
' Trail t ( 3I)S). 'AIR 10. 101} ( 7 10 I. lui ( iT !■) }; 102 ( 31 ) ; ']ii;T ( 37 }: 171 (;;s) ; 175 (8 13). Hayoa 
(1767-1S31 ). TV.. MiiM.fr Ait.lt. CaleiiTOi 1 Si.ifi : (v-immooore. Javi> c.-. V r,., J811 ; d. 3-7-31 at Cocoa I 
"( 1769-1843); of MM. 38th Kixit. DA'tt. 'IH 0/11. 12 in. above Mym.gyim. s Martabim district was 

renamed Amher3t, a-ftsr the (.}!.;., hist. liie. tn'.vn on n^jr. bank Sr.lw<;;:n rem; li not ] t : iv : 1 1 i ■ ~ i ■ j 7,. "I 'Oleic 

II ( 136 ). ■ ■ H 



Ihrawaddy River 



71 



About this tin".' a very afiigukr per-ionMge arrived at Rangoon, who it was hoped would 
prove of the utmost oso to the army. This was a man named Gibson, born at Madras, and 
son of aii Enalish-rrmTi ami a native woman. ITf had prt.sow] alroo.a all Iik life in Ava, and had 
been frequently employed by the Bin-man monarob in e it nations of trust. ... From him an 
extensive map he hud compiled of the Barman Empire wlis procured ; and although extremely 
incorrect, yet, n-s ii. (gives a gre^r. deal of general in formation unci was with the exception of 
Wood's map the only document of the hind wf posKO«ed, it proved of much service 1 . 

The map here accredited to Gibson had been compiled at Penang with his 
assistance by Henry Burney, and copies lithographed at Calcutta [ 79-80 ] a . Un- 
fortunately Gibson died of cholera on the march up to Prome ; 

He had made himself very useful, and his loss was difficult to be replaced, as we had no 
one with us equally well versed in the duplicity and insincerity of tho government we wen) 
opposed to?. 

In his book describing the campaign Trant includes several of his own maps ; 

Map of the Bimnan hhupiro. cni'reefed from t-bo Attest in forma tiori ; ... scale one inch to 
a degree — Plan of tho Fort of Donohiii, surrendered 1n the British Army on 2nd April 4 — Plan 
of the route of a detachment of the Brit isl) army from Pakangyeh in Ava to Aeng in Arra- 
can, during the month of iMai-oh I 826. Sen!!- I miles to an inch 5 . 

This detachment whose route over the Arakan Yoma was surveyed by Trant com- 
prized the 18th Madras Infant ry. 50 pioneers, 36 elephants, and 100 pack bullocks. 
Pemberton .followed Lite same route in I WiSO | 66 ] s , and made a series of barometric ob- 
servations, which, he writes, "will prove a useful addition to Lieut. IJant's sketch" 7 . 

Other military sketches include Rangoon and Syrisun 1 - by Trant, and surreys 
round Prome countersigned by James Jackson [ 12 ] 9 , who as Deputy Quarter- 
master General to the force could spans little time for actual survey himself, but 
gave every encouragement to others. It was at his request that in June 182S an 
experienced surveyor was sent to Burma in the person of Peter Grant [ 20-2, 152 ] 
who had just returned from sick leave at- the Cape, where he had been studying 
astronomy with the astronomer -royal [ 183 ]. Well provided with high classinstru- 
ments [213 j he sailed from Calcutta on 28th June, to be welcomed at Rangoon 
with a friendly letter from Jackson ; 

I shall arrange every thing for your i'.ccomodutio'i up 1-1 ic river, lint our Chief has no soul 
for science, and even bates the very word, because it takes him beyond the powers of his very 
comprehensive mind. I have had nothing hut opposition, to every thin.;/ I wished to do in 
this respect *ineo we arrived here, i.e. in t.lio Rimi-ian dominions 10 . 

Grant had but little support from the Quartermaster General at Calcutta, and 
was glad to be transferred to the control of the Surveyor General with the other 
revenue surveyors [ 333 ]. 

Pressing reference having been made from the d.q.m.u. to the forces in Ava for an officer 
to make astronomical observations, it occurred to the Q.M.o....to select me for this duty. I 
cheerfully assented... under an assurance that all my wishes should be complied with, and 
every oxpence defrayed. ... With these assurances J. left the, fresiclency at only 5 days notice, 
expecting shortly to be supplied with an assistant and to have all the aid of the office* 
establishment of D.Q.M.G. ; but neither arrange in oat emanated from that- department, and 
"f was loft singly to wade through the labour. 

Though I received no instructions from the q.m.o.. being left apparently to act at discre- 
tion, I war! so fully acquainted ivith Colonel R laekers views that these alone wore sufficient 
to guide my survey. ... I therefore immediately 011 my arrival at Rangoon f 15th July ) 
addressed... the ririgadior for a spot on which, to erect an observatory, and on the 24th it was 
built, and the transit instrument and large astronomical circle pat up [ 213, 216 ]. 

Besides astronomical instruments he took barometers, and kept careful record of 
their readings 11 . In October, after having fixed the position of Rangoon to his 
satisfaction [ 183-4 3? ^ e moved up the river and reported to headquarters beyond 
Magwe, where he found 

'Trant (69). =MRIO. 164(8); DDn. 19 ( 45-57 ). 5-11-24 ; HMS. 683 ( 503-6). 'Trant ( IS9). 
1 »anabjra,onIr.™w a . t 3dv,17 t '15'X. ;MB10. I'll (.1). - .[V^in, St K'Ui ; A:.. So 1-V1S: MttfO. 158(25,58). 
6 !.*r<;sr;:it mill' trru* from Minim ,-rossw the VomnH, fit. 1<!'--!.V X. atii^nt of l.o!'i'> ft, ; HMS. 877 (323), 
9-11-30. ' MBTO. 158 ( 5, 62 ). * Ben Rc/r. 434 ( 79-S(> j ■ MRIO. I'd ( 10, 18-9 ). " ib, 156 ( 81 ) ; 

l.«l ( lo-fi i. '"lllln. 2Hi ( 34 ), i S-25. u Juumd, Dltn. ":!!). M 421. 



72 Burma 

the latitude ui' the ;neat.- Pagoda is 20" 10' 4.V' 1 . '['he. river opposite YouiauiL;youii;v a branches 
off into innumerable inlands, exte.udiiii; as far as the cyy i;an roach to the westward. The Arra- 
kan mountain? do not appear in one com iim fins chain, but in conglomerated masses. I should 
think their g real est height doss not exceed :>.5<)0 feet*. I regret tun* .1 could not proceed higher 
up the river ; a base of 12 mile!; would have enabled me to determine the position of everv 
mass and remarkable peak. 

I" had carried the survey or the Irrawnd.J; as far ns Yeimaa>yauo^ when .1 tucc the com- 
mander of Lhe force on his return to Promts. 

Returning to Prome, he was given the assistance of Thomas BlackweU, whom 
he employed. ' 'in the construction of a jfonoral map 1 " which shows the Irrawaddy 
in detail between Prome and Yenangyaung, with lulls an. ei titer bank, and route's 
from Prome and Mcady across country to Toimgoo. He pressed the importance of a 
general survey, but the necessary escorts and transport could not be provided ; 

How it happone:d the Petrii Hivcr uhs not surveyed as hiidi as boats could <jo is a circums- 
tance not easily accounted for. Though boats and brigs were constantly ;';■"* iig up to Pegu, 
nay, troops were there 8 mooilis, its position is s!-il[ deemed uncorkiin. It is proper to add, 
however, that part of the river was surveyed by Lieut. Trant'. 

During the whole campaign, no astronomical observations were made at Pegu. It 
is said to be only 60 miles from Rangoon by the perambulator, in which case its latitude 
would he about 17° 30'. ... Wood made it 17" 19' 34" s . 

He reported to the Surveyor General in November ; 

The only survey hitherto made in this country is. ..of the route of the army, ... Lieut. 
Trant has laid in the details of the river, having assumed the distances in Wood's map as 
the basis of his survey, which however is erroneous by about "!'. The only astronomical data 
...are a few observations for the latitude made by Ca.ptniu Jackson as often as leisure from 
other duties would permit. Captain Steel [II, 321 ] is the only oilicer in the whole army who 
can make astronomical observations, but the more immediate duties of that department 
[Q.M.u.'s ] must necessarily preclude particular attention to such an object, and in a country 
like this, so much broken and of an undulating surface, perambulator distances are not to 
be depended upon. ... 

■I am in daily expectation of seeing the assistant whom you have sent with Lieutenant 
Browne, when I shall be able to form some plan for proceeding into the interior''. 

In August 1825 Birnie Browne, now available from the Cacha-r front [65, 151] 
was sent to Burma. He took two assistants. Macau and Macphersun [333 ], and 
reported from Prome on lLtb December : 

The General lias been pleased to place uic at the disposal of Captain ("J runt. ... I made 
a sketch of the river from Kangoou to Prome. ... I merely used a pocket compass, and 
estimated the distances by my watch. 1 had a few observations for latitude which 1 have 
marked, and which a^ree pretty well with the sketch 8 . 

He and Macan later carried the survey up the river to Pagan 9 . 

Grant spent several weeks at Prome over bis astronomical observations ; 

After I shall have completed my e^)-iorv:i I iom for the longitude I shall... consider. ..extend- 
ing my observations, both tvisjijncniiivi-rirrfilly and aiaconoinieidl y. to the eastward and west- 
wards. ... The chief obstacles tire want, of carriage, ... interpreters, and guides ; ... these must 
be obtained from the.. .country, and the facility of obtaining them [ depends on | the success- 
ful progress of the army, and the: total expulsion of tlie enemy from the tracts and routes to 
be surveyed. 

Granting, however, that this object was fully obtained, still it would he hazardous... for 
surveyors to travel in a savage country. m:ii\ anions a "barbarous, rant to say ferocious, popula- 
tion, without a'i adequate e^ie-oi't. ... Tjscort 1 : have boon proini -e.i, b:it otic: tin": armv is at a 
distance I shall not be able to press the subject, per sou ally. The General bus also offered to 
authorize the hire of Burmese carriers, interpreters, am! guides, if procurable, anel the requisite 
boats lor the survey of the river 10 . 

8th December. ... Sir A. Campbell left; this with the army on the 1st instant, and will 
probably reach Meady on the 15th. Since his departure Lieut. Hrowne has arrived, ... too 
late to join the army, and even if he had eomo sooner he must have delayed in order to obtain 

'True value 20 a 9'. 2 34 L/15 ; now tin; ..:i-nl.n: of tin: oiLitclds. - -Sun Taan- 6,527 ft., 50 m. due 
E. of Yenangyanni; : :;■* pronmmced j. * MRIO, 157 ( 10 ). s DDrt. 210. M 120. ■'True value 17° 20' 
K. ; Journal, DD11. 231, M- 421. 'DDn. 216 < 4S ), 17-11-25. "Map, MRIO. 174(2-6). »ib (8-12) 
J"DDn. 216 ( 63-11 ), 4-12-25. '' 



Irrawaddy River 73 

carriage. Moreover, ... there are so many surveyor's In the department of the Quarter Master 
Glenoral 'Jsut h\-A services with the army would have been superfluous. ... 

The arrangement, f hen-Tore, liy which Lieut. Browne U rd.i.esd at my disposal leaves him 
entirely to act at his own discretion. As soon as the commandant of the garrison... shall 
consider it safe to grant an escort, !. shall recommend him to take the route to Tongoo, and 
thence to Pagiihm .Mew or Ava, as lie may judge proper 1 . 

Grant left Prome (.hiring February and proceeded up the river ; 

Meady. 28th February. ... I am thus far on my way in progress to I'f^ahmllew, and 
thence to Ummerapoora. Sir A. Campbell was to have loft 'Pagahm Mew on the 16th, and it 
would have been "I* no o.tl v.mt.iiro to mc to have loft Pninie sooner, as my operations must be 
in rear of the advance. Anticipating the conclusion of the war before- the army reaches 
Ummerapoora, il trust neveil.h el ess to he able to reach Pegahm Mew before the army retro- 
grades. The opinion is that Cmmem-poora is placed too much to the eastward. ... 

Should peace take plaee, ! shall amni^e with Sir A. Gunmbel! about returning to Rangoon, 
thence proceeding to Peyue, Mergm. Bassein, and Calcutta-, us i should not wish to remain 
in this country after the position of these places hIulII havo been determined 2 . 

He surveyed up to Amarapura [65 n.11] and then returned to Prome. He 
had at one. time hoped to survey across the Yomas to Ramree on the Arakan 
coast, but his health was not fit for so difficult; a journey, and he- left it to Browne. 
Accompanied by Macan, John Brady of the Artillery 3 , and an escort of 20 Madras 
sepoys, Browne left Prome on 19th March and dropped down the river 8 miles to 
Padaungniyo. Starting out from there on 23rd. he reached Tatmgup in the Sando- 
■way district on 1st April*. Ho reported later that 

this dangerous and hitherto unexplored tract.. .can never bo available for the inarch of an array, 
and would only answer the purpose of a dawk communication, as which it [would be] of 
great public utility... being only f> days journey. ... We went thro' a country covered with 
bamboo jungle ; found the first, ascent in the great range of the hills of Youraa. practicable 

only by single men on account of the. narrowness of 1 lie pathway". 

He speaks highly of help received from the "Mug chief and his followers", whom 
he rewarded 

by. ..such articles as i.heir cupidity held in most, esteem, vi?., my fowling piece, a pair of 
pistols, and two swords, which J. trust will meet the approbation of the Coverment. 

The privation -i under which we laboured from want of food A water at various periods 
when we could procure none, except by descending 1,0 the v allies, and procuring it ourselves 
by digging for the latter, was such as cannot be described. I beg to subjoin a. list of the miss- 
ing during our journey, but. 1" yet cling to the hope that some of the stragglers may have 
reached Prome in safety, ... 

Lieu ten en t lirady, who vol 1111 leered to accompany our party, was attacked in the line 
of march with jungle fever, and died the day of his arrival at- rhis Presidency 8 . 

In describing this trip ami the similar one by Trant [71 ] the Calcutta Gazette 
comments, 20th April 1826 ; 

Whilst these successful excursions 71romi.se to lay open the unknown topography of the 
mountain boundary between Anwuri and Av;i, arrangements... have sumo time since been 
instituted to obtain accurate surveys of Pegu and the delta of the iravadi. Captain Grant, 
surveyor in A vs., is actively engaged in tdlis duty, and we Icitrn that considerable progress has 
been made. ..of the first importance to the geography of this part of India 7 . 

Grant's final map shewed the Trrawa-ddy River from Yenangyauiig to the sea, and 
the Rangoon River, on the scale of 4 miles to an inch 8 . His most valuable work was 
his series of careful agronomical observations for latitude and longitude [3,183-5 ]. 

Maetaban & Tenasserim, 1826-8 

Tavoy and Telia ss-erim were surrendered to the British on 30th October 1824 
after an expeditionary force had captured in turn — Tavoy, 9fh September— Mergui, 
6th October— Martaban, :50th October. 

•Pagan ( myo, pronounced mew. = city ], SIK/ltj; ib. (69), ! DDn. 221 ) 13H ). "John Bradr 
( lS<>fi-2« ) 'lien Art, Wit : d., DuinDum, 13-5-2(5. ] M:.p, MRU). Mtl { .15-7 ); (3-12). »A dart road 
now follows this Jiae without risiri" above S.300 ft. a DD11. 221 ( 183 , 18-ti-iu ; cf. ODn. 230, H 411, 
1-10-26. 'quoted in As J. Nov. 1826(594). 8 MRIO. 174(1 ). 



74 Burma 

No reliable surveys of the harbours were available, though Court [II, 391-2 ; III 
17 ] and his assistant, (.'riddle had been on survey in the Mergui Archipelago betweon 
1818 and 1820* The old chart, which has an entry about latitude .1.0'*— "on 16th 
August saw great fishes running out from amongst the islands " of Macartney's 
Bay— was too far south. 

^ In 1824 therefore, after the occupation, Robert Moresby surveyed the Tavoy 
River, and in 1876 his survey, published by Horsburgh in 1827, was found "far 
superior to that issued by the Admiralty "*. The Moulmein fiiver was surveyed 
from Amherst to Mari.aban, with soundings and sailing directions, by Frederick 
Abbott of the Engineers, the second of a distinguished family of five brothers 3 , 
but a chart by "Mr. Adam" was found by CI rant to be " very inaccurate ; neither the* 
channels nor soundings are correct " J | 184 ]. The Amherst harbour was resurveyed 
later by Bowman and Spiers 5 [ pi. 8 ]. 

During July and August 182(1, Laughton and Hutton, ; ' of the Hon'ble Company's 
flotilla", worked their way from .Rangoon to Martaban by inland creeks, tho 
passage taking 28 days 6 . 



The first land surveys of Teuasserim were made out by James Low, Madras 
Infantry, who had complied a map 01 Siani as early as 182:1 [ 80 j. He was attached 
to the mission led by Lt Col. Snow in September 1824 and continued survey after 
its departure 7 till October 1825. His surveys included a "plan of the fortified town 
of Tavai ' 6 and a route 

to the Siamese frontier. ... Met no Siamese. ... I had the honour to hoist the British flag on 
the summit of the mountainous ridge along which the line mutually bounding Siam and 
Tavoy lies, and to salute it with 3 volleys of musquetry from a havildar's party. ... Left an 
account of tho visit; sealed up in a bottle. 2()t.-li February 1825°. 

He then surveyed a route northwards through Ye to Martaban 10 and in May 
1S20 surveyed up the Salween beyond "Yoonzalen Kvaung""-. He' made a large 
scale plan of the "town and stockade of Martaban", beautifully drawn and a 
"sketch of the country round Moulmyne"^ ; the towns of Amherst and Moulmein 
not existing [75 n.2 ; pi. 8]. From these journeys, and "native charts procured in the 
province" he compiled a "plan of the Burman province of Mautamu or Martaban" 13 
whilst his "plan of the province of Tavai", a somewhat elementary sketch was 
lithographed iu London by John Walker 14 . 

After the signing of the treaty of Yandabo [ 70 J, 

Mr. Crawford, one of the Commissioners for Ava and Pegu, proceeded from Rangoon to 
Martaban in the etui of March [ i^ti j to take possession of the districts of Martaban and Ye 
ceded to us by the late treaty, as well u.3... founding a new town for the capital...[ owineto 1 
the restoration of Mart n ban itself, which is on the west bank of the river, to the Burmana 
[7011.8]. ... Captain Hammond", having measured the ground with the perambulator, alone 
the smooth sandy beach, drew out a plan of the while ground 18 . ... 

They explored the river up to Moulmein and Martaban and took soundings • 
-until our vi.sit the existence of a tolerable harbour had not been suspected"' 
On 6th April the new capital was named Amherst, after the Governor General 17 . 

Grant had now no justification for continuing survey in Ava and Pegu ; 

The war having l.emuuatcd, there still remained a few we"cks available for astronomical 
observations. Several objects presented iheinselves;— 1st. A survey of tho Iirawady to ita 
junction with the ocean— 2nd. The determination of the lonsmude and latitude of Peeii— 
3rd. A voyage to Murtnban to determine its goo j-ra pi ileal position. 

The first, though recommended by the naval Commander-m- Chief, I had not the means 
of executing, nor was .t in the esact line of my duty. ... Boats could not be spared and, had 

* Marine Bd., 11-1 .l-]S ; DIM. 183 ( 846 }, =MRIO. 176 < I ) ; Markliam ( 52 ) =MRTO 17*1 / a \ 
•d. Dec. 1824, r„-ri.„] ,„ n t ;„. ii-l-13 ; Dili,. iu.i ! ^ i. iT-fi :il. ' Dm ->J M J<0 'MUTfl' 



100(2,31. 'it. 104 (.12); 150 (US). 'H-US. »17 ( 71>S ), ,2-12-25, ■ 1>I„ „l iCvIort ifif h 

Arthur Cotfc.n, 2,1. „l I ,., 11 „ II,,,. Ill I 52 1. „ ,121s. «,;, .. 1,1,1 ,. . Mum. j M ( K-3 | .,S'Z 

R. 17°18'49"N.. 1-,/ i„.i„m„„i„,(l rH. "Mn ion. «, ia;i. ,,., , i , , — ,. 7. l . . 1'. . ^unzalm 

1-12-25. 

!I(81-8). 



R. 17° 18" 42" S,/.,, ,.,,.,,.1 ,-»' ■■Slltld. 1M(7, s,. ' 'i ',,, ,,., '.'j,. s , . "-- . ; , d "p™" 

1-12-25. "HMS. 078. »HI(!.l d,pt„ mi„,. ••(,„! fc 30-5-26 (672 077 ) "oSSSE 



Maetaean & Ten-asserim 



7.» 



I gone on the Irrawady, the season for astronomical observations must have pussod away 
before I could reach Alartaban. t pressed the Commander of the Forces for boats to convey 
me to Pegu, but bo stiit-cd lie hiul none lo «ive, though he ;eeiii!il anxious I should go [ 73 ]. 
The Commander of t!ie Forces soon after embarking for Calcutta, I was left at liberty to 

At the advice of the Civil Commissi oner 1 , I decided r.o proceed along the coast to the mouth 
of the Sitting K-iver, in order to ascertain the practicability of its channel to proceed up to 
the town of Sittang. ... Eventually a brig and rowing boat were obtained. ... It waa 
not till the lUth April 1820 that I was enabled to leave- Rangoon. 

T wished to penetrate into the Sittwig Rivet by keeping as near the Pogi: shore as possible, 
but, after ascending as high as latitude U'y 42' { determined by meridian altitudes of the sun ) 
and longitude 90' fa', this was found to be impracticable, as untiling was to be seen but ex- 
tensive shoals and breakers. "Kdginp: along the eastern shoals which obstructed our entrance... 
I again descended to 10° 20'. and keeping till! shoals on the west, I with ranch difficulty 
readied Hit itude 17°. ... 

Very strong tidal bore. The master of the brig and myself resolved, as soon as the im- 
petuosity of the tide should somewhat abate, to proceed hi a row boat as far up the river as 
our soundings would allow. We accordingly proceeded about 20 miles in a K.W. direction, 
where we found ourselves surrounded by shoals and breakers. It is unnecessary to dwell 
OU the perils we encountered in quirting the channel. ... On the 21st, full moon, the tide drove 
with such velocity that the row boat parted cubic, ... and I expected every moment the brig- 
would part from ber cable or founder. 

We did not reach Amherst 2 till the 24th of April, having 3S souls on board, and scarcely 
a di'op of fresh water. 

The survey enables ine to submit the following infer mat ion : 

1st. Iti the maps hitherto const moled, the coast extent, from Elephant Point in the Ran- 
goon River to the island in the mouth of the Sittang has been laid down too far to the south 
from 10' to 15'. 

2nd. In blorsbun.di's maps, ... Pagoda Point at Amherst 015 the .Martabari coast has 
been laid down too far west by about 10', while in one or two constructed more recently, 
probably grounded on clirono meters, it is Id-id down too much to the east. 

3rd. Vessels draw-fug G feet cannot go up by the western channel 1.-0 the town of Sittang. 

On 15th May, 1826, Grant wrote to the Surveyor General from Amherst ; 

I have completed h. survey of the coast between Rangoon and Amherst, in the course of 
which the brig and row boat placed at my disposal bad nearly perished with every soul, owing 
to the violence of the current in the entrance uf the .^itta.og: 1! iver, which 1 1 rove us among the 
sands, and had the weather been less moderate I must inevitably have perished. The row 
boat parted, and oil our arrival here we found her a wreck in the northern channel. ... 

I have corrected the whole of the northern and eastern coast. ... I have also made a 
survey of the Salween River as far as latitude 17" 13', being unable to proceed higher up by 
reason of the monsoon. ... I returned to tins place on the 12th instant, and now avail [ myself 
of ] the first ship to convey me to Kangoon ( the brig being disabled ) 3 . 

Of the trip up the Salween he writes ; 

I proceeded in the brig as far as Trokia. whore the Lido ceases ; ther 1 I proceeded in a canoe 
as far as the rapids, a distance oi perhaps Jf> miles, having been three days pulling up between 
the two places. I endeavoured to push on against the ad vice of the people and the chief of 
Trokia, but when I reached the rapids I saw it would ho impracticable to pass them without 
the most imminent risk of swamping the bruit among the numerous rocks.. .and, the inter- 
preter having declared the boat would go no forth or, I judged it prudent- to retrace my steps. 



seeing, 



that had I been able to pass the rapids. I could have only estimated dis- 



;, and could not have readied the bifurcation of the Salween and the Vambiayu Rivers 
in less than three days, and the danger of corning down among the rapids at this season was 
Still greater than that of going up. ... 

I carried the survey as far as Mia.ng, about 20 miles from the extreme of our frontier and, 
though for 7 or 8 miles. ..estimating the distance, 1" am well satisfied the error does not exceed 
i miles out of the 50 4 . ... 

On reaching Amherst town my first object was to construct a small observatory for the 
transit instrument. Having left- the Large astronomical circle at Rangoon, I bad no instrument 



■John Crawford. '- Amherst town. 94 H/12, 30 m. S. 
* Possibly 11RIO. 157 ( 03 J, map of " Thaiklueen or Salowen R. " 
surveyor's name ; might be Low's [7+]. 



76 Burma 

for observing the altitude of terrostial obkets. bin; the nui mi tain?.,, were visible above the 
horizon, of the harbour, and I observes! their aaq'es. of elov;it:ion wilh the sextant. Much 
dependence however is not to be placed on these heights ; the distance wits (.00 great and the 
accuracy of (.!:o angles of altitude uncertain 1 . 

Having fixed the latitude and longitude of Amherst [74 j, and the monsoon 
putting a stop to further survey, Grant returned to Calcutta where he spent the 
rains in arranging his materials. 

In September I o'2fi Go vermuent sanctioned a survey of Mart-aban province, but 
directed that Grant should confine himself to the interior, leaving the coast to 
the marine survey. He returned to Amherst in January 1827. After observing 
latitude and longitude, he wailed to Moulmein, fixed iho latitude, and made another 
boat journey up the Salween. Leaving Moulmein on 28th, he reached Trokla ; 

Since I was hero in May 1 S2(i, the v.jlli.i.ije has been removed about J a mile to the southward 
in consequence of t'gei-s having entered t ho village arid carcied off t.w-o or three persons. 
He then went on up the river to Kokret, within 6 furiongs of Yunzalin creek, 
[ 74 n.il ], having observed latitude at night stations ; 

The positions films 1. let* mimed wiil... enable oie n-jxi month 1,0 complete the ti-iangulatioii 
of the river, as far at least as our territory extends non.h ward, an object which I should 
have accomplished on the present occasion lia.l not an oipiaily important object been in view. 
I allude to the survey of the Attaran [pi. 8], and (,ho determination of the no.sition of the pass 
of tiio Throe Pagodas, which loads into the Siamese territory, distant about- l.'iO miles. 

The advanced state of the season left me no alternative but. of n.iturning forthwith, and 
making... preparations for proceeding on so- distant a- journey 3 . 

As it was impossible to make a good triang illation through the densely wooded 
hills, Grant surveyed up the Ataran by boat ; 

Tlie position of the Three Pa.god as... forms almost, the only tangible limit of our territory 
with Siam. In all former mans this point has been placed much too far to the north- 
east, in consequence of which the area- of the province appeared nearly double what it 

The reaches of the river seldom exceeded 3 furlongs, and the only means I had of laying 
them down was by protracting the bearings and estimated lengths, and then at the end of 
every seven or eight miles a scale was formed from the distance in latitude and longitude 
■deduced from the jisi.ronaimenl observations each succeeding day. ... 

The features of the country are laid in from the eye. ... The jungle and grass reeds had 
everywhere become so thickly in tor woven as to rendor vain all our endeavours to penetrate 
even a mile on either side, and the dense smoke of the jungle oiMitraoted within very narrow 
limits the extent of our prospect [ 32, 113, 184 ]. The genera] direction of the survey being 
about S.E., the chronometers were advantageously employed, and could be fidly depended 
upon forgiving accurate inter sec lions wiLh t.ho observed parallels of latitude. 

As. ..the survey would occupy.. .at least 30 days, it was necessary to carry provisions 
sufficient to supply the followers, etc., for that period. Five canoes and 25 boatmen were 
accordingly employed. 

Lieut. Scott of the Madras N.I. 3 had been deputed in January to survey the overland 
route. Hie was not professionally a surveyor, but his zeal mid pe covering opirit, deserve the 
highest commendation. His survey unavoidably partakes of the errors incident: to a perambu- 
lator measurement, but it- may be easily corrected fivirn the data hero given. 

Grant was now given the assistance of De Montmorency, who ran a perambu- 
lator traverse along the 40 mile track from the head of the Ataran to the Three 
Pagodas*. Along the river "the jungle was so thick that it was... impossible to 
run the perambulator i of a mile, or to measure a base in any direction, and the 
water in the creek is so shallow at this season.. .up the lesser creeks 6 ". 

They returned to Moulmein on loth March 1827, and Grant now made a third 
-expedition up the Salween, and carrying triangulation to adistance of 75 miles, in a 
direct line, connecting with his previous stations 6 and fixing prominent peaks. He 
returned to Moulmein on 18th April, to take up the survey of the Gyaing river 
[pi. 8], 

•Journal, DDn. 239, M 421. Ho SG. ; DDn. 221 (211), 10-2-27. 'really David Scotland 

[qv]. *MRIO. 157 (5). s DDn. 240. Mtpuciung l.u.ilurlp 17 s :!:>'. This t.ilv lvS MRIO. 170 (4) ; 
Salwoen R. from 1: Moulmyne to the Kiuyjif 'I.Yrrikii'y "' ; shows " Taumeeaiip ", 17" 30'. 



Martaban & Tenassbrim 



77 



| had no i, proetoded further than the jiu'H-tioii til' the H.oumlroo with the Gayen, when 
the monsoon burst forth with tremendous violeiieo. and so u.no?cpeeledly that T liti.il not made 
the slightest- preparation. ... 

Tho Severn I survfjs t-hiiw pm'iiiIi'i] em! ini.oed n ponod .if 1 1 n rinyi, of whioh 7.) were occupied 
■in outdoor duty. The survey could not he resumed till the month of November, the country 
beinE almost entirely under water, and extremely unhealthy 1 . 

He spent the rains at Mouhnein, and .suffered so much from malaria that when 
the weather cleared he had to leave all field work to T)e Montmorency", who started 
on October 1st with the remeasurement of the base at Mouhnein, and the deter- 
mination of distance between the Moulmem and Martaban pagodas 3 . He moved 
np the Gyaing river on the 19th, 

estimating the lengths of the reaches and raking iiiagni":tic bearing:, ill i.^ beau; tho only way 
this river can be surveyed, till it call he eoiTiicl-cd by some azimuth b&sCSGC&Ooa lu'reafter. 

12th November. Arrive at, 2nd K'areeno village, about one imV inland on the ieft- bank 
of the river, which was here so very rapid that I. had to {rive up the lame boat?, uud proceed 
in one small one. Kven with '.1 rowers bad mwli difUenlry in roaidoi: w.u against the rapid 

13th. Employed in taking bearings, So... of the reaches, River gels very narrow, about 
70 feet broad, very rapid, and the banks high and rocky. Go on tins day till the river is so 
rapid as to prevent niy proceeding any further. From information estimate about another 
15 miles to source 4 . 

He returned to Moulmem on 17t.li November, and on MO th Grant issued his last 
instructions before returning to Calcutta ; 

There are throe distinct portions of rerriiory open lor porambulatory survey. ... 

1. The country between the Hakveen and tho Gayen rivers extern. ling tip to the foot of 
the hills- d'his object wiil be best efieoted by making several sections across the country. 

2. The country between the Attarau on the east and Sjoi.it. hern channel and the Wagroo 
creek on the west. ..will eomproliend an aecurato del imitation of tlio range of bills commenc- 
ing at Moulmyne. This object will likewise be best effected by running the perambulator 
up to the foot of ttie hills wherever practicable. ... 

3. A sketch of Palo (jloeooi.tr with, an accurate outline of (,lie ridges of hills and also the 
position of the villages. ... 

You must depend on your personal exertions. A man of active spirit will not be retarded 
in his course by trifling in eon vein e noes or obstacles 5 . 

On arrival at, Calcutta ho reported that De Montmorency and all his party had 
suffered from "severe attacks of fever and ague" during their survey up the Gyaing 
and that he had despatched a fresh set of lascars from Calcutta 6 . 

De Montmorency was unable to complete all the tasks left him for he was called 
to Upper Burma at the beginning of 1828, and did not return to Moulmem till 
the rains [78]. Grant took a sea voyage to China but died before reaching 
Singapore. Early in April 1828, therefore, the survey was officially closed ; 

It is doubtless very desirable to have an accurate and scientific survey of our new posses- 
sions on the Tensissei'ijn coast, but the object is not one of .such indlsno-nsible necessity as to 
justify a farther outlay of.. .public money. ..in the present state of our finances. Government 
resolves accordingly that the Martaban survey shall ccaso from the present date 7 . 

Amongst his numerous maps and sketches'* Grant left a 

of tho conquered provinces of Martaban, Ye, 'l.'avoy, and Mergui. Reduced and corrected 

bv Captain P. Grant. The southern parts of Martaban and Ye aro taken from Captain 

Low's survey, and Tavoy and Mergui from a map furnished by Mr. Maingy 9 . The Pegu and 

Martaban coasts, also tho Satween River, aro Ikid down from Captn. Grant's survey. Scale 

1 inch to 8 miie3 10 . 

4 survey from the Three Pagodas to Lvambnti in Si am was made in April and 
May 1827 by James Leslie of the 134th Madras Infantry, deputed to carry letters 
to Bankok from Sir Archibald Campbell commanding at Moulmein 11 . 



1 Mans MB.IO. 1715 ( LO-7 ) show trkui3U.Ui.t.i..n h.y lln Montrm 1.^:1 oy. -MTUO. 157(81, __ , 

' , UliMl I '1 II IO II 426. ■M>.On. 220 (307). Hb. ( 

'-•"".>; ■• 1 1 1 I 1 1-1 1 UtrO. 15+ (1 li EO, 63, 64). " " 

DibComb JiI«in.,vl'\V[. l .> 1 . ISI2:lLvu,*t.M *my- ' - " 

309). "MRIO. 00(27); SH (32-5); BDn. 219 ( 22o 



Largo 

.... ;ao3), 

; Aiiijio.iy 



"* BURMA 

Maps & General Surveys, 1824-S 

In March 1826 Dr. John Crawfurd, who had held many political appointments 
in the far east [ II, 380 n.io ], «a« appointed Civil Commissioner of l.'i^u 1 , with, head- 
quarters at Rangoon, pending a final settlement with the Court of Ava Charles 
Alves, of Madras Infantry [ II, 376 ], i„ civil charge of Bassein, and an experienced 
surveyor, compded a map of the Irrawaddy I Vita-, described as 

a sketch exhibiting the d,se mboguemont of Lin" Irrawaddie, with the various channels of water 
communication between Rangoon. Riissein. and the- upper countrv. This has been compiled 
chiefly from information, carefully ooltectod however, and-* more correct map of the delta 
than any we have before been pressed of. ... It was only common ce( f subsequently to a com- 
munication from Mr. Commissioner Crawfurd, requesting T should obtain as "rnueh oral 
iTid.-ii'iiiiiiiiiii. ..;!.-■. possible. ... 

The only ports which can be safely made from the sea are Rangoon and Negrais The 
othermoutlis of tbc Irrawaddie can be approached nu.lv with much d ifficiut.v and in line weather 
and are not navigable for large vessels to any distance'. 

Another survey of the delta waterways made during the oceu pation was a 
chart shewing the route pursued by bouts from Bassein to Rangoon bv the rivers - compiled 
from observations by Robert Moresby, 1st Lieut. Uon'ble Company's eruis-r Mercury 

N.B. A good and weli -regulated ehvonometer used to find the longitudes— The latitude- 
by the sun at noon day— I he direction of the river by azimuth compass bearings— and esti- 
mated distance* corroborated by lat. and long. Scale about 1 inch to 2 miles 4 . ' 

"The Rangoon "River, sand & Teach", with chart and sailin" directions from 
the sea, was surveyed during 1824 by M. F. Smith, a ship's captain 5 of Chittagong. 

In September 182C Crawfurd was deputed on a mission to Ava, which resulted 
in the signing of a commercial treaty* under which he remained at Ava in the 
capacity of Envoy. He took De Montmorency with him, and put him to survey 
1 . town & fortification of Ava, as well of its environs, accompanied bv a short descriptive 



.. prepared.. .under circumstances of much difficulty. ... The delicate oircui- 
under which tho nation was placed proved an insurmountable obstacle to mv availing myself 
more extensively of bis useful mid able services 7 . 

Ava lay at the junction of the Myitngo lliver with the Irrawaddy, 12 miles below 
the present city of Mandalay. The survey was on scale 400 yards to an inch and 
covered an area of about five miles to east, west, and south of the city 3 

Early m 1828 De Montmorency was deputed from Moulmein [77] to survey 
the Chmdwm River "from its conflux with the Irrawaddy, north to the stockade 
( or km-tat) of i\at Kyun Aung Myai"» His journey with a "fleet of boats" 
took 21 days up {.he nver. and his .survey helped femberton i„ sefllin" the Manipur 
boundary [ 66 J. The Surveyor General writes in July ; 

Mr. Montmorency has returned to Moulmcyne. H e went from Umrap oora up the Kyan 
Dust, orNingtheo -aver ( which falls into the Jrrawuddeo ) to Cendah, whore Lieut. Pembe-rton 
our Vjumpoor surveyor, met him. 'I'hLa completes a line from the mouth of the Irrawuddi 
throngh Mumpoor and Sylhet to the Bnrrampooter 10 . 

To meet T)e Mont^orcticy, Pemberton surveyed through "the Kumbub ( Kuho 
or Kabaw ) valley claimed both by the Burmese and U:o Manipuiis T 65-6 l 11 He 
found some uncertainty us to the correct name of the river ; 

Sir A. Campbell... express os astonishment, that in no pari, of its course is the name Ninethee 
given to the Kyen-duen up which Lieut. Montmorency proceeded. This river... is called 
FmgtheeToor^or ■■the beautiful river", by tire Munypoories, u l,o know it bv no other name ; ' 
by the fahans or k.ubos, the original inhabitants of that vallov, the Xinirthee is called Num 
tarong, or "water descending", so that, we have no less than four oames for tl,o same river— 
By Burmans, called EfayeQ Hwen, or Kyen-duen, and Thanba wattee-Shans or Kubos, Num 

' tW Ijeing a military and a Bars] oamraisaiailer as well. -MRIO. Hi { 7 ) \l vm also a „rv P v»H 

%5'sWi. «£w^;iv sS > •»•« s fe sua- ?as 



Maps & General Surveys 



7!» 



'Farbng — Munypoorees, Ningthee — and the river' marked Ningthee m the lithographic map is 
the Khyenduen, or Thaobnwattee, on the eastern -ade of the ITngoehing Hills, and no other 1 . 

In December L82G Crawfiii'd was relieved at Ava by Homy Burney, and published 
later his Journal of an Embassy... to the, Co-art of Ai;a with a map 

compiled by Mr. John Vi'a-lker, uf the Admiralty, a gentlema.n skilled in every branch of eastern 
geography ; and. as the. author had no share in its execution, ho may sn-y without vanity that 
it will be found to exhibit the best view of Horman geography which bw been offered to the 
public. The following is a brief account of the documents from which the map.. .has been 
compiled. 

The river Irrawadi is delineated from the survey of Uolonol Thomas Wood, with a few 
corrections by the laie Captain Gr:int. Tlso survey of Colonel Wo. id, although executed above 
thirty years ago, ... is still, and after so vara! more recent ones, the brat extant, a sufficient 
proof of the skill and accuracy with which it was originally executed 2 [ I, 85]. 

The countrv forming tlio delta of the Ii-ii.wady, fraiii Bassoin to Rangoon, is taken from a 
sketch by Captain Alves [ 78 ]. The Sal. ween River and the Province of Martaban generally 
are taken from the surveys of Captain Grant [ 75-7 ]. 

Much of the interior of Burman Dominions is from the sketches of Dr. Francis Buchanan 
Hamilton, who like Colonel Wood, aeeoinpan led Colonel Symes, ... and actual enquiries have, 
in many eases, confirmed the geographical speculations of these gentlemen [ I, 84-5 ]. 

Arracan is delineated from Colonel Wood's surveys, and the sources of the Brahmapooter 
and Irawadi are laid down from the reports of two enterprising young officers, Lieutenants 
Wileox and liurlton r -15-64, pi, 7 I. Cassey, or Munnipoor, is delineated from the surveys 
of Lieutenant Pemberton. another enterprising and intelligent, officer [ 65-6]. 

The coast of Arraean is delineated from the chart of Captain Crawford, a skilful and ex- 
perienced marine survoyor, well-known for his surveys of the China Seas and Straits of Malacca. 

The country of Assam is taken from the surveys of Colonel Wood [ I, 80-2 ] -, and that be- 
tween Arraean and Bengal from those of Lieutenant i'isher [ 50—3 ]. 

The survey oi' the roads. ..through the district of Thalen, and. ..the pass of the mountains 
into the Arrakan, togother with that of the Lain and Pegu Givers, were executed by Captain 
Trant, a most intelligent and talented nftieor, who wa= actively engaged throughout the 
Burmese War. Captain Trant is the same gentleman whoso interesting narratives of the 
route from the Irawadi into Arrfieaii after (.lie termination of hostilities. 1 have referred to 

i 71 1 3 - 

Other maps of Burma and the far east were compiled at this period. We 
have already referred to one by Henry Burney, that was signed by him, 23rd June 
1824, as Military Secretary to the Governor of Prince of Wales Island [71]. 
It is a large map about four feet by five, scale nearly 24 miles to an inch, covering 
Burma, Tenasserim, and western Siam 4 . It bears the foUowing notes ; 

The great river of Ava, Irrawatldy, was taken from Ensign Wood's chart in Syme's 
Embassy with some alteration. The northern portion c-f that river, the boundaries of Ava 
towards China, it other rivers and places in the Birnian dominions were set-down after compar- 
ing the personal knowledge of Mr. Gibson [ 71 ] & his numerous followers with the accounts 
published. ... 

In the orthography of the names of places, Mr. Qihsosi, being acquainted with some little 
Latin, preferred... Dr. Gilchrist's excellent system [ I, 249-50 ], writing down the words so that 
they might be pronounced according to the broad accent with which that language is read by 
the Scotch & by foreigners. ... 

This map is part of a large map of the kingdoms of Ava, riiam, & Cochin China, which 
Capt. Henry Burney and Mr. George Gibson compiled. The- latter was the first commissioner 
of an embassy from the I'hnperor of Ava to the King of Cochin Chirm, to which the Govern- 
ment of Prince of Wales Island had liberally assisted him to proceed in m'23, after the vessel 
that was conveying the embassy bad been burnt in Penang harbour. ... 

The sea coasts in this map were taken from Mr. Hors burgh 7 .- latest- charts, and from some 
French charts by D'Apres de .M.mnevillette [ I, 310 ] & from a manuscript chart of the coasts, 
islands, & rivers, between Junkslon A, Negrais by Mr. Gibson himself. 

The country on the east side of the Gulf of Siam wasi set down according to information 
received by Mr. Gibson whilst- at Cochin Cbhin, partieulnrly from Moris. Diard, a travelling 



- atill .|u..ted J'jiing I'impika of ISM-". 



80 Burma 

naturalist from the Parisian museum of natural history, who had visited Cambodia &, most 
parts of Cochin China 1 . 

The great river of Siam was taken from the plans in Lit Laubero's account of Siam a , & let 
vol. of Kamphcr'si .History of .Jn-piin 3 . Tho other- rivor.-. ir. pUnnis in Sioin woeo sot down from 
the map in Laubert!, ami frcuri informiUioii reeeiveii A: native maps si-en by Mr. Gibson "whilst 
at Enva or Ava. 

Burney elsewhere records that, 
having persuaded Mr. Gibsosi and several of his followers to atfreu.il at ray house for 8 or 9 
hours a day clwriri.tr 20 or 25 days, he and I with tho assistance of 2 copying clerks succeeded 
in completing a large map. ... I do not pretend to possess a very accurate knowledge of the 
principles of niap making*. 

Another map by Burney covered Tenasserini, Siam, the peninsula and straits 

of Malacca, and part of Sumatra, on scale two inches to a degree 6 . 

Scsveral maps were copied or put together in the Surveyor General's office 
between 1824 and IStS 6 , one of Upper Burma scale 16 inches to an inch "exhibiting 
lines of military approach to Umarapoora...from s.w. frontier of Muneepoor and 
from the coast of Arracan ", with notes by Hodgson hi April 1328 ; 

The tracts in the vicinity of the surveyed linos may bo' considered as correctly laid, clown. 
The other parts of the map are const r note el from the best, in.forroai-.ioii which could be obtained. 
The meridian of Hu«eepoor,..|' from | satellites of Jupiter by...Pembertoii, & compared with 
correspondent sights taken by roe in Calcutta. ... t"i*i<>rapoora...from Wood. The accoinpany- 
ing journals of Lis-. I Vmbf.rton arid Tram, t loscribo the nature of the country 7 . 

In 183b, after the campaign was over, James Jackson compiled a map of his own, 
which was engraved and published by .De La Combe in Calcutta. The general 
ignorance of the country in indicated by Ins placing the source of the Sal ween about 
latitude 2:}' J , in what are now known as the Northern Shan States 8 . 

A map that may have been known to Burney when he was collaborating with 
Gibson was signed by James Low at Prince of Wales Island in March 1824. It is 
on scale 5 inches to a degree, very roughly drawn, but full of interesting comments 
and information. Besides a note on orthography and the meaning of the Siamese 
descriptive words, Low thus describes bis compilation 9 ; 

This map of Siam, C'amboja, & Laos, compiled from., .of origins! I native materials .fc intended 
as an accompaniment to a geographical memoir, ...was compiled in the year 1822, and 
has since been enlarged. The outline-.. .Urns been chiefly taken from D'Anville's atlas [ I, 210, 
331]. The latitudes and longitudes of the principal places.. .have been mostly laid down 
according to more recent geographers. ... The positions of the following places are thus 
assigned ; Menam [obviously Hankok ], lat. 13° 30' N. & long. 101" 15'E.— Cape Liani 12° 
27' N". & L. about 101° 40' E.— Cape Patani, 7? V N. 101° 50' E.-— but the coasts of the 
Gulf of Siam have never been accurately surveyed. 

Further east still we have a "rough sketch...of Ava, Siam, Cochin China", 
stretching from Arakan to Hainan, scale one inch to a degree, prepared in 1824 at 
Singapore by Philip Jackson of artillery, who was employed there as executive 
officer, and also produced a "sketch of the British settlement of Singapore, accord- 
ing to the treaty of the 2nd August I824" 10 . 

'in partnership with D11 Vance I, working for Harms Cuder [ 27J-3 ] ; visited Calcutta about 1818. 
-HisbiHcal H.'Satinnn of Si'im, by D,.-. La L.-mbiro ; 2 vote., London. 1BH3. :1 l>v K. Kaempfer, 2 volfl 
London, 1728. >H MS. fieri ,; TrJH), i^-lu-rji. ■■MCI.). W ( 11) ; r-CO. copv. 1»27 s« : also 90 ( 24 I. 'ib. 
154(7-10). 'MRIO. 158(2). Mb. Misc. 3-0-26. ! ib. 90(15). "ib. 90 ( 13 ); other maps from. 
Jackson, ib. 90 ( 2) . 25, 28, 29 ). 




JrnJftf', 



CHAPTER VI 



CENTRAL INDIAN PLATEAU 

Bundelkhand & Nagpur, 1815-20 — Pindari & Marutha Wars 1818-9 

Quartermaster General's Officers, Bengal, 1822-30 — Central India & Mivulana 
1819-30 — Nagpur, 1822-31. 

BEFORE describing the work of the military officers who added to knowledge 
of central India" during the war against the pindaris and Marithas, we will 
close the account of James Franklhi in Bundelkhand, and of Witliai 
in Nagpur. 



i Lloyd 



Franklin had tat started in Bundelkhand in 1811, extending and filling no the 
surreys made by Sackville and Morrieson [ II, 48-50 ], and in 1813 had been placed 
under the Political Agent to survey the territories and boundaries of those chief, 
who accepted British protection [II, 51-2 ]. He was withdrawn for regimental 
duty during the Nepal War, and after return worked with frequent uiterruntiona till 
March 1820. In 1816 the Assistant Surveyor General reported that his 
survey ei the south-west frontier of Bundelcund, commencing at Burolmr and ienoin 
at the II,ver Chnmbul, must be new nearly completed. ... Through the whole „f „„.'„ 
[which uiclucleel toumah, Uhaitcrpore. o.iel Jhansi ,- Lieoteeent Franklin has carried on regu 
tar triangle. There st.ll remain seyor.U independencies belw.cn M.e soothm, points and the 
front.er. of Boglecnnd, Bora,, and Malwa , moat of these ca„...b. traced ,lth„„, „«" 
^." H * '-* b ™™« **"<•■ ■"»»'■» =— «** i« n~«.~y to complete thS 

By June 1819 Franklin had completed 
the survey of every independent state of Buudelcund situated between Scindiah's boundary 
and the Kane liivor. com prising in the aggregate l.he whole of tho bowzie of Calpie the whole 
of the states ol llitttoah, Jansi, ... the pcrgunnah of Mow. and the five mahals of Bandera 
belonging to .Semantic tho isolated pergnenah of Aloopo.e belonging to Holkar. 

All tho tracts lying within these limits I have surveyed very minutely, and...neither a village 
nullah, or hill worth noting, tier anything cither of military or political U so will be found 
wanting. The boundaries of states arc delineated with the utmost accuracy and all the 
disputed cases duly noted 4 . ae 

I have, ™»ver, surveyed the boundary line and a considerable portion of British terri. 
tory from. Allahabad to Agra. 1 have also surveyed part of Ptum.h ,„d of tho territory „f 
Kenan Buckt Bully. ... 'The, traet...inoludes thc.fipst range of ltd!. (,,,„, Rargmh ,„ , ho S f n j' 
Haver where they entirely disappear. I have delineated (ion very caren.Uy and marked 
every pas. m them for a distance of HoO miles. In like manner I include th....Punnah range 
of tails for a distance of 250 miles. These are perhaps in every point „, vl „ the mos , j! 
terestmg features m the geography of Bundelcrmd. Thoy are the seats of the noted diamond 
and iron ramos, and abound in objects well deserving the attention of scientific research 

the only independent slates which remain imstirvcved by me are a part of Piinnah 'tl 
the intermixed territory of Bajah Bukht Bully— ...all "lying" east of the Cane Kver— which 
tract may be completed In two or three months. ... 

This...givee...29 months, ... the period I have actually been employed in surveying a tract 
of 22,000 square mile,, during which time I never had the slightest assistance, although the 
traet...is all independent torritory, and tho calls for address on my par, i Ti order to get on 
quietly a.monget their rude chieftains, are as imperious a... .for mental and bodily exertion' 



rfilt 191. the tcira CVr.ttal Lelia ,,,, ,.,Tt i; L Hy applies ,., 
Pea, Ill, , ma. arsl hiali.lkliaral. la this thepTcr' it is as-i ia a v.i 
MAG. l!l-!l-l(i, BMC. 115-10-16, 1 Kdbk. ISlfl. MRU, u : ;-p 



On, ptnOesl ,o,:o- ae, VLilwa, 

t seats. ' Fdbks. M 1135, 1136. s to 
s DDn. 69(11), 18-0-19. 



82 Central Indian Plateau 

He closed work in March 1820, and submitted his maps with a 

memoir of a map of liundelcund, including ail the natives states of that, province e 

between Scinditih's boundary & BojjliHeiuid ; constructed from the regular survey of Major 
Sa<ikville and Cup tain Franklin, and the route surveys of Capts. Baily [ J.5»yley ], Strettell, 
Anquetil, & Franklin, which have been carefully adjusted to the tr^oi-iome'-rical series carried 
through. ..hy Captain Franklin [ 200-1 p. 

Though his work was not laid out with such scientific control as the surveys 
of Hodgson, Herbert, and Webb in the Himalaya, it was a great advance on other 
Bengal surveys. Waugh writes that in 1850, except for work based on the Great 
Trigonometrical Survey, it was "one of the best and most detailed'' maps existing 
[ H, 201 ] a . It was incorporated into sheets 69 and 70 of the 4tlas of India 
published in 1827 [2S6]. 

Lloyd's surveys through Nagpur were never anything more than route surveys, 
with descriptions of towns and villages [ II, 52-3 ]. He continued surveying and 
collecting har learn routes- until 1817, and commanded tii.ij. Resident's escort till its 
disbAridinent in 1820. By 1816 he had 

for some years been usefully employed hi obtaining correct knowledge' of all the great and 
cross roads within the dominions of the fiovar rajah, and surveying a part of those leading 
to principal towns situated on his frontier. The sources of the rivers ^"arbudda. Soane, Wyne 
Gunca, Kaw-hisw, and \VYtnln a , have heco objects of his succossfiil enquiry. 

He has likewise traced the great range of mountains beginning at Amercuntuck [I, 2gg ; 
HI, 89], ... the hills south of the Nurbudda, and the course of that river from Mimdela to 
Hoosungabad ; and accurate measurements of the roads, with topographical delineations, havo 
likewise been attended to. 

Captain Lloyd has nearly completed a map 4 which will answer all military purposes of 
the Xagpur Raja's dominions, a country of which we possess little accurate" information ■ 
he will then, as far as practicable, survey the provinces of Sirgoojtih, Bus tar, and Chattisghur 5 ■ 
the first mentioned is merely tributary to the Rajah of Berar. The roads through Buatar 
from Nagpoor to Chicacole, in the Cirears, by the route of Byraghur, .lugdulpore. and Jeypoor 
.[103-4], and from Jitgduijioor to Siimhn.ljmnr. will he surveyed by niit.ives instructed by Captain 
Lloyd, as the jealousy of the native chieftains will prevent:. Ui; exploring the whole 6 . 



Pind&ri & Maratha Wars, 1816-9 

Pindaris were armed freebooters from Ma.lwa 7 , of all races and rcb>ions, who 
periodically gathered in mounted bands and swept through the Deecan and Berar 
looting and destroying, regardless of political boundaries [ 1, 17 ]. 

As early as 1812 the supreme government in Bengal had been alarmed at their 
incursions across the south-western borders of the Company's territories [II, 44], 
but the urgent need for financial economy, and the trouble with Nepal, prevented 
any strong measures being taken, though several representations had been made 
to the authorities in London. 

The warding off of these raids was one of the major pre -occupations of the 
subsidiary forces serving the Nizam and the Pcshwa at. Hyderabad and Poona, and 
it was their particular teaponStbflity to watch the northern passes through which 
the pindaris penetrated. For several months during 1815 a large part of the 
Madras Army was assembled in the Deecan to support them. 

Early in 1816 a mob of more than 5,000 swept through the territories of the 
Nizam, and raided Guntur and MasuJipatam, committing ferocious atrocities, and 
escaping practically unscathed [ 96, 100, 408-10 ]. Information about this raid at 
length induced the home government to sanction military operations, though these 
had been already put in hand by the Governor General. 

'Mem™, MO. K 331 ,332; map in A aheets, 4 m. to inch, S3 ( 12-14 ) SB ( I~4 ), and reactions 
83(3-7,15). ■-I'.H.Ci.). ■'Vi&msKn"* m<* m>i ir Scr,tit, r,r, X.i:>. VV'im.llia risp., nuir- Jljultai .ul K". 
•sMRIO. 71 ( 31, 32 ) ; 71) ( 43 ) ; 1.88 ( 16 j. iChhatkgarl, Bvfir.. dhti'u-.U of Drug, JUimir. Biiasuur ' A 
Sambalpur, witti . id >:h::: nt f, : -.i.l.n ..ry states. ' tr:.;u Xir.li ., liMC. 2.:>-lH-](j ((!:;) M'l",.ii, cow ,;„., 

Indore to Siiugor [ I, 56 11.16 ] ; Imp Gaz. XVII ( 100-5 ). 



PlNDARI & MiRATHA WARS 



83 



The co-operation of the Ma-mt-ha chiefs. Sindhia, the, I'eshwa, and Nagpur 1 , was 
grudgingly given, and in October 1S1 6 the main body of the Nagpur Subsidiary iorce, 
-under Colonel Walker, occupied the south bank of the Narbada., but was out-flanked, 
&iidth.epindariti poured into Bundelkhandand Nagpur, and even reached the Kistna. 

During 1817 the Madras army again took the field under Hislop and, with the 
consent of the Peshwa, the Maratha Decean was occupied by troops under Munro. 
The Peshwa had, however, grown restive over other matters, and in November 1817 
his troops attacked and destroyed the British residency at Poona [ 125 n.4 ], and a 
general war flared up. Sindhia, alone of the Maratna leaders, held firm to his 
engagements with the .British after some hesitation. 

The Bengal army, under the personal leadership of Lord Hastings 2 , in his 
secondary role of Coirnri an rler-in -Chief, had assembled at Cawnpore in September 
1817. Nagpur was occupied in December after the defeat of Appa Sahib at the 
battles of Sitabaldi and Nagpur 3 , Holkar was defeated at Mehidpur' 1 and signed a 
treaty in January 1818 under which the Rajput states were freed from Maratha 
domination. The Peshwa surrendered in June 1818, ceding the whole of his. 
territories with the exception of Satara, and being granted a pension. The war 
was Anally brought to a close by the fall of Asirgarh 5 in April 1819 [ 1 ]. 

Not only did. the- successful termination of this war open up a vast area to 
survey and exploration, but a great, deal of geographical .knowledge was collected 
during its progress [I, 27, 122 ]. During ISIS, several officers of the Hyderabad 
Subsidiary Force had surveyed routes through P.crar, and Henry Russell, Resident 
at Hyderabad, constantly urged tire importance of detailed survey of the passes along 
the northern borders of "the Nizam's territories. lie writes to Colonel Doveton 7 , in 
April 1816 ; 

It is in dispensable to the success of any measures... adopted against the Pindarries to 
acquire much more aceuu.ile know ledge... of the various passes through the ranges of hills- 
which they hnve to eross in their way from the Nmbudda to the southward. ... 

Besides a sketch of the passes, the officers should, ..make a report stating... — what passes- 
are already practicable— which are not so now— and... what unfrequented ghauts can be 
rendered entirely impassable-—... whet ghauts can he stopped.. .by small parties of irregular- 
infantry—... and what.., will require to be defended by regular troops. ... It will also be very 
desirable to obtain. .. knowledge. ,, eft he ghaul-s in the advaneed range of hills on the frontier, and 
in the direction of ISoorhanoore. ... Permission might perhaps he obtained.. .for these passes to 
be surveyed, but...witlnJiLt. exciting t-lio ;il;imi or jealousy of the people of the country. ... 

You will be pleased also to direct the different officers to obtain as much information as 
possible about the general geography of the country. ... 

A survey... is... about to be undertaken In the Paislmwuh's territories, under... Lieutenant 
Colonel Jolmson of the Bombay Engineers. The principal objects. ..are the range of hills 
to the westward of Ajunta s - -the ivestern ghauts by which the Pindarries might descend 
from the Deekan into the north of the Konkan 8 , ami through thai- into the Attavoesy [ 122-3. 
160 ] — and finally, the range north uf the Tapfcy 1 *. 

Besides the survey which Johnson made of the passes into the Peshwa's terri- 
tories [ 122 ], the Bombay Government called on Williams for a map of the passes 
on the eastern frontier of Gujarat [ II, pi. 15 ], and deputed Sutherland to survey 
those north of the Tapti [ 122-3 ]• 

Tn October Doveton sent in surveys and reports on the hills between Adjunta 
and the Warda River 11 by Stewart and Hamilton 12 that ran generally between 
parallels 20° to 21° and meridians 76? and 79°. In the same month Wotherspoon 
and Montgomerie were deputed to the southern range of yhata east of the Wardha 
River, whilst Andrew Campbell was to survey those of the Nagpur territories 13 . 

'Theuaiirppi', Appi -klub, w':i-> 1i:l-.L Je-i/e-.i the throne in 1310. - Arrived l)iil:,i 1S1:5, a< Lord Muira.to 
be GG. and C-in-C. : cr. JUinnus of .[lasibci 1-S1T ;«fi. id! [S2S. :, L'H-7 Nov.; 16i.ii ll.-.f:. 1317. * 21-12-17; 
4fiM;l 1, 60 m. X. of Indore. "surrender, 6-4-10; ee (.77. n J ! coir I 11, .157 . Hamilton [11,403],. 
Strabnn, etc. [II, 321 1. 'John Doveton ( 17(53-1847); Had. G.t. | 3^,4:0]. « . 16 P/I0 ; 35 m. S. of 
Jaleaon& Btiusi.vai. ' eoiHtdsini) behveen (>.n and O'.ijfiNit. '->OD :1 . 1.40 <3 }. 2^-4-18: ESC. 18-5-16- 
(12). "About iillm.W. of Nippur. "■ Report by Biiyiev & 6v:s^t, MRIO. 77 (5,6). "BMC. 
11-11-16. 



84 Central Indian Plateau 

In December .Russell forwarded reports by Bayley and Stewart ; 

Colonel Dove ton hiis ji-Iso employed... Lieut. Mitchell. !.o survoy that part of the range of 
gliauts which lies between Ad junta and Amba 1 , so as to connect Lieut. Bay ley's survey -with 
that made by Lieut. Colonel .fohoson ; and at the request of Mr. .Ismbins* he also detached 
...Cornet Montgomery, ..and Cornet Campbell to survey the passes.. .in the Na-gpore territory, 
...but both these officers, 1 nm sorry to say. wen: compelled to rolum i.o camp on account 
of the unhealthiness of the season 3 . 

Similar steps were taken by Colonel Walker, commanding the Nagpur Subsi- 
diary Force, who placed 

a force on the Hoosainabad road [to] guard ike Futlypeor ami Bomiuei! ghauts. ... An 
A.q.u.o. and two officer? for survey will proceed with i6. ... The commissariat officers will 
furnish... supplies. ... The Pindaris have successfully broken (lirorieh last season's cordon.. ... 
[ They ] seem to be ineroiisin:; in ni.iml.iers and boldness every yea;'., .and, as the present system 
of defense has not succeeded, ... the Nerbudda -hrmld be the line of defense 4 . 

Several of the Nagpur officers were on survey from October 1816, and the 
Resident reported in February 1817 that " Lieutenant Trneman died soon after he 
engaged in the survey ; Lieutenants Perry and Gibbings are still employed in that 
duty ' '*. 

On Malcolm's appointment in May 1817 as a.g.g. in Malwa G , he gave every 
encouragement t o the surveyors, several of whom were employed along the Narbada 
River. Riddell writes from Madras in October ; 

The map for Mr. Bussed is nearly finished. ... I have inserted 30 or -111 miles of the Nerbudda 
near Huseinabud, just obtained from Lt. Gibbings. This space was surveyed on the plane 
table on a scale of 4 miles to the inch, and takes in fche valley on each side of (lie river, as 
far as the hills. The ghauts are enumerated, and he proposes sending me vi, description of 
them. The whole shall be... for warded to you immediately 7 . 

Malcolm's well-known map of Malwa 8 [ 86 ] was published as a 

Map of Central India-. ■!.>> dn'i 'inq MaUai and !,!,k adjoin irirj Procinjzee. Constructed by order 
of Major General Sir J. Malcolm, o.c.B., from the routes of his division and surveys of officers 
under his command. From parallels 21° to 25" N., and from meridian 62JV° to east of 80°. ... 
20 miles to an inch. Published .London, ol.h April IS23, by Aaron Arrowsmith [ II, 285 n.S ] 8 . 

In January 1818, the author [ Ma.leoho ] was yilacsvl by the Marquis of Hastings in military 
and political chai-iie of Central India and, during the four years ha filled that station, his own 
attention and that of the able public- officers under bis authority was directed to .. .collecting 
materials for the illustration of ils past and present condition. 

A short memoir of the map, written by i .ieutenant Gibbinys, A.Q.M.O., who constructed 
it, should have been included, but., , dins unfortunately been lost. ... The... map... was entirely 
composed from original... mate rials— measured routes and military surveys — corrected by the 
tables of latitudes and longitudes furnished by Captain Dangerfield [ 123 ] 10 . ... 

To the persevering ability of Lieut. Gibbings... the author feels indebted for the map 
which forms so essential a part of this work. ... Lieut. Mitchell, Madras Army, a very intelli- 
gent and qualified officer, was also employed 111 aiding Lieut Gibbings ; and also Lieut. 
Matthias, Madras Army, who amongst other surveys" completed that of the lower part of the 
Xerbunda, following the course of that river in every part, when; it was possible to remain on 
its bank, or sail on its stream [ 123 ]. 

Capt. Simes 13 ...and Lieut. Hansard, Madras Army, two meritorious officers who had 
preceded Lieut. Matthias in this attempt, fell a sacrifice to the insalubrious climate and the 
fatigue to which they were exposed, but left useful surveys and observations. ... Several 
others, among whom were Lierats. It vine... and Johnston, ... contributed routes and surveys 13 . 

Nicholas Syme has left a vivid account of his journey down the Narbada during 
May 1819 between Handia and Mandleshwar 14 , He received the following instruc- 
tions from Gibbings ; 

The General wishes you to come up here [ Mhow ], &. we will settle everything regarding 
your proposed expedition. ... He does not think any person going along the banks of the 

'56B/6. 'Resident at Nagpnr [3, 90], 1810-27; DA'S. s DDn. 146 (15), 31-12-16. 'Memo, on 

plan of dpfcnrT. of the fror.tii- ; MRIO. M 2L : K> &. M-2-17. = D.Dn. U2 ( 6!) ), iH-2 17 ; B Pol G. 7-3-17; 
rou-h -kr^b-s IVrrv & i.-iibbine?, MKIO. rl i 21-6 }, "with bdqra. at. Mhow. 'to SG„ 15-1U-17, Dim. 

151 (64^76) "»c tiold svv*. MR 10. Hi] ,' S-10, 12, 17 }; Ins: : 35 i : Kdbk.f. ih. M :t-U, 401. 'Malcolm, 

T( frontisnicee). 10 ib., I(viii). "MRIO. 187 ( Sfi ), 1J Journal DD11. 161 ; M 223. "ib. (310); 

Maps, MRIO. 81 ( 6, 27-30, 40-2 ). » 55 B/15 ; 48 N/12. 



PlNDARI & MaEATHA WaKS 



i judge sutlieienlly as to me pract .. 

with you, & a guard of a ha-vildar & twelve sepoys 



the practicability.. .of boats sailing down it. ... Bring your 
7 a havildar &■ twelve sepoys. Lot them be strong active 

Small donga j... will lie perfectly sufiaaent for all the purposes he requires, viz., to bring 
i.:rain lroni the eastw u-rd where i(. in extremely cheap. ... 

Sir John desires ; — keep a regular journal — nature of river— country — villages— boats — 
villages to be re-peopled ■ soundings. ... In short you must- mention everything. The General's 
object — to combine the attempt of sailing down the river with a general survey of its course 
and the country near it 1 . 

Symc started on the morning of 18th from a village opposite to Handia, with 
"two of the Company's boats" ; 

Numerous islands — no channel deep enough to pass — obliged to return. ... With assistance 
from the local headman, and many small dmigas. and men to help, forced. ..way thro' the rapids 
with greatest difficulty nnd danger. ... 

Sitting on the bottom of a little vessel, not daring to move for fear of upsetting it ; soaking 
my legs, and half of my body in water, I lost patience, & in spite of the entreaties of the boat 
people... about tygers, T was near taking rip my abode on one of the islands for tho night. 
I at last yielded to the boat people's request., and we made the best pni^ress we could through 
the gloomy narrow channels, with the branches of trees nearly mooting over our heads, and 
arrived at Jogee Ghur at eleven o'clock at night, having boon eight hours going through as 
many miles. I. found almost every thing in my trunk had got wet, but I was too glad to get 
a country cot and a littlo grass spread on it to trouble myself about these matters. 

His servant joined him by road from Handia, ahout 16 miles. Leaving tho 
boats next day to work Lliruugh the channels between the wooded and rocky islands, 
he found his way down by land 

to Poonghaut which was vol, live miles distant. I proceeded through, the junglo, and saw 
a cheetal and some rod deer a . ... I arrived at Poonghaut at half-past, s-ovon o'clock, and my 
baggage which came by an inland route made its appearance half an hour afterwards. I 
felt very anxious about the people in the boat, who did not, arrive. ..till. ..12 o'clock on the 
20th. They had got within three miles.. .when they found it impossible from the rocky- 
nature of the bed of the river to make further progress, and slept on one of the islands. 

20th May. Halted Poonghaut. ... Sent people to try and carry a couple of small boats 
below tho falls, but they failed, assuring me before Lhoy made the attempt that it was im- 
practicable. 

21st. The fall is twelve or fourteen foot. Having provided floats to meet mei at Pant- 
kftira, I embarked on two tied together, and went down tho river which is very narrow and 
rocky, with deep pools and rapids, passable with difficulty . ... Arrived Palassy 2 P.M. 

22nd. Having met with an acoident yesterday, this morning... by land to Mmiassa — ... 
pain of my foot — carried on a country cot — arrived at Panassa at 1 1 o'clock on 23rd — rockiness 
in bed of river, and lack of water. P.apids from Dharee to Sylaunee with little exception. ... 
These rapids have always a rocky bed over which the water rushes with considerable 
velocity — six or seven miles an hour — great exertion to force a boat up a current of this kind. 

24th May. From Dharee to Syhmnco, in boats sent, up Irian Sylaunee. 

25th. Sylonee to .Uaudattah ; two rapids. Dharee to Mnndleysir. pj-is^ige fairly nsgy, 
and open to navigation. 
Here Synie died exactly six weeks later. 

Another Madras officer who contributed was St. John Blacker, younger brother 
to Valentine, Quartermaster General of the Madras army. He was. 2nd Assistant 
bo the Resident with Sindhia, and commanded a contingent of 2,000 cavalry which 
that chief placed at the service of the Commander-in-Chief. The surveys he 
collected, or made himself, were generally of "parts of the country which appeared 
least known and were blank in the latest maps" [ 287 ] 3 . 

Malcolm further writes of his map ; 

Much has been accomplished. ; ... but. ..in a great measure either during a state of actual 
hostility, or by officers who were charged. ..at the same time with either military or political 
duties, and without.., the instruments necessary for greatest perfection. 

Several extensive triangles, however, and a large proportion of the principal loads and 
places have been surveyed. ... Though few places have.. .[ been ] fixed, or their position 



1 MlifiM-. 



. 11 -5-18. 



'fi,:!,tl ... 



'DD11. 144 ( 377 ). 12-10-1!*, MRTO. 81 ( I 



86 Central Indian Plateau 

corrected, by astronomicid observations, yet throe surveys ( by as many o facers ) having 
been carried on nearly at tho same period, whose routes often intersected each other, a 
i-iLtifiVu't.-.iry descrec of accuracy iras thus obtained. ... 

A great do-il nioro... remains to be done, such as completion tho areas of tho triangles, 
filling up the intermediate hianks between the several kir^c surveyed roads, and connecting 
' tho course of the principal rivers and their tributa-'-k'n. For completing t-his wort: I desire to 
establish, by observation of the celestial bodies, the latitude and longitude of the principal 
places.. .from which to adjust the whole survey. Several countri.";... remain yet uninvestigated. 
I allude particularly to the boundaries of Malwa, and those extensive hilly tracts, or ghauts, 
which separate it on all sides from it's neighbours, ... and the whole course of the Nurbuddah 
through this province. ... 

In the groat extent of the continent and peninsula of India, no province has till lately 
been ao totally unknown to Europeans, and none perhaps has excited greater interest, than 
Malwa.. It was thirty years ago a blank in our best maps and, though it has been considerably 
elucidated by the qo.-^raphjral investigiitkttu of Major General Reynolds [ I, 126, 217-9 ], ... 
still his means were very limited and, in fast, the obstacles he had to contend with were so 
great that I am loss astonishod at his numerous errors and deficion'ies, than at the great 
quantity of materials and degree of accuracy he obtained. 

Before we on'.ercl the province. Captain Tod had Uviottvod with hot'] r.on\ and talent to 
illustrate it's geography [II, 55-6], but his opportunities were also limited by difficulties 
■that armies could alone overcome. ... 

I am not a scientific man myself, but. ( know enough to bo very alive to the importance 
of promoting science by every research within our power. ... Tt is a duly we DW6 Europe, and 
should be performed as well as attention to other principles ( r;-.i.r forget, turn the necessity of 
economy ) will admit 1 . 

The map was completed in 1821 in eight sheets, 4 miles to the inch, with an index to 
place-names, and sent to London for publication on reduced scale [ 84 ] 2 . 

The surveys made in 1818 by John Forbes Paton [ II, 436 ], of the "routes of 
a detachment under the command of Maj General Brown, in pursuit of pmdaries" 
are remarkable for the coloured sketches of forts and strongholds by which 
they are decorated [ pi. 2 ] 3 . 

Valentine Blacker, who was on field service us Quartermaster General through- 
out the war, compiled a detailed history of it, illustrated by maps for which he was 
greatly indebted t-o tho extra labours of all the officers of the Q.Al.G.'s department. The maps 
which accompany this work are... superior to any that have ever bean published respecting 
Central India. For their construction front a mass of detached materials he is indebted to the 
intelligent and diligont aid (Jorived from Capt. T, P. Ball, a.Gj.m.q. 4 . 

These comprised 8 maps and 30 plans, compiled by Thomas Ball [ II, 320 ], and 
fair drawn by James Blechynden in Calcutta. They were "all engraved under 
the inspection of Mr. Arrowsmith in London ", on scales from 20 to 60 miles to an 
inch ; very clear and full of detail ; most of them in a special volume. A brief 
description of this notable collection is given in a later chapter [ 282 ; pi. 20 n. ] 6 . 



Quartermaster General's Officers, Bengal, 1822-30 

From 1817 the Quartermaster General of the Bengal army was allowed a cadre 
of officers for survey of roads and communications, and other departmental duties. 
When specially required, these officers might be placed on regular surveys under 
the orders of the Surveyor General, but otherwise their surveys were only passed 
to him for mapping purposes after the Quartermaster General had abstracted all 
information needed for military purposes [ 3, 302 ]. 

In 1821, Hodgson, who had suyecoded as Surveyor Gom-nil. proposed that these 
officers should extend their operations south and west of the Company's boundaries ; 
each pair of officers being allotted a definite section of about 100 miles square 
[201 ]- In pursuance, and in extension, of this policy, several officers were sent 



3UA.RTKRMAST.EK GENERAL^ OeEICEKS, BeNQ 



87 



Many road surveys have 

ts, copies of which would 



out during the next few years 1 . Alexander Gerard surveyed an area southwards 
from Agra— Sandys and Hall, the Jaipur area 2 — Beeher and Robb made similar 
surveys between Allahabad, Jubbuipore, Nagpur, and S a ugor 3 — William Garden 
surveyed passes over the Vindhya Hills— and Hugh llnrrieson the country between 
Nimach and Kotah* [ 335-7 ]. 

Other surveys include one by Bellew " of the route of Lt Colonel Lockett, Agent 
to the Governor General, from Ajmere to Jessulmeer, thence through Sirohi l " 
to Jesselmecr" 6 — another by John Neufville in 1827 from Kalpi through f 
Nimach 6 , Udaipur and Sirohi to Sind. 

Many of these surveys were favourably commented upon by Everest as Surveyor 
General in 1832. They were not only important from a military point of view but 
were appreciated by civil officers. In 1826 the a.g.g. at Jubbuipore asked for 
copies of 

all the surveys of roads in the Saugor arid Nerbudda Territories. 
...been made in the Quarter Master General's and survey departi 

be of infinite service to me at present, and would prevent much unnecessary delay and 
trouble in detemmiing the direction of... projected roads, the commencement of which will 
necessarily be retarded if wo are obliged to wait for now surveys of each [ 27 ]'. 
He asked for a special survey ; 

Although the Jubulgoor District extends to the eastward at least one hundred miles from- 
Jubulpoor, the map of the country hi that direction is a perfect blank, ami we are, as yet 
in total ignorance regard i rig the eosl-crn boundary. ... T am in hopes that Government will 
be pleased to allow Mr. 01 liver, the officer in charge of the Trigonometrical Survey, who is 
at present employed in establishing a. series of geographical stations eastward in the latitude 
of 24° north [ 261-4 ], to extend his triangles as far south as 2.T, from SO" to Si!" east longitude, 
when. ..there would not ho nvuuli difficulty in filling up the blank 8 . 

On the Surveyor General's advice, no change was made in Olliver's programme, 
but Richard Home, fcnen stationed at Jubbuipore, compiled a map 9 which, though 
"mainly from information obtained from natives", was much appreciated- 

It was to him. [ Home ] a work of much time and labour, and formed with great care 'and 
ability out of material collected by himself, combined with such as he found available from 
surveys made by professional trend emeu. ... Considering t,h,, imperfbet.. .state of all the mater- 
ials available, with the exception of what were furnished by Captain Kobb's professional 
survey, ...I have found Captain Homo's map wonderfully correct and, though he is now in 
Europe for the recovery of his health, arid made this map purely from feelings of friendship for 
you, when you were in charge of this district, and without any view to remuneration, Govern- 
ment would por!,aps...bo gratified to have an opportunity of rewarding labours so eminently 
useful 10 . 

Home's map was passed for comment to the Surveyor General, who recommended 
him for a reward of Its. 500, calling it 

a creditable performance ; it contains some new information in one part, and is more complete 
in others than the map of that district hi this office. ... It has not been corrected by astro- 
nomical observations which would have increased it's value but, as many places in the map 
have been determined by the Great Trigonometrical Survey, the errors... might easily be 
rectified 11 . 



Central India & Rajfutana, 1819-30 

Amongst the officers of the Quartermaster General's department working 
under the Surveyor General [336], James Johnstone had started on a survey of 
Bhopal under the direction of the Political Agent who, in April 1819, submitted 
a plan of the fort of Kareya, and a very accurate sketch of the pargannah of Bairseeah 1 *. 
Tlu's part of Malwa affords a field.. Jess explored than almost any other part of Hindostan" 

1 SG.'s letter of 21-11-2], and instructions of 21 -1-22. ' MR 1.0. 82 (IS -6 ) : S3 ( 4S-H 52)-Rfi lifll 
= :h. 7J |7) : 7J(3,13j : 7.M2l) i 70(,12);7fi(4T) i hl(14.4T);S4 ( S, » ). V ih . iw 27 ) i 8 roh ' 
45 D/13, 25 m. X. of Ml.. Abu. UDn. 2si ( L>*1 ). 12 -1-33 . "Nini^k, 4<i f,Q5 ; map MRIO 84 5 '" 
*DDn. 203 (47), 16-9-26. -]>!>:,. i'I7( [26 ), 9-13-27 i BIG 3-1-28. - MR JO 7S ( 30 ) loft™ 
Slccman, PA. to AGG., 9-2-80. "BTC. 16-3-80. '-fera™, 55 E/ti. lW) ' &OTB 



88 Central Indian Plateau ' 

and... Lieu tenant Johnston has been for some months laboriously.... -an- veymg Che country, 
and at a vary considerable expense in procuring the requisite instruments 1 . 

In asking the Surveyor General to give professional instructions, Government 
stipulated that 

the survey. ..of Bhopaul, or other foreign coiintvlos, liiiiat depend ontiroiy on the pleasure of 
their respective sovereigns. Lieutenant Johnston... will submit himself on that point to the 
direction of the.. .accredited Agents of Government in that quarter^. 

Johnstone's work which Malcolm used for his map of Malwa [ 84 ] included 
"valuable communications., .regarding the soil, cultivation, and inhabitants" 3 . In 
November 1822 the Surveyor General recommended that lie should extend his 
survey southwards [ 202 ] ; 

He regularly sent in his field books, and I have received the map of the province and a 
memoir. ... I have from time to time instructed Captain Johnston in the manner of executing 
his duty, and I consider him as a zealous and improving surveyor. ... 

I think favorably of Captain Johnston's discretion, and trust that he will not give offence 
to the rulers of those states through which operai.it.11 is must be conducted, but. ..it may be 
thought expedient:.. to explain through the political authorities that his duty is merely of 
a general geographical nature 4 . 

In 1850 Waugh reported that Johnstone's survey was "certainly one of the best 
and most detailed geographical documents we possess" 6 . 

In 1822 Rowland Ferguson offered to survey Surguja 6 , covering 

the populous and powerful districts of Kooreeah, Odoypoor and Mohree'. This line of country 
consists of many romantic valleys and numerous large and beautiful rivers, with whose 
source and termination we are little acquainted. The survey should commence at Sirgoojah- 
Nuggur, proceeding in a south-westerly direction as far as Ruttunpoor 8 . ... The next object 
...should be the source of that wide and remarkable river, the Hudsoo 9 , which is conjectured to 
take its rise from.. .the same mountain which gives birth to the Mahanuddee and Soane Rivers. 

From that point the survey should strike down in a south-easterly direction to Odeypoor, 
from tlience to Gatigpur, and from Gangpoor to that amph [theatrical valley formed by the 
mountains called Myn Pat 10 . These mountains are remarkable for a tableland of great beauty, 
and for almost every variety of soil and climate. Their height by... barometrical measurement 
might then be ascertained. ... 

The whole survey here detailed might be finished in two or three seasons ; it would add 
■considerably to our geographical knowledge, and would afford us an opportunity of becoming 
better acquainted with a people remarkable far many peculiarities of character 11 . 

In obtaining sanction to these pnj[Jo;sal:i the Surveyor General commented that 
by Captain Jackson's surveyed route we already know the direct line of communication 
between Cuttack and Nagpoor [ 27-8 ] ; and the officers of the Ramghur Battalion have at 
different times surveyed the roads between Ramghur and Sumbulpoor [11,44]. These... 
are only mere lines of route, and do not tend to give that full laiowledge of the countries 
under our influence which swns desirable. 

Of the country of Sumbhulpoor we know little, and less of Sirgoojah. ... That country 
is remarkable for containing within it a very high, and a probably salubrious, table land 
called Myn Pat, and also the sources of several considerable rivers, ... a knowledge of which 
...cannot fail to be of use. 
The survey was completed in 1323." 

In January 1822 Irvine, of the Engineers, was appointed to survey " the sources 
of the Nerbuddah, Soane, and Taptee, rivers", which He in the Chattisgarh plateau 
on the borders of Bilaspur and Rewah. Hodgson had pointed out that 
the ascertainment of the heads and sources of great rivers may be ..leemod highly interesting. ... 

The sources of the Ganges, Jumna, and other rivers, originating in the snowy mountains, 
have been latelv explored, but we are as yet in doubt respecting tna true origin of three very 
large and noted rivers, the Nerbuddah, Soane, and ilahanuddy [ I, 30 ]. Hitherto political 
rather than physical ofestaofeo have prevented men of science from obtaining that knowledge, 
but at present. ..no difficulties exist on the former head, and very few on the latter. 

iDDn. 144 ( 187), 4-1-19. =ib. ( 413 ), 27-11-19, BGC. 3 DDn. 191 ( 278 ), 25-B-31. * DDn. 198 
M31I 11-11-2" ' "MnpO.IIlin. SI (2-: 1751) S2 {7, IS ) 83 ( 1-3). I'll. [>!>"• 542(166), 20-10-50. 
*T)Dil 195 (89), 3-r>-2L';BGa ; Korea., (U 1 ■ Udjupu-, 04 J.M. MOra.X of Bilaspur, 01 J ,/4. 
•Hasdo R rises >'iIT/T: jnins Mahauudi, 04 Kill). '■■' M;,iu !';it, 04 N/15 w.t 3.500 ft. "DDn. 198(73), 
■>2-4-22 1! it. ( 70 ), 2fi-4 -22 ; Map 1 m. tn .m indi, If RIO. 78 ( 23 ). 



Central India & Rajtutana 



According to a vulgarly roceived op in ion... the Soano and Nerbuddah are supposed to 
spring from the same pool near Amereuntuc [ I, 29, 30 ], and to take opposite courses, but 
this is not at all probable. I think it likely that they must originate from the opposite sides 
of the same ridge or table land of Amereuntuc, anil as the heads of the Mahamiddee and many 
other streams are not far distant, it is evident that the elevation of the country must be 
great, and to determine it is very desirable [ II, pis. 1, 24 ]. 

Suggesting that the survey should follow the Narbada as far as Hoshangabad 
[84] and give the correct position of Nagpur, Hodgson "observed that the country 
between the parallels of the Nerbuddah and Nagpur is very wild, and .1 minute 
actual survey of the whole cannot be expected " 1 . 

For the aurvey of Agra [ 26-7 ] he proposed 
that Lieut. Alexander Gerard.. .be employed to make a geographical survey, corrected by 
daily astronomical ou.-.e-rvytii ms, of the countries comprehended by the lines drawn from Jey- 
pour, east to Agra, from thence south by Gwalior to Nurwar, and thence west to Boondee, 
and from Boomlee to ihe 110ri.l1 to Jcynour [ 202 ]. 

When the outline is. completed the detail will be filled up. ..and the height of each halting 
place will be determined by barometrical observations. But, before Lieut. Gerard proceeds 
to complete the detail of the above tract, a great service will be rendered to geography if he 
be ordered to proceed from Nurwar, south to Peron;-e and Khopaul, ii-nd thence west to Augein 1 ; 
from Augein... Kota, and Tonk, to Jeypour ; thus... forming an accurate skeleton map, which 
may bo filled up by other surveyors of less experience 3 . 

In approving these proposals Government ordered that Gerard should come under 
the orders of Sir David Oehterlony [ II, 62-5, go ], Resident at Indore. 

He left Sabathu in October and worked down to Agra where he stayed for two 
months, taking barometer and other observation at the Taj. Starting again at 
the end of January, he ran his survey through Gwalior and Sironj to Bhopal. He 
returned to Gwalior on the 2nd June 1824, and stayed there three months, laid up 
with fever [ 204 ]. Reporting on his work Hodgson stressed the importance of having 
such preliminary framework laid out by a surveyor of high professional skill ; 

Important lines have been determined... by officers when attending armies, and some 
parts have been filled in from information ; but these methods require the verification of surveys 
carefully carried on at full leisure in times of peace, and corrected by precise astronomical 
observations made by officers of skill. ... 

During the last season that zealous and skilful officer [Gerard] determined by very 
laborious, but exact, methods, the true positions of the places lying on and near the meridian 
line from Agra to Bopaul, ... but. ..soon after he had completed this. ..he was attacked by 
severe illness, the consequence of fatigue and exposure, and the department will be deprived 
of his valuable services as lie has hicly signified his intention of resigning 4 . 

After some months, however, on political duty under the Resident, Gerard 
resumed the survey and sent in 

an abstract of tin' survey f-om A.Lrra to Xocmuch. ... From Aqrc. lo .Toy poor must be considered 
only aa an appro xi in sit inn to the truth, hi nsaHy as can lie ilel.omiined by a measured lino of so 
great an extent in an east and west- direct ion, and laying often through a very stony country. 

From Jeypoor to Kota-, being almost north and south, and the country particularly favor- 
able for the method of latitudes and azimuths, I look upon it to be accurately determined 
or at least- very nearly so. 

From Kota to Neemuch, by far the greater part of the way lays through a very woody 
and mountainous tract, where it was frequently impossible to soo above two or three hundred 
yards on any side, and the survey may bo considered aa correct as it could be made in such a 
country, where astronomical observations were comparatively of very little use, by reason 
of the line being far from the meridian and the number of windings of the road very great. 

The exact longitude of Seronge will be determined by Captain Everest when he arrives 
there in Decomber or January [ -245-<"> ] and, as it will be a matter of considerable importance 
to get a point as far to the westward as possible aCOurflSely fixed, ... I intend, in conjunction 
with Captain Everest, to fix Neemuch in this manner and, if I have leisure to visit Jeypoor 
or even Kota, the whole space comprehended between Agra, Jeypoor, Neemuch, and Bhopal, 
will be exactly known 5 . 



i». ( 131 ), 22-10-33 ; 



90 Cbstbal Indian Plateau 

From November 1824 Gerard was again employed on political duty, but when 
the Resident asked for an accurate survey of the Satpura Range and the Narbada 
River, Blacker suggested Gerard for a task that would require preliminary 
fcriangulation, and at least two assistants 1 . By the time Gerard became available 
Hodgson had succeeded as Surveyor General and insisted that Mahva and Rajpu- 
tana should take priority ; 

It is certainly desirable that a correct knowledge should he obtained of the places in. ques- 
tion, but it is more to [ the point ] that We should have an. exact survey of the whole of Malwa 
and Ttajpnotana. ... 

Captain Gerard.. .laid down the line from Agra to Bopaul in a manner highly creditable 
...and surmounl.t'd many diftiiailtios, which arose Ooni 1 he porp I odn ■_.•... o I i;m;ios in the magnetic 
variation, caused by the abundance of iron ore in the hi Us near Gwalior. ... He waa, in 
consequence, obliged to give up all reliance on the magnetic needle, and to proceed by the 
difficult and laborious method of rfetesmining every portion of the line by azimuths of the 
pole star or sun, (..racing the alignment bo {'out id hv flags find the explosion of rockets. 
[iS 2 - 3 , 189]*. ... 

Captain Gerard was ohlipxl to ili-iiiontmue his operations on account 'if ill health, but now, 
seems to be sufficiently recovered to resume them. 

Gerard was, accordingly, "appointed Surveyor in ilalwa and Rajputftna, with 
a staff allowance of SOU lis. a month, and. ..allowed two assistants, who also are 
to be commissioned officers" 3 . The two officers were not forthcoming but ap- 
prentices were supplied instead. Leaving Calcutta in October 1826, he reached 
Fatehgarh by boat, and then made a run to Agra by palanquin dak to obtain the 
difference of longitude by chronometer [ 180 ]. 

The dawk journey from "Ftitteligur to Agra and back, ... to find the difference of longitude 
by transference of time, brought on a severe return of a fever which I had almost the whole 
way from Calcutta to Benares, and which had troubled me every year for these last six 
years. I was at that time unable to return. ..by dawk, so I marched. When the fever left 
mo... I— proceed od... to Khii.sgun.ge. ... 

I had an attack of fever at Khasguugu which determined me to return to Agra as soon as 
possible, so after irettin;; an observation for the time I returned. ..on the night of the 7th, having 
during the whole journey with little inform is* ion been in a severe fever, which has continued 
to this hour 4 . 

He was then held up at Agra by sickness for several months and, failing 
to give explanations that satisfied the Surveyor General, was discharged from 
August 1827. 

NlGPUR, 1822-31 

Under the treaty of 181S after the defeat of the usurper Appa Sahib, the nine- 
year-old Eaghuji III succeeded to the Nagpur throne, and his territories 5 were 
administered by the British Resident till he should come of age. The area now 
known as Eerar was transferred from Nagpur to the Nizam [II, 133 n. I ] but the 
revenues and the administration were assigned to the British to meet the expencos 
of the subsidiary force. Certain districts ceded by the Peshwa and Nagpur were 
transferred to the British, and administered as "The Saugor and Narbada Terri- 
tories" by an Agent to the Governor General. Bastar and the Chattisghar States 
to the east were removed from allegiance to the Nagpur Raja, to be controlled 
by the British Resident. 

In November 1819 the Resident asked for a survey of all Nagpur territories 
which he said would be 

more than repaid... .by procuring for the several superintendents. ..ini'oru.aliori of the provinccv; 
under their management, of which they are now much in want. Major Agnew 8 particularly 

■DDn. 193 (67), 33-11-34) SO* (155), 14-4-35; (212 ) 22-10-35. s ib. 204 ( 255), 18-8-26. »tb. 

211 ( 32), S-9-26. ''from Taj Hnhiil, As/us, Sij 4 -7 ; l'l.Dii. -CI ( S-'-itJ i. ■"'(.',). upris in <_' the districts of 

Ciiiiiruhviira, Nil spur, W;ii-.ili:i. < hanli, Jliiiiri.iiirii. li."ii:]^i.at. Uililspur, Itaipur, and Drug. These districts 
passed to the British on the dai.tli of" Llajflmji TIT in. 1S.1H. to form pan of tin- CeiUod Provinces. "Wro. 

A L -nevv( 177S ■!«:().. lif'ii.Tnf., Kna. 17ft., Maj. 1S1K. 



Naqpue 



91 






I be a s. 



Etll our maps. Most of the 
a dot ermine tho boundaries 



requires a knewfeflge of Chuteeegarh, which is nearly i 
lands are still unmeasured. ... 

It is, beetles, ... highly de-jir.ibti that ther.? s 
of the Company's and Rajah's territories 1 [ 3 ]. 

Alexander Stewart [II, 443 ] wad appointed In 1.822 and eminne.nced triangulation 
an & base measured by the late Lieutenant Colonel hiimbton at Takulkhera near Ellichpoor 
[ 232 ; pi. 18 J, but the total want of nssistunee rendered it impossible for him to make any 
effectual progress for s-ome time... though Lieutenants Frankland arid MeLeod 2 , of His 
Majesty's service, were appointed, early in 1823. ... Lieut. Frank-land's delicate health did not 
permit him to take a part in the labour of it, and he soon went to the Cape of Good Hope 
on sick certificate, on id. Lion!:. MeLeotl was at the Cape when appended, and resigned short! v 
after his arrival at Nagpore, without having benefitted tho ;,uri^v ijy his. exertions. 

Lieutenant Norris 3 was also appointed, but his scrv^es wtre required during this season 
to survey the late Resident's route to the source of the alu.hanuddee and Xcrl mdda ■[ 8g }. 

The survey consequently cannot, he said to have actually commenced till the season of 
1823-24, when, the serviaes of Lieutenant-; Xorris |" and Westers ] being available, ... Captain 
Stewart employed himself in determining tri gorier-net ileal points', whilst t bey were occupied in 
completing a detail survey of the pergunnahs bordering on the Wurda 5 but, Lieut. "Weston 
having been temporarily withdrawn... for... a perambulator survey of the northern boundary, 
...the progress. ..did not equal the expectations of the superintendent, whose zeal for the 
advancement of the laborious undertaking this year cost him his life. 

Stewart died at Na.gpur in May 1824 and, 

•in taking charge of the dep.-irt.mont, ... Lieut. W.rris found that.. .about five thousand square 
miles had been surveyed tngonometrically, not more than three thousand of which was 
completed in detail, and that the survey of the northern boundary by Lieut. Weston had 
been discontinued... in the Nerbudda valley in consequence of tho dangerous illness of that 
officer, who nearly fell a sacrifice 1,0 the insalubrity of the jungles. ... His continued delicate 
State of health depriving "tie; deuartinoiit of his more active services during I. ho greater part of 
the season 1824 i 2;1, he was employed by order 0: the Resident in faking a minute survey of 
the city of Nn.gponr ami i i.s environs 6 . 

After completing his excellent map of the city in 18-25, Weston rejoined the main 
survey which 

during the two following seasons advanced with great rapidity over a most wild and difficult 
country and, although tho late dangerous illness 01 the superintendent [N orris "| and almost 
all his establishment prevented his entering the jungles so early this year as he had usually 
done, the result.. .at the end. of tin's sen-son will prove that no time has been lost. ... 

Tho progress of the work would, however, Have Usee materially advanced had the aid of 
a few sub -ass is bants qualified tu undertake the plain table survey been obtained since ita 
commencement, but every application hitherto for sueu aid has been proved unsuccessful', & 
Lieut. Weston has of necessity been occupied on this inferior duty. ... 

The trigonometrical net 9 , from its commencement at the base near Ellichpoor to the 
meridian of the most easterly point yet determined, ...measures I!)7 British miles and, from 
the most northern point near Garurwara to the fort of Chanda, 191 miles. It comprehends 
a tract of tho INfagporo country of upwards of 2il,O0Q square miles, including the entire 
districts of Nag poor... below the Ghauts, and the Wein Gunga, nearly the whole of Deogurh 
Ballaghaut, and i.he greatest portion cjf..,Ch.anda, where it is still in progress in a south-easterly 
direction. ... It is possible that stations may be determined as far south as the junction of 
the Wein Gunga with the Preeneeta B . 

The triangular observations would have included a much greater extent of c 
not the superintendent been obliged to assist at the detail survey. 

The survey which was on the one-inch scale had 
for its northern boundary the great range of Ghauts which rta 
the Wourda' to the Wei.11 Gunga. On the west and south- v 
separates it from Ellichpoor and the dominions of His High.ru- 
range of hills... divides it from Chutteesgnrh, and confines it 



s in an easterly direct ion from. 

3St it has trie Wourda-, which 

s the Nizam, and an extensive 

n the east. In this tract is 1 



prehended the whole district, at present under the management of His Highness the Rajah. ... 

1 DDn. 145 ( 37 ), 21-11-19. - Fretiurii-lc Wm. Frj.nl dan;! ( 1 703-1 SIS ), C:int-. TT..\T. 20th Foot 6-9-22 • 
8th Bart. 1849— Cl'.sis. Ru-a.a'kk M;;Lced, H..M. :jm,ii 1-V.ot, l.ii^t. 24-11 -lbs. - Writer of this report (dated 

14-4-28). *Fdbl;. DDn. 170, M 234. J Man, J.IiU.O. 07 j 1!) ). S in. to innh. 'Plan, 200 yards to an 
inch, MRIO. ISS CM:): shoe's Sit.ihaldi Hill. T s so fiesdt. in Sfh, OOn. L'i3[H2|, IV.-ember '.S n 5 
s Breisi™ of trimieies, DDn. [76, M 234 ; 270 ( 87 ). 'at Seoni, 56M/I4. 



92 Central Indian Plateau 

The survey of this most important tract of the Nagpoor territories lias been completed 
by Lieutenant* Norris and Wanton, assisted by one pupil 1 ( whose services till last year were 
of little advantage ) 2 . 

Nottis submitted the above report in April 1828, with an estimate of the amount 
of work completed and still remaining. Out of an area of about 65,000 square 
miles belonging to the Raja, not more than 37,000 produced any revenue, of 
which about 20,000 was surveyed by 1828. 

The survey has not yot extended beyond the country yielding revenue, nearly half of which... 
has been completed, but before any definite period can be named for the conclusion of the 
whole, it is necessary to know if the extorsive zemindarles under Chanda, and those of Bustar 
and Karoude, etc., in Chatteesgurh...are to be included. ... 

The detail survey of the entire tract of country yielding revenue on this side of Chuttees- 
gurh will...be completed duvmg next season, and possibly the tri go no metrical observations 
may be extended through the Chanda 7,omindar'ios, and by Kakair 3 and.. .Bustar, towards 
Ryepoor, but, as numerous impediments' are to be expected in so desert and unhealthy a 
region, its advancement, must be considered extremely pi-ocarious. ... 

As the survey baa advauoed, various maps have been compiled, but as no well-defined 
tract has been completed in detail till very lately, none of them contain the entire portion. 
... A map is now in progress on a scale of four miles to an inch, and when finished will be 
placed at the Resident's disposal. ft will comprise the whole of the detail survey west of 

tho meridian 81" E contained between the parallels 19° 45' and 22° North, ...and will 

contain all the country below the ghats, and west of Chutteesgurh, from which revenue is 
derived. 

Maps on the same scale, and in portions of one degree of latitude to one of longitude, shall 
be prepared for the Surveyor General's office when the Resident's copy is finished, ...but 
if a person could be sent from that office. ..much time and labour would be saved. 

On the young Raja's assumption of full power from 1st June 1830, the survey 
was to bo closed down, European staff discharged, and instruments handed over to 
the Resident [ 90 ]. With his final report Norris asked for the Surveyor General's 

instructions... for the... satisfactory arrangement of tho vast extent of geographical detail. ..in 
my possession. ... 

The very little assistance 1 have lately had in consequence of the long absence of Mr. Weston 
on sick leave ; the accidental death, nearly two years ago, of tho only draughtsman who had 
ever been attached to the department ; and the constant delicate health of the sub -assistant 1 , 
necessarily Compelled me to undertake not only the whole trigonometrical, hut the greater 
part of the plane table, survey. ... Unless time and opportunity are allowed ma to complete 
my calculations and compile maps, 1 shall hnvo only a confusod mas 3 of geographical detail 
...which...can only bo arranged by me, who have had the uninterrupted management of the 
whole for sis years. 

The great importance... of a minute survey of 23,000 square miles.. .which had previously 
been little known to European authority, will, I doubt not, be a sufficient inducement for you 
to favour our proceedings for a few months, ... that I may be permitted to retain charge of 
the records...till I can present them to yon in a clear and satisfactory state. ... 

At least six months will bo required after the l&t June to tfompiia maps for tho Court 
of Directors, the Government, your office, and tho Resident at Bagpore, ... Mr. Weston may 
be associated with me ; ... his abilities as a draughtsman are first-rate. ... A lithographic 
copy of the whole survey will materially facilitate the preparation of the maps, ... and ensure 
their prompt and correct delineation, and. ..save infinite trouble and... expense 5 . 

The full material comprised 61 sections on the one-inch scale with an index 
map, and a set of reductions on the half-inch scale 8 . They are all beautifully 
drawn in colours, and some are heavily shaded [ pi. 10 ]. The area covered 
roughly corresponds with the present districts of the Central Provinces, omitting 
areas north of parallel 22° and east of the Bagh river and the southern stretches 
of the Wainganga [82, pi. 17]. ft does not cover Berar, which between 1803 and 
1853 formed part of tho Aixam's dominions [ 91 ]. 

The Surveyor General, Henry Walpole, expressed satisfaction with 

its various details ; ... it reflects great credit on the skill and perseverance of the two individuals 

1 not identified, 
popil a.lsov» referred Co i 
foctionn, MRtO. 1!>8, A & n ; reductions 78 I 20-42 ] 78 ( 1-22 >. 



NAGPUR TERRITORIES 



Reproduced from one-inch survey carried out under Frank Morris 
between 1824 and 1830 [90-3]- Bused on triangulation started by 
Alexander Stewart [ II, 443 ] from I, amnion's triangles. 
Drawn by John Cornelius, 







y of 2.1,000 square miles 



NaGPTTR 

who have completed with so little assistance a mint 

eoimtry, the greater part of which had been previously unexploi 

.t EmclZ,, 8 *' ^r^i 7. * '™8»Wion depending on Colonel Lambton'a measured has. 

at ilhohpoor The theodolite which w„ employed i„ ,.[,„ p llm ary triples i, of . ., ,„r 

kind having been expressly ordered from Europe by Colonel Lambton, and wa, pnrotaS 
for the IVagpore Survey at the sale of his effects [ 236 ]. 

A series of secondary point, bay. been determined by a smaller theodolite of ordhwy 
construct™. The dotal ha. been taken up by mean, of the plane-table in section, ofS 
2pr=°..° " " '° " ""• ■"•■ "" ^W" f»'™ have been well 

.Lonsetri^ n.1 ■ ' "'" T ""'^ «™~ l « ' <° I"*— • *«*«* •* their tri- 

srsssrsss.: * *""■*"• — ■ - * °~>** - — » «» **> - 

Morris and Weston were allowed six months at Calcutta from August 1830 
specra rates 01 pay being fixed as they were not servants of the Company As a 
Ea,t™P \ I Tf"" S* " 00 "o 011 *° °°™ r Welling expenses from 
With the help of John Cornelius, who had been with the survey from the hegiimm. 
and who prmted the names "a very tedious part", the map* was delivered withta 
the stipulated period, and the final records submitted on March 1831 

The Directors had some qualms about having left the Kagpur State to bear the 
lull expense oi the survey ; 

A trigonometrical survey of the Magpore Territory would no doubt have been highly 
bonrfcial ,f the country had continued under British management, and I, oven now SS 
although more ,0 to ourselves than to the Rajah. But, in mating him pay the wbo'e rftbt 
.xpenoe, we have done what would have been scarcely justinabl, if we bad then contemplated 
withdrawing, almost before the survey was completed 3 . ivempiated 

Everest who was now Surveyor General, and always exacted a very high 
th*e"trian ulatToii WU °" "^ ^^ '" ™* k ° * °" oful eiami iation of 

You...will jointly examine th. work of Captain Stewart and Lieut.. Morris and Weston 
compnsmg a not of triangles originating f,„m the T.k.I Kbera base, and .Io,in„ in with my 
panto, ... m order thai the real yalne of those operation, may be explained in as precis" and 
clear a manner as possible lor the information of the Honorable Coinh ,-,r Directors 

rripnom.teieil operation,...,,, not worthy which will not bear test; they would b. 
ST"^ H* ," y , ""," ," °"" P " 6 "'"' "•''•'" b "*™S "'» ™» 'lost-nUion, and must 
"*,""° "" W " '" el "J «™P— » whh rout, and perambulator survey., ,„d „.„„„ 
reoonnais,,anei.s. 11, therefore, you find 0,1 examination that those operations are defective 
ur osef° y °° P '°°' >< * 1 " °"- irM " ">" wth » »ffordiug data for geographical 

Lastly your opinion as to the gener 
rate at which it. proceeded*. 

The result of this examination was thus summarized by Waugh in 1858 at the 
tune when a revenue survey of the Central Provinces was proposed ■ 

I ment.on at one. the clear impression I retain of the result of the examination which wa, 
instituted by Colonel Wilcox and myself 26 year, ago. W, were of opinion that the topograph 
wa. valuable and highly creditable to Messrs. Morris and Weston, but the triaugulation was, 
of mforior order imperfect, and executed by an observer ignorant of the us, and adjuMment 
oi an instriiinen! of the class which he employed. 

Hi. angle book, contained evidence recorded by himself of hi. ignorance of geodetic in,, 
trument, of tb.it order ami, snob being the ca,e, his t™ ,,„la,,„„ „.,. deemed unworthy of 
incorporation with the (beat Trigeuomoirical Survey'. J 

„, „' DD °. "J ( » I' »-'-»» i*W 21-7-80 ; B Pol 0. ■ en .-inch ,„d Snail. ,„!„, 76 ( J,-50 I ■ 78 



s of the execution of the detail, and the average 



CHAPTER VII 



MADRAS SURVEYS 



He-organization, 1815-7 —Military Institution, 1815-6 — Guntur Circar, 
1817-9 — Coorg, 1815-7 — Pondichnrry <& Mud-ran- — Northern drears : MasuMpatam 
j. T}zin mi ,,nA<nf t 1815-23 — Vizagapatam & Ganjam, 1824-30- 



fT\SE topographical surveys of Madras Presidency ran more efficiently and 
I smoothly than those of Bengal for several reasons [ II, 130 }. 

Firstly. — There were no major wars within the Presidency after the fall of 
Tipu in 1799. 

Secondly. — There was an establishment of trained country-born assistants 
[I, 382-4; II, 340-52]. 

Thirdly. — There was a body of military officers trained in mathematics and 
survey at the Military Institution [ II, 314-21 ]. 

Fourthly. — Colin Mackenzie, who had been employed continuously on survey 
since 1792, and became Surveyor General in 1810, insisted on the organization of 
surveys 011 systematic lines. He allotted definite administrative areas to organized 
parties, each led by an experienced military officer, with several sub -assistants or 
assistant surveyors and an interpreter [4]. 

With such an organized party, each survey could carry on continuously till 
the area was completed even if the officer in charge fell sick or died, whereas in 
Bengal the sickness or transfer of the surveyor in charge usually meant the abandon- 
ment of the survey [ 4, 18, 49, 140 ]. 

Fifthly. — Not only was the country generally suitable for triangulation, 
but Lambton's survey, which had been extending steadily since 1802, provided 
accurately fixed points and bases from which the topographical surveys could be 
started with confidence [ II, 233-4 ; III, 225 ]. 

During Mackenzie's absence between 1811 and 1815 [11,299,302-3], Morison 
had continued the various surveys much as Mackenzie had left them. 

Garling, with Conner and a few sub -assistants, completed the survey of Goa 
and Sonda ; Dunigan and his sub-assistants completed the Ceded Districts and 
extended survey into the hill areas of Nellore ; the Military Institution continued 
the survey of North and South Arcot and south Guntur, and parties of assistant 
revenue surveyors continued district surveys for the Collectors or the Department 
of Tank Repairs. Officers of the Quartermaster General's survey branch were 
mostly working on the northern frontiers of Hyderabad and Berar. 

Shortly after rejoining in April 1815, Mackenzie was appointed Surveyor General 
of India, his headquarters to be at Calcutta, but he obtained permission to remain 
at Madras in order to re-organize the department there and, in spite of frequent 
calls from the Supreme Government, did not reach Calcutta till August 1817. 

His first task at Madras was to drra up a statement of all surveys that had ever 
been made in the Presidency, and to assess their value for mapping 1 . He then 
worked out the distribution of available surveyors, and obtained approval to four 
survey units — under Conner for Coorg [ 97 ] — under Sim for Masulipatam 
[ 100 ] — under Garling for the Nizam's territories [ 114-5 ] — and finally under 
Ward for Travancore [ 105 ]. He retained five sub-assistants for the drawing 



'Map, scile 4S m. to an 
MPC. 442 (4617-4606), 11-1 



-16. 



oit, MRO. ■ 



p IS : reports t 



n Dec. lSlo & Oct. 1816; 



Re -O RG A NIZATIO IV 



W 



office at Madras, and arranged for the closing of aJl district surveys except those 
under the Tank Department [ II, 139 ]. 

He drew up rules for work and general procedure after discussing the Bengal 
regulations with Ui 'aw ford at Calcutta [ II, 302 ]. 

He was at pains to show that under his new distribution he effected a considerable 
reduction of expenditure from that of previous years [II, 336-7 ]. He reduced the 
number of draughtsmen at headquarters, and set his face against tho multiplication of 
maps. He disclaimed all responsibility for large-scale plan.-; of forts and cities, which 
were to be the responsibility of the Chief Engineer or the Q.uart cruras ter General 1 . 
By saving expenditure at headquarters ), c employed more surveyors in the field, anil 
even had their allowances increased; "the speedy employment of the surveyors ira 
the country is. the most economical mode of employing an establishment 2 ." 

He revised the schedule of headings for memoirs on the history and resources 
of the country, and the manners and customs of the people. In a report of 1S20 
he compares the. good progress of the Madras surveys with the lack of regular 
system in lieugal, pointing out 

the advantage of a fixed system, and tho i .10 on vein en;.: (if ex pending the... talents of our 
surveyors- on labours that, under one general direction, misiht be so much more extensively 
applied in a climate where the constitution is liable to suds peculiar interruptions and 
casualties*. 

As Surveyor General he was not responsible for the Military Institution, though 
he advised as to the area for survey and the custody of completed maps ; nor 
was he responsible for the professional work of the observatory or of Lambton's 
trigonometrical survey; hut he was responsible for presenting their accounts, 
and also for regulating the pav and allowances of the staff. He writes in May 
1816 ; 

Keeping sight of the primary object of reducing the expenditure. ..without sacrificing 
what is so far advanced, it has been an object of solicitude with roe to restrict... the surveys 
...within the present!, ovpr.nso. pr-nperjy under the Surveyor Gen oral ; which, by tho abolition 
of that office hero, will be considerably dmuniihed. ... Within a few years, by the termina- 
tion of the geo.L't-.- 1 pineal surveys on the plan proposed, I trust the whole expense may cease 
excepting: such moderate enuilitisiunent :is Government may conceive permanently necessary 
in aid of tho general purposes of this Presidency, and of what the adjustment of.. .lauded 
property and rights may occasionally require*. 

After tiie transfer of Lambton's survey the annual expense of ail surveys in the 
presidency fell within -iS, OOP /nvj-rl'm, or £ 12,(100 sterling 8 . ■ 



Military Institution, 1815-7 

The Military Institution was closed down from 1st Jane TS16, so that the last 
class of students which joined in July 1815° had a course of twelve months only, 
doing one field season in Guntur [ II, 319-21 ]. 

The fair mapping of the later seasons was entrusted to Mountford 7 who, with 
Montgomerie, had 1 napped tho earlier surveys [II. 129-30; pi. 11 ]. Besides dra wing 
a reduced map on the one-inch scale Mountford "arranged the triangles" and 
put all the records in good order for storage in the Surveyor General's office 8 . He 
had to leave more than half the village names in pencil as they differed materially 
from the official list of villages, as the officers had not been 

supplied with proper persons by the Collector to point out the vilfagey with their proper names 
by which they are known in the eircar list, The total number of square miles surveyed 
amounts to 1917, of which about H50 are eomprisod within the Guntoor District, leaving an 
extent of about. 1,100 square miles on the borders of the district yet in-surveyed 9 . 

The faulty names were put right, during the survey of the remaining part of the 
Circar. 

»DDn. 149(37 ). to MoimtforJ, 2-1 -10. ! 11PC. 10-o-I(i ( 2S ). ] BM Arfdl MS. 143M0 ( f. 43/18 ) 
'from SG. lS-t-16, MFC. 10-5-16. 'DDn. 151 ( 148 ), 26-2-13. 4 M\K1 2:1-12-1.-,- MOO 17-4-16 
'ib. 15-7-16. ! DDn. ISO ( 79 |, 26-8-16. 'Report, 2 1 -17 ; M'MC. 19-6-17. 



96 Madras Surveys 

During its existence from 1805 to 1816 about 140 officers had passed through 
the Institution, completing a course that was usually two years. As an essential 
part of their training, these officers had surveyed by planet able about 14,000 square 
miles of the Carnatic [ 215 , 316 ], on a scale of four inches to a mile [ II, pi. 24 ; 
III, pis. 11, 24 p. 

Reduced to the one-inch and J-fneh scales, these surveys formed a valuable 
contribution to the geography of South India, especially as they were properly 
connected to Lambton's tr> angulation [II, pi. 16 ]. Their chief defects were the 
spelling of names and the omission of administrative boundaries. Mountford 
explains that boundaries were disregarded bei.-ause the "object of the surveys" 
was to accustom the students 'Ho a readiness and facility hi expressing the various 
features of the country at sight, in reference to military rather than revenue 
purposes". 

As might be expected from irresponsible young officers under instruction, the 
standard of accuracy varied considerably, and the officer in charge of the party 
which surveyed Nellore District in 1S41 points out 

discrepancies... from a personal examination, viz. — the villages not correctly placed or named — 
the tanks, topes, and hamlets, scarcely one half are introduced — and the interior talook 
boundaries altogether omitted — in some parts the features of the country appear to be imagi- 
nary, and the superficial drawing a 



GuN'rOtt ClKCAK, 1817-9 

Mountford had been instructor in charge of the Military Institution classes in 
Guntur during 1815 and 1S16, and just before Mackenzie left in 1817 he was sent 
up again with a small party a to complete the survey. [He found that the earlier 
work had practically to be resurveyed, as boundaries were "more numerous and 
mi 1 icatc than was expected ", and many villages nauif;s had to be verified. 

Work was interrupted several times by scares of jnnddri raids, and by 'with- 
drawal of surveyors and their squads to places of safety 4 [ 100 ]. 

Mountford was called down to Madras in September 1818 [318 ] and Dunigan 
was left in charge 5 . On the completion of the survey at the end of 1819, the party 
was transferred to Ellore, north of the Kistna [ 101 ]. Mackenzie instructed Mount- 
ford that the maps should 

be copied, and even reduced, under your directions. ... The original.. .might be retained in your 
office, and the fair copies sent here [ Odcutta ]. I will send you hints for a memoir of Guutoor 
as soon as I can. I could wish them to be as ample as you can make it, as it would give me 
pleasure to transmit it to Enghmcl us your particular work, at last, after we have been 30 years 
in possession of it [ I, m J. lie preparing materials meantime quietly. I can furnish its 
history ; the descriptive part you will not find difficult, and oven then ! i.W add to your memoir. 
Perhaps it will be well to send mo the rough draft as you go on. ..and I can mate my remarks' 
as I knew much of that country once [ I, 112 ]*. 

A huge paste-up on the one-inch scale is still preserved with a beautifully drawn 
reduction by Ignatio [ 316 J on the £-inch scale, with fine panoramas of hills and 
artistic clumps of trees'. 

In 1825 the Collector of Guntur asked that Palnad should be re-surveyed ; "The 
map of Guntonr Oirkar only is so very good that really it would be a pity to make 
up.. .the eountry of Palnaud from the materials now available 8 ' 1 . This tahsil had 
been surveyed by Beatson as long ago as 1788 [I, no, 193], and only lately 
incorporated into Guntur. It was not until 1829 that Morland with two assistants 9 
could be spared from Hyderabad, and 

H-IRIO. l.'M ( ltl-;(j I, j-iuch wiaie ; beautiful spMimcm; of llif. reduced maps. =DDn 3S6 ( 2V2 ) 
2-I-il 'Diuiiirari. Chsniai-ciT. Aiuioiwm, ami ]ai„-r 'I errv and Faulkner. 'from Riddel] 0-3-1S ■ M\K'' 

March 1818. ; MK0. Map IS A, '.IVrr/s map <y L Nizam natiirn, lilS-'i, is a .rood sample of the' work' 
'DDn. 149 (41], 23-2-19. ' l-inch, MRIO. 140 ( IS): And,, ,k (16 1: ■>-in-.h.i . < It), with complete 
list of villages. «DDn. 184, 31-1-2(5. B Hill and Long. ' compile 



MADRAS MILITARY INSTITUTION 



Slightly reduced from, one-inch map compiled by 
Montgomerie from four-inch survey by students of 
the Institution, which- was closed in 1816 [.95- 6 ]- 

Survey was carried out hy plane table under the 
direction of Anthony Troyer in sections 4£ miles 
north to south by 6 miles east to west, and based on 
minor triangulation springing from Lambton's main 
or secondary triangles. 

Administrative boundaries were not surveyed. 
This section falls towards the s.w, borders of South 
Arcot district. 










._Ajpiu«n*rr* 



i&> 






■■>: f 






■v 



Z-^iU' : 



~-:A : 



-- 1 










. • , 






"Sf 



%a$t?t£?i?t~ 




^Mg^^M**^ (jftf 



GcrsrCii Circajj 



97 



the survey.. .comprehending lLJ!)t> square miles, was 
standing that both sub -assistants wen- sick for sou 
very little acquainted with duties of surveying. ... 

The whole of the records... were sulhly received yesterday, with the exception of the 
beautiful, map, which litis unfortunateiy sustained some injury from the rain 1 . 

I cannot but... ex press my entire approbation wifcli the manner in which the survey of thi3 
small district has been completed. ... The fea tares of the country appear to be faithfully and 
beautifully delineated, and the whole of the document appear complete. ... The drawing and 
description of ancient tombs and pillars are valuable and interesting 5 . 



1 SI 5-7 

On completion of the survey of Sonda early in 1815 [ 11, 158-9 ], Garling was 
appointed to survey the Nizam's territories, whilst Conner was sent to Coorg, 
at present a blank upon the map of the peninsula, in a military as well as a geographical point 
of view, thin detect, should be remedied as early as possible ; and I would strongly recommend 
that the Resident in My sort;... procure the permission of the Rajah, ... giving smell explanations 
respecting the utility and object of the survey as may be deemed expedient. The Rajah might 
be furnished with a plan of the country, ... as proposed.. .with respect to Tondiman [ II, 147]*. 
Conner started work with three assistants at the beginning of January 1816, 
being warned "to be particularly attentive to any instructions. ..from the Resident 
at Mysore". He was given copies of earlier surveys of the boundaries— that 
with Mysore surveyed in 1805 [II, 105-6 ]— and that with Kanara of 1806 
[II, in ] ; "the boundary on the south with Wynaad will perhaps be the only 
portion of the Coorg limit* necessary to be surveyed at this time" 4 . 

He withdrew his party to Mysore for the rains "as the nature of the climate 
and country elevated on the highest verge of the Western Ghauts is peculiarly 
uneven and difficult" 5 . Resuming field work in October, he completed the survey 
in May 1S17, withdrawing once more to Mysore and submitting his maps by 
the end of October 8 . His account of the survey is contained in a most interesting 
Memoir of the Oodugo Survey 1 , published at Bangalore in 1870. The surveyors 
were regarded with great suspicion by the Coorg government ; 

A spirit of jealousy ( not the less violent bnoauso unfounded ] forms one of the striking 
features of its policy, arid all stranger's, particularly Europeans, are viewed with boundless 
suspicion. ... From the moment of my arrival hi the country I was attended by one of the 
principal officers. ..and two more of inferior quality ; si shanboguo, or native writer, formed 
the fourth member of the retinue by which I was invariably encompassed, under the plausible 
pretext of lending their assistance, ; but a short time, however, bad elapsed before I learnt the 
nature of their oliiee. which was literally as a guard, more elloetually to prevent any communi- 
cation with the inhabitants. ... 

This restraint., or rati ier imprisonment, ... in which I was held. ..was extended even to my 
servants, and. equally strictly observed with regard to the assistant surveyors. ... To such an 
extreme was this feeling of suspicion carried that I have tho best reason for believing that a 
minutely detailed account, of each day's irajisncLion was regularly forwarded. ... 

These feelings of distrust operated. ..only in preventing any intercourse with the people, as 
a free and ready access was given to all parts of the country 3 so that the geographical portion 
of the work suffered no impediment. ... A disinclination to increase the,... suspicion.. .prevented 
a survey of the Fort ( Muddnkayray ) 8 being taken on a very largo scale, and by absolute 
ninsinvpniRit. with the chain ; such a proceeding... would have produced considerable 11 



I'OXDICHKRKY & MaDKAS 

Pondieiierry and Iwikal had been in British hands since their occupation m 
1793, and now that Napoleon's power waf> broken they were restored to Prance. 

iMap, scale 1-incli to in., MBIO. 147 ( 12-14 ) ; memoir, M 37. 

2H/2S 10 29. :i Mndf(!nzie. to Govt,. ; MTC. 17-3-15. «ib. 8-12-lfl. 
1 7}; 146 (S, 9, 111); MHU. 11 »i. "UlL-IO. M 1, 2, 3, 5 ; routes, M 
Merer.™, capita.] of f'oorjr. Imp Guz. XVII < 292 ). 



98 Madras Surveys 

The Surveyor General was directed that 

the territorv formerly he »»= '« those «»» settlements, oral particularly their boundaries, 

may bo aurveyed without loss of time, and...such parts of that temtury as are held on jagbar 
tenure 1 may bo ilistiu.guisliod loom the rest. 

Duncan Sim and James Summers completed this survey by 5th August 1816 
with the assistance of the 4-inch survey made by the miliary In.tituW, and 
lists of viilaras and descriptions of boundaries provided b; the Board ol Revenue. 
To provide for the roaiiv isolated villages, it was then decided to make ml -'exchange 
of vmlasesso as to complete the arondissement " at both places, and Sim was kept 
on till 1819 3 to assist with "every information for restoring the territories which 
belonged to the French on 1st January 1792 " 4 . He was then employed on similar 
duty at the Dutch settlement of Pulicat. His maps were duly signed by the Irenoh 
and British commissioners, that for Poiidicherry being entitled ; 

Map of the dislrieis belonging to the French coven,,,,,,,! depend,.-,:: on Pondioherry, 
chkstmguishing the possessions held in jagheer, with their lhnits, with the Hon bl. the Engl„h 

East India Company's districts laid down r,o„. actual loo, l,„„ S, survey of tho village,, 

and agreable lo the oihcial lists a„d communications in the Jieveaee nepatlment . _ 

This was aimed at Pondioherry on IStli March ISIS, the French commissioners 
being le comto Do Pnys and Mons. Joseph Dayot, " Admimstrateur ' of the French 
settlements'". 

In 1819 Mormtford prepared a map of Madras and its environs at the request 
of the Chief Engineer, Do Iluvilland ; 

The survey executed in the 1808 and ISM by the oilier, of the Military tnst.tut.on [ II, 
icsl being the most rooent, ...the document now forwarded has been cop.od from...«!,at 
survey upon the scale of four inches to a mile. In order to insert the limit, of jurisdiction 
of the Supreme Court, 1 have availed myself of a map ol carle date [ J 04-5 ] ... 

In consideration of the various alterations and improvements, ... the late Inootonant R.ddell 
was inducod...to srtggest...tbe correction of the...former survey. ... I have...leit blank the 
grounds then under cultivation, the hotter to admit of these change, being introduced, should 
it be...expedient to employ an assistant surveyor for.. .ascertaining them. 

The area occupied by the Port is also a blank, it being presume:! that the insertion of those 
works would be unnecessary. ... Few of the garden houses hay. their names entered ... My 
motives for not onC-tino more arose from.. .their bavins: keen designate!.. .by tno then tenants, 
and not bv the original proprietors, after whose names several are best known'. 

Mackenzie had always refused responsibility for large-scale maps of cities and forts 
f os 1 and was indignant that his staff should have been employed on such a map ; 

How Riddell came to propose this.. .survey... I cannot conceive. Nothing in my directions 
...countenanced it; on the contrary, ...I wished it to be considered oat of the Surveyor 
General's superintendence, and rather as connected we! , military deleaee and fortification, and 
I am sorry to see that work had been prescribed to the office which I had myself studiously 
avoided while I was at the Presidency. 

A very good me,, or .Vl.el,,,, lies been published is haglsod, wkien would keve wellanswered 
the prrrpos; as the Court of Directors...know of it, for without their countenance I scarcely 
suppose a work of that kind wonld kave been pablisked, betas taken iipareniky from the surveys 
executed at their expense. ... A copy of it was sent to m. by my bookseller, from London some 
tin,, ago i it has been some time in Lord Hastings' hands, or I would have asn.it to you. ... 
All this is for van information, and by no means tending to nod iault, with yon". 
This Enolish map was entitled The Environs 0/ Madmt ; surveyed m 
1814' ' published by ff. Fadcn, Charing Cross, 1st December 1816 ; scale about 
4 inches to a mile. It shows the names of occupants ol nouses, e.g.— Colonel Cald- 
well opposite the site of the present Spencer's Hotel— Colonel Blacker on the banks 
of Loni Tank, south of St. George's church, where the present cathedral stands. 

In 1821, in response to a call for a. map for the "Justices in Session" the 
Chief Engineer regretted 



,M Rev Bel. 22-1-tili; .sept, yeaeiasoit cent 



i land to holders and lieiie. he::, of rent [I, 133]. 



Ull I 1! It, 16-1-10. 'DDn. US (41), 2«-2-l«. ■ Surveyor not known. 



PONDICHERRY & MADRAS 



chat there is mi correct pla.ii of the town :md suburbs 0!" Madras in the office, ami I believe that 
His Majesty's Justices have a copy of the only one I possess, of which a copy was also lately 
prepared for the tkiperiritrruioiit of Police 1 . 

Government accepted Mount ford's recommendation ; 'that every useful purpose 
will be answered by the revision of the map of Madras executed by the officers 
of the Military Institution", and this was carried out by William Ravenshaw, 
whose map published by Parbury and Allen is advertised as 

A Plan of tlie Town of Madras, and its Limits, as surveyed in 1S22 for the use of the Justices 
in sessions; by W. Ravenshaw, Captain, Civil Engineer. Two shoots and a half. Double 
elephant. Price £ 1-5 s II ( 433 ) 2 . 

A later map was produced by Montgomerie ; 

Survey of part of I. he western, suburbs of Madras, comprehending i.hc: several roads and 
garden houses in the vicinity ofPernmbur. Yeperi, ... Egmore; ... Executed with the planetable-, 
and the whole finished by the apprentices of the Surveyor (Jeneral's establishment in the 
course of their practice in the years 1825. and 20 [ y2. 377 j ; scale 200 yards to an inch 3 . 



S" ClKCiBS ; MaSULIFATAM & iiAJAIIMUNDRV, 1815-23 



Late in 1S15 Mackenzie started tin; survey of the Northern Circars by i 
out a small party under William Scott, who had for many years been the 
senior instructor at the observatory surveying school. 

These Circars, which include the present districts of Kistna, viodavari, Vizaga- 
patam, and Ganjain, stretch from the Kistna River along the east coast to the 
Ohiika Lake. After the district, of Ohingdeuitt. or the Jftnlr, they were the earliest 
provinces in the Madras Presidency to be ceded to the Company, the deimni having 
been granted by the Emperor of Delhi in 1765 [ I, gi ]. No regular survey had 
been made since the abortive efforts of Pitt, man ami Stevens in 1771 [ I, 92-3 ]. 

There had been suggestions that Lambton should carry his main triangles up 
the east coast instead of through the Nizam's dominions, thus connecting with 
Upper India through Madras territories, hut the importance of continuing his grand 
ate up the central meridian made this impossible [226]. Mackenzie writes to 
Government in 1816 ; 

The survey of the Xiirth:rn- Circsm, it is well known, \i-as an early object of survey ( next 
to the Jaghire ). ... We have 110 complete survey of any of the districts ; parts of some surveys, 
and combinations of other materials of various or doubtful merit or authenticity, form the 
basis of the maps of the Circars now hi use 1 . ... 

Having for some time looked to the nearest of these districts. ..as a proper- object of com- 
mencement, I have given the necessary instructions to Assistant Surveyor Scott., .and two 
apprentices f and two assistants are to follow ) to proceed on the survey of the circars of 
Condapilly 5 , Kllore, and Masulipatam, forming the present. Collect orate 0: Masulipatam, lying 
between the two rivers, Kistna and Codavery. ... 

This beginning amy by considered as a part of t in: general design of surveying tlie whole of ■ 
the "Northern Circars. I. won id propose that another party be sent ini-n the further parts aa soon 
as the general plan of the department is determined on. ... 

The parties once set in action should persevere on one im deviating plau, without inter- 
ruption by other employment, or duty ; by such a system alone the design and its expense may be 
finally terminated within a reasonable time, and the failures in former attempts, and : their 
attendant waste of money and time, be avoided [t-page]. ... 

The Circars. by two parties under intelligent, officers, might be eoinplet.ed within 3 years. 
... The call for reduction of immediate expense induces 1110 to refrain at. present from 
requiring more, tho' I am aware that the frequent casualties of the climate might render 
them necessary. ... It tends to accelerate the final extinction of all expense by completing the 
surveys altogether. ... 

After the completion of Travaneore and C'oorg. the surveying parties, may be then trans- 
. ferred to the northern surveys at no very distant period, which would hasten the final 



'DDu. 192 ( 

j. rrairjh sketch KW. bound 
nrada, G5D/10. 



■5-21. 



|Q0 



Madeas Surveys 



completion of that interest ing object, the geographical and provincial survey of the whole of 
the Company's possessions under this Presidency. 

I have stated it as my opinion, ... from experience and observation. ..of the native surveying 
establishment L 359 L ■-■ th at they should he employed as nmclias possible mute the direction 
of intelligent EuroDeau survey ing oilicers ; and [ consider the survey of the Northern Circars of 
that consequence to be properly corn t nit. cod to two officers 1 . 

Scott was sent up to Kondapalli in November 1815 with the two youngest 
apprentices 3 , and was joined two months later by Henry Hamilton and Marcelms 
Burke. It had been Mackenzie's intention to send Sim. with three other assistants 
to Rajahmundvy, and that Sim should absorb Scott's party, and take charge of 
all survey up to Chicacole 3 [ 94 ] ; 

The fair season meantime pussiu;;. and the late irruption into the vicinity of the Circars 
having disturbed that country [96], I considered it more beneficial... meantime to employ 
Lieutenant Sim in verifying and expediting the survey of the Ponclicheny lands [ 98 J 3 . 

He explained later that Kondapalli Oircar 
stretches west of the fortress of that name on the frontier of the Nizam's Dominions north of 
the Kistna and, altho' a thorouglnare road leads thro' it to Hyderabad, ... the early attempts 
to survey it had never been compleated. As the survey of its limits will give us at the same 
time that of the Nizam's frontier on that side, not above 110 miles from that capital, and as 
this tract has been always much exposed to the depredations of lawless banditti, I was willing 
by an immediate effort to get clear of it in the first place, as the survey of the low fiat country 
about Masulipatam, whicii has been frequently traversed by surveyors, can be always more 
securely completed under protection of our home stations. 

The Held work was commenced about the middle of February [ 1816 ]. ... Operations... 
have been rapidly carried on until the 11th of March when a temporary interruption was occa- 
sioned by a body of Piudaries [ S2 ], ... the rumour of which had previously alarmed the 
inhabitants, and... disturbed the party when the banditti crossod the Kistna thro'the tract 
under survey. The only accident, however, ... consisted in the loss of the little baggage of 
Assistant Surveyor Hamilton. ... 

The duty was resumed as soon as the alarm ceased, and Assistant Surveyor Scott, who was 
employed on the furthest part of the survey, states that "the progress then had not been so 
rapid until the alarm subsided". On the 8th June it was also somewhat interrupted by the 
land winds which are usually there severe, and some sickness liad prevailed. 
He asked for re-imbursement for the loss of Hamilton's baggage, 

pags. 48-0-10, which being a moderate amount of necessaries barely belonging to his 
station, ...in consideration of his good conduct.. .in exercise of his duty and of his having 
saved, the public instruments 5 . 

This may have been the gang described by Lord Moira ; 

A village was surrounded by the Pindarries. The horrors perpetrated by these demons at 
other places made the poor villagers... fly to the desperate resolution of burning themselves with 
their wives and ohildren. ... I am strictly forbidden by the Court, of Directors to undertake the 
suppression of the fiends who occasioned this heart-rending scensi, lest 1 should provoke a war 
■with the Mahrattas. ... All the young girls are carried off by the Pindarries, tied three or four 
like calves on a horse, to be sold. ... The different columns which penetrated the Nizam's 
territories and ours in this last irruption... could not amount to less than 23,000 horse". 

Mackenzie reported in November that, 
on the whole the progress.. .is satisfactory ; and I am the more a.nxioiis for its completion as it 
embraces, besides the extensive boundary, a survey of several small districts of the Nizam's, 
... including the diamond mines of Purtyall 7 [ It, 405 ], which are isolated within our territory, 
while we possess two small districts detached within the Nizam's. ... 

I feel considerable anxiety, ... the exposed situation of two parlios of surveyors, protected 
only bv.-.five sepoys ; and from my own knowledge of the country ...I request... sufficient 
protection of guards to each of the parties..,on the frontier 8 . 
Again, in July 1817 ; 

Tho' the irruptions of the Pindarries had occasioned some uneasiness so late as June, the 
assistants afterwards appear to have gone on with spirit.-, and no further application for guards 
became necessary, the presence of a detachment at Condapilly having relieved their anxiety. 

'SC '■ letter U-l "-!."">, MfC. 12-1-16. - Anderson &. Burnett. -On tiie border between Vi/.asm- 

patam & Ganjam. 65 N/16. 'f™ SG. 18-Hfl, MFC. 10-5-10. 'from SG. 1-8-16. ib. 28-9-18. 

ffin£ jl-nUl ( 34S-9 ), 15-4-16- J Map .hewing m^!8 ; 2 mches to mile, MRIO. 67 , 5, 6 ) . 
Purtiala%t juneli..:i of Ihmum R. with kistna tir, l)/b. »MPC. 11-11-16. 



Masulepatajvi & Rajahmttndky 



I regret, however, to report- tlii.it from « n other quarter the survey lost ?(u:ie of its instru- 
ments when there «'i--i ies- uaiLfcr expected. 1 1 1 1 e 1 1 1 : 1 1 i*"l l-l-I \ ■ on the arrival of an assistant 
at Mungulgeery on the Kktna, in October ISKi, before a si"»rd could be supplied, ... be was 
robbed, of -one of the must valuable of his instruments, akaig with some property of his own, 
from a public choultry, and nonvif'istar.ding every investigation the instrument was not 

The Kondapalli survey was completed in August 1817 2 , and the party moved 
to Masulip atari, where SummeT's had started survey in 1816. Hamilton and Burke 
were now transferred to Bengal, maruhing up the coast, whilst Scott followed by 
sea in March [ 360, 374 J, leaving Summers in charge ; 

Considerable progress h;is boon made in the details of the .Masulipatiim survey, and. ..he 
has every hope of this part of the work being shortly concluded, with the exception of the 
town and environs of Mnsuhpahun which, being a very curious ami e\tensivo place, ...will 
be... carefully surveyed. ..on a large scale ( viz., 4 inches to a mile ) 3 . ... Respecting the trigo- 
nometrical operations, he cannot roporf so fiivoralily, as th.sre is much to be done yet.. .to form 
a connection... with the former stations. 

Though the survey was started from aides of Lain h ton"::? triangles, only one 
station fell inside the district, and a base-line had to be measured near Ellore.. 
Mackenzie wanted a good man for the job ; 

I wished to have a good chum sent to measure a ha.se in the.-.l-dlore or Kajamttndy Circars, 
... but under the direction of an officer, as t cannot thin!,- of committing such a duty to> 
Mr. Bunigan again without some control. Pray write me how he satisfied you while under 
inspection. "He was once capable, enough, but failed so much in the latter part of his Ceded' 
District work, that 1 am afraid to (.intrust him. Lt is a. pity he is the senior there, the best way- 
will be to send an officer' 1 f 339 41 ]. 

Officers were, however, not so easy to get ; Sim cordd not be spared from Pondi- 
cherry [ 98 ], and most of the surveyors were away in countries newly won 
from the Marathas ; some had taken leave to England after the war. 

An officer should be selected for. ..charge of the party. ..now m Cttntoor and Ellore. 
T have been waiting for the conclusion | of the Ount.ur survey ] by Bunigan etc., and to enable' 
you to complete the whole memoir, map, etc., in your own name [ 96 ], and then to transfer the 
whole at once under one officer to survey Ellore { the rest of it) unci Ky.jsumm.dri. If Sim is sent, 
it is well, but. he wrote me some time ago that. Ins health was indifferent 5 . 

■ No officer being fortheoming, Dunigan was gi vet* charge at Ellore 6 , with instruc- 
tions to "select a convenient sit 1 ration for measuring a base. .. near the south bank of 
the Godavery" 7 . He did not clean up the Guntur survey until December 1819, 
but sent np Anderson and Barnett in advance. 

Early in 1820 Mackenzie .scoured the services of it i chard Hodges who had been 
at the Military Institution during 1813-4. He met Dunigan at Ellore, and in May 
1820 measured a base-line on the borders of the (,'olair Lake 8 . The ground was 
carefully levelled, and the measurement repeated four times. It cannot, how- 
ever, have been of a high order of accuracy, as the links and rings of the chain 
opened out and broke repeatedly. Hodges died in July 1820, and Charles Snell, 
who had been at the Military Institution from 18.14 to 1816, took over charge in 
November. Two months later, after connecting the base-line to Larubton's work orr 
the Kistna, Snell started his own triangulation northward. 

The party was now designated the itajainundry Survey, and comprised Snell, 
Dunigan, Bird, Faulkner, Anderson, and Barnett. Snell carried on the main 
triangulation himself whilst Dunigan did minor triangulation and survey of 
important boundaries. A Madras i interpreter, or ijoomaMait. collected statistics, 
village names, and historical records. Bird and Faulkner died during 1821. 

The north or hilly area of the district is covered with jungle, and lias a climate considered 
highly obnoxious and unhealthy, especially during the rainy season. The plains area was 
studded with lofty trees of different descriptions, and rendered, ..the survey extremely tedious,. 
and entirely interrupted the u-igoi ■.ctrical operations 9 . 

'MRIO. M 561 (243] (»), 31-7-17. s Fdbks. HRIO. H 50, 36, S7 ; M 15; Maps, ib, 134(7) 138 
(44-6,51-2 ) 139(13-7). IKS ( 1 2). * l.om [i,id:.!dl, fi 3 IS : MMC. iij/idSlK. ■ to Mrumtford ; DDn, 149 
( 46 ), 24-2-19. s ib. (65), 22-4-19. "flSH/2. 'DDn. UK ( 200 ), 26-10-10. » Memoir, MRIO. M 89.. 
Mb., Report. 



102 



Madras Surveys 



Owing to the lateness of the regular north-east monsoon the party took the 
field in January, and worked on till the end of June. In 1822 another base was 
measured, and "coincided with grc-at oxaetnoss with the- t.r.'Jgoj.Kuneti'ieal opera- 
tions". Again the chain was of very poor make, the links opening and breaking 
almost every 100 yards. Mount ford reported in August that the surveyors 
have been driver- from the field by the heavy lain-j, and have taken tip their residence at 
Nellapilly. ... Tlin unfavourable nature of the country, on account of an o:o'>?ss of wood and 
water, does not admit, of so rapid a progress m is made in other quarters 1 . 

Again in November 1823, 

The country near the soli, beniLr mueh iiirer-'o'.-teil by water and covered, with extensive- 
plantations of palm trees, has rendered i,his a tedious and prolonged survey ; however I trust 
it, and a portion of the Chicsi-eole District, will lie oomph-tod during the ensuing season. The 
party is at present assembled at Ingeram for the purpose of protracting and copying then- 
work, but they will resume their field labour* so soon, as the state of the weather and country 
will admit 2 . 

Snell reports that 
the tract of country anions: the- hills.. .constituting a part of the northern boundary, is wild and 
uncultivated, with hero and there a few huts huddled together, not deserving the name of 
villages, and thinly inhabited by a race of people as wild as the country. ... Tho difficulty of 
procuring supplies, the wild and inaccessible nature of the country, with the want of roads 
and its... noxious climate, have rendered the survey ha-z.ardous and laborious. 

There does not at present remain any very considerable portion of the district to be surveyed. 
The extent of that anions: the hills, being a jaghire.-.belonirin.ij to the Runipah Zarnindar. is 
difficult to ascertain, but the unhealthy climate is but too fatally known to all its neighbours, 
who dare not approach its borders except, at particular periods, and not then without consider- 
able risk and danger 3 . 

At the close of the ilajamundry survey in 1824, Montgomerie wrote that 
the Features of the country are very miiiui.ek and well delineated. ... It is to be regretted 
there is a blank space in the ma.p which should have be;;n occupied by the Rumpah Jagire, 
but the tract boing nouaidci'Rid very nnhoi.il thy, t.lio i-jin-vey of it v. as never undertaken. 

Having discovered many errors in the original register of triangles', ... the whole series from 
Colonel Lamhton's distance Condapilly l.o Munglegherry was recomputed... in this office, by 
-which the errors between the bases of v-e.ritieation were more equally divided 5 . The survey 
Tests on a triangula-tion extended by Captain Snell from the nearest of Colonel Lambton'a 
triangles in the MiHulipat-nni eolioctorate, and verified by bases of verification. 

The detail was taken up by the plain table, angular instruments, & field books. No 
useful detail has been omitted, and boundaries of every description have been inserted with the 
greatest care, and although the hills are not so well expressed as could be wished the survey ia 
one of great value . 



VlZAOAPATAM & GrANJAM, 182t-30 

From 1821 Snell and three assistants worked northwards through Vizagapatam 
Circar, and during the rains of 1825 measured a base-line in the neighbourhood of 
Vizagapatara, on "a narrow and confined spot of swampy ground" 7 . 

In December 1825 he took leave to the Cape on medical certificate, and before 
starting brought the whole establishment to Madras [ 376 ]. The survey was closed 
down during his absence, as Dunigan's health was not good, and Montgomerie had 
"not sufficient confidence in the zeal or energy of Assistant ,Surveyor Anderson to 
recommend the party being sent under his charge" 8 . 

Snell rejoined at Vizagapatam on 5th January 1827, and his assistants shortly 
after. In October he was joined by Richard Otter, who proved of no use and 
resigned two years later. The hilly area of Vizagapatam is densely wooded and 
most unhealthy, and progress during the nest two seasons was disappointing, 
being confined mostly to the more open coastal strip*. Montgomerie wrote to 
the Surveyor General in disgust ; 

iDDn. 104 ( 134), 28-8-22. Hta. 209(272), 27-11- 
>ib. 237 ( 161 ), (1-7-29. "ib. 246(120). 'DDn. 202 \ 

•Maps, MRIO. 134 ( 14). 



VlZAGAPATAM & GaNJAM 



103 



The progress that Captain Sued has made in surveying the Northern Circa rs since he has 
been in charge. ..is, in my opinion, quite contemptible,, and for the sake of the service I do hope 
you will add cuss me officially on the subject 1 . 

Work was pushed northwards along the coast during the next season, and the 
rains of 1829 spent at Berhampur in Ganjam 2 , but the season's output brought 
another indignant letter (mm Moatgonierie ; 

The... country surveyed, ... 9B2 Square miles only, might... have been accomplished by one 
active surveyor instead of the whole party. ... A wrong system must have been pursued, or... 
there must have been a want of zeal on the pari; of the several individuals. ... 

The area surveyed... during the last two years... amounts to 1778 square miles; ...the 
expense... will not be much under 28^000 rupees. The party in Malabar, whioh ia the same 
strength as yours, and where the country is exceedingly difficult, accomplished... 1800 square 
miles last season. ... In Malabar the surveyors have not confine;! thoir operations to the 
cultivated and inhabited tracts only, but have successfully surveyed the wildest parts of that 
woody and mountainous country. 

Whilst the survey under your charge has been at the rate of 16£rd rupees the square 
mile for the last two years, which is an expense fur greater thun was ever incurred For any other 
survey, ... the oxpenses...ui Malabar for lost season where every difficulty was overcome, 
and where the officer in charge is granted, a higher salary on ace 
service | 350 ]. amounts to 9Vrd rupees the square mile. 

The narrow tract, between the hilly country and the coast, tc 
confined your operations. ... appears most favou table for the rapid 
and Lieutenant Otter's mini neglect of duty during the past seasc 
sufficient reason for so little having been done. ... 

The accompanying sk.el.cli exhibits the limits to which vour pi 
been confined. The boundary between our territories and those ol 
Kaju has been inserted chiefly from a map lately published bv Oarv | 
be much depended upon, but there must be a very considerable e 
that boundary and the eastern crest of the hilly range to which your 
reached, but within which T am not aware that a single now point h 
any attempt has been made to do so, further than by enquiries as 

have heard is considered unhealthy. But, as the tract... appears from printed maps and 
routes in my office to hare been traversed in several directions, it may excite surprise should no 
geographical information whatever be gained by surveyors expressly appointed 3 . 

In spite of Montgomery's strictures, he accepted the Collector's advice that 
a full survey of the notorious Jeypore district should not be attempted [ 82 ] ; 

I ain not aware of any serious impediment to the survey of the Jeypoor zemindary, except 
the unhealthiness iA' the climate. Admitting the re ports... regarding the badness of "the road 
leading over hills and through dense masses of forest and jungle, and requiring at least five 
days to accomplish the journey, ... none of these difficulties are iiisurmountable. ... 

The only real objection to the extension of the survey to Jeypoor Ls tho risk to which tho 
lives of all employed would be exposed from the insalubrity of the air, which is well known to bo 
generally fatal to the inhabitants of the open country. 

I am not prepared to say whether the air may be mora or less pestilential at one season of 
the year than another j yonr own experience... probably enables you to judge. ..the time of the 
year most favourable to the human constitution in the hills. ... The natives of other parts of 
the country have a great- horror of visiting Jeypoor. and. ..many instances have come within 
my own knowledge of the elxtraordiuary fatality of the air. ... The survey of Jeypoor would 
be attended with imminent danger to the lives of all these personally engaged 1 . 

Though he agreed that , Jeypore should be omitted, Monlgomerie suggested that 
much valuable information might be gained. ..by rap id... perambulator measurements of some 
of tho principal paths which traverse it. That this at least could be effected I think is certain 
from our already possessing some measured routes through that zemindary. But, as those 
routes are unconnected with any regular survey, they do not possess that value which would 
be the erase with routes taken from welt established points in your survey 5 , 
o survey a route fourteen miles into Jeypore ; 
s and followers refusing to proceed further into the "hills compelled me to return, 
i, and the want of supplies, are the only impediments... to effect a perambulator 



of zealous length of 

which you have hitherto 

progress of the surveyor, 
t cannot be considered a 

sent survey has hitherto 
the Kizarn and Nagpoor 
289 ] ; it cannot of course 
tent of country between 
■ survey has in some places 
3 been determined, or that 
1 the climate, which you 



Snell 



from Collector, 



104 



Madras Surveys 



t into Joy pore ( the capital...). The wild and hilly nature of the country would 
not adroit of a-ny extended topographical operations. The country to Baudagaum is very 
wild, consisting of bill?; and bamboo jungles, the path narrow Line! passing over several streams ; 
the villages small, ... and no supplies pro-eurabie ; it required i; hours to conduct the perambu- 
Jator... to Baudagaum. Jeypoor was reported to be seventy or oisthty miles distant. ... lam 
Still of opinion of the imprae lability of onrryinu the survey into this country 1 . 

On this Montgomcrie commented that 

Captain Snell appear- to have made a foe tile attempt to survey the road leu-dins to the capital of 

Jeypoor zemindary, iiit I 1 fear I hat. or.:' information in that quart op.' is not.- likely to be extended 3 . 

There were other obstacles ; 

The Kimme.'iy- country 3 ie oncircily up in :n-ins, and the inhabitants in a 3tate of ho&tility 
among themselves, so that its survey at present could nor be attempted ; even at any time it 
will be attended with much personal risk, and dme-ier in the. party employed, this zemindary 
being composed chiefly of hilly country, with large tracts of jungle and uncultivated lands, 
and inhabited by a fierce and uncivilized race of people. 

The disturbances extend to within t! or S miles of ilorharnpore westward, but as the most 
advanced of the surveying parly will now be employed near, and ■/; the north of, Poondy, I 
trust-that by confining the opfcatious at present- U> the- plaios u.ud cultivated country... there 
will be no interruption encountered, and when peace and tranquility bo restored the survey can 
be conducted to its farthest limits inland'. 

Survey had now entered Ganjant District'''. Otter hail been replaced by Charles 
Hill who was to prove a very useful surveyor ; the only sub -assistants left were 
Anderson and Barnett. In October 1S30 Monlgomerie reported that the area 
surveyed in the Northern Oirears last season amounts to. ..a much larger quantity than. ..in 
former seasons, notwithstanding that the senior sub-nssist.anl | Anderson 1 was sick in quarters 
the greatest portion of the time. ... The assistant officer, Lieut. Hill, contributed considerably 
to this result, although it is the first time.. .he has been regularly engaged in surveying. 

The officer in charge. ..appears. ..still to confine his operations entirely to the low country, 
none of the hilly part of the Chicacole Circar having been surveyed last season, altho' 
immediately in the vicinity o; operations. This ma-v possibly have arisen, however, from the 
inhabitants. ..having largely been in B . turbulent state 8 [5]. 

Snell's lack of enterprise was probably well justified, for his party was never 
more than four or five strong, and the loss of one or two surveyors for several 
months through ill-health would have crippled it seriously; on the other hand 
if all surveyors had been so very cautious about their health, there would now 
be little known of the geography of India. Tin; ■following extract; from a report 
on the hill country west of the Northern drears shows its early reputation, that 
largely persists to modern times ; 

Ganjam, Vi/ a gap a tarn, and Raj ah i rum dry, are countries... different from all the other 
territories dependent on Fort St. George, chiefly because, bounded to the westward by a 
wide tract of hill and jungle, Inhabited by uncivilized, and indeed uneonquered, barbarians, 
many of them not oven nominally dependent 011 any government- ; their climate and their 
poverty have secured them from conquest. No grca t native government ever seems to have 
thought this tract worth conquering. It. had been loft as a- waste corner of the earth to wild 
beasts andGonds* [ I, 60-1, 290 ] ; nobody seems even to know the boundary. This tract has 
never been even explored ; there is a blank here left in the maps. . 

The country nt- the- foot of tins ranee of lulls and the vallies winch run up between them are 
fertile, but for the greater part of the year the climate is deadly to stranger:;, and at all seasons 
very unhealthy 7 . 

Snell's survey did practically nothing to fill this particular blank. 

■DDn. 239 (216), 1-3-39. Mb. ( 2LS ), March 1830. 3 Parlakimidi, 74 B/l. 'from Snell, 
Gopalpur, 1-5-30. J.IDji. 337 ! 22G). 5Mr ;p *, MRfU. 133 : 3(i 5) ■W-'( 13 ). f ''DDn. 237 ! 215 ), 27-10-30. 
'Roper. bvW.-u. rbackun-.v 15-2-1 B ;ElUi*d. I ( <)ii) } ; MR10. 30-3-19. 



GHAPTSR VIII 



SOUTH PEXINSCJLA & XTZAM'S DOMINIONS 



Travancore <& OocJiin, 1816-21 — Dindig id, 1M1 — Nilgiri Hills, 1821-3 — 
Malabar, 1823-30- ■ A'izam's Dominions: Garling. 1816-20 — Hyderabad Survey ; 
1820-3 — Crisp, 1823-7— Webb & Mortand, " ' 1827-30 — Professional Reviews 

182.1-30. 



WE now come to the surveys of two of the most competent of these ft 
surveyors, James Garling and Benjamin Ward. Troyer had selected Garling 
from the first class of the Military Institution to be his assistant instructor, 
and at the end of 1S10 sent him in charge of a party of officers to survey Goa 
[11,127]. When the survey passed to the control of the Surveyor General, the 
young officers were replaced by sub assistants [ II, 156 ], and on its close Garling 
was selected for the Nizam's dominions. 

Ward was of British stock and the most successful of the country-born pupils 
of the observatory surveying school. He came under Mackenzie's personal care 
and training on the Mysore survey, and then spent more than a year in the Ceded 
Districts [II, 153-4]. After getting a commission and doing a few months military 
duty, he held charge of the drawing office at Madi;;s during Mackenzie's absenee in 
Java, and after his return was selected for the survey of Travancore. Arthur's 
survey which had carried on intermittently between 1807 and 1811 [II, 130-2] 
had been deliberate, hot patchy and incomplete, and the Resident had for some 
time pressed for its completion, which Mackenzie now provided for ; 

As the survey of Tra vane ore has heen long in contemplation, this measure is more than 
necessary now ; it was... suspended in lSIU...with a view of resuming it at a favourable period. 
At present I conceive every motive of utility and economy favours the resumption. To avoid 
the former errors or avert, interruption from climate 1- casualties, ! would recommend that 
this party be made up to six assistants, which c:m lie well .spared from .Dindrgul 1 [4]. 

As the survey of Dindigul had not been prospering, it was broken off in 1816 
and the surveyors joined Ward for work in Travancore [ no J, Mackenzie reporting 
the arrival of Lieutenant Ward at DindiguJ on 14th July. After making the necessary arrange- 
ments... there, he arrived on the lfith August with three, assistant surveyors in the territory of 
Travancore. 

Mr. Ward had a 
Thmevelly, and was 
his last report of th 
neiehourbood of Cape Comorim 
of fever which, with the high n 
Hi 11 ■!■:■.! ione nil the fair si 

The following are extracts from Mackenzie's instructions" ; 

As no information exists in this office of the internal divisions of the Travancore territory 
altho' I presume it is subdivided in a similar manner to other countries under a Hindoo ad- 
ministration, and as the nature, of the country and of its climate... bear a considerable resem- 
blance to that of Malabar and On.nara, ... apply early to the Resident for an authentic list of 
the provincial divisions of the country, and for orders to the provincial officers to supply yon 
with lists of the villages, etc., in like manner as was furnished in Mysore and in the Ceded 
Districts. You should also consult, the Resident as to the most expedient to be .first taken 
up. ..of the Divisions. ... 



n with the Resident of Travancore in his wav thro" 1 

commence his operations on the 20th of that month, and by 

', | September], was employed on the detailed survey.. .in the 

One of the assistants was disabled from duty by "a return 

ssterly winds usually prevailing at that season, will retard the 



'fromSC, U-12-15;MPC. 12-1-16 



■' from SG., ] 

105 



i- 10-5- 10. 



106 



South Pewtnsula & Nizam's Dominions 



After obtaiiiiii:: every necessary local information, c 



the parties of surveyoi 






. . . 1 1 r. ■, : : i l L :- -. ' 



your operations, and distribute 
St advantageous. ... I. ..recom- 
mend, yon to have- the exterior boundary... with tho Company's territories well surveyed. ... I 
understand there are tracts there isolated...wlueh will require particular attention. ... 

The roads will, as usual, be a special object of attention. ... The great road from the entry 
of the southern barrier wall of Travancore, till it reaches Cochin, should be completed in a 
series of road sheet- in she usual form ; the other roads may be added in like manner. 

The back-waters, as they arc called in Travancore ( the inland navigation ), form a peculiar 
feature. ... Ascertain their communications throughout... and the depth of the water by 
sounding at different times of the year, when the waters are high and low, as surveys of 
waters cannot be of much use without a- knowledge of the soundings and depths. 

The maps of districts are to be laid down on the scale already adopted for the other surveys, 
of one mile to an inch. ... 

I enclose a list of stationery and instruments now made up for completing the equipment for 
your party. ... As the instruments are not always procurable here, and are at all times attended 
with a considerable expense to Government, ... warn the assistant surveyors to be attentive to 
their preservation. 

Having every confidence in your zeal and knowledge, ... already evinced in those -works 
you have so satisfactorily conducted, any further- explanations of the general plan of this 
■work are scarcely necessary 1 . 

The six assistants— Turnbaill, Pereira, Keycs. AlaeMarion, Aikin, and Bird— had 
from 5 to 18 years experience on district surveys. Ward based his trian.gulati.on 
on Lamb-ton's triangles, writing from Anjengo on 1st April 1817 ; 

I have during the past month extended a series of triangles from Trivandrum 3 to this 
place and in the interior, taking up the points originally fixed by Lieutenant site wart [ II, 132, 
443 ]. It is my intention during the present month to extend it series over the tract Of the 
northern part of this district, and of that, of ivo la re array, to the great range of mountains, to 
enable the surveyors. ..to lay in the features of the country*. 

The following extracts from his journal 4 give a picture of his daily work ; 

Thursday, 13th June 1816. Left Madras at 11 p.m.. anil proceeded by Tripoloor s to 
Manvillypoor ; ... arrived... at 8 p.m. and proceeded to Colonel Mackenzie's touts, pitched on 
the beach near an ancient pagoda. ... 

Arrived at Pondicherry at 10 a.m. 011 the 15th inst. ... Left SVnuiehorry 28th. ... 

July 3rd. to 9th. Trichinopoly. ... 11th to 17th, Dindigul. ... 18th to" 28th, Madura. ... 

31st. Courtallum 6 . Reported my arrival to Colonel Munre [II, too n.4 ; IJI, in n.4], the 
Resident ir: Travancore. ... 

August 5th to 14th. Palamcotta 7 . ... 

18th. Prepared the instruments for sei 
of the country east and south of the line, 
the roads from Poonagoody and Comorin ti 

28th. Ascended and took a station 

31st. Took a station on Myladdy hill. ... 

September 15th. Made a circuit on the eastern limit e 
District ], and proceeded to Arumbullay [ II, 242-3 ]. ... 

Oct. 3rd. Oodagerry. Reported my arrival to the Officer Commanding and moved to the 
neighourhood of Paupana\erarn. to avail myself of the eonvenienee of a bungalow to bring up 
all arrears of the survey ; the assistants, Aiken, Bird, and MacMubon. having arrived at this 
station some days previous. ... 

From the 5th to 22nd of Oetober, employed within door* with tiie assistants, protracting the 
field work and drawing ; procuring registers of villages, and entering the situations of such as 
have already been ascertained. 

The assistants Aiken and Mac Million employed in making a minute sm-vey of the forts and 
environs, the lattyr tionorally employed on this dim . the former o.n the survey of the roads from 
this place to Trivataur. ... Bird inserting the situation of villages in the registers, and pro- 
traetiiiL' and colouring the routes surveyed to this place. 

On the 7th inst. took a station at the rlacsta-ff on Oodagerry Hill ; on the 10th on the re- 
doubts to the north of Faupanavern.ni, to fix them as stations for the bases of the survey of the 



1 Bird and MacMahou to make survey 
... 23rd. Directed Bird and MacM&hon to survey 

Xagaooit 8 . ... 

1 Murtawa hill. ... 



to Ternevelly [ Tinnevelly 



'from SG-, IS 4-16; UPC. 10-5-16. ^Capital of 'J/r-avani'cre, oS D/I5. s M Kev Bd„ 26-6-17. 
i Memjjir of Iks film:?!/ •>!' TravuHcjr* and H.^Aih. Madras (Jovr. Cress, i-SUl. '* Tirupporur, 66 D/2. 
"Kuttalam, famous waterfall [ II, 144 ] ; 58 H/5. : Pilamcottah, 3 m. E. of Tinnevelly. s Sagerooil. in 



Travancoke & Cochis- 



107 



i survey whs.t. reni;uned r.f tiio southern 
" a for the surveys of the Coola- 



•In'.h Oct. J-la.v>"S, r directed the three a 
district of Cocolum 1 , proceeded... to 0' 
torav find \caf ■ !•:■[■:'■.>!"■•"" ■! i -r-ricts. ... 

3rd November. ... Assistants Turnbull and Peraifi reported their arrival from Dindigul. 

4th. Commenm] the- calculation of i he triangles to the v/esuvard, :- : -nd drew up setters and 
reports for transmission to the Surveyor General's office. ... 5th. Continued the calculation 
of the triangles. Assistant Keyes reported, his arrival this day. ... 11th. Despatched the 
three nr.slst.nnts }w>$ arrived lo survey the districts... to the westward. ... 

Dec. 1st. The assistants Aiken and MaeMahon returned from survey ; the former and 
William Bird lining Indisposed with a fever wee directed to proceed imtl pUi.ce themselvoa 
under the... surgeon at frjvandriim. ... 

5th. Proceeded to Tambercohim i-.fi execute an agricultural survey of its lands, being in 
eorifoniiitv to instructions received from the Surveyor General. ... 

6th, 7th, 8th. Invest iuatinrj iulo die nature of the tot; .ires and sto.tistieri! accounts connected 
with the village and its lands. .M no.\!ahon employed on the survey since the 4th inst s . 

Survey was by no means straightforward or easy ; 

I have now seen a specimen of the Travaucore country, arid do assure you, My Good Sir, 
the difficulties we will have to encounter will be much greaiffl than anything experienced in 
Cana-ra, in consequence of the woody and mountainous tracts, which extend for many hunrlred 
Square miles, a.ud without a single habitation save those of a few 1 1 ill people. ... 

Plains in this country are only the bottom of doc;) ravines, which are cultivated and shut in 
with immense woods &■ hills. To sec even a village or field if is necessary to be on the spot, 
& tho' the mountains are lofty &■ a.t. hand, the trreai.esf difficulty must he r ;oiio over before f one ] 
can get a sight of the stations. The only method. ..is to survey from village to village with 
the wheel & compass, &the tract laid down in this manner will in some respects be erroneous, 
which. ..may be correcte:! wl •■■'i an observation can bo obtained. ... 

It ia my intention in a few days to run -over the country between tins place. Trivandrum, 
and the sea, to settle as many secondary stations as niay be possible, on which tract, when 
Turnbull joins, T propose dividing the young men. ..to allot each a separate district, & when 
they arc employed -will at my leisure tube an active part towards the mountains. ... 

Bird & MacMahori are now well acquainted with the manner of keeping the field book, & 
they will be able to show the others bow it is to be done. ... 

We have gone over the whole tract... surveyed by Caphi. Blair [II, 131, 382]. ... It seems in 
every respect to be a very accurate production ; the situations of the villages are laid down 
minutely, tho' their names 1 found im.-.eb corrupted, & 1 do suppose that the whole has been 
laid down from t.ri<;f;nou:eti'ica< observations, nr 01 a or ■.vise error would appear in some parts. 
Attention has not been paid In laying down tho extent of tho bills to their base, which is the 
only difference I have observed. 

Again, on 4th November ; 

Constant heavy rains. ..with short interval of fair weather. ... I have carried on... triangles 
as well as the uneven <t wooded nature of the country would adroit, which will be of great 
assistance to the young men, but.. .a great part can only be surveyed with the wheel & com- 
pass. Another obstacle to the westward is the immense eoeoanut topes, which keep rising 
from the bottom of glens almost to the summit of the heights, the tops of wliicli are again 
crowned with lofty wood. ... 

I also met with two Tesildars, who are of the Nair caste, & very oivil & polito. They have, 
they said, in consequence of instructions sent to them beforehand, prepared registers of 
villages. ... Some villages have one name in the eirear list, [ and ] are called by another by 
the natives, which often occasions great confusion 1 . 

In May 1817 Ward was deputed to survey the boundaries of Travancore with 
Tinnevelly and Dindigul under tho direction of nounmissionera who had been appoint- 
ed to settle them 5 . This was the sort of interruption to the steady progress of 
survey that marie Mackenzie so angry, but against which he could make no official 
protest. " This survey of the limits of Travancore i^ a subject that I had no notice 
of & I know not who the co mm issio tiers are at this moment fi ". 

Ward suffered the trials common to all boundary commissions ; 

May 23rd. Received a letter by post tins morning from the Surveyor General, directing me 

'Kalculum, 3S H/7. a Nayyattinkara, 58 H/3. * MRIO. M. 106 ; 13.7 ( 7 ) ; scale 4 inches to a mile. 
4 to SG DDn. 156(176, 131-3). a Thc ("ix^ui-Mibbur baumkrv lia • i>een surveyed by Arthur 1815-6. 
MRIO.M. 107. °DDn. 156 (.136'), 27-5-17. 



: 






108 South Peninsula & Nizam's Dominions 



to proceed and comply with the requisitions of the Commissioners about to be appointed for 
the purpose of deciding the disputed lands between Travaucore. Dindigul, and Tennevelly. ... 

The commissioners are Captain Kliiekei for Travaneore & a Mr. Drury, assistant to Mr. 
Petrie, [ I, 175 n.5 II, 265 ], on the part of Government. 

CoortaHum, ISth June. I arrived at this place on the 13th instant, having left Quilon on 
the IOth ;five days Lave now elapsed <fc no commissioner has appeared. ... Mr. D. has arrived at 
Dindigul. ... Capt. Blacker is pasting, and will be here in a day or two. ... We then proceed to 
Curomuin in the Dindigul valley to deride the dispn"; s in the Dud a mum 1 .Mountains &... return 
to Shencota in this neighoiirli'iod. ... I have several documents. ..connected with the disputes. 
How this point will ultimately lie decided I. do not know, out the fatigue k labor attending it 
will be very great*. 

June 80th. Being given to understand by the Resident that the Commissioners will meet 
at Cumburn 3 in the Dindigul valley, ... began to make preparation* for proceeding. 

July 5th. Induced to halt for a supply of cash from Palameottah ; the exchange of the 
Travancoro fanams 4 at 20% discount was a serious loss to the party. ... 

12th. This morning the Co in m is si oners arrived, accompanied by the Collector of Madura. ... 

Ho writes to Mackenzie, 12th July ; 

I am impatient, and very anxious to commence on this duty. ... The weather is just now 
cool and pleasant, with rain at intervals, notwithstanding we have a few sick already. 

The whole of the tract in dispute, which lies between tiio hills &■ the Perryaur river, ... is 
extremely wild and very Intricate, and much infested by tygors ,t elephants, and. ..at tunes 
the whole day the fogs are so thick that they [ the men ] are obliged to grope their way thro' 
it at the hazard of their lives, & the rain cooiinually pouring down in torrents will, I fear, 
impede uui progress considerably 5 . 

13th to 17th. The Commissioners, after some days discussions, came to a resolution to 
forward all the d<u-umenls produced by both parties to Government for their decision, and 
...expressed their wish to me that the tract in dispute. ..to be surveyed. ; I therefore held my- 
self in readiness to execute this duty 6 . 

He commenced survey of the disputed cardamom lands about 26th July, 
and have been labouring fiver since, making every exertion to get over it, but to little effect, 
having to contend with not only the difficult nature of the country which is a composition of 
hills and narrow vi-illies & almost uninhabited, but the weather mostly [has] been a barrier 



It continuallv rains A' causes such a damp in everything, that tho' it would be a satisfaction 
...to enter upon the pro traction id" the work, yet... it is impossible. 1 then take np a bonk, tie in 
bed to pass the time. That too I find uncomfortable. "We have fires made, and so long as 
they last it is all well, but when they go out we feel worse than ever. 

1 went up to one of the highest hills looking towards Dindigul valley one tine day, to take 
a station, & as soon as I reached the summit such a. fog with rain commenced, the like I never 
witnessed before. On this lofty eminence did we remain for six long days & nights in a small 
hut made of leaves, in hopes of a fair day. ... 

I am just now almost in the same predieament, tho' in more comfortable quarters, sheltered 
in a deep hollow where the wind is not so piercing, waiting for the fog to disperse. ... These 
continual disappointments, My Dear Sir, is very vexing, ... separated from my baggage &c, 
and obliged to go over every inch of ground on foot- and., to crown the whole, ... I sent away 
about a month ago. ..articles of some value, my host., clothes, <kc. The party was attacked by 
a male elephant who spa-rod nothing, destroying the whole, amounting to a considerable sum. 
How am I to be indemnified ! ... 

I have hopes by the end of November to bring it to a final close, when 1. proceed to Quilon'. 

He had more trouble from elephants ; 

Aug. 16th, This evening ms a. party of ooollot about 50 hi number were coming up from 
Cumbum... they were attacked about a mile from this by 8 male elephant, which rushed upon 

them and struck a iad ofabont IS with las proboscis, end •ustant'y killed him on the spot ; the 
remaining partv endeavouring l.o get away, some fell and bmised to etc selves very much. 

He escaped from the boundary survey in December : :i I was enabled to quit that 
vile tract.. .about the 5th instant, notwithstanding the weather, which became 
favourable only late in November, ... I arrived here on the 16th instant ". He was 
glad to get back to Ms surveyors, about whom he had been anxious ; 

1 Lh-iiarin C'ir>itnntw«.w, requires cense slia.de, plenty of water, arid vicli soil. - to SC, JJD11. 156 
J 214). 'Kambato, f>8 G/6. ' +2 /ww = 1 jnt/o'h- [ 1, 278107 1- Ho HG. : DDii. If.M { 216). "Ward's 
Memoir. 'to SG., 2S- 10-17 ; Dl'n. !;}() ( 218 ) ; boundary survey, MRI0. Misc. 9-0-13. 



Travaxcore & Cochin 



109 



iot unlikely lie will keen away from the 
.1 duly with Tumbiill, ft they. ..do little, 






12th July. Keys is again i: 
survey till 1 return. There are 
on the plea- thai, it- ootd Lnually r: 

28th October. I am concerned... that Turnbull & the other assistants do not at all give 
satisfaction. They have ever since the month of May been on the survey of the Kotarkorrv 
district, and which is. ..still rmfmishod...from a want of zeal on their part. Was J on the 
spot, I am confident that survey would have terminated... early in August 1 . 
He now inspected their work "which, tho' it embraced but a small portion of 
country, appeared to be well executed". At Quilon he was glad to welcome 
Connor, who had brought his small party 2 down from Coorg to assist [ 97 ]. 

Mr. Connor arrive. .1 here a few flays after me, having left Mysore a monl li ago. I was sur- 
prized to see him here so soon. ... We have... arranged it. previous to commencing survey 
.again, to see the Resident. ... He is now on his tour in Cochin, &. is expected to be back soon 3 . 

Jan. 5th 1818. Left Quilon at 4 p.m. ; proceeded in company with Lieut. Conner, and 
arrived at Aleppy at 1> a.m. on the 6th inst. ... Waited on Colonel Mimro 4 and, after a 
conference, returned to Cochin. ... 8th. This morning again wa.it.ee] on the Resident, and 
after a long conference, principally on subjects connected with the survey and assistance 
required \ 40S ], we took our leave and returned to Cochin. 
Biddell reports that after seeing the Resident Ward seemed 

sanguine as to expectations of future assistance. Que advantage has, he says, already arisen 
from the interview "in having an additional number of peons al.lotcd to them, whose services 
will be essentially necessary 111 procuring aid to the assistants". 

Lieutenant Ward has, during this quarter, completed the survey of the disputed tract 
between Travancore and. .Oindigull : and the assistants, having finished the Quilon District, 
liave resumed the e.v ami nation of Hie woody tracts of Kntarkerry District, discontinued from 
the difficulty of procuring assistance, and are making considerable progress in the districts 
of Hunaboor and Umbalapilly 5 . 

In short, ... the progress of the Travancore survey is as rapid as can be expected. All- the 
country south of aline drawn east and west, 12 miles north of Quilon has been finished. This 
comprises ahout a fourth of the kingdom, and, calculating on the progressive acceleration 
that will arise from the increased number of surveyors, we ma.y look- forward at no very remote 
period to the com plat ion of that 'lis! am and unhealthy region 6 . 

In addition to the straightforward one-inch survey of the country, large scale 
surveys were made of the town and environs of Quilon 7 , and of various cardamom 
gardens. Field work was closed for' the monsoon, ami resumed on 1st September ; 

June 1st 1818. This being the commencement of the heavy rains on this coast, I directed 
the whole party into Quilon, to bring up the indoors work of the survey .si rice Its commencement 
in August 1810, having had no leisure since that period to hrin^ up arrears, of which now much 
■was to be done. A convenient bungalow as an office was built at toy own expense, and the 
assistants... we re directed to attend, stated hours being fixed for doing the indoors work. 

Lieut. Conner and his party came in about, the I 8th inst. ... 

July 20th. This evening died the assistant Porera, who came into Quilon with a fever 
contracted in the hilly tracts to the eastward, ... He has left a young widow whom he married 
in December last year. ... 21st. l^irly this morning attended the interment of the remains of 
the assistant Perera at the burial gruiua.l -..it Xeotiducurm ; h'Ti Quilon at 7 a.m. 

26th. Lieut. Conner who accompanied rue from Quilon went on this day to Shencottah 6 
for the purpose of commencing on the survey of that district. ... 

31st. Arrived at the cantonment of Quilon. 

The whole of the month of August within doors, examining and revising papers connected 
with the survey to the southward, and. on the calculations of the triangles. During the greater 
part of the month weather stormy and rainy, and the assist nuts often in eiei sequence prevented 
from attending office : also the papers being so very damp that they could not be meddled with 
without sustaining some injury. 

As work went on, most of the scattered areas surveyed before 1811 were connected 
up and by the end of 1820 the survey was closed down. Conner was transferred to 
Hyderabad, and took with him all the plans and documents which he finished off 
at Madras, and handed in during February 1821 ; 

HoSG., DDn. 156 ( 216, 218 f. 'SuVaasistatrtS Long sad Picker. 3 to SG. , DDn. 156 (222) 

12-12-17. 'Joae Mtniro ( 1775-1S.1S } Mad. hit: (JUG. 1308 ( 1 1, 171 ) ■ Undent, Travitacore 1817-8 
[106]. m., Madras. 181K i.'.'ii.u-laite, d-<ter to Va hi; tine Blacker. * Airib:.,h>.p-ilvi, .~>S OH. 'Report of 

6-3-18 ; MMC. March IP" 5 



110 South Peninsula & Nizam's Dominions 

A General Map of V.oth principalities [Travancore ami Cochin ]...six sheets. The northern 
section, including much of Cochin and I'out districts of the colleefi'raie of" South Malabar, has 
alone.. .been left incomplete : the insertion of the names, together with some trifling details, is 
all that remains necessary to perfect it. 

The memoirs, register;;, and routes, of each parth-ular dis'rieT will he found to accord in 
every particular with the instructions. ... Geographical and -mistical information.. .Trill he 
found in the document cut it-led Memoir of ike 1'ravaiicnre Survey, in which also are given some 
genera! find Irasty notices as to the production, resources, population, etc., of the country. ... 

Ha v ins; Ion;; ant ieipalO' I u ith anxiety t!:s eomoleiion . ... it is difficult in repress,,. the solici- 
tude we shall feel to learn the aent.ime.nt3 of the Surveyor General as to the manner in which the 
duties... have been accomplished. ... I have spoken in tin: plural, but in doing no will not derogate 
in ihe slightest measure from (lie high cotisidei'ai ion due to l.ietit. Ward. The principality of 
Cochin ; the districts of South Malabar : part of Tra van core ; and the memoir of those tracts 
wen; undertaken and completed by Lieutennnt Ward and myself us a joint labour 1 . 

In apologising for tlie time taken over this survey. Ward suggests that 

in t akin" iTrt-i- <-■ msid (-ration the variety of iin|j':dimcnls presented by the mountainous and woody 
tract- nt tlie eii*t, and the dense palm proves and detailed character of die country to the west, 
together with the heavy raiirs and the climate. ... it will not appear s<> disproportionate 3 . 
Slot rtgojite tie fitted ili.e quality of tlie work very higii ; 

The survey depends on Col. Lambkin's triangulation. from which a minor trian nidation 
was conducted by the Superintendent, and the points determined thereby furnished to the 
Assistant Surveyors. Tlie detail was mostly taken tip by means of the plain table ; circum- 
ferentorri, perambulator, & field hooks were also used [ 206 ]. 

This was an excellent geographical, topographical, and stat istical survey. ;ind the admir- 
able manner in whicli it hits been executed, and that too under no ordinary dilii evil ties from the 
wild nature of the country, reflects great credit 3 . 

The original plane table .sections of Conner's survey of Cochin are still 
preserved, though in fragile condition. The twelve sections are beautifully drawn, 
in great detail, with green forest symbols, stump -shaded hills, and clearly marked 
trigonometrical stations 4 . 

DlNDIGUL, 1821 

The resurvey of IJindigiil had been taken tip in 1815 by six assistant revenue 
surveyors under Turiibnll 5 , but progress was siow and much interrupted by siek- 
ness [II, 140]. Under his now organization Mackenzie de-eideel to put this party 
under Benjamin Ward for the survey of Travancore. By the beginning of the rains 
of 1810, the greater part of the rich cultivated valley of Dindigul had been surveyed 
but "the great mass of mountains that divided the country from Travancore" 
remained, and Mackenzie preferred to leave this till Travancore had been com- 
pleted. With the exception of Chajiturett (lie whole party moved to Travancore 
between July and December, and Mackenzie reports on 26th September that 
Mr. Turiibull has transmitted the map of the survey of Dindigul, which. ..conveys a very 
satisfactory specimen of the^e surveys, and an interesting addition to our knowledge of that 
part of the peninsula [ II, pi. 13 |. The kill 00k of Ouiauipallam and two small pollams are 
left unsurveyed which, with part of the mountainous tract may be taken up on the close of the 
Travancore survey. ... The danger of sacrificing the lives of the party by persevering further 
in a debilitated state of health in tin unhealthy country will be admitted as a sufficient reason 
for calling them off to another duty. 

The memoirs, plans, and sections of the separate districts had been interrupted by the 
repeated sickness of p.rds of the assistants. Mr. Turiibull. by persevering in bringing up this' 
work, with a zeal highly commendable, bus. ..transmitted t> memoirs descriptive of the. ..dis- 
tricts and (Minindartes of Dindigul, with statistic talji.es of their population, cuttle, etc, together 
with translations by himself, and by others of the assistants, of ihe historical accounts of the 
poli<KW.= > of tlifit district 6 . 

'DDn. 226 (61 ], 21-2-21, 2 Memoirs, M. 100. a I)Dn. 226 (51 ). 'MRIO. 4-PT-1B ; Cochin- 
flritisli Boundary, il>. 131 ( 1 |. 10 Cut. (iiii), TmvaTU/.Te, rcni.riil & nurd); 2.1 shetts, one-Inch scalo; 
Conner & Ward; Govt. Lit ho. Press. Madras, 1871. ° Ait in. Peceira. Keves, Msn-Miilion, Chamarett, Bird. 
■'MFC. 11 11-16. 



DlMDlGUL 



III 



On the completion of the Travaucore survey Ward moved his party 1 up to 
Drndigul early in February 1821 and, in spite of interruptions by cholera, com- 
pleted one tlious.md .square miles of survey in sis months. 

The series of triangles which were carried over the whole, preparatory to the survey of the 
details, were. ..extended... from bases determined by Colonel Lambtou io Travannore, and the 
details inserted on .sections, each containing 27 square miles [ II, iaS ]. 

The survey coiiioicnoed in the vicinity ol' PoriacoLin",-, nod v.'.i;-; jirosoeuted in tiiree different 
directions down the valley. ..embracing the vabey oi' War^anad 3 bordering on the Tinivelly 
province, and brought to a termination in the latter end of April. 

The exploring of the Vurrhagen-y mountains was the next and gi'and object in view, the 
survey of which commenced in the latter end of fiiay by penofcra ting into them by three different 
passes, and with great exertion the "whole of this mass of mountains was surveyed by the be- 
ginning of August, when the parties retired to l-'uhiay in the plains to the north... for... finishing 
and connecting the sections of the survey, ami also to draw up such documents as will be 
necessary. ... This duty will occupy me within doors to the hitter end of September, when 
I hope to transmit the whole of the materials! ...together with some original .surveys 
...executed by the assistant .inrv-eyni-s in Ifilii-fi. received from the assistant .surveyor 
Trumbull*. ... 

I have boon induced to embrace a largo tract of ink-vesting mOLiniar.nons country depen- 
dent on Coimba,i;oor, hitherto never explored. ... I Lad it in contemplation to have extended the 
survey over the mass of the mountains of DlmMoc.as it would complete the survey of the 
mountains from Capo Comorin to the Poonany River, but tin: excessive bad weather prevailing 
on those mountains. ..induced rue to recede to the plains 6 . 

Montgoinerie bad nothing but praise- for tho final maps ; "The excellence of the 
material... renders it one of the most perfect of any of the maps of the southern 
provinces which have been issued from this omce [i2o-l]" e . 

Ward had been seriously unwell ail the time on this survey of the mountains, 
"but after a month's leave moved bis party to south Coimbatore in November, 
with the prospect of work in the Nilgiri mountains. 



NiLomi Hills, 1821-3 

The first surveyors to explore the Xilgiri Mills were iveyes and MaeMahon, who 
visited them from Coimbatore in 1812 [II, 147-g ]. They were followed in 1818 
by two of the f'olleei.rvr'.s assistants who reported a fertile and healthy country at 
a height of eight to ten thousand feet above the sen. 7 , and on the strength of this 
report the Collector, John Sullivan 8 , asked for 

a rough survey, ...as "the .Inhabitants are extremely anxious to have their lauds 1 
under an idea- that they are paying more ihan they ought to do". He obtained Rs. '. 
make the path to tire hills more accessible, observing that if this were not dc 
...would in a short timo waste to nothing . ... The formation of the road w 
Mr. Maepherson [ II, 428 ], in command of a party of pioneers, and to tlio same officer the 
survey of the lands. The read n;w reported as completed on 2Mrd May iS2?>. This was the 
old St'imugai Pass, which preceed.ed the Kol.agiri 10 pass. ... 

Captain Ward, originally one of Colonel .lhre!;cn7.ie's assistants, surveyed the hills, and 
completed the valuable memoir which. ..was not submitted to Government till July 1826' 1 . 

Macpherson testifies, 12th June 1820, to the salubrity of the climate ; 

My residence in these mountains has been sin ee tho lit h of March ( now about three months ), 
and probably the hottest season of tho year 12 . ... So long back as 1815, I suffered an atta.ck 
of the Ganjam epidemic, which appears to be an intermittent [ fever ] in its most malignant 
form, since which period. ..I have been subjected to occasional attacks of fever. At Madras, 
in December last, ... I had two attacks of Eigne ;. in the .February following at Coimbatore I was 
nearly brought to the brink of the grave by the same disorder, 

1 except Tiirnimll and the interpreter who went to Tiimevullv ( II, US ). - ['eriyktiiam, 58 ff/12. 

"Vsnisharii.l, W G.'il. ] Journal, M!UO. V. :b : tn-.r^.r.,, jl ii. : mips, ib. l:W i 23 -j) U6 ( 15 ) 3-PT-15. 
"Journal, 15-8-21; DDn, 1S5 ; to Mounffoi'J, i:i-S-2l", DDn. 102 (220). 6 DDn. 220 (201), 2-8-25. 

'from Collector to M Rot Bd., 31-7-I!t. Price. •John fiiiilrv-in ( 17SS-J y.i i wrii.cr. 1*0* : Collector Coim- 
batore 1815-30; ret. 1841. 'Collector to B Rev Bd., 6-3-19. 10 10 m. E. of Ootacammid. "Grigg 
( 280-5 ). '-He appends a record of doily temperatures. 



112 South Peninsula & Nizam's Dominions 

In March I ascended the Neelgherry, weak and debility. ted ; in a few clays my appetite was 
restored, and I soon recovered health and strength, shioo which period I have not had a single 

day's sickness 1 . 

Sullivan, pushed the development of this new health resort, and wrote to 
Mountford in November 1819 ; 

Instructions have been issued to yon to prepare a map of Cofmbatoor for the use of the 
revenue department in that province ; ... the survey of the southern., .division., made under the 
orders of the Surveyor General in .LSI:!, was extremely imperfect, and. .no reliance can be 
placed in the map winch is framed from it [ II, 145 ]. 

The rewuryey of it appears, desiroble. unci I am a nxiiii>s...t.ci ascertain from vou whether 
that branch of tho survey department which is now employed in Travancore could, with 
convenience to the public service, bo onipinyed for a- few months in Ooinibatore before it 
finally leaves the: southern and western provinces 3 . 

Mountford replied that the Collector's old map 
was not executed, under the orders of tho Surveyor Genera:, bu.t so far back as 1801— 2 and 3. 
From the records of the ofiicc: it appears to have been executed by young lads scut from the 
survey hi.i; school, and upon ii much smaller scat-, than it. has been, thoufdu, ueecs.iai'v to adopt 
in surveys of a 1 eore recent date 3 [ II, 147-8]. 

I perfectly concur with you tlii.it res urvey... appears, desirable, ... its being so much inferior 
to other district surveys, particularly hi tiio northern part of the Coi to bat oor, executed 
since the establishment of the survey department" 1 . The only objection.,, appears to be the 
delay which it will occasion in the com filet ion of the survey of tho Northern Circars [ 102 ] 5 , 

Pending completion of the Travancore survey, Macpherson was called on to 
make a survey, but though he indented lor instruments aud received professional 
instructions lie produced nothing of value. On completion of Ward's survey 
of Dindigul, Mountford recommended his move to Coimbatore and the Nilgiria ; 

The survey of the southern pari, of Coiuibaloro was executed by a few inexperienced young 
lads sent from the surveying school in 1501, The reside of their work is in a general map in 
this office, and it exhibits little more than a mere sketch. On trying the work with Colonel 
Lambton's trieono.ir.etrica.lly , lef.enuiiicd s'al ioos j whose operations had not been commenced 
at the date of the survey ), its defects became suil'ieieiil !y apparent. 

With respect to tho survey of the "Xilgorry mountains, it is evident from the field books... 
[ 11,149 ], that the assistants ( who had suffered much from fever } were irnluced to hurry over 
the work ; the china i.e at that time being considered extremely inimical to the European con- 
stitution. I am of opinion that... .the work should be revised at the same time with the southern 
part of the district, especially ;-is it ought not to occupy the party more than two months*. 

"Ward started the survey of south Coimbatore in November 1821, and moved 
up to the mountains in March, completing field work by July 1822. He carried 
out the trianguiatiou himself, whilst Kcycs and Maeilahou filled in the detail by 
planetable, thus having the satisfaction of rectifying their hasty work of 1812. 
An important part of the operations was the determination of the height of the 
plateau and the peaks, and, writes Mountford, 

An. area of fiiiO square miles has bean surveyed in the south-western quarter of this 
district. Lieutenant Ward in'tended, after bringing up... indoor work, to explore the lofty 
mountains on the southern frontier, and about 1,1 its beginning of March to a.seend the Nilgherrie 
mountains. 

As the state of the atmosphere may... pre vent Lieut. Wan I... doteru lining trigouome trie-all v 
the elevation of the principal pea';* of that interesting tract 7 , it appears advisable that he 
should have the means of doing so by approximation. 1 have an Englefield'a : 
barometer (my own ) disposable for thnt purpose, and have applied to Gover 
permission to purchase another from the shops, by means of which the < 
elevations of the mercury in the plains below may be registered. 

In taking this precaution, however, i shall not lose sight of the greater dependence to he 
placed in the results to bo obtained from the former method, if it can be obtained without 
undue interruution to tbe survey 8 . 
He was authorised to purchase as many mountain barometers as he could find. 

'Grieg (Apps-lr. ). J DDn. 148 (234], 27-11-10. 
'Triangles, DDn. 181 M. 91. s DDn. 148 ( 225 ), 29-11-13. 
point. Doddabet-ta. Sfi40 ft. s DDn. 194 ( 31 ), 2S-2-22. 



Nii.giri Hills 



U3 



In July Ward reported that he had completed the survey and withdrawn to 
Comibatorc for mapping 1 ; 

I have... taken... el editions avid depressions f ". . . r- uelerminmL: tin.' heights of some of the emi- 
mences on thai, e^cen^:'. <- [iit^audin, !.>m it vv i L( require sunn; lime before T can report on them, 
... On descending the mountains I recisitod si'vimI of my stations for tlie purpose of revising 
the angles taken in the months of March and April, the weather at that period being very un- 
favourable... on account of the very hazy state of the atmosphere prevailing all over.. .the low 
country 2 . 

During the working season of 1822-3, he completed the remaining part of 
Coimbatore to the east 3 , and then took up survey of tVie Kundan hills, on the 
Malabar border, 15 miles south-west ot" Ootacanumd : 

In the map of the Malabar Province by the Bombay surveyors, surveyed from 1792 to 1799 
[ I, 131-2 ], the situation of these mo unfair is forms a nerfect blank :iu:.l. as (hey resemble the 
Neelgherries in their prominent features. ... Forming a part of that mass of mountains... and, 
as their western frontier forms a part of t lie great- line of gaats, 

permission was obtained for their survey. Ward carried this out himself, leaving 
Keyes and Ma.eMa.hon to finish olT south Ooituhatore. In November 1S23- he took 
three months leave owing to "the pre canon* state of hi* health", and the assistants 
also were given leave to the Presidency. 

A reduced copy of Ward's map faces page ."> of Price's History of Ootacamund, 
and his Geographical and Statistical Memoir forms an appendix to Origg's Manual 
of the Nilgiri District. 



Malabar, 1828-80 

The survey of Malabar between 1793 and 1S00 by Emmitt, -Johnson, and 
Moncrieff had been carried out by radiating and intersecting routa surveys, held 
together by a few astronomical observations for latitude. These routes had been 
arranged mainly for fixing the more important; boundaries and communications, 
and in no way provided a complete or reliable map of the country [ I, 131-2 ]. 

The French territory at Make bad been, occupied by lite British during the war 
with France, and was, like Pondicherry. handed back during 1817 [ 97-8 ]. Maps 
were prepared from a survey made by Monier Williams in 1SU2 [ II, 456 ] and older 
French maps' 1 , about which .Mackenzie writes in 1816 ; 

There is scarcely any difference between the English and French maps as to extent of 
ground. Our people then seem to have puzzled themselves & others... with out any ground. 
In a matter, however, that m f iy involve the national interests of two European powers at 
some future period, 1 should apoiebend. an acy-urato survey of -.lie whole tray I,, including Koring- 
otte. should not lake bui. a few day*;. It is scarcely 4 or 5 square miles. 

Whilst the survey of Coimbatore was still in progress, there was some discussion 
as to whether Ward's next task should be (.iaiijatu, the most northerly of the Circars, 
or Malabar ; 

The general geography of the peninsula would undoubtedly be best- promoted by employing 
Captain Ward and Ins assistants, as originally intended, in t he Ganjam lilisLriot. Coimbatore 

ill its details will not be finally completed before December, so that it would be April... 
before they could possibly reach the field of their future labours. ... 

Experience has. ..shewn that a change from the southern part of the .Viale.bar to the other 
itremity of the f'oromandel Coast is generally attended with more or less sickness!. Thi3, 
however, is an inconvenience which ma; be felt at all times, and I. ..only advert to it here in 
ference to the smallness of the party, anil to Cup tain Ward's precarious state of health. 

By undertaking the survey of Malabar now, the party will have the whole of the next 

ir season from November (when the climate becomes least inimical) before them, and a 

very considerable portion of that district- nmsr be accomplished by the time that they could 

reach Ganjam. ... In a military as well as a geographical point of view our knowledge would 

!Map of Ootacamund & plateau, 1-inch scale. IS?:! ; 11RIO. 136 ( 1 ) ; MKO. 253, 2S0 : memoir, M 7S 
! Triangles, MRIII. M 2d. DDn. 1!M ( lO.i ). S T iiii. 3 M.ip. MfllO. 133 (!.:>}; memoir, DDn. 1SS M 
537. 'Maps bv WiUiara;. illltO. ili.3.2. l'-O-I.U : 1're.nch map made av order of Jfarsmvi Beloombc ib 
1-0-1778. 



114 South Peninsula & Nizam's Dominions 

be much improved hy the proposed measure, the present, map being both extremely 
defective and ameera-afce 1 . . . _ 

Ward therefore took up the survey of Malabar with his two assistants, in June 
1S"4 but in -\ugust was granted twelve months leave to the Cape on medical 
certificate. Georse Arthur was transferred from the Hyderabad survey to take 
charge during his absence, but his health was poor, and most of the work, even 
trianeulationT fell on Keyes and MaoMahon. Arthur was granted sick leave to 
Europe in April 1S2S, and it was not till December that another officer, Horatio 
Noble, was found to take his place. Keyes died and was replaced by Malcolm. 
On Ward's return 2 Montgonterie writes to him ; 

It will be an object of your first, care to examine and revise the h'i angulation on whieh assis- 
tant surveyors Mae Mali or. mid Malcolm have lately been employed, and you will take an early 
opportunity of minutely examining whatever has been executed by the last-named assistant, 
as there is but too much reason to doubt his accuracy. ... 

The Collector of Malabar latelv complained of Inaccuracy us to the names of villages in a 
map furnished to him from this office, which was compiled from mate rials... connected with 
; .l„; survey of the Cocliiu Stale [ no ]. ... It will be necessary that you immediately 0*11.. .for 
correct lists of the whole of the villages... of Malabar. 

The survey. ..has hitherto met with so much interruption as to render its successful progress 
now an object ui great solicitude 3 . 

To the Surveyor General lie reported that 
Captain Ward, having found accomodation for his family at Tol 1 1 cherry*, resumed eharge ot 
the survey.-.which I hope will now be prosecuted with more vigour than has hitherto been 
the case for the little progress made bv the assistants during the last .nmrU-r is m my opinion 
too strong a proof of want of activity and seal, for although. ..the assistant. Malcolm had at in- 
tervals been unwell, such was not the ease with the senior assistant, and I do not, think that....* 
.urficiently accounted for in the.. .want of assistance on the part of the inhabitants . 

In his report of Mav 3rd, Ward was 
happy to state that.. .the progress made during the past, quarter over a very w .Id tract of country, 
-though not extensive, is very s mis factor v. Lieut. Noble, who commenced operations about 
the middle of March. ... has bee,.) indisposed the greatest portion of last month. ... He has, how- 
ever gone over a surface of 18 square miles for the short, time he has been m the field . 

Work now proceeded steadily. Wvnad was surveyed during 1826-7, and con- 
nection made with the -Nilgiri ^angulation". Noble resigned m November 1827, 
and was replaced by James Du Vernet, who did much useful work during the next 
twenty years. Field survey and mapping were all completed early in 1830 8 , when 
tiie party, strengthened by two apprentices, moved to Madura 9 [ 4 ; pi. 12 ]. 



§ 



Nizam's Dominions; Gabling, 1816-20 

The extensive dominions of the Nizam of Hyderabad had hitherto been mapped 
from route surveys that provided a mere skeleton of geographical information. 
For many years the sketches of Bussy's marches between 1751 and 1758 held the 
field alone"[I, H5 ]. ' Then the enthusiasm of Mackenzie and Orr between 1792 . 
and 1798 produced Mackenzie's maps of the Deccan [I, 116-7 ] ; De Havilland 
and Blair had followed from 1806 to 1810 (IT, 133-4% and further information 
came from officers of the Quartermaster General's staff. 

The ^eographv of the Deccan had long been Mackenzie's particular interest, and 
it was natural that it should claim his first thoughts on his return in 1815. 
He chose Garling, who had held successful eharge in Goa, and sent him up to 
Hyderabad early in 1816 wit!) three assistants 10 to start a regular survey of the 
southern districts, through which Lambton had recently taken his main triangles 
[ II, 249 ]. The survey was to follow the general plan developed in Mysore and 

■ Mountford to SG 12-9-23, DDn. 200 ( 167 ]. 'mnmed cWge, W-1-3B. s DDn. 202 ( 321 ], 
12-12-25 *49 Vie- - Ml,. 31 S f 02 ). is- 2 26. -il>. Ml,. :i-V2rJ. : MRU. Map 253 ; 10 Cat. (359). 

;-. ii,-M .,c!.,<„l,. MKIO. fid'T.29; maps, MRO. I s 

•DDn. 237(218],4-3-30. '" 



-plate 12 







r.ANHAsmrv V \3 






.Nizam's .Dominions; Garling 



115 






the Ceded Districts. Garling received his instructions on the 20th May 1816, and 
reached Hyderabad on 2nd July ; 

After communication -with the British Kestdent he was. ..to proceed to survey the Dooab, 
or country between the Toombodra 1 and Kistna, which is recommend od by t-iio Resident as moro 
convenient. ... The district*, Pagtoor, Rachoor% &o., ...adjacent to our Ceded Districts on 
the Toombodra, ... eoniitie; appropriately in contact with our former' surveys, -and well adapted 
for. ..gradual extension 3 [pis. i, 24]. ... 

The field work of the district of A.lpoor* was completed in the beginning of August, end on 
let September [ Garling ] had commenced with tho Godaval 5 purgaTinah, in which some progress 
had been made, tho' tho incroasini; damp weather and other cireumstiuieofv had occasioned 
delay. ... He expected to leave it for Kaohoro by the IStli of September. ... He has... experienced 
little difficulty, and much of an accomodating disposition in the authorities. I am hence 
encouraged to hope that these surveys may he with equal success attempted in the northern 
part of the Nizam's dominions, a » soon as the completion of those in hand in the Company's 
districts leave a sufficient party at disposal 6 [ 4-5 ]. 

Work was carried on through the war of 1816-8 with a few interruptions, 
Mackenzie reporting on 31st July 1817 ; 

The movements of troops and the incursions of tho freebooters ( March 18H>) thro' the 
whole extent of the Nizam's country lia.yo interrupted surveys [ 9°. 223 ]. 

Lieut. Garling, in charge of the party of 8 assistants in tho Doab, reports... that he had 
commonced on the district of Radio or by 9th November. The state of alarm of the country 
at that time. ..had induced him to call in the assistants, and. ..it was his intention. ..to remain 
for a time in the vicinity of the British posts on the Tombudra. ; these alarms having subsided by 
the middle of January, ho wrote on :lrd February that he had then resumed the survey. ... 

•Tho' the survey of the Dooab... adjacent to our own territory appears to proceed with all 
possible success, yet I consider the success of.. .more small parties of tins kind very doubtful 
within the interior of the Nizam's Country, until it is more, tranquillized [ 408-10 ] 7 . 

Kaichur Circar was completed by the end of 1817 and with, the maps Garling 
submitted a complete memoir, signed at Bellary on 1st August 3 . 

The field work of this survey was finished in December, and Captain Garling with the 



eeitabMslimoTit retired, ii 



5 of the unset 1 led .jtntc of I lie country, t ■ !iiil!.s.iy to brin^ 



t .p the details. In that portion of the Dooab which belongs to the Nizam there are only two 
Sircars, Bachoro and part., of Moodjrtd 8 ; that of the Bugnr, contrary to what was supposed, 

lyifis; entirely north of the river. ... 

Captain Garling, in addition, hurt been engaged on the requisition of'Mr. Russell, Resident 
at Hyderabad, in preparing an "outline sketch of tho Nizam's Territories between the Kistnah 
and Toongoobu'iih'ii, exhibit-ins their general divisions into purgunnahs, with a memoir illus- 
trative of tho same, and distinguishing the eircae lauds from those granted in jaghire " 10 . 

Sagar Circar was completed between December 1818 and July 1819 11 but 
Mackenzie was indignant that Garling had taken the opportunity to extend survey 
into Bijapux beyond the western frontier, even though this extension was to prove 
most helpful to the Bombay surveyors later on. Mountford had reported that, 
independently of the trigonometrical and detailed survey within the limits of the Sugger 
Circar, ...a series of permnncot.ly donned and accurate buses have been determined in the 
BeejapooT District, by which means the city of that name has been intersected, and thus its 
true geographical position determined 1 - together with the figure and extent of the ruins of 
that once famous capital | II, 452 ]. 

These stations, together with tlio-e deter mined in Havumior 13 by Captain Curling, will very 
much facilitate the survey about to be undertaken of the Poonah territories 14 [ 125 1- 

Mackenzie's reply was decidedly peevish ; 

What business Capt. Garling boa with tho surveys in tliafc quarter I cannot comprehend. 
I have early pointed out the survey of the Peubah of Hyderabad for that, officer and, if the 
circumstances do not admit of his going on with that, it might be most proper to point out any 
other, if Government maun to continue their surveys. ... I recommend to you, Mountford, to be 
3 regarding that survey. ... Captain Garling *s survey should be conducted under the 



■Tuneahhiuho. R ioie* Khuii. .,7 1:1. - R.ur.bur. ;'.<! D, U : .77 A, V.. ' from S«., 1-S Iti ; MFC. 

"fi-a-16 1 \la-npur. S7 1/1. -Gadvai, 5rt H/1C. '■ I'.-om ;=.C, 2i;-!i-l!i ; UPC. 1L-11-I6. 'MRIO. M 561. 
'Memoir, ill. M 171). 1 HI ; maps-, to ( ti, 7 j ; OS ( 1} ) : ;'K 74, 77 ). ■' Mu.laul 0-::;:\ sivrvd. 1317, copy from 
odiririalsectk.il*. 2 m. to inci. : MR10. S-I'T— 17 : mer.aiir. it.. U 17!i |. pi. 13]- lr " '" ■■■■■■■ 

M,,r-!. [--IS. "Memoir, Xw. ISlit, Dl)n. 101, M LSo ; m.ip, JII.4T0. 70 (77). 



116 South Peninsula & Nizam's Dominions 

regular system laid down, or not at all. ... He has no business withany partwesi- of the Nizam's 
frontier that I know of, and if he has gone without orders, 1 shall irert be the man to justify it. 
Beware. of anticipating orders on any pretext, however plausible, ami refer to me when 
occasion requires it T 132 n-4 ]. ... The survey can never go on if every surveyor is at liberty to 
go about as lie pleases. The ant iquity or former importance of I ! it '.pi pore is no reason. ... If 
That country is now wanted, there are abundance of officers will in g to undertake it 1 . 

Field work was interrupted by 
the general sickness ...which had induced the superintendent to withdraw to Bellary for the 
benefit of medical advice. ... The assistant surveyors have been sent out to complete the 
field work but, ... owing to the very weal; and debilitated state of Captain Garling's health, 
the surgeon had recommended hie rHiiuiiimg lit Bellary for a short period. ... On the com- 
pletion of field work, it is the intention... to assemble the establishment at Hyderabad for the 
purpose of bringing up the details during the monsoon, and to concert with the Resident 
arranLjeiJieurs for the further extension of the survey north of the Kistna 2 . 

Mackenzie did not like so much of Garling's concert with the Resident, and 
wrote to Monntford : 

J. have already cautioned you not to be too ready to take things on anticipation in that 
quarter. The proposal ion that he is to consult and receive orders from the Hesident of Hydera- 
bad as to swvovum north of i hat city is also object ion able, and ontil lis; fulfils what I proposed 
of tho districts south of it, I cannot agree. If he can not sorvey the districts proposed in the 
Nizam's country, it would be best to employ t lie assistant surveyors in the Company's northern 
districts of Chicaeolo, Ganjam, etc. ; besides, I have my own plans in view for the rest of the 
Nizam's country, as soon a* parties can be spared. 

I beg, my dear Mount ford, you will be careful not to go into plans thus obtruded against the 
proper authority of the department 3 . 

Mackenzie was particularly jealous on this matter because of a request from 
Baissell for several surveyors to push on the exploration of the northern territories 
[83-4]. During 1817-S Riddell had compiled .a, special map at Russell's request, 
much to Mackenzie's wrath, and the M; ideas Government had specially asked that 
both Lambton and Calling should supply Hussse.ll with as much geographical material 
as they eoultl : but, writes Lambton, 

My proposal for filling up the intervals of my survey by employ ins yrtim« officers who are 
competent to act under your direction has been objected to, on the principle of its being contrary 
to the orders of the Court of Directors. ... Surely that Honorable body, so truly liberal in 
promoting everything- .useful, never intended to prevent a "Resident's obtaining geographical 
information respecting the territories in which be resides in the most expeditions way that heean t 
especially when such material- might be turned to account in the Surveyor General's Office. I 
...hope that you will succeed with the Governor General in ha vim: as many useful hands attached 
to you as will give you a tolerable sketch of tho Nizam's country in about four years [ 278 3 1 . 

Riddell also wrote to Mackenzie ; 

Hodge wrote to me about the scheme of surveying the Deckan under she local authorities. 
He had an offer from Russell of being employed and, now that the field survey branch of the 
Quarter Master General's Department has ceased [IT. 321 - ] is placed at the disposal of tho 
Resident 5 . 

Such proposals were, of course, infringements on the duties of the Surveyor 
General which Mackenzie could not tolerate ; 

I can say not lung more regarding the Deckan map till 1 got copies of tho correspondence ; 
I am. sorry it- went beyond its marl;, as I conceive a ixs-re copy of what was in the office was 
sufficient. This was the only point 111 which poor Riddell de pur Led from my instructions, and 
he wrote me it was in consequence of a private letter from Mr. Km* ell 6 . ... It was a great error 
to think of eompilius; a. map in the office in Madras which was not known in the primary office, 
and entirely contrary lo the intention'. ... 

The difficulties. ..at Madras, and also with tho only surveyor in the Deckan under my orders 
originally, have of late increased, particularly that, of Hyderabad, where the surveyor seems 
to be acting independently. ..arid, i am concerned to add. by the authority of the Resident, 
who seems to have taken on himself the direction of this survey, a measure I should hswe 
officially remonstrated aaainst, ..did mv health permit me to go into so unpleasant a detail. 

1 DDji. 149(51 ),23-3-lfl. - from Monntford, 18-6-19 ; DDn. 148 (19). 3 DDa. 149(78), 4-9-19. 
'\b. 92 ( 43 ), 31-5-1S. Mb. 151 ( 192 ). 10-6-18. s ih. 140 ( 19 ), 1(3-11-18. ; to Monntford, DUa. 149, 
2-1-19. 



Nizam's Dominions; Cabling 



117 



Be so good as to communicate this where it 'nay be necessary ; ... I long aso stated my 
opinion of the consequence of t lie unusual an pi i™ 1 .! on ■■!' Jlr. Kussell to have the surveyors put 
...under his orders. ... The surveyor, who has bwn opposing my orders ami instructions for 
a long time [ has been ] proposed by Mr. Kitssel! tu be sent to another quarter. The moment 
I am well enough I will officially [ernonstrafe... rind. ..propose, thy most obvious remedy for a 
surveyor disobeying the orders of his principal 1 [ 304]. 

Mackenzie'* patience was completed exhausted when lie heard that Garling 
had undertaken a survey of the western boundary on 1-lusscLl's request 3 . This 
stretched over 700 miles from Afzalpur on the Bkima River, north wards to Ahraad- 
nagar, and occupied from October 1819 to June 1S20. Garling himself ran a net 
of triangle:-; along the whole line, whilst one of his ;i:*-;iotar\ts: surveyed the boundary 
and the villages on either side of it. Some of the detail survey was effected hy 
"a private draftsman", A. D'Houlboe, engaged by the Resident 3 . 

Mackenzie writes mdip/viuntly to Metcalfe ; who was shortly to succeed as Resident, 
complaining of 

the removal of Capt. Garling from the quarter recommended by me. ..to a survey of limit, 
■which niitrht have boon defined in a cerv short time hy ;.niv cimpetciii ornVer of the troops 
employed in that quarter. I know tha t country , .v T know jussit ivoiy rhnt there was no necessity 
for removing Capt. Garling t ) thftt duty. ... 

Capt. Gaiiing has followed this by plans entirely opposite to mine, ... a. deliberate attempt 
to perplex & retard what I had submitted in 1816. ... I wish to know whether Mr. Russell was 
authorised to break up the. ..survey, & to apply its establishment- to ;i plan of his own*. 

There is no reason to think that Garling had the slightest itiS.ention of flouting 
the Surveyor General's wishes, and it was natural that he should look to the 
Resident for guidance in the details of his programme. Mackenzie's ill-health was 
largely responsible for this bitterness. He admits that, he had several letters from 
Garling lying unread ; he refused Garling's retjuest for leave to come and see him 
in Calcutta on the grounds there was no officer avada-ble to act for him 5 . 

The party was pursued by bad luck ; Terry died in 1819, and Garling himself 
died in Tune 1820. Mackenzie was awing -his health broken -and he also died, the 
following year. 



Hyderabad Survey, 1820-3 

After Ga.rlings death mapping was carried on under Thomas Hill, the senior 
assistant, till in October 1S-0 Muiuilford culled him down to Madras. After hand- 
ing in the Travancore maps, Conner took over charge, and on the march up to 
Hyderabad the whole party "suffered considerably from fever and from the 
epidemic. Within a month of reaching Hyderabad Conner died, 29th April 1821. 

Robert Young [ II, 320 ] was appointed to succeed but did not take over charge 
Tin til December, and in the meantime Hill carried on I he mapping with four assis- 
tants 11 , and took up field survey in the diss riet s west of Hyderabad ; 

There were three maps compiled by as : one containing the Xi/.suvs western boundary, 
surveyed in 1319 and 1320, which is completed and is now in possession with the Resident, 
Mr. Metcalfe [ II, 471 ] T , for transmission to the Coventor General : the other two, containing 
the whole of the surveys in the Nizam's territory on a scale of S miles to an inch, one 
of which was thoroughly completed and laken to HngUuid by the late Resident, Mr. Russell, 
when he left this for Europe r '-^n ] ; the other, with copies of all toe road surveys in 1820, are 
in possession with a bio u ten nut Burr [ ;St ] of the- ib.issell Brigade for completion 8 . 

Mountford reports in November that, 

Although the offii-ei' appointed to the charge of this survey has not yet- joined the party, 
considerable progress has. nevertheless been made. The long experience 'if the head assistant, 
Mr. Hill, ... has enabled him to carry on the work in all its details without interruption. The 
reduction... to the scale of 4 miles to an mob. and the original sections of the survey, have 

Ho an officer in Public Dspt. Madras ; DDn. 154 (93), 10-8-19. ^Memoir, DDn. 1S3, Jl 173 ; Map, 
MRIO. 6S (3 ). '15 planctiibk sivtion*. MP.IO. Mis.:. 7, 0-1(1. with 5 f.tir sheets, nod reductions: in. 

5-0-19 & 20. 4 DDn. 1,5 ti ( 27S-S0 ), 25-1-20. s DDn. U9 (35), 20-8-19. "Charoarefct, Bird, 

Long, Fiekcr. 'relieved Russell, Dec. 1820. ( DDn. 147 ( 241 ). 



v 



US 



South Peninsula & Nizam's Dominions 



been brought nearly to a close. Captain. Young had prooosoil lea vim: Xagpoor ( pr. 
he could get relieved from via: charge (if the pay orhee ), on tile 20th instant 1 . 

Young actually left Kagpur for Hyderabad on 4th December, and in Jai 
took the party east of Kurnool to an area covered by Lambton's tri angulation of 
1811-12 [II, 245-6], a choice which appeared to Monntford ' : to be very judicious 
and proper". Lambton wrote from Ellichpur 

to my sub -assistant Joseoli Olllver who is now at the French Gardens [ II. 30.4 n.n ] to supply 
...a sketch of the triangles. I am not sure whether the elevations of the stations above the 
sea have yet been computed, but, if not, you shall be supplied with them as soon as they are 2 . 

By February 1822 an area of 2,205 square miles, surveyed since Conner's death, 
had been fair mapped, and Monntford reported that 

Captain Young and his party commenced their operations on the i;ti:!i February, and by 
the end of the 111 invter an area of nearly 12llii s,qi.in.ro roiles i'rui been surveyed, not withstanding 
the prolonged indisposition of Assistan! Surveyor Hill. The greatest part of the work has been 
protracted on a scale of 2 miles to an inch, and some progress has been made by Mr. Hill in 
reducing it to the scale of Arrowsmitlvs map [ 2S8 ]. 

It is Captain Young's intention to push on the field work towards a junction with the tract 
surveyed last year, but I apprehend lie will not be able to prolong his stay in the field beyond 
the middle of June, which is the usual period for the seotina: in of the rains 3 . 

The party continued to make good program up till 6th April 1823, and covered 
part of Davereonda Circar*, though Young '"-was driven to quarters by an attack 
of the liver". The same month the assisUnts were brought into Hyderabad, Young 
reporting that 

the course of the Kietnah has been explored from latitude 16°, longitude 78' 20' 18'*, h* far 
as a chain of mountains almost impenetrable except to the Oheneliooars, a tribe of Hindoos 
inhabiting these wild mid gloomy tracts. The full area reported surveyed during the quarter 
was nearly 29,000 square miles 5 . 

He was granted five months sick leave, but died at Masulipatain on 2nd July. 
George Arthur had been appointed assistant in anticipation of this leave, but Hill 
took charge once more until the arrival of John Crisp [H, 321], 



HrDflEABlD Survey, Grasp, 1823-7 

Crisp took over charge in September 1823, finding that Arthur, Hill, Ficker, 
Chamarett, and Britain, had spent the rains on arrears of mapping and a survey of 
cantonments. 

Under Oriap's charge they now completed the area to the south-east, as far as 
the Kistna and including the country round Khammaniett 6 , and in 1824 moved 
west towards Gulbarga. Arthur was transferred to the Malabar survey in 
September 1824, and in February 1825 Crisp reported that "although two of 
his ablest assistants have been laid up by attacks of fever" the party had surveyed 
about o.ai.K! square miles during the past quarter. 

About this time Montgomerie pointed out that though a large area of the 
Nizam's southern districts had been surveyed, mapped, and described in detailed 
memoirs, yet the material was not arranged in orderly manner by cheats, the 
regular administrative divisions. Blacker, Surveyor General, decided that, in 
view of the many changes, it would be well to suspend field operations for a year, 
in order thai Crisp might bring the records up to Calcutta, and re-arrange them in 
orderly fashion [ 121 ]. The party was therefore withdrawn to the Presidency, and 
Crisp moved to Calcutta hi November 1825, being joined, there by Thomas Hill 7 
with the records. Twelve months later he bad reduced the surveyed urea to a map 
on the scale of Iti miles to an inch 3 , and had systematized and compressed 
the... records, which embrace indiscriminately a large tract ...surveyed at different periods, 
-.n;..i distinct, form and arrangement of circars. 

1 from Moun;. lord | DDn. I<J2 (287), 28-11-31. ! DDn. I8± ( 175), 28-1-22. = DDn IU ( 83 ) 
30-5-22. '56L/U. *Dl>n. I'OO ( 62 ), 1-5 23. "65 0/4. \fve.-, MKIO. 70; S.i. J9-105 ). ' aailed from 
Madras 8-2-26. "Skirtoh siiv,. iiis.; area surveyed 1321-5 ; south of 17° 25' and east to 80° to'; MRIO. 67 



Hyderabad Survey; Gbisp 



Of the fifteen circars, or provinces, which have come under the operation of the survey 
five only are completed, viz., Kaiohoor, Moodgul, Suggur, Pangull, and Ghimapoor. The 
three former, executed and modelled by Captain. Carlin-j uncording to tho provincial arrange- 
ment, are already in deposit fit the office. The two latter are herewith submitted in tho accom- 
panying volume. ... From the same original sources I have separated and compiled all that 
relates to the remaining ten, and propose immediately on joining my station to complete and 
forward them in succession. 

As myself and my assistant Mr. Hill are now pre pared... to rejoin the Hyderabad survey 
party in the field with nil possible expedition, I propose sending Mr. Hill by the first opportunity 
in December to Masiilipatam, but I... crave. ..to postpone my own departure until January 1 .^ 

The party re-assembled at Hyderabad during .January 1827 for field work in 
the circars of Golconda and Daverconda 2 [ pi. 18 ]. In April Crisp resigned in order 
to take up another appointment, and was succeeded by James Webb. 



Hyderabad Survey, Webb & Morland, 1827-30 

Webb took over in May 1827, finding Hill, Chamarett, Long, and Britain, and 
receiving the following instrnctions ; 

Sixteen oiresirs in whole, or in part, have come within the operations of tho survey north of 
the Bheema and Kistna rivers ; two only are complete in their memoirs, Ghunnapoor and 
Pangul. The memoirs of the other circars will. ..be completer!.. .when they shall be finally 
surveyed. It would appear from Captain Crisp's letter. ..to have been his intention .to com- 
plete the survey of the Golkonda and Daverhonda circars, but, as. ..portions of the circars of 
Bonaghler and Xekn.ioudah may fall within the operations of next season's survey, you 
should make your arrangements accordingly, and. ..for extending the survey the following 
season to the eastern limits of tho _\i/.am's dominions 3 [pi. 18]. 

In March 1828, Henry Morland, who was to be connected with the Hyderabad 
survey for the next twenty years, joined the party as assistant, reaching Khamnmmct 
via Masuhpatam [5, pi. 13 n. ]. Progress during the past season had been poor and 
Montgomerie sent Webb a tickler ; 

The very limited extent of country that has been surveyed by your party since taking the 
field in October last boing so for below the average.. .executed by the same assistant surveyors 
in 1825, I am compelled to call on you for an explanation. 

This was applauded by the Surveyor General, Hodgson ; " You did right in giving the 
Hyderabad assistants a rule ; they certainly are not over-industrious, and require 
keeping to their duty " i . 

Work was closed on the eastern frontier, and connection made with Snell's 
survey [ 102 ]. Early in L829 Morland, with Hill and Long, surveyed about 1,100 
square miles of Palnad, which had now become part of Guntur [ 97-8 ]. Webb took 
sick leave to England in July, leaving Morland in charge, and Montgomerie reports ; 

27th October 1829. The party in tho Nizam's Dominions is now rather strong, and in a 
short time I hope will be very efficient. Lieutenant Alori.aiid, lately appointed to the charge, 
has not had much practice in surveying, but, from the n-.anr.er in which fso acquainted himself 
during last sen-son, I have reason to hope that he will conduct the survey with success. 

Lieutenant Dardell, lately appointed assistant officer. ..is on his way to join the party 
which is now employed in the Maiduck Circar 5 [pl. 13]. The remainder of the party consists 
of i assistant surveyors, 1 sub -assistant, and two apprentices lately joined, whom I consider 
sufficiently qualified for field work. Mr. Hill, the senior assistant surveyor, has been suffering 
from dropsy for some time past, and will, I fear, have to be transferred to the pension 
.establishment. The records of the survey of the Bonghier Circa r... have lately been received 8 . 

20th October 1830. The Hyderabad party tool; the field in tho beginning of the month ; 
it will be emplovcd in.. .tho Warungui Ciroar" unt.ii about the commence ruoiil- of the hot weather, 
when it is Lieutenant Morltmrt's intention to endeavour to complete the survey of the Kmn- 
mvrmetfc Circar. As a considerable pert/ion of the ii'aet.-.i.s considered unhealthy. ..I have applied 
...that an assistant apothecary may be attached to the party 8 . 



'DDn. 147(350), 30-11-26. 2 M*p, MRTO. 70 (99). 

(Ijjfll S 7-28. ^tcluk, "i(i. J. K. MRH. c.u.n. .">2s, from iiri-lii-! : 
licr.„.diJrOi: l :i- 1 .-, MRIO. 70 ( 82 ), I>Dn. 238(135). 'SSO/XE.' 



DDn. 



2(117), 2; 



: m>t-:. iru 



120 



South -Pbs'insula &' Noam's Dominions 



27fch October. The 
survey, so. that Ills 



cer. Lieutenant. Dardell, was never before engaged i 
.ostly occupied, in receiving instructions last season. ■ He wi 
take a share in conducting the minor triangulation 1 . 

Amongst other maps the India Office catalogue shews, 

Skeleton plan, exhibiting the whole tract surveyed in the S 
commencement in 181 6 to the present time, ... 17th July 1830, scale 16 miles to- 

Hyderabad topographical surveys, scale one inch to one mile. 

Tne first portion of the surveys was made in sepm-iTe cm-are, :md drawn o 
measuring 14 inches by 7 each, including on each section 12' of latitat and 6' of longitude 
[ II, 128, zi5, 229 ; III, 206 ]. The aubsequent survey was carried on continuously, and drawn 
on paper of large and varying sizes 2 . 



s dominions, from the 
n.inch[pl. 24]. 






Professional Reviews, 1824-30 

Frequent reference has been made to oomments by Duncan Montgomerie, who 
'succeeded Mountford as Deputy Surveyor General in July 1824. After the usual 
course at the Military Institution [II, 321], he hud been employed with Mountford 
on maps that were great's .admired for (heir beauty and clearness [ II, pi. 12 ; 111, 
pi II 1 He was for a short time surveying on the Sagpur— Hyderabad borders 
f 83-4 ] and later in the Maritha Decern [ 125 ], and he obviously had outstanding 
talents for Mackenzie had for some time been anxious to secure him for charge 
of a field party. He recommends him to Malcolm for employment 011 the map of 
Malwa I 84, 267 ], as . 

an officer who stands on mv books...on account of the great sataafeetwB lie save in reducing 
the whole surveys of our Military Institution, in conceit with another officer who has been 
already provided for [ Mountford ]. ... 

Tha beautiful and satisfactory specimens or th. Montgomerie s drawings, sod his character, 

induces me to recommend him; ... heisnow with tOs regiment at Kllore, and I write his Colonel, 

who is much interested in him, that I have taken the liberty of recommending hira to you. 

!.. I enclose an extract of letters regarding Lieutenant Montgomerie, whom I never saw ; the 

specimens of his drawings io maps are indeed beaathul 3 . 

He mentions him in several letters to Mountford during 1818-9, for example ; 
"Mr. Montgomerie, I conceive, had the) first claim to be employed. ... There should 
be some remembrance of former service" 4 . 

Within a few months of Ms appointment as Deputy Surveyor General, Mont- 
somerie suggested that the older district surveys should be brought into line with 
the later surveys based on Lambton's survey, for their better incorporation into 
the new Atlas of India [ 194 ]. Blacker replied ; 

The districts of Tiimeveilv, Madura, Dindigul, Tiicbmopoly, lanjore, and Poodoocotta, 
are represented to be those which have been thus imperfectly surveyed [ II, 130-51, l6» ], 
and it will be proper that you should suggest to Government the employment of a certain 
number of qualified officers to extend a plain triangmlation, when necessary, between Col. 
Lambton's points 5 . cm 

Blacker also sent him a sketch by Mountford shewing progress of the surveys ; 

I am desirous of receiving as early as possible a new scotch with the same view, but modified 

to exhibit these portion, of the country which may be considered as "finally surveyed". 

The leadin" principle of this classification will refer to...the Great Trigonometrical Survey, 

which vrhl he considered to include all Lieut. Garling's t.riangulations. 

Colonel Mackenzie's survey of Mysore, allheal, not grounded on the Great trigonometrical 
Survev Will also be considered final ; so will all such...suryeys as have Con proceeded by, 
.„, subsequently corrected on, indubitable tnangulation. ... Much of the revenue survey will 
iav'e to be struct ent, ... but should there be any detailed surveys 10 which you may repose 
confidence..™ will... exercise yoor discretion as to including it under finally surveyed ". 

On receipt of Montgoutoric's report, Blacker asked whet her 
those surveys which yon consider "finally .ur.eyed" u,e complete m all thou record., Mid 
inat these are preserved with so much care as to be...immedi.tely accessible to reference. ... I 

tDDn. 237 ( 249 ). '10 Cat. ( 2S2-3 ) ; GhO. masenm, orighisl 4-incl 
• DDa. lS(7), 'Vis. -DDn. 149 ( « >, 4-3-U. ■DDa. *[«>, S- 




. ,.& ■ 



aCAtn CAeeAvaot / 



«*! 



, r - ;1 ;- ^ —;>: 






v<? 



tfe 






• 



* 4 .*- ■ 
vS'set*.'-/- jut 



«■' L> 



*%v 



JJN /-;."•■■-- ■•.■^sati^ihhr,./' '/."X-i'i: ■'■'■V 







[vTif^E 



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/■if -« ''- ^n? 



■■'■■;■ ■ . . :»i ,' , ../ 



v5v^W<^ 



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<-J <dl — ~^>,„; ,;, 



NIZAM'S DOMINIONS 



Reduced from one-inch survey of Medak Circar, sinwim 1829-30, 
by Hyderabad survey party under Henry Morlaml [119], Shows 
Manjira River, flowing north towards Medak, 50 m. north of Hyderabad. 

The tanks are often dry. 

The topographical survey of the Nizam's Dominions was com- 
menced in the extreme south-west under Jamss Garling in 1816 [us ] 
and continued with occasional breaks till 1855. Henry Morlaml held 
charge for more than twelve years between 1829 and 1848. 




Professional Reviews 



121 



consider... any plan as unworthy of r-onfideneR wbpn the, records are either missing, unsatis- 
factory, or incomplete [I, 225 ]. and... therefore.. .class under the head of "requiring to be 
re-EUrveyed" the tracts eomjn-eheiided in Oa.nl.ii!] Heats mi's map nf the Palnaud District 
[I, no; III, 0,0 "I, and Can tain C. C. Johnson's map of Xelkiro and Ongole districts [ II, 149 ]. 

The insular part*... on the 1) or decs i.>f the MJi--;-nry .I'lsriruticrL's survey require to be Surveyed, 
and the portion of tho Madura and Triehinopoly districts. ..should be surveyed at the earliest 
opportunity, after which, and the extension of the Malabar survey through Ctmara, with the 
small districts of Pimganoor arid Vcnkatyg hurry Rot ah 1 , the topography of the southern parts 
of tho Peninsula would appear 1:0 he complete 3 . 

Montgomerie then submitted a full review of all the surveys showing the extent 
to which original documents and memoirs were complete and Blanker asked that 
these should bo brought up-to-date for all surveys then in progress ; 

I. am fully aware field operations- may lie p;;r daily inl err noted by (ho duly. ..which I consider 
paramount to all others. You report- the deficiency of memoirs of surveys whoso plans are 
already in your office, and which may therefore require to be surveyed over again. It is con- 
sequently evident that the written registers arid descriptions, not the plans, are the essential 
results of the operations of a survey, and that, if they are not satisfactorily prepared, the 
exponces of the survey may be considered in a considernhlo degree nugatory 3 . 

On these orders both i.iie Hyderabad and Vi/.agapatam surveys were closed down 
in 1825 [ 102, 118-9 ], whilst Montgomerie made that critical review which has been 
frequently quoted, and on which the future programme was based. 

In January, 1827, after discussing with Hodgson what material was fit for 
incorporation in the atlas [ 120, 284 ], "Hon tgom eric addressed the Madras Govern- 
ment regarding the 

state of this department, both as redat.es to die immediate duties in the office, and what has yet 
to be accomplished in the field. ... The drawing establishment is now strong, and.. .the parties 
in the field are weak. ... 

The surveys executed under this Presidency since. ..1810, accompanied by ample memoirs 
and comprehensive statistical accounts, are not surpassed by those of any other country 4 . ... 

The surveyors... have no doubt possessed a. great, advantage from the Groat Trigonometri- 
cal Survey, either as the foundation of the late surveys, or as the means of verifying those 
which had preceded it. ... [Of] the diversifiod features of the country, being in general 
favourable for an elegant topographical delineation, every advantage lias boon taken. ..by the 
insertion of the minutest details. 

But, highly valuable as these surveys undoubtedly are, the operation by which they are 
obtained is very tardy. ... Five years were taken up in surveying that portion of the Nizam's 
dominions north of the Kistnuh 5 , ... and although the party in that quarter has for some time 
been stronger than either of the other surveys, yet, unless it be considerably increased, the 
prospect of a final completion of that survey must still be distant. 

The survey in the Northern Cii'cars, wiih which there is now only two assistants of the old 
revenue surveying school, has nearly reached Vj7r.1gapi-1t.nrn, so that a considerable portion of 
that district, and the whole of the Can jam District, remains to be surveyed, and. ..the operations 
of the surveyors arc slower than in the Nizam's territories, while in that quarter we have not 
the advantage of the operations of the Great Trigonometrical Survey. 

The survey of Malabar has now also only two assistants remaining of the old revenue 
surveying school. This survey is considerably advanced, but with t.-'ne present strength.. .it 
will requires two or three years more before- if can be brought to a close. ... 

Much yet. requires to bo done before the territories under this Presidency can be considered 
as finally surveyed 6 . 

Montgomerie again put up a very full review in 183!-!, before resigning from the 
post of Deputy Surveyor General 7 . 

'Punganuru, 57 Kfll ; Vertkatagiri, 57 0/9. Mb. (60), 8-12-24. 3 ib. (87), 4-8-25. 'fully 

apprediitfiil :>v Kvsrf-st, DDn. 2SS ( 8 t. i2-[-S2 : i..r Waurdi, l)l),i. nflf. ! :SV ), 5-<!-5-l ; cf. Jsrvifl (26). * 16, 
237 sq miles from 1 «z> I t" IS*} DDn ;><j2 i'3!->51. « DD11/ 222 ( 2). 12-1-27. 'BM Addl MS. 14380 ( 103-7). 






CHAPTER IX 



■ ■ BOMBAY SURVEYS 

Military Soutes — EMndesh, 1821-2 — Maratha Deccan, 1817-30 — South 
Konkan, 1819-30 — Kaihiawar, 1822-5 — North Konkan & Gujarat — Trigono- 
metrical Surveys, 1819-30 — Cutch 6a Sind, 1825-30. 

AFTER the abolishment of the post of Surveyor General at Bombay from 1st 
March 1815 [ II. 306 j, Monier Williams was retained in charge of the revenue 
survey of Broach, which was eventually extended to other districts of Gujarat 
[ 170-1 ]. He also maintained a drawing office employed mainly to revise Reynold's 
map, and take copies of any areas required [ II, 284-5 > HI, 280 ]. Fresh material 
waa constantly coming in from surveyors who were not always under his orders, for 
he had little or no concern with the military surveys and reconnaissances made during 
the war a&aitirt pvaJjlns and Marathas. 

Of these military surveys, reference has been made to those of the passes 
through the Satpura range and along the eastern limits of Gujarat, that were made 
in 1816 by Johnson, Sutherland, and their assistants [ 83 j. Fending their comple- 
tion Williams supplied, 

from the materials and information in my possession, a sketch of the whole eastern frontier 
of the Province of Goozerat, with the bordering portions of Khandries, Malwa, Meywar, and 
Marwar, with a paper of remarks, both being intended to illustrate the degree of security 
derived.'.-from the nature of that frontier, which I conceive to be the object of the survey 
allotted to Ensign Jervia [ II, pi. 15 I 1 - 

Johnson, now Quartermaster General at Bombay, was sent up to Poona at the 
end of March with Jopp and Macleod, and directed 

to ascertain the best means of... impeding tiie passage of the Pindaris through the Peishwa's 
country, arid the best routes for. ..the pur-suit of those marauders. ... 

The range of hills most important to be known soon is that in which are the ghauts of 
Adiuntah E , Cossabarree, and Chandore. It is also desirable to know the western ghauts by 
which the Pin d are e* might, descend from ihe Deccan into the north of the Concan, and through 
that into the Attaveessy s [169]. The limits of your survey... would be from the Amba 
Ghaut, west, to the junction of the Adjuutah range with the Western Ghauts, and from the 
junction southward to the Bore Ghaut*. 

The next range to be attended to is that on the north of the Taptee, through which the 
Saindan pass runs; ...that to the north of Ahmednuggur...may be surveyed; and.. .these 
surveys... should he incorporated with the general map of tho country 5 . 

Sutherland's task lay further north, and he reported in June that he had 
completed the survey of the Sautpoora mountains as far as Boorahaunpoor, as minutely as 
circumstances would permit, crossing the Taptee at Barkmocoiidah, and commencing at Doonu 
Bhawke Ghaut. The country., .was almost in a state of insurrection, and principally belongs to 
Holkar and Scindia. The rains have now commenced and it is my intention to recross the 
Taptee before it becomes impassible, and proceed to the examination, of the western range, 
through which there may be ptBBeS leading into the Attaveessee 8 [ II, pi. ig ; III, pi. 9 ]. 

By October he had 
completed... the survey of fche...passee... leading through the western range into the Atta- 
veessee north of the Bhaura Ghaut 7 . ... It. Is my intention to continue... without delay, ...having 
just received a letter from the Hon. Mr. Blphinstone approving of my commencing at the 
Bhaura Ghaut. ... 

'Gwree Jervds, assistant to Sutherland. "BSC. 14-9-16 ( I ), ! 46 P/10, 14. 'Atavisi covers 23 
subdivisions between Kim 11 1 Dim 1 1 L I fSurat._ * Borghat, 47 F/5 ; pass W. of Khan- 

dala where Poona-'rJorr.'unv ro:ul and railway ci 
ident with Feshwa • B Pol C. 11-5-16 ( 38 ). 



Military; Routes 



123 



I.!:-:.' oha racier of the 
part, in tshe Holkar family. 



'J'iie desolated -suiui of the country ml joining the Sa.i imwjim 
Bheels and of their chiefs, and the sovereiL>nfy...e:<ki-mg for t ho 

prevented my carrying the line of survey so near the hills as I could have wished. ... I 
penetrated to the foot of...''Roo(-.e;i l!aw;lka Uhaut", ...the most wintern passage through, 
these mountains, ...of so difficult a nature tout even h. .single !i> vse;ii-'..'i passing over it is 
obliged to dismount 1 . 

Routes were also surveyed through, the Atavisi by Adams, Tovrsev, Ovans. New- 
port, .and Lenn 3 . Another military survey was carried out by Rom -on and Jopp 
with a, small force 3 on the borders of Gujarat and Cuteh during 1815-6, as "the 
spontaneous undertaking of these two officers" 1 . Valuahb surveys made in Malwa 
by Frederick; Da-ngertieid 5 , were embodied in. Malcolm's map [84-5, pi. 9]. He 
later spent about two years on a geological survey of the same area [ 267 ]. 

Much interest was taken in the Sarbada River, not only as regards its upper 
course [84-5, 88-9], but also regarding the navigability of its lower reaches, and 
surveys were made by Hansard, MatMas 6 , and Syme [S4-5]. ft was found 
unnavigable 

from the JAem-pahl, or Deer's leap ( as it locally termed from the narrowness of the channel ), 
where It enters the brokon ridyes of the Siitpura range, to. ..a short distance above Tulluek- 
warra 7 . ... Mathias...in April [ 1320 ]...was able to go from Mundleysir to the Hom-pahl in a 
smftll Ci'uft. ... and from Broach to Tail lick warra in a boat of tolerable size 3 . 

In 1822 Thomas El won of the Bombay Marine made a more detailed survey, 
being supplied beforehand with a map prepared in the revenue survey office at 
Broach, scale H inches to a mile 9 . 

In April I S29 Edward de 1'Hosl.e, failed to get up to "Hern-pahl", but "ascer- 
tained that, there was no difficulty whatever in proceeding... to Rulluokwarra, and 
also that with very little trouble water carriage could be procured from Rulhickwarra 
to Broach" 10 . 

In 1840 further attempts were made to navigate the river and a ''trial made be- 
tween August and "November to transport coal by rafts from Hosungabad was a total 
failure". A further al, tempi, was made in 1847. A reduction of a special map com- 
piled in the Surveyor General's office was published by the Asiatic Society in 1844". 



? 



Khandksh, 1831-2 

It was some year* before advy aale maps ooj'd be provided for tile vast extent 
of territory acquired by the Company in 1819 at the conclusion of the Marat ha 
war. Sutherland was given the survey of the southern Decean which had 
formerly belonged to the Peshwa, but his officers were few and the country wide. 
There were no adequate maps of Khandesh. a wild and sparsely populated area 
covering the valley of the Tapti, till John firiggs, a Madras officer with some 
* previous knowledge of surveying, and Political Agent from May 1818, prepared a 
useful map during 1821-2 ; 

Only some tmpuiiecc, and incorrect maps were in existence-, which had been used by the 
commanders of our troop; in the former Manratta war of 1303. ^ very few point; of longitude 
had been d e ton n hied by celestial observations. 

Two English officers were sent to me in 1S18 to complete this desirable object, but both of 
them very soon contracted the niaiignatii, LutonmiLeui fevor so prevalent on the outskirts of 
the hills, and bad to go away on sick leave, and the Government declined to send others. 

I then procured, instruments from Bombay soiected by a scientific friend and, with my own 
knowledge of surveying, I was enabled to direct. ..throe young engineer clocks, whom I engaged 
as my assistants. In the course of two years I p.-oduc-jd a complete nuip of Lih&nciestj which, 
together with the Held books and map of tri angulation, I submitted... to the Bombay Govern- 
ment which, on ascertaining the value of the work by ..-eudint' professional surveyors to verify 

'Sutherland's maps, 3 m. Winch, drawn bv Slight ; 11 RIO. 127 ( 27-S }: see also ib. 134(5,6), IS Pol 
C. 7-12-16 (9). -.l>Dn. 278 ( :j;j-7 ). 'under Col. E^t. ' Bo MC. S-l-17. 5 MRIO. 84 (14-8) 
[pig]. 'Fdbks. MRIO. M 401 & DDn. iiil (17 1. 'TiUikwada, 46 G,'9. "Bo Geo Sue. I (177). 
'MRIO. 161 (13,14)- >»B.:GtoSoc. 1 (174}, Ho MC. i-.™,|. vol. ;,'.> ( 122-3, 130-1 ), 19-5 & 18-7/22 
t'JASB.XlU, 1844 ( 495-579 )j XIV, 1845 ( lxix ; 334-6 ); XVI, 1817 ( 1104-12 ); XVII, 1848(210-21) 



J 24 



Bombay Surveys 



3-imbursed me for the trilling expense that I had incurred. That map was 
lithographed in Bombay, and has be-on inducted hi the trigonometrical survey of the Deccan 1 
[ 125, >3° ]■ 

The officers who joined Briggs in ISIS have not been identified, but two of 
his surveyors were Arthur White [ 275 ] and James Evers. The map was on scale 
3 miles to an inch, and was 

constructed on a scries of positions by cross bearings taken with a circuml'orentor on stand, 
made by Adams, London [II, 459 ], with a telescope and hair sights, from a base-tine of 2 mites 
in length... measured by a ten-foot wooden rod on levels taken for the purpose. 

The intermediate parts of the map, where- place:? could not, be seen by tin- person carrying on 
the trigonometrical survey, wore tilled up i.y meES tired route-; and beiiriogs iiikcIo with a. poram- 
bulator, a brass 1011 ft. chain, and small circumferentor. The object his been to include every 
village, inhabited or uninhabited, but some of the litter were not to be found 2 . 

The original was sent to the Directors in 18SS, together with a compilation 
adjusted to She M rede's trigonometric! points, it. being pointed out that 
there are no maps of Kandeish and Konkan...at the Presidency available for compilation. 
Such as have been received from Bombay in June IS 33 prove to be mere rubbish, having 
neither lines of latitude and longitude, ... altogether unworthy of compilation for the Hon'ble 
Court., being surveys of 1821 and 22, executed under the superintendence of Captain Briggs 3 . 

In 1850 Waugh reported that on comparing Briggs' inup with others, distances 
were found too large by 15% to -0%, but. "whatever may be its faults, no better 
detailed survey of this part of India is forthcoming "*. 



surveyed, 
l.'aishwa's 



MakItha Ueccax, 1817-30 

After Sutherland's survey of the passes through the Satpura range, he remained 
on survey under i'ilphin.stone, who was definitely map-minded [ I j, and in May 

1817 called for material then available in Bombay ; 

The survey of the Pcjshv-a's dominions under Captain Sutherland being 
it, becomes of importance to ascertain what parts of the country have been 
:uid likewise to embody all the information in the possession of Government in c 

J n formation is now required — towns i!ir forts- product* and characteristics of 
as well.., as maps. ... I attach peculiar importance to any information regarding 
forts. ... I am anxious for any maps or information regarding the Conkun [ 129 ], which i 
full of strong places, & is a blank in all our maps. ... 

The maps... should be on a- large scale, so as to comprehend the smaller vi Mages. It will be 
practicable for the surveyors to fix the positions of the principal places, but fclie time requisite 
for finding out the smaller ones. ..may easily be saved by copying them from former sketches 5 . 

The following year Miir.n'o reported from Hnbii 5 , near Dharwar, that, 

as all our maps of the Southern Marrahtta Provinces are extremely defective, and as considerable 
inconvenience was; experienced from tins cause during the late campaign, ... a correct survey 
of these province* should be made as soon as possible. 

Such a survey is required, not only for. ..geographical knowledge and military purposes, 
but also. ..to attain an accurate idea, ..of the territories of the different jag'eerdars, and to 
guide US in arranging such exchanges of t-erntory with those chiefs as may hereafter be found 
expedient. The sirkar and jagoer districts and villages are so intermixed that without a 
survey it will be impossible 1,0 ascertain whether any proposed exchange will be advantageous 
or not 7 . 

Eiphirtstone strongly supported Munro's request ; 

A survey of the country conquered from the Paishwa is ahoady in progress under the 
direction of Captain Sutherland, ...but it would greatly expedite this... if... as many officers 
qualified to survey, as can be spared, ... be placed at my disposal. ... Such orfic era... should 
be ordered to Hoobly... under the orders of General Mr:nro s [ 5-6 ]. 

Madras was asked to lend experienced surveyors Mackenzie sent sample maps 
and memoirs of his surveys of Mysore and the Ceded Districts— and in December 

1818 Elphin stone directed Sutherland 

^Briggs (S-2). » Note on map sd. l>y Strap f MBIG. 127 ( 3,4 ) ; 10 Cat. (438 ). 'James Bedford 

;oSfi, T 1-9-37 : DDn. 362 (72). 4 Pft. ( US), IS 4-51. "from I'oomi. 2-5 17 ; Uo PC. 14-5-17. «48 

M/3. 'MMC. 211-12-18; DDn. 133 (426), 11-7-18. "MMC. 23-12-1S. 



Makatha Deccan 



[25 



to unde.ftij.ko the .suvvoy of the toxin try oast of the ("dinnls. from Liu- Sat-poora hills to the 
Toombxirldra 1 , for which purpose, yon will be supplied with such a;.;sis! ;:uh; as you may roquire. 
Lieutenant .Topp and Ensign Sli&hi, ;iro already under yoxxr orders 2 . I shall apply to General 
Smith 3 to place OupLoin ha 1km utao ,it your ( li:-.|).-.i:.ijl and , iii the cvont of tlic complion.no of the 
Government of" Korfc St. George, ... those officers also shall ho under your ordera. ... 

The present survey should ho full and accurate, and sufncioTitly minute to supersede the 
necessity of any other survey, except u re\onue in mi sure in cut. which may hereafter be executed, 
perhaps by natives under the control of iin European officer, and undof the direction of the 
Collectors [ 171-2 ]. 

You are in possess; ion of" sue b fragments of the .Jiicvey t"i ■rrnerly made u osier your uLio.a.eemeul 
as have boon wviai hum the Kesidenoy' 1 , and. ..of the map drawn up by I .ism tenant Colonel 
JJe Havilland [ II, 133 ], and that furnished by the late Surveyor Goxieial of Bombay [ 125 |. 

These maps, and the printed ones, will shew yon the least known parts of the country with 
which it is desi ruble yon sh ads I be.yio, bur they will not... supers-ode the ns-ees-it.y of your going 
over the -whole country as if no thin it had yet bssen done, When it can bo combined with the 
principle of beginning with the least- known parts of the country, and with your own general 
plan, Ibeg you would. ..aeeomniod!! to your arri.TiLrenientt'.' th;- wants of the civil authorities. ... 

To ensure the completeness of the .-survey, ... it should be made l.iy pori'.unnas, the bounds 
ariee of each. ..to be surveyed, anil the contents filled up, before proceeding to another. ... 
Caution may he observed in avoiding any enquiries likely to nlar.ni the natives by suggesting the 
imposition of new taxes, or alteration of any of their established usages 6 . 

Not only did the Madras Government lend officers 6 , but they also provided instru- 
ments, and copies of Garling's triangulation and topographical surveys [ 115 ] ; 

Captain Garling has reported that duriii;; his convalescent state at Bellary. he had with thn 
assistance of Thomas Hill been occupies:! in the preparation of materials which may be useful 
to the surveyors of the Southern Mab^ita Stares. They consist of a- plan upon a Scale of 8 
miles to an inch, exhibiting the trigonometrical station*,.. of the surveys executed by him in 
Goa, Soanda, the Doab 7 , and the Suggur Circar — a register of the above shewing the angles 
and sides — a sketch upon a. scale (if one mile to an inch of part of the western limits of the Suggur 
Circar—- a descriptive memorandum 6 . 

The triangulation of the southern area [ 129 ] was carried out by Jopp whose 
close co-operation with Garling was not smiled upon either by Mackenzie or 
Sutherland [ 115, 129 ]. 

In June 1820, Sutherland reported that 

the extent of.. .the late 1'eishwa's territories;... may- be estimated to cum tain 7tX, I !»() geograpliical 
square miles, 15,000 of which have been minutely surveyed, and 1 0.0(10 partially traversed, 
the latter only requiring a few months labour to complete, which, with the remaining portion 
...to be surveyed, wih.„oceupy two years more to ensure a useful and accurate map of the con- 
quered territories. ... 

Since the first commencement of the survey, many unforeseen obstacles have impeded its 
prosecution, independent of the losses sustained at the breaking out of the war of all the 
materials ...previously- collected [ jittp 1, the deranged state of the country during its continu- 
ance, ... and. ..the frequent interruptions from some of my assistants having been employes! oti 
other duties, and others from a want of the means, health, and experience, being unable to 
take an active share in the survey. 

I have just been deprived of the service,-; of Captain (..'ballon, whose indehif.igi-ible exertions 
have contributed so much to the advancement of the map, and Ufcowiso of Captain Boles and 
I -ieutenant M on t gomerie 8 . 

A request to Madras for the loan of two or three conn try-born assistants produced only 
James Aikin, transferred at the close of the Travancore survey [ 375, 386 ] 10 . 

On Sutherland's appointment as Assistant Surveyor General, in 1822 11 [333 J, 
he handed over to Jopp, who in April 1823 had nine assistants 12 besides Aikin, who 
was employed on a survey of Poorm city. At the end of 1824 the party had com- 
pleted Belgium*, Dharwar 13 , Poona, Ahmadnagar, and St to la pur 14 , mostly on scale 

1 iat-easlc _■ I t-j 1~> '. -s.amarl lkaiutie_', ;i [-,.-, LSi*. Ivigi.-.-s., joiixeci 'ludiiL! iril.s. :l Sir Lirvurl S-uii.l i 
{ ] 77^18-12 );l.is".it-Gen. ; Burt. I.S37. <'<.V/i. DIB. HVaaa Ih-siiha.-v bi.rut b-r iliiitlias, ,')-il-17. ^fronj 
Eluliinstcme, G-11I-1S: MMC. 23-ia-18. ' JJok-s, Terry, Munl-iiiui.-ne, kt-cr rt:]Jm:fii Ijy St-Hjl and 

Cunning hum. ; S>c!tweei. Turu;abli.-.idi-» i Kistna [115]. B from Mo -.11 it- turd, Dl'lu. US ( 100), 19-5-19-. 

•BollC. 13-7-30. lI ib. 4-10-20. !1 if>. js-imp). vsii. S9 (306), 7-5-22. ;: Uraftou, X. Campbell, Steel, 
Caiinm-hun, Gordon. Ihivd, Lrr .Vfiiasurier, .1. Cam;, bell, ami Hwjiison. I: '\bui of Ij/iursvir, 1S35. MBI0. 
127 {2). "Report for quarts.- ending 31-7-2.1; Bo MC. 137 (200). 



I 



126 



Bombay Surveys 



two miles to an inch. In 1825 special authority was obtained for the employment 
of draughtsmen for fair mapping, thus freeing officers for field survey [ 284 J 1 . 

By 1825 Jopp's staff was reduced to Grafton, Boyd, Benbow, Shortrede 2 , and 
Aikin. The maps, including that, of Kolhapur wore almost finished*. In February 
.1826 Grafton took over charge from Jopp who succeeded as Deputy Surveyor 
General [323] and two civilian assistants, Price and Sanger, joined from 1st 
May. The survey was closed down 011 31st May 1830, after completion of the 
whole country south of Khandesh, and Jopp reports two years later ; 

■ The Duckwi, comprising the largo eoltoetoni.tos of Dharwai', Poena, and Alimediiugger, 
the territories of their Highnesses the 1'ajas of Satiira and Kolapoor, and the possessions of 
the "real Southern Jlahrata Jiihag'eordar^. has been survey eft in < (el-ail [pi. 24 ]. 

Six sheets... have been forwarded to the Hoirble the Court of Directors, and the remainder 
of the survey is ready to be embodied so soon us tin; triangiilo.tion now carrying on under 
Lieut. Shortreed shall enable mo finally to connect it together. 
■ ■ The boundaries eft his lar,L»c province nio — The Ceded Districts and the Ooa territories on the 
south — the NizttTn's 'lu!'ninii'iVi--?i on i ] 1 >_■ east the range of Counts on tin; west--— and Kharaleisli 
fin the north. No part, of this extensive tract, will require in he. og.i.in surveyed*. 

Before handing over charge as Surveyor General Hodgson reported that, 
Colonel Lambton's triangles not having been extended to the northern part of the Bombay 
coast, the surveyors want some of the .ideaol o^i'if. \i hieSi "hoy :hvo on i-h; V.adras side. Several 
minor triangulations have been made by the Bombay officers, and a triangtilation 011a larger 
scale has. been leeominendod, and with a better instrument. 
,- - . The Bombay surveyors are a respectable bedy of officers 5 . 

The valuable revonne survey of Satfira carried out by Adams and Ohallen Is 
described in a later chapter [171 ]. 



South Konkan, !S19-:!U 



The term Konkan applies to the strip of country lying below the Cfhats along 
the west coast ; North Konkan stretches southward from the Daman River to the 
Bankot, and South Konkun from the Biinhot River to Goa [ pi. 24]. 

In October 1819, Thomas Jervis, of the Bombay Engineers, was appointed 
executive engineer in the South Konkan and twelve months later deputed to prepare 
a 'statistical survey for the revenue department in addition to his engineer duties. 
In January 1823 he was relieved from the latter and placed under Sutherland for 
geographical survey to be carried on separately from the statistical survey 6 . He 
measured base-lines in co-operation with Robinson of the Bombay Marine, and 
carried out fri angulation for his detail survey 7 . Sutherland reports in January 
1824 ; 

Lieutenant Jervis' exertions have been equally uiii'erniuiiit; and highly satisfactory... — . 
trigonometrical survey between Do-.vghur and Eoreia. — sketeh nup of the eonntry between 

Arijcnwcll and Uimlrot ...jilsiiis of the "Forty of Untn.-i^lioivy and Viv.iadroog s . 

Much of his energy was devoted to reports and large scale surveys of no particular 
topographical value, though in 1826 he produced a useful map of the Konkan 
from Goa to Daman 9 . The survey was elosed down with the Decean survey in 1830 
[ sup ], and Jervis had to leave his work incomplete. He worked up his statistics 
into compendious reports, and shewed 

in separate maps the .leogiMpbieal ■ 1 i ?- tt ■ i 1 > 1 1 1- i ■ ti ...:' the in. liiieiou:-.; 1 .busts, liie sl;:-t-isi.ies of revenue, 
commerce, education, industry, crime, slavery, religion, language, 0;i~.te, and general distribution 
of the population 10 . 

His triangulation 11 and topographical survey 12 were not of a high quality, which 
was unfortunate as there was no other survey of the area and, writes Jopp, 

'BoJIC. lT-3-2o. -iiiiNiespcli S|; r -,i!i-,-, : .i ,t S.|nut.r t 'ii.dij-ii- , '-!-i)i:r!,i;--i i v, Sliintivii' ii'.-ai;,' form ass.uuiai.wi 
with his logarithm tables. ;1 Kolhajjar, bv i.v. Foster, MRIO. 127 {<*)-, lint of origin:*.] plans, DDn. 278; 
progress chart, MRU). 122(22). ''DDii. 23o 120), 3 5-32. ''Jt.Dn. 231 1236), 24-1-29. °Bo RC. 
98 ( 102), 31-1-23. 'Map .if mast. Mill 0. 118 (2). M .164. ' i M::.|.^ A ti-ruiLrt,;. ib. 126 ( 1-16) ■ 
196-7; 127 (6-8); UTS, 06; l:-.. .\f(J. 137 :' 101 j, S-l-24. B MRI0. 123 ( (i, 7 ) ; M 564 s «Bo Geo Soc 

P. ( 175). "Chart- 1827, «.;>! /fa/--- ;><)■! I 6fi ). 1 - One-inch maps, DDn. 278 ( 109,321,337,401-2). 




i 



Part of RATNAGIRt SOUTH KONKAN 



s about 30 miles south of Mahabaleshwar and S.w. of 
Satars. 

Reproduced from map drawn on half-scale by J. Hanson 1833, 
from one-inch survey by Wm. Dowel], 1828 to 1830 [ iu ]. 









South Konkan 



127 



after a most careful and tedious examination of die tiisips vvitij the lists of village, ...so 
many appear wanting, and there are such discrepancies bc-twoe: ■ the original and the compiled 
maps, and most of the former [ are ] in so unfinished a state, that I cannot report the plans of 
this province as fit. -for the Great Map of India 1 until such parts as require it be again 
surveyed 2 . 

Everest, and ajif.in Waii^h made further odifuisUvo examinations and refused to 
accept the survey for tieosraphical purposes, in spite of Jervis's own claims 3 . The 
following unofficial note was jmWished in 1850 ; 

In this... report of his land survey in the Cancan, an incorrect latitude is assigned to many 
places ; and. ..not very lately an error was discovered in the triangulation which renders it, as 
far as correct distances a.re concerned, nearly useless, lie stated before t,he meeting of the 
British Association at Newcastle- on -Tyne [26-8-38], that these maps had been retained in 
India. Probably it was e\en then known, or inspected, that some error existed in them ; but 
he quoted them to the meeting as models of what was required throughout our Indian Empire 4 . 

In March 1S24 William Dotvell was nominated for charge of a similar survey 
of North Knnkan 5 , being first attached to -Jcrvis 

for the purpose of gaining an insight, into the duty, .... that all surveys carrying 011 under' 
the Bombay Presidency may be conducted on one uniform principle, to prevent tlie necessity 
of any other surveys being taken hereafter 6 . 

From 18211 Powell's work was confined to Ratnagiri District, of which there 
is an elaborate map in several sheets 011 the one-inch scale, completed between 
1828 and 1832. It is remarkable for the hill drawing— bold neutral tint shading,— 
most effective 7 [pi. 14]. 

There are also maps of the country between Malvan and Vengurla in south 
llaiiiii^iri by Augustus Hei'vey ; apparently surveyed before 1S19 S . 






Kathiawak, 1832-5 

At tho end of 1S21 the political agent in Katiiiawav asked for a survey, as his 
only available map was one compiled from the military route surveys of 1808-9 
[ II, 169 ].. Stephen Slight of the Engineers, who had been on the Decoan survey 
under Sutherland [ 125], commenced work in February 1822, and continued for 
three years. He reports in June 1823 on the work of his second tick! season ; 

After recovering from a severe i lines* I commenced this season at Gogab, from whence 
I proceeded along the sea-coast to .Due 3 , thence to Mahadupoo)', ranking occasional marches to 
the northward. I then struck into the Ceer hills 10 , which I crossed at Delkhannia and arrived 
at Ghauntwar, a distance of above thirty miles without rs. single village inter veiling, meeting 
with the greatest difficulties. ... 

I understand there is but one route over the hills, notwithstanding the great extent of them. 
To survey the whole correctly I shall be obliged to cross them in ten or twelve different direc- 
tions. ... After passing over the lulls I continued the survey in a parallel direction to my former 



cantonments. 
As the se 

Immediately 



liOth May arrived at Rajkot 11 . .1 shall instantly 



a the plan of the 



.son for --lut-of-door work is now past, it is my intention. ..to proeeeJ to liaroda, 
n until the monsoon is over, in order to make a fair plan of this season's survey. 
on the opening of the fair season I shall proceed. ..to Goga.li, at which point 
the survey will recommence. ... My principal wish to go to Baroda proceeds from the whole 
of my drawing materials having hcen left there 12 . 
He reports on July 1 S24 ; 

A part near Umrailly and a small portion to the southward of the Geer hills remains un- 
surveyed. ... It would have been all completed had I. not received directions from the Deputy- 
Surveyor General to make a trigonometrical survey of the peninsula- ; In doing which I was. 
obliged to retrace some of ray former routes to correct any little error that may have occurred 

'Thci-inch atkarsSi]. 'DiDn. 235 (20), 3-5-32, "Waagh to ThoilUer, 21-2-.-W ; DDn. 557 

(6) 'HoQvR'--: ilh 1SJB. -"■ Survey...! ,u;a,ov SlE. u. !i.i M .,i „, M.RIO. 1 27 (10). « B„ R0\ 337 ( 73 ). 
12-3-24. 'MRIO. IU6 1J-15) with J-iu.'h iv.lc:.t:e:;- .hM"-,-: 1^-3 ; DDn, 278 ( 1, 2I.K 170 -SO ). »MEIO„ 
124 ( 19-22 ); DDn. 278(258). s Din, 41 L/14 . 10 Crimp I;- ins of e.vce^u ,- rdiviL-.-tion nf magnetic needle 
by local ore, JimaghUT, 2-5-22. "41 J/15. "Rajkot, 3-6-23; Bo RC. 98/1823 (247). 



128 Bombay Surveys 

whilst surveying tho cliffei-eut roaii-i. I .shall bo... making two or three diagonal routes through 
my first season's work.. .in order to find out any mistake that may have happened from my 
not- 'lav:;::.; ;:".■ !.li;-u. ti[i.n> iiigonotristrical poiisl's to connect with. 

The duties 1 am now e:ii:a;je;L upon are as follows ;- making a fair copy of the survey — 
reducing the same to 4S miles to one inch— making a copy of the trigonometrical survey — ■' 
calculating all the triangles — making uj> journals of the whole of the country surveyed — 
writing a memoir of the same -and. if po~.-ii.ile. to reduce the whole of the survey to 4 mile3 
to one ineh. 

I may with safety say that, what remains unfinished. ..will be completed in three months. 
I might do it sooner but. wishing to make two or three other marches through the Geer hills, 
I have added ouo month to the time 1 . 

He submitted his fair map of the season's work in October, reporting that 
the number of villages I have fixed last season amounts to upwards of.. .one thousand. 
The hills sire nearly cumi'iieied. and :':■' ill the trigonometrical points time i. have iixed the whole 
of what is at present completed... will bi> found most correct. 

It is my intention to leave camp immediately, ami when I have completed those parts that 
now remain I shall proceed towards Poorbunder to correet my first- season's work by my trig- 
onometrical points. Having accomplished tins... I shall measure another base-line somewhera 
between this plane anil Xowanugger 1 . 

The survey was completed and formerly closed in September 1825 3 . 

North Koxkan & Gujarat 

The important revenue surveys of Bombay and Salsette islands by Dickinson 
and Tate, and of Gujarat by Williams and L'ruikshank. are described in a later 
chapter f_ 167-71 ]. In October 1517, Dickinson was taken off his revenue survey to 
make a military survey of Bassem and Kalyan. His party was seriously troubled 
by fever and the monsoon rains. He writes from Basseiii where he had retreated 
for medical assistance ; 

1 have taken accurate plans uf 10 forts — surveyed the whole extent of coast, including the 
mouth of all the rivers and. creeks of our new acquired territory — and. from having continued 
my operations through an equal extent of llio interior. ... it will, require a considerable time to 
arrange what I have already denes, .for assisting, ...His Excellency the Commander -in-Chief as to 
...the security and defence of the Bassem purgiumah. 

Most of the men he had brought from his revenue survey establishment were 
sick, and he asked for a fresh, batch for the Kalyan districts ; 

Owing to the severity of tho weather in the first instance, and the natural obstacles which 
I had afterwards to encounter, I was obliged to perform the greater part of my last duties, not 
Only without a ten!, tint without 1111) shelter than what tiie jungle afforded. 

Little is known of topographical surveys further north. In describing possible 
material for the atlas Jopp notes that those of 

North Conkan. tho' greatly improved by the surveys of Mr. Home 1 . ... [ are ] not to be classed 
asjil for the Etujlueer — !>ui\ cys uf Gujarat ace goi.nl, an 'J if connected to southern surveys by 
triangu lation con id then lie incorj 'orated Raipeeple ami east fro rule: 1 * of Gu;rerat [ II, pi. 15 ], 
maps are extremely 1 iefieient [ pi. 24 ]. 

Peninsula of GooMrat improved by survey's of Lieut. Slight — a map of ditch by surveys of 
Slight, Lieuts. Peal and Grant oft he Engineers-", and of Lieut. Hume- of 21st Kegt.. but not fit to 
bo engraved. 

Home, who came from Madras, was employed under the Collector during 
1820-1, and his survey, made by- perambulator and compass traverse, is elsewhere 
described by Jopp as '"an original & valuable survey" 8 . It covers the country 
from Kalyan to Bassein, and along the coast north to Daman 7 . Jopp writes again 
later ; 

'Eijkot. 17-7-24; Bo HO. 131/183* ( 1 tt>-<J ), : rUjkot. 14- 10-24 ; ib. (212). 'Map, MRIO. 

123 (19); Bo GO. 17-9-25. 'Fmn.:is Hume. prmihU- father ,-,f R. ] Torn is driin. in S(";0. Fiombau from 

1832. "Alexander Ciirulrii; l.'fiU,, Bo. Eiv^rs, Kn,. IS ■20...M.:ij. IS39 ; CB. : ii. Karachi 1S4S ; John Schank 
Grant, Be. Engrs.. Ens. IS22...C.vai.. IS:j2 ; :\. Mhuw 1840. s 10. Cat. ( 43!) } : D0n. 27S ( 3 ) ; MRIO. Misc. 
15-0-33. 'fades to Survevs. MRIO. 125 ( 10). 



North Koskab & Gujarat 



m 



The maps of the Northern Konkim are not.. .in a state to be used for the Great Map ; this 
district wiil therefore require to be surveyed : a portion of this pro vine-? bordering the range of 
Ghauts belongs lo independent I Slice! chieftains, whose oountrv is but little known. 

With tlio exception of those parts over which the revenue surveys under Colonel Williams, 
and subsequently under Captain Crnikshank, extend, the whole peninsula of Goojerat with the. 
district of Rajpeepia, the country in the vicinity of the military station of Dewa, and that to the 
east and north-east from Beroda, will all require.; to he surveyed, as our knowlege of those. 
parts is very scanty, and. ..also very incorrect. 

The province of Kharidosli also re quires... to be at least partially surveyed, and to be re- 
constructed anew [ 123-4 ]. The independent, territory of Kutch should also he surveyed, if 
the sanction of iis government can he obtained 1 . 

A sketch was made of Rajpipla in 1822 by James Down with little in the 
way of instruments ; mainly compiled from lleynolds' map and information collected 
locally 3 . In Gujarat useful route surveys had been made by Ouikshank and 
Rem on. 

Tbioonometkical Surveys, 1819-30 

As Lambl on's fcri angulation had not covered any part of the Bombay territories, 
except for the series which Everest hud abandoned short of Sholapur[ 334-6.pl. 18 ], 
the Bombay surveyors had to provide their own triangles, and in most cases 
measure their own base-lines. Both Jopp and Jervis connected with Garling's 
work in Goa and Lite Nizam's dominions [ 125 ]. Whilst on the survey of Raichur 
early in 1819 [ 115-7], Garling had made special arrange in cut,,' for such connection 
"having understood that a requisition was about to be made for such documents 
By Major Sutherland, Superintendent of the Poonah survey" 3 . Shortrede describes 
how Jopp met Garling, and 

obtained from him the approximate lengths of some of his line3, and upon these Captain Jopp 
and alao Captain flrnft.nn continued a. series of triangles from the eastern to the nor thorn 
extremity of the Ahmednaggur col lee tot-ate 1 . Captain Garling having expressed himself 
quite willing to give a complete copy of all his work if it were asked for in the regular wav 
Captain Jopp... urged strongly the advantages of possessing such valuable materials, but Ms 
superior in office rejected the advice, and declined to make the application [ 125 ]. 

When Captain Jopp became Surveyor of the Doceaii i" 1822], he. ..obtained a copy of 
Captain Garling's materials, and upon these bases be carried a triuugutat.ioii through the 
southern Mabralta country and the Sat Lain, territory, and (-Iii-olc-Ii some ourtrt of our own 
provinces eastward. 

Captain .Topp's observations to all principal points u'ere duly entered in an angle book, and' 
...the calculations were afterwards made. The secondary points, especially 111 hilly country 
where the number of conspicuous objects was great, ... were skotcked pa no ramie ally through the 
telescope, every remarkable point having iiJ direction marked beside it. These were observed 
again from other stations, and the points so intersected were laid down as good secondary 
points for (he detail surveyors to work upon 5 . 

Waugh records that "Captain -lopp, in his report dated 24th July 1827, speaks 
unfavourably of his own triangulation, which he did not consider final" , but Jervis 
had no such diffidence, and has left long accounts of his work. He had attended 
a course with the Ordnance Survey in England before coming to India, and makes 
constant reference to the writings of Laplace, Roy, and Lambton. He starts his 
report 7 with a sententious discussion of the superiority of trigonometrical survey 
over a framework of measured routes [ 209-10 ], and continues ; 

I have been particularly fortunate, altho' very iil S tardily supplied with everything in the' 
way of instruments, to have the generous and unceasing assist ance of scientific friends who have 
furnished me, amongst other things, with a transit circle, a Mayer's repeating reflecting circle 
of elegant weri una;:, ship and linely n'ra-: halted scales. ... 

'DD11. 335(20), 3-5-32. >DDn. 27S (31 ). - Hence Mackenzie's warning against "anticipat. 
ing orders" [ 1 tS ] ; MeutHfo-:'! V> SC(„. I'j-e lit. DUf- US ilf)0 ). 'Chart of "Grafton's triangles' 

DDn. 278. 'DD11. 323 (58 1, LS-U-tL. '■ W.-uitci te h'liven. 1S-9-4-1 ; Dl)n. S2.> < :iaS)-33 ) 'MKIfj' 
M 195. 






i 



130 Bombay Surveys 

I am obliged to my friends, Capt. J. Robinson, of the Hon. Company^ Marino, and to the 
late Colonel Cooper of tho Engineers [ II, 392 ]. for their very kind assistance, for supplying me 
with... instruments j ... and to the former. ..especially. ..for instructions on difficult matters. ... 

The trigonometrical operations of the late Captain CiarJirjc; having been brought to the 
northern limits of the Portuguese territories at Goa, and Captain Jopp being engaged with the 
triangulation in the upland country east of theO.ncan, 1 sought for a base-line situated centri- 
cally between the plains of Atgaon and Kallian 1 , and Camoerlko near Goa, hi order that the 
whole extent of the const from St. Amies to Dumsn 2 might be divided into three portions, each : 
of about 2 degrees. 

He measured his first base during February and March 1824 at a site selected 
by Dowell near Nizampur ; he made three measures and took levels. From 
the base on the Atgaon plain he proposed a chain of triangles northwards to 
Gujarat which did not mature. The whole was connected with Jopp's triangles 
to the east. As already noted, Jervis did not devote bis entire attention to his 
triangulation, which was not of a high order [ 126-7 ]■ 

In July 1827, Jopp reported that he had just received 
a new standard steel chain From England, and. ..had com missioned a very superior theodolite 
from Troughton, and.. .intended that these instruments should be used in the Deccan survey . 
As the Deccan survey was about to be closed, he suggested that these instruments 
might "be advantageously employed on a trigonometrical survey of the whole of 
the Bombay Presidency", a proposal welcomed by Hodgson. Under sanction from 
the Supreme Government, 

on loth March 1S2S, Lieutenant Shortrede, of the 14th Bo. N.I., an officer of considerable talent 
and mathematical knowledge who had already been employed in the Dekan Survey, was 
appointed to superintend. ... He was directed to measure a base.. .and to carry on a triangu- 
lation from thence over the whole country, connecting it with that of Captain Garling on the 
south, and with the Great .Meridional Are on the east, or rather with the series which had been 
commenced by Captain Everest [ 129, 234-6 ]. 

Captain Hodgson also intimated that if tho work were suffit-iently well oxocuted, it might be 
adopted into the G. T. Survey, but he left that point to be decided by its own merits. 

Mr. Shortri>ds>, having steeled a site for his base on the Karleh plain, about 40 miles east of 
Bombay*, and having occupied himself during the rains of 1828 in preparing the requisite 
apparatus, etc., proceeded to tho spot in the month of November Mid, with the assistance of 
the Deputy Surveyor General [ Jopp ], of Captain Grafton, the Surveyor in the Dekan, and their 
establishment, commenced the measurement on the 12th December 1828, and finished it on 
L6th January 1829. 

The base was 4-065 miles in length, and had tlio defect of a break m the measurement 
caused by the river Jndrawni 6 ...whose abrupt banks and uneven rocky bed prevented the 
measurement from being carried directly across. The length of this portion, nearly 1000 feet, 
was therefore determined by triangulation, but. ..the error arising from this source must be 
considered within 1*0 inch. 

The remainder of this season and the next three years wore occupied m extending a net of 
triangles from this base over the whole country, from latitude 18° to 21°, and from longitude 
73° to 76° 7 . ... 

The triangulation was carried on to [he westward so as ui fix the position of Bombay Light- 
house,' and on the eastward the work has been connected with Captain Carting's stations 
Pooru'ndhur and Bholeshwar. In the Southern Krmkan Captain Jervis' stations... have bi:eri 
visited, and connected with.. .stations in the Dekhan survey 8 . 

In 1834 Everest rejected the whole of Shortrede's work as unworthy of confi- 
dence; extracts from his severe comments are here recorded ; 

In July 1837, while I was in Europe, a proposal originated with Captain Jopp. ..to com- 
mence ^angulation. ... If the masterly view taken of this subject... by I,t. Col. Hodgson.-.had 
been rigorously attended to, much time, confusion, and expense, would have been avoided 8 . ... 
Instead of this well-advised plan being abided by, ..."Lieut. Shortrede, ... a gentleman of 
considerable scientific acquirements, but of no practical knowledge in geodetical operations, 

■Ataaon 48 E/S> ; Kalyan, 47 E/4. = St a .Ar,na, 4S E/15 ; Daman, 46 E/1S. 'BIta. 220 ( 273 ). 

11 tt-9"; 'Korli 47 T;:> i m E. of Kh.ruUk UhiLt, 7^: nvul TijiJ.-^ fv mi I1.-.-.1 h-i-y. - i-icWlm;.; .>r,yH, 

W«H*"wdsS I , , ,, „ , DDn tJ 

8l«»- Inderal " ' ' l * '■ ""-!«*«'» lstt* of U-9-27 suited 

Btert tan Eirertvst's sorio.* ; DDa. 220 ( 273-6). 



Trigonometrical Surveys 



l.'Jl 



was nominated so the charge of conductmg a Ceneral Trigonometrical Purvey, as it wm deno- 
minated, emanating from an indeptmdem bitso of its own. Mil measured by a chain altogether 
independent of the units used by Lt. (Jot. Lambton and myself. 

A base was accordingly measered in the Karleh plain. ..with a very excellent chain by Cary, 
whose length. .. was sub.seemently in 1832 determined at myoln.ro in Calcutta. ... Tt has a slight 
defect in one pail, wliiuh bus caused by ir^... being ini.eraec.tnfl by the Indrawn!. ... As this part 
of the work was skilfully executed, the blemish certainly seems. ..more itppi-vreur than real. ... 

The measurement of the I'varleh plain base is the sole portion of the work originally executed 
by Capt. Short-rod i' which is entitled 10 eommendcrioo. The Mansions soioeied by that, gentleman 
were certainly suitable, ... but the jiorformance, whether as regards the observations of angles, 
or celestial azimuths, or the signals used, or the ore cautions taken to ensure accuracy, was ho 
very slovenly ...and so replete with discrepancies, tints it has been entirely set. aside, and treated 
as mere... preparatory work. It could not be otherwise. The letter of my predecessor in office, 
Col. Hodgson, ...though to all intents directly opposed to the sort or general, or (iy-awav, 
triangulation advocated by Captain ,l"opn and Shortredo, was received by those gentlemen 
as quite confirmatory of their wihi independent scheme. ... 

Any person who in the present day endeavours so strike out a line of his own in geodesy 
will meet with failure. ... He must submit, to lio instructed by those who have more experience 
than himself >. 



CrrrcH & SlND, 1825-30 

Little was known of either Cutch. or Sind beyond surveys of the coasts by 
officers of the Bombay Marine— skotch.es and reports by MaeMurdo 1809-11 
[ n, 169-70 ]— sketches of the Indus below Hyderabad by Maxfield and Christie 
1809 [II, 168-9]— and reports from Reynolds' Indian explorers [I, 218-9,246]. 
All these were embodied in a "Map of Cutch and the adjacent portions of Gujrat 
and Sind, principal iy from the works of the lateLt. General Reynolds", completed by 
Williams in August 1820 a . 

Substantial additions made by Alexander Burnes, who was posted as D.a.q.m.G. 
in 1825, and attached to the staff of the Resident, Henry Potfcmger [ II, 437-8]. 
Encouraged by Pottingei', he produced "a new map of Cutch, to the eastern 
mouth of the Indus. ..compiled from actual iTieasurei-nen!: and personal observa- 
tions during the years lS2.a-8" 3 , which was lithographed in 1829. 

Another of his maps is "A Sketch of the Rutin and Countries adjacent, to 
illustrate a Memoir on its formation, and the altera lions of tin; Eastern Branch, of 
the Indus". This was lithographed at Edinburgh in 1831, and appears in the 
history of Cutch 1 written by his brother, Dr. James Burnes, surgeon to the Resident. 
The frontispiece is another sketch, shewing the route from Bhtuj to Hyderabad 
which James followed at the end of 1827 to meet a call for medical assistance. 

] have carefully e\a mined till the raayv, of Sin do in common c: renin ion, hut have found none 
so generally correct as L he one from which the prefixed. ..has been partly compiled. It was sent 
tome while on my route to Hyderabad by my brother, who had copied it from "A Sketch of the 
Indus from Shikai'poor to the Sea " by Samuel Richards 5 , 181(1, in the Q.w.g.'s office Bombay, 
a delineation which must have been eons: roered, I think, from native information. 

I have made a few additions to it, ss well aa some altera! ions which are, 1 believe, very 
nearly correet. Although, as I had nor even a compass with me, and could judge of distances 
only from doubtful itif.irmai.ion and the time oeeunied in poking from ene station to another, 
it cannot he considered entitled t-o the ^arne credit aa a. map ftr-uistru.eter.1 on mswheriiatisal 
principles, ... it is a .truer delineati vo of Sinde and it =s grand fen lane, the Indus, than any which 
has hitherto been published in Europe. 

The delineation of Cutch, ... etc., will ho foun .1 sl.ri.criy correct, beinu, in fact, a reduced copy 
of a- map compile! 1 from actual measurement and observation by my for or; ho?, taeutenaab 
Alexander Burnes a.q.m.g. of the, Army 6 . 

■ 'TS. VHT(l-l). "MBIO. 122 ( I ), 4 m. tu iuoli; huge jjti-ate-inj, alearaatl dean. • Map, 4 m. to 
inch.; 10 Gat.; UiVfO. 1 Hi ( 13 ) ; 122 { 17 ) ; llfinoir in TO Lib. ' fao.es p. 145. Court c.\ Lii,ide. -Samuel 

John Richards ( 1794-1819) : ho. Kn^-.-. Bus. LS10 ; Lieut. 1*13: d. Lern.ion, lj-1-llt ; 'ubvi-ii^lv compiled 
this sketch in C.TCA office .hiring his first vesv. * Court of t^ndc I 3-4) ■ cf. J.IOS. 1 ( iilJ-3.1. ). 



j 32 Bombay Surveys 

In 1829 Alexander obtained permission from Malcolm, now Governor of Bombay, 
SO traverse the deserts between India and the Indus, and... endeavour to descend that river 
to the sea. ... Sir John Malcolm despatched me at once. ..and was pleased to remove me to 
the political branch of the service. ... 

In the year 1830 I entered the desert, nceompanicei by Lieutenant James Holland of the 
q.M.g.'s department. ... After reaching Jays-ulmcer we were overtaken by an express from the 
Supreme Government of India desiring us to return 1 . 

A sketch of this trip entitled i: Geographical Index to the Map of Southern 
Eajputana, constructed in 1829-30" is signed by Burnes as "Assistant Resident 
in Cutch, Booj Residency, January 1831 ", with a note, "my own field-book, and 
the detours from my route by Lieut. Holland, will he found attached to these 
papers " 2 [pi. 24]. 

Burnes' account of this map is well worth quoting as indicating the style in 
which he worked". This was the first of a series of remarkable journeys which he 
made beyond the north-west frontiers, all resulting in maps full of new information. 

The extreme point of the map eastward is the camp of Nusseerabad in Ajmer, the longi- 
trade of which is 74° 49' 12", eastward of Greenwich, as deduced from a mean of five obser- 
vations of the first satellite of Jupiter, for which I am indebted to Brigadier Wilson of the 
Bengal Army, and Commanding the Field Force in Rajputana.*. 

The western point of the map is the sea port of Mundivee in Cutch, which is in longitude 
69" 34' 0", east of Greenwich, as fixed by several observations, in particular of Captain Mas- 
field, late of the Bombay Marine [ II, 420 ]. 

The latitudes... have been determined by the sextant with false horizon. Observations 
were token daily by two different sextants. ... The extreme point north is Jaysulmeer, 
which is in latitude 26° 56' 0' north, or about half a degree lower than in the most approved 
maps of India. That of Mandivee is 22° 51' 0" north. 

The survey waa first laid down at the scale of two miles to an inch, that attention might 
be given to the topography of the country. This was, however, found to be much too 
extended. ... The present map has, therefore, been reduced to that of eight miles to an inch, 
and the minute account of every stage in the journal will amply supply the loss in topo. 
graphical kuuwledgo. 

It was judged prudent to avoid as much as possible eaiTymi; any instruments or appara- 
tus which might excite the suspicion of the people. Perambulators and theodolites were 
therefore dispensed with, and the valuable compass by Schmallhalder substituted in lieu of 
the latter. 

The rate of march was. ..previously determined by jie.raiubulator and other means to be a 
few yards less than four miles an hour, and which was consequently adopted. There were 
many opportunities, ... by cross bearings from hills at a considerable distance, to judge, of the 
justness of this calculation. ... 

The survey. ..was much facilitated by the bills, ... some.-.visib 
miles. ... One most important point westward was the peak c 
from which a hill, called Goeenu, on the river Loonee, about forty miles e 
visible. From Goeenu there was a succession of five peaks to Chung hill in Ajmeer, and as 
the detail survey between these points had always a check from each, great correctness was 
thereby ensured, and in addition to this there was a minute road survey raado between each 

I can not express myself better than in the words of my journal of the 20th March 1830. 
" The period is now drawing to a close when the journal must end by my return to Cutch, ... 
I march exaelly at daylight, and survey till about 10 o'clock, which, in the mildness of the cold 
season can be done without inconvenience. On the road I always enter into conversation with 
the village guides, whose extreme simplicity fits them well to convey information about them- 
selves, their country, and their customs. 

"By 2 p.m. the survey of the morning figures on the map, and the latitude is determined 
to correct it,' when a party of two, three, or four, villagers are invited into my tent to talk... 
till within half-an-hour of sunset. I ask the distances of all the villages around within ten 
miles, the road to each, and the cross distances of one to another, which I sketch roughly on 
paper without any regard to scale, hut which greatly facilitates the survey. .. . 

■from Humes, London, 7-6-34 ; Bokhara, III ( x >. =BMAddl.MS. 143S2 (4ti) : reduction, MRU). 

U ,,J . Koklvin J C l'«i ;i (>!■»«■ i* 1 -' l0L>-10H-ll-:Jl;.:f. JIit!v - IV ' 1^4 { SS- [ 23), with ."ketch. 

•riv' : "rlVi via "l yVn, iT7:s )!-MHSt;,.liif.;n l ,rl*..i.]V(4ttl-2). ■ Barmer, 400/5. 



GUTCH & SlND 



L33 



•s to all hills and town3 ii 
e beyond view, by guess, 



sight of my encampment, and 
in the direction being pointed 



"In the evening I take the a 
also a series of bearings to such a 
out by a villager. ... 

''Lieutenant Holland, who accompanied mo, followed a similar plan, and took. ..when the 
state of the country would admit of it, a separ.ivt' routo from iny.-ielf, and by our joining every 
eight or ton days, to start anew and, moving on similar point*, and in parallel lines at a dis- 
tance of from 30 to 25 miles, wo have- boon, enabled to entirely fill up the intermediate spaces 
between our routes through the ^oul.hem portion of Joudpoor." ... 

The objoct which I had in view. ..was to trace the Lenin wi from its ernl.nncliuro in the Runn 
of Cuteh to its source in mountains of Ajmeer. This has been fully nooumplished. ... 

I have alsr> inoludod some of my farmer surveys, the Burtass river and Ahoo, ... also the 
route across to Baltyaroo in fieinde, ... Cutch is from my own map of thitt oountry. 

Besides coastal charts by B rucks, Haiutis 1 . Robinson, and ni any others [ 17, 70], 
the Survey of India holds a " trigonometrical survey of Bombay Harbour " surveyed 
1829 by Lieutenant Robert Cogan, of H.C.'s marine, assisted by George Peters, 
midshipman, and published by Horsburgh in May 1833 s , Many of these charts are 
signed by Lieutenant M. Houghton, who was for some years draughtsman to the 
Indian Navy at the Colaba Observatory 3 [191-2]. 

In his account of the mission to Persia of 1809 [II, 176], Morier notes that 
" our igno ranee of the gulph" was due to 

the prudential reserve which has influenced our Indian ttovern meats in their transactions with 
the states of Persia and Arabia. To avoid suspicion and complaint they havo never pro- 
fessedly made surveys of the shores, though much might juive been doi 10 indirectly. ... Few 
except 1nercl1u.no vo.ssols vi^iLo-.l l.tic :'LLi|'h. ami <.ls 'no chart's whicli l.hoy alreai.lv p'j.s.soasnd... 
aorved thoir pii!'[)n:--.o sLifiioio!!r.|.-...r-,hi>[-e wa.s seldom any particular demand for more eorrect 
surveys. 

The geographer and philosopher indeed require something more, and therefore it is still 
matter of regrel that, we are eomonratn'oiy ill-informed in countries where we have had easy 
opportunities of acquiring knowledge 4 . 

•Geo. Kami's Brooks, Bo. Mar.' Mil tin. IS II ; (lomil». 1S^!* ; Capt ISM ; -jomdd. LSu-vg. sliipa Psyche r 
A>isc0<*T u, BtMareo— St:ifFur<l Bot.tisworth ipiin^, llo M:ir.,Milpr). lSlS.CV.mdr. [s::,-. ; PA. Allan, 1842. "10. 
Cat. (428);Markham (11-3,23). 'MRIO. iM(22J; 105 ( 7, 27-8 ) ; DDn. 278 ( 4-6 ). *Morier (9). 






CHAPTER X 



REVENUE SURVEYS, LOWER BENGAL 

General Policy — Miscellaneous S-nrvh/x — NonkhaU & Oh imaong , 1821-9 — 
SmakirbcbTis — SyViet & Assam, 1822-30 — Mttft-ods of Survey. 

THE permanent settlement of land revenue in Bengal had been determined in 
1793 on the basis of the latest district settlements, however derived, and f 
though the amount of revenue to bo collected from each estate was thus perma- 
nently fixed, there was no reliable record of the extent of these estates [ I, 140-1 ; 
II 177 ]- Land that was brought into cultivation later than 1793 was not included 
in'the permanent settlement, and for a long time escaped liability for assessment 1 . 
A regular feature of the advertisement columns of the Calcutta Gazette of this period 
was a list of sides of lands by public auction for the recovery of arrears of revenue 2 , 
a situation hardlv anticipated when permanent settlement was first introduced. 

There were long discussions 0.11 the- adoption of pmiianunt settlement elsewhere, 
the Directors opposing hasty action in new territories [ II, 178 ]. They wished their 
government to acquire several years experience of conditions in each district before 
making any long-term arrangement, and strongly urged the advantages of sys- 
tematic land survey [7, 150]. 

The areas of immediate concern were the Ceded and Conquered Provinces 
beyond Bihar [II, no; III, 149-63], the newly conquered lands of Cuttack and the 
rapidly extending cultivation of the Sundarbans [ II, 177-8 ; 139-44 ]■ T&e Bengal 
Council admitted the advantages of reliable surveys, but pointed out the untrust- 
worthiness of indigenous systems of laud measurement, and urged that. any surveys 
undertaken for revenue purposes should be directed by European surveyors under 
the professional control of the Surveyor General ; 

Although the Government of this I-Ycwidency has more than once stated, in strong terms, 
the objection... to the actual measurement of lands by the alow and tedious process of the 
natives TU *79]> ** ^'^ not—intond l<> esp-css any oiiir.inn advni-sn io turvnys undertaken by 
professional persons, and executed in a scientific manner. ... The most substantial advantages 
may be derived from surveys of the latter description. 

They are obviously calculated to ascertain and tix the boundaries of estates, ... and various 

other points involved in the settlement of lands. ... Such surveys prevent those serious affrays 

which, although materially repressed by the vigour of the police during the last three or four 

years,* still exist to a certain degree, ... as often as disputes may arise regarding the boundaries. 

They are likewise calculated to facility to the partition of estates. ... 

We have taken the necessary measures for organizing an establishment for the measure- 
ment of estates with the aid of the Surveyor General of India. ... The primary object.-.is 
the acquisition of.. .information. ..required in the Ceded and Conquered Provinces with reference 
to the impending settlements. ... The establishment... may bo...hip:hly benelicial in enabling 
Government to draw a.n increasing revenue from the lands reduced to cultivation in the 
Sunderbunds, in the frontier district of Chittagong, and in other places 3 . 

The settlement of the Sundarbans was taken up in 1814, with the aid of Morrie- 
son's survey [II, 14-5, *77 ]. and Alexander Gerard was appointed surveyor to 
the Revenue Commissioners of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces for settlement 
of Saharanpur [ II, 180 ]. The raising of an establishment of revenue surveyors 
was postponed till Mackenzie'3 arrival from Madras ; 



General Policy 



135 



We shall, however, lose no time on his arrival at this Presidency. ... In the u 
trust that, measures which have boon taken will, at a very earl;' period, afford ti 
officers... the assistance of an agency infinitely superior to that to which they had hitherto... for 
the measure in or it. nf ostsiies, and thf dotoTminfi.tiori of their limits 1 . 

The Directors warmly approved ; 

We cannot but regard this concurrence of sentiment ;ls n fortunate and auspicious circum- 
stance. ... "We sanction your appoint meet of Unsign A. Gecard...to be Surveyor to the Board 
of Commissioners. ... We direct that a specimen of Mr. Gerard's survey be transmitted for 
our inspection, that we "may have an opportunity of comparing it with a. specimen, of a revenue 
survey of fho pcrguunah of Broach... lately submitted to us by the Government of Bombay. ... 

The utility ol' measures, of this sort « ill...doixmd ^Itoaoliicr on their being skilfully con- 
ducted ; and we entirely agree with you that persons should lie found possessing a knowledge 
of the general principles of i:oometrv and mensuration, to act under tho guidance of the 
principal surveyor. 

"We would also suggest to you the expediency of your applying to the Governments of 
Port St. George and Bombay for specimens of the revenue surveys which have been executed 
under those presidencies*. 

The Council thought the Bombay system far r.oo elaborate and expensive 3 [II, 
188-9 ; III, 6, 171, 173-4 ] an d sought for simpler procedure ; 

A minute' village survey, exhibiting... tho limits and extent of each field, and the number 
of trees growing therein, with. ..the name of the occupant of each field and the rent paid by 
him, was likewise tried, but abandoned as too litbonoi.YS and expensive ; and such a field survey 
is. ..now generally admitted to be full ae ions as a means of adj listing any permanent assessment. 

The general survey which formed a complete and palpable record of the extent and limits 
of each village, and of" the distribution of its lauds, ... would. ..em brae... almost everything that 
could be desired, either fur revenue or judicial purposes, and 11 more detailed course. ..in regard 
to this Presidency would appear Co he entirely out of the question. It seems probable, 
indeed, Ucr we must rest satisfied wiih a more general survey. ... 

It is. ..the more necessary to observe a strict economy, to confine the survey to objects of 
clear utility, and especially to employ for the details. ..a cheaper agency than that of European 
officers. ... 

If the survey were confined to the Using of the limits of estates ( to be marked off by the 
Revenue Officers with a double line in the case of disputed boundaries... ), the labour 
wOuld...be comparatively tightened, anil a pergunnah or district survey, marking merely the 
position of villages anit fixing the extents of the larger divisions, could probably be completed 
at a moderate charge, and certainly within the times necessary for the revenue officers to 
..ol!ect...the information.. . required.. .[ for] a permanent settlement 1 . 

Mackenzie took a long time to consider tho problems involved, being much 
hampered by ill-health. He writes to the Revenue Secretary a few weeks before 
his death : 

I have now got the liombuy revenue surveys from your office, and I shall be prepared in 
time to exhibit a comparative view of all that has been attempted in this way in different 
parts of India. I am indeed astonished that ft detii.il of the lands of every individual village 
in a pergunnah of 231 should be required, or executed in any reasonable time. Fray think 
for Bengal alone what room would be requisite for the very plans of every village and their 
separate fields, etc., etc. 

Yet the Court say that if the uddit.ioned revenue acquired be equal to tho expense of the 
survey they are satisfied ; but I mast drop the subject till T am able to attend, to business 6 . 

Wide as was Mackenzie's experience, he had little knowledge! of revenue adminis- 
tration in Bengal, and he had nothing concrete to recommend. After his death 
Hodgson proved more helpful, and with his advice survey was started in several 
districts of the Upper Provinces dining 1S22. Government wrote to the Directors 
in December 1821 pointing out the magnitude of the task ; 

A supply of lairopoan officers.. .on an extensive scale could not possibly be obtained... with 
the existing complement of officers, and it. was on all hands; agreed that each surveying party 
must be superintended by at least line European, officer of experience. ... 

Considering the great extent of country to be settled, the vast number of villages to be 
separately surveyed, ibe variety of tenure, ... the intermixture of private properties and of 

■ B to CD., 1-11-16 f 38) ; BR3. ( 339-10 ). ! CD to B., Rev., 3-4-17 ( 09-72 ). 3 Bombay eventually 
eame to a similar conclusion < 17a -1). * BUC. 22-12-20 ( l.i-28) ; SKS. 'DDn. 134(119-20) 21-1-21. 






136 REVENUE SURVEYS, LOWER BENGAL 

revenue divisions, it is plain that the projected survey will bo the work of.. .years. Your 
present Government, mos; content itself with commencing the u n dor I; nking : the completion. 
...must be left to the persevering exertions of successive Governments. ... 

Chiefly from die debility of « >j i -. 3 hco.;ih and the. pre-sure of irnmouiiiti- duties, the late 
Surveyor Gen or;; 1 remained, up to the period of bis death, unprepared to urge the prosecution 
of any .specif ie plrui for tin? survey of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces'. 



Miscellaneous Surveys 

The first important revenue surveys carried out in Lower Bengal were those 
of the Sundarbans and of the "Evdlooah" 8 salt agency tract, "but work was also 
going on from time to time in the Twenty-Four -Parg an as —Cuttack — Dacca— and 
Chittagong. Surveys followed in Sylhei and Assam. 

There was continual extension of cultivation in the 24-Parganas, especially 
towards the Sundarbans, and in 1817 Government allowed the Collector to engage 
surveyors for measuring [.iM* of land? to lie grunted U> .ueiv applicants ; 

It would be advisable; to tit) ploy country- bom surveyors instead of European.?... whenever 
lie shall meet w it-Is pernios (ji/iabiied for the doty. In the mean time. the... Council adopts 
your suggestion, for granting to Jfr, 1 -" 1 ©l- V-. % - n : I e i t :i uu ;>rliiii.ii>n;iL allowance of 100 rupees 4 ". 

Land in the immediate vicinity of Calcutta, mid within the city limits, was held 
on special terms, and detailed survevs were necessary on every change of ownership 

[1, 139] ; 

Within the limits oi Calcutta and its vicinity there was no middle party between the 
officers of Government and the immediate occupiers or cultivators of the lands. In the 
report dated 3rd February 1 SIS. ..the acting Co Hoc tor... say a, "It was to check the frauds 
practised by the native aumeens that 1 was principally induced to propose. ..the present 
establishment of Kuropean surveyors". ... He had p enviously [ written ]...lat December 1S17, 
..."The establishment of European and country-born surveyors... has... be en attended with 
great public benefit. ... A system of fairness and integrity lias boon intrnihieed... which hfia 
given confidence to the pott ah -holders, and makes every proprietor of ground within the 
city... anxious to liavo his property measured and registered in bis own name". ... 

We are glad to learn. ..that in these pottalw an example is exhibited, of.. .a complete speci- 
fication of the lands-— "the exact measurement of the ground bought or sold ; that is, the 
quantity of begubs or cottshs — the length and breadth — the boundaries, north, south, east, 
and weat — and the person by whom t-ho measurement is made" 8 . 

The first attempt at a revenue survey in Cuttaok was au experimental survey 
in Khurda pargema? [ iS ], of which Buxton writes ; 

It had been long thought desirable that a map of n portion of (.lie rli.-triet. should be prepared 
on a larger scale, and on a moro detailed system, than had boon usually adopted in common 
Surveys, with a view to assist the revenue officers in the collections and settlements, ... 
and accordingly in November 1820 I was instructed,. .to commence a detailed survey 
of the small district of Khourda. forming one of the most souther]] divisions of Cuttack, and 
containing about 500 square miles. 7 ... 

Having first established triangles connected with those of former season?, I had, with the 
aid of the two apprentices [ 1711.0, ], ... completed...;) bout, one third of Khoordis, when sickness 
put a stop to my progress in the month of "February 1821, and has since prevented mo from 
resuming the survey 8 [18]. 

The survey was abandoned and the assistants moved to the Upper Provinces ; 
The villages in the Klioorda District, are small and poor. and... not... much advantage to 
the revenue is likely to occur from the detailed survey. ... The IVioradahad and liareilly surveys 
are of more consequence f ban that of Cuttack, arid... to them, and to the Goruekpoor survey, 
tho best means should be afforded. ... The appro ut.ioe,= ...nm.y bo withdrawn from Cuttack for 
the purpose of being sent to Kohilkund* [ 154 J. 

Government agreed and reported to the Directors that 

•BtoCD., Rev., 2S-12-21(6-0);.RKS. ( 2S4-5 ) ; of. BTC. 7-0-21 (30). * Old name for NoSkliali 
District. sEiuhf.rd, father "f J'tmes [52 ]. 'B Rev Bd. 2-9-17 (33). 6 CDto B., Iiev., 21-3-21 

(14,15). '2Sm.su-. of Cuttack. ' prr.pnr.rrl fcv Commi^mee.r, IL'-S-':0; ETC. 17-11-20 ( 12S 1 

"Dlta. 190 ( 136), 13-0-21. 'from SO., D'Dn. 196 ( 133 -5 ), 3-11-21. 



Miscellaneous Surveys 



'..V 



t-ho Cuttaek survey tv;w, indeed, originiilly designed as un experimental mensure ; ... hut the 
surveyor being chiefly engaged in the wild, mountainous, or woody, trnetsj, wherein the labours 
of the husband man shew themselves only in sputtered patches of cultivation amidst a general 
waste, his operations afforded no light as to the eotwse to be followed in other parte of the 
country. ... This survey was, rnoreo\ r;r, impeded, and has since been suspended, in consequence 
of the bud health or the officer appointed to conduct it 1 [ 18 ], 

European surveyors were employed under the local revenue officers in other 
areas. Between 1S24 and 1826 Henry Tanner, in charge of the " invalid thanas " 
was employed in Bhagalpur to survey the limits of lands allotted to invalid pensioned 
soldiers 2 , and later in the Rajmahal Hills of the Santa 1 Parganas to survey the 
Government estate, Daman-i-koh 3 . 

Independently of the IJamunikoh, the revenue surveys of resumed... lands are so frequent 
and extensive as to occupy nearly the whole of Captain Tanner's time for the year round. 
... Captain Tanner has been required to survey preparatory to assessment thirty mehalls ; ... 
thirteen of these. ..contain somewhat inure than -13,000 beegahs 4 . 

Tanner was not a liighly skilled surveyor, nor was his survey which dragged on after 
1830 particularly accurate, though it remained the sole authority for revenue, 
purposes for many years 5 . 

During 1828-9 the Collector of Bihar employed a Mr. Beaucliamp to survey 
village boundaries and limits of cultivation 8 ; and he was still employed as 
" surveyor to the Bahar collect orsliip " in 1836 7 . - 

After the occupation of Arakan.the Commissioners in charge tried to get a.. 
trained surveyor to make a "revenue survey" of the province. No military offioera, 
could be spared, and though, Horatio Nelson, an assistant from the Delhi survey 
was detailed, and special allowances approved, he managed to .get his orders 
cancelled, and never joined. 



NOAKHALI & CmTTAGONO, 1821-9 " <■ 

The primary purpose of Cheapo's survey of Chittagong, 181.4-8, had been to 
aid the settlement of revenue [ II, 178 ], and his final report indicates the value of 
a careful survey, even on so small a scale as one inch to a mile. 

The estimate of quantity 0!' cultivated land annexed to the map has been deduced from 
the protractions of the survey. ...Cultivated land. ..997-8125 square miles, or 1,00^612 
doons — - 

( 1 kanee = 144 x 120 feet = 17,280 sq. ft. — 16 kanees = I doon = 2,76,480 sq. ft. 

— 1 sq. mile = 1613 kanees, or 100 doons 13 kanees... ) 

By measurement of year 1802, land paying revenue , . . . doons 58,056 

and waste land HU3Cep*Q>Ie of cultivation ... . . „ 3,452 

Deduct Ha.ttia and Sundoep, which are not included in my survey . ,, 9,571 

Total area of low cleared land, exclusive of llatlia & Sundesp, by 

measurement of 1802 . . . , . >a 52,027 

Ditto, by my survey .. .. ...... "„ 1,00*612 



Di! , ! , !!;-siii'.;e, not payii 

The District pays at present ( 1817 ], according t 



of!802 Bs. 5.73,000 



It thus appears that my survey gives a surplus nearly equal to the whole content at present 
paying revenue, ... I. ..consider it impossible that there can be more than one tenth, or 100 
miles, either above or under the actual area which should pay revenue ; and therefore, deduct- 
ing 100 miles for any possible errors, ... there win remain 900 miles area which there can be 
no doubt is within the mark, and if assessed up to this calculation the 
iuerc-fi.siid upwards of one half of what is paid at present. 



>B toCD.,Eev., 2S-12-21 ( 10), *BT0. 30-1-24 (13). 

:'-::-■>! (iil I. 'i!,. J 7-1 0-Uii { U) .v CTO. 2 3-30 (1), etc. >Bl 
!•<■'■. Bfiii.-lnrnp ( ly'l-l-i-l ): Bc.u. Inf. IS] Si ret. [Sit. r<n<] settled n 



•Imp 0m. XI (131 
ev Bd., 27-2-29 ( 61 ) 
Menghyr till death. 



' li R--v 



138 Revenue Surveys, Lowek Bengal 

I have made this remark of deducting one tenlh adverting to I lie impossibility of perfect 
correctness, ... and it- would seem desirable, and indeed equitable, v.i gimrd aeainst the possibi- 
lity of any estate he.ii is assessed as larger than it is. Attend i hi to tins point I should conceive 
very necessary to obviate disipnt.es Bad complaints, as well as to give general satisfac- 

It lias been ^eneraliy *uppo.sod that the i[i in nt.it y of' cultivated land has been of late years 
prodigiously increased by... bringing what was formerly jungle into cultivation. ... I am however 
well convinced from my own observation that the district tea undergone little change.. .for 
the last 30 years at. least, and probably numh further back. Inderal, in the map which existed 
before my survey. 1 can i iv.ee the ri 'Uios thixmgh the svholo. of the northern parts of the district. 
... For a material increase of revenue it will bo noceasary to look for aucb increase from a 
revision of former measurements, and tint from any partial measurement of... lands. ..as have 
been of late years cleared . ... 

Cultivation lms been everywhere pushed as close to the hills as possible. ... New tracts 
might certainly be struck out between the ranges of hills. ..and some portion of low land will 
always be found between two ranges. 

In addition to the limits of cultivation Cheape surveyed and mapped the boundaries 
of thana.3 1 . 

An important source of revenue was the tax on salt and firewood produced along 
the banks and islands of the Meghna, the Sundarbans creeks, and the Chittagong 
coast. Survey had been carried through these "salt districts" during 1802-4 
by Thomas Robertson [II, 13-4 ], but these coastal and tidalregions are continually 
changing and another survey was authorized in 1821. A civilian surveyor, Henry 
Osborne [ 12 ] was engaged by the Collector at Noakhali ; 

Mr. Osborne should first be. employed in making a survey of the islands in the Megna. ... 
It will be his principal duty to ascertain churs 2 Bfl they exist at present, and. ..to notice any 
chirrs of recent formation, and to collect... every information regarding tlie date of their being 
first cultivated. So soon as any part of Mr. Osborne's survey is completed, it is my intention 
to contrast the information he has collected with maps of older date, as well as with all old 
records and oral information that I may be able to obtain, as by this means I shall hope to be 
able to distinguish the objections which knavery and artifice will be constantly contriving 
to defeat my enquiries 3 . 

The Board of Revenue added the following instructions ; 

The surveyor should he directed.. .to lay down all existing mouzahs or villages, townships 
■or kushbahs, hamlets or chucks, hatits*, ... large or small, occasional and permanent, market 

It is still not intended... to restrict you from dispensing temporarily with a survey in cases 
where the property in the land is decidedly vested in the Government, and where the peculiar 
local circumstances may enable you to define limits with sufficient Boetnacy*. 

Osborne was not satisfied with the terms offered and the survey was taken 
iup from 8th February 1822 8 by Benjamin Blake [ II, 382 ], who was 
in the first instance, to be employed. ..defining accurately the boundaries of the salt and fuel 
lands required for. ..the Salt Department. Adverting to the scattered direction in which the 
salt and fuel lands are «iutott-d , ... it is desirable to ti; j ncrt.ain how far.. .this duty. ..will interfere 
with the geographic til and topographical survey you Siave been directed to make. ... Pending 
a reference to the Board. ..your services can be usefully employed in surveying that part of the 
district which lies between this place [ Noalthali J and the great Fenny River. ... In making 
this survey, the object of which is to define by accurato measurement certain lands formed by 
the alluvion of the sea, in order to their future settlement, you will... lay down the boundaries of 
all lands now in actual cultivation, and of.. .waste, as well as the Hunts of.. .lands which are 
now in the occupation of, or may Vie iv.jiiii-ed for the use of, (.Jus Bait Department,'. 

Blake surveyed the Salt Agency lands as he came to them in the course of his 
general survey of the district, and in October sent in 

a map reducod from the topographical one ; also an outline of a statistical synopsis of the 
■churs mouzas, Ac, measured during the bitter part of last season, being the commencement 
of a survey of the district of Bullooah [ 136 n.2 ]. ... The areas inserted... are all bonafide good 
soil, available for either agriculture, salt, or.. .the production of fuel. ... 

'Report dated 14-10-10, attached 10 map, M1U0 . SEaC. 2&-0-19. -Islands formed by riversilt. 
'from Collector, 2S-H-21 ; liTU. 28-11-21 (32); 'market*. Mb. (33). * BRC. 8-2-22. 'from 
Collator, 15-1-22, ii'rC. 10-5-22(16). 



NOAKHALI & CHITTAGO> T G 



139 



A great evil exists in the superabundance of tanks ; ostentation and a love of fame appear 
to he the causes. ... The forming of a new tfi.ti.l< should hn prohibited, unless security ha 
given to keep it clean and in good repair, for otborwiso they are neiilectml, and soon become 
choked up with aquatic weulu, thus (!iigt?iideri«{j...a vitiated miasma.- ... 

I have been prevented from filling up i.i.e col vi inns of tho stal i-tieal table for want of an 
assistant, as the whole .superintendence of the measurement falls upon me and, with the 
laying down thereof on the map, occupies all my time. ... Under those circumstances I. ..may 
bo permitted.. .an assistant, and... recommend Mr. Tames Thompson, lately employed in the 
revenue department under Mr. W. Fraser in the Dehlee Territory. ... Mr. Thompson will be 
happy to perform the dutios...on the same salary as is allowed to Mr. Jones, the assistant 
to Ensign Piinsep on a survey similar to that of BuUooo.li [ 141 -2, 369 ] l . 

He asked for an elephant which was essential for travelling about, whilst a great 
deal of the work had also to be carried out by boat, which added considerably to 
[lis private expense, especially as lie lost one in a storm ; 

Having in vain waited for tidings of an Kuropean built boat belonging to my surveying 
establishment which wns driven from my schooner during a severe storm oil the 27th March 
last.. .at the month of the Megna, ... I have to request.. . a remuneration... of my loss sustained, 
which, including masts, sails, cables, oars, and grapnelLs, is three hundred and fifty rupees 2 . 

His progress was commended ; 

Captain filake has effected the survey of 43 churs and mozas, comprising the whole of the 
churs laying between the N'oaeolly ('reek and the Little Fenny liiver, with the exception 
of a small tract. ... After he has completed this duty, he will proceed to survey from the 
■wo.nern side of the Xoaeoily Creek aloiur tlie banks of the river .\legna. ... 

The map prepared by Captain Rlake and the- details of his survey. ..will doubtless satisfy 
Government, that a more n.bio or /.e.dous officer could not hav-e been scloel ed for this important 
...duty; the information he has collected relative to the chirrs and mozas surveyed— the 
quantity of land in each already cultivated and fit for cultivation — how much waste — how 
much occupied for the use of the Salt Department— and what reserved for fuel — ...must render 
the Collector's duty in assessing the lands an easy and satisfactory task. ... 

As Mr. Donnitliome 3 continues to represent the expediency of assistance being afforded 
to Captain Blake, Hi;; .Lordship will p( jrbups... direct the civil Surveyor (leneral tr) depute a 
proper person from ins establishment*. 

Hodgson, as Revenue Surveyor General [305-6 ], was unable to provide an 
assistant, but recommended an increase of establishment and changes of procedure 
[ 147, 369-70 ]. Blake was placed under his professional orders, but had to close 
down in October 1 824 on account of the war against Burma 6 . 



SUNDARBA^S 

Accounts are given elsewhere [ II, 14-5, 177 ; HI, 7, 12, 179 ] of the survey of 
the Sundarbans commenced in 1811 by William Morrieson, and carried on by Ms 
brother Hugh till the end of 1818. This survey bad been started to meet the 
demands of the revenue officers, and showed all the creeks and limits of cultiva- 
tion on the one-inch scale. It stretched across the Sundarbans area of the districts 
of the 24-Parganas and Jessore 6 , but left Bakarganj unsurveyed, so that early in 
1818 the Collector of Bakarganj pressed for survey; 

~I have received several applications. ..for tracts of land on and adjoining the Sunderbana 
of this zillah. From the imperfect state of the records, ... as well as from my present want 
of local knowledge, I am pinabic to ascertain whether the said lands appertain to any estate 
on which a permanent, assessment, has been fixed, or are exclusively the property of 
Government. ... 

One of the principal objects in C'-'iistituting this a separate col lee tarsi tip boioii to encourage 
enterprising individuals to cultivate the waste lands, ...it would. ..bo. ..of great benefit to 
cause a survey to be made of the whole of the district, and a copy thereof deposited in the 
Collector's office. ... 

'firan Blake, NoaooUy, 16-10-22; BTC. 35-11-23. 3 DDa. 19o (287), 26-11-22. > James 
Donnithoriie (1773-1332 1: M'S. lTMIl-LSST ; <W\i<:.'-^ Bulleocih from 1823. ! SJTO. 2-1-24. 'Map, 

ono-inch sealo, and mluctiivis. tf-UO. Mhc. H-0-24. "lessors iiv;hi.-.!«.t the previa! tlnti-nit of Khulna till 
1882, Imp Qaz. XV ( 287 ). 



140 Revenue Surveys, Lower. Bengal 

I am not informed whether or not Lieut. Morrioson, now surveying the Sunderbans, has 
instructions to extend his survey as far as this zillah ; at all events some time must elapse 
"before lie will reach it. ... Should it interfere with the arraiiLiemenls of Government to send 
Lieut. Morrieson or an euginc'r officer here, ... Use duty miiiht be executed by uncovenanted 
assistants from tho Surveyor GcMoral's Office 1 . 

Again, a year later ; 

Seeing that Ca-pt. Metricsi'ii, the otlicer surveying the Jessore Soonderbuns, ...has been 
compelled to proceed to sea for the benefit of his health [ 12 ], ... there is little prospect of 
the survey bein.L: proceeded in immediately. ... The more I see of the nature of this district, 
the more I am impressed with. ..the necessity of.. .an accurate map. ... 

A yomig man i!om«l Jackson, a uoa-turni;; man, is willing to undertake the duty 011 a 
salary of 200 rupees per month, and about SO rupees per mouth boat hire. The duty... 
could be concluded in less than two years, and the advantage both to tho Magistrate and 
Collector would ho incalculable. At present there is no defined lino between the districts of 
Tipperah, Dacca, and Backergtmge. 

Government consented although not happy about appointing a surveyor outside 
the Surveyor General's establishment ; 

It seems likely, however, that a topographical survey of particular portions of" the district 
will be found very useful for. ..the Collector's; oilice, particularly for making out the limits of 
estates, and., .of lands proposed to be assigned to new settlers. 

If therefore Mr. Jackson shall possess the necessary qualifications of a land surveyor, ... 
His Lordship ii. Council will... sanction his being attached to the Collector's office on the 
terms proposed. ... That gentleman is accordingly authorised to employ Mr. Jackson in 
surveying. ... He will, ... submit a specimen of Mr. Jack son's work at an early period 2 . 

Jackson was engaged, and on his resignation in July 1 820 the Collector submitted 
his maps and fieldbooks ; 

The beneficial results... were apparent in the difference of snddor jumma 3 demandable by 
that process and that shewn by the native umeen, which. ..did not fall short of sicca rupees 1700 
per annum. ']*he former sudder jumma of the estate.. .was sicca rupees 11G5-I0-15. The 
measurement of the umeen shewed. ..Rs. 4720, more or less, — that by Mr. Jackson. ..Rs. 6501 — 
and this latter sum the present, occupant is ready to pay. 

It was not till after I had three several times proceeded.. .in person, and kept tho strictest 
watch over the aurnecn that I got the measurement completed; the time em ployed... occupied 
at least ten months, whereas M r. Jackson's survey was completed in less than a month. ... When 
it is considered that the proportion of Mr. Jackson's salary did not exceed Rs. 280, and that 
the umeen received ss'i. lis. 5(i0, the preponderance is again greatly in favour of it. ... 

The whole expeneo incurred by employing Mr. Jackson will be most amply repaid by the 
increase of assessment of tin- .angle estate above mentioned 4 . 

The Surveyor General did not endorse this estimate of Jackson's work ; 

I have been miserably disappointed as this young man, who applied to me himself, makes 
such additions to the original allowance that I would not ...recommend it without Some better 
assurance of his being competent for the duty. ... h'or such 11. survey the fullest allowance of a 
surveyor would not. be too little, and to admit, [bat trie dtiiies required of a geometrical survey of 
islands separated by extensive waters could he done by an ordinary establishment would be 
imposing upon yon and upon Government. ... 

It appears to me evidently that what be says was done at an expense of 280 Rupees 
per mensem was just of as little value as the former expenditure upon a native measurer. 
Altho' a costly set of instruments was furnished to him, not a single point of observation has 
been transmitted, tho' it was not too late in the season, and I have just discovered that 
the plans sent in were, in fact, copied by a not very competent draughtsman belonging 
to this office 6 . 

It is obvious that there was urgent need of trustworthy surveys, though possibly 
not of the high professional standard set by Mackenzie. The supply of competent 
surveyors was negligible. 

The first regular settlement had been started by David Scott, junr., in 1814 
[II, 177], and he reports in 1818 that he 

found the unassessed. cultivated lands. ..to be of the following kinds — Encroachment by 
zemindars — Extension of cuitivat inn. ..beyond the iji.iant.iLy for which they paid revenue — 

; EEevErl. 23-B-I8 { 1 |. a ib. 2S-4-] ft ( 31 ). "amount of revenue das 



SUNDAKBANS 



141 



[it'tli-.niisi.iuri by una i etherised persons who si]b:sef|iioni.ly procured i'oi'^t:;! documents. 

He begun by measuring the latter two kinds of land by the agency of amins, and for his 
guide lie hud tho original leases... whenever produced-- the uliittm of 1783— and a cdpy of 
Lieutenant Morriesoo 'a map. There was much opposition to contend against. The zemindars 
were all arrayed against him. ... The amins, too, were obstructed in their work, and tho aid 
of police had to be invoked, while fraud on the part of the annus themselves constituted a 
separate source of danger. ... Mr. Scott, however, succeeded in measuring a large extent of 
land ia 1817, and the operations were continued by Mr. Lind in 1818 1 . 

In 1818 a special Sundarbans Commissioner took over the settlement*, and 
on lfith March 1821 the Government reeonstit utcd the commission, with a survey party to 
aid it 8 , ... The first and main object, was to demarcate by a distinct line public from private 
property, in order i<> prevent ti.it lire encroachment, be_rinmii;_r with tlio era intry... which had boon 
surveyed by Lieut. Morrieson. ... 

Ensign Prinsep of the Kngineers was appointed the Surveyor. ... Mr. Dale took charge of 
the office on 9th April 1821. The year 1821 was spent in preparations ; ... the operations were 
steadily proseeul od during LS22 and 1823. ... 

They took up tin; demarcation of the line .separating shit? from private lands, and worked 
from fraripur on the river Jabuna westwards. ... Mr. Dale. ..came to the conclusion that no 
satisfactory decision could be had till the line separating the forest from the cultivation was 
ascertained, surveyed, and mapped . and Ihai he directed Mr, Frinsep to do. ... 

Mr. Prinsep made a detailed survey of the forest line from.. .the river .Jabuna to the river 
Piyall during 1822, and continued it to the Hugh, a little below Culpi, during the succeeding 
year, through a total distance of about 180 miles. He also surveyed the. ..taluks measured by 
Messrs. Scott and Liad with the object of testing the accuracy of the amin3' measurements 
as a whole. ... During 1812'A lie surveyed tho 28 taluks that were measured... the previous year. 
He thus completed 48 taluks, ...and found the arum's nieo.sureme.iits fairly correct, except in 
three instances of jungle where they had resorted to guesswork. 

The applications for jungle grants... were also made over to him for enquiry into their 
boundaries. Usinsr "Mo meson's map as his basis, he filled in the khals* and other details during 
excursions by boat. ... In addition, he made a full survey of the strip of jungle bordering the 
cultivation from the river Bidyadliuri to the Hugh, with a. bread I h varying from one and a half 

His map. ..shewed t.ln-j precise: situation of almost every important... taluk in the 24-Parganas 
district, and the exact limit ( with the village boundaries inserted ) to which cultivation had 
...been carried between the rivers Hugli aad Jabuna. ... He parcelled the jungle into separate 
allotments, and gave them numbers 3 | If, i<j ]. ... Vie experienced loueli trouble from the con- 
flicting names given by rival zamitxdars to the crooks and other natural features, but he gave 
currency in his maps to the names which the fishermen anil wood -cutters... used. ... 

Mr. Dale was removed ia November 1X23, and Mr. K-. II. Mangles' 1 succeeded him for two 
years, after which there were several changes until 1828. ... Mr. Prinsep during 1824 partitioned 
the jungle belt. ..to the river Jabuna, and was deputed to Ohittagong at the end of the year. ... 
His establishment however was retained., and Lieut. Maliock of the Engineers was appointed 
Surveyor in November 1826 7 [ 7 ]. 

Maliock was relieved towards the end of 1827, and was succeeded by Alexander 
Hodges who was given revised instructions ; 

The next step should be a- careful and minute survey of the line on which the forest and the 
cultivation meet, from the spot where the former touches upon the Hooghiy immediately above 
Channel Creek, thro' the districts of the 24-Pergunnahs, Xuddeuh, Jessore, and Backergunge to 
tho south-eastern i.crudita' Ion of the wa.ste upon the sen, ... at. tho 1 11011 r,h of the great western 
embouchure of the Ganges, or Pudda. 

This survey should be conducted upon such a scale a.s may ensure it from dwindling down 
into a permanent sleepine. appointment f'" 1 a single officer. ... Ii sorely i'mitioI be less an object 
of importance to define the limits of a forest that extends within twenty miles of the seat of 
Government, than to measure the \ illages of Bareilly or Goruekpore, ... 

It is certain that unless Government are prepared to resign all prospects of deriving revenue 
...from the cultivation of Suaderbuas wastes, the survey of those tracts must be undertaken at 
some time or other. ... Nor do I thiol; that i! will be wire to retard the execution of the ichomo 
by fixing the surveying establishment on too limited a scale ; for I have invariably observed in 

iPargiter [it]. =ib. (14) & Imp Gaz. xxiii (144). = BRevBd. 27-3-21(56 5. 'ereeka. 
5 Called " Lot No. —"to this d.iv : original pinna Dl.li. IM-Piusianas 1 1-1 1. s Ross Donnelly Mangles 
( 1801-77 I ; BCS. 181!) : DA'B. r Piiraiter ( 15-7 ). 



142 Revenue Surveys, Lower Bengal 

this country that, whenever opera I ions... have, b ■: : i .1 1 pvoi iMrted beyond a certain period, ... the 
plan has either been abandoned altogether, or- litis been feebly and imperfectly carried thro'. ... 

The survey of the lino. ..has not to eommouee "do novo" ; the whole western frontier of the 
jungle from Channel Creek to Hoseinabad...and thence to the, south eastward, as far as Prawn- 
pore, having ( with very partial exceptions i been... most accurately mapped by Captain Prin sop. 
... The estates m e as 11 rem en;- form a connected belt of cultivated land, extending from Channel 
Creek to. ..the resoloe _\uddee, interrupted only at the several spots parti eu lav i^ed. ... From 
Dhosa Ghaut northward to the Bydya Dhurrce. thence roond i n...IL)Soinabad. ... and. ..Prawn - 
pore, the skirl.v of !h* iiuif/i'j have! been strictly fallowed by the chain of the surveyor. ... 

Captain Prinsop is of opinion that artiiicia.l land murks or boundary pillars ought to be 
erected to defend now sett !ers... from encroachment, or the ha/.ard of collusion and litigation 
with the neijrhbourhig old proprietors. ... Captain Prinsop should... furnish a more formal and 
detailed report, pa r ticul a chmu; what has been already done, ... as well as explanatory of his 
own views.. .with regard to the future conduct: of the survey. ... "Xo person is so capable of 
doin'j justice to the subject 1 . 

The following is I aken from Prinsep'a notes ; 

When the survey isearried boyer.d i lie Eeshniuttee, it will be advisable r.hat a native, ameens' 
measurement of estates should, il" possible. ; ■ioc eed thy Euro eo an survey, as it will abridars his 
labour, and..; probably save him from travel I inr; over the same ground twice. A measured belt 
of estates along the edge of the jungle is. of course, the most desirable kind of survey ; where it 
cannot be obtained, it has hitherto been usual to catty on a chnif a •wi...lh--:'j'lolili!. survey along 
the skirts, noting a- number of.. .landmarks for the lo-;;.>gvapliical oolineattou of the country, 
it's revenue divisions, and. ..boundaries of the villages and estates. 

The survey was to be published ■; 

Much advantage will be ctu-iued by iho multiplication of the eui'vsy nans. ... It seems 
desirable to vest tin.? duty of preserving and copying the iirais in a separate officer resident 
ordinarily at the l-'i'i.sidoo.cy, and the e\;:ej'io;ieo a coo ire I by dpi a in Priiisep in the three years 
of his conducting the survey. ..point, him out naturally as the person in whom this duty should he 
vested. ... 

With respect to the ntuhiplie.iit.iou of copies for delivery to parties interested, either for 
production in court, or for any other purpose, ... it shall be competent to any person to obtain 
copies of such fixed prices as may ho dotoi'mlued...!:!. concert, with the Commissi oner of the 
Sunderbuns 2 . 

Hodges was authorized to engage an assistant surveyor on Bs. 250 a month, 
two apprentices, and a number of followers, and was placed under control of the 
Surveyor General, who was told that, 

the survey having been established for revenue purposes, the revenue ai.it I soriticB... determine... 
the general objects to which the. ..surveyor ean mos: pivjlii-ably be directed ; but if you. ..think 
that. ..they are applying the survey... in a mi-inner calculated to hinder the . it rain merit of the 
main object, ... you will freely <":ouanuAjieate on The subject with Board of Revenue and, if 
necessary-, with Government ; and, as to the mode of executing, ... Lieutenant Hodges must 
look solely for in struct ions from you 3 . 
Pargiter notes that Hodges was 

to accompany Jlr. Dampier 1 [ Suridarbaris Commissioner";, aiid survey the boundary of the 
forest. ... During the early months of 1 R29 i\Er. Dampier defined, and l.ieut. Hodges surveyed, 
the boundary, ... carrying it from the river Ja.buna, ... opposite Pranpur, as far as the river 
Belsawar at its continence- with the river Jeodhara. ... Mr. Dampier, being una.blo to define the 
boundary positively, directed Lieut. Hodges to take as the boundary the line shown in Morrie- 
son's map, and complete the survey up to the river Sipsa. while lie himself crossed over to the 
opposite side, and described the limits as well as lie could. Lieut. Hodge*, however, made no 
survey of the limits of the tiieu waste, but simply copied in bis eornplotr-d ;rn;ps 'he line drawn, in 
Morrieson's map. ... 

The results of the survey -were drawn first. ..on the scale of four inches to the mile, -which 
were worked down into- another series on too scale of one inch to the mile, and from the latter 
Badges prepared a map i J- inch ] of the whole of the Sundarbans. rising Jlotvieson's map as the 
basis for the country as far as the river I'asar. and Prinscp's map for the details of the 24-Par- 
ganas. It was completed m 1S31, and is known as Hodges' .Map of the Sundarbans. It shows 
the boundary of the Sundarbans forest- along the whole length from the Hugh" to the MegnaA 

"from Mangles 7-1-28, B Rev- lid. 1-3 2? ( W ). Mb. ( 70-1 );fdbks„ DLR. 24-ParjMiiaa M 7 & 8. 
3 BTC 30-10-2S (9). J Wm. Dampier ( 17!).i-lslll i, IK'S. ISIS. Oumiir. Smidfirbiins irora Aug. 1S27. 

> Minis, -MRTO. t2 ( IS. 20): lib."-. JM-ParganaB (5,6). 



Sttndarbass 



143 



!J cultivate 



The allotments made by Prinsep in the 24-T-arganas -were incorporated... and the same 
system was continued as far as the river Pasar, which was the limit of Morrison's survey ; but 
ho revised the numbering, and reduced the whole- of riinsep's and his u»n allotments into one 
series of consecutive numbers from 1 to 234 [ 141 ], ostt;i uliiitr from the Hugh to the Pasar. ... 

Tlie whole of the coast from the Hugli to the Meghna, with a breadth varying five to ten 
rniles was copied from Major Renneli's atlas of 1779 [ I, 227-9 ], but the interior details of the 
forest tract east of the Pasar had never been surveyed. ... 

To provide sufficient copies of the map, and render it available for the public, the Govern- 
ment transferred the copyright to a Mr. Wood 1 , on condition of receiving 100 lithographed 
copied free 2 . 

The following parages are taken from Dam pier's report of 2oth July 1829 ; 

After ascertaining that the Shuora khal extended for some way along the skirts of the 
jungle, T determined to fix its entrance into the Juboona as the place from whence the survey 
should begin. From thence I proceeded along the estates,., cultivated under Mr. I' 
grants given in the year 1785 [ I, 159 ] ; the terms.. .are that the parties have a right to 
1000 or 500 begas within i;ev tain named limits, tio little, however, wore the situations of these 
boundaries known, that the quantity of land within each of them may he taken at 20,000 or 
more togas. T did not. therefore, deem myself justified in giving up to the claimants any 
portion of the waste, but informing thorn that a request.. .for a pottah would be immediately 
attended to, T maintain the right of Government to the heavy jungle 3 . 

The Henckell grant had been measured in 1815-6 by Arthur Smelt 4 and, accord- 
ing to Pargiter, 

measurement had been [ previously | made by annus, ... but the amuis hail been bribed, and 
the results were untrustworthy. He [ Smelt] began the measurement in December 1815 in tlie 
west of the. district, employing sis amins. ... Finding their work generally accurate, he 
proceeded to the general measurement, putting three amins to each mahal. ... He closed his 
operations in April 1816, having measured avast extent of land, amounting to 323, 252 bighas, 
of which 212, 0J"> were cultivated. 'I'he measurement was by blocks, and not by fields, ...and 
its celeritv and va.stness detracted from its accuracy. ... 

The figures show that, omitting the jungle, 1 k; must have proceeded at the rate of nearly a 
square mile a day. ... Mr. Smelt declared that the operations had been conducted under his 
personal supervision, and ho felt satisfied of th 

To continue with Dampier's report ; 

After crossing the Coolpootooa ( laid down in Renneli's map as the I'ungaseer }, the boundary 
of pargunnah Jamerah, which borders on the waste up to the Cobudduck 6 , was regularly 
denned, although...! found some difficulty in penetrating the grass jungle which formed a 
broad belt.. .along the heavy waste, and afforded cover to every species of wild animals. 

"Upon reaching the eastern bank of the Cobodduok T endeavoured for some days to make 
my way to the actual Soondurbun waste, but found it perfectly impossible. The lands . 
adjoining the jungle had been gradually deserted, and of places which appear in Captain 
Morrieson's plan far within the cultivation, I in vain looked for any trace. ... 1 really had no 
idea of the rapidity with which all traces of cultivation could be obliterated. Vegetation had 
sprung up so rapidly as to appear almost the growth of a century. 1 understood upon enquiry 
this had begun about 1 1 years since, and owing to the bunds not. being taken care of, and the 
fear of wild beasts, as the jungle advanced, no raiyuts could be persuaded to remain. 

Determined to trv if there was not some way by which 1 could rei.ah U10 limits... I procured 
some small boats, and proceeded to two small places... which in Captain Morrieson's plan 
appeared four miles distant from the waste. ... Along the Coy rah Nuddee', all the bank of that 
river, which was clear in 1814, was covered with dense jungle, and the country intersected 
with 'numerous khals. ... I found them situated in the midst of this jungle, the two containing 
...about 250 begas, in which were 10 cottages. Extreme unwillingness to quit their houses 
nad detainod the inhabitants, ...but they declared it impossible by their own exertions to 
check the Drones* of vegetation, and said they must quit the spot very shortly. 

There not being any possibility of my fixing the limits of the waste from personal obser- 
vation, I determined upon directing my surveyor to proceed at once.. .to the banks of the 
Seesah, and to trace the intermediate boundary from the plan made by Captain JVIorneson 
in 1814. ... 



IL-,1!!,". 



. Prea: 



'Geor"C Win. it ■ 1S24 \s-it,, Gm t. Lit'io. IV- <",'alu'.itt.ii 1 ttliT proprietor of * 

1 p.,. r ,: r( ,-,'-.-V:;i-'bTi' -'.>-.i-S0 IT}; ikhd. :a; !p <. t-hHs^.iK I.-J.J ; 2-iu<:!i, lNIil ; ffo>. Rair. 2ri (. 232-304 ; 
318-40). » B Rev Bd. 4-8-29(49). '■■■■■ 
'Koyro, 79 Vfl. 



1 

: 

»'■ 



*BC3„ Writer, 1S0.1. r ' P.irgiter ( S ). r ' Kabiidak, 79 F/l-8. 



144 



Revenue Surveys, Lower Bengal 



Lieutenant Hodges informs mo ho ca.hu lutes tin; area at the Soondurbuus, 'the boundary of 
which has been already laid down by Captain Prinsep and himself, to be about 4600 square, 
miles, and of that, portion between the Horingotta 1 and llegna to be 1500 square miles. This 
latter calculation is taken from Ronnell's map, and I can vouch from personal knowledge of the 
amazing extent to which clearings have been carried sir,oo that time, and I think the (500 square 
miles n:,i.y '::■:■ '.'.'iiH-iilcrably reduced. 



Sylhkt &, Assam, 1822-30 

Some account has already been given of the settlement of revenues made by 
the Collector of Sylhet in 1789-90, on which the permanent settlement was based 3 
[ I, 140 ]. Since that early settlement, cultivation had widely extended, and much 
of it paid no revenue ; scattered tracts were measured by annus, but their work 
was not to he trusted, and in Wli (he Commissioner obtained, the services of Thomas 
Fisher, who had been surveying the district boundary, to take out the areas of 
definite blocks by accurate survey, distinguishing cultivated areas from uncultivated, 
and thus provide an overall check against the detailed measurement of the anuns. 
The Commissioner did not wish him 

to supersede the usual course of measurement in detail by native aumeens, but rather to 
operate as a check. ..by enabling sue to ascertain accurately the grass contents of any given spot, 
with the proportion of productive and unproductive land of which it may consist. Were. ..you 
to survey the whole of the- lands, held by field, it would occupy t-o great a length of time as of 
itself to renrier that plan quite inefficient. ... 

The only mode, therefore, ... is u> take a pergiuMiah, or any other portion of land of which 
the boundaries are known and defined, to traverse the exterior of it as the boundaries may be 
pointed out to you and, a!f.er having crossed it in one or more directions, ... to calculato its 
gross contents, and to distinguish... productive and unproductive lands. 

At the same time this will. ..give a sketch of the outline of the pergunnah, showing its 
natural shape and acknowledged boundaries which. ..may prove a ready means to the Courts 
of Justice to adjust eases of disputed boundaries 3 . 

In asking for assistants, Fisher pointed out that 
when the decennial settlement was fixed in this district, only the lands at that time in cultivation 
were assessed, and those called junglah were reserved for future settlement when they 
should be cultivated. In a period of near thirty years that have elapsed since the decennial 
settlement... the cultivated tract is supposed to have swelled, while the revenue has remained 
the same*. 

In May 1823 the Commissi once submitted Fisher's survey of 
three contiguous pergunnahs. ... I have withheld this report.. .in the hope that the native 
aumeens would complete their detailed measurements ..within a reasonable time, and thereby 
have enabled me to compare the results. ... 

Lieut. Fisher has completed the survey of some other pergunnahs, ... at the rate of 40 
square miles a month, which is as much as ho can perform. The survey of the remainder of the 
district will occupy fifty-three months and, as in the most favourable seasons there are but five 
months in the year. viz. from 1st November to Mist it arch, in w.lii<.'h... operations.. .can bo carried 
on, ... it follows that the survey of the entire district wilt occupy a period of upwards of ten 
years. ... With the aid of four... assistants, the survey may bo completed with ^reat accuracy 
in... three or four years. ... 

I consider it absolutely impossible for the details...to he executed by Europeans, viz., 
registering the name of the proprietor of each field, the quality of the land, and the estate to 
which [ the fields belong ], ... facts that must be recorded simultaneously with the measurement, 
and without which the measurement would bo of no use. Thcso...can be done through the 
intervention of native agency alone. A European would sink inn let the exertion, were it even 
in other respects fit employment for him. 

But the completion of the survey of the whole district on the plan on which it has been 
commenced presents many important advantages. ... Had some plan of this nature boon 
adopted at the time of Mr. Willes's 6 measurements we should not now be at any loss to know 
what lands are included in his settlement [ I, 140 ]. ... The ta'.ookdars take advantage of it to 

»B RevBd. 4-2~S3(4B ), < DOo. 212 (403 J, 



Sylhet & Assam 



145 



3, and that they arc therefor 



assert ti-.-it Mr. Vi"; ■](-:? hii-htdcd the whole in 

entitled to held the v hole sit their present rare of asses;;; sn out 1 . . 

I am aware of no plan which, working with natives only, offer.* a reasonable expectation of... 
accuracy . Tho only method, usually r.v'on.ed to of ehcrki re; the atr.oi mi.s of the aiuLCBiis 13 to 
depute other aumeens called "purtaul aumeens" to go over the same ground [II, 181-2]. 
To say nothing of the great additional e^peneo, ...what are tho grounds of confidence in 
placing one native ovtT another ? ... I have had a good deal of experience amongst native 
aunieena, and I have come to the conclusion that it is.. .hopeless to expect fidelity from them. 
... Measuring lands is looked upon amongst- natives as a low occupation, ... depriving us of 
the service of the more respectable class [ 149 ]. ... 

I have made ic the interest of the auroeens...to he honest, by making their remunera- 
tion depend on tho quantity of land measurer] : but 1" ft-asv the utmost which Government could 
allow for this purpose. would not even appnxvin'.e.re to what, it would Tie the interest of zamindai-s 
to pay tiie anmeen for passing fiver his land. An anmeen receives twelve rupees for every 
hundred coolbans of cuitivated land. ... 

As a further cheek 1 require the aumeens. to transmit their measurement, chitt:? to me regular- 
ly ; thoseirs the immediate !!ei^!:boti;'hcod... daily : ;:n;! those of a distance, every fifth day 8 . 

Government noticed that 

the accounts of the native anmeen.s...s.hcw a v.realev quantity of ; .reductive land than appears 
in Lieut. Fisher's survey, which, although not. altogether an accurate calculation, is a proof 
that the auraeotis have not compromised the interests of Government. ... Yet there is... some 
danger lest they may in souse degree have overrate'! tho extent of tho land. 

Mr. Tucker 3 should be referred to the system., .pursued by Colonel.. .Muoro in the settlement 
of the Ceded His trie Is of Port Saint G corgi) [IT, 180-2 ]. He may them draw useful hints*. 

In December 1823 Fisher's survey was broken off by the Burmese advance 
into Cachar, and lie reverted to military duty, not resuming survey until 1826 
[ 51-2 ]. In 1827 he came under the prtrfegaional orders of the Surveyor General, at 
whose request- lie sent a summary of the work already done fi . 

He explained that the object of the survey was to facilitate the settlement of 
cultivated lands omitted at the time of tho ''perpetual." settlement, and that these 
were scattered over the whole district in smaD patches from every estate or the 
minutest subdivision of property. His first object was to ascertain the gross area 
of each pargano, as a check on the native measurers. 

Though four European assistants had been sanctioned in J 823, only one suitable 
person, Jame.s Blechyndcn, had been found, and he was called off to other dutv 
almost as soon as he arrived [ 52 ]. 

In October 1827 Fisher sent in specimen maps produced from the work of the 
amlns and his own survey. The plan compiled from the aminn' survey was on the 
scale of 400 feet to an inch, and shewed every estate, .however small, its area and 

boundaries its owner, taluk, mauza, and purr/ana. It distinguished cultivated 

waste— and village — lands, and jheels. The amlns' work was not so reliable as 
survey by a European, but was quicker and cheaper, and sufficiently cheeked by 
the surveyor's gross measure [ 7 J, 

In his report for 1827-8, Fisher said that he had 23 amlns employed under him, 
and that the north-west area of the district would probably be completed in the 
next two years. The map he attached was not an exact plan of the pargana, 
but as good a sketch of the relative- positions and comparative size of the estates as 
could be expected from the materials 6 . It was accompanied by references to the 
ch'Utahs filed in the Collector's office [ I, 139 ; HI, 167 ]. 

In October 1829 he reported that the work of the amlns had been conducted 
with the same or even greater success, and that little or no difficulty had been 
experienced in protracting their survey. Flat shades of different colours were 
applied to the different taluks "to assist the eye in tracing details". 

In addition to his revenue survey he kept up a geographical map, controlled by 
astronomical observations [ 52-3 ]. 



■ i; Rev 



!. S-S--:!{ 1( 



146 Revenue Surveys, Lower Bengal 

Quite independently of Fisher's survey in Sylliet, a revenue survey was started 
about 1827 in the lower Assam valley under David Scott, Agent to the Governor 
General [64]. 

Tho work was almost entirely performed hj- native _ai.irve.yors, Hanga-Teea or Assamese. 
The European surveyor or his assistant marked out:, tho given tract, and surveyed the boundary. 
The interior portion. ..was entirely Mlled up by native surveyors, and pro (.ranted by the 
European surveyor or bis assistant. ... 

The nature of the country and its unhealthiness opposed serious obstacles ; most of tha 
survoyors wero Bengalees, who suffered severely fro sit sickness, and thereby the work has been 
somewhat retarded. The work was very ably superintended by tho late Lieut. TSedingfield , of 
the Artillery, and Lhe conduct, of it omln- Mr. Muttl-.f-wj, tbo pres.-uf. surveyor, afforded Mr. 
Scott every satisfaction 1 . 

Methods of Survey 

The essential task in land-revenue surveys was the determination of the super- 
ficial area of cultivated, or cultivable;, land, belonging to estates, villages, or indivi- 
duals. For reasons of economy it was important to do as. much work as possible by 
means of Indian measurers, or amlns, and to keep Ruropeaii supervision and labour 
to a minimum. The operation of measurement was simple, and could be carried 
out by very humble agency, but there were other problems that re-quired the close 
attention of professional officers of experience. 

There was the close supervision ami checking of measurements, chiefly to prevent 
fraud in collusion with the occupants. There was often doubt as to the actual 
limits to be measured, owing to hick of boundary marks and disputes of ownership. 
Consideration had to be given to the unit of measure and its relation to accepted 
local measures, both of length and area, which often varied from district to district. 
There was also the technical control by high-class instruments that would enable 
the work to bo assembled into a correct, topographical .map. truly placed in geogra- 
pliical position. 

Other considerations which in these days arc considered beyond the province 
of the professional surveyor were — classification of soil and crops, and assessment of 
revenue according to the value of the produce— distinction of land that was held 
rent-free — collection of statistical information regarding tanks and other means of 
irrigation, population, cattle, and other possessions [ 20'. 126, 154 ]. 

In Bengal early attempts were made to distinguish between the duties of the 
surveyor and the civil revenue officers, though far more responsibility was thrown 
on the surveyor than was later found expedient. Tn Bombay the surveyors had to 
propose the rates of assessment. 

Town and suburban lands of Calcutta demanded special consideration; 

The tenures are. gene™ My speaking, of trifling extent, frequently less than a begah. Their 
limits are commonly well dtfiped, the land being almost wholly occupied by houses. ... The 
parties occupying lliem have long been reeogniy.ed as proprietors, subject to a trilling quit-rent. 
... B'ence the advantages of an European measurement. ..seenied little likely to compensate 
the charge; and to require a measurement as the condition of registry, for tho uncertain 
prospect of discovering an excess of a few yards square, ... would have been harsh and 
undignified. 

The objects of a revenue survey in the mofussil 3 are quite different, ... no conclusion can 
be drawn from the one to the other 3 . 

In 1829, Nathaniel Haltied, who had been recently transferred from Moradabad, 
where revenue survey was being carried out under European charge [ 154-5 ], wrote 
as Commissioner of Chittagong ; 

The system. ..of measuring tbo lands through the agency of native aumeens is open to verv 
many objections. In the first place the result. ,.,f the best raid nonfc honest measurement is not 
correct. In the second, the poverty of the people employed, find the small rate of wages allowed 
them, leads them to take bribes for. ..fabricated returns. 

' Thomas Jervia. annex. 2 ( 6-7 ). ' at a distance from the Presidency town. ' B to CD., Rot. 



Methods of Survey 



117 



1 1 is scarcely jH-'-siljle 10 iind European officers who have t.hes time, the ability, and experience, 
to superintend and regulate the labour of the measurers under the native system, and to correct 
the result of each day's work. There is therefore nu olfootiial mem; ,.f dotei'thig (he errors, or 
of distinguish hit; those arising out of fraud frorii those originating in nejzkiet. We are, in fant, 
cow suffering all the evils which might have been anticipated from .imp loving incompetent 
Eun.i| jfiJii i Illinois, to sa perin.te'id measurement-: of t!ii : -: description. 

Suggesting a staff of— 1 principal surveyor — 2 assistants — 3 sab-assistants — 6 
ti'tidals — 60 kklUtsis — 6 coolies— 1 head and r assistant mutsuddie — -with wages 
totaUing Rs. 19,321 per annum, Halhed judged that 

the work of a .single --easoii would enable the revenue officer.. .to rosoitio and bring under 
assessment lands the revenue of which wi.il suffice to cover more than the expense. ... The 
principal Si irv.-ynv should ciiiimiciiiii; a. urand round on an extensive s^ale, '.he area of which the 
two assistants arid sub -assistants will pvocw.nl to subdivide iu'o village circles, separating the 
lakharaje [ rent -free '] elahr; from the khalsa 1 . 

As regards technical details, tho following note was. made by lii.n.U'snn as> lie-venue 
Surveyor General regarding, Blake's work in the Salt Agency [141-2]; 

The map of each chur [141 n.2 ~\ should be made separate, and drawn on one side of a sheet 
of Itirge... paper, and on the opposite sido 'nay be written such statistical information as appears 
requisite. On the back of the paper may also be noted the proof table by the method of 
traverses and the universal theorem, vi'liich... T have adopted in the surveys of. .the north-west 
districts [148], and which is the most exact of any. ... These maps... would form a most 
useful record, ... and they should be reduced at the close of each surveying season into one 
general map on the scale of 411 chains to an inch, or other convenient reduction:. ... 

The Surveyor, ... to close his work accurately by tho above method, must bo very careful to 
take all the angles oHus circuit v.dth e, theodolite duly adjusted, and i.o measure all the boundary 
lines by tho chain or wheel, so that the content may be obtained hi areas which may bo reduced 
to the local measure by the known proportion. This is the proper mode of ascertaining the 
extent and area, of the whole ohio-, hut the interior might be measured by the less rigid 
modes ; indeed, it may prove... impracticable for the surveyor of tho marshy emirs to adopt 
the rifrii-lly evict methods 2 . 

Less exact methods were followed by Jackson in Bakarganj [ 143 ] ; 

The river survey is ;aa,de by a floating lint; attached to 2 boats ; the leading boat having 
distonded the line drops a lead attached to a float, which has been fixed according to the 
depth of the river, at the same moment making a signal to the, following boat, by which 
signal the surveyor takes eompaSfl hearings of the leading boat. ... Both boats advance, 
keeping the float line still distended until the following boat picks up the lead, and at the 
same moment makes «. signal to the lending buat to drop a second lead, ... and so forth. 

The floating line is 44 fathoms, or l/20th mile. ... The land survey is made by a chain 
or perambulator 3 . 

The following notes from Fisher's account of his survey of Sylhot [ 147-9 ] 
are particularly interesting hec;:-u.ise ho worked out a system independently from 
the surveyors of the Upper Provinces' [ 15S-63 ]. He himself traversed the exterior 
limits, whilst his «mw made detailed measurement of the interior, so that their 
work was controlled ov the ijro.ss area obtained from the exterira' measurement. The 
following are the results of one particular measurement ; 

Gross area by European surveyor •- ■■ acres 8526 

.Area of cultivated land, by ameen's measurement . . - - „ 5004 

by 17116 „ . . . . „ 4043 

„ Excess, subject to new assessment . . „ 9(51 

! ornpa-lisen wasconmj;i;iti-dheo;>uso in a! racist every parLitvrciiiih there w-.ri, parcels belonging 
to other pargannahs, many of them at a great distance, an-l not inehide.l within any of the 
circuits surveyed. 

The principles of native measurement were purely geonietrieal and, in theory, rigidly exact ; 
but the practice was often, from ignorance, carelessness, or corruption, very imperfect. 

The ametn used the nul, a rod 22i feet long, and measured up tho land by squares, reet- 
tingles, or triangles, and computed the areas by multiplying out. 

There wore :15.00'1 separate estates roeorde;! in (he ohiec of the Sylhe! Collector, most of 
them split into smaller parcels. 

'B Rev Bd. 7-7-29 ( 52 I. 5 from Hodgron, 27-12-23 ; BTC, 9-1-24 ( 5 ). »Pdbh„ MBIO. M 308. 






LIS 



K-evenejE Surveys, Lower Bengal 



The work of the itirecb iwit'.-p-s continued tliruijidioiifc the period ofiho Buic^e war, without 
supervision, and when ! Fisher ] resinned i:\ 1 S2i> he started in ;ul are.i iyinp; between the two 
completed areas, with the ob.iect of measuring the t'ross content* of full m-eas sis a- eheck. 

In 182Geachamecu was, for the first time, fnnusbad with acomjias by which he might take 
bearings to show his course, and make ii p'.<ii (it his work. These compasses were made up with 
the aid of a Sylbet silversmith ; 11 icy were • icoosnrily of inferior workmanship, having... need lea 
mj'.-iieli-'i'i! by the sissylo touch, and cards di\ idcd to one degree. 

Each ameen, of whom there were 20. had. to send in the i-ih i.-, | .ass bearings and measured 
lengths of the small circuits, each about -|rd of a srju;>re mile, with which he covered his area. 

The following was a typical season's work. Daring October and November 
survey was restricted to the town of Sylliet and its inmiediate neighbour hood, ao 
that the am'ina might be instructed in the new method of working with the compass. 
During the remainder of the season, work was extended, and a total area of 265-55 
square miles was surveyed. One atmn was detached fco Cl.terrapunji. Part of the 
district boundary was surveyed, and the work of 15 different am'ms was encircled 
and examined by Fisher, who also established a number of test points. 

During May and June, after the rains set in. the rivers de-rimng tlie north-west 
boimdary were surveyed, as they were unnavigable during the dry season. The 
boundaries of certain -punjaiias were defined. 

The ameen commenced ai the north-oast corner of bis division, and proceeded to encompass 
it, measuring as many dat-ys ;■»■.-; possible from each smtion, and working round to his starting 
point. Each of the little squares, or danas, includes ah that emild be taken of one landholder's 
property. The ameen then subdivided the area into divisions of 50 koolahs each, and measured 
the included dangs without the compass, geometrically. Errors made by an ameen could chin 

located without riSHieasuriji^ hi* whole work. 

The European .surveyor afterwards encircled some particular tract, taking offsets to check 
the ameen s work : from his circuit ho eal. snlated thou'ross area by the goiercd theorem of Adams, 

Note, lor calcuiati'iLZ areas, Gale's Universal Theorem 1 was first employed by Captain 
Thomas Oliver in the revenue survey of the I'Hhlee District, and having been highly approved of 
by the Surveyor General, .Major Hodgson, its introduction into all revenue surveys after 1823 
was immediately ordered [ 160 ]-. 

TEib ameen was on contract at tiie rate of 12 rupees for 100 koolahs. The cost rate 



for 1S23 came to 10 pies per acre, and to 1 anna 5 [lies per acre 
closed in 1823 was 3168 koolahs in a total of 12,035. 

Tiio graticule of the two -inch mi.i.n was laid down from in.-nri.n 
General. 

Units of measure in Sylhet were ; 

12 1 hatha . . 1 nul 1 high 

1 square nul . . 1 jate 12 fcish 

i by 7 nuls . . 1 Mah 1 hoolwuh 



I 1826. The e 






s supplied by the Surveyor 



1 -VJS . 7 1 square yards 



'Gala did n,ir. oriai'uiM thi>i tiicdrt'.'n, u^r. i:r,?d it for lii-i .-ly.itvi.n o.t traverse circuits : If tho aum ot' 
Eastings and Westings, hue l,y line, i>e multiplied hy the North liisi.j and 8:jnUiii)t'3 I .oso line by Mae ], the 
difference between the total north products cud t'jtii .in.ih pniaucw will !■;; ti ■: i ! i !.: L ■.■- the area enclosed. 
John Gale's Traverse Tables pm. i ",''." >,,.; ;i pp:s. to ffsomjf.-iW .'(■ C^mh-rni :■:- jr C «e< :«- Ceo. Adma, June, ; 
Tmiilhrr & Smith { »7:i-8K, 291 j. = Cf. PR. (32). 



CHAPTER XI 



REVENUE SURVEYS, UPPER PROVINCES OF BENGAL 

Organization — Oorakhpur — Rohilkhand-- Delhi- — Upper Dodb — Methods of 
Survey — Units and Standards of Measure — Efifabtinhhwid Roil, 1829. 

ONE of the moat urgent problems referred to Hodgson on his becoming Surveyor 
General was the organization of revenue surveys in the Upper Provinces [ 7 ]. 
and he put forward bis ideas in the following letter. 

Let us consider the vast extent of the Coded and Conquered Districts, which we may do 
roughly by comparing the small zillah of Furruekabad with the extent of all the others. 

The district of Furruekabad 1* stated to contain a,ao(j villages, and to yield a revenue of 
rupees 10,53,075. Let us consider the. ..time requisite to make a village survey of it, the number 
...of persons required, and a rough estimate of the expense. The last will be considerable, 
though I have sanguine hope it will be covered by the additions to the revenue expected. ... 

Lieutenant Gerard wiu ordered by the Board of Commi^ionerH 1.0 make a detailed survey of 
one village [II, 180; III, 157]. ... It was a large one, and it occupied him and Lis assistants about- 
a month. But perhaps we shall obtain a surer scale of comparison from the Broach district, 
executed by the officers of the Bombay government [ II, 188-9 ; HI, '69 ]. ... The Broach 
district, containing 162 villages, was surveyed by a large establishment of officers in rather more 
than two years and a quarter. ... The villages are large.. .and...the lands of one large village 
will be sooner surveyed than those of two of half the size. ... If we could proceed as expeditious- 
ly. ..2,800 villages might bo surveyed in thirty -one years and nine months. ... 

Let U9... consider what establishment may be necessary for each zillah 1 . Though the assis- 
tants may be Indian-born... the superintending; officer certainly should be an experienced and 
skilful British officer. ... An officer... receives during nine months in the year 618 sonat rupees, 
and for the three, rainy months 250 [ I, 277 ] ; the average is 52ft rupees per month. His duties 
are laborious and prejudicial to health, and the allowances a 
down here a rough estimate of the monthly expense of his party. 
1 Surveyor 
1 Asst. Surveyor, an experienced country-born man who it 

a draughtsman . . . . . . . . „ 200 

3 Apprentices or pupils, country -born, each 100 rupees . . „ 300 

4 Ameens, or native measurers, at 25 rupees each . . . . „ 100 
Mt.!)ii.d;i.'c, or writer, arid hirearrahs .. .. „ 100 

Total, rupees 1,226 

On this scale the yearly expense will he rupees 14,712 and the oxpense for thirty-two years 
4,70,764. ... The cost, of stationery and instruments, and their wear and tear are not included. ... 

Where are we to find a sufficient number of persons capable of executing surveys of all the 
districts which are not settled ? 

How many zillaha are there, ... and what number of villages are there in each ? ... 

With what temper may the natives of Upper ITindostan view this measure, which will 
necessarily induce a mure minute investigation into their claims... than they have been used to ? 
... They ore high-spirited, but reasonable people if brought by decrees to understand that the 
measures of Government are calculated for their benefit. ... Still, they are so blinded by pre- 
judice of religion and long usage, as often to misapprehend them. 

It is strange, hut true, that the more ignorant classes actually .and sincerely regard all 
classes of surveyor? as crhmnali, sentenced by government, to measure the irround on account 
of their offences, such being a Hindoo penance [ 145 ]. ... Whether it be from fraudulent motives, 
or whether tho inferior native officers and ameens... employed in the, measuring of disputed 
lands, take bribes, or from whatever cause it may arise, I think that the natives often relinquish 
a claim rather than submit to have the land measured. ... If one survey, as an experiment, 

■ or fitstriet ; for Revenue terras u. Wilson's Glossary. 



i not lightly earned, I put 

Rupee- 1 






150 Kevehue Surveys, Upper Provinces of Bengal 

were... carried on. ..after due explanation. ... alanos ami sud[jie;0[iS...\voiih! be lessened. 
first the progress of the surveys must- be slow. ... Boundary disputes are the great si 
litigation, in the courts. 

If it should be determined to inai.it.ijl e a village smvey in any willnh in. the Upper Provinces 
by way of experiment . I can select a former sub -assistant survivor and three apprentices from 
the school party now in Cuttack [ 19 ] 1 . 

On this advice Government passed their Resolution of 7th September 1821 ; 

Without 11 minute and accurate survey of the country, there appears to be a very distant 
and uncertain prospect of ever seeurinjr u. correct .. .record of landed pronerty, ... With a 
survey which would enable the European officer accurately to comprehend the...mofussil 
accounts, ... the risk of fraud would tie greatly diminished. ... Without such a check, all the 
efforts to arrive at a correct knowledge of the country will probably fail of success. ... 

That a survey would excite distrust among the people, supposing it fco be conducted with 
discretion, ... there seems little reason to suppose. „\r> such feeling appears to have been exhi- 
bited on the occasion of Lieutenant Gerard's survey [ 157]. ... In so far, indeed, as it would relieve 
the people from the. ..frauds of native ameens, and It-ad to the knowledge- by the. Judges and 
Collectors of the matters, on which they have to decide, the operation would be so manifestly 
advantageous to the community, that. ..they would soon... appreciate the benefit. ... 

With respect to the genera! expediency. ..of.. .a survey. ..for judicial and revenue purposes, 
His Lordship is entirely satisfied. The points for discussion are the kind of survey to be 
undertaken, and the instrument; to be employed. ... 

A map fixing t lie... boundaries of each village, and the position of the most remarkable 
objects, ... would.. .answer every essential end. ... It would enable our officers to acquire a 
really familiar knowledge of their districts [ 274, 276 ]. 

If, however, the fixing of Ihe boundaries of individual villages... occasion an inordinate delay, 
the surveyors might be relieved from that duty, and the adjustment... left to the revenue 
officers, and to... occasional surveys. ..when, disputes arise. ... The survey might still give roads, 
natural boundaries, and remarkable objects, v.iiii several intersected points in each square 
mile, the general features of tin- country being likewise sketched in ; and such a survey, laid 
down on a sufficiently larite scale, ... would approximate, at least-, to the truth in determining 
the boundaries. ... The opei , r.tioji,-...bcin^ confined to this L-.-ncrai survey of the di3trj.et or its. 
larger divisions, ... with a minute attention to the I o:x ^raplncd features, ... would of course be. 
much more rapid than if they were required to tix the- boundaries of each village. ... 

A geographical survey of each district, marking the limits of the pergunnahs or other great 
divisions and the positions of the villages, ... ought, certainly to be completed. 

In speaking of a village ami topographical survey, it is not... the design of Government that 
these should be conducted separately from the trigonometric at survey of the districts, but only 
that tho general survey should. ..crduhit the limits. ..of indi\ idoal villages, ajul...cut off all ex- 
tensive waste tracts. ... The accuracy, indeed, of the detailed survey. ..can only. ..bo secured 
by combining it with trigonometrical operations [ 159 ]. ... 

The acquisition of statist ica.i information, and the preparation of memoirs, ... would be 
naturai adjuncts to a ■lot;- il.'d lopocraphieai survey. ... 

It is.. .desirable... to associate with the surveyor the Codec tor or other revenue officer... 
making tho settlement. ... The revenue officers must. ..be kept in constant communication 
with the surveyors;. ... Co -operation... will particularly be necessary in marking out the limits of 
villages and estates. ... 

Many years must. ..elapse before such a survey could be extended over the whole of the 
Ceded and Conquered Provinces, hut. ..His Lordship in Council must be anxious to postpone 
the permanent settlement of ah elates 1111 til they sha.ll have been regular I v surveyed. ... 

Of the Ceded Frov inees which ihvh demand attention [II, 26 n. I ], the district of Goruekpore 
and the province of Rokilciuid sucaest. themselves. The past- settlements of Goruekpore 
have been particularly defective. ... This. ..seems. ..to stand first... for... a revenue survey. 

A topographical survey of Goruekpore should be commenced as soon as possible by an 
European officer .aided by an assistant surveyor, two or three apprentices, and the necessary 
native establishment. ... The Board of Commissioners will... coinnnmieate fullv to the Surveyor 
General every information that may... assist... in directing... the Surveyor. ... 

Another survey should be undertaken in Ttohilcund under the Western Board [ at Delhi ], 
and the Surveyor Hens™]... after. ..tin"- experimental operations... will.. .report how for thoro 
may exist the means of advantageously extending the survey to other quarters. 

'from SG. 20-7-21 ; BTC. 7-0-21 ( 27 ) ; BUS. 



Organization 



151 



All proceeding regard im: tins revenue surveys should bo kept as far as possible distinct from 
...the general duties of the survey drpartinont,. ... Correspondenco between the Surveyor Genera! 
iind Government relating to the surveys. ..thai I be conducted in the Territorial Department 1 . 

Early in 1822 surveys were started in Gorakhpur, Ko hi Ik hand, and Delhi, that 
in Rohilkhand being split before; the end of the year to allow one surveyor in the 
north division of Moradabad, and a second in Sahuswan to the south { 154 n.5 ]. 

When Hodgson handed over to Blacker in October 1823 [300-1], he was 
appointed to special charge of these surveys, with the title of Revenue Surveyor 
General [8, 305-6], and made his headquarters at b'atehgarh, in !Fa rruhhabad district, 
so as to be alongside the Commissioners of the Ceded and Conquered Provinces 
[II, 180 ]. He held this title till 1826, when he reassumed the office of Surveyor 
General, retaining charge of revenue surveys until January 1S29, when he handed 
over to James Herbert, who later became Deputy Surveyor Genera I and Superinten- 
dent of Revenue Surveys [7-8, 310 ]. 

After the outbreak of the Burmese war in 1824, most of the officers on revenue 
surveys, together with many of their civil assistants and apprentices, joined the 
military forces as surveyors [52, 65, 68, 333]. Bedford and Wilcox went to Assam — 
Pemberton and Birnie Browne to Caehar- - Wrougliton and Nelson to Arakan, 
Oliver and William Brown were left undisturbed at Delhi, and survey in north 
Moradabad was carried on by the district ofiieer [154]. 

During 1826. Bedford returned to Sahaswau and Wrougliton to Gorakhpur, 
and the following year Browne resumed charge in Moradabad. William Brown 
started a new survey in Saharanpur, moving to Bulandshahr in 1828. The 
settlements and surveys in Delhi and the Meerut Division, of the upper doa/j- 
were now under the control of William Fraser [ II, 398 ], of the Board of Revenue 
in the Western Provinces at Delhi [364]. 

By 1S29 there were five separate surveys in progress. Gorakhpur, Delhi, Sahas- 
wan, Moradabad, and Bulandshahr. The staff included eight military surveyors,, 
three civil assistant survovors. -- country born sub assistants and apprentices, 
and a few Indian measurers [ 165 ]. By 1830 they had only surveyed about 3,000 
square miles at very heavy expense. Ea ch skilled surveyor in charge was doing too 
much of the technical work himself instead of directing the less qualified workers 
[ 160 ]. The system was not so economical or practical as that, followed by Munro 
in the Ceded Districts of Madras [II, 180-2] or by Fiaher in Sylhet, £147-8], 
though the surveys were a valuable contribution te> the topographical map. 



GOKAKHPUK 



In September 1821 Grant [ 22 ] was appointed to charge of the revenue survey 
of Gorakhpur to work under the Board of Oommifisioners at Fatehgarh in co- 
operation with the Collector of the district. His staff was provided by the Surveyor- 
General, who also gave professional instructions. Government directed that 
the facts.., relative to each \ iilago should be-distinctly recorded, partly in the form of tables with; 
explanatory notcH, and partly in the form of reports. ... 

The settlement of each village should hi: made at the name time as the survey, or at least... 
the Collector should maintain i: constant anil close communication with the Surveyor, so as to 
afford him instant support. ... "With regard to the illicit alienations;. ... the resumption and 
correction of them should be kept distinct, from the survey, though. ..the matter. ..will be.. .fully 
ascertained and recorded 2 . 

Wroughton and two apprentices 3 joined early in 1822, and Hodgson warned 
Grant not to hurry the work ; 

You say that only two apprentices are with Lien;. Wrought. on, but even with them you 
espoot to get through 30 or 40 villages per month. ... Though your survey has now more 
assistants than any other, it is by no moans advisable to think of proceeding at the rate you 



a Bra 11-9-2HI6I. 



A Dumblcton [ 6> 



i- 333.1- 



152 Revenue Sukveys, Upper Provinces of Bengal 

mention. ... The survey must at the commencement be careful and deliberate The boundaries 
of each village must be ascertained by the common rules of land surveying, with—a field 
book and plan of each village. ... 

Hurry and. precipitance Ma above nil to be avoided. ... If you can in the outset survey 
two middling villages in a week, you will do very well. Nay, it is better at first to do still less, 
provided what is done be well done. You must keen your purtj together, sirnl remain with 
it yourself, and devote your whole attention to the duties assigned t# you, i.e., laying down and 
ascertaining the boundaries of tin.: cultivate' I property and its contents. 

I highly approve of your zeal and wish to proceed ; : .ls fast as possible, but remember, much 
depends on the beginning of a great work, and too urach liable lo~os [iiiie in the end 3 . 

On his relations with the Board of Commissioners [ 151 ], Government made 
the following rulings ; 

Lieutenant Grant seems to have considered his commission as extending to matters with 
which it was not. designed that ho should meddle ; and, on the other hand, the Board do not 
seem... sufficiently aware of the importance of leaving the Surveyor lo proceed in a regular and 
systematic manner, subject to the instructions 0: the ISiitveyor-General. ... 

The advantages of a survey fixing the limits and extent of individual villages are most 
important, whether for revenue or judicial purposes: hut il is also highly important that such 
measurements should be connected with the general survey of the district. That connection 
must be lost if the surveyor be interrupted... and scut to different tjuarters according to the 
pleasure of the revenue officers*. 

The village maps were on scale of 8 inches to a mile, with -pargana maps on 
one-inch or 2-inch scales [153]- The survey completed between 1821 and 1824 
comprised "231.. .village;!, equal in area to 44,4-KO English acres 3 ", at a coat-rate 
of annas 6-67 per acre, whereas 

on the Delhi survey the same charge- is. ..less than 2-.1- annas | T56 |, but such vna.v be expected... 

when the villages are large, and where the boundaries are settled by the civil officers provious to 

the survey, and also where the sub-assistants are more numerous. In future 1 think a more 

rapid progress will lie made in the Goruckpore survey*. 

Grant went on sick leave in March 182:i. and Wroughton, who took over charge, 

was absent on military duty from December 1S24 till 1S26 |" 333-4 ]. The Surveyor 

■General commended " the personal activity displayed by Lieutenant Wroughton "; 

He had not had. an assistant, and. ..only... until lately two rather illiterate apprentices. ... 

The survey was interrupted by the war but, as an assistant, Mr. Maean, and two additional 
-apprentices 5 have been added to the party, 1 trust that, it's f'u Lure progress will be satisfactory. ... 

II have instructed Lieutenant Wroughton not to detaeb Mr. Macau but. ..to make his services, 
■ and those of his apprentice-!;, a vailable... under Ids immediate* superintendence 6 . 

During 1827 "Wroughton surveyed only 126 small villages on the western border 
ofGorakhpur in the present district of Basti. During 1828, 308 villages were survey- 
ed, besides a detailed '"'map of the city, suburbs;, and cantonments of Gorakhpur" 
scale 8 inches to a mile, with information about population, bazars, fans, etc. 7 , 
Herbert reporting that, 

owing to the ex 1 re me small ness of the Goruekpoor villages, ... the results of this survey have 
been purchased at a much higher price than those of any other, while. ..the revenue officers 
have not made that use of them they have in other districts. 

At this rate there was no hope of any early completion and at the end of 1830, 
on Wroughton 's recall to bis unit on his promotion to Captain, the survey was 
closed down, and the personnel transferred to other districts 6 [ 334 ]. 



ROHILKHANB 

In December 1821 Bedford and Hadaway [ 332 ] wen:- appointed to start an 
experimental survey in Eohilkhand with instructions from Hodgson ; 

"from SG. 31-12-21; BTC. 1-8-22 1571. *Regn. vu, 1-8-22 I 322-6); BS8, I 3ffJ-£>. 'About 
70 sq. m., in Amordi mrqnna: "tins, .S-irmh. l-irieh, ;eid4-miLc, MHIO. IP. [ ■>■!-& ]. 'from SG. 16-4-27. 
'Jenkins and Wilson [365]. B BTC. 19-4-27(43). 'MRIO. 185 { 24 ). > fitan DSQ. 3-11-30 i BTC- 
7-12-30 (34-6). 



ROHILKHAND 



I address you jointly because it; is desirable that, for the present, you combine your 
efforts. ... You have both sulfieiiiiu- skill iu land surveying... for ascertaining the boundaries of 
the villages and large estates, ... to define the rights of Government and its subjects, and to 
aid the Collector iu the approaching settlement. The nicety required in tho surveys.. .in 
England cannot be expected, ... but you must aim at such approximation as is consistent 
with celerity of execution. ... 

Judging... by t he Bombay surveyors, wo should linish U7u villages in a week, ... but T think 
that when you become accustomed to tin; business morv may be done. ... I rely on your zeal 
and sagacity for disco vering practical mwns t" attain thtiend. ... Try such methods as you 
deem expedient, and vary them, and let your reports be full, candid, arid explicit. ... 

It is for tho present advisable not to he too minute in making (inquiries, except those re- 
lating to the grand, end of your operations, the demarcation of boundaries. ... You will. ..keep 
notes regarding the nature of the soil, the depth of the wells, the methods of irrigation, ... 
without appearing i.o be too prying a.itd inquisitive in the eyes of the people, who are apt to 
be suspicious of.. .the most Innocent- questions in regard to their property, families, or cattle ; 
but an experienced observer may note mui:h, without asking many questions. ... 

As to instrument -. a s'.ip;.i!y wi! ! ho sent with ! ho apprentices, a;!'! iu the meantime you must 
go on with those yon have, and .1. shall be glad to know from you what you require. At 
present the store under my charge is not rich, but a large indent has been made on 
England [ 213 ]- ■■■ 

And now, Gentlemen, 1 will now conclude by assuring yen thai, as these survey are of an 
experimental nature, ami you ha.ve the honour of being among the first selected to carry them on, 
I. ..feel assured that you will fulfil the expectations formed of you 1 . 

Bedford and Hada.way started in Sahaswan near the Bareilly horder Oil 17th 
January 1822. fixing their starting point by astronomical observations. The 
Collector gave them an Indian, revenue officer to assist in boundary settlements, 
the most embarassinff and least satisfactory part of our labours ; ... a subject of no small 
importance, not only as it: may effect the progress, ... but as connected with the welfare of the 
landholders and the interests of the State, for there is every reason to believe that, were the 
boundaries of contiguous villages once accurately defined, and not the smallest alteration 
afterwards permitted, ...the pernicious spirit of litigation and animosity... would soon cease 
to exist, and much of the land now.. .waste be brought into cultivation. ... 

Uncertain how far we were. ...justified in attempting a lask so delicate arid complicated, 
...we felt inclined... to interfere as little as possible. ... It soon became evident that, unle&s 
some method was adopted to clear the boundaries from. ..these vexatious and almost ondless 
disputes, the progress of the survey would, ..be slow, and its results 11:1 satisfactory. 

In OUT early operations we experienced Some difficulty in even ascertaining the existence of 
many disputes until the measurement was actually commenced ; this was the occasion of fre- 
quent interruptions ; sometimes the parties after wrangling for an hour would come to an 
understanding on the spot, but, when (..he dispute appeared of an obstinate nature, we suspended 
the survey and commenced in some other quarter 2 . 

By the 24th June, when they closed for the rains, they had surveyed 68 villages 
with their boundaries and the limits of the larger swamps and jungles. There was 
some discussion as to the statistical information required, and the Board of Revenue 
eventually ruled that 

a map fixing the extent and boundaries of each village, anil the position of the most remarkable 
objects ( the general features of the country being sketched in by the eye ) would answer every 
essential end. ... An accurate survey of this nature... should therefore- be the chief object of 
the surveyors, and the acquisition, of statistie information should. ..not.. .retard. ..of that object. 
Collectors and other revenue officers must be looked to for... in formation respecting the 
rights and privileges of the different classes of tho inhabitants, tho productive powers of the 

The surveyors should not.. .allow- themselves to be delayed by disputes about boundaries. 
Where a boundary :n;iv he disputed, it will be sufficient for those officers to mark the limit as 
pointed out by each of the contending parties, leaving lite adjustment of the dispute to the 

authorities legally empowered to determine it 3 . 

Village maps were prepared on scale 400 yards to an inch 1 , and paryana maps 1,200 
yards to°an inch, shewing village boundaries, with statistical tables for each village. 






154 Revenue Surveys, Upper Provinces of Bengal 

In November 1832 Hodgson reported satisfactory progress and recom- 
mended botli Bedford and Hadaway for promotion- They had now been joined by 
Pemberkm, Nelson, and three apprentices 1 , though both Hadaway and Pemberton 
had been on tho sick list 3 . Hadaway died in Miii'di 1823, and "Birnic Browne was 
appointed in bis place, taking charge of work in the northern division under the 
Collector, Nathaniel .H allied* [332]. Wilcox joined about the saiuc time. When 
the surveyors were called away the following year, H allied carried on the northern 
survey with a senior apprentice. Alexander Wyatt. 

In commenting on "Bedford's report for season 1823-4, Hodgson points out the 
importance of determining 

the extent of waste land, both within am] without trie village boundaries, whether fit for, or 
unfit for, cultivation. ... Lands which may at some future time be brought into cultivation 
...frequently exceed in quantity those under tillage. When they are situated out of the 
village boundaries, tliey require a distinct and precise survey, thai their limits may not be 
comprehended witii T ' : ■ ■ ~ ; - of other villages. ... 

s useless to attempt- io distinguish the proportion of tlie two crops, and it is utterly 
to survey tho different holding h of individuals in (lie village. ... All that the survey 
professes to do is to determine with the greatest accuracy... the area of all the land which 
the surveyors understand belong to it, and to distinguish in a. ..more cursory manner. ..the 
proportion of land in cultivation, and of.. .waste, including jives 01 houses, j heels, uncultivated 
jungles, roads, and other unproductive places : also the nam re... and tho quantity of each soil, 
and the means of irrigation. ... The state of the population and the number of cattle are 
likewise noted, but on these last subjoets the surveyors arc liable to be deceived. ... 

In surveys of this kind many curious particulars of information might be collected, if 
attention to them did 110I take up much time*. 

Among the "curious particulars'' which Bedford noted were the encroachments 
of the Ganges on lands surveyed during the previous season, which he illustrated 
by a special large scale map. 

The survey of Sahaswair 5 under Bedford, was now divided between two 
detachments, ono under Pemborton, tho second under Xclson. The whole party 
had also four sub -assist ants and apprentices 6 , with 32 lascars and followers. 

Between the 21st of October [ 1823 ] and the 25th June j 1824 ] T12 villages had been 
completed, and. ..the fair average progress may be stated at 111 villages per month, the total 
area be ins f)l 73 square miles, or .i0,713 Knglish acres'. 

In September 1824 the surveyors were called off for military duty, and survey 
was not resumed till January 1827. Hodgson reports, in 1828 that 
Captain Bedford must be ranked with the most able 0;' the surveyors, and tho' his progress has 
not been as rapid us thai of Captain Oliver [ 1 56 ] and Lieutenant W". Brown [ rjjS-j ], he has not 
enjoyed similar advantages, his employment being in a poor country where the villages are 
small, and the boundary disputes most numerous and obstinate, in fact, universal. Instead 
of finding the boundaries marked out and ready for the chain, the surveyor had to undertake 
the dilhc ult... task of persuading the litigant parties to agree. ... 

The settlements of ibe-ie boundaries-; witc effected by arbitration and fnmehaet B , and... 
Captain Bedford.. .has sent. ..the duplicates of all agreements. ... There appears to be reason 
to hope that these boundary agreements are considered by the people as binding on them. 
The boundaries being defined, be conk! then proceed with safety in bis measurements 8 . 

l7or the year endinj; "Oth September 1830 Bedford with now a second assistant, 
Roderick Macdonakl, completed 267 villages, area 226} square miles, at a cost of 

2 annas 14 pies per British acre, including all expenses of office for maps, plans, and tables, 
furnished both to the head of the department and to the Collector, about 30% loss under- cost 
for the last four seasons, and 30% less ihan estimate made in 1827, when native surveyors were 
first employed 10 [ 161 ]. 

Eirnie Browne, a!so ; rejoined iti -January 1827 ; 

'Polhill. Macpher-sor. and S:-«tai. -SG.'s ->0 41-22 ; ETC. l!)-li>-22 ( 21 ). "Nathaniel John 

Halhedi (1. Cak'.iMa l-i'i-S. uecl ,Vn DCS. < fioru SU. 7-.1 is. ■'■ ta IS2:l Si: Ka^.viln .Di.-i. comprised parts 
of liudaim, 1'1cj!i end AiiKiirl: : Imji <-:i~.. IX { SS 10 ). ''IW.-nl!, .Miieptirjor:, Fitv Patrick, McQueen. 

'BTC. 1SM1-9S { 38 j .: 2 inch pi'rt/m,.-' !ns|i5 MfllO. ly ( i":i-l I, 20 { -1-.1 ), _>l (3(i-ft ), 22 ( -II ), 2.'! t 3 6. 4b, 
52j,24 [43); Budisaia J):?r.. 1S22 34, ii.i. 2i { nf> ). ' villas: nsseni bjv. s SG.'s T -Z-2S ; BTC. 19-6-28 
(55). *m. 28-6-31(32). 



PvOHILKHAND 



During his absence, the establishment, consisting only of Alexander VVYatt, an apprentice 
to Mr. Halhed, and some iasears, '.vas usefully employed by M r. tialhed. ... 

This survey differs from those in Delhi and the Dooab in as ranch as it was instituted for 
the special assistance of a most intelligent and active revomu: otiioor, _\I.r. Halhed, but since 
his removal 1 it has been turned to the. ..cor. seeutive survey of the zillah, but considered in 
this light it must be inferior in progress to the more western surveys, as the assistants are 
fewer in number. and of inferior description. ... 

When Lieutenant Browne returned, an assistant was applied for, and .Mr. Iloljcrt Terran- 
neau, an uncovenanted person of sumo experience, was appointed, and on the cessation of 
Captain Gerard's survey |" 90 ], I sent. ..two boys, hid ward and Dliehaol Shielis [ 165 ] a . 

Browne completed 26 villages by May 1828, and the Surveyor General further 
accepted the work carried out under ITal.hed during I 825 and 1826, which included 
a detailed survey, of the boundary between Moradabad and the hill districts of 
Kumaun and Garhwal 3 . 



Delhi 

The various revenue settlements, that had been made since 1807 in the Delhi 
territories [IT, 180] had been based on indigenous records and native measurements,- 

with which the Commissioner expressed himself perfectly satisfied ; 

All the cultivated lands in this territory jiuve been measured, nr different limes, some twice* 
and some thrice, so tbat there has been very accurate daui for [bm.inc the assessment, and 
scarcely an;. possibility of assets eseapli:;: the oogiiiy.Kiieo of the European officer 4 . 

It was now decided, however, that, a regular viihige survey should be made under 
European management, and Thomas Oliver assumed charge in i *2-:i \ 38-9 ], under 
the direction of the Revenue Board at Delhi. 

At the suggestion of the Board 1 commenced the survey at- Noulutheii, continuing in a 
southern direction along the bank of the canal f e -j -4 ], iuokidlm: eleven villi- yes of Paneeput, 
three in Soneeput, and. three in Chihannah. The latitudes of several of these villages have been 
ascertained by observations of stars. ... 

lljsput.es concerning boundaries very much impeded the progress of the Survey at the* 
commencement, and ir was not until Mr. Wm . Frasor adopted ineasi.ires for settling them that 
scarcely a village covild be completed ; bid his assistance was so effective that T afterwards 
experienced much less interruption, and. ..completed the survey of 17 villages, containing an. 
area of 7,000 beegahs, and through hiy early uk= jjvtun.ee i confidently hope n<?xt season to- 
accomplish nearly double that quantity 5 . 

In forwarding this report, the Survevor Genera] notes that 
.that 



Mr. Fraser 

of the division to which 
Delhi upon a copper plat 
belonging to it. ... The si 

on copper ; but if manj 
lithographic apparatus indented for 



of the village plans .-hou Id ho rel ai.ued for the use 
lelong, and that a corresponding copy be engraved' at 
vered to each village as a proof of right to the lands- 
supply copies of these without. ..having them engraved 
required, ... they will be more readily made by the 
the Honourable Court of Directors [ 298 ] 6 . 

Oliver thought that after his survey 

no encroachment of any. or much, eon sequence could be made without detraction. It would be 
easy to have the boundaries defuu-'i by small pillars or miliars erected at the joint, expense of 
the zumeendars, and the destroying or mutilating of which rendering the parties liable to 
fine would probably deter them. From the boundary sometimes running through highly culti- 
vated grounds, ... objections iiagr.l bo made by the •'.i.uneo'.idars to digi'ine' ditches or planting 
iiedges. as it would be destroying part of rheir most valuable land. 

The zumeendars seem desirous to have their boundaries settled and then lands surveyed, 
which may perhaps be accounted for from the locrea.sing value of I heir properly in con sequence 
of the opening of the canal [ 24 ]. ... I had lately had a visit from the Raja of Rewarree, ... 
to ascertain whether there ^m any immediate pj-osneei of my being wble to survey his lands, 

*to the Sundarbana [ 146]. "from SG. 7-5-2B ; BTC. 19-6-28 ( 55 ). 'Soils 800 yard 3 to inch, 
MRIO. Misc. 7-0-2l> : reiheaioa. 4-0-2-ii. ; Report. 2S-t-20. fhilu itwr :■■: i'-.h. s BTC. 19-6-2-1 (40); 
general map. 2 inches to a mile, sli.'-.'.vn- ■' SJ.i:di yuluu. ,y R;>v:d ilinal'': Mil 10. II j 15). e froni SG. 
tS 2 33 i ib, 2T--2-23 (50). 



156 Revenue Surveys, Upper Provinces of Bengal 

and he seemed much disappointed when I told him that it would probably be long ere his 
-uvishi-: could be coin piled with. ... 

With regard to the population list, the number of females could not well be ascertained ; 
particular enquiries woro not. matin a:-, it. might havo boon hurtful to their feelings [II, 367, 418]. 
... The villagers often complained of there not- being sufficient liMtuis to cultivate the land, 
and the want of ploughs is felt in almost every village 1 . 

Oliver started with William Brown and four sub -assistants 3 , whilst John Sim- 
monds joined early in 1824. By May 1824 the survey had been split into three 
parties, but before the end of the year several of the stuff hud bern called off to the 
war. In submitting maps and tables for 36 villages surveyed during season 1323-4, 
Hodgson reports that 

186,116 English acres.. .have been surveyed, ... and maps, ... and,. .tables of eaoh village have 
been formed, and the expense. ..for eaohacnMri 2- 143 annas [154, 162 J. ... 

This expense, I hope, will be abundantly repaid. ... The soil and climate of the Delhi 
districts are good, and the various canals made by 1 lie Mo.ltIjuI and Pa tan Kmpcrors prove "what 
pains were taken to render the vicinity of iho capital and the adjoining provinces productive. 
The rapid progress mn.de. ...luring the psist. spa son is very much owing to the care of Mr. W. 
Fraser, the 2nd member of the Board of Revenue, in causing the boundaries of the villages to 
be settled and marked ready for the chain , 

Captain Oliver is now making satisfactory progress ; during the ensuing season it is proposed 
that his operations shall be carried on in a productive... country bounded on the east by the 
Jumna River, on the south by the city and environs of Delhi, and on the north by a line drawn 
from Panniput to the eastward till it meets the Jumna*. 

In 1824-5, reports Oliver, 
the disturbances in this part of the country 1 prevented our commencing operations till the 
month ofDecember, but notwithstanding the lose of two months. ..the quantity of land surveyed 
does not fall much short of that of the proceeding season. 

The total area surveyed amounts to 162,727 acres, the expense from the 1st, October 1824 to 
the 1st of October 1825.. .giving about 5£ acres for the rupee. ... 

When the survey commenced in 1822 no boundaries were settled, and... progress was 
■excessively slow, only about 40,00(1 acres having been surveyed during the whole season ■ 
this compared with the progress made during the two following seasons affords a striking 
proof of the great advantage of having all boundary disputes settled. ... 

On an average the survey of each village has taken up about a day and half only, and. ..it 
cannot be expected that, after making the various measurements, calculations, and protrac- 
tions, ... much time should be left for collecting with any degree of accuracy voluminous 
statistical details 6 . 

On this Hodgson commented ; 

This great increase. ..is attributable to the exertions of Mr. Fraser. ..by whose aid 
-authority, and experience, the boundary disputes were settled, and the villages ready for the 
surveyors' operations when fchey arrived at them. ... Greater progress will be made on the 
Delhi District than in any other isillah. ... The villages are larger and.. .more easily surveyed 
than the smaller ; and they are less embarrassed by boundary disputes. ... The country also ia 
fruitful and valuable, especially those paTts which are near the canal, and thoy will become 
more so. ... The climate, tho' very dry and hot, is comparatively salubrious and allows of 
greater exertion in the field than in the lower provinces. Mr. Fraser is of opinion that if 
four complete parties could ho employed the whole district might be completed in 5 years 6 . 

In December 1826 Brown was transferred to Saharanpur, but with good support 
from Simmonds the party surveyed 343,299 acres in the parganas of Rohtak and 
Mandauthi during season 1826-7. In October 1829 Oliver handed over to Sim- 
monds, having to revert to regimental duty on promotion to Major [ 152 ]. 

The reduced general maps on scale two inches to a mile are still preserved in 
■excellent condition, and shew village boundaries and topographical detail, with full 
statistical tables on reverse. They cover " Dihlee Territory ". which included the 
present districts of Rohtak, Gurgaon, and Kama! 7 . 

»BTC. 19-6-28. 'Graham, Frasur, M"u~tif; and Gould; Wm. Chick joined during 1-822 and aarvd the 
Jantar MantaT, scale 40 ft. to inch [I, 150], MRIO. 183 (31 ). 3 fr';-. TW(.i. -! --t-iiijBTC. 12-5-25 

(27). »due to war with .Burma, leading to aampaign in Bharatpur. S BTC. 24-8-26 (45). "from 
SG. 7-5-28 ; BTC. lft-6-23 ( 33 ) ; Oliver now had 2 mil. ssflto., 6 sub-asate., and an appce. 'MRIO 1 ( 22-3 
33), 2(1-0, 13-23,27-30,36-9,51), 3(1-10,13-5), 7(13-6). 



The Uppe.h Doa.r ! - 



The revenue survey of Sal.uii.-anj.xu: "Dislriet, started by fiei-ani hi .18.14 [ II, x8o ] 
and broken off by the Nepal War., was resumed by him at end of 1815, and after 
some interruption closed down early in 1819 2 [33]. The survey was mainly of 
topographical interest, and did not even include village boundaries, but Gerard 
spent some time on the survey of one village on the lines of the Broach survey 
[ 149, pi. 16 ]. In discussing this experiment Government comments that 

Lieutenant Gerard. ..remark,' ihft it ivi-uid havo tittcn two yeiirs to survey the whole of the 
Kamdheen's mocurrery in the same manner ; and as that mocurrery is siai.ed ;o have contained 
one hundred and seventy villages, yieiilinL: aunuaih about rupee- l,;"(i"),('H»0 under a light assess- 
ment, it may bo concluded i-.Vilie- he calculate: I niiK progress of eighty -live villages per annum. ... 

This result doty not materially diner from that exhibited by the ooeratlo.r_s '.if the Bombay 
surveyors and, like the Bombay survey, Lieutenant Gerard's would appear to have beeu 
conducted on a more detailed principle than is., .contemplated. ... 

Had tin; object of (.lie .nerve v been tun fined (o ti.al. of jj. i \ in;; the 11 mils of tbc village lands, 
with the natural )>■ amdaries, road:";, and ail ib(j r.i ->f=t remarkable points, the labour would pro- 
bablv have been diminished one-half 3 . ... 

In 1820 it was decided to take up the survey of Saliaraiipur on the same lines 
as other districts, iiml Brown commenced work in Thfuia Bhawan 4 in December. 

My first operation was ascertain"!! m the true azimuth, or bearing, of a line from which at! 
the others should be deduced. ... The measurements commenced on the 2Sth, and continued 
without aire interruption. ... The settlement of i.>our,d.ai'ie> betng iuhU'i 1 Mr. F raser, I never 
experienced a moment's delay on their account. ... A few ehuprassees... enabled me to procure 
the zemeendars and others to point out their boundaries mid, whenever occasion required, the 
kanoougoes...were nroei iron] to aire ;-ueh information... regard in;; their res pee live villages. On an 
average every village bus a disputed boundary, am! without. Mr. Fraser's assistance I never 
could have got on. ... 

Lieutenant. Hodges joined me on the 6tli, and Lientt. JYaser on the 21st .Taixuary, from 
■which time the survey gradually increased its operations. till...t!se 30th March, and from that 
date till leaving off on the 2Mr<l May it would have been impossible, with one sub-assistant and 
four apprentices 5 , to have surveyed more. ... 45 villages, containing an area of 45,174 acres, 
were completed. ... The survey has cost 2 annas and 4 pies sonat per acre 6 . 

Hodgson points out that Brown's report contains 
much useful information expressed hi the plain satisfactory style of a practical man who 
perfectly understands bis business. ... Tbe proportion which tho cost of the survey bears to 
one year's cent. ..is fairly considered ; a just and clear account also is given of the native mode 
of surveying used by tin; mirdabs employed by tbe Collector; and the evils and oppression 
which may, and frequently do, arise from a system so calculated to create and cover fraud 
and uncertainty are explained. : 

The use of the rope jureob cannot be too strongly depreea ted, and Mr. Frasers substitution 
of the bamboo rod for the chain, even for the interior survey, must be deemed an improvement. 

It will bo remembered that the first reform proposed by tho Rajah Tudor Midi, revenue 
minister of the Emperor Akbar [ I, I33~4 I was the substitution of the bamboo for the rope 
jureeb, an implement of all others adapted to cause confusion and fraud. ... 

Whatever benefit may result, to Government and to tho fanners from the surveys in Delhi 
and the Upper Dooab, they may be mainly attributed to the support and assistance rendered 
by Mr. W. Frasor, and surety benefit mush arise where the revenue officers clear the way for 
the surveyors, and promptly take advantage of the certain [ sure ] data afforded to them by 
the maps and tables. ... 

These surveys are perfect in their kind, and there can, I think, be no doubt of the great 
benefit which would accrue to that fine country, the Upper Dooab, from a settlement founded 
on their basis, and that the ox peaces of the survey will tie amply repaid. ... 

The party consisted of Lieutenant W. Brown and two officers, assistant surveyors, and an 
uncovenanted assistant surveyor, ^lr. Jolin Graham, ... and D. Chill, F.. French, P. Chill and 
C. Foy, apprentices, ...with a native establishment of three mootsuddees, fifty-one lascars, 
and three bildars, besides two lascars and two sweepers for government office tents' [ 165 j. 

1 The country tat «■«-;!! l':aiwo.-j:i! 1 '.i Jumnu rivers above Cawuppre [ 11,6, 36-S ]. H-incliaiap, MBIO. 
26(16) *BeSolHtion ofV-;i-.'l, iiliS. (?!>_> si. '::■! 1 ■.. S. r-f Ssiiliranpur. *D. H. and P. Chill, French 
Davis. Sanderson. 'from Brown, i-9-27 ; BTC. 19-6-2S ( 57 )• ''from SG. 7-5-23 ; ib. 19-6-28 ( 55). . 



158 Revenue Surveys, Upper Provinces of Bengal 

During 1827-8 work was extended southwards into Mecrut district, Nelson 
relieving Hodges, and Macdonald joining in March 182S. 

The tract- which was first surveyed, ... cornice ting with the !V\emio survey of DihleB, ...■ 
appertains to the districts of Mtmil and Mov.uituniuggur. Tin: survey then proceeded 

northward into the Suharunpoor district. -\ sufficient number of villages have been surveyed 

...to keep the collectors of district.-! employed in settling for a eonsidi 'ruble time to come. ... 

With the exception of the conduct of the J-\;thans at Teetrowi [411-2 ], the survey was 
everywhere treated with proper respect. ... The people have liitliorto not appeared much 
interested regarding the measurement of their lands, aitho' they seem to be fully aware of the 
importance of t.!ie!r bomide.rk?.- being marked. ... 

No attempts were ever made to rob our camp, aitho' wo e're in tin: midst of Gonjurs, 
whose ideas of memo and t.eimi are said to bo worse defined than most others of the Honorable 
■ Company's subjects. a no ifhieti does ihom considerable credit, as our camp was at. all times most 
open and inviting. 

Revenue matters are not in the province of the surveyor. I may. however, remark that no 
complaints were ever beard, or even a murmur against, the to hseehiars or their people ( with one 
solitary exception at the village of Pindonrah ). The pooplo bail no eauso for oornplo.mta ; the 
season was good and t lie wheat crop unrrimmot.ly extensive 1 . 

After surveying a sufl'iejent number of villages in advance of the settlement, 
Brown's party was moved to Bulandsha.hr 2 . 



Though methods of survey varied in detail from district, to district, they were 
controlled generally by Gov eminent Resolutions of t S2L and 1822, and by Hodgson's 
general supervision [7-8, 149-51]. The detailed measurement of fields and the 
recording of ownership were left to revenue servants and. after much discussion, the 
settlement of boundary disputes was?, declared, to be the duty of the district officer. 

The survey was essentially topographical with administrative and village bound- 
a.ries surveyed with precision, and other information sketched in by eye. The 
following extracts are taken from Regulation vn of 1st August 1822. 

The main object. ..is., .a general map of the district., and... separate maps of the "v 



After any particular t-raet is laid down, or whilst.. -in progress, the village survey should be 
carried on until the whole sjpno.e included in Hie general survey is Jilted up. 'Che result of 
the village survey will thus be checked by that of the general survey. 

In the general survey, the position of each viikigi' shook! be fixed a.s aecu rarely as possible, 
some remarkable object ( a temple or the like ) being taken as tin:: point of observation, and 
specified as such. ... The limits of pergnnnahs should be particularly attended to. 

In the village survey, the surveyors are to begin... separate maps of each village, with the 
boundaries accurately laid down, and four or five points at least in each square mile. The 
general features of the country, the cultivated, uncultivated, culttirable and unculturable lands, 
the pastures and forests, ... to be sketched by eye. ... 

Care will. ..bo taken to distinguish what is actually observed from what is merely sketched 
in. ... Field measurement* by the mirdahs or others may. -be carried on at the same time with 
the survey ; the restdts to be checked by the surveyor ; but tho detail must not be delayed by 
attempting. .aoo minute a detail. ... 

The mofussil revenue officers should attempt.. . .to make out the boundaries, setting up 
flags or the like where there may not already bo obvious... boundary marks. Where the bound- 
ary is disputed... the debatable land ought, if possible, to be marked off by a double line, 
shewing what is claimed by both parties. ... Tho surveyor is not to interfere with such 
disputes unless sneeai.lly authorised, hot only to provide the meat!-, of their being afterwards 
settled by the proper tribunal. ... 

The surveyors must be careful in all cases to notice (.lie siv.e of the local beegah, and of the 
standard used in the Collector's office, compared witb each other and with English measures. ... 

•Report by Brown. ^-S-^S. EiTC. IS (I 28 ; :;:; 1 ■fnr-yni't ni'tp'' 1-in:-;. ...nil 2-iiic.rs. to m its, Sahilraiipur, 
MTIO. 17 ( 3S-lo }. ■>.'■:) ! '■• ), -±1 ( 33-S7 ), 23 ( 47 j : .Mn/a'.T.in.iigaz-. ib„ 10 ! ai) I, 20 ( 33, 66-7 ), 22 ( 14-7, 
.29-30, 48-9), 26(8). '' 2-iixjb reaps, 20 (24-8, 36-7), 



.Vu.tuo.ds or- Survey 



159 



In regard tn the i-i l>: til h attached to tin; land, i he surveyors.. .are not. ..expected generally to 
meddle wit}' such subjects. ... 

It will matter little whether the minute measurements by the native officers f employed by 
the district officer ] precede or follow tin; survey ; but. ..the former course will be best, since 
...the native oflieers will act. under I ho dread of a future enquiry, and... they should be distinctly 
warned that their statements will lie eventually subjected t,o the test of a regular survey 1 . 

The native officers referred to in cluck*! the kantmgo or district record-keeper, 
and the patvari or jmrdah, the village record-keeper. 

The Ke-gister, n r f'vn.uoongo, of the district, though under the zemindar, is an hereditary 
native officer of importance. Bis reeortfe contain every account relative to the revenue, 
mens 1 1 rem en t, and allotment of the land. Ho nlso enjoys a percent.ae;o ( f.eneralk' 2 percent ) 
on collections, and a due from every village, with smith claims upon cultivators and tradesmen, 

The land -measurer, Mirdah. of the district is. ..of lower rank. His duties, which consist in 
knowing boundaries, measuring anil alloltiug lands, and settling disputes of'ou I tivntors regarding 
their respective fields, nre paid by a small portion of la nil, and a duo. generally of one rupee, 
upon each village 1 . 

Grant describes his survey of boundaries in Goraklipur District ; 

I prepared 100 bamlrols of from fi to feet. in. length, and an equal number of pickets ; the 
former. ..for station lines, and the latter for offsets to the boundaries on the right and loft of 
tho station line. The bandrols were distinguished by red and white Hags, the former.. .to 
point out the Infers eel ion of the boundaries of two or more of the adjacent villages. ... When 
the village had boon surveyed, other surveys commenced from the intersecting points, and the 
survey was extended in a similar maimer along the boundaries of tho ndjoming village, each 
red flag denoting new points whence in succession new- surveys should be projected. ... 

I prepared about. 2.50 white bsmdrols and TOO red ones, and they were not inoro than 
adequate, a-s the flags Mere frequently left stand Lag till the whole of the work had boon protract- 
ed and mapped, and when it was found that no material error had crej.it in. and that all parts 
connected, all the interior and exterior white flags and piokets were duly removed, but the 
exterior red flags were left si ending in the points woe,-..; the boundaries t: 

Mr. Bird 3 furnished me with a ehuprassie from court, and I also had the a 
or two of the Collector's officers in enable me to ascertain the limits. ... 

indispensibly necessary... to conduct a trigonometrical survey simultaneously with 



the more detailed opera tk 
in the topographical survey. 
The length of the first base i 
hundred feet brass chains wet 
to prevent any perceptible < 



The plan... will exhibit the triangles and the corresponding points 
The sides of the triangles do not in general exceed 12 furlongs. 
i 3600 feet, and of the 2nd •) 2ao'. In measuring them four one- 
; used, and the measurement was considered sufficiently accurate 
ror in tho detailed surveys [ 150 ]. 
e ilia ting ui sheil by (lug staffs about 40 feet in height. They are desig- 
nated regulating (Ui.gs and, being seen from every part of an estate, serve as a cheek against 
any error in the measurement. The position of these flags being first marked off on the map,, 
the village in which they were placed was then carefully surveyed, and connected ill a similar 
manner with the next, regulating (lag. In this maimer the whole operation was conducted 
without any trouble or eon fusion, and without ;my material error. ... 

For observing the angles I made use of tho theodolite which I received from your office. 
... In extending the operations through the whole district, it would. ..he desirable to give the 
trigonometrical survey nil the accuracy which (rim be obtained by good instruments, and I look 
forward... to... roeeiving from England the measuring chains which, at your suggestion, I wrote 
for, as well as the long expected azimuth circle. ... 

If, as was often the case, the villages were small, ... no survey of the interior was considered 
necessary, as tho features of the entire vilk.L'C grounds could be embrace. I by the eye, nor was it 
often judged necessary to make any interior survey of villages entirely under cultivation, 
excepting indeed a survey of the. ..woods and sites of the villages, when the latter were too far 
off from the boundary tn admit of being sketched in by eye. I. a most eiLses, however, besides a 
careful survey of the boundaries, a survey of the interior was executed. 

As the work is sketched anil protracted in the field, no other field book is preserved ; the 
sketch book is to all intents and purposes it field book, and from it memoranda of the offsets, 
distances, and angles of the stations on tbe boundaries .may be easily prepared'. 

1 Regulation vn, 1-8-22 ; BRS. { 358-60 ). = Miikolm, II ( 13 ). 
BCS., ami. India IKliS : Ss.';*io:i<i Jaii-c. f, >i;v.d:;)nr. 1M26-8; did muc 
* from Grant. 5-7-22; KTt!. I9~fi-i>Si(36}. 



160 Revenue Surveys, Upper Provinces of Bengal 

Hodgson comments on the largo share of professional survey that fell upon the 
military surveyors, and their reluctance to depute work to their assistants [151 ] ; 

Lieutenant Wroughton. ,, states that the labour and time taken up in the measurement of 
interior detail for each village exceeds in a vi-ry extraordinary degree that.. .given to. ..the 
boundary. This certainly is the fact, and...a great share of personal labour has fallen on the 
principal surveyor Which ought now to devolve on the assistants, who may survey the 
interior detail under the inspection of the surveyor. 

Lieutenant Wroughton, actuated by a laudable endeavour to attain extreme accuracy, 
appeara to have bestowed the same care on the minute particulars of cultivation, and the...' 
sites of houses, ... jheels, roads, and watercourses, as on the principal outline. ... The total area 
indeed of the village must be determined with the moat srupulc-us attention to accuracy, ... 
but it would take much time to survey the details.. .with the same care, for it could answer 
little purpose when, ... between the time the survey is made and the time when the Collector 
makes the settlement, much change in the cultivation may, and probably will, take place. 

The principal surveyor should attend to the total area and boundaries, and his assistants 
should under Ids supereutcndene.fi survey the gross amount of cultivation. ... 

With the village snap and tables before him, the Collector has tort-am information as to the 
total area contained within the boundary lines, which he can...indentnTy on the Spot, and...ean 
rectify the boundary... and regulate his assessment accordingly. The Surveyor is answerable for 
the true area being asi^ned to the spn.ee contained ™;ilvV whut. lie ciib.™mi» lx. u^u-j — ^ 
but... The Colleu Lor lias lav more accurate means of discovering what the true limits of the 
village are ... 

In the Delhi survey the boundaries arc marked off by the civil officer before the surveyor 
commenced his operations, ... but. ..boundaries can be more... speedily defined in the .Delhi 
district, whore the villu-gos aro very lu.rgo, than in Coruckpore, where they ait- small, and the 
inhabitants litigious, and tin: disputes many and intricate. 

I have directed Lieutenant Wroughton 's attention to such point*. ... I have also desired him 
to instruct his subordinates in a bettor style of drawing, and havo scut him. a separate map of 
one of the Delhi villages, and a part of the general map of the season 1S24 -5 as a model for 
imitation. Ho is also instructed to compute the total area by the method of traverses, and I 
have sent to him 30 1) lithographed ruled forms. ... The other surveyors are also supplied with 
these blank forms, by which much trouble will be saved [ 299 ] l . 

Wroughton writes on 30th October 1827 ; 

Your admission of my exertions has fully repaid me. ... This season X think I shall make a 
very material increase of work indeed, if 1 have only health and strength : I shall not bo sur- 
prised if I double the work of last year. The new mode by the Universal Theorem is rather 
more expeditious than the one I have hitherto followed |" 148 |, and the improvement of 
Macan and the hoys lends me to hope for a very rapid and considerable progress [ 1 52 ]. 

One thing... stands in my way — the paucity of oalashees — ...These, poor fellows are worked 
off their legs, and to them I must look for the principal aid. ... Unless the establishment is 
augmented I feel they cannot stand it out much longer. ... They are on the ground an hour 
before daylight, hard worked until nine A.M., and aisiii out at -1 p.m. until dark. ... 

I have in 10 days, or then ia bouts, finally measured and computed. ..2(1 distinct mouzaa or 
estates ; if I can only go on as I am riling now, and you will afford .me. ,.12 more ealashees and 
1 more mootsuddoe, I promise in return to give a faithful and eoncise measurement of 300 
rnuuias for this year. ... 

I -will send you a village nicely drawn up this week, and computed after your directions by 
the universal theorem. If you approve it. ..every plan shall be similarly executed during the 
ensuing year a . 

The following is Bedford's deserinUon of work in Rohilkhand ; 

The instruments employed in the field — our mode of laying down the boundaries — and 
entcviog tho in.i-ti'.mffioali ill our field book. 

With respect of the first, our stock was very small, ... a theodolite by Harris, an excellent 
compass by Dollond with sights attached and fitted on a tripod, and a perambulator by Bergo 
on the newest construction. ... 

We were doubtful... whether to employ the Compass or Theodolite ; the .superior correct- 
ness of the latter was certainly a great.- recommendation, but, as it was both heavier than 
the compass, and more likely to be injured by a fall when surveying through the thick- jow 
jungles and high grass, ... we ultimately determined to employ the compass, ... experiments 
...proving that it could always he depended upon to the tenth part of a degree, or even leas. 

'fromSG., 18-4-27; BTC. IS-d-S? (43). Mb. 19-S-28 (18). 



Methods op Survey 



101 



The want of a clifhn... where Lin:: po:'ambi.diuor could not act. ..we could only obviate... 
by procuring a quantity of well frwistwJ hemp cord. ... This we had stretched on tent pins, 
and repeatedly soaked in a mixture of wax, oil, and rosin, to lessen. .j&'.B elasticity and the 
effect of the dew and atmospheric changes. I his line was then.. .divided into yards, with 
brass marks attached Lo d.stin.guish the 1'lcher numbers, fiiul...iL-'s actuii; increase or decrease 
in length was ascertained by a twelve-foot measuring rod, made of a straight and well- 
seasoned bamboo, accurately divided by means of a brass scale. With two rods of this 
description... our offsets were also measured. 

In commencing our Cold work, as soon as the bearing of the flag at the next station was 
correctly read off, ...and the. ..needle noted, the perambulator was put in motion, and on 
notice of a landmark being given by a measure-man (who went on ahead with either the 
zemindar or mocuddum of the village, ... ) the perambulator, when directly opposite the 
landmark, was stopped, and the number of yards... road off, and entered in the centre column 
...directly over the bearing. The distance also of else I audi nark... was then inserted on the right 
or left of this column, ... and the field book being read off from the bottom towards the top, 
... exhibits the different landmarks and other objocis exactly as they were met in the field. ... 

On our second survey. ..we commenced., a naking a preparatory circuit round the whole 
of the villages.. - ki lei 113 as Ion;; Lines a.s possible, and generally contriving to have the stations 
on the exterior boundary, so as Co secure an occasional point in everv direction to which we 
could return, and thus tSrecfe the shorter lines employed n, n nr Bu&BequrOiG duivbj. When 
commencing a fresh survey, we. ..made a point of introducing two distant main stations of" 
that immediately (ire ceding, ... which ensured the correct relative position of the two. 

This mode, combined with repeated intersections of any remarkable tree, or other object, 
enabled ns to proceed with perfect confidence, because, as our rough maps have invariably 
kept pace with the field work, and every morning's survey now closed into one of our mam 
stations, ... no error could arise without heia.g i ui.riiediu-t-eh detected 1 . 

There was much discussion as to the amount of time to be spent on statistics 
and disputed boundaries, and it was ruled that the. surveyors, should concentrate 
on the preparation of their maps, and only collect such statistical information as fell 
readily to hand, and that they should survey such limits of a disputed area as would 
assist the district officer to settle it |" 153 ]. 

As time showed how slowly the survey was progressing in relation to the vast 
area to he covered, Bedford tried the employ incut of Indians [ 3,90 ]. 

With reference to.. .native measurement of the village details on European principles, I 
forward a specimen of the field work of my tinda!. as actually surveyed and noted by himself 
together with an estimate of the expense of this work by a native parly, compared, with what 
it has heretofore amounted to. ... 

It appears very desirable that the native surveyor should be able to keep his field notes 
not only in the Knglish form, hut [ in English ] character, in order that his survey might at once 
be brought on the map without.. .their Lieiui; transcribed. ... 

I.. .propose that the party should be formed as follows ; viz., I native surveyor per month 
st.rs. 16-0-0; 1 mate, 8-0-0; 3 lascars, 16-8-0. 

The object in having a mate attached is that in the event of sickness there may always be one 
individual properly qualified a.s to the mannueaioni. of she compass, mode of taking off -sets, &c. 
to supply the tindai's place, and prevent. ..the work from being interrupted. I reckon that the 
above party will survey on an average 5 miles each day, or 150 miles daring the month, which 
gives a result of about 4 annas per mile. 

The cost of similar work by European assistants came to about a rupee a mile 
without any apparent advantage, as the work...is by no means above the capacity of any 
intelligent native, and the accuracy of his surveys will be brought to precisely the same closing 
test as heretofore. But from the increased expedition of native measurement, a still greater 
advantage is likely to ensue by the accelerated progress 2 . 

It was not many years before the general employment of Indian surveyors was 
adopted on revenue surveys in Bengal, as in Bombay [388-90, 392 ]. 

A curious experiment was made on the Rohilkhand survey of the effect of 
rough ground on perambulator measurements. In each ease a distance of one 
furlong was first measured by chain and remeasured several times by various 
patterns of perambulator. The different types of ground were classed as— even 






Stt4 22-7-22 ; BTC. 19-12-22 ( 2 



"from Bedford, 1-6-27; ib. 13-5-33 ( 52 ). 



162 Revenue Surveys, Upper Provinces of Bengal 

ground — uneven ground ploughed field* with large clods of earth iluck grass 
jungle — rough, or fallow ground with hvrgo eiods of earth — windy soil on river banks. 
The perambulator measurements varied between 212 and 221 yards 1 . 

The following extracts are taken from Oliver's reports on the Delhi survey ; 

The true direction of several of the Nation Hue.-!... was asee-named by a/dmuths of the aim, 
observed with ■■'■■ Liorge's theodolite ; die met:.it of thirteen setts of these observ at ions gives for 
the deviation of the needle, 3° 10'. 

At. ..the first- village surveyed, I found that making one circuit rutin-: the boundary was 
objectionable, as any errors thai might creep in could only be detected when. the circuit was 
finished, and. ..it became neeessi-sry to go over the whole again. liver afterwards;, therefore, my 
plan has been to divide a village into polygons i.-oii tabling 400 to i0t)[) beegehs ; the lines in. the 
first instance being made to run in the open. -part of the village, so that those passing 
through jungle, which are less to he depended on, might have si.iltLci.ent check. 

From the almost, impervious ■ hickness of some of the jungles, great delay was caused by the 
shortness of the station lines ; often a- llag staff 15 feet in length, painted red and white, could 
not be seen at a LOO yards distance. In sue! i cases the smallest deviation front the- perpendicular 
threw the angles out considera.Kly, and. ..with the inaccuracy of chfun work in the jungle. ..this 
part of the work. ..never elosetl so well as circuits made in an open country 2 . 

Unless- great attention be paid to the management, of the chain, no tolerable degree of 
accuracy can be expected. The men. ..have he-en cure fully taught to give the chain... 
•one uniform degree of tension. ... The chains a re measured every day, or every other day ; ... 
fifteen-feet rods are used, ... and.. .the chains are stretched precisely as when they are used 
in the field. One inch in every chain is allowed for irregularities of the surface. ... 

Eighty villages have been .surveyed during t!io season ; the total area being 1,96,116 aoiea, 
■or 3,(10,321 beegahs of 2;>0(l ytards. The expense incurred from the 1st October 1823 to the 
.1st October 1824 has been sonat rupees L'8,07 !., so that for 1 rupee very nearly 1 :! beegahs have 
been surveyed. Nearly five times as much has been dime during the second season. ; ... the 
number of hands employed. ..is not even double. The rapidity of our progress has been owing 
entirely to. ..all the boundaries being settled, marked our, and cleared, so that- in the field we 
have had almost nothing to detain ua [ 155 ]■ 

If... the village maps are not so neatly drawn a,s last year. ..we have had nearly live times as 
many, ... and-.it was necessary to be less particular about extreme neatness ; ... many.. .have 
of necessity been done by young men who have not. been sufficiently long practised*. 
The following notes. come from William Brown on the Saharanpur survey ; 

In my last report I endeavoured to describe the methods in use among the native land- 
measurers, or moo Muddies, and to shew how unworthy their operations in general were of 
■credit. ... There aro, no doubt, some natives in every office. ..who are expert ealei dators. These, 
-however, are no; the people I allude to, hut. those needy men who are picked up at the kutcherry 
■door, who, for S rupees a month are ready to undertake the measurement. (' ;>\ maesh ) of lands, 
;and who are accordingly sent outwithoi.it ttny previous examination. ... 

In comparing their work with.. .the revenue survey, it can never fairly be done till the 
■mootsu.dd.ee measures first. The late Mr. Keadc's' measurement at Thanah Hhown [ 157 11.2 ] 
is a proof of this ; his measurements were very different from the survey at- first ; his people, 
'however, after the mops were given in and areas made known, found out thoy had been 
measuring with a short jureeb. It was a cotton rope said to be 60 guz, but the one I 
measured was less than 52, and might be made either shorter or longer at the pleasure of the 
mirdha [157. l6 4 ] 5 - 

Mr. Fraser has this year made a great improvement in his mirdf las' measurements by intro- 
ducins...a bamboo jureeb [389] ; the following sketch will assist in explaining it; 



'Reoort by Hailed; lift'. 1.9 S-2R Ms, ; sbiikr r. 
<47) 'from Oliver, 2r,-;v-'2a : IST0. 18 S-2S. 'from 

Thurlow Keado ( I79T-1S27 ) BCS. >BTC. 18-9-28 < 33 ]. 



Methods of Survey 



163 



AH is a stout bamboo abi.'ut '■> inches in diameter : .1 a ares [ vvo handles each about five feet 
long, which are attached to the bamboo at- ee with ahinp.s ; bh are two ilat pieces of iron, well 
■fixed by nails rivetted 011 iron plates on both sides of the bamboo, and distant from each other 
exactly 12 foot. Tho mi rd kn.3 lny bold of the handle:,:, oni.' at- each end, urid proceed, ... mailing 
marks with -.ho flat pieces of iron, which are moderately siaiirp for the purpose. ... 

An iron eshain... appears. ..more liable to error than a bamboo. ... An iron chain stretches 
18 inches after being used, a short times, and every day they are verified by rods, and corrections 
made for their difference. and unless the minllias are furnished with rods, very accurately 
measured, to correct their jurist: b by, there will be very little advantage gained by their use. 

Their measurements are made field by Gold, and a difference of a few inches or. the chain 
would make a very grusat d il.'lerciioe of itroa before a tolerable :-l/.oi1 villi^e was completed. 
The length of the bamboo is easier determined, and a short alteration in its length can easily 
be rectified by a hammisr applied to the flat pieces of iron. 

A mirdlia...is able to measure about 300 tmcha boeghas pel- day 1 . 

As regards his own survey of Thfuui B haw an [ 157 ], it was Brown's 

intention to have connected the survey with the firs; station of the t/ritronometrical survey 
of the hills fit Shiharuupoor 3 , but. ..it will be some time before 1 have that opportunity. The 
hill of Choor was very conspicuous [30 ;pl. j], but the station <>:i it beiittr destroyisd, and not being 
certain of the peak, it did not present an opportunity. ..to determine my position with... 
accuracy. ... 24 observations for latitude. ..were made at my other eanips for the same 
purpose. My 1 imo. however, did not permit me making observations for longitude. 

The stations wliere three villa^e^ meet 3 haves all been deduced from the center of the town 
of Thanul; Hhown, and a. table, of them made out., from which they were protracted for the 
general map. ... A table- also of the ■ listanee on the meridia.ti and fieri mi liieular of the centers 
of the villages from Thanuh Bliown has been prepared, and from which has been protracted 
A map on a scale of 4 miles to one inch*. 



Units and Standards of Measure 

Reference has already been inside to tho variety of indigenous units of length 
and area [ 137, 146, 148 ], and there was also the difficulty of providing reliable 
standards for the British units, the yard and the acre. As a general rule each 
surveyor had a brass scale, made in England, against which Iks checked his perambu- 
lator and chains. The Collector of every district was. supposed to keep a standard 
against which his stuff could cheek their instruments [ 164 n.3 ]. 

Asked by the Board of Revenue to ''prepare for the use of each Collector. ..a 
metal rod equal to one English yard, divided into feet and incites, that the length 
of the native juveebs may be correctly ascertained"', Hodgson replied that he had 

no means nor materials for the construction of sorh instruments, nor. ..any artificers. ... 

The scales required... could only be well fabrics tod in England. Thoy should be compared 
with a true standard at a- certain degree of temperature, and the metals of which they are made 
should be perfectly homogeneous. 

It certainly is very desirable thot sonus standard measures should be in the hands of each 
Collector, anil I. ..surest... three-feet, stales being ordered frooi England, anil also...Gunter's 
chains.. .as a frecjuent check on the /jureebs. which from a variety of causes affords uncertain 



If every Collector's uilice were furnished with some of the most simple: apparatus... partial 
mei.;st;reniOi'.ts...mt^iit be occasionally executed with facility antler flu: collector's direction. 
... The mirdahs might, be taught to substitute the chain for their own imperfect and uncertain 
rope jureeba, the length of which must always vary according to the state of the atmosphere, 
and the degree of tension applied. ... 

If the native measurers could be familiarized to the use of the chain, anil. ..of calculating 
areas by links, they would readily reduce it to beegahs. ... But even if they were allowed to 
use their own implements, ... it would be a check on them to know that the collector was in 
possession of a certain [sure] standard measure, and that he might, order. ..any trustworthy 
person to remeasnve with the chain what they had. gone over with the jureebs 5 . 

'BTC. 19-6-28 (57) mirdaha, Wilson's Gfosxari/ (342). 
3 VilLv.ro i,ri junctions. ' 2-ia-.ii map, YU'dO. -S.i (47:. BTC. 10 
1-5-24 ( lOS ). 






164 



Revenue Surveys, Upper Provisoes of Bengal 



; and what the 

square yards, 
t would certainly 
t Madras, the a 



To his offer of chains made up out. of local material, Government asked him 
to construct for the use of ciu-li Collector. ..2 Gunter's diains of Tl yards 1 . It is hoped that at 
Furruckabad you may meet with some superior Native mechanics, ... You should get froniBehar 
ainodelof thedhurm lugee a . ... It appears to cost litltcand is said to be very satisfactory. ... 

Land measures used in different parts of the country will bo found to vary excessively. 
The guz is not apparently of uniform length ; the number assigned to the jureeb varies ; the 
materials are no; such as to admit- of a nice accuracy, ... and a port ion... is often tied up as a noose 
and thrown round the neck of the measurers. Hence, to say nothing of fraud, the beegah has 
become a very indefinite denomination. ... 

It is very necessary to ascertain... what the extent of the local beegah ii 
precise length of the local yard •t gir/ ; and how nmny square gnz eonstit 
For all genera] statements tho English acre, and the Bengal beegah of I,ff< 
which are readily convertible the one bit* the other, should be used ; and i1 
be very convenient, if, as appears to have been done by Colonel Munro a 
could be introduced as the universal measure. ... In the revenue survey of the Ceded Districts 
[II, 180-2 ] that officer employed a chain of 33 feet. One square chain being denominated 
a goontah, 40 a{ which... constituted an acre ; and where iields are small, such a measure might 
be more convenient than tho CJuntor chain 13 . 

Hodgson then suggested the adoption of the old Illahee Gaz, as used in Akbar's 
time, but the Revenue Board thought this impracticable. 

The length of tho Illahee Guj varies in every zilla. ... It is different in Furruckabad, Ally 
Gurh, Meerut and Seharunpore, and it is impossible to say which is correct. Thus if Govern- 
ment fix a- general standard they must alter tho measure in some zillabs and will find 
infinite difficulty in getting the people to adopt the new one. ... It will be quite sufficient that 
the surveyors ascertain the e^aet value of the .Illahee Citj in every village*. 

After discussing the length of the gaz used by Todar Mai [157 ], Government 
directed that, as an experimental measure, a gaz equal to 33 English inches should 
be adopted 5 . The gaz was not used everywhere. In Gorakhpur 

the beegah is formed by a square of (50 baths, called the K stay's hath, a varying scale in almost 
every village, but. from the average of about 2'J0, ...Lieutenant, "Wrought on... makes out the 
mean length to be 20 inches and 3t tenths of an inch, ... which gives for the beegah 1, ISO' 31 
square yards, and an English aero contains 4 beegahs. 4 biswas anrl 3 biswansy, ... 

The surveyor justly remarks that to have measured each village by jts local hath, or what 
was tendered to him as such, would have been an endless la-hour, but he has taken the precau- 
tion to mention tho length in such eases 6 . 

In discussing the gaz, Brown raised the question of the length of the koss as 
determined from distances between the old pillars along the Delhi-Lahore road 
[ I, 247 ; ITT, pL 15 ]. 

The road distances of the miliars are unequal ; this may arise either from their not having 
been originally measured with exactness, or what is likely, from the windings of the road 
having.. .been different at. the time of tho erection of the uiinars from what they are at present. 
The mean, however, is 4,5575 yards, or English miles 2,589. ... 

The minors which Lieutenant Brown visited arc near Xereluh, oue march from Delhi on 
the Lahore road, but those at greater distances are in general in better preservation. Lieut- 
enant Brown performed this little service with his usual promptitude and alacrity, at a season 
of the year when the heat is almost, intolerable 7 . 

Hodgson wrote further ; 

I have since found from the Ayeen Akbaree [ I, 133 11.3 ] that the Royal Coss contained 
5,000 guz, and in K-enn.elfs Memoir, page 4. he says " Ak bar. ..directed it to be taken at 5,000 
guz, equal to 4,757 yards, thai, is, about - British miles; and 5 furlongs. ... Shah Jahan, about 
half a. century nfr.erv.ards. increased the standi-ml one twentieth yw.rt. Trussing the coss more 
than 2 miles and ti furlongs. But since the time of Arungzeehe the ancient or common coss 
has resumed its place, and those of Akbar and Shall Jahan are only heard of in the histories of 
the times when they were in use [ I, 247 n.2 ]." ... 

It will, I think, be right to. ..adhere to the measurements lately made by Lieutenant 
Brown, and 1 propose, as soon as the -weather will allow, to employ him in taking the dis- 
tances of all the coss to mars between Del hi and Ka-maul, the mean of which ought to be very 

1 named sifter I'Umimd GimJcr. and used in Taitd-ir.d from Ifii'Of T. \i, roS ]. s legal measuring rod, 
Wilson'i Chesam :( 137. dtmrm ; SOli. laqa). •' BTC. 7-5-24 ( 107). *WP Eev Bd, 7-6-24; BTd. 17-1 "-24 
( 47). E ib. 1-6-26 (74-6). 'from SG. 16-4-27; ib. 19-4-27 (43). " 
27-7-25(29). 




\os min<wiivtk.e )i'l<* t Vethi 



Jra^fe Gllu,^ SfLoMxw, 

Published by kinrl permission of the artist, who was formerly of the Survey of 



KOS MINAR 



The first toa min-ars were erected along main i'o,ids radiating from 
Delhi by emperor Sher Shah, who reigned 1538-55. 

The length of the kos has varied from province to province, and 
from one period to another. William Brown, revenue surveyor from 
1822 to 184-4, measured the disttirK-os .'dung the Delhi Kii-rnal road in 
1825, and found tlioso botwiion soven minora to range from 100 to 200 
yards more- than 2J miles [164-5]. 

The old winding roads along which they were first spaced have 
often been ploughed up into the fields. 



'11 



Uk 



a3sd Standards of Meascet: 



i<35 



nearly the truii length of a Royal Coss by road measure, for it .is by that, and not by direct 

ill stances, that we mnut be guided. 

Brown took nix miud/s, one oe-t agonal, north of N ureluh — one opposite Nureht h 
— one octagonal bet ween Shd/wor Orrdhm & Nurclv.h —one circular opposite Ahepoor, ■ 
in the rains of the Mihr Pnnvtir Kce r-«ra— -one ocla.gon.il opposite Suiushpoor and 
one opposite Shidymar. Their road distances varied from 4.5 1 2 - 64 to 4,130!)- 66 yards, 
and the mean gave n length of 33- SI 4 inches to the riuz. Hodgson pointed out that 
some of the miliars stood at the edge of the present road, whilst others were half a 
furlong from it:, and that they were probably built at regular distances along a road 
o.r .-lightly dilTerciit alignment 1 . 

Boileau records that- along the Agra-- Delhi road 3 ; 

aE the road from Koree is voarked with mi Intones, or koss miliars, built by Shahjehan along 
the whole distance tVoin Agra to Delhi, iiiont of which remain entire. The distance from pillar 
to pillar is exactly 21 miles, which is therefore the length of the .Biidsiiniii Koss, whOe 
the ordinary league of the country, or Guo Koss, seldom exceeds 1 \ miles. The koss miliars 
are always reckoned by the villagers ).- : j- kons anert | .1, 247 ; II, liifi : III, pi. 1511 ]. 

Plate 1 5 is reproduced from a sketch made by Frank Scalkm 3 near Delhi, Of 
these mmarx, Gordon Hearn writes that the Afghan etnperor, Shier Sliah, who 
ruled at Delhi between 1540 and 1545, 

built earavansarais at every ten kos distance all the way front Bengal lo the Indus, and had 
wells dug at each kos. He also caused to lie erected "koss miliars", many of which stand to 
this day, although the old road has been olonghed up and merged in the fields*. 



Establishment Roll, 1829 

The following is the roll of the revenue survey parties in the Upper Provinces 
s they stood in January 1829 5 ; 



J.J.I 
North Division, Moradabad 

Lieut. B. Browne . . ... Artillery 

Mr. R. Tcrranneau 

„ E. Shiells, Sir. M. Shiells 

Delhi 

Cant. T. Oliver . . 3rd NX 

„ J. H. Simmonds . . . . 26th N.I. 

Mr. J. Gould. Mr. J, A, Mcl'hcrson, Mr. X Hodges 
„ J. Bridge, Mr. G. Comyu, Mr. D. Munro, Mr. C. .Hell 
Balandihahr 

Capt. W. Brown . . . , 6Sth N.I. 

Lieut. G. J. Fra^er, Mr. II. Nelson 

Mr. D. H. Chill, Mr. C. H. Burke 

„ P. Chill, Mr. C. Toy, Mr. W. Davis. Mr. T, Sanderson 
Gorakhpur 

Lieut. K. Wroughton . . . . 6Sth N.I. 

Mr. R. Maeun 

■ „ J. Dmnblctra Wiifc-r Sc Draft-man ; Mr. E. Tenk.11> 



. Surveyor 
Sub-Aaat. Surveyors 



. Surveyor 

. Asst. Surveyor 

. Sub-Asst. Surveyor* 

. Apprentices 



Ap!ir--m !>■; 
. Surveyor 



ifrnm Hod-son. 23-3-2,-) : ISTO. 21 -1 -25 i 33 1 : Kw min-ir.) arc: -hewn on maps of the Delhi n 
eg. along old road So'ie'.-iMViniiMr., MltTO. 2 ! ir.i. - \-\V.,k. HDc. 227: M 314, ;i 1-10-28. * d. C 
11-11-50, aged, c 81. ' Hoarn ( 1S1-2 ). s DDn. 231 (238), 24-1-29. 



CHAPTER XII 



REVENUE SURVEYS, MADRAS & BOMBAY 

Madras — BOMBAY; Bombay & Salsette Islands — Broach— Gujarat — 
Deccan — South Konkan — - Appreciations. 

fllHE expensive, albeit reliable, methods of revenue survey under European 
I officers, as employed in Bengal and Bombay, had not been attempted in the 
■*- south, and the Madras Government resisted all invitations to do so. 

Munro's survey of the Ceded Districts by means of closely supervised Indian 
measurers [II, 180-2] was accepted as the most suitable, but as a general rule 
each Collector was loft to devise his own system for finding: the areas of cultivation. 
District surveys carried out by the assistant revenue surveyors up to 1816 had 
been little more than useful typographical sketches, and in some cases sadly 
inaccurate [II, 139-51, 184-5]. The regular topographical surveys carried out 
under Mackenzie gave the main topographical features and tuhsil boundaries, and 
much useful revenue information, but no attempt was made to survey village 
boundaries, or precise limits of cultivation [ II, 214 ]. 

In answer to enquiries from Bengal in 1816, the Madras Government expressed 
the opinion that regular revenue surveys were of little value. They enclosed 
"papers relating to the ryotwar mode of settlement which have recently been 
printed here for circulation among the Collectors". 

The survey of the Ceded Districts ( fcjie best which has been executed ) consisted only of 
the measurement mid classification of the land... by the Collector's own servants without the aid 
of scientific surveyors. An admirable survey of the same districts, compri-ansr... geographical 
and statistical information, ... lias since boon completed by the assistant surveyors under 
Colonel Mackeime : s superintendence, hut,, valuable as that survey is for other purposes, it- 
would be found coi ruin rat iveiy of little use in forming the revenue assessments! II, 152-6 ]. ... 

On the subject of revenue surveys, ... generally speakim; they have not been found practi- 
cally useful or fit to be relied on, ... and. ..the design of prosecuting them. ..has for a good 
many years been reline(uisiied by ibis government. At present the revenue of all the districts 
h assessed v.l'h little or nn reference to the surveys 1 . 

In 1821, at the instance of Munro, who had become Governor the previous 
year, a questionnaire on the subject was sent out to all districts and after con- 
sidering the replies Munro recorded t lie following minute ; 

Observations on.. .the surveys of the different districts— on the use of surveys — on the 
mode of executing them... — on the mode of acting on them when executed — and on the 
propriety of completing theia gradually-- - 

The answers... give a summary view of the state of the survey in the several districts. ... 
Only a few of the districts had been regularly surveyed; ... in some, nothing has been done ; 
... in others, surveys of detached parts have been made ; ... different, standards of measurement 
have been adopted in different, districts, and sometimes in the same district. 

The main object* of a survey are to record the exact qvK.iui.it y and description of all land 
in every village ; to ascertain the tenure and rights of the occupants or owners, as well as the 
rights of Government ; to li.v liniir; and. ..obviate disputes respecting rlieni ; to establish mutual 
confidence between the ryots and the Government by shewing each what oolongs to it ; to 
ascertain the grounds of the assessment, not for the purpose of increasing the amount, but 
rather. ..to avoid over-taxation; and, in short, to make what is now vague and fluctuating 
definite and permanent. 

►to Bengal, 17-1-16, M Rev Bd. 25-1-18. 



Madras 



lti7 



But sueh survey.. .cannot be made by every Collector. ... It will. ..be advisable. ..to under- 
take the survey... only in the few districts in which c a dee tors may bo found capable of 
conducting it, and to extend it to others... whenever... practicable. ... 

A survey has been begun jn Ciii.nglcpL.it, and one is now making of the lands not included 
in former surveys of the northern and southern division;; of Arcot.. A revision of the assess- 
ment is making in North Arcot, and is likewise required in Salem, ... 

The want of a regular survey does not... hinder... a ryofcwav settlement. ... Village accounts 
always exhibit the detail of I he Ll.ii is, thoir dlst.ribuvio:! urnon;.: the ryots, their rent, and the 
extent of the several fields or shares, either founded on estimate, or on some ancient measure- 
ment, and from such accounts it has long been the custom. ..to m:ike the ryot war settlement 1 . 

Ko regular surveys followed, and though much useful survey was carried out 
by the department of Tank Repairs, it was not of a nature to assist revenue assess- 
ment. What appears to have been an isolated experiment is preserved in a four- 
inch survey of the village of hh.dsapand. in Guntiir Circar, carried out by Marcellus 
Burke during December and January 1816-7 2 . 

In 1819 the Collector of Tmnevelly asked the Revenue "Board for "an establish- 
ment of surveyors, dashers, and assessors, for. ..concluding the survey partially 
introduced by my predecessor"*. A general survey oftl.e district had been completed 
by Robinson before 1814 [ II, 141-6 ], and at the further request of the Collector 
Thomas Tumbull made a statistical survey during 1822-3 [ II, 146 ; III, 320, 374 ]. 

The experimental survey of Chingleput referred to by Munro was to provide 
detailed information. ..connecte;! with the nieas'.irf.vuetit, elassiiicatio'i, and tissossment of lands, 
exceedingly minute ; and it would, no doubt, bo highly useful to possess a similar account of 
every village. The labour reijui rod, however, appears to render that. ..altogether impracti- 
cable, as the present sacehneii employed an active surveyor far... up wards of One yoa-r and eight 
months. ... That the putcut plan* of ryotwur seit-lerneiits obviates to a great degree the 
demand for these very mimito details; and the objects of primary importance are so to 
estimate the value of what belongs to each mil tivsitur... that he shall not be ovocburthened, 
... and that Government, on the other hand, shall not be... defrauded of what it ha3 a right to 

In 1808 the collector of South Arcot had a survey made of part of his district, 
which he claimed had brought, considerable increase to the revenues 8 . In 1822' 
a sum of "Rs. 27,908 was allotted for a new survey, to be spread over two years. In 
the earlier survey no measurement had been made of in'tm and waste lands, and 
the cultivated areas bad not been surveyed field by field, but in extensive blocks that 
included nalas, hills, and roads. Fields were not numbered or demarcated, and 
were almost impossible to identify. Disputes were frequent, and the resurvey was 
necessary "not only for the security of the revenue, but for the security of the peace, 
and prevention of litigation". Survey was also expended to the taluks that had 
recently been transferred from South to North Arcot 7 . 



Bombay & Salsette 

The regular survey of .Bombay and Salsette islands which had been commenced' 
in January 1811 was carried on by Dickinson and Tate with few interruptions. 
After 1816 the staff was considerably reduced, and Bombay Island had not been 
completed by 1820 when Dickinson handed over to Tate, who had held charge of 
the Salsette survey for sometime. Before handing over, Dickinson estimated that 
survey of Salsette and Tha.na might be completed by the end of 1824 but Tate 
would not promise this unless given mure assistance ; 

This department, which in. ..1814 confisted of a head with three assistants in Bombay 
and two on Salsette, all Engineer officers [ II, 185-7 ]• was in... 1816 reduced to one assistant 
in Bombay, and 0110 ( being myself ) in Saisottc. In 1SL7, that assistant in Bombay was 

■Minute of 10-S-22 ; MBS. ( 551-3 ]. ! MRIO. 134 ( 7 ). 
U*.?«V,V1 ia.ii.l. 'tr^nGm-t. 12 10-21 : HKS. [ 5-i:! }. 1S-8-31, ' 
10-1-22 ; M liev Jid. B-5, L'Ll-5. & 10-10 22. North Arcot 1 ( 143 ). 



168 Revenue Surveys, Madras & Bombay 

removed, when the whole... survey of this island foil upon. Captain Dickinson himself, whilst 
I was alone on Salsette. ... Captain Dickinson lias been... four. ..times temporarily removed, 
... when the charge of the two surveys ha* devolved upon me, as at the present period. 

Most of the measurement whs now carried on by Indian surveyors recruited by 
Tate after February 1820 [ 392-3 }, and his own time was largely taken up with 
various incidental duties, ... to which the... revenue, surveyor of Bombay is at all times subject, 
such as... reporting upon the merits of all petitions... which are invariably referred for the ■ 
opinion of the Revenue Surveyor. ... These duties, as they generally require immediate 
attention, must in a certain decree hirer fere with the regular progress, ...as in most of the 
cases—an actual survey and plan of the disputed properly are requisite, not forgetting the 
time. ..taken up in the investigation of title deeds, and order claims. ... 

The time does not depend upon the actual extent of ground to be surveyed, but on. the 
number of distinct, properties... which arc lo be separately measured and correctly delineated. 
.Another serious obstacle... is the frequent, disputes about boundaries 1 . 

After this appeal military officers were appointed when they could be spared 2 , 
.and with these and his Indian staff Tate completed his surveys and maps by 1827, 
"when he submitted a 

plan of the Fort of Bombay, drawn on a scale 200 feet to one inch, and also one of the islands 
of Bombay and Cola-ba on a scale of 1,200 feet to an inch 3 . 

The former pl:m has been reduced from the large one. ..of the Fort, executed in the year 
1813 by my predecessor; it shews all the additional buildings and the improvements made, 
since. ... The works are delineated as minutely as t.he scale will admit of, and. ..names and 
designations are inserted in the references. The whole of the esplanade is also shewn as 
far as the prescribed boundary of S00 yards. ... 

Public buildings coloured red aro the property of the Hon'ble Company, with the excep- 
tion of the Court House and the Scotch Church in the Fort ; also the. native school room and 
the racket court on the boundary of the esplanade. All the buildings coloured black, except- 
ing the sepoys' lines and a few sheds. ..are the properties of individuals. ... 

The topographical plan of the islands of Bombay and Colaba has been reduced from the 
■large plans.. .on scales of 40, 100, and 300 feet to one inch. It expresses every... feature of 
ground, ... every street and road, both public and private, as well as all the public buildings, 

... and also nvovy detached, dwelling house. ... The boundaries of all tho villages are also ex- 
pressed. This plan also shows every object worthy of notice as far as the scale will admit of. 
All those of a superior structure outside the native town, ... for the residence of European 
families or the respectable natives, are coloured red. The rest are black. 

Having completed the revenue survey of the Bombay division, and the topographical 
-survey of the whole island, which is. ..on two large plans on the scale of 300 feet to one inch, 
which will be completed under the superintendence of my successor 4 , it remains for me to 

submit a. statement of the work done, and what remains. 

For Salsette he submitted 
a topographical plan of the Island of Salsette, ... 2,400 feet to one inch, and reduced from the 

several plans of the revenue survey, ... 300, 400, and 600 feet to one inch 5 . ... It presents an 
^accurate delineation of the boundaries of all the districts, villages and estates, ...together 
-with... every feature... which 1 he scale is capable of shewing. The different- villages and hamlets 

of the smallest siy.e are expressed as in tbc large plans of the survey. The lands which have 

been alienated and become the estates of individuals are clearly defined by their respective 

boundaries being shaded with different colours. Those that are not coloured are the villages 

belonging to Government 6 . 

After handing over all documents of the survey to the Chief Engineer's office, Tate 
left for England, on 5th August 1827. 

The plan of Bombay Was lithographed and published in London, January 1843', 
by Thomas Jervis, who comments that 

the survey. ..surpasses every other throughout India in accuracy, elegance, and completeness. 
It is allowed by the first judges in England to be one of the most beautiful specimens 
of topography that they have seen. It was accompanied by a very detailed statistical 
memoir 8 . 

'from Tate, 31-8-21 ; Bo Rav. vol. 5/5 1821. 'eg., Billamore & Hart, from Fob. 1820 ; Bo MC. 
22-2-26(70). <= London. HI !2-2<) ; 10 Cat. ( -124 ). * Lieut. S.urairl Athill ( 170.7-1829 ) Bo. fingrs., in 
CR'b office- d. Ken sing ten, 19-1 29. a Man. scalp 3, COO ft. to inch, M1UO. 1'24 { 13 ). B from Tate, 

*-8-27;Bo RC. vol. 24/18 1 (Xv-tl ) ; 10 Cat. (V'i). 'Reduced copv, Krtw.irdcs, facing p. 238. »Bo 

0V. o'o-. IV (175). 



Bombay & Salsette 



Sir Patrick Cad el I says that when he was collector of Bombay in 1905 Dickin 
■as still regarded as the standard survey. 



B KO AC II 



The revenue survey of Broach was started in 1812, after Williams had carried 
out the experimental survey of one village [pi. 16 j. The Directors were so pleased 
with the survey of the first pan/ana [ II, 18S ], that they urged Bengal and Madras 
to take up surveys on similar Ones. 

The survey of Broach, which distinguishes not only the limits of every village, but the 
boundary and extent of each field, whether cultivated or not, together with the name of the 
possessor and the amount, of revenue payable, wns connected with the investigation of the 
rent-free lands, and a,... resumption of such as had been Improperly alienated from the State. 
The revenue recovered, ... in one small district only, has amounted to an annua! income con- 
siderably cxeeei i big ti ic estimated charge for surveying the whole district. It is obvious that. 
a survey conducted in this way lends to prevent.. .litigation, and may be of material use 
in guiding the courts to just- decisions in...cl;.ims to disputed property 1 . 

Survey of the parganas of Anklesvar and Hilnsot was completed early in 181ft 
and the records submitted a year later 11 , with a note that "in the course of the 
survey the whole population. ..were va.ee in sited against small pox" [IT, 363]*. 
Government advised the Directors of the receipt of 

a volume of plans and stale 11 ion l.s of all the lands in each and all of the villages of" the 
Broach porgunnah, ... including also a general plan of the pergunnsh, shewing the boundaries 
and relative positions of all the villages. ... General statements of all t - i it- lands. ... holders of 
alienated lands. ... lands recovered. ... payments made in the porgumiahs, and of the popula- 
tion with hides, etc. The whole occupying 1(51 of the largest folio pages. 

A volume of plans of all the lands. ..in the pe.rgnunahs of Ocelasior and Hansooto. ... 108 
folio pages. ... 

Two copies of a general plan of the whole Broach col lectors hip, shewing ii.s general extent 
and boundary, aw well as the extent and boundary of every village, and their union forming 
a proof of the accuracy of f lie whoie. 

Captain Williams has also formed a topographical map.. .which includes all the villages, ... 
not only for our own pa rgun nans, but of tho;-e belonging t<> the (.mice war and to the. late Poonah 
governments throu£.'h<>ut the whole of the Altavoesy [ 122 n.j |, and the country between the 
Kim 1 and the Tapty rivers, ... on a very comprehensive scale ( an inch to a mile }. ... 

The mode in which the valuable information. ..has been digested and brought forward — ■ 
the plan on which the surveys... have been conducted —the assiduity with which the resources 
of the several villages have been explored and the neatness... with which the survey has been 
executed — reflect, ihe: highest credit on. ..Captain Williams and. ..his. ..assistants. ... 

For... surveys yet to be undertaken, we have drafted a Regulation 5 founded on the principles 
on which those of Broach, Oeelnsier, anil llansoote, have been conducted, ... and under its 
operation the ■mrveying department will proceed with a greater degree of confidence... whilst 
the inhabitants will attach more importance to an investigation thus formally recognised 8 . 

The area, covered hy the three -pan/anas, which at that time formed the whole 
of the Broach colleetorate, covered 43d square miles. The 162 villages contained 
22,753 houses,, and a population estimated at 97,874. The assessment came to 
Rs. 10,48,787, derived from 177,055 acres, or 343,845 bignhs of productive land 
the waste being !!(>. 72b bi<jah$. The survey took about two years and a quarter, 
and Williams had from four to sir: military officers as assistants. 

Survey was then extended over Sura-t and the village of 
Kutargum, from the richness and value of its lands, their being entirely cultivated, and in a 
great degree enclosed, watered, and planted with fruit trees like gardens, appeared to be a 
good village on which to try the experiment of a very minute survey. Accordingly ono was 
made, and laid down on a scale four times larger than ordinary. .Every field, whether of Govern, 
merit or alienated bind, was measured separately, ami inserted undtsr its proper name, with 



170 Revenue Surveys, Madeas & Bombay 

the name of its cultivator ( in moat instances hereditary ] in the statement. The. profitable 
trees were all counted, and their number given on both the plan and statement 1 . 

After 1818 the Broach collectorate was enlarged by the addition of parganas 
Amod and Dehcj, and the survey of these was completed between 1818 and 1820 
by Cruikshank, Adams, Ovans and Newport 2 . 



In 1813 the collector of Kaira, to the north of Broach, asked for the survey 

to he extended to his district ; 

The. ..surveys made in the Broach purgurinah tnay...luivo familiarised the measure to. ..the 
inhabitants ; but in these districts, a great part of which extend beyond the limits of the 
celebrated survey made in the reign of the Emperor Akbar by Rajah Toodu Mai [I, 134 ], and no 
parts of which have bean measured since that period, it is possible that the survey may be 
viewed in an unfavorable light, and render it politic to. ..insinuate its operation by introducing 
it among the more peaceable villages, and waiting till the alarm of Innovation subsides*. 

Akbar's reforms were now happy memories ; 

The original system was; thai, ...the Government share of grain was annually estimated and 
levied in money from thy heads of the community... whilst crops were standing. ... 

This system was changed by Akbar, whose wisdom saw the strength his Government 
would derive from a fixed money revenue. By his settlement "a correct account of the bounda- 
ries of each village was drawn out, and the whole land eaie&Jy measured. The land was thou 
divided into fixed classes, and each Held assigned to one or the other class. ... One third of the 
gross produce was taken as the rent due by the whole village", ... 

Mogul rule was succeeded by that of the Mahrattas- who, whatever may have been their 
merits in their own country, were in Guzerat. mere plunderers. Their system was the ruinous 
one of farming out districts to speculators, and the villa aes were ruinously rackrented, and 
broke down under the pressure' 1 [I, 138, 144]. 

Carrying on the survey of Surab, Kaira and Ahmadabad after the departure of 
Williams in 1821, Cruikshank had in 1824 seven military assistants 5 . In 1821 ; 
his Indian staff comprised, 

1 Head Measurer .. .. .. Rupees per mensem 35-0-0 

48 Native Surveyors and lleaium;;, '.villi liberty r.;i increase 

that n'.irnliijr '.vitamin: rmiriifintinj; Hie expense .. ,, .. ([gn-O-O 

53 men for carrviiii; Instrument*, flags, &c., marking, " 

[ with liberty .is above ] 
6 or more peons 

Office expenses, ie draughtsman and writers 

An apprentice i'roiri the Charity Bohool 

Office Rent, ...Tent and carriage, ...furniture, statioi___. . 

dciiwi.'ir; implo'iunit.i, commiin hia'aaaa;e;;;s, aa-i <xaa agencies . . ., 376-0-0 

In eae)i co 1 1 e:-v.a a to under survey, ... for bamboos, flags, 

coantry pi'-p^'. additional horse, and eonthi^encies ., ,. .. 153-0-0 

In reporting on the survey of the Kaira collect or ate, Cruikshank writes ; 

Prior to the survey no common standard of length of the guntha, or hath, existed, but 
after a careful and thorough investigation and enquiry by the late Lt. Colonel Williams, the 
length of ti:e auntha was determined and fixed [ 164 ]. 

The survey was completed... during the years 1820 to 1824... under... Capt. Ovans, ... assisted 
by Lieut. Keys. ..and Lieut. Keynolda. ... 

Topographical plans of the whole of the villages, both government and alienated, on a 
scale of ■"> inches to a- mile, ... Hi- luce:! plan of the whole parg.-.na on J -inch scale 6 . 

Melvill held charge in Ahmedabad ; 

Survey commented December 1824, and freldwcrk concluded in March 1828. In the khalsa 
villages a minute measurement %vas made of every field, but in the talooka alienated villages 
a general survey of their limits only was taken, and the megrwaree villages left entirely 

'from Williams, 15-11-18, Bo Rev Bd. 88-1-19; map, MRIO. 124 (10); report by Cruikshank & 
Ovans, 1817; MRIO. M. liuii: pLn of e'.iaat eitv. iiv Adam.-* & y.c.wy.of. rluriri" monsoon of I KIT 10 Cat 
[438]. ! of. Unitwsar village, [pi. id]. M!o RC. vol. 90/IS13 ; 31-12-13. 'from C. J.'Prescott 

Hap. Rev. Svv., Oa.:::: al, -1', -3- sL>. iJo ,•:■!.. ,s' ;.,■:. exiv. mr.v as;-. 5 0v;iui, Da: a at esq, K.jvs. ^■■Ivid Xeivnott 
Down & Reynolds [ 34 3 ]. B £o. Surveys, 1826-7 ( 14a ). ' ' 






PLANoftheLANDS 

oftheViIlageofUMLESUR, 

Barocne Purounna, 

as Surveyed inMarch, 1812. 

/l£/7Z£lff?S. The Taouw^orfrtn/ernmentLana ' 1*1. eu/ewa£e#ns is cmcred Red,. 

Tfu-jf&ena/ed Z/ands are. &£ a*ue>&red'. 

Th&GwemfnentJsasiifjn (srats /s cc/t>red Green- and ' 'tnarkea f 3. 

T/ie ueifircd(icei4>& ffces/e Land cf ccwned Hrvrnm/. 

The artdYc- ffltsteLafidisce&red-BrvTvn and mar/ted Z. 

The Scundaru of toe- vtllaae /andt is -marked 6te a 6rvAen UfacfcLisie . 



SCALE lor theBEECAS and WUSSAS 

6W ^OlTll li!M, : il 




m:h7Fn**Mliches 



>JS Guineas = I British Mile 







•treat 


<*Hi*B 


Sea 


e ofFeet 


folH'^T^! 1— -^H — — — \^ 



Oma>. o/die -fitriry Department,-*. 
Barvche, Seeitem&er J8/8. I 



.frtrpetfed and Dmn?i t't/ 

Jtttnes Cndftshank, Ctint: & (7s.t i slant. 




Reduced by one-third from map. scale inches to a mile, prepared 
from esperinn'r.tiii survey framed out in 1812 under Monier Williams 
and the Collector of Broach ( U, iSS n.4 ]. 

The revenue surveys of Gujarat, 1815 to 1828, followed this pattern 



Gujarat 



171 



unnoticed. Village plana S inches to 1 mile biit- where waste was extensive scale was reduced 
to 2J inches to a mile. 

No measurement is known ever to have been mnde before of this country. ... The tul- 
latees' records were wholly unworthy of notice ; spaces set down by them at 25 hee-gahs have 
been found more than 300. ... The want of any information or correct know ledge... relative to 
the general condition, extent- of cultivation, or even the- situat-inn, of the villngos not imme- 
diately contiguous to the kussxi:;, was remarkable 1 . 

Survey was closed down in 1827, though Cruikshank was occupied with maps and 
reports up to J829 2 . It was found too expensive to be carried further, though 
Elphinstone noted at the time that 

the management of the surveys does not appear to me so injudicious. ... The Guzerat 
survey, tho' it haa dint too iiiueli, is not- devoid of practical utility, and n fiords ranch interesting 
uilVirniat ion , ... | and is ] now reduced to a very moderate minim! charge 3 . 



DeCCA'S 

Towards the close of the Maratha war in 1818 Elphinstone pressed the import- 
ance of land measurement as a basis for the assessment of revenue, and proposed that, 
in the area taken over from the Peshwa, measurement should be carried out under 
the direction of the collectors by native agency with European supervision*. The 

Imperial Gnzettner describes how 

Revenue, or cadastral, surreys undertaken as a basis for laud assessment date from the reign 
of Akbar, in whose time over 7 million acres in Gujarat wens measured in connection with 
the revenue, system of Todar Mai [ I, 134 ; III, 170 ], In the time of Shah Jahan this survey 
was extended to the Deccfin. Tho first for winch record* are avaiia-hie is that undertaken by 
the Bijapur Sultans at, the end of the 16th century. This survey formed the basis of the 
revenue assessments till 1817, though the original measurements wore partially revised by Sivaji 
as the country passed under the sway of the Mahiathas. 

The most successful of the early British surveys was that of Satara started by 
Challeri in 1820 [ 6-7, 125-6 ], and carried on by Adams 6 ; 

When Grant Dttff 6 [ in ISIS ] ad.-iumed tho env eminent of the districts which were to form 
the future kingdom of Satara, everything was in disorder. 

Here, as in almost- everv other portion ol' the l.'i i-lnvn '•= dominion;-, tho neoossii-y of a system- 
atie survey was early apparent, and savvey operations were commenced almost as soon as the 

...tranquility of the country ivas secured In almost- every other district- of our acquisitions 

from the Malii'ii-t-tas those early surveys have proved.. .worse tiiaii useless. 

In Satara alone, tho survey conducted by Captain Adams... under the in str tic lions of Grant 
Duff is still the standard authority. ... He saw that almost the only pressing want whieh a 
survey could at that, period supply was tho deficiency, or incompleteness, of records of measure- 
ment. ... Boundaries ol villages and fields were asi.ei'i-a ined nnd marked ■■ the superficial extent 
of lands, especially those which claimed to bo rent-free, was measured — and of all these parti- 
culars careful and intelligible records were preserved. ... 

An appeal to "Adam Sahib's survey 7 ' or "Grant. Sahib's settlements" is, to this day 
[ 1876 ], an end of all strife 00 any point to which they relate 7 . 

Grant Duff handed the Satara territories over to the Raja in 1822, but Adams 
stayed on a.s surveyor till his death in 1829. 

Efforts to start similar surveys were made by William Chaplin, Collector of 
Dharwar in 1819, and his successor, St. John Thackeray, 8 who 

instituted a detailed field survey on the model of that introduced into the Ceded Districts 
by Sir Thomas Munro [ II, 180-2 }. This survey was commenced in a single district under 
the inspection of Mr. Thackeray himself, ... but his multifarious duties did not allow the 



'.' proved essential to the successful 



a survey 



super vision... whicii experience has n 
by means of native agency 9 . 

1 R«port by Merrill, Jan. 1827 ; Bo RC. 1827. Mb. vol. 370/1831 ; report by Principal Collector, 

AlunsrliiliJUl. 11 -H Jl : Mnp;. 10 0,it. ( i'H- ! ; ameiewt 1*33 records, Alp-.abctica' List nf Villages, Gujarat. 
DDn. 278. 'Bo Sel. CIV. *T)Dn. 11* (114), 6-13-1S. 'MHTO. 123 (3). 124 (29). 'James 

Cunningham Grant-Dull : 173!) Isjs ;■ li'i. Inf. tf.Vfl. !>!)',. ret. as Capt. JK27. 'Grant-Duff ( 223-7 | ; 

cf. Calcutta Rev.. 1K36. -Son of Win. Makepeace Thicke-ny ! 17-19 1813 ), l!C>.. whns« sister in. James 
Reims! I II, 373 I; uncle of tin' nmelist ; itnir.iercl hv cnu-iic'it- at Kittur, 15 m. BW. of Dharwar, 22-10-21. 
'Report by Wingate, 25-10-44 ; Bo RS. XII. 7-9-53 ( 9 ). 



\V2 



Revenue Surveys, Madras & Bombay 



Chaplin pushed on his schemes for regular surveys after becoming Commissioner 
in the Deccan. He describes the usual trouble over units of measure [ 163-4, 170 ] ; 
■ Of land measures in use there is this greatest, diversity-. Former measurements... seem 
usually to have been -made with a rod. ..of live cubits and five clonehod fists ( equal to about 
9 British feet ), one square rod making a pole ; 20 poles bob pauad ; 20 paunds one beega, and 
120 beegas one cliawur. At present, however, there is the widest difference in the size of the 
b'eegah, the term no longer conveying any adequate notion of the extent of lend contained in 
it. According to the above measurement it may be computed at about ]'.s of an acre. ... ■ 

A survey must always be Slip groundwork or' a proper ryotwar settle-moist. Without it, 
the ryots are in a manner abandoned to the discretion of the village and district officers, a 
discretion which no know is always abused 1 . 

• Except for Satara the assessment based 011 these early surveys followed, too 
closely the high rates exacted by the Marat has. and gave little encouragement to 
the extension of cultivation. In 1826, as a result of Chaplin's efforts, Robert 
Pringle 2 was appointed Superintendent of Survey and Assessment in the Deccan, and 
after his first reports was deputed in. February IS27 to " the survey and assessment 
of the collector a tes of Poona and Ahmednuggur. Including the districts comprised 
in the late collectorship of Sholapoor " 5 . 

Pringle followed a- Memorandum of RuIl* propose! for a Revenue, Survey and 
Assessment of the Deccan. 1820, based largely on Munro's rules for the Ceded 
Districts 4 [ II, 182 ], from which the following extracts are taken ; 

The most, corroet meit.-.od of land surveying is w itl'i the cross ( sunkoo ), the use of which 
ia soon learnt by native surveyors. ... 

The Surveyor is to be furnished with 11 standard yard measure of wood, by which ho will, 
every fourth day, compare rtio measuring chiiin, which, if found to bci c.vlcudod by neo or by 
the links being broken, must he rectified as occasion may require.- ... 

' The following are the points of inquiry to which the surveyor's attention is to be directed. 
To ascertain what lands, said to he enaros, are recent unauthorised alienations, or what may be 
properly escheats to Government from failure of heirs, and what Government, lands may 
be concealed and kept baek from the accounts. All such concealed resources, being fully 
developed and included in the jummabundy [1, 135 ], will entitle the surveyor to one half of 
the first year's revenue that may ace ore from them, wiib a reservai ion... of one-fourth of that 
moiety. ..to the informers. ... 

As the pay of the surveyor is to depend in some decree upon the quantity of work done, ... 
some of them, in the hope of gain, may- perform the duty in a slovenly manner, by neglecting 
to take the measurement of the angles requisite to enable- them to find the contents of fields. 
The examiners... will... correct these inaccuracies, and, en detection, the surveyor to whom the 
blame may attach will be liable to... punishment. ... 

The surveyor appointed no measure particular villages must not be allowed, at his own 
discretion, to undertake the measurement of other villages in which he may think that the 
duty may be executed with less labour and more profit to himself. ... Any deviation from 
this rule will be punished by fine. ... 

Surveyors are. ..forbidden to bear or confine rhe inhiihitants oil. any account whatever. 

Pringle had no European professional assistance, and, as his results did not 
stand up to rigorous investigation, a regular survey by Tndian measurers under filose 
European supervision was organized by George Wiugate 5 in 1837. 



South Koxkan 



The statistical survey of the Southern Konkan made by Jervis [ 126-7 ]> though 
Of considerable value for revenue purposes, did not include the measurement of 
land other than for general topographical mapping. T11 a published account of 
the systems of revenue collection and land tenure, Jervis describes " the indigenous 
units of rr 



■Report on Fiscal ,£- Judicial systt 
Pringle ( lSiK-97 1 ; UoCfi. IS2H-M. 
Wingato ( 1812-79 ) s Bo Engra. ; KCSI. 



., by CWlm, 1 



South Konkaw 



1 



The e 



t of land was estimated first by the q 



then by the quantity of seed roqukite to 
by actual rude measurement with a rope. . 

In February 1826 William Dowell 
the collector of Ratnagiri 3 ; 

The object of this 



, than by the estimate of its contents ; lastly 
ventually by the more correct rod surveys 1 . 
s deputed to make a, revenue survey under 

classify, and assess, the lands of the taluka, 
using the ancient measures of land, classes of soil, and beghaonee rates of grain ; to define 
boundaries of fields and villages, and record the names of the proprietor.--, tenants, etc., and 
to settle boundary disputes « hen praei Lt -;s :.;J o . Ancient customs wore to be respected, and no 
interference made with the rights of the people or the tenures under which their lands were 
held. A census of the population was likewise taken. 

The survey was completed in the month of May 1329, since which period Captain Dowell 
has been engaged in arranging the material* collected by him, and in preparing various 
papers. ... Latterly he has devoted his attention to the preparation of tables adjusting the 
amount, ..due to Gove in room ...by each individual. ... 

Though the information collected. ..will. ..bo very useful. ..us evidence of the resources of 
the taluka, ... it would be unsafe and impolitic to introduce the rates fixed by it in lieu of the 
present system by which part of the collection are received in kind, and part in money. .... 
Xo sufficient reason exists id. present for disi orbing a system of high antiouity , and one which 
the former Government supported, and to which we have adhered. 

The principle of this survey has been to consolidate all the different taxes paid by the 
people into one general assessment to be imposed direct on the land. This would apparently 
simplify tho system ; ii would, how ever, raise rents ill sunn' eases, and reduce them in Others,, 
and such attempts at. equalization are always unpopular. ... 

Captain Dowell, ...when not occupied by his own particular duties, ...has cheerfully 
assisted the Collector in various ways connected with tin; management of the district, with 
all tho details of which he is intimately conversant. He was jut.eiy deputed into the talookas 
to inspect tho crops, and the full, information which he has collected. ..has been of great value... 
in ascertaining the merits of the elaims to remissions. ... 

As. ..great care should be taken of the valuable documents deposited in the cutcherry 
relative to the survey, I have placed on the new establishment proposed for this district- 
two of the carcoons | 3153 ] that have served under Captain Dowell. who recommends them 
t of their intelligence aiul experience 3 . 



Appreciations 



In 1836 a later Collector oi" Kal nagiri found Uowell's survey "of no public uti- 
lity; no reference has ever been made to the papers", neither was the work of the 
revenue surveyors in Gujarat, appreciated by district officers in general [ 171 ]. The 
following comments were made by the Principal Collector of Ahmadabad ; 

The chief benefit derived from the survey records consists in the information... of the 
extent and capability of the soil, the population, wells, and state of cultivation in each village 
at tho time of the survey. ... 

I am not aware of any <:reat assistance being afforded by the survey in making the assess- 
ments, there being only two modes of assessments in this s-,il]ah, the begotco, and bhagdarey ; 
the rates of these two are permanently fixed, and do not fluctuate yearly. 

With regard to. ..the right to exemption from revenue on lands held by individuals, no 
information is to be gained from the survey. There is. ..a register. ..of such lands, but no 
investigation or scrutiny was made hy the survey o ulcers... fo determine whether the claims to 
exemption were well founded. ... Ko information... col lee ted l>y the aurvoy on points interfer- 
ing with individual rights could be admitted as evidence in any Court of Justice*. 

The Judicial department held similar views ; 

Both the Judao and Co lkc ten 1 of Ahmedabiel report Unit the survey has not furnished 
any facility in... judicial business, nor do they consider it adapted for such a purpose. A 
former Judge. ..thinks differently, for, while. ..it was of no use at...Surat, he remarked that in 
his time at Ahmodabad he derived tzroat assistance from its records in land and boundary suits. 

The Judge and Collector at Surat eoncur in representing the survey as having been nearly 

a Rev. Comnr. 4-1-33 ; Bo RC. camp,. 



174 Revenue Surveys, Madras & Bombay 

useless For judicial purposes; the latter think it. may. however, bcve nreveuied litigation by 
brincim; subjects of dispute in it fair issue. ... 

The sub-collector ai I! area e he appears to have; made a groat deal of use of the survey 
records in disputes concerning alienated lands, to no purpose, since he describes his references 
to them as only determining the settlement* made by the survey, not as furnishing grounds 
for determining their correctness. 

The Judge mid Collector afc Poena report- that I be survey has hitherto f'.irnished no judicial 
information. ... The grounds on which its settlements are made cannot be depended on as 
authentic, and the native revenue officer* seem to be actuated by a similar opinion. ... 

The remaining zOlas of Ahmednaggur, Iv.mkuns and Dharwar, have not been surveyed 
to a sufficient extent to furnish materials Tor conclusions; ...the authorities at these places, 
however, all concur in representing the survey as totally useless fur -judicial purposes. ... 

The Judges of the Sxidur Dewaneo Udalat think that such an undertaking must always be 
unavailing to a court of law from the radical defect arising from the want of an antagonist 
interested in the same maimer as a party would be who prosecuted or defended a claim in 
■court. The survey officers could never depend on having beard both sides of a quostion, 
because their enquiries are not made on tho particular occasions when the parties concerned 
have any reason for desiring mvesti^al ion : nor indeed could those officers ascertain whether 
the parties concerned bad been really consulted at all 1 . 

It is obvious that the groat mistake of all theso parly revenue surveys was asking 
anything more from the surveyors than their professional work of making accurate 
measurements of the land. Classification of .soils, and determination of boundaries 
are matters for civil administrative officers. 

'Sudur Dewai.ee Udalat, 30-11-31; BoEC, ramp, 370/1831 ( 21-0 ). 



CHAPTER XIII 



hi 



ASTRONOMICAL CONTROL 

Himalaya Districts, 181&-22 — Bengal Surveys, 1816-23 — Burma War ; North- 
East Frontier & Arakan, 1825-7 — Burma, 1825-8; — Bengal, 1823-30; Proposed 
Astronomical Survey — Surveyor OencraVs Observatory -Field Surveys ; — Madras 
— Colaba Observatory. 

BENGAL surveyors were still dependent- on astronomical observations for geogra- 
phical position, though left as a rule to provide their own instruments. Many of 
them acquired a high degree of skill, more particularly Hodgson, Webb, 
Gerard, and Grant, and with the improvement of instruments and astronomical 
tables 1 Reuben Burrow's values of 1887-9 were gradually superseded [ T, 163-4 3- 

The work of Hodgson and Herbert in the mountains forms a story of its own, 
because the high hopes that were set on its accuracy were frustrated by abnormal 
deflections of the plumb-line that w r ere entirely unsuspected [ 34, 45 ]. Hodgson had 
made frequent astronomical livings in the upper d.oab and on the Nepal frontier 
between 1813 and 1815, and when he started his survey of Garhwal and Sirimir in 
181B he sought to base his triangulation on the difference of observed latitudes, 
rather than on chain measu cement across rough and broken ground [ 30 ]. 

It appeared to him that the great superiority of modern instruments, allowing of con- 
siderable accuracy in the determination of latitude, afforded moans almost as unexceptionable, 
for geographical purposes, as Iho measurement of a base-line. Ho thought that, by choosing 
two stations sufficiently distant, and determining cunifully...tlie latitudes, ... their distance 
might be found sufficient^ aaex the truth from the known, value of tlio degroo of latitude. 
... From this line considered as a base, he intended determining others by means of a trian- 
gulation, which was finally to take in the limits of the snowy chain 1 . 

The first station was at Belleville, Saharanpur [ 38 n.7 ], 
thehouseof Mr. Clriuda-K 3 , t ho judge and magistrate, ... — s, large and conspicuous white building 
in an open situation. The second, or northern, station is a very remarkable and lofty mountain 
calledtheChur[IT,pl. 10; III, 30 ; pi. 5], ...upwards of 1 1,000 feet above.. .Seliaranprjr, ... The 
station marl: on the Clmr is a pyramid.. .of pine trees, rock, and turf, 35 feet high, ... visible 
from Relville with the Instruments I intended using. ... 

The distance of these stations is upwards of 61 miles, ... sufficiently long to serve as a base 
for the most distant snowy peaks visible, ... and T hoped that, by taking a great number of 
zenith distances at each place, I should be able, with a reflecting circle, to determine the 
difference of latitude within 2 or It seconds, which, relatively to the great length of the arc 
{ upwards of 53 minutes ), could only occasion a small uncertainty in the distance 1 . 

He made repeated observations for latitude on Singora and Chain peaks between 
February and April 1B1P, and after an exploratory tour through Sabathu, Simla, 
and the Sutlej valley, returned to repeat his observations on the Chaur in stormy 
weather in October [31-2]. Making a tour through the plains during the cold 
weather and meeting with Webb [32,46], he returned in the spring to visit the 
sources of the Jumna and Ganges. He supplemented his triangles by frequent rays 
to snow peaks and astronomical fixings, observing Jupiter's satellites, 
not with a view to correct, the survey by the differences of longitude they give, as I can know 
the difference more correctly by other means, but to try how the differences... are to be 

'but the Greenwich Tables for 1S21 had nearly SOU errors, An. J. XIX ( 162, 685). 'Herbert's 
Tournai P'Oe 103 ■ M S'JG. Mi! vers I'ranris Cdisrhll -! I "SIS -IS!] ; : UflS. lsnJ . ,:,.. ~-.t h/i.ranpur, 10-8-16, 
JanrMun.i: ir.a^tc. S.,l,amiipur fr..m Jn :1 . 1*10 : ISslviiL: ,h™nn imp, .1IRIO. 10 (IS) [ vol. II, pi. IO ]. 
"Hodgson ; As R. XIV, 1823 ( 187 ). 



Astronomical Control 



depended on when, for want of more certain data, I may be obliged to call in their 

He was not happy about his latitudes, for 
several of the meridian altitudes of the sun & sts.ru govs; results differing from tho r 
more than I could wish, & much more than they do in the plains, but the ini 
observing on these stormy peaks is great. & inducer; discrepancies, & it is not impossible that 
refraction is variable 1 . 

He was joined by Herbert in May 1817 [ 33 ] and after spending the rains at 
Saharanpur, they resumed observations in October, Hodgson at Saiiaranpur, and 
Herbert at the Chaur. The longitudes agreed well, and were confirmed bv 
corresponding observations of Jupiter.-; satellites from tin; .Madras Observatory [ 177, 187 ]. I 
am glad to find that they are satisfactory. I have.. .eclipses taken at Seharunpour, which. ..will 
further assist in fixing that important station and first, meridian, from which I will calculate 
the differences of longitude of all the snow peaks observed from it and Choor station*. 

Herbert's latitudes were disappointing ; " for nice purposes ", writes Hodgson, 
" a sextant is of little or no use " . 

His instrument was a- sextant, & though lit- is nu experl observer... the mean of his latitudes 
is 6' different from the results by the ein-.'e. ... [ lie } lias now the same circle which I had, & I 
have another; one or both of us will shortly visit the Choor & determine his latitude definitely. 
The three angles of the great triangle, Saharanpour — Chour — Bhairaut wild be observed 3 . 

Herbert took the latitude at the. third great station, Barat 4 , during April, and 
after further attempts Hodgson had to confess that 

the hopes.. .of obtaining some very accurate and close results for latitude with the large circle 
were quite disappointed, and to what cause the very xirunqe rfj>erej>i>ictea...be owing. ..I am at 
a loaa to determine. The adjustments were so perfect that it was impossible anything could be 
better. The only possible cause to which they can be attributed is the fault of the observer, 
yet I took every pains. On rinding I could do nothing with this instrument, I again resorted 
to the reflecting circle. ... The observations taken.. .[were ] tolerably good, and more consistent 
with each other than, any eijual mini her of observations I have yet made. 

Mean result is 16 pairs of stars on opposite feces *: opposite sides of the zenith ; the extreme 
differences 15"' 7, and the greatest difference from the mean 8° -4. ... Latitude of the Chour 
30" 50' 17" '84, the result of US sets of observations on both sides of the zenith 5 . 

In his final review Hodgson admits failure, 
though I had much larger and more perfect instruments than have hitherto been used in the 
mountains, or in any survey on this side of India • and both of us had much practice as observers. 
When I had leas experience, I was more confident as to the accuracy which... might be 
obtained from celestial observations, but now, far from being satisfied with .surprisingly clOHe 
results, I. ..consider them the effects of chance. 

It has been said... that when experienced observers, after raking all the... precautious i: 
power, find themselves embarrassed by discrepancies for which they cannot account 
are on tho point of making some important discovery ; at any rate, though thoy may not _„ . , 
fortunate, they may, by making a fair disclosure, enable others. ..to do so [t-page]. 

The mean of Lieut. Herbert's observations and mine varied at the Chor only 4", which 
is less than could be expected. ... To prove whether the difference of latitude of our large 
arc, Belville and the Chur, was certainly determined, T established a third... station on tho 
fort of Bairat, the three places making a well-proportioned triangle. ... There, a great number 
of observations were made by Lieut. Herbert and myself at different times, ... with the same 
reflecting circle, but the mean of our observations differed 7 seconds. 

At all the throe stations, the angles and azimuths were carefully observed, yet we had 
the mortification to find that the latitude of Bairat, as deduced by strict calculation on the 
latitude and azimuth arc, did not agree with the mean latitude actually observed...as it 
ought to have done, but differed from it ten seconds. Had it differed only three or four 
seconds, we should have been content. ... 

Much chagrined at the disagreement, we were at a loss what steps to take ; whether to 
consider the latitude of Belvillo as satisfactorily settled, and that of the other two stations 
as erroneous, or to divide the error equally between the three. Still suspecting that some 
oversight had taken place, though none seemed palpable, we determined to try a second 
proof station ; ... the mountain of Surkimda 6 was fixed on. ... There, latitudes, angles, and 

'Journal ; MRIO. M 360 ; 1 1-3-17 ; 27-3-17. " to SG., DDn. 157 ( 17 |, Feb. 1818. > Journal, MRIO- 
M 380, Jan. ISIS. ' 7,-IOG a., } .a. \\ of iii.riLt Khr.i p-.. 5;j P/l-1. ■ J:>arad ; 1IBIO. M 3Gi! : June 1B18- 
Troe value, aatr. 30" 50' 13'- 9; trig. 30° 50' 49' -9. '9,075 ft. ; 10 ra.E. of Mussoorie [37]. 



they 



Himalaya Districts 



177 



azimuths were observed, and again the observed and computed latitude* differed to the 
amount of some seconds, ... the compute'! nn; proving ijrraLcr than the observed. Observations 
on the Wartu iaoiiTita.li! |;!:vs dirf&tcnccs in a. contrary sense. 

Thus perplexed . we dor-piuiisd of arriving at (he accuracy we aimed at, ...and resolved, 
cost what tiim; it might, to try n'rifl ul«;sr tliu iliiTiOLilt.v by measuring a base 1 . 

Mackenzie had the observations sent down to Madras for check ; 

A completion of their survey h of that in; ersstiiig Hurt, is un object oi'so'ne it. teres t, for... the 
eyes of scientific men are turned to the Thibet mountains by late publications [46]. ... 
Captain Hodgson 's... sickness lias in fact permitted little to be done these hi months, at least 
in details of a geodesies.! nature. Several posit kins "have Win observed, ... and. ,, file observations 
for one ilc.cc repeated bt.-Yorio nil C'hiujiioii nceessity ; no doubt they will, lit! a« urate. 

Those 01... the former year were.. .sent to the observatory at Madras for.. .being checked by 
corresponding observations, and [were ] returned with sutisfaufc'.jry notices by Mr. Goldingham. 
This method, which had been practised by the late Colonel Colebrooke, Dr. Hunter, etc. [II, 
190-1 ], I would still recommend'-. 

Hodgson's health became so bad that he withdrew from the survey, and left 
Herbert to carry on alone [35 ]. His observations at Surkanda confirmed Herbert 
in his decision that a, distance derived from astronomical observations of latitude 
could provide no satisfactory foundation for the survey. Working "with different 
instruments and at two different periods", he and Hodgson could not get away 
from a discrepancy of ten seconds in each of their great triangles. The only thing 
to do now was to measure a base on the ground [ 37 ] 5 . 

It is strange tl.uit Hodgson, with all his studious reading, had no suspicion, even 
so late as 1820, 01 the possible effect of local attraction, a subject that, was familiar 
to both Lambton [ II, 194, 261 ] and Everest [ 44 ] and it was indeed unfortunate 
that he should have tried this experiment in a region where the most extraordinary 
anomalies prevail. 

The irregular and abnormal deflections in this region brought to light by thei 
Great Trigonometrical Survey were discussed at length by Sir Sidney Burrard in 
1901 and investigated in the closest detail 4 . The main facts that defeated Hodgson 
are that whilst there is a northerly deilection of the plumb lino of 15* at Saharanpur, 
this is no less than 3(J° at the Chaur and 39" at Bharat. Snch discordances give 
errors up to a third of a mile in computed horizontal distance, and rendered all 
Hodgson's care and labour of no avail whatever [ 35-7 ] . 

Herbert measured bis base-line in the Dun early in 1819, and adjusted the whole 
triangulation to it. Geographical position was determined from the observed 
latitude and longitude of Saharanpur and the azimuth of the Chaur; 

The basis of all these results is the latitude of Bellovillo, taken at 29° 57' 10", ...by a 
mean of upwards of 100 observations 5 . ... The observations of longitude. ..consist of 25 emersions 
of Jupiter's first satellite. ... The results are all referred to the meridian of the Choor, tho 
mean longitude of which comes out 77° 28' 39" 8 [ pi. 5 ]. 

Webb also based his survey of Kumaun on astronomical latitudes, though he 
realized that these were not entirely satisfactory, and the accuracy of his survey was 
condemned by Everest on this account [ 44-5 ]. For longitude he adopted 
that of Peleebheet by Mr. P.. Burrow, though I am fully aware that the accuracy of thai 
position is very doubtful [I, 160-3]. I ought to have preserved the whole- of his positions, 
but before I was aware of the consequence, I liad inserted Kasheepoor from my own computa- 
tion, which does not give the same difference of longitude between that place and Peleebheet 
as Mr. Burrow'a observation. ... Any part, or tho whole, of thia skotch may bo transferred to 
your map by simply correcting the longitude of Peleebheet and every other meridian 1 . 

Distrusting the accuracy of chain and perambulator measurements in the hills, 
Hodgson devised a method of surveying the major rivers by means of chronometers 
and observations for time ; 



>Aa B. XIV, 1V2'1 { IS 


i). 


■DDn. 


1S4{SI),1S- 


-18. 


1 Joura 


il ; DDn. 137, M 322, 30-10-18 


JW Paper 5. 'true value 


Aat 


E9°5 


'0B--5;Trjg. 


9° 57 


24' -5. 


•Trne value 77° 28' 6u". He 


iG. 4-3-19, DDn. ISO (9.1). 















178 Astronomical Control 



In a mountainous country we must. ..depend on chronometers for the difference of longitude 
by... transferring time when the courses happen to be ( as for the upper parts of the great 
rivers within the Himalaya | not far from east and west. In the deep beds of those rivers 
all ordinary means.. .fail when the latitudes are nearly the same, and the windings... among 
precipices and denies is so great. ... In certain situations we can avail ourselves of the assistance 
of the great snowy peaks to fix our position, and, when we cannot, we must trust altogether 
to latitudes and Lrausteronee of time by the means of several chronometers 1 . 

He published in Asiatic Researches a long list of the latitudes and longitudes 
he had fixed, not only during his survey in the hills, but also on various surveys in 
the doab and elsewhere, and on his river journeys to and front Calcutta' 2 [II, 193-4!. 

Bengal Surveys, 1816-23 

The great disadvantage of control by astronomical fixings was that each surveyor 
worked independently of his neighbour. Gerard, for instance, was surveying 
Saharanpur and the Dun for the Revenue Commissioners [ 22-3, 157 ], and taking 
observations all through 1817 without any co-operation with Hodgson [43 ]. By the 
means of 7 observations, all within 20", he makes the latitude of Moerut 28° 59' 12', 
and from 30 observations of the sun he makes the latitude of Dehra 30" 19' 2" 3 . 
He writes regarding his map of the Dan [pi. 3] ; 

Boudrajh, Byrath, Chandee and Nalapanee, being jien.ks one or more of which were almost 
always visible, I was very particular in ascertaining their positions. The latitude of Bhyrath 
was determined by 267, Bhudrajh by 229, Chandee by 59, and Salapanes by 57 oireum-meri. 
dian altitudes of the sun and stars, and, a* the observations wore north and south of the zenith, 
I think the above places eun scarcely be 5 seconds wrong. 

The latitudes of the places of encampment ( with the exception of 9 which could not be 
•observed by reason of clouds ) were fixed from 5 to 10, and sometimes by 30 or 40, observations 
of the Bun and stars. ... 

I have every reason to believe that the differences of lo.n^itudos are. as correct as the lati- 
tudes. Keara Sorone, and Sankoth are the only pliices where the ■ iifleroneo of longitude was 
ascertained by chronometer. The rest were worked by trigonometry from the bearings of 
Bhyrath, Bhudrajh, Chandee and Xab.panee. ... 

By observations of Jupiter's 1st and 2nd satellites the longitude of Bhudrajh comes out 
78° 0' 30**. I have however not drawn the meridian lines, as I have got two oceultations of 
stars by the moon and two solar eclipses which, when compared with the Greenwich observa- 
tions will give the longitude more correct than Jupiter's satellites 5 . 

Peter Grant took his astronomy very seriously and read nil the hooka he could 
find on the subject. The field books of his surveys of the lower doab and Gorakhpur 
are full of long technical discussions [ 20-2 ] ; 

The latitudes. ..were in most planes deduced... from meridian altitudes. The instrument 
...was a sextant made by Troughton of 15 inches radius, and of ladmirable construction. 
In the hot weather, ... when the thermometer ranges 95° in the shade, it is astonishing 
how rapidly the error increases and diminishes. I have observed the error of a sextant vary 
from 1' to 6' and 7' in the course of 10 minutes, when exposed to the sun. ... Observations of 
stars are in every "way preferable. ... 

The longitudes are inferred from the meridian of Azimgurh, which is considered to be 
83° 10". My large telescope did not reach me till the middle of September, long after the 
■opposition of Jupiter, consequently I had few opportunities of observing the ceiipses of Jupiter's 
satellites. ... There are also IS lunar observation, of which ,j only have been calculated. The 
altitude of the sun and moon were observed alternately. ... 

The latitude of Azimgurh was deduced from a mean of 55 observations, 13 of which were 
of stars only, and made with Cilhei'l's sextant. The.se i;ave a, mean of 2fi° 3' 15". The remain- 
ing observations were made with Troughton's sextant, and consisted of meridian altitudes 
of the sun, altitudes of the pole star and of Fomalhaut, and equal altitudes of the sun. A 
mean of these gave 26° 3' 21*. This is the latitude of the collector's Kutcherry. ... In Arrow, 
smith's map, ... and I believe in Roimall's maps, it is laid down 26° 6' 7 . 



"Bengal Surveys 



179 



lentioned in 
. not having 
3 sirnong the 



Tim long Li Lidt of Clocuckpoor, according to "Mr, Arrows nit.h's map of 1S20, is about 83° 
T. ... Captain Webb's survey [ II, 34 ]... makes it 82° 18', ...a difference of 50 minutes. ... 
Major Rennell made it 83° 45'. In Mr. Arrowsmith'a map of 1804 it is 83" 23'. It may... bo 

assumed to be 83° 16' 1 . ... This perhups is not- fur from the truth, and it is hoped that- a perma- 
nent rosidoneo in tills di.-tric:. will a'Tos'd the ti.is-n.ris of determining ;-iiO point. ... 

Tho latitude of the Residency lit Luekuow deduced !'»m the survey, which corresponds 
exactly with that from observation, i- 2>'>" 51' 27", and the longitude SO' 515', but I have good 
reasons for doubting its aeeuraoy. ... 

Thore were several oceullatious of iixed seer.-' ubservct!, some of thorn not 
the Nautical Almanac. I lrave not. ..just now tho names of some- of tho sta: 
brought along with me my eeli-.-Sml globe, which I regret- much, for I think i- 
tno-t useful instruments that r.i .surveyor can possess. ... 

On the- bsinks of tho Toonso River. The course of this river has not boon accurately laid 
down. ... Mr. 'Burrow, who remarks that his observations of latitude cannot err 5", states 
the conflux of f-hc Tomise wish, tho Ganges to be in latitude 25° 16' 16" and longitude 82". 
Arrowsmith makes its hit. 25° £2', long. 84° 10'. It is difficult to account for so groat a 
difference. Mr. Burrow was a good uiathomatieisia, and si 11 excellent observer. His latitudes 
ought to bo dojiouded upon, but the siimo entr.uot bo .said of Iris longi buries [34 ]. 

Grant was unduly exercised, and was gently oorresvteu by Mackenzie : 

If yon extend your- inspection to Arri Avsmith's rnsi-p, you will hud Alt. 1 J arrow's & Col. 
Colobrooke's position of the Toouse r:oi'roct!y laid down sis n river ruruiing from Btmdolcund 

into tho Ganges somcwlssr-t below Allohsdjad. Your Tonse is quite a el i fl> rent river 2 . 

As the survey progressed, (Irant was ahlo to improve on his results 
by using the French tslbles contained in the works of Puissant Biot, etc. [ 183 ] 3 , and also by. 
using an 18-incli astronomical circle. A second edition of the map will therefore partake of 
theso improvements. ... My approaching journey to Furruekabnd via Cawnpoor, etc., ■will 
enable mo to devote tho astronomical circio to the isfn! pur puses of geography. 

In his survey of the Sundtf.rbnns, Huyh Mo meson derived his longitudes by 
chronometer and observations for time. He was troubled by humidity and 

never succeeded in pelting an obsorv sis-ioi) el' Ji.ij.ii r.ei ■"■.■■ sukillli.es, although rvpeiis-ei lly attempted. 
The dew falls so very quick t-hnf, tiro object glass of the telescope is constantly covered with 
the wet, and in wiping oif ibis the mot-inn eouiininiioaied to the instrument has... rendered the- 
observations very doubtful. Tho chronometers. -.have given the longitude [ of Jeasore ] 56J 
imtl ,i7 miles o.-ssi of Calcutta., and this agrees jireti.y well with the survey 4 . 

On his journey up the Ganges in November J 815 Hodgson suggested that 
elironometrieal measures may also ho compared... by diiferenoos of longitude taken by tho 
firing of gunpowder. The flash of half a pound of gunpowder fired at the hill house at Pir 
Pafttir near Moughir would be- seen at Jangki-rci ruck, from which a flash would be seen at Patter 
Ghatt/t; Mow Bhagalp-ur. and thence at Pir PahUi : or Mien O'alli. or pro Visibly Raj'maft. 
He never appears to have tried this himself though lie urged other surveyors to do so 
[90. 182-3]. On this, journey he took a. continuous scries of I mometrical obser- 
vations for height [ 204], as well as latitude and occasional longitude observations, and 
compared his position* with Den noil's P.imjal Afl<(.n, Arrowsmith 's map, and Burrow's 
observations. He records at Allahabad; 

Noon. At- tho bathing plss-eo, conllueneo of the flanges and Jumna. The barometrical 
observation uncertain by reason of tho motion of" the piitna;:e, forcibly draggos! through strong 
water. I had not, an opportunity of taking latitusle. on account of the crowd of bathers, but 
E. BuiTow'sfortbes.E.H:ngk-oftheforl: is 2o° 25' 50" ; tho Atlas gives 25' 37', difforonee 1' 04" fl . 

On bis CI lilt ago 11 ;' survey Cheape found that Iils longitudes from Jupiter's 
satellites "agree so ill with each other" tbfit lio preferred to accept Rennell's value 
for Ialamabad I I, 152 ] and trust his own ground measurements ; 

Tho correctness of the longitude... in no way affects the correctness of the map. ..in itself, 
and by survey the longitudes of all tho places therein iu-ii much mere accurately laid down 
with relation to Islam sib -id than (-hey could have been by any sistroiiomienl observations 7 . 

'true value S3" S3'. "joHisug G-i«ig<» froniN. as- Baffin 100 m. lower down, DDz. 1M(43 ) 28-11-18- 
■1" jj \1 Hid* ft \ r;s _■ :s. ili'nl 1 Hi'- 1 - " Ao.i lil ni - lies S i'-:i- .--. A. -■-;-. j i = .- 1 r 1 1 - v. :u Ijein'i ill! .i.itucsii (1c; Loilfitlt'lf;, " 
mnaaarfisUo:.,!- nii-.-i.hr., hi flump.-- lS35-i>; HAS. { :an ) XIV ( 10_>-7 j ; to SO-. 12-3-31: DDn. 147(180). 
e Mo lit-': 1 vi- l-'j e ii;ri- .'i ,\',r-Ki[ .Su lailca ; ei. L-onhttJii'.. ntcthud 
9). a Jomual,aB.t0.a:47S ( 113). 'Qhcnpe, 11-10-19: 









180 Astronomical Costeol 

When he became .Surveyor General Hodgson did as much as he could to stimulate 
precise and methodical observations. He issued elaborate technical instructions 
for surveys on the western tVonl aera 1 [ 89, 201 ], and took particular interest in the 
survey of Bhopal [ 87-8 ] for which Johnstone had submitted 

a list of places, the latitude., .determined by a mean of two and three observations of the altitude 
of the star Formalkaut. I regret much my telescope and chronometer have not yet arrived, 
as I should have had in tins excursion an opportunity of fixing the longitude.. .along; the eastern 
banksof the Chambal [pis. 1, 9]. ... I find thai, a determination of the Jctitnde at intervals of 
25 and 30 miles is most suitable, ... and have confmod my observations during the past month 

Hodgson tliought this insufficient ; 

The dawk has brought your list of latitudes consisting of 48 observations.. .of 29 places 
in 5 months. On every marching day 1 Lore ought to havo boon at least two stars, north and 
south, taken on both arcs of the circle, which has not been done. ... No corrections are made 
to the refraction for the state of tin- buri.imcl.cr and thermometer, nor is Hie sun once obser- 
ved, though it might have been taken almost daily. ... 

Your observations for latitude -.run rather wide ; a sextant by such ;i nameless maker 
as Bate is not a good machine to use. I never use sextants except to take equal altitudes 
for the time of noon. Rebei-ting circles of Trough ton's construction arc the best. ... Ah to the 
index error, you had better not meddlo with that ; let it remain, but always record it. ... 

It is of little use observing stars of nearly the same- 'dt'd'id-c. on the tum*. side of the zenith, 
and it is not good to observe low stars, and very high ones cannot be observed with the uistru- 
ment. ... The 24 stars which you will find in the Nautical Almanac are the best ; pay due 
attention to the focus of your telescope, ... but if the telescope of your sextant is a bad one, 
I advise you to diminish the aperture of the object glass by putting on a. cap of paper, or 
pasteboard, which will diminish the blur of a large star. ... 

Troughton's sextants are. ..sold here for about 250 or 300 rupees each, and, if you wish 
it, I will purchase one for you. Your sextant by Bate is divided to 10 seconds [ 217 ] ; it is of 
■no consequence to what instruments are divided, if their construction is not correct 3 . 

For Gerard's survey through Malwa [89-90], Hodgson recommended a frame- 
work of long traverse lines running north find south— and east and west — control- 
led by reliable astronomical fixings ; 

Agra, Gwalior, Nurwar, Seronge, and Bopaul are nearly on the same meridian, and the 
measurements... can be checked by observations of latitude, and it is the same with Augein, ... 
Kotar, and Tonk. ... On the -east, and west lines the differences of longitude between Bopaul and 
Augein, and between Joypoor and Agra, will bo corrected by chronometers [pis. 1, 9, 24]. 

I will by no means be satisfied with the rola-tivo positions assigned to the last mentioned 
places, and several others in the eastern parts of Malwa in the latest map of that province 
[ 84 ], because they are for the most part laid down from routo surveys hastily made in the 
time of war, and under disadvantageous circumstances, and seldom corrected by exact astro- 
nomical observations. ... It is highly desirable that iheir positions with relation to Agra, 
and with each other, bo detonnined as well as possible 1 . 

Gerard discusses his results in considerable detail, especially as regards their 
probable error, and made several corrections to Malcolm's map. 

It very frequently happens that the disagreement amongst surveyors with regard to 
latitudes is not occasioned by any inaccuracy in the observations, but.. .from a want of 
particularising the exact places at which the latitudes were taken. ... I have often heard 
■disputes about lni itude.s. especially ■ hose of an extensive can tollmen r or large town. ... On the 
route, the extreme difference of latitude by any two observations taken at the same place 
exceeds 8' at two stations only, so 7," may ho reckoned the probable error in latitude, when there 
is only one pair of observations 5 . 

He closed by observation for latitude at the Taj "Mahal, taking "star places from 
Nautical Almanac of 1823 and Pond's 6 catalogue of 1817, and refraction taken from 
the new table in the Nautical Almanac" 7 . 

In sending him out again at the end of 1826, Hodgson commissioned Gerard to 
determine the di [Terence of longitude between Fatehgarh and Agra before working 
further west, but his health broke down before the task was completed [ 90 ]. 

>DDn. 154 ( 196), 31-11-21- s »Dti. 212 (151-3), 2-11 & 2 

Mb. iW-\) iy-6-aa. »F,n>;-. m:;!Q. m ::i;t : ob;^, a?™, 22-12-:! 

ttill V>; i'l'.S. '.I -n:d,.MllK>. l t:il.L :MS..«icli.^rit;!innn;r3'10 11 



Bengal Surveys 



181 



Astronomical observations were by no means neglected by all who contributed 
to Malcolm's map, us Hodgson implies, and Dangerfield [ pi. o ] reports that 

latitude obser vat ions from three or foar observat ions of the- sun. or... to a pair of X. and S. stars 
...agreed amongst themselves to within ton seconds. ... — Instruments, either a reflecting cirele 
by Troughton or an excellent brass sextant of ten inches diameter — North Polar Distances, 
with annual variation from the new list in Nautical Almanac -necessary corrections applied 
for temperature and barometer when calculating refraction, ... 

The loss of my achromatic refractor prevented observation; of... Jupiter's satellites. The 
longitudes.. .are, therefore, derived from differences... of time, combined with the land 3urvey 
and observed latitudes, taking Oojein at 75" oB' East longitude 1 , according to Dr. Hunter's 
determination [ I, 36-7, 168]. The difference of time was acquired by means of two excellent 
chronometers... and by observations of equal altitudes. ... I. thought also to secure creator 
accuracy by inarching as rapidly its possible the direct, e, mid w. distances. ... 

I deemed it necessary to be thus minute.. .from many of my positions differing essentially 
from those of the latest and best printed maps. 

The sri-oa-lnst errors appear in the north part of .Miilwa, tirnl that part of Mtjivar termed 
from its capital, Oodeypoor, a tract till very lately little explored by Europeans. The city 
of Odeypoor itself is placed nearly half a degree too far north, and a like distance too much 
to the eastward : thus bringing jt nearly n.w., instead 0! almost s.w. from Chittore, which 
last, excepting being a little too much south, is sufficiently well placed. ... 

The variation of the magnetic, needle I have found, by an excellent transit instrument, 
to be at Mhow about i" 30' W. In other parts-drain that to 3° 30' we3t. 
He appended a list of about seventy pLaces, with their latitudes, longitudes, and 
heights above sea -level 2 . 



Burma War ; North-East Frontier & Abakan, 1825-7 

The revenue surveyors called to military duty for the Burmese war [ 52-3, 65 ] 
had been serving under TTodgson, who expected them all to be practised astronomers, 
a qualification of particular value, since the north-east frontier was practically 
unexplored except for Wood's survey up the Assam valley [I, 80-2 ; III, 52]. 
In his general instructions [ 53 n.l, 198-9 ] Schalch particularly noted that 
the geographical situations of the towns marl.-e:! in the accompanying libho.-raphical map are ao 
vaguely la.ld down that you must not look to thorn as fised points. ... On the contrary, their 
geographical positions must be correctly ascertained : ...you should have recourse to astro- 
nomical observations for... latitude and longitude. ... Forms of calculations and necessary 
tables supplied. ... The instruments you will require are a sextant, false horizon, chronometer, 
and a telescope. ... Mode of use explained in treatise supplied*. 

Hodgson kept in touch with them all ; 

I was at that lime the Revenue >Survc\ or General. With these officers, though they were 
withdrawn from my superintendence, t continued to keep private correspondence, and I 
particularly requested them to make as many observations of the satellites as they could, 
that I might compare them with those I made a; Futtohghur [ 189 | ; and to the si -ill and aeal 
of Majors Bedford a.nd Wilcox in Assam, to .Major I'emberton in Manipur, of Major Fisher in 
Sylhet, Captain "Wroughton in Arracan, and the late Captain Grant at Prome ( all officers of the 
Bengal N.I. Regiments ), I am indebted for many data by which the geography of the eastern 
frontiers lias been so much improved. 

When places like Stitkli.a, Munnipotir, and others at such great distances, ... can have thai* 
positions assigned to them, exactly in latitude, and within perhaps 2 or 3 miles... [of longitude] 
by a few cor re spend ont observations of the satellites, they serve us starting points from 
which to originate more detailed and local surveys 1 . 

W'roughton describes the astronomical work done in Arakan where the campaign 
was by far the. most arduous, and the whole force s.ocm saturatyd with fever [68-70 ]. 

I havo sent you all the. ..observations tnken by Thomson, Cromtnolin, Captain Crawford, 
and self. ... I am sorry to say that not one single observation for the longitude was ever 
made. ... The fact was, the movements of the army wore at fcimus so rapid as to preclude tha 

•tma value, 75" 47'. "Maloolm, II, apps. ii ( 316-7, 348-9). s 0Dn. 214, 20-12-21. *JA8B. 



182 Astronomical Control 

possibility of any good sights beiflg made. ... Poor Major Sehalch, who alone posessed a 
transit instrument and capital telescopes, undertook re csstnblish tlies longitude of all places ■ 
where an oppoi't. unity ;i'.IliiL;.1.i:l1, while Cnainutdiii and soli' ivvi'i; employed... incessantly upon 
the more arduous duties of surveying and reeomioitiing [ CS-9 ]. 

Thus the* instruments, whieh would alone admit of any correct longitudinal observations. 
... were altogether under the charge and management of poor Sehalch. ... His property, partly 
loft behind, and partly under the charge of Conim.ninre Hayes, was left in a state of the 
greatest confusion, so that whatever documents appertained to him at the time of his death 
remained with Commodore Mayes and Captain Crawford of the lieseareh [" 17, 6S, 70]. 

When we reached Arra cats 1 ... nut chronometers had heen much disarranged from.. .having 
them much moved about, and occasionally allowed to run down. This... pre vented any good 
observations for longitude bring made ; ... and what was worse than all, not one of us could 
set up tho transit instrument, the directions to do so happening to haves been mislaid... among 
poor Major Schalch's papers. The latitudes... are, however, very correctly ascertained and... 
may bo fully depended upon a . 

Bedford, from the Assam valley [ 53-5 ]. reports trouble with faulty chrono- 
meters, want of a false horizon, and something wrong with Wilcox's sextant : 

Since arrival at Rungpoor I have made very frequent observations, ... Tho uncertain 
rate of my chronometers has caused me much... anno ya nee. ... This -uncertainty, combined with 
the frequent clouds and rain which attended me tip the river, and the probability that various 
minor surveys would rest upon my own as a base, appeared to render regular operations very 
desirable, 1 succeeded in effecting a regular survey from Bishenath as far as tho Now Dining 
Mookhand, although 1... doubt the observations for latitude made at the latter place, it was still 
satisfactory to rind that the difference of latitude... at file two extremes of the survey did not 
greatly differ from those shewn by the map*. 

On Bedford's withdrawal at the close of military operations, Wilcox was left 
with a special mission to trace the source of the Brahmaputra [ 55-64 ]. To 
Hodgson's suggestion that he should make a downstream journey from Sadiya to 
Goalpara to find the difference of longitude by chronometer, he replies : 

Had I a chronometer of settled rate, it would. ..be desirable to take ad vantage... of the in- 
creased velocity of the current, and. ..in one long stride, in two, or in shorter steps, to gain 
...an approximate difference of longitude. But the one I have ( Mr. Scott's property ), 
though madei by Margetts and of the larger size, has varied so much— ...from 60* or more 
losing — -to a gaining rate —that I should not sot about my task with any confidence. 

The unsettled weather.. .will diminish the few opportunities left us, by Jupiter's near 
approach to the sun, of observing eclipses ; and were I to drop down for this ptrrpose, I might 
have to start on the long voyage from Goalpara at the opening of the favorable season for 
operations here; for the navigation upwards is, in the intermediate time, either altogether 
obstructed, or dangerous and dreadfully tedious 3 . 

Hodgson suggested that, by taking two or three chronometers by boat 
down a rapid stream a degree a day or so, we might have the diifctenise more exactly than by 
any methods, except triangulat-ion 0*1 a, groat scale, or the dashing of gunpowder or other bright 
lights exhibited or suddenly extinguished; hut... great- care, vi:i-y good apparatus, and ex- 
perienced observers are required at both ends [ III, 179, 183, 189 ]. ... 

Had I leisure and opportunity, 1 should like to run longitude down river3 with 3 chrono- 
meters; 2 are always required, and a 3rd for umpire is good. Our affair is to get first merid- 
ian in Assam. ..and to make as good differences a- we c;m therefrom. The satellites and 
transits are the means to lies used for tins first meridian, say ^tiddiya, hut. ..many observations 
are roquisite, and earn, very great care, ... in making them 5 . 

Wilcox had trouble 
with the large Troughton's yextant- on account of some imperfection hi the instrument. I 
was induced. -to give a full trial to an inferior reflecting circle by Gilbert.. .to obtain the 
latitude of my starling point, hut the results were as unsatisfactory as., .before. Q 13 values 
by the reflecting circle at Goalpara differed 2' 11" between highest and lowest ]. The sextant 
gives excellent differences of Latitude, it must, at all events have been used in preference to this 
inferior circle ; an unlucky accident, however, ... deprived mo of the use of it R . 

Pemberton took longitude observations at Manipur ; 



Burma War; North-East Frontier & Abakan 



ih;j 



Five observations of the ein (Unions of Jupiter's lsi satellite ba.vo been made in the past 
month, the first and last of which are more wide of the mean than I could have wished, ... 
but I do not feel myself justified in rejecting them until a sufficient number shall have been 
obtained. ... The meati.. .[at ] the capital of ilunipoor gives; its longitude 6h 16m 25' 94s, East 
of Greenwich. ... Could you favour me with comparative observations made in Calcutta, it 
js probable the results would be still more satisfactory 1 . 

After the close of the war [ 51-2 ] Fisher sent in a fieldbook from Sylhet, 
containing chiefly astronomical observations for the longitude of this station and that of 
Budderpoor, which lasD I settled by transference of time. I was disappointed in. ..the flashing 
operation with Pemberton, as he. ..could hot, perform bis part of t.bo business, but I took 
the true azimuth of these points, from which...he may possibly have an opportunity- of making 
the signals, which... is the more desirable as our several determinations of Sylhet and Munnipoor, 
when referred to each other by the men surer! it; nr, disagree by about 30 seconds of time 2 . 

He was told to persist with Jupiter's satellites and to try lunar transits. 

Hodgson describes two earthquakes felt at Calcutta during 1828 ; 

IHth Sept. J. daresay you felt the earthquake on Thursday morning : it was 13 minutes 
past 7 ; I never felt so smart a shock in the plains ; it. was almost instantaneous to my 
leeh.ug, isncl like the explosion of a mine underfoot, the diveetion east or south-east 3 . 

8th July. This morning about 2 minutes past 2.. .we were tossed a little by an earth- 
quake. It continued- .between 2 and 3 minutes, with a very unpleasant swinging motion, to 
the annoyance of the crows in the trees, which made a great, noise in consequence of being 
■disturbed, I think the most hideous noise I ever heard was made by some hundreds of 
peacocks under similar circumstances in a fakeer's tope, near which I was encamped. 

If earthquakes could he felt all over the country, and the times marked at each place, 
we might get some idea whether the motion wore progressive like waves, or proceeded from a 
center like the explosion of a mine" 4 . 






j 



I 

a 






Burma, I&J6-8 

When Giant was ordered to Burma [ 71 ], he realised that tri angulation would 
he impossible, and he took all his high class astronomical instruments [ 213 ], and 
a Formidable library of scientific books ; 

Verne's Astronomy, 3 vols, quarto. — Puissant's Geodesic I 294-5 ] 2 vols.— Oal let's Logari- 
thms 5 , 1 vol.- Cadet's Topographie, 1 vol. — Button's Topography, 1 vol. — Pearson's New 
Astronomical Tables, 1 vol. — Taylor's Logarithms, 1 vol. -Biot's Geodet.ical Observations, 
1 vo j._i>p T.nmbre's Astronomic Physique, 3 vols.— Biot's Physical Astronomy, 3 vols.— 
Selections of Astronomical Tables, 1 vol.— besides other minor works 8 . 

He was already an experienced observer and had recently learnt much 
from personal intercourse with the Astronomer Royal at the Cape 7 , ... more particularly by his 
new and admirable method of deducing the lonait'idc from The transit, of the moon and stars". 

He had tested this new method and published his results in an article entitled 

" On a New Method of Deterininimj tlw T .onqih'M from- the Observed Interval between 
the Transit of the Moulds E )ili(/h/-ai"d Limb wad t-k<rf of the Sun, or of one or more 
stars "*. These lunar methods eventually proved disappointing [ 191 ]. 

His first task in Burma was to obtain a reliable value for the posit ion of Rangoon, 
where he arrived on li)th July 1825. 

The observatory was erected on an eminence close to the pagoda called Mac-Creagh'a 
Pagoda, 1153 yards "s.s. of the great Shwe Dagon. ... The height... above the sea was calculated 
to be 172 feet, and the top of the spire of the Shwe Dagon pagoda as 536. 

Respecting the latitude... there is more discrepancy than might., be expected. That given 
by Mr. Wood [I, 84 ] is. ..16° 46' 30", but as he does not refer to any particular point we cannot 
compare his observations. ... Captain Ross, Marine Surveyor General T 17 ], makes the latitude 
of the King's Wharf 15" 45' 18*. Major Jackson [ 7 1 ] with a small Troughton's sextant makes 
it 16' 45' 03", but the differences between his observations vary considerably, some being as 
low as 44' 21", and some as high as 46' 20". 

'or94"6'30*; true value of Implial being 93 a 51'; UL)a. 204 ( 323 ), 3-5-21. a DLK., 45. 14-12-27. 

a t» Fisher ■ ib "i> Ho \bri'""i'iiM'io ■ Tints. 2IU i ir,r, ). -'Talk' portil'im d< '',!:r:,'h.'.'^ Krjme.eiu Callnt. 
nub Paris,' ITS*. *.[■:■;„! rUpti-sws 11™ [ l"l-l.Sd2 ) [ 170 svi " : DO-i. 218 { 1 ), 21-R-25. 'Rev. Fearon 
Fallot (17SB-1831 ! [ 187 I- »DDu. aM. 1825. * A*. R. XVI (235-60). 



184 Astronomical Control 

Grant worked out his mean latitude as 16" 47' 27" -1, giving the Shwe Dagon 
as 16° 47' 55" -6, compared with Ross's 16" 47' 1 . i?or longitude 

the old charts give. ..about W 30'. ... In regard to Jupiter's satellites. ..observations cannot be 
considered as but an approximation. ... 

I erected tin: transit instrument, to adopt the method followed by the Cape Astronomer. ... 
The instrument is, in its very nature, incapable of what is usually termed an instrumental 
error. ...It is. perhaps, the roost per feci- instn i met it. ever invented fur the measurement of celes- 
tial angles, for whatever error takes place after the requisite adjustments are made originates 
either with the observer himself or wit): the subordinate instruments he uses. 

The results deduced from transits of the moon and stars are then affected chiefly by the 
errors introduced into the. tables, ...hut the data.. .have been, of late so perfected by the 
English and French astronomers that the tables of the moon's longitude and latitude may 
be depended upon to 10" of space at the utmost. ... 

During.. .three months that I remained at Rangoon, I could only observe during 7 nights 2 . 
The result of the observations is finally given as !>0' : 1.3' 11" for the Shwc Dagon pagoda 3 . 

Having completed his observations at Rangoon by the close of the rains, Grant 
started up the Inawaddy [ 71-2 ] 

on the 12th October, intending to lay down the general course of the river from the magnetic 
bearings, and correcting t he distances by astronomical observations . ... There are two methods 
of surveying the course of a river. One by triangulation. ... The second method is that of 
laying down the genera! course. ..from the compass, sketching in the features of the country 
from the eye, and determining one or two fixed points each day, from six to eight miles 
distance, by observing for the latitude and for the run in longitude by a good chronometer. 

The second method was. ..the only way in which, at this season of the year, any attempts 
could be made. ... The slow progress of the boats afforded I lie opportunity of correcting the 
northing daily by the sun's meridian altitude, and that of the moon and stars at night, while 
the westing was corrected by the run of the chronometer. ... I made as many observations 
for the latitude and lungilude as practicable, and all of them with a capital reflecting circle. ... 
The longitudes... from the chronometer were deduced from simple altitudes of the sun, the limb 
of the circle facing alternately cast and west. ... 

I reached Promo on the 28th, and on the follow his day had eqna.t latitudes of the sun for 
the time, and meridian altitudes for the latitude, with tlie 12-inch reflecting circle 4 . 

He remained at Prome till February 1826, observing transits of the moon and 
stars for longitude. He reported in December that 

during the last month 1 have been employed chiefly at the transit instrument. The greater 
number of observations have been made on the moon's first limh, tho Coirs during the night in 
general rendering the stars invisible. ... Mean of ninety observations, 6h 20m 42"7° 5 . The 
latitude from upwards of thirty observation? Is 18° 49' $5"". 

The Surveyor General, Blacker, was glad to get Grant's results ; 
They will be of immediate use, but will be liable hereafter to definitive correction on a com. 
parison with the corresponding observations which have been made here [ 188 ]. 

None of the catalogues of last century can be depended, on. and those of the present century, 
I appreheud, arc not in your possession f 184 ]. I. have lately received Piazzi's catalogue, and 
if you will send to me your list of observed stars. I shall be happy to return their ascensions 
and declinations as far as contained in that work. ,.. In the meanwhile 1 have the pleasure of 
sending to you a copy of Pond's catalogue of 400 stars, ... lithographed here. The copy has 
been three times examined, and I am well convinced contains no error of transcript' [260]. 

At the end of the war Grant moved to Monlmein [ 74—7 ] ; 

On reaching Martahan. 27th April [ 1826 ], I obtained equal altitudes of the sun, giving 
longitude 97" 43', the same as flint given in a plan of the river drawn by Jlr. Adam [ 74 ], and 
lithographed at the Surveyor Clone rat's office 8 . 

For his survey of the rivers also he used astronomical methods, but 
the determination of the azimuths 'if distant objects was not easy. A perplexing hindrance 

arose from the thick smoke which pervades the atmosphere from the middle or end of December 
till the first fall of rain in April or May [21, 76 ] 9 . After 10th of March, latitudes from observa- 
tions of the sun are unattainable with instrument.-* of reflection [-200 ], Regan and Sirius, the only 

Hrue value. 10 s 47' 48" : it is .-ad that fin-mi's wort- »-;is ant, known to (lie surievar.j respoiisihle to 
the army in 1852 3. -owinsr t" munsuon rain. = tiuc value. !')tV- If ;.-. • .lr..u:-ii;U .I.Vjtri. 21)9. 6 or95° 
10' 40" ; quoted. Potniienen ( Tad. If* ), and used l.iv llcnrv Ynle, 18a3 : trui; value, P-"> ; 13'. 'correct. 

DDn. 210(0:)), 4-13-25.. ; DDn. 220 ( 135 |, 3-1-26. *DDa. 339.M 241. » Triangulators were equally 
hindered 100 years later. 



II 



store capable of being coriveiiiently oljsen e>l, cous 
f.he meridian. Polaris was too low, and the fogs a 
stars of the second my-sriiitude invisible 1 . 



d at nearly the same ti 
night were in general a> 



Bengal, 182^-30 ; Proposed Astronomical Survey 

One of Elacker's first interests after becoming Surveyor General was the p 
lity of a regular astronomical survey to cover areas beyond the reach of the Great 
Trigonometrical Survey. It was to be conducted by a competent astronomer of 
high qualifications, oil similar linos to that of Reuben Burrow [I, 157-64]. 

Many ingenious operations have been conducted... for the cm-root ion by astronomical obser- 
vation of detailed surveys ; but, as it is next to impossible their results should coineide with 
those of the Great Trigonometrical Survey, they will necessarily he superceded by the progress 
of the latter. I... recommend that all astronomical observations., .shall he discontinued wherever 
the great triangulation is likely to fall, and that all disposable talente...be employed in 
following up its operations, for the completion of detail on indisputable grounds. 

But for the Hat country of Bengal, he recommended an astronomical survey 
with a departure from Fort William. I. ..propose that the surveys of the Sunderbunds and 
Burdwan be extended to the adjacent parts as soon as points of... departure: shall be established. 
... This... depends... on the employment of a competent astronomer, who shall successively 
adjust his instruments... a.t Madras, at the Surveyor General's office at Calcutta, and even- 
tually at the stations of the Groat Trigonometrical Survey. 

He suggested John Warren as suitable [ II, 449-53 1 on salary Rs. 800 a month 2 , 
with headquarters at Calcutta for the rains, " where he will always have more than 
sufficient indoor employment- at. the Surveyor General's Office" 3 . 

Curiously enough a proposal was put forward by the Directors about the same 
time for a similar survey recommended by Rennell, who had been consulted as to 
the best way to get reliable material for an Atlas of India [ I, 376-7 ] 4 . 

We shall," in accordance with his recommendation', endeavour to procure the aid of a 
professed Astronomer, together with an assistant qualified to supply his plane in case of acci- 
dent, whose offico it will be to fix astronomically such... positions as may be required... in 
the tracts remaining to be surveyed. ... 

The operations... might be confined to tracts. ..to which tin: mangles of Lieutenant Colonel 
Lambton have not extended, and are not likely to extend. ... The positions-might be connect- 
ed... eventuallv... to the purpose of the general map which we are desirous to obtain*. 

Stressing the speed with which an astronomical survey could be carried out, 
Rennell assumed that :: al! idea.. .of a series of triangles over the country is out of 
the question", an assumption firmly rejected Blacker, who pronounced his un- 
hesitating support of the trigonometrical survey as the master control [ 2, 240-1 ] ; 

If, on the other hand, the celestial observer be confined to those tracts whose nature forbids 
the approach of the Great Trigonometrical Survey, much advantage may be derived from 
his labours. This benefit, however, must depend on a different principle.. .from that to be 
inferred from Major Rennell's memorandum. No astronomical result ia of value unless it be 
more accurate than that which it proposes to correct. ... 

The memorandum estimates at 2 J to 3 years the period.. .for the astronomer merely to travel 
over his ground; but no estimate is made of the time.. -for making observations. This omission 
is...to be regretted, as on the number of observations, as well as on the skill of the observer and 
the excellence of his instruments, depends the value of the results'. 

Pursuing the idea of a local astronomical survey. Blacker proposed « Lieutenant 
Grant.. .as the best qualified individual. ... The lower parts of Bengal, extending 
towards Chittagong. would he the first theatre of operations" 8 . Grant was, however, 
required for Burma [ 71, 183 ], and with Slacker's death the proposition was. 
dropped until in 1827 the Directors asked for Hodgson's views regarding 
Colonel Elacker's propositions for employing Mr. Warren, whose abilities 
surveyor have frequently been brought to our notice by the " 



astronomer and 
Government. ... 



= DDn. 240, M 420. *W*nw»l 
204 ( 9 ], 26-12-23. 'There may ha 

2S-2-23; DOn.90;:il). B CD to B. : 
204(llll),l-6-25. 



»9 'now 54 years of age, comf^fably settled at Pi.eriicheny. 
c liivn iiersvii.il (ii-icussion when Blacker w:i* in Ki^I'ituI. 
'-10 23 ( 31-3 }. : Blacker to Govt. 11-8-24 ; PR. { 25 ). 



186 Astronomical Control 

As- there are regularly appointed observatories at Madras and Bombay [ 191-3 ], your 
Presidency should not be allowed to want such an ins! iriiiion'. Wo, therefore, authorize you to 
construct a suitable bnildhig f >r i lie recopl ion of such yislroiiomiial instruments as you already 
possess, and to indent for such as may bo necessary 2 . 

Though Hodgson welcomed the idea of an observatory, he would have nothing 
to do with a special held survey : 

Colonel Blacker appears lo suppose, a survey of the lower provinces of Bengal to be necessary. 
The orders of the Hon'ble Court are conclusive on this subject ; iit their letter dated 29tli 
October 1823 they say ; "It will not... .bo necessary, at. lea-st. at present, to resurvey Bengal or 
Bahar, or any of the territory formerly surveyed by Major Henjiell'' [ 284]. 

The Surveyor Generu! proposes thiit- Mr Warreii should. .. mnrch a.bout... Bengal, making 
astronomical observations... during the dry season and. return to Ciiloutta in the rains, where he 
would find abundant employment in (ho Surveyor General's OOiee. the intent of his field 
opera! ions being to establish points for. ..survey | of j those low countries. 

To this I answer that, if such surveys were require;), the officers of the Bengal Army... 
would be each its capable... as any persons can be. ... A surveyor, to perform his duty, must be 
himself able to take the difference of latitude correctly. ... The officers of the Bengal Army 
who are surveyors... arc fnJ'y competent : ... tlicy would bo independent of the aid of a travel- 
ling astronomer...iii the particular of latitude. As to. ..longitudes, or differences of longitude, 
they tire likewise as competent, for- the observations. .aire not difficult ; care a.nd fidelity, are 
all that are required. 

After describing the various surveys of the last few years [ 181 ], he continues ; 

The duty performed by the surveyors is more effective than what would be done by a 
travelling astronomer, who would not carry better apparatus than t.he purveyors, and would 
do a partial duty at a greater expense. ... 

Very exact surveys may be made in countries to which trigonometrical surveys eannot 
be extended, [ though | if has been asserted that the Grail. Trigonnmoiriea.l Survey is the Only 
permanent foundation of Indian geography [ 185, 194 ]. Abetter foundation it cannot have in 
those parts of the country over which the triangles can be extended, ...but over the greater 
part of the most valuable of our possessions... the country is so flat and so covered with groves 
of tall mango and other trees. ..that it is obviously impossible to spread a tri angulation ; but 
it is of little... consequence, as every desirable end of accuracy may be attained from the 
operations of skilful surveyors 3 . 

The idea of a separate astronomical survey was thereupon most rightly dropped, 
and surveys wei'e extended beyond the western frontier under Hodgson's system 
of well arranged traverse circuits, with every surveyor providing his own astro- 
nomical control ; but it was a system with severe limitations that Hodgson was 
never to grasp [ 24-6 ; 88 90, 180 ]. The return of Everest in 1830, and the enter- 
prise with which he carried the great triangles across the Ganges valley to the 
Himalaya mountains gave the surveyors a far more reliable foundation than any 
astronomical survey, and relieved them of continual anxiety about the accuracy 
of their individual observations. 



Sltrvbyok General's Observatory 

Both C'oleinooke and (.."raw ford had been very keen astronomers, and had kept up 
observations at; Calcutta after becoming Surveyor General [II, 191-3 ]- Mackenzie, 
though never shewing the same interest, had before leaving Madras consulted 
Goldingham who wrote shortly after ; 

According to my promise, f .sit down and give you my ideas. ... A public observatory... is an 
establishment Cor observing the heavenly bodies— to ascertain their e\"act positions & motions, 
with ft view to the improvement of the tallies &■. ..of geography & navigation, by furnishing 
correspondent observations for determining the longitude of places, and also the data for 
enabling ships to take a correct departure —with sundry other mutters. ... 

Most enlightened princes have been proud to have such establishments in their dominions 
as, independent of their utility tv science o-nd navigation, none lead to discoveries so sublime 

2-3 ]. * CD to B., Mil. 4-5-27 ( 82-8 



Surveyor General's Observatory^ 



187 



regarding the wisdom, power, & goodness of the Deity ; they also become a sort of focus for 
real science to emanate from 1 . 

Mackenzie was, however, far too preoccupied with administrative matters to 
continue observations at Calcutta. Hodgson restarted them as soon as be took over, 
to support the field surveyors with, corresponding observations [ 1, 167-8 ; II, 195-6 ]. 
At the end of 1822 he asked for official help ; 

Some letters-published a few months ago in the newspaper, ... and afterwards reprinted in 
a pamphlet which T enclose herewith, very aptly pointed out the advantages of establishing 
an observatory in Calcutta. ... I dc.for my own amusement make some observations, ... but 
to render them.. .of greater utility I...submit tho following proposals ; 

1st. That I bo allowed to purchase a circular instrument made by Tro lighten, of 15 inches 
diameter, the property of Lieut. Grant 3 . ... 

3rd. That 1 be authorised In purcliii.se a few books of reference on astronomical subjects 
for the use of this office. A favourable opportunity offers at the present moment. ... 

4th. That the Honorable the Court of Directors bo solicited to send out a transit teles- 
rape of 5 feet focal length, with complete apparatus— ...A zenith lube on Captain Kater's plan, 
for observing the stars near the zenith— ...A Kater's pendulum for determining the length of 
the pendulum— ...Two reverberating lamps.. .for observing atat-ion points by night— ...Two steel 
chains with 5 feet links— ...The Greenwich observations for the hist -even years, and it is desir- 
able that- they, and also those made at the observatory of Paris, be sent yearly. ... 

I cannot.i.make an uninterrupted series of observations as is done in regular observatories, 
but I purpose, with the help of my assistant*, to take those.. .most generally useful. ... 

The two-feet circlea.T have-, abice fcho close of the ruins, mounted on a massy hlock of stone, 
cut as a support for it in the quarries at Chunar by the late Colonel Colebrooke, but never 
before used 4 [ I. tat ; II, 191 ]. 

At the same time, lie wrote to Fallow;?, astronomer at the (,;spe [J03 n.7 J, asking 
for correspondent observations to those recently taken at Calcutta, and sending 
two chronometers to have their rates checked 6 . 

Blacker was equally anxious to put the observatory on to a regular footing, with 
a staff of its own. He writes to Goldingham ; 

I have assembled a few instruments... and expect others, to complete a small observatory 
establishment, with which I hope to contribute { in a humble degree however ) to the public 
service . I request of von some information regarding the forms which you use in registering 
your observations en le, nations, rel.e of time keepers and astronomical clock, with notices of 
such other phenomena as receive your attention. ... Whatever further information you may 
think proper to bestow on one who does not boast of practical knowledge. -wiU be most 
gratefully received. ... You have occasionally supplied my predecessor... with... observations 
for geographical purposes, and I shall hope.. . to derive... shnikn- assistance from you 8 . 
He pressed Government for a reply to Hodgson's letter of November 1822 ; 
There are several [observations ]...which appear to be indispensably necessary...— corres- 
ponding observations of occupations and eclipse* for... longitudes— ...thermo metrical and baro- 
metrical heights., .to facilitate... correspond in;: local observations -...observations for the appar- 
ent time... to" estimate rates of timekeepers... on which all other observations depend. ... Ordera 
of Government 7 ... to [observe] the rates...of chronometers... have been found impracticable! 
owing to the want of proper means for ascertaining the...siderial times. ... 

I may... mention the remark made to me by more than one commander of ships navi- 
gating to England, ... having no place established under authority to which they might send 
their timekeepers while ashore, in order to havo their rates regularly kept and ascertained. ... 
At proeont they are oV>l ige.rl to leave them with a watchmaker at a heavy charge, without any- 
obvious security for the "correctness of the time with which they are compared [ II, 196 ]. 

In case Government should authorise time keepers belonging to ships being sent here, ... 
it would seem expedient that a trifling fee should be payable...for the benefit of the Register 
[ 214, 273 ], who will keep an account of the same, to ensure his attention to that duty. 

He gave a list of instruments already available, and of others expected from 
England, and suggested structural alterations to the office building, No. 37 Park 
Street [311] 8 ; 



1 IVOn. -in, M47S ■ lii 
• DDn. 19&( 135| 14-11-22. 
17-9-19. 'Also used as res: 



'proceeding on me. 
( 16SJ ), 2B-I2-22. 


Cane [ 71, 1 


52]. 'Jame 


Herbert [ 38, 301) y. 


*DD.i. 223( 


3 ), 9- J -24. 


'B11C. 23-10-17 & 


by Blacker and Hodg 


on. 







*88 Astronomical Control 



The zenith micrometer 1 ...! purpose... fixing in the ground floor, independent of the founda- 
tion of the house, arid opening in the roof the small apemire necessary for its limited motion 
The clock, transit, and circle, will be on the top of the house, where ihev will require protection 
from wind, ram, and aun. A wooden apartment must therefore be constructed for them 
m part of which tiie roof will revolve over the circle, and over the transit a meridional open- 
ing will be fixed to pillars of masonry. The apartment thus constructed will be 23 feet lone 
by 10 broad and 10 feet high, except over the chole, and will Ik., capable of being taken to 
pieces and put together in ;my other situation 3 . 

All these proposals were sanctioned, and Blacker was allowed to entertain a 
special man to look after the instruments, Saiyid Mir Motsin Hasain who had 

worked for him in Madras ; 



i allowed by the regulations [ II, zgo ], but there is no instrument in the 
office wh,ch, ,f he were allowed to touch, he would not ruin. Numerous instruments have 
become unserviceable because, there was no hand... that could apply, at an early stage small 
tho' delicate repairs. I accordingly procured such an artist as was competent. '..from Madras 
in room of a sicklegar, but necessarily at un advanced rate [ Rs. 25 p m ] 8 

At the end of January 1820 he repented that the work had heen completed at a 
coat of sicca rupees 4,26 1-12-0" against an estimate of lis. 2,536 ; 

The observatory is removable, consisting of joiner's work made in the' most durable and 
masterly manner. In fact, it is much superior to anything I had expected. Tho charge 
'article 2" 13 for a machinery by whieb the rotary roof is turned. ... The small charge "article 
5 is for establishing a mark in the meridian of the obsei'vatorv on the top of House No 28 
in Chunam Gully of the Bow Bazar. ... 

Since the 1st of November last the... observations... have been* and continue to be 
unremittingly pursued, at the same time that observations are prosecute,! with those on the 
Ava river and Bnrarapootor [ 182, 184 ]*. 

Blacker made the observations himself* till, in January 1825, he obtained the 
appointment of an educated Swiss named Vincent Ilees [ 313 ], to assist in 
observations... with the calculations consequent on them, and as both these tasks require 
attendance both night and day, they are scarcely to be expected from a commissioned 
-assistant, who has not a particular disposition towards so laborious an occupation 6 

From November 1825 Crisp, from the Hyderabad survey r no 1, was able to 
assist, and after Blacker's death reported that he was " 

continuing the observations of the transits of the heavenly bodies over the meridian espeeiallv 
of the sun and moon ; lunar star occupations ; eclipses of Jupiter's satellites. The transits 
are particularly required in order to deduce, with the utmost exactness, the differences of loniri' 
tudo for tho corre.fipoodent observations in Ava [ 184 ] 7 , 

On his return to Calcutta Hodgson made the observatory one of his chief inter 
*sts, engaging the help, not only of members of the Revenue Surveyor General's 
■office he had trained at Fateagarh* but also of Mohsin Husain. He proposed to 
enlarge and move the observatory to the neighbourhood of Monghyr where better 
atmospheric conditions would be found. He rejected the assistance of Warren 
or any other outsider; 

The Hon'ble Court do not seem to be aware that they have at Calcutta a very efficient 
...small observatory, ... fully competent... for the improvement of geographv, and servine as a 
point to which all the astronomical observations made by the different geographical survivors 
...may be referred, and this...has hitherto cost nothing more than for...a wooden building on 
the roof of the house, the price of a few additional instruments of moderate size and the 
salary of one individual [Rees ], ... employed in reducing and calculating the observations made 
by myself and tho you-,™, enb-a.^nts and apprentices, ...as a part of the current 
business of my office. The duties.. -of an astronomer are performed, but they cost nothing 

But, very useful as this little observing establishment is...to me in the execution of mv 
geographical labours, ...the instruments... may... be considered as mere playthings so far as 
making further difficult investigations.. .in tho high science of astronomy 9 . 
Government agreed that a special astronomer was not necessary, but refused to 
consider any further expansion of the observatory 10 . 

' Purchase d from Lam lir.erv- (wcutors f 260]. >DDn. 204 ( 46-0 ), 4-»-"4 ' ih / 7* \ ia t n, 

•rb.( 229), 31-1-26. »He 8u nt copies to I'nnJ. All. : ib. i I.W-o ), 1^1-25 'ilw'lV,! 5" oV" ,™ ' 
(f^ilt-tf- " u,dorthosu P^ i - of W.R.J^, 9 . 'DDi, 231 (14 1,1^27. "^DDn 2i7 



Surveyor General's Observatory 



1 39 



Results were sent for publication to the liengai Asiatic Society and the Astro- 
nomical Society of London 1 ; 

The operations—am unremittingly carried on. ..for no other iwompeiise than th« interest 
and instruction which they afford ; but the results... will, I trust, bo thought of much value by 
the London AsLmnomicid Society, to which I hope the Hon'ble Court of Directors will be 
pleased to send the MS. details forwarded. ... Another series ia in progress, and will he 
delivered in shortly, th;i-t correspondent observations may be readily obtained". 

Iii 1852 Andrew Waugh notes that 
the observatory wns...Dii the nxuit diminutiv-e scale, being furnished with no more than a 
transit of 30 inches lijriil lenirth, an IS-ineh .'dtiiudo and. iiy.hnutii eircle, it few astronomical 
telescopes of 5 feet sun I +J feet focal length for observing eclipses, ami an astronomical clock. 
The meteorological implements were also on the sa.ine small scale. ... 

Tins observatory hail no pretensions... to be considered a metropolitan institution, nor 
was it at all fit ted... So investigate questions of high scientific research. It was strictly an 
appendage to the survey department, ... furnishing a zero, or point of departure in latitude, 
longitude, and height above sea level, to the surveys in Bengal, and as such it has fulfilled 
the objects of its institution. ... 

The observations... made were, from time to time, published in the Memoirs of the Royal 
Astronomical Society by the late General Hodgson, and have boon favourably mentioned by 
the President in bis notice of that scientific officer's death 3 . 



FlEMJ SUBVETS 

Whilst stationed at Jfatehgarh as Revenue Surveyor General, 1S23-6, Hodgson 
established, a private observatory of his own, and. employed his office staff [ 314 ] 
on a series of obsiTvationrt for !;oth latitude and longitude, the latter being supported 
bv correspondence with Madras and Greenwich*. 

Fatehgarh became, therefore, an important point of departure for the surveys 
which Hodgson initiated during his second tenure, as Surveyor General. Gerard 
was to extend his earlier survey of Malwa and Kajputana [90], whilst Boiieau 
made a rigorous survey of the lower doab between Allahabad and Cawnpore, 
and ran a line to Agra with the view of surveying "Rbaratpur [24-7]. 

Hodgson wished to establish Agra as a reliable point of reference on which 
surveyors could base well controlled traverses. For Gerard's survey he proposed 
various methods of astronomy, trigonometry, transfer of tune, and other more common, 
modes of measurement. ... Some place, extremely well settled hi geographical position should 
be used as a point of departure. The Taj at Agra is such a point, and I am anxious that its 
position in latitude and longitude should bo fixed in the best possible manner, that itmay 
serve as a first meridian, not only to this survey, but to others in upper If hid ok tan. ... 

"We. ..know its position nearly to the truth [ I, 168 ; II, 190 ], but still I am anxious that 
it should bo more satisfactorily settled, and this can be done by Captain Gerard making- 
observations— by transits of the moon, and the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites, and other 
methods, which observations, being compared with those whieh. I will take at this place at 
the time, will settle the differences of the meridians of Fort William and Agra. ... 

The longitude- of Agra will also be much supported by. ..a good measurement of the differ- 
ences of its meridian and that of Futtehghur, and by the explosion of rockets [ 90, 182-3 3- 

When the operations at Agra are finished, Captain Gerard might— determine the line 
from Bhopal to Ougein and Indoor ; thia being Ohjefly diffcrenco of longitude, will be fixed by 
chronometers, explosions or rockets, or flashes of gunpowder, or triangulation, according 
to. circumstances. Thence-.up the nearly meridional hue from Ougein to Jeypoor, fixing 
it by differences of latitude and azimuths, ...mid the... outline from Jeypoor to Agra will be 
determined in the same mode as between Bopaul and Ougein [ pi. 24 i Sa-90 ]. ... 

Captain Gerard has... valuable instruments, his own property, but, as some of the larger 
description will be required, I purpose to intrust a very perfect circular instrument to him 5 . 

And later ; 

iJASB.IX, 18*9{7S-80)(e(wr*)i M8AS. EH, 1838(844-58). * published. As ft. XVH, p*rt tl, 
1833 ( 3 |. DOa. ; >:i! i M-* j. ■!--> 20. "DIM. :A2 ( SSS ), 30-3-3:!. *MRA3. If, part TT, 1838-7: 1-6-25 
& 7-11-2;). • Dlla. 204 ( 2.-,:. ), 1.3 <*-!?fl. 



190 Astronomical Conteol 

Captain Gerard... proceeded from Calcutta by water in October last towards Futtehghur, 
there to commence... by determining the (difference of that position with the Tajh of Agra„.by 
the two-fold operations of making a minute geographical .survey, mid. ..by chronometers carried 
by dawk in palankeens by nightly runs between those places. ... This determination is 
of great consequence as the TnjJi...will be included, in the triangles of the meridional arc, 
and Futtehghur...I consider... better established than that of any place in the Upper Provinces 
not in sight of the snowy peaks. ... It was my object to connect Agra, r'iitteh s hur. and Bareilly 
together, the last place being settled frooa the peaks [32, 178, 197-8 f. 
As Gerard had fever the whole way from Calcutta to Fatdhgsarh, and off and on for 
the next six months, he was not able to complete the link between Fatphgarh and 
Agra, nor the observations required at the Taj [ 90 ]. 

Hodgson then worked out. a value for the longitude of Agra to be used for. the 
Atlas of India. He connected big own value for Fatetigarh bv the surveys of 
Dr. Hunter [ I, 56 ] and F. S. White [ II, 193]— Everest's value for'sironj. connected 
by Gerard's survey of 1823 [ 89 ]— various values for Delhi, connected bv White's 
survey— and observations at the Taj, mostly bv two of his staff from Yatehvarrr 
He deduced a value 78° 05' 47* -2 [ I, 168 ] a . 

Hodgson gave Boileaii elaborate instructions for his survey of the lower doab 
intended to clear up the doubt regarding the actual distance "between Allahabad 
and Cawnpore [ I. 162 ; II, 190-1 ; III, 3, 24 ]. He concluded ; 

Regarding the longitudes o£ Allahabad and Cawnpore, ... you need not endeavour to 
ascertain the absolute longitudes ; ... it in Hit diffr.rtn-cc of longitude alone that is to be investi- 
gated. ... The flagstaff in the fort., of Allahabad may be considered as your first meridian, and 
that of Cawnpore your second point of departure, though you will ascertain the... differences of 
the S.e. angle of the fort, of Allahabad and the untwine ghaut; at Cawnpore also*. 

As to the true: longitudes of Cawnpore and Allaiiabad, ... they must, depend on the differ- 
ence by survey from Futtehghur, where more good observations were taken than have been' 
obtained at any other place in the Upper frovineos except Seliitnnmoor [ 177 ]. 

I hope you will receive the circle safe, it, is new and of Troughtou's construction, though 
made by Gilbert, an inferior artist. However, if you pay great attention to the adjustments 
you will probably get "end results 6 . 

Boileau found the line from Allahabad to Cawnpore 
much less than.. .expected, ami gives the ro ng It longitude of.' the latter station SO" 17' 31*- 7. ... 
Mr. Burrow's longitude is 80° 13' 30", being about 4 minutes, or 4£ miles, too much to the 
westwards of Allahabad, agreeing pretty well with Colonel Colebrooke's opinion [ I, 163 ] H . 
and in acknowledging his final report., Hodgson was pleased to find that his 
map...clears up the... confusion which has so long existed in the longitudes of the Upper 
Provinces, which arose from Mr. Burrow's mistake of nearly b'£ miles between Allahabad 
and Cawnpore. I feel the greatest confidence in your differences of longitude. Burrow, you 
will perceive, was right, or nearly so, at Allaiiabad, and Benares also. ... You see what confu- 
sion had been caused bv this mistake of Burrow's who was considered a? absolutely infallible, 
and it was deemed heresy to doubt any of his determinations 7 [I, 155-64, 318-9]." 



Most oi the Madras surveyors had the very great advantage of working to the 
triangles of the Great Trigonometrical. Survey, and were spared the exacting and 
tiresome work involved by astronomical observations [186]. 

Even though lite Sorthom Ci rears survey was soon extended far beyond the 
control of Lambton's triangles, the instructions given were clear ; work was to 
proceed by triangulation, and to be closed at intervals on measured bases. This 
did not necessarily mean that true direction would he preserved beyond dispute, 
but the deviation was unlikely to be noticeable for mapping purposes. 

In his enlliit^iara for astronomical methods, Hodgson had asked that a telescope 
should be issued to Snell, for observation of Jupiter's satellites at favourable 

•»D«.2M(332), U-8-27. 'W.S.Jamesfi Winston. "Theeorrea 
Madras [11, 10^ | inin^. tf'is to T-:' f :>,' 20" ;.i- as-air,*! true value, 7 S° 3'. * 
(320), BH2-2R. "1IRIO. M 348, IB-1-28. ' DCs. 23d- { SSI ), .14-5-38. 



Madras 



191 



opportunities. Snell's request for a timepiece came to the notice of Blacker, who 
wrote indignantly to ,MontgoTtietie ; asking why the telescope .had been supplied ; 

As long as that instrument was not required for other purposes, ... there was. ..no 
objection to letting Captain Snell amuse himself with it. ... Tho ease is altered when purchas- 
ing, at an advanced price, a time -keeper... to be sent to the Itahamundry survey, because 
that instrument cannot be expected back without injury, and can never be useful there, 
whilst the issue of it sanctions (Jap tain Snell's deviation from his original instructions. 

He was directed to proceed by tri angulation, ami to verify bis operations by the measure- 
ment of a second base. ... Since the art a; surveying was im-ent.ed, there never has been 
known so monstrous a pro position as that of correcting triaiiiiulatiau by astronomical observa- 
tions for the longitude. In the Groat Trigonometrical Survey observations of the stars are 
made with a view to determine the latitudes, but this not wii h iniy design to correct the triangu- 
lation, hut to ascertain how many fathoms arc contained in a degree of the meridian. 1 
Snell explained that the telescope was of no use without the timekeeper. He did 
not want to "correct the triangulation", but to compare astronomically fixed 
positions with those derived from triangulation. 

Snell was not the. only Madras surveyor who took an interest in astronomy, for 
Crisp worked out a method "uf deducing the longitude from the observed altitude 
of the moon" 2 , and published "A Treatise... v/pcm the m-ftfuy.ls of determining terres- 
tial Longitudes by the Moon's liUjid Asc-udon ", for which he asked Government 
support by the "allotment of fifty copies, at ten rupees per copy, for the use of 
the survey departments of this presidency " 3 . Hodgson noticed that 

Captain Crisp has published Ins hook at Madras. ... Various forms and modes of calculation 
have at different times boon adopted by different astronomers for determining differences 
of longiliiides from the comparison of tlte transits of the moon and stars, some of which, 
when I have leisure, I may probably extract for the use of such surveyors as use transit 
instruments. In this eouiitry they are coming into general use, and all the surveyors observe 
I. be satellites, but on your side you are independant of those tilings 4 [ IOO ]. 

Hodgson continued to encourage the Madras surveyors- to obtain suitable ins- 
truments, not only to qualify themselves .for taking observations when working 
beyond the range of the Groat Xri$>;onoiiiotdoa) Survey, but also for work in forest 
or other areas where distant view was impossible. At his request Montgomerie 

asked the Madras Government to help ; 

As this Presidency will in all probability be the first to have parties available for regular ly 
surveying the newly acquired territories to the eastward [after the Burma war], it would 
be desirable- that oi liters in charge of surveys should be put in possession .of l.hoso instruments. ... 
It would be well tbat the surveyors should have the means of being throughly practised in 
determining the latitude and longitude by observation, in the event that at any time they 
[ may ] lie placed in situations where such a mode only may be available . 

Goldhigham had resumed charge of the Observatory in 1812, and in 1821 
undertook a notable series of observations for ascertaining the length of the 
seconds pendulum. Apparatus was sent out under the auspices of Kater and, 
after preliminary work at the Observatory, an expedition was sent to Sumatra under 
Crisp, to carry out observations nea.r the equator [254-5 ]. 

When Goldingha.m took furlough pending retirement in 18i!7, Montgomerie was 
posted to charge of the Observatory in addition to bis duties as Deputy Surveyor 
General, receiving an allowance of 100 pagodas a month*. On Goldinghara's 
retirement in 1S30, Thomas Taylor 7 [257I came out from England as astronomer, 
and held charge till 1848. 






Colaba Observatory 

There was no observatory at Bombay until the Directors made a grant for the 
purpose to the Bombay Literary Society in 1818 s , In August 1821 they were told 

3 DDn. 223 (19-20), 5-1-25. » it>. (177-9), 1-3-25. "oopy sfcHI Md fcy oompg. office at Dehra; 
DDn. 147 (3iU-!i ), 2(i-L-27. 'DDn. VT.il j VI), 27-7-27. 'DDl. 222 ( 2), 12-I-J7. "about 1U 330. 
'Tho.i. Olimviile Taylor (lKOl-18); DNB.; RA3. inn. IX. [ 1849 )( 62-3 ). " Bo to CD. 3-8-18. 



LS2 



Astronomical Control 



that "the observatory has been erected in the s. W. ravelin under the directions 
of Mr. Hereford 1 , and some valuable instruments purchased by the Society". 
Hereford died "shortly after lite building was completed" and, on the recommend- 
ation of the Society, the Directors appointed John Cnntin as "Astronomer to the 
Company" on Bs. 500 a month. Cumin was "reported to be well versed both in 
astronomy and in natural philosophy, and his merits. ..attested, by.. .Mr. Henry 
Colebrooke 7 '. The appointment was urged to meet "the inconvenience experienced 
by the trade and commerce of the port from the want of scientific assistance" 2 . 

Cumin arrived from England in 1823, and. reports Government, 
after repairing mid adjusting the- instruments and examining the position of the observatory 
belonging to the Literary Society, he has reprasoni^d to us thai tiio in^trunioiis,;; are not of a 
magnitude nor of a kind suincientU-- accurate for the extension of science mid the good of navi- 
gation, and that the present- u-bserva'i.oy is unfit for a depository of good instruments. ... 

We. ..suggest that the instrument* FecammBade&...be made in England by the artists 
whom he has named. ... 

We have authorised a spot of ground on Oo.la.b« pointed out by Mr. Cumin to be made 
over to him for the purpa;,*.' of an observatory*. 

A new observatory "was eons t-ri.ii ted dmii\c IS2<> by tlie Chief Engineer in con- 
sultation with Cumin, at an estimated cost of bis. 16, 704-2-05, on "a vacant space 
belonging to Government immediately south of Mr. Morley's premises on the 
Island of Colahah "* and was enclosed by "a permanent wall made round the com* 
pound", a smn',1 ;.:ar> being left, with "a hi. tie iron railing" through which observation, 
could be made to "the meridian mark to the north" 8 . 

Two papers by Cumin were published by the Royal Astronomical Society on 
transits of moon-culminating stars' 1 , and emongst the Astronomer Royal's corres- 
pondence is a letter from Cumin dated Bombay 1 0th J uric 1824, reporting that he had 
a new method of determining the latitude at sea, which I. purpose soon to send to the Board of 
Longitude, ... that the Hoard would iiive use n premium for it [I, 151 ] 7 . ... I very much 
regret ever having come here ; my prospects are far from being agreeable or bright. 
Being obviously unhappy, he refused to work with the instruments supplied by the 
Directors in 1824, and s'ctit them back If was held in London that there was "no 
shadow of a foundation " for their rejection, and he was dismissed in 1828 s . 

Markham records that 

other instruments wore sent out in livlo, and rems.iim.-d unpacked for five years. The transit 
instrument wag put up at last in 1840, and since September 1S41 a regular register of mag- 
netic' and iriet.rarologieal observations... has been kept. 

The office :>f the dranghTsmass of the. Indian "NTavy was afterwards removed to the obsar- 
vatory [ 133 ], ... and hero the chronometers of the Indian Navy and merchant vessels were 
rated, and the charts... compiled, drawn, and occasionally lithographed 9 . 



1 Roger Fran (a- S-hr'afm-d, w;i[:uiim;iki.'r. <:., Uiiitibav, L!)-."i-iO, p-sdli'v conn',:-',;,,] wii.h R, F. Hereford, 
of Bo. MO. l)ept. fell.. IS-iS. riadwitli f;nn-Iv :■[ S.-.r.tea Co:irt. en. Hereford'. ; Be ::j CD. 29-3-21 (33-94). 
'Eo to CD. 10-9-23 ( 19-21 ). *BG0. 29-7-23 * GE.'i L0-M-S3. Mb. 20-6-26. " HAS. { mn ), I 
(24,78); 1823; ib. Memoirs, III ( 3o9 ). 'not found amends tint,-,! t.f bom- iiude papers at Boyal Obsy. 
• CM. 2-4-28 : CD to Bu. 21-0-29. 'Markham ( 23 ). 



CHAPTER XIV 



PROFESSIONAL DETAILS 



i & Burma, 1824-8 — Plains of 



Policy — Himalaya Districts, 182.6-22- 
Bengal — Barometric 11 fig] its — Madras — 

IN their orders for a Surveyor General of India [II, 306 ; III, 274, 2S9-90] 1 
Directors defined his duties as the compilation and maintenance of a 
maps, and the preservation of surveys and maps in a high order of secrecy. 
It -was further implied that he alone would be responsible for tec! i?i seal advice and 
for control of all surveys of all three presidencies [303]. 

Mackenzie's own idea of what, was required was bused on his .survey of Mysore 
[ II, 91-112 ] ; a detailed one-inch survey district by district, bused on triangulation, 
showing aU administrative boundaries, and accompanied by descriptive and statistical 
memoirs. Methods would vary with the nature of the country ; 

Th 9 practice I established 'in the Coast 3 , and wished to recommend here [Bengal], is 60 
have the complete map of a province, or district, accompanied by a descriptive memoir ; ... 
tho limits particularly wru (Ascribed and all their landmarks ; the experiment has been made, 
and succeeded. To carry it on, two preliminaries are necessary — a small establishment of 
native assistants 3 trained to surveying and drawing on one uniform system — an entire subordi- 
nation throughout, by which the progress can be instructed, watched, corrected, or approved, 
as circumstances require [II, 303 ]. 

The surveys should never be imen.'uptod 1 i.U t be district ia relished, and then the surveyor 
should have his duo share of reward or praise, in !,ho regular channel. ... 

I find near me a copy of the hoar!.? of meirnnr descriptive of a- province, used in Mysore, 
and attempted by 111 c to bo into d-iei.-.! into the Do!.:mi. ... Ami wha t a noble work would result, i 
What a clear view of British India ! Time, pOTSoVBMUlOO, and an organized machinery are 
only wanting. ... A central, officii of direction and control will always be necessary 4 . 
Though, the Madras surveys were organized on these lines, and long continued 
with valuable memoirs, district by district, sueh memoirs were undertaken in 
Bengal by the revenue surveyors only. 

For survey of the Bftaratha Deccan [ 124-5 1 Mackenzie advised 
having each chear smvevoa separately at first. (iencral ;napa are formed from them. ... 
This method is a medium between tho endless method of separate village surveys, and the 
loose method of genera! topographical maps, which never complete anything, and for ever 
require corrections. Kvery village ; 1 1 1 ■: I feature is laid down in this middle way 5 . 

Hodgson was sceptical as to tiieClreat Trigone metrical ^vivey reaching all parts 
of India, and strove to develop systematic iravorsots, controlled by regular astrono- 
mical observations. 

Much remains to be done : and, as it i.s to surveys of a combined geographical and military 

complexion that we must owe it { because they are most rapid in their execution, and when 
connected brj 'tnhonwr-Avl 'A-scnw-i'iJis su]iicie:jt!y correct ), I will confine these remarks ehiedy, .. 
to their still greater perfoci on, as well as uniformity. 

Though in such surveys trigonometrical observations, proceeding from bases measured 
with care, are oc-r/isi:>n'.i!!y h if. rod ueo,.i for specad purposes, it is rather a watte el:' time in general, 
and in close conn tries not applicable. 

Groat trigonometrical operations, ...while they determine such important and curious 
facts as tho true dimension?... of the globe, ... most materially a--'i?t t..ud correct the operations 
of the surveyor who works. ..within... the determined Wangles, ... and save the surveyors on 

1 CD to E. 3-6-14. s of Coromandel, a fan 

• oonntry-born [I, 2S3 n.8; n, 303; 111,94]. 

7-9-18; ib. (7). ' 



194 Professional "Details 

the Coast the necessity of using the mora valuable astronomical ins trumonts. But, even then, 
such are necessary to the surveyor a-iun arc^a'pci-yinrj (irH'ie,'), arid in many other situations 
in which he cannot avail himself of the (.■«:»n.e«iin : j point* of shir great triangles [ 185-6, it)!] 1 . 

Blacker was not an experienced practical surveyor like Hodgson, but during 
nearly ten years as Qvi art crm aster General he had much to do with surveyors and 
maps ; he had known hoth Mackenzie tin J Lambton personally, and had an immense 
respect for orderly method and system. He became Surveyor Genera! at a moment 
when the future of the Great Trigonometrical Survey was under .serious considera- 
tion, in view of its extension into "Upper India under a hbw Superintendent, and 
he possibly discussed the new Atlas of India with members of the Court of 
Directors before ho left England in 1823 [282-3, 300-1 ]. 

One of his first concerns was to make a careful review of all surveys in progress, 
to ensure that they were being conducted on unit or m principles, and were fit material 
for the new atlas [ 120-1 ]. With this view he writes to Monntford two months 
after taking over ; 

One of the great objects for instituting a genera] office of survey was that- --a uniformity 
...might be obtained, and a definite prospc* ( however dist<v>jr ) procured of iic-eoinijtisiuug the 
survey of India on satisfactory principles. ... The operations of the Grout Trigonometrical 
Survey must. ..be assumed as the undisputed i-n'ouud of fni.lin.11 geography. ... 

Madras Presidency enjoys the peculiar boon of contain in.; the first measured base of 
the great triangulation, and of being covered with the same, executing on the coast from 
.Mas'.mpataro, northwards. 

It will he a fut'.iro task to re -transcribe... the records of valuable surveys in such a manner 
as shall readily exhibit. ..the observations, measurement, calculations, and consequent field 
book, with tho dependence of one part on another. Until this shall be accomplished, the 
geography of the- country cannot bo said to be established, for otherwise, were its survey even 
correct, the truth thereof cannot be shown [ 121, 292 ] 2 . 

He discusses the possibility of extending surveys in Upper India with astrono- 
mical control only [ 8y, 186 ] : 

So survey can be pronounced final unless performed «'itli the best instruments, on the 
most approved principles, and by competent surveyors. ... In many. ..eases tho rudest instru. 
ments have been used — the pi-had pies... imperfectly understood— and persons'... employed who 
were incapable of even correcting for tho variations of tho compass. ... Yet were.. .these 
imperfect operations beueiiciul to the public service, because some information regarding 
boundaries and newly acquired territory wn-s absolutely necessary, and, however imperfect, 
was bitter than to I ;d ignorance. ... 

There is every reason to suppose that Government; wjlL..roq:iirn similar surveys for special 
cases, that cannot await the more tedious progress of oorrect methods. ... To reduce this 
inconvenience, ...no survey liable to...supercession should be undertaken except for special 
purposes; ...all the talents suitable to the task of performing final surveys shall be applied 
to that purpose. ... This... leads... to the nature of the Great Trigonometrical Survoy as the 
only permanent foundation of Indian Geography. For many years there was no certain 
prospect of its.. .being extended ii M v, Tfindoostnn, and there was therefore sufficient reason.. .for 
prosecuting other surveys on this side of India, entirely independent of.. .it. Tho eoso is now 
.altered, as tho last ures pectus. ..sanctioned by Government provides for the immediate exten- 
sion of the Great Triangulation into Hindoostan [ 22--,, 233, 240 ] 3 . 

He went on to suggest the provision of well-n\od astronomical points to provide 
control in those parts of Bengal that might be beyond the reach of the trigono- 
metrical survey [ 185-6 ]. 

He wrote about the same time to Sutherland, emphasizing the importance of 
preserving original uocuments ; 

Not only must all observations, calculations, and results, be satisfactorily detailed, but 
all the topographical objects which outer.. .the map should, as far as possible, he described in 
writing, under whatever form of field hook may he adopted, and where that description may 
fail, a local sketch in the field book?: should supply the deficiency. 

Finished maps. ..will differ with different systems of projection— mistakes may occur both 
in the calculation and. protraction of a triangulation and in the insertion of the detail 

■ DDa. 220 ( 3—6 ) , 



PoiACl 



alterations cake place in the dimensions of the piper with changes in the atmosphere, and very 
similar effects are produced by sub-iequeut oasi-int: — all of which. ..must be for ever perpetu- 
ated, unless there be some independent test for correction. In short, there must always 
remain on record sufiieit-nt means for reconstruction of th« plan lit any time, or the records 
must be deemed imperfect, and the fruits of labour and expenco proportionately forfeited. ... 

The same fate ha* uttendcit, on this side of India, the several constructions of successive 
Surveyor Generals [sic], all of which have been set aside from the total nbsen.ee of explanatory 
memoir ; for. ..there are no means uf separating the dross from the metal [ I, 225, 239 ] l . 

Early in 1826 lie .submitted a review of the surveys fit for the Atlas [ 120-1 ] ; 

Surveys... founded on minor triaugulation have been deemed final, in the expectation of 
their... ultimate correction by the Great Trigonometrical operations. ... Madras Presidency is 
nearly completed, ami. ..much lew been finally effected on the side of Bombay. ... 

The next elawi of survey is thnt. ..founded 00 careful road and boundary measurements, 
with observed bearings, ... systematically planned. ..with a vie* to the complete survey of some 
district or province. This principle is inferior., .to that of triangulation, but it has its merits, 
which may remain a tolerable substitute until a final survey can be effected . Of this description 
arc the majority of the surveys. ..executed under the liengal Presidency. ... 

Our geographical knowledge of tiie parts... which remain. ..depends on. ..casual route surveys. 
... In some cases astronomical observations hnve been employed for thoir correction, but 
under no view can those parts be considered ns topographically or certainly known. 2 . 

He insisted that no work was suitable for the Atlas unless on scale uf at least one 
inch to a mile. He did not agree with 8ut.herliu.1d that the half-inch scale was 
"sufile.icnt to represent every description of country" 3 . 

Alter Blaekcr's death, and Everest's departure to Enginml. Hodgson saw the 
prospect of the Great. Trigonometrical Survey reaching Upper India more remote 
than ever, and continued his policy of pushing survey westward with the best astro- 
nomical control that, t'oukl. he provided [89-90 ]. Before leaving India, January 1829, 
he submitted a note which doubtless led to Rentinok's important memorandum 
[ 196 ], from which the following passages are quoted : 

In examining the. ..-materials from which ihe Indian Atlas has been compiled, it appears 
that.. .the only really valuable pari oi' the work lias been furnished by the gcodetieal operations 
of the late Colonel Lambton. ... It... proves... the least expensive of the Indian surveys, in-as- 
mueh-as it is the only ex tensive em; v.'hioh ueed~ not to lie made over again, and affords facility 
to all further surveys of whatever description [ I, 190 ; II, t-page]. .„ 

The mode in which the great surveys are carried on in England furnish the most Useful 
precedents. ... The first operation is establishing the positions of the primary points, and 
furnishing the great basis. ... The second. ..is the carrying oei secondary intermediate triangles 
and determining as ninny points us maybe t.vuuired u;r the third sort of operations, which 
consists infilling up the with topographic details by means of inferior instruments. The second 
and third, combined, have been executed noon :.m extent of I -1,000 square miles by the officers 
of the Military Institution nf Madras [ 95-6 ]. ... 

It may be proposed ; 

A. To continue tin; work of Colonel l.ambtmi northward as far as the mountain pro- 
vinces; Captain Mverest, for whom the continuation has been kept open, may be expected 
soon from England with a new set of first-rate instruments constructed for that purpose. ... 

B. Bases are not wanting from which officers of the three Presidencies may carry on inter- 
mediate triangles, and determine a sufficient number of points to serve as basis to the topo- 
graphical sections into which the district given to each officer is to be divided. 

G. In filling up these sections under-surveyors are to be employed, and a: 
plain tables, which are.. .of easy construction, not expensive, and procurable ii 
The smallest- scale upon winch topography niuv conveniently be taken up i 
been found to be that of two inches to the mile. 

After a lengthy discussion about the drjt.ii.il survey, which displays the influence 
of Trover far more than that of Hodgson* [ 193 ], Bentinck concludes : 

Whatever time may be required, and whatever mode adopted, certain is it that a work 
of such magnitude will never be completed, nor any satisfactory result insured, without 
the establishment of a permanent- system, independent.. .of the rapid changes of Surveyors 
. Upon all these considerations it is proposed ; 

5. -U>Dn. 220 f 30-49 J, IS-5-2*. 



e chiefly 
a every country. 



PROrESSIONAT, DETAILS 



I. A military survey upon a scale of 2 inches to the mile shall be carried on in the three 
Presidencies 1 ; ... to begin in the countries nearest the present frontiers, in the most important 
or the least known parts, ... and t«> by extended towards the sea eoast. 

II. Two officers of each presidency are to be permanently employed in carrying on... 
secondary triangles from bases furnished by the primary .^eodetical osx; rations, ... and to 
superintend the topographical surveys... performed by 10 under-surveyors. ... 

III. This surveying brunch, consisting, for the three presidencies, of officers and 30 
under -surveyors, is to be kept always complete ; their number may be augmented, but shall 
never be diminished 2 . 

A reference to these proposals was made by Thuillicr about twenty years later ; 

Lord William Bentink [ sic ], Governor General of India, in his masterly minute, ... lays 
down the first principles on which a large country should be surveyed in the soundest and 
most practical manner. The system, ... however, was not followed out in all its integrity, but 
the Great Trigonometrical Survey was permitted to proceed, as a skeleton operation 3 . 
Though Bentinck's proposals were never implemented, Everest claimed that the 
priority given to his principal triangles was in full accord with them*. 



Himalaya Districts 

An account has already been given of Hodgson's unsuccessful attempt to base 
his triangulation of Sirrnur and Garhwiil on observed differences of latitude — the 
repeated astronomical observations* taken by himself and Herbert in pursuance of 
this attempt [ 175-7 ] — and their eventual resort to the measurement of a base-line 
[ 37 ]. Their triangulation extended over the hill area between the Ganges and 
the Sutlej, and from their stations they cut in all the prominent snow peaks. A 
list of the points fixed was published in Asiatic Researches [ 38 n.5, 178 ]. 

It is difficult to conceive how any adequate survey of these hills could be effected 
without the planetable, but neither Hodgson nor Herbert had any knowledge of this 
instrument, though it had been most successfully used by Garling in the hilly country 
of Goa, and was being used in the mountains of Coorg at the very time Hodgson 
was making his survey [ 97 ]. 

After laying down his framework of fixed points, and takings heights by barometer, 
Hodgson cut in by theodolite the villages and rivers that could be seen from his hill 
tops. Detail was filled in by compass traverse along hill paths and streams, with 
frequent cheeks by astronomical latitudes. Distances were measured by perambu- 
lator, by pacing, or by time, as cir cum stances dictated. Herbert describes how he 
dealt with the winding of paths, and reduction to the horizontal ; 

The distances I have put down as determined by pacing. The value... is of course 
continually altering with the nature of the road. I have considered 2,000 equal to a mile 
...a sufficiently correct idea. The course I have put down by estimation, us there waa not 
really time to protract the route, travelling 6 and 7 miles a day in a mountainous country. 
One hour is the average time for a mile, and the fatigue is so groat that it is quite impossible, 
after arriving at the ground, to sit down immediately to Bogy field books or protract. 

Frequently I have not reached my ground till 3 or 4 in the afternoon, and sometimes not 
till nightfall. On such occasions a little- rest is absolutely necessary. I have been most anxious 
to pre vent... arrears, but I have.. .found it impossible without halting, which. ..I was averse 
to do, as.. .the season was already too far advanced 5 . ... 

An excellent theodolite was used for the bearings, distunt points boing freely used as 
checks on the protraction. The distances wore determined by time. Such a method will 
be thought porbaps loose and inaccurate, and so no doubt it is ; but. ..such is the rugged nature 
of these roads that, in whatever manner the measure be taken, it will require to be reduced 
...before... protraction. ... This redi.nii.ioii must depend entirely on estimation. ... 

I had well exercised myself in the number of paces which may he taken within the minute, 
on every quality of path, and. ..this number was always inserted in the field book at the time, 
as was likewise the reduction of the road line to the straight one for protraction*. 

'The 2-inc;i s-.-iuc ■*■** adopted tor Dm s»-. frontier area in I'M*. -'DDn. 2r,{\ 1 6S-8* ) ; submitted to 

Council undurGG.'sitiin-.i!-'-. ..!';! ii-li!!. find passe/. ;:> £«. by Mil. T.lrpt, Ki-ll-Jij, :: ■JVniilllcr it sjrrv: h I >>32j 
'DDn. 402 ( 133-49), 1-1-41. 'Fdhi:.. DDn. i::;:M3ii A„ s . ISIS. "Sirrvcv „f ,.h P KutN valley.'.], /-; 
XV (411), 



Himalaya Districts 



v.y: 



He kept one particular man to pace the distances, and generally ran the peram- 
bulator at the same time as a cheek. He found by experiment that on the level 
the pace varied from 32 to 34 inches, and in the mountains from 23 to 27 [51 ]. 
Ho tells Oliver in 1821 that 

route surveys in the mountains are not capable of the ami; precision as in the plains. ... The 
reduction of an inclined waving Line to tint hori/.ontal one for protraction. ..can never be very 
exact. ... The eye iiequlres some facility alter practice. ... It is desirable to have as many 
points of... verification as possible ; and. ..it a good rulo to ma-ko 8 or 10 miles the greatest 
distance depending on a mere route survey. 

The daily distance that can be effectually surveyed... — arranging and copying the field 
book — protracting the route— ma!.- in a anil calculating tin; necessity astronomical observa- 
tions — I am inclined to fix at a to ? miles. ... 5 miles cannot be well surveyed inless than four 
hours. ... I have never been able to do more than 2 miles a,n hour. 

He goes on to describe theodolite, resections arid intsrsocd.inns [ II, 212 ; III, 28 ] ; 

Of the several method;, of fixing a position by means of others already known, I.. .prefer 
the angles which .'.! points subtend. ... If they have the one tho same longitude, the other the 
same latitude nearly, :i.b the place of obs ,■■!'■.■■ a ticn, the rose.lt will be very satisfactory. 

If but one point be visible, besides observing the azimuth of it, it will be necessary to know 
the latitude of the station. Finally, whim the difference of level is great, Lho barometer affords 
a very good metho;i of eon nee ling stations at moderate distances, and if corresponding observa- 
tions can be had tho result will be still nearer the truth. This method in particular is excellent 
for fixing tho course of a river. Prom a lofty station a few bearings ami depressions will afford 
data for as correct a map of a river's course as could be had by actually following and putting 
down its tiresome windings 1 . 

He records an interesting ease of measurement by subtense distance ; 

'Che distance of the cantonment at Dehra, ... not bavin;; been measured by tho perambu- 
lator, was determined as follows. 

Tho angle subtended by a well denned object at Nulapnnee ( Captain Y's bunglow } 2 was 
measured with considerable accuracy by employing the theodolite as a repeating circle, and 
from thence, knowing the dimensions of tho object, the distance was computed. In like 
mannor, using other objocts, and observing occasion o fly from eithor place, ...results were 
obtained, tho mean of which it is imagined must be near the truth 3 . 

The following extracts from Herbert's iieldbooks tell of the measurement of the 
base-line at Dehra Dun in January and February 1819 [ 37 ] ; 

It may be thought that with a chain. ..all that was necessary [ was ] to have coffers made 
for it. But the employment of the chain in this way would have consumed... time, not only 
in the operation itself, but still more- ; n the preparation of the coffers and stands, tho latter 
requiring to he made with elevating screws. ... At this remote station one such stand could 
not be properly executed. ... I was alone in a work which requiroa at least two to execute it 
property. ... I relinquished the idea of employing the chain, except as a standard of com- 
parison, for which purpose it was invaluable. ... 

It appeared that the best (substitute would be a set of rods constructed of pine -wood ; the 
comparative unalternbility of this wood lias been long known. Such rods have been even em- 
ployed. ..in the measurement of a- degree, particularly by La faille and General Roy [ 226 J -1 . 

This month [ January 1819 ] was occupied in preparing tho rods, ... their stands, ... the 
alignment pickets, etc. ... On the 30th Deer.. ..a line of 21,000 feet had been run, free 
from any serious obstacles. On tho 1st Jany. commenced clearing the ground. The 3rd 
and 4th, rain prevented much progress being made ; a flagstaff waa procured with some delay 
for the alignment. ... Tho evening of the 4th, T proceeded to the southern extremity, distant 
3 miles from Dehra, and fixed my camp there [ 37 n.7 ]. ... 

By the 10th tho flagstaff had arrived, ... a fir spar of E0 feet in length. A machine— 
contrived for detecting the alteration of tho measuring rods... from moisture, etc., was finished 
about this time, with the exception of the divisions, the cutting of which caused delay. 

On the ISth, the base being cleared, I commenced the rough measurement with a common 
land-surveyor's chain, putting down strong oiel;ets...at .e\ cry 500 feet, and n lumbering them. 
On the 20th I had got up the flagstaff at the northern extremity- ... The 21st was occupied 
in setting it truly perpendicular hy... wooden braces and a plummet. ... 22nd, rough measure- 
ment continued. 23rd, ... various matters rohiliog tu the rods, particularly. ..the first attempt 



198 Professional Details 

to determine their length. The 25th, the rough measurement, was completed, and found to 
consist of 43 spaces of 500 feel each, besides 2ti8 feet over, 21,766 feet. 

The remaining days of the month were occupied in repeated... determinations of the lengths 
of the rods as compared with the brass scale ; also in preparing and setting up an apparatus 
for the chain. ... During this period also, I commenced the final and correet alignment of 
the base, previous to commencing the measurement. This was effected by using the circular 
instrument as a transit. ... The latitude of [ the south ? ] extremilv was observed and 
found to be 30° 16' 44". 

On the 1st February, the final comparison of the rods with the steel standard chain was 

made, and, being found to confirm the previous determinations made from the brass scale, 

I commenced the measurement on the following day. ... Progress made the first day was... 

very trifling, being only 150 feel;, but as the people got accustomed... we got on quicker. ... 

1,182 feet measured 1st March. ..terminated the base, giving 21,732 feet 1 . 

Webb based his survey of Kumaun on astronomical latitudes only, without any 

ground triea^in'eiiioiit ['44-5 ] : ' 

The base is a line nearly in the meridian. ... The latitude of each end was carefuEy observed. 

and the angle of an azimuth made by one of them with the meridian through the other was 

astronomically obsorvod. ... Length of this base then calculated ;i.^n miner the length of a 

meridional degree to be 60,600 fathoms. 

[ Triangles extended from this base had all three angles observed, and were computed by 
plane trigonometry ]. 

Latitudes of each station computed from triangles, and.-.agreed so nearly with celestial 
observation that it was doubtful which might he in error. 

The geographical position of the great mosque at that place [ Pillbhit ] had been given 
by Mr. Burrow, and I purposed adopting it as the first meridian of my survey. From a point 
close to the mosque, observations were taken to 3 known snowy pea"ks and the latitude worked 
out from these observations came within 8* of Mr. Burrow's. ... I next computed the differ- 
ence of longitude of all the stations from Peleebheet, using a table of meridional parts. 

Being now assured that the distances given by my survey were trustworthy, I worked 
out the heights, assi eniug refraction 1/18 of intersected arc [ 48 ]. 

Observation from four known peaks gave mean height for Kali math station 
as 5,767 feet— maximum 5,878— minimum 5,652— and the heights of all points 
and villages whether by barometer or vertical angle, were adjusted to this value. 

I flatter myself that in the more essential parts this survey will bear comparison with any 
that have been performer! in Bengal, and I can only lament that I have not been able to collect 
the materials into a map of suitable external appearance [II, 453 ; III, pi. 6] 2 . 



Assam & Bciaid 

The surveyors who accompanied the various military columns during the Burma 
war, 1824-6, had to rely mainly on compass traverse, with distances measured by 
perambulator or time, and frequent astronomical latitudes. Many of them had to 
work in boats, along creeks and rivers where accurate measurement, was impossible. 
The countries they were traversing were, however, so littles known, that any informa- 
tion was of the utmost interest, even though not of great accuracy [ 194 ]. The 
following is an extract from Sehalch's instructions [53 n.i ] ; 

It is not intended that you should confine yourself" to a mere road survey of the line of 
march. The features of the country, so far as...visible, ...you will be careful in delineating, 
laying down the hills by triangles, ... of which your surveyed line of march will form the base. 

The courses of the rivers...you will also be careful in ascertaining by actual survey to the 
greatest practical distance, & you will endeavour to supply from information the general 
direction of the streams beyond the limits of your survey, the names of the towns or villages 
near which they flow, the situation of their sources, and their junction with other streams 
or the sea. The section of rivers of any magnitude should be takon, shewing the depth of 
water in the dry season & during the floods... and, if near the sea-coast, the rise and fall of the tide. 

Large scale plans of passes —villages— towns— population — cultivation — crops, etc. 

'Fiibk., DDn. 137, M.322;»1soat-300 -ft; different* offcvd. MsK XIII {263 eteeq). 



Assam &■ Burma 



11 

I 



As the tract. ..is supposed to bo rich in the prceious & base metals, you will also. ..ascertain 
the situation of mines, and... procure specimens of ores in their natural state, which you can 
take an opportunity of return carriage to send to the Presidency, hoi ng careful to label minutely 
every distinct specimen. ... 

Climate; ... — barometer -thermometer — ...compared with ones in Calcutta. ... 

The detailed map. ..half an inch to a mile. ..you will reduce to a general map.. .8 miles to an 
inch, inserting the reduction on a shoot of drawing paper on which lines of latitude & longitude 
have boon previously marked, according to the master sheet... with these instructions. 

Plans of positions to be made on.. .six inches to the mile, & particular at, tent ion... paid to 
the relative heights. ... In the map sheets you will be careful to insert both the true & magnetic 
meridian. All plaees laid down from information you will distinguish by a blue colouring 1 . 

For measuring distances by boat in Arakan [ 68-9 ], Wroughton asked for a 
log-line as used by sailors ; 

I found it utterly impossible. ..to determine, with any degree of accuracy, distances... from 
a knowledge of time alone. The constant, variation of the flood and ebb tides, together with 
other impediments, rendering the progress by water so very uncertain. ... 

Log-line. .do .inlficiontly accurate... and, its being arjenrripamerl with a wheel and clock 
similar to the perambulator, spaces moved over in any known time are at once pointed off 
without confusion. Captain Crawford of the Bombay Marine informs me that ho is in posses- 
sion of an instrument of this description, and that he is willing to dispose of it for a small 
sum ( probablv 611 to 80 rupees f. 

When lie resumed office aw Surveyor General, Hodgson found much to criticise 
in the field books and sketches ; 

Your style of execution is very neat, ... [but] I would nugget. ..that you. ..write the names 
in rather a stronger hone!, and mnko future maps, whether from reduced survey or informa- 
tion, on the scale of 4 b. miles to an inch, making the construction and lengths of degrees 
according to the enclosed form 3 . ... Be very particular... in your mapa, sketches, and notes, 
in distinguishing between what you have actual!.!/ observed and surveyed yourself, and what 

you have inserted from information only, and always state the 11 

persons from whom you gained information 4 . ... 

Do not trouble...about tine pap or and highly executed 1 
make them as correct as you can, of course, anil distinct 
qtience ; too much time is occupied by jr. We make copies 
other uses, and the originals are lodged in the office 5 . ... 

Send maps...with parallels of latitude divided to 30' and meridian lines to 20', strictly 
according to the table ; ... and these lines to be continued to a properly divided margin, with 
a scale of miles and local measures of the country. ... As to the meridian, you have merely 
drawn one line, and written the longitude along it ; but have afforded no moans by which I can 
judge how it was determined, nor indeed since you went away have I received any note 
of survey, or observations of latitudes and longitudes. ... I' am engaged in constructing a 
general map of the eastern parts, ... and require authentic materials, and correct differences 
of longitude are most requisite 8 [ 182-3 ]. ,,.,.„-,,, , , 

Pembsrton explains that the traverses recorded in \m hold books show 

linos infinitely more numerous... than is generally necessary in a geographical survey, but the 
mountains over which we travel are so closely wooded that it very rarely happens a Una 
exceeding two furlongs can be obtained, and the average are much shorter ; this renders the 
subsequent calculations excessively laborious and, until the arrival of Lieut. Gordon [66], 
they occupied a very considerable portion of my time ? . 

Grant based his survey of the Irrawaddy entirely on astronomical observations 
[ 183-4 1. and hf} had bllt " litt!e opportunity for triangrdaUon m Termsserrm ; 

To triangulate the Attaran.-.even partially would be a tedious, if not an impracticable, 
operation. ..? It is-.-partienlarly desirable to take advantage of the season for astronomical 
observation, and to determine the latitude of as many stations on the river as may be practic- 
able, and finally the latitude of the pass [ into Siam ]. From these, combined with azimuths, 
no doubt the country to the south-east may be partially triangulated, but I think, upon the 
whole, the positions in that quarter must be founded on the transference of time [ 1 80-1 ]. 

From November till the beginning of Mareli no triangulation can bo earned on owing to 
the dense masses of smoke with which the atmosphere is loaded, and which renders it generally 

iDDi 214 20-12-24 ■ DOn. 215 ( 31-3 ), 33-11-35, 3 Litlid. in Calcutta; DOa. 220 ( 101, 109 
19-0 & ig-lfi-'a ' ' to \V 1;^\-. I r-1 1 -ill. ib. ( 170-8 ). Mb. ( 2BL ), 23-8-27. Ho Pembwtoti, 30-3-27 
ib. (221-3 ). 'BDn. 204 [ 323 ], 3-5-27. 



:: and rendition of the 



.. sketches and n 



i. to send t- 



200 Professional Details 

impossible to see objects more than three or four miles distant [ 76 ], but this is the season 
peculiarly adapted for determining Latitude-* from meridian altitudes of the sun. ... After this 
month, the sun will not be visible on the meridian by r-oileetion, and my wish is to reach the 
Siamese frontier before that [ 184-5 ]■ -■■ 

I do not anticipate much difficulty in laving down the Gayen river ( the course of which 
is from east to west } partly from azimuths and latitudes, but chiefly from a/.unuths and trans- 
ference of time, 'flie triang illation... will embrace... I. ri angles whose sides extend 8 to 15 miles 
in length. ... Such appear to bo the only practical method of laying down, ..fixed points, from 
many of which detucbed per'air.fHi!;!-'-::^ surveys will lie practicable 1 . 

Hodgson warned li" 1 " 1 that astronomical fixings, alone would not make a survey ; 

It would be of little or no use to merely know latitudes or longitudes in a new couM-j -r 
we did not know ali the parti culm's of the communications. ... For instsm™> wJiat would be 
the use of the difference of lal.il.udc. and longitude of Amherst ..«.-i the 3 Pagodas without a road 
survey between the places, affording such in for ration as an oiiicer commanding troops would 
require on his march ? ... The wheal is the foundation of all useful work, ... and I hope you 
will not despise it, but use it whenever you can, for we must get a full survey.. .from inter- 
secting lilies, ... for a country is iHorvoj ad if ail the lines i.f c 01 nny.i nicest ion.,.are surveyed 2 . 

Hodgson's insistence on the perambulator shows that he had no idea of the 
difficulties of the jungle -clad hills of Burma, where the only com muni cations are by 
river or village footpaths. Grant replied thai he would make such perambula.tor 
traverses as he could, but that it was essential first, to survey the main rivers, and 
this could not be done by perambulator. He pressed for special allowances ; 

There are no villages in the interior from which men or provisions can be supplied, and after 
each survey... the surveyor must return to Uiis plu.re. [ Moulumin j, and Ums half the month 
is lost in supplying, ..provisions, and a new set of carriers if he con obtain them. ... No 
surveyor is competent on the ordinary allowances to mee.;, such enormous expenses, for he must- 
pay for the transport of the supplies for the whole party. ... The labourer deserves his hire, 
and if Government require perambulator surveys in the interior, I am quite sure that these 
circumstances require only to be stated, to obtain its sanction to a monthly contingent 
charge fur the hoe.cy expenses. ... 

It will not. ..bo practicable... to commence perambulator surveys till January; before 
that... lb c: survey of all the rivers. ..will probably ho completed 3 . , 

The following arc Grant's instructions toDe Montmorency in October 1827 [77]; 

The monsoon being now entirely at an and, and the weather sufiiciently settled to admit 
of your proceeding immediately on the rivers, yon wil I, ..proceed up the Gayen river towards 
Tounsa, and.. .lay down by careful magnetic and angular intersections the several islands 
between that village and Moulmyne 4 . ... You shout:! proceed first to Tounsa, whore there are 
several eminenees whence you will be able to form a just idea of the features of the surrounding 
country. ... These ridges you will be able to lay down pretty accurately from magnetic bear- 
ings from the banks of the river. ... 

You have now enjoyed a recess from active duty of six months, and... you should exert 
yourself to the utmost. ... Every surveyor is expected to be constantly employed in the duties 
of the survey exclusively, and during the favourable season to devote his every hour, and 
his every thought, to it, and to it alone 5 . 

Plaihs of Bengal 

The general system of survey in the Sat tree-covered plains of Upper India was 
to run wide traverse circuits, with frequent checks by astronomical fixings and, 
after a satisfactory closing, to fill in detail by minor traverses. Surveyors work- 
ing in the more hilly areas were able to make use of triarigulation and measured 
bases, always controlled by observations for latitude and azimuth, aw thus described 
by Franklin [ 81 -2 ] ; 

My operations were conducted on the practice of jirhiiary &, secondary triangles. ... The 
primary points were extended by a large base, measured Lrip-nnumetrically, and also by latitudes, 
between two temples situated on the hills of Ban da, and Seundah, and verified by another 
base similarly measured between temples on the hills oi' Cliatterpore & Mow 6 . Intermediate 

'Moulmern, 10-2-27; DDn. 220 ( 221 ]. ! DDn. 220(226), 5-1-27. a DDn. 221 (234), 17-5-27. 
niRIO. 176 ( II!. 1-1 1 allow rav-i obsd. h\ l> fJ Moni.morfmw. HUM. ^30 ( 305), 1S-IP-27. "Band*, 63 
(VI ; Ch iiatarpir, .'.I Pi<> : Mini, E4 0/4. 



Plains of Bengal 



-id 



Email bases were frequently measured for constant verification, & under the probation of re- 
peated astronomical observiit.ii.nin, a complete series of points was established 1 . 

For Cheape's survey of Chittagong [ 11-2 ], 
crosses, were dug in the ground at every station that no mistake might he made in bringing 
the lino of survey round a;;am to the same pohil, and the chain was examined every two or 
three days and shortened whim requisite 2 1 1, 108 ; III, 172 ]. . 

Seetacoon and Dolphin hills 3 have been laid down from bearing!*, and their positions 
made use of wherever they were visible ; bearings have been taken to a number of other hills. 
The height of Seetacoon Hill has been determined with great care from bases at the foot. ... 
■Aieles of altitude, as well us hori'/.ontal angles, ... have been taken with theodolite to the nearest 
2"; ...they 1.0...0 always been repeated more than once to avoid the possibility of errors from 
the moving of the instrument. 

From Islamabad there is a hill visible in i eal . weather at N. 72° E. j ... it is visible from 
no other part of the district, but I should consider it uti nu t 64 miles distant, in which case it 
will bo 5,600 ft. high, its angle of altitude being 28' 30"*. 

Gerard took particular care over his traverses ill Sahara.np1.1r [ 22 ] ; 

Theront.es have henn surveyed in a more exact manner than. ..usually done. ... I spared no 
pains to make the outline correct, so that, by having it accurately laid down, the cross routes 
might be measured with greater expedition. ... 

I set out from i\'a jibabad, surveyed to Itusoolpoor, from thence back by another route ; 
as both the roads lie genoi-alk in a linn: not far distant from the meridian, the latitudes observed 
correct the distance ; r-hc diherenco:, of longitude depend entirely up. hi the bearings of the 
road, which were observed with the greatest care. 

Harkaras with flags were sent ahead to mark the direction. ... The theodolite was twioe 
set, road off to single minutes ; the distances by perambulator were put down to the nearest 
1/10 furlong ; the whole was afterwards twice worked by a traverse tablsi extending to every 5 
minutes of the quadrant, which brings out the furlongs to 5 places of decimals. 

The variation of the compass was observed generally once a week by the large theodolite ; 
the latitudes were observed from Dr. Pond's stars, always north &, south, so as to do away 
with any error in the sextant &■ uncertainty of refraction. The position of i\ajibabad, after 
surveying to Rusoolpoor and back, comes to within 1/10 furlong of its former place, which 
is as near as can be expected in a measured distance of near 270 miles 5 . 

Under Hodgson's instructions for areas beyond the western and southern 
frontiers, each surveyor was to lay out parallelograms about. !-jfj by ^0 miles, and to- 
follow tbe long sides alternately with the diagonals, finishing with the short sides, 
taking astronomical observations and frequent intersections [ iSo ] ; 

The surveyor is expected to march each (hay from 5 to 7 miles ( Sundays and Thursdays 
excepted ) ; a halting day may also be: allowed when an observation for the longitude by 
Jupiter's satellites is made. ... The time. ..by equal altitudes, if the weather allows. ... 

It may sometimes be proper... to measure a base and to take angles for... fixing... any re- 
markable hills which. ..may serve as referring marks. If favourable ground can be found, a 
base of from 2 to 4 miles may lie measured, and a short and a well-proportioned series of 
triangles carried on. ... 

It. only remains I.o admonish the young surveyor to be distra-;t;'ul of himself and of his 
instruments, and not too confident, when he finds his operations agree with a surprising close- 
ness, but to examine all, and when he finds his discrepancies not to conceal them, but pationtly 
to investigate their cause, and repeat- the work till he is satisfied. Young observers think they 
are always right, hut not so the more experienced [ t-page ]. 

The map to be sent to the Surveyor General is to be on i 1 Irithh miles to an inch. ... The 
protraction should be made daily, and irt a large sheet, comprehending as much as possible of 
the tract to be surveyed ; the surveyor then sees at once what he is about 8 . 

Though not able to inspect surveyors in the field, the Surveyor' General kept a 
close watch on their fieldbooks, and Hodgson writes severely to Ferguson [ 88 ] ; 

These unsatisfactory documents. ..do not in the least resemble the form. ..I gave you. ... 
Instead of a separate field hoax for each month, ... in the form prescribed, with a daily traverse 
table, and. ..a register of the astro nomical observations, ...and instead of.. .field notes which 
might have exhibited. ..acuteness of geographical research, ...I have received a most slovenly 

i iUmmr of a Survey on Hie SK. frontier of fiiai-W-c-tm-l ; t'ninklin, 20-R-20 : Ml'.lO. M 269. Map, 
SW. Frontier, 15ar.-h-l;:iiail,'..vit!i ante "a mristi- notion. M1UO. S3 ( 12 }. 'Report, 14- 10-19. 'StUkund 
Hills, 7!) N/10. 'Called Blur Mountain ea hi* m ip; i'\lbx. HI a-','; MltlO. M 257 ; ^ r.br, Report, 14-10-19 
URIO. Misc. 20-O-19. 5 DDn. 212 { 3 ), 25-11-18. «DDn. 198 ( 154 ), 21-11-21. 






202 Professional Details 

paper, which resembles... the route of a corps which the commanding officer occasionally 
directs some officer to keep, and for which, when well executed, he receives 100 rupees per 
month [ II, 326 ]. But from a surveyor I might have expected something better. ... 

The numerous erasures of dates ami.. .Figures, ... and th,> substitutions, ... require oxplana- 
tion [II, 218-20 J. ... Very few villages, mountains, or remarkable objects, are intersected, ... 
and after the Sth of February I do not see.. .an observation of the needle of your theodolite. ... 

Original field books are.. .sent to England. ... Imagine tow pamma who ought there examine 
your field books, in the hope of finding full information on such interesting subjects as the 
heads of the Soane, Xerbuddah, and Hutsoo [88 ], would judge... of them 1 [II, 219-20]. 

He writes more kindly to Johnstone [ 87-8 ] ; 

As I am well satisfied with your assiduity, ... you are not to imagine that in directing your 
attention to methods of greater accuracy I am finding fault with you ; on the contrary, I am 
more satisfied by seeing the discrepancies in your observations /.!.;%".■<% recorded than I should 
be by seeing any attempt to make them close more nicely, by which people sometimes deceive 
themselves, but cannot deceive me. ... 

The Malwah map will... require more correction. Captain Gerard has the. -task of defining 
the great outline and the position of the principal places, as that can only be done by a 
person of... experience, ... in the possession of.. .good instruments. He has laid down the line 
from Nurwar to Bopaul [ 89 ]. ... I will desire him to send you the correct protraction of the 
southern part. ..winch you may consider as a correct framework to which to adjust your detail. ... 

It is be3t always to arrange your survey in circuit...as recommended in the MS. paper of 
hints I sent you [ 88 ]. When you have made a round, the agreement of the sum of the... 
distances on the meridian and perpendicular will shew the goodness of your work. It will 
not indeed do so exactly, because of curvature, but that difference is beyond the power of your 
instruments. ... The best way is always to observe flags or some we;l-defined mark 2 . 

Gerard writes of Ms circuit through Malwa that 
from Jypoor to Kofca I have great reason to depend upon the survey,- which was done by' 
means of azimuths & latitudes. ... From the latter place to Neomuch, which for upwards of 
half the way had never been travellod by a European, the survey will probably be.. .as correct 
as most of those made by a perambulator & theodolite, for the road generally led thro' a very 
thick wood. ... Even with my Hugs, upwards of 30 feet in length, I could seldom see 100 yards 
before me, so 1 he bearing... are not at all to be depended upon*. 

Contrary to Mackenzie's practice in Madras, the Bengal surveyors were expected 
to work single-handed, and it was some time before Gerard obtnined any help. 

When I was surveyor to the Board of Commissioners [ 22-7 J, I had three country-born 
assistants, besides, a European draughtsman 4 , so, with the exception of the survey of the 
route, &. astronomical observations, I had little to do compared with the enormous deal of 
trouble I have had with the survey from Agra to Bhopa.1, ... [ where ] I had not a single assis- 
tant to help me. ... 

I had to survey the route, make enquiries regarding the supplies, water, rivers, boundaries, 
Ac. Then, as long as the weather was moderate, equal altitudes for the time, & circum- 
meridian of the sun for latitude, were observed every day, ...and at night the altitudes of 
several BtatO. ... I was often obliged to sit up very late. ... Besides this, I had to choose 
stations for signals, frequently from one to three miles off the road, & now & then I visited 
these spots without balling a day for that purpose. ... Moreover several short bases were 
measured, sometimes with the chain, but ofioner with i.ho perambulator 8 . 

The instructions given to Eoileau [ 24 ], and his reports, arc a further illustration 
of Hodgson's system. He was to run down his circuits from traverse ta.bles, and 
project his map from a tahle giving tho. lengths of a deirree 011 meridian and parallel. 

There are those who suppose that to make correct surveys by taking the various roads 
which intersect a country is a task of.. .great ease. ... To run a loose line of 100 miles seems 
easy, bur., if a great, circuit is to he made anil the lino to be crossed. ..rn-sny times from different 
points. ;in-.l in different directions, ...much t-iet, ... skill, an:! expedience, are necessary. ... 

You should use running eamols u.= il:v: bearers. ... I would reeo'nmoMd your keeping 2 or 3. 
for. ..they are most convenient in bringing supplies, etc., from the nearest stations, and 
many other purposes. ... Perhaps you may prevail on the Judge to lend you 2 or 3 horsemen 
to carry your flags quickly [ II, 202 ]. ... 

You should change your guide, or "Domha, at every village 1 they will then willingly accom- 
pany you, and point out all the villages in sight. ..when you dismount to take baaring.s, and it 

J DDn. 198 (60), 12-5-23. "Journals, MlilO. M 311, 507; from 



1 






Pl.Jl.INS OF BENGAL 203 

is beat to give into the Domha's hand a hog spear, or long bamboo, witii which he will point, 
... while you look.. .over his shoulders. 

You should take ad vantage of any mounds or heights near the n&i side to get amors 
commanding view of the horizon, sod in the evenings do the same from your camp, or its 
vicinity. ... I rely on yon for making your not.es explanatory, ... and your map usefully full, 
though there is no need to crowd it with very small hamlets 1 . 

Ill acknowledging Tsoiloaivs map a year later. Hodgson congratulated him on 
the close of your surveying campaign ; it. has been an arduous one, arid J. return thanks for 
your exertions and attention to my. ..instructions. Von set.' how rap-id and correct this mode 
of surveying: is, and . . .■when we can dispose our line;:. ..in swell directions thai, observed latitudes 
afford a check and af.st.tf for the distances mi the meridian. ..wo have iittle to re;_T<-'t. that we 
could throw... triangles over our flat countries like the Dooab, studded with mango topea. 

If we could divide our ground into oblongs, and run up and down, with the difference of 
longitude and favour aide diagonals, wo might. ..make our map. ..a? accurate, very nearly, as 
by trigonometrical operations. ... Certainly T would always determine points by triangulation 
...when circumstances allow, but when they do not, as in tlio greater part of the rich Gangetic 
provinces, wo can perfoL-m our work without them. A tviat: filiation to be good should be on a 
largo scale; ... but wc fioc...ridjoi-duu:= operation.!] called Trii-omifvietnciU Surveys, which aro 
merely a confused entanglement of... network of si rial! sides, ivbioh... create... delay to no purpose 
•whatever 2 [210]. It is really ridiculous to hear the grandiloquence which is put forth about 
trigonometrical surveys by those who know nothing about the matter, and who do not seem 
to know that in reality the measurement of a cabbage garden is. ..a trigonometrical operation 3 . 

The following extracts are taken from EoileauV. later iioldbooks ; 

October 1st 1S28. Marched from Agra towards Bhurtpoor... making use of two perambu- 
lators; No. 1 by Cary ; No. Ill, tlio large, or Heringapatam wheel [ 1, i\)<j ]. Measured a line 
of 10 chains in the afternoon, and coin} rated both the perambulators with it ( drain ~No. 577 ). 
Wheel No. I gave only 218 yards by 4 measurements, and. ..No. Ill gave 220 yards by 2 
measurements. Chain was of 66 feat, ... 

[At the end of each day's march, distances resolved into eastings and southings ]. 

6th November. The difference of latitude by perambulator between the Taj at Agra 
and camp at Horub, October :llst, is -12' 22"- 11 N. Added to the latitude of the Taj gives... 
27° 53' 44*- 14 ; ... by meridian altitudes of the sun, 53' 39". 

This is quite as near as I could possibly expect. .-during a whole month's run, and indeed 
so near a coincidence is very suspicious, but I have. ..been unable to detect any error... though 
always on the look-out. ... The daily runs have hitherto agreed very fairly with tlio observa- 
tions of latitude made each day with the large sextant, and this instrument agrees very well 
with itself... ( four observations agree within soconds ), 

The difference) of latitude per traverse between the Ta.j at Agra and the Jumma llusjid at 
Delhi is aboiit 1" 27' 30*, which, added to the latitude of the Taj, would give...28° 38' 54* for 
the Jumma Musjid. ... The real latitude, however, being 28° 39' 13", my traverse must be 19*, 
or 1/3 mile, short of the true distance in a run of 1.50 miles. ... 

31at December 1828. In coming to close for the second time on. ..the Taj, ...I have... 
the following results of my 3 months circuit, ... Having never crossed the same line twice 
during a distance of nearly 300 miles, ... the total of errors... accumulated... will be.. .about 3/4 
mile. The total difference of latitude per traverse between the Taj at Agra and the Jumma 
Musjid at Dolhi...— via Deog, 1" 27' 21"' 43...— via Ally Gurh, 1° 27' 14*"62. ... 

11th January 1829. Every morning. ..as soon as my outdoor work isr finished, .[...calculate 
the traverse and, having thus obtained the extreme points, ... I prick off the difference of 
latitude and departure... from the last fixed point, and then protract each bearing and distance, 
seriatim, beginning at the fixed point- and terminating at the calculated extremity. ... 

In this manner each day's work is laid down upon each successive sheet of foolscap, which 
are so marked. ..as to be lard nnt...in one large map, and at the close of the season the whole 
are transferred to a single sheet by pricking through theprineipal fixed points, and then filling 
all details with a tracing frame, by which moans a faithful i*ipy..-is obtained 4 . 

Barometric Heights 

The use of barometers for finding height was stimulated by survey in the 
Himalaya, but the surveyors had the greatest ■ difficulty in carrying these delicate 






204 Professional Details 

instruments about, and the long glass tubes were constantly breaking [ 221 ]. 

Hodgson ordered two barometers from England, but on his river journey froin 
Bihar [ 179 ] he had only one, with which he took regular readings, keeping notes 
as to their apparent reliability and variation with phases of the moon 1 . 

The barometer.. .hung in the centre of a heavy pinnace which, towing in calm weather 
up the stream, had little inclination ; but it was always kepi, adjusted by a plumb lead. The 
thermometers, attached and dotached, being also in the shade, close to the barometer, seldom 
differed more than two degrees. 

This barometer was broken on the Chaur peak, and Hodgson found the loss "most 
mortifying indeed" E , He laments that "a set of mountain barometers sent for me 
from England was mis-sent by the Calcutta customs house to Bombay & are lost, & 
without doubt broken " 3 . A year later he was joined by Herbert who brought up 
two new barometers from Calcutta, hut these were soon out of action, and neither 
Hodgson nor Herbert were ever successful in filling spare tubes [ 33 ]! They were 
left to rind height by theodolite and sextant, and by boiling water [34-5]. It 
was not until 1821 that Herbert received other barometers and, with corresponding 
observations made in Calcutta, was able to get a satisfactory height for Saharan- 
pur, their base station [ 38 ] ; 

Barometrical observations for height of Belleville Station, Saharanpur. This important 
point, it is hoped, is satisfactorily settled from 18 corresponding barometrical observations 
made at Saharanpur and Calcutta for tliat express purpose. ... On the arrival of a -perfect 
mountain barometer in Calcutta, an actual BOSfctaEqaoraiieoHS comparison was immediately 
instituted with a similar instrument at Saharanpur— 1,013 feet is the height of Saharanpur 
above the sea 4 — and tho whole list of places fixed by the survey has been altered to conform. 
Tin- son os of 18 observations was made in August 1821. 

Herbert never mentions Gerard's height for Saharanpur, that was 
ascertained by the mean of at least 120 observations taken with two mountain barometers, 
■which read off from the surface of the mercury to 1/ 100th part of an inch. At Dehra I bod 
only three observations of the barometers before they were brokon 5 . 

Of their independent surveys to the upper Sutlej [ 40-3 ] Gerard writes that 
Herbert had no barometer, whilst I had two of the very best. ... Herbert's heights were 
calculated from the boiling point of water. ... At Soobahtoo he made several comparisons 
between his thermometer and my barometers, and a difference, ... sometimes a degree and a half, 
... was no uncommon experience... from the difficulty of making the water always boil the same. 
... Besides, Herbert had ne oorrospondent observations, whereas I always had, at Soobahtoo or 
Kotgarh, or both. Even Herbert allowed that my heights were more accurate than his 8 . 

Gerard took barometers on all his expeditions into the mountains [40-2], and for 
his surveys in Malwa [S9-90] he made a continuous series of observations from 
Sabathu to Bhopal, a corresponding set being observed at the Surveyor General's 
office. The series began in October 1822, with readings at least six times a day, 
and continued during his halt at Gwalior, June to September 1823 ; 

I was unwell the whole of August, and on the 26th...I was attacked with a violent fever, 
... with an inflamation of the liver & spleen, which confined me to bed for upwards of a month. 
... The observations put down afterwards were observed by-officers at the Residency, but thev 
were not regularly taken, and from i:itb September were discontinued. 

Calculations were made both by La Blace's formula, and also by Dr. Maskelyne's method, 
which always gives the altitudes of very olevated places too little, because the equation for 
the latitude is not taken into account. ... I have worked the observations according to both 
rules, as by fo doing any error is discovered. 

With his brother Patrick he maintained observations at Sabathu for four 
years, the mean of observations at 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. giving the best value ; 

Some people reckon the barometer a very uncertain mode of determining heights, & this 
is truo when imperfect instruments are employed, or when the places are remote from the 
tropics, liTid ion temporary obsei^ af-ions are not taken. 

He describes the process of boiling the mercury so as to dispel the air ; 

I have paid particular attention to barometers for these last S years, ... and, with the 
exception of ray brother James [ 40 ■], I have perhaps had more- experience with these inatru- 

'DDn. 113, M 473 ; Jan. 1816. *MRI0. M 575, I-7^IG. >ib. M3S0. 5-2-17 *tru<> hp!aht am 
feet j MEIO. M 358. i Gerard to SG„ DDa. 212 { 15 ), 26-11-18; ■ Lloyd, II ( 3 ). S 



Barometric Heights 



205 



ments than any person in India ; moreover, from a constant nvsideiie.1! of lour years in thohilla, 
I possessed advantages over most people, & I have had opportunities of measuring altitudes, 
both barometrically A trigonornetrii'i-dly, with instruments of the most perfect kind, which 
were even carried to the vast height of lit. 450 feet. 

My brother & 1 measured upwards of a thousand height.* at sill seasons of the year and, 
when we had an opportunity of com|jy ring the trigonometrical with the barometer ical calcula- 
tion, the difference very rarely amounted to 40 feet in altitude? of fi.OOO & 7,000 feet, when 
the observations were taken in... October, .November, March & April. 

He made Sabathu 4,0111 feet above the Surveyor General's office at Calcutta, 
or 4.129 feet above the sea 1 , taking the office height from "an accurate series of 
levels observed by Captain Bchaloh " [ 14 ] 2 . 

For his survey of Kumaun [ pi. 6 ] Webb had " the best instruments procurable 
in England", but within a few months had broken no less than six tubes. He 
fitted new ones and got new barometers, and at the close of the survey bad six for 
sale, all in good order 3 . Using five barometers, he obtained a height of 757 feet* 
for Kashipur, as against his preliminary estimate of 050, and in June 1817 fixed the 
height of Kedarnath temple at 11,897 feet 5 , and of Niti Pass at 16,814* [46-8]. 
Over 400 correspondent readings were sent up by a friend 7 in Calcutta every month, 
and Webb preferred using the mean 

of the Calcutta observations for five days, to.. .that directly correspondent with my own. ... 
In steady weather [several | series of observations give the surai results as nearly as possible, 
though made at very different times of the year ; but the continual travelling about, which my 
business as a surveyor requires, seldom permits observations 60 be made in a eontinuous series . 
Blacker asked Bombay and Madras to collect correspondent observations over 
as wide an area as possible ; 

I have been engaged for some time past in preparing sets of barometrical tables for th» 
calculation of relative h(-i;riit*. and have toileted the observations of the barometer for many 
places. ... I wish them for so long a period back as maybe had, and that, with the date of each 
observation, should likewise be specified the hour of the day. The height of the barometer 
should also be accompanied by the height of the thormornoter for the same instant. ... I hope 
you will not think this letter a bore ; its object is entirely for the public service 9 . 

He told Mbntgomerio at Madras that 
there ought to be a mountain barometer and ihnrmomr.ter with each survey. There is one, 1 
perceive, with the Hyderabad survey, and I hope it is employed. There is likewise one at 
the Presidency, with which the late Captain Moimtford used to keep a register 10 . 

He asked both Grant and Bedford to keep regular observations and arrange that 
your barometer should be preserved free from injury until.. .it shall reach Calcutta, where it 
may be compared with the standard instrument in this office. Should you have occasion to 
carry your barometer to the top of any remarkable eminence, ... observations- may be made at 
...—sunrise— between 8 and 10 A.M.— noon— i p.m.— or sunset. Corresponding observations for 
these times may be had in this office. Enclosed...is a small pamphlet on the subject". 

William Cullen, of the Madras Artillery, was another barometer enthusiast and, 
during 1821 and 1822, collected and compiled records stretching from Cape Comorin 
to Sabathu. This was an immense work, very carefully and clearly plotted, with 
excellent vertical sections 13 . 



I 



Surveyors in Madras had the inestimable boon of Lambton's trigonometrical 
survey which had been completed over the southern peninsula by 1810, relieving 
them "from all anxiety about the accuracy of their bases, and from the uncertainty 



'True v 



about 4,500 ft. HaSG. 27- 



i MRIO. M 507. »DDn. 198 ( 17 ], 3-2-32 ; Webb 
quotes "A^pZ<or, to Ih'r .taAAn. I 1 June,. <,pi,-,r ■( BOS IV 

IR'M( '17') I ' <-■■-■ vi- ■.<■'■■ '■-".■a. 'pi. B; 11,7(10 ft. "it in. M-.. «■. !'.:.. I:iil:- ili. K..U2S i:. Dim. ksU 
,' in 11 l-H -■■■") ' 'rWisli-v \lc^. .l./:m (:..'! vln : lTsi; ls-51 i ; BOS. ISOj : .It. Ma-te. Suburb., G^utta. 
8n-orbJ.il MIUO..\I_373, 30-9-30. 

Ho Warden, Ch. St,-. U.vnW. 31 -12-24 ; DDq. 22!t { 1.1-6). » ib. (21), 2-2- 
220 ( 101). 19-9-25. "RevBd. 1 l-i-22 ei se?. ; mafra & (actions MBIO. 97 I 13 



206 Professional Details 

of astronomical observations; [ 94, 190 "| . in spitu of Mackenzie's anxitty for uniform- 
ity of system, however, he left each surveyor to take up the detail by theodolite 
traverse or planet able j as he considered best. Surveyors trained at the Military 
Institution and many of the assistants from the observatory training school favoured 
the planetable. whilst those trained tmder Mackenzie favoured the traverse. 

Travaneore is a difficult, wooded, mountainous country, and though Ward 
admitted the value of the planetable for the most detailed survey, he found it 
necessary to have tin' whole section covered with... points... not exceeding 3 or & miles from 
each other. ... When stations are at sonw distance, the linos draw™ from them to the placB of 
observation from ',1 stations. ..would scarce meet in one point, ... ft. ..a compass whose diameter 
is about 4 inches should bo unetl to enable the surveyor to sot his table. ... 

I have had the environs of this place surveyed with the tabic- on a. largo scale. Tho' the 
space did not exceed :> square miles. ,v. with the aid of a number of point-;, it took 10 days to 
complete, which... is a long while for so small a traet. A person... feels awkward.. .in the beginn- 
ing, but after a few days practice it becomes easier ft may bo used with facility. ... 

It is useless in a. hilly ft woodv country whore- very often one has not a glimpse- of his points ; 
the surveyor must then have recourse to 11 iea.su roments ft the compass in the usual way. 
I regret having brought three of them ; one. ..is all I require, & in lieu of tho others I 
should be very gla.il if I can get another small handy theodolite & a wheel 1 . 

His own task was to fix points for his assistants by i riangulation ; 

Bird.. .has unfortunately boon confined with a fever the whole of this month. ... I have 
been out a few days to the north and sueeeoded in survey ins a pretty extensive tract, ... & 
came in the day before yesterday & succeeded in layio-_ r it down in tho plan. ... 

The climate among the hills is supposed to be more wholesome, during the rains, and soon 
after it, but to approach their vicinity in the warm wenther is generally thought, dangerous. ... 

I supplied Tunibull with... triangles, as well as could be obtained, ft mostly well defined 
points. He must, I find, previous to commencing tho survey, place dags on them, of which 
I cannot see the propriety of ; a flag or tree on a table hill or bluff is. -.necessary to define tho 
...station, but to trouble the inhabitants to place them. ..on every hill, ..causes a loss of much time 8 . 

My own time is just now occupied In earrying on the triangles ; and,. .a series of inferior 
ones lire necessary, which gives* me a good deal of trouble.. .owing to the apparent flat surface 
of the country. ... 

The gentlemen employed... under... Captn. Arthur [II, 131-2] appear not to have taken 
any notice of the Divisions in their survey. I have had opportunities of comparing their 
sections, ... ft find they have been minutely laid down ; even in the most intricate parts have 
they observed the details with such a nicety that if that survey was allowed to go on in the 
same stylo, I believe it could not even now have been concluded. 

I have only observed one deviation From our msjtliod ; they have... carried on.. .without 
consulting a Regisior of Villages ; the consequence is that for every ten villages, on an average, 
only one has beer, inserted on their plan, ft those appear to be tho principal in each Sub -division*. 

Tho country to the n.e. of Quilon, up to the mountains, appears as an ocean of wood, 
with scarce one- imminence above another. Tho query is how a series of triangles. ..is to be 
carried on. You will by an inspection of Coll. Lambton's triangles see that his points are from 
20 to 50 miles apart, which must have been owing to a want of defined objects*. 
After Connor's arrival greater use w*as made of the planetable, with triangulation 
still the essontial basis [ no ]. 

Mountford's survey of Gmitur [ 96-7 ] followed the etyle of the Military Institution 
[IT, 215-6], though more attention was now paid to boundaries and villages ; 

The trigonometrical operations of Colonel Lnmbton form the basis. ..from which intermediate 
stations were determined. ... The instrument... was a common nine-inch theodolite, by which 
tho throe- anglos of the principal triangles -wore generally observed, and the excess or deficiency 
added or subtracted. ... The... survey bavins:: been divided into sections ( as.. .by the Military 
Institution ) of 6 by 4£ miles [ II, 128 ; III, 120 ], tho principal stations, ... were referred...to 
the section lines, — parallel to the. meridian and perpendicular [ of Carangooly, II, pi. 16]. 

The stations being laid down by the distance from these lines, their correctness was as- 
certained by measuring the distance from each other [216 ]. Four, sis, or eight, of these see- 
tions were allotted to each assistant as... convenient. ... having as many hill stations as possible 
protracted... to aid in laying do-wn the detail. 

28-ll-lfi. >ib. {204), 2S-3-I7. *Swiu ton's 



Madras 



■:■)'-; 



The principal villages nave been registered. ..by fciieii: boatings from t 
the bearings of these stations from.. .the village, ...by a, theodolite or small oircumferentor 
[22Q J. ( In some cases these ana-os were taken by 1,1 10 plane table, and afterwards measured 
bv.. .protractor J 1 . 

Much confusion was experienced wii.li village Tiiimos, not only from diiferences 
in pronunciation and doubtful trau slit era Lion, but even from the existence of two 
or more forms of the same name, or from the use of a name in the official list that 
was never used by the villagers. >Far:kenzrc insisted that the surveyors should 
follow the lists supplied by the Collectors [ II, 213 ; III, 105 ]. He writes to Sim, 
who had found particular difiicrilty at L'oudicnerry [ 98 ] ; 

The accuracy of the survey of the Military Institution ha.s never been doubted. ... The 
intention of vour iircseiu.. survey.. .is to.-.idcsntil V the names of the villages in the Collector's 
list, to be delivered up hye & bye to the French. As all the, villages do not appear in the plan 
of the Institution, you are to enquire for them "by name, & to mark them out on the maps. ... 
It appears to me very uncommon that in the short space of lfi years horn 17113 to 1809, such 
a number of villages should change their iinrmn. ... '[ wish you to be sure of this. 

He answers Sim's enquiry — 
whether it be necessary to examine the boundaries surveyor! by Summers — Certainly it would 
be useless to employ him & for you to go over it again, "but, as you... doubt.. -the degree of 
responsibility attached to you, it is proper you should satisfy yourself, as the intention 
in sending an officer is to give a greater degree of authenticity to the work. ... 

■ But if we are to go- over the whole of the work done by every assistant, what is the use 
of employing them by themselves ? ... What I should recommend... is 1.0 go upon the ground, 
...to observe the method followed, to enquire into it. & approve of it if satisfactory, leaving to 
him the detail. You can try one or two instances. What is wanted is the boundary of the 
French territory in general, not of every individual village 2 . 

Gar-ling commenced his survey of the Nizam's dominions in B.aiohur Circar, 
where the country was not favourable for planetabling as Goa had been [ II, 158 ] ; 
The Nizam's country being divided into.. .arrears, ... these divisions...!!,™.! their subdivi- 
sions into pnrgunnahs, samoots, talooks, ... are to be.. .the foundation of the survey. ... 

Previous to. ..the survey of the boundary of" a circar, the surveyor should have established 
a certain □umber of primary stations : ... witli these and... secondary st: it ions... the situation 
of every village in the district should be ascertained. The ground work... thus laid, the exterior 
boundary of the district .should be nest traced, and the landmarks... described. ... Any doubtful 
or disputed boundary sliouid he noticed. ... 

In.. -tracing the boundary, ... the cusbas. forts, towns, and villages, coming in the way, or 
lying on either side, should be laid down by angles with the stations or adjacent fixed places; 
others may bo taken by occasional excursions. ... 

The results... sho aid be protracted in sections for the map as early as possible. ... One 
English mile to one inch is recommended for tho provincial maps of the districts, and the 
names of the principal cusbahs, those of the inferior divisions, and the forts, should be dis- 
tinguished, either by the mode of writing, or some marks of reference 3 . 

In his final re nor t, (.Tailing gives- a- lengthy dewi.-ri ptiort of the formulae by which 
he computed his co-ordinates and concludes, 

The detail has been taken up by bearings with the compass uee.dlo of different telescopic 
instruments upon tripods, and made to answer as circumferentors. The stations have been 
for the moat part taken at villages, with a view to meet the instructions of the Surveyor General 
that bearings from them to the principal points should, be registered 4 , 

In his triangulation of the Sagar Circar to the north [ 115 ; pi. 18, Suggur ], 
Garling observed all three angles of his primary triangles so far as possible, 

but, the country euiLsisting of...bro.-L-d swoib of s'.ich nearly oqoiit height, ... no vory commanding 
spots could be found 5 ; it was constantly necessary, on reaching an advanced signal flag, to 
make some change in its situation, and thus lose the observations recorded, which are for the 
most part the mean of 6 or 8 readings of the angle. On the whole-.. sufficient data has been 
obtained to give assurance of its general accuracy. ... 

The table of elevations arid depressions... exhibits greater irregularities than could be 
wished, but is. ..sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes". 

iMPC. 97, Gen, Ho. 23, 414 ( 1-3 >, 1S17-8. »D'Dn. 156 ( <kl ), 13-5-16. 'Maokenaie to Garling, 
1S-4-16; DIta. 20- (S-t-DO ), A- .'IPC. I'.'i " -lii. : DDe. 101 ( 1 ), 1-8-18. s Snch ground would be equally 
jafa'.-i.-r:dik- for th- planet-able * : ■' 



. 104, M 185. 11-4-19. 



208 Professional Details 

In his report for season 182^5 Crisp writes that the whole area for survey 
was subdivided into. ..field -sections containing each about one hundred square milea. ... 

One uniform system prevails among my assistants. The instrument... to which' then- 
practice has bees Invariably confined is the theodolite. The daily work is noted in a field 
book, the Ioft-h.mdpag l: cmii-aluim- t-!,e angles and bearmgs, and the right-hand page a rough 
topographical sketch [II, 214 ]. ... The materials thus eoflected axe immediately protracted 
and delineated BCCHiSteiy upon a field section book, end the whole work of the season, 
on returning to quarters, is embodied into one large map.. .by the two ablest draughtsmen*. 

Montgomene had called for this report in order to meet Blacker 's classification 
of surveys fit for incorporation in the new Atlas of India- [ 120-1, 283 ]. Snell at 
the same time reported from Viza-gapatam 

that two of the assistants survey with theodolite and kfisa fi*J^ books, eto., one only making 
use of the plane table, the... method —=ioHt wHtSem and approved. As. ..the others have been 
for a long time accustomed to that manner of surveying, it would not. ..be advisable to 
introduce any other system among them, which would... retard tl.ieir operations for a time. 
Generally each assistant introduces his own portion of survey into the fair maps 2 . 

Montgomerie was as ardent an advocate of the planetable as Garhng [ II, 216 ], 
and strongly urged its general introduction 

instead of the field books which are now kept. ... The results obtainable by...field books are 
undoubtedly satisfactory, yet, with...much more labour and time, neither the same detail nor 
the same degree of accuracy can be obtained...as with the plane table. ... The greatest, and 
perhaps the only, objections to the use of the plane table hardly exist in this country, whose 
surface is seldom enclosed, and whose climate, with respect to its dryness, are peculiarly 
favourable to the employment of this simple hv-irumont. ... 

Captain Steal and Lieutenant Cunningham... adopted the plane table with the greatest 
advantage [ 125 ns.6, 12 ], and. ..each of these officers had minutely and accurately surveyed 
upwards of 7,000 square miles per annum with that, ii istvument. ... 

The quantity surveyed by Captain Crisp and five assistants during the present season 
amounts only to 5,500 square miles; but, admitting that each assistant could accomplish 
the survey of about half as much as. ..Captains Steel or Cunningham, the party would perform 
as much in one year as under the present system is now done in three years. ... 

The adoption of this plan would not interfere with the present... village register. ... The 
boundaries of districts could also be laid dcuii and described with as much accuracy as at 
present, and the distance from one landmark to another along the boundary could be measured 
by... perambulator, as well as the principal roads. ... 

Surveying with the plane table is so very simple that I have not the least doubt but that 
the whole of the assistants would very soon acquire a poi-foet use of it. This was the case 
with the surveyors employed on the Travaneore survey [ 119, 206 ]. Mr. Turnbull, now in this 
ofiice, ... states that they made greater progress with that instrument than with field books, 
which. ..they had previously been in constant practice of. ... 

I...suggest the system of sections as adopted by the late Captain Garling. ... The scale 
of one mile to an inch would, in general, ha sufficiently largo for surveying w i ch the- piano table. 
... These sections, at the conclusion of the season, ... should be separately copied out fair, 
and put up together in a small ease, with an index, in the manner adopted by Captain Garling! 
... Thus arranged, any hundred square mile3 of tile peninsula could in one moment be pro- 
duced, and the whole of the original surveys... could be contained in a number of convenient 
sized volumes, and. ..bo preserved with the greate.-t care for ages 3 . 

Crisp did not like the planetable and preferred 
angular instruments, ... especially... the theodolite. Perhaps indeed it is the only one which 
can ensure correctness and certainty. ... All the observations made with it become a matter 
of record, telling in words and significant signs what the plan represents in the dumb show of 
lines and colouring. Its superiority over the plane table for accurate delineation is manifest. 
The latter is a vague and indeterminate instrument, Ioaving its results rmfurnished with data 
by which to verify the operations and. ascertain thoir accuracy. 

The chief use of the plane table [is]... to take a rapid sketch of a small traet of country. ... It 
may also be usefully employed in furnishing a spirited outline of a range of hills, whose apices 
have been previously determined by the theodolite. For such purposes it is well calculated but, 
since its deductions are produced, by a mechanical process so that the loss of the plan is irrecover- 
able except by.. .a fresh survey, it should give place to an instrument of higher pretensions 4 . 

9 DDn. 202 ( 33 ), 1-6-25. s DDn. 202 ( 147-S3 ), 24-6-25, 



M.-UHiAK 



Mackenzie had similar views. and regie (tod iliat l-'ickersgil! and Garden had not 
made a careful theodolite traverse along the Nepal frontier [ 19 ] ; 

Why could they not follow the method bo well observed by your son & by Mr, Auber ? 
[ II, 436 ]„ The plane Cable is well enough fur giving the fact of a plain space, bub for a limit, 
with a Foreign Power that may hereafter be subject of discussion., something descriptive) 
is wanted 1 . •[ 

The Hyderabad party was withdrawn from the field at this time, and field work I 

was not resumed until January .1827, shortly after which Crisp resigned [119]. 
M outgo merie returned to the charge in a. letter to Webb, who relieved him ; 

Tho P ™.d.i n f.,..of tiMkintr up the. topographical detail of the survey by. ..angular instruments 
and field books is ho inadequate ^ ,.i,„ fnithful delineation of.. .an extensive and diversified 
.surface, that [...recommend your introducing that valuable and simple instrument, the plane 
table, into general use. ... Although long pivu-ticc ha- made these assistants |>nrri»l to the use 
of field books, yet I am convinced that the sooner they are generally abandoned, so much 
sooner will advantage ho derived (,o the service. 

By using the plane table many sources of error will he avoided ; the time winch the assis- 
tants tJ'.i;e up in protracting the work at home will lie saved, and any inaccuracy committed at 
one station is immediately detected and. corrected on the removal of the table to another. 

Field books will only lie necessary when surveying with the peravuhuhtor in measuring 
the high roads, or in a close country, when no other instruments than the perambulator and 
compass can be made use of 2 . 

In November 1828 Montgomerie recommended that, in default of fieldbooks,, 
the work of the planetablers should be supported by copies of their journals ; 

Aa surveys are conducted under this V'ro>sideucy, ... it. would only retard operations were 
the surveyors required to send in field hooks monthly, and us the detail is chiefly taken up by 
...the plain t;d>le, the subordinate surveyors have I it tie occasion to use ileal books. ... The best 
check.. .would he to make Idee rs... send in monthly copies, not only of their own diaries, bub 
of every individual employed under them, ...and as writers are now authorised to each, of 
the .surveys copies of all diaries could be made out. without interrupting the work 3 . 

From this time all officers joining the Hyderabad survey were trained in the 
use of the planctable and that instrument was adopted as the normal means of 
survey right through the Madras presidency, ft was through the appointment of 
Du Vernet to the Himalayan party of the Great Trigonometrical Survey in 1841, 
and of a few Madras sub -assistants to the Punjab in later years, that the art of 
plane-tabling was carried to upper India. 

Bombay 

The most important of the Bombay topographical surveys were the Deccan 
survey started by Sutherland and Jervis's survey of the Southern Pvonkan. 

The Deccan survey was based on triangulat-ion extended from Garling's work 
to the south, and checked by occasional measured bases, but it was not of a high 
enough standard to maintain accuracy over so vast an area., and Sliortrede's 
trigonometrical survey started in 1828 was intended to provide a more trustworthy 
basis [ 130-1 ]. Detail survey was carried out by planetable to which the general 
open nature of the country lent itself, and the surveyors borrowed from Madras 
produced unusually large outturns [ 125, 208 ]. 

Jervis had worked a short time with the trigonometrical survey in Great Britain, 
and took great pains over his tri angulation and the measurement of base-lines, 
but he tried to cover far too large an area for the means at his disposal. He was 
distracted by the collection of statistics, and left the extension .of triangulation and 
the rising of detail largely to half-trained Indian surveyors, so that his work never 
reached a very high professional standard f 126-7, 203 n.2 ]. He gives the following 
account of a base-line which he measured in May 1823 on a 

>it. 1S4( 2). *DDn. 184 (429). 12-6-27; of. 231 (134). 14-4-23. 



210 



PRUVESH TONAL DETAILS 



level space. ..on the south side of tlie llnraiHgherry Hay. ... I.fivmg cleared and levelled it, 
and built up the hollows with a narrow mud and stone bank, 1 divided tin- whole length into 
of II chains, each 50 feet. I chose this distance because the iron rods, with which 
o make.. .final mea-urenient, wen.; each -_ feet long ; and 2o of these would. ..fall 
somewhere near these general distances. ... . 

The whole was then carefully measured with the ir.m rods which were an inch diameter... 
and, these having been laid off from a brass scale.. .compared with the standard scale in 
England, ... there could be no serious error in the total length. Unfortunately both ray moun- 
tain barometer and thermometer had been broken, and I was unable to get, the exact amount 
of reduction necessary. ... The whole, however, was carefully levelled with the levelling instru- 
ment. ... Tho ba.so-line was reuieasure.l i.u'ice subsequently. ... 

The ends of the base were carefully marked with two long round teak wood stakes. ... 
Two larger sooparee trees 1 were firmly tied with a white Hag, aod being high and erect they 
enabled, me to dist.i ni-uish the extremities of the base at the distance of 9 miles. ... 

For the station signals I. ..made up flag's., .of different ("lours, and conical stands consist- 
ing of 4 poles connected at the summits with an iron ring ; these, when covered with white 
dungaree bleached, enable,,.! me- to distinguish my trigonotoetrica.l stations at a distance. ... 

On tho eea-eoast I could distinguish dark objects better than white; and when a point 
was to be fixed. -close at hand, I fixed saparee trees with a quantity of grass at the top as a 
directing mark. ... For others more distant I made a large. ..cone of rough timbers, and 
revered it with grass. ... 

The theodolite... was not very good ; the limb is divided into ares of :>()' each ; the vernier 
again subdivided into arcs of 20". To these ares not being.. .correctly adjusted to a common 
centre. ..I impute the small differences. ..of distances from separate series ; hut a difference of 
2 yards is perhaps |iardouable in such di.staii'-es as exceed JO.UOO yards 2 . 

Though .lervis's survey was pronounced "highly satisfactory" by Sutherland 
[ 126 ], Hodgson did not, think much of it ; 

The native sub-assistants have been employed by the -Superintendent in assisting him in 
his trigonometrical observations, and. ..little or no attention has been paid to the detail. ... 
The detail work ought. ..to have held equal progress with the triauLjulatiou, and the latter only 
applied to the important purpose of establishing. .. corresponding points, from which others 
might be determined... by the. ..subordinate assistants. The multiplication of very small 
triangles should be avoided as causing loss of time, and leading to error [ 203 f. 

Jervis himself was extremely satisfied with his work, and in after years held it 
up to the British Association as the class of survey he would like to see extended 
all over India, hut both Everest and Waugh rated it very poor stuff, and would not 
accept it for the Atlas of India [ 127 ]. 



'Jour 



il.DOii. IS2, M Pl-i ; 1S23-4 



' DDn. : 



ii ( -243 I, 20-7 



CHAPTER XV 



instruments 



1 



1 



t 



Supply — ■ Theodolites rf? Compasses — Sextants <fc Circles — Perambulators — 
Chains — Chronometers — Planetables — Barometers. 

rpHOUG-H surveyors' allowances had been calculated on the understanding that 
they provided all their own instruments, there were occasions when Government 
instruments were issued on loan or payment [II, 221]- It generally took at least 
a j„ar to obtain instruments from England and, though they could often be pur- 
chased from dealers at the presidency towns, or from brother officers, these were 
not always of the pattern desired. As a matter of policy, therefore, the Military 
Boards 1 maintained stocks of the more common instruments a- 1 their arsenals and 
depots, which were generally of decidedly inferior make, supplied by contractors 
in England whose first thought was financial profit [ II, 221-4, III, 212 ]. 

In 1815 the Madras Government, ruled that military surveyors on the Quarter- 
master General's establishment [ II, 321-2 ] should provide at their own expense, 

The First Class, One theodolite rind stand — Oik ei re u .liferent or and stand — Oust plane 
table on stand, complete with compass and graduated brass ruler with 
fiducial edge and sights — One 100 feet brass measuring chain, with 10 
pickets — One ease of, graphical instruments, with water colours-, &c, &c. 

The Second Cluss, ... the simn instruments, with the exception of tho theodolite, and 

The Third Class [ the same ] with the exception of thoodoiito and cii.vumferontor. 

The above instrument-! are...sutiicierit for ordinary purposes ; but when Assistants Quarter 
Master General shall be employed in duties requiring a. superior description of surveying 
instruments, or a perambulator and pocket compass, tin: q.m.o. of the army is authorised to 
supply the same, with conveyance, from the public depots; tin* officers to whom they shall 
be entrusted being field responsible f<>r their preservation 2 . 

For the similar establishment of officers in Bengal [ 335 ], the Q.m.g. was authorized 
to hold stocks of instruments as well as drawing paper. 

For some time the Surveyor Generals had been trying to build up stocks of better 
class instruments at the different presidencies, sometimes by indent on the Directors, 
and sometimes by local purchase. On taking over duty at Madras fn 1810, 
Mackenzie placed a small order on England for his own account, and in 1816 
persuaded Government to take it over ; 

Finding there was a consider;! bio want of proper in strum raits adapted for survey and for 
drawing— 1 directed my agents in England to ship for me a certain number.. .made up by 
artists of character. During my absence those articles arrived and are now in hand. I 
beg.-.they may be purchased for the use of the Survey Department on payment of the prime 

cost, the ex ponce of freight and insurance, Ac under the usual affirmation on honour [291 ]. 

They consist of 2 best theodolites, 4 small theodolites ( by an artist of repute ), and several 
other small articles, ... amounting to S227-1-0 3 . 

As he had now to maintain stock lists of survey instruments for the whole 
presidency, he asked that they should all bo at his disposal ; 

While the number at the... Survey or General's Office is comparatively few, there appear 
to be several... dispersed at sueh a distance... that they could not be. ..resorted to for service, 
or sent down for repair, without loss of time. ... There are...43 perambulators, 63 brass chains, 
and 40 plane tablos, a number that ean scarcely be required for a long time to come in any 
department. Some of them being immediately necessary in this, ...the whole, ...excepting 

'Comprising QJIG. ; CE. ; Art. Comdr. ; Coebbj. Gen. ; etc.; respangihle for supplies, barraoks, etc. 



212 Instruments 

those belonging to the Observatory ami the Trigonometrical survey, shon.ll bis deposited at. 
or at least reported to, this office as to t-lioi t- state unci condition 1 . 

Hodgson and Webb spent a lot of money on private instruments and found 
transport expenses in the mountains so heavy that, they got special permission to 
charge these hi contingent bills. In 1818 Hodgson asked for the loan of 
perambulators arid mountain barometers. I Lave he-en rihvudy ah so L.;n'a* a private ospence 
for those and other instruments, that I cannot afford to purchase all I want. I have already 
instruments, my private property, of the value of about 12,000 rupees, and lost tin assortment 
in a ship taken by the enemy 3 , which cost ire in England nearly £200 [ 31-2 j. 

Perambulators are very useful in many parts of the mountains, but they are costly*. and are 
generally rendered unserviceable in the course of 2 or 3 months, and 2 mast always ho ran 
at a time [25]- All the mountain barometers sent to me from England have been broken ere I 
received them [ 33 ]. I should therefore be greatly obliged if 4 perambulators might be sent 
to me, and should any mountain barometers arrive from England unbroken, that I might 
be supplied with some of them, to be returned to store when no longer wanted*. 

Webb made an equally urgent request ; 

My theodolite, a small but aiwllinf iii-strumeut, rvit.b eenfro work, had a fall aoirio time 
ago, since which time I have not bee]) well satisfied with its performance, and it was to supply 
its place that,..C-overnmcnt consented tr> grant me the astrom-mienl quad -'ant, which has 
proved unserviceable. ... In November 1815. ..an order for an astronomical circle was delivered 
to Mr, Trougliton, with half the price (HIS j in advanuc ; but my friends in Kngland have not 
yet been able to persuade that excellent, but dilatory, artist to complete his engagement. 

I am desirous to return the quadrant. ..and, as I shall then have no instrument of any 
de.wipl.imi- 'jcl'.-rujiiig to C'mvni-r,ii:nt, and have, incli.idi.ni; b;UMnii:t;TS, e.vpended nearly £1,200 
on instruments, a greater proportion of which arrived ( or have since been ) broken, I... 
request that a "portable azimuth and attitude circle" or a "repeating circle" of English con- 
12 traction may be supplied. ... No other. ..is s'lft'Ieieiith" e.sact for accuracy*. 

Government issues were in small favour and Edward Garstin only applied for a 
level because his own was out of service 

I have one of the best levelling in^i.nimonts in India, ... but owing to the negligence of my 
servants the stand. ..is lost. ... As it will take a considerable time : to get one made in this 
country, the duty on which I am now ordered would suffer a considerable rlolay should I be 
forced to wait till my instrument is repaired. ... I. ..make this application to have a levelling 
instrument lent me from the Company stores, which I will return as soon its done with. ... 

Although I have the theodolite which the liberality of Government formerly gave me to 
replace the instrument I brought from Europe and lost on service, yet it is so very bad an 
instrument that it is useless, as no possible adjustmorit can -make it correct enough to. ..place 
the smallest depondence on it [ II, 223 ; III, 31 ] s . 

Sutherland had great difficulty in getting respectable instruments for 

Captains Steele, Perry, and Cunningham, who are precluded from making,, .progress in the survey 
■of the Southern Mahratta country [ 125 ]... owing to the badness of the instruments in their 
possession. ... Some. ..were supplied from Madras, but they proved to be almost unserviceable, 
and latterly have become quite so. As a temporary expedient... they purchased at their own 
expense such an mire procurable in the market, bi.ir....i,;]u.;o fell far short of the number required, 
and were of an inferior description. ... 

The instruments required... may be sent direct to Dharwar ; ... 3 theodolites ; 3 plain 
tables ; 3 cases of mathematical instruments. 

Not one of these was available at Bombay, but Madras was able to supply the plane - 
tables and drawing instruments, whilst the Surveyor General at Calcutta offered 
theodolites, to be sent round by sea ; "the store is not rich in instruments, but they 
are frequently to be purchased in Calcutta" 8 . 

In reply to Jopp's complain l of the poor quality of instruments sent out from 
England, Hodgson regrets "that the instruments sent are so bad, but while the spirit 
of contract and job prevails so strongly at homo, this will be the ease " [ II, 224 ] 7 . 

When Hodgson took over as Surveyor General in 1821, he found that instru- 
ments indented for so long ago as 1S17 were lying unclaimed in the import ware- 

'MPD. 11-11-16; Govt Oat. 13-1-18. "Fcenoii. «DDn. 152 [80), 25-2-18. * DDn 150(53 1 

8-10-18 ; for deiurint ion oC re.nQiti.i? circles v: MHA-l T, 1;.!23 (33-5$). 1 DOn. li'j ( 373-8 )■ BTG , 
13-9-20. D BoMC. 180 (6); 13-3-to WIM1, ' DDn. 223 ( 3S ), 8-8-28. 



iSlU'PLY 



..: I '; 



house. He obtained sanction to take them on charge for issue to surveyors of 
the Q.M.G-.'s establishment, or to " assistant surveyors, being European corn missioned 
officers'', but not to those on "fall field allowances of a surveyor". His request 
for a couple of sentries to guard against "house breakers" "was refused as "the 
chowkydars belonging to your establishment will suffice'' 1 . 

For the revenue survey parties of the Upper Provinces [ 150-1 ] he indented for 
3(1 plane tables of fclie most approved construc-liLou. complete- -do sraiill strong theodolites of 
inches diameter, witii single felascope -30 c-itvu ioferentoi's, or surveying compasses, of the 
best eonsr.mction, with plain si'dit.s and. tripod* — 1 .1 sm."i 1 1 *e Mr-ants of 4 inahos radium, without 
stands. The iiisr.riuuents...isre not. of the expensive description... required in. the yoo^ruphicikl 
and astronomical brandies, ...but merely such as are most useful in land revenue surveys. 
Though I liave calculated... i'or hTroon surveys of the zillas...! do not expert that for a consider- 

The officer... requires instruments of a superior dose-rip t ion. hut. ..at ivES own expense. The 

The instruments niado by Mr. Trough t,<--;i a-ro rc.ue!) mure vahaililo than thoao...by any 
other maker 111 fjuroo-o. and though their cost, may sometimes Ik: rathov more than those of 
inferior artists, it is well (■■;>■ upon sa'.-oa by their exactness and strength, n.n.d the |.> ecu liar fit 1 Less... 
to the purpose for wL'cu they avn intended. ... [ have never seen any mountain barometers 



, Orph, 






ale, ...[and] to 
in the office and 
i required in the 



Request for .local purchase was repeater] four years later ; 

A large supply of colours and brushes also would be very desirable, as the consumption in the 
preparation of so many maps is great. The cost.. .is heavy when nurohasod of the European 
booksellers, but perhaps Lieutenant Wroughton would. ..gel, them in the bazars and auctions at 
a more reasonable rate 4 . 

The disposal of private surveying instruments was often a matter of financial 
urgency for an officer leaving India, and it was a serious blow to James Gray, 
of His Majesty's list Regiment, when Mount ford refused to recommend the pur- 
chase of his best instruments because they were "on a delicate and expensive 
construction, better suited for private use than for the public service". Mountford 
relented, however, and recommended their purchase for the Great Trigonometri- 
cal Survey, at a price which Gray accepted under protest : 

You appear to have quite overlooked the great additional expense of working silver and 
gold above brass, and. ..I declare upon iny honour as a gentleman that the sum.. .viz., one 
thousand pagodas*, is considerably under prime eost. ... i am ready to sell the instruments 
for the price you have estimated, ... viz. 2.1)63 rupees, having depended upon their sale for ray 
passage to England and, as in all probability my wife's life depends: upon my going in the. 
Caledonia, I trust you will expedite the matter as much as possible 6 . 

The instruments which Grant took with hhn to Burma in 1825 were mostly his 
private property recently obtained from England, and included 7 
leijrhteei 



111 attends 

I lil-inch reflect i>i<£ circle 

1 is-inch tor-ii! icneth telescope lor Jupiter's s: 

2 mountain barometers, complete 

1 bn\ chronometer, bv Cope [218] 

I watch „ by Hare 

1 one- hunt! re . t fee' standi'.rrl Jteei chain, tor m 

In addition. ..1 have taken an 18-inch tra 
...from the nature of the country in carrying from 
instrument. ... I purchased one of Mr. Carey : 

tfjDu. 204 (318-8), 20-B 1e 38-7-21. =1 

(:;»!. i.-vioist iu ::/>(>'}. H id).:. I'm { . <:>, \. . ->-$-■: 

ranker, arnl. Calcutta 'I "S3. 



a Rupee 



ase there should be any difficulty 
1 to another the iar.L-e "-i'eet tr'.asit 
from Mr. Mills 8 for 450 rupees. ... 



S 






Instruments 



The ei 


del 


the only instrui. 


Ghserva-t, 


ry, b 


act very inferior 


hundred 1 


low 


how to use it, i 


The i. 


hole 


expense I have 


room* fro 


nth 


s public stores, s 


transit al 
Moreover. 


Arra 


can, but thesa a 
y of the nigrum 


presume, 


. I 


Affitt, however, 
r at so trifling a 



>l T.Ik.- kind iii bulla, except ing a smaller ■■ i: 
is to be learnt only from experience. 



past of fretting from 'LYonghton a transit an d azimuth iustru- 
usefui, but I do not know the sum necessary to remit, ... nor 
that admirable artist, who I understand is sadly dilatory [ 212 ]. A 
■ed from Mr. Thaekei" 1 includes a transit- maker nameless- — price 
:ie disposed of when I was in Calcutta 5 . I have 
graticule but a warped rolling parallel ruler by 



officer has instru- 
] 01 inferior value. 



s a special case the Surveyor General asked Government to purchase these instru- 
ments and allow Grant the use of them-. 

Wilcox lost his best instruments by the sinking of his boat on the Brahmaputra 
[ 54 L anc ' the Surveyor Genera] could not replace them for some time : 

The loss is much to be regretted, but I. ..hope that you are still in possession of some. ..that 
will at least give a. bearing. ... I am not at present able to send up. ..instruments, ..for there are 
none in store and none in Calcutta-. I expect, however, ... a portion of tboso which are now 
at Arakan, and they will be sent oil to Coalpara as soon as they arrive 3 . 
Nearly two years later Wilcox received 

the instruments over the hills from Silhet without any other accident than the loss of one 
of the screws fastening on the large level of the theodolite, but it is of little consequence. 
The theodolite is a very ~ 1 "' 

I have thought- for ; 
ment, ... one of the mosl 
do I know how to quick* 
list which I have just 1 
Rs. 500 — but I knew of another which 
noli anything to take the measurement off for 

Berge, nor any instrument to prolong a line but, my brass parallel. Should you be able fc 
spare a beam compass with a Gunter scale, they would prove ■materially useful. I lost an 
excellent beam compass in my bauliah*. 

I am much disappointed in drawing paper ; lo make sure of having it good, \ wrote to a 
friend to get me the freshest in Calcutta. I have paper of 1S22 thai, you sent me. 

In an accurate survey, what shall I do without a tjotxl circle or sextant ? Can you have 
the goodness to have tried that circle at Thaekev's, which may bo better than those sent by 
the Company. I must, however, fairly try the one I have 7 . 

Hodgson replies ; 

I have not yet brought, a chronometer for you, but am on Uie look out; one I will Jend 
you from the office [ 21S ]. ... Instead of pending yon a large sextant, as I mentioned, I will 
despatch by Dawk Oanghy [II, =21 n.5 ] a small stout new one which will be more useful to 
you in your difficult jemmies. ... The reflecting circle you may retain ; if on making all adjust- 
ments you find that really bad. ...you may use it, as an equal altitude instrument, as you 
cannot have too many reflecting instruments. ... 

I will send you a marquoise scale which will serve; ... beam compasses are not required 
for such small work, nor have I such to spare. ... I ara glad the purchases please you, and will 
do all I can respecting a good chronometer the first time I go to town 8 . 

At Madras, Mountford asked for a conucopuia [ I, 290 ] to look after 

the mathematical and surveying instruments. ... You arc, well aware of the unremitted atten- 
tion which is required for their due preservation. ... Besides which, there are frequent issues 
and receipts... to and from the several parries... requiring care and superintendence in packing, 
duties which at present devolve on the officer in charge unassisted 9 . 

At Calcutta Mohsm Hu3cd.11 was engaged for charge of the instruments, whilst 
the Registrar. Rawdon Burke, was responsible for the stock lists. To assist safe 
custody the- Bengal Government ordered that- every article should be engraved with 
the Company's mark and "an indelible number corresponding with entry in his 
records " 10 . The Directors co-operated from England and ordered " the Company's 
mark to he engraved in some convenient place upon all such instruments hereafter... 

1 M)d. 21 fi ( 7 ), 28-6-25. a DOn. 20* ( 261 ), 9-9-26. s ib. 220 ( 10!» ], 1S-1G-25. J Win. That, ker 
book-seller : after -i vovaees to Bast as ship's surgeon ;im.!. Calcutta J.m. !S!fl with liecn.e tn e-i| ivvi- ■ - 
Ben. P. ■(.• P. XI A { IBS I 1 ( I..V7-64 1. ; DDn. ±>4, 18-6-27. 'country boat. ; DDn ■' 1-1 <i & Wj-V 't' 
'TJDji. :.':>" [ 24!!. -2r,:>,. Hfil ). ill; 20 & 28-8-27, s DDn. 148 (53-80) 22-6-19, n BGO. 29-7-25. 



JyijprLY 



iM.-i 



constructed for our service 1 ". In spite of this precaution the stock lists got into a 
sad mess, and Hodgson writes jnsi before handing over in 1829 ; 

In lite office. .aire lodged various hiotrurneiits, the property of GovurmiicnL, which it lias 
been the custom of my predecessors to furnish to various applicant? on t.he authority of Govem- 
, ... at the Surveyor (.Itinera !'■• discretion. Modular books have been kept. ... 
o have been made for tlie last ten yews, although within that r, I me the 
charge of the office lias passed into .new hands sevorsd times, nor would any demand... have now 
been made against me, had 1 not accidentally put the question to the Accountant General. ... 
In consequence of drawing their attention to the subject, I received one year ago an account 
mting to rupees £5.1*24 15 (j. ... 1 endeavoured to answer by making out a statement 
one side the number of jristrunjents for which I was debited, and, on the 
i from the book keot by the Register^, 
■s of deficiency are noticed ; they are of old instruments, and ivhen new did not 
t altogether to pei'liuo;, (20 rupees value. ... Jlr. Mori ey :t ... appeared to think a receipt 
voucher was required for each individual entry. 

Permit me to observe on the extreme hardship. ..this, will entail upon me; my passage 
was token under the idea that thts same relent; would be jriveu one as to the other Surveyors 
General, from wbom no such enicuneots have ever been required 1 . ... Though such vouchers 
can be provided in time, it. ..would requite several months to obtain them all. separated as the 
parties must be, many of them perhaps dead, while 1" have not so many days to spare. If 
such a rule be enforced I cannot possibly proceed to England this season. ... A new rule is 
made for me, and the accounts of proceeding Surveyors General saddled on me. ... 

It is only 12 days since .1. received a second account aniounl ine: i,i 2-1, 1SS- 10 -si J rupees, 
and I have in that lime prepared a similar statement.. ... Tin's sairus objections were made 
to this, and I was further in formed that, a third account would be scut immediately, amounting 
to 13,169-1-3-0 rupees. ... I respectfully solicit. ..a release... and that if vouchors are... absolutely 
necessary she production of them may tsot be made a cause of dotou're:, against, me 5 . 

Government gave Hodgson the discharge he asked for, but ordered that Herbert 
[301], should give receipt for all the in strum cut p. on charge, and take steps to 
procure, vouchers for the foil period Ffodg.-nn had held office. When Everest became 
Surveyor General in 1830 he raised the matter again ; 

It is in contemplation to debit, ihe Surveyor General with all the instruments belonging to 
the Survey Department. ... When the late Surveyor General. Lieut. Colonel Hodgson, was about 
to proceed to Kn.claml he was involved ki very great difficulties on this special account ; the 
various receipts and vouchers, though reiiieariy produced, were in no wise considered adequate 
to exonerate him, but he was expected either to produce the instruments, or replace such as 
were deficient at his own cost. ... 

As officers in charge of surveys arc constantly liable to he removed by death or sickness, 
or to be called away on military duty, instances must Iks of frequent occurrence wherein I 
can have no means whatever of" reclaiming from them what, has been issued. 

He aaked that on the issue of any instrument to a surveyor a debit should be 
transferred from the Surveyor General to the surveyor, as was the procedure 
followed by the Great Trigonometrical Survey in Ireland 6 . 



Theodolites , v . Compasses 



Theodolites differed enonyioiisly in design and quality ; the instruments used by 
the Great Trigoiiome.dricEii Survey a re described elsewhere [ TT, 251-55 ; III, 257-60 ]. 
It was almost universally accepted that any sent out by the Company's contractors 
would be coarse and unreliable, and any surveyor who was at all keen on his work 
either brought his own theodolite out from home, or tried to pick up a good one 
by local purchase [ 211 ], Ravenshaw, of the Madras Engineers, who had done but 
little survey, was glad i.o sell one of his own, 

upon the plan of General Key's find Colonel Lambton's fbo^iolite, and about half the size. 
It is well adapted for all the purposes of survey. 11c. and of pikiuc angles of elevation to the height 

'CD to B. 90 (60), 30*4-28. ; 

1 Both Mackenzie & Blacker had died wbC 
286 ( 27), 11-11-30. 



216 " Ihsteuments 

of 60° altitude. ... The instrument appears to be in perfect order and well packed up. I had 
taken out and observed the micrometers, telescopes, etc.. Of the powers of the latter, as 
there was no distant object visible from. ..the tfngmeer's office, T could not judge. 

The only objef.it ion co a theodolite of Litis construction is that it is not calculated for observ- 
ing stars near zenith. ... Yon must have another iu^tr neeat r'.-jv astronomical purposes; an 
additional expense will be thus, created and, what is, ..in this countrv more important, an 
increased trouble in transporting the two, in place of one. from station to station. ... If you 
are inclined to purchase it, I shall get it sent to my house, where I have a tolerably extended 
horizon — put it up there — and examine everything about it more nartieularly 1 . 

Grant writes from (iorakhpur in 1820 ; 

I have not hitherto been able to oiiiain any instrument to measure accurately t.errestial 
angles of elevation. I have, it is true, a very good theodolite, but the vernier of the vertical 
arch counts only to one minute, and is therefore totally unfit for small angles such as the 
elevation of distant mountains. ... I had ordered from England a lar^e theodolite counting to 
seconds of a degree, but it could not bn prepared speedily, and in lieu of it I expect. ,,a fifteen- 
inch ;.i7.im;uli and transit insmuvioni., arc:!, ono eighteeu-ineb vertical circle 3 . 

The latter instrument arrived in time to accompany liim to Burma [213 ], 
where he was obviously disappointed with it, for he writes that the "makers are 
not likely to rise in public estimation, as astronomical instrument makers. They 
are infinitely behind Dollond and Ca.rev in this respect '" : \ It was .never used after 
Grant's death, and 'Everest found it in 1831 

amongst the lumber of the Surveyor Generate Office ; an old iusi,riin)0;it by .Harris, consisting 
of a vertical circle of IB inches and an azimuth circle of 15 inches diameter, which had been 
purchased by Government some- years before from the estate of the late Captain Grant, ... 
but which had never- been of any use — and indeed never could be— for the axis of the azimuth 
circle, originally 1.00 weak, had become unsoldered ; the sheet, brass 1 if which the columns were 
formed was so thin that it yielded to the pressure of the thumb, and had been indented in 
diverse places, thereby causing great disiorti.-.n of inures and unsvea. liness. The columns wore 
both taller than they should bo, and not sufficiently tapering, so that the whole was the very 
tvpe of rlispi'op'.rtion : > 11 1 1 t:n' -heaviness*. 

The comhination of altitude and horizontal circles into one instrument was at 
an experimental stage and passed by various names 5 . During 1824 and 1S2S the 
Surveyor General was allowed to purchase an altitude and azimuth circle for 
Es. 2,000 and a second for over Rs. 3,000. The first had belonged to Hodgson ; 

An azimuth, altitude, and transit circle, 12 inched diameter, made by TroLighton, and 
divided, the vertical circle to single seconds, the horiy.om.aL to J" with micrometer. It is an 
excellent instrument of the size 9 . 

He writes to Wilcox in Assam [ 214 ] that 

in the second volume of the Astronomical Transaction; 7 is the description of another circle 
by Doiiond which I would pre for ; it is small and strong, has two telescopes for altitude, so 
that one views the stars direct., the other takes il in quicksilver, a mode I practised long ago, 
only I bad but one telescope to my altitude circle ; tins has 2, and you may alternate with 
great success. It has also a.n azimuth circl". I sent t.h" description of tlii* to your neighbour 
Fisher in Sylhet [ 51-2 ], who has ordered one 8 , 

The theodolite used by Jopjj and Short rede in the Deeean [ 130 ] 

was made by Troughton & Simms, and was procured from England by Captain: Jopp. The 
lower circle was of hS-inch diameter, and was read by three moving microscopes, the cirole 
being fixed to the foot. It had a vertical circle of (! inches, rca. I by two verniers to 10*. It 
had some original defects, and was latterly further impaired by use -and several accidents 
whfch it met with — so as to be unlit lor delicate observations 8 . 

Of the smaller instruments., Everest describes a six-inch theodolite which he 
had tised for seven years, "unquestionably the best instrument of the kind with 
the department on account of the excellence of its telescopes" 10 , and Cheape used 
a theodolite by l.'roughton divided to 20', end reading by vernier to 20", with two telescopes, 
tangent screws, etc. This.,.l have tried in measuring the three angles of the triangles in the 
■JSaaf River, and never found it to err more than 10" in. the sum of the angles 11 . 

'from Riddel! to SG„ 15-10-1" ; DDu. 151 (64). a DDn. 147 ( 164 |. 2O-7-20. s Fdbk. DDq. 239, 

M 121 : LM-J.-j. : -Si.!. i :■ iJ':',. i:, P. 21-S 3!>. -ea-. altazimuth thcodoiit:' r.I, 201 ]: d'. Lunrastp.r Jonei. 
•DDii. 152 (60). 3 1 i-IQA, lits ( ISO). 14 11-22. 'ilRAS.U, 1S22. *t-> Wiicex. l)i),i. 220 { 261 ), 2S-S-2T. 
»DDn. 513 ( 202), LB-9-4I. »>DDn. 171 (403 1,9-9-25. "Report. U-10-19 ; MEI0. Misc. 20-O-1S. 



Theodolites & Compasses 



217 



Fisher used "a 4-inch theodolite: divided to minutes, by Worth inglon & Adams, 
for the traverse-, and a- larger one by Watkius for fixing points by triangles" 1 , and 
most of the revenue surveyors found a 4-intii iheodoliio suffunerit for their needs. 

For the mere running of traverses where vertical angles were not required, 
many surveyors preferred a good compass or e ire umfe renter [ I, 201 ], and Grant- 
writes from Gorakhpnr [ 151, 159 ] : 

The angles... were observed wit.li one of (filbert's newly invented surveying compasses 
[ II, 232 ]. To t he Hy of the com pais r. r ; ■ ■ : v : is atr.i-oed s .silver met,;! ring. eigliD inches diameter, 
the arch of whieh is divided into nhtrcls of :i decree. The fly is planed in the tonus of a pris- 
matic lens that shows the line of col lii nation made by a wire in a sight vane, and the degrees 
observed. Near the sight ratio there is an uusiivered speculum for retiejeting the sun in order 
to find his azimuth, there are also two coloured glasses. 

The whole is fitted in a box that, turns horizontally in a conical socket. As the want of 
telescopes was a great objection To this irist.rntni.iMt, I. procured a. two-feet achromatic, to 
which I attached a metal axis with two aruK branching out eonically like those of a transit 
instrument. The ouiis of t-linso rociiocl on two brass... pdiar,-.', t-ha-s, v.'oto screwed down to the 
compass how ,t placed tttdy perpei idioii!ar 1,0 the magnetic axis. 

For common surveying tins instrument is better than the best theodolite. It is more 
convenient, requitvs '->< ' adju-u merit, and saves much time-. When any great accuracy was 

required, an excel if 1 ■ * it ,l-j ;iJ,..-:i Lit, tod with a lens, hut as the power of the telescope 

was not great, I often applied a two-feet refractor, which by a peculiar contrivance of the 

Bedford also preferred a good surveying wnipass on a stand [ 161 ]. 



Sextants & Circles 

For astronomical work quadrants were passing out of favour [ I, 199-200 ]. 
Nearly every surveyor had a sextant or reflecting circle which possessed 
very superior qualities over tho sextant, though in principle and use it i.s the same as a sextant 
with a complete circle instead of only the arc of a circle [I, 199 ; II, 239-30 |. ... Index error 
may be eliminated hy observing forward and hauic. Other errors are eliminated by reading 
the three arms of the index round the limb. .Moreover angles may be measured as far as 
150 degrees ; consequently the sun's double altitude may bo observed when his distance from 
the zenith is not less then 15 degrees 3 . 

Cheapo used "a sextant by Tronghtoii, about 10 inch radius, divided to 10 
minutes, and reading by vernier to 10". The observations Tor latitudes by sun's 
meridian altitude. ..have been found to agree to 5" 4 ". Grant had a battery of 
three sextants. Two, by Gilbert and Bnt,o 5 respectively, of 3-ineh radius, and one of fifteen 



inches. ..by Mr. Troughton. The si 
altitude to 15 seconds. Thi 
a magnifying power, and the m 
could be placed upon it within 01 
Bates' sextant is superior being 
telescope is in every respect 



made by Cilbert was a nautical one, counting reflected 
was good. The telescope however, was of too small 
ided so much during the hot winds thai no reliance 
[ 178 ]. In cold weal, lie:- it answers exceedingly we!l, 
urately divided ; the arch also is silvered, and the 



[1S0]. 
The sextant made- by 1,1. a!, incomparable an ist Mr. 'LY ought on is of admirable c 
tion. Tho arch is platina, the divisions on the nonius wen: into 10", consequently i 
altitudes into 5". There were four achromatic telescopes of different powers. Accompanying 
tho sextant there is mi nroiicia! hori/ou made by Tcou>hton 011 a new con sir net ion 8 . 

Wilcox found hi* sextant had a persistent error — l: Altitudes shown by it are too 
small in the proportion of perhaps a hal I' second in the degree " — He was equally 
disappointed with a circle by Gilbert ; 

I have taken lunars with it. The divisions of the verniers are excessively coarse, & tho 
index glass appears faulty, yet, I hope to do better with it when better acquainted with its 
errors. I should be glad do got on any terms a good angular instrument of sufficient radius. 
It is so excessively imploasar.i. t.;> w, ,rh in the dark, ir;in^ appro mi me. t,c correction'; on imporfoct 
data. The circle...! should be happy to put on board the first boat travelling your way 7 . 



iDDn. 230; 1I4U; 1S2B 


'Frlbk. DDn 


163 ; M 331 


3 Tin 


Slier « .Smvth [702). 


♦Fdbk. 


MRIO. M 357. 5 Robert Bate, 


of 17 or 21 Poultr 


', London, IS 


[13-48. 


K.lhk. IJI>i. 15:;, 11 3 


6, i817-9. 


■>DDn. 214, 1-5-27. 













218 Instruments 

Hodgson then sent him from the revenue survey stock [ 213 ], 

a small stout sextant which you can easily carry, that with a stand would be a man's load. 
I do riot use stands : nothing i';in equal & liiiman hand iind the motions of the "wrist ; a steady 
hand and quick eye are best, and practice makes perfect. 

It is not astonishing that discrepancies are found among small instruments ; ...makers 
cannot divide so near as they pretend, nor can observers observe what they cannot see, i.e., 
10* or so. Maaiy things may accord, and yet be all wrong, but a mean of many sights will give 
you all yon can want for your purposes, probably the truth within 15* in latitudes 1 . 

Chronometers 

Cheap chronometers were easy to find, but large prices had to be paid for any- 
thing really good. Grant valued his at 1U. i ,000 and Tte. 450 [ 213 ]. For Danger- 
field^ trip to Cochin China [ 267 ] the Surveyor General could not 

conveniently spare any. Two... are undoubtedly... necessary to the perfection of some of the 
scientific, objects ennteiiiplatod. ... Captain DangOTfield— has one. which was my private prop- 
erty, and purchased with other instruments by Sir John Malcolm. ..for. ..use in Malwa [84]. If 
the Agent to the Governor General should... purchase another. ..in Calcutta, where they are 
easily procurable, ... it would be advisable to do so 2 . 

Hodgson reports that Herbert was 
plundered by a gang of horsemen... between Gwalior and Agra 3 , notwithstanding he had a small 
but insufficient escort. The banditti attacked hi= IsuL^ace on the hisih road, and by day. 
Among other losses was that, of a chronometer, his private property, I... indent. ..for a chrono- 
meter for him. ... An assistant surveyor on 100 Rs. a month cannot be expected to purchase 
such valuable instruments. When he was appointed... he was allowed several instruments from 
the store, but did not apply for a chronometer, having one of his own. ... 

I have been at mucli expense in buying very valuable time-keepers ; a pair by Molineux 
cost me 2,400 rupees, and one by Broehbash about 90 £ sterling in England. They are my 
private property, but an assistant surveyor cannot afford to buy such high priced instruments. 
... Two chronometers at least are necessary in carrying on difference of longitude by transference 
of time, but 3 make the results much surer 4 . 

Gerard recommended the purchase of a number of instruments from Mr. Sinclair 
a merchant of Bareilly, amongst which was 

a very handsome and good-going gold chronometer, made to order by Dubois and Wheller, 
inventors of the inclined motion clock, etc., Rs. 500. The clrronometer, if it is good, is 
amazingly cheap, and [ would recommend the Board to purchase it, because Mr. Blandford 
and I would then be able to determine differences d longitude of" 50 or 60 miles by means of 
rockets with in a single second of time !" 0,0, 189 ] s . 

Hodgson sent up a chronometer to Wilcox at Sadiya [ 214 ] by a Mr. Bruce 6 ; 

The chronometer. ..belongs to the office. ... I have not had opportunity to purchase one for 
you yet ; if I did, I could not rate it till the weather clears up. ... If I can get a good chrono- 
meter for Rs. 600 or 650 I will send you, and I think I can. The middle sized box chronometers 
are best ; it ia of no advantage to have pookot size which cannot be carried in pocket. The 
trouble of carrying in hand like a basket...is the same tor largo or small ; very large I do not 
like, but sufficient room for your work is desirable. 

To. ..send any chronometer by dawk.. .would lie certain destruction 7 . 

In 1828 there was a battery of six clocks and chronometers at the Surveyor 

General's office, where, their rates were taken regularly. The makers were 

A. Barraud— B. Cope— C. Earnshaw— -Parkinson & Frodsham. The chronometers 
which Olliver sent down for repairs were, however, passed to Gray, the v 
who returned them with a detailed report of their rates 8 . 

Pekambulatobs 

Perambulators were still the normal means for the measurement of d 

In the hills, where they were generally supplemented by pacing or calculation fro m 

'DDa. 120 (261 ), 28-S-27. =DDa. 1% (111), 5-10-21. ^on his way back from duty wil 

Rc^eAirnvb.!-. ; I)!.):,. 157 i 71, JKIS ft 152 ( [iK), l-K- IS. ■- Dim. l:i:-j [ ;:.,(; i. lS-7-ls '^bviuin 
C.A.Bruce, trader of Sadiya. 'DDn. 220 ( 161 ), 28-8-27. »BDn. 175 ( 12 ) k 231(204) of -] '>-'■») 



Perambulators 



■2 10 



time [ igfc-— 7 ], readings had to "be heavily ooiTecled for the steepness and winding of 
the path [ II. 197-9 ]. Perambulators from England were expensive, and their work- 
ing life a matter of a few months [ 212 ]. The old Madras pattern attributed to 
Pringle [ I, 19S-9 j was still in demand, with various improvements, and Mackenzie 
had a number made up by the commissariat at Fort William : 

I send you the Madras model with ;i perambulator wheel, and, as the one von sent me 
turned out exactly the same measurement, I think there is no danger of the principle being 
mistaken, which :s prev :<.'!;, [I ..■ -aim* ;n -.hat 'if the eonnnon l-.anope gierandnjlstoif, or way- 
wiser, which is worked by two plar.es .if unequal dimensions, calculated for the circumference 
■j- a perpetual Anew. Iti the small perambulator '..his machinery i- enclosed in a 



i expired to view, and 
s Mr. Brett's improveine 
j only to eat tlie plates, ■ 



worked by the centre of the 
t for the lower divisions for 

c., and to follow tlie precise 
1 give to tlie solidity of the 
sr, by clamps, by oiling, by 
nost advantage, as I have 

much you could supply us 



i perambulators should be 
: since it left the West Indies. 
ir are any other used on the Co: 
3 their management. I had or 



In this wheel the screw and plates 
wheel or axis. The only difference hei 
yards [II, 22S ]. ... Your workmen have or 

dimensions of the wheel now sent. ... Any 
timber work, and its •<:. urity u.co.iu.st shriiil 
painting, etc., will lie useful. One man ■<■ 
experienced since L788, when I rir-r Ml in w 
with a few more, as they arc much wanted 1 , 

Tu another letter be specified that 1! 
made of mahogany, many years in suiunitiv 
excepting once, any hut the larger wlieels, 1 
people are instructed in attend particularly 
— with repairs, it is true 3 . 

"I have got a new wheel made in Cuttaek". writes Buxton, 
of the exact dimensions of the old largo one. and I have also a small perambulator belonging to 
Government, which will do for one of the lads, and. ..one of my own for myself, so. ..there will 
be no immediate necessity for getting Mr. Allen 1 to make up any for our survey 4 . 
Hodgson ashed for a number to be made up for the revenue surveys ; 
As those which are sent from Ki inland are of the small kind, and are verv expensive, and 
soon rendered incapable of service. ... a sufficient supply of large sized perambulator 
be... construe ted in the Gnu Carriage yard at. Seringa. pa.t,ain, where... tlipy are made in 
superior maimer. ..suggested by Lieutenant ISrett [ II, 461 ]. ... 

ived four... from the Commissary General at Madras, 
-traction, but the other two had Lieutenant Brett's 
as a pattern to the arsenal in Fort William, where 
t-ere inferior to the original, though attended with 
; 176-12 each, while at Sermgapatam and Madras... 
for 21£ or 25 pisgoilas, equal to sicca rupees 70 or 
t they may probably e 



. I never used, 
1 if, 143}. The 



night 



In ISIS the late Colonel '.Uaeker 
two of which were of Pringle's pi 
improvement. One of (.lie latter v 
six were made, but 1 understand 
double the expense hi'.ving .■ >v -.ic. 
the plain wheels were generally pu 
81 each ; but with Lieutenant Bre 



and the land carriage from Sjeringapatam to Madras, and tonnage from thence to Calcutta 
might amount to 120 rupees for twelve, so that the whole expense would stand, ..Rs. 1,200; 
if made at Calcutta they would cost Es. 2,121. ... 

I. ..propose that eigbt in addition, making in all twenty, be indented for, and the eight in 
excess might. ..be supplied to... officers... on paying the expense. ..and 25 per cent in addition 6 . 
The order was placed, and 19 were delivered to the Board of Revenue at Patna 
for distribution to the revenue survey parties 6 . Hodgson reports in 1826 that 

they are the best...! ever saw, being strung, simple, anil little liable lo be put out of order. 
... If every judici.il and revenue officer. ..eoold bo supplied with one of these jjerambulators, 
they might be- occasionally well employed in making rapid measurements of boundaries. ... 

The erection of miie s'on.-:- . .0 tl. ■ i.ia.U <■ .■■noi'tin:: all l.ir^ place- r II, .^j ] f might. ..be... 
politic, ...in some sort famih i.'.a:_-.. .i.ir mea- in--, and -hewing ...th" ,.- (vantage of them over 
... uncertain coss. The Moghul r.,m|iierors established their ess miliars, a- we know, on several 
important roads • j o.. -■-. ; pi. i , ~. and -;> >■ i.l \\.e \'c pan ■■•-•.' . .11 ;-',e 1-..111H ies they n.j.aquered in 
the mountains. ... If all Judges wore -upphod with good perambulator, they might set up mile 
stones throughout the::' /.ill.ihs at little expense to Government 7 . 



»DDn. 154 (61 }, 13-1-1!!. *IH>i>. [:>(■ I ISfi-7), 10-4-19. Hirob;i";,k- Pete; Aden ( d. 1853); 

and. 1816; Local Knii-hir-ut. willi Rocket Troon ni 'S.22- Dcp. f'!«i!iuv. -r?r,a-''Bt. CJajii. 1837. » DDa 
142 (282), 2I-S -20. *BT<\ 8-5-23 (33). Hb. 9-7-24(3). ■ 11.).' 16-3-26 (39). 



"Wilcox had to abandon his perambulator on the adventurous march lie made 
with Burlton into Hkamti Long [ 60-3 ] and on his return asked for a new one as 

his old one had ''acquired the palsv of age'' 1 [II. 7S ]. 



.v.. .is to abandon the chaiu 5 . 



The common chain of iron or brass, either of 100 or of 66 feet, iraS in retnilar 
use, experienced Surveyors keeping a second "for the examination and correction of 
the other" 2 . S peoially designed steel chains of superior make were sometimes ordered 
from England. Hodgson had 

a steel chain measuring, in the temperature of 55°, one hundred feet, having brass r< 
for setting off the accurate length. ... JIade by TVoughton. ... 'The chain Jjeiiia of steel 1 
not liable to alter its length. ... It is necessary to have some standard measure of this kind 
...wherewith to compare oilier and move imperfect msi/niments 3 . 

"Boilean used this chain as well as a similar one of "his own [ 26 ] ; 

In addition to the chain... with loop joints, I have a very beautiful steel chain, in a box 
with 2£ feet Bake, jointed like a watch chain, and equal to 10(1 feet at a temperature of 68"' 
but I am not aware of the exact weight required to atretic 1 1 either of the*' chains to their proper 
dimension* curing (lie process of measuring. 

The flat-jointed chain was sent up to Agra by Colonel Hodgson. ... t can make vise of 
either of them, and leave the other untouched as a standard chain, by which the quantity of 
donation ( if any) in the working chain may be accurately ascertained*. 

Chains were the normal means of revenue survey measurement, though Grant 
preferred j She perambulator [ 159-60 ] : 

The chain requires much time, and... the error of both is equally uncertain. ... The chain 
requires at least three individuals, and one must keep the account' of t,he number of chains 
measured; this must be done by a native, as the surveyor's attention sho ' 
iu sketching in the features. ... But in trusting to a classee for the ftccu 
is too much risk of error, and. the best w 

Oliver writes from Delhi ; 

I received six brass chains of lOti feet from the Si 
answer so well as might have been wished. However, 
stantly varying lengths correctly ascertained by frei 
standard as could lie procured, they have proved verj 
veiuent as Clunter'a chains [ 164 ] ; an iron one of the latter description was in constant "use 
for more lihwn six months without, ..any material variation in its leu'-'th. 

The inexperience of the chaimuen at first was productive of much delsiv and vexation 
but they gradually improved 6 . 

Hodgson, strongly recommended the distribution of reliable standard scales for 
cheeking the chains | 163-4 ], " stoutly made.. .of iron or brass, and divided into feet 
inches, and tenths of inches " 

In land surveys either perambulators or chains may be used, and tho' the former... performs 
...most rapidly when the ground is level, it lias disadvantages when ditches and hollow places 
occur. It is also a costly instrument, and very liable to get out of order, but the Gutter's 
chains of 615 feet [ 164 11.2 J, tho' it requires rather lunger time.. .is cheap and simple, and if 
it's length be frequently compared with a strict standard chain, gives the must satisfactorv- 
results, and. ..affords data for easy calculation 7 . 

JLambton and other surveyors had generally to rely on short brass scales as 
primary standards of length [II, 257; III, 249], and on the Garhwal survey 
Hodgson relied on, "a standard brass scale I:; inches in length, with a vernier for 
subdivisions to the 1000th part of an inch. ... by Troughton " 3 . 

Jervis had " two brass scales, each of two feet in length ''. 
one by Smalchalder, the other by Carey. Captain Owen, ... employed en the survey of the 
African coast, and lately come to Bombay, having been furnished by the Admiralty with * 



■ Oi-li-e 



:>ccupied chiefly 
' Bring—there 



they did not 
eve their con 



198. ( ISO], 14-1 1-22 



dine, Ciiitta-.iL-ii ; r'dlii. M.K10. V, 2.17. 'DO:: l.VM m\ 1I-!-U> 
■1- IN L,,-^. Mh.m «;,,,!, ,17.-; UTV. VJ ,; JV , stf. Vv' 
'from tU»i ?mn , l.n-4-24; BTC. 7-5-24 ( 104). 'DDn. 132 (A3 



V. HATN"* 



221 



very fine four- feet brass scale, adjusted In ihe latest :i li.u: Juromenbs of (.'apiairi Kater, ... it 

was found that 2 feet, on tilie Ae mi ratty scale v.us... equal U. L';; ■ !bi7 inches of Smakhalders scale 1 . 

Lahibton's "standard sea le and steel bar", received after his death, were bought 
on Slacker's recommendation for the Surveyor Genera I '.s office; "Without them... 
there is no standard in India to which the Government may refer any question of 
linear measure with sufficient confidence-" 8 . 



Plan: 



Plane tables made un in Madras [ TT, 22Q ] were rej_m.iat.iy used by .surveyors trained 
at the Military institution, and by the assistants working under them [II, 216, 
229 ; III, 206 ]. Mackenzie had brought several with him to Bengal and most of 
the apprentices engaged for the revenue surveys received elementary training with 
them. Hodgson indented for a number to be sent out from England [ 213 j, but 
Grant did not find them a success ; they were not, lie writes 

much used in England, ami they a.re still worse adapted for this, climate, as- they are inconve- 
nient to carry about, and require much time for adjustment in the lield, ... [ He preferred ] 
taking angles with an ii -Si.ru me. it and making a vouch [>rot caption of the work on the spot, 
noting down the a.njrles mid distances, and sketching., .objects near she line of survey [ 208 ]. 

Some alterations, were mado in the plane tables brought up by Lie a ten a i it Wrought on 
but they were still found inconvenient;, and won) only used by the boys because no other ina- 
trument could he spared. ... Only five villages were surveyed with the plane tables. ... The 
boundaries were first, surveyed with the eircumferentior, and being afterwards traced on the 
plane tables, lines were drawn in different directions through the village lands to point out the 
course the boys should pursue 3 . 

In Madras, however, Montgomerie continued to press the use of the plane table 
in all the surveys [ 208-9 ], and ordered 

16 plane tables to he constructed in the arsenal. ... An improvement appears. ..necessary to 
facilitate the taking of bearings with greater accuracy. „by having a light brass frame to fit 
close to the outer edge of the table, accurately divided into degrees, the centre of the instru- 
ment forming the point of convergence 1 . 



Barometers 

Mention is frequently made of the great difficulty surveyors had with their 
barometers from the constant breakage of the glass tubes 6 [ 30-3, 203-g ], and the 
valuable information they gave in spite of these difficulties. Lambton carried two 
barometers, but reports in 1818 that one had been rendered 

useless ever since I was at Booty in 1811. ... During the hot winds, and while standing in my 
tent, a quantity of uir got smldtjjily Into the tube, from what cause I never could find out. It 
is now empty, and I Hid in to id boiling f,ue mercury in the tube and try to put it right again. 

Though Gerard became expert at handling barometers [ 204-5 ]> Hodgson and 
Herbert were not so successful [ 33 ] ; 

We now began to boil the mercury in the tube. The tube as usual broke. None but a 

orofessed artist can expect to succeed in this difficult business once in ten times. ... 

The bam me t era I had wore 2- out of 6 sent from England to the Surveyor General's office. ... 
So little attention bud been paid to their packing that the tubes of i:hem all were found to be 
broken when they arrived in Calcutta, as woil as most of the thermometers belonging to them j 
there were spare, bu ;. unfilled, tubes sent with them, are: some ef these would not fit*. 

Hyde had taken delivery of this consignment in Calcutta ; 

The whole, of the barometer tubus are unfortunately broken, but as spare ones have been 
forwarded with them, they can be repaired. Aware as I am of the difficulty of tilling the 
tubes, yet I would strongly recommend. ..their being sent rait empty, as the violent motion 

' Journal, S. Konkan, MKIO. M 125. 
19-6-28 ( 36 ). ' DDn. 20i! ( 1(57 ), 1S-7-2I 

152 ( 2 !, 1-2-1.8. 






222 In-strumekts 

...occasions the quicksilver si'most invariably to destroy them. The therm oinef.ers attached 
are broken, but extra ones having been fitted in the boxes. ..render fhem still serviceable. 

Being perfectly- a-wa.ro of the delicacy and nature of these instruments, I requested Lieut. 
Herbert, who. ..bus since ohtiLined pfirmiMiiori t.o rrwivf e.ha p'ge of two for the use of Captain 
Hodgson, to bring the six barometers in his pill ten from tbe fort to this office, to prevent the 
possibility of their being injured in the carriage. The-y were opened by me in the presence of 
that gentleman ; the tubes were all broken, and, ... with tlio exception of one box containing 
two, I am confident that the other four wore never before unpacked. The quicksilver... waa 
found loose in the boxes when oxamined in the arsenal by Lieut. Herbert 1 , 

Webb had several barometers broken, and writes to Hyde that "another baro- 
meter was aunt to me by a friend a few days ago ; bub like all the rest, it was broken 
upon the road" 2 . 

"Mountain barometers" intended to be portable had the usual long tubes con- 
taining mercury, and were fitted with a tripod and a scale of heights in feet. 
Hodgson suggests that Irvine, before Plaiting on his survey of the sources of the 
Narbada [ 88-9 ], should visit Calcutta 

where I could give inm spec.i,-il insi.niftii.ms, mid o.vpla.iu to him. ..the nso, and indoe-d the 
construction, of the mountain barometers-. ... Having been so frequently disappointed by the 
breaking of the barometers sent from England at- a heavy expiree, Lieutenant Herbert and 
I turned our attention to fitting up such tubes as we could buy in Calcutta, and succeeded 
perfectly in making barometers sufficiently aeeurate for all practical purposes 3 . 

Wilcox writes that on his first expedition into the Mishmi Hills "my only 
barometer tube & two thermometers were broken before doing me any service", 
and on his first trip beyond the Bmlnmiknnd [58-9] 

the only instruments that I carried wore — :.x sextant and fake heri/.on — a good compass 

a Woollaston's therniomolrio barometer 1 , and a barometer of the common kind. The "Wool- 
laston got put out of order at onee, ami the l.iiiie of the other lasted a very few days 6 . 

He had one barometer in good order for his successful trip to the Irrawaddy, and 
looked forward to setting it up "in the snows" ; 

Travel up the Dihing. Barometer readings .sjivo apparent heii-ht above Calcutta, 1876 
feet. ... Barometer at 3 p.m., 28"-37 ; Therm. 76° ; elevation of Koonkoo on the bed of the 
Ihrpha, above Culoiitlii, 1.4SS feet. Unfortunately broke- two tubes in attempting to boil them. 

Eurlton records that on May 15th the barometer read 7,387 feet, two days before 
the tubes were broken, and that "the barometrical calculations have been made by 
me, and are not to be depended on for any great degree of accuracy" 6 . Hodgson 
could not replace them ; 

■Woollaston's thermometrie ban. meters are of no use ; you cannot take litem out of their 
case without breaking ; they will not do. Besides, there are none in Calcutta ; a long-scaled 
thermometer, say 2 foot kmy-, might be of use, but barometers are best 7 . 

In a paper on obtaining heights by the boiling of water, James Prinsep writes ; 

Woollaston's apparatus is beautiful in a laboratory, where it shows minute variations ; 
but for rough work out of doors, accuracy must in some measure be sacrificed to strength and 
portability. Captain Herbert provided himself from England with ordinary thermometers 
divided from 180' upwards to tenths of degrees ; half a division thus represented about 25 
feet, which in nn .si, eases is ample 8 . 

Hodgson writes to Pemberton, away in Manipur ; 

I wont into town yesterday, and bought for you 3 barometers ; one a mountain stick one 
( apparently very perfect ) for 50 Es. ; another of the kind.. .that you have ; one with the 
eliding index and tr.be leading from the tripod, a very good construction, as you see the whole 
length of the tube ; it has three tubes and a case ; tli-oy wanted 100 Rs. but I got it For SO. I 
will also fill and boil a .stout, barometer of my own, and lend it to you, so you will bo complete. 

We had a deluge of rain on the 20th, 5h inches in 9 hours, more than I remember in the 
same time ; to-day is clear and pleasant, ... but it is a sorry climate. Pray send me an order 
for 130 Es. 2 as. for the barometer and cooly hire 9 . 

The aneroid barometor, woiking on an entirely different principle, without any 
column of mercury, was invented in France about 1843. 

'DDn. 131(9), 10-1-17; (14), 24-1-17. 'MEIO.M575, 3-4-17. = DDn. 198 ( 1 ), 3-4-22. 'an 

apparatus "for mca.-i.uiiis! aliunde " emulated k. ES. hv Rev. P. J. II. Wolisstoii I ITiii!- IS.: 1 :; ;, &XI}., i'hil, 
Trans. CVU, 1817 (183-96). i AsS. XVII (36fl). s Journal. DBn. 21-1 ; to SH. 4-7-27. 'DDn, 220 

(261 ],28-8-27. «JASB. II, 1833 (197 ). "Calcutta 22-0-S1 ; D£n..S30 ( 278 ). 



CHAPTER XVI 



GREAT TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY, 1815-23 

De Penning <fc Lawrence, 1S15-7 — Transfer to Supreme Government, 1818 — 
Arrival of Everest, 1818-9 — Ectrest' sfirstiv.sk, 1819-20 — Advance to Berar, 1821-2 
— Everest's Western Branch, 1822-3 — Passing of Lambton, 1823 — Computations 
<k Reports. 

LAMBTON spent the first three months of 1815 in closing the Gooty-Bidar 
section of his great central arc, measuring a base-line at Bldar 1 , and taking 
astronomical observations at Dainargida about 20 miles to the north-east 
[ II, 24g ; III, pi. 1 8 ]. He then returned to Hyderabad where he spent the next 
six veaxs working on reports and computations [237-9]. 

His staff at this time comprised four assistants, De Penning, Lawrence, Olliver, 
and Rossenrode, who were all fully employed on indoor work till after the raina 
of 1816, when Lawrence connected the Bldar base with the neighbouring stations 
to the north 2 . No further extension was immediately possible owing to the un- 
settled state of the country, but, though Everest attribute* the long delay to 
pinddri raids 3 [96, 115 ], Mackenzie writes of the Directors' urge for economy after 
the expenses of the Nepal War : 

I regret exceedingly that yon have been obliged to lay by this season, as the orders from 
Europe are so peremptory for a reduction of expense. ... At Bombay the Surveyor Genl.'a 
Department was laid by, &. in Bengal also the office is in charge of an assistant till I get round. 
The salary here has properly cca--ed since May last year*. 

Lambton himself did not regret the delay, for 
field work has <;ot ahead of Indoor work ; indeed I am not sum that 1 Khali be able for another 
excursion till after the hot weather in 1817- My report would have been furnished in 1815 
had it not been for the expediency of extending my meridional arc as high as 18 a and up- 
wards. ... The Court of Directors!. ..recommended that I Should state the probable time for 
the completion of my work [ If, 240 j. ... I have allowed ample time ; that is to say, three 
years in the Nizam's country, and four in connecting .MasulipiUam with Poiot Palmyras [0,5, 226, 
233], and I hope to make a trip to England in the meantime. 

If the Pindaries are not checked in their incursions it will bis impossible to go out in the 
cool season, and the only time will be from June to the middle of October. "I wish much to 
get as high as 21", or at any rate to 20", which will reach the range of ghauts. That, with a 
little branching out, will lay an ample foundation for tho detached surveys which may be 
extended from thence over every part of the Dekkan 5 . 

In 1817, therefore, as soon as the rains had cleared the air for observations 
[ 8, 229,235-6 ],De Penning was sent out to extend the are from .Dainargida to north 
of the Godavari, and his journal is still preserved [ II, 247 n.4]. 

15th August 1817. The Resident had been occupied by the visit of the Commander- 
in-Chief 6 . I had received instructions to extend the meridional series. ..up to Nandair. ... 
From Kandair I am to extend a series of triangles in an easterly direction along the S. bank 
of the Godavery to Nirmul, ... and then return direct S. to Hyderabad with the triangles, 
end favour in a lo intersect iraJcundel on t.lie way [ pi. tS ]. 

Basidesa part of the Survey escort, and his i Lainbton's 1 lascars, a party from the minister 
of the Nizam's Government was attached to us for procuring supplies and aiding us in fixing 
our flags. ... I left the French Gardens [II, 394 n.i ] on the 15th. ..after four o'clock in the 
afternoon, leaving my family to the protection of God. ... 

>76m. NW. of Hvderabad. 'DDa. 171 ( 359 ), i 
"to I.amBt™, 3-5-16; DUn. !,"(>, (35-6 ). :: k, Mstkor, 
discuss co-operation of Nizam's forces .-.gainst ^'tfti-'. 



224 Gbeat Trigonometrical Survey 

19th. Having to despatch Hags to the northward fur continuing the meridional series 
of triangles which is to commence at, tins station ( Daumargidda ), I rode to the station taking 
the instrument & flag people with me. I found the chunam 1 platform much injured, tho' the 
large stone that was fixed in the centre dries not appear to have been touched. After directing 
tho i.lags to diiieveiu stations, returned to ray tents. ... 

23rd. Marched to Sauchapilly. ... We here learned from one of our flag coolies, who had 
just joined us from the Hag he had placed: near Kowlass [ pi. i S ]. that we had observed a wrong 
object while at Daumargidda station, in consequence of which I was obliged to direct Mr. 
Olliver to proceed to the Kowlass stn., & fix the flag in its proper position, while I prepared 
to go all the way back ro Dauinarguhia to observe the angle. 

After three days of heavy rain Do Penning got back to camp, and Olliver 
came in about an hour after. ... From the intelligence he brought in I had occasion to rejoica 
that I had undertaken this fatiguing trip, for, tho' the first error. ..was mine, having. ..mis- 
taken a tree for a flag, ... the flag cooly, a new hand, ... was so stupid as to move the flag 
to another spot, ...so that had 1 even observed the flag right when I was first at Daumargidda, 
the flag being removed afterwards would have bf-.-ti the source of endless trouble. 

They had many interruptions from rain and great trouble in procuring guides, 
every village closing the gate in the 'sett fence' as soon as strangers were seen 
approaching, possibly a precaution against pindaris. 

5th September. Arrive at the banks of the Manjira River about 10 o'clock, and it wa3 
7 o'clock at night when the last of our baggage got over. ... 

10th. I ascended the peak this morning after breakfast and, fixing a new station on the 
summit in the direction of the Kowlass station, I observed a few angles and, after fixing a 
mark over the new station, descended the hill and returned to camp. While we were on the 
summit observing angles, a tyger made a spring on the cattle that were grazing below, and 
siezed a heifer, but the people attending tho cattle by making a loud noise & shouting made the 
tygei' ijiiit. his prize, but the heifer was killed. 

Then followed constant rain day after day, with occasional intervals of clear 
visibility. To Lambton's distress De Penning had gone out without the vertical 
circle of his theodolite, so could take no angles for height 3 . The journal continues ; 

31st September. ... Distant, view of the junction of the .Manjira and Godaveri rivers with 
the country under wide floods. ... 28th. ... Difficulty in securing boats for the passage of the 
Manjira; ...the boat requires one hour and a half to perform one trip. ... 30th. Find a 
detachment of our army, or the staff of the Commander-in-Chief, at Mudnoor. ... 

16th October 1817. ... Great difficulty in finding ground for suitable Triangles in the region 
of Malligong, Olliver reconnoitring in advance. ... 24th. Marched to Xandair, crossing the 
Godavery. ... 29 th.. Marched to Kundakoortu, reerossing the Coda very near Eailoor at the 
junction or the Manjira. ... 

6th November. Received a message from... amildar of Aurmoor, signifying his intention 
to pay me a visit, as he bad received orders to deliver me a letter from Lt. Colonel Lambton. ... 
The purport of his visit was to deliver me the letter, and money, 588 pagodas, which was done 
with great formality. ... 

7th December. Violent attack of fever. ... I proceeded to the station—but so bad as to 
be unable to stand, I laid myself down under the shade of a rock. A it was upwards of an 
hour before T recovered sufficient strength to look around me. Having fixed upon a hill for 
the next station, 1 returned to the tents with a violent fever. ... 

8th. Confined to my bed, very weak, and drinking bark f 13, 360 ]. Directed Mr. Olliver 
to take a few angles. ... 9th. Having no fever this day. I ascended the hill after breakfast, 
where I. was employed the whole day observing angles. ... 

14th. Marched to Secoderpoor, Mr. Olliver reconnoitring in advance. 

22nd. Halt at Peepergutt till 3 in the afternoon, in order to bring up part of the field 
work, when we struck tents and marched into the French Gardens, where we arrived at 7 
o'clock in the evening. On my arrival I had the mortification to learn that my old companion 
& fellow labourer, Mr. Lawrence, had incurred the displeasure of Colonel Lambton, and was under 
orders to proceed to Madras with the New Year [ 379 ]. Our department being also to be 
rranslerred to the Heugal establishment on the 1st .January 1S18 [ I, 225 ]. 

We now describe the circumstances under which the survey was transferred 
from the control of the M adras Cloveminent to that of the Supreme Government at 
Bengal, and became the Great Trigonometrical Surrey of Tndia. 

± , , V' me \ * DDd - 63 (495), 19-9-17. Both De Penning and Lawrence worked with an lS-inuh 



Transfer to Supreme Government, 1818 



So long ago as ISO? Lambton had suggested that his survey should come under 
the immediate direction of the supreme gOreHHOent, but, though Petrie, anting 
Governor at Madras, supported the proposal, nothing had come of it [II, 304]. 
Lambton had pointed out that the time would come for his survey to reach beyond 
the Presidency of Fort St. George. ... The expedience of this has frequently occurred to me ; 
and. ..in a conversation with the I light Honorable Lord Itfinto while he was at Madras 1 this 
subieet was particularly mentioned, when his Lordship entirely acquiesced. ... VVhile I submit 
this subject for cim si deration, L. .acknowledge the liberality of the Cover Mine lit of Fort St. 
George for their uniform support 2 [ II, 414 j. 

He raised the question again in 1817, together with a request for a professional 
assistant, and a medical officer, to act as geologist as well as doctor. He was him- 
self well over sixty years of age. 

The Governor General, Lord Moira 3 , warmly accepted the proposal, and issued 
orders in a despatch dated 25th October 1817 [307 ]. The transfer was to take 
place from the 1st January 1818, and the survey was to be designated The Great 
Trigonometrical Survey, with Lambton as superintendent, George Everest as chief 
assistant, and a Dr. Ross as geologist and surgeon 1 . Dr. Voysey was afterwarda 
appointed in default of Ross. Lord Moira wrote from his field headquarters up- 
country 5 , where he was directing military operations against the Marathas in hia 
capacity as Commander-in-Chief, and his despatch shows keen appreciation of the 
importance of the survey and of Lambton's talents ; 

The arrival of Colonel Mackenzie in Bengal [ 300 ], and the consequent, assumption by that 
distinguished officer of the important, functions of his situation, have now en tried into full effect 
the wise measures prescribed by the Hon'blo Court of Directors for consolidating the survey 
departments of the several Presidencies under one Chief, responsible only to the Supreme 
Government of India [ H, 396-7 ]. 

This. ..has naturally led. ..the Govr. Genl. to.. .a question intimately connected with. ..the 
Department of General Survey, and 1... now... communicate... the result of his Lordship'a 
reflections on the conduct and progress of tbo Grand Trigonometrical Survey of India. ... 

Independently of the benefits reaped... from labours like Lt. Coll. Lambton's in regard 
to the more accurate, knowledge of the figure of the earth, ... the roost important practical 
advantages miri obviously accrue from the prosecution of this trigoi 10 metrical survey. ... 

There is no other solid basis on which accurate geography can so well be founded. The 
primary triangles thus spread over this vast country establish almost beyond error a multitude 
of points, and the spaces, ...when filled up by the details of subordinate surveyors, will afford... 
a map without a parallel. ... The Govt. Genl. ventures to speak, to this point with no ordinary 
confidence because it came under his personal knowledge when he had the honor of presiding 
over the Royal Ordnance Department 8 . ... 

His Lordship is persuaded that its operations will... be greatly facilitated by this measure, 
for they have already passed the British boundary into the territories of His Highness the 
Nizam, and. ..will now progressively advance into Hindoostan and the east, until the net of 
triangles shall be woven over the whole continent of India. ... An undertaking of such national 
importance., .is only in its appropriate place. ..under the direct orders... of the supreme authority 7 , 

A copy was sent to Lambton with the Governor General's hope that 

the arrangements.. .will conduce to the general benefit of science, & to the facilitation of 
your operations. ... But His Lordship... derives a further pleasure from the impression that 
the arrangement will be personally gratifying to yourself. ... He had no hesitation in complying 
with your reasonable wi.ih a to have an assistant & a soiontine medical man attached to your 
department. His Lordship has every reason to believe that you will find his selection of the 
individuals named. ..to have been judicious. 

Lambton asked for orders as to his future programme ; 

In view of the extensive field which is now laid open to me, there is such a choice. ..as to 
render it difficult to decide where I should begin, and what ought to be done. ... 

The first part of the work, whenever it may be practicable, will unquestionably be that 
of extending the meridional series of triangles through as great an extent of country as 

1 investigating causes of Vellore mutiny [ II, 390 n.4 ]. *MPC. 10-11-07. "or. Marquis Hustings 
1817. 'probably John Ross MD.11. Bio. Note. s Shergnrh, ol !•:.■■<!, on Mi« Ju:!i:r.; .-IwikiKjIi acdr^scd 
to the Vice-Prtsdt". at Vt. William. ■> Master of the Ordnance, 1806-7. 'BMC. 25-11-17 (1); DDn. 112 
( 227 ). a Lambton's letter has not bean found. 



226 Gkeat Trigonometrical Survey 

possible. ... A contain union of the samo are through Si' 2' 40" more 1 would extend to. ..nearly the 
latitude of Agra ; and if the country should be favourable and free from hostility it would not 
require mora than four years to perform tin it work. ... Tim general d imposition of tha inhabitants 
must be favourable, as much depends on them. ... 

A measurement of such an extent won Id far ;ji:^m anything of the kind that either ha3 
been, or ever can be, performed in any Other part of the globe, and it would be the foundation 
of Indian geography. ... If the maps are at all correct, this arc would pass near Ellichpoor and 
Huseainabacl, through the middle- of iSeindia's territories, and terminate not far from Agra. 

He then dismissed a!1.-orrntive schemes in case it. was impossible to continue his 
arc direct to Agra — cither taking a. meridian line, north from Nagyur — or making 
the Narbada the northern limit of a wide network of triangles extended east and 
west beyond the Nizam's territories. 

But all this would require more hands and mare instruments. I shall, therefore, confine 
my views to what I think may ha done by myself and my im mudliite successor. Should I 
continue to enjoy that good health and sound oeustitutaon which I have hithorto been blessed 
with, ... I hope I ahull at least- seo a foundauon kiid for a complete survey of the Deokan, if 
not a connection between the southern peninsula and t.ho upper provinces of liindoostan. ... 

When I am joined by my assistant. I shall be able to send out a party during: the favourable 
season 2 which will bo employed chiefly in branching out, and in finishing more completely 
the belt of triungle- between the Ceded Districts and Hyderabad. 

When I move, which will not be for some time to (mho, I shall continue the meridional 
triangles as high as 21° ti' of latitude, where I shall have to measure another base, and make 
a, course of astronomical oi nervations 3 . 

The Vice President replied with en ution that he relied 

with implicit confidence on your talents an..! judgment land J trusts that you will push with the 
least practical delay to the i_-reutest extent of which your present- means. ..will admit. ... With 
reference to your proposition for extending your triangles by three different branches to the 
river Nerbudda, ...you will. ..furnish an estimate of the probable time and expense. ... Your 
proposition for the farther extension. ..to Agra, and afterwards from Gca to Bombay, and onwards 
without I iro it, does i iiit fiiioear iopra- for immediate a: a isi deration*. 

Lamhton interpreted thi* as limiting him to the Decean, and particularly to the 
Nizam's territories. In an earlier letter the Governor General had asked him to pro- 
vide the Resident at Hyderabad with "the most accurate and detailed geographical 
information regarding the JSiziinfs territories which may lie attainable", a welcome 
request, for he had written in 1815 that, 

had I not been anxious to carry these operations through the drears, ... I should have considered 
the extending of this survey over the whole of the Nizam's Dominions, .., for in all the countries 
that I have been in it is the most erroneous in its geography. Hyderabad, which we have been 
stationed at for years, Li out no less than eleven minutes in latitude, and upwards of thirty in 
longitude 5 [278 pi. 17 n. ]. 

Though disappointed, as was .Mackenzie also, at the dropping of the ambitious 
plan for a series along the east coast [ 223, 233 ] 8 , Lambton decided to extend his 
network of triangles to the eastern borders of the Nizam's territories between the 
Kistna and Godavari, and to carry the great arc northwards ; 

I should consider Ellichpoor, or the range of mountains immediately to the north of it, to 
be the limits of the survey in a northern direction. ... It will not bo far from Ellichpoor, if the 
maps are right, that I shall next observe the stars and measure a busedino, a part of the work 
indispensably neees.sary on the seore of general science [ II, 250 ]. ... 

The chief object in being in haste with it is to secure the completion of a measurement on 
the meridian which in amplitude will exceed the three most important and accurate ones 
( leaving out that of Colonel Modge 7 j that have ever been executed, viz., that connecting the 
observatory of Greenwich and Dunkirk by General Koy and the French academies 9 — that 
between Dunkirk and... Barcelona by De Lambro and Mechain 9 — and the continuation... to... 
the Balearic Islands by Ms. Bint and Arago 10 [ 179 n.3, 237 ]. 

These Indian operations are now become of much interest to the most eminent philosphors 
in Europe and, although the great call for googra pineal information within the limits of tha 

>Oipe (".'-.morai So T>til::r lieing !>" ~i?,' 20'. ! die rain? ' 2-5/5-6 \ "to Snwreme Govt. I-I-IS ■ D-Dn 
82(20). *DDa. 81 [72 j &- I'S3 ( 83 j. U-i-l.-,. 'l)l)n. tYA ( W.l ), 2i-fi-Ia. ' 'GTS. XII, Appx. (-in); 
TS. V (4); TIDn. la,G (13-1), 16-7-17. 'Win. Mie-c ( 17o2-lS21ij; it A. ; Director Ordnance- Svy. of 
Great Britain, 1 79S-1SSG. » 17SS ; I!ov, Casfiiii, r.i-nKJre & Mechain. '1792-1801. "1806-7 -Gore 

(13S! 4 ) ; Serricr (Ji oyriivhiqne ( 11-14 ). 



Transfer to Supreme Government 227 

Dekhan may prevent at. this time a continuation of the grand arc to the northern provinces, 
yet.. .when It shall be carried to the latitude of 21° 6', and the results continue to be favorable, 
they will afford entire satisfaction as to. ..the magnitude and figure of our planet, the two 
great objects of modern investigation f II, 250 ; III, 238 J 1 . 

The extension of the arc had to wait another three years, but the arrival of 
George Everest allowed of good progress on the remainder of the programme. 

Arrival of Everest, 1818-9 

As Lambton was fully occupied with indoor work throughout 1818, and Everest 
did not join until the end of December, De Penning was sent out to complete 
triangulation to the south of Hyderabad, and make good connection with the Ceded 
Districts [ IT, 246-8 ; pi. 16 ]. After a month's work in February, he and Olliver 
ftnished this task later in the year, joining the rest of the establishment on com- 
putations from March to October. 

9th February ISIS. In order to connect my late operations [ 223-4 ] wWk the triangles 
brought up to Hyderabad by Lt-Colonel Lambton in 1814 [ II, 249 ] I.. .set out again before 
the hot weather commenced. ... I left Hyderabad on S-Rh February, and marched to ISourampett 
...to commence, nearly IT miles from the French Gardens in north westerjy direction. ... 

19th. Marched bo Ohinganpand on the great road to Hyderabad from Kurnool, ...it is 
about 8 miLes S, from the city & 12 from the cantonments. ... 21st. We took a few observa- 
tions this morning before breakfast, and returned to the village. After breakfast we struck 
tents and returned l-o the French Gardens. 

3rd November. I received orders to. ..take the field on the 24th October, but various 
circumstances occurred to delay my departure till the ,'ird November. ... 6th. Ascended the 
hill at Gulpilly with the instrument, ; sent out flags previously to two stations bofore us. ... 

13th. At Murrieul we met with groat opposition from the villagers who assembled in 
numbers at the entrance, armed, and absolutely refused to furnish us with coolies. The 
hircarrah &, peon- sent beforehand with the rla.g were rudely treated. After a long altercation 
we procured a guide and pushed on to Nabobpett. 14th. Marched, to Baudapully [ pi. 18 ]. 
Crossed the great, gnu road leading to Hyderabad from Adoni by Puhnoor. ... Having a Sag on 
the Baudapully hill. I ascended the hill immediately alter breakfast, having had a short march. 

28th. ... Yellaconda [ II, pi. 16]. There is a rock south of the village where I had a flag, 
and which was also Station of Col. Lambton in 1814 [II, 249]. Ascended the rock in the 
afternoon with the instrument, and the evening being favorable I finished my observations. 
... 30th. ... Yellaul, on the banks of the Kistna. in the Province of Kurnool 3 . 

1st Dec«7nber 1818. Reached the summit of the Piddagoora Hill at 2 o'clock, one of Col. 
L's stations established in IS12, when Mr. Lawrence was employed in carrying the principal 
triangles across the Nulla-Mulla mountains 3 [ II, 246]. The great, piriform that was raised 
for the station bulged out, forming a rude heap of stones. The rebuilding of the platform and 
clearing the jungle, winch had grown to a good height, since the lust clearing, kept me employed 
this day and the day following. 
The connection completed, He Penning returned to Hyderabad before Christmas. 

On the 2Gth December Everest reported at Hyderabad, having marched down 
from Mirzapur, through Jubbulpore and .\agpur, and 

a few days after my arrival, the Lieutenant-Colonel, with the greater pact el' his establishment, 
took the Held, in order that he might- satisfy himself as ti> my qualifications, and afford me 
any practical hint-' that might be needed 4 . 

This was the first time that Lambton had taken the field since March 1815, and 
was solely for the purpose of instructing his new assistant. They left Hyderabad on 
8th January J MO 1 ', and observed from three stations of the groat arc near fjidar, more 
than 70 miles north-west of Hyderabad. Everest, was delighted at seeing 
this great and extraordinary man in the very scene and character in which the imagination of 
my early youth bad learned to depict him. ... When he aroused himself for the purpose of 
adjusting the great theodolite, lie seemed like L~ lyases shaking of! his rags ; his native energy- 
appeared to rise superior to all infirmities ; his eye shone with the lustre, bis limbs moved 
with the vigor, uf full manhood. ... 

"Meat of these pltwa nam 



Great Trigonometrical Survey 



He left me in full control of the camp in January 1819, to return to Hyderabad ; and this 
is the last occasion of his ever taking part in the work of tviangulation 1 . 
After closing the last gap in tie network west of the city, Everest got back to 



. surveys 5 [pi. 18]. 

* now employed ; 



and prepared to set out 
" 3 be based on the 

:, when I first crossed 
set of these meridians 
neasurements. They 
.ued to the northward 

xy lying between the 

o the eastward, and 
r mid Xtrmal. 

ogles from the Coded 
lading. ..it... impossible 
ip thosovorn! meridian 



Hyderabad early in April, accompanied I 
on triang illation to the cast. This, as Lambti 
meridian lines... whose positions were fixed in an earl 
the peninsula from .Fort fit. George to Mangaloro [ II 
is to compute she la rj Hides end longitudes of p'aot-. 
have served for thiit purpose for the whole peninsula 
without limits [' I.!. 250 t!. J ; pi. 16]. 

Within the Nizam's Dominion I have already 1 
meridians of rjaveiidroog, nearly, and the nieridia 
bounded to the northward, by ihe Goodavery, ...so 

I am now about to extend... eastward, and eari 
Districts to the Goodavery, depending on the meridian 
...to cover np the country with an entire not, I must 
lines... leaving the intervals... to bo filled op by coimnoi 

This then was the task 011 which Everest v 

As circumstances prevented the present continuation of the yreat f 
■was to hrmg np the geographical meridians of Kylasgln.ir and Karangoolee, ... to the eastward 
of Hydrabad. Colonel Lanibton was exceedingly desirous to continue. .these to the Godavery, 
not only with a view to laying down the course of (.liar, important river, but because errors of 
uncommon map 1 it 11 do m:v known to exist in the situations of soon! towns of political importance, 
and others of groat interest, as...Waranf:al, the ancient «:ipital. ... 

On my return to head o/aartors... little respite was nil owed to lis, and we had speedily to 
prepare to take tfce field, ...which we did early in June. ... My ins true lions 1 were to carry 
a series eastward to meet- the meridian of Kara riff 00 lee ; then to run southward to meet the series 
of that meridian where it had been left off.. .on the south bank of the Kistna river ; then... 
northerly to meet, the Godavery : and lastly to run down the Kylasg'nur meridian, to meet the 
former points on the Kistna; whereby... a- not of triangles, almost unbroken, would bo thrown 
over the whole tract between 1 ho Godavery and .Kistna 5 . 

Having started Everest olT with Voysey, Olliver, and Rossenrode, and leaving 
De Penning in charge of the office, Lambton set out for Calcutta, where ''a certain 
private business requires my presence " 6 . He was moreover glad of the opportunity 
to discuss official matters with Mackenzie and Government, and Everest states that 
"he had gone to make some a.rrarigetnenl.s respecting the future progress of the 
great meridional urc [ 324-5 ] ; but, not having succeeded to his wishes, lie returned in 
the month of April 1820" 7 . There is no record of what these "arrangements" 
may have been, but Lambton prolonged his stay in an unsuccessful endeavour to 
settle questions regarding accounts, the strength of his establishment, and their 
rates of pay and terms of service on transfer from Madras [ 379 ] ; 

The necessity of my...return to Hyderabad by the ship which may" touch at Masulipatam 
induces me once again to address the Most Noble the Governor General in Council with the 
hope that sueh parfrgi'flpha in my letter date. I the 27th November 1817 [324, 379 ], which are the 
immediate cause of my remaining here, may be taken into consideration, as well a.s the subject 
of my letter dated the 28th October last [325 J. The paragraphs... relate to the augmentation of 
my escort, and the contingent expences, ... and, as an indulgence to the sub -assistants, I...hope 
that, whatever may be the increase of their pay it may commence at, the same time. 

If the subjects can with propriety bo decided upon. ..I shall then.. .get all my accounts settled, 
and. ..return to hi ydorabad, where my presence will be much wanted to make further arrangements 
for carrying on the survey. ... Otherwise I must detained here till the opportunity be lost for 
reaching Hyderabad before the hot winds set, in, during which season no party can keep the field 



Indeed it will be impossible for me to 
■when I can be authorized to draw 
abstracts. ... Impediments like these 


upon t 


alenttatiUallmymc 


Trigonometrical Survey of India 3 . 




bribing Ins plans : 

3 DDn. 144(393), 24- 
'Geo. Everest ( 21 ] 


He wrote officially to Macken7 

'Geo. Everest { 4-5 1. 'joined 15- 
i Geo. Everest ( 5-fi ). " DDn. 92 ( 93 ), 
(++T-9), 17-11-19. 


2-1S. 
-6-19. 






Arrival of Everest 229; 

Since my being phured under the order.' of the Supreme Government, circumstances have 
60 wltered, and the acquit; it km of territory become so great [ I ; pi. I ], that ray arrangements 
have necessarily been changed, and my view are now directed towards the northward ; and ray 
intention is to extend tlio triangles upon different meridian lines [ 226 ]. ..through the Deekan, 
and ultimately in a partial manner through H.indoostan. ... 

I need not. ..state to you the necessity and utility of laying a correct geometrical basis... 
for detached surveys, and tor fixing the geographical positions of every place of importance 
that comes within the range of the triangles. But as to the duration of a work which may be 
hid din it. ok' exr.on.de J it will be iinpo-^ible to fix any assigned time 1 . 



Everest's First Task, 1819-20- 

Everest has left- ;i dramatic account of his first season in the field, painting in 
vivid colours the adventures he encountered during the height of the monsoon, 
working through thick forest and across swollen rivers, and being finally over- 
whelmed with malaria. FTe settled his first t,rouhle : trie defiance of the local escort, 
provided by the State, by a firm display of force 3 . 

It would" have been a happy eiiv.uni-iUm.ee if all the other obstructi ons could have, been as 
easily surmounted ; but the rainy season set in with more than usual violence. ..the very day 
of my reaching my first station, and torrents of rain were such that the rivers, which but a 
few days before were parched up to vanishing, now became swollen into mighty streams,. 
overwhelming all impediments, and rutting oil' all communication from bank to bank. 
' " There is a .stream m-ar Llydr.iinul railed the Moc.seo. winch fall.; '"to the Ki.itnei below tho 
ferry. ..by which 1 had intended to pass to the station of f.ianmgapuHeo 4 [pi. iS ], ... the Sloosee 
Heing at ordinary tunes barely ankle-deep. ... I had ordered... the supplies for my camp to be . 
prepared at a village on the southern bank; but when. .J. reached the crossing I found this 
rivulet, so insignificant, nt, Hyderabad, now filled to overflowing, carrying away trees and other 
floating objects in its foaming current. . 

' Thus cut off from all communieHlioit with the provisions which iiad been prepared' for my 
followers, ... 1 learned. ..that there was about fifteen railse disiiiin. a place ealted Kompullee, 
below the confluence of the Mooseo and Kistna, whore there used to fie a ferry-boat. ... By the 
following evening tho eamp was transferred to Ivompulfee, where we once again bad abundance 
to eat • and, having turned the flank of the Ytoosee, had at lust, attained the north bank of 
the Kistna which, pouring down over a bed of rocks shelving and dipping at all angles, was 
really a formidable obstacle. 

As it was of great importance that my carriage cattle should he conveyed to the opposite 
side, I had. my elephants brought to the water's edge ; but. neither caresses not menaces could 
induce them to try the passage. Probably it- wns fortunate that they did not make the attempt ; 
for these powerful animals, though more at home in the water, perhaps, than any other quadru- 
peds, are from the size of their limbs. ..in need of what snilors term sea-room, and in a river 
which, like the Kistna, abounds with rocks.. .were very liable to receive some serious injury, 
of which their natural sagacity rendered then! peculiarly apprehensive. 

The boat which was to convey me and my party across this roaring ami angry flood was put 
into the hands of the cobblers to. ..undergo the necessary repairs, for it was an old, and crazy, 
and leaky vessel, which had for some tune been laid up high and dry ; but now, when no alterna- 
tive was left, but either to await the subsidence of the flood, or to trust; ourselves to this frail 
craft. I found that there was no... reluctance on the part of my people to risk their persons. ... 
The boat, or leathern basket, contained about sis persons, with a proportion of dead 
weight- so, having vodur-s-d the baggage and f'ol hovers o. ■ I. ho smallest p''"iblc ijiiautlty sufficient 
to carry the instrument ( an eighteeii-ineh theodolite ). my little party embarked, and in three 
lourneys which, as it required to undergo repairs after each, occupied till nightfall, the vessel 
had conveyed to the southern bank all whom I intended should accompany me. ... 

I left the camp, with tents, cattle, .tc, undercharge of _\!r. Voysey. with directions to proceed 
onwards to Pol ich in tali along the north bank, and await my arrival there ; and, as the station- 
flag of Sarangapullee was m sight about twelve miles off, and in appearance hardly two, ... 
attended by one of the sub -assist ants 5 , and after some hours toiling over rocks and through 
imi'-'lr, I reached it just ao the setting sun wa.s shedding its last rays on the horiison. 



iDDn <I2 ( 144). 18-10-19. * disregarding work of Jan. to April, 181!). 
s. .if Kistna long. "9° -16' F.. ' OUive.r or Rosaenrode. 



230 Great Trigonometrical Survey 

Thus separated from my baggage, and without shelter against the inclemencies of the 
weather, I learned to know what an Indian climate must be to the houseless European. The : 
sky had during the day been bright and cloudless beyond compare ; but shortly before sunset 
black threatening clouds began '!<> sjrow together into a frmvninj; muss: and at last, when all 
their batteries were in order, a tremendous crash of thunder burst forth and, as if all heaven 
was converted into one vast showerbath, the vertical rain poured down in large- round drops 
upon the devoted spot, of Sarangapullee. 

I had procured a charpaee ( a rude bedstead or litter ) from a village about five miles off 
and, having bent down the branches of a young tree and covered them with rice straw, I had 
hoped by the assistance of an umbrella to protect myself against the effects of the storm - 
but, on waking in the morning, I found that I had been lying all night with my clothes soaked 
through ; and yet, so sound had been my sleep from fatigue, that I had been totally uncon- 
scious of the circumstance. 

The observations were all finished to the south of the Kistna in five days of very hard and 
laborious work, and I then reerossed at on© of the established ferries near. Poliehintah and 
proceeded with ray operations as before. 

It would be monotonous and tiresome to proceed with such a detail as this, for I have 
selected one insttwice among -many, only to shew what the hardships and severities are which 
a person engaged in the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India then had to encounter. 

From the station of Kundagutt [ pi. 18 ] which I had visited previously to crossing the 
Kistna, I sought for a station to the east of Hydershahipett and the only eminence which 
offered itself was a long Is lack-coloured range, strongly resembling in shape the back of an 
elephant. There seemed to be on this two places about sixty miles off, which bade fair to 
answer my purpose, and I accordingly despatched four of my most skilful Ragmen, with an 
efficient guard, to seek these spots out, and occupy them with my signals. 

It took me about three weeks to run southward along one side of the series, and to return 
northward by the other side to Hydershahipett. Nothing whatever having been heard of my 
detached parties, groat apprehensions were entertained by me for their safety ; but at last 
a gap began to break open in tiie black mountain, ... and after a fortnight's further waiting I 
had sufficient daylight behind to distinguish the colours of the Great Trigonometrical Survey 
flying on the one spot, and a signal mark on the other. The Secret, of the delay now came 
out. The station of Hydershahipett was ou the very verge of the great forests of teak and 
ebony, far into the depths of which was situated this elephant mountain, called Punch Pandol 
The access to it was by a circuitous route, unknown to any but the few straggling natives who 
lived in t hose !ore-ts, in a stute closely lioederiu;: on savage life. 

The nearest village was Poomrarum, about five miles from the summit, from which it was 
necessary to cut a road for the instruments and tents ; ... and how my unfortunate flag-men 
could have had perseverence enough to go through with such a task, how they could have 
coaxed any uninterested persons to accompany them ; how, after having pierced through a 
forest of teak trees, seventy, eighty, and even ninety feet high, thickly set with underwood 
and mfested with... tigers and boa-constrictors, without water or provisions, and with the jungle 
fever staring them in the face, they could have wandered through such a wilderness until thev 
selected the most, commanding point for a station, utterly... passes mv comprehension 

But, when L visited the site of this station in the early part of the month of September 
and saw the dreadful wilderness by which 1 was surrounded ; when I saw how by means of 
concihatmg treatment and prompt payment, my people had managed to collect a sufficient 
body of hatchet-men to clear away every tree that in the least obstructed the horizon over a 
surface of nearly a square mile ; ... then I learned to appreciate the excellent management of 
Colonel Lambton. who had been enabled to tram up so faith fill bodv of men. that at hisVommand 
they would place themselves under a perfect stranger, mid perform this dangerous dutv as 
zealously and unhesitatingly as if lie had himself been present [ ^96 ]. 

I was now far advanced into this term, incognita ; ... to the eastward- and northward no 
sign of humanity could be seen. Yet it was necessary to pierce far deeper into the forest to 
meet the Godavery, and, having fixed ou a station which I judged would .suit roe, I sent out a 
party to occupy it. Day after day having elapsed without heating of them, i detached a 
second party, and soiue days afterwards a third under one of mv sub -assistants", but still no 
progress was made. At last came a melancholy letter from mv sub -assistant, telling me that 
he was ill and going to die ; and then, as a last resort, i. despatched mv principal stlb-assistant 
Mr. Joseph Olliver, my pupil since I had joined the survey-, my right arm as it were " '■ 
and to my great delight I at last saw my flag flying on the selected hill, and received written 

'RoEisenrmte. 'Surely the position was therererae? Olliver had joined the survey under Katerin !804. 



Everest's Fikst Task 



231 



1) [pi, 18], of its being favorably; 
, many of whom began to suffer 



i>it|.| ! i^r-.T-,..i. nf i.lio niimo of the nearest hamlet ( Yollapoor 

iji'li; pled L;S iv Station, aild uf the iCi.-tf; of i I IV foi'UlOr pi"i "C-LtJ-: 

from the effects of the climate. ... 

Discrediting the exaggerated accounts... of the impossibility of e^saping tin- jungle fever, I 
bad yet resolved. ..to quit the field aa soon as I bad taken tho nocessary observations at 
Yellapooram, and fixed tho stations in ad wince. The immense saving of time which would accr no 
from this measure. ..fully warranted the risk of not returning im:no iiately ; end towards the 
end of Oetobcr I marc-hod from Punch Pando! i.i> words Yellupoorum, through the wildest and 
thickest forests that I had ever invaded. ... 

Tin- distance from l-'iinch Pandnl in Yetlnptnirani in about thtru -one miles in it straight 
line ; along the route ire rook it is little short of sixty-four. I made the first two journeys with 
my camp at. the rale of about- sixteen miles a day ; but. growing impatient on the third day, 
I mounted my horse, arid reached the village of Yellapooram late in the evening. 

It was a very fine morning. The sim rose unusually bright, and brilliant as I ascended tha 
steep side of this novcr-So-bo-lbrgotleii hill. When I reached the summit, the prospect which 
greeted me on all sides svas most ex-iilon-ituo;, for the groat Gode.very which was to terminate 
my labours.. .glittered in full view before me. 

The eminence was most, fortunately situated, and seemed to have been placed there on 
purpose to accomodate me, for, hod it boon a hundred yards to the no::th, the ray to my western 
station of Kola j poor niii-'t have- been obstructed. ... To the north and west, and north-east, 
there were peaks. ..to furnish well proportioned triangles, mid so isolated that there was no doubt 
of their being rociproeolly- visible or easily discovered. Further, there were a multitude of small 
eminences in the neighbourhood, admirably adapted for.. .laying down the whole course of the'' 
river; there were also islands in the channel, and an evident, facility of fixing the point of 
conflux of the Prauheefa, a large river which flows into the Godavory 1 . ... Three parties were 
immediately detached to occupy the three peaks. ... and f hoped in, ... a few days to complete the 
observations, ... in which, hod success art ended mo, 1 should, to use Colonel Lambkin's words,: 
' have performed a very magnificent work indeed to start with ' ! ... 

Buoyed up, ..by the full vigour <>f youth and a strong constitution, I had spurned at the- 
thoughts of being attacked by siokivss, ogainst which [ foolishly rhwmel myself impregnable ;' 
but my last clay's ride through a powerful sun, and over a soil teeming with vapour and malaria, 
had exposed me to all the fatal influence of these formidable forests. O.o the 2nd. of October, 
in the evening, I found myself labouring under tho o (Toots of i; violent typhus fever. Mr. Voysey 
was seized very soon aft or ; within the next five days tho greater part of my camp ( nearly on* 
hundred and fifty in number ) wen; laid prostrate ; and it seemed indeed as if at last "the 
gonitis of the jungul had risen hi his wrath, to chastise the hardihood of those rash men who 
hod t.iorixi to violate the sanctity of his chosen haunt. ... 

x\ll hope of completing the work this season being now at an end, it remained only to pro- 
ceed with as much expedition as possible, towards Hydrnbad. ... To fly.. .was indispensable. 
A litter was made for me ; !\Tr. Voysey had a palanqueou. and a roboutous chief of the fort of 
Chelwaee... aided my progress most, manfully with men and provisions ; but tho jungul fever 
pursued my party like a nest of irritated bees long after we had quitted the precincts of the 
forest,, and on the arrival at the bead -quarters of my unfortunate followers, it appeared that 
not one individual bad escape- J the fever, out tliat fifteen of their number had sunk beneath 
Its severity, and been left to perish miserably by tho road-side. 

I had reached Hydra had Home days before ibis wretched troop, aad on the first intelligence 
of tho calamity being communicated to the British Residoo.f, Mr. Ifenry Russell, and the 
commandant of the troops, Colonel Boies*, f can never forgot too aUc-rby t lies a geutlemeh. 
displayed in affording relief to my distressed followers. The whole of the public elephants 
and doolies ( litters ) and camels wore immediately put- in requisition, and despatched under 
a strong escort to meet them ; ... when, at last, thoy wore brought in, they bore little resemb- 
lance to living bolni'.s, hut seemed like a crowd of corpses reoetitly torn from the grave'. 

The following June, 1820, Everest was sent out again with the same party to 
complete the interrupted programme ; 

But tho zest of the work had terminated to the south of Yellapooratn ; all to the north 

was comparatively child's play; and after having taken the neoossary observations, ...and 
laid down, that part. ..of tho Godavory... interjected by tho meridian of Korougooloo, finding- 
my health and constitution gradually sinking iiiyie." another violent- at" as'.; of jung.il fever, and 



Siroaehu, SB N/NE. J Thus. Boles, Mm!. Inf. Ens. 17SS ; Col. 1S13 ; if. Gail. 1S30. 



'dec 



I 



232 Gkeat Trigonometrical Survey 

deeming it unwise i to sacrifice mysolf for an unimportant objoot, I left. ..Mr. Oliiver to fill up 
the blanks which remained, and proceeded on modioli eortifieafco to the Capo of Good Hope 1 . 

Thus was that groat man George Everest initiated into the work of the Great 
Trigonometrical Survey, to which he was to devote the best years of his life. 
the many improvements that ho was to introduce none was more far-reaching than 
his device which made it possible to work right through the cold weather, and 
avoid the pestilential climate of the rains [ 235-6 ]. But though he came back from 
the Cape refreshed and invigorated, lie was never again the vigorous strong young 
man who defied the elements. The repeated infection of malaria of those two 
s clung to him for the next twenty years. 



Advance to BerAb, 1821-2 

After Everest's departure on leave, August 1 820, Olliver and Eossenrode finished 
off the programme south of the Godavari "in a most complete manner". Da 
Penning then completed the connection east of Kurnool by March 182.1, after delay 
from "the extreme difficulty of that mountainous country ". Lambton now submit- 
ted a chart of the triangulation to the east 2 [ pi. 18 ] ; 

What from sickness arid innumerable local impediments, this work- has taken up two seasons, 
and has cost mote trouble.. .thisu four time.-: tin; extent, in any part, of the Company's territories 
■would havo done. This sketch includes the principle triangles only, but there aro upwards 
of 280 secondary trjaiiidos that will appear in my next general report, which I shall be pre- 
paring till the hot winds and the first rains are over, when I intend taking the field myself, 
and remaining out till (In; beginning of .March next ; niter which 1 shall sit down to finish my 
report of what will be done in the Dekhan. It is to be regretted that the whole country canot be 
covered by a complete network but, as my force is not competent to that purpose, I must be 
satisfied with making the best arrangements I Can for carrying on single series 3 . 

He was now free for the northward extension of the »roat arc ; 

The time is fast approaching when I shall direct, my operations into other countries. My 
nest excursion will be to the northward, as high as Ellichpoor, and if I move after that to the 
■westward, it will be into the Poona district. My northern expedition will be under my own 
immediate direction, ... adding another link to the great chain which was originally intended 
to stretch through 1 1 indoostmi , and connect. Capo Comorin with the) upper provinces of Bengal 4 . 

At the beginning of the rains, ins established season, Lambton set out towards 
the north with his whole staff. Picking up the work where he had left it at Nander 
in 1817 [ 223-4 ]> De Penning had, writes Everestj carried tho triangles to Pilkher 
within sixty miles of Ellichpoor ; but the constitutions of all the establishment having been 
thoroughly unhinged at Yellapooram were now highly susceptible of sickness, and a fresh 
attack of jungle- fever very soon rendered it necessary to form a field-hospital afc Karinjah, 
... and of course all operations were suspended I 244 ]. The Lieutenant Colonel had quitted 
Hydrabad at the same time, ... but took no share in I he tria.Ti2ola.i ion, and remained at Ellichpoor 
in cantonments until I he sickly season hud passed, when ho commenced measuring a base-line 
in the valley of Berar, at a station near the village of Takal K'hera [pi. iS], 

At the same time that this operation of the base was in progress f Ja.nuary and February 
1822 ), the Lieutenant Colonel had [ set 1 up the zenith sector [ II, 260 ; III, 253 ] at a station 
in the very alignment. ... He was in a constant slate .of exertion and fatigue by day in superin- 
tending the measurement, ... exposed te...a tropical sun, and unaided except by Mr. Voysey and 
a few natives ; for all those on whom ho might havo roliod in this hour of necessity were dis- 
abled by sickness and the reckless exposure to which he had subjected them. 

By night, instead cf reposing... from his labours, he- continued to take the zenith distances of 
those stars which ho had before observed at- Dauinevgidda. and other stations more southerly ; 
... but here he had no person. ..to relieve him from his toil, for Mr. Voysey, though willing and 
zealous beyond compare, had no mathematical acquirements, either theoretical or practical, and 
...could not be entrusted with tho use of an instrument, requiring so many delicate precautions 

1 Geo. Everest { I S < ' ' Nizam's Domin- 

ions, tying to thf. t''.'.i!w'ird of Kir mid d- Rnrrrtol, by !.t (>!. Win. l/imliton & C.ipt. 1 ie-r^c Everest; 8 m. 
to an inch, pub. bv James Hc-^ani'li. JIv'dnjgri>_p::er In KJ.C. ; 1-3-27 engil, J. & 0. Walker; bound with 
Geo. Everest; MRO. Map 531. "DDn. 191 { 175), 19-4-21. 'DOn. 92 ( 72 ), 13-2-21. 



Advance to Beraii 



233 



as the zenith sector. The consequences may naturally be anticipated: ...his constitution 
received* death-blow which it never recovered; and the observations lor zenith distances proved 
...to be so wild and confusedly registered, that it was impossible to turn thera to any account. ... 
During this lament uhle condition of affairs [ continue!! Kverest ], I was on my return voyage 
from the Cape of Good Hope, the fine climate of which had most thoroughly renovated my 
health ; and immediately on reaching Madras, I set out to join the Lieutenant -Colonel at Takal 
K'hera ( a distance of seven hundred and sixty miles ), with my constitution as fully re-estab- 
lished as if I liad never been ill. 

It took me thirteen days to perform this journey, and when I reached my destination I 
found that the zenith Beetoi had boen taken down. ... Two days after my arrival... Colonel 
Lambton proceeded back to Hydrabad, leaving me with instructions to fill the gap of sixty 
miles between the base-line and Peel K'her 1 [pi. iS ]. But this, without men or tents, ... 
was totally out of the question ; and, as the connection could bit better formed at a more fitting 
" opportunity, I and Mr. Voysey also returned to Hydrabad ; so that, after having made this 
journey of three hundred ami sixty miles, the whole establishment marched back, in order to 
make it again at some future period 2 . 

On his return to Hyderabad, Lambton submitted a sketch of the triangles, 
optimistically described as extending to "the neighbourhood of Ellichpoor"; 

The country through winch these triangles have been carried alio r.'ded.,, few objects by 
which geography might benefit ; but the whole tract from the Godavery to the borders of the 
Berar valley is in a desolated state, with only here and there a ruined village ; and the excessive 
sickness of the party, added to the poverty of the country, have rendered this expedition of 
little importance excepting the mere continuation of the triangles which, however, will be of 
service should this hitherto ill-fated country ever become settled and cultivated. The stations 
being all permanently marked will then become of use in extending the detailed surveys 3 . ... 
I have frequent application made to me by persons conducting surveys for data. For 
instance, a survey of the Poona district by Major Sutherland f. 124-5 ] ; and a survey in the 
western part of Nag poor authorised by the Resident [ 90 ]. 

In addition to the triangl es, an extensive base-lino has been measured for a new departure 
to the northward : and also a scries of astronomical observations made for... determining the 
length of another degree on the meridian. 

The measurement of the base, Bud the observation of the stars, are matters of great delicacy 
and importance in a work of this kind. But from the sickness which prevailed, and which 
deprived me of the aid of four sub-- assistants, it would have been impossible for me to accom- 
plish what was necessary had it not been for the zeal and activity of Mr. Voysoy who with 
ready cheerfulness put his hand to everything that eould forward the service. ... He and I 
had to perform the whole operations at the base and, while I was afterwards taken up in observ- 
ing the stars, he was employed in taking angles at the neighbouring stations. 

Whilst the Great Arc could now be extended northward "till it fall upon the 
Jumna" [ 194 ], he proposed to send Everest 

to the westward, to commence from some part of this meridional series, and proceed thence 
towards Poona, and ultimately to Bombay. As I shall conduct the operations through 
Hindoosfcan myself, it is probable that 1 may reach Agra about the time that he will arrive 
at Bombay. There will then remain to bo done a very important part of this survey, viz., a. 
continued triangulation through the Northern Circars from the Masulipatam district to Point 
Palmyras [ 223 ], and finally to Fort William if possible. ... 

I shall move to Nagpoor in the course of the present year, and be ready to commence 
where I have loft off, immediately after the rains in 1S23. ... I may venture to say that in 1S26, 
if my health continue, the connection between Cape Comorin and Agra on the Jumna will be 
completely effected 4 . 

But the great-hearted worker was now close on seventy years of age, and his 
strength was rapidly failing : Everest found it melancholy 

to witness the progressive decay of this great man, both in mind and body. ... The paroxymsms 
of his cough wore sometimes so violent and awful, that he used to lie on his back exhausted 
with the effort, and apparently in imminent danger of bursting a blood-vessel. When he rosa 
in the morning he appeared to be in a state of torpor and, though he now and then seemed to 
rally and to recover his faculties, yet it waa evident to all who saw him that he was hourly- 
getting worse, and must ere many months elapsed sink into the grave. 



'rf.TS.V. (3). 



234 Gebat Teigonometbical Stjbvey 

Still he talked a-3 if he was insensible of what every other person saw so palpably ; formed 
project after project, which were to be executed when the great arc had been brought up to Agra 1 . 

Everest later found that the triangulation by De Penning and Lawrence north of 
Bidar was of very poor quality, and vitiated the value of the whole section from 
Bidar to Takarkhera ; 

Though it might be perfectly unobjectionable to entrust the conduct of a aeries... along one 
of the subordinate meridians, or even part of the principal series under certain limitations, to 
...a person who from long trial has been found... skilful, ... yet it is rather too much.. .to leave 
the entire and almost uncontrolled management of so delicate a work to any person whatsoever. 
Expert.. .as Mr. De Penning unquestionably was, yet ha was a more practical man, without any 
knowledge of the common principles of mathematics [237]; and as to Mr. Lawrence, ... he was 
notoriously gh en to intoxication. ... 

To the management of these two individual.-;, however, the whole of the terrestial measure- 
ment of the oth section to within 60 miles of Elliehpoor was loft, and Mr. De Penning...who 
carried on all but the three first triangles... was entirely his own master, for during.. .his 
operations the late Superintendent was not even in the field. Hence, and from other causes,' 
... the 6th section was a very vulnerablo per fbrmarico, and highly ...pen to objections. ... 

Nothing further was done with these operations during the life of the late Lt..ColoneI 
Lambton. ... When, therefore, ... I succeeded to the department, I found that, instead of the 
operations having been carried tip... to the vicinity of E llichpoor, as the Supreme Government 
had been led to suppose, not only the principal triangles for the last 60 miles remained to 
be constructed, but an entirely new set of stars required to be observed [ 253 J 3 . 

Later on Everest completed the section Pilkher to Takarkhera, and took fresh 
astronomical observations himself [ 245 ], but there was no opportunity to revise 
De Penning's work to the south till 1839. 

Everest's Western Branch, 1822-3 

Everest started out on his expedition to Poona in October 1822, delighted to "be 
given a definite independent task, and to be left to carry out work in his own way. 
With Lambton's great theodolite [ II, 253 ] he was to run a series of single triangles 
commencing upon our great meridional scries between the latitudes of 18° and 19°, and pro- 
ceeding in a direction nearly west, so as to take in Poona and ultimately fix the position of 
Bombay. ... When you reach the sea coast you will have an opportunity of comparing with our 
elevations above the sea. The best way will be to make the sea, where it may be most 
convenient, and work your way 1.0 Bombay i it forwards. ... 

As the chief object of this undertaking is to fix with geometrical accuracy the latitude 
and longitude of Bombay with respect to the Observatory at Madras, it will be necessary to 
ascertain with procision a certain number of positions in latitude and longitude. ... Distances 
must be selected if possible between sixty and seventy miles in length, and as nearly from east 
to west in their direction as possible, so that the difference of longitude... may be determined by 
pole-star observations; ...and, to assist you in making these observations I have furnished 
you with a proper lanthom, by which you can have a referring light. 

To carry these operations from the meridional series entirely through to Bombay will be. 
a work of great extent and delicacy, but as I have full reliance on your judgement and abili- 
ties, ... T forebear giving any specific instructions 3 . 

The work was interesting and the experience invaluable ; 

The series diverged from the side ( Daumergidda to Boorgapilly ) of one of the triangles of 
the great arc, whicil Colonel Lambton and myself had visit",! in company three years bofore, 
at our first acquaintance [ 227-8 ], and ended with the side Chorakullee to Sawurgaon 4 , ... and 
as two western stations had been selected which would have advanced the series about sixty- 
five miles further, more than half my labour might be looked on as terminated [pi. iS]. 

As we go farther westward we meet continually isolated hills.. .about two hundred feet 
above the plain, the lower part of which is basaltic, whilst the top is covered with a sort of 
crust of iron clay... burro wed through into unfathomed caverns, which the hyenas seem to 
select as their favourite ahodea. At one of these placos I had a station, ... and the path by 
which I and my people passed to the instrument went right close to the abode of a pair of 

t to 3G„ 5-9-25 ; DDn. 171 (350]. s DDa. 92 (22(1,240,248, 250 1 
l. K. of Sholapiir. 



Everest's Western Branch 



235 



striped hyenas, who, though they doubtless i t i i : . i • 1 t his...p!'o.M[tii:y rather irtjome, yet did not 
altogether discontinue... the it- visits to their favorite ha-tmt. to which £ have seen them go in 
open day. In fact, one of these luoidess creatures was .shot by a party of my sepoys. ... 

The face of the. country is quite denuded of trees ; here are no jungles to foster fevers, no. 
mus qn itos to torment, no banditti to in tost the path, no roaring rivers to cut off communications; 
but a fertile and well -people if country inhabited by tiie Mahratta tribes, who are the best- 
natured and the kindest, of all the natives of India. 

I was, at the outset, somewhat perplexed by the extreme shortness of the sides of my 
triangles, for which basoltic formarioos are frequently ill suited. :'i--iug as they do into long" 
ridges, one of which hardly overtops the other. But on reaching the .station of D'haroor the' 
face of the country seemod to become more open, mid a ridge... seemed to offer me an opportunity 
of getting a distance of nearly forty -live miles. 

It has ever been my object- to preserve the symmetry of triangles, ...and it would have 
"been in opposition to t.his principle to deduce this increased distance from one not exceeding 
twenty miles. But it seemed very difficult to procure a station to the north of D'haroor, ... 
for the view was limited in that direction by a range of hills, ...and that range seemed to 
obtrude itself most uncivilly in the direction of my vision. 

The exploring party.,. selected the station of Chorakullee, from which they sent word 
that they could see the whole range on which D'haroor was situated ; yet, though on the 
highest point of that range, I could by no means get a glimpse of Chorakullee, ...which the 
■wild imagination of my native followers attributed, as usual, to magic. 

Orders were sent, to their, to build a large tower of stones, to the height of thirty feet if 
needed, and I commenced a similar fabric at D'haroor. rosolved that no means should be 
■omitted to overcome the- obntaelo. The work of building commenced at daybreak, and did 
not terminate till after sunset ; and as the mornings arc very seldom clear m India, it was Only 
in the evenings that an opportunity presented itself of knowing how far the increased height 
had aided my design. 

At last, when my tower had risen to the height of twenty-four feet, and the opposite one 
to about twenty, a clearer morning than usual shewed mo not only flic tower, but the whole 
range of Chorakullee on which it was situated, lifted high up in the air, and peeping far- above 
the intermediate obstacle [ 244 ]. 

People were ties pate lied to hoist, immediately after dark, a large mast... with a torch at 
top of it. The instrument- was put up at five o'clock in the evening on the D'haroor tower, 
and the intervening range was found to stand at a depression of seven minutes and a half. 
Beyond, nothing was seen, but about eight o'clock the light of the torch appeared in the field 
.of view at nearly seven minutes depression. I watched it rising up the vertical wire till it 
gradually came to within three minutes of zero, and I then gave over further building, fully 
assured that nature would help me more by the increasing ierrestial rofraetion of the night, 
than any tower less than, two hundred feet high could do. Prior to this it had been the custom 
in the Great Trigonometrical Survey to use (lasts and masts with piles on all ordinary occasions, 
and blue lights in long distances [ 247-S ]. ... 

To supply the want of reverberntery lamps which could not be obtained in I ndia. the follow- 
ing expedient was resorted to. A small cup, six inches in diameter, filled with cotton seeds 
steeped in oil and resin, was put under a large inverted earthen vessel, ...with an aperture 
cut in the side, and lighted. This answered exceedingly well in all but windy weather, ... 
and I have, on one occasion, taken an angle very satisfactorily between two of these stuall 
lights at the distance of thirty -one miles [ 248]. ... 

This.. .has changed the whole face oft 're Indian operations [ 0, 232, .146-7 ]. The cold season, 
which commences in November, and the season of hot winds, which begins in February and 
ends in June, are not unhealthy, though the latter is rather parching ami disagreeable. They 
are most unfavorable 10 terrestial observations by daylight because there is a dry mist, ... 
through which t lie telescope cannot- penetrate ; lint this sort of mist is so completely pervious 
night-lights, that for distances of forty and forty-five miles we can carve a passage right 



through it, even though it be so thick that the s 

Precisely the reverse takes 
fatal to health and comfort, and towards the close 
Yot the sky is limpid beyond anything that c 
and these lire utterly impervious to the rays of e- 

The method of selecting stations. ..has been considerably facilitated by a very simple method, 
... The exploring party have orders to amass two piles of wood about, twenty feet, distant, and 
set fire to them simultaneously, so that a pair of blazing bonfires gives warning of success, 
and serves to light lamps at, the surrounding stations ("244], ... 



11 appears to set- 111 a sea of molten lead. 

-,y season. The climate is throughout most 

e ( September and October ) it is quite deadly, 

> imagined, except when mists take place ; 

1 a blue light [ II, 259 ]. 



Great Trigonometrical Survey 



Charles Metcalfe [ 117 ] communicating the death of my venerable predecessor [ 9 ]b 

Kearing of Lombtorfs death. Everest closed down work, marched in. to Hyderabad, 
and took charge of the survey pending his formal appointment. His branch series 
was re-observed fifteen year* later, and extended to the west coast as the Bombay 
Longitudinal Series 2 . 

Passing of Lajibtos, 1823 

In October 1822, whilst Everest was starling towards l.'oona, Dr. Voysey was 
sent to explore the country between Ellichpur and Agra. He travelled first to 
Calcutta, probably by sea from Ma.sulipatam, thence up to Agra., azid then south to 
Nagpur, where he arrived several weeks after Lambton's death, having collected 
information that was to be of confide rabie value to Everest. 

Pursuing his plan of moving headquarters to Nagpur, Lambton set out from 
Hyderabad about the 12th December with the whole of liis staff and equipment 3 . 
In the absence of Voysey and, not himself being fit to make so long a journey 
without nicdie.il attendance, Lambton obtained the services of an assistant surgeon 
named Morton* to accompany the party to Nagpur. The strain of the journey 
even so, proved too much, and from 23rd December lie became seriously ill. He 
persisted in marching forward, and eventually died on 20th January at Hinganghat, 
about 20 miles from Wardha, and five marches short of Nagpur [ pis. iS. 22n. ]. He 
had obviously been suffering for a long time from tuberculosis for. writes Everest, 
"on dissection it, appealed that the right lobe of the lungs was nearly consumed, and 
the left slightly injured ,:5 . 

De Penning and Morton marched on to Nagpur, where Morton directed the 
disposal of all Lambton's private property, and unfortunately a certain amount of 
government property as well. De Penning then remained in chai'ge at Nagpur 
working on computations till he joined Everest at Takarkhera in the autumn. 
Voysey readied Hyderabad in June, having visited Hinganghat on his way [ 243 ]. 

General Walker has left the following appreciation of Lambton's work. After 
pointing out that he was 47 years of age 6 when he commenced his survey in Mysore 
in 1800, an age within eight years of that at which servants of the Government 
of India are now due for superannuation, he continues ; 

Until within a few years of his death, at tiie age of 70, he seems to have scarcely known 
...a day's illness, though lie never spared himself, nor shrank from accepting bis full share of 
privations to which nil the members of the survey wen- exposed, and which even (,'untain Everest 
thought... almost unjustifiable: ; lie accepted these us a matter of course, and seems to have 
thought little, ami said less, about them, rarely alluding to them esceptinu when he was 
endeavouring to obtain promotion for his subordinates who had shared them with him [ 228 ]. 

His life was aa entire dev otion of self to [he interests of the piiblii- *n jcp and the advance- 
ment of science, without a thought of ever ceasing from his labors while life lasted - and as 
lie hail ever looked forward to dying, so h« died, at his post 7 . 

Computations & Reports 

After 1815, Lambton took very little part in field observations but devoted 
himself to the indoor work [ 223 ]. The reasons for this were two-fold. 

' Geo. Everest { 115-32 }. *QT$. XII ( vii. B ) - TS. S ; GBO. C'omp. Q-l ,'13 ; GT.1. 6> xxv = DDn 
92 ( 250 ), 9-12 -2:2. 'Jolm MorUm { L7!>'i-]S(ii>) \Ia:l. Mi.-.l. : Asst. Sur-v. ISJs; S-ire. is.'ii'i : m . Pof.iiaraallefi 
"i-fi-24, Apbra J fhnatoB B 'fee, wh . ■■;. MasuKpatwm, 2-10 SS; ret. ls4T : ■.]. 23 I B6 at Clifton ^Geo' 

Everest (32). f sssumingliirth I7A3, liiou^-li it m%iit Iiavs- ht-u as Imp «« £7. 16 [II, 411]. . : GTS. I, ssxii! 



GREAT TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY, 
2 NIZAM'S DOMINIONS 



Detail in black shuws wi^rk of tin; Great Tris;i>ji( .metrical Survey, 
1814-24, with the Great Arc in thick linos as oxtonded into the Nizam's 
Diiniiiiiiins by Lambton [11,249], and by his assi-;taiito u> Pilkher 
[III, 232-4 J, and again by Everest-, 1S23-* [242-6]. 

Secondary Iriaiigulntion by De Penning and Everest, east of the 
Great Arc is shewn in fine lines [ 223-32 ], 1817-21. as also is Everest's 
1 .'jiLjili U'.iiroal Series to lii;' westward*. I S22 .'! [ J34 -6 ]. 

The map in brown is reduced from one on scale 32 miles to an inch, 
compiled at the Survey ur General's OUii.-« in 1S5G. 







,„„J 

vs 



Computations & Reports 



■:?>~ 



Pirstly his age, which was at least 60 years in 1815, and rendered him disinclined 
for arduous field duties, more especially as he was suffering from consumption 
without being aware of it. He felt that he could well leave the comparatively 
mechanical work of tri angulation and manipulation of the theodolite to the assist- 
ants who had for so long been trained in his methods. 

The second reason was the overriding necessity of all the routine computations 
being carried out under ids i in mediate supervision. His assistants were of limited 
education, and Everest points out that Do "Penning "had not a particle of mathe- 
matical knowledge beyond decimals, the use of Taylor's Logarithms., and the square 
and cubic root [234]" '. Lambton describes " the tedious and complicated nature 
of these different computations ", in which, to avoid all chance of error, lie 
always put the computers (havin;* formerly four) two and two t.iijtCL.licr, dividing the work so 
that two might fro over the same ground its .1 chock to each other, and when they ha,d finished, 
thoy changed their parts and m,™ through the whole again, so that each two might be a check 
upon the other two. All this being done,, the whole was revised by myself. 

All these precautions nee necessn.ry to do justice to a work of this na.rure, uracil i.s supposed 
to become a groundwork for all oilier surveys ; but if requires much time for the calculations, 



the field by a partv til four months as will require s. 
" ,r work* [253]. 

nplete volumes in and rv of the compuia- 
arallel 16° [II, 264 f. 

ig all the positions recorded in the 1st and 2nd 
" this meridional an- to tin* northward, and 
Europe which by this time have- connected the 
will afford -ad! further means far . 1 ] .■- ] .j 1 -i j^: i r : j ;■: t i rt.'j: ■ ■■.> ^roiiter 
of geography as far as relates to tho peninsula. 



Li gene-rat as much 
and often eight, mouths to br: 
He took more than tw 
tions. which covered all w< 
I have. ..been at the pain 
volumes of my General Report 
the extensive simitar measurements made 
Balearic Islands with the Orkney 
accuracy [226] ; ... but, for the 1 
what is' contained in these two volumes ( 3rd and 4th ) will never require correction 4 . 

He made three copies ; one for the Supreme Government, one for the Surveyor 
Genera!, and one for himself 5 . When a fourth copy was called for he asked that 
the Surveyor General's copy should be passed to the Directors: 

Such a work could not he copied in any office, ... principally on aeeoi int. of the mathematical 
formula? which it contains : arid also from the numerous tab lew of triangle-, latitudes and longi- 
tudes, zenith distances of stars, etc., all of which ought to he copied by the persons who com- 
puted them, and that under my own eye. 

With only three persons, it will, require at ieast five months to make the copy and plan, 
besides some time to collate them. ... The time taken up in these reports is a very serious 
drawback on the field service and, besides, they contain, a great deal which can be of no use to a 
Survevor General who, in fact, wants nothing more than the triangles and the latitudes and 
longitudes, which he can always have by applying. 

On the other hand, he was always ready to make special extracts for the Surveyor 
General, for Gailing, or tire Resident. Tie believed in co-operation 8 \ 116 ]. 

Besides the computation of triangles, co-ordinates, and heights, Lambton was 
continuously occupied with calculations for "a desideratum still more sublime" 
[ II, 250 ], the figure of the earth, and abstruse phenomena affecting terrestial and 
astronomical measurements. In this work, except for continual reading of published 
works, and correspondence with leading goodosists in Europe, he was struggling 
unassisted in a science that was yet in its infancy, and to which his own work 
■was making a very important contribution. .-Viler working out the values given in 
his reports of 1818, he recomputed them yet again in J.821 7 [ 11, 262 ] ; 

In 1S18, Colonel Lambton, by combining each of the three sections of his are with the 
English, "French, and Swedish measiues respectively, obtained the mean value of 1 : 310 for the 
compression at the poles, and thence computed a table of lengths of a degree from the equator 
to the pole, from which die elements of all his trigonometrical stations wore determined. But 
in 1821, owins: to the adoption of Mr, Bird's scale of 1760 for the standard of length by the 
Parliamentary Commission, ... all this work had in be repeated. 

'Geo, Everest (33). 'DDn.l44(U 
T)ept.l-I-lS;DDn.63(44I):TS. tll'4 IV. 
459]. 'GBO.Comp.Q-! (7,8). 



238 Great Trigonometrical Survey 

From experiments made by Captain Kater...the Indian standard scale required to be decreas- 
ed by 0-000018 of its length. ...whilst Kams den's bar used in the... survey of Great Britain had 
to be increasod by 0- 00007 of its length. ... The Indian are depended on both those standards, 
and all the results obtained from it had jiow to be corrected. ... Each of the tliree degrees 
obtained from the Indian are was now compared, firstly with the French measurement, secondly 
with the English, and thirdly with the Swedish, and from these data were deduced three mean 
eccliptics, the mean of which was taken to give the true compression at the poles. 

The actual dimensions of the earth, and the length of the French metre were also deduced 
by Colonel Lambton from the data afforded by his Great Arc 1 [II, 262]. 

Abstracts of his results up to ISIS were sent to the learned societies of Calcutta, 
London end Paris 2 , and he was specially delighted by the appreciation of the great 
French geodesist, De Lambre, who -writes from Paris" 30th May 1818 3 : 

I first of all received your letter, and, shortly after, the extract of your new memoir, which 
was sent me from London. ... I have translated your letter, and 1 flatter mvself that you will 
not blame my haste i.n spreading it through Europe by means of the " Connaissance des Temps", 
which, however, will not he done until after its publication in the Philosophical Transactions. 

Your new measurements and new calculations will be seen with great interest. I have 
already... given your former results, and your comparison of the different degrees. I had 
noticed what T had discovered by our formulas with the assistance of your .lata ; the former 
being a little simplified to bring tiiem nearer to your suppositions. ... 

Everywhere I have had the satisfaction to find our agreement with von. Our metre cal- 
culated from your operations differed only II- Ola, which you make so much smaller. You now 
reduce this difference to one-third. ... We may now flatter ourselves thai we know the general 
figure of the earth. All thereat operations of India, of England, nf Sweden, of France and of 
Germany, lead to the same results*. When they are considered "en masse", it is not necessary 
to pay attention to the trifling irregularities of parallels and contiguous arcs. There is no 
absolute demonstration that the meridians are perfectly regular ellipses, and all. equal one to 
the other ; that the strata of the earth are exactly symmetrical, or that the best instruments have 
not some errors. ... Let us redouble our efforts to diminish the slight anomalies by new researches 
and let us multiply us much as possible our observations and those scientific enterprises which' 
like yours, will confirm the glory (if the philosopher* of the Kith century 5 . 

Lambton's general report 011 the work between the Kistna and Godavari was 
lying unfinished at the time of his death, and it was some time before Everest 
found the staff and time to complete the three copies. He writes in 1824 that 
not one is yet complete, for it cannot be considered so until it has been fairly transcribed 
from the original documents, and afterwards rigorously compared with them. ... Within the 
last twelve-month I have been immersed in... correspondence, the bare copies of which already 
fill a large folio volume, whilst, on referring to the books of my predecessor, I find whole 
quarters elapse without a single public letter. ... 

For many months to come an adequate number of good writers should be placed at my 
disposal, and.. .a strong mid commodious office tent should bo furnished. Hitherto a regular 
office has never been held u, the field, and it was not until I joined the department'that 
the practice of mmong even the rough ca leu lotions was introduced, but in 1819 I found myself 
SO perfectly my own master... that nor. only the i-ousrh ealculations. ... but the spherical excesses 
the chord corrections, all. the principal triangles, the relative heights of the stations and even 
the greiit part of the secondary triangles, were computed in my own tent*. 

The first of these volumes, ms. Report No. v. describes the work on the Great Arc 
between the Kistna and the Godavari, with discussions on the length of the metre 
pendulum experiments, refraction, and local attraction, ft was signed by Lambton 
himself, and countersigned by Everest in 1832. when it was issued with No vr which 
included darling's triangulation 7 and Everest's series to Bombay. 

In 18-18 a suggestion was made from London to collect the many disjointed 
accounts left by Lambton, and publish them with an introductory memoir Waugh 
rejected this because, as he said, the computations had not always been verified by 
a second computer 8 , and "the reduction of the star observations., "were conducted on 

1 Burrards- iiceoutii ; G'1'8. X..I.L ( jppx. iS-r,S ). -As R. ill f osfi-Sflo 1 ■ XI [1 (] ■ I->7i- r>h -1 m 
181 (4SD II | v lh 

'.'t-s. * but sir Luiil't.'ii'.- -.■:,!(;, urn)-. [ ■■.it "I 



Computations & Kepoets 



the imperfect principles of those times, and the places of the stars have since 
then been determined with more accuracy". 

Neither could he recommend the revision of Lambton's calculations ab initio from 
the original records, for which no staff could be spared. His observations and 
measurements no longer met the latest standards of accuracy, and there was no 
exact value for his standards of length [ II, 267 ; IIT, 249-51 ]■ 

The naxt- difficulty arises horn. ..the [ former ] practice among all scientific men to pick and 
choose observations. This practice lias now been universally abolished. ■■- 

As the zero of the instrument was not eysfceraaMcallj' changed, the moan angles are bur- 
thened with considerable instrumental errors. ... Luminous signals were not introduced in those 
days excepting blue lights, which were rarely used, and, unless these Eire carefully screened 
from the wind, their correspondence with the centre mark caimot, be relied on. ... Another 
material source of error is the want of isolation of the instrument. ... Angles token on the old 
phi i-fiji-i r;s iriiylit be vitiated to the evLent of 5 ser.-on.ils by unsteadiness. ... 

Undoubtedly Colonel Lambton's operations are fully equal, if not superior, to the best... 
of his own times, and no man could have achieved more with the mean a at. his disposal. His 
name is reverenced... as the Father of Indian Coodosy, and anecdotes of the talents and 
energy of this great man have been banded down to his successors, ... but there can be no: 
doubt that if Colonel Lambton himself were now alive, he would advocate a revision of his. 
observations with the superior instruments and processes of modern times. ... This has been 
done with works of the same date. ..in other parts of the world, and. ..would by no means derogate 
from this great gcodesist's fame, ... All the, skill we now possess is derive;! from the experience. 
ho gradually acquired, and which was perfected by Ins successor. 

Waugh went on to quote Everest's remarks on the re -observation of the 
section north of Bidar [ 223-4 ] ; 

Though much merit will doubtless be conceded (,<> the personal operations of a geodesist so 
...talented as Colonel Lambton, yet it by no means follows that the same concession is to be 
made to every body... under his orders. ... Indeed, ... confidence... will surely have been dis- 
pelled...by tho roviaion of 1838-9 [234 1- ■-■ The instruments employed subsequently to the 
injury done to the larger theodolite in 1S:>3 [II, 241 ] were all of an inferior kind, unequal to the 
purposes of the Great Arc, and demanded a rigorous attention to several precautions and 
minutiae, without which not the most distant approach to accuracy could be looked for. 

Besides, it was the practice... when I joined the departmeat in ISIS. ..to use the greatest 
freedom with the observed angles — ...to select such as suited the views of the computer— ...a 
system. ..by which we may deduce just what. ..we please 1 . 

Waugh concluded by recommend tug tin: re-observation of the four sections south 
of Bidar and suggested that the matter shou Id be referred to the Royal Society 2 . The 
Government of India had already firmly refused to countenance any such revision 
when recommended by Everest in 1842 3 , and hesitated now to accept Waugh's 
advice. The matter was raised again ten years later by Everest, and on the strong 
recommendation of the Royal Society, Lambton's work south of Bidar was 
completely revised between 1866 to 1874 [ II, 266-7 1- 



CHAPTER XVII 



GREAT TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY under EVEREST 

- The Great Arc, 1823-5 — Technical Details ; Luminous Signals - 
Refraction — Base-Lines — Horizontal Angles — Astronomical Vbscrvotions — Figure 
of the Earth — Computations & Reports — Instruments. 

BEFORE the news of Lambton's death reached them, the Directors had asked 
how soon his survey would be completed, as it was costing more than £6,000 
a year, and they called for precise information on the particular purposes 

to which it iB to be applied, both as it may respect geography of the country, and the more 
general purposes of science. We are favourable to pursuits... improving oar acquaintance with 
the country and the people, ... as well as of the States bordering Open, or situated within, our 
frontier, but we feci we should hardly be justified in sanctioning the continuance of so large an 
expenditure... unless... the objects to be attained aro of adoquato utility. 

On hearing that Lambton had died, they ordered that his successor should be 
chosen with care, and placed under the Surveyor General [ 308 ]. They discussed 
their intention of putting in hand "a complete Map of India" [ 283 ], and attached 
a note by Rennell advocating the appointment of a special astronomer to fix points 
over the whole country as foundation for rapid geographical surveys. They 
suggested that this astronomical survey should supplement the Great Trigonometrical 
Survey in areas where triangulation might be impracticable [ 185 ] l . 

The Bengal Government had already placed Everest under the orders of the 
Surveyor General 2 , and had no hesitation in recommending him as successor to 
Lambton [308]. Regarding future programme they referred to Blacker for 
advice, and he obtained Everest's views on the practical objects to be achieved; 
In a scientific point of view the object embraced by the Great Trigonometrical Survey is 
solely to collect data respecting II 10 long agkated question of the figure of the earth. In a 
geographical point of view, the design ls t,o oot;tblisli tho o;nroct, positions of certain points on 
the earth's surface. ... The i!eti-irminHti<m of ihn hoi.'iht of one principal station ahove another, 
tho' essentially necessary in order to ascertain the height of the measured bases above the level 
of the sea, is yet but subservient to the main design, and the determination of... refraction is, 
generally speaking, altogether incidental... as a mero correction to vortical angles 3 . 

Blacker then wrote a vigorous letter to champion trigonometrical methods, and 
to discountenance any suggestion that they could be displaced by the unsatisfactory 
means of astronomical observations, which were only suitable for rapid explora- 
tion [186, 190-1]. He admitted, however, that astronomical control might have 
to be accepted for flat wooded country unsuitable for trigonometrical operations 
[ 185 ] . He protested against setting a limit on the Great Trigonometrical Survey ; 
It is extremely difficult to recommend any restriction of tho groat triangulation, short of 
that imposed by the features of tho country and the limits of British control ; ... but if such a 
suggestion were executed, I should propose for limit, the termination of the Doddagoontah 
meridional series of triangles in the Thibet mountains [ II, pis. 16, 17 ], the continuation of 
the western series along the coast from Goa to CamiiLvy, and the prolongation of that on the 
eastern coast from Masulipatam to the nearest practical point to Fort William. 

From four to five years with the present establishment w mid bo too probable time for the 
completion of tho meridional are, which may justly be denominated the great axis of Indian 
geography, and would connect tho minor surveys of the Duckhm with those of Hindoostan. ... 
For the accomplishment of the other two. Which would nearly complete a correct outline of 
India to the son, ... about four yeara each would be required. 

nsferring the GTS. from the General to the Military 



Programme 



211 



I Connot, however, too forcibly, as Surveyor-General of India, deprecate. ..a restriction so 
inconsistent with the Hbor;*l views under which tin'-; survey has been hitherto conductod ; ao 
unworthy of the fame which the rulers of India have already acquired ...for their promotion of 
geodesy, and so destructive of all hopes of an accurate knowledge of the geography of...Central 
India. Rather, on the contrary, let there be employed more hand* and more instruments togive 
fresh vigour to i-lit- underMk.mt;. and to reduce the period... within a calculable time. ... 

I feel a difficulty iu'addi'tig more precise- information in regard to the. ..survey, and the 
particular purposes to which it is to he applied. ... Without this baais...ali detailed surveys 
may not only be wrong, but extremely tedious ; ... no single point con be accurately placed, 
nor can the extent of India, particularly in longitude, be known without it [pi. 17n. ]. 

One of the great questions. ..is-.'. .the magnitude and figure of the earth. ... ( The figure of 
the earth is so far from being an object of mere curiosity that it affects a large portion of the 
tables used by navigators. ... No power has more reason therefore to be interested in this 
investigation than the East India Company J 1 . ,„ 

There is no branch of physical science specially affected by the three co-ordinates of latitude, 
longitude, and elevation, to which the great trigonometrical operations are not of primary 
importance; whilst, the changes of gravity in different latitudes, the laws of terrestial and 
celestial refraction, the phenomena of magnetism and temperature, with several important 
branches of geology . should probably accompany or follow them. 

I have now placed. ..the continuation of the Great Trigonometrical Survey in the most 
conspicuous light. I have rejected the methods hitherto followed of art un interrupted triangu- 
lation for that of several meridional series, which appears to me, if less satisfactory, to be a 
saving of time of 20 years". ... The next alternative comprises the completion of the Dod- 
dagoonta meridian, and continuation of the series on each coast, ; and if that; be considered too 
extensive, the meridian may stand alone, whilst the survey of the coasts sha II lie abandoned. 

No future survey should... be' considered final, unless it. shall have been conducted on the 
roost approved principles, with appropriate instruments, .and by skilful hands [ l->o-i 1 ... Since 
the discovery of high scientific principles:' all the advantage derived from the application of 
them to practical purposes has depended on the accuracy of... execution, which can never be 
hurried without loss of effect. ... The great- desideratum therefore is.. .the employment of good 
surveyors, with suitable instruments. 

Let these arguments, which challenge contradiction, stand in favour of the continuance of 
the Great Trigonometrical Survey on an enlarged establishment, commensurate with the extent 
of country still open to its operations 8 . 

Between October 1823 and March IS2i> .Everest completed the field work of the 
sixth section of the Groat Arc, Takn.i-k.hcra to Siroiij 4 , in addition to finishing off 
the fifth section to the south [ 232 ]. His health was shattered by continuous 
fevers, and he was compelled to ask for leave to Europe on medical certificate 
He left men and instruments at Agra and Sanger and, after settling official business 
with the Surveyor General sailed from Calcutta on 1 1th November 1825 f 246 1. 

After much discussion as to the best way of employing the establishment during 
his absence, Government accepted bis proposal for a branch series running eastward 
from Sironj to Calcutta along parallel 24" ; 

The management of an extensive eastern or western series, in which latitudes and longitudes 
are determined, calls for much more skill than that of meridional series, because the former 
implies ? 'tlie: necessity of frequently ascertaining the true direction of the meridian. Both 
my principal sub -assistants 1 are acquainted with the method to be pursued. ... and. ..would 
become sufficiently expert in its practical application, so that. ..a series of principal triangles 
might diverge from the Grand .Meridional series at either of the sides, Tek to Raueepoof, or 
Gurhgujja to Bhowrassa |" 2.)6, pi. 17 ]. ... 

The. latter line would embrace the parallel of 24 a , and, though the features of the country 
seem at the outset by no means favorable for the prosecution of a work of the kind, yet there is 
this advantage that the climate is much more eligible 8 , and that the belt would pass over a 
comparatively fertile and populous territory, so that its results would be of so much the greater 
importance to general geography. 

- In my journey Jroni .Hit id 00s tan to the Dekkan in 1818 [ 271 ], I travelled through a great 
part. ..of this latter belt, and I should judge that it would come upon the Hon'ble Company's 



'Note in braukpffl by Wuiii'h. 
IS-8-1'4;; PR (25-8) gives summary 
prove correct. 



7-9), 



242 



Great Tiikion'om^irtcat. Survey l'nuer l']\ urkst 



., j 



provinces... in liititude '2'i" 47 i' .X., and that to within 70 or SO miies m'th.e Pros-; . iency there.need 
be no apprehension of a want of mountain land. . 

But such fin undertaking would. ..call for tliii most unceasing application fur several years. 
Taking. ..the chances of sir-kne.-js and .it her o;tvi.edtie^, I should estimate that, 120 miles per year . 
is the utmost that could be expected and, as the whole distance in longitude is about 600 miles,, 
and in latitude about HO miles, l.he completion would...oert,;uiily occupy upwards of 6 years 1 .. 

Blacker supported Everest's proposal— Joseph Olliver was selected for the 
charge — and work was star tod before the end of 1825 [261], 

There are, 110 doubt, other important linos in the Deckan which have been abruptly dis- 
continued", ... but.. .their resumption oh; lie effected ai, any future period. ... The establish- 
ment and all tho instruments have ahead;, auvau..-.:d with smxih-K difficulty into Hi rid 00s tan, and 
there would consequently be- much loss oi' tune and ;uii:-h risk in carrying them back. ... The. 
line I have first mentioned.. .has the double object- oi" affording bases for topographical surveys 
in the direction of the iowor provinces, and of approaching the meridian nf (.'aieutta with a view 
co its connection in Longitude with the other presidencies.' 

I have every reason, after mature discuHid'in with Captain Everest.-, to eouoiudo that the first 
su b - ass 13 taut, Mr. Otlivor, is entirely oiipaole of conduct 1 rig the pvo posed survey 3 . 

The Directors thought another officer might carry on the Great Arc during 
Everest's absence, but though Hodgson considered Herbert- :: perfectly and eminently 
qualified" he could not be spared [ 308 ], and no further work was done on the 
central meridian till after Everest's return. 

During his five years in Europe, Everest, devoted himself to the cause of the 
survey. On his advice the Bengal Gfovrerpment bad indented for the latest and 
best instruments from home, and he visited the leading ma nufaeiitrers in England 
and on the continent to select those best suited to Indian conditions [246, 260]. 
Again on his advice, the Directors appointed a Mathematical Instrument Maker to 
accompany him to India. He spent much of his leave writing up an account of 
the survey from 1818 to 1825 [246], and spent several months with the Tri- 
gonometrical Survey in Ireland to bring himself up-to-date. 



I 

1 

1 

; 

■:i 



Tut: Great Aug, IS2:.5-f, 



On his return to Hyderabad in February IS 23 f 236 J T Everest spent some time 
straightening out the muddle caused by Dr. Morton's hasty sale of Lambton's 
belongings in Nagpur, and had much trouble recovering Government instruments, 
equipment, and papers, that, bad been mixed with private property. 

There was no difficulty in obtaining approval to the northward extension of the 
Great Arc aa Lambton had planned. 

The first object was.. .to complete the series to the south of Taka! Khera [ 332, -244 ], the next 
to take an adequate number of zenith distances, with a view to the fature determination of the 
amplitude of the are to the north [ 233, 253 ] and, when these were attained, the work of 
triangulation was to bo carried over a chain of mountains called by some the Mahadeo P'har, 
by others the Vindaya 4 , which rises from... with in twenty miles of Takal K'hera, rims east and 
west as far as the e-ye can reach and, stretching onwards in a northerly direction, gradually 
slopes [ down ] to meet the elevated land about the Xorbudda. ... 

The Mahadeo mountains form 11 grout natural boundary' between the Deccan and Hiudostan. 
Prior to the Pinduree war they had furnished shelter to many of the predatory hordes of that 
formidable confederacy. ... The military post of Hoosstmgabad is on the south bank of the ' 
Nerbudda, and close to the direction of my series [pi. 17]. The post of Baitool lies within the 
series to. the east; so that it was very clear that, notwithstanding nil U10 frightful rumours ■ 
which h ad prevailed [241,245 ], the dangers in this wild tract were much less serious than those 
to which we had been exposed in our former expeditions ; mid though they were sufficiently for- 
midable yet, in case of sickness, relief and shelter were not far distant. 

Besides, T had now acquired the knowledge of a- fact which was very important, viz., that by 
using ntght-lights the operations could be carried on with ^reat facility in the cold weather and 

'Commencfv.l 132 ■> ; iMKipk-o.d IS3J ; Everest to Sfi., S-H-ij ; PDii. 171 (359). 'Everest's own line 
toSliolapur[3S4"0;ph iS ]. s DDn. 204 ( 202-1 >, 2P-9-25 ; ap.irnv-ed by Director.-, CI), to B. Mil. 28-12-37 • 
DDn. 217 ( 15S-S ). 'and also Ciwilgarh [ 2+3 J, 






The Great Arc 



:m 



season of hot winds, whereby the cruel necessity of exposing my IoIIoivot's in the rainy season 
would be avoided [ 235-6 J, ... 

I had resolved to remain at ITydrabad until t,he 1 ot.lt October, and than march up to the 
valley of Berar. That, part, of the ivtablislmioru. which had aeeoinpuTiiod tho lato Lieutenant- 
Colonel to Hing'hau Chat, and. ..had cimo to Nagpore, was directed also to remain where they 
were.. -and then to meet me at Takal K'hera. ... Mr. De Ponninv was exceedingly anxious to 
bring them atl back to ITydrabad, and thus incur another useless expenditure of time, by march- 
ing and counter marching, such as had previously occurred in 1821-2 [ 233 ]. 

Mr. Voysey joined me at Hydra-bad in Tune, having passed through Xagpore, and visited 
the grave- 0-f tho livto Lieutenant-Colonel at ilin^'han G'hat 1 . 

Voysey brought back valuable in formation about tlie eouutry to the north; 

Col. Lambton coin missioned me to... ascertain lite practicability of continuing his great 
meridional arc... from bis base measured at Klliehpoor in 1822 to the latitude of Seronge, and 
from thence to Agra, and likewise to report i.,n ;.lie fitness 'if the ground 1;, the former place for 
tl e measurement of another base of verification [ 245 ]. 

Col. Lamb ton !iad for a long time considered... the Gawilghur range of hills as almost insur- 
mountable, from the nature of tho surface wiiiclt was reported to be flat and covered with 
forest trees, rare!;, offering elevated point* for ttigon.. metrical stations in the vicinity of his 
meridian. His chief hope, the re f '.ire, lay in. ..discovering stations situated... as to enable him by 
large triangles to pass over the hills with sui'fieiont rapidity to avoid a resilience in them during 
the unfavorable season. His alter native..,w,-is to carry up another meridional series to the 
east ward... passing near Xagpore [ 226]. ... 

The valley of l"5erar. averaging 1000 feet above the level of the sea, is hounded on the north 
by the Gawiighur range 2 . ... When viewed from tho plain... tho outline is flat and undulating, 
and no part—much elevate i above the other ; hot on ascending... the fatal declines considerably 
to the northward, and... offers many. ..groups overtopping tho surrounding heights. Nearly 
the whole sur face is destitute of wood, and particularly the summits of the hills. 

The valleys and beds of rivers are choked up by the tliick forest and jungly, and ft is in 
these places that, the miasma is generated. Here also reside an abundance of tigers, the terror 
of travellers, and so great is the alarm that, if you cannot. find...Goands for. . .placing your 
flags, you will possibly find Sonic difficulty in encaging others, ., unless attended by at least two 
sepoys. I had tho misfortune in '.Vfarcfi last to see one of my servants perish miserably before 
my eyes, without being able to afford any aid, tinder tho i'arigs of a ferocious a 11 i mat which had 
carried off 5 human beings in 3 preceding months [ 76 ]. If J had had a Goand for my guide 
this accident would not. have occurred, as these men are perfectly acquainted with the haunts of 
these animals, and give warning of approach to them. 

Provisions are not to be had except on the great- road, if such it can be called, and then only 
at tho principal villages. It will thorefot-e lie ueee.Ji.-i.ry to provide the eat op with bunons 3 from 
i'hhchp.jor until the survey arrives at Eaitool. 

Voysey goes on to describe the country northwards to iSironj, pointing out 
areas which mijrht. be unhealthy, the position of the .more, prominent hills, and the 
suitability of Sironj for the measurement! of a base ; 

kSomnw according to I he observations of Ca.pt. Fielding is in lat. 24 3 tV, and in long. 77" 30' 
according to those of Lt, Gerard [ So, ] ; consequently the base may be measured in any part 
of the extensive level plain. ... Should the longitude of derange i.in louul erroneous, or 10 miles 
further east, the base must- still bo measured in the plain, tho numerous gaps and ravines On the 
hills not admitting of such, a measurement. 

He climbed several prominent hills suitable for Irigo no me instil stations ; 

The road to Bhorghur lies by Baitool ; thorn was formerly a direct road, but I could get no 
person to direct mo as it had been h a' a number of years mi frequented on account of tho danger 
from tigers. Bhorghur lies about 5 miles to the westward of Shapoor which is on the main road. 
It was with considerable ciifti.cn It y that 1 could gel. any Uoand to accompany me to the summit, 
the refusal proceeding from a fear of hears, whether real or pretended I do not know. There is 
a- stone ta-nh on the summit which contains water until the end of January ; after that month 
none is procurable nearer than 3 miles. The summit of tut; bill is quite bare of trees arid jungle, 
and is composed of enormous masses of embedded granite. 

From the commanding situation of this hill, rising to 'he height, of 1 oOO feet above the 
plain, there will bn a great, choice of peaks in t^vi^ry direction. ... 

The obstacles to carrying the meridional arc. .are few arid easily surmounted, and. ..I have 
seen no difficulties at all equal to those which the .survey encountered in 1821 between the 



i 



. th'MUSt, j 3: 



'OfiK-Iiiifu 



fort, r 



MP limp 



:.(1! 






24A 



Great Trigonometrical Survey under Everest 



|i 



Godavery and Elliehpoor [232]- — Tlia route I have pointed out will be. ..greatly preferable 
to the plan of carrying up t lie meridian of ('arangooly to Nagpure 1 -226 J. ... The country to the 
north of Nagpore is still wilder and more, savage than between l-llliehpoor and the Nerbuddah, 
without having the advantage 'if proximity to military stations and trreat roads'. 

The resumption of fiekl work was delayed by a return of the fever which was 
to haunt Everest, persistently for the next two years ; it was only his overmastering 
•determination that enabled him to carry 011 and reject advice to take sick leave. 

All now sec-nurd again propitious and promising when, about, the 20th of August, I had a 
■smart attack of bilious fever, owing to too much labour of computation, which rendered the use 
of mercury nocossary. T got tin* better of this in a few days ■ but mercurial pills were given me 
as a constant dose, and one morning, having been overtaken sine miles from home by a violent 
shower which wet mo through, I foumi myself on my return again rather feverish. 

The evening of the following day ( September 3rd 1333 ) is one of which I shall carry the 
remembrance with me to the grave. I was seizor 1 suddenly with an uneasy sensation in my 
loins ; and en the following morning a very violent, pain in all my brines, accompanied by typhus 
fever 2 , shewod that the embers of my Yellapooram illness had only been smothered for a time, to 
burst out more formidably [ 232 j. ... Yen- six months after this I was never able to lie in any 
other position than on my back, and oven then, if my sleep exceeded the period of three hours, 
I was awakened by one of those convulsive paroxysms, at.tondod with nn agonizing pain. ... 

The medical gentlemen... at. Hydvnbad insisted 00. ..my proceed hi;/ immediately to the sea- 
Coast ; ... but 1 had niji.de up my mind. ..that now or never the (question was to be decided 
whether the Great Arc should be carried through to I dindoostrui. or Terminal. e ingloriously in the 
valley of Berar. ... If I had gone to the sea-coast a,t such a crisis, the work must have been 
suspended, the establishment, would, ha-vo become disheartened : t he greater part, or the whole, 
would have returned home, and perhaps never have rejoined mo, for they were already at the 
limits of their native Decean. ... 

But it was a desperate resolution ; for my limbs being in a groat measure paralysed I was in 
the unpleasant, neees-aty of being lowered into my sent at the /.onii.h sector, and raised out of 
it again, by two men, during the whole of the observations with that instrument. At the 
great theodolite, in order that I might reach the screw of the vert real circle, ... frequently... I 
have been under the necessity of having' my left arm supported by one of my followers ; and on 
some occasions my state of weakness and exhaustion has been snob that without being held up 
I could not have stood to the instrument 3 . ... 

Finding by the I Sth October that I could bear the motion of a pa Ian queen, I quitted Hydra - 
bad.. .in company with Mr. Voysoy. and marched along the high road to Karinjah, a largo town 
in the neighbourhood of which is a, station Poolk'her, one of those beyond which the operations 
of .1821 had not been successfully carried " 25c ; pi. 18]*. 

The first task was to select, suitable stations to close the sixty mile gap south 
of the base at Takarkhera which De Penning's party ha-d left two years before ; 

For want of knowledge of.. .the enonaous increase of night, refraction [ 235, 249 ], the party 
then employed had established a station called Donud, about eight miles off, because they could 
not see beyond it in the evening, but 1 bad sent on a party to light, a pair of bonfires at two 
o'clock in the morning ( that being nearly the period of the mnximum ) at Budgaon [ pi. 18 ], 
which is the land they are anxious to see, ... and. ..about that hour f was awoke by the people 
whom I had set, to watch, exclaiming that the tires were clearly visiblo. 

.1 bad given written instruction- to Mr. De 1'ennin.g from i [yd em bad t.<> explore the land well 
Oil which my station of Badali was situated, and select the most eminent, point, which the party 
engaged in 1821 hurl failed to do. This lie accomplished very satisfactorily^, and thus two of 
the main obstacles to forming the connexion... were obviated. 

The final station connecting Takarkhera was selected with the help of Voysey ; 

Cortain points in the mountain range, which eoold be seen everywhere, being known in 
respect to their distances from each other, as well as from the ends of the base, I instructed him 
to measure with a sextant from the back of an elephant the, angles between any three of them, 
and when these angles had certain values, to fix on three or more elevated sprits within these 
limits,. ... He accordingly chose three such, spots and ordered double tiros to be lighted at each 
on successive nights, which were carefully looked for at stated hour-; by persons placed by me at 
each end of the base ; and the third of the three, Yahoh, having answered the purpose, the 
led without farther difficulty. 

-i-onjjly told of Lambton. 



The Great Arc 



iMo 



which case I have always taken the 
I think that method gives the 



I have made it. ;i rule generally !■■;> observo by night 
vertical angles about three o'clock in the morning, 
fairest chance of overcoming the errors of terresi.ia.l rofraction 1 . 

Leaving Olliver to observe at, the last four stations, Everest took astronomical 
azimuths and zenith distances at Takarkhera [ 253 j, and then connected both ends 
of the base to the surrounding -stations. He now lost Voysey and Be Penning 
who both resigned early in 1824, and he was left with only two trained assistants, 
Olliver and Rossenrode. Nothing daunted, and in spite of constant ill-health 
[403-4 ], he worked steadily across the G&wflgarh hills. By May he had selected 
stations so far forward as Tek, west of Pachmarhi, and then sent Rossenrode 
forward to select stations in Bhopal [pi. 17 ]. 

Operations were greatly facilitated by the good offices of an old friend, Captain 
Robert Low, "Assistant to the Agent to the Governor General for the Nerbudda 
districts" with headquarters at Betul. to whom Everest writes in August ; 

I shall quit the vicinity of the ISetool district tomorrow, and as my own escort is now of 
sufficient strength to enable tim to dispense with the guard which you were so obliging as to 
authorize, ... I have ordered the whole party to return. I shall still have two stations "within. 
...your jurisdiction occupied by my Hags and lights for some time to come, ... and I will be 
thankful to you to afford the parties... ail the protection they may stand in need of. Each of 
the... stations is marked with a stone, on which is engraved a circle and a centre. A list of 
these is enclosed, and in consideration of their extreme importance to my operations, I wilt 
beg. ..you to take sued] measure* as.. .may... pre veil I, their heing...me.-klled with. 

Permit me. ..to return you iny wannest acknowledgement for the very kind assistance 
which I have experienced from you. ... It was at one time supposed that this mountainous 
tract would have formed an insurmountable barrier to. ..the Great, Trigonometrical Survey, 
and. ..the prospect wore a very formidable appearance, for. notwithstanding the commanding 
features of the country, ... there would have been no possibility of remaining at the summit 
of any one.. .for 24 hours together had my supplies been at ah deficient 2 . 

Leaving observations in Bhopal to be taken later, he pushed on to reach Sfronj 
early in November and spent the nest three months measuring a base 3 , and connect- 
ing it to near-by st.a.t.ioc- Vh ides taking astronomical observations at an observatory 
which he established at Kalianpur about 10 miles to the west. Olliver was sent to 
select a station to the north and build the usual platform ; 

You will proceed. ..to Srtrakhe, and there examine the station and the ground about rt. 
... If the point already selected does not answer any other purpose than to transfer the base, 
you must try to get a station which will serve to carry on the principal triangles without 
spoiling their regular ami symmetrical form 1 . ... It is my wish if possible 1,0 continue the series 
on the east side of the meridian [ 77 a 30' j, in which ease tiie station yon select must have a view 
of Bbowrassa, and either Koaan or Kamkhera [ pi. 17]. ... It is always an object to keep near 
the meridian, but I should prefer going some distance from it to having the symmetry 
of my triangles injured. ... 

The day that you arrive at Surakho. ... be so good as to sink a stone about 3 to 3£ feet long 
into the ground to a. level with the surface, and give orders for preparing another stone to be 
placed duly above it, as also for c-olleci.iug brinks mid ohiutam 5 to raise a small pile of masonry to 
the height required for the instrument. Mark out the foundation 3£ feet in radius, and set 
people to work upon it, ... leaving a hollow in the centre for you to adjust, the upper stone 6 . 

At the end of January Everest returned to observe at R.ossenrode's stations to 
the south, writing to the General Officer commanding at iSaugor ; 

31y preparations are all made fir <■ irrying on the remaining triana-ios through the territories 
subject to Bhopal and Bhilsab. and a little more than a. month will be required. ... but if by 
any accident I should be prevented from accomplishing it now, it is impossible to foresee what 
may happen. Every one of my principal .stations is marked with a circle neatly on graved on a 
stone, and if one of these should be moved, however slightly, the whole work must be commenced 
d( novo. ... Instances of the removal of these central marks have occurred on more occasions 
than one, and given rise to great, eonfn.iion [ 415 ] r . 

By the time observations were closed at Bhaorasa* at the end of March, Everest 
had decided, to follow his doctors' advice, and take leave to Europe for the recovery 



'Geo. Everest { ■( 1-2 j. - Olhi. 172 ( 10! }, Aue;. 1S24. 3 c 
PfV ■■:-:] Surer.ta;' pk 17] i.i- S.ir.;:Cr..'. 1-02 :"', ., 1 a u: . X. .if S[.v,„f. 
»a>.(28S), 1S-1-25. *20m. E. ofSironj. 






Great TKrooxoMUTLucAL Stjrvuy under Everest 



t? 



of his health'. He still required about two months to complete his charts and 
angle boots, and begged that, 

as my reputation as a man of science is most, intimately eouiio:.-l ed with my late operations, ... I 
may.. .take full and eomnlotc eopies of my whole work, in order that tin- seienLifie results may be 
calculated by iny self, n-n cUu innit-todwrieu bii tiro to the ifonble Court, of Directors [ 256-7 ] z . 

He reported later to the Surveyor General that his field work was 
brought to a conclusion on the 26th ultimo ( March |. My health was by this time consider- 
ably impaired, but I had no apprehension that the inoonvonieueo I felt arose from any other 
cause than fatigue, and accordingly 1" pursued ray original intention of proceeding to Goonah 1 , 
' where I expected to be able to hriuii up my work more quietly, am I at, my leisure, than at the 
military cantonment of Sanger. But. on the 30th of the month a return of my disorder took 
place, much move violent than any. ..bet ire. ..and, on my arrival at Goonah, I was in a most 
alarming state, and nearly deprived of all power of motion 4 . 

Two weeks later he forwarded his chart of 
the (jth and part of the 5th section of.. .the. Arc of the meridian 1 
measure me nt of a base at Si.ro n j , the observation of noar 400 st 
500 at Seronj, for determining the celestial amplitude, and the comparison of the chains, have 
occupied me since the end of ISTovember 1823 [252-3 ]. 

Not feeling capable of further effort in the way of computations, lie closed work 
and left for Calcutta before the end of May 6 [ 241 j ; 

The establishment... we re employed in the month of April, and part of Hay last, in making 
the rough calculations depending on my lure operations, and in tra-cing two plans of the series 
of triangles. ... On the 21st May I detached my 2nd si ib-assi.stant and the greater part of the 
establishment to Sajnu', to pla.ce themselves under the orders of Captain James, d.a.a.g, at 
that station 7 . Mr. Rossenrodo received instructions from me u> proceed, as soon as the weather 
was favorable, from my late points Hhowrassa and (-huhgupt f pi. 17 |. and carry on a series of 
secondary triangles so as to determine the position, of Sagur. ... 

I proceeded myself with 'Air. J. Olliver, my native writer [ 256 ], ami a party of my escort, 
on the 25th May inwards Oawupovo. where I embarked with the public records and documents 
on the river on the 4th July, and reached Ciilcutta, on the 12th August. ... f... enclose a... receipt 
for such of the instruments as were deposited. ..at Agra in a cert/ sf cine and dry place, in the 
Armoury, as also a. list, of those who accompanied Mr. Kussenrode to Sagur. ... 

Not having found my health improve, but on the contrary my disorder daily gaining 
ground since my arrival at the Presidency, I have been under the painful necessity of obtaining 
a medical certificate with the view of proceed inn to Europe'. 

Leave was granted 5 and the Directors informed that he had been allowed 
to go to England on account of the bad state of his health, and the valuable services rendered 
by him are brought, to the Court's favorable notice. The operations... have not been suspended 
as Captain Everest requested 111 . The direction in which the establishment will, ... be employed 
under the control of Mr. Olliver, senior sub -assistant, is explained in the Proceedings [ 241-3 ]. 
... An indent.. .for new instruments is transmitted, with a request that Captain Everest may 
be consulted in their construction [ 260 ] u . 

During his four years in England Everest worked up the results of his work 
and published them in 1830, at the expense of the Directors, under the title 
of An account of the Mcasv.rf.mr.nl of an arc of the. Meridian. between, the Parallels 

of 18° 3' and 24° 7\ being a- corUinv,atio>/, of The Grand Meridional Arc of India, as 
detailed by the late Lieut. -Col. Lambtem in the Volumes of 'the Asiatic Society of Calcutta 12 . 



Technical Details: Luminous Signals 

Of the many changes which Everest introduced, none was more far-reaching 
than that of observing to lights at night instead of to flags and beacons by day. 
As has already been described, tins had two very great advantages over the old 
system [ 235 ]. First, it took advantage of the increased refraction at night, which 

1DD11. 201(33), 5-1-25. s DDn. 171 (322-3), 2-3-25. *Guna, 50 m. mv. of Sironj. >DDn. 172 
(343-50), 2.">-t-J... MiuK IN.';*., scale S m. 10 inch, E:a H-: V : 533 j M j. s DL>ts. .171 [347] 9-5-25. 
'Win. Jame- 1 17" '-."-■ "•'■■a Inf., e.j.vc-. ^anaur firm 2S-1-25. 'DD11. 171 { 35-1-n ), Chownn^bee, 
3-9-23. 8 BG0. 14-10-25. "in letter to o'G. of 5-9 25: .D.D11. 171 I :.!5i> j. "B to CD. Mil., 21-11-25 
( 16-21 ) ; DD11. 217 ( Iflii j. 12 freely quoted in this aci'iiun! imrii?:- the ci'leroatr "Geo. Everest". 



Technical Details : Luminous Signals 247 

made it possible to observe much longer rays ; and secondly, it became possible to 
observe right through the open season, instead of waiting for the unhealthy months of 
rain. "There is another great advantage : in the rainy season the inhabitants are all 

engaged in cultivating their fields ; in the hot weather they are all idle and glad to get 
employment for hire ". The following is a letter from De Penning, who had not been 
on the western branch with Everest when the vase lights were first tried out [235] ; 

The new method. ..for burning lights is really a very valuable acquisition to the Survey, 
and. ..a very cheap and correct mode of taking night observations. It is cheap, not only 
in itself from the materials used ) 24S ], but from the advantage.. .during bad weather, as the 
angles could be observed during the riigliv-, and (.-hereby render it. unnecessary for the whole... 
party to remain pent up for whole fortnights on the top of some elevated and unhealthy land. 

The construction is truly ingenious and extremely simple, and greatly preferable to blue 
lights, since it can be scon at the distance of 40 miles and upwards in fair weather 1 . 

Blue lights were still useful in thick weather, and Everest tried to get them 
maintained as an article of military store ; 

I am out of reach of all supplies. Tho Berar district can furnish none of the materials 
requisite for mating bine lights, and I must carry an adequate portion of them with me. I 
must also have a blue-light compounder at hand, and indeed it has been by the dint of mere 

coed fortune t-hnL I have fallen in with such a person*. 

It was usual during the life time of the late Lt. Col. Lambton to depend upon daylight 
for nil observations, and, as it is only in peculiarly fine wcaUi'H' that distant iiags can be observed 
it had become of late years a practice to carry on. ..almost entirely in the rainy season. 

The dreadful misery and sickness which hence arose is a painful and fooling source- of re- 
collection. I have seen the ground strewed, with the wretched followers, some of whom were 
left for want of means to convey them away to perish in the jungles, and I have myself deeply 
paid the penalty by the de si. ruction of a strong and robust constitution, which had previously 
borne me through every privation and hardship [231-2 ]. 

"When I came to the head of this survey, I detonniued to alter this system altogether, and, 
having by., .a fortunate accident discovered the power of the vase lights which I at present 
use, I introduced them.. .into constant practice. The expenee has been certainly greater, but 
...I can now carry on. ..at any sonson of tho year, and need never be in danger of witnessing or 
causing the scenes of... distress Mint formerly occurred as an ordinary annual affair. 

The vase lights are of a very simple construction, inquiring only oil and oarfhern vessels, 
and they can be distinctly seen in very dim weather at the distance of 20 miles with the 
telescope of the theodolite. They will penetrate through the Common mists of the hot weather 
at the distance of 35 miles, and in very clear weather I imagine will be seen at 50 miles. When 
not agitated by the wind they give exceedingly correct observations, but furnish a much 
more clearly defined mark for intersection than any flagstaff will ever do. 

Their power fails in long distances if the weather be dim, and then it becomes necessary 
to force a passage through the mists by means of blue lights, the luminous matter of which 
I should estimate to lie 4 times as radiant as that of the vase lights. ... 

22 blue lights are required at. each station where they are blazed, arid as they do not spoil 
.from keeping unless exposed to moisture, I should imagine thai.- a sid'ueieni. supply might.. .be 
''made up in the Agra maga/ino and furnished on my indent. ... The blue lights which I use 
weigh cacti 1J seers, and.. .160 will be the proportion for a camel 3 . 

Those ankles si-ro only required to penetrate the dry vapours of the hot and cold weather 

in distances exceeding 35 miles. ... It sometimes happens that all my angles are completed 

in 24 hours... which, had I depended on daylight only, would have detained ine 8 or 10 days, 

and perhaps forced me at last to quit them in despair. ■ ... 

Native, receipt- for blue lights. 

If tho composition he divided into l'A'.< parts, the proportion for oaeh ingredient, is as follows, 

'gunduk . - sulphur . . 136 ned . . indigo 20 

'shorn- . . nitre 544 shungi-uff sulphuret. of mercury 3 

Mtrtai - . sulphuret of arsenic 32 ood . . gem benzolin 2 

kaphoor . . camphor 2 

Each blue hffUh ought, to woigh H wers, or 3 lbs. The form is r-.yiiodrien!, being I4£ inches 

in the length and 2J in diameter. The covering matter used. ..is as follows ; — paper 3 layers 

—coarse cotton cloth 2 layers — sheep's bladder 1 layer. 



3), 19-11-23. »DDa. 171 ( lt 



, Il-l-i 



'if. Ev, 



t ( 104 ) ; 



. SG. DDa. 61 



248 



Great Trigonometrical Survey under Everest 



Great care should be taken to prevent the matter exploding m the shape of stars whioh, 
however desirable in fireworks, are extromoly inconvenient for observation. The composition 
is simply pressor! into the paper cage. Whar. might b» the effort of driving ir. hard with rammers 
& a good mould, as is done with portfires and. fuzes, I am unable to say. ... 

For the current year 176 will probably be required. These should bo sent to Seroirj so 
as to arrive before the end of January 1 . 

Both blue lights and vase lights were stall of occasional use twenty-five year3 
later, when the more powerful reverberatory lights were not at hand ; 

Blue Lights are very powerful and can be seen at distances of 50 or 60 miles. They are 
also useful in hazy weather whm other .signals are not visible j if not carefully- sheltered.. .by 
grass screens the flame is liable to be blown aside. On this account it was the practice of 
Colonel Everest, to burn the.,., behind an iron screen, hi which an apereure out was centred over 
the mark. The bins light fastened on the end of a stick was held.. .behind the aperture. 

Blue lights being expensive articles cannot be kept constantly burning, but are fired at 
regular intervals. They are usually cut in lengths to burn about four minutes, and are fired 
at five minute intervals, wind, enables the observer to read off the observation, and also to 
observe and cead off the referring lamp. At every second or third blue light a longer interval, 
of nay ! ij minutes or { of an hour, is alio wed... for changing zero. 

liluo lights are always taken -against a referring lamp, one station at a time 2 . 
Vase lights were invented by Col. Everest nearly 30 years ago [ 235 ]. The vase light consists 
of ft common earthen dish about 10 inches in diameter, and ailed with cotton seeds and common 
oil. This is placed en the mark, and, to prevent the flame being blown aside, a large earthen 
pot, in the side of which an aperturo has been cut, is inverted over the dish. An aperture is 
also cut in the top to allow the smoke to escape. Further protection is necessary from high 
wind by moans of grass screens and blankets, leaving merely the requisite opening in the 
direction of the observer. The materials for this light are procurable in nearly every village 3 . 
Olliver describes the working of his signals on the Calcutta Longitudinal series ; 
The chief mode of taking tba anql^ of the primary triangles is by oil burning at the several 
stations, and the observance made at night. This is a mode introduced l>v the Superintendent 
as being less subject to error, and. beyond a shadow of , i,.ub(. is Car preferable to day observa- 
tions, even in the most favourable time of vear. ... 

The Sub-Assistants inspect the fixing of the mark stones ; they at the same time also fix 
pegs in the several rays of the surrounding stations as a guide for the flag lascars to place the 
s used to screen the liglit from the wind. It frequently happens 
■'■ "> length of time at each station during the hot months. Owinc 
■.gs are not sufficiently discernible for observation, being 
.or uro the lights seen in all directions at the samo i.j:ne. 
9 to finish the observations to a part of the stations in two or throo nights. 
■, the sub-assistant and myself relievo each other for several 
nights together till ultimately recourse is had to blue lights at those stations hi which case 
a sub-assistant <s despaum<d to inspecii the burning of tho blue lights at stated times by a 
Chronometer, he being furnfe&ed with a written memorandum of the intervals of each 

It is also worth reciting a most serious disappointment I experienced during tho last trip'" 
When I was al...ba. W ,r, 1 availed myselr OI - lh „ opportunity of using tho Great Theodolite" 
deposited in the magazine there [ 359 ], ... f or its powers are far superior to the instrument 
in use L 259-61 ]. As trie distance was about 3D mile.,, 1 bad recourse to blue lights for the 
angles. ... fhouzh the blue hgfos usually bum for rive minutes, 1 was able to see them for three 
inmates with the telescope of the Great. Theodolite with sufficient li-dit to sec- the wires at 
the same time, whereas a person watching with the other instrument could but just discern 
them only for one mimii.e through the dark telescope. 

After the blue lights, and by way of experiment, I also tried the vaae light at the same 
place j it was seen sufficiently distinct for observation only with the telescope of the Groat 
Theodohte. I was able at another station to use the lesser instrument and, the distance 
being about the same, was aolo to take my observations with the vase light 

When I had to observe the third angle in the triangle, I was detained an uncommon Ien-Hh 
of time and ^never once had a glimpse of the vase light during 16 nights, and ultimately, though 
I eyen nod the blue hghts. I was not able to see it with...the wires at the same time. ... This wS 
certamly a sad disappointment, and the consquence was that I was inducec 



aperture of the vase which 

that I am detained 

to the state of the atmosphi 

at distances of from 25 to 4 

Often...I 

When those difficulties 



uir^fS&r" 4 - ' Ih '" p """"™ — "° M " ' 



ball i 



iractice before 1830. 



Technical Details : Luminous Signals 



atation and adopt another, 
triangles. So much is tho « 



I'D not venture to use ;•- supplement :il an.Lds in iho primary 
a telescope ofsiifficioiit [tower felt in this splendid work 1 . . 



Refraction 

We have already referred to Lambton's interest in the mysterious variations 
of refraction [ II, 259-60 J, and Everest's discovery of the remarkable increase that 
took place after sunset [ 235 ]. We have noticed how perplexed were the surveyors 
as to the correct allowance for computing heights of the snow peaks [ II, 86-7 ; 
III, 48 ]. Everest records thai comparison between wet and dry thermometer bulbs, 
as a measure of humidity, was first suggested by Voysey ; 

The late Lt. Col. Lamlnon's intended experiment! of appivbi;; t.lio Hygrometer to the 
determination of... cot est. in,! and r.oi-j'e jl. i.id refraction seem never to have boon carried into 
effect. I do not indeed rpmnmlpr' any hygroma tai\..in the late Lt. CoL's possesion, oxcopting 
one of those constructed by Captain Kater which after.. .a short time.. .was found... useless. 

My late lamented friend, Mr. H. W. Voysey, when he first joined. ..in 1813, suggested.:. an 
ingenious mode of determining the... evapo rati 0:1 by applying a, piece of wetted muslin over 
the bulb of a thermometer during the time of observing torrential vertical angles, but I cannot 
find... any records of this having boon introduced into practice. ... 1" was never in the field with- 
out that gentleman until the year 1822, and it was not until the latter part of...6hat season that 
I thought it might bo of uso to introduco tho a,bovo practice. The first observations recording 
the wot and dry thermometers bear date Nefcoli the 13th Jan. 1823, and since that period 
they have been continued with as much regularity as circa.: nsUnees admitted. ... 

In regard to Refraction in general, there are no regular documents in my offl^ recording 
observations made upon this subject by the late Lt. Col. Larnbton. There are some loose 
and disjointed memoranda in an old box 2 . 



Bask -Lines 

The length of Lambton's base-line at Takarkhera, near Ellichpur, was about 
379 chains, or over seven miles ; the height of the south end was made 1226 -9, and 
of the north end 12S9 -4, feet above the sea. Measurement was commenced on 
6th January 1822, and, writes Everest, was made on the ground; 
the chain was stretched out by two small wooden caps!-™ placed one at each end. The 
register heads were fixed on to plates of lead, ... imbedded into the earth, and the vertical 
angles. ..were determined, as usual, by a transit instrument.-. exactly in the alignment. ... 

This method of measurement is remarkable for its simplicity, but is...obje:;tionahlo On the 
two accounts ; that it is not in nature to present a perfect flat other than in stagnant water ; 
and that the tension of the chain cannot, always bo M10 aaaa when draw;: out by the force of 
the human arm applied to a capstan. But Colonel I.ambtori called those objections absurd and 
pedantic, and used to say that any errors... which could thence arise would be insignificant in 
comparison with those v.-hieh arc inseparable from celestial amplitudes 3 . 

The length of the measuring chain was carefully compared with that of the 
standard chain both before and after measurement. The length of the standard 
had been ascertained by comparison against Carey's 3-foot brass scale at Hyderabad 
in June 1S21 by the same means as used at Bellary in 1813 [ II, 257 ], and a similar 
comparison was carried out at Sironj in 1825, when Everest charged for 
a fabric of well-polished stone, 120 feet in length, and supported by 15 pillars 3 feet high, 
with square brass macks soldered in at 5 feet distance from each other, for... comparing the 
standard tncaKi^in^ chain with the brass standard scale*. 

The Sironj base was measured on coffers [ II, 255 ] and was just over 384 chains 
long, and Everest, records that he attendod -personally to every detail; 

I laid every register head, and every coffer, and superintended the driving of every picket, 
myself; I took the precaution on every occasion to see that the weight acted freely on the 



it ( 22, 128-9 ). 



!56 



Great Tmgoinom ethical Survey under Eyukkst 



chain. I kept a constant superintendence) over the thermometers, ten in number, and left no 
precai is ion unatt ended to 1 . 

The- length agreed very closely with that brought up from Tukarhh ova- by triangu- 
lation, but there wm a. discrepancy of over 6j feet between the bases of Takarkhera 
and Bidar 2 . This discrepancy was eventually put right by the re -observation of 
the triangulation between these stations during 1.838-9. After computation of the 
northern section of the Great. Arc, a discrepancy of over three feet was found 
between the Sironj base and that of Dehra Dun. On remeasurement of the Sironj 
base with the new compensation bars, the mo.;ism'e.mr:nt of 1 S2:> was found, to be 
2-8 feet in defect, and on remeasurement of the Bidar base in 1841 the discre- 
pancy between Uldar and Sironj bases was reduced to -36 feet. Everest was thus 
entirely vindicated in his condemnation of the chain for base measurement ; 

Foreign mathematicians have always protested against the use of tho chain in delicate 
measurements, chiefly on account of the .lifriculty of giving it, at all times, an equal tonsion — 
the imnossibility of accurately aseei'tain'tig its temporaia i re and the difliculty of preserving 
the joints from rust. ... The precaution of si retching tho chain by a constant hanging weight 
was not always attended to by Lt. Col. Lambton. ... He sometimes measure:! whole bases with 
capstans managed by I laml to stretch the chain, ...so here we have prevailing the very 3 causes 
most hhoiy to be dreaded as origin of error 3 . 

Everest further points out that, in spite of Lambton's recomputation of all his 
earlier work in terms of the latest values of British standards [ II, 262 ], it was 
impossible to determine the actual value of his unit, which varied continually ; 

Thero are two steel chains, ... one.. .used as a si.amlii.i-d, and the other for measurement, 
... but in consequence of the effect of rust and friction the lengths of them liave altered, and 
frequent comparisons with the brass standard scale have become necessary. ... Tho means we 
■haveinlndia of performing those very delicate comparisons are inadequate ; ... besides this, the 
"brass standard scale requires to ho compared with tho latest parliamentary standard*. ... 

The length of the chain reserved as a standard was originally known only from the state- 
ment of tho late Mr. liumrideu to the effect that he set it off from his bar at. ..60° Fahrenheit 
and, as this modi? of setting off was avowedly mile... in comparison with more modern methods, 
...it followed that even in tho outset thero was a source of uncertainty. ... 

Intermediately, owing to want of due precaution, the joints bad become' thickly covered, 
■and in fact eaten into, by rust, in... clearing away which the length of the standard of reference 
■was lost for ever [ II, 257 n.5 ]. ... I am quite sure that. ..the exa.et lengths of all bases measured 
prior to and including, that of Bcder, never can bo reforriblo to tho parliamentary or any other 
known standard. ... In 1825 J. urged the expediency >-.>f sending the drain used as a, standard 
to England, thai Lt might lie compared with the Parliamentary standard, hut niy recommendation 
was overruled. As a last resource I packed both chains in mutton fat, and loft them to take 
:their chance in the arsenal in Agra [26, 246]. 

On my return in 1830, one of my first inquiries was a.s to their fate, and they had had a 
very narrow escape indeed, for, independent of other causes oi' injury, I found. ..that permission 
had been given... to... Lieut... Boiieau to use those very chains in the operation of certain route 
surveys 1 . ... 1 immediately withdraw this permission, of which fortunately Lieut. Boileau had 
.not yet availed himself and, to prevent further accidents, directed both chains to be sent 
immediately to Calcutta. On their arrival, I found to my abundant satisfaction that the 
-precaution I had used it packing had been effectual in preserving the steel joints from rust, 
... and therefore that both must be in a state in which I had left them in 1825 6 . 

In discussing the possibility of recomputing Lambton's work [239] Wangh 
pointed out in 1849 that, with the loss of his unit of measure, 

his work can never be uniformly combined with Colonel l-lverest's, in tlie sense that uniformity 
implies to the scientific world. The subject of a standard of measure was not understood in 
-.those davs in the same rigorous light a,s it now is, nor were the same precautions considered 



Colonel Lambton's original standard was in fact a steel chain, an implement incapable 
■ of refined accuracy, owing to the impracticability of ascertaining its tempera tare, as well as on 
o, ecouri t of the wearing of the joint, and stretching of the links. ... The joints became rusted, 

'DDn 342 (68), 28-12-37. ' Meruliontil Am ( x, xli ) ; OTS.Vl, A-yii ( xiii ) ; DDn. 342 (66), 
28-12-37 s D'Dii :tt' 1 &> 1 2K-!2-:S7: :.f. Everest ( IS:!) & <'TS. J I 3-1 45). M.lltn. 171 ( 322], 2-3-25. 
'Hardly fair: Boileau w,is to men:mre ;j ln-c for triangulatiuit, DDn. 22(1 (247 1, 1-8-27 [2611.6]. * DDn. 286 
; 27fi-374):Sft 8 Sfi ; para, 141. 



and Colonel Lambton was so distrustful of it* invariability that ho resorted to a comparison 
with a S-foot brass scale by Uarey, the length of which was laid oft' i >y beam <:r impulses. 

Supposing that Carey's brass scale w 
which is by no meat is certain, as it is m 
parLsons wuh other aiiMwm! standards, 
speedily have destroyed its original prete 

The difficulty appears to me to be h 
attach to the old work, however carefully the computations may bo revived 1 . 



1 the first instance a trustworthy linear st 
j known to have been authenticated by direct c 
i is clear that the use of the beam compasses rt 
skins to accuracy. 

operable, and the objection it- involves will always 



Horizontal Anot.es 

All the angles observed by Lawrence and Do Penning smith of Pilkher [ 223-4, 
232 ] were observed with an lS-inch theodolite which had a double conical axis for 
use as a repeating theodolite [III, 259 ], but, writes Everest, 

that method, whatever advantages it may present, in l.lm nieasuremeiit of one tingle, is so very 
in convenient when three or more j joints are to be observed, th.it- it was never employed as such, 
though the zero point was changed for every 15 or 20 degrees 2 . 

Observations from Pilkher northwards to Sironj, and those of Everest's western 
branch, were made with the large 3 -foot theodolite. 

For the accuracy of his horizon! al angles Lambton trusted to several repetitions, 
generally without change of face, and invariably on one zero only. He gave 
Everest the following instructions for working the great theodolite ; 

The instrument was accurately adjusted at the Gardens 3 for reading from zero on the 
limb without the necessity of turning the telescope over, anil the instrument half round in 
azimuth, because there is an error in the semi-ei.rcle which ought, to be divided, and it will be 
more simple, and sulhcient !v a ecu fate, to place the wire of the micro meter l.o zero on the semi- 
circle, when the tele-scope is perfectly adjusted, and the level is brought parallel to the line of 
collimation. This was all done at the Gardens with lite greatest care. 

The regular changing of zero was introduced by Everest to counteract the 
distortion of the horizontal circle caused by the accident of 1808 [II, 241, 254 ] ; 

The restoration of the limb had been so rai.ci-rssfully brought about that., between the read- 
ings at one part- of the limb and those !>n c ' u-c-.m them, there was a difference not exceeding 26°, 
whilst the intermediate divisions agreed extremely well, and gave nearly a mean between the 
others. If, therefore, the zero could be changed a sufficient number of times, it was a fair 
assumption that the errors would be annihilate'!. ... I have arbitrarily assumed. ..nine times 
for the whole aemi-circ uniferen.ee, by which means every twenty degrees have successfully 
come under the micrometers | ^58 ]. 

At each change of zero the angle has been observed twice, and in many eases four, five, 
or more, times, and the arithmetical mean of all the readings at the same part of the limb has 
been taken as one observation. ... But it frequently happens in observing by night ( parti- 
cularly with blue lights ), that the angle is taken by parts by means of a referring lamp. In 
this case it has always been my practice in measuring the corresponding part, to bring back 
the limb to the vary same reading which the lamp gave- at the measurement of the first part, 
so that the inequalities of the limb. ..might Lie allowed In have as little infiuen.ee as possible. ... 

Of the success which has attended these precautions a judgement will be best formed 
from the columns of error in the table of the principal triangles ; and. as I. ..reject no observa- 
tion which had beeit ouee made, ... whether... they differed wideiy from the mean or not, the 
general mean of them all is here, given. 

But, that no means may be left untried of exposing such errors as might still lurk, ... 
I have taken frequent opporti.miti.es of crossing the sides of my triangles diagonally in various- 
ways, so that the... agreement of the sides: common to each must, furnish an all-powerful and 
irrefragable- tost of 1 he degree of confidence, to which the work is entitled. ... 

In no case has u.nv ansle of my series been left unmeasured, and. ..the instrument- has in 
every instance been placed over the centre of the. station of observation 4 . 

Between 'L'abi! Kheea and Ka'ia;rpur...I was in the field the whole time— I observed 
all the terrestial angles myself with hardly an exception— I measured the base of verification 



252 Great Trigonometrical Survey under Everest 

at Seronj almost unassisted— I took all the observations for azimuth and zenith distance at 
both extremities, ami in the latter without relying for assistance on any person whatever. 

The triangulation was performed entirely with (lie large theodolite 1 .' 

The earlier work of Lawrence and De Penning to the south filled him with 
distrust [ 234 ] ; 

I find on refereace to the original angle books of.. .Mr. Lawrence mistakes frequently occur, 
ring. The means of the readings, as well «s the angles deduced from them, appear 'to have 
been seldom or never rigorously examined by two distinct individuals : the general mean is 
not drawn from the whole of the observations, but only from such as were selected ad libitum, 
and the excess or defect in the sum of the 3 angles, which in spite of all human care will always 
arise, is thus arbitrarily mad.- less in appearance than in reality. ... 

I may be told whilst thus criticising the performance of others to look at home, and that my 
operations-are just as liable to he faulty as those to the southward, but-.as far as human care 
and caution could prevail, I have guarded against error — ...none of the objections above urged 
apply to me, for. ..I have in no case arbitrarily rejected an observation, but have always taken 
the general arithmetical mean without selection or exception 2 — ...I have divided the excess or 
defect aggreeably to the rule of probabilities—and... my angle books have throughout beeti 
carefully examined by two persons, and in great part by myself 3 . 

Where possible, stations were marked by cutting on solid rock [ IT, 267, 415 ] ; 
otherwise by a markstone [ 245 ], with suitable precautions as thus described bv 
Olliver ; 

When a station is fixed on a prominent detached bill, nothing remains... but the sinking of 
a heavy stone even with the surface, marking the position by inserting a circle and centre. 
On an extensive flat, it then become..? necessary, ... to raise a platform of stone...to a height 
sufficient 'to overtop the neighbouring flats. ... A sub-!.! distant should.. .fix a marked stone 
even with the surface of the platform when finished, taking care that the centre of the stone " 
above should correspond with the center below, and in the event of it being necessary to 
have the platform uncommonly high, similar marked stones are placed between the upper and 
the lower as the work proceeds, and this is always done with the greatest possible nicety hy 
means of a plumb line 4 . 



Astronomical Observations 

The astronomical observations regularly taken were— for azimuth to determine 
the meridian— for zenith distance to determine latitude, or differences of latitude 5 . 
Regarding azimuths Everest records that Lamb ton's common method 

was to measure the horizontal angle between the pole-star at, the time of its greatest eastern 
and western elongation and a referring mark, ... placed as nearly as could be done by con- 
jecture in the direction of the meridian, the position of the lamp having been theu ascertained 
relatively to one of the principal stations. ... 

In.. .1822, when employed in carrying on the western series, ... it seemed to me-..waste of 
time to wait ten or twelve days at, a station merely to ge-t a solitary observation at night ; for 
the pole-star is never observable in these latitudes at both elongations, except at that period 
of the year when the sun is below the horizon at the tune of each phenomenon. ... 

It appeared to me. therefore, that the best mode was to extend the same principle to other 
circtimpolar stars besides the pole-star, and accordingly since that period mv azimuths have 
been made to depend on the angles of greatest elongation of.. .the three stars in the Greenwich 
catalogue nearest the pole. Not, however, without considerable objection on the part of the 
late Lieutenant- Colonel who, though be had too much good sense to overrule me. opposed what 
he pronounced to be an absurd innovation. I argued in reply that, unprovided as I was with 
any other- tnne-piee© than a common pocket watch, it was better to take as my guide the 
variations in altitude than those of the hour angle. ... The result has shown to my satisfaction 
that there is really no difference between the degrees of reliance to be placed on "(lie azimuth 
whichever of the three .-tars has been employed*. 

The relation between the angular difference of latitude a,s obtained by astrono- 
mical observation and the linear distance as measured by triangulation gave the 

'■80. to Govt., 30-8-36; DDn. 286 (276-374), paras. 138-9. 'Such acceptance of seriously 
ciJscL.i-dant.obiCL-vati.-.n, 1^ :i-->S MT :uvl-i1 by .ill. v. (,'„..'. ;,',.,-, I V ( SS }. apj.),,. 171 (;«<>- 9<i) o_.)-'>S if,.„ ' 
Olliver ;DDr,.173 (28-35). 1S-1I-2S. ■■■or ;m,piitu<lc at „ro. *<>,.,. Everest [ ] ST-ti ). 



Astronomical Observation s 253 

essential data for determinine; the length of the degree upon the meridian, and for 
calculating the figure of the earth. To reduce to a minimum the effect of error and 
uncertainty regard] n;_' the places and movements of the stars, as given in available 
catalogues, it was Lam bum's practice to observe the same set of stars at eaeh station. 
In observing at T itkarkhera, however, lie overlooked the fact that the southern stars 
would no longer be available further north, and. Everest had later to make a fresh 
set of observations to suitable northern stars 1 ; 

A certain catalogue of chosen snars was made uhc of by the late Lieutenant Colonel Lambton 
iit all stations, ... but when the meridional series was brought up to Takal K'liera, it., appears 
that the declina.t inns of those which had hoi' veil in lower latitudes wore now beyond the roach 
of the limb of the zenith sector : and the few which wuro still within its limits drew the telescope 
up to So great, a deviation from the zenith tint the im perfect ion- in the structure of the 
instrument became a prominent object of anxiety. ... 

Had it been foreseen, ... nothing would have boon easier than to provide against such a 
contingency; but no provision having been made, it followed that the eveolfent method... 
of determining the amplitude: by idiserving the same stars at both extremities of each section 
must cither bo abandoned, or cl -:o Dau.nor-ibdda run -a ho v cited a ws-non/l time, a procedure not 
only... exceedingly vexations, hat. ..well nigh impracticable. 

It.. .remained to deusrminfs lite celestial amplitude between Dauniorgidda and Takal K'hera 
by absolute latitudes ; a me I hod doubtless objections b'e, because tho result is Liable to all the 
errors of catalogues. ... In adopting this method it became necessary to recompute the correc- 
tions for Colonel Lnmhtou's zenith distances both ai Daumergidda and Punris; ; the farmer 
because the Greenwich catalogue of 1802 (which had been used throughout.. .[256]) was inferior 
to the more modern one of 1 8 .'30 ; and the- latter, becai.i.iO i.ho 1:0m bants of aberration and 
nutation had undergone some alteration since 1801! and 1815. 

It has, however, been an object to interfere as HU.le as possible until, the labours of Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel Lambton ; not only because it might, bo rather presumptions to correct what 
my venerable predecessor had deemed definitive, but because the latitudes and longitudes 
determined have been adopted in the formation of the Indian Atlas f ±81 -<i ]. and any change 
in one point would involve a corresponding change in all. And hence there will appear to be 
two sets of latitudes; one. ..deduced from Lieutenant-Colonel Lambton s observations and 
reserved for geographical purposes ; whilst the other, determine:! by mo, will serve as elements 
in computing the figure of the earth 2 . 

At Kalianpur. near .Sironj, Everest observed the same stars as he had at Tak&r- 
khera 3 , in a special observatory built, for the purpose [ 234, 245 ] ; 

To avoid the unequal attraction of the "nigh lands, I was obliged to place the zenith sector in 
a very exposed situation, and the violence of the winds whish pre vailed during t hi 1 whole of this 
season has been such that the observing tent would not have alf -.rijed -iiiiicieiiit protection. 
To adjust this instrument with accuracy. ..the reflecting lamern which hi u: nutates the wires 
should be protected from agitation*. 

Figure of the Eakth 

A summary of Lambt.on's contribution to knowledge of the figure of the earth 
has been given elsewhere [ II, 262 ], and a full account of the deductions made 
by him and Everest, is contained in Everest's Arc of the Mtridimv' and in The. Account 
of the Operations of the Great- Trigonometrical Survey of India 6 . Whilst on sick 
leave fit England Everest worked out new values 

from different pairs of arcs in different parts of the Ldobe. From this investigation he inferred 
that "the direction of gravity in hardly any part; of the surface coincides with the normal", 
and consequently that small arcs were objectionable, ...being liable to bo burdened with 
errors in the determination of their amplitude, which might greatly exceed, the errors in the 
measurement of their length. .Ko considered the most trustworthy of his comparisons were 
thoseobtained from the longest arcs, viz.. Pun use- Kalianpur ;\nd i'onnent era -Greenwich. ... 
They made the semi-axes of the earth to be 20,922,931-80 feet and 20,853,374-53 feet 
respectively, ami thu elliptic by 1 ; 300* SO. These. ... which are known as "Kvorost's Constants, 

'GTS. XI ( 7 ]. a Geo. Everest ( 1-3 ]. -«:i72 observations at. TilkiirUiorn, IJSS at Kalianpur; in the 
end Ti'l;ari;ia"'i] hii^e and Kfuii-ti .iis'.ic.i:.^ '.civ ■: ■ :-- : -=i.=-r1 ■ -i L . .ind Bid;; r -Sic; n; treuted a-> or;c section. 4 DDn. 
171 (316), 12-2-25. 'Geo. Everest ( 103-16 |. "6TS. II ( 125-7 ) & VI ( 1-7 ). 



254 Grbat Trigosomsjtbical Survey undeii Everest 

1st Set", have, since aljrn.it 1S30 to the present time [ 1870 ]. been employed i:i all calculations 
of the Survey of India, into which the (■lran;ais...nii(ir [ i I., 262 ]*. 

Both Lamb ton and Kverest were fully aware that there were unpredictable 
variations of gravity, both in force n.nd direction, from one place to another, caused 
by visible masses above the general surface, or by unseen variations of density 
below [ II, 241, 250, 261 ]. The investigation of such phenomena was to be one 
of the duties of the medical officer and geologist appointed in ISIS [ 225, 264-5 ] > 

In. almost all the admeasurements... ma do in various countries and imder different lati- 
tudes, perplexing... instances have been observed, where the result has in>t corresponded with 
that progressive dinunua! i ■. ■ 1 1 of each adjacent degree which is indicated by the spheroidal 
theory of the Earth's figure. For these embarrassing variation* scieriiirie men have assigned 
different causes, but- the ] ire vale ni notion.. -seoms! to be that. ..the pliunmnh is affected. ..by the 
nature of the strata bet .eat b tin; Eiirtirs surface. It has 1 consequently been duties Led... that the 
natiue of the strata should be accurately noticed, and tbat, frequent mi ne ra logical sections 
should accompany and correct the labours of tin; tvisronotrwstrici.il surveyor- 2 . 

Everest was particularly struck by (.lie possibility that the-M.nha.doo. or Gawilgarh, 
hills, lying north of the valley of Berar [ 242-3 1, might affect observations; 

In the early part of 1S22, when I returned from the Capo of Good Hope, my first remark 
on arriving at the camp at Takal .K/hera was that. ..the existence of a formation .if such density 
and magnitude would cause a considerable deflection of the plumb-iine ; lint on tny meiitioning 
my doubts to Colonel Lnmbton., lie only iauglied at tbcui in ■>■ sort of compassionate way, 
and said that the mountains were much too far off to have any such effect. 

The habitual respect which I felt for the Lieutenant Colonel's opinions made me very 
diffident as to the validity of my own ; and though not eon vinced I was silenced for the time. 

He worked out the effect Ihn.t. the general mass of these mountains might have, and 
found a possible deflection of the plumb-line at Takarkhora of between 4" and 5" 
winch he claimed, to be within one second of the deflection indicated by measurement 
of the section of the arc to the north 3 . 

He was fully aware of the possibility of measuring variations of gravity by 
means of pendulums, but had no suitable apparatus ; 

If the rate of a good clod; can bo accurately determined in two or more... latitudes ( the 
length of the pendulum and are of vibration remaining tlio same ), wo mas' determine the 
increments of the force of gravity . bat. in order to obtain 1.U0 necessary elements, a munerous and 
well selected set- of transits must be taken. In this I am now occupied, but, a.s the state of my 
health will not adrnii. of my sitting tltj during the whole night, I am obliged to entrust the 
transits which name la let than 1 o'clock 10 my senior sub -assist ant, Mr. J. Olliver 4 - 

To Slackers suggestion that, bambton may have made similar investigations, 
Everest replied in -July 1824 [ 240 ] ; 

The late I,t. Col. Lambton .bad often expressed his int-emion of making., , a series of such 
experiments at. all different stations on die Croat Arc [II, 250-1 ; III, 239], but I believe that 

none were ever made, and that the only senes of regular observations in the department tend- 
ing to this point was made by me at Takalkherra in February last. ... 

There were no instruments in the possession of the late Superintendent suited to this 
purpose except the Earns! 1 aw clock [ j6o ], but the clock... hud never oven been adjusted to 
sidereal time until it can 10 into tny hands, and previously to that period hud always been used 
as a mere solar time-piece. ... No instruments have ever been supplied by the State for the 
purpose of determining the length of i ho pendulum or the increments of gravity, and al tlio' there 
is every reason to behove tbat applications have, been made by the late Superintendent for one 
of Kater's pendulums, yet. none was ever received 5 . 

Everest was not aware of the observations in progress at the Madras Observatory. 
The use of the pendulum for determining variations in the force of gravity, and the 
corresponding determination of the length of the seconds penthdmn at various lati- 
tudes, was being pursued at this period by Kater and Sabine 1" II, 410-1 : III, 191 ]«. 
One of Kater's " invariable '" pendulums reached .Madras in .March 1821 . and from his 
first observations Goldingham reported two months later an ellipticity of 1:297 -56*. 

1 James Walker,!?™. IT (127), XI ( 7 )_ sf„ lln MS. to GIG. to Mil. Dept., 25-10-17 ; TJDn. 64 ( 67 } 
'GTS. 11(127); Goo. Kvcrosi, ( (KKlOl ). 'DDn. 171 (160). (i 2-24. ° ib. ( 2111 ), 7-7-24- cf. Everest 
(51,56-62). '■ Runrk,-e Pws E V { LiT-RiS ) ; Hunine^ peiklm. oh.jna. ts2- oxtenuYrl fY:,ni ['.shift, W. ifViea 
12°.">9'S. to .Sni!.^ber,'.'e:i. .■■/' iW' : Can-: (.njc.rnvkii, IS27-:>b RS. 1'nys. Li. l.s!>2 ( .tliii i, ''Phil Trans 
1S22, part I ( 127-67 ). 



. Figure of the Earth . 255 

He then organized a party to take observations " for finding the length of the 
pendulum at the equator ", and on the advice of Sir Stamford Raines [IT, 473 } 
sent it. to- the islands King off the west coast of Sumatra. ■ - 

Two experienced . assistant surveyors, John Robinson [ II. 141-6, 352 ] and 
Peter Lawrence [TL 346, 351 ; III, 379], were to make the observations; two. 
British warrant officers 1 1 eld ■charge of the stores,, and they had a tinda-l and nine 
lascars to help.- For charge of the expedition Coidingham asked for an officer 
with '" areguiar scientific education, ..: with a hah it of overcoming difficulties... 
and a power 'of eo ni.ru and". He was given Joint Crisp, who bad been at the Military 
Institution [I!. 321 ], who attended the Observatory for preliminary training. 

The party embarked on the Monrin-j Shir on the !;;th March 1M22, and after a 
passage of 34 days landed at Fort Miudbo.ro ugh iv:-ar .Bcnkulen oh 18th April. 
After preliminary observation; there, they spent, June and July sailing from one 
island to another in search of the one nearest to the equator. They suffered 
storms — earthquakes — sea-sickness. Ry December they had fixed on tlie island 
of Gaunsah Lout 1 , but two months later had a, visit from 

three of the sava;;.- iiilifdiLlaiu;- of Lhcse piirT;!. \rho i;anio Ihtp under ihi- preicnoe, or for the ■ 
purpose, of fi^binji, got, into the large tear, .and took from tlien.ee the transit 'instrument, 
azimuth compass, cin.-uinferetitor. and a sra.ill box beiongi'si; ro Captain Crisp, thinking, as it 
would appear, that the brass parts of the instruments were, gold. 

Fortunately the survey was already completed anil the p3n.du.iuni apparatus 
was not touched. On the 13th February Robinson and Lawrence commenced 
observations with the pendulum, each taking separate sets. These were completed 
by the 20th March, as well as those for latitude. After observations at othor 
points, they re-assembled at Benkulen on 9th April, and arrived back at Madras 
on 4th June 1823. After checking and analysing tlie results, and "by combining 
the London with the Madras experiments, and taking the length of the pendulum 
at the equator deduced from the G-aimsah Lout experiments", tloktiugham found 
the elliptictty of the Earth to be l:296 - fil. Lawrence's training under Lambton 
had not been in vain [ II, 346 ; III, 378 J ; his observations were "very numerous, 
and so good that very few indeed wore rejecter! on account of.. -differing from the 
mean". Robinson's results were not so good. 

Goldingham's published report- gives full details of all observation* and their 
computations, with a most interesting account of the expedition, and maps and 
views of tlie islands and coast of Sumatra' 1 . Particularly interesting is a coloured 
sketch of tlie island of Gaunsah Lout, showing the observatory and encampment — 
four Englishmen in felt hats, blue coats, and white trousers — heavy trees and 
large tents. " This island is :sfir> feet long by 200 feet broad and is about 11 feet 
above low water. Tide is 9 feet rise and fall. ... Well of fresh water 7 feet deep" 4 . 

Everest took part in some pendulum experiments whilst in England during 
1829, and brought out a pair of Rater's intruments, but never found opportunity 
to use them. 



COMrUTA'J'IONS AND REPORTS 

Lambton's general view was that every 4 months in the field required 8 mouths 
indoor work [ 237 ]. At the time of his death there were heavy arrears of such 
indoor work both for the Great Arc and for Everest's " western series ", and the 
computatioiis and reports had to be closed by Everest [ 256.]. During 1823 De 
Penning was occupied at Nag pur with the computation of his own triangulation. 
and of Lambton' s observations at Takarkhera; 

The errors.. .in my calculation of Polaris arise partly (Yum tin; Uiftereuues of our Tables, 
and the mode of calculation adopted according to Col. 1. am b tons instructions. The Table we 









256 Geeat Trigonometrical, Survey under Everest 

have in the office for the stars is of a. very early ditto, ... to the UvinnitiL; of 1 S-00, ... [ and j 
has been in use from the t-oivi n len er-sruei it of the survey [ 253 ]. But Col. Lanibton lately gave 
me the right ascension, &c, of Polaris fruni a tttble of Zaoli's., ... the beginning of 1822. ... 

. The .differences in the Tallies... will induce me to suspend my calculation for the stars 
...till I am favoured with further instructions from you, -...-whether I. ain tp-.nse the tables. as 
given in the Nautical Almanac for 1X22. ... I humbly be.u; you will. ..favour me with some proper 
rule and examples for each of the stars to be corrected, ... for nutation, aberration, and solar 
equation for declination and right ascension. The correction for the latter were never applied 
by US.' In the meanwhile I shall be.goint' on with the secondary triangles 1 . 

Once field work was restarted in October IS:i:j there was little time for com- 
putations, and it was only with difficulty that Everest was able to meet the Surveyor 
General's request for copies of Lam bton's reports. To a call for data, for Madras 
topographical surveys he pleaded that his sub- assistants were 

already overworked, and 1 have before me t lie measurem-em. of a base line, the observations of 
zenith distances, transits, ami eireumpolar star azimuths, which will occupy me and all ray 
people.. .from the beginning of Vovf. until the end of February. When these are finished I 
have to cany down a series of principal ti'iautr!?.-; from Seronrre 10 meet my old points on the 
Nnrbuddab, and after that- to proceed northerly io Agra 2 . 

He managed, however, to recruit a Bengali writer' ,: on a salary of 30 sa. rs. in 
quarters and 40 when travelling", to help in copying the reports, and obtained 
sanction to the provision of an office tent of such si/.e and dimensions 
as to admit of its beiiit' pitched on the tops of rocks and mountains^. ... Without one, much 
time is lost because T cannot hold regular office in the held. I should not be so anxious... 
were I perfect in health, but as an invalid I require privacy, end cannot as formerly have the 
calculations mode m my own tent 4 . 

He had- made but. little progress on these arrears before starting Cor Calcutta ; 

The fti-port cannot be made out. until. ..the calculations. ..are brought up. This will.be the 
work of many months, and from the state of my health it is impossible for me to undertake 
it at present^ 246 ]. ... With regard to the unfinished kepori of the late Superintendent, ... 
one copy is nearly written fair and only reouires to be examined. Want of office assistance, 
and the activity of my late operations, have prevented more proiire^s bci.n.i; made, as neither 
my time, nor .Mr. Oliver's, could have been devoted to that object without losing the 
favourable season in the field. All the documents are under charge of Mr. Olliver, who as 
J at Sub -Assistant is . 1 flic i ally re^j 'onsible for them 5 . 

Soon after arrival in Calcutta, he reported that 

the 3rd and 4th vols.. ..were for warded... in January 1818 [ II, -6 4 ]. The 5th and Gth volumes < 
will contain. .. original data as well as the calculations drawn from them. ... One. copy of that 
Report) [ 5th ] is completed, and remains only to be rigorously compared ■ with the data and - 

■calculations. The latter were ma.de during the lifetime of the late Superintendent, and have 
ah. ..been gone over by two persons*. ... ■' ■ - . -■■ . 

The 6th volume is complete, all but. the-Article 2:10, Section 42nd, and the a| pendix 7 . The : 
former of these being a scieiitihc j leper I hail intended to resell •■■■ for a future examination. ... 
The appendix contains ihe alphabetical Table of Lutit.udes and Loricitudes, ...as also the 
Elevations and Depressions, which .have been calculated. ... The Plans connected with the 
work. ..will comprise all the operation between the Kistnu. and Godavery rivers. ...' 

The .series on which I was engaged between the middle of Oetoiier I s22 and the latter end 
■of February 1.823. ..whs brought up as far as the neighbourhood of Sholapoor. but the confusion 
consequent on the death of my late master. ..rendered it impossible for me to proceed [236]. ... 
This series is particularly valuable. ..( even in its unfinished state ). because it. will .unite the 
surveys made under the late Captain Gartii.iif with the Bedar base. ... The original data is 
-all verv complete, ami all the corrections for the eireumpolar star observations, 97 in number, 
on which the a/.iioutl is depeni I, ha\ e been airuriiti-K e;ilei dated by myself and Mr. Olliver*. 

He was allowed to take to -England extracts and copies from his own observa- 
tions, but the originals had to be left in the Surveyor General's office [ 246 j. 
JfTOin these eopies lie worked up the account of the oth and <ith sections of the are 

1 to Everest 19-6-23, DDn. 91 (307-10}. *DD,i. 171 ( 284 }, Sept. 1824. = DDn. 171 <271 ), 20-9-24. 
*DDn "04 ( 128), 1.5- 12 24. s DDu. (G( 111 ). 2U-5-2.5. •TK5, sd Iiv Liimhtun ■ issuud end counter™. 
bv Everest, 1S32'; lOCnt. ( Sit : CBO. •\eiip. (J 5/5, Q. 1/5. ; TS ti : contain* appx. Everest'* series 1.822-3; 
tfarluie'.* triimjdes R«ichur ISlti T. .1111! U". tinnier Is iy.^Tn s I 'cm mum-. l.SI!>-i'!i ! : 17 j : i-ms'-! .ind -d. Iiv 
Kveic-i ISM. ./O ''■'((. ( 11 ):CB0. Comp. G 5/6, Q 1. .■('.. 'DDn. 171 ( 35!) ), 5-0-2.5. 



"T 



Computations and Reports 



l'57 



with the assistance o f Richardson and Taylor 1 of the Royal Greenwich Observatory ; 

To Mr. Richardson, in particular, my acknowledgements are due, for to him have been 
entrusted more than three- fourths of the computations, [ the ] greater part of which relating 
to purely geodetieal subjects were yet now to him. ... He entered so enthusiastically into my 
views, listening so patiently to my explanations, and shewed so much persevering attention, ... 
that he has mastered all ditucnltioH with as much facility as if the work had formed part of 
the business, of his life. So much cordial good-will I never saw before, nor ever expected to 
meet with in a stranger : greater it, is impossible I f-"oid desire to see-. 

The. Directors had this hook published autl presented Everest with 40 copies for 
his personal use 1 , distributing others to the. Royal Astronomical, the Royal Asiatic, 
and the Geological Societies, and also to the British Museum 4 [246]. This authority 
was modified after the work had been printed : they had authorized 
the printing ofthis report with a view to its publication as apart of the materials for the Atlas 
of India, an intention which we shall not fulfil, as we find from the preface, which was added 
after we directed the printing, ... That the materials of which it is composed are not of that 
complete and final nature which... should charaetori/.e all works eomieesed with the Atlas. We, 
however, transmit two copies for. ..the Surveyor General's Office 5 . 

Before leaving India Everest directed Olliver notto issue any results derived from 
the meridional arc for which ho considered himself personally responsible. Olliver 
was, therefore, much distressed when Hodgson pressed him for results from his 
longitudinal series ; 

As the latitude and longitude of...K.ulliimpoor...have not as yet been definitely settled, 
I. ..felt a delicacy In producing any result from my labors. ... The final results of my labors, 
... should be reset veil... for the Superintendent-.. .un rhe grounds of.. .his general parting letter, to 
the effect that in any arrangements that may take place after his departure. ..his interests, 
be not forgotten, and (hat the scientific results depending on the meridional scries be. ..exclusive- 
ly for him to produce. The Superintendent... lias explained all the causes for so reasonable a 
request, and I sincerely trust, in furnishing you with the traverse tables, etc., in full length. 
I shall be freed from incurring Ins 1 li^pleasure 6 . 



! 



Instiutments 

An account has already been given of the instruments used by Lambtort [ II,. 
251-5 ]. Most of these were Government property, but a few had remained liis 
own, and others which he had ordered front England on Ids private a.ceount reached 
India after his death [ 188 n.l, 260 ]. 

The principal are, 1st., a repeating circle of Is inches diameter, for taking horizontal angles,, 
with vertical circle of the same diameter— 2nd., an astronomical clock— 3rd., some articles on 
the way out, viz., an apparatus for applying to ends of the steel chain when measuring base- 
lines on the ground; a new brass standard scale, with improved apparatus for reading off; 
an instrument lor determining the variation of" the needle to great nicety ; six thermometers of 
the most improved kind for ascertaining, the expansion and contraction of the chains'. 

Much confusion was caused by Dr. Morton's hasty action at. Nagpur, in selling 
eral Government instruments, and some private ones which Lam b ton had specially 



purchased for the survey, which should 
In January 1824 Everest held the following 

1 large three-feet Theodolite, for carrying oa the 

pdnci|iid I r-MTijrU'.H | II, 253]. 
1 Zenitii .Sector, fur olivine fixed stars [ [[, 2^2 ]. 
1 Circular Instrument, '.villi Altitude mid Azimuth 

Circles. 
1 AsitniiiiuuK-alOlui;.;, with •■■.>:]) [ir'nsnd.m pendulum. 
.1 amid I Transit IVum.- >;)(.-, fur i he base line. 



? have 



been sold to outsiders [ 236 ]. 






ind 3 thermometers. 



' Richardson, asst.ai li.-.i-al (.ibs\. Ormiv,-.,..!;. Wll i.r, ; ,-. hi,,, notes j'LVdru- 3 u.<-ccrd,d ColdiiHism :i>. 
Madras, 1830 [ lyi 11.7 ]. ! Gco. Everest ( 11!) 1. j Scvvm.I iiisi.nbuted to Veil on* ,4 lis. : Everest ( i i 

'CD. Mi.se. ti6 [ ! iiy ), ti!> ( 1*14 ). K'll ,,, K, Mil. ; o-.V & j.>-S-:;ii 1 I-:! ). * DDn. 173 ( 97 ) l-S-28 
'DDn. 144 ( 3BfMCi ), lYom Limtbton to Pub. Deut. 23-10-1!). 



Great Tkigoxomf/i'rtcal Survey osdek Everest 



Additional ir.st.nimi.'ats. l.iplondii;: i< 

2 siTLiil! Theodolites, 

3 Gunter's scales, 

1 Sextant, 

2 fifteen -inch parallel rulers, 
■Unserviceable iiu-ani merits ; 2 Ijaroia 

Note;. — I . In the return of i 



JnarttT Master Oeiierni's Depirtmecit; 

2 boxes of Drawing Instruments, 
'2 twelve-inch parallel rulers, 

3 Circular Protractors, 

2 brass 100-feet Chains, with pickets. 
theodolite, a sextant. 
^trutnents-, forwarded. ..on tin; Stli October IS23. Mien no- 
il .t'obruary 



meters were inserted by mistake- : 3 of the six- were broken in the public 
1822, and there are now only three in store. 

2. In all the returns hitherto forwarded only one brass standard scale lias boon inserted. 
There are however two, one of which was received from the late Capt. Garlrng 1 . 

The Great Theodolite was used by Everest on his western series in 1S22, and also 
on his later Iriangulation up toSironj. On his return Lo Hyderabad after Lamb ton's 
death, lie .sent certain parts down to Madras for repair ; 

I prefer the fine-drawn silver wire to anything else, especially ii ,r i he micro meter. ... The 
wire should be of adequate thickness to envoi' the dot on the limb, but the lighter you can put 
it the better. It is usual, J know, to use the fine golden cobweb which the spiders in these 
jungles weave inest beautifully, but it is not so good for night observations 2 . 

The poor old instrument had a fortune escape two years later ; 

A very disastrous accident occurred here on the of the 10th. the consequences of which 
will detain me for some days. About- 1) o'clock a- sudden storm commenced, accompanied by 
hail and rain, and the violence of the wind was so great than nothing could resist it. All my 
tents were blown to the ground, and some of thorn were torn to pieces. 

The large Theodolite was on its stand ready for observing, and was overthrown by the 
falling of its tent, though the latter was fastened In double ropes, ;nul ten of my people were 
stationed to hold them. Fortunately it has received no other injury than the breaking of one 
of the lower screws which I have the means of repairing, but I lament to add that one of the 
beautiful Trough ton barometers which stood in the tent was completely crushed, and that 
I have little hopes of being able to restore it. without sending it to Calcutta 3 . 

Everest suggested that he should take it home with him for thorough restora- 
tion, hnt it was decided bettor to indent fur new insl rutnonts altogether ; 

The large Theodolite met with a very serious accident... .in I lie Tanjo.re country [II, 341, III, 
239), from. ..which it never das recovered, and never can. without undergoing a thorough 
repair under the hands of a first-rate artist. The late Tt. Col. f.airibton succeeded, it is true, 
... in approximating it to its former slate, but there have ever since been great irregularities 
in.. .the limb, and the angles taken with it differ so much inler at, thai, common accuracy is 
not to be obi a hied wil bout frequently eh a Hiring the zero [ 251 ]. 

In the best daya of this beautiful iiiM.riimeiit, :i or -1 observe Lions were deemed sufficient 
to determine an angles with correctness, and the zero was seldom changed above once, if at 
all ; but since the crash that the limb received in the Dekhan 4 it has been found necessary to 
change zero 9 or \2 times, and to take a mean of IS or 24 observations. ... 

The different elimales...have warped tho ■mahotrfluy stand and table, and upper frame, so 
much that it cannot bo adjusted without great difficulty, and will hardly preserve its level 
for the space of 20 minutes. The delicate screws of the levels ace all more or less out of 
order from continual use ; the mahogany rim to which the lower clamp is iixed has in some 
pjaces yielded, and the dots which mark the divisions are, from frequent, cleaning and the 
effect of.. .dust, ... in some parts nearly erased, and in others entirely so 5 .. . 

It was put away in store at Saugor, and was once taken out by Olliver in 1826 
[248]. Everest found it there on his return in 1830 ; 

I recommended in 1S2,", that tins old instrument should be sent to Kngiand to be renovated. 
It may be doubted, however, whether any artist of celebrity would have anything to say to 
such a procedure, for it was in a sadly ricketty condition and. as it was deposited at the time 
of my (looarture in 1S25, so I found it on my return in 18311. ... 

I had... familiarized myself, with the finest instruments of the day, and gone through the 
■workshops of the.. .most celebrated artists of civilized Ktirope : my taste... had undergone a 
thorough change, and my old ticquaintance certainly did make but a. sorry display. ... Its 
distorted limb, its wooden frame work, ... patched tin with an iron plate on which the marks of 
the original injury were still apparent ; its mahogany 4 dogged stand and table, era eked... and 



o Ceo. Gordnr 



■23; DCn. 171 (46). 



Instruments 



259 



scarred from many a hard day's journey, all acted ;ig.iinsi- its food looks, and it was a subject 
of sunaisc- to rod how I could have managed with ao apparatus SO crazy 1 . 

The wonderful old theodolite was renovated by Barrow iii Calcutta, and then 
regularly used on principal tria-rrgiilattoii until 1860, and is now an honoured exhibit 
in the Survey museum in Dehra Dun. 

The 18-inch Circular Instrument was obtained from the Madras observatory to 
replace a private one belonging to Lambton that had been sold to the Nagpur 
Government. Lambton's instrument had been used by Lawrence and De Penning, 
and probably also by Everest on his advonti.iroi.it-i work of 1819 20 ; for he describes 
it as "an old friend and follow traveller" [II, 254; III, 229]. It was one of a pair ; 

Colonel Lambten ordered from Carey an instrument which combined the advantages of 
the Theodolite and Zenith Sector, which he received in 1810 or 1811. ... A similar one was at 
the same time received by Colonel Monro 2 , then Qi.iii.rtnr Master Cenorid, and was by him 
disposed of to Government, and is now lodged in the observatory I II, 196]. ... The price 
is the same, the adjustment easy, ami, as it combines every requisite for trigonometrical and 
astronomical observations, it renders any other instrument completely unnecessary 3 . 

As Lambton's instrument could not be recovered from Xagpiir, where it was 
wanted for Stewart's survey [91 ], Everest askod GoMingham for the twin ; 

Yon will have heard. ..of the doat.h of the poor old Colonel, and of the manner in which my 
operations have been embarrassed by, ..Mr. Morton, oho oft lie H\ ecu tors, ... who has sold off all 
the private ins t ru yn tints... employed in. tlso service of Government [ 257-8 ]. 

I am, ...mirth distressed by the want of instruments arid, ea.lc-ila.ting mi your love of 
Science, venture to apply to you. ... You have in your observatory a liopoating Circular 
Instrument, the exact counterpart o! t,liai:...sokl by Jit. Morton, furnished with two micrometers 
for the horizontal limb, and a vertical astronomical circle, also with two micro meters. It does 
not appear... ad oq oat to your delicate observations, nor indeed [o be ot all the kind of instru- 
ment you require, hut it is particularly well adapted to my purpose, so that, if you can possibly 
spare it tome, von will... <lo the greatest service to our establishment*. 

At the same time- he iua.de official request to the Surveyor General, J !rth April 1823, 
and another through the Resident at, Hyderabad, supported by a private appeal ; 
■ I have made bold 10 address you in a public letter, and... there is some little irregularity in. 
SO doing. ... An application of this nature should by right travel along the broad highway of 
regular business ; ... it should first be submitted by me to the Surveyor General ; next by him to 
the Government, l.iinn ludi the Secretary ; tbnn agitated in Council, &, so forth. But, alas, hope 
delayed maketh the heart sick ; it will. ..have to pay the usual tolls of delay at each turnpike... 
and the relief will arrive so late, if at all, as to lie little short of ineffectual*. 

The official request to the Surveyor General passed through the proper channels 
with all speed, though Metcalfe's direct appeal to the Governor was speedier still, 
and the instrument reached tiydciil bad oarly in June [ 261 ] 6 . Everest only intend- 
ed it for secondary triangles, but on his departure for England it was the only 
instrument available for OHiver's branch series to Calcutta, and proved by no 
means worthy for such an important task [ 261 ]. 

A valuable astronomical instrument, a zenith micrometer by Dollond, reached 
Calcutta, on Lambton's order during 1S23, was purchased from his estate by the 
Surveyor General, and became one of the most, useful of (he instruments maintained 
at the Surveyor General's small observatory [ 187 -3 ]. Its bill of lading read as under ; 

To Colonel Lambton London, 50 St. Paul's Church Yard. 24th March 1823. 

Bnt. of G. Dollond, Optician to His Majesty, His Royal. Highness the Duke of Gloucester 7 , 
and Mathematical Instrument Maker lo the Hon'blo Board of Customs, etc. 

A Zenith Micrometer, made to order, and upon the principle recommended by Capfc. 
Kater, with the plumb line in the centre of motion, the telescope of sis feet focal length with 
an aperture of 3 & J inches. A strong sinoatoniiin* si mid, 10 feet in height, and every requisite 
adjustment, with duplicate sets of screws and eye- tubes. 0110 bobbin of fine wire for the 
micrometer, and several for the plumb lute. The whole packed in a strong deal bos, with two 



^Meridional Arc ( clix ]. 2 -Tclin Munro [ II, 196 11.4 ]- 
84). 4 DDii. yi ( 271 ), 3-4-23. s to Charlea Metcalfe [ 12 

•Official oorrespoiiilcni.-'! Iw.rdlv :iircs rjnickp;- in the. 20th tcntury I ! 
i, Edinburgh ( L77ft-lSS4);bro. to One. III. s Jo!in Sraeaton ( 1' 
Ed,iy,t.:,ni- hjHI -(' : !>NB. 



'Etnm Ridddl, 15-10-17 ; DDn. 151 

10, iT7n.7] lti-4-23, DDn. 172 (30). 

; Wia. I<Vt:d crick. Duke ,-,Nlkuimster 

l-!>2 ) ; FRH. ; Civ. Engr. ; feigned 3rd 



■ 388 



Gkkat Tiugonometrical Survey usdejr Everest 



locks, handles, etc. an observing plain'. etc. Pond's Catalogue of 400 stars [184]. 2 Packing 
Cases. ... £2S0. Directed to the care of Messrs. .Davidson, Robertson & Co., Calcutta 1 . 
Though its i>ur«liase was stMietioned "for the use of the Trigonometrical Survey", 
we do not find' that it was offered l.o Everest, who might have been glad of it 3 . 

One of the few recoveries made from the sale of Laml) ton's property was "a 
valuable Astronomical clock by Earnshaw" [ 254 j, whieh Everest found 
considerably out of order, and in consequence of the warping of the mahogany frame, it : has 
become of late entirely useless. I put it up this season as usual, but it stopped of itself before 
it had. gone for 12 hours;, and after repeated trials "I pivn the ease up as .altogether hopelass 3 . 

He went, on to ask that all the more important instruments, 
the large theodolite, the zenith sector, the astronomical clock, the two chains, and the brass 
standard scale, be sent- to England in order to undergo a. thorough repair and comparison 
under the hands of the Artists employed by [he Hon 'hie Company.! ... 

These instruments have now boon upwards of 20 years out- of the maker's hands ; ... they 
have passed through a variety of climates, and been exposed to great vicissitudes of season. 
and changes of temperature, and vhon it lis further considered how very minute the quantity 
is, which is tho object of these splendid operations to dot-net, ! humbly hope that my recom- 
mendation will appear to Ins warranted*. 

Government did not agree that tliey should be sent out of the country [ 250, 
258 J, for that would prevent all progress on the survey until their return ; 

On the other hand, by continuing tho survey with the pros 01 it... instruments, its progress 
will he unimpeded, and the services of the establishment not lost to tho State, while, by for- 
warding an indent on the Hoirblo Court, ... we shall in due time receive, not only a complete 
set of instruments, ...bin: derive all the advantages to ho expected from the numerous improve- 
ments which are daily taking plaeo in [heir construction. 

As. ..the astronomical dock is entirely useles?, it may bo brought to Calcutta to be repaired 
or sent home, ...but. with this exception, ...you will, direct Captain Everest, ...to deposit 
the instruments under: the custody of the principal staff officer at Sagor' [ 246, 250]. 

Two barometers which came out on Lamb ton's order were purchased by Everest 
on Government account, and he charged a further lis. 100 for their dispatch "by 
khossid, ,.. to avoid as much as possible any accident that these valuable articles 
might meet with on the road"'. He also reported that 

both of the chronometers... received some injury last yesi.r in the mountains, not withstanding 
...the precaution of always earvying them in 111 y own paiauqueeo. i sect thorn both to Madras 
to be repaired by Messrs. George Gordon & Co. [ 258 n.2 ], but they were delayed between 
Nugpoor and KooMiigabad nn their return, and did not roa-eh rue until lung after I had com : 
mencerl my zenith distances. In this exigency I applied to all my acquaintances within 100 
miles... and... met with one by Barrow, which a friend.. .let me have for 350 Sicca Rupees. I 
have never made any charge on this account, but now that I am.. .quitting the department, I 
hope f. may... trans for the chronometer... to Cuvornmeni:. at the price I paid for it. ... 

The Great T.vig-inoinetrical .Survey is very ill supplied with chronometers, there being but 
two, one of which (an old-fashioned piece of mechanism by Ihn-o ) is absolutolv worthless, 
and the other a- snua.ll pocket watch by Arnold by no means superior of its kind . 

An account of tho new instruments which Everest brought out from England 
in 1830 will be given in a later volume [ 9, 242 ]. 

1 Laml> ton's JJiwkcrs & Agents. - BMC. 4 12-2S ; D'Dn. 197 ( 114-5 |. 3 Another clock, by Barrnud, 
bought at Lanihton's s.o'e t.y IV Penning, n;- keeping cxccllea; [n a<- W Old Court lid. St., Calcutta.. LiJ:i7 
[11,394]. 'DDti. 171 (333), 2-3-23. >l>\>:>. i()l { 53 ), r.-i-2a. M)l.)„. 171 (403 ), 9-9-26. 



GREAT TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY, 1823-7 
NAGPUR TERRITORIES 



Detail in black shows work of the Croat Trigonometrical Survey 
1823-7, with the Great Arc in thick linns, as extended by Everest 
northwards to Sironj [242-6], and the Calcutta Longitudinal Series 
aa carried eastwards by Oilo'ei' | 261-4 ]- 

The map in brown is reduced ironi one compiled at Madras it) 1814 
[ II, 276 n.6 ] and its discordance from the G.T.S. and modern maps 
illustrates the danger of compiling mBJ>S from route surveys and 

astronomical control alone [ 226, 278 ]. 

It was to check such uncontrolled mapping that the posts of Sur- 
veyor General at Bombay ami Madras were abolished in 1815, and the 
Surveyor Genera! o!" India alone roadc rcnponHibic for one general map 
[ 374 ]. It was later ruled that no survey was to be incorporated in the 
quarter-inch Atlas of India that, was not based on, or truly adjusted 
to, the f.-.i-,?a?- Ttigonom.avieal Survey [283 ]. 



CHAPTER XVIIT 



CALCUTTA LOX"(HTC;i.HXAL SKK1ES & OTHER TASKS 



-30 — Dr. Fo.yse.y, Geologist to G.T.S., 1818-24 
- Visual TeJ-egrapii, 1817-28 - Natural History 



Calcutta Longitudinal Series, 1826 

— Other Geological Sh !■>•':■!/*. 1817-28 - 

— Meteorological Observations. 

IN his account of the Calcutta Longitudinal Series' Genera! Walker suggests that 
it was taken \ip against Everest's advice, but this is not so. The whole matter 

was fully discussed between Everest and Blacker at Calcutta, and they agreed 
that, all things considered, this was the most suitable and useful employment for 
the available staff [ y, 241-2 j. Tt was not at the 1 hue intended that this series should 
become a major branch of the trigonometrical survey, and there was no series of 
less importance on which Olliver could have been employed to better effect. 

Everest was satisfied that Olliver was fully competent,, and left detailed instruc- 
tions that were scrupulously followed. He knew that the 18-ineh "circular instru- 
ment'", was not suitable for principal triangles, but it was the best available ; 

I hail express Ly declared the principal instruments of the Great Trigonometrical Survey 

to be So shattered by exposure to el imato, wear and tear, ... and various accidents, as to render 
them quite unfit tor further em ploy meat, so that there only remained. ..an 18-inch instrument 
of inferior powers, which Sir Charles Metnajfe. when Resident, a'. Hydrabud. had kindly obtained 
for me from the .Madras Observat"ry | i^u-bo ]. ... 

I never approved the employment of this instrument it! the prineipsd triangles of any parb 
of the Great Trigonometrical Survey. ... [ never had occasion to use it. for other than secondary 
triangles. In a minor serie.s. on one of the snb. , nil oat e loori.li.Lns Fur iiuil.aui:w, iL would answer 
exceedingly well with Some alterations and, if" employed at all in tlio principal triangles. 
it would be cernunh leaa objectionable in a longitudinal series than in that of the Great 
Meridional Arc. The-e are the opinion', which I gave at the time to Colonel Blacker 5 . 

Whilst Everest and Olliver were in Calcutta in 1S25, Rossen rode ran a secondarv 
series from Sironj to fix the position of Saugor [ 246 j 3 . His chart, with a copy of 
the observations "both night and day", and full calculations, were sent down to 
Calcutta on 1 9th December. 

Olliver joined Mm at Saugor towards the end of the year, and started work in 
January 1826 from the Great Are side Bliaonisa-Gargaja [pi. 17] with three 
assistants in all 4 . Eosseiirode was employed selecting stations in advance until 
he fell sick in May. In the neighbourhood of Uatta the selection of stations was 
particularly difficult, "the country being one general succession of flats bearing 
no prominent features", and during the hot weather the atmosphere was so thick 
thai large signal fires had to he lit at each forward station [ 244 ]. 

He went forward again in October with Peyton, each with "a small theodolite 
and reconnoitring telescope'', whilst Olliver went back to his earlier stations to 
make sure that the mark-stones had not" been tampered with [ 243 ]. Whilst at 
Saugor Olliver brought out. the large 3- foot theodolite, and found its more powerful 
telescope greatly superior to the feeble one of the IS-inch instrument [ 248 ]. There 
was still a lot of fever about in November ; Rossenrode was again laid, up for a 
month, and Olliver had six eases in his camp, one man dying after 3 days illness. 

Visibility was good and with the aid of blue lights [ 247-S ] Olliver brought 
observations up to Hatta by January 1S27, with Rossenrode and Peyton 
getting on hi their task, which is doubtless diriicu!;'. more so from the eonrinuotts Hah, and... 



'ifk[ 3 >7l- 



5-2-32 : DDa. *$?, ( 35 ). ' 17th Oct. to 6th Beo. : 



262 Calcutta Longitudinal Series & other Tasks 

their being thick set and covered with old mowah trees 1 , such as with difficulty 4 men could 
fell one tree the whole day. ... The country E. of Belhari bears a very favorable appearance, 

being a fair open country with detached hills. 

Further east the country was "wild, desolate, and unhealthy" ; 
The operations... are now about entering the Rewah State, and. -the survey stations in 
advance... close on...Singrowlah and Sirgoojah states [88]. In penetrating farther... where 
the people arc not warned, ... he [ Rossonroele 1 may have to encounter still greater difficul- 
ties. ... Until. ..the- Agents for the Governor General at Benares, Arrah, and Hazareebagh 
have been apprized...! feel loth to allow any party to advance. ... 

Accounts from Mr. Rossenrodc describes the country in advance. ..as being tlilnly inhabited 
by Goands, a wild and savage people [I, 6o; III, 243, 299, 414-5 ], and as one scene of 
desolation, provisions scarce, anil oil in particular, which is used in no small quantity at the 
several stations, is not to lie had even for a single lamp 2 . 

Iii July 1827' the whole party withdrew to Mir/.apur for the rains. Observation 
had reached meridian S2° 3 , and under the Surveyor General's instructions a branch 
line was run to the ancient Hindu observatory at Benares* [ I, 156-7 ]. Next year 
there was a great deal oi sickness and Olliver writes from Gaya telling of 
hardships, sickness, and numberless other mortifications unprecedented. ... Myself in bad 
health, both the younger sub -assistants la-id up with the fever and, in fact, the better half 
of the department was totally useless ; ... besides Hie death uf (J of the men [ 405 ]. 

In this predicament I was under the necessity of calling in Mr. Rossenrode...who by 
this time had nearly reached Bazaribaga. On his arrival, I was further mortified on seeing 
the train of sick that followed him, [ and ] I was under the painful and urgent necessity.. .( the 
native doctor also being one of the dangerously sick ) to requsst I dm to take charge of the 
sick, quit the jungles, and proceed to the nearer station where mcdieal aid could be procured. ... 
After Mr. Kosscnrode proceeded with the dangerously ill. ..to Gayah, I was able, what 
with the aid of Mr. Torriek, just recovered, and the convalescents, ... to finish for the season 
...in Palamow, ... and quitted it for this station in the beginning of the past month. ... 

I was still more unfortunate with respect to 1 he weather, for in March and April, for about 
40 days together, the whole extent of view was out; continued smoky atmosphere [ 76, 1S4], 
owing to the blazing of the grass and brushwood, skid... neither the signal tires, nor even the 
blue lights, were at all discernible, ... so that all this time I could but finish with only two 
stations [ 247 ]. ... The fires seen in all directions caused a great eon fusion. ..various instances 
occurred in which the flag lascars, mistaking the fires for signals, quitted their stations and 
actually joined me, while 1 had continued still looking out for their lights. ... 

Enclosed are two medical certificates... on the state of the sick. Mr. fey ton is quick recover- 
ing, and has just commenced attending to Lis duty ; m. isfc of the sick have also quite recovered. 
Mr. .R os-: en rode has had the misfortunes a few days ago i.o lose his son of the fever 5 . 
During field season 1828-9 observations reached more open country ; 

Having experienced extremely hazy and oppressive weather, ( wa.s compelled to remain 
oil the Parasnat mountain 6 station from the middle of. ..March to the beginning of May, and 
though recourse was had to the use of white lights—... one night forty double white lights 
were burnt, of which I was only able to discern two— and, though a pile of wood of about 
6 feet diameter at the ba.se, and tapering to a height of about 12 foot, was blazed as a signal. ... 
even this immense' blaze was not discerned... whore... one of the assistants hail been... stationed 
with a, theodolite to watch my signals. ... 

After repeated disappointment? from a continued watching 0; no less than fifty consecutive 
nights, and.. .the increasing rage of fevers, etc., and the then appearance of the epidemic 
cholera, I resolved on quitting ...to the next station of observation ; but T had scarcely been half 
way when a most favourable change of weather occurred, so that afror having finished at the 
station I availed niysolf of the good weather to revisit Parasnat, ... and...! finished on the first 
evening all the elevations and depressions of the stations, and. ..on the same night in three 
hours all the observations which before detained me for no less than fifty nights together 7 . 

The triangles were now approaching the plains of Bengal, "one continued 
undulate country, interspersed with lofty groves, of chiefly mango trees which 
form a very formidable impediment." Olliver proposed masonry towers, as a 
portable scaffold would be difficult to centre over the mark, and 

'.(!„(,„ Mitrlirt iv valuable tree, am wing to 50 feet, h.ith food and iiijuor hr-irsy producm! from the 
flowers. 'DDn. 174 ( L00-21. 5-J-27. =?kdekm map r.f rrianjli'-. Siocij :„ f..,,-. sif, jinn IU,,r. 58S (32). 
•Portions of womlarv station-, Ife.K.O:, ^,ec.». Gr,rd Arc. Vai,i?.s ( til-2). 1842, 'DDa. 173 ( 97-102), 
1-8-28. '73 I/I iht. 4480 ft. 'DDn. 173 (133-6), 15-7-29. 



Calcutta I.ongituijtnat, Series 



■2iv.) 



it would he indeed very iinprud ent to risk the instrument or tbo lives of those in attendance 
at the observatory on it, at night or oven in the day, during the high windy months in 
particular, unless a, vory expensive a.tv I bulky soi'j of machinery bo ;':onsLi'UO ted- 
In the case of scaffolding also, while engaged in ni-jflit. observations, it would require Mils 
utmost caution, and even then It- would bo o.vtromoly imprudent, to allow the instrument to 
remain at night on the scaffolding, and. ..to hn.vo I ighfs... blazing, ... so that... when 
is adopted. ..only day observations must be used. ... In this case, as it will bo irnpossibli 
have the stations at- greater distances (■["la/i i.'i miles asunder even in good weather.. .( in tho 
months of March and April it would in; difficult to discern tbo signals at tho distance of 
1.1 miles ), ... it will require many more station to cover I. ho sarin?... country 1 . 

The problem had been forest' en by Blacker in 1S23 [ 185 ] ; 

Many extensive tracts are so dat as to defeat, t.lic principles and instruments of tho Great 
Trigonometrical .S un -e-y, unless at tho moos: reus expense (if erecting numerous artificial points 
to supply the place of nati.ira.l elevation, ft would be idle to enter into any calculation of the 
number which in that case would bo inquired, for thoir height and stability would involve so groat 
a disbursement... thai. ..would many times ewoo.,1 any expense which could. ..bo recommended 2 . 

The extension of triangles, across the last, himdroti miles to Calcutta, was therefore 
a matter for fateful re I'onnais sauce, tor Olliver was determined not to depart from 
Everest's regard for well-shaped triangles; no angle greater than 90° or less than 30°. 
Ros.se nrode and his, reconnaissance party had to abandon 

the tract.. -S.K. of Bauooorah 1 , ... an ostonsive fiat, coverod by an almost hn penetrable forest 
of stately trees. They persevered for several days in that wild tract, infested with tigers, by 
...raising one ladder above another lashed to the tree, until thoy could got to the branches, 
whereby they were n.blo to climb upwards of (ill feet, and after ropeato i disappointments they 
wore induced to abandon it with the conviction that it won Id require to build no less than 80 feet. 
... Tho dread of tigers was such that tho Bengnlose labourers, who hart to attend the party 
with cutting implements, ... would at every rustle of tho dry loaves throw down the ladders, 
and... disperse in all directions. 

Mr. liossenrodo and "Mr. Peyton are now engaged in exploring the tracts bordering on the 
road between Baueoorah and liunlwan for the southern stations, and north of the Damooda 
river for the northern stations, dins tract may be considered an open country, but. ..the 
difficulties to be overcome is still very great owing to tho close-sot villages, and tho lofty trees 
of mango, banian, etc., which surround them present a. formidable obstruction in all directions, 
and which ultimately is to bo uvureonuo only by being able to build oquallv as high as the trees. 

Rossenrode wanted a station at TJhntki 1 , but, writes Olliver, 
though lie constructed a rude stage of 18 feet high ov-or a tank bank 7 feet high, he was 
unable to overtop the trees about tho village, so that. ..it will require to build a.hout 40 foot, 
high or more, or to lop away the branches of the trees, which would in all likelihood annoy 
tho villagers. ... Air. 1'oyton... describes the country to be altogether alarming, ...adding it 
as his firm opinion of tho necessity of resorting to the telegraphs. ... 

I have been obliged to detach the 3rd sub -assi slant, Mr. .Murray Torrick, to select the 
intermediate stations ; ho will have to exploro another very jungly tract, but tho land is lii»h, 
withal ; he will have to clear more than ono eminence before be can bo satisfied in his selection 5 . 

The very next day Olliver had " a vory cheerhig letter " from Rosseirrodo who 
was able to discern the signal (ires blazed at tho stations of liadamadapoor and Dhunsimlah" 
from the tank bank of l>a]kee.,.l>ut...[ these ] stations are on high lands, and the stations for 
which Mr. E. next proceeds. ..will lie in the lint country. ... Mr. .0. assures me that Mr. Peyton's 
appalling description is not- to dishearten him, and I am confident that ho will strenuously 
persevere to attain his object; ho will leave nothing unsifted in any shape that could bo 
devised and, if his absence from tho seem- .if operations happens t" be at a.l! protracted, 
"I shall be utterly at a stand until his lot Lira. He is the main prop, for. ..the work of station 
selecting is the most irksome and the most iielicat.ii part, of trigonometrical, operations'. 

Herbert had suggested making use of the telegraph towers that had been 
recently abandoned. They were laid out in a single line [ 271-2 ]. and might serve 
as stations along the right flank it Olliver swung his series towards them. Olliver 
agreed, but asked for alteration.-; to their superstructure and pointed out that Everest 
would certainly evpoof, the instrument to be on a pillar isolated from the- main walls. 



1 Becbampore, 
7.5M/4. *73 JI/11, 
tho railway, 29 m. ft 



29;DDn. I78( 133 i.i ). -DJ>n. 2(H i 9 ), fta.u Sih, !!U<;kcr. ;>f,-12-a3. "Bankura 
1. XW. of ISueUiai. n DDn. 171! j Ittf-al ). .- 2 3(1. ( -,,.i '... i'. [:..„■„! rl n'U- ■.„' 
:Snknro. *DDn. 173 ( 153-4), 9-2-30. 



264 Calcutta Longitudinal Series & other Tasks 

He asked that the Executive Engineer should make out suitable designs, for he 
himself was "in no-wise versed" in such matters. 

Work pushed steadily forward — liossenrode was now less than 70 miles from 
Calcutta— special mounds and towers were erected at, some places — telegraph towers 
adapted at, others. Olliver reports in August 1830 from Burd wan. whore the party 
sheltered for the rains ; 

Having experienced nmeh imsteadiness in the Jluhdpoor scaffolding, though the posts 
were of whole palmyra I musts', t-hv braees and statiehiuns wore als.i of oalmyra, .1 Mm... of Opinion 
that for the pemiaoont stations scaffoldings are better dispensed with [263 ]. Besides the 
immense labour anrl pains roojiisife for the proper... erecting of them, and tho uncertainty 
of their holding out, ... it is by nn means... either cheaper or expeditions. ... 

I made a trip to final kee v\ iifiv, finding the Id po.-ati, ei of t lie stat Lori to be on a narrow tank. 
bank, too slight for building on, I ventured to alter the position to more firm ground. The 
work of building.. .will bo finished during the continuance of the rains. I shall. ..have to. ..inspect 
the work... thou gl; the only mode of moving at.,, ,ut the country now is to wade, chiefly through 
...inundfil L.-d oadd_\ grounds, and... with elephant c:' palankeen at a creeping pace. ... 

Mosara. Rossrm-odo iind Puy I on iia.ve t^-.( ;il di. ho, I tw» m hyr populous as stai.-i, ins, but owing 
to the formidable tojjos it was not possible to ascertain positively what heights the buddings 
...should... be. ... From.. .their having contrived, by means ei" bamboo scaffoldings, to use their 
theodolites at an elevation of seventy-six feel, above ground, and at that height still unable 
to overtop obstructions, ... the buildings tit both these places will require to boat loast fifty -five 
feet hig 1 1, whilst the rest will have to depend on the lopping eli" of the most conspicuous trees. ... 

With respect to tho enormous exponeo...of the Mahdpoor sea -folding, ... it being a new sort 
of a machinery to the eount.i> arl.ilieer.s, it nas idl to do to keep them to work and, tho posts 
being entire palmyra trunks, it was no easy matter for the artificers to cling to them, and even 
to have the free use of one hand, before tho maelii7iory was. ..perfectly safe, and which roquired 
several days with repeated doing and undoing... before it, could be properly adjusted 2 . 

Most of the 1 i> tower stations were built after Everest's return in October 1830. 
Four of these were adapted from the telegraph towers, one at Nibria, 5 miles 
west of Howrah being still in good condition in 1950, 88 feet high [ 272 n.g ]. All 
field work was completed before tho rains of 1832. 

Olliver's work came in for much criticism later, and the standard of accuracy 
was not, indeed, nearly high enough for such an important link in the great frame 
of triangulation. But blame should not be attributed to Olliver, who was working 
with a most inadequate instrument, and strictly to instructions. So many as 
sixteen of the later meridional chains of triangles were dependent on this longitudinal 
series, which was nearly 700 miles long, and it was eventually found imperative to 
have it entirely re-observed. This did not take place until 1863, and again occupied 
six years. Olliver's work, writes Waugh, 

was executed many years ago with im inefficient 18-inch, altitude and azimuth instrument by 
Cary, of an old pattern [ 259-60 ]. ... The system of observation... was bad. The face of the 
instrument was never reversed [251 ], consequently the angles are all, more or less, affected 
by error of collimation and inclination of axis. ... These errors... appear to h.ive been very 
large, no attempt having been made to oliminate them, ... nor to render their effects nugatory 
by a proper system of observation. ... .No process, short of a thorough revision of the field 
work, can prove perfectly satisfactory. ... 

The Calcutta Longitudinal Series is 071 miles long. and. ..the linear discrepancy at the 
Calcutta Base 3 is 5.255 feet in 6.431 miles. ... 

Observations for azimuth were taken. ..at nearly every alternate station on the north flank, 
or about every decree of longitude apart.. The error; '...of in-.trujoontal adjustment vitiated 
these... excessively, and as tho latitudes... were computed by means of these elements, the 
uiHgnit'jde of the azimutlad errors is in fact the most important defect in the work 4 . 

Dr. Voysey, Geologist to G.T.S., 1818-21 

On the appointment of a geologist to tho Croat Trigonometrical Survey [ 235 ] 

it was particularly stated that his reports on the geology of the country should 

Uformit, palravva palm. a DDn. 174 ( 219 ), 4-8-30. "measured bv Er crest in 1832. 
j 1853, cf. GTS. II I 71 ) A VI, B iii. 



De. Voysey, Geologist to G.T.S. 



265 



keep pace with the work of the surveyor, that attention might be drawn to any- 
thing that might influence geometrical and astronomical observations [254]. In his 
reply to a question as to "how far the operations of your survey are likely to benefit 
from tho geological observations" 1 , Lamb-ton reported that, he was sending Voysey 
to accompany Everest's first serious independent survey [ 229 ] and was 
particularly anxious tbut he should sure: (.-oil Its his gooloirici.il pursuits. The noar alliance of 
that branch of science with our geographical operations is well known to the learned world; 
and the mutual benefits that- must i-iccruo to each other from their advancing hand in hand will, 
t trust, appeiir from the results of our combined labours 2 

Everest's account of this expedition refers frequently to geological details and 
their probable influence both on tri angulation and health 3 . Voysey 's professional 
roport was submitted to Eort William and a box of specimens sent by sea from 
Masulipatam 4 . A year later Lambton submitted a further report from Voysey, 
explaining " what he had already done, and what his ideas are respecting that part 
of the Peninsula through which my meridional operations have teen carried" 5 . 
In this report. Voysey writes that 

since my last report, — dated Juno 24t.h 1320, a wot n pan. i eel by a geological nBp, drawings, etc, 
and followed by a box of specimens, collected end arranged with considerable care, I have made 
...an addition to my geological imp of about- six degrees of latitude and longitude. ... I have 
completed throe barometrical and geological sections, one of which is nearly five hundred 
miles in length, and.. J have sufficient evidence l.o dooido on the rock which is the matrix 
of the diamond, hilherto a desideratum in mineralogy. ... 

A vory important object... lies hi dciormiiitiiy tho cn-uso of those anomalies which sometimes 
occur mtrigonomc'.ntvd opera lions, and which can only bo explained by supposing them to arise 
from concealed disturbing forces, owing to the difference in the specific gravity of the upper, 
lower, or contiguous strata- [ It, 261 ; III, 254 ]. The error in latitude at Arbury Hill in the 
Trigonometrical Survoy of Iceland, supposed lirst of all 60 have arisen from the imperfection of 
observations or of instruments, has smco boeri attributed with great:- probability to the above- 
mentioned cause. The fact is only to be ascertained by a person accustomed to observe the 
maimer iii which si rata of Jiucron.t: i.!cn:-it ic-.; dip, i-hoii- direct. Ion and relation to one another. 
To this object my enquiries and observations have been particularly directed 6 . 

In 1822 Lambton sent him to explore tho country between Agra and Berau 
through which the meridional arc was to be carried [ 236 ] ; 

The season being iv.iw favourable for going round to Calcutta by water, and thence up tha 
Ganges, I havo permitted Mr. Voysey to go by that route ; ... he will have full time to meet 

me at Nagpoor before V prociH'd north from Elliehpoor. ... .1 shall. ..make such arrangements 
that our mutual labours may lie more immediately combined, by applying certain scientific 
investigations of mine to geological purposes. The field for geological science in India is now 
become extensile and interesting, and a man of Mr. Voysey's...talent.s...tuiist- render ids services 
a benefit to his country and an honour to himself. 

At the same time he urged thai Voysey was worthy of more generous terms, 
and recommended, without success, that he should be appointed an assistant 
surveyor, reporting several ocea.sions when he had helped in actual survey'. 

Voysey returned from his expedition in June 182:!, after Lambtons death, and 
submitted to Everest a most useful report on the line from Ellichpm- to Agra [ 243-4 ] . 
He also brought back geologic;! I information that enabled him to extend his section, 
Madras to Ellichpur, northwards through Sirouj to Agra, making it about 1 ,000 miles in 
all. He had now been absent so long from regimental duty that he found himself put 
on half pay-, and Everest pressed again for his appointment as assistant on the survey, 
having afforded great, assistance in taking observations on different occasions. ... As the 
country through which I am about to proceed is one of no ordinary danger and difficulty, ... 
Mr. Voysey, I linow, will never refuse me his assistance when called on, and I will put it to 
your consideration whether Covernmenl. can fairly benefit by Mr. \"ovsey's services without 
giving hirn a salary for the same 8 . 

Government wns however adamant in its refusal, and Voysey sent in his resigna- 
tion, with a summary of his services ; 

1 DDn. 64 ( 73 ), 8-5-18. a DDn. 93 ( 00 ) , 1-fi-lii. B Goo. Everest ( 12-3, 19 ). * Lambton to 

Pub Dept., 11-7 i!0; Dltts. [iUibiel ; re:i-,-t puM. -/AS)!, i I,. jane 1S33 .' 2i)S 3'm ; S!)i ?.( .i*j ). s DDn. 92 
< 1ST i f) -6-21. "ib. I IBS 90), 8-6-21. 'ib.( 331-3 |, 19-6-32. a Dl>n. HI ( 3S0-61 ), 3-10-33. 






266 Calcutta Longitudinal Series & othee. Tasks 

I have completed two principal barometric,; I and geological sections, one extending from 
Bombay to tho mouth of the Godavery, and one from Agra (,o Madias. In addition I have 
completed several minor sections of 3, 4, and 500 miles each, and a geological section of tlio 
try between. Calcutta and Agra. I have consequently I ho materials for making the onlv 
■ -■ — ap of India that has; yet been attempted. 

v five years since I joined the Trigonometrical Survey.. .and during that period 
I have been constantly in my duly, notwithstanding I have been twice subjected to fever 
caught in the jungles on the banks of tho Godavery. I have travelled by land about eight 
thousand miles, and have always been in camps , with (lie exception of few months. ... All mv 
instrii merits ami book- have been purchased tit my own esponce. ... 

I. ..trust that in consideration of ray travelling down the new road from Nagpoor to 
Calcutta 1 , and producing a geological and 1 hi ro metrical seetion of that unexplored country, I 
maybe allowed to draw my present salary of 600 rupees per mensem until I reach Calcutta 1 
which I engage to Ho before the middle of March next 2 . 

With Everest's permission he set out from Takarkhera on 6th January, but he 
never reached Calcutta ; he was struck by fever, and died on the 19th April, two 
marches short of his destination. From the tragic circumstances of his death it was 
a long time before his later professional reports were properly edited and published, 
most of them being collected in the archives of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 
Those of 1819 and 1821 [265] appeared in 1833 or earlier, but it was not till 1841 
that his notebooks were properly examined, and an account of his later professional 
work prepared for publication*. The geological map of 1821 had been sent to 
London, and was sent out to the Society 1844*. Voysey ha.d never been abjeto pre- 
pare the extended map which he had planned. 

Markham records that he was 
one of the earliest writers on the rooks of tho Deeean. Ho explored the Naila- Alalia mountains 
between Cummum in Cuddapah and Amrabad north of the Kistnah, and wrote an interesting 
account of the diamond mines in southern India 5 . He also wrote papers on the buildine 
stones of Agra, and on petrified .shells in the Taptce valley. 

Other Geological Surveys, 1817-28 

A few months after his move to Calcutta, and after the announcement of Voysey's 
appointment to Lambton's survey. Mackenzie writes to Riddell ; 

Geology is the great fashion here now. Three or four eminont geologists & naturalists 
have arrived in tho course of thes« IS months; one very lately from Franco [Do Vaucol], who ia 
the precursor of the celebrated Humboldt [44 11.5 ] who is expected out next year. 

My collection of minerals and stones proved more valuable than 1 even supposed myself. 
There are two chests n{ them, & I have had a Dr. Voysoy attending horo for some time arrang- 
ing and classing them, & selecting specimens for 3 or ■! other collectors 8 . 

From early days there had been legends about the mineral wealth of the Himalaya 
mountains, and in 1817 a special geologist was attached to Webb's survey in 
Kumaun.. Lord Moira, Governor Genernl. took special interest ; 

Mr. Laidlaw has come out. ..by permission of the Court of Directors, specially... to seel; employ- 
ment, as a mineralogist, or as an investigator of any othor branch of natural history. ... 

The Court must have naturally trusted that wo should not fail to employ him if any return 
commensurate to the expense should present itself. ... The probability of great advantage 
from resell relies... by ;i person so qualified as Mr. Laid law is clear enough. ... 

We have been duly sensible of the want of professional enquiry into the mineral produce 
■of the hill country lately acquired by us. The remedy now offers itself. I therefore propose 
that Mr. Laidlaw be engaged for 11. fixed term at a monthly salary of 600 rupees, exclusive of 
his travelling expences 7 , ...and that lie be attached to Lieutenant Webb for the purpose of 
■seeking indications of metallic veins in the tracts which that, officer is surveying. 

To copper or iron I would not point Mr. Lai, Haw's attention, as T think the working either 
■might injuriously effect important articles of British export 9 . 

■SiiiveytdbyJ.N- Jackson [27-8]. »DBn. 171 (134-5), 1-1-24 ; of. GTS. 1 ( sxxivl. 'JA8B X 
1841 (4-15); Xt. IS-l2(So4, H'.fl); XII i, LS4I 1 x]h . SXi-iV ) . VDto balia ( I'nlj ), 1-11 H ; CD to \<B.' 
27-1-44; it C011M net he i-'ai.t >.■;<- II;..: centciKiry chilvtina :,l'th'-('!c\il.Svv.f,f Jan. fS;il. \b,r|;ham [ 2(17] 
'JiRXT. 1825 ( 120 sfsf 7 ). 6 DDn. liifi( 327), 1II-2-1S. 'S»mt s;o.,rc ;l- Vr. rJ , y - | „ ;s , ., 6S 1 aTh '; 
bad old days ! DDn. 133 f IS!) 201 ), (i-fi-17. 



Other Geological Surveys 267 

In accepting the appointment .Laidlaw asked for suitable chemicals and a.pparat us 
for mineral analysis, besides a few simple survey instruments ; 

I am far from sayinji laiat ever; tiling 1 have mentioned is absolutely indispensable ; on the 
contrary, ... 1 miglit even tie cori'o;.-t in my investij;a(,ions without coy apparatus at all ; but 
it is surely "better to be provided with the means of enforcing *noh success than to have it 
dependent on the chance of favorable eireuro stances 1 . 

He joined Webb during February 1818 and almost at once went off on his 
independent researches, and for the next, two years not only made no effort to 
co-operate with Webb, but persistently failed to report his proceedings. After 
twelve months lie was warned that if he did not furnish 

a satisfactory explanation of the delay by r^fcirn of post, on lers would be issued fa 1 the stoppage 
of his allowances. A pori", [of tin 1 ' months having elapse, i.-.w rthout communication, ... orders 
were transmitted on the 1 3th May 1 811) to the Commissi oner in Kumaon fur discontinuing 
the payment of Mr. I.aidlaw's allowances, of which Mr. Laidlaw was duly informed 3 . 

No reply was received, except for a refusal to hand in his instruments to Webb. 
He was dismissed and the Directors considered his conduct 

so highly objectionable mid improper thai.- ce... direct thai, that gentleman bo not ataxia employed 
in any public capacity under your Government, nor allowed to remain longer in India than 
may be necessary for him to prepare for his voyage home. The period for which he had our 
permission to reside in India being already expired 3 . 

Laidlaw ignored these orders, and continued to live in Kumaim where he died 
in 1836 [367]. No information has been found about his work even in Herbert's 
reports [268-9], aiui ^ L * not known how Harkham learned that " he was a very 
able man, and is said to have been badly treated" 4 . 

Towards the end of 1819, Sir John Malcolm, who was in political charge of 
Malwa where he had employed a number of officers on survey and mapping, recom- 
mended that Frederick Da.ngeilield should he put on special duty to make a general 
survey of the resources of that country [ 123 ] ; 

Iron ore of good quality , and, ..copper, abounds in these tracts. ... The survey of Maiwa... 
should be combined with a complete statistical and scientific account, embracing its peoples, 
manners, customs, and village rights; its v-egf-table productions, manufactures, mineralogy, 
geology, and natural history in every point. ... Captain Daugoriie Id... proceeds in the end of 
December upon a survey of the opium produce of Malwa, ... which should include the filling 
up the blanks left, in our gco graphical labours, the completion of our siatistical papers, and 
an account, as minute as could be made, of the mineral and vegetable productions. ... 

If my suggestions bo adopted, 1 will so launch this survey that it shall at an early period 
make a return more than adequate to the expenditure 8 . 

Dangerficld took the work up with enthusiasm, but early in 1821 was sent 
down to Bombay to recover his health. With his own map of Glabra Malcolm sent in 

a geological sketch from Captain .Hanger field*. ... His health, which had been much broken 
by his unremitted exertions during the last three years, compels him to proceed to the Sea 
coast, but he will on his journey to Bombay, mid after his arrival at that, place, continue to 
complete the index of towns and villages of Malwa., and... arrange for transmission to Calcutta, 
if desired, the great variety of geological specimen* which he has collected. ... The completion 
of this task cannot be expected before the end of May or April [ 84, 123 ]. ... 

To complete the geological investigation of.. .this part of the peninsula— ...with correct 
astronomical observations of latitudes and longitudes — ... with remarks on the different levels 
of the country, as well as the larger features of its geography — I know of no person more qualified 
than Captain Danger9eld. ... "The accurate investigation of the teak forests iu the valley 
Of the Nerbuddah.-.I deem an object of some consequence [ II, 16S ]'. 

Dangerfiekl was, however, granted nine months leave on medical certificate, and 
sent on a sea. voyage, being allowed to accompany Crawford's mission to Siam 
and Cochin China. The Surveyor General meanwhile strongly recommended that 
on his return he should take rip the geological survey that had been entrusted, 
-without result, to Laidlaw ; 

'DDn. 141 (309), 3-7-17. »BBa. 145 (347 ), 11-8-30. s CDto B., Mil., 29-10-23 ( 17 | ; DDn. 

205 ( 48 ); BPC. 14-9-86 < IS ). 'Markham ( 207n.l ). =DD:i. 14a { 1 ), 25 II lit 'Dr-nger-lkld'e report 
pub 1823 in Malcolm's Central India. 11 ( 320 ) ; Markhara (208 ). 'DDn. 191 ( 101-8), 10-2-21. 



268 Calcutta Longitudinal Series & other Tasks 

Captain Danger field's wish is, when he shall return from the expedition to the eastern 
islands, ... to make mineraloLnce.l and gcolngfcaf enquiries and survey; in the mountains and to 
collect facts...respecting the structure of the mountains and the earth. ... The enquiries have 
not indeed been neglected ; ... Mr. Laidlaw was sent to the Kumaoou mountains i>o make such, 
hut how he has fulfilled what was expected from him I do not know. 

On the Gurhwatl survey also [ 35-S ], Lieutenant Herbert and myself directed some notice 
to the subject, but since I left the mountains,- that officer has made it very extensive and valu- 
able collection of the mineral;, fossils, and specimens of the various rocks composing the 
different chair, of mountains, and he has also attained to a very respectable knowledge of the 
theories of geology, or geognosy, from books. ... Indeed, ... I have hopes that the information 
ho can afford...will be valuable, and probably more so than that of Mr. Laidlaw who, though 
sent to this country as a person of skill in thfit particular line, does not appear to have had the 
advantage of liberal education, -and, though in some points he may be able to describe the 
minerals more accurately than Lieutenant Herbert, the latter must have srruatlv tho advantage in 
taking a general view of the subject, and in describing the specimens, and^ what is of great 
consequence, being able to shew clearly and in good Language the- heights, the positions, and 
every particular of the ranges of mountains from which he selected them 1 . 

Dangerfield'K appointment was sanctioned, his allowances being fixed at "rupees 
1,000 per month, in addition to the pay and full regimental allowances of his rank", 
considerably more generous than Voysey's lis GOO [ 266, 326 ]. Aa it turned out, how- 
ever, lie preferred the opium department in llalwu, 3 , and in February 1823 Herbert 
was appointed "to conduct the Geological Survey of the Himalaya Mountains"*. 
In July of the same year James Maiison was appointed his assistant*, and stayed 
till the survey wss closed in 1828. 

Herbert started work in January 1824, and submitted his first, and incomplete, 
report with a geological map 5 30th November 1826 ; 

Mineralogies 1 Survey of the Himalaya Hoi m tains lying between the rivers Sutlej and Kalee; 
Illustrated by a Geological Map; by Cap t. ,1". D. Herbert. Superintendent. With 12 lar^e 
coloured views of mountain scenery and descriptions by Captain J. Manson, Assistant 8 . 

Geology as a science [ write? Herbert ] has not yet attracted in India that attention which 
its importance merits, and it would be futile in me to deny that till selected for this duty I 
had but a slender acquaintance with the subject. While exploring., .this tract, I have been, in 
reality studying the principles of that science, an advantage in-as-much-as I may hope to have 
escaped the trammels of system. 

Though in some directions the survey had proved disappointing, 
in the Copper, Lead, and .Iron, however, in which the province abounds, may bo found a more 
tangible, as well as more productive, source of wealth. It is certain that the former metal 
exists in very considerable quantity, and for the iron nothing is wanting but a proper system 
of management to render it superior to that of 'Bugta nd. Graphite, a substance of considerable 
value, lias been, discovered 7 . 

The report and map were produced as a special supplement So. 126 with the 
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bunc/al 1842* : which also contains an account of 
Herbert's last tour through Kumaim bfitween November 1827 and January 1828 s . 
In June 1828 lie slatted back to Calcutta to resume duty in the Surveyor General's 
ofB.ee [310 ]. 

This minera logical report had been the concluding part of Herbert's rough 
draft, the rest of which he had never written up, being interrupted by ill-health 
and his transfer to Calcutta and then to Lucknow where he died. His geological 
specimens lay in the museum of the Asiatic Society until the Curator opened them 
up some years later, but found " not a line of catalogue, journal, or note ". After 
much correspondence, five volumes ofnoi.es and journals wero discovered at Almora. 
Two were neat and legible and, writes Batten from Almora 10 , described a tour 

'SG. to Goth, 27-9-21 ; DDn. 96 ( 105). = He married at Penang in Mav 1823. *£GC 27-2-"3 ■ 
DDn. 203(- r >J- 'Herbert !iad m. Miee-an'* sister in April ISiS. i)b date:! 1*2(1, 16 ru to inch - 

copied SGO. VVa. 1527 : fr,..n Hutlr-j to K;,li, S.^od on jvvs. 1S1S-22 ■ pis. ,. ii | : pahd. J 1SR. XIII 1*4 
(ap,.,.v 17 1}. "O.i^m.l .!<■)■.:■.■.■' ..t XA!., II.. :! ,, ; [i...|,t. Mis,-, vol. 1ST A : .Is I/.XYIU. BUT. i ( 227 ' e i, e/ , - 
J ABB. XI, IS42. j.iii'l 12ii I i-^sm ). 'Cupper ;l! id ir.,n ,„,t. Arorkaiilt- in Kiimanr, : fi";ir-ard & Havrlen 

( 354-356 )■ "hut nut noted hy Boi-rardi Uavdirn. J ASS. XL 1S12 ; XII 1. IS-U i 171, 734). 'Cony of 
Report to Director. niidfL- B to CD. 1-2-27: KM. Ail;-;. MS. U:isl. .;„.„:,, -:,;,., mi) D ... ' u.tnini Uill-r- BeW 
f 1S11-801. BCS. :.ssr. Gamnr., Knnuum, c. lS35-t5. 



Other Geological Surveys 



269 



to the lovssr raa.sos of Sirmoor and tint low country and ijiils sil.KKU.-.Koopur, below tho 
Soobathoo inouiil-ait.s, to tho 'l.'enii tvwt of tin.- .1 n renin bolangto^ to (ho 8;th;iritnpore Zillah, to 
the Dehra Doors, aiiil i.l:t.:n erocsini: [ he i.iao^o- alooi: tho o<li:o 01 the I'.ijmiro and Moradabad. 
and Pilibtioet Tcrai, to that of Kumaon, ... and thonce to Almorah. 

Capt. Herbert stay od at Almorah a whohi Hummer and recorded observations. Thanes 
his journal shows his tour... toward* tho .Ii.iw.iiB! f'Eiss...and the snowy range. ... Before 
ronchiiiii Mo I in;] I loriiori foil ill, ami his journal ends. ... 

Three other volumes of ms — are all hadiy written, and parts of them very obscure. ... 
Nobody at Calcutta cue. possibly interpret tho volume. ... I therefore propose to edit it 
myself. ... James l'ruwep gave up the i ask .in despair. This volume also contains Captain 
Sanson's continuation. ..to Meltiin, and hack over the hills to Almorah. In its present state 
I defy anyone who has not been at every plnco namod to doeypher the word 3 and fill up the 
gaps caused by moths and white ants 1 . 

Batten thou describes Herbert's final tour to Dohra — through the Dim — across 
the Jumna to Kalsi — into the hills through Jaunsar and Jubbal to the Eorendro 
Pass — down the Pabar River to the Tons — and ba.ck to Dehra over tho Mussoorio 
range. From here he closed work and started his journey down to Calcutta. "I 
do not think " writes Batten " that anything very novel will be brought to light 
by the journal ". Of another rough journal the museum Curator writes ; 

From a cursory examination...! congratulate tho (Society very sinoeroly upon the amount 
of geological and mineral ogieal knowledge ; ... if we can but connect Captain Herbert's 
complicated system of numbers 2 . 

Amongst other report* about minerals is one from Grant, in Moulmein; [199] ; 

I received son.*.: specimens of lead 'ire brought from near Youn-Zolune. It is found ia 
the bed of the creek which, having its source near that town, falls into the (Halween about 
10' or 15' above Miang 3 . The mineral is said to bo very abundant, and yield from 30 to 40 per 
cent. These ores were not worked by tho Uurmcso Govorumont, and it, was certain death even 
to be found in the act of seeing it. It is not therefore an easy matter to procure specimens of 
minerals from opposite banks. The dread inspired by former tyranny still paralyses the 
natural bias of industry. To the same cause we may ascribe the ignorance of the people 
regarding tho mineral richer of tho district. ... 

Tho ore has been worked by Oojna ( a chief in rebellion ) for some time past, but I suspect 
it is not for the .sake of the lead alone. The carriers [ Karens ? J ai-o the proper people from 
whom to obtain ores, but they art) said to be a vory un^coomodating people. 

In March the carriers [ t ] come down with the productions of their country, consisting 
chieilv of was, honey, ivory, oil of so^saneuri. etc.. and rnoeive in fixohangn the manufactures 
of England, India, and China 4 . 

It was not until 1851 that the regular department of Geological Survey was 
founded under Thomas Oldham. 



1 i 






Visual Telegraph 1817-28 5 

The normal means of postal communication in India was by postrnnners, 
clad in a loin -cloth, carrying a light bundle of letters fastened with a few jingling 
bells to a short spear sloped over the shoulders. Such men run to this very day, 
sometimes singly, but in jungle country more often in pairs. Dab was laid in regular 
stages, each stage Having its regular runners passing to and fro at a steady jog-trot. 
Stages were about eight miles each, and post travelled up to seventy miles a day 
rj .303]. The "Blnmgy Dawk", or parcels post, the runner's springy staff bearing 
a load at each end, was a less speedy business. 

In 1813 William Boyce, of Bombay 6 , put forward a scheme for establishing 
lines of telegraph signals from one end of India to another. Such lines had been 
successful in Europe for the rapid despatch of messages over long distances. In 
recommending these proposals, the Bombay Government remarked that 

' from Batten, B-g-48 ; JASB, 33, 1842 (583-4). sfrom Curator, 31-5-42 ib. (fi03); Herbert's 

Journal* f'd bv B.uk'ii ; J ASH. XI1.1. , 1*44 { 7:14 >! ■«»>/). 3 Yun™!in, joins S.-.l hv n, !H GUI. 'HT>n„ 

22! ( ^9 !, tent's Report, or Tsuiasserim ; 1827. s MUG. l'r„. r . XXVII, 19,>(> ( 78-85 ). • Wm. Boyce 

arrd. as "free mie'iuer" licf.n-f 1S05, vh'-o he '."-L |i— nf-->-=c.-f.l the- iuli-griip!) : '"keepsu- of the Bo-nbay Tavern"^ 
1813; ro., Bombav. 4 :!-f)7, Mr.-. Mary Ann Savacc, wirlrnv ; partner of firm Boyoe, Kemp & Co. 1819 ( 1 }." 






Calcutta Longitudinal Series & other Tasks 



a roan better qualified than Mr. .Boyce (o superintend the- establishment eould hardly be found. 
He was for some yoars employed under a very enlightened man, .Mr. Edgeworth 1 , in the 
management of the i.elt-j'i-aph^ in Ireland. 

Boyce himself records that 
the first modern, telegraph that... attracted any notice was 1.1 10 one.. .submitted to the Committee 
of Public Safety in Paris hi 1793 by Monsieur Ohappo-, and is.. .in general use throughout the 
French dominions. Tho next, is that... invented by I.ori.l Ceorgo Murray 3 about the same time 
and is... established oinng the coasts of Kngland. 

He had himself been employed as land surveyor under Edgeworth on the 
erection of telegraphs round the coast of Ireland after 1803. He described the 
immense advantage that (,'happe's system gave to Napoleon. His own system was 
to be an improvement on that used by Edgeworth, worked by the display of large 
triangular vanes in seven different combinations ; 

The machinery is so simple as to be nerfecfiy manageable to a boy of ten years old. ... 
Mr. Edgeworth's system worked with stations twenty miles apart. A message requiring 6 
hours of time by Lord fleor^o Murray'!': '.•do-^ro [ .h could be managed with Mr. EdgewortJi'a 
in 33 minutes. ... I have effected improvements... which render it infinitely superior to any 
telegraph whatever. ... When tin overland dispatch arrived or any news of importance by 
pea, it eould be coinnrani rated to she Supremo Government in half an hour, and an answer 
received back in. the next half hour 4 . 

The Supreme Government was interested, but asked for reports on the lines to be 
traversed and the number of stations required ; they pointed out the danger from 
plunderers such as pind'iris to whose attacks the posts would be particularly vulner- 
able. The Surveyor General was consulted. Boyce had proposed two routes ; the 
first from Bombay via Poona-Hyderab fu! -.Ell.ore Cuitack to Calcutta., 75 stations ; 
the second, from Bombay along the west; coast to Manga I ore, and then vi 
patani and Bangalore to Madias, 13a .stations. Mackenzie was critical ; 

Whilst I have the highest, opinion of the ^reat .-air:eri"i'iiy of Mr. lioyce's telegraph over 
ony other.. .of the same kind, and al-jo duly MeLiiowl.;dc;o the numberless advantages that 
would accrue from his plans, ... yet I cannot help t3iffering.„when he proposes to commence 
the towers without, having the whole extent of the country examined by a skilful engineer. 
... I do not think with him that the building of wooden houses... would answer, as they would bo 
so liable to Sttcb rapid decay, hoc only from the.. .climate, but also from, ..the white ants. 

With respect of the number of towers required, .1 do not think it could ever be even guessed 
at, for, as the u.'lesjrvaphii.' part of the tower is only about ifi or 17 feet high, when a jungle 
tract- was to be got through, they could not see each other at a furlong's distance. ... 

Mr. Boyce... has... over looked some, obstacle-; that, bad. lie travelled much in the peninsula, 
he would have found very difficult to overcome. ... First... the Pindarics, or any other lawless 
tribes ; for, although the towers may be musquet, proof, ami sufficiently strong to prevent the 
tower being carried by force, yet how are they to procure water or provisions ? If the tower 
must bo protected, then only one man can go on this errand, whose fate eould be easily guessed. 
... In many places.. .the distance from any supplies and , what would be still worse, not being 
able to procure water, or of its proving bad, would prove. ..very difficult to overcome. ... In the 
most of these jungles it would often happen... that. ..the whole complement of men would be... 
all down with fever-; at the same time 6 . 

In August 1817 a committee was appointed to investigate the possibility "of 
establishing an experimental telegraphic communication between Fort William and 
Nagpore", and to report on the value of extending such a line if it proved successful. 
Mackenzie, as Surveyor General, was appointed president, with the Adjutant General, 
the Quartermaster General, and other military officers, as members. Amongst the 
many officers consulted by the committee was Lanibton, who discussed at length tho 
proposal ami the possible lines. 

The committee then obtained the appointment of George Everest, with Ferguson 
jis assistant, to survey a line from Calcutta to Clranar, and select sites for the 
towers taking the general line of Ranken's road [ I, 38 ]. A line following the 

'Richard Lovdl rM^-worth ( 1 7-14- 1 S 1 7 ), l.lNB. , " bd to invent a plan fur tekyriLuhiiig by the desire 
to know the result of a. race at Newmarket". -Clonic I'aipiH- 1 I 7>m- ■ 1 SO.", j . d-nwT.cd Iiim-cl! in well of his 
■workshop; model .f teli-i.'r:n>ii Kl"Sl . ma'-mm, Whitehall, 1: xln.. lie 70. 3 ( l7e]-lSu3 i, Dn. of Teiwraphs 
Admiralty, 17<!(5. Bishop of St. Davids ISO] . ' letter of ti— 12- 13; B Pol ('.4-3-14(9) =DDn !43 

( 73-."), 20-6-1*. 



Visual Telegraph 



Ganges was recognized as iin practicable 1 . Everest's survey iiad reached Sherghati 
by the middle of February ISIS; 

His distances average nearly iU ruileri. but, an a great, portion of the country. ..is covered with 
thick forest, that average may bo i-iinsujurrfj rather iow. and. in tact, the distances. ..since he has 
reached the open country have occasionally been as high us 12 and 13 miles. 

The surveyors were furnished with the common achromatic telescopes generally used by 
military men in the trenches or in reconnoitring parties. ... These... a re... insufficient for a greater 
distance than 7 miles in the low wooded country, and somewhat mora on the open plains. ... 
On One occasion where two of Captain .Everest's stations were seoarafed by an uninterrupted 
valley of something more than 13 mii* in b.readi b. a telescope oi" the power of It afforded him 
a distinct view of the telegraphic spheres during eight hours of the day. ... 

The height of the telegraphs is calculated whh reference to the curvature of the earth, 
but in open countries it is endeavoured to give them an elevation, by means of isolated hills 
or otherwise, which will prevent the visual hue from approaching nearer than 30 feet to the 
surface of the ground. In flat wooded country, however, that lice lias hitherto been nearly 
a tangent to the general curve f crowd by the intervening foliage 3 . 

The survey reached Ohmiar in May, imd Everest, sent Lamb ton a long account; 

The land between Calcutta and Burdwun is fiat and swampy : highly fertile and. populous 
and studded everywhere with villages in which there are almost- always found trees rising to 
a great height, and obstructing the view. An observer standing en the ground would... never 
be able to extend his prospect beyond 5 miles, and very seldom beyond three miles in any 
direction, and it has not been uncommon to raise a nkitform of 70 feet, in order to view an 
object of 90 feet in height at the distance of S miles. 

The whole tract ^...peculiarly ill-calculated tor iciorrraphi.! wmiiiuoioution, from there 
being scarcely any rising grounds, either natural or artificial, so that the edifice must be 
raised from the grouiid, and the only plan. ..was to place ladders upon some ioftv- and strong- 
limbed tree, and ascend... to a small bamboo framework ra i.scd to the heigh:'' o.-euhi;d [ 264 1, 

After reaching Rankoorah [ 263 ], which is about 100 miles from Calcutta, the face of the 
country is divided into uplands and valleys, and about 20 miles farther westward we enter 
upon a wide extended plain, in which arc several isolated hillocks and hills, a! most approaching 
to the siso of mountains. ... 2,000 feet is far too great for telegraphic purpose.-! because the 
telegraph being a dark coloured object requires a light, background ; in this part of the line 
therefore, the eminences of 000 and 100 feet, have sen era Uy been chosen. ... 

After passing Chass 3 , ...the very rapid rise in the land Lakes place which continues to 
Hazaribaug, the most elevated part of the new road. The peaks of Tarasttath are visible 
through nearly .1.00 miles of the new road in clear weather, and the telegram! post winch is 
nearest to the mountain is 10 miles... .from the summit. ... 

.on a rock. ... The telegraph posts to the westward. ..have been taken 
s of mud forts, or such other mounds as were in farmer days used... 



The fort of Ohnna-r is 
up principally or 
for protection agi 

I look forward. ..to the arrival of the. Trigonometrical Survey i 



and particularly in the plai 
required, and the atmosphere is 
view may be extended, to 33 o 
There is a peculiar vapour 
than 100 feet, ... and causes Si 
magnifying powers are of little 



this part of the country. 



westward of Sheergatti, for no artificial elevation will be 
exceedingly clear '.hiring the greater part of the year that the 
; miles, or even to a greater distance, without difficulty. ... 
the hot weather which affects the atmosphere at a. less height 
greata divergency in the rays of light . 1 hat telescopes of large 
1, and in such situatlon-s the telegraph distances have seldom 



u the hdly tracts IS miles has not. been too great. 

1 measured. ..by taking the contained 
angle between one telegraph and any eonspieuous object. Tims the mountain of Parasnaut. 
■which presents several remarkable peaks, was used to determine the distances between 6 
different sites, and...a rough approximation was obtained which, was somewhat, better than 
perambulator measurement. ... There were many occasions where. ..i' ic perambulator... became 
the only resource. The survey in fact has been a very rough one, and differs only from the 
generality of the route surveys in there being always an opportunity offered of seeing from one 
end to the other of each Telegraph line, and thus obtaining the general direction 4 . 

The survey wag closed down on 16th October 1818 when Everest leftCInmar to 
join Lambton at Hyderabad 5 ,. [ 227, 352-3 ]. Temporary signal stations had been 



1 "BGO. 21 -10-17. 'hem Teltigr.ir.ti On re. to hinihtmi : 215-2-IS ; DDn. 91 1 157 
!S of W. sheets survcv "ii.h t.cldriioh -„v~. 1IKIO. Si .' ;;7-9't ; Everest to ham! 
91 (163-70]. "fiCO. 11-1.0-lH ; DDn. 64 (71). 



3 Chris., 73 1/2. 



272 



Calcutta Longitudinal Series & other Tasks 



ey was going on, and experimental signalling started, but this 



erected whilst the s 

also was closer! down : 

As the survey of the whole line from Fort U'iliiain to Chunar appears to be completed, 
and the temporary erection of telegraphs on the point of being finished, the appointment 
of Captain Everest and Lieutenant Ferguson, of Messrs, MeRitchie and Leake, and of Richard 
Wyatt 1 , and generally all situations created for... surveying the road and putting up the stations 
in the first staye of the experiment. may.. .stand abolished from the loth proximo 2 . 

In June IS20, Ferguson was ap|iointed assistant to William i.'layfair 3 , "employed 
on construction of the telegraph towers on tiie Dew military road" [ II, 312 } for a 
period of about 18 months. The post of Superintendent of Telegraphs was then 
held by— Henry Gilbert-Cooper 1 1S22 to 182!— Charles Weston f if 4^4 "I from 1824 
till his death in May 1828. 

The lino consisted of 45 stations each manned by 5 to 7 tindals and cossids on 
pay amounting to F*s. 092 a month. By November 1827 messages were being 
regularly transmitted between Calcutta and Chunar. A typical one despatched 
from Chunar at noon reached Calcutta within an hour, and its reply reached Chunar 
before 5 p.m. Messages were passing daily, and it was rare for one to be unintelli- 
gible 5 . Among the difficulties recorded are 

clouds of dust along the whole line of the Benares road. ... The want of a second telescope, 
...and the necessity of turning it perpetually from one aide to another in a confined crowded 
room, which frequently breaks and injures the telescope 6 . 

Expenditure between 1810 and 182S came to nearly five lakhs of rupees, and in 
a minute of 15th April 1828 Sir Charles Metcalfe, the Homo Secretary, recom- 
mended its abolition as being not worth the expense, and on receipt of an estimate 
that future expense might reach Rs. 2000 a month, the Governor General in Council 
agreed, as there "seems little to set against the expenditure beyond the early grati- 
fication of curiosity". The service was accordingly brought* to a close from 1st 
September, though left on a caretaker basis until 1S30". and the Directors unkindly 
reminded the Bengal Government that on first hearing of the project they had 
" great doubt as to its practical value*. 

as the decision to abandon these towers For telegraph purposes that made 
them available for Ollivers triangulation [ 263-4 ]■ Tliey were substantially built 
of brick, and one of them was still standing in 1930 [ 264']*. 

The electric telegraph was not introduced into India until 1851. 



Natural History 

Natural History was still one of the sections on which the Madras surveyors had 
to report in their district memoirs, though since the Mysore survey botany and 
zoology were no longer responsibilities of the Surveyor General [ II, 113-5 ]. 
Mackenzie however notices a double-headed snake in Madras, and Hodgson and 
Herbert report on Himalayan flora. Both these subjects were normally left to the 
Company's medical officers, several of whom became superintendents of the 
collections at Alipore and Sibpur 10 . 

Several distinguished Frenchmen -were working in India at this period. Mackenzie 
was interested in Le Chenault at Pondicherry, whilst Baron Georges Cnvier of the 
Paris Museum sent out a succession of keen yonmi naturalists, amongst, whom were 
Alfred Duvaueel, Pierre Diard, and Victor Jaequemont 11 . 

Duvaucel was born about 1793, and married a step -daughter of Baron Cuvier. Appointed 
naturalist to the King in 1817. Reached Calcutta ISIS, and his help in examining museum 



' John ikitio-'iu:, :ir-,i. Calcutta, a !rt>t> mcrc/h. 1R14 ; a Riciid. H'vatt. m.. in Bfn2.1l. :! -9-<w Miss Rita. 
Rosebloom. -CMC. Uli-ti-lM; l>l)n. 133 1 V,W K«. ;. ■< W.„. I >.ivkis:,ii Havlair ,■ I7S3 isr,2 } ■ Ben Inf ■ 

Supt. Mil. Ruaii,. ISI3-S: fiiri. Feb. lSil-i'-l, ' Hi'sirv \;.dv;ivl Hilla-rl-i '..' LT .' 17SI 1H3I )• Ben lnf 

»BFC. 17-1-2S(7((.-81 ) 22-,>-2S ( .13 > ■ i-'J-ii \ »-- : \. Msn.'. L-.r.-liS (53). ' ■■' Bi'C. 7-S-2s'f S.i ) B tci 
CD., Pub., 2T-1-S(> i m\-<M ) - Sk.:t.:.l, of 3 dLlter.-,.! lines. Fi Win. to Rankle -S S ^S MIUO >1 1 li 1 
"CDtoB. 14-1 [-32 ( 70 ). » Xibria TH. near Uahiari dlbsi-. lk,™l> di,t. : irm.T suiin^*! nmv c>llap4'l 
'•Roxburgh 1 I, 105. j ; Ba.el,a.na.„ [ II, :i S 4 1 ; Wal Ix'h [ I! !. .jS „.!• ]. "Small 
e quotations. 



Natural History 273 

specimens win ackuuw !ei lited b\ the A^i.i.rii.: Society. Met Diiird and Voyriey in Calcutta [ 266 ], 
and in Decern be 1' accompanied Diaul to the >Sunda Is. Returned to C bander nagore 1820, 
and in July 1S2 J left i\n- Sylhet to extend his 7.00 logical collections into the Khsisi & Jaintia 
Hills. He returned with a fever from which, he never fully recovered, and died a.t Madras in 
August 1S24, Contributed several papers to the Asiatic Society 1 , besides stuffed birds and 
snakes in spirits. 

i bom at Chateau de Lahrosso, [mire et Loire, tilth March 1793. 
in Calcutta in ISIS [sii/j]: with J'luvaucei to the eastern islands. 
and then spent several years in Cochin China, where lie met, George Gibson, with whom he 
exchanged eeoyia|.hiral information [ 79-S0]. Aft«r many adventures he settled in Malacca. 
He died on itith t'ebi uary ISC3 at Djatti, a few miles from Batavia in -lava, poisoned whilst 
Preserving his spoL-iuiens uf strange animals". 

Jacquemonr- was born at Paris on (1th August 1801. ami sent out to India by the Museum of 
Natural History. Reaching Calcutta in May 1820, travelled through Upper India, visiting in 
particular Bundelkhand — Detira Dun — Simla -and Kashmir. A young man of great charm,. 
was welcomed by both British ami Indians wherever lie went. Was un enthusiastic scientist.,, 
and collected at: immense volume of information and new material, chiefly botanical. 

He is veil known for the Journal rriin/Jrt tin voyage de V. Jacqucmont, avee lex dcHCri-ptions 
soolog-iques et botnniqnes, pub. 1835. Some of his correspondence was translated into English 
in 1S34, and published tinder the title of Lrtt'.-rx from- India. Throughout his writings he 
makes constant reference to maps and surveyors, sometimes critical, often most appreciative. 

Like Duvaucei. his health was shattered by bis warn termers, and he died at Bombay in. 
en 7th December 1S32. 



Meteorological s s Bit v at ion s 

The keeping of daily meteorological observations,, both in held and office, had. 
long been a subsidiary duty of all surveyors, and many of them took a keen interest 
in maintaining their records. 

Pearse had recorded detailed observations at Fort William from 1773 to 1776- 
[ I, 361-2 ]. Colebrooke kept observations for over three- months in Calcutta during 
1787 [ I, 327 ]. Patrick Gerard kept regular observations at Habatlm and Kotgarh 
from about 1816 to 1S23. Hardwicko. the botanist, sent Webb a copy of his journal 
in 1818, kept whilst commanding the Artillery" at Dura 'Dura [205]. 

Blacker was particularly interested iti taking regular barometer observations at 
Calcutta for assisting field surveyors with correspondent observations. He started, 
a regular meteorological observatory from 1st April 1825. with a register entered 
four times a day with reading of barometer — thermometer — hygrometer— ombro- 
meter -anemometer and photometer 4 . In I H- it, in return for a. copy of this register 
sent to the Literary Society of Bombay. Thomas Jervis sent a copy of the one which. 
his brother George had kej.it at the Engineer Institution 5 . 

In 1830 the Surveyor General got a monthly allowance of Rs 10 for Iris draughts- 
man, W. H. Scott, for charge of the instruments and .for faking their daily readings 6 . 
Again in 1S30, he was diroctod to issue a complete set of inel.eo re logical instruments to 
Mr. Assistant Surgeon Rhodes, who is about to proceed to the savwtorium in the Cossya Hills. 
[ Cherrapunji J', wit h the refjiiisito inst.ru men rs tor observing a ltd registering too pressure and 
temperature of the ;;l.trv>sphere, together with blank forms of a meteorological journal, and 
such instructions as you deem necessary 8 . 

>AsH. XtV(471-5) XV (157-162); ,4s J. XIX. March lS:i<3 ( 262) ; /.4S£. VII, Aug. 1S38 (734-5). 
= Fmla.yson'« .Um-wi m Sium and Hu<; Lomlo-i. Lsili ( ;ii>7 <:, \ ■ H-i.ii.-fin ■.'<■? Amis, in Vi-ia Hie-. 1»35 (51-5). 
3 MR 1.0. V .v.* ■ • V J-l-s. -ni>e. -2!!4( is ... \v :i 1:1. a JASBJ(23-33),Suniniajyof meteori. obsns. 
atSGO. 1S29-3U. : Hi", ft. ahure sen ; io-cr.u:,- rajrd.al; i-n indies: mil. *■ nrdvnuni till' 1.SS4. » B Pol C- 






CHAPTER XIX 



MAPS & MAP MAKTXG 



Bengal — Madras — Bombay — General J 



s of India — A Ua$ of India. 



WHEN authorizing the establishment of a single Surveyor General of India, the 
Directors laid down as his main duties the compilation of large, scale maps of 
. all parts of India from the best available surveys, and the maintenance from 
these of a general map of India on reduced scale f II, 287; III, 281-3 ]. He was to 
he the sole authority for such maps, and was responsible that copies were only made 
for authorized persons and not unduly multiplied 1 . 

As the Company's territories steadily expanded, and u;vea(er interest was taken 
in lands beyond the frontiers, so also did the stream of new surveys continually 
increase; the pressure 011 the Surveyor General's few skilled draughtsmen never 
Telaxed, whether at Calcutta or the branch offices at Madras and Poona. 

Compilation 01 Bengal maps was parti eula.rly difficult because each field surveyor 
was entirely independent of the other ; there was 110 uniform system, either for the 
survey or for the style of drawing. Mackem/ie replies to Webb, who had pressed for 
a draughtsman assistant [ 48, 367 ] ; 

The young man who drew the map of Mysore you saw in England is now in this office, as 
I have brought him round purposely 5 ; & for more of the same kind we should have ample 
employment here. ... 'You do not. <k> justice to yourself in deprecating youi- drawing. Your 
...maps that I have seen are sufliclemty satisf ictosy [ [I, 453 ]. 

The Surveyor is the person to construct the map of his own surveys ; the draughtsman is 
only required, to take off the fair copy, & more thaatate copy is not required. ... In all my own 
surveys ( for I am not a good draughtsman, any more than a. good writer ) I have constructed 
rny own maps ...& then got one fair copy made. 

He disapproved of a surveyor making several copies '"'"for all and sundry". Further 
copies and reductions were the. duty of the Surveyor General 3 . 

Though the Directors would not hear of any resurvey of Bengal [ 186, 284 ], the 
old engraved sheets of Rennel.l's survey were long out of print, as well as hopelessly 
out-of-date and inadequate, and as no copies could be made except by hand, it was 
almost impossible for local officials to got hold of maps of their districts. There 
was a dispute in 1816 between the Collectors of Ghaxipur and Benares. Barlow 
of Ghazipur asked Hamilton of Benares to lend him a, map of Javuipur for an 
official tour- 4 . Hamilton replied curtly that the map "was stretched on cloth, and 
hung up to preserve it", and could not be supplied ; upon which Barlow "'"'handed 
him up to the Commissioner" 5 . 

It was a long tone before the Surveyor General found the staff to compile maps 
on reduced scales, and, reports Mackenzie in 1819, 

Complete maps of the provinces are entirely wanting, oxeepi one district, Chittagong 
[ II J. I do not perceive any map that can be considered as fully inclusive of a province of 
late years. Bonares, Bundelcund, Cufctack, the Srmderbunds, some parts of the Upper Pro- 
vinces, and other-;;, luivo boon bcgu[i...m:-iny y<:>;irs ;xc;f>, but iicvm 1 ojiijiloidy- finished. Those 
surveys have been repeatedly interrupted, and their materials either damaged by repeated 
copying, by boincr sent out, scud in seme instances none whatever sent into the office. 

The copying of the surveys on ihcir original large scale seems to me entirely unnecessary, and 
attended with a great loss of time and expense ; the map now 1 accompanying is one fourth 



iCD to B. 3-h'-14 ( 19.20). -^fH.t.ntn or llamiltor, ; ;r;-. J i)l)n. !."-;« ; U4 ). Su-ll-lS. -*Robt. 
Barlow ( ITSS-lS-la t. :;o:i of Adm. Sir LiolA Barlow, HULL: aria-. cV.ilr. OLa^.piir. Is] ; — Sir Fredk. Hamilton 
( 177T-1S53 ) : oth Biirt. ; Colli-. Bcnaics, 1816-28. = Dewar ( 331 ). 



' $ 



Bk:nGal 



-75 



Of the sire of the original and, in my idea, comprehends everything requisite 1 . 

Tn 1 S22 the Board of Commissioners at- Pat tin asked for maps 
of the several districts prepared from the la Uvsi surveys, it is generally supposed that there 
are some objections Lo eomplyhig with such applications, arising, it, is believed, from some 
old order [ II, 288-92 ] ; but, as the Government are disposed to hiem considerable expense 
in a topographical survev 2 , the Board are inclined to think that objections no longer exist". 

The maps demanded covered no fewer than thirteen districts from Bihar to 
Cawnpore, and the Surveyor General replied that he could not possibly supply them 
without laving aside those of the extensive countries of which 

we have only lately uequired a geo;.: re. pineal Luowledge. There are at present under prepara- 
tion in my officio for transmission to Endnnd. iind for record, the following maps, and as several 
of them are very large, and two persons are employed oi> each, 11 is evident that great delay 
will take place if I am ooligetl to relinquish them 1.0 supply copies of.. .almost obsolete maps 
...for... the settling of sbkaree boundaries 4 . 

Reductions and copies were being made of the Himalayan surveys and panoramas 
of Hodgson, Herbert, and Webb [ 39-40 ] ; a map of the countries west of the 
Jumna ; maps on scales from S to 20 miles to an inch of the upper provinces ; of 
Malwa; Bundelkhand ; of the peninsula of India ; of Macarsnr.y's large map of 
the Punjab and Afghanistan [ II, 270-1 ], and many others. Hodgson promised 
a copy of Ensign Stephen's maps of Benares, etc. [ II, 36, 443 ], to be made for the Board ; it 
is.- however, nor. a topographical, but a geographical map, as are nearly all others in this 
office. This map was first received... on the 19th February 1S1S1 ; the first sheet in rather an 
injured state, ... having been in constant use with the Magistrate of Goruckpoor since 
October 1817. The other maps... are... from very ancient surveys; they are merely of a 
general geographical nature, often founded, as most surveys in this widely extended country 
are on military operations. ... Few, or no, surveys have been made of them since the time of 
Major Ren noil, to whose ntlas, and to Arrow-smith's map, it, inny perhaps be ox purl lent to refer. ... 

I annex an extract of a letter. ..from Colonel Mackenzie, dated the ISth September 1819 
[274-5], which may... confirm the expediency of restricting... requisitions. ..which not only 
embarrass the current business of this, office but seem at variance with the spirit of the orders 
of the Hon'ble Court of Directors... to limit the multiplication of e.e-osraphieal materials*. 

The desperate straits to which iocal officers were put from this tack of" maps is 
well illustrated by the following appeal from the Magistrate of Ghazipur ; 

The published maps of this part of the country are perb.ips m.ce defective than those of 
anv other part of the Company's provinces. The rich district of Ghu/.eenoor, which abounds 
in populous towns and villages, is left almost a blank. This defect i- supplied for a great part 
of the district by the excellent nnd recent map of Oa-ptain Stephen's [" nap ], hut for the pur. 
gunnahs situated to the south of the Ganges, and those along the south-ess tern frontier, ... 
v e i-iro left to fill up as we can the blanks left by Konnell and Arrowsmil.h [^77-S ]. 

The convenience of a good map ("or indicia! and poiieo purposes J. can speak of from experi- 
ence. ... We know at a glance what officer can most conveniently bo employed on any special 
dutv, and wo can adjust the proper stations for our police ehokees. The new settlement of 
Aaiingbur is about to commence, but the Collector bus nothing on which to found his measure- 
ment ur purveys, mid oven the sites of the principal towns are unknown 8 . 

Sir John Malcolm's map of Malwa [84-6] was compiled m eight sheets, scale four 
miles to an inch, by Robert Gibbir.gs, A.Q.M.G.., whose draughtsmen were William 
Snndt 7 [ 280 n.3 ], L. I. De Mello, and possibly Arthur [ ? JWhitc, who worked for St. 
John Blacker [85], and later for Briggs in Khandesh [124]. The full map 8 
stretched from east of Saugor to the mouths of the Tapti and Narbada. A 
reduction on the S mile scale, adjusted to the Great Trigonometrical Survey, was 
drawn in the Surveyor General's office in I845 9 . 

During his time as Surveyor General between iS2i and 1823. Hodgson did a 
great deal to clear up the drawing office, and sent home to the Directors, five cases of 
maps, journals and fieldbooks, originals and copies 10 ; 

'for comde. officer in Cuttaek : l')Dn. ifiS ( C'.fl !. IS -9-19. =Tht new revenue surveys of Upper 

Twine" [ Tio-ii I 'T)Dn. 19a I 77 i, ^--'i-22. 'IJUn, IDS ( tift :> } 2H-2 s RDn. lyti { al'J ) & I as 
(65-91 2*-4-'>:>. "sDDn. I'!.-,':-,? ). S-ll 22. 'MRTO. Mhc:. L'-O IS- 8671.2 ";: iuli mute lis 1 passed toSG. 
« n ,krBPnlC. 1-1-22: BDn.IKi'! l-i. -E.)D:i.27s{il j; Vi!iIO.£3,:fi 7 . eS i S4 ( 1, 2, 5, 6 }. »DDn. 
,, 7i i , ](1 [Li . i'.Tv|.i<Mlarthe«i. ! i-MR]0. IDifi ), Country IV. ef Delhi-KsrnSl. I62S, i in. to iceb : ib. 11 
( 33 ) : Delhi to .Jaipur h Limiriana, 16m. to inch, 1822. 



276 Maps & Map Making 

Knowiiig.-b he very great utility of map* on a large scale divided iota separate sheots— 
bound together in a. ..largo folio- [278-9, 284]— I have prepared the title and following 15 
pages contained in the case So. 1, aud...rocoTnuiend...L?'iy;ravi[urs to be executed by Mr. 
ArrowamLth, or any other (.xjmpsten.fr person, ,tiui jjubli-i'ji.'d hi the form of an atlas. 

The utility of the Bengal Atlas published by Major Kr.muell many year* ago [ I, 227-50 ] 
(but which excellent work is now. ..out of print) has been generally acknowledged, and... 
the work which I now send may be esteemed valuable. Il comprises a. ..correct delineation 
of the geography of countries of which no accurate maps have been constructed except by 
myself. It was my intention to have extended the atlas to. ..Central India. ... 

I also annex a list of maps. ..prepared in this office. ..bet ween the 1st of June 1S21 and the 
22nd October IHiiH. amounting altogether 10 241 maps, plans and sketches 1 . 

Hodgson's "case No. 1" contained the first sheets of a quarter-inch atlas of 
north-west India, planned by him but not carried on by Blacker. "At the time of 
my removal from office I had struck oft' at the... lithographic picas five sheets of 
this work, which have been distributed to various officers... and considered very use- 
far" 2 . The Directors greatly appreciated these maps and proposed to incorporate 
them into their new Atlas, wliieli they hoped uuuEd -save a great deal of Che labour 
spent in the Surveyor General's offices in making copies for Local use 3 [ 292 j. 

On the other band they hardly appreciated the cumulative effect of their various 
orders. The Surveyor General had to send home copies of every survey and map ; 
he was forbidden to multiply copies: his office expenses and establishment were 
rigorously controlled. Colebrooke's recommendation that everv district man should. 
be engraved bad been refused [ I, 231 j. and yet the Directors were 
surprised to find that the Collectors and Judicial authorities art; not furnished with maps of 
their respective districts. We are not aware who is to blame lor this omission, but we 
desire that no time be lost in issuing instructions to the Surveyor General to prepare in all 
practicable cases maps of the several rovenno districts for the use of the local authorities, who 
ought to be held responsible tor I. ho safe custody of the same. 

We also desire that a map be prepared for our own use sliewiny. tire boundaries of all the 
districts, ... as lie It as the sin.kler [ hoadqun.vi ers | stations 1 . 

A map that probably met a great need at the time, though not apparently 
printed for general issue, and showing no roads, shows all police thaws and principal 
towns in the lower provinces, scale 20 miles to an inch 5 . The thaws corresponded 
generally with present districts, but district boundaries and even names were 
continually changing [ 154 n.5 ]. 

An interesting map of Kashmir was drawn by Alexander Gerard from materials 
collected by the political agent at Ambala : "The Valley of Kashmir, scale 3 miles 
to an inch". It shows, without explanation, an arbitrary boundary line across the 
valley just north of Srinagar. The Oolur Lake, is shown much nearer Srinagar than 
to Baramula. It shows "Toshe M.ydan Plain, covered with flowers", and Fereze- 
poora, but not Gulmarg 6 . Amongst many early descriptions of Kashmir is that by 
Moorcroft's agent, Mir Izzat Ullah [II, 431 j, who gives an accurate record of his 
marches, stage by stage 7 . 



Madras 

During the two year* which he spent at Madras before moving to Calcutta, 
Mackenzie cleared off' all arrears of mapping left by the Military institution and the 
district surveys. The Assistant Surveyor General was left responsible for collecting 
from the field parties the reductions they made of their surveys each year, and for 
compiling them for the Surveyor General and the Court of Directors.' It was his 
duty to provide any maps called for by the Madras Government, but at the same 

■DBn. ISM 131), 23-10-23. ! DDn. 231 (.48 ), -5-H-2T. 'CB to B. I3-HMH (15 ).; ib. Gen, 

30-4-iS ( 33 ): - ' il>. 'Jl: l^:!u : s 1 : Kelvin 1 * m :=p- mdn.le H,,.ij!ik x Midnap.-.i-!? tiUu i-indi IS'i-'l' 
'«■ 41(3,4). < M4 t- \ r , i , , 

/fiy.,BM. PP. 37H9, 3 { 103-2 i. 2SS-3H2 )■ 1 ( liS-lf), 28A-9S ). 






Madhas 277 

time to respect, the Surveyor General as the sole authority for the production of 
maps [ 274 ]. Mackenzie was exceedingly jealous of ins duties in this respect, and 
insisted on being kept fnily informed of all such work. 

Little could be done from Madras to provide maps for the campaigns in the 
Doccan, 1816-7, and Blacker, as; Quartermaster General, had to rely mainly on his- 
own staff. Mackenzie explains to the Commander-in-Chief, the delay in supplying- 
maps ; only three draughtsmen wore allowed ; and these could not cope with the 
demand even when assisted by field surveyors 1 . In May 1817 he tells Blacker that 

the copies of the 5 Hillary Divisions [If, 270, -aq-i 1 wore sent in some months ttgo. ... By your 
applying at tho Secretary's- you could got them. "1'iioro is u Goneral Map of India, published by 
Arrowsmith Inst- year 3 , fur which he was supplied by the Directors with I. ho latest materials 
[ 287-8 ]. ... This map would he more useful to yen fur general purposes than any other. The 
maps of tho Divisions contain it mirs tit largo, but that, of tho Oi1Vi.-1.r3 is still very defective. 

Tho late surveys of 1,1m Coded Districts [ 152-6] were in November in the hands of the 
engraver, so that you can have recourse 60 them at length wien they come out ; next year I 
suppose 3 . 

Mackon/do was ast-unished that. Mount Curd found littit: drawing to be done; 

I am surprised you should want, employment for draughtsmen -fair copies of all provincial 
maps, of tho best, old maps of roads, fur buuks of the surveys reduced to 2 and * miles [ to an 
inch ]— ...All this f pointed out as proper objects when Government do not required plans 4 . ... 
There should certainly he abundance to do at all times. All surveys that come in to be 
copied. ..fur England and for this Presidency, and... reduced copies of eolloetorships when 
ordered ; copies of partial surveys coming in ; reductions to tho general scales of 2 & 4 miles. 

When ( if ever ] there is no work of that kind, nor copies required by Government, my 
intention was that iho draughtsmen, convalescent surveyors, and. ..apprentices, etc., should 
be employed in copying such of tho maps in depot, as were considered most essential for 
preservation, 'i'he preorico also unproved their mylo of drawing ; bu.l still, if you should not 
have employment for the draftsmen, T imagine Ciovormnont will not object to reducing any 
part you think necessary. You will weigh this well tho' before you propose it, and reflect it 
mny not bis oasy to rota-nit the drawing department i!' a:iy cdra work is required 3 . 

He was indignant at demands made by De Havilland in his capacity of Inspector 
of Tank Estimates. it neu post under the Revenue Board. !)e Havilland had always 
been an enthusiastic map-maker [ II, 276, 280 ], and it was natural that with a job 
that extended throughout tin.- presidency, he should want both 'detailed and general 
maps, but Mackenzie would have none of it. 

I do not understand this plan of Da Havil land's. He has some view, but what it is, and 
who ace hits coadjutors at the Revenue lio.trd. I cannot gue.s.5 tii,. It would he of Importance 
that I knew. ... As to making a map for publication it- would, be out of the question ; ... the 
value of money is too we-i appreciated to be lighl Iv saerilieoti. No map fir "20 years at least can 
c-ume in competition wiin Arruivsmilh's I' :.S- 8 j with all its defects, as t-hu cag raving is so very- 
expensive, so that it is a project not to be meddled with, 'flic India Company also set their 
faces against it. ... De Havilland has some other scheme in view, as it is said he has [ the 
intention ] of going home. ... I-h- wishes to acquire eclat as a geographer, ...for he is an... 
enUirpri/.ing man, the' I wish it nail heoe tempered wir.h more discretion in this case 8 . 

Mountford had already protested at De Haviliand's request for material 

to Iinisli satisfactorily a map of the Peninsula. ... Tins office Ua.s.-.been declared to be the only 
repository of those materials. ..from whence all ,-oograu'iiiaal information is diaavod. ... Original 
materials, which are in a constant state of examination, reduction and reference, could not 
be issued... without put tin; a stop to the operations 7 . 

On this it was ordered that De Havilland should have his map constructed in 
the Surveyor (Jcncral's office, a. decision applauded by Mackenzie: 

I much approve of your late letters about this now manufactory for tho Revenue Board. ... 
Let me know what answer yon got. [f any single plans are called far by tho Revenue Board, 
if G ovenlirient order, then it is your business to obey : but this new [node of putting an officer 
in correspondence to demand, if be pleases, all or anything, I cannot understand 8 . 

All your official letters are come. Government have judged correctly ; ... but, in allotting, 
it as a duty to you, they have for;;, a that the construct ion of general maps is not, and was not 
intended to be, the duty of any other office than the Surveyor General's. ... 



27S 



Maps & Map Making 



n famished with so much 8 . 

3 touch with Russell at Hyderabad, 



Take such preparatory measures as may be necessary but. ..the K-e venue Ihiard ought. ..to 
state the necessity of this new map- What objections they have to the general map done by 
Captain Warren so much to their satisfaction in 1811 [ II, 277 ]? — What purpose it is designed 
for * — ... Take care that none of the surveys or maps in your olhco. be again exposed to be 
damaged, for this construction... appears to me altogether unnecessary. ... I will object to any 
surveys being introduced into their map excepting u'hat is under their management 1 . 

After protests from De Havllland and the Revenue Board, it was ordered that as 
De Ha villa nd had already completed a largo pari of his new map from the district 
maps, and as it was not of the high quality required by the Surveyor General's office, 
he should complete it from such materials as he could collect in the Tank Department. 
The straggle was not yet over, and in 1827 Montgomerie was still refusing to lend 
original documents to the ' : Inspector General of Civil Estimates". 

We have already noted Mackenzie's jealousy of Russell's efforts to get better 
maps of the Xi/,am : s territories [ 116]. He particularly rerouted the request of the 
Madras Government for "as full a map as can be prepared.. .of the country between 
the Tombuddra & Nerbudda", and Russell's complaints of delay : 

The Resident of Hyderabad complains that his requisition tor geographical information 
is...not complied with. It becomes absolutely necessary for the vindication of the office that 
the cause of thai, delay. ..he satisfactorily accounted for. On the 11th of July last year the 
Resident wrote mo a private letter on this subject, ... & as. ..the Go vommont had of 30th July 
directed you to furnish a map, ... any further order from me was unnecessary. ... Mr. Russell's 
own private corvesi.on deuce sufficiently accounts to me for your deferring it, but... Government 
should be satisfied. ... I beg you will not longer defer the map required. 

I think .Mr. Kussoll has acted very inconsiderately in desiring you " to. ..wait for any 
materials, & at the same time complaining of want of ready communication. ... For the delay 
in this map you will be expected 10 account, & if it has been sanctioned... all is well. For God's 
sake write scon & do not bv applying for imterials. .. 
No Resident in India has required so much, or b 
It is natural that Lambton, who was in ck 
should sympathise with his impatience [ 116 ] : 

It is easy in discover the source of these objectioj 
from such grovelling principles, and the jealousy of Departments, that v 
almost entirely ignorant of the geography of countries of which n 
upwards of forty years. I was much surprised When I first crossed the peninsula to find that 
Arcot was upwards of tm miles out in its position, and, accord ins to the Requisite Tables 3 , 
Hyderabad is no less than 11' out in latitude and 32' in longitude [ 226 ]. This, however, 
may be wrongly recorded in the*.. .Tables : hut, every place that, f have been at is so much out 
as to render the maps and plans nearly useless [ pi. I7n ]. 

I consider the Nizam's country as the great military key of India, and are we to remain 
ignorant of its geography for fear of exciting the jealousy of an individual ? 

He points out the- large demand for his map of the south peninsula [ II, 277, pi. 17 1 ; 
Fortunately I have preserved a copy of it in my office, otherwise it would have passed 
from one tracing-glass i,o another till at- last its copies would have become so distorted as 
scarcely to resemble the origina.1 1 . 

In 1822 Hodgson commissioned Mount ford to compile a new ma p of the peninsula, 
scale o-f 16 miles to an inch, based on La-nib ton's triangulation, to comprise "all the 
Honorable Company's possessions which have been regularly surveyed", and "the 
-territories of His Highness the Nizam.. .as far as the regular survey.. .has been 
■conducted". The map was submitted to Calcutta by the end of !823 5 . 

Another map that .Ylounlford had in band at this time was "an atlas for the 
use of the Revenue Board 6 , and it was from this quarter-inch atlas that he was 
able to prepare a duplicate 1 6- mile map for the Surveyor General ; 

I. ..propose carrying on this work and that of the map for your office together ; for, as the 
former will be in sheets embracing the country taking within one- degree of latitude and longi- 
tude, the reduction will ho simple, ... imil nearly i.he same surface of paper will embrace four 

iDDe. 149,(79), 9-8-19. Ho Riddell, 13-7-18; DDn. loo ( 359). *by J. Winorie, annual, 
1804-36 Ho iicsdt., DPi:. Oi' i 43 i, £1-5 IS ; ct. MliiO. 1 -1-1 i I ';. U'ncr.-il Man of Peninsula, scale K m. 

to inch; S. of 17°. *DDn. 197 { 'Hi ) & 2S)!> ( 1(54 ), 1 9-23; S. India, 12 sheets, 115 m. to inch, 1823,70. Cat. 
(85). 'commerced on letter from Madras Govt., 3-7-19. 



, and it has >j 



i groat 






Madras 27fr 

degrees of latitude and longitude, or sixteen square degrees. These sheets may afterwards be 
pasted on cloth, or pat up in the shape of an atlas, which [ consult)'- preferable for office use, 
as it ailmit.-s of o.asior isoii-eolaou, and Lm alnij much more ooiivonioui. lo copy from 1 . 

About this time more draughtsmen were engaged, in order that "maps on 
different scales, and for various purposes, should be constantly ready" instead of 
waiting till copies were called for 3 . 

The quarter-inch atlas for the Board of Revenue was a long business, and under 
Montgomerie gave way to the new Atlas of India |" 284 J, Hodgson suggesting that 
A rrowsraith's map on the same scale was "a very useful work" and should "answer 
the purpose required by the Board" 3 . It was, however, resumed later, and final 
sheets were submitted in 1830. These were only single copies, and the issue of 
printed maps to all officials had t.o await the engraved sheets of the "Directors' atlas. 
During 1826 Montgomerie had in progress ; 

( 1 I An Alias for tht) Hon'ble the Court- of Oi rectors, on n scale of 4- miles to an inch. ... 
( 2 ) An Atlas lor the Board of Revenue, on a seale- of 4 miles U> an nidi, to ooui|jo.'l:ond evcrv detail 
in the original plnns...of I.Losu |ir"vi M oi imm«liatfly under thu Covcmoacnt, with a skeleton 
only.. .of chf.ap t era; tori cm by which dio ioroior are surrounded. 
( 3 ) Map of <Ai<: Ciiritoof eollccUirar.e, on til,! scale of 2 mile; to an ineli, for the use of 1.1st (.ViilecU>r. 
( + ) Map of Mysore end Coo;!', on '..he. wale of 4 miles to an inch, for' the use of the Resident. 
( 5 ) Map of the .Xeelejitrry liilin, scale 2 miles to an imai. for the use of tin; Collector of Malabar 
(6, 7, 9) Maps of '.'olloctoralos ol" Tr/ichinopoly, Lower Oanara, and Ouddapab. for the use of tiny 

Collector;-, scale ± miles to an inch. 
( 8 ) Plana and documents ol" construction of the surveys of Mmhira, Ooinihaloor. and Tanjore eolleo- 

torstes, the originals... sent to Calcutta. 
(10) A set of Military Division maps for His hlxcelieiicy the Commander- in-Chief, on the scale of 

( 11 > Map of Travauoore and Cochin, ... scale...! miles to an inch, for the Quarter: Master Cenerar 1 , 

Many of these maps had been ordered five or six years earlier, and on Mount- 
ford's asking leave to withdraw surveyors from the field to push them on, Govern- 
ment had replied that geographical information should be supplied 
to those public depart moi its to which it is calculated to prove useful. On the other hand, .., 
progress of tilB surveys not yet complete* should not he interrupted. ... Ultimately the Board 
of Revenue should bo furnished with a complete sot of maps of the provinces under their 
superintendence, but. ..the advantage to be derived from thorn is not so griiiit as to justify any 
material additional ox ponce, and still less the interruption of any survey 5 . 

As in Bengal, there were constant demands from district, officers for reliable 
maps, and the usual answer was that a map had been supplied ten or twenty years 
ago which should he good enough. The Collector of Tiimevelly, 1827, did not agree- 
that Robinson's survey of 1807-13 [ IT, 141-6 ], was of any value ; 

The district map. ..in my cutchertyis of old date ( January 1816 ), and in point of execution 
much inferior to others,. ... The watercourses arc in some oases i ran or foot, arid in others not 
marked, and none of the anient*' 5 , eithor new <>v old, are laid down. Tho mountains which form 
the western boundary... are... not re pros on tod with sufficient dot nil, and there is no notioe of the 
bearing or distance of any place U.wonds the hounds of the district. ... It is moreover ina state 
of actual deoay, not having been either varnished, or evenly atretchod on tho canvass bo which 
ir_. is at.tn.ehed ; the sun-face has in some places been rubbed off 7 . 
Montgomerie was neither sympathetic nor helpful : 

Anothor copy would not be found a!: all to differ from the map now in the possession of 
tho Collector, oxeepfcing perhaps in point of execution. It has not been customary in the 
compilation of districts maps to insert, any detail beyond tho boundaries of the districts, and... 
no map* issued from this ollieo arc over varnished 3 . 

Bombay 

After the abolishment of his office as Surveyor General, Williams still remained 
responsible for the supply of maps to his own government, though not representing 
the Surveyor General at Fort William. His main task, self-imposed, was the ex- 
tension and revision of Reynolds's great map of Western, [ridia [ II, 282-5 ], andl 

'DDn. 200 (205), 11-11-23. 
222 ( 2 ). 5 DDn. 192 ( 175 ), 3-7-21 
'ib., 9-6-27. 



ill 



280 Maps & Map Making 

in his capacity as Revenue Surveyor at" IVoaeh i.ie maintained a drawing office, with 
a depot of survey and mapping ma, he-rial from vvhiuh he produced copies of any 
areas that, might h* required. He write?, to -.the ( 'hid' Spfr'fttii.ry in 1S17, before the 
final break with the Peshwa [ 1, 124-5 ]> that he could furnish 

a map of the Paialnvn's (loiiiinions on a largo scale, that will exhibit a vory comprehensive 
view of the geography of the country, and will contain... the greatest part of the towns and 
villages, both large and small. But I am not in possession of plans of any fortifications, 
or of written informs it ion nil i,ho Unvus mi'l villagos, ... neither can T show the boundary lines 
of uhe different internal divisions of the country, nor those between the (.orritorios of His High- 
ness the Paisliwa ;iuJ other States of hia Tributaries. 

Captain... Johnson's map of tho Dneean r II, 165], which may be useful, ... shall be forwarded 
to you immediately by sea [ from Surat ]. A map of the whole Concan, from the Damaun 
River, north, to Goa, south, has been compile-. I in this office on the samo scale as the map of 
the province of Guxerat, viz., 18 inches to a degree, & is forwarded herewith 1 . 

Reynold's map was revised on the scale of 9 inches to a degree under the 
title of A Gen p ml Mu.p of Histdu^Um, and was completed, mainly by William Webbe, 
in 1821, when Williams offered to present it "in person to the Most Noble the 
Governor General of India, for whose use it is intended, and for which purpose T 
have been indulged with leave to proceed to Calcutta" 2 . Disappointed, however, 
at not being selected to suceoed Mackenzie as Surveyor General [ 300, 322 ], Williams 
abandoned his intention of taking the map in person, and sent it round by sea 
[I, 219]. After careful examination, Hodgson came to the conclusion that, in 
spite of the time and labour expended, it -was not sufficiently complete or up-to-date 
to be worth publication f II, 285 ; III, 287 ]. 

In a memorial Niibmitted shortly before his retirement, Williams pressed for 
the grant of Surveyor General's allowances for the full period since 1815, on 
account of his continued work as sole survey adviser to the Bombay Government. 
He gave a full list of the various maps which he had furnished during these five 
years, mostly on the scales of 9 or 18 inches to a degree, the scales used by Reynolds. 
Arnoiitrst them were ; \ 

Map of tlie e.-tstom borders of Gi^erat., svith...Meywar, complete. To the Resident of Barods ; ... on a 

seals ■ of IS inohes to a degree 3 . 

Copy of the General Map of India by General Reynolds, on scale inches to a degree, for the Supremo 
Government [smj>], 

Map of Goojeritf &■ Ketch, improved by late surveyors : ... IS inches i.,. a desree ; extending from "Damaun 
to (lie eastern branch of the Indus. 

Copy of Major Oerseral iEcyu olds' surveys of the Rivers Tapty and .\oib:iuda, containing all the inter- 
jacent countries. Tor Colonel Smith, coou.iiiLndi.'i.i: the I'ouna subsidiary f"o-ee in the field [ cf. II, pi. ij;]. 

Map of the whole Province of Gooicrat, induding Kuieh and L'honmapir. IS inches to n, degree. For 
the officer commanding the Province, 

Map olthe Northern anil Sootheri: Konhaii on it inches to ;v decree, fur the. Resident at Poona. 

Map of the dominion- of tin? hits." Piushiv:; in the Dekhan. the iv.ui k--:-i, .Kandees, nnd Guojerat. Estond- 
ing from the Saut-poora cmsii tains, north, to the .Maulpnrbn Itiver, south. Tu the sea, went, and to 76° 25' 
east. ... I?or the Honorable '.he Commissi oner in the Deckan. 

Map-ofMalwn, 'Mayivar. Harrow t.er. ir„ cute [id; lie from tho 22nd to the :>7th decree of latitude, ... on a 
scale of 4-j inche- to a decree. Sopplie-'i to the Resident at Baroda. 

Plan, with rem:;rlrss..!i!;ex'.d. of the route pursued by t.he .Bombay Mail- between ISassdn and Abmedabad, 
on a scale of 2 B, miles to 1 inch ; eiphiior.K the nature of the erossini: places of all the rivers ; showing the 
stations of the ronneis where the route loads throu.;,'h toe territories '.'('other Governments I ;S, 269]. 

Report on the chief; resbiiuK alo-is; the Ghauts...^ Hie comparative fa.i.ility of the different passes.. .for 
tin- admission ■..-'■ bi-'idstti, ■.;: lir-r i:io:tMtij'.K t.l-,-- mo.inlah::- thom-i K es. :■:■ •. ; cuius: 'nil a the upper country IS-''] 

Report accompanied nitli a sketch on line's for telegraphic communications, through India. To the 
TdcKriii.it; if Ci'mmittce, Cilciiti;,. [269-73], 

"Map for the Col lector o: A:onedab;oi. cont.iining, as well as the whole of Ins oivn col rectorship, also that 
of the eastern zillah nori.ii of t.he Move, shinvios: the bonodnrics of easb, nod. a considerable portion of (he 
adjacent country in every direction, on a scale of '2 li. miles to one inch. Si/.. 0} feet lnim bv (ij feet wide. 

Two maps of the province of Kbiandcis, or..- on r: sesilo of 9 inches ton decree. !■" show the whole extent 
of the soobah as it originally stood, aod the otscr on the hirgest sciLle of fiene-nl Reynolds' work, vizt. 18 
inches to a degree, to ershibi: ...as accurately as the ot'ace i.oateriafs svould allow the possession of the ditTcrent 
powers as they >:.;r-<:'l hefire th.e late war*. 

Williams had no hand in Ma.lcolm's map of Malwa [ 85-6, 275 ], nor in the mapping 
Of ^lithorlaiHl's surveys in the Deccan f 124-5 ]• 

JBoSC., 3-6^: 30-S-131". : Bombay. 24-0-21 ; Bo MG. 26/ LS20 ( KJ4-S); maps, 9 and 16 inches 

to in., for Reynolds' atlas. 10 Cat. { S4-5 ). Vf". JIR[0. 94 ' 20). from Itevnolds ■ srl. [, v Wi'liams -Viiril 
181 S; drawn by Wm. Sundt ; 12 m. to inch. 'from Williams, 15-6-20; Bo MC., 28-6-20.' 



Bombay 281 

-On his retirement Sutherland was appointed Assistant, and later Deputy, Sur- 
veyor General [ 323 ], and regular correspondence was then opened with the 
Surveyor General at Fort William, but it was not until 1825 that Blacker learned 
that, except for Reynolds' map and "those of the Revenue and Marine branches", 
no Bombay maps or surveys had been sent home to the Directors 1 . 

After succeeding as Deputy Surveyor General, Jopp suggested that he should 
entertain more draughtsmen, "and relieve the held surveyors from the drudgery 
of mapping [ 126, 284, 393 ]. The only draughtsmen hitherto ma intainod had been 
Webbe and Sundt [ 323 ]. He was allowed to entertain eight extra draughtsmen 
for the preparation of" the maps required for the Surveyor General of India [ 202 ]— to provide 
for the correct compilation of the surveys now carrying on, and the making of copies of them 
for... Calcutta and for...local officers under this Presidency— as well as to enaure...a more 
immediate compliance with the orders of Govern men*— and the progressive improvement of 
our old maps by the incorporation of such new... information us in>iy hereafter be collected 2 . 

The Surveyor General also called for a reduction of all Bombay surveys on 
the 16 miles scale, which he sent home with a similar reduction of the surveys 
of the Nizam's territories, suggesting their incorporation " by Mr. Arrowsmith in a 
new map oi India which he is now preparing on this convenient sc .ale [287-8]". 
He also sent an 8-mile map " of the Southern Mahratta. ( 'oimtry which, if separately 
engraved would be very useful to the local authorities" 3 . 

A small scale map of western India appears as from, is piece to the second volume 
Grant Duff's History of the MnhrafMn, under the title Map of Muhm-ihta. The scale 
is about 3 inches to a degree, and it covers an area between 15° and 23° K, and 72£° 
and 80° B. Grant Duff acknowledges it as the work of 

Captain Henry Adams, Revenue Surveyor to the Raja of Satara [ 171 ] ; ... Captain Adams 
ia the compiler, in many parts the surveyor. ... I tegret the noee^sihy for its reduction from 
a scale of H inches (.0 a degroo ; ... still, the situations and distances are... more correct than 
those of any map of that country hitherto published. 

The original materials for Captain Adams' map woro pruourtscl from his own surveys, from 
those of the late Captain OhaUen...[ and ] of the late Captain Gu.i'Hng, ... and which last were 
eent to me by Lieutenant Frederick Burr of the Nizam's Service, tilled up in many places 
from his own routes. Captain James Cniikshank... famished me with such information as 
the records of the late Surveyor General, General Reynolds, afford, ami with Sir John Malcolm's 
map of Malwa, which although then unpublished that officer readily allowed me to use. 
Finally the Court of Directors -ranted mo permission to publish*. 

A map signed tav .Jopp in July 1828, under the title oF Map of the Western Part 
of the Continent of '.India, was lithographed in the Quartermaster General's office at 
Bombay in March 1838, on scale 10 miles to 1 inch. 



General Maps of India 

Although it was laid down that the Surveyor General should maintain a general 
map of India, on reduced scale, "in a progressive state of improvement " [11,287], 
neither Mackenzie nor his successors ever found time for so formidable a task. 

The last of the personal general maps that, the Directors were so anxious to 
discourage [II. 2S6 ] was that of Charles Tteynolris, tcalo 9 inches to a degree, or about 
7i miles to an inch, on which Williams continued to w-ork till 1821 [ 280 ]. This 
enormous map comprised :i& sheets, extending from Cape Comorin to Kashmir, 
and from Karachi to Cluttagoiig, and measured 22 feet by 17. The full set that 
was sent to Calcutta in 1821 has not been found, but IS sheets of the 1808 set are 
still preserved [ II, pi 3 1 5 - . . 

Mackenzie was too much occupied with original survey to encourage preparation 
Of general maps, but he laid down that the scales for geographical maps should be 
8 12, 24 and 48 miles to an inch. For his own surveys he prepared maps of Mysore 

'BoMC lX-lfl-25. Mb. Pooca, 29-4-26. H)Dn. 231 (88), &-1-2S. 'Grant Duff (preface). 
> B d. by Williams & sent, to Calcutta," 1809. 



282 



Maps &■ Map Making 



and of tho Ceded Districts on 12 and 24 miles to an inch 1 [ II, pi. n ; III, 296 1. 
For his "general plan and view of the state of the provincial surveys " of Madras, 
which he submitted both in 1810 and 1815, ho used the 4S miles scale"., and this waa 
also used for the indexes- submitted in 1821 and 1823 3 . These index maps were 
not, however, serious geography. 

A more useful geographical map, also on the 48 miles scale, compiled at Madras 
in 18-17, was entitled, " Map of tho Countries included between the parallels of Madras 
and Delhi, designed to exhibit at one view the capitals of States & of Provinces"*. 
This was probably prepared to meet the request of the Directors for 
a sketch map of India on a moderate scale, describing the course of the principal rivers, and 
the situations of the principal cities of the peninsula, together with the names and positions 
of all military posts ab which more than five companies of troops may be stationed, and that 
the Adjutant or Quarter Master General of the Army may.-.be directed to insert in words and 
figures under each military post., the number and description of troops stationed at it. We 
desire that such a map may be transmitted fo us annually 5 . 

A particularly interesting political map was prepared by Mackenzie in 1820, 
scale 64 miles to an inch, with a schedule of provinces and States, giving their 
areas, and dates of cession to, or treaties with, the Company. On this same scale 
also is a general map that was lithographed in 1829, and used for illustrating the 
progress of surveys considered fit for incorporation in the Atlas of India 8 [pi. 24]. 

Of the maps compiled for Blacker's Memoir of the Maratha war [ 86 ] a manu- 
script set is now preserved in a folio that may have been for his personal use. There 
are nine sheets on scale 8 miles to an inch covering the whole peninsula south of 20° 
N., with a northward extension to 30° N. between 73° and 82°| E., with title, 

A General Map of Central India, comprising tho Xizam's Dominions, the principal' terri- 
tories of the Malirattas & Rajpoots, with parts of tlio British Possessions &. Minor States under 
British Protection, prepared from original materials by V. Blacker, Madras, 1st Jan. 1821'. 

The sheets covering the south peninsula shew the fuller detail derived from 
the work of the Military Institution and the district revenue surveyors [ pi. 24 ]. 
For the central area, north of parallel 15°, there is a separate map, about 64 miles 
to an inch 8 , that is probably the most complete map of central India of this period. 
This is reproduced in Blackei's Memoir*, and was incorporated into the 25-mile map 
of India engraved by Gary "in six largo sheets" [289]. 

Blacker was a man of ideas, and was the first to propose a map of Southern 
Asia, that was put in hand some sixty years later. He points out the want of 
such a general map of so much of Southern Asia as would show at one view the relative 
situation of India, to all the countries much connected with it, both to the east and west. A 
map of India is too particular for this purpose, and a map of Asia is too general, whilst the 
limits that I propose would comprize China to the east, and Persia to the west, Malacca and 
Singapore to the south, and sufficient to the north to include all such geographical informations 
as may be expected from the entorprizing research of Dr. Moororaft [ 44 ]. ... 

The scattered materials from which it will be prepared cannot be collected in a short time, 
and its progress moreover depends on the occasions of leisure which.. .my office establishment 
may enjoy between oiovo pressing c_\n;ein-.ies of the public service. ... 

Recont and accurate marine surveys of the Persian Gulph and of the coast of Mekran have 
been completed under the orders of the Bombay Government, and.. .would be a great acquisi- 
tion to my undertaking [ 133 ] 10 .' 



Atlas op India 



The orders issued by the Directors regarding the responsibilities of the Surveyor 
General of India with regard to mapping [ 274 ] were that he was to compile first 
a series of maps, bound by lines of latitude and longitude, on a comparatively large 



'MRIO. 132 ( 8), 
>. 97 (4). =CD to! 
inch. "MRIO. 94 ( 21 ) ; 125 ( 
lacker, II ( pis. 2-1 ). "-from s«. 



: MRO. Miip 204. -MIM.O. IS.", j 31 ; : MRO. Map 18. HIRIO 135 (33 1 

Vlil.. 16-4-17 (42-3); ,f. MRIO. 35 ; 22 :, Division ( ,f Arav IS*)- T» m 

"ib.97B (5-13|. 8 io.{i)_ 



Atlas of India 283 

scale — and secondly, a smaii-scale general map of India— both to be kept continu- 
ally up to date. Copies of improvemetas effected were to be forwarded to the 
Directors with suitable explanations [ II, 287]. 

This mapping did not run according to plan owing to the lack of sufficient 
draughtsmen to cope with the fresh survey that was continually pouring in [ 274 ]. 
It was not long before the Directors realised the urgent need for a continuous map 
of India, on uniform scale, in uniform style, and that this was more than the Surveyor 
■General could accomplish in India. Arrows mi th had compiled the surveys of the 
south peninsula into a general quarter-inch map [ 288 ], and the Directors were 
anxious to produce a similar one for the whole of India. Markham tclla us that 
"Colonel Salmond, then Military Secretary 1 , was for some years in consultation with 
Colonel Mackenzie, the Surveyor General at Calcutta, on the subject" 2 [286], 
but the earliest official reference appears in a letter of 29th October 1823 ; 

We are extremely desirous of forming. ..a complete Indian Atlas upon a scale of 4 miles 
to an inch, ... the best suited to {.-eiierai purposes, and which has been adopted by Arrowsmith 
in a recent publication. ... This map would. ..form an useful.. .basis for a complete geographical 
delineation of India [2, 281]; and it is our intention to have the several suctions... printed off by 
some eminent map engraver, a- fast- as...:«itisle.!.:toi , y tnatorials ;dial! be "applied to us. We 
have caused enquiry to be made of thai distinguished L'eojirapher .Major Kennell, and we 
transmit— a copy of a memorandum... received from him [ I, 376-7 ; III, 185 ]. ... 

You will, of course, have those- parts of India first surveyed, the go- graphical knowledge 
of which appears to be most important, fiach survey wiil be printed as soon as received, 
and added to the Atlas, numbered aeeordint; to its situation in the sketch. mid in this "way 
we may expect- within a reasonable period of time to obtain a map of India 3 . 

Whilst Blacker firmly rejected Renneffs suggestion of building up this atlas 
from a rapid survey based on astronomical observations f 185 ], he took immediate 
steps to assess the worth all existing surveys. An essential condition, in his opinion, 
was that they should have been linked to Lambton's work [ 240-1 ], and at his re- 
quest Montgomerie made an exhaustive report on the surveys of Madras [ 120-1 ]. 
To ensure that all material should be uniformly prepared, ready for engraving, 
Blacker drew out a graticule based on the projection used for the French military 
map La Carte, de V Empire. Fmiir/i.is [ 294-5 ]. He was, however, unfortunate in 
misunderstanding the intention of the Directors, who had not wanted special maps to 
be compiled and drawn in India : they had already si arl.ed work on a projection and 
lay-out devised hy Arrowsmith in England 4 . Aaron Arrowsmith had died in 1823, 
and arrangements were made at the India House with John Walker "for the engrav- 
ing & printing. ... Copies of the maps so printed to be disposed of to the public to 
defray the cost, as for the marine eharts" 6 . The material already available and 
suitable for engraving included surveys of 
Kumaun, Gurhwal, etc., by Captain Hodgson, Webb, etc.— Bhopal, by Lieut. Johnstone 

Bundelcund, ... by Captain Kranktin— Country from I'alamow to Rewah, by Captain Smith 

— Collectorate of Masulipatam, by Messrs. Hamilton and Summers — Dindi^ul Province, ... 
Colonel Mackenzie -Principality of Kodugu [ Coorg ], ...Lieut. Conner — Sketch of...Soonda, 
...Col. Mackenzie & Capt. Garbing [ pi. 24]. 

We have also Col. Mackenzie's survey of Mysore and the Ceded Districts, as well as a map 
of the southern provinces of Tinnevelly, Madura, etc., on the same scale of Pour miles to an 
inch, and a survey of Guzerat by Col. M. Williams on ;i scale of two miles l-o an meh [ II, 173 ]. 
We have likewise received from Captain Hodgson several reduced surveys on a scale of 
16 miles to an inch [ 278-0 ]. If the originals of these maps havo been constructed on a 
scale of 4 miles to an inch, or on any larger scale. ... copies. ..may be immediately transmitted 5 . 
These and other Madras surveys .showed how much was available and how much 
still wanted to complete a general Indian Atlas. You will take immediate measures for 
having these deficiencies supplied by ihe Engineer officers of your several .['residencies, who 
have been specially educateii with this view under Colonel Madge and others [330,340]. 

1 James Hanson Salmond I 1700-1837) ; Ben Inf. ; Mil, Sec. to FAC. 1809-37 ; M Oen. 1837: portrait at 
IO-, Foster (49). ! Markham ( 405 ). J CD to B.. Mil. 29-I0-23 (47-5-1); l)l)n. 90 (21 ). <b ul „ ot 
the lay-out shewn on Airow.-.mitli's >-i:ich Atiiv: of South India ! zHS |. 5 Com. Cor. 2-6-25. 'Cheaps'* 
survey of Ohittagong alio accepted. 



884 Mats & Map Making 

It will not, however, bo necessary, at !< 
the territory formerly surveyed by Map 

In furtherance of these orders, the Surveyor General, now Hodgson, sent 
instructions to Madras and Bombay for the preparation of quarter-inch degree 
sheets on the projection devised by Blacker— to Madras ; 

The drawing establishment should bo augmented aad...it may be... necessary to engage 
more apprentices... [ 279 ]. ... If the preparation of tho atlas for the Board can be dispensed 
with [ 278-9 ], that for the Directors may...be commenced. ... The work is a great one, and will 
occupy a considerable time, ... but the.-sti.eet3 (ini^iod may lie t-raiisruitted to 01s at half-yearly 
intervals as opportunities occur of sendin-r: [.hero safely. 

As to the form, ... the most convenient appears [,<> be to mako separate soeots, ... eaeh-.-one- 
degree of latitude and one of longitude. When bound the portions will form the left and 
right pages of the book, and. ..not. ..too large to be conveniently carried [ 276 j. ... 

Drawing.. .ought to be aa clear as possible ; the names of places written in a strong hand, 
and all principal roads. ..well defined by double linns, and by-roads by a strong single line. Very 
distinct delineation is desirable, and boo much ornamentation and crowding is to be avoided^. 
... It will hardly bo necessary to insert the very .small villages and hamlets as you would in a 
map intended for revenue purposes only, but every known communication and road must be 
marked, and.. .as many villages near it as can be written without much crowding. ... 

The drawing of the heights should bear some regard to their comparative elevation, bat if 
the lines are made too dark, they.. .give a confused appearance, and. ..obscure the names. ... It 
will, I think, be better to abstain from the rise of colours, and to use only Indian ink ; by doing 
so the engraver will see more clearly what he is to execute 3 , 
—to Bombay; 

You will.. .at the close of each season. ..send. ..copies of all maps. ..on a scale of i British 
miles to an inch, with a full memoir regarding the construction, ...describing the methods 
and instruments employed; and also inform me what means.. .you have for digesting and 
compiling an Atlas of. .the west side of the continent of India.. .( not including llalwah ) ; 
each sheet to contain one degree of latitude and one of longitude. ... 

Commence the work in a regular gradation: ...the neighbourhood of the Presidency 
seems most immediately desirable to be completed. The atlas is required from me by the 
Government in England, and .[ send you a graticule... toe its ^instruction*. ... 

The first consideration appears to be how to increase the number of draftsmen [ 281 ], 
It is not intended that the progress of the surveyors in the field should be impeded, but, on the- 
contrary, it is expected that the surveyors will use their utmost diligence [ 126 ] B . 

Both Blacker and Hodgson had understood that sheets of the new Atlas were 
to be compiled in India, and sent home to be engraved exactly as they stood, and 
it was not til! 1S28 that it was made clear that the Directors wanted" the surveys 
just as they were submitted by individual surveyors 6 ; no compilation was to be 
done in India. Hodgson had written to Morilgoniorie that, 

on further consideration of the Court's late letter, it docs not appear so clear that they order 
us to make it here, but. rather they seem to want materials for something they are doino- in that 
way at home. ... Our best way will be to send them the materials. ..on i miles to the inch- 
It is no slight work, but. ..we shall, I think, be obeying the letter of the order. When the 
work is cleared off, we can consider.. .a more perfect Atlas than they can make at home. I 
would, indeed, begin on it now. but that. ..they. ..may bo Impatient 7 . 

Though this was the correct interpretation of the Directors' wishes. Hodgson 
was still in two minds, and ten days later quoted another order implying that the 
Atlas was to be completed in India ; 

It ia a heavy work indoor), and cxeoodingly so undn: this Presidency, where so many and 
large additions have been made to our territory on every side, north from the Nnrbudda to 
Thibet, with the addition of all that we have visited during the kite eastern war 3 . 

He now abandoned degree squares in favour of Blacker 's lay-out ; 

The largeness of the sheets is an ad vantage, ... and in the countries north of the Nnrbuddah, 
where the extent both in latitude and longitude is so great, it is better to see as much as possible 

'Cl>t„ B. Mil., 25-5-26 (71-6); DDn. 217 (22-6); 220 ( 181-3). 'Conventional signs by 

Montgomrie. DIM. 220, ,:. Dei-. !S2'i. ' DDn. 220 I 184). 30-11-26, 'it>. ( 172], 21-10-2(5. 5,b( ITS ( 
2:5-11-26. 'Tlif Dir-'C Mil's i'\ (Kvi.ed that .;i.i.-tual survey weald bs mi i-lii..di s;:rde [ ;Se j. ' DDn. 'Vj 



Atlas of India 



at once, for much consideration and comparison are requisite iri bringing many surveys of 
different degrees of merit into one harmonious construction. 

On your side, with the £ri«Bgl*S 60 aid you, you work with more advantage, but here we 
have lines, routes, ami surveys, from Peishawar to Amorapoora, s,u string, connect, and oonipara. 
It is. however, curious and pleasant to see how well they do work together in general. ... 

I. ..hope you will not iind the construct ion on tlio largo sheets troublesome. I have rnmla 
well-seasoned drawing hoards for my sneers, and think yon would find thorn convenient'. 

Another letter tuny arrived from home calling for a complete list of all geographi- 
cal material available in India, and asking that care should be taken that on every 
map or survey "the lines of latitude and longitude may be carefully specified and 
correctly drawn, several copies of maps having been received by us without that 
...necessary information" 2 . Hodgson was thoroughly puzzled, and asked 
whether this great work is to be effected by the Surveyor General here, or whether he is to- 
send home detailed documents that it maybe compiled in England. ... The projected Atlas will 
hi'. ..the greatest geographical work ever undertaken, and the expense attending the engraving 
...of so very largo a map ( as it will contain 1211 square feet of paper ) will be heavy, and 
some years must elapse ere the work c*n bo completed. ... 

As it appeared to me. ..that it was intended that the Atlas should he constructed here, and 
as the best means... lire.. .unquestionably those 111 the hands of the Surveyor General of India, 
I immediately took measures for proceeding with the work here. ... Six- shoots. ..are now In 
hand here, and at. the other presidencies the work i> also, in progress. ... 

I have received.. .an extract of a Genera! Letter dated 2nd Hay 1*27. ... From this, and 
from the fact of six engraved sheets of maps sent home by me October 1S2S [ 276 ]... have 
been published by Mr. Hnrsburgli, the Hydrographor, it appears to me that an Atlas is in pre- 
paration at home. Under these circumstances I do not know how to act. ... 

The Surveyor General of India, knowing generally the. ..circumstances under which the 
different surveys have been made, the character and abilities of those employed to make them, 
and many other particulars. ... will be better able to fit such materials together than any 
Hydrographer...in England — who can have little idea of the varied modes necessary... in... this 
vast country— who never marched, with armies ■...who has not been compelled to have recourse 
to the various shifts and inventions winch necessity alone suggests to officers actually engaged 

i -^d who must over be ignorant: of many terms and allusion:-: used in the unpremeditated 

journals and field notes of the oriental surveyors. ... 

If the Court would send out a good engraver, with one or two journeymen, and a complete 
...apparatus, particularly prepared copper plates of the siy.e of the .sheets. ... the Atlas will in 
(hie time be executed more expeditiously and correctly than it could be in England' 1 . 

By April 1K28. seven sheets had been completed in London, and a meagre 20 to 
+0 copies sent out to each Presidency 4 [288]. "Each sheet was about 39 inches 
by 27, rm a "globular projection'" p7-oposed by Arrowsmith [ 283. 295.pl. 24 J 5 . By 
August the same year, Madras had completed and submitted five sheets to the 
Surveyor General on Blacker's lay-out 6 , and these were followed six months later 
bv seven move. "Bombay submitted two sheets and had three others in hand. 

The misundcrstandiric/s and resultant duplication of labour were at last cleared 
up bv definite instructions from the Directors. They wrote to Madras; 

We desire that such a work be not persisted in. To the attempts that have at different 
times been made by the Surveyor Generals at the several Indian Presidencies to construct 
maps embracing a large exteut of country, and the consequent retention of documents in India, 
we impute the little progress thai has yet been made. -of a general Indian Atlas. 

All projects of that nature begun in India have failed from the supervening sickness or death 
of the projectors, or from other obstructions. ... The requisite documents having been retained 
in India- contrary to our reiterated orders, we have been prevented from taking the necessary 
measures for the completion of a general Indian Atlas in this country. 

We therefore direct in the most positive manner that all original maps and surveys he- 
transmitted here with the least practicable delay 7 . 

To Bengal they confirmed 
that the Indian Atlas should be compiled ami engraved in this country. For which purpose 

'DDft.a23(S?),.27-T-2J. »COtoB,.Ma,2l 
B Mil., su-4-iti {rU,, DiJii. 90 ( »;}>. 'Index 

Murkhani! IDS. 1SS -S ), MIUO. <>:. ( U ). LIM ( 3(1 ] ; 
H.TJtnM., 18-8-28(63-10 h DDn. 317(881). 



286 Maps & Map Making 

we have, in preceding let'crs, directed thai all parts of India not previously surveyed should 
now bo surveyed... in a scientific and satisfactory maimer, upon an uniform scale of four miles 
to an inch [ 296 ], and that the original surveys and field books should be transmitted to us, 

copies... beinti carefully preserved in India. ... 

We forward to you an index map in which the sheets... which have been already engraved, 
or of which we are in possession of 1 he necessary materials of corn pi lation, are coloured red. 
We have transmitted to you copies of such parts of the Atlas as htive been published, and v 
shall continue to supply you with other parts.. .as the work proceeds. 

The Surveyor General will observe that the curves of latitude and longitude are so pn_ 
jected that they will, when completed, coincide correctly and form one map ; and it will be his 
duty.. .to examine.. _eaeh survey transmitted to ue. sanctioning such as are correct by bis 
authority, and correcting.. .such as .may be erroneous 1 . 

In 1 829 the progress of the Atlas was reviewed in Calcutta ; 

This noble work, of itself a splendid monument of the munificence of the East India Com- 
pany is upon a scale of -i miles to an inch, and taken from actual surveys which when completed 
will form a- Map of India on one variform plan. The project was first conceived by Colonel 
Mackenzie [2S3 ], and a large portion of those parts alremiy published were surveyed under 
his superintendence, ... The sheets, a.re pubfislied as they are completed ; Some of them have 
blank spaces to be filled up as the surveys proceed, nothing beimr a,. Mowed to go forth to the 
world which is not founded upon actual survey. 

Sheet 47 contains the surveys of Capt. Hodgson &, Lieut. Herbert in north part of Sirmur, 
and principal part of Bissabir. 

Sheet 48, Hodgson & Herbert, in south part of Sirmur, part of Garhwa! & Dehra Dun. 
Flat country from surveys of White, Hodason, Colvin, and Biake. 

Sheet 65, H; ■dgson L v Herbert ; source of Ganges, htearsey & Moorcroft, sources of Indus 
& Ganges. Sheet 60, Webb, Kumaun. 

Sheets 69 & 70, Bundelkund by Franklin, brother to Sir John Franklin, RJSL 

Sheets 42, 43, 58, 60, 77, 7S, SO, SI, 95, are surveys executed in the Peninsula 2 . 

John Walker, the engraver, " combined the various documents sent home, ... 
prepared the sheets for publication, engraved them on copper, and issued them "'. 
He worked under Hrvrshurgri until the ktter's death in 1838, when he "was then 
engaged to take charge of all the records" 3 . 

!CD to E., Mil.,8-9-29 ( 3-8). *CUeants$a in Seknee, Nor. 1829 ( 347 ) quoted from As J. ' Martham 



CHAPTER XX 

MAPS— i Continued ) 

Maps published in England — Record & Issue — India House — Projections <b 
Scales — Orthography — Engraving <fe Lithography. 

THE more important general maps of this period were compiled and published 
from material lent from India House, first by the celebrated cartographer 
Aaron Arrowsmith 1 [ II, 285 11.8 ], and after his death in 182:5 by the firm of 
Ivinssbury, Parbnry and Allen. 

Arrowsmith's first map of India had been published in 1S04, in six sheets, 011 
scale about 2| inches to a degree [II, 285-7]. In 1810 he ^sued a" new map, 
in eight sheets, scale 16 miles- to an inch, with an index which bears this note ; 

For the groat addition and improvement, in this republication of Mie Map of India, I have 
to express my grateful thanks..,to His Grace the Duke of Wellington for valuable materials, 
collected during his campaign in India ; to Colonel Allan ; General Kyd ; Sir John Malcolm ; 
Sir .'I'rtint'B Mackintosh 2 ; Dr. Buchanan; Mr. Sydenham ; but chiefly to the Hon. Court of 
Directors for their liberally perm itl,iti» me the use of the truly valuable Map of Mysore by 
Colonel Colin Mackenzie, Surveyor General of India 3 . 

The map was an excellent production, though it naturally came in for much 
criticism from surveyors who were familiar with the country and more recent 
surveys. Lambton was particularly severe : 

It 'is mortifying to see so beautiful a map... replete with error:;. T he outline of the Peninsula 
has evidently been taken from some bad copy of my plan of positions, hut, on comparing the 
places in general in the interior. Unite is sir are-el y one that is not out 2, 3, &-1 minntos of latitude. 
Unpardonable errors where a country has been actually surveyed, and where the position of 
every place of note has been fixed by me to within one or two seconds of the truth. Luckily 
my name has been kept ont of sight 4 . 

In 18-21 Hodgson compared it again At the revised copy of Reynolds' map before 
reporting that the latter "was not worth publication [ II, 67 n.i. 285 ; III 280 ] ; 

Arrowsmith's oiiiht- sheet map...(.roni,ains more places than are laid down in the Bombay 
map, and.-.with equal accuracy. ... I do not perceive any additions to General Reynolds' 
original map which are not in Arrowsmith's, and the latter contains several which are wanting 
in the former. ... Arrowsmith, ... as he had access to the geographical materials in the India 
House, ... availed himself of it with much success. It is fair to suppose that he copied what he 
chose out of General Reynolds' map 5 , as well as from.. .more recent surveys, ... and, ... consider- 
ing Arrowsmith had the best materials extant in England in 1.815, nud a.s his map... contains... 
more places than that of General Reynolds' does, though double Lie size, and is of recent con- 
struction., ... it is more valuable than the large nutp or 1S08 [ II, pi. 3 ] 5 ; 

The map of Arrowsmith, though.. .far from correct, and exhibiting great blanks, I... 
consider as the best hitherto published, but in its turn its value will soon be much diminished 
by that which I am preparing on the same scale from later and better materials, of which there 
is a great accumulation in this office not yet digested or reduced to one scale [ 274, 281 ]. 

It was easy to point out in 182.1 many areas where surveys had been too recent 
for inclusion in a map of 1815, but it must have given Hodgson a special delight 
to note that, "with regard to the northern mountains and. former possessions of the 
Nepalese, more places are laid down in Arrowsmith's than in Reynolds' map, hut 
there is nothing of the least value in either" [ 29-48 ] 7 . 

'{ 17J10-1K23 1 ; Hvtlro^i.p'K-r to ;l:e L'rrir.os eC Wii-k-=. iS''>4 : -J-i i : l : i t-li I ■■ o r ; <■ i.-'.^n.r ,v li>s(,!i.j ^0., Lomion : 
DNB 3 ( 170.T -r~-:'_- '■ : l*";-.--r;k-c of Boiubiv. L504 11 ; .B,r-L:J of CV,nu-yi, L-HiiO. DXB. '10 Maps. II AC. 

(38) : ''!"' '■'■lit. rSd). Ho F.lviIL-. .1 [ y-.k-ibSJ, 21-j-lS; I>Dn. «*> , . 

Beynolds in 1807 [ TI 2S3-4 ]. 6 the copy sent to Calcutta m 1 



288 Maps 

Arrow-smith took his detail for Bihar and Bengal mostlv from Rennell, and it is 
not surprising that the Plantation Committee of 1823 found it inadequate for their 
purposes, though their complaints brought Hodgson forward in defence ; 

The vary valuable map...i3 consul to J with advam.-L-o hv all the departments. ... It is the 
result of the labours of our most distinguish,,. I Geographer* for half a centurv past, and was 
consti'noiiud... (Yiiin the autiitsnticj docnmoiua t™.«i,,;ns„.-i F.1..11 India 

Sineo the lower and middle provinces have ceased to be the seat of war, surveys have not 
been coiitiimod in then, and the maps of Rooneil, Colebtooke, and other surveyors, which are 
incorporated into Arrowsmith's map, are our only authorities, and hitherto nnimpeached. 
Nevertheless, such proofs as the Plantation Commit too may oiler in support of the alleged 
inaccuracy of tho most rocoiit map published will be duly attended to. 

It is true that in the very remote provinces which our armies have lately traversed, even 
the excellent map of Arrows mith is... deficient in seosraphical provision, but, as most places 
of note are to be found in it, ...some differences in. ..true positions may nob render it un- 
worthy of the. ..use of the Plantation Committee, for to attempt to reconstruct the.. .maps of 
the-Bengal Presidency for its special use would be a labour of incredible magnitude. ... 
Arrowsmith's map published in 1821 is more full Mian that of 1SI5. and may be purchased here 1 . 
This map of 1821 was advertised in 1820 as ■'Arrowsmith's new Map of India, 
with additions to 1819. to fold in a case ; price Rs. 130 ( ready money ) " 2 . 

Six copies of the 1815 map was sent out to each presidency [285]. Bengal was 
honoured by an extra four, with the request that one copy should be returned 
with amendments, a task that the Surveyor General put on one side regardless of 
frequent reminders 3 . Hodgson writes shortly after taking office ; 

I have found.. .a letter— dated 13th January last, to which... Colonel Mackenzie who was 
then in mfirra health, was unable to reply. ... To correct... Arrowsmith's large map of India 
which, extending from the G7tli to nearly the 93rd degree of east longitude, and from the 
8th to 31st degree of north latitude, ui.nnpre bonds a very considerable portion of the map of 
the Qlobe, ... is. ..as desirable as its execution is laborious and difficult 4 . 

Instructions were passed out to all surveyors to sent! in reductions of their field 
work both on the |-inch and 16-mile scales, and Hodgson told Government that he 
was preparing tho 10-mile map, as ordered in 18.20, 

for the corrections of the general geography of India, for which purpose I am reforming the 
maps of the Peninsula on the fundamental and perfectly correct basis of Colonel Lambton's 
trigonometrical operations, and also of that vast tract from tho .\ ; erbiiddali...to...the confines 
of Chinese Tartary in the 32nd degree of north latitude, regions in whit:]] very great additions 
have been made to geography since our armies have traversed or occupied them 5 . 

In 1822 Anowsmit.h issued a map of the southern peninsula on the quarter-inch 
scale 6 , of which Markhani writes ; 

The labours of che... Madras Military Institute. ..bi-gnn to attract attention as soon as their 
results arrived in England, and the necessity for.. .more accurate and detailed maps-was 
soon acknowledged. Aaron Arrowsnm.h...ouusLm£:tcd a projection for a new atlas of India 
on the scale of four miles to an inch [ 203 ], and the .Madras survey maps were placed in his 
hands. The result was the publication of his atlas of South India, from Cape Comoriu to the 
Krishna i'l IS shunts, ... which appeared in July 1822 7 . 

This was a great advance on any previous publication, but was very sketchy in 
areas such as Guntur and Ongole, which were yet to be covered by regiilar 
surveys, whilst Travancore was left entirely blank. The 18 sheets included' an index, 
and an inset shewing Arrowsniit.lrs projected rectangular lav-out of i-inch sheets' 
numbered from 1 in the south to 102 in the Himalaya. ' We find a bill froni 
W. Thaoker & Co. [ 214 11.4 ], Calcutta 1827. for supplying— Arrowsmith's Atlas of 
South India— Elephant Folio— - 1 - bound in Russia— Two copies @Rs. 200— Packing 
in wax-cloth, tin, etc. Rs. 6 8 . In deference to the Directors' favourable reference 
to this map as a basis for their new Atlas of India [283 ], Blacker abstained "from 
the invidious task" of pointing out its defects 9 . 

In 1818 Arrowsmith Issued a Map of Asia, followed by a revised edit ion in 1822, 
on which the German geographer Klaproth [ 57 11,4 ], wrote a spiteful review ; 



'DDn. 19S ( 129-30 ), i'4-10-23. Effort. Go-. 2 fl 

13-11.1-2*. MID11. \W (25 I. 11-H-iU. s iu. I W) 

1:) Mil|> s . f. AC. IT; I" /;,;. ( s{; ) : ,-.f A * /!. XVI pi. 1. 
204 (HI ), .11-8-24. 



6-20. 3CD to B . f L2_|j_nj ( 16 j . 2 8-t5-30 ( 7ft) ; 
>-9-2i. B r-opy In Cnmit-mura I'.iV,.. Madras ; also 

'Markham(405). « DDu. 220 ( 22;i ]. iTJDn. 



I 



Maps Published in England 289 

Arrows niith, the most i'znoiv.nt of all those who are eiiiiployed in. eonstrncttn;; maps, ha 
borrowed a map of Japan by M. Aba! Rornusat'- and lias copied it .just a* it was into hi? Map 
of Aaia, in four large sheets, finished in 1818, and revised in 1322, Hence these Islands 
[Japanese ] appear throe times larger than thoy really ara. ... It is much to bo desired that 
the few person? who irc-iko xooLrraphy a scier-dilLo study, and who are, capable of judging of the 
horrible productions daily offered to us under the dfHiommstio» of maps, would give Uiemsalvea 
tho trouble, to ustifiiine and criticise thorn severely. 

He concludes by stating that many published map.-; : : possess no other merit besides 
the beauty of the engraving" 3 . 

Amongst other maps issued by Arrowsmit-h were those which accompanied 
Blackor's Memoir of ...the Maiiratta War, published in 1821 s [ 282 ], and Malcolm's 
Map of Central India, inelvMnq Malwa [ 84 ]. 

In 1824, after Arrowsmitii's death, a full map of India was published by Gary, 
in sis sheets, largely from Blaeker's material, scale 25 miles to an inch, followed 
by a reduction in two sheets 4 ; 

A New Map of Hiiidosl art... .from original materials, exhibiting iis political divisions & the 
natural features of the country. ... — To Lt Colonel Valentine Blacker, c.b., Surveyor General 
of India, this map is most respectfully Dedicated, in gratitude for the very liberal assistance 
afforded by hirn in the 005 mm initiation of many valuable rnatorials from which it has been 
principally contracted. — G. & J. Gary, London, fiii tit. James's Street, July 1st 1824 6 . 

An interesting extension was printed with Clary's six-sheet map of 1824, entitled 
Map of the Ccmntr/f.s betwe.e/n- Iviiia an:] Europe, scale 120 miles to an inch, that 
gives a detailed table of overland journeys between India and Europe — 

Csrsfceo Ntofoohr [I, t-za 1. 1761-3— Eyles Irwin [I, 341], 1777, 1780-1 — Goorgo Forster 
[ I, 337 ], 1783 — Captain Campbell. 1792 — Captain Jackson, 1797 — James Morier [ II, 
444-I ], 1808-9 —Major Kinneir [ John Macdonald, II, 418-9 ], 1814 — John Johnson [ II, 
400-50], 1817 — Lieut. Heude (sie), 1817 — George Fitzclarenee 6 , 1818. 
Fitzelarence had been a.d.C. to Marquess Hastings during the Marat ha War, and 
was sent home overland with news of peace. His acconnt of the journey, with 
maps, was published in 1819. 

Another map issued about this time was one by Kingsbury, Farbury, & Allen, 
in four sheets scale li'2 miles to an inch, that was advertised in Calcutta 7 ; 

Just landed & for sale— A nowly constructed and extended map of India — From th» 
latest surveys of the best authorities, published principally for the use of the officers of the 
army, and inscribed to Maj. General 8ir John Malcolm. Price in portable case, on roIlers f 
40 rupee- j varnished 45 rupees. Wm. Thaekor .1" Co. 

Tho same firm also published the map issued as frontispiece to Prinsep's Narra- 
tive of.. .British India under the Marquis of U asti'n (is, I813-1S, entitled Map of the 
Seat of the War in India 1817-8, scale two inches to a. degree, "compiled and drawn 
for the use of the Commander-in-Chief's office, Fort William, Bengal. ... 1st June 
1825". The map gives routes of various columns which operated against the 
pinddris and Marathas. They also published a Map of the Western Provinces of 
HiwJooitan, in four sheets, inscribed to Malcolm, together with an 
index, containing the Nantes and Geographical Positions of all places in the maps of India, 
especially that newly construct!)-;! and extended Map of Indki 6 , lately published by Kingsbury, 
Parbury <fc Allen. Booksellers to Hon. East India Company, ... London 1S2S. 

Record & Issue 

In their instructions for the establishment of a Surveyor General of India, the 
Directors made hirn responsible for maintaining a depot of maps at Fort William, 

'Jean Pierre Abel R-tvnirsai. ( 1 7^-S-!S;ii ) ; Kicudi sro.ibtf of Ciiintvic ; i'lditor of Journtl. des Sauant-s 
from ISIS ; EnciJ. Brit. - An ./. I Si!) f i.i-i ) ; (jiii>c-.n^ tVc i;i Jo.-.i.-iyi: ,-(.si'i'i.j ■(.-;, of Paris : r.-priVlawsd in original 
French : 10 Tract. tiJI. ;; cnt;:"ivc.l by eifirtey ihoi ' under Uit: bis pi: choc of Mr. Arrowsmitli". i 10 Cat. 
( SG } ; MRIO. <S7 E ( 1-3 |- Tit IT Afb IS. '.TiiSin Da-ry was a. noted on^r.ivfir ant] publisher of ra.ips 
betw-'fti 17M7 iind 1820 ; in- firm 0. k S. r-:rv roii-iinnl :-■■. p.ijilE-li io bo;c:oo in, to ISii. " Lt Col. Geo 
Aug. Fredfe. Fitwittrrui-e ( l.7!l I-IH4-J j: t-r. [<:, ivtci of .\l::n*r,-r. !..-_(:(] - OY«- - : ., : r,th l-jcd of UurKtsr fiew 
to ini lia in l'-U4t.:> risit the bit'; Army, pifoted by !>.wid Piiclba-j?e, nty o-pitcs/. ''Govt. Gas. 15-12-25. 

3/0 Gat. (88). 



290 



Mats 



and for security and distribution. There was a strict rule that surveyors should 
treat their work as secret, and not pass copies to local officers, either civil or military, 
without proper authority [ II, 288-9 ; III, 274 ]. 

Even when surveying Orissa at the Commissioner's request, Buxton asked for 
the Surveyor General's permission to issue a copy of his survey ; "My instructions 
are to show a map to nobody, and. ..I have refused to do so to the Commissioner, 
much, however, I rather .suspect, to his surprize. I beg.. .to be set right if I have 
acted wrong" 1 . The Surveyor General approved, and referred to a recent Govern- 
ment order thai, local officers issued with maps 

will... preserve them in their offices, and transfer them to their successors, ... and not... permit 
any additions to bo inserted in them. tint.. .the prohibition against avowing copies or extracts 
should bo qualified by sanctioning the practice in cases where it may be found necessary for 
the public service, a report then being inai ie to your office 2 . 

On his arrival from Madras Mackenzie found that these regulations were too 
often disregarded, but before taking action he consulted Garsthi and Thomas 
Wood. He writes later to Webb disapproving of Tate's correspondence with 
civil officers ; 

It is not approved that a person employed on public duty should communicate on the 
subject of his official duties to any person whatever -without- permission. ... I may go thro' 
the disagreeable ordeal of declining propositions, & lie reckoned a. crusty disobliging old fellow' 
for my pains, while meantime an order r.r;y be obtained before yon can help it. 
He asked Webb to pass no part, of Ms survey to others until the whole was completed 
and officially submitted to the Surveyor General 3 . 

In spite of all precautious, it was found in 1820 that many maps were scattered 
through the various Government offices in Calcutta, mostly unknown to the Surveyor 
General. Franklin was deputed to examine them [ 337 ] : 

A considerable mass of geographical information has. ..been collected in. ..public departments 
which, from want of due arrangement, ... may in time lie dispersed altogether beyond the reach 
of Govarment. ... The Most Noble the Governor General is in possession of several important 
sketches... from various officers on active service. Many are also in the office of His Lordship's 
Military See rotary. ... There are likewise a few maps in the.. .Political Department. 

You will examine, arrange, and collate the... documents... in such a form as to render them 
accessible, ... and... construct descriptive catalogues, ... and. ..report your opinion with regard 
to... [ distribution between] the office of the Surveyor General, or the Quarter Master General. 
Franklin found material not yet incorporated in the Surveyor General's maps* ; 

I was able to collate the whole. ..and arrange if, into uniform and complete d istrict maps, 
and, this appearing to me bo be the most useful shape in which I could condense the variety 
of information, ... I commenced on Bundelcund, as well because it is centrically situated 
as because 1 had full and authentic materials for the work [ 81—2 ]. 

As I proceed in my labours, I register in a catalogue the various documents I make use of 5 . 
I have .already commenced a map of the States west of the Jumna River, because the informa- 
tion we possess regarding t.hoin is extensive. ... It consists of actual surveys and.. .routes 
which, when arranged and consolidated, will.. .produce a map greatly superior to any which we 
...possess of that part of the country. Meantime I am making endeavours to procure efficient 
information for.. .filling up the more interesting blanks of .1 ubbulpore and Central .India. 

I have commenced a General Military Map on a smaller scale, on which I have already 
completed a skeleton series of points from the Sutle.j River through Central India to the 
Dekhan, and have connected in the most- satisfactory manner all. the labours of the Madras 
Quarter Master General's Department wi:h those of Bengal 6 . 

He was told to confine hi in self to listing the maps into suitable "roups ; . 

It was not contemplated that you should engraft the information so obtained on former 
materials, or. ..frame compilations which would ;;reatly protract the period of your present 
employment, and which could more regularly and more expeditiously be executed under the 
direction of the Surveyor General 7 . 

He completed the work in another six months, compiling two new maps which 
he submitted with a descriptive catalogue, reporting that it had been his 

chief care to avoid copying documents which already existed in the public offices. ... The maps 



1 DPn. 147 ( 267 ), 4-6-20. ! ih. i44 ( 327 ), 24-9-19. 
191(55), 7-7-20. 6 ib. (58-63), 9-1 1-20. = ib. (35), 7-7-1 



■DBn. 15(3 (152-4); 26-3-19. 
'ib. ( 63-5), 26-1-21. 



Record & Issue 291- 

which are herewith submitted are new, and. have, by means of my present employment, been 
preserved to the public service. After the completion cil' these tiro maps, the remaining docu- 
ments.. .will consist, (.if various plans of forts not at present in the office of the Chief Engineer, 
and sen-era] plans of battles and other toposrrnpliicid sketches rot-tine: to the lute campaign, ... 
and also a. very extensive collection. ..made by the kite Lieutenant fiekersgill, and intended 
by him for a ivork which he contemplate;: on the Xepaulese war f II, .f 17 ]. ... 

The present docu 11 ion ts appear to me more adapted for deposit in [trie ofiieej of the Surveyor' 
General, ... as the Quarter Master Uenerai can have access to them at anytime [ 302, 334 ]. ... ! 
I have several maps, the private property of the late CnlorioJ i^agait 1 , which... I solicit permission 
to deposit... also in the office of the Surveyor General with a separate catalogue 3 . 
His proposals were all approved. 

Though "Blacker liad obtained permission to use official maps for the i.l lustration 
of his Memoir of the Maratha war. it was suggested that he had exceeded his permit 
in passing any to Gary for private publication [ 289 ]. It is hardly likely that the 
Directors would have appointed him Surveyor General if this were true, for it was 
a practice that had caused them much concern ever since the old days of Clive and 
Vansit.tart f T, 256 ; IT, 287 J. Hodgson broached the subject to Jopp in 182fi ; 

The improper liberty which has within late years too often been taken by public officers 
and Heads of Departments, of carrying away with, them to England papers in their charge, 
and especially maps, must be brought tu the notice of Government, here and at home. I 
know that very nil lister uses have been made of such maps-, hut. I trust a spoedv report made 
to England will prevent the abuse in future. I. ..desire you to prepare lists of all the maps yon 
have, and to make particular mention of any. ..winch are missing. These circumstances should 
lie fully explained t.n your own Government-, ami. reported to me 3 . 

The matter drew further comment from the Directors in 1828 ; 

Some of our officers who have been employed in the Surveying Department have sent 
copies of their surveys to Europe for publication on private behalf; ... you will... prohibit Such 
practice in future. All surveys mude at the public expence are public property, and we direct 
that no copies of any surveys, so made, be delivered to any persons except- these appointed 
by Government to receive them 4 . 

Circulars were thereupon sent round to all surveyors riding that, 
in the event of your qu itting the Survey Department, a- declaration on honour will be required, 
specifying that you have not retained or delivered to any individual, or sent to your friends 
in England, any maps or papers whatever connected with the surveys on which yon may have 
been employed ut the expense of the Government- [ II. iSS-c.) ] 5 . 

On this Montgomerie commented ; 

T think, it is a pity the Court, of Directors did not name the ottiuors who sout copies of their 
surveys for publication on private account. Have you any idea who they were ? Colonel 
Blacker, 1 think, was the only person in this Presidency who availed himself of his situation 
when Quarter .Master (' ■eneral to take copies of surveys [ 86 ] fl . 

It had been directed that custody of survey records at Madras and Bombay- 
should be entrusted to the Chief Engineer | 303 ]. but Mackenzie had little difficulty 
in demonstrating the absurdity of snob an arrangement [315-6]. Before lie left 
Madras he overhauled the records there, finding a total of 2.98U items, which he left 
under charge of Rid dell [ 31(1 ]. to whom he writes from Calcutta ; 

I have just got thro' the inspection of the contents of the depot ; there are only about 
750 titles, scarcely I /3rd of the Madras depot. Those consist almost entirely of itinerary 
surveys, corrected sometimes by astronomical observations ; no statistic Surveys. Only 2 or 3 
general compilations ; but on© of thorn very extensive, but old, & nearly obsolete 7 . On the 
whole the depot is inferior to the Madras one. 

I have not yet... examined the records, but. ..they consist chiefly of held books, &. ..there 
are no... memoirs. The regulations, reports. & office hours, differ much from ours, & I have 
hitherto declined bringing my Madras people in contact with them, till I get into a large house, 
capable of one rogulat iris system [ _)to ] a . 

Both Mountford and Montgomerie had a continual struggle to keep pace with 

Mate AG. [It, 41 j. HUM. 191(331-5), W-8-21. '.D[>n. 223 ( 3S ), B-8-3G. 'CD to B Mil 
16-l-2S( 12. 13 j; DDn. m> (--.:.)& 217 ( t.i!) ). -HDii. fit ( 17:1 ), IS-ii-i-i ■ cf. 217 ( 139} of tl-ti -M & ->:!".' 
( 337 1. IL-ii-i*. MH'Iri. 231 ! 2111 ). 13 it 2s. 'probably T!o.. Dill's atUs ( [, 21.1-7) ■ MglQ M 

(3-2-33). ' DDn. 1SS ( 291 ), 1S-S-17. 



1 



292 Maps 

the demand for copies and reductions of maps, which had ail to be made by hand. 
Monntford repea'edly asked for regular accounts of maps issued and. that, 
on a map being furnished, ... a receipt.. .bo deposited in this office and that, with a view to 
the further safety of s>ueli roups. ..( the pwpivrfltirm of which tins hwi attended with so heavy 
an expence ), periodical returns be made. ... I...)iope that, maps Tfi.11 bo b oiler preserved; ... 
and that, while every latitude is given to the circulation of geographical information, ... due 
attention to the spirit of the. ..orders relative to the multiplication of map will be granted 1 . 

The Surveyor General did all he could l.o persuade officers, to use maps published 
in England, rather than call on the 'survey office for band-drawn copies [276-7 
Regarding in ate rials for the £-iri<:h Atlas. Hodgson asked Mo.nljiioinerie to 
be particularly careful that all the work. ..be done.. -under your immediate inspection, and 
that nothing. ..is made public by private lithotaaphists'-. Kach sheer, when finished should be 
kept by yon. locked up and under your seal 3 . ... 

There can be no reason why labour, which might be otherwise so much hotter employed, 
and which is. ..so urgently required for the fulfilment, of... the positive commands of the Supreme 
Government, should be lost, in making for the Commander-in-Chief copies of maps which his 
Quarter Master General has, "What eoutl be do with them 1 ? 

As copies of the new Atlas began to reach India, the Directors became more 
than ever opposed to the distribution of hand-drawn copies ; 

With our despatch of I, lie 2sth ..lam.in.ry I.S29, copies. ..were sent to you, and we anticipate 
a great saving of labour in the Deputy Surveyor General's Office. ... 

We. ..draw your attention to the frequent, si id we believe often unnecessary, calls for maps 
by our officers, civil and military, cause:! by the neglectful evistody, or irregular appropriation, 
of those documents; and we desire that it may be intimated to all our servants that maps 
supplied, from our public offices are public: property, to he carefully kept". 

At Bombay the custody of maps rested with Williams till his retirement, and 
then passed to Sutherland, first as Assistant, and then as Deputy, Surveyor General 
r 323 ]. To give the Surveyor General closer control, Blacker had the following 
orders issued by the Supreme Government ; 

All original surveys, with whatever original documents may be attached to them, now at 
■either of the subordinate Presidencies, are to be transferred to the Geographical Depot in 
Bengal, the Deputy sirti'^oyor Genera! retaining copies of such as may be thought necessary. 
This last measure, ...prescribed by the 2-2nd paragraph of the Hon'ble Court's letter of the 
3rd .Time 1814, became necessary in consequence of the la to ins 1, ructions for the preparation 
of a General Atlss on a large scale from original materials : I ml;... the... times in which he may 
require to call for them are left to the Surveyor General. ... 

No survey shall be admitted by- the Surveyor General as complete, unless accompanied 
with a document explanatory of its authority and construction 6 [ 194 ]. 



India House 

The established procedure under which copies of held boohs and surveys were 
regularity despatched to the Court of Directors was confirmed in 1814 [ II, 287I, but 
the Directors had to send constant reminders, and call for regular lists from each 
Presidency. During 1821-2, Claude Wade, Assistant Surveyor General at Calcutta, 
was employed for several months ''examining the copies of journals and field books 
...for the Court of Directors". For several years, however, nothing was sent from 
Bombay except copies of the revenue surveys [ 281 ]. 

For the preparation of the Atlas of India, in London , strict, accuracy became 
imperative, and in 1827 the Directors noted that :: several of the surveys... sent to us 
from your Presidency are very incorrectly copied" [313-4], and ordered that 
originals should be sent home, and copies retained in India, [ 285-6 ]'. 

Before handing over duty as Surveyor General, Hodgson sent in a complete list 
of the materials that, had been sent home, and of what remained in India ; 

1 HVn 192(315 ), 5-11-21, sLiilioyvjioi'V introduced in Calcutta andMadi-as alio ut IS22 [ 20S -a ]. 
3DDn 184 ( 421 ), 30-11-20. J I>Dn. 223 "( 44 ). B-2-27. 'CD to H., Mil., 15-4-29; DDn. 263 ( 131 ). 
'BGO. 6 1 -2.i ( 6 1- 'CD to B., Mil., 2-5-27 ( 4 ], DDn. 90 ( 49 }. 






India House 293 

Flegardiuti the construction of a map of India at home, ...and... the transmission of all 
original field books and other documents, ... every attention has boon paid to. ..orders. ... I 
have compiled two very full lists, sent herewith, ...the one of maps and plana, the other 
of Held books and other written documents ; ... The... arratigemw.it of thi* extensive catalogue 
...has been a work of groat labour, and has employed several of the most effective people of 
the office for many months past. If ever the task of e on sfru ethic; a map of India in England 
be executed, it will be mainly owing to the assistance which this catalogue will afford 1 . 

A year later Herbert despatched a farther coi.vsig nine Jit, 
packed in five tin case?, secured with brass locks, which are covered with wax-elotb, and sealed 
with the seal of the office. These documents are.. .all original, ami. ..it was necessary to have 
a correct copy of each docuineut before tin.: original could be spared from the office. ... 

Nothing but the very peremptory nature of the Court's order could have induced me to 
send materials which are so likely l.o occasion. ..disappointment, in any attempt to turn them 
to use in England. ... To follow my own judgement, I would have- substituted for them such 
sheets of the Great A Mas.. .as might have been constructed with tolerable correctness. ... 

That such a task can be better performed here than in England...I cannot but believe. ... 
In comparing discordant materials it would be a great help to the map compiler to be... 
acquainted with the... acquirements of the surveyor, wjlii the instruments used, and the methods 
followed [ 285]. ... T should have considered my time more usefully employed in... digesting 
the heterogeneous material now sent into something like shape and system, than in. ..copying 
documents many of which are. ..not worth the- labour. [Jut I could not substitute.. .my views 
...for the repeated and positive orders of the Court [I, 252 ] 2 . 



Pkojf.ctioks & Scales 

Most surveyors could lay down the projection of their maps and surveys 
from authorized tallies giving lengths, of parallels and meridians. Hutton's tables 
■were generally used, i T. 24S], until the issue of Lanibton's values [ II, 215; in}']. 

Of his map of Kmviaim Webb writes in 1819 ; 

The length of a minute of the meridian has been taken at I SHI fathoms, ami the projection 
of the map itself has been made <m what is called the Diagonal method, the only mode I am 
acquainted with by which the relative positions of places can be preserved, as well as their 
distances from each other upon an equal scale. I imagine the method itself is not new, but 
it was first pointed out and explained to me by Mr. Arrow-smith*. 

On receipt of the Directors' letter of October 1S;*:> proposing a "complete Indian 
Atlas" [283], Blacker assumed that he was to prepare it in India [ 284 J, following 
approximately the lay-out shown on Airovvsniith's atlas of the south peninsula [288]. 
He first consulted Everest ; 

The last paper of Col. Lamb ton... that discusses the figure of the earth as deduced from a 
comparison of his own measurements with certain others in Europe/is published in the 13th 
vol. of the Asiatic Researches 1 , after he had advanced his meridional are to 18° 3' 45'. ... He 
concludes the earth's flliptieily to he... 1/3(14, and. ..annexed ft table of the value of degrees on 
the meridian...for every decree of latitude, and on arcs perpendicular to the meridian [ II, 260 ]. 
In consequence of orders from the Court, of Directors, I am about to engage on the projection of 
a General Atlas. ..and. ..I am desirous of ascertaining whether any reason has occurred since the 
date of the paper in question for doubting the correctness of its con elusions 5 . 

He then worked out. his projection ; 

The calculations For the graticule have been completed. ... Considering the proposed 
atlas as a ^reat national work, ovary part of its eon?; t ruction bocomo.i u mai.i.ef of importance, 
and exacts a reference to principles that shall stand the test of scientific investigation. I 
have therefore bestowed on the determination of the intersections of its -reat and small circles 
pains which, 1 apprehend, arc novel. ..in India. ... 

I. ..forward for transmission to Kngland a eopy in duplicate of the lablcs which have been 
calculated, and the arguments which have been employed in arriving at the desired results:. 
I have been induced to take some impressions of them in lithography, as well to secure the 
accuracy of the copies, as to provide a sufficient number for future reference' ; for. ..these 



294 Maps 

tables will answer for nil other niHps within the parallels of S- and j2'', under any other meridian, 
as likewise for any other scale by.. .simple proportion. ... 

In order that. ..the prupos;.: atlas may he clearly iuiderst.ood, ... 1 herewith forward in 
duplicate a geographical sketch exhibiting tt-s proposed dimensions and subdivision, but exten- 
sion. ..will be attended with no disfi.eu.hy. With regard to the size of each sheet, I have con- 
formed as nearly to the instructions of the Honorable tlio Court of Directors as was possible, for 
the size of a sheet of Arrowsmith's atlas, winch received their approval, contains 1071-9 square 
inches, and in (he present project ion it measures 1030-6 square inch.es [ 29b] 1 . 

Two years later, Hodgson records the source of Blacker ! s inspiration ; 

Thia graticule and scheme of calculation is taken from a very good model, that of the 
great map of France, as... described in the Snppkhnout of Puissant' s " Topographs " 2 . ... The 
meridians converge to the 80th degree of Longitude, and the 20th degree of Latitude is the 
central parallel. The extent of the map ( of which each sheet is a component -piece) is from the 
8th to the 32nd degree of north latitude, and from l,hoi>7th to the Mid degree of east longitude, 
and I think the arrangement. ..a-s judicious us any that i!ould be proposed. 

The Hon'ble Court use the term Conceal Atlas of India. With a view that it may be 
completed in that sense, ... the component purrs should be so arranged that they may compose 
one perfect whole, in the maimer uf the giva !■ map of France. It is not intended, nor expected, 
nor could it be of any use, that, the sheets should beaetunlly laid together on so large a scale of 
four miles to an inch, yet. still it. is in accordance with the best rnadcls that, the meridians 
should converge to aoioe centre. ... and, what is of most ci.insoijnon.ee. it is necessary that the 
differences of longitudes in so vast an extent as 26 degrees ( nay more, when we include our 
new discoveries to llio borders of Vunau in China ) should be weli adjusted among themselves'. 

He explained to Montgomorie that he 
was almost tempted to make it on a smaller page, i.e., to a degree and a half m latitude and 
two degrees in longitude, making each converge to the center of the sheet. My original plan 
of only one degree of latitude was too small, and Colonel li's is rather too large, but in case 
of further reduction to Smiles, it will be convenient. It certainly is not of consequence to make 
the meridians converge to the centre of so great a map as all these sheets laid together would 
compose, because such a map would bo useless ; however, it is the fashion to make them so, 
and as to the size of the sheets there is much to be said on all sides 1 . 

With his lithographed tables Blacker had attached instructions for their graphic 
protraction, accounts of which are given twenty-five years later by Thuillier and 
the head computer, Rn.dlmiiatl) Sikdar. Neither of them makes any reference to 
Puissant, in his Mainiul of Surveying Tinii llie.r describes 

the graticule of maps comprising small portions of the globe for which Colonel Blacker drew 
up a memorandum of instructions, which is simple and act 'urate within certain limits, about 
100 square degrees. The objections to the method are that it is an empirical process based 
on no known projection, and the protraction has a tendency to generate error because it ia 
not laid off from one common origin. The spaces are built one on the other, whereby Hie 
error in any point is carried on through all the succeeding ones 5 . 

Radhanath Sickdhar writes in the depart mental Auxiliary Talks of 1851 ; 

The tables for map projection, and the manner in which they have boen computed and 
arranged, will he found well explained in the— memorandum drawn out by the late Colonel 
Blacker for the use of the draughtsmen in the Surveyor tionerat's Office. By a mechanical 
operation,.. is produced a graticule whose meridians are all equal, are equidistant at all corres- 
ponding points, are intersected by the parallels at equal angles on the same side, and whose 
parallels consist of ['arts proportional to the cosines of their latitudes'. 

Following the clue given by Hodgson, we find that the library at Dehra Dun 
still holds the identical copy of Puissant's Traits de Topographic, d 'Arjmitage, et de 
Siyellemmt. that was consulted by Blacker, ft beats a note in Hodgson's hand- 
writing, "Surveyor General's Office. Purchased ~ May 1822 7 , Es, 12. J.A.H. ". It 
is freeJy annotated in pencil, more particularly the paragraphs which deal with 
the modified Flamsteed projection 8 , adopted by Colonel Henry. "Colonel au Corps 
Imperial des lugenieurs-Geographes ", for the great military map of France. 

'fitting dijidilc-clpphinit rtrwinf: piijjcr [ con ] ; TjDn. ail ( 170), 1J -7-29. 'Colonel Louis Puidiant 
( 171>9-1H*3 | i Corn* lie* Iry^r^ia-sdVi^ni iilms ; .wtk GnyruphUt'te { -'U. :M, [)1. 30). : 'DDa. <3I ( l:J } 
6-H-27. ■'W'c- --■'• { M )■ -'< '•-'■ 'TLuiilic-c & .-e-iv.h | ;;:;■! ). 6 Ahx. Tahk<, 1st edit. ; 1851. 

'possibly from Grant [183). "Rev. Joint Flamsteed ( 1M6-1719); first A R- 1875 ; FES. 1077. DNB. 



Projections & Scales 295 

Pvhssanl's Supplement- which deals with the subject of map projections is dated 
Paris, 1810, and describes : : 

la projection i.iue !e Depot general de I;i Gui'i'l'ii a adoptee po-.ir la reunion des lev-os topogra- 
phiques. Cctto projection aiimne sous le nom de "projection modi fieri do Plaiust.'W ". ou da 
'■prelection eonlqiioalteree", a obfomi dans est (Halilisse'iient la preference sur toat.es les autres 1 . 

The projection was specially designed for maps comprising a number of sheets 
covering a wide area, and its particular properties were ; 

Ire. Si.it le merii.iien recti! iano de la '-arte; oi; lew paivdlelos, les iongeurs sent les memea 
que le globe terrestre. 

2me. Tous les 1 noridiens eoupent a angles droits It parallele moyen. 

3me. Les petits arcs do meridicn ayant isieme amplitude, sont sensiblemont ogaux entre 
eux, au voisiu.i.ge do ce parallele, on du rueridieti moyen. 

La present* projection scientific absolnment avee celle do Flams t set i riropremervfc dite, 
iorscjne Ton preud I'oquatour mime pour parallels moyen; auqtiol eas les meridians et les 
autre? pari:), Holes sont pieces symel riquement de pari, el, d'autre du centre du developpement 2 . 

In the official history of the Service Geographiqui; this projection is described 
as devised by the eider "Bonne 3 about 1750 ; 

Le sysfceme de projection, adopte ( Flams teed- Bonne ) eonsiste dans la projection de la 
surface a representor snr un eone tangent a la t.erre le Imis d'ue parallele ehoisi. 

Cette projection a 1'avantago d'etre "equivalonte", e'est a dire de conserver lour vraie 
valeur aux surfaces ; elle n'est pas equiaugle, ina« n'altere que peu lea angles et les longeurs, 
jusqu'auno asstv grande distance 'les ineridien et parallele origines 1 . 

Colonel Henry adopted this modified projection to the needs of the French 
military map. and worked out the necessary formula and tables ; 

M. Henry, asfronomo dn Depot- general de la Gourre, doit- pnblier dans !e Memorial de 
,*et eta b lissome! it 1111 Memoire sur los proprietor et I'nsage de la pro.i oc fcion actuelle. Outre 
les formules precedontes qtril a, obteiiuos de son cote, et roduites en tables, il est parvenu, 
par un analyse elegante, a d'autre i'oruiules non moins utiles 5 . 

The Supplement gives Henry's formula;, arid it is obvious that Blacker, whose 
attention had probably been drawn to Puissant 's description by Hodgson, applied 
it to the continent of India, and worked out his tables for prolraeding the graticule 
of his new quarter -inch atlas, using Lambton's constants f II, 262 ; III, 253-4 T- 
It lias been suggested that Blacker must- have been a great mathematician to have 
devised this projection, but he was not so'. He was essentially a keen practical 
man, of high intelligence and forceful character, and an excellent organizer and 
administrator. Henry and Puissant were the mathematicians. 

Though Backer's projection was later adopted for departmental standard mapa 
prepared in India, his tables had been despatched from Calcutta after the first 
aheeta of the Atlas had been prepared in London on Arrowsmith's globular projec- 
tion 5 I 2R3, 285 ]. John Walker appears then to have adopted them for his later 
sheets with considerable modification, without leaving any clear record. After his 
death in 1873, General Walker discusses at length the projection actually used 
and describes it as 

one of the numerous modifications of the conical development ; it- represents the parallels 
.jf latitude by cone en trie acos, but, the meridians by arcs concave to the central meridian, 
and not by straight linos as in the true conical development. 

The elements of tbo figure of the earth which are hero employed are not stated, but there 
ean be no doubt that they must have been those which were determined by Colonel Lambton 
■from ins metis nrc meats on tbc great Indian Are, and are given in vol. sin of the "Asiatic 
Researches" [ II, 262 3 III, 293 3- ... The accordance ia sufficiently eloaa to leave no doubt. ... 
The meridian which has been adopted as the central meridian or axis.. -is 76° 30' east of 
Greenwich : this is not only stated in Mr. Walker's memorandum book, but can be deduced 
from the calculations. ... What parallel was adopted as the central parallel of the projection 
i= r,oy,-f.ero stated. The sheets of (he Atlas are rectangular, their dimensions as taken between 
the marginal lines on the copper plates being 38 by 27-4 inches*. ... 

'Puissant; SupplemeM ( iii-iv ). ! ib. (49). nn^nimr.Hydro.araph.;. 'Ser-:i C - a^m-phiqae 
(30-10) Mfci— -'»" \lmnir first p-i!>.L. IS ID : Mwr ill du IX-f-ai :l". la <!,:■::'. 1 1 7 : t--:A edn. 1831 pp. 

i:n -W- Piiiasmt I 1 10 ). '■ Oh&ipr Vjt Vmumt- R"afi [ y'-o. m.; i may h-wr helped. ■ ).-. Sanrks, 11 (193). 
> M akha'm ( iW j. ■■■*i=ii!:ir t.:i t-Siiwc of Arr.-.-.v-rrith^ intj«x .-)flS22 [ ^8S ], 



Maps 



None of tlie documents to which I have hitherto had access give any information as to 
who was the originator of the projection of the Indian Atlas. There is a lithographed pam- 
phlet in this office, which is believed to have been written by Col. Blacker, who was Surveyor 
General of India, but it does not give either the name of the author, or the date afc which it 
was written. It proposes a method of projection, which in principle is identical with the 
one actually adopted, and is based on the same geodetic elements, hut differs in all other 
details, the central parallel-- tho adopted value of which iniliioneos the whole of the calculations 
— being 20° instead of 24A' 1 , ami the central meridian being that of 80 = instead of 70£° [295 ]. 
The size of the sheets was intended to bo 38-38 by 27-53 inches 1 ; the origin of co-ordinates 
was placed in the centre of the atlas, at the point, <:-or responding t.o lat. 20°, bus;. SO' 5 , the- inter- 
section of the central pariiliid wit.ii tljo central meridian. ... 

All the calculations seem to have been carefully made out and verified, and the results 
are tabulated in a convenient form for use, wliich is very far from being the case with the 
calculations for the actual projection. Tho design of the atlas is believed to have been 
influenced to some extent by Mr. Aaron Arrowsmitli's Atlas of Southern India, which wa3 
evidently designed by its author as the commenc oment of an Atlas of all India. ... In both 
atlases the dimensions of the sheets appear to have been regulated by the size of the double 
elephant sheet of drawing paper 3 . 

In 1869 the preparation of the Atlas sheets was transferred to India, and a new- 
projection introduced, which lacked the ad vantages of Bla-cker's poly conic, 
which makes the standard one-inch sheets assumo the farm of a spheroidal surface when many 
of them are joined together [and writes Burrard] is so superior to our Atlas sheet projection, 
which makes all the sheets lie on a horizontal plane, ... that I [ Burrard ] have in my silent 
mind given Blacker a- very high place iu comparative history 3 . 

Genera] Walker doe* not discuss the selection of the quarter -inch scaie [283, 
286 ], but points out a minute error by which 

the dimensions of the copper plate, which should have been 38-31 by 24-65 inches within 
the border lines, are only 38 ■ 00 by 27 ' 45 inches. The error necessitates a reduction of scale 
of all geographical materials which are drawn on the quarter-inch scale before they can be 
correctly inserted on the copper plates, I mt otherwise it is of litt lo importance ; in the printed 
shots... larger error;] ariso from tho :mrmkayo of the paper 1 . 

Regarding .scales generally. Mackenzie writes to Webb ; 

The scales I recommend for ail geographical maps are 1 mile, 2 miles, 4 miles, 8 miles, 
12 miles [ I, 247-8 ; III, 281-2 ] ; accordingly, by this established rule, an uniform method is 
introduced throughout. The first protraction generally one mile to an inch — at least two— in 
order to admit all villages. The Military Institution used for the first protraction 4 inches 
to a mile, a good one certainly for a town, but too unwieldy for a country 6 . 

Mountford writes more fully ; 

As far as the purposes of general geography... are concerned, I consider... the scale of 4 
British miles to an inch KtiHieiontty large. There are, however, some districts... presenting 
such a variety of features as to render it very difficult to delineate clearly their character 
upOQ so small a scale. ... I would instance the province of 'i'lvivanoore, the maps of which, 
upon a scale of one mile to an inch, I shall. ..shortly transmit to you. The map of the cirear of 
Guntoor has lately been reduced to the scale of 4 miles to an inoli, but. ..only a few of the 
principal names are written upon it, the others bchig referred to the mar;? in... by bearing and 
distance from tho capital to which they belong |' II, 213 ]. ... 

Our surveys.. .claim something more than what is expected fro;n a Geographical and Military 
Map, and the demands of Government, for copies of maps upon largo scales for the several 
branches of the service ( particularly the Revenue and Tank departments ) appears to intimate 
that something more- is expected of them [377-8]. 

The survey of a considerable part of the Carnatic below the Ghauts was executed 
upon a scale of 4 inches to mile, which, chough unnecessarily largo, had the good effect of 
introducing a number of officers well skilled in the delineation of the features of the country. 
The districts ceded by the Nizam in 1800 were surveyed on a scale of 2 miles to an inch ; 
but the whole of Mysore and all the districts surveyed under this office were done upon 
a scale of 1 miles to an inch, which. ..is the best calculated to prevent any practical error 
of importance 6 . 

•contents l()i>i3'()3-s«!vfi[ in 15!j..-^.t'.i Jettpr of U 7-i':">. v.vd l.irger titan tV.iiker-'s I •94'] 3 Markham 
(431-8) cf. Svy. Com. litOn. I I T-t/hMi. > il3 told by Gen. <>.>. Stratum, DSo, 'In.,. iW 94 • l'..,'.-^ ,,, 
pbillhaore. 6-r>-1935. *ik{43S), s DDn. [58( 16E-4 ), 26-3-19. «Di)n. US [ISO), S-7-21. 



Orthography 



The rival systems of Sir William Jones and Dr. Gilchrist for the transliteration 
of Indian names have been described elsewhere [I, 249-50]. The subject was 
not one that interested all surveyors, but Gerard of Bengal and Mountford of 
Madras were amongst those who took trouble over the spelling of their place-names. 
Gerard writes of his map of the Dun [ pi. 3 ] ; 

The names of places in this map. as st-ell it.s in that of the nor; hen i division of the Saharan- 
poor District are written according to Dr. Gilchrist's orthography, with the exception of his 
flnal and Arabic Qaf. The former I think is often liable to be mistaken for 00, and I have 
.vcoi'.liiLirly svrit'tesi It short- ti, which is its proper sound. , 

I have pnt down the tetter K, and not Q as Dr. Gilchrist has it. The difference between <J 
and jj being almost tnipercoptible to Europeans 1 . 

On the other hand Mounford advocated Sir William Jones' system of ortho- 
graphy" 2 . Being ordered to supply the Board of Revenue with a complete set 
of district maps [ 278-9 ], he asked Government for 

lata of all the villages, ... correctly written ...in the characters of the language in current use, 
...considering the present a favourable opportunity for introducing one genera! system of 
orthography into all our maps. ... Hitherto the systems of Sir William Jones and of Dr. Gilchrist 
have had their respective ar.lvooat.Rs among the surveyors, while a less definite one has been 
followed by others. ... The system of Sir William Tanas, being universally understood, seems 
to claim the preference, and if no objection is offered...! shall adopt it 3 . 
To the Surveyor General he added that he proposed no change to r±ame3 whose 
pronunciation was " sanctioned by long established custom- The system of Doctor 
Gilchrist is not so well understood in this Presidency as it is in Bengal" 4 [ II, 271 n.4 j. 
Montgomerie faithfully observed the same rule, and in 1830 found that the 
correction of the names for his quarter-inch maps entailed a great deal of labour 5 . 
Holt Mackenzie 6 gave wise advice to his revenue surveyors ; 

The use of some fixed principle in ox press Lug native names with English letters seems 
to me much more important tluiu... -generally considered. In the maps of the country I have 
recently traversed, the names of a multitude of places are so spelt as to make it impossible 
for a stranger to ascertain what place is meant. It seems to be very desirable that you 
should [ record ] the Hindee as well as thy English and Persian, and for 6he rule of conversion 
into English you should apply to tlio Record Committee'. 



Engraving & Lithography 

There had never been :uiy high-class map-engravers in Calcutta, and the city 
maps of Baillie and Upjohn [I, 53-4] are amongst the few produced locally. 
Maps had as a rule to be sent to some private publisher in England, or laboriously 
copied by hand. Blacker had a good deal to say about the home engravers ; 

■5 of Arrowsi ni fcii's Atlas tlio gradation of shade- expressive of hills urul 



I 



tears no analogy to the heights or magnitude of those eminences, and consequently 
misleads the judgment in a most important point. Yet it cannot be expected that any engraver 
will be mote. ..sedulous than Mr. Arrowsmith in imarduw against tbi=. ... but,. .it is inseparable 
from the circumstances under which that individual compiled and published his maps from 
various materials prepared in different stylos and strength of drawing. 

Manuscript sections sent home from this country suffer a similar fate, as I know from 
experience. The indiati hik... undergoes a. ubaoge of strength on the voyage home, and, if made 
generally darker to provide against the more delicate shades vanishing, an opening is given 
for miscorrections, as the different shades do not change in the same proportion. ... The 
engraver is ignorant of what is intended to be expressed, ... notwithstanding his best intentions 
and endeavours. ... The geographer who prepared the Manuscript is the only individa! 
competent to superintend the engraving of it, as he is the only person who knows the effect 
requited. 



DD11. 133 (150). 10-3-13. 


^DDii 


192 ( 302 ) 


. 'DDn. 237 (203), 1-3-30. 




. to Terr. Re 


7 ; BTC. 28-6-31 ( 34 ]. 







298 Maps 

This truth appears to have been understood in the engraving of the Ordnance Map of 
England — of Oassiurs Map of francs — and Ferrari's LUap of Llio Netherlands — as well as other 
similar works in Germany. Humboldt superinleu<!s this engraving of all his own maps, and 
at that princely Austrian establishment at Milan, "bnpt. K.eg. bislifcuto Googmfico", which 
I frequently visii.ed when there, 1 was assured that as much attention was required on the 
part of the Head in superintending t!ie engraver who had the fair drafts to work from, as in 
directing tho labours of the draftsmen. ... 

Although outlines which are del ermined by the eo-ordinates of latitude and longitude 
may be transferred with groat lieielit.-y to the copper, it is otherwise with the shades expressive 
of the difference of level, which are therefore very seldom given with accuracy 1 . 

He suggested that an engraver should bo went out to Calcutta to prepare the 
Atlas under the control of the Surveyor Genera], and this was again urged four 
years later by Hodgson [ 285 j. who further suggested that 

young men from the schools might be apprenticed... arid readily instructed in the business of 
engraving. ■■■ An Engraver seems as necessary an adjunct in the Surveyor General's Office 
as does a cutler and repairer of surgical instruments, who was .son* from England to. ..the 
dispensary, and many arti/ans have been sent to. ..tho mint., steam, Hind other establishments 8 . 

Ill 1829 Herbert, had "Wilcox's map of Assam engraved locally [ 64 ] ; 

Considering the value of this map, and... that mora than one copy of it will be required, 
I would... suggest... that I. ..have it engraved. One of the native draftsmen in this office is a 
verv tolerable engraver, and. ..will engage to finish it in four months. To make an ordinary 
copy would consume two, so that the ex penes of the engraving will only be ( in addition' to 
the price of the copper ) the value <><' iiis labour for two months. For this wo shall havo any 
number of copies desired, and ( a point of no small importance 1 all equally correct. 

The price of copper, polishing etc., will be 28 rupees. The impressions will only cost 
about 8 rupees a hundred. Tho plate will remain in tho office for correction in. ..any of the 
doubtful points, or.. .filling up the blanks 3 . 

Another of Wilcox's maps was lithographed by .1. T>. Tassin [ 299 ], who had set up 
an establishment in Calcutta, a short while before. 

Lithography was yet a new art in England when Hodgson suggested in 1822 
that a lithographer .should he- brought out with suitable apparatus ; 

As, in the progress of the Revenue Surveys, the increase of map and plans and the demand 
for copies. ..will be considerable, it appears to me expedient to adopt every mode of facilita- 
ting their transcription, and.. .none offers bettor than tlio method of printing on stone, called 
Lithography. If the lithographic presses are really as useful as they are described to be by their 
inventor — their powers may be advantageously employed in public offices, but particularly 
in that of the Surveyor General. I... submit... that two lithographic presses.. .may be com- 
missioned from England for the use of the department, and that the stones and. ..other ap- 
paratus—may be also sent for. ..two nioro prossos. The larger the stones are, the better, but... 
if they aro made S3 by 23 inches they will answer tho requisite purpose. ... 

The lithographic, presses will occupy a good deal of room on board ship, but as all the 
woodwork can be rnado here as perfect as in Kngland, any number of stones, which may hero- 
after be sent out, ...could be easily mounted in Calcutta when the machine in its complete 
state has been seen. If.. .two complete presses, ..bo sent, ... it will be most advisable for the 
Agents in England to take the advice of Mr. Ao.korm.ann", who makes the instruments, as to 
such peculiar structure as he may doom most convenient, for copying maps and plans. 

No press was procured for the Survey, but by 1823 a Government Lithographic 
Press had been established in Calcutta 5 [292 n.2 ], which wns available for the prin- 
ting of maps. Burney's map of Burma was printed there in 1 824 [ 79 ] ; 

The execution of the map has not failod to attract, the notice of His Lordship in Council, 
who considers it to be highly oreditisblo to the Lithographic Press... which on various occa- 
sions during tho present war has boon eminently useful in furnishing numerous impressions 
of charts and sketches, ... as well as proclamations in the Burmese and Assamese languages, 
which could not indeed have otherwise boon procurable. ... 

You will... communicate to Mr. Rind, the superintendent of the Lithographic Press, the 
very favourable sentiments entertained by Government of the utility of his establishment 6 . 

i-DBn. 204 ( 87 ), 11-8-24. ! DDE. 231 { 49 ), 5-11-27. Mb. [ 272 ), 30-4-30. 'Rudolph Aeker- 
mann (1764 1631)1 1 r of Soiiacrh:^;. Holicirua : o-t.'i.nhflir'l .i" ii. .:-;afi>i ;. it; Kn.-lr-ritl, 1817. DNB. 

'at No 1 Boyd St. «]>. Jamus W.t.hmiel Rind ! 1793-1 SKI ) ; Lien. Med"., [irokioh nephew of the Snrvr 
[ I, 3S1 ]. DDn. 193 ( 45 ), 6-8-24. 



Engraving & Lithography 299 

The Surveyor General was a member of the Lithographic; Co mtn.it tee which 
managed the press, and in July 1S28 he reports that acting quartermaster-Serjeant 
James Gordon had arrived, sent out by the Directors apparently in response to 
Hodgson's request of six yours earlier. Having brought no apparatus, he was 
attached to Rind's press, and employed mostly on printing maps for the Survey 1 . 

Special sanction had to be obtained before a map of Gorakhpur city could be 
lithographed in 1828. The survey had been carried out by Wroughton [ 152 ], who 
wanted copies for the magistrate — for the Court of Directors — and another for 
record with the Revenue Survey — and. writes Herbert, 

a fourth might be desirable to. ..the commanding officer at Ootuckpore, and. it is not even 
improbable that a demand for a fifth or sixth may hereafter arise. In the case of even, three 
copies being required, it appears to me that lithography wii! effect the work with the same 
economy as the eniploymont, of copyists, while the perfect, similarity of ev. 
assured, without thti labour of examining more thai! one. the proof impression. .. 

I would further... employ an extra draughtsman in this labour, charging for him 
tingent bill. The draught; man — ...Mr. Tassin proposes. ..drawing on a stone for IJOO rupee/, 
for which ha will fiLso colour any iiumliiir of impressions. ... He is a very superior artist, 
and I do not think. ..unreasonable. ... There is no draugh.ssm.an in the office of the Litho- 
graphic Press capable of executing this work ; nor even in tho office of (.he Surveyor Genera! 
( supposing the current work could be deferred } is there any iiuo capable of eo rap o ting with 
Mr. Tassin as a draughtsman ; mid to which that he has had some experience in drawing on 
stone, the river maps now publishing by Captain Prinsep... being executed by him [ 15-6]. 
The proposal was sanctioned, Herbert being allowed to exercise his discretion "in 
multiplying the number of copies for sale" 2 . Other maps including some from 
surveys in Assam by Fisher ami Jones were drawn on stone in the Surveyor General's 
office, and printed off at the press. Useful work was also done in printing traverse 
forms for the revenue surveyors [160]. 

Thomas Jervis, a great, advocate of lithography, records that 
the Court of Directors sent out. a lithographer. ... E believe they have sent out two or three 
at different times, but: they liavo all died, sinking in part under menta! disappointment, and 
possibly under maladies incidental to constitutions imsu.it ed, or uninured, to India. They 
lived just long enough to teach some persons the nature of lithography, to sol some local presses 
to work for ordinary purposes of business, and to sarisiy the authorities and community of 
India of tlio immense value of this art 3 . 



CHAPTER. XXI 



ADMINISTRATION 

Surveyor General of India ; Appointments — Relations uith Government — 
Duties — Revnme Surveyor General — SujierlnU.ndcal, Trinoiuyrnttrical Survey. ' 

fllHE order substituting a single Surveyor General of India, with headquarters 
I at Calcutta 1 , for the independent posts of Surveyor General at the three 
presidencies, reached India in November 1814, but it was not until 17th April 
1815 that the Governor General nominated Colin Mackenzie to fill the new post 
[ II, 306, 427 ]. The appointment, dating from 1st May, was promulgated at Fort 
William on that date, and repeated at Port St. George on 26th [ II, 307 1. 

As Mackenzie had only recently returned to Madras after four years absence, 
he obtained permission to stay there in his new capacity to re-organize the depart- 
ment and raise field parties [ 94-5 ]. He writes in January 1816 ; 

I have, since my urrival on 31st March, [ven employed without any intermission... in pre- 
paring. ..materials for a. ..view of the surveying establishment. ... In a few days I shall... submit 
an abstracted state of the Survey Department... from the 1st December 1810 to the 1st 
December last ( a period of 5 years ). ... [ He asked time for ] winding up the complicated 
duties of this olike, and niakiiig...amuigemom.s regarding the current wants of this Presidency 2 . 

In his absence, Crawford continued in charge at Calcutta till driven home by 
sickness in December 1815. The Calcutta office was then left to the charge of a 
subaltern [ 309 ], and field surveyors and Government left without professional 
guidance or counsel. After several polite enquiries an emphatic order was des- 
patched in May 1817, the Supreme Government regretting 

that circumstances should have protracted the arrival of Colonel Mackenzie in Bengal to 
this late poriod. His Lordship is the more urgently solicitous that an event so exceedingly 
desirable... should cm no account bo longer deliyed, bei-'ausi- upon i(,-j accomplishment depends 
...the new system of general survey as ordered by the Honourable Court. 

The arrival of Colonel Mackenzie... will enable that competent and zealous officer to see his 
way more clearly, and to mature his ideas at leisure, on the many subsidiary matters... which 
remain to be devised for the effectual accomplishment of the Honourable "Court's designs^, 
while-.. the... decisions of this Government... must be accelerated. ..by ...discussion. ..on the spat 4 . 

Mackenzie closed down work at Madras, handed over the office to John Riddell, 
and reached Fort William on 29th July. He was now 64 years of age, and under 
the anxieties of his new responsibilities, and the trying climate of Calcutta, his 
health rapidly declined. After two years he was continually withdrawing himself 
in search of more salubrious air; up the river to Palta ; down to the Sandheads ; and 
to Puri on the Orissa coast; there were no hill stations in those days. He died on 
the 8th May 1821 on a river trip, having spent 38 years in the east without any 
respite from duty other than bis tour to the upper provinces in 1814 [ II, 78, 436 ]. 

Much to the disgust of both Williams and Webb [280, 322 ], John Hodgson 
succeeded as Surveyor General from 25th May, Thomas Wood of the Engineers 
holding charge pending his arrival 5 . 

Although the Directors had nothing against Hodgson, who was indeed a most 
capable and experienced surveyor, they preferred Valentine Blacker, and nominated 
him Surveyor General under a letter of July 1822, whilst he was on furlough. 
'Blacker was indeed one year younger than Hodgson, and less than two years 
senior by date of first commission, but he had had a distinguished military career 



Surveyor General of India ; Appointments 301 

as Quartermaster General of the Madras army from 1810, and right through the 
Maratha war, and the Directors entertained "a high opinion" of his "merits and 
services". Though he had not done much practical survey himself, he had 
commanded the Madras Guides, had been responsible for the surveys both of the 
Military Institution and of the Quartermaster General's Department, and had 
produced valuable maps of Central India after the last, war [ 86. 282 ]. 

Assuming office In Calcutta on 24th October 1S23 1 he administered the depart- 
ment with wisdom during the Burmese war, and strongly advocated the Great 
Trigonometrical Sm-vev as the only sure basis for accurate survey [ ^40-1 ]. After a 
brief illness he died in "Calcutta on the 14th February 1826, in his 48th year. 

Hodgson was re-appointed from 17th March 2 , after two years as Revenue 
Surveyor General [ 305-6 ; pi. 21 n ], and returned to Calcutta at the end of July 1826 s , 
retaining charge of revenue surveys. In December 1828, after 28 years contmous 
service, h* applied for leave to England with permission to retain his appointment, 
a request which could not be granted*. He was however granted furlough on 
medical certificate, and after handing over charge to Herbert sailed from Calcutta 
on 24th January 1829 6 . 

It was several months before the Governor General, Lord William BentiDck, 
selected Henry Walpole as successor, after calling for names of suitable candidates 
from the three presidencies. These names were ; 

From Bengal.— Lieut. Col. Sir T. Anburey [ I, 309 ] ; Captains ITorbert : Franklin ; Oliver ; 
Cheape. From Madras.— Major Walpole ; Captains Montgomerie ; Crisp. The name of Captain 
Whiki", though nob brought forward by himself, has been strongly ™wmram.l«i both hy 
Lt.-Col. Conway' and Captain Troyer, under whom he was instructed in the Military 
Institution at. Madras. From Bom bay.— Cap tain ,Topp, Deputy Surveyor General, and very 
favourably mentioned by Sir John Malcolm. 

If I was restricted to a selection from.. .the Beniial Presidency, I sIiollM consider Captain 
Herbert entitled to si- decided preference. His ability and zeal, together with his extensive 
contributions, not only to the immediate objects of the department, ... but to general science, 
entitle him to great respect... but, regarding... the views of the Court, ... and. ..their efforts 
to establish a general Map of India, and conceiving that it is from the want- of system... that 
are to be found the causes of failure, I am of opinion that Major Walpolo...is more competent 
than any other officer to place -this plan upon a principle of progressive... execution [ 282-6 ] 8 . 

Ou Walpole's assumption of duty on 30th October I829 9 , Herbert was appointed 
Deputy Surveyor General [ 310]. 

As in. the ease of Blacker, so also now, the Directors made their own selection 
regardless of that made hy the Governor General, and in August 1 S29 they informed 
Everest, who was still on leave that they had appointed him Surveyor General, 
"entertaining a high opinion of your services as Superintendent of the Grand Trigono- 
metrical Survey, and of your scientific acquirements and genera! qua Li fictitious" 10 . 
Everest returned to India" and took over as Surveyor General on Sth October 1830, 
' resuming charge of the trigonometrical survey at the same thiiefi, 10, 308 ] u . 

B.ELATIONS WITH GOVERNMENT 

The Surveyor General's department in Bengal had been controlled by the 
Military Department of the Supreme Government since 1785 [ I, 262 ], having been 
under the Public Department, during Konnell's time. From 1st June 1818, the 
Governor General dnccted its retransfer to the Public Department 1 i , being 
altogether unaware of any sufficient reasons for.. .the Surveyor General's duties... morning under 
the Mily. Departt., or for placing expences of the office to the head of ISen^d charges. Military. 
In the infancy of the British territorial possesions of India, and while a constant severe 

' BMC. 24-10-23 ( 176 ). ! BGO. 17-3-28. s DDn. 223 ( 38 ], 8-8-38. ' BMC. 1B-1S-28 ( 151 ). 
■ DDn. 231 (255), 2(i-l-2ft. ' Hr-nrv Whin; I 11. .^<3i;MRfO l.v; ; =Mi ) ■ i-;y. ->i roate, H. oi Promeoo 

irrawa'si'v li Mmv '*-''■ 'The*. Hr:,rv s,,t,,--: -el Cw-.-r: ( 1770 1S[{7 ) ; iind. In!. ; Aft Unora? from 
18<W- Tit. Col. 18iil : DIB. » RG.'s minute. MMC. 11 '.1 2Si'i !.!). M.JDn. 231 ( 2SS! ), 30-10-29. '"CD. 
Misc. 68(2837), 25-8-29. "DDn. 265 (61 ), 8-JO-30. " BMC. 5-6-18 ; DDc. 133(83), 1-5-18. 






302 ■ Administration 

struggle for existence was maintained, topographical ami ideographical knowledge wag sought,, 
chiefly with reference to ite_.uso in a Military point of view. The early surveyors were there- 
fore usually military men, and...their expeditions were naturally considered as incurred for 
military- political purposes only. 

The continue.! employment of officers in tho nv.-ny a-i .;iirvoyors hsij -irison probably out of 
the peculiar frame of European society in India. Two classes of men only could lawfully 
resort to the country. The scanty pay,, .of a. Surveyor hold no temptations to the Civil class, 
but is an object of ambition to Military mm, whose education... rendered them, ,., perhaps' 
better qualified for such employment. 

For some time past, however, an important change has been gradually taking place in 
the... character of the Survey Department. ... The consolidation of our Empire, it 'a complete 
military security, and the natural extension of its possession, and iiuluenee/havo prodigiously 
added to the...survoys in India. ... Wo now distinguish between Topographical Surveys for 
purely Military purposes, and Civil Surveys, which may be said to con.iprehi.nd on the one hand, 
the magnificent operations of the Scientific Geographer and, on the other, tho minute but 
useful researches of tho Land Survey or... h.r statistical and financial enquiry. ... 

The arrival in Beragal of Colonel Mackenzie, and his assumption of the important functions 
confided to him, offers a favourable opportunity for effecting this noeossarv seoaration The 
Depart me „t of General Survey fur India is. ..wholly new. If it is to answer the great ends con- 
templated by tho Hon'ble Court— ...if it is to render powerful aid to the internal administra- 
tion by...those accurate district surveys so much wanted in Bengal, so happily effected by 
Col. Mackenzie in Madras, and now introduced at Bombay— ...it must... receive such an 
organization as will adapt, tho engine to it's intended uses. ... 

After the transfer of the... general survey to the Public Department, the Military Depart- 
ment will remain chargeable, only with the topographical staff of the Army { Quarter Master 
General's Department | [334-7], hut His Lordship does not purpose.. .that the Surveyor General 
should be prevented from availir.g himself. ..of the services of military officers. ... A-reeably 
to...tho General Orders 1st Jany. 1817, ... separate surveyors were to be employed only when 
war, or the preparation for war, should preclude the Quarter Master General' from placing the 
officers of Ms department at the disposal of the Surveyor General [ j i4 J. 

The Surveyor General and his subordinates will becomo civil functionaries. ... No part 
of their emoluments, pay excepted, can be perm it ted.,. to burthen the... Military. 

The Governor General purposes to consider the Surveyor General's office as...the grand 
depository of ail... geographical and topographical knowledge regarding India. .. The tri 
gonometrical operations of Lieut. Col. Lamfaton are only exempted from the jurisdiction of 
the Surveyor General for temporary and special reasons, which will cease to operate when the 
Lieutenant Colonel's charge shall devolve on a successor. ... 

The Quarter Master Generals, of the Armies under the several Presidencies will... furnish 
the Surveyor General with the originals, or copies, of every actual survev made under their 
orders... which the Surveyor General may wish to posess 1 . 

Lord Hastings rejected a suggestion that, because of its general confidential 
nature, the Survey should he placed under the Political Department, pointing out 
how slender is the connexion of the Surveyor General's office with the Political Department '" 
Whenever...pians or information are required in that branch... the v will be supplied as they 
are at present. ... Tho probability, however, is that the maps wanted for political purposes 
wdl bo generally executed for military objects by the topographical siaff, au,I preserved in 
the office of the Quarter Master Genera!, which is smetly the department of military survey 

In neither ease can there be any difficulty in the Secretary's making his requisition direct - 
indeed the Honourable Court's instructions are peremptory, and enjoin the Surveyor General 
p his record, strictly private, and to attend in person on the Governor Genera' o- C'-vn 
ir-m-Chief, when called on to furnish maps or information of importance. This svsteru 
of vigorous secrecy has long prevailed in the Surveyor General's Office [ U, -8S ]'*. 

The new ordora laid a. heavy burden on the Surveyor General, who had to keep 
separate accounts for "military surveys" and to correspond with the Military 
Department " on all questions... which may be strictly of a military character ' 3 
Mackenzie was far from happy and writes privately to the Military ^ecretarv ■ 

A machinery under directions from one Department 'cannot be satisfactorily managed in 
another. ... It is the collision with other Departments that I dread, because 1 have experienced 
such detriment already from it. I am also anxious to he apprized of the appropriate ciyynnal 



. Itept.. Camp Oertiar, 6-1-18. 'from Ser. to GG.. Mil. Dept., 



Relations with Government 



3&3 



of communication with the Governor General. ... There is much in this department to be 
explained to him, but how is it possible for me, groy beaded in this line, to received com- 
munications only thru' the Quarter Master General in what. I have over been taught to look to 
aa my proper line of duty f* 

The new arrangemenl did not. last, long, for in 1822 the Directors ruled that. 

as the principal Jiirvoys made in India arcs for Military and Political purposes, a; id the Surveyor 
General, a? well as the officers employed under him. are usually military men, ... the regularity 
of public business would be better preserved by retaining the .Surveyor General's office in the 
Military Department agreeidjiy to former practice 2 . 

With brief exceptions. Madras surveys, other than those under the Quartermaster 
General, had lung been a civil charge, and in 1828 it \:&n ruled that all expenditure 
of the Surveyor General's department in Madias Presidency should be charged 
"in the Civil Department", from 1st May 3 . 



Duties 

The Directors had laid special stress on the Surveyor General's maintenance 
of a central depot of geographical materials, and preparation of district or province 
maps, and of a general map of India f 274, 289-10 J. His responsibilities regarding 
initiation and control of surveys, and control of surveyors, were not precisely defined, 
except for the enforcement of secrecy, and. it was generally held that existing 
regulations continued in force [ T03 ]. Tn Bengal these, comprised orders that had 
been issued during the last thirty years or more 4 , whereas Madras regulations 
were first issued on Hth October 1810 [ TT, 299 ]. 

The idea that the surveys of all three presidencies could be controlled from 
Bengal was by no means universally welcomed and. writes Hodgson to Crawford, 

I am quite anxious to know if we are to h;ivo the good fortune to retain you a,s our Chief; 
I hope so. Surely Lord M | IMoira ] will see the absurdity of the now arrange rn exits, for, if the 
Survey Department in thought worthy of keeping up, it is evident that a Surveyor General 
here can have no adequate means of judging of the accuracy or merit of his subordinates, 
acting perhaps in Uuzerat, or Lord knows where. They might as well order one Superintending 
Surgeon, or Reviewiu- General, for the 3 l'residcneies ; 'tis not by this sort, of (economy that 
the arch-enemy Buoinparte acted 5 . 

It was, indeed, impossible for the new Surveyor General to assert control in all 
three Presidencies with any effect without, suitable deputies. For two years 
Mackenzie made no attempt to makes contact with surveys in Bengal and Bombay, 
and confined himself to overhauling the surveys in .Madras, where he was completely 
at home. Before leav ing for Calcutta in 1817 he obtained authority for the establish- 
ment of a small branch office under an Assistant. Surveyor General, instead of handing 
over the depot of maps to the Chief Engineer as had first been ordered [315-6 ]. 

After arrival in Bengal he took some time to get a. grip of the work. He found 
it particularly galling that the Quartermaster General should have a separate staff 
of military surveyors : and that many of his own surveyors had, in his absence, 
been taking orders either direct from Government or from local officers [ 334-7 ]. 

It appears to me.. -that the mode of communicating with the few surveyors employed under 
this office should he defined, and either the former regulations observed, or new ones made. 

Regarding the survey of ISirmoor, ... I know not oi11r.iin.Uy who has charge of it, as Captain 
Hodgson writes me privately he is coming away on ill-health [ 35, 328-9 ]. Lieut. Herbert is 
detached under instructions unknown to me; and I must hesitate. ..on giving any, as my 
attempts ere frustrated by measures taken without my concurrence. 

It would be useful. ..if I could have the honour of seeing His Lordship, as more could 
he explained personally then can he well done in writing. L am qui to exhausted, and.. .to 
little purpose, as. ..nothing. ..can prevent it excepting ;.m adherence to the former rules, or the 
establishment of others modified to the present state 6 . 

He found that Franklin in Bundelkhand [81] had not sent in 



., Pub., 17-7-22 ( 2 ). 



■- Cfidr., 



,:.u 



Administration 



the plan he premised in May 1817. ... I am entirely unable to estimate the extent of that 
survey, how far it may connect with others ( such as Sackville's ) & many other points necessary 

for ray communicating his instructions. He has novor reported his leaving the survey. ... Ail 
officers coming under.. .the Surveyor Genera! should report their coining on survey & then 
leaving it ; as well as the ["ji'iodical tepocLs & return* that are required 1 . 

Again to the Private Secretary after discussing some new proposal ; 

I have really to apologise for occupying so much of your time yesterday. I thought it 
very necessary that you should have a distinct undors landing of i ho complicated duties that 
hang so heavily on my shoulders, ... whereffi no one can relieve me, and in which I am engaged 
from motives of public feeling rather than. ..my personal comfort, interests, or satisfaction. 
... The following principal objects must- have a temporary suspension. 

1. ...The State of the Surveying Department, together with all that depend on it. This 
I consider a primary object. 

2. The correspondence with Madras, in arrears and almost confusion, from the contradic- 
tory measures taken there, ... to be...brought to that proper situation in which I left it 5 . 

J. The communications and correspondence with the new surveys ordered in the Poona 
...territory, which require to "be understood, to prevent that excess that threatens [ 124, 321 ]. 

4. Tho noneasary communication to the Hurrays of this Presidency. 

5-. Replies to a number of requisitions from Government now in arrears. Very heavy 
and formidable for ono to go into. 

6. The current office duties as established by me occasion no extra attention ; but besides 
these is — 7, The Telegraph Committee, which frequently, and at this very moment requires a 
serious consideration [270]; add to that— 8. The communication and correspondence on 
(.ho survey lately ordered for exploring a now road to Nagpoor [ 27-8 ]. 

I trust that any deloya that may occasion on this head, and several others that I could 
mention, will not be imputed to any nesloct in me 3 . 

Work became no easier with his illness ; 

I have been so exceedingly unwell for the last fortnight that at the earnest recommenda- 
tion of the medical men I was obliged to leave town on the 9th to reside at Pulta 4 for the benefit 
of a change of air. I came down today ( tho' not to the advantage of my health ] in con- 
sequence of numerous official letters which I could not answer from Pultah. ... 

The...claims for surveyors' allowances, the frequent discovery of further surveys of which 
no official notice appears at the office, and the applications for rates of allowances or certificates 
from me (which is the only occasion apparently where the Surveyor General is now called upon), 
tends to increase this.., embarrassment, and points out the necessity of a sneedy remedy. 

The main object of this office, meantime, is thrown, back, and the weight thrown'upoa 
me is very injurious to my health, and now retards the means recommended for my relief*. 

As pointed out elsewhere, he was worried by Lambton's proposals for special 
increments for his staff [307., 325 1, and was greatly disturbed by Garlino- taking 
instructions from the Resident at Hyderabad [ 117 ] ; : 

Colonel Lambton's survey, ... which was originally designed to assist and not to embar- 
rass, ... is a serious subject that I ought to be allowed time for, and the principal object of all 
the actual state of the survey department, is still kept back bv the mass of detailed matter 
that has fallen upon me, to tho loss of my health, and almost of my resolution. 

Mr. Russell of Hyderabad has at last proceeded to the length of ordering awav the surveyor 
on a scheme of his own, ... ,n opposition to all I have proposod. ... What becomes of the 
Surveyor l.TOneral s office then ? or what i; the use of it ? 

Are these matters to be regulated by these gentlemen at pleasure, or why should I alone 
be kept m the dai'L ? If this office is to be merely nominal, it may suit very" well any person 
desirous of a salary, but I conceive neither my course of service, nor anv other reasons would 
warrant my being laid aside, or employed in a situation of considerable responsibility, without 
power of acting according to the line apparently down for my guidance. ... 1 am sure you will 
forgive me for suggesting that all orders, etc., relating to the Ssu-vov Department be comicuni 
cated to the Surveyor General, ... and that no officer of Government be permitted to interfere 
with surveyors, excepting in rase? of urgent necessity 6 [341 ]. 

He remained suspicious and jealous of the Quartermaster General to the end 
and less than three months before his death complained that he had only just been 

1 to QMG., DDn. 104 [ 2 ), 1318. * De ffSTulHid's daiuanda for m ap3 [ 277 1 ■ Garliaa's work fit, ff* 



Duties 



388 



informed of the new scheme for road surveys [27 ] ; " little of the former dutie9 
are now left to the Surveyor General's Department "'. 

Mackenzie was indeed exceedingly jealous and touchy at any trespass on his 
prerogatives, and constant ill-health greatly exaggerated his difficulties. Govern- 
ment was consistently considerate to his protests ; they encouraged him either to 
refuse troublesome applications, or refer them to higher authority, and authorized 
him to correspond direct with the Government at Fort St. George. 

The inception of the revenue surveys and of the new quarter-inch atlas brought 
new problems for his successors, and the extension of surveys into fltaratha terri- 
tories, and to Burma and Assam, soon relieved the tension with the Qua* term aster 
General, especially as Blacker knew both ends of the question so well. He found 
it desirable, however, to have his position clarified by the following rules, that were 
"entindv grounded on the instructions of the Hon'ble Court of Directors ". 

That 'no new survey shall be undertake:! at the ^subordinate Presiiluiiuba without the 
sanction of the Snoreinc Government, and that an opportunity be given to the Surveyor Genera! 
to report on the rjualifioations of the surveyor and on the capability of his instruments. 

That an afflkoer once appointed to a survey shall not be removed from it without reference 
to the authority by which his employment, ms sanctioned. 

That the Surveyor General bo autlioriwid to dictate, under the approval of the Supreme 
Government, the scales which shall be used, and the forms and manner of preparing the memoir 
of the survey ; to tall for detailed reports of practical operations, and to be obeyed in such 
instructions as he si still find is.' iisues.-sury I." issua thereon 3 . 

These rules were issued under General Orders of the Supreme Government 
dated 6th .January, L826, together with others which gavo the Surveyor General 
official access to the survey records of subordinate presidencies [ 292 ]. 



liEVRNUE Surveyor Gknbkal 

Though the Directors had long been anxious for a start to be made on the 
revenue survey of the Upper Provinces, Government had not been able to get 
any concrete help from Mackenzie [ 135 ], and it was not until Hodgson succeeded 
as Surveyor General that they received detinitely proposals, and enthusiastic co- 
operation. Several parties took the field during 1321 and 1822, organized and 
controlled by the Surveyor General, who found his work so much increased that 
he obtained the assistance of Herbert at. headquarters. - On Blacker's arrival in 
1823, a new post was created for Hodgson — Revenue Surveyor General — 

The. number of Revenue Surveys actually in progress, with the prospect of still mora, ... 
appears to dictate. .some special arrangement for... efficient superintendence, ... 

Thare are now five parties conducting minute village surveys iu the Western Provinces 
and in the Dehlee Territories. ... In Bengal there are three surveys— that of Lt. Fisher on the 
Svlhot frontier [ 144-5]— that of Captn. Blake on the coast of Bullooah and the adjoining 
Islands [ 138-9 ]— and that of Mr. Prinsep in the vicinity of the Soon.derb1.1ns [ 141-2 ]— all 
engaged under the Civil authorities. ... 

In the above surveys, 10 cWmisaionsd offieers, and 14 uncovenanted assistants and 
apprentices, are employed. Already therefore they considerably exceed innumberthe persons 
employed in general gaograpliiaal surveys. 

The nature of their operations— involving t.bo accurate ascertainment of the boundaries of 

villages, with.. .minute information in regard to the extent of the cultivated and uncultivated 

lands and other points of statistics -requires that the books and statements furnished by them 

Should be detailed. ... The examination of these... involves a eorrespoadmg rtegsee of labor. ... 

The Revenue Surveys, even as now constituted, occupy us much of the Surveyor General's 
time and attention as all t',e general surveys throughout India. ... Without a careful supervi- 
sion over the executive officers, we can have no adequate assurance of tlio sufficiency or cor- 
j of their work, and we cannot hope to saoure a full return for th,< charges... which. 
■ be successfully prosecuted, will doubtless be repaid to us tenfold. 



1 .DDn. 196 (S), 1 



'DDn. 201(114 ],1-10-21. 



306 



Administration 



Adverting to the zeal which Captain Hodgson has evinced in forwarding an object long 
anxiously desired both by the Court of Directors and by this Government, ...and to the 

experience which he ha.s obtained, ... fiiivf.Tnrijcnt mifrht- still.. .retain. ..his sorvicos. 

Now therefore that Major Blacker has assumed charge of the Surveyor General's office, 
no advantage whatever will result from continuing the existing connexion between it and 
the Revenue Surveys. On the contrary, ... the superintendence of these surveys would only 
tend to embarrass that officer. ... Superintendence of the revenue surveys will unquestion- 
ably afford ample employment, to a single officer. ... 

The Governor General in Council resolves that a new office be constituted under the de- 
signation of Revenue Survoyor General, for the .. .direction of the various village surveys now 
in progress, or which may heroafter be instituted. ... The situation of Captain Hodgson, and 
the part he has taken, ... point him out for the office, and the Governor Genora] is. ..pleased to 
resolve that he bo appointed Revenue Surveyor General. ... Personal salary of Sa Rs. 1,200 
per mensem, with a monthly allowance of Sa lis. 350 for office rent in addition. ... 

As to establishment. Captain Hodgson will... furnish a statement of what he may consider 
necessary. Every possible attention must be paid to economy ; but the establishment must 
necessarily be enlarged... as the number of surveys... increase. ... Considerable advantages will 
probably result from his occasionally visiting...the surveys... in progress, and holding personal 
communications with the cfliecrs conducting them. ... The above allowances are to cover all 
expences incurred on account of travelling charges and the like. ... 

He should have some fixed office, more especially as the maps and records will rapidly 
accumulate, and... ho should have under him some intelligent person in the capacity of Register, 
who may look after the office... during his occasional deputations [ 314 J. ... At the expiration 
of each year he will. ..report on tho progress of ouch of the surveying parties 1 . 

Hodgson planned an early move from Calcutta to Roiriiklmud by river, 
taking with me the assistant-sand apprentices belonging to the Territorial Branch, that the more 
advanced apprentices may be supplied to the surveys in the field, and the juniors... receive 
instruction in the office, and... preparatory practice in the open held which. ..is almost impossible 
to give in Calcutta or in the climate of Bengal. ... It is my wish to train up the young men 
...to such habits of hardihood and industry as they can never acini ire in this city [ 361, 363 ]. 

Also I am in hopes of being able to teach sonic of the intelligent natives of tho Upper Pro- 
vinces as much of the practical art of land surveying as may make them useful and cheap 
aids to the surveyor [ 389-90 ]. ... I am.-.anxious to visit the several survey parties in the 
Upper Provinces, and to confer with the members of the Western Board of Revenue. ... 

I. ..propose. ..to proceed by water towards Bareilly in the beginning of the next month 
[ December 1823 ]. The people of the office being with me in good boats, the internal work 
of the department will uroceed with as little, or indeed hiss, interruption than in Calcutta 2 . 

He made headquarters at Fatehgarh [ 151 ], until recalled to Cn leutta in 1 826 on the 
death of Blacker. He then waited till .July before he moved, for in the hot weather 
boats are hardly procurable, and there are several impediments to rapid progress by water. I 
therefore propose to defer my departure till the commencement of the rains, when I intend 
to proceed to Calcutta as fast :as possible, t a kins with nie the office records. ..and those persons 
...whose services -will be required there 3 . 

He was allowed half salary of Revenue Surveyor General in addition to that of 
■Surveyor General, as the two departments wens distinct, 

that of the Surveyor General of India being under the Military [ 303 ], and that of tho Revenue 
Surveyor General under the Territorial Department, anil tine duties and expenses of each must 
necessarily continue separate. On my re-appointmcnt I ceased to draw my salary of 1,200 
sa. Rs. as Revenue Surveyor General from the Uith March, drawing instead of it that of 
Surveyor General of India, which is sa. Rs. 1,435, ... a small allowance for the head of so 
very extensive a department, and in which there are no less than 33 commissioned officers 
employed in different parts of India [310]. ... 

As I have conducted the duties of the Revenue Surveys from their first establishment, 
I do not wish to be relieved from them. ... I respectfully solicit that...]" may be allowed to draw 
600 sa. Rs. per month, being half my former salary as Revenue Surveyor General... from the 
17th March, heir.;; the dale of tny appointment [ 301 ]*. 

On leaving India in January 1829, he handed over to Herbert who, on 
Walpole's succession as Surveyor General, became Deputy Surveyor General in 
charge of Revenue Surveys, an office that was not abolished until 1905. 

20-11-23(49). "&. 26-4-26 (43), 'loiter 



Sui'EIUNTEH DEST, TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY 



Before 1818 Lambton's official designation had been simply as "on. a Survey", 
or "on General Survey", and though he was sometimes addressed by Mackenzie 
as "Superintendent of the Trigonometrical Survey", this term was not used by 
Government or himself, until his transfer to the Supreme Government [ i, 225 ]. 

From the time of Mackenzie's appointment as Surveyor General of Madias in 
1810, it had been ruled that, though in no way under his orders, Larnbton should 
submit to him quarterly return?; of establish men! ant! expenses, for submission to 
Government with those of other surveys [ IT, 335 ]. This arrangement was eontinuod 
on Mackenzie's appointment as Surveyor General of India, and from 1817 Larnbton 
submitted these returns through the Assistant Surveyor General at Madras. 

On the transfer of Lambton's survey to the Supreme Government with title 
"Great Trigonometrical Survey of India.", and Larnbton as "the Superintendent 
thereof", the Trigonometrical Survey was placed 

immodiatoly under the Public Department, and wholly distinct from, & independent of, the 
Surveyor General of India ; but as this meirairt: is adapted out of respect to the rank, talents, 
& eminent services of the present Superintendent, In '.he ovent of that officer';! ('easing to hold 
the direction... the Governor General will consider this regulation as open to revision. 

Larnbton was further directed to put forward proposals for revising the pay 
and terms of service of his staff on their transfer from Madras 1 [304, 379 ], and these 
proposals were passed to the Surveyor General to report "how far they correspond 
with the general rules established with regard to the Department under your 
charge" 2 . Mackenzie thought them far too generous, but, instead of dealing with 
them promptly, put them aside — grumbled about them to Mountford — and in spite 
of repeated reminders eventually left there as a legacy for his successor. He 
appears to have agreed heartily with IMddell's comment ; 

Now that the Governor General is at Calcutta, I trust that you will soon get everything 
arranged according to your wishes. The incongruity of three independent, departments 3 
will of itself appear, and. ..they will.. .turn their eyes to you as a channel of communication 
between thu Tri:coiii.i metrical -?iirvey and Government . ... I cannot conceive how a survey of 
which the principal end is to serve as a basis to other undertakings... can be separated from 
the Surveyor General of India. The scientific part might perhaps be kept apart, or com- 
municated direct to Government, but, for the rest, I cannot see how you can be passed by. 
As, however, you yourself say. patience will bring about everything 4 . 

' The need for closer co-oporation was in fact recognized by the Directors, who 
held it consistent with previous orders to place the Trigonometrical Survey 
under the general superintendence of the Surveyor General of India. ... We do not mean 
that the operation* of Colonel Larnbton should be interfered with, but that roport of his 
progress should from time to timo be made to the Surveyor General for the use of his office, 
and for our information, and that the Surveyor General should. ..call for quarterly returns of 
expenses, and for estimates of the time required to complete survey on hand* . 

Larnbton had no objection to sending copies of his professional reports and 
charts in this way, but was extremely galled by Mackenzie's continued failure to 
deal with his application ab< >ub establishment, and the inconvenience of having 
my propositions submitted to the Surveyor General, nor can I conceive what he can have 
to report upon them, oxcept wh.it, may immediately appertain to surveys in their literal sense, 
and where he may wish to be supplied with data. ... 

Whori 1 was first crossing r.he Peninsula. ;uvl when the My.-<fjOr Survey woa carrying on, 
my communication with the Superintendent of that survey was... discretional, and.. .never 
intended to draw my attention u-oni the main object, ... General Geography [ II, 115-6]. ... In 
the letter from the Honorable the Court of Directors... dated the 7th April 1819, paragraph 
158 says "We do not mean Colonel Lambton's operations should be. interfered with". ... 

I have only this request to make, viz., that I may hereafter be freed from every kind of 
embarrassment occasioned by referring to any subordinate authority, because I cannot but 
believe myself the best able to explain the objects which I have in view, and that I may bo left 
entirely to myself, so far as is consistent with the authority of ( iovernment*. 

.fjG to VP in C, 25-10-17 ; DDn. 142 (227] BMC. 'ib. ( 253 ), 13-1-18. s under SG. ; QMG . ; 
Larnbton. ' 'DDn. 151 (211 ), 4-7-18. s CD to B., Mil., 7-4-19 ( 157-S ); DDn. 144 ( 373-4 ). Ho 
Pub. TSept., DDn. 196 (37], 21-8-20. 









^08 Administration 

This brought a heated reply from Mackenzie who complained that Lambton 
not only animadverts on my conduct for not passing certain propositions of his, ... but pro- 
ceeds to attack the measures of Government, in appointing an office of Surveyor General 
Soon after my arrival Iron, (.'attack i was taken so ill as to be prevented from taking np Colonel 
Lambton's business as I intended. ... These proposals may layover till I am enabled to extract... 
information—that, will he tiecf-ssary previous to decision [ 304 ]. 

I...regret that that officer's branch should again unnecessarily tend to interrupt the course 
of the Surveyor Clenerafs duties, which it was originally intended rather to assist, and never 
interfered with.. .for twenty -two years that I have been repeatedly in contact'. 

Mackenzie's unhelpful attitude was due entirely fee ill-health, and his inability 
to concentrate on papers that had been awaiting disposal for over three years. 
His petulance was not consistent with the friendliness that had persisted between 
him and Lambton since the early days in Mysore [ II, 115-21 ]. Both these great 
men laid down their tasks within the next two years ; Mackenzie indeed within 
the nest three months. 

After Lambton's death, Everest was appointed to succeed as Superintendent, and 
placed under the regulations aiiboting the Surveyor General's Department, and.. .all future 
reports from the Superintendent... transmit tod to the Surveyor General of India, through which 
channel the orders of Government connected with the Great Trigonometrical Survey wDl in 
like manner be communicated 2 . 

Before confirming his appointment, the Directors called for a report on the 
real necessity ti.i continue the survey f 240 ], and insisted on 

great caution in the selection of an officer to fill the vacancy. ... Satisfactory testimonials of 
his qualifications as an astronomer and mathematician may be submitted to our considera- 
tion, without which the nomination will not he confirmed or sanctioned 3 . 

There was never any friction between Everest, as Superintendent of Trigono- 
metrical Survey, and the Surveyor General, whether Hodgson or Blacker, but it 
was probably just as well that on his return to India he was appointed to fill both 
appointments ; he would not have worked comfortably under a Surveyor Genera! 
who exercised any close control. 

On his departure on sick leave in November 1825 [246], the Directors were 
anxious to fill his place if a suitable officer eould be found, but, except for Herbert 
whose services could not be spared, there was no one whom the Surveyor General 
would recommend [ 242 ]. Everest himself explains that 

there was no officer in India who had any practical acquaintance with the methods pursued 
m tho Department. ... I do not by any means presume to question the talents of others, but 
simply to stale that any person who might at that period have taken upon himself the task 
of conducting the operations in my absence, would have had to learn those methods which I 
had acquired by the toil of a seven yours apprenticeship. ... 

There never were more than two individuals besides myself who had been assistants to 
Lieut. Colonel Lambton, viz., Captains Warren and Kater— of whom the former was residing 
at Pondicherry out of the service, and the latter was in England— and. ..none but tho Lieutenant 
Colonel's assistant* were allowed to use the larger insiruments . or to have any share in the 
higher parts of tho profession. ... The difficulty of nominating my successor was., such that 
the late Colonel Blacker... preferred recommending Government to keep my situation open 
until my return, and in the meantime to employ the establish ment... as 1 should suggest. 

It is not upon record that any individual at that time was bold enough to stand forward 
to grapple with an occasion for bringing himself thus prominently to the notice of the scientific 
world. Moreover, the Court of Directors had most decidedly declared that they would not 
permit the appointment of an officer...who could not produce substantia! proofs of his abilities 
- a Mathematician and Astronomer, so that the list of those who were eligible was limited, 
■t appear that one stepped forward to court the dangerous honour- 1 . 

> B., Mil., 29-10-23 f 19-T ), 



and of these it does n 



CHAPTER XXII 



OFFICE ESTABLISHMENTS 

Bengal ; Assistant Surveyor General — Office Premises — Office Staff — Revenue 
Surveyor General — Madras ; Siddell, 1817-8 — Mountford, 1818-23 — Mountford 
<fc Montgomerie, 1823-30 — Bombay, 1821-30 — Great Trigonometrical Survey. 

JOHN" Hyde, appointed "Assistant to the Surveyor General" at Calcutta in 
April 1814 [ II, 296-7 ], took siok leave to New South Wales in December, and 
did not rejoin till February 1816, so Crawford, who was leaving for Europe, 
obtained the services of Hugh Morrieson from October 1815 to bridge the gap. 

Hyde had originally boon appointor! to assist with astronomical observations, 
but the Directors considered the appointment unnecessary, and directed "that it 
be immediately discontinued". At the same time they asked for a report from 
Mackenzie 1 , who had no doubt whatever about the necessity for an assistant, and 
expresses himself freely in a private letter ; 

I cannot see how the duty can bo done without one assistant at least ; but certainly not 
tor l,h<» lIiyIy [imposed hv Colonel 0. aw Lord i.n. 1813. ... 

My dear Sir, I could seriously wish that 110 further change were made in the office till the 
whole State of the Department is brought under review of Government. To do this I certainly 
require assistance that I do not think oan be obtained from any person unacquainted with the 
routine of offioo duty. ... What I consider most necessary is to have the Office and Depart- 
ment brought into a regular systematic order, ami its duties well defined. ... I am labouring 
to bring this forward [ 303-4 ], and to carry on the current duties at the same time, of which 
the latter is not difficult with the people I (.iraught round [ 311-2 ]. 

Mr. Hyde. ..has been useful, and is willing 2 . 

Hyde's appointment was confirmed, but in December 181 7 he was again granted 
leave, this time to Fort Marlborough in Sumatra, rejoining in July 1818 s . Whilst 
his return was uncertain Mackenzie discussed the possibility of appointing Jamos 
Franklin, but noted that the pay was 

only 250 rupees, and attendance expected from 10 till 4. Another of my ideas would be to 
make the situation of an ussistant in the office a qualification rathor for being sent out on 
survey with superior allowance ; this instruction would be useful to a Surveyor 1 , 

He did not find Hyde an ideal assistant, and wished he had one like Mountford, 
for whom he had a great regard [ 318-9 ]. Hyde's pay was raised to Rs. 500 p.m., 
but it was unfortunate that be should take furlough in March 1821, just two 
months before Mackenzie's death. Thomas Wood, however, who know the survey 
well [I, 39S-400 ; II, 457], was in Calcutta and took charge pending Hodgson's 
arrival ' Hodgson at once asked for the services of Herbert, who joined from 
Garhwal in December 1821. Pending his arrival Claude Wade made himself useful 
in the office at a time when Hodgson was busy organizing the new revenue surveys, 
and he was kept on till September the following year [ 292, 312 ]. 

Herbert was withdrawn in February 182:1 for geological survey in the Himalaya 
[ 268 ] and Cheapo who took his place was sent off to the Chittagong-Arakan 
frontier [ 67 ], and then to military duty in Rangoon. He repined in March 1825 B 
but in September was transferred to Public Works 6 . Blacker then brought Crisp 
up from Hyderabad for the double purpose of assisting in the office, and of re- 
arranging the records of his survey [ 118 ]. Crisp was thus available to take charge 
on Slacker's sudden death three months later, and after Hodgson's arrival remained 

*DDd. 154 (21), 



310 Office Establishments 

till November when he took two months leave before returning to Hyderabad. He 
was allowed to draw Rs. 500 p.m. in addition to his allowance as surveyor for the 
period he held sole charge 1 . Hodgson was then left without assistance till 1828, 
when he once more brought. Herbert in from tho field, reporting 

the inefficiency of my office for want of a duly qualified oiiieor as chief as^trint. In October 
1823 Captain Cheap!? , of Engineers, the Assistant to tho Surveyor ("Mineral of India, was detached 
from tho office, and was employed on various military services during the Burmese War. On 
his return to Calcutta, lie was on the 22nd September 1825 appointed to survey and report 
On the state of the New Ju^gi-ninth 1-loH'J, ;md llnally removed from this Department. 

During. ..28 months 2 , the salary of the Assistant, ... being 500 rupees per month, was not 
drawn, ami consequently a saving of about, 14,000 rupees has been made. ... 

In. this Department 33 commissioned onicers are employed in the 3 Presidencies in various 
and distant part-; of .India [306".. ... The Surveyor General is em.ML'ed in.. .extensive superin- 
tendence and correspondence, which occupy much of the time required for. ..forming maps 
and attempting to... reconstruct the geography of this; whole extensive country 1 of attending 
to tho operations in the observatory which require constant direction ; in instructing. ..the sub- 
assistants of the i-ttice, and various other duties. ... 

The second oiiieor 111 e, department ought to he one in whom the Government and the 
Principal could implicitly rely, and who, in the event of the sickness or unavoidable absence 
of the superior, .should be capable of performing his duties ; an assistant who does not posses 
these qualities is rather a hindrance than an aid. 

I... bog.. .that... the .services, of my former assistant , Cu pi a in Herbert, may bo made avail- 
able. ... His labours ami his merits are. ..known to the Govormmont, and I consider him as 
beyond comparison the most, skilful officer in India in. ..[.he various branches of science necessary 
to the Geographer and Astronomer, and. ..he adds unremitting industry and activity. 

Captain Herbert is at present Superintendent of the Geological Survey of the Himalaya 
Mountains [ 268 9 ], and... willing... to return to this Department. ... He is ambitious of being 
allowed the designation of Deputy Surveyor General instead of Assistant as before. ... In 
the case of an ordinary assistant I. would not venture to make stioli a proposition, but Captain 
Herbert cannot be considered as such. ... I respectfully hope that some increase to the 
present very small salary. ..might be made. That salary is SOI) rupees per mensem, which 
in so expensive a place as Calcutta must, be considered as a very slender recompense for the 
second officer of a great department, supposing him to hold the station of Deputy 3 . 

Herbert was duly appointed Assistant, not Deputy, and took up his duties 
about the end of June [ 268 ]. He took charge of the department on Hodgson's 
departure till Walpole's arrival at the end of October 1829 [ 301 ], and then f. 
Deputy Surveyor General with salary Rs. 750 p.m. [ 306 ]. 



Office Premises 

Crawford appears to have had his office somewhere; in the region of Chowringhee, 
paying 220 sicca rupees house-rent, and drawing a consolidated allowance for house 
and office at 300 sa. rupees [II, 297 J. Morrieson and Hyde drew rent at the same 
rate, their allowance of rank being Rs. 60 only. In 1817 Mackenzie moved into a 
larger building, No. 8 Russell St.*, as he had brought a considerable staff with him 
from Madras, with several interpreters employed on his; historical work [311-2 ]. 

The house that hud been engaged for me since January 1816, the' sufficient for our own 
accomodation, could not receive the office ; & in tho house- occupied for the Surveyor General's 
office there was not room, not only for my Madras establishment & materials, but scaroely 
for myself to sit in. Divided between two houses, the month of August passed very uncom- 
fortably, & to this moment I have not been able to open up the collection from Madras. 
The dampness of the weather wis. another impediment. ... I have got into a fine large house 
on 1st inst., & the office is just, removed into it, but as.. .the lower rooms aro still too damp 
it require repairs before 1 can ledge the airairas in thorn, the whole regular arrangement cannot 
yet take plaeo for some time 5 . 

In February IS 18 Government approved his move ; 

! Oct. '25 to Feb. '28. > DDn. 231 ( 85-8 ), 4-2-33. * JASB. IX, 



Office Premises 



311 



Alfcho' the ho!is<i...!Li)p(»irn to he charged at a hiizh rate, tho Vico-Presidcni in Council will not 
object to the rent agreed on, v!k., Rs. 420, ... but doss not... cat h'jrizo any incrcsiHc.on account 
of the addition proposed... to the building doi.a-.'hsd. ... Tim in-juso.-.nii^hr, km i>br.;imsd on mora 
favourable torms were it taken on a. lease tor a longer term than a twelve-month 1 . 

The agents a refused to make any such reduction, 

having lately incurred an ox-ponce uf r.onrly 3,000 rii-pct'J in orooti'lg an out-lion^u rind improve- 
ments, for which... an additional rent was to have been allowed. ... Should it, howover, be 
taken for 5 years, we are willing to waive the proposed ifiOTease of rent, and to let it to 
Government for that period at what is now paid, viz., sicca rupees 420 per month. The 

proprielo-r is...liablu Cur tUw i^iul r-jpa-irs, but not. .il'i-iifiLLons Luds.i-i [jr-3vL>u.sly agreed upon 3 . 

Mackenzie was allowed house-rent of his rank in addition to office-rent, but 
not tentage allowance. He and his family occupied part of the house, and the 
staff employed on his historical collections was accommodated in the small out- 
building. After his death Hodgson obtained sanetion to purchase from his estate 
i large book case;-;, or presses, ... for the. .safe deposit of the very valuable maps.-.many of 
which are injured by dampness and insects for want of a more free circulation of air, ... as 
they are too closely packed together in tho presses, ...which are not sufficiently large to 
contain all the papers or the valuable instrument*. ... I also request.. .to purchase an iron 
cab in -stove for the purpose of keeping the air in the record rooms drier in tl.ie rainy season 1 . 

When I took charge of the office, I engaged the premises on a lease of two years on my 
private account at the same terms, i.e., 445 rupees per month, of which 420 are allowed by 
Government, and it was with siroiit dituenlt.y thai, I lure;! the house oven on those terms. ... 

The materials in this oitir-e !t rR always iirvnrmihi.tmy;. and the ine.rviasn will be unusually 
great when the Revenue Surveys are in progress. By the addition of these surveys. ..it will 
be much more than doubled, and.. .several apprentices for that brunch are already engaged, 
and under instruction [ 361-3 ]. ... A great deal of space, and good lights, are required, ... 

I have under my custody. ..in the house tho whole of the valuable astronomical and 
surveying instruments for. ..my department and that of the Quarter-Master General, as also 
to meet the occasional demands of the... Madras and Bombay Presidencies, and of expedi- 
tions procoodiuc; ori foroi^u aurvioo [ 212-3 1- They occupy much room, and it is noeosaarv 
that they should be kept dry and frequently inspected, as do also tho maps and records, 
and... they would run the risk of being damaged if removed to a house of inferior description. 
I find it also necessary to provide for tho accommodation at night of some of the assistants... 
that they may be in readiness to aid tho oreasional astronomical observations, ... 

In no department at this Presidency is dry and span ion? olllcial accommodation so neces- 
sary as in that of the Surveyor General 5 . 

Blaoker moved (.0 37 Park Street, which he took on a five year lease, occupying 
part of it as his private residence, and adding an astronomical observatory [ 187-8 ]. 

The terms on which this house ( ...one of the most appropriate about Calcutta ) is engaged 
is 450 sicca rupees per mensem. It is no part, however, of the prosent proposition that 
Government should... increase the existing rate, ...but that it shall be obligatory on the 
Surveyor General of India, ... to make up the difference from his personal rent 6 . 



Office Staff 

In 1815 the Surveyor General was still limited to the establishment authorized 
thirty years before, viz., one native -writer @ Rs. 50 — 3 harkaras @ 5 each — 
31ascars @ 7 each — 1 favvl-n (S.Rs. 4 — and 1 sildigar @ lis. 1 — besides draughts- 
men to the limit of Rs. 600 a month [ I, 236, 262, 290 ; II, 274 n.3 ]. The full 
sum, Rs. 694, was drawn monthly as u, matter of routine, and from time to time 
sanction, was obtained to engage extra men for purely temporary purposes'. 

On his move from Madras Mackenzie was allowed to bring up, on increased 
pay, a number of surveyors, clerics, and draughtsmen, with seven interpreters and 
translators for his archaeological and historical researches 8 . Several of the Hindus, 
including Leohmya, travelled the whole way from 'Madras by land, as their "customs 
of cast" did not allow them to go by sea [1,40, 362]. 

"IDDa. 142(267 ], 17-2-18. »Me=sia. SMrSe, tforgnssoQ & Co. a DDn. 196 ( 142),7-3-lS. 'tb 
(78], 30-7-21. 6 ib. ( 139^11 ), 5-11-21. "IIDn. ;0-t (4a), 1-2-2-1. 'such ,-u oitrn draughtsmen 

E. 340 p.m. [ II, 272 ]. 8 DDn. 142 (199-200) 11-11-17. 



312 Obti.ce Establishments 

Amongst those brought up were — Lueius Rawdon Burke 1 , Register, or Registrar, 
who had been with Mackenzie since 1800 [ II, 303 }. He was promoted from Rs. 300 
to Rs. 325 p.m. from 1st January 1820 with house-rent allowance Rs. 50 p.m.— 
Scott, Hamilton, and Mareellus Burke, field surveyors, who worked in the drawing 
office to start with [ pi. 2 n ]— Jolm Newman, one of the best draughtsmen, who 
died a year later. Mackenzie writes to Rid dell regarding their move ; 

Write immediately to Hamilton & Burke to come on [101]. ... I am anxious, as, tho' 
a very good young man, the former is unfortunately of a short temper that may not always 
conciliate. We are much in want of assistants. There are frequent enquiries what detains 
them. They want much surveyors for Cuttack [ 17 ], but I want Scott & Hamilton for the 
office, as there is not a soul here capable of doiag what they can do, & it is a real loss to these 
lads that they did not come on, as every mom li they st.nv thoir b:>-<\~ will be more. 

I have got Newman a good pay [ R. 120], & he merits it, oQnSidering his qualifications 
compared with what we found here. If you could send me 2, 3 or 4, draughtsmen of the 
same kind, I would find employment for them 2 . 

Newman went sick and arrived back in Madras "rather "better.. .than when he left 
Calcutta, but still looking very ill" 3 . Mackenzie lamented his death ; 

I am sorry for poor Newman's fate, the only man I had who understood perspective in 
any degroe. We shall have no want of draughtsmen, but I shall miss him as one of my own 
rearing, that I took a pride in 4 . 

Recruits entertained in Calcutta included John Stuart May, who was engaged 
from 1st January 1819 @ Rs. 200 p.m., "chiefly for the purpose of transcribing 
Lieutenant Colonel Lambt.on's Memoirs", and was a year later promoted sub- 
assistant on Rs. 240 s . In discussing his appointment, Mackenzie writes ; 

In employing any new person, we must not overturn tho old scale. The death of one of 
my draftsmen would enable me to entertain him with less difficulty, but his skill in drawing 
is not equal to that of the man I lost [ Newman ], who was a half-caste, and if Mr. May, an 
European, was to get more, the whole of my Madras Establishment would he in arms 'and 
overset, and it is by them alone I am enable to carry on the current duties 8 . 
May was appointed Superintendent, Matabhanga River, from June 1820, but carried 
on the Surveyor General's strength till 1825 [ 15-6 ]. 

After Mackenzie's death his estabHahflient of interpreters and translators was 
broken up [ 391 ], some of them being given temporary employment under Horace 
Wilson, Secretary of the Asiatic Society, who in 'ranged and listed all the historical 
material that Mackenzie had brought 1,0 Calcutta 7 . 

The full establishment of the office on 30th April 1822 comprised [ 360 ] 

Captain J. A. Hodgson . . Surveyor General from 25th May 1821. 

. Assistant to the Surveyor C,;na,i\ from Mth Sept. 1S21 [ 300-10 1 

. Temporary A.^i'hint !Y...hi IV'tli An" t$--!l |"-'Q-> |„i i 

. Refffetwi from llbh Hot. 1817. 

. Surveyor Instructor i.u appiiiiiiccs [ Iz, 19]. 

. Surveyor, Head Draughtsman. 

. Surveyor [ 17-9]. 

. Draughtsman ; ii.ye.ir appn-nt-Loo from 8th Nov. 1813 [ II, 27, 1 

- Draughtsman. ..smco tsli; 1S:!J. with Per,;,,. -0,1 iu Sur-oia r 88 1 

. Apprentice draughtsman-surveyor [22]. 

Mustie, Gould, C. H. Burke, and Foy, apprentices, were emploved in the drawing 
office before being posted to field surveys, but Lockwood alone feh under the 
standing grant of Rs. 600 for draughtsmen. The majority accompanied Hodgson 
when he became Revenue Surveyor General, and, on becoming Surveyor General 
Blackor objected to drawing a routine allowance for an establishment, that did not 
correspond with actuals ; 

On the separation of that part of the office establishment which accompanied the Revenue 
Surveyor General, I found my number of draftsmen and other servants so incomplete as to 
render their amount of pay considerably less than tho allowance granted by Government. ... 

The first, abstract 1. have had oeession to sign...ha3 been for tho month of November last, 
and to it was attached a declaration upon honour that the sums charged have been necessarily 

» His mother d. HodraS, S-lfc-SS. *DDrt. 1B6 (306), 28-11-17. *DDn. 151 (162) from RiddeH 
6-4-18. *DDn. 1.5G (375). 1-8-13. « DDn. U5 { £1 ), 7-1-20. ' ■ DDn. 154 ( 53 ) 19-12-18 

'Horace Hayraan Wilson (1786-1860); Ben. Med. ISliS ; DSB. ■ Assay Master 1816-32 -bust A KB 
Calcutta. Wilson, H.H. ' ' '""*■ 



Lieut. .1. i). Heriien, 
Lieut. C. M. Wade 
Mr. L. R. Burbe 
William Scott 
Henry Hamilton 
Mareellus Burke 
J. Andrew Macphers. 
Thoa. Lockwood 
Arthur Kitzprit-riok 



Office Staff 



313 



incurred.,. for the purposes sol forth, However olivimiJly this wu.s iu. variance with the actual 
state of the case, I have.. .to put my name to it, in order that, the individuals concerned, 
now two months m arroars, might- r ( »«'ivn i.'ncir ]mi.\- without Sonj^r suspense. ... 

The balance remaining in my hands amounts to sici.'u rupees 353-13-7, or sonat rupees 
305) 12 7, and I request, you will favour mo with orders how I am to dispose of it 1 . 

With the hands I have at present employed, I cannot consider the office efficient, but I 
spare no endeavours to complete it, and. have oven writ-ton to Madras with some success to 
procure competent draftsmen from that place ; but even altho' I had the establishment com- 
plete, it will be continually liable to variation ; for.. .the amount of salarios for draftsmen 
can never... accord o.vaotly with t;i<j e:.'tabli ihod allov.-.uiiii.; of H00 sontit rupees per mensem. ... 

I... propose... that I.. .make monthly a bonal'ide charge, supported by the usual attesta- 
tion, and a nominal list if necessary, for the suras I shall actually disburse for tho pay of drafts- 
men, provided the same shall not exceed monthly the u^'vgiur. amount of 940 sonat rupees — ..-. 
600 sonat rupees established allowance, and contingent limit of 340 — ... and that any further 
contingency for draughtsmen be madmissable. ... 

These is an allowance of 50 rupees for a writer, and pay for 1 darwan, 3 lascars, 3 hircarraha, 
unil si^lt'jrar, which will remain untouched by the above proposition [ I, ago ] 2 . 

Though draughtsmen were always difficult to find, he was able to 
trench on the established allowance for drafts men... in order to defray some other expenses. 
... One Writer only is allowed by the regulations, which were framed in 1788 for a Surveyor 
General of Bengal, but experience has shown me the total insufficiency of a single hand for... 
this office, ... and I have accordingly employed two clerks 3 . 

The acquittance roll for February 1S24- shows lis. 530 spent on draughtsmen ; 

Draftsmen fii\ addition to henry Haimltut!. who drew lis. 323 as Chief Dtaughtaman ]. 
Mr. A. W. Tudor,' from the 17th to the 2fkli Frdiniary @ Rs. 1.50 
Thos. Lockwood 
li.T^jiiiiun S«'„t [ jOon.i, 372] 
Thee. Nowey 

Ditto paid a!. Madrid IVr.ra llnd \,:,vnihi'r to 31st Jarniar 
Sheikh Al.thdk 
Sheikh Been Mahomed 
Sheikh Naajeeboollah .. 

Writers, One at Rs. 40, one at Rs. 25 

The roD for December omitted Tudor, Lockwood, Xowey, and substituted 
J. W. Wymyss @ Rs. 100 ; Andrew Jewell @ jRs. 70 ; R. Dashwood, Rs. 50 s . 
Wymyss had been brought up from Madras on a three year contract, and was 
allowed an additional Rs. 20 p.m. 6 . The names of all these draughtsmen appear 
frequently on maps still preserved at Dehra Dim. 

Amongst men brought from Madras was an "artist", otherwise instrument 
repairer, named Saiyid Mir Mohsin Husain, whom Blacker had found working with 
George Gordon, a well-known jeweller of Madras [258 n.2, 260], and had engaged for 
the Quartermaster General's office there. He was now sent for to take charge of the 
many instrument!, at. the Surveyor General's office, for which the authorized eihligctr 
was completely useless f 188 ]. Being promoted to Rs. 35 in April 1827, he later 
won the notice of Everest and became Instrument Maker to the department and 
retired after more than thirty years service. 

In January 1825 Vincent flees, a well- educated Swiss, was engaged in place of 
May on salary Rs. 240 p.m. for computing astronomical observations [ 188 ]. 
He continued in the office, under various designations, for the next twenty years. 

After the death of Hamilton, June IS26, Joint Graham was brought down from 
the Delhi revenue survey to take over duty as Head Draughtsman 7 , a post which 
he continued to hold till his retirement in 1858. 

There was always a shortage of competent writers, more especially for the 
tedious business of copying journal* and field books, as Hodgson points out when 
the Directors complained of some being carelessly copied [292]. 

It is extremely difficult to procure at tow salaries in Calcutta native copyists who have 
11 sufficient knowledge of the English !angunge to trail =cti ho correctly any papers hut those 



I 



■ DDn. 204 ( 75 ], 14-7-24. s ib. ( 35-6 ], 16-1-24. ' ib. ( 7 

with Oisnt to Burma ; DDn. 220 ( 133 ;,, 3-1-20. '.SCO. SP ( 1 ). 
1426 : entertains; at Madias 10-2-29. 'left Delhi Sept. 1827 ; aotec 
24-8-28, @ St. Rs. 323 p.m. 



), 14-7-34. 'apprentice surteyor 
•hada wife and 3 children in Sept. 
in ch. drawing office till appd. HD., 



314 



Obtice Establishments 



which are written in the moat plain and clear manner ; but the- journals of the Surveyors con- 
tain a multitude of figures, symbols, terms of science, and...names, which the native scribes 
certainly do copy very incorrectly. ... The monthly field hooks alone of a single surveyor... 
often consist of 40 or 50 pages of foolscap closely written [ and ] will take up the time of the 
idle copyists in Calcutta perhaps for a month, and after all be ill done, and require much 
examination and probably rocopying. ... 

Instead of extra writers of a better order being added to...my office, it would... greatly 
contribute to (jornxitriuss and expedition, if each surveyor... were allowed an expert writer. ..in 
bis harassing duties. ... 100 Sa Rs. per month could not bo thought, too much. ... With the 
assistance of a writer, the surveyor might make bis field books and memolis in. duplicate, one 
copy to be sent to England, and one lodged in the Surveyor General's Office. ... 

No class of people make so small a return for their wages as the writers in Calcutta, ... 
owing to their natural idleness, the few hours they attend at the offices, their frequent real 
or pretended sickness, the interruption caused by numerous holidays, and other causes 1 . 

In April 1829 J. Dias was appointed, to act as Registrar on the death of Burke, 
followed by C. Morrison from 14th January IS.'Ji). The- draughtsmen now employed 
under Graham were Breton, W. H. Scott 2 , G.H. McReady,C. K.Hudson, Khadum 
Ah, and Roop Chand, all names found on the beautiful maps of this period. 



Revenue Surveyor General 

On taking up duty as Revenue Surveyor General, Hodgson obtained a generous 
office establishment which included, besides i5 apprentice surveyors and their 
instructor William Scott, a Registrar in the person of Marco !his Burke [II, 351; 
III, 306, 312 ], and "draftsmen and writers, or copyists", also 

1 Accountant, or Sative Register . . Ra. 50 or 60 1 Erash 3 so 



i IhifkTi-i! : 



12 



32-8 



2 Mihturs, or S 
2 Bhistics @ 6 
Mjstry, earpe 



vespers, 4 each 

Total Sicca P.upees 
give security, and 



111 



keep 
the field, and for 



ser instru. 
absolutely 



The Accountant... should be a trustworthy person, who 
the accounts of tint oftit-e (.smblishmont 4 . ... 

The Lascars are required during the instruction of the young id 
other miscellaneous services ; a frash, sweepers, and bhtsties, are requi 
ness and health where there is a considerable number of Christiana employed, 
a Carpenter are continually required for making and repairing signal Bags and 
ments, and repairing office furniture. The expenses of such office furnii.LLrc.j 
necessary may be most conveniently charged on a separate contingent- bill 5 . 

In 1826 Burke was recommended for promotion to salary of Rs. 250 p.m. ; he 
had "respectably, industriously, and skilfully served in the Survey Department 
■20 years, having boon apprenticed on the 1st March 1806" ; his salary of Rs. 151 
and 2 annas a month "is a small sum to enable him to support himself and family"* 

When the office was brought back from Fatehgarh [ 306 ], Hodgson sent all the 
apprentices out to field surveys except four ; 

William JSTix James [ 188 n.8, 190 n.2 ], Edward Winston, William Chill, and Charles Hyde 
■r apprentices, ... I brought down with me. ... Their salary is M runoes a month 



a month, 
:penee than in this Capital, 
premises, but in Calcutta I cannot 
dearne3s of provisions, and convey - 



which was sufficient at Futtcligurh. whom they eoutd 11 
.and where I generally afforded, them lodging on my o 
i.-ivo T.!jr.:m tiiis <'idviint.iL.i:o, and tlirs charge-;; for house r< 
anee to the officy, ^rraigLU'-n tluvir c;rc?imsf..LR?<s and distress them. 

I... ask... that I should. ..rent a small two-storied house, ...which very closely adjoins to my 
own, in which I could lodge these 4 young men, and whero they would "be... immediately under 
my own eye. ... In the lower story...I could also deposit some of the more bulky instruments 
aa a large supply-has arrived from England, and is now in the Fort, but they will occupy 

>DDn. 231 ( 61-3 }, 16-11-27. =Wm. Henry Scott, h. Sept. 1812 ; appd. dmn. & writer 1-3-27- 
CD. 1-6-58. 'ofiicft ntt.i-ndari!:. * Ak^nd'.-r .[Son-lkj. appd. 'li-IC. 23 ■ rin-.w 1>,-;. fi'l = , a-ct nhiiTr, fin ,'. 
writer, .'fern Hodgson, 4-11-23 ; BTC. 20-11-23 ( 40-50 ). " ib. 2Q-1-26 ( 43 ). ' * laBKB - <Wa8 



Revestte Seteveyor General 315 

ao much apace in my office, already overerawded by the addition of the Revenuo Survey 
establishment, ... that I shall havt> difficulty in finding room for them. 
The rent of the house is Us. 150 per month 1 . 



Madras ; Riddell, 1817-8 

In obtaining approval to the establishment of an office in Madras subject to the 
Surveyor General, instead of transferring the records to I he Chief Engineer [291, 
316 ], Mackenzie emphasized the multifarious duties involved ; 

Constant requisition for information of a territory embracing 1,00,12.1 square miles... — 
frequent attention... to... boundaries... — communications and orders to the surveys carried on 
in this Presidency. ... These.. .can only be carried on by a regular aeries of Instructions, of 
orders, of report, periodically, monthly, or quarterly. The progress of the surveys [I, 28311.8] 
...in distant provinces is a constant subject of solicitude ; in varying climates, they are to be 
directed, watched, encouraged, or chocked, £13 occasion m.iy require. ... 

An establishment .of 29 nath-e surveyors [ I. 283 n. 8 ],,. occupy much of the time... — Neeessary 
orders and explanations on. ..their professional duties... ■ .'Regulation of choir pay and allowances. 
... The employment of a small well- arranged ostat.lisliuiont... instructed in the elements and 
praeticeof drawing and surveying, would be equally useful in all the presidencies, ... and.. .the 
employment of a certain portion of those young men. ..by transfer to the other presidencies 
might relieve this. ... 

I would propose... that the depot of Charts and Surveys, ... with tin; exception of those 
...to be transferred, be returned as an immediate appendage to tho offioos of Government, under 
the charge of an Assistant to the Surveyor General of India, ... appointed f'.'r that purpose. ... 

That all orders and communications of G overrun en [:■... bo made to the Surveyor General 
of India, but such us require early or immediate attention hi communicated thro' this office as 
a regular channel of communication to tho surveyors. ... 

That the Assistant in the Surveyor General's Office at Madras submit to Government 
periodically... the state and progress of the surveys, reeoiving for that purpose the reports of 
the Surveyors, retaining duplicate*, mv.l transmitting tho originals to the Surveyor General of 
India with his observations thereon. Quarterly accounts of tlio expense of the surveying 
department as usual to be sent in to Government and bo the Surveyor Goneral. ... 

A report of the progress and conclusion of surveys will bo made up from the Surveyors' 
reports by the Assistant in the Surveyor General's Office, and submitted to Government 
periodically, and the maps, memoirs, journals, and field books... &c, will be transmitted... to 
the Surveyor General's Office at Calcutta. ... A moderate establishment for this office will 
be employed in copying such documents as are immediately ordered by Government, or 
required for the Surveyor General's Office, and regular reports and returns... will be trans- 
mitted to the Surveyor General of India at Calcutta. 

All Surveyors employed on survey under this Presidency to addresa their letters and report* 
to the Surveyor General's Office at Madras. ... 

The following establishment is proposed ; ... An Officer Assistant, in charge of the depot 
and office of the Surveyor General of India per month ( exclusive of batta ) pagodas 70— 
One draftsman, not to exceed per month ps. 25 — one writer, not bo exceed per month ps. 15 — 

One Assistant Surveyor ( William Lanuvar ) who has been instructed for this purpose. He 
will be necessary for some time at least to assist the Officer in Charge till he has acquired 
sufficient knowledge of tho contents of tho depot and office 3 . ... 

Any native Assistant Surveyor that may come to the Presidency.. .will be. ..employed 
in the drawing and writing department ; ■■■ 6ha attendance of one of them. ..may be con- 
sidered permanent. All the Assistant Surveyors being already sent, or about to be sent, to 
the surveys in the country, with the exception of tho two above-mentioned, and one lately 
arrived sick, the same room. ..will be no longer requisite for the establishment, .,. which will 
seldom exceed six. 

But the materials propose:"! to be transferred will still require scarcely loss room than 
before ; for the almiras 3 and their contents will gradually increase from the materials coming 
in from the survey. The quantity of instruments... will also increase considerably. ... On 

1 .16 Park St. j "BTC. 24-8-26 ( 44 ). ' unfortunately Lontwar died, 2S-5-17. s cupboards [ 310 ]. 



316 



Office Establishments 



these accounts a convenient house... would be desirable, ...but a fixed commodious office in 
Fort St. George near to the Government House would be much more... convenient. ... 

I must deprecate the further removal of what may be considered a very valuable collection, 
that has cost.. -very considerable sums, until a commodious place is secured permanently ; ... 
the repeated removal of these charts has considerably added to that injury they have sus- 
tained from various modes of keeping. ... 

A previous kimwledire of the practical application of tho [ survey ] principles in this country, 
as well as of official details, is still more essential. ... In the distance from... Calcutta, fre- 
quent occasions will occur where the assistant's own knowledge will he... referred to. ... An 
officer already acquainted, wit! i the practice of iiee^raiohioal sorveys in India would he more 
usefully appointed... under the direction of the Surveyor General, but subject in every respect 
to the control and orders of this Government. If a knowledge of. ..conducting and calculating 
trigonometrici.il OperationB..ja added, ... it will be still more useful. 

He suggested John Riddell as possessing these qualifications to the full 
[ II, 439 ], and asked for his early appointment. This was referred to Bengal and, 
though the Supremo Government, tw-isj re: I uc taut i.o depart from the definite order 
to deposit the records with the Chief Engineer [ 315 ], they agreed that 
Lfie literal execution of the Hon' ble Court's orders, by compelling f.i 10 delivery of many valuable 
records. ..to the custody of a department usually over] raid cried by its proper functions, and 
by vesting. ..the superintendence... of survey duty. ..In i-iri officer wholly distinct in his powers, 
and independent of the Surveyor General, ...may tend to defeat the projected unity of effort 
and concentration of geographies! and statistical information — 

The Surveyor General should take with him all records required in Bengal— 

The remaining records, ..should be transferred to an officer who shall be left in charge pro- 
visionally of the branch of the Survey Department which will remain at Fort St. George until 
the expediency... of permanently establishing a subordinate survey branch under that Presi- 
dency shall be finally determined. This officer... will... discharge all such duties under the 
orders of the... Governor in Council as have hitherto been conducted l>y Colonel -Mackenzie. 

In. ..tho choice of the individual to [111 this temporary office, ...every attention should be 
paid to the recommend alien of" an officer so distinguished for public spirit and eminent talents as 
the present Surveyor General of India 1 . 

After earnest persuasion, and after the Commander-in-Chief, General Hislop, 
had specially inspected the office. 1'idrloll's appointment was sanctioned 2 . He 
joined on 16th June and took over on 18th July on Mackenzie's departure for 
Bengal 3 . The office staff on June 1st comprised ; 

4 Draughtsmen : — Christian Andreas Ignatio ; John Newman ; John Mustie, and John 
Gould, the two latter being apprenticed to Mackenzie 4 . 

4 "Writers :- — Lucius Eawduji Burke, .Head Writer; ... Anthony Rodrijines and Domingo 
Ferrier, copyists : and Henry Hamilton, assistant surveyor [ 312 ], employed as extra writer. 

Mackenzie took all of these to Bengal except Ignatio and the two copyists. 
On Newman's death [ 312 ] he thought of calling Ignatio to Calcutta, but decided 
against it, writing to Mountford ; 

Be so good as to give some douceur to Ignatio for the drawings 5 , and send me the whole 
round by sea, finished or not, as. I can get [hern done here. 

I some time ago enquired of Ignatio whether he would like to come here in the vacancy 
made by Newman, pro-tided your ojjk.e could, xpare- him. .Ho first, dot-lined it, then lately offers 
to come, but with so many conditions implied that I do not mueh relish having anything to 
say to him, and at all events nor v nhov.f y-air express permission. ... I could p>t- him the same 
salary as Newman had, but. I am really apprehensive that ho would ultimately hang heavy 
on our hands, as I know he was involved at one time. 

I enclose you his letter : in confidence,. I do not much like it, nor his ignorant coarseness 
in mentioning his complaints, which would require the Sec-It's rcine-hj of a tentbhing -post. As 
senior draftsman he had the first choice of coming round, but he foolishly declined it, and poor 
Newman accepted. Pay Ignatio what you like as a gratuity, tho' in my time I made them 
do these things in the office aa an improvement to their qualifications 3 . 

Riddell 's appointment brought a pretest from Oarling against the use of the 
title "Assistant Surveyor General" by an officer who was his junior. Mackenzie 

*DDn. 



Madras; Riddell, 1817-8 



:-;i7 



pointed out that whilst Riddeil was acting on a 

temporary salary of TO panodas pec month o.i a very t'cspoiisible elctriiii at Fort St. George, 
Lieutenant Garling holds the. more advantageous .*li.natiu:i of a Survoyor, on u salary of 
pagodas Io0 pec month f 350 ]. Had Lieutenant Gaclim: been selected fur this situation, ... ha 
mi»hb justly comolain of being put into a more expensive situation on diminished alio wan; :0s 1 . 

To Riddeil himself lie writes ; 

I am Sony that this gentleman, every day suns studiously to Increase this perplosit.y 
which, however, must bo removed. ... Remember, that you are the organ of Government ; 
that it is their orders am! chose of the Surveyor General you communicate 4 . 

The Supreme Government ruled that Riddell's official designation should be 
"Assistant in the Survoyor General's Department" and Garling was at length 
pacified. He had given Rid doll an opportunity to be amusing, having 
varied ahout thro' all the changes ho could ring. At first it was "Lieut. R., in provisional 
charge of the Survoyor General's Department", and than "Lieut. R., of the S.G.'a Office", 
and now it IS "Lieut. R., in charge; of Office, Surveyor General's Department "3. 

The field surveyors tool, to using imauthorized designations for themselves, 
such as "Surveyor in Travancore ", or ''Assistant Surveyor General", the latter 
a title officially reserved for officers in the Presidency offices. The correct designa- 
tion of the officer in charge of a field survey unit was, writes Mackenzie, "Surveyor, 
in charge of the Survey"*. 

Altho' it is of no great con?eo;uenee. yet it is proper in giving the names of the surveyors 

in the Almanac that the actual situation and design;! lion should he correct Trio gentlemen 

on survey were recommended by me to be sent out as Surveyors in charge of different parties. 
Their now describing themselves us Assistants is by no authority. Major Williams of Bombay 
might just as well subscribe himself Surveyor General because ho was actually such before 
.May ISI;~>, ami an older Surveyor General than i was 6 . 

Mackenzie and Riddeil, exchanged, letters, both public and private, almost 
every week. Regarding office accomodation Riddeil writes ; 

I expect to leave your house ahout the 1st [August]. There is certainly no good one 
to be got for 20 pagodas, but I must do my best. The Government has no idea of giving 
more than is necessary, and Mr. Shore told me that he must stop the allowance ( above 20 ) 
from the day of your departure. ... Since my last letter of 3rd instant nothing particular has 
occurred. The Depot is moved to the house formerly occupied by you in Vepery [ II, 303-4, 
421 ], which I have been obliged to take for six months, with. ..two months notice 8 . 

Mackenzie was most punctilious about correspondence ; 

I wrote you from Sagur, op Kedgeree rather, a hurried scrawl of 24th July on our first 
arrival in the river ; I could not ugain write t-ill the 18th ulto., when I addrossed you a letter, 
marked No. 2, by post. This will be No. 3, & I propose afterwards to number my letters 
in succession as I observe you also mean to do ; it is an excellent plan, by which we will 

immediately observe if any misses 7 . 

Avoid shewing the official correspondence, or any other documents to any person what- 
ever. Make it a rule to receive your friends in your sitting room, clear of office documents. 
I have myself experienced much inec-ivouioneo from not ;id verting to this 6 . 

You have made a mistake lately in referring in one of your public letters to a demi- 
official letter. ... Remember there is no such thing as a demi-official letter recognized in 
the Service ; let all your referable letters he official &■ entered as such. I again recommend 
to you to avoid writing on duty matters in private letters, as they may occasion mistakes. 

Your letter to Lieut. Garling of 18th July was perfectly correct in its substance, only you 
should not have ach.ires-ed him ' My dear Garling ' if it. w"a : i official, 0: if it was private you should 
not have signed it officially. ... Kxmiso me for putting- you to rights 9 . 

Riddeil describes his first rather awkward interview with the Governor ; 
On the Monday after you left us. 1 thought ::■ proper to wait on the Governor, and report 

that I had taken charge of the Department, ilo received mo most graciously, told me that 
orders from Home had left him no choice, that thoy were positive in favour of the Engineer 
officers, & those only, being employed on survey [ -:'tl^ .;. jp, 340 ], and that he had thought 
it his duty to oppose me on that ground. 

He told me that I was entirely under the Bengal Government, & asked me if ho had any 

'from SG. 2S-4-1S; MMC. 16-6-18. ' DDn. 156 ( 342 ), 24-4-18. J D0a. 151 ( 85), 24-12-17 
*DDn. 14-9 (51 ). 23-3-19 1 83 ), S-6-19. ■ ib. ( 87 ), 26-11-19. «ib. 16-8-17. 'DDn. 156 (295), 
No. 4, 5-9-17. "ib. ( :I04 ), 23-11-17. <ib. ( 319 |, 22-1-18. 



318 Office Establishments 

authority over me, & if he could demand plans, k'„ from the Depot, i eouid only bow, arid 
Bay most certainly. ... Ht then enquired in to the strength of the establishment, ...and, on 
being informed, remarked its smallness. I stated that it, was conformable to the orders from 
England, in the evont of a transfer to the Engineer's Office, He replied 'But we should then 
have had the use of their draftsmen, &o. '. So you see he does not appear at all unacquainted 
with the arguments uii that side of tins question. 

In answer to him I mentioned that mops of most, parts of the country had already been 
supplied to the various authorities to whom they could be of use : that a good map had lately 
been published by the authority of t.ho Directors at home. 1 and that, of more particular plans 
they seemed to wish to prevail* the circulation [ 274, 280-90 ], ... So we parted. 

It was not long, before he was on close terms with all the secretariat ; 

I am happy to hear that the Public Department is again to be the channel of our corres- 
pondence [ 303 ]. I am sometimes out of all patience with Jlr, Wood 2 but, as his dilatoriaess 
is very impartially extended to all. have no particular rip hi, to complain. 

Mottnti-ord, 1818-22 

To Mackenzie's great distress Riddell died on 1st September 1818, and at the 
suggestion of the Chief Engineer Mountford was brought, down from Guntur to 
relieve him, taking over charge on 25th [ 96 J :l . Mackenzie; welcomed his appoint- 
ment, though he had hesitated to press for it. He writes to the Chief Secretary ; 

I took the liberty of mentioning your name as not unfriendly... and T mentioned my reasons 
for hesitating on recommending any individual, after the obstruction I met in the case of 
that excellent young man, Mr. Riddel!. I have great confidence in Mr. Mount ford's capacity, 
zeal, and honourable principles, as qualifying him for that charge until a permanent 
appointment is made. But, as I do not know whether any notice of my approbation would 
be advantageous to him. ... make use of my name as yon think most expedient 4 . 

To Mount ford he wrote that it was the business of the 

Government of fort. St. Ccorgo i,« appoint an officor to. ..a duty belonging to that Presidency. 
... Attend with patience the determination of Government, ; you cannot suffer at any rate by 
being called up. Write me often of every step, and I will— inform you of every point necessary 
for your guidance. ..as T did poor regretted Riddell. 

You should call on Mr. Straehey^ with my compliments, as a friend of Captain Troyer's 
[ II, 447-8 ] ; he will give you every reasonable support. ... Write to me often, ... very fully, 
and. ..observe your usual discretion till mutters are adjusted*. 

Mountford's appointment was confirmed by the Governor General in a letter 
dated 18th October, and Mackenzie writes wishing him 

joy of your appointment, and may you enjoy more satisfaction of it than some others have 
had. ... Take care of my old servants in and about the office ; there are not many of them 
now. Kisnajee yon will find a very useful, valuable, man [ II, pi. 22 ] ; Riddell found him 
so. ... Write me often. What is become of Captain Troyer ? recommend me to him [ 338 ]'. ... 

You are. ..the organ of Government, for receiving their orders and communicating them 
to the surveyors, to this office, and to other Departments, and you will refrain from issuing 
any orders of your own unless directed to do so. That excellent young man Riddell gave 
me groat satisfaction. I had occasion in a few instances to put him to rights, but he always 
received my sentiments with the greatest good humour, and conformed as soon as possible. ... 

Mr. Garling hits o>;pre-sed much dissatisfaction at .Mr. R.iddelJ',s be:ng in the office over 
him, but the opinion of every official and ruilitarj man 1 have consulted is 1 hi verso to his idea 
that seniority in the Military Institution, or any Corps or other Establishment, gives any elnim 
to appointment in an Office, when the incumbent is the selected organ of Government for 
communicating their instructions f 31 7 1. This is for yourself, as my sentiments have been so 
little acceptable to Mr. Curling, that, 1" do not wish to trouble him further. ... 

Be very guarded in your correspondence... on official matters : indeed the best way is to 
avoid altogether any private correspondence. ... Your official doty. ..is entirely confidential ; 
the books, letters, etc., are not to be shewn to any person. ... I take the liberty of recom- 
mending your. ..excluding from your of rice nod drawing room all visitors [ 317 ]. 

1 Arrowamith's [ 2S7 ], DDn. 151 ( 5-12 ), 24-7-17. 'Edward Wood, MCS. ; Paymaster 1815 

Sec. to Govt. Mi!. Dent. IS] 7 ; Ch. Ser. from W-lit ; <i. 1S24- DUn. b>i( ISO— 17 ), IS- 2 IS. "John George 

Proby., Adjt. nf iln-rs. held on. durinjr mtcrvs.1 ; MMC. 29-0-1 S. ; DDn. 154 ( 37 :. 25-0-18. 'Geo. 
StrachBy ( 1776-18*9" i Ch. Sen, from 1S13. 6 DDd. 149 ( 5-6 ), 6-10-18. T ib. ( 6 |, 14-10-18. 



Mountford, 1818-22 



There is one apprentice sfiil of mine with you, Ch. Ignatio 
is necessary from Messrs. liinuy. ... Joan Newman, the draug 
medical certificate, and I have drawn hi? pay here till the day of 

The office at Madras is not desiguod to eompile maps, which 



It ii 



relye 






iper object of thia 
a once embark in 
i [ 276-8 ]. Your 
ier directly to the 



same of others 1 . 

fficially on every 

> shew.. .what was 

I recommended 



...compiling maps at private requisitions you will 
road is clear ; Obey an order of Government, s 
Surveyor General. ... When you... once... master... 
plain sailing. ... 1 never wise to Slurry any perst 

It was not my fault that Mr. Riddell had n. 
point, but I was urged off in such a manner that 
possible; ^f all the vast materials, and leave the re* 

to him the perusal of the correspondence, but. ..the wiioie 01 tlio duplicates wore not ready 
when I left Madras, and have bean only aertt since. You have now the benefit of that, and 
I can only recommend to you to sit, down tranquilly and peruse the correspondence from the 
beginning in November 1S!(> till the present day. 

You will always recollect that, the office at Madras is. ..at present temporary, ... and that 
nothing is to be done but by orders. It is not the duty of the Ofheer in charge to propose 
new surveys, or multiply duplicate* "f compilations, with' .".it he is ■■.ailed upon. ... Any applica- 
tions from other dopaE'iiiients are 10 bo referred 1,0 Goveromeet and the Surveyor General. ... 

All your official Setters I will reply to one by one, never doubt. I have thought of setting 
apart two days in the. week to Madras offieuil duty, but at present I cannot attempt it from 
the heavy pro-sore here [ 305-4 ]2. 

Mackenzie's heart was still with Madras, and his letters ;ire full of enquiries on 
all sorts of small matters regarding maps and surveys, and old servants ; no matter 
appeared too small to engage his attention, and, in spite of occasional complaints 
of things not going exactly as lie wished, lie maintained the friendliest relations 
with all Madras officials. He cells Mountford to consult 

Messrs. Strachey & Hill, whose judgement T never found to err, nor their kindness nor good 
offices wanting, except ing where press of business prevented, which. ..is the only reason for your 
not often hearing from me. ... Write me often. Mountford ; I wish to know how all my friends 
are going on ; I always remember my Madras friends with pleasure 3 . 

He makes repeated references to his ill-health, and to being overworked [ 304 } ; 

I have been under such a continual pressure for some time that it has been very heavy 
upon me, but, while my health keeps up I have less reason to complain. All ray correspon- 
dents have the same reason as you to feel the want of reply whieh is certainly not my fault*. 

This has been in hand three days, as 1 :im kept, in a hurry at, this sei.ison r:[ despatch. ... 
Don't blame me for silence; I am really so harra.ssed that I. have not a minute's rest, and I 
■wish rather to go into the Madras business thoroughly, hut this cannot be done shortly, and 
all instructions must be submitted to Government 5 . 

This instant I have yours of ISth ultimo. ..and all 
heaps due to you, but all business i:;as been suspended or 
ine these 8 weeks upstairs, and I find it necessary to state 1 
in consequence of my being overloaded with references o 
office of accounts, which I beg to be relieved from 8 [304]. 

You are merely the organ of official communication, and ought not. ..to make propositions 
that may possibly [disagree] with what has been, or may he, intended by the superior 
authorities. You should avoid all controversies with any Individuals, and refer them to 
the supremo authority. The Collectors have no business to correspond with yon but thro' the 
Board of Revenue, aacl Major Do I bsvilLiiid being put in communication with you, excepting 
thro' the Board, I consider an error [ 277-8 ] 7 . 

You should at the end of the year begin a new No., and you will recollect that copies of 
all letters to and from Government, as well as other Departments, should be transmitted to 
the Surveyor General at. the same time officially 8 . ... 

Puri. My health. ..does not permit of that ;rloso attendance to the desk its formerly. Last 
night, however, I have ( thank Heaven ) got over one job that has long given rae uneasiness ; 
that is the quarterly accounts, which were interrupted at the time 1 left Madras. ... For a long, 
long, time, I could not.. .bring them up for want of vouchors and documents and, after these 

I. *ib. ( 9-18 ), 7-11-18. 



also come. There are 
account of one whieh has occupied 
) Government the arrears increasing 

matters that belong rather to trie 



1 



Office Establishments 



a obtained, the lead of business in the offiee pro van cod my jjiiiti^ into them 1 . 
It was one of Mountford's duties to submit quarterly returns of expenditure, 
r 1821, tor the whole survey establishment. 



and the following is the bill, 



Lieut. F. Mount ford 
half batta, 

C. I«„»,i». 
A. riivin -■ 

D, Fer:i( 



10;. 



it Office Contingent ... ... ... ... ... 56- 4_o 

Total ex-pence of the. Surrey/:- General's rJJlcs ami Depoi 786-14- 
Lient. B. 8. Ward, on surer;/ m l^intonr. salary, Hi. 350 ; 

half batta. 65-10 ; lascars' albw:nict\ 70-6-3 ... ... ... ■iSa-00-3 

Assi'taor. Surveyors 

Wiiliara Reyw. salary, 11?. 122-3; la-icar.i' ailnwiincs, 25-14-11; 

horse allowance, 16-12 ; ten! sHoffMH*, J (-S ... ... ... 191-10-11 

C;h:irw.i Ma; 1 "Malum, -alury, Rs. S7— "9 ; etc. ... ... ... 153-10-1 1 

Tola! ex-pexce of the. Ciiiinhutorir S'lri-fi/ S:jS-fjfT-7)i" 

Lieut. C. Snell, on sum--;! in the: Xorlhern Circars. salary, Rj. 350 ; eh;., ad for Ward 
As.-is; uit Surveyors 

Michael Dumgaa, salary, Be. 132-8 ; etc. 
John Faulkner, „ Rs. 122-8 ; etc. 

lii. .ma Anderson, „ as for MacMahon 
Clerics Harnett, „ Rs. 56 ; lascars" allowance, tlo-4-7 ; etc. 

2Waf expeme.e nf the. Surrey in the Northern drears 



■tS,j 00-03 

191-10-11 

I0I-I0-11 
l™- 1.0-11 
1_22_S -07_ 
1147-09-07 
Capt. R. Young, on -ui-rci/ in Hyderabad ... ... , ... ... 485-00 -,'!.) 

Assistant Surveyors 

Thomas Hill ... ... ... ... ... ... 191-10-11 

RichardLong ... ... ... ... ... ... lofj-KMl 

Richard Ficfeer ... ... ... ... ... ... 150-IU--H 

Andrew Chamarett ... ... ... ... ... 156-10-11 

^Total expense of the Hyderabad Survey Tl46-ll-l 1 

Asat. Surveyor T. Isirabull, :yi!!--!i::.j tiiB;"! informali/M fa Tinr.eveHy, | HI n.I ] ' 

salary, Rs. 157-8-0, etc. ... ... ... ... ... 261-10-11 

Gband Total, Madras ... Rs. 4I7G-04-06 



MOUMTTORD & MONTGOMERIE, 1823-30 

In March 1823 Mountford asked that his status should be raised to that of 
Deputy Surveyor General, and his salary increased to correspond ; 

Being in ohariro of this » filet! and depot., ami the channel of communication between the 
surveyors, yourself, and the Government, ...a greate:-... responsibility seems to be implied 
than is attache.! to a:\y officer nt this Preside-riey (mder the designation of "Assistant". 
The Deputies in the principal offices, ... their immediate principals being o;i the spot, ... 
have none of that resooiisibihdv which aRaelies t j me. nor arc any of them in direct corurauni- 
cafcion with the Government 3 . 

Hodgson's recommendation to upgrade both Mountford at Madras and Suther- 
land at Bombay was accepted 3 ; 

'the staff salary alloivoa to Capt. Mountford appear. ;.;:> ty> inad.>ij..:.;te to his merits, and 
to support the respectability of the situation he holds as the immediate head of the Survey 
Department at Madras 4 , when it t- considered that it is only bis. 350 a month, and 65-10 
difference of bal.l.a 51 . boiag lew !,!i:ui th.it of C.tprain Voting, ono of thu surveyors under him 
ia the Nizam's Dominions, who tins 525 rupees and Go-JO dUTer en ■:.■■.- of batta. and only equal 
to that of the other surveyors under his orders. ... 

On the Bombay Establishment the staff salary of ilajor .Sol horiaad, the Assistant Surveyor 
General, is; 500 rupees per month, and the difference of batta of his rank 225 Rs. As the 
duties of Major Sutherland and Captain Mountford are similar, [.., surest the propriety of 
allowing to the latter officer the saiue staff allowance of 500 rupees a month 6 . 

About this time also Mo nut. ford obtained :iii increase of offii:;-: establishment to 
cope with the ever-inor-easing demand for maps. He was able to recruit apprentice 



; 



'.DDn, l-Ve(l-U-.-i) 23-0 -20. 
under GD So M. 1S-6-23 ( 64 ). 

allowed to ah oi>!d ■.-:.< ia i-.tntonnisnt. 



= DDn. 200(21-2 1, 13-3-23. 

ie was now senior to all tba Del 

'DDn, 12fi( 13-5), 29-3-23. 



MOUNTFOKD & MONTGOMERIE, 1823-3-0 



321 



draughtsmen and surveyors, and brought Turnbull into the office to train them 
[no, 377]. In 1825 Montgomerio, who had succeeded on Mount ford's death,, 
engaged Joshua JJe Penning, who had. resigned from the Great Trigonometrical 
Survey in 1824 [ 245, 326 ], and in January 1827 the establishment stood ; 

Lie Lite nani and H?r-.\ e± Cup '.run D. M."-i'L"j:rn rir-, L'y.puty ^v.rvey-: r Genera! ... Ea. 570-08 
Thomas Turnbull, senior ^ssisnmt Surveyor and hi*li-iieic.r iif the .ipp rent-ice;. ... 157-03 

J. Be Per- p. u-lt senior W't.ir.l Siiivevor, rni.r-rtaint.id [ ii -i --3 ] bv order of 

Govt. Ilth March 1B25 ... ... ... ..." ... 113-12' 

C. Ignalio. [fcid .U-rv.^htstnari 122-8 

J. Gotitz* Draughtsman ST S [ from :?()-10-^S to 9-5-29 ] 

J. G. .1 DBBptf „ 42-0 [ from 1-5-23 ] 

J. Clamp „ EM E from 20-10-26] ... ... 304-OS 

Mark Hcaly Apprentice Diaiir'rriJirutn [from 1-5-25] 21 
E. Rodrigues ,. „ ... 21 

J.Snmmers' „ „ [from 1-5-25] 21 

TV-n ]."-„n.io „ „ ... 21 ... ... 84- 

3 Writers ... ... ... ... - - 73- 8 

At the end of 1S25 the drawing office was reinforced from Hyderabad and 
Northern Circars for two field seasons. Crisp took Hill to Calcutta Snell took long 
leave on medical certificate, and their assistant surveyors were brought in to 
Madras [ 118, 376-7]. When the surveys were resumed, Mcr.ttgomerie asked 
that 12 apprentices may be immediHt.ely or 1 Let-tamed... for the duties of Draftsmen and Sur- 
veyors. ... They become much more useful than if trained up morely as draftsmen, and a 
draftsman can hardly excel in delineutinsi the thatures of the country unless ho has practised 
in the field as a surveyor. ... I would recommend... the. same- allowance, for eloathing and main- 
tenance as heretofore, ...via., 21 rupoe* each per irumaiiin, and that the monthly sum of 
35 rupees be also sanctioned to enable the instructor to afford them accomodation 5 . 

By September 1828 there were 14 tip prentices under instruction f 377 ], besides 
the office establishment of 6 draughtsmen, 1 apprentice and 3 writers, and. in view 
of this increase, and other responsibilities, Mod tgom eric's staff pay was raised to 
lis. 750 a month at the sacrifice: of half-ixrfta G . 

In February 1827, when Goldirsgham took furlough pending retirement, Mont- 
gomerie took charge of the Observatory, with an allowance of 1 00 pagodas a month, 
and moved the Survey office across to it. In October 1830 the new astronomer, 
Thomas Taylor [ 257 n.2 ], arrived from England, and Montgomerie withdrew "to 
a eommodious house ( Sullivan's Gardens }"'. 



Bombay, 1821-30 

After his appointment as Surveyor General of India, Mackenzie's only contact 
with the Bombay Presidency was bis correspondence with Elphinstone, Resident 
atPoona, regarding the survey of the Decean [ 124]. He writes in October 1820 ; 

The nest Annual Report for 1819 & 20.. .will be submitted as soon as possible. Mean- 
time, ... as no communication has yet been made from the Government of Bombay since the 
abolition of the Surveyor General's Office there, ... and no report of the Surveying Department 
of that Presidency hti* yet been... communicated to nsir, ii. seem? desirable that measures should 
be taken for placing that Department... in communication with the Surveyor General, and 
perhaps for the... format ion of an office foe that purpose*. 

Disregarding revenue surveys, the Bombay Government replied that the only 
survey completed since 1815 was that of "the boundary of the Sattara Territories 
[ 171 ], which has been recently forwarded to Bengal", whilst "the Survey of the 
Deckan by Major Sutherlatrd is yet in progress" 9 . They consulted Madras about 
the "Surveyors' establishment" maintained at that presidency, and at the same 
time invited comment from Williams who, since the abolition of the office of Surveyor 



■raised to Ks. i:>7-S in 1327. with iiBnsvjn 22} ;». ' previous st 
from Penang. a probably (Jin:;;. Jo-'eiili, f.r. IMS to .SCO. Cakutt.ii._iv hi 

'prob'iiih' a.Ti of Jam.js S.it.ima% a-iivic. Hurvr. 1.^'iU 1 II, 35a]- 
( 4 ), 30-12-28. ' ib. ( 245 |, 20-10-30. a Bt " ' 



r CE. ; recently rcf.-.irr.ed 
r many important mapa. 
DDn. 222 { 2 ), 1 2-1-27 a DDn. 237 

MO. J6/1S20 '( 2) ; 15-10-20. 8 Bo. Castle, 22-1-21. 



322 Office Establishments 

General had continued to act as their survey adviser [ 279-80 ] . Williams welcomed 
the opportunity to ventilate his disgust at Hodgson's appointment as Surveyor 
General [ 300 ], which was even mora hitter than his disappointment at Mackenzie's 
selection in 1815 [ II, 457 ] ; 

In January 1815 orders were received here.. .for abolishing the office of Surveyor General 
at the three Presidencies, and for the appointment of one Surveyor General of India, open 
to selection from the Military Servant,* a! the three Presidencies. I had then been 8 years Surveyor 
General of this establishment, and I submitted. ..a claim to the new office. ... The answer 
to it was..." that His Lordship has decided on bestowing the appointment of Surveyor General 
on Colonel Mackenzie, of the Madras Engineers" [II, 306-7]. 

After what had thus passed, I never entertained a doubt (as Colonel Crawford... had 
returned to Europe ) of.. .having the next claim to the situation, ... and I continued with 
unabated zeal. ..to pursue the improvements in the general geogrttpfe of India. ... 

These pursuits were, of course, greatly interrupted by tho duties of the Revenue Branch, 
... on which Government had boon pleased to employ roe. Still, I cannot but feel proud of 
having just brought to a completion... a General Map of India on a scale of 9 inches to a 
degree [ 280 ] ; a work which has not disappointed tho Government here. ... 

information nnexpwtel.iy r esse he; 1 Bombay... of the death of" Colonel Mackenzie. ... I f e [t 
very confidont that I should not be overlooked. ... The latest imoUigenee 'rum Calcutta, how- 
ever, announces the appointment of Captain J. A. Hodgson. ... I only ask that the degree 
of my disappointment. ..may be. ..deemed., , a sufficient reason for the alteration of my intention 
of going round to Calcutta. In the meantime. ..the General Map of Hindustan is entirely 
ready for transmission bo Bengal [ I, 219 ; II, 248-5 ; III, 280 ]. ... 

The establishment as well as pay of Surveyor ConoraL ceased on the 1st March 1815. 
All the expenses of carrying on tho duties... remained upon me. The final preparation of the 
great map alone has cost a good deal of money, as well as the preparation of many other papers 
of magnitude and importance... during the last 5 or 6 years. Although I have... derived con- 
siderable assistance from the Kevenue Survey office, yet there have bean... additional charges 
of various descriptions, of which I am sure the Honourable the Governor in Council will... 
sanction the reimbursement. ... They must have at least amounted on an average to SO rupees 
per month, from the limn the Purveyor General's establishment wtis stopped 1 . 

Tho Governor, Mountain an. Elphinstone, noted that 
Major Williams has. ..been referred to. ..on all subjects connected with geography, and has 
afforded it exactly as if he was still Surveyor General. I have. ..no hesitation in agreeing to 
the allowances ho requires, but I think he is likewise entitled to a personal allowance for per- 
forming duties er.rireiy unconnected with the Revenue Surveying. 

The arrangement which abolished the office of Surveyor General of Bombay must restrict 
ua to the remuneration suitable for an Assistant: or Deputy Sraveyor General, an office we 
ought long ago to have formed, and without which we could not. ..have gone on, had not 
Major Williams gratuitously performed the duties. As Major Williams... was formerly Surveyor 
General, he might not be pleased to be now paid as an assistant. We might grant him, ... in 
addition to the 80 rupees for establishment, a sum equal to the pay of the Assistant Surveyor 
General at Madras*. 

Though Williams was now told that a special extra allowance of lis. 700 a month 
had been applied for, he still pressed the injustice of Hodgson's appointment, and 
submitted a memorial asking that he might be appointed "Principal of the Survey 
Department" in Bombay. This the Bombay Government agreed to forward, but 
pointed out that the choice hot ween candidates was a question on which 
the Governor General alone is... qualified to decide. With regard to the appointment you have 
suggested, the manner in which fee Survey Depart moot at, this Presidency is hereafter to be 
constituted forms at present a subject of reference to the Supremo Government. If, however, 
...arrangements should present any si tuiition... suitable to an office of your rank and merits, the 
Governor in Council will have much, sati sf action in appointing you to it a . 

Williams refused to be reconciled, and in November his resignation was accepted. 
He went on furlough shortly after 19th November 1821, handing over all survey 
duties to Cruikshank [ 170-1 ]. It was not until February (S23 that the Directors 
authorized Bs. 200 a month in addition to his other allowances from the date of 
abolition of his post as Surveyor General 1 [351]. 

'from Williams, 24-6-21- 'Bo MC. 26/1820 ( 109-10 ), 5-7-21. >$>, 9-3-21. *OD to Bo. 



I 



Bombay, 1821-30 323 

From 1st May 1*21 Sutherland was appointed Assistant Surveyor General 1 , with 
his office as depot for 

of every specie of .eeozraphical information, and officers in charge of surveys to receive their 
instructions through him. Monthly oommunieHtiou of the progress of each survey, together 
with the work pro posod... during the ensuing month, to bo made to the Assistant Surveyor 
General, who will submit to Civmirarait. frequent reports on the state of the surveys. ... 

Officers in charge of surveys to bo loft uncontrolled on all matters of detail or the manner 
of executing their instructions [ inf ]. 

The Assistant Surveyor General to take under his parr ieu- ar canidzanee all routes or surveys 
carried, on with troops moving through districts imperfectly known, arid to be careful in preserv- 
ing... documents which are to be transmitted to his office. ... 

The Assistant Surveyor General to cor respond direct, with the Surveyor General of India 
...but any cbauao ■ lire;: I ed by the Surveyor Genera! is to be eoFmnanieated ta the Government 
before it is carried into effect. 

The Revenue Surveyors will furnish any geographical information they may possess when 
callod upon, but. ..they are. ..to be independent of tho Assistant Shirvoyoc Genera! 3 . 

Sutherland's appointment was warmly welcomed by Hodgson 3 .- Handing over 
charge of the Deeean survey to Jopp, ho made Poena his headquarters. His small 
office staff included the experienced draughtsmen Webbe and Snndt wjio had worked 
under Malcolm and Williams [ 281 ], and were now transferred from the Gujarat 
revenue survey together with all the geographical maps and papers that Cruikshank 
could disentangle. The transfer was completed hy November .1822*. 

Sutherland was upgraded to he Deputy Surveyor General 6 in May 1S23 [320] 
but protested that bis salary re' ma hied the same as when in charge of the Deccan 
survey, though his responsibilities had been much increased. 

It was still a long time before there wis any close co-operation between Bombay 
and the Surveyor General, Find in May 1 82 1 Blacker expressed disappointment at 
the scantiness of the inform a.tion provider] in Suther land's reports, and asked the 
reason which induced the establishment of your head quarters at Toenail, instead of the 
Presidency. ... I cannot discover why an atrnngomeat., whieh a 1 . BeiKsd and the Coast [ly3n.2] 
is indispensable to the. ..duties of the department, shout! bo unnecessary at Bombay 8 . 

Again in June 1825 ; 

On the 29th Januiary last: 1" called, among ol.lior documents, for certain reports, ...and 
being still on the 2Gth March last without a reply, I on that date transmitted to you a dupli- 
cate of my former letter. Although I have since been favoured with two several reports, ... 
you have omitted to notice the particular information T demanded. ... [...repeat my former 
orders... tli at you will. ..transmit, methodized lists... accounting. ..;'«:■ the dobty, which has imposed 
on me the task of frequently repeating the same instructions 7 . 

In February lb'2C Sutherland look furlough, having spent 24 out of his 28 years 
service on survey. Jopp succeeded him, and still retained headquarters at 
Poona. On Hodgson's protest against his signing himself" Deputy Surveyor General 
of India", he pressed, without success, ihr improved status ; 

I do not possess the advantages enjoyed by Deputies of other Departments, of holding 
charge of a superior station nor, in the absence of i.'rineipals, have I" the prospect of succession 
to a superior grade. ... Although nominally only a Deputy, I am virtually at the head of a 
Department at thus Presidency... in the situation of a Deputy in Charge, ... Although promoted 
...from Superintending Surveyor of a Province to l.ho bkpi.av.hTieiat situation of Deputy Surveyor 
General of India, -itch promotion has not bo::-n. ar.rm;iod \vu,b any lner,::iso of allowances 8 . 

In 1827 Hodgson called attention to she uisfcruetioas under which Jopp was 
precluded from directing the officers under year superintendence in matters of detail. ... As 
those expressions are evid.ouMy inconsistent with the superintending power delegated... by the 
same order, ... it... appears to me to ho. ..proper that the Deputy Surveyor General, who is 
responsible to the Government, should have the power of... con fronting, ..the surveyors under 
him in all matters whi:;h he deems oonduevve to tiie good of the service. ... I request you will 
bring the subject to the notice of the Honourable the Governor in Council [_sup]. 



ill 



'Bo GO. 1-5-22. a E 
98/1823(196],12-ll-22. [ 

1S9.182G : 3'..» -11-26. 3 DDq. 



,110. ! C&Tupl. .'59/1S22; 25-3-22. 
b., li-5-23. ,: DDn. 22i-i ■; S-Li }. 1: 

20 j 213 ), 20-7-27. 



24 Office Establishments 

The establishment of the office on ULst October 1S2S was as under 1 ; 



Mr. W. Webbe, 
Mr. W. Strait 
Draftsmen 

Establishment of Wri 
1 Writer 
I Writer 



s and Lascars... 



ij 12 Rupees. 
l$ 10 „ . 
@ 01 ,. - 



Great Trigonometrical Suetey 

From the time of Mackenzie's appointment as Surveyor General of Madras he 
had been responsible for reporting expenditure on all survey;;,, including Lambton's, 
and this was continued on his appointment as Surveyor General of India 
[ 307 ]. Lambton's expenditure for October 1815 was a 

Salary, fec> ot 'the Superintendent ... ... Pagodas 3 502-28-45 

Lascars, Coolies... ... ... ... ... „ 136- 0- 

Guard ... ... ... ... ... „ 77-35-40 

4 Assistant Surveyors ... ... ... ... „ 213-15- 

Total, besides extra Confifeigeneiee 77-18-66, ... „ 92 9-34-05 ™ 

On transfer to the Supreme Government he was ordered to put forward recom- 
mendations regarding his establishment, who would now be serving outside their 
own presidency 4 [ 225-6, 379 ] ; 

You will.. .address yourself without do'ay... thro'. ..the Public Department on all points 
of detail... relating to your people, establishment, papers, records, etc., which require the. 
interposition of Government. ... You will also correspond. ..thro* the same channel, on all topics 
...on which you have hitherto usually communicated with the Government of Fort St. George 5 . 

Lambton'3 first request was for improved pay for his three assistant surveyors, 
Peter Lawrence having been discharged at the end of 1817 [378-9 ], and for their 
number to be increased to six. He asked for an increase to ii is escort. [ 228, 406 ], and 
there- will be various contingent oxponoes, ...many of which cannot bo foreseen. ... The 
principal ones are those when the inhabitants are employed... in making roads and getting up 
the mountains, where sometimes I. ..employ throe hundred ; but by paying as many fanams 
I prevented the delay of.. .perhaps ten or fifteen days. ... 

There are various other oxponces, such as... signal flags and flag staves : building permanent 
platforms ; aid. given and materials supplied when the base-linos are measured. ... Tha con- 
. tingent account also kid tides the sepoys' clothing ; stationery ; new instrument boxes, or the 
repair of old ones, etc. But. ..I have hact a full discretion to do what I thought was necessary, 
... and... the Civil Auditor hud orders to pass all accounts bearing my signature. 

My supplies of cash have come from the Collectors, and sometimes from the Military Pay- 
masters, when T was in the Com puny "s Tisl eirtx, mid these gentlemen were directed... to furnish, 
cash for bills on my private Agents [ 260 n.i ], to whom I sent a draught on the Sub-Treaaurer. 
... Now that I am in the Nizam's country, I am supplied in the same manner by the Resident 6 . 

His return of expenses for January ISIS, shewn in Madras rupees which were 
worth a little- loss than sicca rupees, was as under ; 

Salary to Lieut. Cut W. Lain tit on... Madras Rupees 1400-00-00 [ 352] 

■..-1,-1 it;,,,! IX|1Ja ] i j; is Company's .'illtcvanec to a Major 



»DDn.234(6), i-3_28 
1 pagoda from 3 to 4 sfma-ut t 
transfer to Bengal [ 373 a.z]. 



: 8G.'s 14-12-15; MFC. 12-1-16. » SO <-..-« I fr.v..-::,: -.12 fanaml pagoda; 
1 [II, 8780.73, *Macken lie's staff had all had increases of pay on 

13 (4261. £7-11-17. 



a. Sec. to GG. 23-10-17 ; DDn. 64 ( 69 |. 



Great Trigonometrical Survey 



Pay of t Jemailiir, including hut la for 31 days ... ... 31-11-08 

i Havildars „ „ „ ... ... 51-10-00 

i Naiga „ „ „ ... ... 44-10-00 

„ -IS Knpovs „ „ „ ... ... 451-08-00 

„ 24 Flag Coolies and 1 tappal peon 1 ... ... ... 175-00-00 

Salary to J. De Penning ... ... ... ... 157-08-00 

J. Olliver ... ... ... ... 122-08-00 

W. Koaseiirode ... ... ... ... i22-08-00 

Horse allowance for three ... ... ... ... 47-04r^K) 

Tent allowance for three ... ... ... ... 73-08-00 

3 Lascars for .T. De Penning ... ... ... ... 28-11-02 

4 LaacaTs for J. Olliver & W. Rossenrode ... ... ... 38-04-02 

Total Abstract, Sicca Rupees ... 3260-10-07* 
Expenditure was increased at the end of 1818 by the arrival of Everest and 
Voysey [ 227-8, 353 J, and in October 1819 Lamb Ion asked for his allowance for 
carriage of instruments to be increased so as to cover the many instruments he had 
acquired on his private account [ 257 ], and also for 

two private or baegntzo ten™ for each instrument : ... one for the truant, and one for the instru- 
ment and the. ..people who remain with it on the mountain. There is besides an observing 
tent... carried by three coolies. ... As these tents are built and carried at my oxpencos I wish 
that something equivalent to the Lent allowance for five. tents may be granted. 

I have for many years been using instruments for tins public service which are my own 
property, and, which being of tho highest order, have, cost me considerable suras of money 
[ EC, 254 ]. ... With respect to tho tents, 1 lin.vo never been in the habit, of charging anything, 
even in the contingent account, "flic expenco, bowover. becomes iiiiw ?» heavy that I venture 
to submit the ejrou msf -a nee to the consideration of Government 3 . 

Becoming impatient at receiving no reply about the pay of his assistants and 
the strength of his escort, ho put in a strong reminder in August 1820 ; 

As near three years have elapsed since my letter of the 28tb November 1817 was submitted 
to the Surveyor Cleuera.l, w itbout my having: received any reply. ... ami as. ..he is now On the 
sea-coast f 18, 300 ], where he may remain for many months, I must bee; leave once more to 
bring this subject to the notice of the Most, Noble the Governor General in Council. ... 

If the additional escort is not approved of, it may be reduced, and the old number 
remain, ... but tho parties in the held must ha.vo guards from the line. The paragraphs regard- 
ing the contingent, expr'nees and supplies of cash were all complied with when I was at Calcutta 
[228]. As to orders to the public functionaries, it will be better that thoy be given when I 
am likely to stand in need of them. The same with respect to the Commissaries of Stores. So 
thii.t nothing now remains. ..but. ..what relates to the Sub- Assistants [ 379 ] 4 . 

Mackenzie still did nothing, but tho matter was taken up by Hodgson directly 
he became Surveyor General [300]. "Pic strongly supported Lamb ton's recom- 
mendations even though thoy iidclcd Tts- 672-15-1 p.m. to the expense of the survey ; 

I coincide. ..on the expediency of an anient ini' the salaries of I he three... assistants, and of 
adding three more to his establishment. To slate my reasons... won Id only be to repeat those 
urged by Colonel Lambton. ... In such important... .operations.. .tho truest economy is to employ 
n sufficient number of assistants of the best talents, anil 1.0 afford llicm liberal allowances. ... 
As to the increased number of assistants, .it seems a public advantage that as many young 
men as may bo useful should reap the benefit, of the instruction they will... receive 8 . 

Hodgson's recommendations wer# accepted forthwith, and confirmed later by 
the Directors without tho slightest demur , so the maimer in which thoy were held 
up by Mackenzie appears; the more unreasonable [ 304-5 ]. 

On Lambi.oifs death. Everest had difficulty in procuring cash for official pay- 
ments, more especially as the Trigonometrical Survey had been transferred to the 
Military Department tinder the same orders as applied to the purveyor General [ 31 ], 
who recommend erl that as the Superintendent has such a large establishment, and 
may occasionally have to detach some of Ins people at short, notice, ... and.. .make disbursements 
for contingent expenses. ..which cannot always bo foreseen, and when it is considered that 
his duties must frequently pla.ee him remote from the reyii'nr channels of payment, ... he may 
bo authorised under proving eiL-ooiiLSUmeos to receive! advances, ... for. ..a considerable period 
must elapse ore the audited bills can lie paid in the regular course of disbursement'. 



.,-■■> 



Office Establishments 



Tile utmost extent to which Government would, relax pre-audit was to promise 
that orders will be communicated... to insuro adjustment of Captain Kveresrs abstracts monthly 
on their presentation to whatever Pay Officer he may be at any time most approximate, by 
draft payable at the nearest practicable point to which Captain Everest may approach. 
Under this arrangement an irregular mode of transacting business will be avoided, and. ..the 
wants .of Captain Everest's department will be sufficiently provided for 1 . 

The establishment taken over by Everest was ; 

;o Captain Gen. Everest, Suorrmtpaden: Sicoa Rupee* l.WMiO-OO 



A-lirnvniif* for «!irriL!»i- of iiifti-riiRietits ■ 


... 364-00-00 




Pay of 


jnu Jeilliiriilr, r_i:l. : imvihiiir, l>.rv-e lid-bines mid 






t:i:vlv s..'pi,YS. v.il :\ !j-. l-I-i '■_ fV.r; oil tlnya ' 


... 300-07-10 




I'jivofiM ib'.g Cd.iii:-: ii:ifl 1 l-;LpuaI peon 


... 1 $2-08-00 




Allowan 


ce for 5 private or baggage tents 


... 110-00-00 


2236-15-10 


Siii:iry 


o H. W. Voysey, "bsq., Sur-guo;j, etc. 


600-00-00 








... 40-00-00 


640-00-00 




Joshua De Pcmiii:;, lit >■.]!.!- Assiatiint 


... 400-00-00 






Joseph QHwei 2nd „ „ 


... 250-00-00 






Willir.m llfsBEftiirrirl" 2nd „ „ [382] ... 


... 230-00-00 






WlHUlu.i l.j^rulfUfn 3rd „ ,, 


... 107-00-00 






Joseph De Penning 3rd „ 


... 107-00-00 






Murray Torrick 3rd „ 


... 107-00-00 


1221-00-00- 



Total Sicca Rupees 4097-15-10" 

Within twelve months he had lost the services of Voysey and Joshua De 
Penning [245 ], and young William Lamb ton [379]; Joseph De Penning was 
discharged at the end of 1825 as unlikely to make- a useful surveyor. 

As he advanced northwards through the wild hills north of Berar [ 243-5 L 

Everest had considerable difficulties about cash ; 

The unusually largo amount of the contingent, account for last- month requires, I think, 
some explanation. ... It has been necessary to move all the instrument!; and heavy apparatus 
...above the Ghats to Iiossungabad, where 1" have deposited them in a bungalow of my own, 
and as no regular charge is allowed For the carriage, ... I have been obliged to pay such price 
for cooly hire as the local authorities chose to fix. The transport. ..has been as cheap as I 
ei ail d... make it. but the esrpenee is "till heavy. 

' I. ..carry about. ..a large sum of money, frequently... 4, OSib rupees and upwards, ... at my 
ownrisk, and... advanced from my private funds. Still, it is a measure of absolute necessity 
in this desolate tract of country, and hence arises a monthly charge for eoolee hire. ... 

I transmitted my monthly bills to the Paymaster nt, Xagpur in March last, with the request 
that he would forward the amount in Nagporo rupeea. ... In lieu he sent me a bill on the 
sub-treaJiiiror at Fort William. Thii bill was; cashed, by the ravine iter at Ellic.hpoor in Nagpore 
rupees at a loss of 4 Rs. 6 annas 7 pies per cent, and, as I war; then entoring a tract of 
country where those rupees only were current, I was obliged to abide by the loss. ... 

As the monthly abstract cannot bo sont for payment, before the termination of the month, 
I am obliged to advance the pay. ..as well as all cent. insist charges from my private funds. ... 
As it is impossible for me to violate the long-established custom. ..of paying up all arrears, 
I must continue to submit to the loss and inconvenience. ... It would, however, be of great 
service if a written !vtitherity...wcro...to enable. ..Mr. Olliver to draw the amount of the regular 
abstracts... in the event of my absence. Without such provision it is inconceivable what-... 
confusion would take place in case any accident should occur to me*. 

Tho inability of "His Lordship in Couneif..to sanction any departure from the 
established rules " weighed very heavy on Everest, who pointed out that regulations 
were not devised for work in such inaccessible tracts, and that without 
some indulgence in the settlement of my contingent accounts, the total ruin of my private 
affairs is inevitable. ... I have no hope of escaping. ..a perpetual correspondence, ...the evil 
of which I must deeply deplore, because every bom is of importance to me ; because to the 
performance of my professional duties an undivided attention and mind free from anxiety 
are indispensably necessary, and because it will. be. ..impossible to liberate my office from 
arrears of calculation... unless... my present correspondence be considerably reduced. ... 

I have never evinced any disinclination to use my own private funds in tho public service, 
but., .have almost always large sums advanced <-n the public account 3 . 

The difficulty was eventually met by the deputation of a special commissariat 
oftK.-b : ..! to uuder-a.be all. disbursements ; 



'1 



'DDrt. 197 ( 89), 17-10-23. 'DDn. 171 ( 18(M}, 11-4-24. 



>•(» 



Great Trigonometrical Survey 



327 



i wA'iv-i y; 



::;iii-m-i;i 
1(0-0-0 
107 G-'j 
21'i-S-i) 
Mti-Cl-u 
30-0-0 
Trl S 



In 1824.. .the delay in passing my bills was such that I had upwards of 20,000 rupees of 
my own money advanced on the public account, and carried about in my writing desk 
authority from my agents on na.tivo bankers in all the largo towns nrai my lino of operations 
...to the amount of 40.000 rupees, At length... orders were issued to the fay Department to 
pay my monthly bills immediately on presentation at the nearest pay office, ... and a Com- 
Luioo^^.1. A smt . provided with funds from his (ami department, was placed in attendance. ..to 
...relieve me from all further concern with ohe coll i-ii ««...,..* -.."counts' [ 415-6 ]- 

When Everest took furlough to Europe, he left under Ullive-r's charge 

Mr. Joseph Olliver, 1st Sub- Assistant ... ... ... Sicca Rs. ... 400-O-O 

., Wm. KosseiiTode 2nd 

,, Murray Tcrrick 3rd 
,, -John Peyton 3rd 
1 Sirdar and i ir.-irumi." 
12 prhieipai flua-coolieis ((, 
6 iiurkarahs® Es. 8 

I Jemadar, 1 iia-vildar, 'i nailis and 'Mi sepoys 
Alloiva-nce for 1 private :eai,s (5; Rs. 22 

Total Sa. Rupees 

Contingent ox ponces.., arc paid by the Commissariat, and in order to preserve efficiency it 
is merely necessary that the native agent should be regularly supplied with cash to meet the 
current demands. ... Camels must bo supplied by the Commissariat Department.. .viz., — for the 
office tent 2 camels — for the medicine diesis 2 camels stationery and book boxes 1 camel' — 
Total 5 s . 

OlhVer set out with his brief from the Surveyor General [ 261 ] ; 

You will despatch your abstracts on the 1st of the month to the Paymaster at "Benares, 
by whom will fie remitted to you without delay the draft for tho amount. ... If you have a 
sufficient escort in waiting at Saugor at the proper time, you will be able to disburse the pay 
of the establishment in a short, period after it shall be due. ... 

You will no doubt see the expediency of regulating your control over the establishment 
with such a mixture of firmness and kindness as shall attach all tho individuals of it to the 
common object, and ensure the success of the survey. ... 

Keep a regular ao; (nil 1 aneo roil, which will always bear witness to your integrity and fidelity. 

You will pursue the example already set you by the Superintendent in your coramunica. 
tion with the civil authorities and Commissariat; arid your own good sense will direct.. .a 
tone of respect in all your addresses to officers -:;± authority, whether civil or military 3 . 

He was from time to time disturbed by audit objections, as we all have been, 
and he appeals against a cut of Rs. U0 p.m. for rent of a house during the rains ; 

Secure shelter is essentially necessary during the rainy season for the office, ... laying aside 
the urgent advantage of obtaining eilieieni. modica.l aid by taking up monsoon quarters a' 
military station, as also the advantage offered in the magazine in the way of a 
and improvements totlie instruments, e".c. ... If the department "v 






indry repairs 

n during the 

•t of thatched 

5 and damp. ... 



e village, ... it would even then be 
roof sufficiently secured from boisterous weather, 

I have earnestly to solicit. ..some arrangement to free m 
expeuees. ... Independent, of.. .office rent, objection is made 
I am at a loss.. .to have that item arranged for. I have no 

on anv but the Commissariat Department for all items of contingent expeneos. ... Should. 
the charge for office rent [ be ] inadmissable, I must cheerfully submit to the decision and bear 
the loss, but. ..what would he expected of me in the way of having an office... during the 



temporary si 
from cold b 
from... retrenchment 
n the sepoy clothing bill, and 
competent authority to indent 



Control of expenditure was so close that tho Surveyor General had to apply to 
Government hefore he could authorize OJliver 10 engage 12 pack-bullocks for the 
carriage of consumable supplies through Rewah and Palamau, as they were extra 
to the seven camels authorized for Government property. 

»DDn. 171 (412), 20-9-25. J DDn. £01 (173), 11-11-25. 'DDn. 



CHAPTER XXTTI 



Bengal ; Topographical Surveyors — Revenue Surveyors — Quartermaster General's 
Officers — Madras ; Military Institution ~ QuarUirmashr General' sOffikers — Surveyor 
General's Officers — Trigonometrical Survey — Bombay — Uniform. 

WITH but few exceptions all Bengal surveyors were withdrawn for military 
duty during the Nepal War, and many of them did useful survey whilst on 
active service [ II, 40-3, 90]. The majority of military surveyors came 
from the infantry for, though the Directors urged the employment of engineer 
officers who were given special survey training in England [ 11, 308-0 ; III, 317 1 
these could seldom be spared, and Mackenzie deplores a shortage that compelled 
the employment of untrained officers 011 engineer duties ; 

If.. .employment... without the presumed necessary qualifications is sufficient, why keep 
up a Corps of Engineers at all ? But if a body of officers, educated for the express purpose 
of conducting... works... of defence and of military architecture, is necessary, ... why should 
they not be in a ■< lidirien.-;. number | 1 1, 300 ; III. 130, 340 ] ? l 

He had only recently come up from Madras, and was shocked at the casual way 
that survey officers were appointed. Morrieson, for instance, was given a totally 
inexperienced assistant in the Sundarbans ; 

Captain MaoGregor never has been employed on any survey in any way whatever. This 
is his first step in the line of an assistant. He has never been in the Suudarbunds in his life, 
which is one continued net of rivers. Were his first attempts to be made with a perambu- 
lator and compass on shore, it would In; html enough to drive him out at onee without having 
seen a survey even on terra firma, but, when placed in a boat at the mercy of currents and 
winds, getting his rate by 11 piece of string— with the numberless difficulties -ho is sure of mis. 
takes. ... It would be. ..very unfair.. .his being directed to take charge of the survey. ... 

He ought not to go to the Sunderbunds now ; ... my being sick is unfortunate, but it- 
ought not to place him in so responsible a situation. ... Had Captain MaoGregor been permitted 
to join me at the time of his appointment, ... he would have seen enough of the country and 
the survey.. .to take charge of the business now, but lio did not join, and lost the opportunity. 

When I was an assistant myself, and when I had Lieutonant Schalch as my assistant 
[ II, r7 n.2 ], it was always customary for the surveyor and assistant to lie together during the 
season that the work was at a stand. I should therefore imagine- that... Cap in in MaeGregor's 
proper place would be with me if the boats are discharged 2 . 

Though Mackenzie had. met Hodgson at work in 1814, he knew nothing of 
Herbert who was taking over the (-arhwal survey [ 35, 303 ] ; 

I feel very much at a loss ; all this would be removed by.. .the usual practice. ..of intimating 
when -a surveyor is removed, relieved, or appointed, and whether the survey is to be con- 
tinued, and by whom. I do not by any means presume to interfere in their appointments, 
and only desire to be informed. ..to enable me to report when called on. ... 

Of Mr. Herbert, I am glad to hear your favourable opinion. The Principal, Captain 
Hodgson, would also have weight with me, ... but I consider the appointments of all surveyors 
and thoir assistants the peculiar prerogative of the Governor General [ I, xGy ], and when at 
any time the opinion of the Surveyor General is asked as to professional matters, it should 
be framed on his knowledge of proficiency or talents. It. is for this reason that I would recom- 
mend that specimens shotdd be regularly submitted. Had Mr. Horbert's field books only 
been sent down as I proposed, I could be prepared to bear testimony to his merits. You 
see Captain Hodgson declined this, and even quoi.es the rejmlations against it [ 347, 354-5 ]. 

1, Bengal, 1820, 36 officers only, •from Morrieson, 27^-18, 









Bengal ; Topographical Surveyors 329 

Captain Hodgson's removal to another duty, and his sickness, interrupts his closing it. 
Mr. Herbert, is El promising young man. Do you think he has experience enough to conduct 
operations that may come in contact with the most scientific men in Europe ? That he 
possesses ardour and all that theoretical knowledge that would justify his appointment in 
any common case I can believe. ... Would it not be a good plan to put the whole of that 
Thibet survey, ...from the Jumna to Almora, under Captain Webb's direction 1 Both, in 
fact, tho' separated at first by accident I presume, ought to have formed but one work ; Mr. 
Herbert might then be.. .advanced in salary and comfort, while he and the public derived 
confidence from Captain Webb's experience and talents. About the latter there can be no 
hesitation after the strong testimonial lie has produced from tho Astronomer Royal [ 44 ]. ... 
There is another officer in this country who has very strong testimonials from the Astro- 
nomer Boyal ; he belongs to one of H.M.'s Regiments of Dragoons 1 . I know not how he cornea 
not to be employed. I have not the honour of being known to him, but I presume it is owing 
to a modest diffidence that sometimes keeps back men of merit, and perhaps to a not illaudable 
spirit that, in time of action, keeps back solicitation. 8u>-h tmti should he sought for, provided 
the public expenditure permitted, hut these economical regulations make us all timid. ... 

To return to the Kumaoon... surveys; ... I have lately applied for an assistant draftsman 
to Captain Webb, a young man who I trust will be useful 2 , and if two native assistants could 
be attached to him, ... we might expect a good account of the whole of that country in a 
reasonable time. It has been now going on for 4 years, I think, but with a lame establishment, 
for.. .that work should never have been committed to two separate officers without aid or 
assistants. ... In such a situation, in wild tracts, in rugged narrow valleys whom the passage 
from one to another is even a matter of difficulty to men in all the vigor of health, what is to 
be rixpecr.'x! but. ..vocation,; interruption, find, the result of all. Mi-health ? 

You will see, I am an advocate for all these works, but.. .on a regular system of subordina- 
tion. — work well — and pay well 3 [ 6-j»ge ]. 

He was most anxious to get Thomas Oliver as assistant to Herbert [ 38 ] ; 
When I last took occasion to mention your name.. .to the Governor General, His Excellency- 
seemed inclined to think the situation ra.tfu.sr belonged to tho Quarter Master General [ 334-7 ]. 
I almost gave up the pursuit in despair. ... I recommended the proposition again thro' Mr. 
Metcalfe's medium; ... I beliew...it only requires now to bo brought before Council. ... 

Drawings of plans have at all time been considered an essentia] qualification for a sur- 
veyor. ... Drawings of all kinds, views, etc., have... promoted the advancement of officers, but 
that of map-drawing, tho' somewhat neglected of late, is...an essential, next to...adequate 
mathematical... knowledge, ... whose application to the different kinds of surveys can only bo 
acquired by practice 4 . 

Two surveys, Garo Hills and (.he Simdarbans, had been closed down because of 
the surveyors' death or sickness [ 12, 49 ], and after Garling's death at Hyderabad 
[117], Mackenzie urged the Madras Government to make it a regular practice to 
appoint a second officer to every survey, as had been recommended by every 
Surveyor General from Renneli onwards [I, 270 ; II, 311 ]. 

From the interraption. . . and. ..loss of materials from tho death or sickness of single officers 
employed.. .in distant and... unwholesome situations, ... I...[ suggest ] two expedients which... 
might.. .accelerate the completion of the provincial surveys, and. ..prove less expensive., .than... 
appointing only a single officer to survey, sometimes of little practice, ... and not sufficiently 
...inured to tho climate. ... 

1st. That to every surveyor on a provincial survey. ..an officer as Assistant Surveyor 
be attached. ... These assistants should afford specimens of their qualifications in geometry, 
mathomatics and drawing, to the satisfaction of tho Assistant. Surveyor General at Madras. ... 
2nd. That in all cases of the death of officers or surveyors employed in the provinces, 
the next senior seal up the effects, and apply to tho nearest Competent authority, civil or 
military, for an inspection of the effects of the decease d, thai the official documents may be 
transferred to the proper channel, and private property secured for the proper claimants. 
I believe this is already the practice in the military brunch of tho service [ 341 ]. 

Though the Madras Government accepted these recommendations in principle, 
no immediate action was taken [ 341-2 ], and it was only in the revenue surveys of 
"Bengal that Assistant Surveyors were posted as a matter of course. Hodgson in- 
formed Bombay in 1S22 that under the Bengal Presidency 



t identified. * Robert Tate [367-8 |. Ho Sec. Mil. Dept. ; DDn. 154 ( 21), 15-9-13. ■ ib. 



iM Surveyors 

the Surveyors are all commissioned officer, of the Hon'ble Company', service, and are usually 
O=r°„ f , ™"o™v" , , d 'f'"- r 1 •--»»« «» "•*•• opticus which have hX, . 
S.l.Tn °°,r e ' h °™ " °° "«"'" «»*•«. ">°- *• appointment cease, 

with the work Occasionally , surveyor has an ass.stont „,:. P .„„,.d who „ ,, oonnnk.i„,Tod 
oliicer also, aod meowed a, aiaia of 100 rupees a month 1 [II, 311 ]. 

When Blacker took oyer charge he found himself left with only one surveyor 
in the Bengal Presidency', though there were a number on revenue surveys under 
the Revenue Surveyor General [333 ), and others on ro.d surveys under the Quarter- 
master General [ z 7 , 33, ]. When, therefore, the Directors called for surveys to 
provzde a general map over the whole of India [ 283 ], he pointed out that 
in India" Lr S "' ,*p" Sl a ~***» I "»'" ! "" J »»""' «» «*■» of the Surveyor General 
Irtd on th.L* S T «"?' "-J*™ Everost and hi. establishment, recently 
arrived „n tie Jerbudda ; nor am I acquainted with the names of any officer, who are qualified 
to be employed on survey that „e not already attached to the Bevenu. Surveyor Goner" 

fc,°ht™,rvicer„t ■„ Th ° p ™ ,,y " E ° s ™ r ° ffl «™ "-*—> ** S *»s* 

and 1?™T v? ! ' ," l!""" on "' <"*>» tt = S "PP". cn4 »Om», » the civil Building 

and Barrack Department., leaves none disposable to exercise the ,W.„ knowledge „f 
surveying they acquired at Addiseombo I II, 308 ; III, 283 ] ^ Knowledge of 

Fee 1 !'" iS™' ? °° d ™ '," ?° ml "* y P '« d »"y. wbere ,11 the survey, are .uperintended by 
Engineer Officer.-, some of whom ,,e...foernd among the Assist.,,,. [ , „_ , 1. The Madras 
surveys con tan, ,„ be performed by .„„e few offic.m...eduoat=d at the Military Wita,," 
«»..ted by the remain, of the Bev.nue School, for there, as well as uadS the Bang,, 
Presidency, the junto enojneer officer, seem to prefer other branches of the service 

lire pay.. .on tins establishment is net inferior to that on either of the others Yet" as o„ 
the Revenue Survey in the Company's abundant provinces there are fewer privation,' to be 
suffered than on general .urvey, ... whil.t the allowance, are the ..me. i, „ „„, surprising that 
■nrhviduals who have both line, open to them should have choaon that which prelClewest 

ddficulfe,. It rough, be oqmtable perhaps on this account to , r ,,o , I t rate of »„ for 

officers employed on general survey ^ y 

To have .ystematic result, there must be systematic inMructior,, and the only part of the 
Army who enjoy the opportunity of th„ .*.,.,,„ .,„, the „ffl„„„ who .„,. educated at Addis 
eomho. They however, appe.r...not to eovet employment on survey, and geodetic operation, 
are consequently at a stand. In thi, dilemma, I e.n «„gg.,t „„ ,,. T „edv hut that of s.nZg 
nut profe.sional surveyors as well as professional astronomers [ ,85-6] In both c 
individuals would be unacquainted with the language and custom, i 



unseasoned to the climate, ...'unquestionable evil, i b«t to"Vka <mcl WW» pf^S 
.c,enc....m,,ch more l„„„ what can be expected from the casual .olfonstruetion of military 
officer, who hav. otb.r pimsuit,, and no favourable opportunities f„ r learning". ™"T 

Hodgson was glad to find a useful surveyor in Alexander Boileau [24] ■ 

As the Hon'ble Court i« desirou, that when...offic.„ of the Corp, of Engineer,...be'avail.ble 
they .hould be employed a, surveyor, [ S 8 3 - 4 f, I mad. en,uiry...n„p.cting....„eh of the ir 
juniors a, having boon a ,u,hc„-„t ti.no in the couutry ,0 have attained some local knowledge 
might be desirous of being employed a- geograplucal surveyor,, and I was i„f„r„ e d that' 
Lieut. A. H. E. Boileau, now employed in the district of Allahabad with th. Sapper'," ,,?,, 
Miner., was. ..an officer pos.o.sing the nocessnrv qualifications 6 . 

Before his departure on furlough he pressed the worth of his brother officers 
in the infantry for any now survey ; 

The Bengal Army, which ha, never shewn itself deficient in talent, will furnish a sufficiency 
of qualified officers. ... Government „ aware , ha, the sen,™ officer, of Engineer, who possess 
.nffieient local knowlodge to make them useful a. surveyors, have mors pleasant and pronto hi", 
duties open to them, and nothing but nooauity, or a strong „„. ,„,„„„, (to soleliee eye' 
made any man serve in tut dangerous and arduous work of surveying ; the younger Engineer 
officer, can be of no ,1.0 ,1, surveyor, till Us,- hm a competent knowledge, not only of the 
language, but of the customs, prejudices, and peculiar feelings of the natives 

These difficult attainments are required in no common degree by an officer who passes bis 
life among them without any European society, and whose business it is, not only to perform 

r information. ... No small tact and 



the mere professional part of his duty well, but to g 



1 DDn. 198 ( 31 ), 9-3-22. ' Gerard, in Maiwa up to April 182, I So 1 
■EorCruikEhank were Eniinen. ' I; J ho 20 1 1 105-7 1, 1 1 -OS 2l' TD to M "' 
25-5-26(75); lrP4-28 (17); 18-6-28(64-70). ' DDo. 20, ( 325 ) ; 5-7-27. ' 



Bengal; Topographical Surveyors 331 

i requisite to know what questions to ask, "-'id how to ask them. So different 
.. e idioms and feelings in England and in India, that what is considered complimentary in one 
is regarded as insult in the other. ... As has often benn the case, a matchlock ball from a, 
distance would warn him not to pursue investigations which appeared ...laudable and harmless. 
Surveyors are always regarded, with distrust and dislike by Dim natives, many of whom behove 
that they are condemned to measure the roads and rivers as a punishment for crimes com- 
mitted against the State, and.. .may be insulted with impunity [ 149, 345 ]■ 

I mention these thing3 to show how utterly useless, nay prejudicial, any attempt would 
be to employ what ha.vo boon termed " professional surveyors " who have not, local knowledge ; 
that knowledge which places the Company's civil and military servants ho high above all classes 
of persons in this count:.';", or v.-Ihj could bo sent to it. ... 

Young Engineers should, as tho Court desired, be employed as surveyors when their local 
knowledge renders their services valuable, but... they... cannot bo expected to remain in the 
most laborious of all duties longer than they can avoid, and we will find, as we always have 
done, that those who effect the most in the eause of geography... and scientific research are, 
and will be, the officers of the Native Army, captains and old subalterns, men accustomed to 
march from one extreme of this vast country. ..to tho other ; oboervBra of localities and manners, 
and learned in the school of necessity and expediency. ... But I need not dilate on tho 
attainments and merits of the Bengal officers ; the records of many learned societies here and 
in England evince them, and will continue to do so if such merits ar© encouraged. ... 

In Hindoostan the lines of research run from the Xerbnddah across tho snowy mountains 
to Tartary, and from the Indus to the borders of China on the east, and of this vast tract... 
much lias boen explored and surveyed, ... and a knowledge obtained of regions and rivers, of 
which a few years ago we hardly knew the names. ... And this has been done at a small 
expense, and by a few officers, not young Engineers taught to survey after the manner of 
schools in England, but by intelligent, and welt- informed officers of the liongai native army. ... 
Compared with the operations of the surveyor-geographers in this extended field, those of 
the other surveyors are like the work of coasters compared with that of navigators ; they are 
nevertheless sufficient for the purpose in hand, and the Madras and Bombay surveyors work 
with great neatness ; thea maps are well drawn, and they have the great advantage of sub- 
ordinate assistants who excel in the mechanical duty of copying. If such were allowed to the 
Bengal geographical surveyors, they would be able^o do much more, and to save the valuable 
time they are obliged to throw n.way on work winch can be much better executed by native- 
bom christians and native sub -assistants and draftsmen. By. ..their aids, the Madras and 
Bombay surveyors. ..conduct their operations with-Rreal regularity 1 | 126,281 ]. 

John Malcolm once gave the following advice to "Cornet M." [ Montgomerie ? ] ; 

A young man... should never be balancing about climate or expenees. If you are wanted 
to survey— if you get 100 rupees, 50 rupees, or nothing — you should volunteer. Calculation 
about... expense is stuff and nonsense. It should he your pride to be above these luxuries 3 . 

"We have had occasional references to awkward situations arising from military 
surveyors not being under the orders of the local military commander [ I, 272-3 ; 
II, 288 ]. Mackenzie's advice to Buxton on this subject was eminently practical ; 

My private sanction would not do. ... You should report your coming away to the 
Commanding Officer where you are, tho' in fact you have nothing to do with military dutioa 
at present ; but it is an act of c-ivility due from all officers to superior military commanders*. 



Revenue Surveys 

For the start of the revenue surveys of the Upper Provinces of Bengal, Hodgson 
had to collect a number of surveyors and, though the work was entirely of a civil 
character, his choice with few exceptions Say with infantry officers ; 

Though we may avail ourselves of a cheaper agency.. -in the deLails, ... the Superintendent, 
of each survey must be a British officer, of experience, ...not only professionally as a 
Surveyor, but in the language and customs of the high-spintiid natives of Hindoostan. To 
execute a difficult and delicate duty, lie must possess Urmnoss and moderation, ... to prevent 
or modify disputes between the landholders and his c 

!6 ), quoted by Dav 



»DBfi, 156 (182], 4 



332 Surveyors 

surveys are instituted for civil purpose, the officers... employed on them... acquire many quali- 
fications highly desirable to military men 1 . ... 

It is matter of no small difficulty to mo to lay before Government the names of officers 
possessing all the qualities requisite. ... Captain Oliver, of the 6th Regt., at present employed 
in the mountains in succession to Lieut. Herbert [ 38-0 ], ... will not be available... before 
the beginning of nest cold season. ... He hears a respectable character, is of* sufficient standing 
in the service to have a knowledge of the manners and prejudices of the natives, and has 
sufficient skill.. .to conduct a survey. But of his real merits, capacity, and fitness, I shall 
have belter opportunities of judging ere the period of his present duty is expired. ... 

Lieutt. Pemberton...I think well qualified to he an nssistant. ... The name of this officer 
is... favourably known. ..as a distinguished student in the College [ II, 308 ], and an oriental and 
general scholar of promise. ... His character is highly respoctable, and ho has a competent 
knowledge of surveying... for the station of an assistant [ 65-6 ]. 

There ore at present at Moradabad two officers of the 24th Regt. N.I., who have lately, 
at the private request of Mr. Halhed, the Judge and Magistrate [ 153-4 ], ... been...making 
surveys of the civil and military stations of Moradabad. ... The plans are executed with 
commend able accuracy, and the field books accompanying 11 mm two correctly arranged 
I do not personally know Lieutts. Bedford and Hadaway, but I think. ..they may be employed 
advantageously in the Rohilcund revenue surveys. They are officers of about 13 years 
Ht-iiiLchrs;.; in the service, and I understand their characters aro resectable. 

I also... submit... the name of Mr. Horatio Xelson as a person whose services may be found 
useful. ... This gentleman... has been...in the Navy, and was latterly an officer in one of the 
Corps of Irregular Cavalry, which was disbandod, and.. .is consequently out of employment, 
and is solicitous of being employed in surveying, for which ho has Boms talents that may improve 
by experience. ... Worthy of trial as an assistant... on a salary of Rs. 250 a month [ 151, 165 ]. 

With a tribute to "the well-known zeal and ability of Mr. Halhed ", Hodgson ob- 
tained the appointment of Bedford Hadaway and Birnie Browne as assistant 
revenue surveyors in Moradabad District, with the prospect of early promotion. 
Pemberton took up three apprentices from Calcutta, and Nelson joined about the 
same time 2 [ 154 ]. Pemberton had to be appointed D.a.q.m.o., as he had less than 
three years service [ II, 309 ] ; 

Officers who have actually served one year with their corps shall in future be considered 
eligible to the situation of aide-de-camp, or to be appointed to the Quarter Master General's 
Department, and...after three years of regimental duty, thoy shall be competent to hold any 
other official situation open to officers of their ranks in the Army 5 . 

Oliver was posted to charge of the revenue survey of Delhi, and William Brown 
joined him as assistant after the rains of 1822 d . 

Grant who had been working in Gorakhpur District for several years [20-2, 
151-2 ], had to take sick leave to the Cape, the Surveyor General obtaining a ruling 
for him to draw recess allowance during the whole period of leave ; "the amount 
however, is not to be drawn until... return. ... Of course also if the survey should 
be discontinued the allowance will cease" 6 . He was relieved by Wroughton, who 
was promoted Surveyor from 1st October "when field operations commenced". 

Further changes occurred in 1823. Hadaway's health broke down and' he 
died in April. Pemberton and Nelson went sick. Simmonds of the 28th Regt. N.I. 
was posted to Delhi, and Wilcox of the 30th to Rohilkhand. Both had served' with 
their regiments upwards of three years. Wilcox was a good oriental scholar, and a 
student of the College [sup] 5 . 

In July 1824, owing to the outbreak of the Burmese War, most military officers 
in civil employ were recalled to military duty [ 151 ], and Government ordered that 

.all public works likely to occasion any considerable disbursement and which are not of indis- 
pensible necessity... shall lor the present be suspended. ... This Resolution applies to the 
employment of Military Officers on civil duties. ... The surveys cannot be suspended without 
serious inconvenience ( for the work is a most important one ) ; still, ... the inconvenience 
likely to result from their discontinuance is much inferior to that which must be tho consequence 
of a paucity oT <-ifneert tviUi the corps 7 . 

' DDn. 196 ( 120 ), 24-10-21. ' BTC. 27-11-21 ( 23 ). ■ GO. to GG in C. 18-3-20, amending th»t 
of 20-8-11 [II, 3 oy], 'ETC. l-S-22 ( 111). s ih. 10 7-2:: f :i2 ), 7-7-23. Mr™ v,<f] Vf, .! 
ib. 5-12-23 ( 46 ). " BTC. 30-7-24 ( 38 ). *" ' 



Revenue Sttbyeyoe.s 



333 



Officers on revenue surveys other than Delhi were withdrawn, and those not 
required with their military units employed on geographical surveys under the 
orders of Sehalch 1 [ inf~\. In July 1S25, after his death, they were transferred to 
the control of the Surveyor General [ 53, 68 ]. The following were the officers 
employed on revenue survey in 1824 ; 

Appointed District Burmese War 
Rtvt nut Surveyor General 
Capt. J. A. Hodgson ... 23-10-23 



Lieut. P.W. Grant ... 14- 

Leave to Gape, lij -j 24 tu 12- 

R. Wronghton Aast. 19-: 



-21 Gorakhpm 



I, July 1! 







J. Bedford 






B. Browne 


Capt. 




T. Oliver 

B. Blake 


Lieut. 




T. Fisher 


Ens. 




T. Prinsup 


ifiiitanl Surveyors 


Lieut. 


B 


B. 1'e.mbcTto 
R. Wile-ox 
VV. Brown 




J 


H. Simmonds 


Dr. 




J. Duncan 


Mr. 




H. Nelson, un 


Mr. 




J. lilechynd 


Mr. 




R. Macan 



27-11-21 Rohilkhand Assam Valley, Dec. 1824 to Sept. U 

19-12-22 

22-11-22 Moradiirif.il (X) Cfii'hfir. Jan. lS2i" ; Burma, Sept. 1 
to March 1S26. 
1- 8-22 Delhi 

S- 2- 22 Noakiiili with regiment from Oft. 18-IU. 

' it BuEooah ) 



1- 



Sy:hrL 






1- 2-22 RoMkhand 



;_ 1_23 Sundarbans 

(-11-21 Rohilkiiund 

j-10-23 HyliiKl &- Assrv 

J- 7-24 Gorakhpnr 



Arakan, No?. 1824 to Juna 1 



Capt. H. Tanner 

The orders poatin 



?alpcr 



y the surveyors to military duty road as under ; 
That three temporary companies of Pioneers ... be raised at Chittagong. ... 
2nd. That the command avid genera! superintendence... be eamraitted to C&] 
Sehalch, Superintendent of Canals and Bridges [ 13 ], with the local rank of Major, an 

to tho head quarters of the Army during the present m 



That the following c 
with tho least practicable delay ; 

Capt. J". Taylor ... 5th B.C. [ 1. 

Lieut. J. Bedford ... 4Sth K.I. 

„ R. Wroughton ... 63rd NX 

„ B.Browne ... Artillery. 



[ under the orders of Captain J. A. Sehalch 



t. R. Wilcox 
R. B. Pemberton 
G. Thompson 
J. A. Crommelin 



59th X.I. 
44th NX 

H-ng moors 



4th. That the following uneoveiiantod surveyors and apprentices be al.l.aehed [364-5 J. ... 
B. Macan W. Polhili J. H. Schencks 

H. Nelson A. McPhorson J. Bumblotcji, 

That the Officers and ^orveyor-s above-natrral bo formed into a Department, distinct 
and separate from that of the Quarter Master General, to continue during the war, and to 
be employed in the construction of bridges, improving or opening roads, and generally.... 
facilitating the movements of an Army. ... Accurate surveys of the line of march, and of 
the rivers and streams in it's vicinity will be i.ndi sponsible. ... 

That fc tLe officers composing tie; department, with the exception of tho Kngineer officers, 
be transferred from tho duties on which they are now employed, and altaehed to the Army, 
holding their present situation;!, lo which they wiii return, on the tfti'mitiHtiu'i of the war. ... 

The Head of the Dey.virtnioni, will furnish tbe Surveyor General... with copios of all surveys 
that may be made, ... and.. .on the termination of the war all records of the department 
shall be delivered over to the Surveyor General 2 . 

The party from Moradabad came in to Fatchgarh on 23rd October, and started 
down the river by boat almost immediately, whilst the party from Gorakhpur 
started down on 20th. Though Hodgson offered his own services and thoae of 
the officers of the Delhi survey, they were not required 3 . 



i BEC. 10-3-24 ; BTC. 17-9-24 ( 28 ). 5 ib. 11-9-24 ( 2S ). 






10). 



334 SlJBVEYOBS 

In 1826 Hodgson reported that most of these surveyors had rejoined their 
surveys.. Amongst new assistants now appointed were Alexander Hodges and George 
Eraser, the latter being brother to William Fraser of the Revenue Board at Delhi 
[ 151 ]. Another was a civilian, Bobert Terranneau, descendant of the French 
artillery officer of Chandernagore fame [ I, 221-2, 3S8 ], who was recommended 
byHalhed [332 J 1 . 

In January 1S27 Government refused to appoint Roderick Macdonald, because 
there were already five officers of his battalion holding staff appointments the 
maximum number of absentees allowed [ 311, 399 ]. He w Q » j^wrf to tike Meerat 
Survey a year later on the death of one nf *iiese live [ 158 ]. 

Under a rule that officers had to revert to regimental duty on promotion [ 342 ], 
Wroughton's transfer was ordered early in 1830 a ; though Herbert did his best to 
prevent it, and urged his industry and ability, 

as one of the first, if not the very first, of our surveyors. ... His place will not be easily supplied. 
If it be the intention of Government to continue and extend the system of Revenue Surveys, 
it would be very dosirablo and moat conducive to the efficiency of the public service to retain 
Captain Wrong! it. on in the Survey Department, nor do I hoyitate to give my strongest... recom- 
inosidiition to that effect 3 . 

Though Wroughton was allowed to stay on till October to close the maps and 
papers of the Gorakhpur survey, Government insisted on his rejoining his unit in 
October 1830 [ 152 ]. He was reappointed in May 1832*. 



Quartermaster General's Officers 

The prolonged absence of Mackenzie at Madras, and Crawford's retirement, 
left the seat of the Supreme Government at Fort William without a Surveyor 
General during the critical times of 1816-7, when the Commander-in-Chief and hie 
army had the utmost need for maps and survey advice [ 300 ]. In this situation 
Lord Moira, who combined the office of Commander-in-Chief with that of Governor 
General [ 225 ], conceived the idea of forming a regular cadre within the Quarter- 
master General's establishment, whose duties should include not only surveying, 
but also all the various functions of quartermaster [II, 300-1]. Though it was to be 
somewhat on the lines of the Survey Branch of the Quartermaster General's 
department in Madras, the latter only dealt with military surveys that could not 
be undertaken by the Surveyor Generals own staff. 

In Bengal, surveyors were only appointed under the Surveyor General for 
the duration of a particular survey, formally sanctioned, and not as members 
of an authorized establishment. Under the new scheme the Surveyor General was 
left responsible for the custody and compilation of maps, and for surveys specifically 
authorized by Government. For these he was invariably to call for officers of the 
Quartermaster General's stall, unless "war or the preparation for war" rendered 
them unavailable. This scheme was authorized from January 1817, and filled 
Mackenzie with alarm and despondency; he very naturally considered it an 
infringement on his functions, and a potential source of friction [303-5]. The 
following extracts are taken from the Governor General's minute of 31st May 1816 ; 

The necessity for such ;i. provision has hiinri rwnr>iir/.i«! with the army of Fort Saint ClooTge 
:[II, 331-2]. A Quarter Master General's Department, excellent in its operations, exists 
there, while the q.m.s. and Deputy q.m.g., the whole establishment in this presidency, are 
nearly useless hero for want of... instruments. ... At present we have a number of officers... 
annually employed in making surveys, Tho allowance to each is 586 rupees monthly ( Rs. 
618 for each of nine months, and Rs. 250 for each 0: 3 wet months, average 586 ). 

Say that ten officers are employed ; ... the amount of their allowances would meet the 
pay of ten or twelve officers... in the Quarter Master General's department. I should propose 
to take...all those of late engaged in surveys [ II, 31 1-2 ], except the Engineer Officers, who 



! BTC. 24-8-20 ( 44). ' promoted Captai; 



■ ib. 27-1-30 ( 16 ). * ITOn. 261 ( 97 ), 



Quartermaster General's Department 335 

have ample duties to perform in their own line. ... AH future surveys should bo executed hy 
the officers of this department. ... The department would stand thus ; 
Quarter Master General — Deputy q.m.o. — now existing. 
Six Assistants— of whom the two eldest should have superior i 
Six. Sub- Assistants —of whom throe should have superior allowances. 
The names of the oiik'ers whi.mi 1 recommend, with the SH.ln.ries proposed...: 
It is beyond what has been employed in surveying in any one year ; accidental pauses- 
having frequently occurred in almost every survey. But.. .these will be great convenience 
in imvu, s to „((„„ of this department at each of the prineipal stations, whilst the others 
tire engaged in examination, moasurfji^^,., „ nr ] delineation in distant quarters. ... 

If the expense of tiuw. additional officers in the ^.=j.<j.'= ,leparti™.uit shall not exceed 
Es. 6,000 a month, it will be considerably short of what is now incurrea f™ temporary sur- 
veyors. ... The Intelligence Department... should be a regular part of.. .the projected system. ... 
Taking the averse expenditure for... surveyors during the years 1S12, 1813, 1814 (the 
surveys were mostly stopped during the war ), the monthly rate... amounted to 4,292 Rupees. 
The aggregate... sal a ries proposed by roe fall short of that sum by a trifle. ... The allowances, 
which I think adequate, are modi, beneath what several or the gontlomen tu'.ve been receiving. 
... On the other hand, ... their employment will now be permanent, whereas before they were 
liable to be ordered away to their regiments on any preparation for the field 1 . 

The allowances [ 348 ] covered all expenses, except that surveyors were allowed 
the use of instruments from Government stores [ 211 ]. The Surveyor General 
was still responsible for professional control. A General Order laid down that 
Officers of the Quartor Master General's department. ..are to be employed without any additional 
pay 011 geographical or other surveys. ... 

The Surveyor General's Office, a; heretofore, is to he the depot in which all geographical 
knowledge, all plans, and field books, are to be finally concentrated. From that officer- 
all the Quarter Master General's staff employed as above will receive their instructions, and 
to him they will report ; but their services aro at all tioi.es to ho immediately available for the 
more military line of their profession oil the requisition of the Quarter Master General. 

Copies of all plan? and surveys. ..shall be ultimately made out in the office of the Quarter- 
Master General at the Presidency, and sent for deposit, to that of the Surveyor General 3 . 

The following officers were posted to this cadre on 1st January 1817, and nearly 
all employed on military service [ 82-6 ]. The Quartermaster General being 
Lt.-Colonal John Paton 3 ; 

A.Q.M.G. Capt. LF. S. Sarin 
E. Bart, 
D.A.Q.M.G. 

;,; Ciui-4 Lieu:.. 11. Morrill)-) ... -IK. 11 \\I. ^urvevin;; tue ^undarhans. 

J. Pic!iers»iLl ... 24th N.I. 3rd Diva. Gnu id Array [ II, 437 ]. 
H. C. Sandys ... 14th N.I. Nagpur Subsy. Force. 
J. Franklin ... 1st N.C. 1st Divn. Grand Army. 

2nd Class Lieut. J. N. Jackson ... 23rd N.I. Supernumerary. 

H. Hall ... 16th N.I.. wffli Reserve, Grand Army. 

-R. C- Sneyd ... 3rd \.I. N;I;-r|>ur Subsy. Force. 

„ „ W. Paterson ... M'itli X.I. 2nd Divn. Grand Army. 

„ Cornet F. Palmer ... 8th N.C. Officiating. 

3rd Gi34\' Lieut, B. F. St retail ... 6th N.I. "3rd Divn. Grand Army. 

W.Garden ...18th N.I. 1st Divn. Grand Army. 

„ E. S. Biwnrigg ... 10th N.I. 

Mackenzie found it impossible to work this arrangement in a friendly way with 
the Quartermaster General, Franklin's survey of Bundelkhand being one of the 
first to disturb him [ 303-4]. Before the Nepal war Franklin bad boon under the 
Surveyor General and the civil Commissioner. During 1817 and 1818 he was on 
military duty. On his resumption of regular survey, Mackenzie resented the 
interest shown by the q.m.g., and wrote privately to the Military Secretary that 
he had been 

ordered by His Excellency fcho Common dor -id -Chief to send tho necessary instructions 

1 BMC. 5-7-16 ( 1 ). a BGO. GG in C., 1-1-17 ; OB. Sel. V ( 12 ], 23-1-17 ; see also 10 Tract ; 10 Lib. 
Gat. I (5-25). 3 (1763-13241; Ben. Inf. Ens. 1785; QMG. i-Ws-So ; Gummy Goo. lS^O-3 ; d. Calcutta, 
15-2-24. 



■I l 



conversation prtjjjoserl that his 
; parting, luit iiiivo no euooumgo- 
.1 hi* assist: in ts under my orders 
for giving them the necessary 
— i bi., m nmvunsau.ui lie proposed that I should write 
5 survey Saugur — This I declined — and I thought it 

r and dine en famille at his house, and see Mrs. 



336 Surveyoks 

to Captain Franklin to resuoiB the survey of Bundeleund. This was communicated to me 
by the Quarter Master General, with a very intensive indont for instruments. ... 

It has been always usual, and indeed necessary, that the Surveyor General should know 
what has been done before he can pretond to give instructions. ... On one point I have made 
up my mind long ago, that the same surveyor should, if possible, close the province, and... 
should be liberally recompensed Tor it. As Captain Franklin has been so long employed on 
Bundelcund, and as he bad proposed before my arrival to send down maps of that province, 
it would certainly bo desirable that ho should complete its maps and memoir. ... 

As to instruments, such as we have got will be sent by dawk bangy, and the rest pur- 
chased ; ... but I doubt that the whole can be sent, nor indeed do I think thorn necessary 1 . 

Two months later he records an interview with the Quartermaster General 2 , 
who was obviously anxious to be friendly ; 

November oth. Col. Baton called on me, and after some 
son 3 should be attached to my office — Said I would think of it a 
ment— ...He stated to me in tho course of conversation that a 
were entirely under my control, and that I v 
ordors — he had nothing U> ,tay to them — Yet, ii 
to him to propose Captain Franklin t 
very odd lie should propose it. 

He insisted much that I should go ove 
Paton — newly arrived Weill, accordingly. 

N.B. — In this conversation hinted there were other surveys proposed ( meaning Lieut. 
Jolmston's of Bilsa ) 4 , but declined further notice of it, though solicited. 

Mackenzie now obtained orders for Franklin to close survey in iJundelkhand, 
and after the belated submission of his fieldbooks for the first three months of 1817 
[ Sl-2 ] Franklin was moved to Saugor 5 . 

About this time also, on representation from Franklin, who had previously 
been drawing full survey allowance at Its. 618 p.m., Mackenzie obtained authority 
that officers of the q.m.g.'s establishment should draw this full allowance when they 
provided their own instruments 6 . 

He again complains of interference from the Q.m.g. [ 304-5 ] ; 

That officer assured me the last time I saw him those officers attached to me were not 
under his orders— that they were entirely under mine— & if they did not follow them & I did 
not enforce them, ... it was my business, &c, &c. ... I wish to be relieved from the constant 
perplexity their situation occasions, as I can never give any instructions or orders to them 
that is not frustrated from some other quarter. 

I was about to point out to Captn. Jackson something I considered necessary, when, 
behold, I find he is on his return, [ 27-8 ]. ... Is not this, then, interference 7 ... His return' 
is, ! presume, by some order unknown to me'. 

This drew a firm ruling ; 

After the clear and precise manner in which the organization of the Quarter Master General's 
Department has been detailed and explained, ... the most Noble the Governor General in 
Council is surprized to learn that any misconception should exist...as to tho exact bearing 
and extent of... employ ment under the orders of the Surveyor General. ... 

Officers.. .were appointed originally... under the Quarter Master General to meet the call 
for eventual exigencies. "While no demand should exist for their services in that line, it was 
understood that they were to proceed on those measurements of districts, frontiers, etc 
which had before oeeopied them. ... They were to be regarded as lent, ... and they were for.!! 
that special duty to be placed exclusively under the direction of the Surveyor General. They 
were to be exempt from tho interference of the Quarter Master General as they had... been 
from that of the Commanding Officer of their battalion. ... Their sole communication on "every 
matter relative to that employment was to be with the Surveyor General. ... 

Captain Franklin lias...been betrayed into an irregularity in addressing correspondence 
to Lieutenant Colonel Paton on topics properly recognizable by you. ... It is indispensable 
that Captain Franklin should comply with your requisitions. ... He should have addressed his 
application for leave of absence. ..to you, for the sanction of Government. ... 






' DDn, 156 ( 277 ), 25-1-20. 



Quartermaster General's Department 



337 



All misconception. ..should be remove! 1 from the minds of the officers of the Quarter 

Master General's Depmaniont employed under your order:;. Tboir ignorance and raisconcop- 
tion of the established re : r.!l:U ions leads to an uuno::oss-ay m ill Lpikvitif.m. of correspondence 1 . 

Franklin's employment tinder the Surveyor (J en era, I ceased on his arrival in 
Calcutta on leave about April 1820, after which he was employed as A.Q.M.G. on 
sorting out stray maps. Iq Government offices [_ 290-1 ]. 

A later order provided that before an officer could be appointed to the q.m.g.'s 
staff he should " produce a certificate, either from the Surveyor General, the Chief 
Engineer, ... or the SupeHnien.ding i'ht'j; i neer of the province", that he possessed 
"a competent knowledge of the theory and pmet.ice of surveying 2 ". 

The following is a list of the Quartermaster General's officers in 1825 ; they all 
did useful survey at one time or another ; 



Major E. Barton 


II, 380-1] ... 


D.Q.M.G. 


Cawnporo 


Capt. H. Momtnoa 


11, 432 


... 


A.Q.M.G. 




„ J. N. Jackson 


II, -P9 




A.Q.M.G, 




lisrat. W. Garden 


27] 




D.A.Q.M.G. 1st Ciaas 


Pwsi&enoy 


Capt. R. Bather 


87] 








Lieut. J. 1!. W-niVille 


53] 






Assam 


„ F. C. Robb 


87] 








„ F.H.Sandys 


87] 




" 2nd Class 


Nusicrabad 


„ Thos.Fisber 


4 ! >-.7- i 






Sylhet 


„ J.G. Druiuiiinrul 


27,68 1 








„ John Paton 3 


=7] 




3rd Class 




Ma 


DBAS ; 


Mtt.tt 


\ry Institution 





■I 



In a despatch dated 15th May 1815 4 the Directors ordered the immediate 
closing c-f the Military T.nsfil.nUon at Madras, on the grounds that the education 
given at the [loyal Military Ootlcee, which moved from Mario w to Sandhurst in 
1812 [ II, 308 ! rendered .-iupcrfluoua any further instruction hi India f II, 319-20 ]. 
Sir Thomas Hislop, Commander -in-Ciiief Madras, was disgusted at the decision, 
but the orders were peremptory, and his protest of no avail ; 

The student* of tin' l-liiL-Jisli i:ollr«.w are doubtles-; well grounded in lho...theorv of Military- 
Survey and Reconnaisance, but I am not aware that, the subsequent labours of any of these 
young moil in this conn fry have ad* led in any 01 a 1 dial dogr.s-s t' the 'mi; mass of ifoo^raphicai 
and topographical materials, who which the. ..students of the Madr;;.:: Institution have enriched 
the records of the Company, and... of the civilized world. ... 

The Madras Army can at. present boast of 119 y)!in:; officers [IT, 320- 1 ], whose scientific 
attainments... have rendered them callable of exercising the subordinate functions of the 
Quarter Master General's, the Surveyor General's, and this flngineer's departments. ... The 
annual expenditure amounts to pag r >de,s 7.!i'7ti -9 1 -2s. ... and ovo:i this sum cannot he con- 
sidered as expended without its immediate return, for 1,620 sq. miles aris annually, and most 
minutely, surveyed during the field practice of the students [ II, 125-30, 214-5 ]. ... 

When Sir John Malcolm was sent to form an establishment on the Persian Gnlph, ... young 
officers educate;! at die .Military Institution.... were attache:! to the expedition and, although 
its object was not prose:: o led, they succeeded in compiling the best map. ..of the countries 
between the Indus and the Mile that has ever yet been given to the world [ II, 131, 280 ]. 

The service in Truvaiieoro was the next uoeasnm on which the utility of thin Corps was 
conspicuous ; a certain number of these officers were employed there with the greatest public 
advantage [II, 130- 2 ]. ... 

The military operations in the Deccan and in JIalwa succeeded those- of Trav-ancore, and 
4 Officers of the Institution were attached to tin!. ..field army. The country. ..had never been 
traversed by British troops except by General Goddard's detachment in 1779 [I, 38-9], and 
the geographical maforials eoheeted ( in IrilO j...havo given an adilition of now important 
matter to the Surveyor General':' Office thai, must be of the greatest consequence to all future 
plans of military operations in that quarter [ II, 13.1 ]. 

Lieutenant Bayloy's conduct in the Quarter .Master General's department during the 
expedif ion 10 too coast of Borneo received the most flattering. .. approbation : _ II, 381 ]. ... 



2 As J. XIX, 1824 ( 166 ) ; Wilson, W.J, 



7). 



■nephew of QIYIG. 



T 



338 Surveyors 

From these very striking examples I would infer that the habits acquired at the Military 
Institution have a lasting effect ; ...for the.. .mental exercise to which the students are there 
inured... render the young men ultimately availahle for important duties. ... No instance is 
on rooord. of any ono offinor of t-ho Institution having boon brought, to a court martial, or... 
bringing another to trial ; ... none have been remarkablo for extravagance, or concerned in a 
duel ; and.. .not one quarrel has oceurrod at tho me.*-: of the Institution. 

On every field service. ..sineo the expedition to Javait ha.-= boon considered important to attach ■ 
to it some officers of this description— The operations in the Southern Mahrattah Country 
under the late Lieutenant Colonel Dowse [ II, 166 ] — The Detachment against Kumool in 
1813 — The force destined for Ceylnn under Lieutenant Colonel Thomson — The Army of Reserve 
last year, and the Division in advance under Colonel Doveton [ 83-4 ] — have all been supplied 1 
with their duo proportion of oflicevs from tho Institution, ... 

A certain number of officers have been permanently appointed to the Survey Branch of 
the Quarter Master General's Department, after sovvms respectively the proscribed period 
with their corps [II, 321-2], and have been employed, when not engaged with troops on 
field service, in pi aiming... roads, ... and in framing the estimates of their expences, and.. .of 
the construction of causes ;o, s and small bridges. ... 

The officers,. .have also been em ployed in preparing military plans and memoirs of all the 
countries adjacent to the Eastern Ghauts, and have nearly completed this r 
from Paulghauteherry to the Kistnah. ... 

To conclude — the maintenance of the Military Institution... appears i 
"be intimately connected with the success of our arms in tho field, and depends 
continuance of the permanent assistants in the Survey Branch of tho Q.o art or- 'Master General's 
Department in time of peace ; for, unless Officers foresee the prospect of some possible 
advantage, ...it is hardly to be expected that they will exchange the comparatively small 
labour of regimental duty for the unremitting attendance required.. .at the Institution 1 . 

Formal orders abolishing the Institution were issued under a General Order 
dated 17th April 1816, in which 

the Governor in Council takes this opportunity of expressing his entire approbation of the 
mode in which the duties of Mathematical and Drawing Instructor to the Military Institution 
have botai disci inrjiinl by Cupty i;i Troyra uf IT.M.'s 1 Sl.h Regiment. 

The Governor in C01.1n.cil has also notice; I with the highest, satisfaction the testimony borne 
by H.E. the Camm;uider-in-Chiof to the merits and acquirements of all the officers who have 
been attached to the Institution 2 . 

The great success of the Military Institution was mainly due to the ability and 
high character of Anthony Troyer, the Austrian officer brought out by Bentinek 
in 1803 [ II, 130, 315 ]. After the abolition of the Institution and a short stay in 
Pondicherry, Troyer settled in Paris until 1828, when he once again accompanied 
Bentinek on his return to India as Governor General [ 195 n.4 ]. 



Q.TJARTERMASTER GENERAL'S OFFICERS, MADRAS 

"The Survey Branch of the Quarter Master General's Department" at Madras 
was formed in October 1810, on General Hewett's recommendation, to provide 
a body of officers capable of carrying out surveys and reconnaissances of a military 
nature, independently of the Surveyor General [ II, 301, 321 ]. The branch com- 
prised 20 officers, all of whom had passed through the Military Institution [II, 320-2 1 ■ 
appreciations by Sir Thomas Hislop have already been quoted [ II, 310-20 * III 
337-8]. Though this branon was abolished in 1S16, these officers turned out much 
valuable work in the Deccan during the pindari and Maratlia wars of 1816 to 1818 
under the able direction of Valentine Blacker, Quartermaster General. 

It was not the practice in Madras that the Surveyor General should draw all 
his surveyors from the q.m.g.'s establishment though this was definitely provided 
for in the similar establishment in Bengal [ 334 ]. 

'C-in-Ca minute, 15-1-16; MMC. 29-3-16. 'MGO. 17-4-16 ; Wilson, W. J., III. 



Surveyor General's Officers, Madras 



When Mackenzie resumed duty at Madras in 1815 lie found only three officers 
at his disposal— Garling, who completed the survey of Sonda, or North Kanara, by 
September 1815 [II, 158-9] — with Conner his assistant — Ward, in charge of the 
Surveyor General's GJn.ee at Madras. 

His first intention was to form four parties— Northern Circars — Nizam's Terri- 
tories — Coorg — Travancore. Allotting Garling to Hyderabad, Conner to Coorg, 
and Ward to Travancore, he obtained the promise of an engineer officer, Duncan 
Sim, whom he had known in Java, for the survey of Ellore and Masulipatam. 

Prom my kuowbdao of Lieut cuanL Kim. ... his capacity and knowledge of the different 
"branches requisite in the Surveying Department evinced wiiiki employed by me in. the Trig- 
onometrical operations. ..in Java, ... ascertaining iho distances at t.ho attacks on Cornelia in 
August 1811, where he was wounded in surveying.. .the new fort. ..on the east of Java [ II, 135 ], 
1 consular him a proper person to bo employed on t.-i-sfj survey in the Xorthern Circars 1 . 
Sim was, however, called off for the survey of Pondtohorry and TCarikal [ 98 ], 
and in spite of Mackenzie's protests was not released till 1819, when he was wanted 
for similar surveys of the Dutch territories- at Pulicat 2 . 

The closing of t.ho Military Institution left the survey of Guntur Circar uncom- 
pleted, but at the same time released Mountford, who had been in charge. After 
completing the fair-mapping of the Institution surveys, and putting their records 
in order, Mountford was sent- back to Guntur with two of Mackenzie's sub -assistants 
to complete the survey [ 95-6 ]. 

Before leaving for Bengal, Mackenzie secured the services of John Riddell, 
who had been one of Lanibton's most able assistants [ II, 242-3, 245-6, 322 ], for 
charge of the office at Madras, an appointment which Garling resented as ignoring 
his seniority though, as a matter of common pokey, seniority was not considered 
in selecting an officer for a staff appointment of this nature [ 318 ]. On Riddell's 
death in 1818 Mountford was brought down from Guntur, and ran the office with 
great success till his own death in 1824. 

Mackenzie was now exercised to find a really capable officer for charge of the 
Northern Circars survey, which was of particular importance because it would not 
have the Support of Lambton's triangles [99-101]. Though starting from a side 
near the Kistna [ II, pi. 16 ], the new survey would have to be carried forward to 
Ganjam on its own triangulation and base-lines, with astronomical observations. 
Though the assistant surveyors Dunigan and Scott held charge of the Guntur 
and Ellore Surveys for two or three seasons, they were not able for independent 
charge of an important survey of so great an extent. 

Most of the officers reared in the Military Institution & with tho Trigonometrical Sorvoy 
have viewed the establishment of the Surveyor General's ofilco since 1810 with distrust, & 
£13 hostile to their interests. So many were thrown out of employment, & it was impossible 
to employ them all. Thus situated, I eould not run about to enquire into the comparative 
merits of Surveyors, or to engage gentlemen whom I would otherwise ho gind to employ. 
While I was away, two were brought in that I am little acqainted with?, & 2 others are 
recommended. I cannot toll yon the various solicit,* tions I have bad, whilst I had it not in 
my power to bring in but one, and that is ii.n officer of my own Corps. 

Meantime the solicitations for employment increase — bishops— judge.;— (air ladies— & 
grave ma^ie-fratoii boradoG military frigid-; in abundance 1 . 

He asked Mountford for a list of past students of the Military Institution and 
was particularly anxious to obtain the services of Montgomerie [ II, 320, 430 ] ; 

You may imagine my surprise at...boins called upon to select two officers of the Madras 
Establishment to be employed on a survey of the Poonah Territory [ 124-5 ], .. . after the 
intimation. ..officially oornnian'.eatcd to mo at, Madras of the entire abolition of any department 
of survey under the Quarter Master General [ II, 322 ; III, 338 ], and especially when you 
yourself was on the spot, who, next to Captain Troyer, was oampetent most properly to 
appreciate the qualification of such surveyor:-; as had been reared in the Military Institution. 

A, 1825. > Garling & Conner. * DDn, 



340 



Surveyors 



I consider it, however, but just. ..to call your attention to the claims of Mr. Montgomery 
and Captain O'Donnoghue, both whoso works are mentioned in the records of your office, 

and wlu.v;e ecmhu't since. ..rrives them an undoubted claim tri he empioyed 1 - 

■ As to Engineers ; ... their present system of education at hoitv.: eminently qualifies them to^ 
be employed us surveyors, or in I. ho olfi.ee of the Surveyor General, \vleeh ou.tdit to be open to 
all corps that an; qualilied, hut. until .1. tint I that. Krieineers can he retained on those duties, ... I 
must always decline proposing them, however willing f should be to avail myself of their 
qualifications, and desirous even to oblige individuals among tbern [ 330 ]. 

Ml 1 . Sim's case is in point, whom .1 propose I for a survey in if! .1.0, which was approved of by 
Government, and yet till this moment i., retained <>o a duty entirely rait, of our view [ 339 ]. 
This is my creed as to the Survey ins; Department, ... and 1 have found nothing here [ Bengal ]' 
to convince nu: to the contrary. In fact the Corps of Hhi Lrir.ee rs in both trie Presidencies is 
not strong enough to supply for professional duties and for surveys at the same time [ 328 ] a . 

I will beg to be relieved from all responsibility for surveyors. 1 did propose Mr. Sim in 
1816, ... and you see I have been thwarted, ... end this now system of ordering; t ho Quarter- 
Master General to nominate surveyors while I was forbid to recommend an assistant for my 
own office ( as in Mr. Kiddell's case ) is so completely at variance with the orders of the Court 
of Directors... that I wish to be clear of aii responsibility*. ... 

For me to propose any officer by name would not bo well received. ... Mr. Montgomery 
has the best claim imrue;iialoly after yourself. ... If you represent to Government... that an 
officer should be appointed to t.ako charge of the survey for which Lieut. Sim was originally 
intended in 1SIB, and that, from which you were tailed, and... whether the Surveyor General 
should not be called on for the nomination of an officer, ... I should bo prepared to state my 
opinion. ... Mr. tVjontironiory is the first tin it stands in my list. Messrs. Ward and Conner 
will be disposable bye arid bye, but they are inclined for the Deckan. ... You will keep me 
informed of such officers as you think host qualified*. 

He was anxious thai Wo rd should finish off Travanoore himself [ 109-10, 341 ]> 
but if either he or Mr. Conner wishes rather to eome North, I wish, they would intimate so 
much, as I think the- field in the Deccan or the. Cirears might, bo open bye and bye. ... Their 

report of progress is to me more satisfactory rha.n any other survey, because T have less trouble 
while their work is gradually going on to its conclusion. I think, however, that Ward parti- 
cularly, if not both, would like to have the merit of closing their work in their own names 6 . 

e difficulty, but 



One of these v 
t for a temporary 
r embarrassment, 
jsist in case of Mr. 



Poor Biddell committed one or two errors that have entailed on m 

I did not like to contradict what- he hail done from the best intentions, 
his ordering the two surveyors in Travaneot's) 1,0 act; jointly, while I mea 
arrangement, to begin at each extremity [109]. ... This has 
...and Mr. Ward mi-lit, he.vo... complained. ... Mr. Connor wag only 
Ward's being taken of: to the Tinnevelly side fl . 

Mackenzie's embarrassment was due to Conner being senior in military rank to 
Ward, whom he wished to be responsible for the survey, though in fact they 
worked together in the friendliest co-operation. 

When asked to make official recommendation of an officer for Masulipatam, 
Mackenzie left the choice t.o Mountford, advising him to 

point out to the best of your judgement- without partiality ; only, for God's sake keep clear of 
conceited persons. ... .1 always prefer steady men who will observe the line laid down for thern, 
and conform as far as possible, candidly submitting their observations, but not resisting 7 . 

Willi regsi.ni to the survey of iiaianuradiy, ... an officer ought to be sent without loss of 
time, as it may brine; discredit if these assistants are left without a check j 331) ]. ... I leave... 
you to point out the officer, ...and anyone you propose will be agreeable to rne. Avoid 
litigious characters, who will battle with yourself, and perhaps attempt to undermine you. 
(,'huse sensible discrete men... who will attend to instructions and und'a'.-tiaid. their duty. ... 

I con kl wish that Lieut. MeFherson was employed.- a- .Mr. Mont^omerio is otherwise provided 
for [ 11 1-2, 125 n.6 ]. ... The objection t.o "McPherson as to drawing f do not consider... very 
material, provided he is correct, and able to control the Labour of others. ...I had a great 
regard for some friends of his, ... but that w ouid not influence me if he were not competent to 
the undertaking. ... When you fix on your man you should pave the way by conciliating 
' the Coonmandor -in -Chief. In short, I leave it to your judgement bit do not allow yourself 
to be crossed by the influence of any other 8 . 

1 DDn. 149 ( 39^10 ), 23-2-19. Mb. ( 27 ), 2-1-19. > ib. ( 65 ), 22-4-19. *ib.(71), 10-8-19. 
• to Mountford, 23-3-1!!, DDn. 140 ( 52). s ib. ( 111), 19-2-20. Mb. 1-1!) ( 82), 27-8-19. Mb. (97), 
26-11-19- 



Surveyor General's Officers, Madras 



341 






It was not until February 1820 that a suitable officer was found in Richard 
Hodges, but he died at Masulipatam in July. Another Institution .officer, Charles 
Snell, was posted in November, and bold charge for the next (ii'teen years, without, 

however, proving quite the first rate officer that Mackenzie luirl hoped for. 

Mackenzie was greatly shocked by the death of Garling at Hyderabad in June 
1820, for though he had not found Garling easy to deal with he had known him 
for many years, and greatly appreciated his ability. He writes to Mountford ; 

Your letter of 15th ultimo until yin™ the unpleasant, account of porir Captain Garling's 
death reached mo several days ago. ' It was soon followed by a private letter of Mr. Russell's 
of 8th ultimo, enclosing Iliil's report [117]. .-- After your own instructions to Hill, it only 
Boomed necessary for me to add what seemed to have escaped your notice, and what more 
forcibly struck mo from the several surveys on this side whore papers have been lost by the 
death of surveyors. The best remedy is what indeed the practice of the service points out,' 
viz., that a court of officers be applied for at- i,ho earliest opportunity [ 329 J 1 . 
Two months later he was much distressed by the death of Hodges ; 
this coming so soon after Captain Garling's is a shook to the survey ; but I tra 
many whose talents ami disposition incline them to a pursuit, which is certainly not 
and I have ever found very interesting 3 . 

As the survey of Ka.jamundry is at present, vacant, ...I really do not know where a cham- 
pagne, hoalthy, district can be selected in India for Mr. Conner, and I look upon low swampy 
plains to be just as unhealthy as hills. ... It is high time now to send an officer to relieve 
Mr. Dunigan, If a clever officer was sent there, that survey may be considered a good 
seminary where -from assistants may he occasionally deta.ehoi I 1.0 the IJeekan when required. ... 

I think officer assistant-son those- surveys would be useful, ... because they ancmire experience, 
and arc ready to fill up vacancies. Poor Mr. 1 todqes suffered from this ; ho had h*en too late 
from convalescence, and from England, to go at onee into those hills. The next should be 
directed to the country near the sea, the delta of the Oo.iavory, for the first year at least. 

I hope you have taken care that Mr. Hodges' surveying materials be secured. I have 
pointed out.. .the method to be followed on all occasions [ 329 }. ... Mr. Hodges' papers should 
be opened under the civil or military customary authority, and not left to .Mr. Bunigan's, 
Mr. Burr's, or Mr. Russell's diserofcion 3 . 

After a long debate he decided to send Conner up to Hyderabad ; 
Captain Walpole has been recommended to me for another survey some time ago, and I 
will not forget him ; it will ho necessary, however, ihat- he signify his own wishes, and whether 
he prefers to be employed in the Doekan -in Xagporo— etc. ... 

Mr. Poole also, and aome others have been mentioned. I ooneeive Messrs. Ward and 
Conner should have a preference, othorways they may bo thrown out, ...I could wish to 
know Mr. Ward's own wishes, as he is first on the list I have got. What was Captain Walpole's 
situation in the Military Institution [ II, 320 ] ? Was he senior to you 4 ? 

With regard to the survey in the Nizam's country, I am as friendly to it as ever, that ia 
to say under duo restriction ; 'out I can on no account submit to be made a fool of, to propose 
surveys and surveyors on my responsibility, who are to be under t'a» sole direction of any 
Resident or other functionary [ 117, 304 ]. ... I think it likely that Mr. Connor will have the 
choice if Mr. Ward declines it. ... "Many officers will be glad to be employed. ... I will send you 
soon a list of some who have applied, but I think Ward acid Conner have a preferable claim 5 . 
Conner moved up to Hyderabad in February 1821. He got ill on the march 
and died shortly after his arrival. Maukenaie was not to learn of this further 
tragedy, for he himself passed to rest only a few days later. Conner was succeeded 
by Robert Young, of whom Mackenzie had written some time before ; 

Colonel Hazlewood, 6 an old acquaintance of mine, ha3 wrote me about Lieut. Young, who 
■is desirous of beins employed on the survey, and lie considers well quaiiued from his knowledge 
of mathematics and drawing. As Colonel Har'.iowood shewed his judgement in first bringing 
Captain Kater to notice, who now makes such a figure in the department, of science in England 
[ II, 232, 313 ; III, 238, 254 ], I am disposed to give credit to bis recommendation 7 . 

Though the Madras Government had accepted in principle the need of an 
assistant officer in every party [ 339 }, repeated representations had to be made to 



iDDn. US < 1 39 ), 22-7-20 


a ib. ( HI 


1, 23-9-20. a ib. ( 152-3 |, 12-10-20. 


Mb. (129), 


22-7-20. ( ib, I 141 ), 23-S-2!). 


'Joseph Has 


Iwood, Mad. Inf. 1791 ; A. 1844 [II, 466]. 


H>D». 149 


( 162-3 ), 12-10-20. 









342 Surveyors 

them on the subject 1 . On obtaining Noble's appointment [ 114 ], Montgomerie 
advised Ward that 

the object of appointing an Assistant Officer. ..is I.liiit he may have an opportunity of acquiring 
a practical knowledge of the whole of the duties, ... and therein- watered (JuaKfied to take 
charge.. .in the event of your temporary absence or removal. ... You will... communicate to 
him such instructions as his imsxporlonee may require, and.. .heap hirn fully acquainted with 
tin; si-ate of the work, so a.- !:o orisuro its miintCLT upted progress. 

I anticipate, however, that this will not be the only benefit res akin a from your having 
an assistant officer, but that in due time lb:; survey will thereby lie nut;:!i ueeeierated 3 . 

Without this wise precaution it would have been almost impossible to preserve 
the continuity of the Madras surveys, more especially that of the Nizam's Terri- 
tories, where casualties followed at an appalling rate. Robert Young, who did not 
take over charge until December 1821, died in July 1823, before George Arthur, 
who had been nominated assistant, had joined the party. Crisp, another Institu- 
tion man, followed Young and had Arthur as assistant until he was moved in the 
same capacity to Malabar. On Crisp':= resignation in April 1827, he was succeeded 
by James Webb, who bad been at the Institution from 1810 to 1812. Morland joined 
as assistant a year later, and took over when Webb went sick in 1829. He held 
charge, with occasional breaks, for the next twenty years [ 119 ]. 

Both Ward and Snell had a number of assistants one after another, but the 
only two who achieved distinction were Du Vernct, who joined Ward in 1828, and 
Charles Hill, who joined Snell the following year. Both did excellent service for 
more than twenty years. We have already mentioned Duncan Montgomerie who 
succeeded as Deputy Surveyor General on Mountford's death in 1824, and in every 
way justified the high opinion Mackenzie held of him [ 320- 1 ]. 

In 1829 Walpole, who had been Garling's contemporary in the first class of the 
Military Institution, was nominated Surveyor General by Lord William Bentinek, 
founder of the Institution, on the advice of Troyer, who had been its wise and 
able Instructor from start to finish [ II, 447-8 ]. 

Under the Bengal regulations Wroughton had to revert to regimental employ 
on promotion to Captain [ 152, 334 ]. Madras restrictions raised similar difficulties. 
Whilst officers could not be posted to survey till they had completed two years 
regimental employ [ II, 314 ], General Order of 23rd December 1827 ruled that, 

It being desirable to fix by one general rule the limits under which officers holding staff 
employments under thin Presidency may re Lain them, or otherwise, on promotion to Superior 
ranks, and to provide geaeraHy for all doubts or contingencies, so far as they can be fore- 
seen, ...the following,' limitations have ero.sj native effect, frosn this date; ... 
Surveyor General — -Deputy Surveyor General - . . no limitation 
Surveyors .. .. .. to the rank of Major, regimentally. 

The effect of this rule was that when an officer who had spent something like 
twenty years on survey was promoted to the rank of major, he either reverted to 
regimental duty, with which he was entirely out of touch, or else retired. In 
either case the survey lost an experienced and probably valuable officer. 

Trigonometrical Survey 

The happy choice of George Everest to be Lambton's first Chief Assistant is 
stated by Everest himself to have been personally made by the Governor General, 
who had been assured of his "eminent degree of science as a mathematician" [225]. 
Reports had been made of his surveys in Java [ II, 137-8 ], and Lord Moira 
had taken special interest in "Ms successful exertions as an engineer in recently 
clearing the navigation of the Mata-bhanga and other rivers" [15]. He had 
been selected to survey the line of telegraph stations to Chuniir [ 270-1 j. 

Neither Lamhton nor Mackenzie had any say in the selection, and, indeed, 
Lambton's own wish had been for Garling, who was working near him in the Nizam's 

1 DDn. 202 ( 102-1 ), 5^-25. a DDn. 21S ( 37 ), 24-1-26. 






Trigonometrical Survey 



;; i :; 



Dominions. Biddell writes in November 1817 that he had not 

the slightest idea to whom liainbron can be under promises. In 1812, before I left him 
I II. 246 ]. he frequently talked to me of his intention to go home for a year or two, & of my 
taking charge of the survey during his absence. He even went so far as to enter on the subject 
of allowances. Latterly. ..ho had cut me completely. ... Garling, I think, must be the man 1 . 

Mackenzie wrote at the same time, their letters eroding, telling that Lambton's 
survey was to be transferred to the Supreme Government, Public Department, 
and. ..a young officer of the Artillery. Captn. Everest, to lie Head Assistant on a salary of 600 
rupees. Captn. Everest told me some time he had applied to Lambton, who had wrote him 
lie had already oiviagod to >i certain officer. 

I really think Lambton oii^lit lo have reservod the claims of yourself and of Mr. Hodges 5 , 
and the latter ought without loss of time to apply officially to bo employed on the survey. 
His fViontU at Madras wrote mo about him 3 . 

And again, when writing of Lambton's proposals for his country- bo m assistants ; 

Coll. Lambton has proposed to add to his number also, and it is under reference to this 
office. As Lambton will be going home, and he is a stranger to Everest, I conjecture it is 
referable to someone else ; you may guess who. He also proposes an increase of pay to bis 
people, but whatever is allowed for them, I shall contend for with us [ 228, 379 ]. 
Everest himself writes many years later that "When in 1817, I was originally 
nominated as first assistant to Lieut.-Col. Lambton, ... Captn. Garling, of the 
Madras Infantry, was my only rival" 4 . 

No record is found of any assistant being offered to Everest during the two 
years after Lambton's death, and he notes late? that "demand for officers in the 
Burmese war prevented any assistant being appointed, ...even could any...hav-i 
been found who was both able and willing to engage in a work of the kind 5 ". 

Neither Garling. Eiddoll, nor Hodge, all three of whom were dead by 1820, bad 
shown themselves more than efficient surveyors and triangulators, or in any way 
possessed of the genius and force of character later displayed by Everest, to the 
glorious achievement of the Great Trigonometrical Survey. 



Bombay 

Dickinson held charge of the revenue survey of Bombay and Salsette Islands 
until 1821, when he handed over to his senior assistant, Tate, who brought the 
survey to a close in 1827. Both belonged to the Engineers, but their few engineer 
assistants were mostly removed from the survey during feha Maratha war[ 122-3 ]. 

Williams hold charge of the revenue surveys of Broach and the more northerly 
districts of Gujarat, until his retire a tent, when he handed over to Cruikshank who 
finally closed all work by 1829 [ 170-1 ]. Their assistants, all infantry officers, 
were at one time as many as seven. Cruikshank was considerably disturbed by the 
order that officers should not remain after promotion to Major [342]; 

This department having been formed from the original Surveyor General's, and...boicg 
the oldest established in the Survey Branch under this Presidency, I myself served as an Assis- 
tant in it nearly fourteen vtars on very moderate allowances, and tin.; two Senior Assistants, 
at present Captains O vans and X'owport, have acted in that capacity upwards of twelve years. ... 

Neither myself nor these officers can hope 60 retain for any period the situation of the 
head of the department, which is attained only after long and arduous service, and under 
considerable sacrifice, ... being so entirely enrehided by the nature of our employment from the 
general field open for military preferment. 

Considering the magnitude of the department, together with the great responsibility 
of the charge, and that the situation of the Head assimilates so much with that of a Principal 
in civil employment, I hope...to retain my appointment to the same rank as other military 
men holding Principal civil employment, and that the. ..two Senior Assistants, ...should be 
admitted to a higher class than that specified for Surveyors*. 

This application came to nothing, and the survey was closed down. Cruikshank 
was promoted Major, took furlough at once, and retired two years later. 

tpiln isi (77), 26-11-17. a obviously J. T. Hodge [11,407]. 'M)n. 156 ( 309 ), 5-12-17. 

i Merest ( 116 ). E DDn. 255 ( 147-53 ), 4-2-31. ' Broach, 7-S-24 ; Bo MC. ( camp ). 



■■■; I 



Surveyors 



For Sutherland's survey of the Deccan which started in 1S17 before the close 
of the Maratha war, all the Bombay surveyors with any experience of topographical 
work were soon drawn in, besides officers borrowed from Madras [ 12$ ] . The Madras 
officers faded out by about L822, and when Sutherland became Assistant Surveyor 
General he handed over to Jopp about nine officers, all of the Bombay establish- 
ment. There were frequent changes, and on succeeding as Deputy Surveyor General 
Jopp handed over to Grafton. The number of surveyors was then reduced, until 
the survey was closed down in 1830, leaving the trigonometrical survey under 
Robert Shortrede, who became well-known later Tor his Logarithm Tables. 

Other surveyor!! to bo noted arc, Thomas Jerviti, of the .Engineers, whoso survey 
of the Southern Konkan gave rise later to lengthy controversy with Everest [ 127 ] ; 
Adams and Ch alien who surveyed Sai.ara [ 17 1-2 J ; and Stephen. Slight- who made a 
valuable survey of Ka.thiawa-r between 1S22- and 1825. In 1827 Jopp was informed 
that no more officers were available, being "so much required with their corps". 



1 



Uniform 

So far as we know, military officers wore the undress nut form of their corps 
the whole time that they were employed on surveys. Most certainly the students 
at the Military Institution were expected to wear uniform on all occasions. It is 
most unlikely, however, that the uniform worn by surveyors at work in the field 
was always punctiliously correct. In his account of an encounter with a tiger, Thomas 
Arthur attributes his escape from the fury of the tiger's fust rush to the presence 
of mind with which he threw his hat, " surm,ountM villi- a black /father", straight 
in the beast's face [ II, 378 ]. When his camp was raided by piyidaris [ 409-10 ] 
Grimshawof the Military Inst-itu lion lost — rognnental jackets be-H.- with breast-plate 
— sword— sash - regimental cap complete— regimental greatcoat ; but, if he only 
saved just what he was wearing at work, this came to shirt and trousers, straw 
hat, and a handkerchief ; uniform pattern no doubt ! ! 

It is almost certain that the surveyors of the Quartermaster General's Depart- 
ment wore correct uniform when on their "military surveys", and that surveyors 
working on the frontiers, or in contact with troops, would .also do so, but we may 
wonder what kit Morrieson wore in the Sundarbans, or whether Lambton and 
Everest were correctly dressed in "regimentals" when taking observations with the 
great theodolite or zenith sector. Certainly Mackenzie is most correctly dressed 
in Hickey's handsome portrait { II, pi. 22 ], but was not that, a special occasion 1 
Of all surveyors he might be expected to be the most punctilious in correct 
appearance on all occasions. On his way back to Madras in 1815, Crawford tells 
him that "the uniform for the Surveyor General is resembling nearly your own" 1 , 
that ia probably to say, resembling that of the Corps of Engineers prior to 1806. 

In authorizing the for mat ion of the Survey Branch of the Quarter in aster General's 
Department at Madras in 1810 [ II, 321-2 ], it was definitely laid down that 

His Excellency the Commander -in-Chief is pleased to make l.he following alterations in the 
dress of the Army of this establishment. ... The officers attached to the Survey Branch of 
the Q.M.G.'s Department, as well as the assistants of that. 1 It-part merit, are to wear the plain 
uniform of an a.q.m.g., with plain buttons, and one epaulette on the left shoulder 2 . 

It would entail long research to determine the uniform worn in those days by 
officers of the staff and of the various corps and regiments in the three presidencies, 
and a comparison between the various portraits reproduced in these Records seems 
to indicate that considerable liberty was allowed 3 . Officers of Bengal Infantry 
battalions wore scarlet, with facings of buff, white, or yellow. Artillery wore blue 
with red facings, whilst. Engineers' wore scarlet with black velvet facings till 1S06 
when the coat was changed i.obltte'. Stall' Officers, probably including the Surveyor 

a MGO. 14-n-J785 disifi-mrasr- 



Uniform 



:u;> 



General, his assistants and deputies, wore scarlet coat with blue collar and cuffs, but 
an officer might well, wear his regimentals whilst holding a staff appointment 1 . 

Blacker was too much of a, soldier to overlook the importance of uniform, and 
obtained authority for a pattern, not only for the Surveyor General, but also for 
his Deputies. He informs Sutherland that 

the Governor General has determined on a uniform for the Surveyor General of India ; and 
that, in consequence of a reference from ;..lie Deputy Surveyor General at. Madras, the same 
has been assigned to him with the usual distinctions for a Deputy . 

You may possibly think a point of dress of not much importance, and I have accordingly 
adopted a private form of address, in case you were averse from changing whatever uniform 
you may wear at present. But if you prefer die established dress of this department, and 
will send round a coat which fits you, ... the proper uniform shall be made up here according 
to it, and transmitted to you with the official authority for wearing die same 2 . 

Hodgson was less interested, and writes to Monlgomerie ; 

I do not know what you can cio about the bine coats ; certainly i hey are very ugly. It 
is bad policy making any elass of oftioors wear that, or any other colour but red, which the 
people respect, and we should shew as much, as possiblo. Hare no uniform has ever boon 
ordered for the surveyors, and 1 believe they wear their regimental coats. 

I remember that Colonel I'S lacker, who was curious in matters regarding his own dress, 
invented a coat, different from what Colonel Mackenzie used, and got it approved by 
the Governor General in Council, not the Commander-in-Chief. Colonel Blacker... sent to" 
Mountford the pattern of this embroidery, and as tho Deputies wear it. ..jour Adjutant General 
might... give the surveyors back their red ooats, and you could trim them as you please. 

It is not, however, an affair in which .1. can interfere, hot certainly the rod coat commands 
far more respect than blue or green ; at least audi is the case in Hmdostan, and it is not well 
to add to the prejudices entertained by the more ignorant natives against surveyors, whom 
many of them think are condemned to measure roads as a punishment for misdeeds [ 149, 331 ] 3 . 

This certainly implies that surveyors usually wore their scarlet whilst out on field 
work ! See also tho front cover of Manual of Surveying for India, 2nd edition, 
reproduced below. 




CHAPTER XXIV 



PAY & ALLOWANCES 

Bengal — Madras — Bombay — Great Tr-k/O/ivvulHcal .Survey — FieldbooJcs & 
Journals. 

fllRE allowances fixed for Bengal surveyors in 1785 were Rs. 618 p.m. for nine 
I months of the year and Rs. 250 p.m. for three- months d tiring the rains [11,326]. 

River Surve3'ors were allowed an extra 240 for the hire of boats. Assistants 
drew Rs. 100 p.m., with Rs. 195 extra if employed on rivers [I, 277]. These 
allowances covered all expenses for instruments, stationery, transport and followers, 
but were over and above regimental pay, battu, gratuity, and tent allowance of 
military rank. With special sanction officers were allowed to draw instruments 
or stationery from Government store*, or to charge contingent expenses. 

The following tabic shows the basic rates of regimental pay and allowances for 
Bengal officers in the field 1 . In cantonments iial.F--itf.Ho. only was drawn, and 
allowances for Engineers were halved. House-rent and horse -allowance were extra, 
when applicable. 

Allowances Batia Gratuity Total 



Li. Col. ..'Hi 
I. in;- uu:i»r. 



I! Hires :!40 



The Surveyor General of India drew an allowance of sonant Rs. 1,500 p.m., 
and full batta wherever he might be [ II, 325 }". 

The regulation survey allowance did not provide for the heavy expense of 
travelling in the Himalaya districts, and Hodgson was quick to ask for relief; 

The survey I am about to under ;.;v;e will differ widely from tlinse...cy-.T;ed on in level 
countries, and.. -much tune and labour will bo required in eiectm.; signals... to be visible at great 
diBtances. ... Many [lOOjile musi. bo employed... to loll the tress, suid... to erect thorn ; also cordage 
to stay them, a.nd large flags. ... To defray the expeiiecs of the above, as well as the carriage 
of the ponderous suvveymg instruments,, .in the mountains, where every article must bo carried 
by men, as well as the. ..charges fV-r measuring the base, and othor ex]icnees to which a Surveyor 
in the plains is not liable, I respectfully eal.roaf...llial, I may.. .charge such extra expences to 
the public account ; ... also.. .to indent on (he nearest ma-raxine for such cordage, bunting, tools, 
and other articles.. .as can lio had 8 . 

Sanction was granted provided the contingent bills were countersigned in the 
Surveyor General's office. To meet a, similar petition from Webb, Government 
authorized a special allowance- of Rs. 200 p.m.. from 1st November 1815, that was 
later extended to Hodgson and Herbert. Webb estimated his transport expenses 
at Rs. 300 a month, with coolies @ Rs. 4 each, as against Rs. 84 in the plains*, 
. SO Coolies Instruments . . 12 Coolies 



Hodgson's assistants, Edward Garstin and Patom expected a staff allowance of 
Rs. 350 a month, but the Auditor General reduced it to the normal Rs. 100. On 
appeal they were allowed to draw the higher rate up to the date on which they 
received the auditor's ruling. As they found it utterly impossible to work in the 

o B-, 10-3-15 ( 1 ). B BMC. 9-2-18 ( 35 ). *DDn. 191 ( 243 ), 13-7-21 ; HI 



Bengal 



347 



hills on subalterns' pay and this reduced allowance, they both resigned. Herbert, 
who followed, was able to manage as he drew the extra hill allowance of Rs. 200. 

Gerard, when working for the Board of Commissioners in Saharanpur and the 
Dun [ 22-3 ], drew salary of Es. 350 p.m. with special addition of Rs. 150. His 
assistant, Blanclford, was allowed Es. 200 p.m., as also was Webb's assistant, Tate. 
The geologist Laidlaw was allowed Es. 600, as drawn by Everest and Voysey 
[266], and permitted to "draw from the Hon'ble Company's Apothecary... such 
medicines, instruments, tests, and other materials... as the Medical Board may 
consider necessary" [267] 1 . 

Both Hodgson and Herbert had the greatest d.i riicu.lt- v in get Ung their allowances 
and contingent expenses passed by the Auditor General, the most frequent objections 
being the lack of fieldbooks countersigned by the Surveyor General, and their 
claim to draw full rate.* dining months that were officially too wet for outdoor work 
(217-9]. Hodgson was particularly hurt that for the period November 1817 to- 
Jamiarv 1818, when he took leave and surveyed the route from Delhi to Jaipur 
with the Army of Reserve [ 34 ], it was ruled that, he was entitled to nothing more 
than the Es. 100 p.m. allowed to a regimental officer for keeping a route. 

My bills for survey allowances ior... November, December, January, and February also, 
have been returned unaudited, I imagine the reason for refusing payment of the three first 
months is that I was with the Reserve, but I., .beg to be informed. ..why the bill for February 
is not pasted, as .1 was actually engaged in o;.>ora'.,ions...beiouging to tlvj mountain survey. 

The sura of '2,M'Z rupt sn has been now deducted from my allowance.-;, and the Auditor 
General has retrenched the allowances of Lieut. Herbert in such a maimer that the Paymaster 
only allows him 150 rupees a month. Besides the ordinary ex ponce.-; of an officer, his actual 
disbursement on account of extra carriage amount 10 -'»' rupees monthly for lull eoolios alone. 
... Thus t.hore is nothing h.-lY- but' my regimental pay of 4-i:.i ruooo-i. and the IS!) rupees left to 
Lieut. Herbert, to pay. ..the public account, and to support ourselves. 

I have been obliged to borrow uash that the survey may not stop, but I fear cannot do 
so much longer, as money is not p roeuraeie in these uinuutLuos. Kor wan!, of means, 1 fear my 
researches will be :;reat.ly crippled. ..and that a foreigner may be able to penetrate where the 
officers of Government cannot, as without money f cannot boar the expenees, both public and 
private, of both myself and my assistant. The Auditor General's reason for retrenching Lieut, 
Herbert's allowances is new, ... that his bills were not signed by me. ... I never heard.. .that 
the bill of an assistant... should be signed by the Surveyor 2 -. 

As the allowances of a surveyor are not cor tain, nor iiis situation permanent, and. ..several 
embarrassing circumstances arise, causing great delay ere lie can receive his salary, which 
he forfeits if sick [ 349], or is unable to make a certain daily progress winch is ordered by the 
regulations to bo 5 cosses per day [ II, 201 ; III, 197, 201 ], ... tho surveyor in the mountains, 
far distant from tho Presidency, finds himself... liable 1.0 forfeit ins allowances. ... 

By the regulations ail surveys are 1.0 be discontinue-;! during the rainy s 
is in that season alone, when the sinew is 10 a certain degree melted, that w 
those deep reeesses of the Himmalya where the rivers £ 
would tempt the surveyor to keep the field at a season- 
fatigue, and danger 3 . 

Respecting my survey bills when with the Reserve. The Depiny Military Auditor General 
stated. ..that I am. ..entitled to the allowances of 100 Rs. a month, being those of an officer 
deputed to keep the minutes of a route. ... If entitled to allowances, I conceive it is to those 
I have always received as a surveyor, viz., H18 rupees a month. ... 

There is a gi-ef.l d iM'ej-erieo hoi woeo what is ret] oi red i'r-orri an officer... deputed by his com- 
manding officer to keep the minutes of the route. ..and from an established surveyor with the 
very best instruments. ... Without routes we cannot move; ...when such are corrected by 
astronomical observations they become mosi, valuable and imoortaut. The more keeper of.. .a 
route cannot make such corrections ; ... his allowances of 100 rupees a month would barely in. 
three years arnoinit to a sum suffieiont to purchase merely the chronometers I used 4 . 

Hodgson's difficulties were, very real, for he bad to meet all the expenses of the 
survey. Herbert, moreover, who was now doing must of the actual work owing 
to Hodgson's ill-health, writes that the retrenchment had reduced him 
to great difficulties. Since tho latter end of March fast, I have been,. .expending on an average 



1 bast explore 
Nothing but. ..necessity... 
e than ordinary exposure,. 



'PI>n. 64(07), 35-10-17. "DDn. 152(45 }, 22-5-18. Mb. (51), May,! 



»ib. (58), i 



II I 



T 



348 



Pay & Allowances 



200 Rs. a. month, or indeed more. ... I have not received from the Paymaster any part of thia 
very considerable sum. Besides this, my personal allowance has boon refused payment since 

Uecember lint inclusive, amount in;; I.e. 1,0(1(1 R«_ for ten months, ... a total sum of Ra. 2,i2r,. 
Of this, Rs. 560 is absolute loss, "being the amount of the emoluments of my Company which 
1 relinquished whon I left my corp;; to Join this survoy. 

' DiiEculties have increased s:> fast upon me that I should long ago have been forced to... 
resign, ... had not my friends... furnished me with funds to meet the current expences. ... lam 
indebted so largely now to individuals, in consequence of the long stoppage of my allowances, 
that I am really under the greatest difficulties Eta to how or whore I am to obtain funds'. 

In a later letter he urges his claims to succeed Hodgson in charge of the survey, 
and draws attention to the very small salary- 
granted to assistant surveyors, being only an addition of 50 Ks. to what an officer would enjoy 
with his corps. ... This sum would never... induce an officer to embrace a line which is.. .ruinous 
to the health. ... Suoh an allowance is not an adequate remuneration for the exercise of that 
skill and knowledge which a surveyor. ..may be supposed to possess ; or even for the... constantly 
moving about, besides the discomforts and expeiiee attending a life continually passed in the 
field, and without any fixed habitation. ... 

I was actuated by a su-on^ bias toward,-* geodet-ical pursuits, as well as a natural desire to 
have my name connected with Captain Hodgson's in.. .his very in teres; ting task — the measure- 
ment of the height of the fndian Andes. These motives. ..would have. ..retained mo in this ill. 
paid situation, had he continued in the direction of the survey, but his appointment to another 
situation gives me, .shall I. say, a claim to look forward to some remuneration 2 . 

Some relief was afforded by the issue of special orders for the speedy payment 
of surveyors in the hills. This did not, of course, cover the case of Hodgson's 
allowances for the time he was absent with the Reserve Army, and these were not 
passed till the maps and fieldbooks were properly countersigned by the Surveyor 
General [ 1, 197 ; II, 217 ]. He could not, however, draw the special lull allowance of 
Rs. 200 for that period 3 . Even as late as December 1820 his full claims had not 
been settled because he had not complied in full with "established rules" 4 . 

Difficulties arose over the allowances for Assistants in the Quartermaster General's 
Department, who were to draw their special departmental rate as a.q.m.g. even 
when serving under the Surveyor General [334-5 ]. Hugh Morrieson, working from 
boats in the Sundarbans, was no longer entitled to extra allowance as River Surveyor 
[ 346 ] "because of the permanence of the salary in the Quarter Master General's 
Department ", which made no provision for the hire of boats, Rs. 240 for each boat 
per month. He was eventually paid on submitting contingent bills countersigned by 
the Surveyor General 5 . 

Because the permanent allowance of Rs. 400 p.m., made no provision for the 
supply of instruments, Franklin submitted a colossal indent which the Surveyor 
General could not possibly meet, and it was then ruled that these surveyors should 
"draw the established allowance of til 3 rupees per mensem, to enable them to supply 
their own instruments" [ 211 ] e . . . 

For Jackson's road survey to Nagpur [ 27-8 ] Government agreed that an 
a.q.m.g.'s allowance could not eover all expenses, and authorised the payment of 
Rs. 2,150 as compensation for the loss of three elephants which had "been employed 
for the conveyance of the sick through the wild and unhealthy tract " 7 . 

Under a ruling of 1811 it was laid down that survey allowances might only be 
drawn for periods of actual survey duty [ II, 327 ]. In 182:.! Hodgson, remembering 
.his own ease of 1818 [ 347 ], asked thai, surveyors should not only be, allowed reduced 
.allowances during temporary absence on medical certificate, but even full allowances 
if "able, in hopes oi speedy recovery, to remain sufficiently near to afford a general 
superintendence from the nearest station" 5 . Government did not accept the latter 
suggestion, but agreed that in the case of "sickness duly certified by a medical 
officer" a surveyor might draw Rs. 250 a month when "temporarily.. .proceeding 

'DDn.'152(ll),4-10-lS. * ih. ( 100-4 ), 11-7-1 9. a DDn. 144(59], 12-2-19. »DDn 145(5771 
6-7-21. a DI)». 198 ( 171-3), 22-1-23. ' , l ^ '' 



Bengal 



349 



to distant stations, on the river or otherwise " 1 . This concession was later extended 
to sea voyages on Hodgson representing that there were no officers 

whose duties are so fatiguing and so detrimental to health as those employed in land surveys, 
and the diseased incurred by constant exposure to the sun must -morally bo of a nature 
which voyages to sea, or to the Cape, are most likoly to alleviate. ... No officer would wish to 
Leave his duty to proceed to the Cape on reduced allowances, and at a very heavy charge for 
passage money, unless compelled by the strongest necessity 2 . 

Special permission was obtained for Wilcox to draw full allowances at Sadiya 
during the rains, after his strenuous tours across the hills in 1826 and 1827, 
on the plea of.. .having been assiduously employed, not in the... comparatively light labour of 
finishing plans, ...but in eliciting information for.. .those countries which we cannot expect 
„.t0 visit. ... My few leisure hours were occupied in acquiring a knowledge of the Assamese 
language to fit me better for my duties of this season 3 . 

By a further concession he drew full allowance whilst at Calcutta during the 
BUDS of 1828 that he might work more efficiently than in an Assam boat; 

He was directed.. .on his way down to make certain surveys of part. ..of the Burmahpootra.. 
He arrived in Calcutta on the 12th June last, sinee which time he has been assiduously... 
employed in my office in constructing a valuable map of the course of the Burmahpootra from 
Goalparra upwards as far as be could penetrate, and of the country and rivers of Assam - 
generally, and of the contiguous mountains [ 64 ]. ... 

The surveyor...is of course at much sreator expense ilf > Co.lcutt.u-, whore ho is obliged to hire 
a house and also to keep up his pinnace and boat establishment, that he may he ready to 
return to his duty on tho rivor whon ordered ; for., -in Assam the surveyors live in their boats, 
which are their own property. ... I trust that Lieutenant Wileox will be considered fully entitled 
to his iiolii'-y and boat allowance during the present season 4 . 

Special authority had to he obtained before Burlton could draw any survey- 
allowance in Upper Assam [ 60 ], the Surveyor General writing that 
on the 8th September last Lieutenant Burlton was selected by the Commanding Officer in 
Assam to accompany Lieut. Wilcox on a survey. ... I do not know of any case similar to the 
present. Officers have indeed... been allowed to accompany surveyors ra journeys of difficulty 
and interest, but for their amusement only. In this manner Captain Rttper accompanied 
Lieutenant Webb on a survey in the Himalya mountains [ 13, 74 ]» but I am not aware of any 
allowances having been required in such instances. ... Remuneration ought be granted for the 
time he was actually employed. ..and put to extra expenses. ... Tho'not appointed an assistant 
surveyor, the duties... must... be of a nature not very dissimilar 5 . 

Burlton was granted allowances of an assistant surveyor with boats, and continued, 
to draw Rs. 300 a month till his tragic death [ 64 ]. 

The appointment of surveyor on special terms often raised awkward problems, 
for the accounts department, and the Surveyor General was questioned by 
the Civil Auditor respecting Mr. Bedin^'field's allowances. Tn the very general terms in which 
he was appointed, ... no mention was made of his allowances, and they must now be ordered, 
as auditors do not go but on precise orders and sure grounds. ... I hope Mr. B. will be placed 
under Mr. Scofct'a immediate orders, and payment, as he is best able to direct him [ 64 ]. ... 
You must remember in making your bills that the Auditor pusses lint does not pay them. 
. If you wish them paid here you should add res - 1. hem to this Sub -Treasurer. When any estab- 
lishments are charged for, the authority ought, nlways to be quoted, and date for the order. ... 
It is very well for powerful.. .Secretaries to get sweeping ordors passed, but when you go to 
Paymasters and Auditors, an authority is required for every rupee 6 . 

In spite of allowances which looked so liberal on paper, a surveyor's career was 
hardly a business proposition ; they had to provide 

their own establishments and instruments, and these are very costly, ... and several of the* 
most ambitious have in their private possession soma of the most valuable instruments which 
can be made in England. If the surveyor is sick or otherwise interrupted in his work, he loses 
his allowances during the time it is discontinued [ 347, 356 ], and altogether he cannot be deemed 
to bo over-rewarded for a life of solitude and almost unassisted toil' [ II, 327-9 ]■ 

The salary fixed for the Revenue Surveyor General in 1823 was Rs. 1,200 a 
month, withRs. 350 for office rent [306]. The revenue surveyors drew the standard 



1 ji-slO. 311-5-23 ; DD11. 197 (62 ). 
I 35 ) 12-1-27 ; 219 ( 235 ) 1- & 24-3-27. 
*SG to Wilcox, DDn. 220 (231], 28-9-2: 



a BTC. 10-7-23 (30). ! PI)ji. 2o4 ! 302 3 ), 14-12-2(5; 210 
' DDn. 231 ( 175-8 ), 20-9-28. ' DDn. 204 ( 304 |, 6-2-27. 
'from Hodraon, SG., 0-3-22; DDn. 103 ( 31 ). 



i 






350 Pat & Allowances 

salary of Rs. 618 for nine months of the year whilst their officer assistants were 
allowed Rs. 250, as "the allowance to an Assistant Surveyor employed in geographi- 
cal survey is. ..too small for the arduous duties to be performed" 1 . 



Madras 

The salary for surveyors in Madras had been fixed in 1801 at 100 pagodas a 
month [ II, 230 ], which included i.fi.e second half of batta, and pay of lascars. The 
allowances recommended by Mackenzie in 1816 were more generous in that they 
allowed the i-batta and pay of lascars to he extra ; 

In consideration of Lleute riant Ward's em ploy muni. ns Assistant in this office since 1810, 
in addition to his experience in tlio surveys of Onnura ;i!id in. the Coded Districts, ... he should 
be allowed. ..the full allowances of a Surveyor, ...viz., 100 pagodas par month salary, with 
on© Tindel and 6 Lascars, and the additbni.il half batta of his rank. ... When a Surveyor does 
ilia duty in this laborious service, this is no more than an equitable compensation. ... 

Lieutenant Garling's salary was fixed on the 3th February 1813, inclusive of all expenses 
-sxeopting lascars, at 150 pagodas per month [ IT, 332 ]. ... I. ..recommend thata tindel be added 
...extra to tho lason'S &llou;o:i...l>y refill at ion 3 . 

Two extra lascars allowed to Gariing were "on account of a superior instrument 
which he used" [ II, 158 ]. Ward was allowed the extra tindal. 

Survey allowance for Engineer officers still remained at Zl\ pa., the old rate 
based on ten shillings a day [ I, 279 ; II, 330 n.3 ], and this was all that Davies drew 
when on survey in the Decean in 1817 [ II, 393 ] s . 

Allowances were not cut during the rains, and Mackenzie writes from Bengal; 

All survoyors' allowances are strictly laid aside here during the rains, & only 250 Rs. 
allowed p.m. ; the... allowances are better than ours ( exec-pi Mr. Garling's }, but the instru- 
ments are defrayed by the survoyors, A- when they got any from the public stores, they muBt 
be paid for* [II, 221-3]. 

In 1821 Ward drew — in addition to regimental pay [I, 279; II, 330] — -personal 
salary Rs. 350 — difference of full and haU-batta 67-13-0 — surveying lascars 70-6-3 
— total Rs. 488-3-3 p.m. From 1818 he drewa further temporary allowance 

for his extra employment in Travancore in fcho investigation of the limits of Tinnevelly and 
of the Cardomom Mountains... — 175 rupees per mensem — ...for the surveying season only and 
when actually employed on Bold duty, ...eight months in tho year*. 

When Conner was posted to the Hyderabad survey he was only allowed the 
standard 100 ps., or Rs. 350, which he had drawn in Coorg and Travancore, and 
not the higher rate sanctioned for Gariing 6 . The standard rate covered all 
items provided for under the old regulations, viz., "office rent, horse allowance 
interpreter's allowance, etc. ", and llountford refused to forward Young's application 
for rent of an office as he thought it the duty of the officer in charge 

to provide a suitable commodious and safe house for 1 he deposit of the public property, ... and 
■ on no account to permit the maps, etc., to bo kept during the monsoon in a tent, where thoy 
are so liable to be injured or destroyed'. 

Young was allowed the higher rate after protesting that 
the duties expected of me are not less arduous than those of my predecessor; and the 
■number of assistants lh;ing groaLei- now than formerly, the sphere of those duties is consequently 
.enlarged in proportion. ... It. ia well known to you how materially d [ t'fbroii t tlio situation is 
to me to what it. was to Captain Gariing ; the liberal aid afforded to that officer by the Nizam's 
■Government in the prosecution of tho survey has been withhold from me [ 417-9 ]. ... 

The duties of a surveyor in these territories, if not more arduous, at least require more 

vigilance, and arc ation-ded with yro.-.t ■-.>-.' expenses 1 km similar duties are in our own districts 8 . 

Snell's salary in tho Cimlrs remained at Rs. 350, and his application for an 

increase was met by Motmtford's unisyTri pathetic comment that 

higher salary is merited by work requiring higher qualifications, or.. .greater expenditure on 

'DDn. 204(307), 2-3-27. ' MPC. 437/1816, 10-5-16. > DDn. 151 ( 13 ), 3-3-17 <DDn 156 

■■■( 293), 18-8-17. 'fromMtur.tiWfi; DIhi. liW { 74-G j, 21-2-21. >I)1)». [ M ( 70 i. '.10-1-22 'rjrjri 

J92(276) 25-10-21. ' DDn. 194 ( 72), 18-4-22 ;( 131 ), 16-8-22. 



Madras 



:tr>i 



the part of the individual. Under the latter view I don't corripriKi: any nxpori-Kss to be incurred 
for "raising mounds and nutting down timber to get a distinct view". ... If the work is very 
trying, the lascars...niay perform it ; if heavy, it should be provided for by bills on honour, 
and, in that case, a previous viow... should be suhmittoii to Government for tb;:ir sanction 1 . 

Snellrnade another effort, again pressing the absence of Lamb ton's tri angulation 
through the Circars, which entailed extra work for building high mounds and 
clearing hill-tops [339]. Although this was supported by Montgomerie, Government 
refused to eonsider it, but permitted both Ward and Snell to "submit statements 
of the actual charges incurred., .for work beyond what their authorized establish- 
ments of lascars were adequate bo perform" 8 . This rule was also applied to the 
Hyderabad Survey when Morland took charge in 1829 3 . 

The staff salary allowed t<i Rid dell as assistant in charge of the office at Madras 
was 70 ps., being that of officers of the first class of tho Survey Branch of the Q.M.G.'s 
department. For Mountford this was increased to 100 pa., or Kb. 350, as for Geld 
surveyors. On the upgrading of the post to Deputy Surveyor General, the salary 
was increased to Rs. 500 [ 320 ]. 

The survey allowance of a military officer holding the appointment of assistant 
surveyor was Rs. 122-8, the same as for a civilian assistant promoted from sub- 
assistant, but extra to regimental pay and allowances. From December 1829 the 
military assistants had their salaries raised to Rs. 180 a month as soon as they wore 
reported fit for survey duty* ; 

The object, for which young officers were nwiinmendisd as Assistants t.-o officers in charge 
of provincial surveys having been more with a view of their acquiring a perfect knowledge 
of the duties of surveyors than the (nrpiifitaiion thut ruuoh benefit could be derived from their 
services for some time after their appointment, the small monthly salary of 12.2J rupees... 
could only have been intended to cover the extra expense to which they are liable. ..in the 
field, and could not be ...a sufficient remuneration for officers capable of performing the very 
arduous,.. duty of surveyors 5 . 



Bombay 

The salaries of surveyors in Bombay were fixed quite independently of those 
of the other two presidencies. 

The personal salary drawn by Williams as Surveyor General before the abolition 
of that post had been Rs. 702 p.m., in addition to Rs. 600 as Revenue Surveyor, 
or "member of the Committee of Revenue Survey", and Rs. 250 establishment 
allowance, amounting in all to Rs. 1,498 p.m. [11,325 ]. In his protest against 
being superceded by Hodgson as Surveyor General of India in 1821 [322], he 
pressed for the recoupment of all his private expenditure on the preparation of 
geographical maps since 1815. The Bombay Government granted him a monthly 
establishment allowance of Rs. 80 for the whole period, and asked the Directors to 
authorize a further allowance of Rs. 700 a month, equivalent to his former salary 
as Surveyor General. This the Directors cut to Rs. 200 [ 322 ]. 

On his appointment to charge of survey of the '-'Northern range of Ghauts" 
in April 1816 [ 122 ] e , Sutherland was granted a salary of Rs. 500 p.m., that was 
continued when he was given charge of the regular survey of the Deccan, "which" 
writes Elphinstone, "does not appear adequate to so extensive a charge" 7 . This 
same salary was continued on his appointment, first as Assistant, and then as 
Deputy, Surveyor General [ 323 ]. He was disgusted at not being given any increase 
of salary to meet increased responsibilities, but his appeal to the Directors after 
his return to England, was sternly rejected 8 . 

Rates of pay for assistant surveyors varied considerably. The standard rate 
for a junior assistant was Rs. 4 a day, but Engineers drew Rs. 262 a month. On 

'DDn 220(15-7] 28-1-24. ! MMC. 21-10-28 ; DDn. 222(341). 3 DDn. 237 (173), 24-7-28 ; 
2S()( ISSi 2- -10-20 J DDn. 237 ( 12-3 ), 1 12-29. s fmm DSG. ; UDii. lii* ( ii-H i, >i-H.i-29. 'Bo Pol C. 
11-4-16 'BBsdt. Poramto Bo, Govt, 6-12-18 1 DDn. 144 ( 111 ). 9 CD Mine. 60/1133 18-5-27. 



352 



Pay & Allowances 



the Deccan survey no previous agreement had been made as to the pay of the 

surveyors lent from Madras, which led to considerable inequality 

in the allowance of the Assistants in. Major Sutherland's survey, from the officers belonging 
to different esUiblishmenU, and L.i d i i'leiv : 1 t- b[-(uiohe.s of the Army. ... I am not certain what 
the Madras allowance... is, but I behove it is about 75 fn-irioclas, or 2Q2 Rupees 1 . 

No settlement had heen reached a, year later and Sutherland pointed out that 
Captain Challen.-.has performed the most useful duties on the allowance usually granted to 
officers employed in taking routes, viz., 120 rupees per mensem ; the other officers have no 
staff salaries. The case of Captain Boles and Lieutenants Ferry and Montgomery is 
peculiarly hard. ... They have not only been without any allowances whatever, but have absolutely 
incurred considerable espouse out of their private funds. ... As these gentlemen belong to 
the Madras Presidency, noey might be paid. ..according to the regulations of that establish mont-. 
It was decided eventually that all assistants, on the Deccan .Survey should draw the 
rates allowed on the Gujarat revenue survey ; 1st Assistant, lis. 300 ; 2nd Assistants, 
Rs. 250 ; and 3rd Assistants, Es. 120 p.m. 

Engineer officers when appointed 

to the- charge of fortresses, of employed in tho SufmriiLkmrhsneo of Public Works, on Surveys, 
are entitled to drew the extra personal allowance of their respective ranks, viz.-— 700 Rs. per 
month to a Field Officer -420 Rs.. .Captain -2fi2 Rs.... Subaltern — and then only during the 
time of their actual employment 3 . 

On his survey of Kathi.awar [ 127-8 ], Slight drew staff pay Rs. 50ft p.m., 
the same as drawn by Jopp in the Deccan. Jervis, also an Engineer, asked for his 
allowances to be increased to the same as Slight's ; 

Lieut. Slight Lieut. Jervis 

Staff Bay . . . . coo 0-0 . . 300-0-0 



Fuilbntta 

'rentage 

Gratuity 



Sllf! Tut'd 



120-0-0 
66-3-0 

21-0 
62-0-0 

200 -0-1) 

l.i.iiiL':.] ...1 



I2(Mi-0 
66-3-0 
24-0-0 
62-0-0 

412-0-0 



Jervis was told to wait ; 

The extensive Depart meat of which Captain Jopp is at the head [Deccan survey] constitutes 
a much stronger claim to high allowances t.hau...any single survey. The allowances of Lieut. 
Slight were fixed at a high rate in. consequence of the expected short duration of his employment. 
As a general rule, howei or, the salaries <;l\sueh appoint rnem.s must... be regulated by the duties, 
and not by the... abilities, still less by the standing, of the officers employed in them. ... 
The Governor in Council thinks it necessary to record his dissent from the principles 
advanced by Lieut. Jervis. He is sensible of his ^ea.l and ability and... statistical enquiries... 
will. ..decide on. ..some sopaialo remuneration tor that duty when it is completed 4 . 



Gkeat Teigonometeical Survey 

Lambton's survey salary at the time of his transfer to the Supreme Government 
was 400 pagodas, equal to 1,400 Madras, or 1,300 sicca rupees [11,335 ; HI, 324]. 
Everest and Voysey were both appointed with salaries @ Rs. 600 p.m. 

On his journey from Chunar to Hyderabad [271 ], Everest of his own accord 
made a survey of his route, 750 miles 5 , and rinding that he had no time to 
protract it, asked that he should be allowed "an adequate salary" for the period 
of the journey, to cover the pay of draughtsmen who should map it under his 
supervision. His application was referred to Mackenzie, who commented : 

It is a fixed principle with me that labour and meritorious exertions ought to be well paid. 
Work well and pay well [ t-pnge J. The rules of the service have provided for this to an extent 
that has been generally admitted, encouraging to officors of the rank of Subalterns and Cap- 
tains. In extraordinary eases Government have always exercised I heir undoubted privilege 
to discriminate. ..and to consider particular cases with liberality. ... 



1 from Elpliiiisl.one, I! 1-3-19 ; DDn. 144 ( 1_. ,. 
C. (camp), 59ylS22; note by MAC-., 2S-10-2:!. »ib. 137/1824 ( ] 



3 D"Dn. 145 ( 171-4 ), 4-2-20. 



Great Trigonometrical Survey 353 

When officers or other individuals have not boon specially appointed to any survey, and 
not provided with anv fixed stipend, it has been the practice that. ..the result'-! «f their observa- 
tions have been presented to Government, who. ..have awarded sontetime.i tho full Surveyors' 
allowances... for a reasonable, period; in other instances ;-i round sum as a o>nspensation, ... 
I have experienced myself fho liberal consideration of Government repeatedly, and know that 
others have been allowed time to completo their work, and have received. ..compensation. ... 

In Captain Everest's ease, ...he is alio wed... salary as assistant to the Trigonometrical 
Survey, which I consider him entitled to from, the day he ioll, flie Telegraph duty to join Colonel 
Lam bum. ... This is. however, contrary to the- custom that- prevails here, but not at Madras, 
that the surveyor draws not the allowance til! ho commences the survey. ... No precedent 
whatever exists of a salary and surveyors' allowances being both drawn by one person. 

On Captain Everest's relinquishing the 'Telegraph duty by order, and leaving Chunar, 
he applied to me for instructions to survey, hut I did not consider myself warranted to issue 
any instructions to Captain Lumbton's assistant, both from an idea that the principal routes 
to Hyderabad by which he -would travel had been already surveyed, ... and my.. .instructions 
might have interfered with the material object, of his early joining bis Principal. ... 

It appears that Cu.pr.aiii Kverest has. availed himself of this occasion to survey the route, to 
take observations and to ascertain heights etc., hut unfortunately he hits not protracted hiu 
work. ... I am aware that. ..it is difficult to psotractS the work from day to day, and I have, 
myself usually allowed the 3rd or 4th day for this [ 201 ] ; the field books also should he wrote 
in such a way that they may be prutracton afterwards, if sickness or accident, as is too often 
the case, should prevent the surveyor doing it early. 

Captain Everest proposes,. ;at the utmost to calculate the latitudes, and give a general 
superintendence to the construction by some other. ... Tho' I think a draughtsman might 
be useful... .in writing names, I have never known the protraction of the field work left by the 
Surveyor to other hands...— it certainly requires some knowledge "f the details.. .to lay down 
the work of another by protraction — 1 have never known an instance of it, ... Colonel Lambton' 3 
opinion should be referred to, "both of the benefit of the work, and for tho aid which his 
establishment, might give 1 . 

Everest had no opportunity to protract this survey, nor any special reward ; 
on the other hand he drew full pay as Assistant, in the Great Trigonometrical 
Survey from the day he left. Chi mar, J. 6th October, to the day he reached" Hyderabad, 
26th December. He tidied up his fioldbooks and put them away till his return to 
India in 1830, when ho passed them to the head draughtsman for protraction. 
It was not until 1840 that he submitted the resulting map to Government 2 . 

There were special rules regarding private hou.se rent, and special sanction had 
to bo obtained for drawing of office rent. During his visit, to Calcutta in 1825 
to close the affairs of the survey before proceeding on leave, Everest tried, without 
success, to obtain rent for a house in which to put the records 

of my department in as iuteihiu ble shape as I could; ...without resorting to it I could not 
have superintended what was sioiug forward on the pun- of my subordinates. The house which 
I have hired costs me 225 Rs. per month. ... I have never yet drawn any allowance, or made 
any charge for house rent, but have always dedicated the greater part of my own bungalow, or 
one of my best tents, to the purposed of an office, theroby renouncing all pretensions to 
individual comfort [ 256 ] 3 . 
Whilst Government rejected, this claim, they allowed house rent to Oliiver ; 

His Lordship in Council considers the claim advanced by Captain Kverest for house or 
office rent altogether inad missal.) "to. With respect to the application submitted by Mr. Oliiver 
for a house rent, ... with reference to tho expenses of a residence in Calcutta, and the great 
difficulty of procuring any suitable accommodation on terms more moderate. His Lordship in 
Council authorises him to draw h monthly allowance of 70 rupees for a house 4 . 

Field Books & Joubnals 



Under regulations which dated from IT'Jo. every surveyor had to send in a 
monthly progress report to the Surveyor General, together w if h copies of fieldbooks 

« DDc. 402 ( 23-4 ), 17-4-40. ' DDn. 171 ( 403 ), 9-9-25. 



354 



Pay & Allowances 



and journals. Without the Surveyor General's certificate; that satisfactory work 
had been done, the Military Auditor General could not pass any bill for surveyors' 
allowances [I, 197 ; II, 217-20 J 1 . 

Time after time various Surveyor Generals had issued detaded instructions 
regarding the preparation of fieldbooks, and protested against delay in their sub- 
mission, or slovenliness in their preparation 2 [ II, 219-20 ], and Mackenzie was 
horrified on his arrival in Bengal in 1817 to find that, since Crawford's departure, 
these regulations, amongst others, had been but little heeded [ 290 ]. Though the 
surveyors pleaded special circumstances, and gave plausible; excuses, yet he was far 
too conscientious to allow any relaxation of rules. So long as fieldbooks or regular 
journals, or the resulting maps, failed to reach him, he would not certify that any 
useful survey had been accomplished. 

The surveyors pleaded that it was more important to get on with the work 
than to sit down and make copies of fieldbooks — their original books could not be 
sent in because computations and protractions had not been completed — no maps 
could be drawn until the triaug illation had been adjusted to the astronomical 
observations — they were; entitled to full allowances right through the rains because 
that was the only period when field work in the mountains could proceed — it was 
most unfair that the Paymaster should withhold payment and leave the surveyors 
to make vast payments from their rapidly dwindling private resources [347-8]. 

All this was true, but Mackenzie protested firmly when Hodgson handed over to 
Herbert after working nearly three years without sending in a single map ; 

The Surveyor General is expected to call on all surveyors relieved from, that duty for 
the materials of the surveys [ II, 218-9 ]> and in this case no materials, maps, sketches of the 
work, excepting field hooks, having come into the office. ..he deems it expedient, ...both for 
the preservation of the materials of a work that has lasted three years, and to enable him 
to perform his duty.. .of the general direction, ... to solicit his Excellency's instructions whether 
this survey is to be further carried on to its conclusion, and by whom it is to be executed. 
... Considering the distance from hence, the difference of the seasons of the country, and the 
interest that the survey of the countries towards the heads of the Cannes mav excite [ II, 84, 
89; III, 46-8 ], he would.. .suggest... measures being. ..taken on the subject. ... 

From all these surveys, none of those communications... that have been usually furnished 
both in, this Presidency and in. Madras. ..are now sent in to this office. From the survey of 
Benares [ II, 36 ], that of Kumaoon [ 44-8 ], that of Sirmoor [ 29-37 ]• that of Bundelcund 
[ 81-2, 303-4 ], no plans, maps, or sketches. I do not mean to find fault with this, as there may 
good reasons for delaying them ; but. how is it possible for me. ..to offer any propositions on 
these particular surveys with. nit I have tnnterials to go on ? 

...From Captain Hodgson's side. ..even the field books are either delayed. ..or unintelligible 
■ — the only check I have on the surveyors 3 . 

He consulted Thomas Wood [ II, 457 ; III, 300 ] as to the regulation 
which requires surveyors on closing a survey, or on being relieved from 0110 by sickness or removal 
to other duties, to deliver over all the materials... to the Surveyor General, and what is intended in 
this j tbo maps, plana, notes, and journals, I presume. ... 

We have, or am likely to have, two or more removals, ... and as I do not find that this rule 
was practiced of late ( I mean in Colonel Crawford's time ), I am unwilling to take it up 
without I find it was expected. Yet I certainly son the benefit of it, and that:- when a survey 
is to be continued all .its former proceedings ought to be forthcoming. ... I would not like to 
propose anything unusual or harsh, and I am always an advocate for giving ample time to 
surveyors ; on the oilier side it is necessary to secure my own side 4 . 

Mackenzie still refused to give Hodgson the certificates necessary for his allow- 
ances, not accepting lus field hooks alone as sufficient, and Hodgson writes bitterly; 
Having been long severing from ill health incurred in the prosecution of my duties in the 
mountains, I am ignorant whether any, and what, report respecting mv held books from 
February to the 10th August ISIS lias been made. ... Conscious of having always done my 
duty to the utmost of my powers. ..I am not aware of any solid objections that can be made 
to my field books. ... If there arc such. I respectfully entreat that. ..the field books may be 
delivered to me, that 1 may suhmit...svn:. , h explanation as I i kink necessary. ... 

! ETC. 3-7-23 ( 70). >DDu. 164 (SB), 16-10-18. *ib. 



Field Books & Journals 



358 



Tt may perhaps be objected. ._that... the i.Trea.ter part: of tho observations re corded... were 
not mado by m« personally, but by my assistant L Lou tenant Horbort. That audi was the 
case I have explained to the Surveyor General | 303 j. ... What observations I could make 
myself were few and interrupted, bin. those made by V. ion ton ant Herbert fully justified the 
high opinion i. entertained of his ability and, ... being made at the places and in the manner 
I directed, 1 consider myself at."isv..-era.bio for them, and I examined thorn as soon as my sight 
would allow, and inserted them in the Geld book;; which I signed |" 347 ]. ... 

An Assistant Surveyor is riot required to send in field books, as I understood from Colonel 
Crawford, who forbid 111; doing so when .1 was an Assist: mt .Surveyor, informing me that the 
duty of iiu Assist ii- 11 1. ^Surveyor was to assist his Principal a? the latter might direct 1 . 
Government supported Mackenzie ; 

During the months of February and J.f.arcb. 1 81 3, Captain Hodgson remained at Kurnaul 
in consequence of indisposition, and, ...although during the following itiont[)s...he was on 
the mountains on the field of his survey, tie was still prevented by ill health from taking an 
active share in its prosecution, ... The operations comprehended in the Geld books for those 
live montl is were ne; formed by his. assistant- 1 .ieu tenant ilerbert. 

His Excellency in Council would not. ..insist upon a minute account, of the manner in which 
the operations... have been divided between the Surveyor and his Assistant ; but to enable 
the Surveyor General to exercise that controul over surveyors which is. ..one of his principal 
duties, ... all surveyor-"; should furnish him with regular reports... to shew that their services 
have been given to the survey, and that when ll:o Arista rtt is so] 1 urate d from the Chief Surveyor, 
the former's field books, under .his own attestation, should be regularly transuni.tod in addition 
to the field books or other reports of the principal surveyor. ... 

With the exception of the Geld books and the stria !! sketch forwarded by Lieutenant 
Herbert, no... materials... ha vo been received in. the.. .office since the institution of the survey in 
October 1815. ... Hia Excellency... would not be justified in admitting Captain Hodgson's 
claims... until the documents... shall be forthcoming. ... The delay in the adjustment of that 
officer's survey accounts cannot be justly ascribed to any unnecessary procrastination in your 
office, but to Captain Hodgson's irregularity in not furnishing the plans.. .of his survey, 1 






.1 reply satisfactory t 



r references. ... Those requisitions seem to have 



beeiimade bv you with every degree of consideration for C;i|;>taiu Hodgson s peculiar situation. . 

Government is of opinion, 1st., that Assistants... should keep field books, and that they 
should be forthcoming at the requisition of the Surveyor General ; 2ri<lly., that the field books 
should be kept monthly, both by the Surveyor and his Assistant^. ... 

Hodgson protested against the suggestion that lie had not given ample evidence 
of the progress of the survey, even though no map had been submitted ; 

All my field books, ... are deposited in the Surveyor General's oiTioo. They are digested 
and compiled from the rough notes taken in the rain and snow, so as frequently to be hardly 
intelligiblo to any but the writer. When I have had Leisure I have generally, in my own. 
convenience, reduced those notes into a more- distinct shape, and copied them, perhaps with 
more explanations, and sunt them as the field books to the office. 

Not expecting to be called for, theso rough documents... are interspersed... with mis- 
cellaneous matter of tentative calculations, ... and Tables copied from scientific works ort 
astronomy and geodesie. Many of the notes are in small books, almost illegible, ... and from 
having been wet perhaps they would be unintelligible to any person except myself. ... My 
only wish to retain them. ..is to assist mo in.. .completing the ultimate calculations and great 
map with Lioutenant Herbert, if we should be allowed to meet lor that purpose. ... 

I communicate with Lieutenant Ilerbert frequently with regard to the map. ... It went on 
gradually, and was in progress, as will appear from a reJueod copy which was sent down. I 
was ordered by the Surveyor General to send such a- one on a small scale. ... 

Surveyors were, in the mountains, frequently obliged to take the field in the rains, tho' 
contrary to the regulations. ... Much must rest on the discretion of tho surveyor, for those 
employed in the mountains had every inducement to finish their wide extended field of opera- 
tions as soon as possible, consistent with accuracy. I never was ordored to send, in any part 
of the map in detail, or I would have done so, but I wished to present nothing till the whole 
should be finished, as Colonel Crawford advised me, and a variety of reasons convince me is 
the roost eligible plan in an extensive and difficult mountain survey 3 . 

Government held to their previous orders, replying that Hodgson's zeal 
and professional ability has not been called in question. ... The protraction of tho survey 
for.. .forming a proper map of the tract surveyed must bo deemed the principal object of the 

'DDn. 144 ( 157 ), 6-1-19. 'to KG., ib. { 290 ), 27-S-19. ! DDn. 145 ( 53-74 ), 12-12-19. 









356 



Pay & Allowances 



undertaking, aTid...fhls...ha.s not, been commenced. TT any accident had befallen. you. ..this main 
object must have been entirely defeated. ... His Lordship in Council entirely concurs in the 
expediency of yovir... commencing the protraction, ... and the Surveyor General will be imme- 
diately nonsuited upon the proper period for allowing Lie meat at- Herbert to join you. ... 

The Governor General... regrets 1,1 -' lil -- t ' ne cannot sanction 1=1 n; payment of your bills, until 
he shall be assurod of the work. ..being in a satisfactory progress towards completion 1 . 
Hodgson and Herbert accordingly met at Sahiiranimr during the rains of 1820, and 
the completion and submission of the long awaited map brought Hodgson his much 
delayed allowances [ 348 ; pi. 5 ]. 

Mackenzie was equally firm with Webb, who produced lengthy reasons why his 
fieldbooks were not entered up day by day with the date entered against each 
day's work. Mackenzie was adamant, and Webb drew no allowances until two 
years correspondence had produced satisfactory explanations. Webb pleaded that 

surs'eys in the mountain;; r.liouiJ. be eeritmued.. .without, in terra pi- ion I,! uvaig Vuji.it the year, and 

...a certain number of days should be allowed in each month for.. .bringing up the map. ... If 

you... Will for an account of tiacf-. <l.:y'p -proccdu/rri jt must no I. lie eoi :<l lered. that a long s 

of rainy days. ..are liable to be struck out, ... though they should even amom 

month, because such occurrences ato not, under one's control, and it is impossible to d 

the establishment! of curriers, ... or for the Surveyor to strike his tent and maktj holiday among 

friends til) fair weather returns. 

No person would unjfeefca&o Hba in*igues, risks, o.ni exposure, of tho3o alpino jouriiies, 
with the chance of being fined in the amount of his establishment when the weather may 
prove unfavourable. ... It is. ..under such cases. ..that you... .notice a dejioimay of dates in my 
field books, and that there is an unwillingness to furnish a di.dly report. The department 
„.is the only one. ..which deprives its officers of their salary in cases in sickness. ... As the 
object of tho regulation is evidently to chock indolence. ... Ike Surveyor General should be able 
to dispense with the sorvi.ee* of such us ho might find negligent*. 

The regulation upon this subject originated... with Colonel Colebrooke [1, 169-7, 2 7^ ], and 
was drawn up with a reference to ordinary surveys which comprised only perambulator 
measurements and no calculat-kars except, fur latitude, fiio result of w-hieh alone was entered 
in the field book. I officiated for some time as Colonel Co'ebrooke's assistant in the field 
[ II, 31-2, 453 ], and. ..it was his own practice, ami his advice to me, ... to perform as much 
field work in two or three day.-; as would, wh-en fairly divided, occupy throe or four days in the 
field book, and thus give a leisure day for. ..protract ion, ... wkiiioi.it. the appearance of a halt. ... 

In an ordinary survey there is no difficulty in urrangutg the iieki book into "days' work", 
because it is absolutely impossible to discover whether a given measurement was made on 
the 1st or the 5th of the mouth, and. ..perhaps. ..of no great eousoomonoo. But in my survey... 
there are numerous calculations which cannot be examined nn'.ess the ii.cl.aiil date of the obser- 
vations. ..be truly exhibited. ... When the atmosphere- is clear...! do not pause to complete 
calculations, but pursue my work abroad without intermission and, if this continue for throe 
weeks, the computations in n.rroar require, perhaps, ia.teti.se a.ppiiealion for a fortnight. ... 

Having now laid before you, without the tsasi; concealment, the exact difficulties which 
occur, I trust you will... sanction, the omission of days in the route book ( where they are not 
essential]. ... It is my intention to continue to transmit to you a. monthly journal, ...but... 
the dates cannot:., I fear, always correspond 3 . 

Mackenzie did what he could. He sent Webb an assistant [ 48 ] ; 

I have also gel these Mountain Surveyors relieved from sending the monthly field book 
till .their leisure, 00 the simple condition of sending a monthly return of their proceedings. ... 
As it is regulated now, Mr. Webb and his two assistants 1 will be paid monthly by the 
nearest Paymaster. The field books will not be required till he thinks it convenient to make 
them up, but he must be exact, in sending a. monthly report of progress. 

There were, however, still difficulties over reports, and delays in payment of 
allowances, and Government supported Mackenzie in refusing his certificate 
because Captain Webb's field books were dated merely from the 1st of June to the 1st of 
October, and contained no inte.'imudiate dales to di.sti'Jiod^h Ik-; pi ogress.., during the interval. 
... You had recommended Captain Wobb to bring this case before Government himself, 
but.. .Captain Webb has neither followed that course, nor furnished any explanation of his 
having omitted.. .intermediate dates. 



>DDn. 145 ( 77 ), 4-2-20. 

[266-7].. ■ .:-.;:..;;■ 



! DDn. 150 (53], 8-10-13. 



.( S3 ), 31-12-18, »Tate and Laidlaw 



Field Books & Journals 357 

Captain Webb should be ag;iin en I lad upon to furnish an explanation. ... On receipt of 
such explanation, you will again. ..submit... your sentiments as to the expodi.on.oy of passing 
the bills. ..which sirii in the iimantimo to Lie suspended 1 . 

In spite of his strict insistence on tho regulations Mackenzie was by no means 
without sympathy, and writes to Grant in Gorakhpur [ 20-2 ] ; 

I wish all success to your laudable efforts, &. need not recommend your complying with 
all regulations to the letter. There is no intention to annoy surveyors unnecessarily. I am 
aware of all the iiie:>nvenieiLoos.,.ifc so far as I can will support vHi.iit is reasonable. My 
maxim is that "the laborer deserves his biro" [352], but I am also an advocate for regularity & 
for conform ins to the regulations Mutt Government eousaier necessary for reasons that cannot 
be always understood or communicated at a distance 8 . 

and to Buxton in Orissa [ 17-9 ] ; 

All I can do immediately for your relief is to send you one thousand rupeea of my own 
money. Send no bills here, for God's sake ; send them do voiir Agnnts. Our business is to 
certify the receipt of your field hooks & report- as being satisfactory, and the Auditor 
will then be authorized to pass your bills. ... Take care of Mr. Burke [ 17 ] and give him 
some of this on account 3 . 

After becoming Surveyor General himself, Hodgson had the rules eased to 
allow the surveyors two days halt every week 

including Sunday, for tho duly is oxkemdy harassing, and sufficient timers not allowed to bring- 
up the protraction, which is always desirable, and to makes cal dilations. If this reasonable in- 
dulgence be granted, the surveyors, I hope, would by their exertions on the other five days 
render themselves worthy of it 4 [201, 353]. 

He was strict enough now and returned Ferguson's field books for correction 
to the form required. These last notes evince more care and attention than those you 
sent before, and I am more satisfied with them. I haves this day certified your field books 
...to the Military Auditor i. letioral, and > on .'.nay consequently present your bills. ... 

During the rains... pay tins most strict, at I oni/ion to the reduction of the mu.yh notes to tho 
proper and orderly form requisite!, and daly attend to tho traverses to prove tho work and the- 
circuit. Field books are frequently sent to Kupand its the original, and I leave you to judge 
what a figure these you sent me, and which .1. return, would have made [II, 210]. ... Each 
month is to he separated, and... sen I in at the expiration of the month. If you furnish me satis- 
factory field books, fairly copied for tho remaining months. I will certify them. 

The map which was returned to yon must be reconstructed with all care, for it will undorgo 
a rigorous examination here. It is the correctness of the scales ami... protractions which I 
insist on, far more than 1 ho beaut 10s of finishing ; ... desicac-ieJ of that sort may be helped here. ... 

Lose no time in completing the fair copies of tho field books, and sending thorn, month by 
month, and.. .pay every attention to thism. They must be on foolscap paper 5 . 

He gives similar instructions to i'ein burton, though lie admits 
that the service in which you are engaged is of a laborious natures, and., .you have not time 
to complete your full, ami formal Cold books at the close of the month; in such eases an 
abstract. ..of each '.lay's employment may be sent to me, ... it. being understood that the field 
book shall follow- at vour fiirliis'. leisure. l',i;!....wlien you pios-Joiy '.san...k.oop your field books 
up to tho day. You will save yourself trouble in the end, and descriptions written. ..at tho 
time are much better than any... after wards digested from short or loose notes 3 , 
and to Wilcox ; 

Journals... roust be so arranged, that vout stops may easily he retraced, and your notes- 
may act as faithful guides to amone who may have occasion to tnmo after you. They are 
also necessary to the Purveyor General, wh;> must examine your map-; by your daily notes,. 
Which may be made very instructive. ... A Geld book is a d.aih journal sent in monthly, 
and such has been the custom of the service fur tho last 30 yeara. 

When I was a surveyor, I never allowed my field hooks to be a day in arrears. Every 
day was accounted, for, and tho surveyor was liable to, and frequently retrenched for, any 
day on which he was not on foot, at 20 rupees a day, Sundays excepted ; now Sundays and 
Thursdays are allowed for halts [201]. ... You will Bee the necessity of your sending the* 
monthly field hooks, of which copies lto to tb'< India House, and for which I may be called on. 
at any moment by tho Government here 7 . 

'DDn. 145 < 83 }, 25-8-20. >DDn. 15* { 43 ), 26-11-1S. 

early example of the tve-day week: DDn. hie j loi-4 ), 21-11-31. 
22'<\ 2i.n-b), 20-2-27. c DDn. 223 j -17 ), 1U-3-27. 






\\ 



-;.-:■: 



Pay & Allowances 



On his way to "Malwa in 1827, Gerard fell ill, and for many months sent in no 
reports [90]. Hodgson grew even more impatient, titan Mackenzie had over his 
own delinquencies nine year- before [ 354 "|. and asked Government to order Gerard's 
bii^pr-nsii'ii arid removal from the survey. To Gerard he writes ; 

Your communications since you left Calcutta have hitiioi'i-o been most irrwruUir and unsatis- 
factory, and have altogether disappointed the hopss enter t.ained. ... Unaccompanied by any 
notes or observations, they cannot be Considered oi' [..he least value. ... It is of little conse- 
quence to know that you were at, places mentioned on particular days. What is required. ..is, 
what useful operation* yon performed, and what observations you took at those places 1 . 

And to Government ho reported that, 
from the time that Captain G-ornrd loft Calcutta T have not received, from him any account 
of his operations in the least satisfactory. Though repeat™ I ly urged to transmit his monthly 
journals, he has not.. .done so, nor assigned any reason... but... bad health. ... Having failed 
in my endeavours to procure either journals, medical certificates, or clear explanations, ... 
I do not feel.. .that, be should be allowed to take the flold after the rains 3 . 

A belated explanation arrived too late for consideration ; 

I have not forwarded the observations I took on the way from Calcutta to Agra because 
the late Colonel Maekon/.x! desired me novor to send cither fieldliooks or maps in the rainy 
weather, since a good -sized picket which I despatched a.t that season was entirely destroyed, 
and two which Colonel Blacker sent me to Delhi did not escape injury, although well soldered 
in tin boxes 3 [419]. 

It is notable that these rules making the payment of allowances dependent on 
the receipt of properly kept neldbooks operated only in the Bengal Presidency. 
Purveyors of the other Presidencies had no such irksome restrictions, though they 
■were expected to submit fieldbooks and journals every month, and reductions of 
their surveys and protractions every year. This was not so difficult when surveyors 
were organized in parties, but in Bengal each worked separately and often single- 



!0 ( 241-2 ), 27-6-27. a DDn. 204 ( 332 ), 8-8-27. ' DBn. 212 { 309 ), 17-8-27. 



; 



CHAPTER XXV 

CIVIL ASSISTANTS, BENGAL 

Apprentice Surveyors — Special. F.rnjii'jemeMs — Nominal Boll. 

fP HOUGH ill Madras there had been an establishment of locally recruited assistant 
I surveyors since the foundation of the observatory Surveying school in 1795, 
the employment of country-born surveyors in Bengal was definitely forbidden 
[ II, 340-1 ]. No attempt was made toformaregularestabEEtoment of such surveyors 
until 1815, when proposals were made for extensive revenue surveys in the Upper 
Provinces. Mackenzie, who was still in Madras, was asked to advise how best 

to organize... an establishment foe the instruction of boys in. the principles of geometry, 
mensuration, and drawing, with a view tit the employment of thorn in land surveyors. ... 
The primary object. ..is to obtain accurate surveys of the several distriof.s... composing the Ceded 
and Conquered Provinces [ II, 36, 47 n.12 ], with a view to the permanent settlement of the 
revenues [ 149-51 ]- ... Exclusive of that objeot, it ia extremely desirable to obtain surveys of 
particular estates or tracts of country in Bengal, etc., but a small addition to the general 
establishment will be sufficient fur this purpose. It may be possible indued that the duty.. .may 
hereafter be undertaken on a more extended suale, ... obtaining more geographical aud 
statistical information than we at p- 'sent possess 1 . 

Mackenzie offered assistance from Madras suggesting that 
a certain proportion of the Native Surveyors [ I, 283 n.S ; HI, 193 n.3 ] might with advantage 
be transferred, for a time at least, from this Presidency bo.. .the Provinces dependent on Fort 
William, which... would relieve a certain proportion of the growing expense hero, and. ..might 
bo.. .an usoful auxiliary measure to... establishing n seminary... for the younger pupils. ... 

The primary object. ..being. ..to form an establishmojit tor ob taming accurate survoys, ... 
the education and system of roaring these young people will of course be adopted to these 
views. ... They should be invariably employed in parties of from two to four or more under 
the immediate.. .direetdon of experience;!, discreet, f-^irojv'ian olllcer surveyors. ... 

As it will take some years before the young pupils can be properly put thro' a 
course of instruction previous to employment on actual survey, ...the number. ..to he first 
instructed ought. ..to bo. ..put in a triiin of previous elementary iusr.ruefcion in writing, arith- 
metic, and geometry. ... By the time of my arrival at Calcutta, we should have then the 
seminary prepared for tneir further instruction. A few of the young men employed by me... 
( part reared under my own eye ) I consider... proper persons to be usefully employed in., .the 
instruction of the pupils as Assistant Surveyors. Writer.-;, !)raftsrn:;;i, and Calculators 3 . 

The Bengal Government welcomed these suggestions, and wrote to Madras that, 

although His Lordship in Council is not disposed to procoj I to th.o iuial ar ran go mont... until 
the arrival of Colonel Mackenzie, ...still,' ...to procure persons capable of affording the 
Collector of Cuttack assistance in the measurement of estates, and the accurate adjustment 
of their limits [ 17, 312 ], His Lordship in Council would wish to avail himself immediately of 
the service of three of the native svirveyors already educated at your Presidency, in case they 
can be -spared without inconvenience, ... to be employed in Cuttack. ..under the orders of the 
Collector of the District, and not under any professsional surveyor. ... 

Colonel Mackenzie... has further... boon empowered to bring round any other individuals 
who may he pkieod by the Govern mem. fit Mudrris ill his disposal 3 . 

As the Madras assistants were not trained in the type of detailed revenue survey 
required, it was agreed to wait till Mackenzie could himself bring 

a limited number not excelling II or 4, ... whom he is understood to have trained., .to a thorough 
knowledge of surveying in all its details. ... Abundant employment will bo found under tins 
Presidency for persons of that class, and these arc particularly roqui red. ..as Instructors to form 
the nucleus of a school of cheap and able practical surveyors 4 . 



'< 



360 Civil Assistants, Bengal 

When therefore Mackenzie moved up to Bengal, he brought three experienced 
surveyors, William Scott, who had been usher at the surveying school for many 
years [ TT, 344 : III, 99-100 ], Henry Hamilton, and MarceUus Burke ; also throe 
draughtsmen, Newman, Mustie and Gould [316]. The surveyors did not. reach 
Calcutta till April 1818 [373-4]. Three apprentices were recruited by Riddell 1 , 
two from the Madras Military Asylum [ 364 ], and one "from one of the schools 
in Vepery, ...bound as my apprentice for 7 years". He took a keen interest "to 
accomplish them as draftsmen" ; 

I have been enquiring concerning the rates at which boys might be fed, clothed, &c. Our 
apprentices, at present, are very expensive in these respects, but. with a greater number the 
charges would of course decrease. ... If a house & medical attendance be allowed, the 60 
rupees you mention will bo sufficient to board &... furnish paper, pens, pencils, eolours & mathe- 
matical instrument*. & olomentary books, & to complete.. .i,t»i education of the 3ads a , 
Two were sent up to Calcutta in June ISIS [ 361 n.7 ], and, writes Mackenzie, "they 
seem to be fine boys. They are entirely under the care of Mr. Burke, where they 
will meet with every kindness ". 

Scott trained the apprentices ; Hamilton took charge of the drawing office, 
whilst Burke accompanied Buxton to Cuttaek, and did valuable work till the 
breakdown of his health compelled him to take a year's leave to Madras 3 [ 17-8 ]. 
Mackenzie was disappointed in Ins efforts to persuade other Madras assistants to 
volunteer for transfer to Bengal [ 374 ]. 

In May 1816, three apprentices from the Kidderpore Orphan School 4 were sent 
to work under Gerard in the upper doab [ 22, 157 ], and after the closing of that 
survey the two still remaining, John Graham and Simon Fraser, were transferred 
to Herbert's survey in the hills [38 ]. Gerard had used them only as recorders 
and copyists, and possibly for running the perambulator, for Herbert asked whether 
they should accompany me into the mountains, ... being unfurnished with any instruments 
( except a perambulator ), & the inadequacy of their salary to meet the expence of moving 
in the hills [ 346 ]. If (.hoy liiid hud instruments, I would... defray part of the exponce rather 
than that they should rumairt idle at a time when their KOi'viocw m-e so much required 5 . 

Several months later he purchased "a surveying compass & a sextant for the 
use of the apprentices", and put them on survey "tho' hitherto they have only 
been employed in assisting in plotting & drawing "". Samples of Graham's surveys 
at this time are still preserved [ 39 11.9 ]. Fraser died at Saharanpur in May 1822, 
but Graham accompanied Oliver to Delhi [ 155 ], and later had a long career as 
Head Draughtsman [ 313 ]. On their transfer from Gerard's survey, the Board of 
Commissioners debited the Military Department with the cost of their equipment ; 

For Each Apprentice 



Wearing Apparel 
A Coat 
A Groat Coat 
A Jacket 

Two pairs Pantaloons 
Two Waistcoats and a Quilt 

While Linen 



W.mu'ijat.i 

short Drawers 

Xeck ninths 

Handlicrdikfs 
Half dozen Stockings, Europe 
One „ „ Country 

A Hat ; 4 pairs Shoes and 2 pairs Boots, 

In 1817 three other " 
instructed and employed 



SktmOis-s 
A Poney 

A Countir Saddle and Bridle ... Rs. 72-O-0 
A pair Bullock trunks, with locks 

and keys ... ... 24-4-0 

A Camp Cot ... ... 15-0-0 

A Camp Table ... ... 8-0-0 

A Camp Chair or Stool... ... 1-0-0 

A pair Rattan Pittaras, with locks 

and keys ... ... 9-4-0 

A Hill Tent ... ... 100-0-0 

A Necessary Tent [ II, 355 n.I ] botween two. 

Front the Futty Ghar Magazine. 

2 cases of Mathematical Instruments with colours, 

etc., complete 
A bra=s cheek Perambulator 

were sent to Morrieson in the Sundarbans to be 
land surveying. ... The necessary in dentures.. .will immediately 



'Maopherson, Sehenoks and Saston. 'DDn. 151 ( 143 etc.), 18-2-1 
'The Bengal Uppfir -Mil. Qfpa.ui S.:li.'"i. iviiidnruyre, OiH-n to sons of rail. ( 
6-11:1;' 1 n.--. N\i ii.-.i.- ..I •;■■:-. ill;, f .urid Lau than Aug. 1799. 'DDn. 152 ■' 127 j, 
7-11-20. 'Pohill, Aix'hu: i" it ;;>a trick, Clayton. 



s from Dec. 1819. 
Tant officers, and 
1 DDn. 152(152), 






Apprentice Surveyors 361 

be prepared. ... Instructions will bo issued...to furnish...a tent and...such surveying instru- 
ments as are requisite. Such of the necessary instruments as cannot be supplied from the 
Arsenal or Surveyor General's Offico you are" requested to purchase... and you are likewise 
requested to hire for their aoeomniodatiou a safe and suitable boat 1 . . 

On closing the survey in October 1818, Morrieson left these boys with the 
Surveyor General in Calcutta, reporting favourably on 

their general good behaviour, and their attention to their duty. They have been instructed 
in the most useful branches of survey ing...vizt. plain trigonometry, for ascertaining the 
heights and distances of objects— mensuration for laying down an. estate— route and river 
surveying — the observing the working the latitude either by the sun or a star — keeping the 
rate of a chronomoter by observations and calculating the difference of longitude therefrom — 
to reduce or increase a map in copying it— to find the variation of the compass— thoy can also 
write and print the names 'of placea in maps very neatly. Should they hereafter be employed 
on any duty where it will be necessary for them to take Latitudes, they ought to be furnished 
with good sextants, as those they have at present are bad, and not to be trusted 3 . 

Their indentures had now to be amended, as their original ones had been made 
out for service in the ISundarbans only 3 . After surveying the Sibpur botanical 
gardens under Scott [12], Polhill and Clayton were transferred in October 1819 
to Buxton's survey in Cuttack, whilst in March 1820 Fitzpatrick was sent up to 
Grant in Gorakhpur [22]. Buxton's apprentices drew "allowances for apparel, 
food, personal servants, and accommodation, Rs. 60 ; tentage, Rs. 25 ; for the upkeep 
of a horse, Rs. 15". Regarding the horse allowance Mackenzie writes ; 

I never beard of palanquins buin^ allowed to nativo surveyors, and if European surveyors 
use them, they of course pay for them out of their allowances. In caso of sickness some aid 
is necessary to convey the sick to medical stations, but if a permanent allowance is granted 
for horses, does not this provide for thoso conveyances 4 ? 

Though described by Mackenzie as "very fine young lads", Buxton had little 
use for these town-bred young men ; 

I can make nothing of thorn. I devised a mode which would enable them to live and 
work en their salaries, but it was extremely unsuitable to their ideas, for they tell me they 
cannot do without a hookah each, and their own separate servants, instead of taking one 
servant between 4. ... They will never be able to accompany me into the hill3, as the expenee 
of carrying is very heavy, and it would bo necessary to carry provisions for their people with 
them into the jungles where none are to be had 5 . - [ They ] will also have to procure carriage 
and kulassies for the instruments which they have boon oblige:! hitherto to pay themselves. ... 

I cannot say that I have witnessed in the young men. ..much of that. ..spirit of enterprise 
which you mention ; that total spirit of dandyism is, I take it, somewhat of a bar to the 
activity of the whole class. However, they have con due: rod themselves very well since they 
have been with me, and I have no fault to find.*unles3 the want of that spirit of enterprize 
be excepted. ... With regard to. ..surveying, I have their separate portions dono during the 
last season, which are neatly drawn and tolerably accurate ; a little practice and care are only 
necessary to make them fully competent to every kind of detailed surveying*. 
Clayton died during 1821, and Polhill was transferred to Rohilkhand and theit 
joined Gerard for his survey to Sironj [ 89 ]. 

By 1820 Mackenzie had 12 apprentices working under Scott at Calcutta, for 
whom he drew Rs. 130 p.m. for house rent, and Rs. 35 each for other expenses. 
In January 1821 he sent eight of these' to Puri for field work under Scott, with 
Marcellus Burke doing the triangulation [ 19 ]. 

I have at last got a passage for Scott and his pupils, who sail this evening to be landed at 
Jagernaut [ Puri ]. ... I secured possession of the bungalow there as a kind of headquarters. 
forW'U, who is sickly, and who will be benefited, I hope, by the trip. ... 

It was some rime a matter of doubt whether I' should send them out to Jessore or to Orissa, 
but from... utility of surveying the tract between Pooree, Ganjam, and the Chilka, I deter- 
mined on the latter, as Scott is in an infirm state of health, and Mr. Burke had just returned,, 
recovered, from Madras. The latter could not be better employed for some time than in 
assisting in this work 8 . 

'DDn 147 (116), 25-4-17. ! DDn. 133 (415), 16-10-18. ! DDn. 114 (I), BGC. 1-1-19.. 

• DDn. 154(110), 10-10-49. s DDn. 147 ( 274}, S-3-2J. B :b. i 2H2 ;, 2L-S-20. 'from Madras, Mas tie, 
Cuuifl, MftoPketSOTi, Sexton, Scuencfe; from Bengal, Dumuleton, C. H. Burks, Foy. Ho Buxton, DDji. 
154 ( 123 ), 25-1-21. 



362 Civil Assistants, Bengal 

Hodgson reports later that ... 

the party proceeded by sea.. .on the 26th January last, and arrived on the coast on the 3rd 
of February, and the young men have sineo been employed tinder the directions of Mr. 
Scott who. ..is an invalid, and it does not appear to me. ..that he has such control over the 
young apprentices as is requisite. ... I... suggest... recalling the party to this place, where the 
assistant surveyors and the pupils will be under my immediate controul, and be instructed 
as well in field operations as in drawing maps. ..in this office 1 . 

As the party was sent to Cuttack rather with a view to school exercise than to make actual 
surveys there, ... the ends of instruction may be on the whole better attained if the party, 
with the exception of one or two pupils, were sent back to my office. ... 

If the institution of any surveying school should be contomplatad, ... the services of the two 
assistant surveyors will be found useful here as Instructors. ... When the surveying appren- 
tices were in Calcutta, they were lodged with Mr. Seott...in a house taken.. .for the purpose. 
Mr. Scott instructed them in that house, but I am of opinion that the school can be held much 
more advantageously in my drawing offices, where there is room for the whole party during 
the day, and where the instructors as well as the pupils will be under my eye and control 2 . 

The following notes are taken from Scott's reports from Puri ; 

Mustie and Gould understand the use of the Plane Table and the Theodolite, and are now 
on a section which... I shall forward to you. ..as a specimen of their work. Their conduct... 
has been.. .very satisfactory. I intend. ..to set 2 by 2 in rotation with the planetable, that the 
whole may he qualified in sketching or delineating the true features of a country 3 . 

One of the boys, C. H. Burke, contrary to orders and without leave, went and bathod him- 
self in the sea on the 19th instant, the consequence of which has been that he was laid hold 
of by a shark in his left arm, and would in all probability havo been carried away and torn 
to pieces, if a wave had not washed him ashore. The wound is not so bad as would he expected ; 
however, I lost no time in sending him to the Sub-Assistant Bazge>On,.Jeh POftWB, from whom 
I learned lately that the boy felt much pain for the first day, when it abated, and that there 
is every hope of his getting well in the course of S or 10 days 4 . 

The boys ate getting on pror.-.y smoothly with the survey. The whole of them now under- 
stand the use of the Plane- Table, and in some degree can delinoate the features of the country 
. to satisfaction. I shall wxin hugiu Lo shew blium 11 i U use of carrying on the work with the Theo- 
dolite, which I hope, their now being abki to sketch, they will perform the task with greater 
ease and expedition than hitherto. ... 

Mu3tie and Gould seem to behave and conduet themselves with circumspection ; they have 
not as yet given mo any cause to reprimand thorn. ... As for the rest, they are wild, and seem 
to care little of what they are about, but I hope the lessons and chastisement which I shall 
be compelled to give them from time to time will make them good subjects'. 
Burke rejoined on 16th July, Scott reporting that "the wound received in the 
wrist joint of his hand appears to be perfectly cured" 6 . Jleld work was closed 
early in August 1821 [ 19 J, when the party withdrew to Calcutta, and was accom- 
modated in the small house vacated by Mackenzie's translators [ 311 ]. 

In October 1821 Schencks and Dumbleton left for the Gorakhpur survey, whilst 
Macpherson and Saxton were sent up to Rohilkband the following month. Mustie 
and Gould were posted to the Delhi survey in August 1822, travelling up to Karnal 
by river. C. H. Burke and Foy were kept at Calcutta, and accompanied Hodgson 
to Fatehgarh in 1823. In September 1821, on Hodgson's advice, several more 
apprentices were recruited ; 

When the young men born in this country have received a complete education, they make 
very good surveying assistants:, draughts m3ti, and oopyisLs, and if the revenuo surveys are 
-executed a door will be open for the employment of many of this class of persons. ... Still 
there are objections; ... tho country-bom youths educated in India are sober and docile, 
but.. .of flexible dispositions, and very vain. ... The officer who conducts a survey should he 
very watchful over the conduct of his country-born assistants, and not detach them to any 
considerable distance from him, ...for alone they cannot act. ... 

A number of promising lads might be selected from the Orphan Schools, and apprenticed 
to Government or perhaps to the Surveyor General. ... I think that if twenty boys could 
be selected and trained. ..it might be an advisable measure. ... They will nob be expected to 
>r geographers, but merely assistants to land surveyors of estates 7 . 



Apprentice Surveyors 



388 



The headmaster of the Military Orphan School [ 360 11.4 ] recommended nine boys, 

who are bv age and qualification* calculated for the situations, ... including others who are not 
yet qualified, but who may probably be so in the course of a year. ... The four boys at the 
head of the list have a pract.ic;il toMTWfodg** of surveying upon a small scale. ... I believe them 
to be as well behaved boys as it is possible to procure from any seminary.. .in this country. 

They are docile, tractable, and industrious, but how they may turn out hereafter mast 
be in the womb of time. ... If they are kept in proper subjection Lill they acquire experience 
in the ways of the world, and stability of character, which age alone can confer, I have not 
the least doubt but that they will turn out well. ... I have ever endeavoured to set them a 
good oxnmplo, and if any of them.. .have imbibed overweening ideas of their own conse- 
quence, or an undua attachment to dress or appearance, I can most assuredly assert that it has 
not been fostered or encouraged by me. ... 

The only bovs from this school who have come under Capto. Hodgson's notice, and are 
alluded to by bim, must, I presume, be those who were placod under Captain Morrieson, whan 
surveying the Sunderbwids [ 360-1 ], one of whom [ Clayton |, and the mosi. promising of the 
whole', is now no more, having recently fallen a victim Lo a bilious fever at Cuttack. 

These boys while under Captn. Morrioson gave him the highwl. satisfaction [ 361 ], ... and 
had they not boon left to their own guidance in Calcutta for a coma lorable period before they 
attained the age of 18 years ( a time when youth cannot bo said to have acquired stability... ), 
it is probable that they would have continued to.. .afford the same satisfaction. But they 
were left for a considerable period without any active employment, to seek lodgings where they 
pleased. ... ft is net., therefore, surprising... they should have picked up aome of the prevailing 
follies, ... such as the fondness of dress. ... 

I should sav that- their Inarming to dance, and mixing with the young [ad«as onee a week 
..at the public dances, are not calculated to lowor the boys in thoir own opinion, but ou the 
contrary to inflate them with high notions of self consequence. I know it diverts their minds 
a good deal from their studies, but...it was allowed with the best intentions of qualifying them 
to appear to boUor advantage in general society 1 . 

Six boys between the ages of 15 and 17 years, sons of commissioned or 
warrant officers, were bound apprentices to the Surveyor General from 2nd October 
1821, "the term... to be six years, and tiio stipend (30 rupees per month 2 ". 

' William Nix James. Has a good knowledge of English grammar & parsing ; of 

modern & ancient. Geography, use of Globes, Mensuration, Tri- 
gonometry in its application to heiglifcs and distances, and ia a 
fine tomperod, industrious boy 3 . 

Equally advanced with the above, though not quite so 
export, and is a tractable, well-disposed boy. 

Nearly equal with the- above. He is a tractable boy, though 
he has rather a sulky look. 

An excellent penman. ... Has a good temper. ... 
Not quite so perfect as the four preceding boys, ... and has 
not yet acquired a knowledge of the Globes. ... He is a fine, 
mild-tempered boy, but rather too diffident. 



John Fitz.patrick. 
Alexander McQuee 



David Henry Chili. 
Edward Winston. 



Edwin French 



Is nearly ( 



- with the last, 



3 good a pom 



a little inclined to be sullen at times. 
Alexander Wyatt [ 366, 372 ] and Jenkins, under 15 years of age, were recommended 
for later posting. 

The boys remained at the Orphan School— were put through a syllabus approv- 
ed by the Surveyor General— and distributed to various surveys and offices 
from 1823 onwards. Tour more were apprenticed towards the end of 1822, Friell, 
Hodses Wilson and Jenkins. Eriell was not an orphanage boy, but 
the native-born son of the late Lieutt. Froil of the 1 1th Regt. NL, and the nephew of Mr. 
LevceHter 1 [ II 86 ], and of Captain Macleod of the Engineers [ I, 352 ]• At the request of 
these gentlemen I have employed Mr. Freil in my office and instructed him since January 
last His age is 18, and he.. .has received in England, from whence he only lately returned, 
the liberal education of a Gentleman. He is intelligent and trustworthy, and draws very well. ... 



ifrom Headmaster 21-8-21 ; BTC. 7-9-21 { 28 ). ». 
6 vearB ; BTC. 28-0-21 ( 81 ). 3 J™* !i:«l ui-t.ri-u^cd <: 
dept. well; Ktaprtriok and Wy.ri .■>=* to independent 
( 1775-1831 |, BCS. 1790 ; in oh. Sibpur Bob Clns. lrom is* 



'tS. i 2!i2-S i, 7-9-21 ; period later reduced to 
eer in CiT-i. ami It: ft y*"> .-"jus who served the 
h. of lev. avy. parties. 'Wu. I.fjveuttor 
; he and MacEeod m. sisters of Li 6 iit. Frioll. 



T 



364 Civil Assistants, Bengal 

Mr. Freil may bo articled to me for three years from the 1st January last, aa 
hero have boon gratuitous since that period. Also, as the cost bestowed on his education 
has been much greater than that of the boys at the Orphan School, and his acquirements are 
much superior to theirs, ...his monthly allowance may be fixed at 100 rupees instead of 89*. 
On the expiry of his apprenticeship Friell resigned, and was employed as assistant 
surveyor, not departmental, at Ghazipur 1824 and Gorakhpur 1830 s . 

Hodgson reports in May 1823 that 
some of the young men. ..are now sufficiently qualified to be useful in the surveys in the 
Upper Provinces, and as they are now too old to be kept under due restraint at the Upper 
Orphan School, and their being permitted to fodge in Oftloatfca and left to their own discretion 
would bo very injurious to their morals, L..send David Henry ChOl, John Fitzpatriek, and 
Alexander McQueen. ..to join... Captain Oliver at Delhi and Lieutenant Bedford at Moradabad. 
... The terms of apprenticeship of.. .six young TneTi...havo expired. ... 

Graham, Polhill, and Fitzpatriek [ Arthur ] were brought up at the Upper Orphan School 
and have received probably as good an education ;k youths can have in Calcutta. 

Macpherson, Saxton, and Se&aB$£S, are the sons of non-commissioned officers and privates, 
and wera brought up in the Military Orphan Asylum at Madras. ... Sehonol<:3...is an idle 
young man who makes no efforts to improve himself [ 365 ]. ... Macpherson and Saxton. ..have 
only served. ..five years. ... Their education has been so defective that their sphere of utility 
is much limited ; also, it being considered that being tho sons of persons in low life, and brought 
up at a small expense, they can hardly bo considered aa having a claim to be paid at the same 
rate as the young mon who have been edueiited at the Upper Orphan School 3 . 

John Graham, who is the beat and most useful of the apprentices, has signified his inten- 
tion of accepting a situation which .has been offered to him by tho Judge and Magistrate of 
Ghazeepoor, who doubtless h not apprized of the high impropriety of this attempt on the 
part of Mr. Graham 4 . ... I have desired Oapmin Oliver t<> admonish Mr. Graham. 

On the Surveyor General's recommendation, therefore, Government sanctioned 
pay of Graham to be Es. 200 p.m. — of Polhill and Fitzpatriek, Es. 150 p.m.— 
Macpherson and Saxton, Es. 100 p.m. — the wretched Schencks remaining apprentice 
@ 60. It was further ruled that Surveyors should insist on their sub -assistants 
being provided with small tents to sleep in, and tattoos and bullocks for their conveyance and 
that of their necessary baggage ; and if they should neglect to so provide themselves, to furnish 
them with what is requisite, and deduct tho amount from, their wages 5 . 

In October 182a Arthur Fitzpatriek and Saxton resigned as they were dissatisfied 
with their prospects. Hodgson considered them no loss; "I shall be able to replace 
these persons... with others better qualified, and.. .more sensible of the great indulgence 
of Government in having provided for thom in a manner beyond their merits 8 ". 
More apprentices were engaged during 1823 and on his move to JTatehgarh Hodgson 
took with him, under the charge of Scott and Burke [ 314 1, 

William Nix James George Cnmyn Michael SKbHb 

>. - ! 1 1 ■ _r i n- 1 Uedgea Charles Hyde Burks William Wilson 

Edward Winston Charles Christopher Fey John Bridge 

Edwin French John James Roas Patrick Chill 

Edward Jenkins Edward Shiells William Chill 

, He had suggested that the four youngest might be left at the Orphan School, 
but Government considered that the senior assistants would 

no doubt be fully able to carry on their instruction not less advantageously than the school 
master, and early discipline in the rnofossil will tend to secure habits of hardihood and industry. 
You will accordingly take with yon the boys in question, ...adopting every necessary arrange- 
ment to ensure. .discipline, diligence, and good morals'. 

Two other assistants, Chick and Robert Rose, were engaged locally for the 
Delhi survey, where William Fraser, of the Board of Revenue [ 151 ], "had for a 

considerable time past employed individuals to survey parts — and villages of 

the Delhi Territory, paying them from his private resources" 8 . 

In October 1824, four sub -assistants and apprentices accompanied the revenue 
surveyors from Gorakhpur and Eohilkliand on military service ; Polhill with Bedford 
to Assam ; Macpherson with Birnie Browne to Sylhet and then to Burma f 73 1 ■ 

'from SG. 16-5-22; BTC. 1-8-22(111). ' Ben Btgr. IBS { 165). 'from SG. 31-5-23- BTC 
12-6-23(46). J Graham had l. r :.j : fur ,mot!-,..T pus* iv. ].'>!,, l,v>l. J BTC. 12 6-23 (46 ) " ib Hl-in-?l' 
1:1. is in until) lii, •<■! 09 / fin 1 !"*'■ '"■ »' iu-ia. 



Apprentice Surveyors 365 . 

Scheneks and Dumbleton with Wroughton to Arakan [333 ]. The remainder were 
transferred to Delhi or to the Revenue Surveyor General's office. 

Polhill, "one of the most steady and useful of the Sub -Assistants " was employed 
on office duties, ancl, in asking for an extra Rs. 100 for him in place of a writer, 
Bedford reports that he "had conducted the duties of ray office for the last three 
years. No person of proper description could be found to proceed to Assam on 
that salary". Unfortunately his health gave way, and in 1826 he had to be sent 
down to Calcutta, where he was admitted to "the insane asylum". In pressing 
for extra pay in Assam he had urged 

the heavy losses I have sustained in being removed to the Assam Survey, and. ..the advanced 
salary ( viz., Rs. 200 ) already enjoyed by many of my own standing in a fertile and healthy 
country. Wheras I am brought to Assam, whore everything is extremely dear, and the climate 
bad. Having been obliged to leave Mrs. Polhill at Calcutta, not having partaken of her 
society for more than two months after our union, [ and having ] lost on account of her 
extremo grief and mourning for my departure, my child prematurely born. And in sueh a stato 
I am obliged to labour under a salary that is not adequate to my expenoes 1 . 

On Blackcr's death in 1826, Hodgson had with him at Fatehgarh no less than 
13 apprentices, most of whom were distributed to the various revenue! surveys after 
the Burmese War [151 ]. Five of them, James, Winston , William Chill, C. H.Burke, 
and Ross, accompanied him to Calcutta-, and remained some time at' the Surveyor 
General's Office. The brothers Smells also went down to Calcutta, but in October 
accompanied Gerard to Agra [ 90 ] and were posted the following year to Rohilkhand 
under Bimie Browne. Hodgson asks Gerard to 

keep the 2 boys atriiit-ly to their dray, miil fully employed, and pay attention to their morals, 
habits of obedience, and cleanliness and sobriety, and insist on reading their prayers on Sunday 
as usual. They are not intended to bo detached, nor thrust, out of your sight ; they are illiterate- 
and can only bo used under strict suimrin tend once 2 . ... 

They were not educated at the Upper Orphan School ; they are European by birth, and 
the sons of a Serjeant in the Dragoons. Tri respect to the advantages of education they are- 
very deficient, far behind the Orphan School hoys ; bat having been some time in my office, 
they are good draftsmen, and being docile and teachable, maybe of use. ... Aged 19 and 17 
years ; ... salary of oO rupees per month each 5 . 

In December 1826 a new batch was recruited in Calcutta, and sent out to Rohil- 
khand, Delhi, and Saimranpur in the following October. 

Wroughton was not happy with his apprentices and, reports Hodgson, 
had in person mado all the measurornerits in the Geld, employing the i;w;> apprentices, Scheneks 
and Dumbleton, in making copies only of his <ki,].:y hold books, in which. ..alone they could be 
of service. ... In July last 1 attached to bis Survey two additional apprentices, Wilson and 
Jenkins, who had been educated at the UppeE Orphan Sohoolj and who are capable of being 
rendered useful assistants, ... particularly W. Wil.jon, wb.i i;s a wo!l dispo3o:l .young man, and 
a tolerably good arithmetician. Edward Jenkins is an idle and conceited boy, and I have 
had occasion... to severely reprohoud him for insolent, conduct, ...arid to direct Lieutenant 
Wroughton in case of further iil behaviour lo deliver him over: to the Magistrate*. 

Wroughton had described Scheneks in Arakan as ''industrious and deserving", 
but had little use for him later, and eventually Scheneks, who still drew only Rs. 60 
a month after nearly ten years service, submitted his resignation, expressing 
an incessant,. .liTit.iL.T.ioii of foylinsr and disquietude of mind, or initiating from the reproachful 
language he [Wroughton! gen orally used towards me. ... Tins morning he abused me—... 
and I trust the liberty 1 take in subscribing it may be overlooked — " Damn you, Scheneks, you 
are not worth a curse ; you are no more use to me than my Boots" 1 ! ... 

I bring to your notice the length of my service?, but move especially the willingness... to 
join the.. .army at Arakan, whore 1... strife red... the ruin 0; my constitution. ..and the total loss 
of my property. ... So long as I possibly could have supported the vicissitudes of Lieutt. 
"Wroughton's unsuitable disposition, I have with tho utmost resignation done. ... It would 
be de.-urablo for mo to beg ray bread or starve... tir.tn any longer ro 01. uu turner his control. 
Wroughton gladly released him 5 . 

rom SG. 7-5-28 ; BTC. 19-6-23 ( 55 ). 



Civil Assistants, Bengal 



One of the successful apprentices from the Upper Orphan school was Alexander 
Wyatt who was engaged by Halhed, Collector of Moradabad, in 1822 [ 154-5 ] ; 

Being the head scholar at that time, he was pitched upon, with the consent of his mother, 
to undertake... the articles of appren(-ieesliip...foT,.."j years 011 a salary of 150 Rs. per mensem 
[ 372 ]. ■■■ As no Assistant- Surveyor eciuUi be had, and the sum of 250 Rs. per month had been 
allowed, it was resolved... that the disposal ■'.:■(' ilia;. sum shea Id take place in the nomination of an 
apprenticeon 150 Rs., fcailravightsman ( Native) on...]. OCRs, per mensem. ... The draughtsman 
was...found incapable of performing his duty. ... The whole. .. survey devolved upon Mr. Wyatt, 
who executed it throughout to tlso sat, is taction of the lain Collector. 

After Halhed's transfer, the Surveyor General refused to admit that Wyatt belonged 
"in the slightest degree" to the department, which left him "blasted in his hopes 
of advancement or promotion". The special authority of Government was then 
obtained for his transfer to the general establishment of Eevenue Surveyors from 
December 1827, with the rank of Sub -Assistant 1 [363 n.3 ]. He subsequently rose 
to charge of a revenue survey party, till his death in 1857, 

On Graham's transfer from Delhi to become Head Draughtsman [ 313 ], W. N. 
James was promoted Senior Assistant on Rs. 250. He had served continually with 
Hodgson at headquarters ; 

I have employed him near me, and instructed him v.u'l.h maeh earo, and his improvement 
has rewarded my pains. His length of service is 6 years and 10 months ; his conduct ia very 
respectable, and he '::< a. .■nar'r'ied man 2 . 

Increases of pay were made at the same time to the more useful sub -assistants- 
John Gould, a good draftsman ; salary to be increased from Rs. 150 to 180 — J. A. Maepherson, 
education defective, but a tolerably good draftsman ; increase from Rs. 150 to 180 — 
J. Dumbleton, writer and draftsman... to Rs. 100 — E. & M. Shiella, J. J. Ross, ... were engaged 
byme as apprentice writers smd draftsman on. ..35 rupees permensem. Thetwo formerwere 
with me until 5th October 1826, when they were transferred to Captain Gerard on. ..50 rupees, 
and subsequently to Lieutt. B. Browne. ... Their mind nob has been \ try re spec [.able ; recommend 
;tdvH noo... from Rs, 50 to 80. The latter is still employed in the office. ... 

The accompanying list- will shew a decrease in number among uncovermnted servants 
by death — and by several of them having left the service— and a further decrease may be 
naturally anticipated. ... I. ..recommend that a few additional... boys should be... apprenticed 
on the usual terms, vizt., at 60 rupees per mensem for six years. ... 

It is from the class of well-educated young men born in the country, the orphans of 
Officers, that we must expect our best, recruit for the Survey Department, and when acting... 
under the immediate superintendence of European officers they perform useful... duties 3 . 

William Brown [ 157-8 ] could hardly give his assistants 
too much praise. The conduct of Mr. D. H. Chill, the senior, ... has been most exemplary, 
and in justice to them all I. ..mention the daily hours of work, daring which they have been 
constantly employed, ...without a murmur. ... To get at their ground... every morning, 
Sundays and three holidays in the year { Christmas, Mow Year's Day, and the last day of the 
Holee 1 ) excepted, thoy had to get up an hour before daybreak, and after remaining out till a 
late hour, had on the same day to protract and finish their daily work, no halts being permitted 
for this purpose. And thus wore employed 8 or 10 hours every day, the greatest part of the 
time labouring on foot thro' the fields ; an- i this Inst season with searooly an exception were they 
ever absent from sickness or i-irsy other ■.-".use, bat wore mast unrein iti-i n>: in their duty 5 . 

In January 1829 the field establishment numbered 7 sub-assistant surveyors, 11 
apprentices, and 4 writors and draughtsmen distributed between the five district 
surveys [165]- There was no regular establishment maintained for other Bengal 
surveys, though occasional assistants were picked up on temporary e 



Special Engagements 

Civilian surveyors were engaged from time to time — some useful — some failures. 
Nothing is known of the "young man named Jackson, a seafaring man", who was 



18; BTC. 8-2-39 (41). 



Special Engagements 367 

engaged in 1819 by the Collector of Tiakarganj to survey the rich islands of the 
creeks and rivers; the Surveyor General was "miserably disappointed" with his 
work [ 140 ]. 

Morgan Blandford came out to Calcutta in 1810 and from 1817 to 1819 was 
assistant to Gerard in Sah&ranpur on Rs. 200 p.m. [23 ]. He was an excellent 
draughtsman and a delightful specimen of his work appears on plate 3. After 
several years as indigo planter in Tirhut he returned to business in Calcutta. 
His ability as surveyor was not forgot ton and early in 1835 he was employed on a 
special revenue survey near Barasat in the 21-t'arganas 1 . Me broke down with 
fever and died at Calcutta later in the year. 

Alexander Laidlaw came to India with a recommendation from the Directors as 
"Mineralogist and Investigator of Natural History'', though lacking a "liberal 
education" [268 ]. Even though ho drew salary Rs. 600 p.m. plus Rs. 200 for hill 
carriage, and free issue of instruments and stores, to way nothing of an advance of 
Rs. 2,500 in cash, he produced nothing whatever from more than two years sojourn 
in the Kumaun Hills [ 266-S J. The Directors ordered his dismissal, and withdrew 
his permit to reside in India, but, he stayed on quietly in A 1 mora District, and died 
in the village of I'ithoragar'n on fU,h August 1836. 

Robert Tate had been employed under the Marine Surveyor General, and 
Mackenzie obtained his appointment to the Kumaun survey in September 1818 on 
the same salary as Blandford. He thought his experience would be "useful in the 
survey and climate of an unequal mountainous country"*, and thai/ Webb would 
find him useful as a draughtsman [ 48 , 274 ] 3 ; 

Mr. Tate... dries not draw finely, bur. !. think lie understand-; 'ho s- ibjoet- ai well that he will 
materially assist, in correct- delineations, vdnoh I. consider much mom iuyoortant than fine 
drawing. Worn it possible indeed to get a very superior draftsman, 1 doubt whether any could 
be induced to go up, as thuy am so much wanted here. The Mr. Nfchoiis you mention is either 
dead, or has long since left this*. 

Tate joined by the end of the year, and, in submitting his first map [pi. 6] 
Webb reported that he had "every reason to feel satisfied and pleaded 5 " with his 
abihty and industry. Mackenzie agreed that it was "a very handsome & a very 
satisfactory niap", and "exceed.edail he produced. hero' 5 . Unfortunately this good 
impression did not last ; and about a year later Webb wrote privately that 
Mr. Tate is very well qualified to do all I require as s. draftsman, and his natural talents- are 
good, ... but his actual knowlodgo is vory limited in. jiraotico and as to theory he has no 
opportunities of study. Unfortunately, however, his disposition bus too much vanity and self- 
conceit mixed up with it, and too little humility, to render him a t oathable subject, and I have 
long given up all thoughts of playing the part of tutor to such a forward genius. 

His violence of temper and cruelty towards the natives makes htm so annoying a neighbour 
that I shall always contrive to keep hirn at a distance from my camp, but many of these objec- 
tions would vanish if ho were confined entirely to the duties of draughtsman. ... 

Mr. Tate, if employed as a-u Assistant, must bye uml bye get aiuno trundling allowance, 
and the sum so given to him would amply remunerate two or three natives who, working tvpon 
fixed points of mine, would gyt through a great deal more work than Mr. Tate can do, and 
between us we should find sufficient employment as a draftsman. ... Sueh an. arrangement 
would lis st en the eomplot ion of the survey ; create nocxponeo, and remove 1,000 diitieultios, 
and, lost but not least, acid greatly to my comfort 3 . 

Webb was not given further help, and Tate had to be used on field survey, for 
which he drew bill surveyors allowance of Rs. 200 [ 346-7 ]. 

When the survey was wound up at the end of 1821 Tate's application for 
charge of some other survey was not recommended ; 

Mr. Tate states. ..1 hat Colonel _\lackon/ ie bad held our to him the prosoect of a succession 
to a survey as the ultimate result of his services. ... It is not likely that; Colonel Mackenzie 
would make any such assurance 1.0 a person of Mr. Tate's description, for... I apprehend that 
Government will nonf.irviio to place at the head of their surveys their own military officers, 
who are, on a variety of considerations, the only person is fitly qualified for such duties. ... 






368 



Civil Assistants, Bengal 



Mr. Tate is wrong in supposing himself a i. t;u: hoi I to the Surveying Department. ... His 
temporary services -want hired on lim 11th September 181 S, an<l...eensed with the close of the 
Kumaun survey on the 31st December last, ...and I think them Fully remunerated by the 
salary of 200 rupees per month and 200 for oxtrn allow unco for hill carriage. ... 

The journals and field books which he made when detached from Captain Webb... afford 
no favorable testimony. ... They are most defective hi information, and the execution is 
very slovenly indeed. The map of Kumaon Mr. Tate states to be his performance. ... Captain 
Webb constructed the map, and Mr. Tate, as draughtsman, did his duty in. fair copying 
it. The execution, though not excellent, is sufficiently good. On the whole... neither the 
talents, services, nor character, of Mr. Tate give to his expectation!!. ..the Jeast support 1 . 

Good draughtsmen were always difficult to get, and Baker found no one in 
Calcutta to fair oopy his maps of Java [ II, 138 ] ; 

On the 1st December last I hired a draftsman recommended by Colonel Fleming [ II, 340 ], 
who by the 25th January had... succeeded in spoiling two map3, so miserably done that they 
were far inferior to tho original rough copies. ... r had the honour of shewing... the work., .to 
His Excellency the Earl of Moira who...was much dissatisfied with the draftsman Da Cruz's 
work, of which I informed the man. ... Instead' of taking this in good part, he nest day 
sent me a note declining to work any longer, leaving his two maps unfinished. 

I then advertised for ». draftsman, and a ls:d named AlcFherson came, who stated that he 
was an apprentice in the Surveyor General's Office [H, 273 ; III, 312 ], hut had full leisure 
enough to undertake copying the only map then wanting, which I shewed him. ... Prom the 
1st February to the present, day lie had not attended more than two out. of three days, and now 
sends notice that in consequence of arrangements in the Surveyor General's office, he can 
attend no longer, loavin;- the only job he had to perform nut quite half finished. 

Mr. Da Cruz has unfortunately received one month of the handsome allowance Government 
was so good as to grant me, and is very anxious to receive the other month. Mr. Macpherson 
will no doubt be eqiially solicitious for his month and a half. ... I conceive the conduct of 
both to be an imposition... and... I may he instructed not to draw any tiling further for either of 
these men. ... In the meantimo I shall get on as I can with the map thus left on my hands 2 . 

Little is known about the various extra -departmental surveyors employed from 
time to time on the revenue survey of the 24-Parganas and the Sundarbans [ 139 ]. 
During 1817 the Collector had three "experienced surveyors" Blechynden, Mackay 
[ II, 419 ], and Gardner 3 , working for him. On the Board of Revenue's report that 
the work oX an inns was unsatisfactory [ 141 ], Government agreed to the temporary 
employment "of a. limited number of [ European ] surveyors by the Collector... in 
lieu of a part of the establishment of native surveyors" 4 . 

One of these European surveyors was Henry Osborne [ 12 ], engaged by the 
Collector of the 24-Parganas in 1817 s , and assisted for a time by a son*. In 
February 1S'22 the Collector asked for an extension of the engagement ; 
I believe. ..an European surveyor who thoroughly understands his business, as Mr. Osborne 
does, & who discha.rgiv t lie duties. ..in an upright manner as Mr. Osborne has done, a- very great 
benefit to the Public, as well as to Government. He is a check to the native surveyors, 
who are always open to bribery, besides improving them in the theory of their profession. 

Tho Board have had frequent opportunities of observing the services of Mr. Osborne by 
various plans & reports. ..which could never have been obtained from the nafivo aumeens. 
I am extremoly sorry to say that, young Mr. Osborne has been obliged to quite India. Mr. 
Osborne,, senior, is still in charge, of his office as Surveyor to the 24-Pergunnahs 7 . 

Henry .Osborne resigned the following year, and the Collector obtained the 
appointment of a younger son William, 

about seventeen years of n.go, whom he lias also boon bringing up to the profession of a Surveyor. 
... He is not yet sufficiently master of "his profession to undertake any largo surveys, &...not 
...competent to the duties with which it was proposed to entrust his brother; at the same time 
he thinks him capable of making all the measurements ( under his superintendence ), furnishing 
any plans... required. ... One of the principal objects in wishing to have an European Surveyor 



'from SG. DDn. 19S {62 5), 20-i-™. 
( 10) ; Ma-nhnv <l. 2.1-6-17.: Thus. Alan Hyde Gird 
ISIS ; relative of Co!. W. b. Gartner [ 32 11.2 ] ; in: 
'Ben. AR. { 182 } (xv-iii); Henry Osharn w.is pu 
1819 by G.Osborne; pr. i-lift Geo. Osborne, sur 
G-3-22 (49). 



MIDn. I II (2S7-9 1, 31-3-17. 
or, Asst. in Wurvr: -,-;■!■'■: Mute 2-.1- [■ 
,-j planter. Nadii', 1818. *B t 

or en ship Mangles 1815/6. «■ 
c. to Opium Dapt,., Glifif.ipur, 1 



•BeirBa. 18-3-17 
mas, Col An. Rev. 
D., Rev., 4-7-17. 
i copied in SGO. 
'B Rev Bd. 



Special Eh gagembhtS 



...is that I may have some poreoo. in whose integrity I can eaW i-i .'ill cases of disputed measure- 
ments. ... I... re commend... him as Survey or... on. a salary of 100 Ra. per month. 1 . 

Three years later the younger Osborne broko off survey of Chins urah owing to 
a dispute about his salary, much to the regret of the Collector who greatly appre- 
ciated the reliability of his work 3 . The Surveyor General was asked to settle a fair 
rate, and as he thought "the terms which Mr. Osborne is willing to undertake to 
finish the survey of Chinsurah very moderate", Government agreed to pay Rs. 500 
for "a neat map, finished with the same detail as the portion already executed" 3 . 

For the revenue survey of 1821 [ 141 ], the Commissioner of the Sundarbans 
obtained the Surveyor General's approval to engage 

the nephew of the late Mr. Jones, well known as a Civil Engineer, on... 120 rupoos pec month, 
and his travelling e_\poiises paid h\- Government, and also fi young co-.inlry-bovn man to serve 
as waiter, or apprentice, on. ..50 rupees per month, anil, hi* expenses paid' [139]. 

Jones broke down after a year and Government informed the Directors that 

Mr. Jones, an uneovenn.iu.ed assistant attach?);! to the Sunder buns survey establishment, ... 
labouring n.rifioi- mental derangement, we. ..provide him with a passage to England. ... 

Wo have -under the :.i,LU\;:ed dillkuH,y of priji;i.!nr!fr...;ir> able assist-anr, for a service involving 
much discomfort and exposure, and on the assurance... that the employment of Dr. Duncan, 
the medical gentleman attached to tho Commission^, as Assistant Surveyor will not hinder... 
his medical duties — author i/.cd the employment of that gentloman as assistant to Ensign 
Prinsep on. ..250 rupees par mensem to cover all charges. We have likewise... authorized an 
increaseof 50 rupees per mensem to.. .the iipprnrLtiee afiaehod. to Knsign Prinsep 6 . 

To assist b'isher in Sylhet, the Surveyor General recommended .lames Blechynden 
who had worked for the Collector of the 24-Parganas 7 [ 136 ], and on various other 
drawing and survey jobs since 1815. 

Mr. Blechynden, who was... educated for that branch in England, ... whose father was a 
well known surveyor in Calcutta, bears a. respectable cmn'aot-or. lie subsists by the exercise of 
his talents as a Civil Engineer and Architect. He agroos to go to Sylhet as an assistant to 
Lieutenant Fisher...at 2SO rupees per month, and 100 extra as travelling charges. These 
terms appear to be high, but I do not think I can engage them for less, as he had a family to 
support, and an opinion prevails here that the climate of Sylhet is insalubrious. ... 

The Board, considering that tho field operations in Sylhet can only be carried on during 
5 months in the year, is of opinion that tho services of t be surveyors migat be engaged for that 
time only, and that they might be employe:.! elsewhere during the rest of tho year. ... The 
indoor work to be done when a.. .parly leaves the Sdd is very heavy, in computing and making 
maps and reports, ... generally... one third of the time employed in tho field operations 3 . 

Blechynden's appointment was sanctioned, and he reached Sylhet on 15th 
December L823, but entirely without instruments, and Fisher reported that, 
all my instruments beioif private property, . .. eollecte'.L.nt eotisidereble expense, I am un- 
willing to part with any of them ; nevertheless, had I any to spare, I should not hesitate to 
give them up. ... Mr. Blocbyndeii may bo advantageoinly employed with me in learning the 
nature of this survey, ... and by the time he Khali have acquired f,be requisite knowledge, ... 
he will, I hope, have received from you a supply of the instruments, ... etc. 9 

Fisher was, however, called away for military duty almost at once [ 145 ], and 
Blechynden was carried off by Scott for important work in the Assam Valley [ 51 ], 
where he held charge of revenue surveys till about 1 827 [ 146 ]. 

Hodgson had no great opinion of professional surveyors of this type 
hired in Calcutta. I have experience to warrant me in tbe ease of Mr. .Blechynden and 
Others, and know (.hat then- object is to gel a sa.la.ry and do us little us possible ; still, as thore 
are not many persons who would be willing fcrs be employed in the H'iniiorbe.nds, I think Mr. 
[ Wm. 1 ] Osbom's services should be engaged as proposed by Lieutt. Hodges, during good 
behaviour. 

Apprentices from the Orphan school cannot be engaged without tho express orders of 
Government, nor can they be tutored in so short a time as Mr. EEodgea supposes. ... Young 
men of that class. ..would turn to more profit hi the regular revenue surveys in the North 
West Provinces. ... His operations would be mere likely to be retarded than facilitated by 

1 H Itdv.Bd. 16-9-33 ( 13). "fromCollr. 30-13-23 ; B Rer Bd. 12-1-37 ( 38 A ). 3 ib. 30-1-27 

( 62 ) ft 20-7-27 (21). ' li rC. 7-13-21 i 10 >. a J*rfl 93 D.vncan, Asst. Surg. 182 I ; rot. 1842 ; d. 1333. 
°B to CD., Rot., 30-7-33 (80-3], 7 «ot Richard :■:• wrongly united p. 136 u.3. 

■ DDn. 212 ( 529-30 ) 20-12-23. 



a BTC. 3-10-2:( | 33). 



370 



Civil Assistants, Bengal 



the charge of inexperienced boys, 
pared with the value of their 



l:i.rh:.ri ] -,:;.!. 

di reeling 



;e wages and tn '.veiling oxpenees would bo heavy com- 
. Fully as much effective servicus in tho field miaht bo 
1 by 2 or 3 stout native mootsnddies...who can read and write their 
Tlioy could attend the surveyor, and write down notes and remarks, and ns= 
the chain and wheal men, and might he marie very generally usoiul [ 388-90 ]K 

Three useful assistants were found for the Upper Provinces, Nelson, Macan 
and Terranneau. Nelson had been in the Royal Navv, but found employment in 
India from 1818. The Surveyor General engaged him in 1821 to assist Bedfordin 
Rohilkhand [154]. Being called to military service ia 1824, he was given command 
of the Dragon schooner in Arakan for survey of rivers and creeks. After the war 
he returned to revenue surveys, in the Upper Provinces i ill his death at Dehra Dun 
in 1838 [$65]. Macanhad 

highly respectable connexions, and was intended for the Army, but circumstances have 
hitherto prevented his obtaining a eadotship or commission. ... If His Lordship in Council 
should be pleased to appoint him on the same terms as Mr. Horatio Nelson, with a salary of 
250 sa. Rs. par month and the bout allowance of a suh.Utom officer, to Goruefcpooi-, I would 
recommond that he should join Lieutenant Wroughton without, loss of time 6 . 

During the war, Macan was sent to Burma with Birivie Browne [ 72 ] and 
rejoined Wroughton on January 1st 1827. 

Being quito inexperienced in topographical measurement, was upon his arrival quite unequal 
to afford me any assistance, and...the two young additional apprentices^ had never., been 
employed upon any duty of any kind. ... Although the number of my assistants were increased 
two-fold, thoy did not bring with them tho ability or fitness... I had calculated upon, and 
some considerable time elapsed ere they were made in any itav comootent 4 [ 152 ]. 
Macan soon picked up the work and remained with the Gorakhpur survey till 
his death at Allahabad in October 1830. 

Robert Terranneau was son of an indigo planter, and in 1827 was employed 
on revenue duties under the Collector of Moradabad, on whose recommendation 
he was appointed assistant in the revenue survey [434 ]. 

A valuable addition to the Surveyor General's staff of draughtsmen was obtained 
on the winding up of the Nagpur survey in 1831. John Cornelius had been 
employed m the Quartermaster General's office at Madras from 1820 to 1822, and 
then served with Norris who left a "chit" that he had worked 
in the survey department at Nagpore, from 1824 till its abolition in June 1830, as Sub- 
Assista.it and Draughtsman, and... displayed the utmost zeal, activity, and assiduity, both in 
the field and m office. As a plane-table surveyor his exertions were invaluable, and to his 
services as draughtsman, and his unremitting attention, ...I am chiefly indebted for tho 
compilation...of the map of the Nagpore survey, which has lately been presented by me to 
Government [93; pi. ion.]. ... Tho private character and conduct of Mr. Cornelius are 
above u.ll praise 5 . 

Cornelius was appointed to the Surveyor General's office from 1st October 1831 
and though an excellent draughtsman was drawing only Rs. 80 p.m. in 1845 s . 



Nominal Roll 



Beiimje, John 



b. 1810-11 1S26 



Delhi, 



Employment 



ed. Kidderpore [si 

Oct. 1827. 
ed. Kidderpore ; with RSG. to 

Fatehgarh, Nov. 1323 ; Delhi, 1826. 
SfiO. 1S20 ; Orisaa, Jan. 1821 ; 

SCO. 1822 ; Fatdisrarh, 18iVi-G ;KGO. 

1320 -7 ; Saharanpor, Oct. 1827 ; 

Bulandsha.hr, 1829. 



'fromSG. 27-10-28; BTC : 



Nominal Roll 



I ■: r r : r.: '. ■ : y l • i ^- i 1 1 . 



Dom 



Chill, David 


b. 4-4-05 


1821 


Chill, Geo. 

Constable 


d. 21-6-70 

a:;i:.l o. 55 


1823 


Chili., Pat. 

Chill, Wm. 
Richard 


bapt. 31-1 -OS 
b. 3-6-00 


1823 

1823 


CLiYTON, 
Co MI'S, Gen. 


b.e. Sept. 
1801 ; d. 

Cutlack, 
1821 

)>. o-n-08 


1817 
1823 


Davis, Wm.. 




1823 


l)l!MIll'.EI'0-.-, 

John 

T7iT/r.\i'Ki'';i(- 
Arthur 


d. Allbd. 

aged 50 y. 

b. '1-10-0:2 


1818 

DniTj.A 
Writer 
1817 


FlTKl'AT(i:CK, 

Join 


Jan. 1806 


1821 


Fin-, Chas. 
Christopher 


b. Delhi, 

2.V12 09 


1821 


Frasek, Simon 


d. Saharau- 


1816 


Friell, Philip 


b. 1804 


1822 


Fkench, lid win 


b. April 
1806 


» 


GkiRE, Wm. 


d. July 
1846 


182. 



from Madras I ^8.-_ i arrd. Calcutta, 
March ISIS; Cutback, 1818; leave, 
1819; Oi'issa, 1S21 ; SCO. IS23 ; 
Fatehsudi, .1823: SGO. 1826; with 
DSC. sivp., 1832; I'fsd. 1838. 



Under Bd. of Rev., Delhi; 

Asat. Survr. Delhi, Feb. 182 
cd. Kidderporc ; Delhi, Juno, 1823; 

fi.iliSrar.Dur. 1827: B-.dandshnlir, 

1828 ; dam. June 1833. Dmn. i " " 

Calcutta 1832-5. 
Fatehgarh, 1323 ; SGO. July 1 

Goraklipur, June 1828; later Cus- 

!'ims D:.'[ji - anil land owner. 
TVitnhgji rti , 1823 ; Saharanpur, 

f.i.dandsh.ahr, 1829. 
Fatehgarh, 1823: SGO. 1 826 ; Gorakh- 

pur, June 1829. Rev. Svys. NWP 

Bind, & Bihar till 1851. 
cd. KiddcTsioi'fi ; Sundarbans, 1817 

SGO. 1818 ;Cuttack 1819. 



Son of Francis & 

M.ir^.ir.'t I>i ir]«.' a.nd bro. 
to Lucius Rawdon ; 
m„ CiiloiM-la, 22-11-20, 
Eleanor Rr.salic Ms-rn'iiud 
sister of Aug. [ 3S6 | - 
shi... d. Vf.'p'.'i y, 4 5-66. 



One of 8 wins of Deny. 

Comiuv. S.im. Geo. Chill 

( 1759 1S4.j); Ben. Art. 

1785. 
Son of Sam. Chill & Ann 

Apslev his wife ( Shu d. 

Calcutta 1834]. 



4th sc 



of Sat 



. nhiii 






, I'.,'.-- j.,:- 



m-4; dsm. 



3; Dell 



5th so,, of Sam. Chill. ;m. 

15-8 32, Indiana Clarke, 

of Mnaarfarpur. 
Son of Lt-Ool. Thus. Wm. 

Clayton, Ben. Inf. ( d- 

1804 aged 30], 

Son. of Lt.-Col. P.T. 



ro-emp. Patna 18i 1 ; rot. 1846. 
od. Kidderoore ; Saharanpur, Oct. 

1827 ; Bulandahahr. 1820. 
cd. Calcutta; Oriasa Jan. 1821; 

Gnrakhpiii'.Oct. 1821 ; Arakan, 1824: 

Corakhpur 1827 30; trwp. to 1837. 
ed. Kidde;po:T ; Simdarbam;, 1817 ; 

SGO. 1S1K ; Goraklipur, March, 

1823; read. Get. 1823; SGO. 1821. 
cd. Kidderpore ; MoradSbad, Juno 

J823; in ch. Rev. Svr., Bnlasorc, 

1838; Pnrnea, 1840-5. 
Orissa,Jan. 1821 ; SCO. 1822; hatoji. 

garb, Nov. 1823: Delhi, duly 1828 ; 

ljiil:iiL<ii<ii;i!ir, 182s Sa:ia ranpur, 1^27 ; 

Punj.ib cis-Sntloj, 1853. 



r.l. Kidderporv- ; Uppe.r Dxlb, May 
181U; Sirmiir, Feb. 18211; Delhi, 
1822. 
1822 ed. England; SCO. 1322 ; resd. 1823. 



ion of Condr. Andrew 
Foy of Delhi Mag; m. 
23-8 -3(1, Jlti'rut, "Sarah 
Few; m. 2nd, 15-10-33,. 
Me.cn iL Cecilia Tc:ii;jle- 
ton, 15 J. 

pr. son of Simon Eraser 
(1780-1845), Ben. Inf. 



i. March 1813 ed. Mil. Asylum, Madras; SCO. 

00 Madras ; to Bengal, July 1817 ; 

Orissa, Jan. 1821 ; SCO., 1822; Ilelhi, 
1822-33 ; Rev. Svys. (.wp. till 1841. 



b. 7-1.2-1301; j 
d. Calcutta, 
19-7-58 



cd. Kid dorp., ire ; Upper Doab, iiav 
1816 :Siiini-;r,,l>.n. i82ij; Delhi, Rev. 
Svv. 1822 ; Saliilraupiir, 1826 ; SGO. 
1827; lid. Dmn. Ai:::, 1828 till ret.. 
Peb. 1858. 

ed. Kidder pore : Fat.ehfrarh, Nov. 1523 ; 

Delhi. July 1826 :i.i;«vp. 1836-12. 
ed. Kiddorporc : Fatehgarh, jVov. 

1823; SGO. Julv 1326; GTS. 1831; 

1st Princh Sub-Arab Aug. 1841. 



Son of Dep. Cotumy. Gore. 

. Son of Sgt. of KM. 
iiSltli li'uci., kd. at Corne- 
lia, Java, 1812; m.. 

Delhi, 21-12-2-4, Char- 
lotte Staines. 
Son of Capt. John 

Gr.'diam ( pr, Ben. Inf., 
d. Amboina 1802): m ., 
Meerut, 6-1-20, Mrs. 

Arabella. Smith; re-m. 

thri'.o in Calcutta. 

Son of Capt. A, Hodges. 

Son of Richd. James 
{ 1787 1813), Ben, Inf.; 
111., Calcutta. 12-10-27, 
Mary Anne White. 






Civil Assistants, Bengal 
Nominal Boll— { Continued. ) 



Employment 



Lockwood, Thoa. 

Luckstket, Peter 
Macphebson, b. 31-8-02 



Mchbo, David 

Mustie, John b. c. Dec. 

1798 

Polhill, Wm. b. c. July 



Sanderson, Xhos 


d. Saharan- 


Saxton, 

Benjamin 


pur, 7-9-34 
b. 31-S-03 


Sohkncks, John 


b. 10-9-01 


Skiells, Edward 


d. 20-4-3? 

isjjiid 2<j y. 


S=m ,Ml.l..l 


b. 1811 

d. 20-4-36 


Wilsoh, Wm. A. 




Winston, Edw. 


b.Aug. 



ed. Kidderpore ; Eatehgarh, Nov. 1823; 

Delhi, Ju'lv 182fi; sm. till death 
at Moradabad, Sept, 1S37 

Dmn., SGO. from 1814 till omittad in 
list of Dec. 1824 ; with Ferguson in 
Surg 11] ah, 1822. 

erf. Kirfderiiorc ; Rohilkhanrf, Oct. 
IS27 di^eh. 1835. 

ed. Mil. Asylum, Madras; to Bengal, 
1S18 : Ori«a. Jan. 1821; Morada- 
bad, Not. 1821 ; Mil. service, Sylhet, 
Out, 18:24: Burma, 1825-6. 

SGO. 1813 ; [ II, 373 ] ; Sub-Asst. Delhi 
, Rev. Svy. 1823 ; pension, 1830. 

ed. Kidderpore ; Mur.ii.hibad, June 
1823; Delhi, ivli; Moradabad, Seal. 
1827; disch. 1833. 

ed. Kiddersxire ; Suharanpur, Oct. 
1827 ; .Delhi 1829. 

ed. Mil. Asylum, Madras; SGO. 
Madras 1813 ; to Bengal Jidy 1817 ; 
Orissa, Jan. 1821 ; Delhi, 1822. 

erf. Kidderpore; Sundarbans, IK17; 
SGO. 1818; (Juttaok, 1819; 
Moradabad, Nor. 1H21 ; with Gerard 
to Sironj, 1822-3; mil, service, 
Assam, Oct. 1824: fink to Calcutta, 
May 182o ; Insane Asylum, 1827. 

imdecBd. of Rev. Delhi, 1822: Sub- 
Asst., Delhi Svy., 1823-7 ; r-wri. 
OrissiL ;toarf svv=.., '-'.'.iirjo. 12 { 4-6 I, 
47(6); Sunt, roads -i coiisMvimtv, 
Calcutta, c. 1840-55. 

Palehgarh. Xov. IS23; SGO. July 
. 182o; Rohilkhand, 1829. 

ed. Kidderpore ; Saharanpur, Oct. 
1827 ; Bulandshahr, 1829. 

ed. Mil. Asvlum, Madras; to Bengal, 
1818;Orisaa, Jan. 1821 ; Moriirf abaci, 
'Nov. 1(<21 ; msrf. Oct, 1823. 

ed. Mil. Asylum, Madras; Bengal 1818 ; 
Orissa. 182] j Cora Hi pur, 1S22 ; mil. 
service, Avakan, 1S24 3 ; Gorakhpur, 
Io2f.i; resd. 1827; rc-empld. jrwp. 
1334-7: discb. 183T. 

with RSG. to 7Ja.tchga.rh, Nov. 1833 ; 



i of Wm Jenkins; 



San of Capt. John Mae- 
pherson, country- bora 
oilicfTof Mar.utha ssrvieo. 

Boa of But. Mai. Ales. 
McQueen. 



Son of Sergt. Must 



Son of Lt.-Col. Thos. 
Polhill ( 171f>/7-lh(Hi 
Ben. Inf. ; m. c. 1824, 
Calcutta. 



8th Lt. Dragoons. 

Son of Sgt. Maj. Sax ton. 
Son of Sgt. on Mad. Est, 





SGO., July, 1826 : Moradabad, 1827 


Erfw's dan. d. Calcutta, 




with Gerard to Agra, Oct. 1826. 


1832, ;itred4y. 


1823 


as above 


Michael's inf. eon d. 
Meernt, 1-10-33. 


1822 


ed. Kidderpore ; Fatehgarh, 1823 ; 

Gorakhpur, lh2!i:dtv I ii.,SOO. l^'J-3 


m., Calcutta. 1833 ; m. 2nd 




Calcutta. 31-8-42, Mrs. 




Rev. Rvys. till 1S48, with eh. 1S44-7. 


Margaret Mitchell. 


1821 


ed. Kjddcrpore : Cai.ehyarh. Nov. 


Son of Lieut. John. W, 




1821!: SGO. Julv lS26;'wit'h .DSG-. 


1 ].7Sr>-18nS ) Bon Inf.. 




til; 1=42. 


m. Allahabad, 2-11-37, 
Miss Man- Lawler, 


1822 


ed. Kidderpore ; Woradabsd, 1823 ; 


Son of Snrn. Geo. Nevill 


to Cohr 


Hire. Rev. Svy. to 1842; ch. Ben. 


W. Ben. Med., who d. 


[366] 


Rev. Svy. parties 1844-57. 


1817. Ales. m. Sophia. 



ed. Kidderpore; Rohilkhand, Oct. bro. to Alexander 
1827 ; Moradabad. 1829 - bwp. Rev. ra. Augusta Watren. 
Svy. till 1841; Dep. Collr. Benares, 
1811-55 ; then Indigo planter. 



CHAPTER XXVI 



CIVIL ASSISTANTS, MADRAS & BOMBAY 
- Great Trigonometrical Survey — Bombay — Nominal Rolls. 

ON the appointment of a Surveyor General of Madras in 1810, it was decided to 
transfer the assistant revenue surveyors, escept those wanted by the Tank 
Department, to the control of the Surveyor General [ II, 348 ]. After the district 
surveys had been finished oil', bbose assistants who were not wanted by the Surveyor 
General, or on Lambton's survey, were to be found other employment or sent on 
pension. The, observatory school was closed, and the Surveyor General made res- 
ponsible for the recruiting and training of any new apprentices. 

On Mackenzie's return from Java and Bengal in 1815 he found 29 of these 
assistant surveyors on his establishment ; 



Drawing Office at Madras : 
William Scott 
Cbarius Baillio 
Sylvester Pope 
William LaQtwar 
Henry Hamilton 
James Summers 
Thomas Hill 
William Howell 
Thomas Anderson 
Charles Barnett 



Lambion'i TriMr.omi iriml Suri-cj r 
Peter I^wrcnce 
JoHhua Dc Penning 
Joseph Olliver 
William Rosaenrode 



Ceded JXstricts 

Michael Dunigan 
Sonda 

John Faulkner 

John Terry 

Richard Long 

John Malcolm 

Frederick Richard Flckor 
Tinneuelly 

John Robinson. 
Dindigu I 

Thomas Turnbull 

James Aikin 

William Keycs 

Christian Pereira 

William Bird 

Andrew Chamarett 

Uharics McMahon 

EEce and 



6eld 



By Jnne 1817 these had been distributed between the ( 

n reduced pay, sick ; Baillii 1 , Dimi^-n. Chamaretfc [ II, 350-1 ], Bird 



surveys ; 

S.O.O. Madras— Pope, ( 
on. sick certificate. 

With Ward, Travancore — Tumbull, Aikin, Porohri, Keyes, McMahon. 

With Conner in Coorg — Faulkner, Long, Ficker. 

With Garling. Niv'un's Territories — ILnvoll, Hill. Malcolm. 

With Scott, in Northern Circars— Hamilton, Summers, Terry, Burke, Barnett, Anderson. 

Lambton's Survey — Lawrence, Da Benning, Olliver, Rossonrode. 

In addition to the above Gould and Mustie, apprenticed in December 1813 to 
Mackenzie personally, accompanied him to Bengal in 1817 [II, 345 ; III, 316]. 
Robinson went to the Tank Department. Lantwar died in Way 1817, having 
since 1S11... executed with uncommon assiduity and industry tho complicated duty of Exa- 
miner, Register, Reviser of accounts, calculations, &c, in this office., r.s woll ;v.i the professional 
duties of drcvwinc- and reduction of maps. After a series of ill health, impaired by close 
application, was taken ill immediately after the preparation commenced for the transfer of 
the Depot [II, 346, 352 ; HI, 315 J 1 - 

On his move to Bengal, and at the suggestion of the Bengal Government [ 359 ] 
Mackenzie arranged for three of his most capable surveyors, Scott, Hamilton, and 
Burke, to be transferred with him [ 360 ] 2 . He had intended them to move by sea 






1_& 7-6-17 ; MFC. 447/1817, 24-6-17 & MMC. 536/1817, 5-8-17. 



of pay. 



374 



Civil Assistants Madras & Bombay 



from Masulipatam, but as they could not get away before the turn of the monsoon 
[ I, 303 3. Hamilton and Burke, after waiting from 16th September to 1st January, 
made the tedious march up the east coast through Ganjam. Scott continued in 
charge of the survoy at Mas ui.i pat am till ho got a »ca passage in March. 

To further strengthen, tho staff' in Bengal, Howell was sent up in July 1819, 
but after reaching Calcutta with wife unci family, refused to join the Cuttack survey, 
and submitted his resignation, much to Mackenzie's disgust ; 

Howell has behaved ill ; he has refused to go to Cuttack, and has actually gent in a letter 
saying he has wafgawa the service. Will you look for, and 3end me a copy of, the Bond that 
was formerly taken from these youths [ II, 349 ]. This is a bad specimen of our Madras native 
establislnnent, ... which annoys me after I had spoken favorably of them, and will also occasion 
restrictive orders, if not suppression, of any further establishment of this kind. Two instances 
of refusal to do thoir duty 1 . 

The other refusal had been that of Thomas Anderson who had pleaded ill 
health to avoid the move. Howell's own explanation was that he had agreed to 
the transfer "on the promise of an increase of salary" which was not kept. 

There was a steady drain through sickness and death. Pope was pensioned 
and died at Madras in 1818; Pereira died the .same year in Travancorc ; Terry died 
at Hyderabad in 1819, and Bird and Baillie the year after. The life was a hard one. 
Terry had been constantly sick in Sonda [ II, 158-9 ], but Ward 

never thought much of him ; he appeared to have too much of the beau about him, though 
it appears Mr. Garhng had an high opinion of the man. Scott must look to him or he will 
try to have tho ascondency 3 . 

Bird, whose work in Tinnevelly has already been noticed [ II, 145 ], was constantly 
sick in Travancore. Ward, who "had a good opinion of him at the beginning", 
found him, ,; tho' clever, unwilling and too full of natural duplicity". The doctor 
who attended him was treated with "disrespect and insolence", attributing this to 
"intoxication", so Ward was "very happy he was removed. ... He has done little 
or nothing since the commencement of the survey". Bird was given leave to 
Madras, but overstayed it by several months, which Mackenzie thought typical of 
his "light horseman" attitude to life. Though he won a good report from Sim 
by work at Pondicherry Mackenzie advised Mountford 

not to send him to Hyderabad till some officer is appointed [ Garling had just died]. He 
can lose no time by employment in the office, and you will have an opportunity of getting 
acquainted with his talonts and disposition, which I am afraid Pondieherry has not much 
improved ; but Hyderabad will be still worse to one of a. volatile disposition. ... Bird was a 
young man whom I wished to have: somo previous instruction in the office. ... The Assistants- 
should get an opportunity of making themselves known to tho office in charge. 

There were also circumstances in Bird's case which make it desirable before he is launched 
forth into a country where, upon my word, I consider it peculiarly noeessarv they should not 
be left to their own discretion. Who is there to look to them, or how are they to be employed 



till 



Bird was sent up to Ellore under Hodges, and died there of cholera three months 
after Mackenzie's letter. 

Ward was keen to maintain the standard of work in Travancore ; 

I have lately detected some gross errors in the tract executed by Tumbull & Pereira, 
which I conceive is owing to laziness & negleet. They have laid down places they have never 
seen, or been at merely with an inattention, to sava themselves a little trouble, & have filled 
large spaces with wood, which contains much detail. ... I. ..point out to thorn their errors in 
two or three instances, with a hope they will be more particular in future 1 . 
Bad work is often due to Ul health, and Pereira died eighteen months later, whilst 
Ward found that Turnbull, though "a very useful and intelligent man", was "now 
far advanced in life [ only 36 years !] & whose eyesight...is very bad". At the close 
of the survey he was sent to collect statistics in Tinnevelly [ II, 146 ; 111,167,320]. 

Summers, whom Mackenzie regarded as "an expert, clever, surveyor", had to 
resign in 1819 owing to asthma or consumption. Pensions had been sanctioned 



3 DDn. 156 ( 189), 28-11-16. s DDn. 149 ( 141 ), 21-< 



'DDa. 



Madras 375 

for Peter Lawrence, and some widows 1 , but it took three yeara to get one sanc- 
tioned for Summers, and Mackenzie asks 'Mounlfbrd to be 

kind, to him. The real laborer* oag&t to bo well paid. ... As long aa he was abla to do hia 
duty in the field, he did it. ... His claim;; am stated and admitted. His servient after ho 
went- to Elloro and Masidipatan± are kn* >wn to yourself. ... 

As to his conduct ami sin to >■! iioailii, reference will bo in:; do to yourself; If ho is, as I verily 
tielievo lie i~\ uiifit- for sictivo field, nr ovoil cIojo, ^.•cyv:.<:., sOTnoiiihist d'.i'.uld be allowed him, 
adapted to his utiii of service, to his labor, and to his character. As far as I know, ho was 
xiovor accused of druukeiinesn, Ki-.i-iisdiness, or siiKjiii-iim .-if theft, liko :,?k: only precedents of the 
10 pagodas. The civil auditor in faoL i- not a judi:-:> of tliuir pretensions 2 . 
.Summers was allowed a pension of Es. 61-4 p.m., and was given light work in the 
drawing office till after 1830 [ 401 ]. He feft two or three sons in the survey, 

About this time the Bombay Gov eminent asked for the services of as many 
assistants as possible, but 011I3' one, James Aikin, could be spared [ 125 ]. He 
gives Jopp the following account of iiis services ; 

In 1816 I was placed.. .under the ordure of Captain B. 9. Ward, who was appointed to 
-cho survey of South Travancoro, and co-oporat.e.d with him in iloliuin.il the disputed boundaries 
of tlio Travancoro and Madras Collect orates [ 107-8 ]. In 1821. ..I was transferred to the 
survey of tho Sou thorn .Mahratta Stated, and in 1.822 t.o your department. 

From the year 1805 to. ..1822, I was without any intermission antivoly employed, ... sub- 
ject to the in demon (;ios oi~ weather. danirors. privation.-.', avi.l ilifricultii's a.ftcudimr on a sur- 
veyor while employed in tins hold, more especially when I was employed on the surveys of 
tlio Dindigul district- and the disputed boundarios of the Travaiicore aud Madura Co doctorates, 
tracts of tho most wild and intricate nature, containing one continued forest. >J"o just con- 
ception could bo forsiuvl by any excepting those who had a share in it 4 . 

It was because of this rough life that the early marriage of young surveyors 
was discouraged, even as in later days, and Mackenzie regretted to hear that 
the lad Harnett proposed to marry. As he is an apprentice of the Company undor age, the 
Clergyman ought to he warned not to marry him, as it may be ruinous to tho lad. The best 
way is to remove hiiri to Guntoor, or oven to Cuttaek 5 . 

Barnetfc was already at work in the Circars, and married at Masulipatam the 
following year [384]. The marriage did not prove so ruinous, for he was holding 
charge of a survey party with success some ~2~> years later. 

What with deaths and other casualties, the number of these assistants remaining 
under the Surveyor General's orders was reduced to eleven by 1822. Lambton 
had three others. For his survey of the Nilgiri mountains, Ward had only Keyes 
and MoMahon, who had made the pioneer survey there in 1812 [II, 147-9], 
Snell in the Circars had Dunigun, Faulkner, Harnett, and Anderson ; whilst Hill, 
Long, Cha-marett, and "Ficker, were left in Hyderabad. 

The return of John Malcolm was welcomed. His career is of some interest, as 
he was probably a natural son of the great Sir John [ II, 173-5 ]- He took leave 
from the Hyderabad survey in 1819 "to proceed on his private affairs to 
Hindostan", and, without permission from the Surveyor General or the Madras 
Government, obtained a commission as "local cornet" in Skinners' Horse 8 . He 
resigned this commission in J822, and was re-admitted to the Madras survey 
establishment "without prejudice to ins rank" 7 . 

He was employed at Madras from about February 1S23, till in October 1824 ' 
he was sent to the Malabar survey, with the record of "very bad work.. in the 
drawing office. ... To be strictly supervised in the field". After various delays 
in the sea passage via Colombo, he reached Oannanore on 25th December. 

Ward had taken leave from Malabar in September 1821, and George Arthur who 
relieved him had to take sick leave to England almost at once. Keyes took over 
charge but. had h-wu sick for some time, and died in January IS^.j s , so JIcMalion and 

MOp* to Lawrence ; R.i. 10 to Pope's widow; Rs. 30-10 to families of Lantwar & Percira. 'Dim. 

149 (114), 7-4-20. - iuincd I>:.™a:i Survtv 27-2-21. «to DSG. ilondi.iv, D'Dsi. 2*5 ( .">2 ), 11-1-34. 
M)!):i. [do ( 340), 17 -1-1 S. 'dated) 1-19. Uoil^ir., IV < 57:1 ! ; D.l.)n. 149 ( 3 ), 2.V3-I9 & 19-1(67-3), 
26-4-22. 'MMC. Hi -4-22; 11 tin. 194 { R\i ) : EGO., C-ia-C, 12-6-22. * widow, Eeelcsia, granted 

i; ( ,r:.Ei..i[L Rfl, 12 pm. DDn. 218 (156], 3-5-26; d. 15-11-37, aged 36 yearn 10 mo.; gorernoas, 
Blacktown Female Orphan Asylum. 



37<i 



Civil Assistants, Madras & Bombay 



Malcolm were left to carry on till Ward's return in December. Malcolm was dis- 
charged in 1829 owing to 

the debilitated state of his constitution, brought on or initially. ..from ropoatod attacks of 
fever, and latterly.. .from a habit of intemperance, whioh may unfnrcuuately have been pro- 
duced from the original cause of his debility. ... The situation. ..is similar in some respects to 
that of a, late pensioned surveyor, Potor Lawrence, ... to whom pension of 10 pagodas a month 
was granted [379]. ... Malcolm has only reached the; 2nd class, on a , salary of !{5 pugodas a month, 
and. ..his conduct has, until lately, been entirely approved of. ... Although he has no claim 
thereto by the regulations, ...yet, as ho originally .lose his health whilst in tlio execution of 
his duty, ... ho may bo eoiisldereil...fi.>i- t'be favoui'ablu oon.-iilorai inn of Guvoriunent 1 . 

He wa» granted a pension of Sa. 30 p.m. on the grounds that "his constitution 
has been undermined by repeated attacks of fever contracted whilst in the per- 
formance of his duty in the unhealthy country of Wynaad" [ 114 ] 2 . 

Mackenzie was firmly convinced that no survey unit could be efficiently run by 
a country- bo 111 assistant L 359 ]• & e f l-'d ilor think Dmiigan fit for charge hi the 
Northern Ci rears after Scott's move to Bonga!, and was not happy until he had 
secured a military officer lor charge of the surveys in the Circars [ 339-40 ]. 

In 1826 Dunigan retired on pension; "from the defective state of sight, his 
drawings have lately been completed by the other assistants" ; 

From the expiration of the apprenticeship. .aip to the date of which lie was recommended 
for an increase of pay from 25 to '.W> pagodas per mensem, lie Booms to have given perfect 
satisfaction. ... He was in charge of the survey in the Ceded Districts, ... which. ..he eon- 
ducted and brought to a close in a very satisfactory man nor [ II, 155 ]. ' 

On the conclusion of that work, in May 1815, he was brought to the Presidency and 
employed in tins o:'lii:e upwards of two ycurs, during which... ho manifested a very turbulent 
disposition, whereby he incurred the displeasure of the lato Col. Mackenzie, ... which... was 
hi some extent the cause of bis promotion bating boon so ion:; delayed. ... 

For a length of time ho did not. discharge his duties zealously, or give that satisfaction to 
Ins superiors so vory desirable. ... Ho has already suffered for Ills doihuiuencies by his pro- 
motion having bi.cn kept back for upwards of five years, and. ..his immediate superior. Captain 
Snell, testifies... that, ho has no reason to bo dissatisfied with his conduct 3 . 
He was granted pension at half salary, amounting to Rs. 157-8 p.m., and sub- 
sequently re-employed at the Madras office. 

In the intervals between the unfortunate deaths of the officers who held charge 
of the Hyderabad Survey between 1820 and 1823, it fell to Thomas Hill to hold 
charge for several months, which he did most satisfactorily, though in 1822 Young, 
who had recently taken charge, complained of a letter from Hill 

as being disrespectful to me, and I thorefore desired Mr. Hill to withdraw the letter entirely. 
This ho. ..refused to do, and even went so far as to tell me to withdraw my letter to him. ... 
IT or this seditions language I ordered him home to his quarters, and wrote to him. ..that I 
should stop 20 rupees a month from his pay until bo withdraw tho objectionable letter. ... 
This he refused to do, and. ..ho has ever sirioo absented himself from office. ... 

I must particularly request that Mr. Hill may not be removed from this survey. He is 
the only assistant who can print arid sketch mans on a small scale. ... It has been my endea- 
vour to conciliate all tho assistant? to the utmost in my power 4 . 

In spite of these strictures Hill continued to give worthy service until February 
1830, when he was granted a pension of Rs. 78-12 p.m. 5 

During season 1825-6 both the Hyderabad and Circars surveys were closed down, 
Crisp being on duty in Calcutta [ 309-1 . and Snell 011 a sea voyage for his health. 
The assistants of "both parties were brought down to Madras tn push on the fair 
mapping [ 321 ], and much resented the loss of their field allowances, the rule being 
"that surveyors are, at the Presidency, to get no more than 25 pagodas", whereas 
life at the Presidency must have been a great deal more expensive than in the 
mofasil. Montgomerie apologised for forwarding their petition ; 

I would not have boon tho ehannul of such »n ad dross... had I not considered it necessary 
that Government should bo rniuio acquainted with the unjustly discontented and litigious 



Madras 377 

spirit which. ..is manifested. ... That the pai'tios should hnvo dares), ... in tho face of records 
of this office, to suoport their claims by statements and assertions which they most "havo known 
to be falso, is; not- mom surprising ttiini ropi-ohon.jihlo, -.moro psn-f.iotilarly with rospeet to 
senior assistant Dimnigan, who must havo boon fully aware that the regulations had been 
enforced, not only" with respect to reduction of salaries, but also that, held allowances never 
were granted to any surveyor when employed at this office 1 . 

Government ruled that they should draw Rs. 122-8 p.m. -whilst at the Presi- 
dency, equivalent to the higher salary, 35 ps. [II, 349 ]. The Hyderabad assistants, 
were not satisfied, and in November refused to leave Madras unless also granted 
field allowances, and Montgomerie reports that 

on the 2nd. instant 1.1 in... Assistant Surveyors- delivered to me a letter. . .refusing to obey orders 
they had received, hut, as I considered the measure a .^ross attempt U> obtain what they were 
bv no means entitled to, thoy wore informed that t ho letter could no:, bo submitted. ..and were 
desired to prepare themselves for tho march, :.ios) that an advance at 111 months field pay a 
allowances would be applied for. Bur, on the acquittance rolls. ..for that advance bei 
to thorn for sir.'i!ati.irs\ and on Ijoivur in termed of the likely <■■ inss»qiioi)ees of sac Is disobedience of 
orders, thoy said they would stand the result 3 . 

Government replied that, as they had received their lawful dues, they would be 
dismissed the service if after seven days they should still refuse to start 4 . There 
was no further trouble, and, except for Ficker who died at Madras on 28th Decem- 
ber, they reached Hyderabad on 17th January 1827. 

Thomas Hill, on the other hand, was allowed full field allowances wliilst at 
Calcutta during the same period [ 118 ], Ma move to another Presidency being 
temporary, and it being considered ;i hardship that 

he should suffer anv (.limmnation of salary and tho to till abridgement of his field allowances 
when necessitated to quit his station on public duty ; to live in a state of separation from, 
his family, and thus become involved in the extraordinary oxponoo of double maintenance. ... 
The uniform zeal, ability, and good conduct displayed by Mr. Hill during tho throe years that 
his duties have boon ports, v mo; I under my supia-intoiidence, find indeed the general good character 
as a surveyor which he has brsrm; for the period of 23 years of a active service, induce me to 
rocommrsiid his application 5 . 

Ho was allowed to draw a sum equivalent to his field allowances from the date of his: 
embarkation from Madras in 1826 to Calcutta to that of his tivriv.il at ATasulipatam on his return. 
Mr, Hill's claims to the difference between field and garrison pay and allowances, during tho- 
time he remained at Madras is in.vlmissable 6 . 

To replace casualties Mackenzie had triod to get a survey school started at the 
Madras office. For various reasons this was not possible though a special school 
was started hi 1819 by De Havilland for surveyors required by the Revenue Board 7 . 
In 1822 authority was obtained to recruit a couple of apprentices, and more were 
obtained the following year, when Turnbull was brought into headquarters as 
instructor 3 . Of these Charles Joseph who had insufficient knowledge of English to 
qualify as surveyor proved a valuable draughtsman [ 321 ]. Augustus Meneaud had 
acquired "sufficient knowledge of his duties" to be sent to Malabar in October 1826, 
and Charles Summers, son of that useful surveyor James [ 374-5 ], took Dunigan's 
place at Vizagapatam in January 1827 [ 376 ]. 

In 1827 Montgomerie called attention to the urgent necessity of replacing 
casualties, and asked that he might recruit twelve more apprentices [ 321 ] ; 

There being now only seven of s,he old Ileveiiiso Surveying School available for field 
service, ... a considerable increase would appear necessary. ... The present weak state of the 
parties renders the surveys much more expensive then if they were of a proper strength for, 
as the superintendent of a survey can with oaso and advantage fully employ six persons of 
that description, any number bselow that... occasions a proportionate loss 9 . 
Sanction was given, and in September I S28 Montgomerie had altogether 14 appren- 
tices being trained under Turnbull. Another sis were entertained in 1830. 

'DDn 237 ( 134 ], 17-5-26. s ChamareU, Lotif, Ficker, U-iiain. ! ib. ( 290 ), 9-11-28. 'MMC. 
1-1 ■>-'»! ■ DDn 2ISC290-7). s from Cri3p ; DDn. Ii7f ;i;i!)'l, 16-10 -29. 6 M.MC. 28-10 -2* ; I) l)n. 184 ( 4Sit ) . 
'MRevBd.,830.'H19t 7302-3 1, 23 >i -It* « 8;i:./ 182:1 [ 6,-. 19-27 I. 19-7-21, * DDn. 209(51,200), 15-5-fc 
"-l]-"3 ■ MMC 27-9-2 1 ' ; '■. -V. Sinners, J. 0. JiiiiMil; ; MMJ !. 12-8-2:! ;' :'A j. Itrniin, Joseph, Meneand, 
Bodrigura, Wm. Ignatio. 'DDn. 232 ( 2 ), 12-1-27 ; MMC. 27-2-27 ( 84-5 ). 



378 



CrvxL Assistants, Madras & Bombay 



The old scale of allowances functioned in 1807 [II, 349], based on salaries of 
25, 35 and 45 pagodas, with tent and horse allowances, and pay and baita of lascars, 
had brought the monthly scale to rupees 122-8, 156-10-11, and 191—10-11 respec- 
tively. In March 1830 the regulations were revised. Designation for all grades 
was to be Sub-Assistant Surveyor, that of Native Surveyors being abolished. 

The establishment to bo divided into throe classes. The first Clans to be limited in number 
to four. The End Class to be an equal number, and the 3rd Class to such number as may be 
required; the whole to be denomir.ii.tod Sub-Assistant Purveyors;. The following salaries and 
allowances ;'-i'o fixed for the sevoral classes. — 



.-1 Sub-Ast 



-.1 Surveyor, 3rd Claw 



Horse Allowance 
Tent Allowance 
Three Surveying Lascars 

A Sub- Assistant Surveyor, i!i 

Allowances 
A Sub-Assi-sln-nt Surveyor 1st Class 

Allowances 






. 60-00-00 
15-12-00 
24-08-00 
28-14-11 
100-00-00 
79-10-11 
145-00-00 
79-10-11 



... 224-10-11 

The period of apprenticeship before appointment as Sub-Assistant was to be 
seven years, and, as soon as they were fit for field work, the officers under whom 
they were posted could draw Rs. 28 salary and lis. 40-^8 allowances for each 1 . 
The following is the roll as it stood in February 1830 ; 
3rd Glass 



1st Glass 

Charles McMahon, Malabar 

Andrew Chamarett, Hyderabad 
Richard Long, Hyderabad 

one vacancy 

2nd Class 

Charles Barnefct, Cirears 

Richd. Henry Britain, Hyderabad 



Augustus Menaud, Malabar 

Charles Summers, Cirears 

William Ignatio, Hyderabad 

John Summers 
Wm. Henry Turnbull 
Henry Parlby 



Great Trigon"ometrical Survey 

Lambton made the following report on his assistants in January 1816 ; 

Joshua T>e Penning. Age 31. Salary pags. 45. Writes olegantly. Thoroughly acquainted 
with all the various computation:; requisite! in goodofioHl operations. An accurate observer, 
and competent to all the astronomical calculations necessary in the survey under my directions. 

Draws all kinds of plans well. The plain table he has nothing to do with, it not being 
an instrument used in this survey. He speaks the Tamil laiiL-uafc?, and understands Gentoo 
and Hindostanee. His character is universally good. 

Peter Lawrence. Age 33. Salary pags. 35. Nearly the same.. .in all respects. 

Joseph Olliver. Age 30. Salary pags. 35. Employe*! in all Tin; higher com nutations, and 
is making groat progress towards all the qualifications nbove stated. 

Willam Rossenrode. Age 24. Salary pags. 25. The same in all respects as the last. 

Remark. ... These yount' men have been chiefly instructed in tin.: various branches 0!' this 
survey, most of which are complicated and tedious, and different in their nature from those of 
the ordinary ones ; but, whenever this may be completed, and their services employed upon 
a different scnic, all other descriptions of surveys with common thoodo.iites. plain tables, etc., 
must soon become easy and familiar to them. I...hope, when tny labours are at an end, that 
young men possessing such attainments as they possess, pan.ieularly the two first, may be em- 
ployed on surveys of a more general nature, from which Geography may derive advantage, and 
for which they will be so eminently qualified 3 . 

The following year Lambton had to ask for Lawrence's dismissal; 

I hi i«'l always considered hirn of a. -weakly constitution, jvnr! attributed bis not. attend tog 
at my office occasionally to ill health, till the instances; beeamo so frequent that I began to 

'DIfn. 328 ( 9 ), 17-2-30. 2 Otter apprentices engaged before ls>:W iTidudo Colin Ignatio, Wm. Martin. 
Wm. Parr, Francis jJoyno, Thus. fiiu.fov. [;dw;ird Jlct'nn iiv, Win. ficrook, Wlifj.l'^v Dalv, John Leigh. 
>DDn. 63 (375), 22-1-16. 



Great Trigonometrical Survey 



379 



suspect his boiru.: s;ivi:ii to drinking. iiud :ay appre. lensioiis were too well founded, and he is 

now in such an emuoiaLod state tl:i.i-L lie can scarcely hold a [.>eii in. his hand. As this is tho third 
chance that I have given him, ... and being at, this momoni in a state of intoxication in his 
quarters, I should be remiss in my duty were I not to report his incapacity. ... 

On account of his former valuable services for nt, least fifteen i/eurs, it becornes equally 
my duty to recommend. ..that he may be allowed, ivhere-.riili '..:/ mai'.ituin himself and family, 
he having a wife and live sm.fi.ll children woo look so him for support'. 

Lawrence was removed from the trigonometrical survey from 1st January 1818 and, 
given a pension of ten pagodas a month from May 181.8. Much to Mackenzie's disgust, 
he was employed in the drawing office till October 1820 when discharged after 
relapses of drinking. He did excellent work, however, on the pendulum, observations 
at the equator during 1822-3 [ 355 ]. 

Being asked what changes he wanted made in his establishment on his transfer 
to the Supreme Government, Lambton asked that his staff of assistants should be 
raised to six, and that substantial increases of pay and allowances should be granted 
to the three seniors [ 324 ] ; 

In a survey of this kind, where every ind.i vkt.iiil ;nii-j In; prepared to movn rapidly over 
a great extent,, it is absolutely Eiocossary that they should Ueep up an efficient establishment, 
and. ..must frequently leave their families behind. ..for several months together, which obliges 
them to have a. double establishment,. The expenses. ..must therefore be very great. ... 

The instruction of these young men, after they came to me, ..must give them a pre-eminence 
over the ordinary class of surveyors. ... Thoy soon become expert calculators. ... They are 
then taught.. .the use of all my grand instruments ; to adjust them, and to observe, which 
they do with great accuracy. ... Joshua De Penning was so fully qualified in 1813 that I entrus- 
ted him to carry a belt of triangles, orincipid and secondary, ... entirely across the Peninsula, 
and he accomplished ids task m a most, masterly manner [246-8 ]. ... 

Mr. De Pomiing stands in a very super!;;; light, both as to his attainments and the res- 
pectability of his character. He is competent to the practical part of the survey in all its 
various branches ; thoroughly acquainted with the u,djnsi:rnents of all my instruments ; is an 
excellent practical astronomer 3 . 

If their allowances are not increase;! so as to enable thern to support their families, it 
would be impossible for them to attend me through difrerimt countries, and it will be equally 
impossible for me to go on without them. In which ease my operations must either bo con- 
fined to this part of India, or be relinquished n- 1 together. ... 

I... recommend that a salary of four hundred ( 400 ) sicca rupees per mensem bo granted 
to Mr. Joshua De Penning, and two hundred and fifty ( 250 ) to each of the others for the 
present, leaving an opening for their rise ac.c-ordi.ug to their talents and behaviour. These 
allowances are to include all allowances for horses, tents, etc., which are now specified in my 
monthly abstract [II, 335 ; III, 325 ]. ... 

Three more Sub -Assist tints should be added to my prosent establishment, so as to aug- 
ment the number to six. ... Their pay for iho first tlum year* should bo one hundrod and seven 
( 107 ) ; for the second three, years one hundred and forty ( 140 ), and for the third three years 
one hundred and seventy three ( 173 } sicca rupees per mensem, and after that to rise according 
to thoir merit. The young hands.. .are murdi wanted foe copying reports, etc., ... the older ones 
...in calculations. Copying and collating take up a vast deal of time [ 255-6 ] 3 . 

These recommendations were first made in November 1817, and were referred 
to Mackenzie, who put them aside. He could not see why the assistants of the 
trigonometrical survey should have better terms than those of his own establish- 
ment. It was not till after his death that Hodgson took the matter up, and obtained 
sanction to Lambton's proposals as they stood. A further reference from Lambton 
brought retrospective effect from 1st January 1818* [ 325 ]. 

Two recruits were appointed in July 1821 ; 
William Lambton, a natural son of mine, is just from school, and is quite propared bo ha 
instructed in the elements of his profession. ... Joseph De Penning, a son of Mr. Joshua De 
Penning, my first Sub -Assistant, is also a promising lad and under his father's instructions will 
...soon beeoine acquainted with the neoessury rudiments 6 . 
The third recruit, Murray Torriek, was appointed from 22nd April 1822. After- 



380 Civil Assistants, Madras & Bombay 

Lambton's death his son was sent back to school as far too young for service, and 
Joseph De Penning was discharged two years later [ 326 ]. 

A serious loss was the resignation of Joshua De Penning, who asked to resign 
immediately after Lambton's death on the grounds of health and reluctance to 
accompany the survey to Upper India. Everest tried to persuade him to stay ; 

His application to resign at the present time, when he must know that Superintendent 
has urgent need of his services is, I fear, the result of oaprice, and I hope that. ..he will not 
think of leaving the survey until the Superintendent can cor ivcniour.ly dispense with hi3 services. 

If, however, Mr. De Penning should really, from hia long and active sorvice in the field! 
have suffered so seriously in his health and constitution its to prevent his farther exertions here, 
I think that the reasons for grunting to him tho liberal salary ho now receives... will cease to 
exist, and he could then be considered in no other light than as an Assistant Surveyor of the 
First Class, with hia salary as such 011 the Madras Establishment, and entitled to his pension 
on half pay in the event of hia retiring. 

However, if incapable of field duty, he might still, I think, be advantageously employed 
in the office of tho Assistant Surveyor Genera] at Madras 1 . 

A month later, however, Everest reported that De Penning would stay 
until my whole party can assemble in the latter end of this year at Kllichpoor, and I... solicit. . 
permission... for Mr. De Penning to resign. ..from the 1st Fabruary 1824, and for Mr. Joseph 
Olliver to succeed to tho vacancy from the same date. ... 

During the time- that I have been with this survey his eawrtaana have been unremitted 
and hive ever entitled him to the liig'io.;t consideration of tho late Superintendent. ... In the 
various climates under which he has had to act. ..his constitution has been so much impaired 
as not to admit, in his own opinion, of his remaining longer in this part of the country. 
After a long and meritorious service of 23 years, he wishes to retire to the coast with his family" 
and it is with the most sincere gratification that I beg to recommend his case 3 . 

After holding charge of the detachment at Nagpnr during the rains of 1823 
De Penning joined Everest near Ellichpur, and after assisting with the measure- 
ment of the base at Takarkhera, resigned from 1st February 1824, being allowed 
to draw salary till the end of March to cover his journey down to the Coast. He 
was atruek off the strength of the Great Trigonometrical Survey with a pension 
reverted to his former situation and pay under the Madras Government, and was 
employed in the Surveyor General's office at fchst Presidency. 

After the discharge of young Lambton, Everest recruited a boy named John 
Peyton, son of the senior surgeon at Hyderabad, and he reports later that 
Joseph De Penning is a very well-disposed, obedient, and steady lad, and as mere under- 
clerk I would nor, desire any pnrson mom effective hut, poor lad, ho is very dull and in the 
field lias as yet evinced no symptoms of practical talent whatever 1 . ... 

Murray Torriok is not only a very incapable and ignorant young man, but inert beyond 



be urged to his duty, and during tho whole of my last 



all conception. He can by 
operations has been of 

John Peyton has not been...long enough in the department to be judged ; I sincerely hope 
he will in time be useful, and as he is the son of one of my particular frienda I shall he most 
happy to maki! favourable msriLioii of h::n wiysuovur I havo an opportunity. 

As to my two principal sub- assistants, they are truly efficient in all respects 4 . 

Blacker held out no hope of finding a suit able substitute for Torriek ■ 

Insuperable difficulty will attend all endeavouis to procure such a substitute... if I am to 
judge from my own ill .success in supplying the Surveyor General's Office with servants. ... I 
see no method of being supplied with such assistants except by apprenticing youths from the 
Orphan School, who have yet bo learn almost every qua! i lie; it ion you enumerate 5 . 

Everest agreed to give him a further trial ; 

I shall make tho most I can of the Sub -Assistants whom I have. ... This young man' has 
shewn considerable symptoms of amendment of late. ,t begins to i-e more useful and obedient 

In reference generally to the Sub -Assistants of my department, ...I have not perhaps 
much reason to be dissatisfied, but the contrary. Accustomed, however, as I have been fa 
following up the system of my groat predecessor, to lead them to their duty by kindness alone 
I am utterly unacquainted with the extend of authority which the law allows me, and have 

'discharged, Nov. 1825. *DDn. 



Great Trigonometrical Survey 



381 



no means of protecting myself against those whims and caprices, of which I this day submitted 
to you a lamentable instance in the case of Mr. Olliver. 

The trouble with Olliver was an unfortunate instance of Everest's hasty temper 
and impatience, which from time to time overwhelmed him. Repeated attacks of 
fever, and the strain of carrying on a difficult professional task which would have 
severely taxed the physical strength of. a man in perfect health, had. "brought him 
to a most neurotic stale [_ 4-03^4 1- He had a sharp attack of fever just as he was 
starting work on his base-line at Sironj [ 245-6 J, and sent a peremptory message for 
Olliver to come to his assistance. Olliver, who was engaged on tri angulation a few 
miles away, failed to come as ordered, and Everest straightway accused him of 
insubordination, and placed him under arrest in such a tactless manner as led 
Olhver, who was really the most loyal of servants, to an obstinate opposition. 
The matter was reported to Blacker whose tactful handling of the caso eventually 
led to reconciliation. Everest replied to Blacker 3 s letter that, 

011 receipt of it, I sent for Mr. Oiiiver and, after having read the contents to him, I released 
him from arrest, an.il desired liiin to return to his duby, allowing him 3 days to consider what 
answer I should return. On the 3rd day. ..he waited upon me and expressed his sorrow and 
regret for what had passed, and his thanks fir f.lio considerate t. realm out, which ho I :ad experien- 
ced, both at your hands and mine. ... I will... consider the affair- as satisfactorily settled 1 . 

Whilst short handed with Olliver under arrest, Everest asked the local 
military commander for help, and was fortunate to find in Gunner, or Bombadier, 
Eisher a man who was able to give most welcome assistance for several months. 
In describing his measurement of the Sironj base-line Everest reports that 
Gunner Fisher. ..very soon become tolerably expert in those parts of the duty which I 
required from him. He was very aleri; and soon made liimselr' useful, lie is a young man far 
above the common class of European soldiers, and is... respectably educated. He has some 
knowledge... of mathematics. ... He has a very tolerable practical knowledge of the use of 
logarithms, and is able to apply tin: formula for... difference of level, and hypothenusal deduc- 
tion of the base, with eensidemhle (plenty, all of which require oa-rc and soma skill. 

I feel quite loth to recommend any person to your notice since the lamentable conduct 
of my first Sub- Assistant, but [ I recommend J appointing Gunner [fisher temporarily to my 
department as a 3rd Sub-Assistant upon the usual allowance of 107 rupees a month, to com- 
mence from the 27th Novr. 1824. ... My department is much crippled for want of persons who 
can afford mo oven common as--iLSi.ai.icti in my extensive onlc illations 2 . 

The appointment was sanctioned 5 , but Eisher was disgusted at being reverted 
to his unit when Everest closed down work a few montha later ; 

When Captain Evara8fe...w»S in the act of the measurement of a base. ..near Serong, he 
found it... necessary to apply to Major General Arnold, commanding at- Saugur, for a person 
...to assist him in his operations, as Mr. Olliver was placed under arrest. I was the person 
sent out, when it is well known to tin; station doctor at S.iugur I was not able even to walk 
one mile in 6 hours. Three months f. had been ill with the fever and ague. ... I reached the 
Captain on t-ho clay appointed by forcing my marches, and went to duty immediately. ... 

Captain Everest is.. .well aware that by my temjKwaty appointment I was deprived of a 
permanent one [under my] patron the Lord Bishop of Calcutta. However, he gave me 
such hopes, adding always, "only bo sat is lied, wii.li being temporarily appointed", and I should 
be permanent "if in his power". Rome, ho had to tell me, was not built in one day. ... 

I have not, I trust, been found unfit to fill the siliuafcion of 3rd Sub -Assistant. ... I am 
prepared for a fair examination in those sciences, geometry, trigonometry, &o., oa which 
the whole art of surveying depot ids. Captain Everest is well aware, out of the 5 Sub -Assistants, 
3 of them are of little or no use, and., .Sir, Olliver and Sir. Rossenrode little better. They 
can calculate plane triangles in some cases, but not general. 

Anything you may be pleased to confer on me, so that f may ho removed from barracks, 
will cause... humble, heartfelt, gratitude. I was recommended to Government in the year 
1822 by W. Fraser Esq. at Delhi for the surveying do-par I ment f 151 ], but Captain J. A. Hodg- 
son, the Surveyor General, said there was no vacancy 4 . 

Barrack life in India in those days must indeed have been irksome to a man with 
any education at all, and it is possible that "Fisher found congenial employment with 
the aid of his patron the Bishop ; he was not taken into the Survey. 



Mb. (* 



1 ), 25-12-21. 'BMC. 11-3-23; DDn. 201 (39]. 



MID-,. 



382 



Civil Assistants, Madras & Bombay 



After Everest's departure, Olliver was promoted to Rs. 300 from 11th November 
1825, and left in charge with Russenrode, Tor rick and Peyton. He reports a year 
later that Peyton was " very quick of comprehension, and by no means tender in 
encountering difficulties when subject to hardships ". 

Mr. M. Torriok...has also made a judicious selection of one station during the last trip, 
a mere chance for, though he made- the selection, ho was quite at a stand afterwards, and 
from the very distressing description he gave of the features of the country for further pro- 
ceeding, so much discouraged mo that I then accounted it an unfavorable selection. ... He 
is naturally very slow of com prehension- ■-- 

Both the 3rd S-rtb-Assiatantg are very nsoful in the coloulationa, aueh as the probabilities 
of error in the observed angles, Lho chord corrections, and spherical esasi and the calculation 
of the triangles. It remains vol. to qualify them for the more intricate oale id a dons 1 . 

Olliver, whom Everest had described as his "right arm", both on his operations 
east of Hyderabad in 1819-20 and on his western series towards Poona in 1822-3 
[ 230, 234-6 ], held charge of the Calcutta Longitudinal Series between IS25 and 1832, 
and continued to do noble service till his retirement in 1842, besides giving three 
sons to the survey. Rossenrode also was a most valuable worker, and gave loyal 
and capable service till his retirement in 1841, leaving two sons in the survey, one 
of whom held independent charge of a party for many years. Everest records that 

at the death of Lieut. Colonel Lamb ton in January 1S23, Mr. Rossenrode was anxious to 
quit the department, but at my persuasion over-looked the severe sufferings ho bad already 
undergone, and consented to encounter again tho same hazards, rather than exposo the opera- 
tion!! of the Groat Arc to n. failure from want of his nblo suai is tsn.ee. ... 

He was then a 1 ia!o active man in the primp of life, with all bis faculties unimpaired. His 
natural intelligence, which is of a high order — his conciliatory deportment in his dealings with 
natives, which acquired for him an influence such as I never seen equalled— his familiar com- 
mand of most of the native dialects from Cape Comorm to tho Himalaya mountains -his 

general and almost imperturbable good temper — and his aptitude for business — peculiarly 
qualified him to succeed in a mercantile capacity, and bad he then yielded to the instances of 
his friends. ..ho would havo had every prospect of ultimately surmounting [lie evils for which 
repeated attacks of jungle fever bad already laid the foundation. ... 

By continuing with the department Mr. Rossenrode wan of the greatest service to me in 
conducting the. ..Great Arc across the mountain tracts between Sironj and Ellichpur, and... 
I have little hesitation in saying that but for bis valuable aid all my efforts to bring the 
Great Arc series to Seronj would have ended in failure [ 245 ]. 

At my departure for England in 1825 on sick certificate, Mr. Rossenrode was employed 
in conjunction with Mr. Olliver- in conducting the Calcutta "Longitudinal Series, ... but here 
again.. .he suffered most severely from the effects of jungle fever, and his former illness became 
is nover afterwards to bo eradicated 2 . 



l'uMI.;AY 



The first civilian assistants employed in the Bombay Presidency, other than 
Indian revenue surveyors, were William Webbe and William Sundt. Webbe 
was the half-caste son of a British sergeant, and was apprenticed and educated at 
the Madras surveying school [1,284]. He had accompanied both Malcolm's 
missions to Persia as surveyor— 1799 to 1801 and 1809-10 — and compiled the 
maps £11, 176, 280 ]. In October 1812 he was transferred to the Bombay 
establishment, and worked under Williams on the revision of Reynolds' great 
map [ II, 284 ]. Sundt also had been a protege of Malcolm's ; 

Mr. Sundt, who is the son of a Captain on the Madras Establishment-, left the Orphan Asylum 
of that Presidency to enter the Quarter -Mas tor-General's Office in 1806, in which he was 
employed as Surveyor and Draughtsman. lie was while in I his line on Held service in Travan- 
eore [ II, I3 1 " 2 I In 1809 he went with me to Persia, and in 1812 was transferred by me to 
this establishment, along with Mr. Webb, as a Surveyor in the Revenue Department [II, 188]. 

In 1S18 he was... directed to. ..my orders, and has since.. .been most actively and usefully 

'DDn. 174 ( 36 ], 3-1-27. » DDn. 402 ( 158-9 ), 12-6-41. 



Bombay 



183 



employed 1 . ... This Inconions and able man aiiilrl have had higher allowances. ..if he had gone' 
to Poena, but his /.oal and anxiety to finish what he is now employed on here [ Bombay J 
made him remain on a loss sum. He is not merely an. excellent draughtsman and correct* 
surveyor, bat a num. of general otfainmonts. arid of eousiderunlo science 2 . 

Simdt was paid Be. 120 p.m. in addition to his former salary of Bs. 152 as 
revenue surveyor. Of the work on his ma.p of Malwa[ 275 j, Malcolm further writes ; 

Mr. Sundt (a native born ], who was lent to the Geographical Department in Central 
India from the Ii.eve.nuo .Survey at Bombay to which he beiOUgs, no!' only drew the original 
map, to which ho contributed several surveys | S/j-6 |, but has since made a copy with divisions 
of Districts, and has completed a geographical index. ... Some information regarding the 
navigation and traffic of Lho Nerbudda wi; communicated by Mr. Webb, who is also a native 
bom, and belongs to the same survey as .Mr. Sundt. 

The author has particular pleasure instating I lis obligations to these ingenious and scientific 
persons, with whose labours in trio public service he has been intimately acquainted from the 
time they lefr the Survey School ; :.t Madras 8 . 

Sundt continued work orilTaloolnrs map till its completion early in 1822, and on 
Malcolm's recommendation was allowed an "additional remuneration" of lis. 1600 ; 

I brought to Bombay materials for making an improved copy of my Map of Malwa, and 
for completing an index of all the towns and villages that are included in it. ... The Index... 
now contains an account of nearly seven thousand places, The magnitude of this index 
and the groo.i. labour necessary for doiining the ooundi-i.rics of the pergunnahs in the map will 
make it a"t least three ;noni,ns before the whole can ue "hushed. ... I trust too charge of com- 
pleting this task may lie left with Mr. Sundt, ... and I cannot refrain from bringing... his long 
meritorious services to the notice of the Governor in Council*. 

After Williams' departure both VVebbe and Sundt reverted to the Gujarat 
Revenue Survey, and Cruikshank was most reluctant to surrender them to Suther- 
land when he: became Assistant. Surveyor General ; 

Since the mode of carrying on the Revenue Surveys by means of a large establishment 
of native measurers has been adopted, the work, iris toad of being confined to one purgunna 
as formerly has been extended to all the three remaining collectorships of Qoojerat, and as 
those natives, although perfectly competent to perform the outdoor duty, are unable to draw 
at all, the utmost exertions of the officers and of all the other draughtsmen are requisite to 
prevent this part of trio business from failing into arrears. ... 

This has already occasioned an accumulation of blio drawing part of the duty beyond 
tho power of the European Officers to complete without delaying the surveys, and it can 
only ho finished with the assistance of Messrs. Webb and Sundt. ... 

Tho charge of the office in Broach, where tho drawing is carried on, then devolves on Mr. 
Webb whoso conduct and good example are fully required to re.gul;:te-..uhe establishment thus 
left under him, which L-enerally consists of one or two draughtsmen, a:i European apprentice,, 
and some native writers. And, in the event of any young men or boys from the schools hi 
Bombay being attached to this Department for... instruction, ... their doing well must chiefly 
dependon the present means of instructing and taking care of them 5 . 

The surrender had. however, to be made, though YVehrm was retained till March 
1823 to complete a copy of Malcolm's map for the ilesident with Holkar 6 . 

Two other surveyors, or draughtsmen., were employed on Malcolm's maps', 
Arthur or Alexander White, who, with James Evers was later employed in 
Khandesh by Briggs [ 124 ], and L. I. De Mello. It was possibly one of these 
about whom St, John Blacker wrote from Sindhia's camp in April 1818 [85 ] ; 

A draftsman whom t have employed in Cochin to make a survey of that country has 
followed me hero. This person lias been instructed in all the necessary branches of mathe- 
matics to perfect him as a surveyor, in which capacity he has been employed for these ten 
years in Travanoore anil Cochin, partly under the suporiiuondejico of an Engineer officer 8 . 
Blacker asked that he might employ this man in Central India, and draw allowance 
for purchase of stationery, and also a perambulator for the survey. In a later- 
letter he says that he lent this surveyor to Malcolm for mapping 9 . 

'from Malcolm, 30-11-21, Bo RO. 5/5 ( 289-92 ). *fram Malcolm, 25-11-19; DT)n. 145 (1). 
3 Malcolm, II(appx. I). '30-11-21: IV) RO. 5/5 ( 2S9 '.<2 j. M'rurrt G-uiksrceik. Ll'M.i-22. 'BoMC- 

(camp), fiG; 1S2'2, IS -0-22. 'M!UO. S3 ( S7-8 }, 8-t { 1-S ): >ii]l.-i i.olijly drawn with little detail. a Arthur 
employed a lad named White in Mvsare. [ 1.1, yj* „A] and pasaibly took him to Travariuore [II, 131-2 ]. 
»DDn. 144(379), 7-4-18 & (377), 12-10-19. 



Civii, Assistants, Madras & Bombay 



In proposing an Assistant Surveyor General for Bombay in 1821, Hodgson had 
suggested a school for country -born surveyors. This was taken up with enthusiasm 
by the Chief Engineer, arid accepted by the (Jcivovniisent ;> 

With referent* to tko... formation of a-i in.st-itiiiio;i for Uw j.n.^r.ri.ioiioa of charity boys in 
survey duties, ...the Hon'blo tho Governor in Council ha;; it in contemplation to graft on 
that Institution, an establi.ihni.ont for tiio purposo^ of teaoliiag boys bora in the country, of 
European pareiitii::o, t-l:o lower branches of s^kvico avid :neoaan;oal arcs, so as to render them 
useful in super Lrico'".i] in;: works imiior European Enqioi'ors. ... An officer of the corps of 
Engineers should be anpoini'iil Suporirifci union!, of t,in> estiiliPshment 1 . 

Under a General Order of 18th April 1823, George Jervis, of Engineers, -was 
appointed Superintendent of this school, but it was some time before any of its 
pupils became available. Possibly Price and Sanger who joined the Deccan Survey 
on 1st May 1826 were amongst the first. Some of the Bombay maps about 1830 are 
beautifully drawn by William Bertie and J. Hanson, draughtsmen in Jopp's office, 
who may have come from Jervis' school'', which was started in Bombay where at 
one time it had as many as 70 pupils under tuition. On Jervis'a transfer to Poona, 
in 1830, the school accompanied him. 

Not only were instnif; Lions in mathematics, drawing, surveying, and practical mechanics 
given, but the SuperiutOEidoni, had. placed at his disposal the lit-ho presses... sent out by the 
Court of Directors since 1822 [ 2<iS '. ... The .KtiLnnoer's presses, both ill Bombay and Poona, 
have turned out work nearly as good as Lho climate allows. ... 

The Establish i neat... came into existence l!0 years too soon, and was maintained in a state 
of prosperity solely by the zeal of Capt. Jervis, its founder. ... A few years afterwards it 
disappeared from the list of our educational establishments, and the books, instruments, 
drawing materials and scion Ufk; appai-alus belonging to if. have long lain... inches thick in dust 3 . 

In Bombay ; a number of Indian surveyors were employed on the revenue surveys 
and with Thomas Jervis in South Konkan [ 393 ]. 



Sominal Roll, Madras 



N.», 


Birth & 
Death 


Vp-prri;- 


Employment 


Domestic 


Aikib, James 


b. c. Oct. 


1803 


Diudigul, 1815; Tc.ivaiieoie, Oct. 1817; 




[II, 35°1 


1789 
d. 1849 




to Bombay est,, Feb. 1821 [ 125 ]. 




Aheeesok, Thra 


b. c. June 


1810 


SGO. Madras, 1812; Circars, Nov. 


m. before April 1S24. 


[II, 35°] 


1796 




1815 ; Guntur, 1817 ; Mslptm. 
1820 ; Vizagptm., 1829 : omitted 
from 1830 list. 




Baillie, Chas. 


b. 0. Sept. 


1798 


SGO. Madras, 1815; MMI. Jan. 




eh. 350] 


17S5 
d. 3-12-20 




June, 1816, 




Baenett, Chas. 


b. 1-3-1800 


180B 


SGO. Madras, 1815 ; K. Circars, Not. 


m., Mslptm.., 1-11-19, 


[H, 35°] 






1815-1832; Ncllore, 1833-43. 


Miss Leonora Hudson. 


An apprentice H. Barnett, rac 


-nited in 


Madras 1822, d. 24-1-25. 




BlHB, Wm, 


b. c. March 


1805 


Dindigul, 1815; Travancorc, 1818 ; 


Left a widow "dis- 


[II, 35' 1 


1793 

(1. 30-13-2U 
Ellore. 




si;:l: to Frosilov, March 1817 ; absent 
without leave"; re-iirlm. Feb. 1818; 
t'nndichci-ry, 1.81.3; N. Cirtara, 1820. 


consolate '*, 


Boyke, Francis 




1827 


Trehp!?., I83U; Hdbd. IS.S2; Sa-lorrj, 
1.HI0;' GTS. 1841. 


111., Bangalore, 10-6-39, 

Jesaie Klinabcili Haves. 


BalTAiB, Richd. 


b. 6 Feb. 


1823 


Sub-Asst. at lldiid. 1SM-23; with 


m., Madras, 3-9-23, 




1801 




Hdbd.syy. till 1 838. 


(.:!■: ririr.' It, -Cliamier, having 
8 chiMrnn at S''c!id.bil. 


Burke, Marcellu 




1805 


MMI. 1815 ; Circars, Jan. 1816 ; 


m„ Calcutta, 22-11-20, 


[II, 35^1 


1792 




Guntur, 1817; by land to Bengal, 
Jan.-T^rdi 181.8 [371 1. 


EIi«ir.i'>r6 Mencatif], inin. 


3VTP0V, TJioa. 


A. 12-1-32 


1S27 


Gail jam, 1830-2. 




"Wm. 


.r.rhmya. 









-.■'HllO. 126 (7, 8), o 



Nominal Roll, Madras 



Birth & Appren- 



[II. 35i] 
Daley, Whitelaw 
De Pebsibo, 



Joshua 
Dobioan, Michael 
[ II, 35= ] 



Fickeb, Fredk. I 

Ricbd. 

[H,35i] 
Hamilton, Henry 1 

[ II. 351 ] 

Hnx, Thos. I 



827 H(iW. Ls:!i)-.|3. 



«[ III, 437-9] 



1.0., Scndfcd. 3-10-20, 

Katbarine Johanesa ; left 
son in survey. 



nat. son of Joshua; 
m. Soadbd., 18-4-37, 
lili/isbfttli Piayero. 



h.r.. March 

1788 

d.M:uhf.=, 
20-3-16. 



Howell, Wm. 
[II.. 351 J 


b. f. March 
1791 


Ion ati 0, Colin 




Ionatio, Wm. 

Keyes, Wm. 

[ II, 351 3 


b. c Nov. 
1811 
b. e. 1789 


Lambtos, Wm. 


v. IHtigriipflit;' 


Labtwak, Wm. 
[ II, 35^1 


d. Madras, 
2S-5-17 


Latvbencb, Peter 
[ II, 351 ] 

Leigh, John E. 
Lose, Richd. 

[H.35'] 


b. c. Aug. 

l1.. Madras, 
21-10-27 

b. 27-7-1703 

(1., Sc^cdbd. 

7-10-S5 ; ML 


Edward 




MaoMahob, Chaa 

Robt 

[H.35I] 


b. c. Oct. 

1791 


Malcolm, John 
[II. 35i J 


b. C: Mar;.'!'. 
1793 



SGO. May ISIS; Cimtiir, July 1817 ; 
in cb. from Sept. IS 18 :inch. Hllore & 
Mslptm., 1819; N. Circare, 1820; 
SGO. [S^,-0;7jf;iiL'ioo, 182S; re-ernp. 

SGO. till 1830. 

Sonda, 18)5; Coorg, Oct. 1815; 

Cochili, 1817 i Itajahmi.ndvy, Guntiir, 

1819; sick, Nor. 1820. 
Sonda, 1815; Coorg, Oct. 1815 ; 

Cochin, 1817; Hdbd. 1821; SGO. 

1825 till death 28-12-26. 
SGO. Madras, 1813 ; Circars, Jan. to 

March, 1S18; Head Iftrm., Calcutta, 

til! death, 6-6-26. 
SGO. Madras. 1S15 ; Hydbd. June 

1816; in tcnipy. oh. 1820-1, 1823; 

cmh. Madras 8-2-26 to Calcutta, 

returned Mslptm. 1-1-27; Hdbd. 

23-1-27 ; Palnad, 1829 ; ret. 9-2-30 ; 

SGO. Madras till 1833. 
Trchpiy. 1831); Hdbd. l832;Ga.njam, 

1844; in cb. 1848-9. 
SGO. Madras, 1815: Hdbd. 1816; 

ami. Madia,, July 1819, for tr. to 

Bengal ; rcscl. Calcutta, Dec. 1819. 
Hdbd. 1830-46. 

Hdbd. 1830-33 till death In Fd. 

30-12-33. 
Dindigul, 1815; Travancore, Nov. 

1816; Eindigul & Coimbatore, 

1821-3; Malabar 18: 



1 of Con dr. Henry 



death :,i. 



1815 to death. 



1807; SGO. Madra 



Lambton"s BTj„ 1800 ; discb. Jan. 
1818; pmsion 10 p«. from 31-5-18 ; 
re-emp. SGO. 1818 to Oct. 1 S20 ; 
on peridiiliim obsns. 1S22-3 [255]. 
Hdbd., 1830-43 
Sonda, 1815 ; Coorg, Oct. 1815; Cochin, J 
1817 ; Hdbd., 1821-43 ; Palnad„ 
1829. 

Trchpiy., 1830; Hdbd., 1832-3. 

Dindigul, 1815 ; Travaneore, July 

1816 ; Dmdignl !.■ C:iimbatorc, 1821 ; 
.Malabar, 1824 ; Madura, April 1830; 
Salem, 1834-^2. 

Sonda, 1815; Hdbd,. June 1816; ; 
Loci'.l Cornet, Skinner's Horse, Jan. 
1819; re-adm. Mad. Svys. 1822; 
SGO., 1 823 ; Malabar, Dec. 1824 ; 



Son of C.A.I., Hd. Dmn. 

[3io]. 
bro. of Colin j m „ Rendbd. 

30-8-31 Harriet Hill. 
Left widow Eccleaia & 4 

children [ 37511.8]. 



Son of Maj. Wm. L. 
[II,352n.];m., Madras, 
13-1-10, Bridget Tcrezia 
Folliot". 



children in 1817. 



Trichur, 30-12-20, 
n Watts half-T, 

or of C. P.. McMahon ; 
;son, R. H.. in survey. 



.-. Bombay, 1828-30. 



MabUn, Wm. 






. Aue. I 



Civil Assistants, Madras & Bombay 
Nominal Roll, Madras — ( Continued ) 



*™ 


Birth & 
Death 


■Uiprer. 


Employment 


Domestio 


Meneaud, 


b. c. July 


1823 


Malabar, Sept. 1826; Madura, April 


Son of Angus te M., arrd. 


Augustus 


ISQ3 




1830; read. 1833; rc-emp. Salem, 
1830-1S : Nilgiri svv. 1340 -53 ; 
Diuii. SGO. Calcutta from 1-1-54. 


Madras from Prance 
ITS); brass founder. 
m. Matilda before 1832. 


Olliveb, Joseph 


B. Biographic 


1 Notes [III, 491-2]. 




cn, 3 52] 










Orrock, Wiu. 




1827 


Madura 1830 ; Trchply., 1832; pr. to 

Cevlon, 1B33. ■ 
lldbo., Li>:::j 13; Caniam, 13-11. 




PittLSJT, Chas. 


d., Hydbd. 


IB27 


m., Sondbd., 9-7-36 


Henry 


5-1-73, NET. 
a-ged 6a. 






Sarah Elizabeth O'Leary 


Park, Wm. 


1827 


Madura, 1330 ; Trohply., 1832 ; 










pr. to Ceylon, 1833. 




Pereira, 


b. c. Xov. 


1803 


Iliridis;i.il. 1315 ; Travancore, Soy. 


m. Dec. 1817; widow 


Christian 


1790, 




1816 till death, Q.uilon, 20-7-18. 




[11,35*3 










Fetter, Edw. 




1830 


TruWv. 1S;SJ 3; (iiaoh. 1834. 




Peyton, John 


i'. ft i ■ ) s * i ■.: 1. 1 .-.1 j i t> ii 1 Njte.'i [494-5]. 




Pope, Sylvester 


b. c. April 


1794 


8GO. Madras. 1815. pension (a) 1 u j..v.. 


iVidow pensioned. 


[ II, 35* 1 


1781 




1818 till death. Madras, 25-11-1 R. 




ROBLNSOa, John 


b. c. Jan. 


1794 


Tinneyelly, 1815 ; read. c. 1816 ; 




[n, 35 ^] 


17S2 




with Tank Dept. c. 1815-25 j 
pendulum obans. 18*22-3. 




Rodriguez, E. 


b. 0, Aug. 
1809 


1825 


ordered V'imsjptm.. Jan. 1827 ; but 
still at SGO. 1829. 




ROSSENBODE, 


V. Biographical Note) 


[111,499]. 




Wm. [ II, 35* ] 










Scott, Wm. 


v. ilio^rLip'ui'jiil Notes [ 501-2 ]. 




[H.352] 










SUMMERS, 




1821 


Vizagptm., Jan. 1827, Nellore, 


Son of James. 


Charles A, 






1833 43, Ganjam 1844-55. 




Summers, James 


b. 20-3-1789 


1800 


SGO. Madras, 1815 ; Poudieherrv, 


Father of Charles & John 


[II. 3S2 1 


d. Madras, 
23-12-32 




1316; Mslptm., Nov. 1816; read., 
1810 ; otaiiioii lis. 63^1 p.m. ; re-emp. 
SGO. Madras. 




Summers, John 






Circars; 1829-32; Nellore 1833-6; 


Son of James [ sup ), 








Goons sur 1836-8. 


Terry, John 


b. 0. April 


1805 


Sonilii, 1815; Guntnr, 1816 ; Mslptra. 


Left a widow. 


[11.35*3 


1792 




1817; Hdbd., April 1819. till death 
Sept. 1819. 




TORRICK, Murray 




1822 


CCS.: dsm. 18-4-33. 


pr. son of Michael Torriok 
"Free Trader". 


TURHBUIJ. TlKM. 


v. iii.w.iph 


al Notes [ 50' 




[ n, 35^ 3- 










TCRNBCLL, Wm. 


b. c. Sept. 




Hdbd., 1830-50 ; Ganjam, 1850 


SonofThos., m., Sondbd; 


Henry 


131U 




to death in fd. 24-1-53. 


14-5-33, Leonora Sarah 



Nominal Roll, Bombay 



Aikin James 


b. 0. Oat, 


1S03 


from Madras svys. 1821 ; Decoati Svy., 


pr. father of Wm.; 


[384] 


1739 




Dhai-A-ar, 27 -2-21 : Poona, May 1823 ; 


wife Elizabeth d. Puo:m, 




d. 1849 




ret. 10-2-1834. 


3-7-25. MI. 


Aikin, Wm. 


ij. 181L2 


1838 


SGO.Poonajdisch. 20-2-34. 


pr. son of James. 


Bertie, Wm. 


b. 1815 6 


18-28 


SGO. Poona ; disoh. 20-2-34. 




De Costa, Josep! 


b. 1814/5 


1820 


clerk, SGO. Poena, 1828 ; disoh. 

TO 2 34: Sub-, Vast. CTS. 1337, serving 
till 1880. 




Evers, James 






Kluinarah, 1821-2. 




FhaSeh-, Jamas 


d., Poona 

15-12-03, 
;:?r*l 58 ; ?,[ I 


1822 


Daxiii, 13^2; Bo. TriK. Svy. 1H28 ; 
Sub-Asst. GTS. 1834 ; ret. 1851. 


m., before 1.-38, !;■, bolls.. 


H ass on, J. 


b. 1814/5 


1828 


SGO. Poona ; disch. 1834. 




Hoene. Francis 


b. Madras ; 




on sry. N. Konkan under G.;llr., 


m., Madras, 28-9-11, 




.1.. Pooiui, 




B., 1819-20. 


Elizabeth Monisse; pr. 
futhor of Edw. Horns, 




aged 56, ML 






dmn. Bo. SGO. 1832-3. 


Lowia, a. 






Bombay Trig. Svy., 1829. 




Prick, Wm. 


i:., Bmubav 


1826 


Dfiftcan, May 1826; Bo. Trig. Svy. 


m. before 1840 


Samuel 


I8I1/2 




1832 ; read. 1336 ; to Rev. Svy. 





Nominal Roll, Bombay 



Name 


Birth & 
death 


-\pprfir: 
tioed 


Employment 


Domestic 


Sakqeb, Thoa. 




1826 


Decern, May 1S26; Bo. Trig. Svy. 

1832 : OTH. 1S3-1 ; Abu Mcrl. Series 
GTS. 1856. 




StKisOEB, John 


b. 1810; 


1823 


Doocan Svy. 1823-3-1 ; Dftan Rev. 


widow. Joi:na, d. 1882. 


Ham 


d„ Poona 

20-2-61, MI 




Svy. from 1837. 




Scndt, Wm. 




ed. Mil. Orphan Asvlum. Madras ; 


son of either Capt. C. L. S. 








QMG.'s office, 1806 ; Travancore 


(1768-91 | or J. A. S. 








1S0S ; with Malcolm to Persia, 1809 ; 


( 175tj-y.i ! bjih of Mad. 








Broach Rev. Svy. 1812; with Mal- 


Inf., of Danish family 








colm. M.iiwa, 1.STS ; fioiubn-v, 1 SI 9 ; 


of Tranqucbar. 








Gujarat Rev. .Svy. 1821 ; SCO. 










Poona, 1822-30. 




VVeebe, Wm. 




1794 


with Malcolm to Persia, 1799 ; 


Son of Sergt. Wcbbe, 


[ H. 352. 454 


J 178-1/5 




'Madras svys., 1802 ; Persia, 1809; 
Goa, 181 1 : Broadi & .Reynolds' man, 
1812 ; Malcolm's ina:j, 1818-20 ; Guja- 
rat. 1820-3; Si":0.. Puona. IS:?;! 30. 


Mad. Est. 


White, Alex. 


... 




pr. with Trios. Aniinr on Mysore Svv. 




(Arthur? 






1S(M| [(, j7H |. MMwa, 1818; Khand- 
c.sb- 1.820-3 ; CM. liombay had dmn., 
named White in 1835. 





As original rolls are far from consistent, regarding ages, the dates of birth are 
not reliable. 



CHAPTER XXVII 



INDIAN SURVEY PERSONNEL 



educated staff; Bengal — Madras — Bombay — Lascars & FOLLOWERS ; 
Bengal — Miviro.-. d< linmhuij — Gicul I'rijunoni.t-.iria.d Survey. 

TO prevent their rivals, b'ronch, Dutch, and others, from having the use of reliable 
maps of the country, the Court of Directors had long insisted on the secrecy 
of map3 and surveys [I, 256-9; 11,288, 291-2], and restricted the art of 
survey to their own covenanted or military servants [ I, 266 ; II, 340 ]. On the 
plea of economy, the employment of Indian explorers, or even uneducated followers, 
to make reports and sketches was discouraged, and sometimes peremptorily for- 
bidden [ I, 286 ; H, 354]. 

The employment of Indian measurers, amms or mirdhas, for revenue purposes 
was, however, a different matter. They were the normal agency of the country, 
and, in spite of a general rep u tali on for corruption and untrustworthiness, were 
capable of valuable work when better paid and closely supervised. 

As time went on, increasing use was made of Indian draughtsmen, writers, 
interpreters, and collectors of statistical information. Thomas Munro, who carried 
through his revenue survey of the Ceded Districts between 1803 and 1808 with a 
staff that was almost completely Indian [ II, 181-2 ], was a great champion of the 
employment of Indians in all branches of the services. Lord William Bentinck 
also realised that it was impossible to administer so vast a country without their aid. 
In a minute on the organization of surveys he writes in 1829 [ 195-6] ; 

It is by a more enlarged employment- of native agency l/l ml, 1I10 business of Government 
will be at once more cheaply add efficiently transacted. It will be for the Surveyor General 
to suggest the moans by which lIlo ins l.r action of the natives in this branch of science can be 
the most conveniently extended 1 . 

Surveyors themselves were strongly in favour of employing Indians wherever 
possible |" li.ii 1, and N orris writes from Xa-gpur in 1828 ; 

As several applications.. .made to Calcutta, ... Bombay , and Cawnpoor, for... qualified sub- 
assistants or draughtsmen have not boon successful, tlio Superintendent will endeavour to 
instruct a few iiiLoiliiient natives in the method of survey in;.; wit' 1 the plane- labia, and their 
services will prove of the greatest use in exploring the wilds of. J.iiLstar, etc., whose dreadful 
climate no European constitution could possibly sustain for any length of time 5 . 

In his proposals for the revenue survey of the: Upper Provinces, Hodgson included 
for each district survey "4 ameens, or native measurers, at 25 rupees each", with a 
" moonshee, or. ..writer" [ 149 ] and, besides training " some of those docile people 
to be draftsmen and copiers of maps, hoped to make others into useful and cheap 
field surveyors " [306]. The term amin was used only in Bengal, and in the 
Upper Provinces the local land -measurers were termed mirdhas and mutsuddies. 

In native surveys I am not aware that the mirdhas ever do more than measure. Few 
of them. ..are aijlo to i-cnii or -write, and the oalonlationss arc made by niooLssuddios*. 

On the re-start of the Gorakhpur survey in 1826, Hodgson asked for 
a moonshee on i>0 rimeos per month, and four njootsinleos on 10 rupees each, instead of 30 
rupees allowed for one inootsuddee. ... 100 rupees was allowed for the above purpose when 
the survey was under Captain Grant. On Lieutenant, WroiiL'b+otys return. ..his labours are 
perfected in a d ■nsidorable di-.L'reo hy the assistance of tiie moonshee, whose local knowledge 
and good character entitle him to confidence, and I. ..hope that a good effect may arise 

'BMC. 11-9-29. a DDn. 231 (134), 14-4-28. 3 from Holt Mackenzie,17-ll-27; BTC. 2S-6-3I (34). 



Educated Staff; Bengal 



from this man being aliowed to roljin hi.-', f'.irmer sikiatiim and respectability La the eyeg of his 
nojffiiboi'.rs. 'I.'ii:; Persian p a; km'h w:iich acccmpu-ny Ll:o maps were completed by him 1 . 

As the surveys a-d vanned, it was found worth while to spend time and trouble 
in training the itidia.n measurers, whether for work under i.he prot'es.sional surveyors 
or under the Collectors. Brown writes from fc-ahiiranpur in 1827 ; 

Much as Mr. Eraser has effected, a great- deal remains to be done to rend fir the rnirdhas 
of real use to the State, and I bag leave to submit whether a school cstaoiished for... teaching 
mirdhas would not be of great service [ 160-3 ]. A Surveyor with a 3 Lib -assist ant and a senior 
apprentice mijih" tcie-cti 20 p'.ipils in six months to measure and cak-a Ute accurately. In the 
understanding that the mirdhn was airoaity a good accountant, the cleverest of them could 
be taught tho use of the circtanfei'er.tor and protracting their work, arid present a possibility 
ifi"... detect: riji error.-:, arid thus, in a short time, the Uolleenors in tne LTppf-v .Provinces would 
be supplied with good and efficient mirdhas, and they would be of much use to the Judge 
and Magistrate In deciding on cases oi' disputed property. 

The interior surveys might then be dispensed with, and merely the boundary surveyed 
as at present, with the site of the village laid down, which would e:iabie us to get over at least 

Hodgson reported later that the experiment of the native survey school 
instituted by Mr. Fraser, and superintended by Lieutenant VV. Brown, ...appears likely to 
answer, ...and probably. ..the natives of the Upper Provinces may lie made very useful in the 
e surveys, for much snoordLiiate assisti-meo is require;!, and should never bo denied, as 
,t and profitable account 3 . 



Ci li i Lair 



Bodford has also 



^ pLii n t'. v which hi-:* in 1 .-- 



letod, und which 



pro-v 






useful, and he is organising a. second, and.. ."I think ho will survey faster than the Collector c 
settle. ... Much credit is due to Captain Bedford and Lieutenant Brown for their care in 
instructing the natives. ... I have directed the attention of other Surveyors to the subject*. 
Brown reports a visit from the Revenue Secretary 5 and his instructions 

to entertain six native youths For. ..teaching them survoyiui:, which was accordingly done, and 
in a short time I succeeded in teaching them to write accounts in English uijnres, to keep field 
books in the usual form, and to survey with the cii'cumfeientor. ... In. ..April these instructions 
were put to a practical test by their surveying the interior of ten villages. ... 

The salaries allowed tin; scholars. ..have been defrayed by Mr. .Fraser up to the 1st May last. 
Seven more scholars have been added, and have, boon taught in the same manner, but I have 
instructed them more in the use of the bamboo jureeb [ 102 J, and common measurements of 
fields, which is most likely to be their practice in employment under Collectors, where there 
can be little doubt their services will be most, useful, if properly looked after. 

In 4 months after entertaining the six scholars, they were enabled to perform duty as 
surveyors of cultivation. In fi months their field books and maps were examined by Major 
Oliver, and his favourable report was forwarded to the Surveyor General. Besides the six 
scholars on the establishment, I had 8 more under tuition at their own oxpeuce. ... 6 of them 
got appointments under the Collectors in the neigh bourn 00. 1, ami at Mai or liver's request I 
made over two to him, and thoy have since boon with the Dchleo Survey 8 . 

Each drew Rs. 20 p.m. and, with a squad of three oliainmen and three flagmen, 
"cost only one half what they would if headed by an apprentice", thus increasing 
"the efficiency of the survey" and reducing "tho expense of si. 1 no r in ten den ce" 7 . 

Arrangements were made later, writes Brown, to increase the number of 
Native Surveyors to 10. Last December I had the honor at an interview with His Lordship 
[Lord William Bentinek ] to show one of their field books and a map executed by them. 
They are now capable of.. .all tho field duty...— can observe with theodolites and other angular 
instruments, roeoidiiig their work in Eo^li-h In a eriifoji.iional raanirr — can slot their surveys — 
and calculate urea — and have executed the ,L-re at est part- of my mapning. ... 

The advantages derived to Government are... apparent ...opening a new field for... natives, 
teaching them a profession hitherto unknown to them in this Presidency — and allowing 
Government to take advantage of the cheapest agency- -obtaining cce.Teci surveys of the land, 
on which the principle revenue of the Statu depends and a properly authenticated survoy, so 
necep-s.'-irv to the due administration of justice 8 . 

» BTC. 1*4-27 ( 41 ). a from Brown, 1-9-27 ; BTC. 19-8-28 ( 57 ). » from SG. 7-5-28 : BTC. 

19-S-2S (55). Mb. 18-9-28 (1(2). 'flak Mckenzie (1787-lsTGj; B05!.; Wrii,-er 1807 ; fifis. to 
Tend. Dept, from 18 17 ; to Erijlam.i, 1831. "from Brown, 1-9-27 &-. h)-ll-,s2 ; 1ST!:. 19-6-28 ( 57 } & 
15-3-33(26). 'from DSG.:.!-1 1-2!) ; BTC. S-12-3(3S>. -fromBr™, 16-11-32; BTC. 15-3-33 



;m 



Indian Stjbvey Person 



NIX 



Bedford found no reference to his own efforts in Brown's report ; 

Captn. W. Brown apparently supposed that the benefits of native agency were first appre- 
ciated and introduced by himself. ... Many months before Captn. Brown's interview with 
Mr. Holt Mackenzie, I had not only instructed cue or two native surveyors, but, so far "back 

as June 1S27, forwarded to the Surveyor General a specimen of work actually done. ... 

In tracing the introduction of native surveyors into the Kevonue Surveys, I have no 
desire to assume the smallest merit to myself. The fact is that, on my return from Assam 
in August IS26, I met a Mr. Mathews ( since dead ) at Gowhutty [ 146 ]. He showed me 
several small maps compiled from the work of a native surveyor, and spoke so highly of the 
accuracy, as well as the ehoapness, of these operations, that on reaching Calcutta, I spoke to 
the Surveyor General about them. 

He oncouraged the idea and, when my survey was resumed in 1827, I took an early oppor- 
tunity to instruct one of my party who seemed both able and willing. ... During the rains of 

1827, he made a survey of .Moradabad cantonments, and assist™ J in teaching one or two more 
of my party. By two of these men.. .nearly the whole interior details of the Suheswan survey 
have since been surveyed. ... Though very efficient as field surveyors they never learnt to plot 
or calculate areas, nor, indeed, until... there was no other way of reducing the e 
I myself an advocate for employing these people except as liold surveyors 1 . 



Madras 

Both Mackenzie and Lambfcon were burdened with a tremendous amount of 
copying — professional records— routine reports — and statistical memoirs. This 
was entrusted mainly to the country-born assistant surveyors or specially recruited 
writers. It was not until 1828 that Montgomerie obtained sanction for every 
survey party to entertain a writer " for the purpose of preparing copies of memoirs, 
registers, statist. Leal tables, etc.", and "with the view of preventing the subordinate 
surveyors from being employed on any other than their proper duties" [ 126, 393 ] 2 . 

Reference has already been made to the Brahman and other interpreters em- 
ployed by Mackenzie for his archaeological and historical researches, and one or 
more of these were attached to each field party collecting material for the statistical 
memoirs and verifying village names [ II, 355-7 ; III, 101 ] . Some were discharged 
on pension in 1816, whilst about a dozen accompanied him to Calcutta to continue 
the work of deciphering and translating. Mackenzie could never have built up his 
famous collections without their assistance, and stressed lu.s anxiety 
to do justice to the industry and merits of persons who have been in a manner reared under my 
eye ( some got about 20 years back ) en a service of various and sometimes highly interesting 
nature, in the most distant parts of the country. ... It may not be iimiropoi' in me to suggest 
measures suitable to their... pretensions to the countenance of Government 3 . 

Dunigan reports from GuntOr that, 
Goomashta Anunda Raw [ II, 155 1, having completed the... village accounts in the Innakonda 
District, I have directed him to assist Venket Ron- in finishing with all expedition the accounts 
requisite... in the s.B. quarter. ... 1 shall then require their assistance here in aiding me in the 
description :;!' the villages, and... the com] llai Ion of thr memoir 4 . 

Anand Rao accompanied Dimigan to Ma sit] ipa tarn, and continued with the Circars 
party till the end of 1825, when he was dismissed for misconduct 5 . For his statistical 
memoirs of Travancore, Ward was assisted by 

the Bramin Nital Sirrah, and also by the hirearrah, who were also employed in the collection 
of materials for a general history of the country, but nothing in a definite uhape. A large 
portion of these materials has been monthly communicated to Colonel Mackenzie by the 
Bramin, and the remainder, containing two parcels under his own soal. one of Cadjan books, the 
other of papers, will be delivered in the office by Captain Connor on. his arrival [ 109 ]*. 
This Nital Nirra.h had been recruited in 1803, and was only drawing Rs. 35 p.m. 
with the Malabar survey when he died in 1827 at Cannanore 7 . 

1 from Bedford, 26-3-33 ; BTC. 13-5-33 ( 61 ). ' DDn. 222 ( 343 ], 184 ( 486 > j 21-& 24-10-28 

= from SG.. l-S-16: VIVC. -U0/ISI6, Lis-H-Ki. 'DDn. US i 121 j, 6-6-19. ' * M.MC. BliEi'lH 17 (fi/US-i) i 
' DDn. 192 (26), 30-12-20. 'DDn. 237 ( 160 ). '' 



Madras & Bombay 391 

The following interpreters were on the headquarter roll in June 1 817 1 [ II, 355-6 ] ; 



C. V. Leehmya [ Liifcslim&iah ] 

Abdul Azooc 

C. V. Rsmaswaray 

Di.irL-.iin.li F ■:;■<! ro(..dK:t;.im:d a 



1 lead TiiUi'ps-ottr : 'liil-irigji 



Appivoo 
1 .i!'.:!- !■- :i 



Mahratta writer &, Interpreter ; detached t 

tliir ? outward. 
Tarnul & Canara Writer & Interpreter ; i 

the Nizam's Country. 
Tamul & Canara ; detached in the Norther 

Cirmris [d. Giicntta, 1821 ]. 
Taniul ; deLadierl in the Aroot Province. 
High Taniul 



Lecnmya and others selected for Bengal left Madras in December 1817, and 
marched up the east coast [ 311 ]. They were not happy in Calcutta, and several, 
particularly Lechmya, had family troubles and litigation in Madras [ II, 356 ]. For 
others or their families Mackenzie succeeded b getting pensions. 

It was my part to... compensate the., .people who were constantly about me for many 
years. ... The. principal of them was the Brarnin Lcchmyah, who actually formed the rest to 
my pursuits. ... He- never deceived me as to money matters ; ...he acted the part of a careful 
servant, ... &...that he was even neglectful of his own interests from his attention to mine 
was well known to me. ... He was poor and embarrassed <fe 1 believe honest. ... 

'flis brother Katiia=wy]ny 2 l.liar, is with yon served me long without any pay, & afterwards 
on very small pay. The 25 pags. lately allowed him as Interpreter Saastree &, was a com- 
pensation for many ingenious explanations he procured me. ... 

A Sanscrit- Tel linga & Canara interpreter will be always necessary... on account of the 
oi-thogra;> ideal correction of names, or proper spelling of places 3 . 

Pviddell wrote that 
Ramaswamy has got a situation at the College. It is one of the best there, but, being only 
15 pagodas per month, he is to draw the difference between it and his former pay { i.e., 19 
pagodas per mensem ) from the Survey Department. I pay old Dhurmiah and Kistnajee [ the 
peon ] their allowances regularly [ 316, 318, 392, 396 ] 4 . 

The archaeological work on which these interpreters were employed was entirely 
extraneous to the official duties of the Surveyor General 5 , and after Mackenzie's 
death those at Calcutta were discharged, as Hodgson did not think them 
necessary in the Surveyor General's Office, as they cannot, in my opinion, contribute any aid 
to the extension of geographical knowledge, the object for which this office is constituted. ... 

I enclose a list of the names, ...with the designations under which they servo, and the 
salaries paid to them, and.-.suggest that fehey might, perhaps, be employed in the College 8 , 
or some other Department. ... The Department may be relieved from the charge, and.. .the 
families of such. ..as have died may be provided for. ... 

There is also a Javanese writer who was brought round from the Island of Java in 1813 
by the late Surveyor General [ n, 427 ], and his salary of 70 sonat rupees was sanctioned by 
Government on 11th November 1817. As this person is himself desirous of returning to his 
own country, ...Government may be pleaded to direst a passage to he furnished. ..to Java 7 . 

Special consideration was given to "Cavelly Venkata Lutchmiah" who, with his 
brothers, had served Mackenzie with the utmost devotion from 1796 [ II, 355-7 ] ; 

In the year 1809 a promise was made. ..by the Government of Madras of a ponsion equal 
to three fourths of the salary. ..then received. ... The late Colonel Mackenzie, according to 
your statement, promised to obtain for you the grant of a retiring penaioB amounting to... 
your actual increased salary, on condition of your accompanying him to Bengal, and bringing 
round the establishment which Colonel Mackenzie had formed under j 
S into the history and ant.iquii.ie-. of Pei.il.hern India. 



direction for... 



1 1I\[<"' iirifi.'l'il? ' a.Ti-i 1. * prjnaiahly Vcaiiita P-.a.'ii:i;:wArni, ,-nith. of " /!■':':-•! nh : .^:i £!;.->'he.' ;f 

■ D .. rran roett " nab CalcirH, 1S39. He P.i.-klcli ; l>Bn. 156 {337!, 17^-lS. 'DD:,. 151 ( 130,139),!) 

&18 _2_18. Il.in]. B m. W.ilin,.,i. Celine r J.I, 3 o3 ], or that at 

Madras. 'DDn. i'J'J ( 22-1 ), 0-8-21. 



Indian Survey Personnel 



You have produced no written proof of the above engagement on the part of Colonel 
Mackenzie, but as it is known that Colonel .MrK'icenzie enlen ainod n Inch opinion of your merits 
and services, arid us other members of the establishment... were encouraged to expect pensions 
equal to half of their allowaneos, or the like allows noes lo :.iieu' la.iiilifw if they should die in 
the service, the Most; Nobio the Governor General in Council is disposed to view favourably 
yoiii' application to receive a pension equal to your proserin .allowances. ... 

On your returning to the Coast, the Government of Fort St. George will.. .order the 
payment of the pension of the three hundred rupees at such places as you may choose for 
your residence. ... You should continue to render your assistance in arranging and describing 
the materia Is... for... being triinsnaitUxi to the rion'lile the Court of Directors. ... 

With regard to the marks of distinction., .yon solicit, ... thci Govomor in Council of Fort St. 
George will be solicited to bestow upon you such marks of consideration as...[ they ] may think 
proper. ... The... conversion of your actual tenure of the village of Tinnanore into a rent-free 
tenure... will be recommended to. ..the Honourable the Court of Directors. ... The Governor 
General in Council cannot directly interpose for...the restitution of your paternal village in 
Masulipatam, from which yon state yourself to have been unjustly ejected [ II, 356 J, 1 . 

Lechrnya loyally stayed on in Calcutta for the next two years to assist Horace 
"Wilson [ 312 ] in cataloguing the manuscript wli idi he took over from the Surveyor 
General. Later, in lSI-iO, he persuaded the Government of Madras to transfer that 
part of the collection that was held by the Madras College to the Madras Literary 
Society, where it could be properly arranged. On his further pressure in 1836, a 
cilsUTignisherl scholar was deputed t,o complete the .task 2 . 

Though it is generally held that the three Madras! figures supporting Mackenzie 
in Thomas Hiekey's notable portrait of 1816 are dennito likenesses of Lechrnya, 
of the Jain Dhurmiah, and the peon Kistnaji, their respective indentities are by 
110 means clear, and are discussed elsewhere [ II, pi. 22 n. ]. 



Bombay 

During the Maratha war Dickinson had to give up all his military surveyors 
except Tate, and when Tate took over in 1821, Ms establishment on the Bombay 

ami Salsette revenue survey was wholly Indian- 
natives whom I have lately instructed in... drawing and surveying— and... the extent of their 
abilities and practical knowledge must ever confine their duties to the more mechanical branches. 
... It. ..becomes my duty constantly to superintend and be a chock over their work, ao that 
in case of any indisposition or casualty befalling me, their operations... must cease for that 
time. ... The four native draughtsmen were added...on the 27th July 1818, and the four native 
surveyors, and one ma-tiara, on the 1st February 1820. 

Though the deficiency occasioned by the removal of tho Engineer Assistant... was to a 
certain extent supplied hy the addition of draughtsmen and surveyors to the native branch, 
they came...perfectly unacquainted with any of the duties they were expected to perform'. '". 
It became... noecssary to instruct them in the first rudiments. ... It was not till October last! 
at the opening of the fair season, that the survey derived any benefit from...the native survey- 
ore, but the draughtsmen had afforded considerable assistance... a twelve mouth or so before. 
... It was not in my power to devote much of my time to the.. . more mechanical operations of 
the survey, but I was theu...oni:liled to avail myself.. .of the native surveyors. 

I.. .bring forward... the exertion and merit already (displayed by some of the native sur- 
veyors and draughtsmen.. .as deserving of... encouragement, and. ..to recommend certain grada- 
tions of salaries... according to their relative merits ; which measure would... excite a strong 
emulation, and 1 1 ;ereby... expedite the surveys. ... I. ..suggest an increase of native surveyors, 
which will always admit of two complete sot3...boiii:r employed on each island 3 . 

After his retirement Tate sent Jervis a fuller account of these surveyors ; 

The natives of India, ... if properly instructed and disciplined, ... might be brought to such 
...skill in the various branches of surveying, even from the capacity of a chain measurer to 
that of an accurate observer with the theodolite, as well as of a neat draughtsman, as very 
considerably to abridge the personal labour and fatigue of European Officers, especially in 



; Dl)n. 191 (313-7). 



f pref. 12). B from Tate, 31-8-21; BoBC. 



such a climate as th.at of fndia, v/>]ioh...is! .such ?■< to render groat exerfio: 
o the European constitution. ... 



duties of Lhe Surveyor : 



At c 






udieia] '.■! 



for Bombay 

and drawing. 

duties, and I 

By the 

■> surveys 



l period Govern ii LO-.it appointed two infantry c 






for MaJsette, hat .1 had all LJio trouble of mstiaietifig them in 
[ was well pleased when Government required ineir services for 
permitted to ivnploy,..«ay numb?.? of waives I required. ... 

several parties of surveyors the work was extended. 
then brought rapidly to a closo, ... and the first plans drawn. ..by s 
d-nvgh'.-'i-mcn, who had not been instructed in surveying. ... 

Had such a system boon adopted some years previously, my own ho. lit h and ennstitutiuu 
might have been preserved to this day, ... and the two surveys of Llombay and falsetto might 
have been completed, in half 'ho time, and pornups at orto fourth of the expei.ice. ... The labour 
of out-of-doors work is certainly much more calculated for natives than for European and, 
as for the meeh.anio.al part of the plan drawing, ... I will be bound to say that my native 
draughtsmen would -compete with most Europeans in India. 

My knowledge oi' them leads mo to say — Instruct them well — Show thorn kindness, as 
well as firmness and consistency. ... They require bat eomoarativ cly low salaries, for their 
wants are comparatively little. I have found them obedient, submissive, and faithful servants, 
and should you ever fall in with any of my poor surveyors and draughtsmen, pray enlist 
them, if disengaged, into your service. The letters I have received from them prove their 
affection for me, cud that they are not unmindful of my labours in llicir nisi ruction 1 . 

Jervis, also, on his survey of South Konkan [ 126 ], had a staff almost entirely 
Indian. From March 18:?- 8 ho was allowed a draughtsman on Kb. 100'^ and a writer 
on Rs. 80 p.m., and by 182G he had collected six Indian aub-a.soishatit surveyors, 
whom I have instructed... for two years past at a considerable private expense, with a view 
to some future relief from the more laborious and simple details of the survey. Four of thorn 
are Brahmins, and two Portuguese, and f request that ) may. ..draw from the 1st of the ensuing 
month 30 rupees monthly for ea.e.h surveyor, to carry their instruments and assist them in 
surveying ; who, with the addition of the surveyors hereafter to bo ihrnished from the Engineer 
Institution [inf. ], will enahlo 1110 to conduet the detail survey both expeditiously, correctly, 
and at little greater expanse ths.n it a single odicevs wore attached 3 . 

Two of these surveyors, Hyiim Essajie and Vishmu Agamic afterwards worked for 
the Chief Engineer, the Quarter Master General, and with Henry Giberne. 

On the Deuuan survey, also, Jopp had a draughtsman on Rs. 100 p.m., and he 
later got authority to engage others for the Deputy Surveyor General's office ; 

The officers of the Survey Department in the Dukhun being employed 0:1 the prepara- 
tion of sx map of that country on a large scale, a wori; which can scarcely bo completed in less 
than 4 to 5 years, during winch the yield operations. ..must be suspended, L. .suggest that that 
duty might be performed hi tins officii equally well, and certainly at a inueh less expense, ... by 
good draughtsmen entertained for that purpose, leaving the officers to be more profitably 
employed. ..on actual survey [ 126 ], ... If sufficient number are not immediately to be found, 
others well qualified might from time to time be supplied from the Institution under Capt. 
[ Geo. ] Jervis [ 384 J*. 

Bhortrede's writers included a purvoa and a karkun s ', hut he conld not find suit- 
able Indian assistants for technical duties ; 

On the 1st Ja.nuiuy 1830 my office establishment consisted of a, purvee Modhan Kas ajid 
a karkoon Dajy Covin d, hoth natives, each, receiving Its. ( 30 ] thirty a month. Their duties 
and qualifi eat ions differ in no respect from those, rei'iu ired for similar si I. nations in other Depart- 
ments. ... The pay of purvee is rather too small in relation to that commonly received, ... 
because when perfectly qualified to perform the work of ray office, he is able to get better 
pay elsewhere, and on this account the above-mentioned purvee has. since left me, 

I have not. ..to been able to hud persons - -properly qualified by their mathematical and 
mechanical knowledge — steadiness — willingness to 'worh with ability, to endure fatigue and 
exposure — to perform the duties. ..as draftsmen and assistants, and apprentices. They would 
have. ..to use various mathematical instruments, with whose construction and adjustments they 
ought to be acquainted, as also with the eaf : 11 1 at ions ordinarily occurring in the survey" | 389 ]. 



ifrnm Tilts, 12-9-38; Tlic-m'-.i Tends (Appx.l) 
J.-.nn LS30-2; Dlfi. 23J 1' :1a i, 39-ti-:i2. ' [oca Tcrv 
(14-6 ). * from Jopp, 20-2-26 ; Bo HC. ( 
- Dt>r..>23 ( 220), 19-11-30. 



3(209). '' prA'ibiv l.f'nr'utt.. iiianlev-'d bv 

-2-26 ; Bo_MC. a-lsaii ueaaial roll, \i Da. 2M 

fi..'lS2,T-f)( B37.S }. fderbsor writer.-], Hsjiwv.'Aw, 



Indian Survey Personnel 



Lascars & Followers ; Bengal 

Under the normal rules for surveyors' allowances, every Surveyor drawing full 
allowances had to pay for his establishment himself, the salaries of 1777 and 1785 
having made generous provision for followers at the rates then prevalent [ I, 276-7, 
289 ]. The rules of 18 1 7 for the officers on the Quartermaster General's staff [ 334-7 ], 
provided that their reduced permanent salary should not cover the pay of followers, ■ 
which was to be charged in contingent, hills. Each surveyor was to justify the rate of 
pay and the number of followers employed. In supporting claims made by Jackson 
[ 348 ], the Quartermaster General found that he 

has explained, to the satisfaction of the Coromanderdn-Obiof that, he uoeosserily maintained 
two bangee burdars [ 269 ] on monthly pay for the carriage of his instruments, and three 
khalaaios to carry, plant, and shift his flags, and run his perambulators. The same want 
must have been felt. ..by the other officers, ... and is stated on so moderate a scale, that His 
Lordship can have no hesitation in recommending fc!i<> admission of th ess;... charges 1 . 

Two years later, .Jackson's charges during his halt at Nagpur [27-8] were 
challenged in audit, and he explained that his men had been entertained 
in Calcutta, and eoedd not in Justice have been discharged at Xa'Cp::Cir. m distant of 740miles, 
and left to find their way back, ... particularly when, the unsettled state of the country. ..is 
taken into consideration ; besides my having. ..every reason to suppose thoiv services would be 
required in this performance of my survey duties. ... On my becoming acquainted with the 
natives of that part of India, the necessity for retaining these men became more decidedly 
obvious for, could I have procured others ( which was utterly i its. possible for me to do ), they 
must have been paid the enhanced rates of wages. ..and would havo been totally useless from the 
want, ul competent knov, lodge of the .H iudnnstanoe Ooriah. sod Jiengaliy languages 3 . 

In Bundelkhand [ 81 ] Franklin employed ; 



2 Clashies @ 6 Bs. I! 

4 Coolies @ 4 Ks. It 
4 Coolies @ 4 Rs. It 
1 Coolie Rs. ■ 

For Flags, BamboOB, 

Camp-iino and Rope 

for splicing bamboos. 

For revenue survey purtit 



■y for. ..a regular intercourse with 

.information of roads, limits, and 



scossary for... con ducting 
i.gnal, and bringing in 



Rs. 15 Indispt 

the native chieft 
lists (if villages. 
Rs. 8 Well trained, and absolutely 

the advanced flag of the trigonoi 
Rs. 12 Trained for... striking upon 

tho near flags when required. 
Rs. 16 for carrying bamboos of the ! 

for the carriage of Maps .v. instruments 
for the carriage of the Theodolite. 
The Flags were 6 feet hy 7 feet. Tho Bambo. 
feet and upwards in 4 length ; the Camp-line was ma 
cotton, and Rope in daily expenditure 3 , 
in the Upper Provinces, Bedford found 



s and spare fl 



that the field work can be carried on very well with the number already kept up, viz., 1 
smart head man, or tindal, and 10 others of all descriptions. 

To guard against sickness, however, ...one or two mere should be entertained, and a 
good effect might also be orodured by establishing two ranks of Insca.rs, and two rates of pay, 

the higher. ..for a certain number who may evince superior intelligence and activity. These 
rates would bo very moderate at fi-S and :" 8 per mensem, considering that the labours.. .are 
heavier than those generally (■■xperieneod, ... since, in addition to ainji.it six hours work every 
morning, many.. .tiro required. ..to examine and report on boundaries — clean the instruments— 
ascertain the situation of j heels, j unguis, and wastes to be surveyed — and. other similar duties. ... 
Hircarrahs... appear.., perfectly unnecessary if.. .a proportion of the police and revemto 
ehuprassees aceonu^my... for. ..procuring the attendance of tho y.ouimdars whenever necessary 4 . 

Each party was then alio wed u fixed establishment of — 1 Tindal, Bs. 11-8-0 — 5 
Lasear3 @ 6-8, Rs. 32-8-0 — 6 Lascars @ 5-8, Rs. 33-0-0 — 1 Bildar Rs. 4-8-0 — 
in addition to contingent charges to cover "cost, carriage, and repairs of the office 
tent, the wages of a common tent lasear, and a sweeper" 6 . 

When Simmonds. joined the .Delhi parly, he obtained special sanction for a squad 
for survey of villages boundaries, viz., — 

a I)Do. 69 (7), 30-1-20. 'from 



Lascars & Followers ; Bengal 



395 



foe the Chain, 4 Lascars— for the Offset Chain, 2 Lascars — for the Flags, 6 Lascars — lea digging 
station marks, sun! clearing rough around, 1 Bildar — for Garry insr instruments, etc., we use our 
own private servants 1 . 

When Grant sailed for Burma in 1825 he took no porters for his precious astrono- 
mical instruments [ 183 ] ; 

Though I engaged a set of hearers, ...I cannot persuade them to leave Calcutta before 
the end of the month. Such a delay, how-over, would probably lose mo my passage, ... and 
I am therefore... proceeding without them. I trust. ..I shall be able to obtain at Rangoon 
such assistance as may be required. ... It is natural I should led considerable anxiety. ... 
considering the heavy expense of the instruments... and the pains I have taken in rendering 
them portable. It would.. -be a very great disappointment to me if, after all this trouble, 
want of carriage aloue should deprive me of them. 

The lower circle and the supports of l.lie vertical circle require I curriers, the vertical 
circle two, the two transit instruments two each, the rode ding circle, chain, barometers, and 
chronometers, two more, making a. total of twelve 2 . 

Ho could: raise no men in Rangoon, and had to appeal to the Surveyor General 
in Calcutta. Jackson, the d.q.m.g., regretted 

exceedingly that you quitted Calcutta without bearers, for I. doubt much your getting them 
at all, and if you do get them they will be a set of good-far nothing fellows. I have written 
to Colonel Stevenson [ Q.M.G., Bengal ] very strongly on the subject, and urged everything 
T could for them and elasliies, being the very best to be got 3 . 
Government orders were necessary before, men could be despatched from Calcutta. 

Blacker found it impossible to run his Calcutta office on Rs. 44 a month, the 
allowance fixed in 1788, and had the strength raised in 1824 to 

1 Artist [313] @ Sicca Rs. 25 I Chokedar Sicca Rs. 6 

1 Daftry&Mate „ 12 1 Durwan „ 5 

1 Jemadar „ 10 1 Sweeper „ 5 
3 Hircarmhs @ 6 each „ 18 1 Bheestie „ 5 

2 Lascars „ „ 12 

Total Sicca Rupees per mensem Rs. 98, or Sonat Rs. 102-3*. 



Madras &■ Bombay 



Though Madras surveyors also had to meet the pay of their own followers from 
their allowances, they were allowed to charge separately for those of then- 
assistants, the numbers being laid down by regulation. 'Two were allowed to each 
assistant, but three in Tra van core, whilst a later order allowed four to the assistant 
surveyor on the Hyderabad survey 5 . Strict rules 6 limited the period for which these 
lascars might be charged [ 350-1 ] ; 

On individuals. ..being ordered from tins field to the Presidency, pay for lascars shall cease 
from the date of their quitting the survey, ... unless in charge of instruments, when such 
number as may be con si; 1 ere; i necessary... sua II be retained on the sa-.ue a!lo'.i'iineos. But lascars 
and coolies discharged at a distance will receive an allowance at tin:; rate of 3 annas for every 
20 miles to enable them to return to the places at which they may have been entertained. ... 
During the suspension of field operations... for inclemency of weather, batta for lascars shall 
not be drawn, and the officers. ..actually in charge will certify the arrival and departure of 
parties at.. .head quarters during such, suspension. Officers in charge... will take every oppor- 
tunity of ascertaining that the... lascars authorized for sub-assistant surveyors are kept up in 
an olh'ciont state. 

In the event of the chari-e. ..dev.uv nvz 00 the senior sub-assistant, ... lie sha-i ho allowed to 
entertain three lascars in addition to the number authorized by tlto regulations, for the. ..pro- 
tection of instruments Cor which he becomos responsible 7 . 

Both Mackenzie and Lambton regarded their followers as private servants, 
members of their households. When, he left "Madras Mackenzie was much distressed 
at having to leave so many behind [ 318 ] ; 

'BTC. 30-1-4 ( 100-1 |. >to QMS-, Calcutta] DDa. 218 { 7 ), Jane 1825. s ib. (34), 4-8-25. 

iDDn. 204 [73), 14-7-24. *DDn. Wl { I2S ), L2-S-:'-l:& 1*4(34:!), 1-1.0 23. « bearing a distinct 

-Vnilv likeness lo t.hc niliis of 100 vai's liter. ' DD11. 218 ( 185 ), 9-2-30. 



396 Indian Survey" Personnel 

My immediate sfrvmits, my dependents of 20 year-; under every privation, in aver v situa- 
tion of difficulty, distress, even danger; from Hyderabad & Seringa patam, to the unhealthy 
climate of Ra.tavia, fnr yoa.i's T hail encmriMrod tlnvr peric-c crone c it u;i|. ... You will rocolloct 
the trouble even risk under which I left your detachment in 1792 to get a sight of Gooty & 
rejoin you on the march to Gandicotta 1 , ... & now these useful people, or such of them as 
survive, are likely to be thrown out of all employment. The poor provision of a pension, 
after all their labours, ... is still undetermined 2 . 

He was particularly anxious, that special consideration should be shown to his 
personal orderly ; "that useful man Kistnajee should be employed in the office as 
oonieopry [ I, 290 ], to assist the care of the instruments" [ II, pi. 22 n. ]. 

Dickinson took "with him on military survey in North Konkan [ 128 ] 
a Purvoe [393 ], Peon, and six Lswears, which proved very insufficient, the whole of whom 
are now laid up with the junglo fever, without a prospect of their being for some time fit for 
active duty in the interior. ... I have.. .to request that arrears of batta at the rate of 5 piee 
a day for each lascar and peon may be sanctioned for the very severe duties I have been 
oblisred to exact of the people 3 . 

Surveyors in the Deccan employed 4 lascars each @ Rs. 10, whilst Jervis in 
the Konkan had 5 coolies @ Rs. 8 each. Shortrede had 10 lascars @ Rs. 9| per 
month, 3 jasuds i , and 2 peons @ Rs. 7. 

The duties of the lascars are to carry the instruments. ... Those of the jasoods and peons 
to put up station piles on such hills as I may find neeossary, ... and to keep up communication 
with the Deputy Surveyor. General. ... I find their number to be only sufficient for the dis- 
charge on. tho ordinary dutioa of tho survey. The jasoods and peons are required to be 
rather more intelligent than the generality of such people, as they must occasionally be entrusted 
with a discretionary power in selecting stations in unknown Darts of the country. 

The pay of the whole department was at first purposely made on as low a scale as possible 
in order that no one might eonsido:' himself above hard work 5 . 



Gbeat Trigonometbical Survey 

When Everest first, joined the Great Trigonometrical Survey he was greatly 
impressed with the patriarchal manner in which Lambton ruled his large follow- 
ing — three sub -assistants— escort about 30 strong — bearers for the great instruments 
and tents, from forty to fifty — flag coolies and post runners, at least thirty — with 
families as well [ 390,, 403 ]. Further coolies were charged on contingent bills ; 

Although I have a very lavge per in a i loo t establishment, yet, from sickness, and from the 
numerous little articles of comfort which I must take along with me, I am always obliged to 
havo a number of these coolies, and my followers, who have been for many years with me, 
having most of them their families, I must indulge in this particular, taking care, however, 
thar every person who attends my camp is pa.nl for bin labour 6 . 

Evorest telle of the devotion and success with which the flagmen went out in twos 
or threes into the desolate fever-ridden forests, and how loyally they persisted in 

spite of sickness and difficulties [ 230 ] ; 

I learnt how to value the natives of southern. India, who, knowing no master but the 
Lieutenant Colonel, unconnected u-ii.ii and unknown by the Government they served, without 
provision for themselves in case of tkei?' being crippled by sickness, accident, or age, or for 
their families in the event of their death, yen ventured fearlessly and without a murmur to 
face those awful dangers winch would have made the stoutest hearts qna.il and shrink. 

The persona! exposure winch soldiers cheerfully submit to in the day of battle is cheered 
by the reflection that, dying, they do not die alone or ingloriously ; but there is a forlorn and 
desolate feeling produced by the though!, of yielding up one's life in a wilderness, with none 
but jackals to sing our' requiem, and tigers to prowl, and vultures to flit, round ourtombless 
corpses, which harrows up the srii.il with inexp.^-'ssihle horror 7 . 

On Lambtou's death, many of these Madrasi followers were loth to continue 
service ; his death "had naturally created a sort of despoil thug feeling amongst his 

1 presnmiiiiY iviiti: atcaohi':i to the [■lllon: Drvachment [I, 1I2 ]. ! to Josiah Marshal) DDq 1S6 
(67], June 1816. 'Be MC. IIHD/ISI- ( 0373-SS ), 19-] 1-17. ^n.^J-m^ser.^.-. -DDr '3£3 (25 1 
21-5-30. "DDn. 63 ( 426 )& 92 ( 8 ), 27-11-17. » Geo.Ererest] 15 ). " 



Great Trigonometrical Survey 



397 



followers, of whom many had been with him from the very outset of his career, 
or born in his camp". Still Everest was able to report to Madras that, 
although this survey has been transferred to the Presidency of Bengal, a very considerable 
part of the old estsblishujient remains with ft. The families of most of these reside in the 

territories subject, to our Government, and it is their anxious wish to have some convenient 
mode of remitting the saving of their pay. ... It is so much of consequence to me that my 
people should be comfortable and contented, that I shall feel myself very much indebted to 
von if you will authorizo such arrangement 1 . 

For those who decided to quit, replacements were found from Upper India ; 

People have been brought by me from Hindoostan...at vast expends on my part, to supply 
the place of my Gamut it; followers, most of whom object to being employed north of the Goela- 
very. The peoplo in question have for tire last 31 nionihs been in training, but they refuse to 
be employed to the southward of the Dhabba Ghat a , and if the course of my operations be now 
diverted, I shall, after having incurred this heavy expense, ho for a time totally without people 
to carry instruments and (l;i;;s, unless J trust thorn to untrainisd persons, or such common, 
coolies as chance may throw in my way. 

Aa the instruments are of immonae value, ...it is necessary to select the persons who 
manage them with great care, because the task is one of groat skill and nicety. ... I am obliged 
to pay them very high wages, .and to treat them with a degree of indulgence not generally 
shewn to native followers 3 . 

There were occasional lapsus from good conduct, and Everest had sometimes to 
call in the aid of the civil authorities ; 

My Dear Low [ 245 ], I have a very disagreeable business bo refer to you. One of my people 
is accused of having seized a. Goandee girl, and ravished her, and the injured parties have come 
to complain to me ; but, as I know not how to adjust it, I haves soul, the offender under a 
guard, and have desired the complainants to lay their cause before you. 

The offender, by namo Rama Kwarneo, was some times ago in a state of lunacy, and I had! 
him for many months: m striest confinement bo prevent his doing mischief. ... He seemed to 
be restored to his senses, and the old man with red breeches, ... who is head man of all my 
Carnatic followers ( Ramaswamee also by name ), earnestly entreated me bo release him, and 
engaged to be responsible for ant- future uiTonce he might, commit. 

These people all speak Teloogoo, but to assist you I have sent one of the naiks of my 
escort, Asud Khan, who not only speaks Telloogoo, but Hindoostanee pleasantly*. 

When, handing over to Olliver in 1826, Everest left a reduced establishment : 

The present establishment provides for th-e carriage of the zenith sector, the large theodo- 
lite, and the clock, neither of whksh will now be required ; the expense therefore may be con- 
siderably reduced, but. ..the rates of wages actually paid,. .are somewhat iiisilior than those 
hitherto sanctioned. ... For instance, the rate for each cooly now allowed is 6£ Sa. Rs., whereas 
the instrument coolies receive Rs. 7-2 each, and the principal (lag coolies nearly Rs. 8: 
moreover, without spare coolies there is no method of conveying messages from one station 
to another, so that sonic hurkurrahs will bo quit's indispensable. 'Tin; foil owing... will be 
required to keep tno i_!sS;fb!is'iiiiorit efficient; 



Instrument ... ... 4 Coolies 

Stand ... ... 1 Cooly 

Tent ... ... 4 Coolies 

Total 16 coolies 

1 Sirdar of Coolies 
12 Principal Flag Coolies 
12 Flag Coolies 
6 Hurkarrahs 
& private touts 



Small Thoodoliti 
2 Barometers 
Chronometers 
Lanterns, box 



;;. Ks, ,5 



1 Cooly 

2 Coolies 
1 Cooly 
1 ,, 



This involved the discbarge of i 



Rs. 22 

Total 
-eral of Lambton's men and. 



1 14-0-0 
20-0-0 
96-0-0 
85-8-0 
30-0-0 
88-0-0 



433-8-0 5 

■ Olliver, 
The mode hitherto adopted by the late Superintendent, it: the ease of discharging tsny 
part of the carriers, was to make over to them one month's pay, exclusive of a full month's 
pay for any number of days of the month of their discharge. This was considered in all 
oases iufftciont to enable thorn to reach their homes. ... 

>DDn 1721 119-20), 9-3-24. ' Dabaghaut, on hill Bf&l* HE. of Ellbhpur [pi. 17]. "DDn. 171 
(168 )„ 17-8-24. * DDn. 172(1-11-2). April 1824. » DDn. 171 ( 412 ), 20-9-25 . 



1 



398 Indian Survey Personnel 

The party entertained by (ai.p*. Kvorcst...were all aiixiou.-Jy looking homewards so soon 
as they lost their old master and benefactor, and were one aod nil averse to the idea of con- 
tinuing iongor with a department penetrating further north, and working up to Hindo3tan, 
for every move would i,ake the in further froi n their native country. 

Captain Everest was fully well convinced of the Carnatics being the best sort of people 
adapted to such labour, ... from... the fatigue and hardships thuy cheerfully undergo and, 
as the establishment could not move without them, it then loll to me to explain to the whole 
party.. .that they should eontinn.n to meet with (■very indulgence as before, if they would con- 
sent to remain till three years expired, or till the work was completed up to Agra, and after 
that it. should be optional to them to continue or to return to their homes 1 . 

In 1830 Government asked whether it was not possible, now that the Great 
Trigonometrical Survey was working entirely within .Bengal, k> reduce the number 
of men and bring their pay into line with local rates. Walpole replied that the 
number could not well be reduced, but suggested a lower scale of pay ; 

The monthly pay of Lascars: under the Madras Presidency, while in The field, is 9 rupees 
13 annas 2 , which is much higher than that '.a tiie principal lasears of the Trigonometrical 
Survey. The Military Auditor (leneral informs mo that- i-he ordinary pay of lasears under 
this Presidency is C rupees, and coolies 4, which is lower than what the corresponding classes 
receive in the revenue and military surveys. 

The lasears and coolies of the Trigonometrical Survey have more labour ious duties to 
perform than those of other surveys. They must- be active, steady, and in toll if tent, and are 
therefore entitled to higher pay than men wba are merely required to wheel a perambulator, 
or carry a measuring chain. A reduction might, however, be made in the present pay, ... 
ajid I have noted. ..the rates which... might be granted in future — -Principal Flag Lasears, 
Rs. 7-8-0— Secondary, 6-8-0 — Instrument Carriers, 5-8-0 3 per mensem. 
This reduction roused Everest's fury when he rejoined shortly after, and in the 
following protest he gives a good description of the work of a lasear of the Great 
Trigonometrical Survey — 

It is a wild, rough, kind of life, but it is difficult to conceive a duty more harassing, or 
calling for greater perseverance and intelligence, than that entrusted to the men who.. .occupy 
stations in advance f_ 2 3° ]- ■■■ 

When the height, ..is one of a mass which (ills a iu.vge portion of the horizon, ... it becomes 
a most serious task to discover the identical eminence which has been pointed out from a 
station distant 30 to 60 miles in a straight line. ... The object is only ultimately attained by 
ascending a succession every peak likely to he that pointed out, ...and then mounting the 
highest trees. ... This operation has often to be gone through in a country covered with large 
forest trees, all of which must be felled, and abounding wii.li wild annuals ; where provisions 
are scarce, where there are no bazars, and no water but; what falls from the elouds. It will 
cease to be a matter for marvel that I should rate so highly the value and importance of the 
people who have to effect it. 

The people detached on those occasions often disappear for weeks for to surmount 
a straight distance of 40 miles in mountain lands it is aou nnfreinistitJy necessary to travel full 
80. They must wait too for clear weather, otherwise after all their trouble they may fail hi 
finding out the right eminence j" 244 ]. ... 

I have seen natives of 1.1 10 Coast, belonging to the. old establishment, who were harillv 
ever at fault in the most, trying circumstances. To keen i.hese people together when, after 
the death of Colonel Lambton, they had to quit the southern provinces, ... was no easy matter, 
I did my best to do so, and succeeded to a certain extent, so that the establishment with which 
Mr. Olliver commenced the Longitudinal Saries when I went to England was, though not so 
efficient as could be desired, yet not entirely shorn of its- ablest flag-men. 

The arrangement made in Major Walpole' letter of Kith August ISMO, by reducing their 
pay, instead of increasing it and holding out prospects of future reward, as I should have 
reeommended, tended mainly to destroy the principle of cohesion. ... Applications are daily 
made by the few who remain for leave to return to thoir homes, and if decisive measures 
be not taken it will bo totally impossible, in my opinion, to revive the drooping spirits of 
these poor people, or again put rbo establishment... in a:i effective state. 

The question naturally arises, how did Colonel Lambton effect this, and the answer is 
plainly he had a surplus proportion of people, and had thus funds at his disposal for giving 
high pay, and occasional presents, to those who proved themselves trustworthy*. His establish- 



Great Trigonometrical Survey 



a than ho received. A system ot tins sort, may bo perpetuated much u 



easily than created. His people were in the outset 
them, so that they formed a little coi-.ny of their 
oitajlhiiiuent had boon burn in his ciimp, ... 

The difficulties of moving. ..wore less than at presen 
been, abolished... of taking village coolies ; nob that L..B 
merely as a fact [ 411 ]. ... All things in India are unde 
inhabitants are gradually id coring over since I can recoil* 
times of long duration, such as this country had not kno 



L to bring their families with 
, and many of the younger lads of the. 



) the practice had not then 
vocate the practice. I speak of it 
ping a change, and the ideas of the 
:. It must needs be so in peaceable 
11 before this out of mind [t-page]. 



Even in Colonel Lambtun's lifetime, hewe-ver, th<; older and abler bands began gradually 
to fall off, and the si.irii.ms i!isnsi.er- c (■»■•!.■ of 1 1 y do ..■a bad |" -.} ' -' - ] had so thinned their ranks that 
they formed but a wreck of what they hud once boon. But with any establisbsnont constituted 
as it was prior to my rotas' 11 Lo Etiidand. tiio ■thilie'.ih.Los wore enormous, and t lie... expedients 
which I was obliged to resort to, the extra duty to which my people were exposed, are such 
as never can, or ought, to be expected from inr-n except in cases of emergency. ... 

It frequently occurs that nine principal stations an; in occupation at the same instant. 
A Hag stuff 22 fiX'i" I ■ ) r ■ : 7 is erected ai each during the day time, and a light burning at night. 
The dag staff must be kept truly perpendicular during the day, and these stations a 
distant 30, -10, or a<i mile-? from the ninth whore tho instrument stands. I mean. 
as the erow flies, but in truth hi momiui irons truces they are about double the distance, so 
that to communicate with them :-i, and often it. days are necessary. 

The people thou are m rum nor k'ft entirely to themselves, and if t.hey have no motive 
to incite them to exertion, they will infallibly go quietly to sleep in the best quarters they 
can obtain, in preference to sifthij; all night Icing on the top of a cold mountain, with naught 
but rocks and taller, trees scattered around them, and tigers and beavs to break in on the 
general desolation and solitude. 

In certain eases it- is necessary to simen-odo the ordinary lights by blue lights ; the best 
bluo lights will burn 6 minutes, and then expire, and a,s they are costly both in make and in 
the carriage, it is necessary to be economical of them. To burn 18 blue lights requires nearly 
4J hours, and if they are not well timed the observations cannot be made, and must be re- 
peated [247-8 ]. It has hil.hort.o always been necessary to employ one of the sub -assistants 
with a watch for this purpose, in which ccse he has to travel from one station to another. The 
loss of I. i mo... consequent or- one failure, is enormous 1 . 

Officers of tho Survey of India will endorse all that Everest has written of the 
devotion and loyalty of survey khaldaid, whether of the Trigonometrical, Topo- 
graphical, or Revenue branches, and whether they be men of Madras, Hazaribagh, 
Garlrwal, or Punjab. 



MM):,. i 



t(i: 



■),l- 



5-32 ; BMC. 20-10-32 ( 70 ). 



CHAPTER XXVIII 



PEOPLE & COUNTRY OF INDIA 

case of health : South India — Great Trigonometrical Survey — guards & ESCORTS 
— surveyors * THE PEOPLE; General — Great Trigommw.tria.il Survey — Commis- 
mriat Agent - Nizam's Territories — POSTS * COMMUNICATIONS. 

IF we do not here refer specifically to the surveyors of Bengal and Bombay, this 
is not because they were any less prone to fever, dysentery, and other diseases 
of the east, than the surveyors of Madras [ II, 359-63 ]. Far from it. Wehave 
told elsewhere of the interruption* to their surveys by sickness ; Smyth in Chota 
Nagpur [ II, 46 ] Hodgson in Sirrnur [ 35 ] — Gerard at Agra [ 90 ] — Wilcox in 
Assam [ 64 ] — Grant in Tenasserim [ 77 ]— and many others. 

None knew of the crippling effect of ill-health better than Mackenzie, and when 
organizing his field parties in 1815 he made particular reference to the need for 
regular medical attendance, both for parties in the field as well as for assistants 
at the Presidency, many of whom came in from the districts in a wretched state ; 

The termination of some of the surveys, and the necessity of relieving the sick.. .from 
unhealthy situations by removal to the Con-;-,, lias occasioned that about II of the native 
assistant surveyors are here at present, all employed, in office excepting those who are in a 
state of convalescence, and that cannot attend regularly. ... Medical assistance should be 
afforded in this case for their relief 1 . 

The Medical Board replied that those at the Presidency would be attended by the 
Garrison Surgeon, and that with regard to those at 

out-stations and in the field, the Medical Board t be 1 considerable difficulty in deciding upon 
any particular officer. ... The same sense of public duty which urged Messrs. S. and A. to afford 
the ready and willing assistance adverted to by the Surveyor General will. ..prompt every 
medical officer.. .10 afford similar ait! when... necessary*. 

Dindigul was found particularly unhealthy during season 1815-6 [ no ] ; 
Progress... in the quarter ending 31st January was slow in consequence of the repeated 

interruption;* from sickness and the moris-eon. ft mw tairnmeiiwrl in lSi;j under the hopes 
of being terminated at a much earlier period. About the middle of October last the surveyors 
were obliged to come into Dindigul, where they were employed in protracting and reducing 
the survey, ... in computing their triangles, and bringing up die field work and... the memoirs. ... 

The surveyors returned to the field duty about the middle of January ; but the senior 
assistant, Turnbull, was obliged to relinquish it, from fever on the 15th. He again resumed... 
on the 31st, and on the 10th February again was obliged to return to Dindigul. ... He left 
Dindigul on the 5th March, but. ..to return on the 20th. 

On serious terns idera tion of the eotitinaei.. .sickness wherein the Directing Surveyor, two 
assistants, ant! several followers, had greatly suffered from reiterated attacks, I judged it 
necessary... to call in all parties.. .to Dindigul, where tlu> sick miabl receive medical aid, and 
the rest be employed in,, .completing the .results of the field work. Within a few days. ..the 
Col lector... transmitted a further account. ..of the general sickness that prevailed, whoroby I had 
the satisfaction to find I had anticipated his opinion. ... 

In noticing... the frequent ill health that the surveyors have been exposed to there. ... 
this is., .equally applicable to all the mountains of the Northern Circars — ...the hilly tracts of 
Nulimolla 3 [ 227, 266] — ...and in those of Soonda, Bed" ore, arid Malabar— whence their surveys 
should be attempted at certain seasons of the year only. The season in which this attempt 
was made in Dindigul was proposed by. ..Mr. Turnbull himself, ... tho' from a laudable anxiety 
he returned earlier than t could have wished in a con valeseenfc state 1 . 

'MPC. 1S-&-15. a ib. 3-11-15. 3 NW. of Curabura [II, pi. 16]. Mb. 28-9-16. 

400 



Care of Health : South India 401 

The Dindigul survey wa-s closed down, and the surveyors moved on to Travancore 
[105-6], except for Chumarett who was sent into hospital at .Madras after being 
"repeatedly ill of fevers & obsd ructions, the consequence of the ill air of the hills" 1 . 

Death frequently came swiftly and from strange causes, but Sir Thomas Hislop 
did not succumb on the thirsty march to the Deccan ; 

You will be sorry to hoar that an express arrived yesterday from Hyderabad, stating that 
these was little chance of the Commundorda -Chief's recovery. His complaint is a constipa- 
tion of the bowels, and has, it is thought, arisen from his travelling so long in a palanquin 
without his usual proportion of claret*. 

Two months after RiddeH'a sudden death in 1818 [318], Mackenzie writes of 
cholera in Madras and Calcutta; 

Your account of the epidemic [ in Madras ] is really eUrming, as it has been here. We 
lost two of our people here by it ; amongst these was the poor peon that accompanied my 
Bramin from Madias [ 391 ]. He had served me nearly 20 years, and tho' he was brought 
early in fcho morning to our house he could not be saved. Homo others of our people who 
took the prescribed medicine in time were saved, i believe it consists of strong opiates and 
brandy. Wo have it always ready, and Mrs. Mackenzie has dispensed, it successfully accord- 
ing to our sui-go^i's directions, bat it imi-t bo given early. 

I mako no doub*, bin IliaL the medicines proscribed by tbo fuci.ia.y will have its due effect 
with you as here. I recommend to you, Mouotford, to keep some of the medicines in your 
house. ... Dr. Stuart* or any of your medical friends will give you directions. Few Europeans 
have died of it here, yet some have suffered, among whom was poor Mrs. Caddell, carried 
off in 24 hours. Major Caddell is now here, and pretty well 4 . 

We hear often of asthma, and Mackenzie was much concerned for James Summers, 
who was ''subject to an asthmatic complaint" 5 [ 374~5 ] > 

I had. expected that a change of air & employment in the field would have answered better 

than con fi-ii em en t. to tin's desk in his hectic compliiiiil His consumptive com plaint... has now 

reached such a height as to take from him all chance of being useful in the Department. He 
therefore ro quests... fco retire 011 wlmtovcr pension hi.=i services may entitle him 6 - 

Summers lived about fourteen years aftor retirement [ 386 ]. 

Garling pressed in vain for a doctor to be attached to the Hyderabad Survey, 
"as attacks of a dangerous nature are generally sudden and rapid... and.. .individuals 
...frequently deiaeiicd at. some distance from each other" 7 . 

It was just one year later that be himself died of cholera. The Hyderabad 
survey was indeed unfortunate, and ten months later Peter Conner succumbed a 
leu' weeks after joining the party. He had been 

confined to his bed ever since his arrival, both with the bowel complaint and fever, and is 
at present in a dangerous state, that there is but little hope of his surviving. Doctor Voysey, 
the surgeon of Colonel Lambton's establishment, is affording him medical aid 8 . 
Conner had but recently marched his party up from Cochin, and had fallen in with 
cholera on the way ; 

We quittod Trichoor on the 1st of January [ 1821 ]. The transition of climate produced 
on many of our party injurious eifoeis. On ijuittiuf; the western coast, numbers became 
subject to a constmc succession of feverish attacks, and 011 passing Salem the epidemic made 
its appearance anion Est us, nor were we mote bee from it till wil bin a few marches from the 
Presidency. ... We had nineteen cases of cholera; in three instances it terminated fatally, 
and those who have survived are not yet fully recovered from its effects 8 . 

After closing the Travancore survey, Ward took his party back to Dindigul 
where survey had been abandoned five years before [sup., no], and his diary 
gives a fair picture of the climate they had to contend with ; 

Arrived at Dindigul on 17th January 1821. ... 18th. The assistants and followers cams 
in, & some attacked with the cholera ; one woman fell a victim this day. 

1 llitn. I iltl (' i>2 1 . ! Sir Tims. Hislep f 1 Tii 1-1. ■>+:.!') ; C-ij:-C., Madia;.; "Rbk.e" to e'C-., S 0-1.7; DDn. 

151 ( 31 1 ■ of. Hamri"',= .'.■■;;■■,,,; " IV:' Sept.. Sic 1 liimas d;j;.; :b 1 1 ■ ■ ;. :... Out el" danger", a Alex. 

Stua-t Mad. Mcd. ; ri. 1820. -fee. Cart Mi < .17S.3 1K57 1 Mad. hit. ; L;. I WOO; I.t-Cel. Is2d;ra. Susan — , 
who (i Calcutta, 1 6-1 M. ;i™i 27. M'WJji. l-±<> ( 10 22 ), 16-11-18. °DJ)a. 153 { 41 ), 13-5-16 & 161 
( 162 ), 6-4-18. 'DDn. 148(100), 19-5-19. a from Hill, DDn. 147(246), 27-4-21. ■ DDn. 192 (88 ), 
Feb. 1821. 



People & Country of India 



19th. My butler, cook, and some wonaon attacked this day; the usual remedies -were 
tryed, but the disorder ap peured to increase with violence. 

20th. Another woman fell a victim this day. 

21st. My butler fell a victim to it at 3 a.m. Cook still indisposed. 

22nd. The cook died at 5 a.m. Proceeded to Madura at 5 p.m. ... My maity attacked. 

23rd. Arrived at Madura at 7 a.m., and had a short interview with Mr. Peter 1 . ... 

25th. Returned to Dindiirul at 7 a.m. ; McMahon & Keyos who were taken ill on the 
21st recovered, as well as the other followers. Another woman fell a victim.. .last night. ... 

26th. Asccruksd the fortress to take a station, but the weather being very unfavourable, 
and the hills cloud-topped, descended at 1 p.m. Keyes a5.n1.in indisposed. 

27th. At 3 a.m. this morning I was taken unwell with a looseness and vomiting ; adminis- 
tered the remeelios instantly, and rose at 6 a.m. recovered, but excessively weak. 

28th. Sunday. Indisposed. ... 31st. At 2 p.m. left Dindigul. ... 

Marob 1st. Halted j rather unwell this day. 

5th, 6th. Confined to my tent with a Severn bilious attack. ... 

May 27th, Sunday. Halted, my face being excessively inflamed & painful from exposure 
to the heat coming up the mountains, lira! in some dojrroo owing l,n the change, of olimato. ... 

June 13th & 14th. Halted & inked part, of the work on the Tables ; indisposod with a 
looseness which rendered me excessively weak, with vomiting, Symptoms similar to the 
cholera ; was attended witii no bad consequences. ... 

July 16th. Rose a good deal indisposed. ... While proceeding to complete the only 
day's labor to he performed on the hills, attacked with a bilious fever, but, with some assistance 
and support, exerted myself, tho' scarcely able to discern objects, and completed the task, 
and returned almost deranged at 2 p.m. 

17th.. Having been refreshed by a good night's repose, started at 7 a.m., and coramonced 
the descent of tho mountain^ to the plains. ... 

ISth. A return of fever worse than ever ; continued much indisposed (, a' i; a° 24th, when 
I was relieved by throwing up large quantities of bile, attended with several evacuations. 
Weather excessively hot. ... Excessive weak & want of appetite continue till the 31st. 
Ward then remained at Palni till August 27th, when he went out on survey again 2 . 

jMoritgouieiie writes to hirn on bin; Malabar- survey a few years later ; 

As the preservation of tho hea.lt li of your party is an object of tlio first- consideration, ... 
in. ..any tract, the climate of which may be considered at all inimical, ... keep each individual 
actively employed during the day, and.. .so soon as the sun has set they should shut up their 
tents, which should invariably bo pitched in the .most airy situations. 

The final drawing of the work may on such occasions be left:, for a more coEivoiiient opportun- 
ity, so as to admit, of quitting tin; tract as soon as possible. It has. ..been observed that the hot 
weather is considered the bo^t adapted for carrying on operations in such situations 3 . 
To the Surveyor General he writes that, Ward intended 

to carry his operations into the Wynaad di-.trie.i. immediately on the breaking ur> of the monsoon, 
'3 considerably more sahib .rims than at any other. But as this 
jnant fever at certain time.-! of the year, it will be 
advisable that the party should quit it immediately on the indication of any febrile symtoms 4 . 



Great Trigonometrical Survey 

Though the forests and hills of the south peninsula have always been notorious 
for their fevers, we hear very little from Lambton about them, and it is possible 
that he was by constitution and age less liable to infection than most, and by 
disposition little given to dwelling on personal discomforts. It was far different 
with Everest, who on his first field season Struck a particularly unhealthy tract at the 
very worst time of the year. He and Ins men were overwhelmed by a virulent 
type of malaria, and he remained persorialiy most susceptible to malaria and other 
infections so long as he remained in India. He tells us all about it [ 229-32 ]. 

This does not mean that Lambion neglected the health and welfare of his people. 
At his request Voysey was appointed Surgeon to the Trigonometrical Survey, but 



Great Trigonometrical Survey 



103 



3 much from fever as any other, and as his hands wore more than full 
with his duties as Geologist, Lambton got him an assistant. 

So much of his time has been taken up lately in the mixing of medicines and dressing, 
that he has had very little timo to attend Uj Ins geological pursuits, and he has... mentioned tt> 
me the great convenience that would accrue from liis having a Dresser. ... This, in the medical 
line upon the Coast, is a native or half- caste... in hospitals. As the expence.-.will be very 
trilling, and will add hut little to my monthly abstracts, ... such an as sis taut will be of public 
utility in allowing 3lr. Yovsoy more time to attend to. ..his other profusion;!! duties 1 . 

After Voysey's resignation in 1824, Everest had to rely on the nearest medical officer 
when he was within reach of one, and on the dressei' when on the march. 

We have noted Lamhton'e practice of taking the field during the rainy season 
when fever was rampant [ 223, 232 ]. In spite of the device winch enabled Everest 
to work to lamps by night during the more healthy seasons [235 ], it was with 
considerable apprehension that he sot out through the notorious Gawilgarh Hills 
after Voysey's loss [243]. His departure from Hyderabad was delayed several 
weeks by a fierce attack of fever, and he had repeated relapses. It seems to have 
been a sort of rheumatic fever, something like that which worried Mather in Mysore 
[ II, 109, 359 ], and affected his limbs so much that he had to be held up by his 
men when working at his observations [ 244 ]. In January 1824 his wretched state 
led him to apply for leave to Bombay, 

and thence by sea to Calcutta. Since the begining of August, last I have been unwell and from 
the 3rd Sept. until the present date. ..often very dun gen. lis ly ill. .My medical... adviser have 
frequently urged to mo the absolute necessity of proceeding to the sfhi. coast, but I know my 
presence to be so indispensably requisite to the success... of the Trigonometrical Survey, that 
1 have p referred incurring every personal risk to absenting myself. 

The favourable season.. .is now fast drawing to a close. I have succeeded in taking an 
excellent set of celestial observations for tho further extension of the meridional Arc. ... All the 
important part, is brought to a c 011 elusion, and the little which remains ;.o carry on the triangles to 
Hooshungabad may safely lie entrusted to my sub -ass islam-, Mr. J. Olliver. 

As I have... triangles naming; westward in tlin parallel of 10° 20', which at some future 
period will bo carried on through Poouah and Bombay { 234-6 ], it is... necessary that I should 
...make myself acquainted with. ..that part of the country, and I should. ..wish my journey to 
Bombay to be considerod... professional duly. In that- case my leave of ahseneo will commence 
from the 1st May next and be extended to the end of September, by which timo I hope to be 
able to rejoin.. .in perfect health. I... enclose... the opinion on my case by Mr. R. Riddell 3 ... 
who, since the departure of Mr. Voysey. has afforded medical aid to my department 3 . 
By the time permission arrived Everest was better and had started into the bills, 
but he reports later to the General Officer commanding at iNagpur, that 
my health was in so alarming a state that I was under the necessity of applying for medical 
aid. ... Mr. Griffiths" 1 , the medical staff at .Hoossungabad, came into the heart of the forests 
to attend me, since which time I have been a perpetual patient under his charge. ... I was a 
perfect stranger to him at tho time, and had no claims whatever. ... 

The operations of the Great, Trigonometrical Survey of India have, since tho month of 
February last, been within the limits of your Division, and my head, quarters. ..at Hoossunga- 
bad [ pi. 17 ], where they are still likely to remain for some months. 

In the month of January last, the medical gentleman of my establishment [Voysey]... 
obtained permission.. .t" proceed to Calcutta on urgent private affairs, leaving Mr. E. Riddell, of 
H.H. the Nizam's Ellichpoor Brigade, in medical charge, but this arrangement ceased. ..on my 
quitting His Hedme-ss's dominions, and I have since that time been altogether without medical 
aid. My esfcaWkibrvieiit consists... of '-i principal Snb- As-dstfiiifcs with their wives and families, 
3 inferior Sub -Assistants unmarried, 35 sepoys, non-commissioned otiieers, and. ..81 instrument 
attendants, besides camp followers. ... Almost all have... wives and families [3°6> 399]- 

Fortunately, until lately, my people have been very healthy, and if occasionally any eases 
of a serious nature occurred, I dispatched the sick persons to '["loess; m gab ad, where they have 
been kindly taken care of by Mr. Assistant Surgeon Griffiths, but the case is now beginning to 
alter, and my sick are every day beginning to increase. ... 

iDDn 92 ( 106) 2-12-19. 'Rob*. Flower IVikhdl. Jii'CS. LB IS. Asst. Sisr^. & S:,t-. Nizam's army, 
1830-53 Bo Mod. 1825-7 ; rl. London, 1 Biii. ; Cri'.wford's Roll, I.So. S.'H. * .DDn. 171 ( i 36-8 ), 16-1-24. 

•.Tf.br. rjri:;iths f 17011-1841 ) \!P.CS. iS21 ; Ben. Med. 1819-41. 



1 



404 People & Country of India 

My department has been liberally supplied with medicine, ... but since the departure of 
the late Mr. Voysey, theso have been, I fear, ill looked after, and are greatly in -want of arrange- 
ment. ... I have no leisure to attend to these mutters myself, even if I were sufficiently well 
informed, ... and my medical stores have. ..fallen under the charge of the... dresser, ... in 
whose judgement and discretion I place no manner of confidence. ... Accordingly... when I 
arrived at my head quarters Mr. Griffiths very obligingly took charge of them. ... 

I now venture to request that Mr. Griffiths...be considered as in medical charge of my 
department from the 3iJlh "May 1821 1 . 

He -writes later to the Surveyor General that Griffiths had 
attended the sick of my department for the last four months, and has hitherto received no 
remuneration. ... I feel deeply indebted to him for the personal kindness... in this very painful 
stage of my disorder, and I must attribute... to his. ..judicious management that I have never 
been prevented from fulfilling my professional duties. Many modical gentlemen would have 
doubtless insisted on my abstaining from observing at night, sitting to calculate, etc., and 
would have attended me on no othor terms ; but...Mr. Griffiths... warned me of the conse- 
quences, and left me to pursue mv course. ... 

My original illness was a fever caused by too much attention to business, in consequence 
of which I was obliged to take mercury. I was roeommocdod by the gentlemen of the faculty 
to ride every morning to perfect the cure, and on the Jr. i September last year, in one of my 
morning excursions, I was wet through, and my left hip and loins, as well as my left shoulder, 
were immediately seised with the most violent pains accompanied by typhus fever [2+4]. 
This illness has continued to torment me.. .without intermission, and within the last 4 months 
has arrived at a crisis by the formation of a abscess at my hip, and another at my neck, from 
both which fragments of decayed hone have repeatedly been extracted, sundry incisions and 
othor surgical oporatiims of rather an unpleasant, kind bavin;; heen also... performed. ... 

Since.. .my illness has in no wise resulted from any private folly or imprudence, but has 
been originally brought on, and subsequently protracted and aggravated by, my perseverence 
...I humbly hope.. .that the Supremo Government will...grant to Mr. Griffiths such remuneration 
as will manifest their sense...of his services. ... Though the people of my department had 
...unusual health previously to July last, yet...few of them have escaped an attack of fever, 
and there have been some very dangerous cases, so. ..the task imposed upon Mr. Griffiths has 
been one ei' much toil anil fatigue*. 

Griffiths was allowed to charge his "dawk expenses" for the 40 mile journey- 
he had made into the jungle "on a contingent bill certified upon honour". He 
was further allowed "sonat rupees fifty per mensem as a enumeration for his 
personal trouble and for every expense " during Everest's stay at Hoshangabad 8 . 

Though he carried on for another six months, Everest was now determined on 
leave to England. After closing work at Sironj he went to Calcutta, finished off 
his more urgent computations, and sailed for home in November [ 241 ]. 

After his departure Olhver spent an arduous six years triangulating eastwards 
from Sironj through the wild unhealthy country along the southern borders of 
Bundelkhand, and through Palamau and Chota Nagpur, beyond the reach of medical 
assistance [ 261-4 ]■ -At the start, medical attention was given by the staff 
surgeons at Saugor, but trouble began when the party started out again in 1820 ; 

Mr. John Poyton...had beon for some days seriously ill of a fever and dysentry, besides a 
few other cases amongst the public follower*, and Mr. Assistant Surgeon .Mackinnon, then in 
medical charge, ... doubtless judging from the numerous sick at the station, besides the daily 
increaso...by siok being brought in from the outposts, ...expressed himself in these words; 
"I should consider it a very imprudent step if you should venture out of the station till next 
month, for you would in the end regret so rashly exposing your party to a raging sickness". 

Notwithstanding tins caution I was seriously bent on setting out as soon as Mr. Peyton 
should he somewhat recovered, full satisfied that exercise with change of air would prove 
beneficial to convalescents. 

As Mackinnon had prophesied, October and November proved sickly months and, 
writes Olliver, in addition to losing the services of Rossenrode for several weeks, 
I this day buried one of my followers who fell a victim to a fever of only three days, and I 
have now in my small cam)) no less than six cases of fever. ... These are attended by the 
native dresser, ...but... as tho department, in proceeding eastward into a most unhealthy 

iDDn. 171 (236), 26-7-24. »ib. ( 277-31 ), 22-9-24. " BMC. 9-9-24 ( 174 ), DDn. 205 ( 86 ). 



Great Trigonometrical Survey 



405 



country, may even be deprived of the a.id of the... dresser, should ho bo taken sick, and, as I 
shall not porhaps bo within fit") or 80 milos of... medical aid, ... 'ho department would eventually 
be reduced to a most deplorable condition. 1 . 

The Surveyor General promised to arrange for an apothecary but none had 
arrived six months later, when Olliver wrote that "in consequence of the daily 
increasing sick", Rossenrode hid abandoned work and come in with a train of sick 
to the number of 22, of whom 11 were... conveyed on cots, the remainder on private cattle. 
To heighten the disaster Mr. R. was himself laid up.. .when ho alone had to attend to. ..the sick. 
... The sick pari.v will, ..proceed for medical nisi either to Mirzapur or Chunar and, as it will 
depend on the chance of procuring bungalows, ... I am not yet curtain which. ..I shall take 
up during the ensuing monsoon. 

1 earnestly regret, the impracticability of allowing the only medical draper... to proceed 
with the sick, for I shall require his atteridanee eJuriEig the extension ef tho work now advancing 
into the same tract where so much evil iiu aite.i tins advance party. !. regret also. ..that since 
the arrival of Mr. Rossenrode 's party, my people., .are very disheartened at the idea of 
impending evil, added to the scarcity of pre 'visions. ... I havo not yet felt the effects of 
scarcity, but. ..the so'ithotn parts of Rewa... aro miserably depopulated 2 . 

Two months later he reports from .Mirzapur thai he had asked for aid to the 
sitik sent in to 3-1 ir/.a poor with Mr. Etossonrodo, aml...Tltri Brigadier- General very readily issued 
the necessary orders to afford every comfort to the.. -sick, and soon after their reaching 
this, the whole were sent out of hospital. ... I. ..trust that the few sick at present who came in 
with me will also soon be restored ; the one who died on the way fell a victim to the cholera 
which, for the last four months, rased violently in Buadel:-.u.nd nod IJosrhelkund*. 
Season 1827-8 was equally unfortunate, and Olliver reports that during 
November and December, ... I have had to "bury three of the followers. Several of the people 
are quite emaciated, and this evil has so panic struck the people that through a dread of 
further havoc, a few have even ventured to decamp, and a few have insisted on their discharge. 
I had. ..the greatest anxiety fur i he safety of the party, and in particular for Air. Rossenrode 
and family, who were altogether violently laid up, as well as Mr. Torrick, of whose safety I 
quite despaired. He is now restored, but quite, worn down. 

I have myself been ill frurii the 24th of Hoc ember, and but a few day,-, back was moat 
soriouslv laid up with the fever, and "1 have been oblige"! to make up to this little open amphi- 
iheal re for my recovery, and am now.. .quite restored 4 . 
He writes to the magistrate at Sherghati ; 

During the last few months almost half of the public followers. ..have been visited with 
the jungle fever, and in most cases followed by a dysentry, and the number of sick still bearing 
a large proportion to the strength of the party, ...I have [requested] Mr. Rossenrode to 
proceed in search of efficient, m.idieal aid to some station where tho department may also be 
accomodated during the rains, ... about what time.. .it bo advisable for me to quit the field, and 
to hasten to ledge... some whore safe from the rains. ... It is not unlikely but that I may 
eventually be put to the hazard of being shut even from all communication by the flowing 
in of the rivers 5 . 
They spent the rains in Gaya, and Olliver again sent in a tale of woe [ 262 ]. 



GfTAP.DS & 

Except for surveyors working beyond the borders or with troops on active 
service, military escorts were not otherwise provided without special orders, such 
as were issued for tho revenue surveys of the Upper Provinces ; 

The Governor General in Council is pleased to resolve that a Guard of one naik anil four 
sepoys, either from the Regulars, Locals, or Provincials, at the discretion of the Officer Com- 
manding in the "District, be attached in future to each of the Revenue Surveyors. 

Whenever circumstances m;:.y require a larger guar !, burkim. lazes 6 must b6 hired under 
the authority of the Revenue Surveyor General, who will make mil immediate report thereof 7 . 
Bedford required sued larger guard for his survey in Rohilkhand [ 152-5 ] ; 

When our operations were cou;n;enee.:l early in 1S23, without either public instruments 
or other Government property, ... and when one party only was employed in the field, a guard 



406 People & Country of India 

of 1 Ha-vildar, I Naik, and 16 Sepoys, was furnished... at the suggestion of the Judge and 

Magistrate. ... From Mr. Haihed's bug residence in this district, and intimate knowledge... of 
the character of it's inhabitants, ... the necessity of a strongor guard than that furnished "by 
the military authority... mi;: lit. safely rest on ins oyiin inn alone. ... 

A guard of 1 naik and four sepoys appears to me not only inadequate to. ..effectual pro- 
tection, ...but provides no resource against sickness in a. ..country peculiarly subject. ..to 
fever and agues, and at so great a distance... that, were one or two seapoys to be taken 
ill, ... our camp would tic left for several days without, ovwi the protection of .-single sentry. 

A spirit of conciliation appsj>irs so essential, and so many complaints formerly reached 
me respecting potty acts of aggression on the part of the native establishment, without the 
possibility very often of discovering the offending individual, that I at longth determined 
upon sending a steady seaooy wif.ii every p;irty...to prevent, anv plunder. ... 

Many articles which are daily required. ..could not, without much inconvenience, ... be 
collected every night and sent to the guard, nor would the place where the arms and 
instruments are deposited be proper or safe for many of them. ... 

Independent of the mere security of the public property, ... I... submit... whether... private 
protection may not reasonably be oxpocled by any individual (as well for himself as for 
those under his command ) employed on the public mm- vice in the field nearly nine months of the 
year, obliged. ..to have almost, everything he owns about him. ... 

I have been induced to entertain two parties, each consisting of a jamadar and eight 
ruijcobs for the inure effectual protection of Lieutt. Pemborto.n's eamn and my own 1 . 

Most of the Madras; partita were still working in distant unsettled districts, 
and Dunigan asked for a havildar's guard when working in Ellore, as he found a 
naik's guard insufficient. Guards from the Subsidiary Force were provided in the 
Nizam's dominions. The Nizam's officiate were as a rale most courteous and help- 
ful, and when a theodolite was stolen from Bird's tent, rupees 250 were recovered 
in the courts 2 . Jlountford pointed out to Young that a guard was never refused 
" when the officer in charge of a survey has made an official application to the 
Commanding Officer of the Division or Force in the neighbourhood of the survey " 3 . 

When the naik's guard was withdrawn from the Madras office in 1 823 Mountford 
asked for extra peons at night, when " thereeords...which have been prepared at so 
great an expense... require some protection additional to.. .mere bolts and bars" 4 . 

On Lamb ton's transfer to the Supreme Government, he asked that his permanent 
escort [ II, 359 ] should be doubled to the number of 

one jemadar, four havildars, four naigs and forty -aiyht .sepoys. The guard which I have 
hitherto had. ..was sufficient, in the Company's territories 1 , but in tlieso foreign dominions, 
so infested with prowling biindir.ti, it. to on lei be unsafe to wend tint, any party.. .with loss than, a 
havildar's guard, and. ..my escort is generally subdivided into several small parties. 

My present guard does not belong to any regular corps. The sepoys are entertained by 
me, and paid, clothed, and armed by Government. I wish the same plan to be followed with 
the augmented, guard, provided I can lind persons to coins into my service 6 . 

This proposal, together with others relating to his sub -assistants, was referred 
to Mackenzie, who took no action [ 324-5 ], and Lambton writes two years later ; 

In the beginning of 1818, being anxious to render my establishment efficient, without 
waiting for a reply to my letter of the 28th November 1817, 1 increased my escort to the strength 
recommended in tha.t letter. ... I included the pay. ..in my monthly account, the additional 
part of which. ..I have paid from my own funds since the 1st January 1818. Should the pay, 
... as well as two years clothing, ... be struck out of my account, ... I shall be a sufferer to 
the amount of nearly seven thousand five hundred rupees. ... I acted without authority, but. ..I 
trust that, tins u-ansnetion will merit the considered uu; of His Lordship in Council 6 . 

Still receiving no reply, Lambton asked that if his full recommendations could not 
be accepted "the escort may at least consist of a .Jamadar, one havildar, three naigs, 
and thirty sepoys". This was accepted 7 , being an increase of only sis sepoys on 
his old establishment [ 325 ]. 

After Everest took over he asked, without success, that this permanent escort 
should be disbanded arid replaced by regular soldiers ; 

This body of 35 men helungn k> no regular corps, and its sk.no «.T discipline i^i...far inferior 
to that of regular soldiery. My time is so much taken up with my studies, calculations, and 

U 



Guards & Escorts 



■107 



observations;, thai I have no Unsure to fit. tend to them, mid as they are- a- considerable o: 
...I... recommend that they be disbanded, and that the duties of protecting... the Trigono- 
metrical Survey be porfoTir^d by guards iVjjii t,!m regular army. ... 

A saving will aoeure of H2ili rnpoos per month, and... will... be adequate to maintain a 
number of hurkurvahs for. ..a dawk of communication with the nearest road, and a small 
establishment of artificers to repair my instruments. 

He asked for pensions for the men discharged ''because some of them are worn 
out in the service and... .unable to gain a livelihood hy their own exertions" 1 . 
Government refused either to allow regular soldiers or to provide the harkaras and 
artificers, and a year later Everest acknowledged the- value of the old escort ; 

It is, I find or, experience, by Co::: t.ho host. pi. in l.o have an escort attached to the depart- 
ment, and quite independent of any regular corps. I thought differently at one time, but 
I am now thoroughly convinced of my error, and. ..no regular sopoys could ever have been 
half so efficient mid useful as try men... in the. tremendous forest arid wu Morn ess through which 
I have conducted my operations-. 

On handing over to Olliver in 1825, he recommended that the full escort should 
he kept on, and even then Olliver found that it die! not, meet all needs ; 

In the iUir/apoor District my parties have been moro than once been subject- to robbery, 
myself having been robbed one rush", the greatest evil i)Oui;t in the loss of the public set of 
mathematical instruments. The empty case was, however, found About a hundred yards from 
my tent in the jungle, but the whole of the instruments were taken out. Even while.. .in 
quarters at Mirzapoor, no less than mx times were my people robbed, notwithstanding the 
sepoy fruards about the place 3 . 

In the Saugor area a special escort of irregular horse was allowed, two non- 
commissioned officers and '20 sowars, who were- specially useful for postal com- 
munications, but Olliver could not obtain the same concession in Chota Nagpur, 
even though a gang of dacoits had "fallen on my last pay party in the Singroulee 
limi t". The "officer in temporary command at Benares" considered that the 
troops "would be liable to softer great in convenience" front "'the distance you. are 
from hence, and the nature of the climate " 4 . 

In 1830, at the instance of Lord William Eentinck who was intent on rigid 
economy, the Surveyor General, Henry Walpole, had to fiubmit to a reduction of the 
permanent escort to one havildar, one naik, and 12 sepoys, allowing six months pay 
as donation to the jemadar and the two naiks who had to be discharged 5 . Eight 
years later, Everest pointed out that Walpole 

seems cloarly to have yielded a tardly and reluctant assent. ... founded solely on the pfea 
that, the operations... hdriir thou curried out in the peaceable plains of Bengal, there was not 
the same necessity for an escort which had formerly existed. ... The escort consisted, prior 
to the reduction, of ..we'd drilled men, ready for any service, highly subordinate and well 
disciplined, prepared to expose tiieius'eves to tiny Iu!,ieue, however ar-; a n,us, or face any danger, 
however imminent. ... "If Major Walpole haul had any practical acquaintance whatever with 
the operations of tho Great Trii^moiuetrieal Survey, lie would have known that. ..it is funda- 
mentally necessary that the men.,, should look to the eanip of the Superintendent as their 
home, and be ready to go wherever lhey ;ue ordered without u moment's hesitation 6 . 



SuKVEYOES & THE PEOPLE 

As a. general rule .surveyor-: and their followers; had very little trouble with the 
people, and as they went about the country as Government servants, armed with 
letters of introduction to local officials, it was but seldom that they met with any 
obstruction. The arrival of a party of surveyors is apt to cause considerable dis- 
turbance to the quiet life of a country district. The Surveyor demands guides to 
show the road., and coo lies to carry his bit, and brooks no delay. He has a strange 
desire to climb the summit of every lull, regardless of local superstition and pre- 
judice. He brings a multitude of followers, and expects large quantities of food 

'DDn. 198 (20), 23-6-23. =DDn. 171 ( 219), 9-7-24 s DI 
174 ( 131 ), 31-1-28 & 175 ( 43 i, 7 !i-2S. <■ DOo. INS.5 ( 15), 13-1-30 & 

•DDn. 342(100), £6-1-38:0™. .Everest 1 6, 7 ) ; GTS. YI{A.iv). 






408 People & Country of India 

for man and beast to be delivered promptly at most inconvenient and out-of-the- 
way points. He asks impertinent questions about the value of crops and domestic 
details, which arouse grave suspicions. His intrusions were troublesome enough 
the Company's districts, but required a lot of explanation in the territories of an 
independent prince, where, in the remoter provinces, authority was but loosely 
maintained and the local people were quick to resent the advent of strangers. 
Buxton got but little help from the people of Orissa, and complained of 
the general supineness on the part of the more wealthy inhabitants in complying with the 
necessary requisitions of the Cut-tack tuit.horitios, as well sis the extreme unwillingness evinced 
by all classes, especially in the ost;it<aj of tlio Tributary l-tujaiis, lo ai'fonl that aid and infor- 
mation so essentiti I to the speedy cor. ipletion of a work- of this nature 1 . 

No one was more conscious of all the difficulties to be met than Mackenzie, who 
as a young man had worked for many years in the Nizam's territories, and later in 
Mysore, where he had learnt the importance of sympathetic consideration of local 
suspicions, and the strict control of his staff [ II, 366-9 ]. Before sending out his 
survey parties in 1815 and 1816, he warned his surveyors that, 

on proceeding towards any provinces of tlio Company's possessions, whether on duty, on leave 
of absence, or sick, it. is tlio duty of surveyors to apply previously for the necessary passports. 
... The assistant surveyors should report themselves immediately m a respectful manner to 
the Magistrates, ... producing their passports, sun] renewing them as occasion mav require 
[II, 142 ]. When occasion requires for gomji into. ..the territories of any of the Native Princes, 
previous measures should he taken for obtaining the necessary passports from the Resident 2 . 

Conner was advised not to press enquiries about statistics or history until the 
survey had made some progress and the peoples of Coorg had got to know him ; 

I presume you are. ..aware. ..I hat expressing any extraordinary anxiety or solicitude for any 
particular object is the sure way to excite suspicion, delsiy. ,t so me times opposition. ... I would 
recommend your abstaining from taking notes of your remarks, or of their answers to questions, 
in thoir presonce. In this case they always suppose there is something more than meets the 
eye, & they assume caution...* distrust 3 [418]. 

Ward was directed to report to the Resident in Travancore 
and communicate with him on the. ..mode of carrying on the surveys, ... and of obtaining such 
aids as are necessary. ... You are.. .to be particularly attentive to any instructions you may 
receive. ..and to conform with the official servants of the administration 11 . 

Mountford writes later that 
Ward is well and Conner has sarrivod at Quilon. They have arranged. ..to set about their 
survey as soon as they have hud an interview with tlio Resident.- Of this "I have approved. 

All the reports from that quarter convince me that Munro [ log n.4 ], altho' he may have 
issued the orders required by Government, litis not zealously befriended tlio survey. He has 
not given it that support which. ..he must know is necessary. This I am astonished at, as 
I had looked upon him as a warm supporter. ... The neglect. ..may have, in some degree, 
originated from Ward's being too unobtrusive which, with all his good qualities, he certainly is. 
Conner is more a man of the world.. .and wiii, I imagine, please Mnrvro more. By his waiting 
upon him n.rid... indirectly insinuating the si ili.jec.t, much, T hope, may be done. ... 

I ana afraid this is our only way of proceeding. A complaint to Government would, I 
imagine, tend to irritate, and might produce little effect, as a literal obedience of orders has 
probably already taken place. I have... desired them to be cautious in stating to me officially 
any complaints, ... and to take cam. .that it is not merely on the report of the assistants, but 
after particular investigation by themselves, and on grounds decided and well made out 5 . 

The interview was successful, and work ran more smoothly thereafter [ 109 ]. 

Mackenzie was anxious about pindari incursions [_ 82-3, 96, 100 ], and writes to 
the Collector at Bellary in 1815 ; " I hope the alarms from the Mahratta Horse are 
dispelled; we... suspect they have some connection with the Canoul business 6 " ; and 
later after several raids had pen el rated into Madras territory; 

The whole of these marauders will be on the retreat by the month of March, & retiring 
by a hundred different channels. Few of them will he crushed, A ■ .!' what consequence com- 
pared to the havoc A- destruction of their ravages ? It- !« shocking to think of it 7 . 



>DDn. 147(346), 1-6-20. » MPC. 27-10-15 ;pasaports orparwanas. * DDn. 159 ( 1 
16. «MPC. 10-5-ltf. 5 DDn. 151 (105-26), 13-1-18. 6 DDn. 156 ( 14), 17-12-15 



!2 ), 11-1 t 



Surveyors & the People 



409 



Several students of the Military Institution wore victims of the raid into Guntur 
in March 1810, and James Macdonald 1 [ II, 321 ] reports that he was 

out- surveying nn the I Ir.h instant. On thai, de.y the reports eoiicefnirig the Pond arrahs had such 
an effect Lipon...tlio 111 habitants... that- they deserted uii.ii' habitations, and ( could with difficulty 
procure a coaly to accompany iqu. ... I then began to pay soirm attention to these rumours 
but, without orders from the Instructor [ Mount ford, p. 96 ] or the certainty of the near 
approach of an enemy, t did not fool authorised to leave my survey on the 7110m ing of the 12th. 

I rode to a rising ground in the direction of Guntoor to make enquiries regarding the 
approach of the Pindarrah horde and. ..I had not proceeded far. when thro' the fog... I 
observed four motiritod armed men in cliaij!, Being tolerably mounted I determined to make 
for Guntoor, but unfortunately as I approached that station, I saw the country for many 
miles covered with the Pendarrahs. They bore down upon mo in all directions, and resistance 
or flight became alike unavailing. I was surrounded, knocked from my horse, stripped to 
the skin, and u 11 mere- i fully beaten, and to crown the whole they gave me two sword cuts, 
some spear stabs— none of the wounds are serious. 

J. crawled into a irraiii held, and when I had refrained some strength walked, naked, beneath 
a burning sun to Guntoor, in search of medical aid. _Nt?ar llw Pel/tub 5 I was again knocked 
down by their spears, but a few ahotB tired at. thorn from a fortified house in the Pettah pre- 
vented them only from killing me. I then joined Lieutenants James and Tweedie, 3 and 
assisted in defending the Collet tor's treasure and enrernirry. My plain table arid surveying 
instruments are, I ara afraid ; missing J. but as the country is over-run witn Pendarrahs I have 
not learnt their fate. 

Yesterday I was for a subaltern rich, today I have not a rag to cover me. I therefore hope 
that, as I was employed oil the public service, and have suffered a misfortune which I could 
neither foresee or prevent, that His ltieoHency the Comaiandor-m-ldiiof will have the kindness 
to recommend. ..a compensation for the loss of rny property 4 . 

Grimshaw 5 tells a similar story [ 344 ] ; 

Whilst employed on survey, my tent was surrounded and attacked on the I3th of March 
by a considerable body of Pundaries who plundered, and afterwards destroyed, the whole of 
my baggage. ... I was suddenly attacked at a vllage IS miles from Guntoor; an advanced, 
party of 12 horsemen made the first attempt (.■<. plunder mo, but with the assistance of the two 
servants I drove them hack about. 20 yards. To my great mortification. ..my gun at this critical 
moment missed five successive times, or I must have shot the headman in command of the 
party, who came up elose to me. 

I now lost no time :i:i trying to disengage rny horses- from their pickets, to give fchera a 
chance to escape, but I was cut off from my tent by a fresh party, who came up in another 
direction. Three mon endeavoured to spear me ; two of the thrusts I parried off, the other 
went through my jacket. Thus completely surrounded, it was impossible for me to afford 
any further protection to my baggage, and the only chance of savin:; myself was to run into 
a tank that was close to me. I succeeded in the attempt, and the ground being very soft, 
the horsemen were prevented from following rne. 

It was now I lost the whole of my baggage. My horses and every article found useful 
bv the Pindarics was cun-ied -off and the reminunt of my property was set on fire and burnt. 

I was obliged calmly to witness this scene from the imjioL'/'.ibility of making any further 
resistance, and from having. ..to escape up a tree to avoid the main body which then came up 
and, T should suppose, amounted to 1,500 men, as the space of ground they covered on their 
march I afterwards found to be rather more than one square mile. 

"When the party had plundered the village, they left it, and T set out for Amaravetty. 
On my arrival I informed tho sornindur that the Pmdaries bad halted and dismounted at a 
tope 6 miles off. I. ..requested... what mon he could spare from the defence of .Amaravetty, 
and I was promised the assistance (.if 70 hordes and soun; matchlock men. This party would 
have been fully adequate to a nightly surprise on a body of met; very iil armed, and who sleep 
in the greatest confusion. But on stilting rny wishes that the party might be ready at 

II o'clock on the 13th, I was told the men would not he a file to turn out till the next morning, 
and hence I was compelled to givo up the project. 

I.. .annex a.. .list, of the articles. ..lost, which composed the whole of my baggage, and I trust 
to... Government for re inn no rat- loo for the ruinous event that h 



( 1733-lthJ 1 ; Mad. inf. 1809, d. 






■James Somerled Mawlenakl . ; l'."',)2 ISirM : .Marl. Inf. Kris. 1811 ; U. Col. 1842. 3 fort. a John 
PnUdnssc James, lias. iSMT ■ I.l. (K. iSIM : Mairke: LVteoi* : 1 7=7 -1 *" i ; F„„. ISO} ; ft G(::i. ; both 2nd MXL, 
1816. 'petition lH-It-IC; MMC. 17-5-16. "John C ' 
Copaul firooi, Mysore [ Cuiilj.vaku-eog, pi. 11 ]. 



People & Country of India 



T 



Writing Desk 
Trunks, containing ■>! f 
oloaUies 



Regimental Cap, complete 
II :. nd -i e re I lief s ... ,., 

lie aim en till Greatcoat ... 1 

1 Canteen, containing plates, tiishus, knives, forks, and glass ivarc. 
Military and Mathematical Books' 

Bedding ; a tent carpet, and a variety of smaller nrtides that were c 
Saved.— 1 Baggage Tent 1 pair (if Trousers 

1 Shirt 1 Hanrlk(.T<:hi.r 

I Straw Hat 



Drawing box, con 


plete 


Bon of mathemat 


cal instruments 


Telescope 




Compass, box 




Saddles 




Bridles 




Boots, pairs 




Gold watch, with 


chain and seals 


Silver Tumbler 




Small milk bowl 




Large spoons 




Tea apooiis 




Salt, cellars 




Cruet Stand, com 


plete 



Similar claims were submitted by Borthwiek and Cuxton [ II, 321 ]h the latter 
ving details of the " cloaths " he lost ; 

1 Subaltern's Tent 



^Tent 



• Wai-to;v 

" "mot 



9 Towels 

■! pair? of Cotton G-ioi 
1 Flannel Gown 



17 Shirts 14 Pocket Handkerchiefs 

14 Pairs Pantaloons 7 Neck handkerchiefs 

The claims were passed after reference to the Governor in Council 2 . 

It was this sensational raid that led to more drastic military action against the 
pindari brood. Lambton writes to Mackenzie of the 

escape of the Pindarfes with ail their treasure, women, etc., which they took from the Guutoor 
District. Doveton [ S3-4 ] made a rapid march, but mads a countermarch the nest day, and 
the Pindaries passed over the very ground which he had left. I hope some decided measures 
will be taken respecting those freebooters, and with respect to the Xizam's country too, for it 
is in a miserahio state ; robberies! and murders committed everywhere with impunity. 

I hope you will continue to write to me from Bengal, and I shall let you know occasionally 
what is going on in (.his part, of the world 3 . 

Though Lambton makes little official reference to the disturbed state of the 
country, his long halt atHyderabad from 1816 to 1818 was most certainly opportune 
[ 223, 237 ], and led Walker to give a vivid account of the pindari ravages*. 

The Company's troops themselves were often unwelcome in remoter districts, as 
Van Heythuysen noted when he marched hia detachment from Ganjam to Nagpur 
through the wilder parts of Orissa, some time about 1822 ; 

It is absolutely requisite that troops in progress on this. ..route should bo provided with 
their own permanent carriage 5 . Ko carriage of any kind is procurable without compulsatory 
measures/in having recourse to which the native inhabitants become disgusted & quit their 
villitcos in alarm upon tlio ;i.ppro;.u":li of troops. 

Finding all the vub.iges about this plai/e deserted...! naturally request. ..why such a desertion 
takes place. The replies are uniformly the same. The Bengal sepoys use us and our people 
so harshly that we are afraid to remain. They come into our villages & take without paying 
everything they wish. ... On being assured of protection & that any sepoy of my party offend- 
ing should be punished upon the spot, I have... pre vailed on them to return & at my departure 
have had the pleasure to hear the Madras sepoys praiseu for their behaviour 8 . 

It had for centuries been a custom of the country that officials had the rightto 
call for labour, transport, and supplies, entirely free of charge, a practice known 
as began. This was definitely forbidden under a proclamation issued in 1820 ; 

Whereas an unwarranted practice prevails in several provinces... of forcibly pressing cer- 
tain classes of the inhabitants, ... under the denomination of beqarries or coolies, for... carrying 
baggage or other load? from stage to stage, or village to village, Notice is hereby given that 
the continuance of this practice is henceforth strictly prohibited thro ugh out,., the Presidency 

1 Ales. Borthwick ! 17S6 -1S17 ) !;d. la artier;, iiLr.j.vn ■ Ungin- of the i'indaria ( 103 | ; Sichard Cnxton 
( 1789-1829] ;d. Tavoy ; boil. Mad. Inf. = MiK'J. 8-U-l-i. '■ DDn. CJ I 140 }, 11-5-18 *OTS I 

-y.A), quoted from M"hcobn, T M3Q-1 ). 5 Provision ■.v::.s r-mrte for the, hire of transport by troop 3 



i the march under 3G0. GG ii 



•Fdbk. DDn. 162. 



Surveyors & the People 



of Fort William. ... The present order is not intended to affect the authorized provisions 
whieh now exist, or may hereof tor be found necessary, relative to the regulated supply of 
porters in the mountainous portion of tlio British Dominions 011 the North Western Frontier 
wherein other species ■■>' convi-jyauee tuny uiit Lu procurable 1 . 

It was to this order that Everest refers in his letter of August 1832, when telling 

how limes had eha nged [ 399 ]. 

Fisher tells of trouble on a visit to Cachar, beyond the Company's frontiers [50]. 

Letters were. ..written both by the Magistrate and myself to Chowlvot Singh, and an answer 
soon arrived importing that, when lio had despatched some business which detained him in 
the e;!.-:u-LTj parts oi" his country, ho should receive my visit with pleasure. 

After my arrival on the frontier, I was met by a person deputed to conduct me to the 
Rajah. ..as far as Govindpoor, his. present res. id en 00. I arrived there on the 5th April, and 
immediately sent notice to the Rftjah. who appointed the following morning for my audience. 
On my attendance, however, at the appointed lime, I was informed thai- the Rajah was 
sleepy, and desired me to come again in the evening, '['his was accompanied by circumstances 
...which induced me to request nromission to return, to Sylhot, on whieh an apology was sent, 
and notice that, the Rajah should visit ™e in. tho evening. 

In the even in si he scut Ism I)cwa;:i to inform me thai, ho mis building 1. house for my recep- 
tion, and that when I entered it he would see me. As I had now received some information 
of a design to imprison me, I repeated my request for leave to return into the Company's 
territory, alleging the duties I had to perform in Sylhet. 

Receiving no answer, ... I caused my boats on the morning of the 7th to be dropped 
down the river, but. ..5 miles from Govindpoor was stopped by. ..troops who, levelling their 
muskets arid cannon, threatened to lire upon the boats unless I immediately returned, and 
I now heard.. -that the Rajah had issued orders for the massacre of myseif and alt the people 
with me, including my oscort from the Sylhet Corps, 2 . ... Considering Hint by any act. of violence 
I should incur a heavy responsibility, and that tho proceeding perhaps originated in some 
mistake, ...I complied with the order to return to Govindpoor, under the express assurance 
that the Rajah would see me immediately, and allow me to tako my leave. 

The Knjiih, however, again broke his promise, and. ..planed a guard to watch my boats, 
notwithstanding which 1 received information of his intention to murder the whole party. 
I was positively prohibited from writing to Sylhet, and every precaution was taken. ..to cut 
off the communication. When, therefore, the.,.Dewan and Tbanadar appeared, to communicate 
the Rajah's orders for my entering tho house assigned to me, I made enquiry of them con- 
cerning the cause of the Rajah's anger, and mentioned. ..my bavins surveyed the course of tho 
River Soorma in my way. I was told that it was not on that account, and... that it originated 
partly from a belief of.. .the claim of the Company to Pergi.innah Sorispoor, and partly from 
an apprehension that my visit was only a. prelude to a similar claim to Cachar itself. 

Every chance of an amicable adjustment was at an end. I therefore sieved the three 
ministers and confined them in my boat, but was afterwards induced to allow one of them to 
fetch the Rajah's cousin, ...who, with all bis counsellors, bus strongly opposed the whole 
proceeding. ... Successively, ...the cousin and nephew of the Rajah appeared, and the 
latter, after being detained by me a short time, was allowed to depart. ..to bring the 
Rajah, or to return himself within two hours. In about an hour the Rajah eame to the 
river bank, and publicly asked pardon, and...) expressed my fear that he bad been induced 
to act as he had done through some misapprehension, which he replies! that he had not, 
and Hiram asked pardon. 

The following day a passport was granted to me, and I was allowos I to return to Sylhet 3 . 

Revenue surveyors worked as a rule in the closest touch with district revenue 
officers, and in the friendliest relations with local inhabitants. Brown, however, 
reports serious trouble in the Saharanpur district ; 

On my arrival at Toetroun, T found the boimdiii-y .settlements at a skip. An armed mob 
from Gudh.ee Abdoolah Khan, instigated by the Put bans in that place, had forcibly interfered 
and driven the arbitrators from the boundary. T immediately reported.. .to.. .the Judge of 
Subarurrpoor, who was at that 1 ime also o.ltic'ati'ig Collector, a.nd aid ■./as promptly given to 
Mr. Fraser's ameem T wo suwars wore directed... for. ..apprehending rioters... and a proclamation 
was at the same Lime is-aed, seating tho vii".tnn.s...ol' the durvoy, forbid dins; violence, ... but to 
bring their comoloints to Suharunpoor. where they should be immediately enquired into. 






412 People & Country of India 

The suwars arrived immediately, but unfortunately tho proclamation... was some days 
in reaching the Thanadar. ... In the meantime, the Puthans of Tootroun [ 15S ]... committed 
a violent assault on my camp followers, and beat sot no of them in the most cruel manner with 
iron-bound lai.ii.v-, :"..:■ which they were fined in the court of Sidiamupoor. ... 

The Puthans have, however, the upper hand in other iuntion besides boundaries, and 
which I cannot describe bettor than by. ..the way thoy treat each other's cattle. When a 
Puthan's bullock strays into a Goojur's field, he is quietly driven out and respectfully taken 
to his owner, but whon the Goojur's unfortunate half- starved beast happens to commit the 
dreadful mistake of plundering the Pulhan's field, the case is altered quiLc, and a dozen fellows 
are seen clustering to the spot, and the blows are hoii.nl I/O resound from the animal's back 1 . 

Great Trigonometrical Stjkvey 

Lambton, being himself of a kindly and courteous disposition, had always set 
himself to preserve happy relations with the officials and peoples of the countries 
in which he was working. His survey was, more than any other, broken up into 
small isolated detachments which wore dependent, on the maintenance of goodwill, 
and encouraged to give way on any sign of unirie'idliness. Without such a spirit 
work in the territories of the Nizam would have been impossible. In the following 
letter Lambton explains his needs to Charles Metealfe who had recently taken 
over as Reside;!.! at Hyderabad from his old friend Henry Russell; 

It may be satisfactory to you to know something of.. .the Trigonometrical Survey, and 
why so many attendants arc requisite in tho Xi/.em's country, while so few are sufficient in 
tlm Company's territories and in the Mysore. 

The unsettled state of the Nizam's Dominions, ... and the suspicion, ..of all the zemindars 
and jaghirdars on seeing ila.es flymc within their domains, rendered it necessary to have 
takeeds 3 from the Minister to all managers of districts to bo sent forward with the signal 
flags. Two peons attend each flag, find generally two sepoys in order to prevent the bearers 
...from being ill-treated. Of these signal flags there are generally sis, so that at least twelve 
peons are... necessary. It most commonly happens that the mountains to which the -flags are 
sent are rocky and covered with high forest trees ; in which case tlio assistance of tho inhabitants 
is necessary, and it is the duty of those peons to wait on the manager with the takoed, who 
if he be a well -disponed man will order assist-unco to I jo given. If he is not, ... as constantly 
happened. ..to the eastward, ... negotiations were required, which did not til ways succeed. 

Besides these twelve peons sent with the flags, eight more are kept with tho camp, in the 
event of sickness, or to be employed by the Daroga ( who is also a servant of the Minister ), 
in collecting... whatever may be necessary about camp, such as straw, gi-jiss, fowls, etc. The 
■daroga is generally attended by a moonshee...and six hircarrahs. ... The hiroarrahs are employ- 
ed.. -in carrying letters, and keeping-. communication with. ..pes:.- office stations ; two in camp 
to carry letters, and the remaining two rj.ro ready in case of sickness. 

When the camp is at any very great distance from the tapped ( dawk ) route, ...camel 
hircarrahs are absolutely necessary. ... In all the late excursions except the last, what with 
the natural diffietilty of the country — the scarcity of provisions — and un accomodating and 
often hostile disposition of the managers and headmen of villages— -a much larger number 
of the Minister's servants wore wanted, and particularly to prepare for those dreadful cases 
■of sickness and mortality with which the party sent out in 1M19 was visited [229-31 ]. ... 

The Minister's servants must be regularly paid, or otherwise they will plunder every village 
■they come near. ... I offered to pay them myself, and Mr. Russell. ..readily agreed to reimburse 
me from the Minister's treasury, and I had, besides, fall powers to punish anyone who was 
found guilty. This. ..in a great measure pre\ en ted the evil, but. ..it is impossible to roraove. ... 

The Daroga, Moonshees, six Hircarrahs, the twenty peons, and perhaps a camel hircarrah, 
will...bo fully sufficient, and if any of them can be dispensed with, it shall be done. ... 

When I was in the Mysore, ... every am uldar had orders In comply with my requisitions, and 
pay particular attention to my flags, which I had frequently to sent to mountains fifty, sixty, 
and seventy miles distant, without knowing in. what, district they were. Great aid from the 
inhabitants was also wanted, and I havo had occasion to employ two hundred people besides 
my own followers, to clear roads through almost impenetrable jungle, and to ascent mountains 
five or six thousand feet above the sea, where I had to remain sometimes for ten or twelve 

iBTC. 18-9-28 (33). 'letters of authority. 



Great Trigonometrical Survey 



413 






days with a bazar. These people were all regularly pain, ... and the bazar e 
for according to the regulated prices, exclusive, of their being carried up the n 

The Sick people., .were carried from siago to stage by village coolies, who were also 
regularly paid for their labours. In the late excursions in this ooaniry 1,1 lu Minister allowed 
One or two elophaiiLs for that purpose. ... There was an abundance of begarios who wore both 
ready and willing, when thoy were sure of being paid, ... I have boon, particular as to regularity 
of payment and, except in one or two instances, I am not aware that there has been any 
abuse. ... A proponsUy to prefer complaints... upon very frivolous grounds is common 1 . 

Lambton asked Bombay to provide for Everest's wants on his branch series 
towards Poona in 1822 ; 

Public servants to attend him for... procuring supplies, ,, and. ..assistance from the inhabi- 
tants in clearing roads and ascending tho mountains, and... carrying the sick, etc. ... All labour, 
as well as supplies, will be regularly paid for according to tho fixed rates. ... Where wo are 
obliged to ascend the highest mountains with very heavy instruments, we constantly stand 
in need of such assistance. ... Captain Everest will also want a guard from tho .Sepoy Corps. ... 

With respect to. ..cash, I... re quest... direct ions to the Commissioner at Poonah, and the 
Collectors through whose distrkls Captain Everest may pass, to furnish.. .a monthly sum not 
exceeding five hundred i 500 ) sicca rupees, for bills. ..on Messrs. Davidson & Co., ray Agents 
at Calcutta. It is in this maimer that roy parties gel, surioeos of cash, ... and it is for bills 
on my private agents chut I get cash from iho dillorent Presidents 2 . 

At the same time Everest asked the Commissioner at Poona that provisions 
be furnished at fair rates; that my people be protected from molestation when employed 
with my flags or night-lights, and that the aid of the Inhabitants in carrying; my sick, 
clearing roads, erecting piles, etc., may be afforded at my roquisition, for all of which prompt 
payment will always be mil do at tho established r;u.es of labour 3 . 

The following is Everest's reply to a complaint he considered entirely frivolous; 

It was my intention some days ago to lodge a complaint,... against the writer... for... refusing 
to afford me that aid. ..which £.. .require, and. ..for once iirai.n rig rubbers to come to plunder my 
camp. The very enfeebled state of nij health. ... however, prevented mo ... 

The first part is against Shaik Jee, Aumil of the villages, ...for refusing to protect and 
furnish with provisions some iiooplo of mine, who were sent with a signal Gag to an eminence 
in the vicinity. ... The second is against Meo['...7xhan, Aumil of S. ...for refusing to assist in 
furnishing my camp with provisions, grass, wood, and other common necessaries. 

The third is as follows r— On each of the nights of the 3rd and 4th December, a robbery 
was committed in my camp by people who were traced... thro ugh Talla-iraon. Application 
was made to the putil of that village, but his only reply was thai he belonged to the Nuwab, 
and knew nothing about the matter. An application was afterwards made. ..to Namdar 
Khan, whose reply was in... of tensive terms. ... 

The urzee 4 ...is...so loose and general that I am at a loss to understand what it alludos to. 

On my arrival [ at Takarkhera [ I found it oeeossary- to repair tho buildings erected by the 
late Lt. Col. Lambton, which had most wantonly been injured, and in some parts destroyed. 
It was also found necessary to raise, a small pile of earth and masonry- at the south end of my 
base-line in order to overtop some trees. The villages in the vicinity... were called upon to 
furnish such aid as they could afford. 

The whole work was at an end in 8 days, and. ..the maximum of aid contributed on any 
day by the whole united villages... was a pukimlios and 11 labourers, and the daily pay was 
8 pice 5 to a puekalio, and 4 to a labourer, all of which I know was regularly disbursed. 

It is. ..implied by the latter part of the nrzee that provisions have been required by me 
at forced rates, but.. .a more false and malicious insinuation could not have been made. ... 
Two bunneahs have been furnished to my camp by- the authorities, ... and no person whatever 
i= allowed to interfere with. ..them or their neruch 6 . ... 

In reference to the ehurge made against my people of ilkrouTing the inhabitants; wore 
it less general and vague, could it enable mo to bring the fact home to any individual in my 
camp — I should feel... much indented to the person who imputed it. ... It is equally wanton 
and malicious with all the rest. For though I am always read;." to attona lo complaints and 
rodress them, and to visit with the most exemplary punishment offences of the nature here 
alleged, yet no sue.h complaint has hitherto been brought to me 7 . 

Kverest/s relations with uns.nniii sweated in habitants of the jungle were uniformly 
good. He writes of scorpions, tigers, and Xhonds [ 262 ] ; 

l DI>n. 92 ( 172-7 ), 13-2-21. 



1 



414 People & Country of India 

I had a small tent pitched nt: tin' top of the hi!!, urn I a btrger one at, the foot with my camp. ... 
One of my followers brought, up one morning in a large jvmg.o leat a hear* of these detestable 
insects [ scorpions ], "which he and others had killed.. .in my lower tent. Upon counting them, 
... then) wcru, young and old, in number twenty -six. ... 

The tigers, too, were very largo Bad Ifemwiaoa. The inhabitants of a hamlet near my 
station... were preparing, whilst I was there, to abandon their homo.-! in con sequence of the 
perpetual prowling of these animals around them. From that station I intended to take 
azimuths of verification ; but, when I sent out a party with a reference lamp for that purpose, 
it was necessary to surro'.md. them all night, long with shout-? and revelry, and the blaze of 
fires, and discharges from musketry, so that, (.ho observations, which should be made in peace 
and tranquility, became useless. --- Mr. Vnysoy had o.oti.iaily iost a person who was in atten- 
dance on him [243 ], and they vised to be heard growling all round my camp and detached 
stations by all but me. 

I never saw a tiger in the wild state in India. Not a man of mine had ever boen carried 
off, though I had in my excursions with the telegraph, line [ 1269-71 ], and in the jungles of the 
Godavery [229-31 ], invaded... the forests in which they chiefly abound. And to this lucky 
cause, probably, may be attributed the belief which thu natives generally entertained of ray 
being possessed, by means of astrology, of some necromantic powers, so that tigers had no 
power to harm mo or those who were under my iairr.ediute protection. ... 

The faith placed in the hen-ling power.-, of the great theodolite and other instruments 
employed at any time in observing stars wort; such that I have had people come many miles 
to entreat permission to bow down before the lower telescope of this imposing; instrument; 
and, strange as it may appear, it is no less true that men and women who had been lame or 
blind for years, others who had the palsy, and others again who were swollen with dropsy, 
were among my applicants. 

The Goands who, inhabit this mountain belt ore n race whose principal occupation is hunt- 
ing, but who engage to a certain extent in agriculture. ... They are honest in their dealings, 
blunt and plain-spoken in their language, and as much given to speaking the truth as their 
neighbours to the mirth and south are to the opposite propensity 1 . 

Everest indeed loved to paint the picture ; 

To the north of the valley of Borar, and within a low miles of K'liehpoor, rise's a vast chain 
of basaltic mountains which exi ends as far as the eye can reach, ... and appears to be covered 
with forests quite impenetrable. These wildernesses are almost destitute of inhabitants, and 
the few human beings who dwell there, a wretched set of wild Goands, are engaged in perpetual 
conflicts with tigers, and other wild beasts, by which, and the barrennoss of the- soil, they are 
frequently driven from the miserable hamlets. 

Water is hardly to be met with, and provisions, unless brought from a distance, are nowhere 
procurable. The mountains viewed from the valley of TSerar appear altogether interminable, 
and the features they present seem to rise ridge beyond ridge, so nearly equal in height as to 
preclude the possibility of selecting a series of suitable geometrioal points; besides which 
they are really the soat of the most deadly fevers 2 . 

Trouble met by Olliver at a hill station just north of the JSTarbada was probably 
due to local superstition, for the State officials were quite ready to help ; 

I proceeded to the height ■which you pointed out, ...situated on the groat mountains 
north of the Nerbuddah, subject, to Bbopal. and in the midst of a desolate tract, of country, 
covered with much forest, ... I could by no means persuade any of the inhabitants to afford 
me any a,id. I could net even get a guide and, what is worse, the killadar of a neighbour- 
ing fortress... about 15 miles distant inreatoned to cor fin o all my people. 

There was a great scarcity of water, and no moans of bringing it to the top of the mountain, 
and provisions were not to be had nearer than 8 miles, so that I could not, with due regard 
to the safety of you 1- people, hoop them upon the hill for 2t hours together. 

I succeeded on the 17th in hiring lii hatchet men from tlio Tloessimgabad .District, ... but 
these people were insufficient for the work, and left me on the 21st, thoroughly worn out. 
On the night of the 21st it native go.ni Ionian.... arrived on the nun. of [ the J 1'olitical Agent, ... 
but. ..not furnished with sufficient authority to procure nio assistance. ... On the 21st I succeeded 
in clearing a gap in the jungle sufficient for the ray of N — to pass clear through, and on the 
23rd T left the place, ... but. ..the station was stiii incomplete 3 . 

There was trouble in cantonments as well as in the jungle, and Everest complains 
to the commanding officer at Hoshangabad on behalf of his servant ; 

•Geo. Everest (39-41). *to SG., 6-9-25 ; DDn. 171 (368). 3 ib. ( 207 ), 24-5-24. 



Great Trigonometrical Survey 

The 1st complaint, is. ..against the klii.dmutgar of Lt. M. for using threatening 1 
towards him io the fallowing effect, : that ha ( Lt. M.'s servant ) would sieze him if 
after dinner, anil tie linn to a banyan tree, and beat him so that, ho should never ho able t< 
again. The 2nd complaint is against the khitmutsar of Mr. Asst. ^ingcon Griffiths, for calling 
him a bahunekoot, and threatening to break his arras and face. ... 

I beg you will take such measures as. ..may seem proper. ... The complainant is a very- 
peaceable and inoffensive man, and has been in my servico for a long tiro;!, and is altogether 
a very trusty and excellent. ser\ ant. nsy kiiansamah 1 . 

Everest was much concerned to impress everyone with the great importance of 
the Great Trigonometrical Survey, and trio following is the stylo of letter ho would 
write to political officers and others when asking for assistance ; 

The Trigonometrical Survey of India is a. subject of deep interest to all the learned societies 
of Europe. ... It is in point of extent the greatest scientific and art a king of the kind that Great 
Britain has ever patronized ; and. ...stretching as it is likely to do from the parallel of S degrees 
to that of 31 decrees of latitude, it. offers a wid<;r hold for tine solution of... tho true figure of the 
globe than any similar undertaking which the present generation will probably witness. 

For myself, who am but the unworthy instrument appointed to conduct this magnificent 
work, ... I feel ti >e most, solemn interest in its sneeossful accomplishment, because.. .it becomes 
me.. .to do my humbk rnito, tiu!:...my employers may moot with no dishonour. ... Without the 
presence of His i Irchness's servants, it seems to me impossible that operations can proceed; 
my own attend ants will assuredly bo beaten and ill-used in every village, and I shall neither 
...get guides nor assistance from the inhabitants in any shape whatever 2 . 

The demands made were no doubt a considerable fax tin tine .sparsely populated 
countries through which Everest and Olliver worked between 1824 and 1830. The 
survey constantly passnd from the inihicnro of one political officer to another who 
had little cognizance of its purpose, and from the homeland of one primitive people 
to another, each with the natural prejudice of jangle folk against strangers and works 
that passed their understanding. Not all were benevolent like the Khonds. It is 
recordedthat during Olliver'sworkthel'.aja of llamnagar 1 '' caused it to be proclaimed 
by beat of drum that his people should be cautious of faffing into the hands of the 
surveyors lest l.hev should have, then children taken to burn in the signal fires' 1 ". 
Everest tells of difficulty in preserving the markstones intact ; 

The natives of India have a habit of attributing supernatural and miraculous powers to 
our instruments [ 414 ], and the sites which Irivo been occupied by them. In eases of death 
or any other natural visitations they often offer up prayers to those .sites ; and if the object 
of their prayers be not conceded, they proceed to all sorts of acts of dostniotion and indignity 
towards them; Nay ( as. ..my station-marks were engraved on the solid rock in situ }, they 
have been known to proceed in bodies armed with sledge hammers, and beat out every vestige 
of the engravings 5 [245 ]. 

COMMISSAKIAT AGENT 

Everest was so much bothered by audit objections that he at length appealed 
for protection, pointing out that the items retrenched were necessary, 
and the amount was advanced from my private purse in ready money. The contingent 
bills.. .are given in by me npon honour. It seems to me nou only a great hardship that I 
should be liable to retrenchment after the lapse of 10 months, bat that tho... procedure is 
qniio deficient in that civility which I am entitled to expect. ... 

It is mv anxious desire to be liberated from ail concern with them [ contingent accounts ], 
for they are not oniy ;i source of much loss ant I inconvenience to ills porsona-Iy, but they take 
up tho valuable time of myself ami my sub -assistants. They involve me in perpetual squab- 
bles. ..about annas and pies, and I am hardly ever free from... unra veiling some- tricks and 
roguery on the part of my native followers, who superintend my lights, clear my stations of 
jungle, and make my blue lights, <fcc. ... 

There are certain items... which might doubtless. ..be supplied by the Commissariat Depart- 
ment. ... Stationery- -sepoys' cloathing -station ilags — teai; flag staves or masts — observing 
tents — repairs of do. — gunny bags — cotton ropes. ... 

lah ; DDn. 172 ( 217-9 ), 27-S-24. 






ti I i 



People & Country or India 



3 which may not bo so easily- at!] Listed, such as — the charge for 
oil and earthen nuii tit the different stations; [ ■i.ii- 3 J — the peroet i.uil charge Kit candles, wax, 
and oil at the observatory — tho perpetual charge fur hire of labourers to assist in clearing 
the jungle, malting roads ibr the InsLi-unrents, and such other matters — the occasional charge 
for the carriage of the sick. 

These and many ofiier items... are a constant HOLin.--.: of vexation and trouble to me, and they 
are ( though altogether indispensable ) a very heavy expenco to tho State. ... I would. ..suggest 

that a native a trout... of the Commissariat be kept in c internal aitt-udaneo on me... to supply 

my wants on my requisition. ... Tho saving of oxpence would more than cover.. .his salary, at 
the same time that it would disburthen me and my sub -assistant;; from an office which 
interferes to a very injurious degree with the more important duties of my situation 1 . 

The agent was supplied in October 1824 2 [ 327 J, and amongst his first tasks was the 
provision of materials and labour for the construction of the Sironj observatory. 
Regarding ways and means Everest writes ; 

Masonry is so seldom required in my operations that I can always depend upon the re- 
sources of the country, but. ..a small proportion of carpenters, smiths, and one good brazier 
will be of essential mil-vine. Major General Arnold [ 381 ] lias bean pleased to place at my 
disposal... a sufficient) number of carpenters and smiths from the Siaugor magazine, but there 
are no good braziers at teat place, and they are the moat important arii+icers to me. ... 

There are no builders or woodcutters of any kind attached to the Trigonometrical Survey, 
I am not aware of any General Order which prohibits the calling for the labour of villagers, 
arid if such an order does exist, I cannot conceive it at all to be applied to tho 'l'rJgonomoLrictd 
Survey [ 410-1 ]. ... Imagine how I could possibly have proceeded en the banks of the Godavery, 
whore I had a full square mile of thick teak and iiamboo forest to cut tlirough, and. ..not 
within 511 miles of any full-sized village*. 

He was disgusted to find that he still had to countersign vouchers ; 

It was the intention... in appointing a Commissariat Agent.. .to liberate me from the trouble 
and inconvenience, ... but if.. .muster rolls and certificates. ..are to be furnished from my office, 
the indulgence... will bo completely frustrate!.!, and. ..trouble will bo increased tenfold. ... 

In the present state of my henli h, I am unable to indulge in so voluminous correspondence. 
If Bunsedhur [ the Agent ] had presented his accounts... when the different items.. .are stated 
to have been incurred, 1 could have... checked them ; but ho never did so and, ... preferred 
idling in camp. ... He cannot give any explanation, ... and declares that he did not go through 
the expense ; I beg to ask why he did not ? He had the most ample information, being 
almost the only idle person in my camp, ar,d though. ..ho could not control the expenditure... 
at distant stations, yet every one. of these stations was visited in succession, and he might... 
have examine.:! into., .the statements given him by my people. ... 

When Bunsedhur joined...! explained to . him the system 011 which the contingent 
expenses... had always been cheeked. ... Bunsedhur (moms to advance money to my people, 
and to take no measures whatever to control them. ... Captain G. calls on me for particulars 
as if I had kept any memoranda on the subject, but for this I have neither time, health, nor 
inclination. ... I most decline all further correspondence with Captain G., for there is a. 
general incivility in that gentleman's sLj'le of address U: me. notwithstanding all the trouble 
I huvo taken to meet his wishes 4 . 

In the course of further acrimonious correspondence Eunsedhar shewed his 
expenditure as Rs. 2,815-13-4, three -fourths advanced to Everest and his assistants, 
one-fourth expended by himself. After Everest handed over to Olliver, another 
Agent was appointed, and Olliver kept strict control over his bills. He still had to 
defend his expenditure ; 

The quantity of candles and wax, though, appeariu g large in one month's charge will... 
last out for two season or more. Candles am used in tho observatory during tho observations 
for reading off the micrometers ; ... making out the angles, and for comparing them all, which 
is done immediately after tho observation. The quantity of candles used during the last 3f 
months is about 9 seers, so that about 3 seers may be considered the average expenditure for 
the month. ... 

Wax. ..is made into tapers, ... 

The Indian Ink. ..is very good. Its dimensions are 4'3 inches, in length, 1 in. breadth, 
and 0"7 of an inch in thicltness. ... It was bought up at a public auction. ..in a lot with other 

Asst. Coromy. Gen., 5-15-34 ; 



Commissariat Agent 417 

colours for 41 Rs., and I eagerly availed myself by offering 10 lis. for the cako, ... being the 
only article there In my opinion of any worth 1 . 

Such was the scarcity of supplies 

fp.lt by Mr. Rossonrode And his parry, that- ael:iud starvation... wa.s considered no imoommon 
thing. The Goa.nds ileo tboi.r habitations a:., si^ht of a stranger, end though Mr. Rossenrode 
had taken, the precaution to lay in a stock of pro-, isious for Iii-= party, laden on spare bullocks, 
... yet hi3 horses, only wo in Liumoe:', have frequently I :■ s : : ■ l j_ obliged 1.0 s-.ili-i.il- 011 small rations 
of rice, for the couuLry yields no chaiuia 2 . ... Fatigue, attendee with privation and sadden 
■change of food from wheat flour to rice, has been the cause of the sickness which, the party 
experienced, irritated with the water o> 'Zio.y from sandstone [ 414 ]. ... The evil might be greatly 
remodiod by the Cor;i:iue;nrial,...al, Sanger being authorized. ..to provide. .,0. t-rinsport dopot of 

Nizam's Territories 

Though Lamb ton had mniolaint-d the smooth conduct of his survey through the 
Nizam's territories [412], the topographical survey had so many changes of 
leadership after (lar ling's death, that relations between surveyors and officials 
were frequently strained. There was the professional anxiety of the surveyors to 
collect all possible information. Loth geographical anci statistical, regardless of local 
susceptibilities, a danger which Mackenzie had been so careful to avoid during the 
Mysore survey [ II, 213 ]. There were many areas where authority was far from 
strict, and local sa-.itlndur.i were apt to defy orders from headquarters. 

In 1821, Thomas Hill who was hold in c charge after Cornice's death, received a 
sharp protest from the Residency regarding his enquiries ; 

You. ..have been catling upon the mootsuddies.-uiot only for trie names of the villages, 
...but also for mi account of the revenue and produce. ... It is e-wksiiiTy necessary. ..that you 
should be acquainted with the names of ail pieces, ... but it is tol.atly imp roper... to enquire 
into the arrangements of the country. ... You will immediately desist, from such conduct 4 . 

Hill reports that Garling was allowed from the Subsidiary .Force [ I, ir5-6 ] 
a jamodar's guard, and tho .Minister's pen-pie, ...a ehobda-r, a nakeeb, 1 hircarrahs and 15 
peons. ... His way of travelling was— a large marquee 12 feet square-— a small double-poled 
tent 15 by S, both with double wakings --and a ba;^a;:o tout. One private tent for tho sepoys 
from the Commissary's I fepartmcut , a.u-l one fir tho Minister's people, with an elephant.. .( as tho 
soil generally being of a loamy kind and Koieev.hat injurious lo horses), and 8 earn Is ; 
be.vid.'s tli'. 'so, lie had co.i'i-t an' I laden bai'oo.Us of his own. 

At present I have obtained from the acting Resident an havildar's guard, consisting of 
1 havildar, 1 naiqae, and 12 sepoys ; one mootsuddy, 5 hirenrrahs a.nd 16 peons 5 . 

Young agreed that assistance was no longer generous, and that the new Resident, 
Charles Metcalfe-, could offer no prospect of reverting to earlier conditions ; 

He had no connexion with the survey, except to make application... for the Nizam's 
permission, and to remove any obstacles. ... In the Nizam's country tho obstacles opposed to 
a surveyor art) more Humorous, and not so easily roraovoil as in out 1 own territories, particular! v 
if the Government seems not to take an interest. ... Reference to the Resident is not always 
practicable from remote Darts... v, here there mav be ao tap pa' eoinmiini cation [ 325 n.i ]. 

Tho survey of these eloiiiiniom; must of course, be.. .of throat impnrr.-firais to Government. 
although the Nizam may feel no interest in it. ... It appears very dosha bUj that. ..the same plans 
as heretofore should be followed. Mr. itfoteahVi is disposed to remove obstacles when the particular 
instances of them are made known to him, but these... would be of much ie.-s fro; pent occurrence 
and the survoy lo.-::-' iiiihlo to bo re larded, if tho p=iri.y wore rr.oi-o ,-.o. iTa,:aia:ioc,.l and aided in some 
■way. ..that may not. ..incur any direct additional expeneo to the Nizam's Government 6 . 

Metcalfe was reluctant to claim too much ; 

A mootsuddy...or any other efficient person. ..at the headquarters of tho Surveyor, with... 
hirearrahs or peons s Lithe i en.!, to furnish one for each surveying party, is all that is requisite. 
If, however, Ca.o'ain Youvie will explain for wh:;.- -y.irposo ho requires a lea-jor body, ... such as 
the Nizam's Government can reasonably no called on £0 supply, the Resident will. ..renew his 
oppneauon. ... 



418 



Pkople & Country of India 



Captain Young... observes — "For mysolf [ can get nothing, either to eat or drink" — The 
Resident has no doubt that the Nizam's CovornmoiU will (ins; every facility. ..in procuring 
supplies. ... The Resident cannot perceive.., any symptoms of insurmountable obstacles. 
The occasional absence of Patels...— ignoranco,,.o£ the particular points which a surveyor 
may be anxious to ascertain — and general reluctance to furnish information of which the 
search is an object of universal... distrust, are inconveniences... which must- bo expected. ... 

Every fttaaraDar who obtains a villager to shew the road pays, or ought to pay, for his 
services, and... labouring villagers compelled to attend the survey am entitled to their estab- 
lished hire. This. ..does not, of course, appLy to Patails or hoads of villages, who are officers 
of Government, and liable to occasional attendance fur public eurposes 1 . 

Young described the various aobjeete on which he had to collect information — 
boundaries — administrative centres — commerce — prosperity. He repeated his com- 
plaints regarding personal supplies. Metcalfe expressed little sympathy ; 

We have no right to. ..such active labour for. ..so minute a survey of dominions of a 
Foreign Prince, ...which is notoriously viewed with. ..dislike, as if. ..a prelude to our taking 
possession of the country. It is therefore fortunate that the Government has volunteered 
the assistance required, and I trust that' your opesaitians may proceed without any 
ircipodim-ont. But I shall not be astonished if the e.i-oposed... census. ..meet with objection 
[II, 213,367]. 

I am surprised and concerned to find that you are exposed to difficulty in procuring sup- 
plies for your person;;: convenience, as my former instructions. ..parneukady called... attention 
to this subject. They shall be repeated 3 . 

The Surveyor General readily accepted the Resident's point of view ; 

That such libem! support should bo given by the Nizam's Oovernmont...is gratifying. 
and I hope that Captain Young will be very careful that 110 acts of his assistants may tend 
to create jealously. I am not at all surprised that tlio Xnwa.b should shew aversion to the 
injudicious attempt to ta.ko 11. censes of the inhabitants and. Skibjoeuw of a foreign state. 

A geographic;:.! knowledge of the country. ..should lie obtained in such manner as not 
to excite that suspicion which too minute enquiries will certainly raise. A judicious... 
Surveyor will. ..give sufficient information on geographical and military subjects from his 
own onsorvalions, but. ..should be very wiitidifi.il over the ae;s of his assistants 3 [408]. 

In spite of these directions, protests from local officials and from the Resident 
were repeated two years later, probably owing to incautious demands made by 
newly posted assistants, and in 1821 Crisp had to issue a special circular ; 

First. That all supplies pureha.se.-l from the natives lie paid for at their own established 
prices, and no attorn] it. be uM.dc to exact them at a lower rate, or to pay less than is demanded. 

Second. Thai... persons... engaged be paid their regulated hire : and on no account are they 
to bo gratuitously employed, or (.0 lie pi-osr.ed !o serve unwillingly. ... 

Third. Trading is peremptorily forbidden, for, under cover of the surveyor's occupation, 
and. ..his baggage passing without search, ... articles of merhandise have been introduced, 
the payment of duties evaded, and the Government defrauded. 

Fourth. All oppression and maltreatment of a native will be visited with severity. ... 
Indeed mildness, patience, forbearance, moderation and justice, should characterize all your 
dealings, ...and especially, as you are employed upon a duty which cannot but be viewed 
with some degree of jealoi.i = !y rind distrust., it should be your great cure to conciliate, ... 

You are directed particularly to confine your enquiries lo such points only as refer to 
■external objects, as boundaries, names and situations of villages, arid carefully to abstain 
from questioning the people about any matters relative to the internal management of the 
■country. ... Avoir 1 minute statistical enquiries which tend to awa'rem suspicion and alarm'. 

From 1827 or earlier, a European superintendent was stationed in each division 
of the Nizam's dominions, and. surveyors were directed to apply to him for any 
1 assistance they required. 



Com UNICATKiNS 



Arrangements for postal t 
and camel Jutrkaras, have bee; 



-.DDn. 19-1(50 ),5-3-^. 



irvicc by means of <&jfc-runners, ta-ppnl, harkaras. 
already described [ I, 303, II, no, 334, III, 269 ]. 



'"DDn. 147( 149-51 ), 



COMMUNICATIONS 419 

Communication between Government offices at the towns was maintained by 
postal packets "under flying seal", which were despatched, in special bags, and 
were much mure speedy than the public mail. Special Government sanction had 
to be obtained for the franking of tellers whose official nature was at all in doubt, 
that they might be so included and. allowed to pass free of charge. 

Boat journeys on the Ganges and Jumna varied according to whether they 
were down the river with the current, or up the river against it. The downward 
journey from Cawnpore to Calcutta could be made in ten days in September, 
whoreaa the reverse journey, even for the Governor General, might take more than 
two months 1 . Travelling by road dak, the up-country journey could be reduced 
to less than fortnight. The despatch of maps during the rains was a serious matter, 
and they were often damaged when sent by dak-bhang i, or parcel-post [ 358 ]. 
Mackenzie acknowledges a map from Morrieson 

which is neatly done. ... Always send... letter:;, ..by d:uv!,-, it not ivithin the roll of plans, because 
the latter take more time by bangy. The rolls of maps. ..are uot immediately opened at all 
titniss, but, wait for a convenient time, wlnlo IcitiiT-j are instantly oponod 2 . 

Sea journeys between Calcutta and Madras depended on the monsoons — S.W. from 
July to September— h.E. October to March [ 1, 303 ]. Mackenzie's letter, written in 
Calcutta 18th August, reached Riddell in Madras on 6th September, in spite of the 
S.W. monsoon. The assistant surveyors who failed to catch a ship from Masuli- 
patam before 1st December had to march to Bengal by land, or wait for a ship 
till March [ 374 ], and Mackenzie wrote to Riddell at the end of September ; 

The season is now about to change, and after the 10th October I expect no more from you 
by sea. ... I would not wish for (i months thjit any riaks should be run 3 . 

On July 12th 1823, the Hon. Company's steamer Diana was launched at Kyd's 
dock at Kidderpore [ I, 347 ] the first vessel propelled by steam and paddles to be 
navigated east, of the Cape. She was built for river traffic only, and was used on 
the Irrawaddy during the advance of General Campbell's force towards Ava. Other 
river steamers followed, the Irrawaddy and Ganges being launched early in 1827. 

James Du Vernet took nearly eight months on his first voyage to India, 1823-4. 
In 1825 the steamship Enterprise sailed from Falmouth on the 16th August, and 
reached Calcutta on 9th December, after a voyage under sail and steam combined. 
She was commanded by James Johnston 4 , formerly of the Royal Navy, who had 
taken a leading part in organizing the voyage and won the lakh of rupees offered by 
Calcutta merchants. The time taken was considered so disappointing, 115 days 
instead of the expected 70, that the Enterprise was sold to the Government of 
Bengal, and never attempted the return voyage. She was sent to Rangoon under 
Johnston's command for service in the Burmese war, and was later employed "in 
towing sailing vessels up and down the Hooghly " 5 . On her first voyage she had been 
pdoted up the Hooghly by Thomas Waghorn 6 . Inspired by Johnston, Waghom 
initiated and organized of the overland route via Suez and Alexandria, making 
his first outward journey between November 1829 and March 1830, four months 
and 21 days between England and Bombay, which was then about the time of a 
good passage by sailing ship round the Cape. Waghorn devoted the rest of his life 
to the overland route. 

'Evan Cotton (178]. 'DDn. 156 ( 13a ), 12-S-1S. 'Puri, 26-9-20; DDn. 149 ( 141 ). 'Comdr. 

James Henry Johnson ! IThT-i^L j ■ RX.-i.l Trafi.l^i;-; C<juCft.,l!,jr uf E.I.C/f f-t^unois. Calcutta, 1833-50 : 
d. at sea off Caps: Ml. Kiri'lsrporu ch. ».\'H.: IW:;ri^.. (J1S). = Overland Mo.il ( 7-S1 ) ; Frinsep. 
•Trios. Waghorn (1800-50); RK. lSlii-7 ; Hwsrlilv I'iloi, IS L 9-2-1 ; oouiila. gjrdisat, Arakan, 1824-6; 
DNB. ; DIB. 



Further Abbreviations 



ArN, : d/i- " 


' ! Advocate/Advert 


Alice. 


. Allowance 










>>in>;d,.t. 


. . A [j i loin; ,■';(!■' mp [i 


SXoj. 


.. Apijlinn-.toii 


Atr/d/s/1. 


'; Arrrv/ed/ing/al 


\fst..™, ; (L 


'. : Assist/ant/ancs/e 



i:\U\ ; .'. 



Col. 

con. 

^.■■niM/dy/r..''... 
(•oiT,p,'i-,.-i. 



V.ru:.v.Li ! 

B.-.|:i ■!■■.. I 
"Brigadier 

Buried 

i ii' j I ■ = . - 1 -.ill-. .- 1 " r. i'l 

Chief Engineer 
Command ins Ofliccr 

riniiru?*imatc]y 

Oiii.ii i" 
Catlisilral 

Certirlcate 



l r- :_l.i in -- L ■,:.!. J'. 1: ■ ;.-. ;llt 

CrjJiLinissar,''iat/y 
Coi1ip!lt, l 5ltiop,''er 



Cousin 

ctinl. .- con it: mat' a I 

D/A/A G./QMG, Deppty/Assistant/Adjatant 



Lij-:.i:;:; [ii:-'iu 

Dismissed 

died without issue 

t;diied/e ducked 



;s> 



X/CB/H/LS. . 



■■I. I, .1,. 
^■■■Vis.-'i,:. 



f'idd M;^!:m! 



Grand Cross of 

Star of India 
Grand Trn.ik Ttoai 

Gaidsils 

Geopaph/Ical/y 



ninth/ Hil]H>vniatl 



Doctor of Laws 

I .■ ■!.■! ill Ml i ill. I i "ii ii I i 
li Mi: unto, liov-,1 (JuLi'te of 



I. Ml ■■.■!■. .11'.. Ill I'l 

L'".iiL:i:ud.'i:/]iLiil 



Military Accountant Gei 
Doctor of Medicine 

Major General 
Monumental Inscription 
Madras Military IaaS.it lit 
Member of, .Tarlia i nent/ 



Ti/tS/As/Soc. .. 

K/E/M. 

R/S/S. 



Obituary 

fi:-H'Brv.\!,l.C:i.r :,: : .,i ;|V. r ,- 

1 mE 



II i 

rrov: lilies 



Quartermaster 

il y : l I .■' A ■: ■■■] Jijir. j- / A rt il lr-r ; 



Soyal/KavWSodety- 

ltcvcnuo Surveyor ijCT 
Eoyal United Service 



'■ui.Aic/;. 
Siiiii'l. 

iliii .1 ■ 



Kecormnend/edJiOBi'at 
Kegiment/al 

k.-::i . .■:! ; "I, I. 

i;. :■■:.:,■:. t., i 
Retire/ii/ment 

Sappers & Alhitirs 



Topographical 

trans .Ti'.iTi: ii .'Sat ii d;la tiri r 
Trianr- ulat/loa/ed /ing 
Trigonometrical 



T!:.iv--sity 
unmarried 
Venerable 
Volima^Volunteer 
West Indies 






SYLHET^JAINTIA FRONTIER 



Reduced from Fisher's survey of 1822 [49-50]. Heights giveu 
above level of Surma River. 

Boundary between Sylhet and Jaintia as surveyed by Fisher ia 
shewn by firm red line with a second line indicating disputed area. 









BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES 



ADAMS, Heniy [II, 376]- Bo. Inf. 
b. 21-1-1789. d., Satara, 4-6-29. 
Ens, 1-1-07 ... Bt. Capt 1-1-1S ; Capt. 14-7-22. 

Son of John Adi'.rr.:.-, of Aberdeen, seediman. 

m., 11-11-13, Christiana Loiiisa, sister of James Cruik- 
shank [ 435 ]. 

1S12-9, on rev. avy. Br,-i:'L arid Gujarat [170]; before 
lS18survd.raiit.i-i through Ata-'-isi [ 122 n.3 ]. 

8-9-19, to rov. sty., Satara [ 7. ra6, 171, 281, 344, 432 ]. 

AIRE, James Ritchie. Ben. Inf. 

b. 6-12-1792. d. Agra, 2-6-27, mi. 1 
Bus. 21-7-10 ... Bt. Capt. 24-4^24 ; disoh. by ctml. 
24-4-27. 
Son of John Aire, Lieut. RN., and Christian Ritchie, his 

No record found ofui'irria^u, but father of John Geo. Aire, 
b. Feb. 1S14, who d. as writing master, Agra Col], 22-2-64, 

'~Hn.l-n:i. I ( 11-S ) ;' .1 ! I ( 7Sfi ]; Blunt ( 71/278 ). 

Arrd. In;li:>. IK-t. 1S00; with Pioneer? till 1821; IS22-5, 
Gonads;, a Be.dar Corps; 1S22, as iiaqmG. EUrvd. roads in 
Sj:i',;i)b!uim [27]. 

1827, f;r.m:.i <;i:ilty by otniT. of insubordination and issuing 
bad cheques. 

ANQUETIL, Thomas John. Ben. Inf. 

bapt., Jersey, 17-12-1784. kd. in action, 
12—1-42, on retreat from Kabul; Ml. 
St. John's Ch., Calcutta. 
Ens. 25-3-05 ... Lt Col. 14-3-33. 
Son of Thos. Anqn.".T;l nil .Maris Poingdestre his wife. 
DIB. ; Hodson, I ( 39 ). 

Mar lit ha War, 1S17-S ; mi), route sw., Bnndolkliand 
[Szl 

APLIN, Christopher D'Oyly. Ben. Inf. 
bapt. 14-4-1787. d. at sea, 13-5-33. 
Ens. 4-9-06 ... Capt. 25-12-22. 
Son of Oliver and Mary Aplin. 
m., Cawnpore, 27-10-H Jv. lie dau. of Sir Dyson Marshall, 



[nf.(E 



>-l). 



HMO. 25(18). 

ARTHUR, George Munro. Mad. Inf. 
b. 30-3-02. d. Aug. 1870. 

Lieut. 19-6-20 ... Lt.Col. 27-6-57; ret. as Hon. 
MGen. 10-10-58. 

Son of Rev. Root. Arthur, minister of Resolis, Cromarty, 
by his 3rd wife : haK-bvo. of 'i'iiojuas [ II, 376 ]. 

ed. Aberdeen Univ. Oriental Club. 

27 6- 2:;, nvip.l. Asst. Surer.. Hvdei'ab;"d Scv. from 2nd ar„ 
Belgaum [ 118 1 : Sept. 1S24, to ch. Malabar Svy. [114, 
342 ] ; 10-1-25, sick leave to Europe. 

AUBER, Charles, hm. 67th Foot. 

b, 30-7-1790. d. Prome, 8-6-25. 
Lieut. 67th Et. 6-7-15 ; 83rd Ft. 11-12-23. 
Son of Peter Auber and An:ie Page, his wife. 
Marithu War, 1S18; 1IBIO. 81 (34-6], original svy.. 
beautiful!;- drav.vi with two reductions, of route hm. 67th 
and 1st Batt. 6th B.N.1... Kajpv.hiua to Baroda. "Very meat 



alio:-. Rs. 2 



arvey. 



. Talent 
a. 1 [209]. 



! BIOGRAPHICAL 

BAKER, William Way. Mad. Inf. 

b. 15-5-1801. d. of cholera, 30-11-39. 

Tumkur, Mysore, mi. : 

Lieut. 4-6-18 ; Capt. 17-9-27. 

San 0!' Sir Robt. Bnlier, K.t., ch. mjgte. Bow St., London. 

Left widow and 5 children. 

Ben. llegr, 4SS C 120 ) Map of Tavoy in 9 sheets, und. 

BALL, Thomas Preston. Mad. Inf. 
b. 21-11-1791. d. 20-12-29, 

nr. Ahmednagar. 

Ens. 3-7-07 ... Capt, 24-3-22. 
Son of Rev. John Ball, of Duhlin. 
m„ Hannah Anne, who d. 11-6-71, aged 70. 
Feb. 1803, mmi. el. IV [ II, 320 ]. 

1818-9, compilod msris in ilrastraUi iilaclier'.s Memoir of 
tU STakralla War [ 86 ] ; aqmg. 

BAYLEY, James [II, 381 ]. Mad. Inf. 
b. 5-7-1783. dsp. 11-8-45. 
Lieut. 21-9-04 ... Maj. 21-6-27 ; ret. 4-7-29. 

^'.•■.i '■■'.' ,',■■; :■ .iii.i ■■! irci ;■ ; v, oi danchester. 

Ths Bai/hji F'litiihi : Family Uncord:!. Oriental Chib. 

April 1805, mmi. el. I [ II, 320 ] ; 1807-11, with Lamb ton's 
sTy. f II, 242-4 ]. 

1811-3, Java; 14 -0-12, ai[mu. [ II, 204, ^ ; In, 337 ] ; 
1813^, to Bengal with Oillespic ;n, 406]; Aug. 1814, returns 
to Madras army via .Nitgpur, aurv^'. i.n unite [II, 53-4]. 

Prom 1-1-16, Asst. to ij.mij. in die Field, employed on 
svy. of glials E. of Ajauta towards HMJslipur 1 , and defence of 
passes during operuikui:; against pinduris [ 84 ]*. 

MMC. 24-E-17, placed under Res: it. at Xilnpur and from 
6-11-17 appd. HufJik. OJ'Vccr, .\"agpur oant. 

Slfiratlia War. is 17-!* ; severely wounded in action, 
26-11-17, at Sitib .Idi. S. of Jv.-Lgrrar citv ; sketches of action 
at 10.5 

BECHER, Robert. Ben. Inf. 

b. India, Jan. 1791. d. 30-5-41, 

Canton, China- 

Ens. 26-7-06 ... Maji 9-3-37. 

Son of Kichd. Becher, BCS-, salt agent, Tamlulr, Midnapore. 

m., Elisabeth — ; bis dau. Charlotte m. Augustus Abbott, 
Ben. Ait. 

Hodson, 1(1, 117). 

14.11-17, appd. to NiLgpur t-ubsy. Force ; 24-10-18, appd. 
diqmq. [ 337 ] i lfl - ter IWa. 

BC10,, 26-S-20, from Hoshangabad to Ganges-Jumna 
doSb, for road svy. ; iip.ro. 1!" (to); licit llcgr. (166/37), 
1820-1, road svys. Allahabad and to Nagpui [ 27, 87 ]. 

BEDFORD, James. Ben. Inf. 

bapt. 8-3-1788. d. 31-3-71, aged 83. 

Ens 29-3-10 ... Bt, Maj. 28-6-38; ret. 11-1-43; 
Hon. Lt Col. 2S-11-54. 
Son of John TW1 !>.■:■.], of Actor:. ^Iiddleses. 
m., Meerut, 20 ":'-. Jane Helen, dau. of John Troup, of 

Nairn, and sister (jfCulis Iron:;, Be:i. inf. ; she A., Allahabad, 
lfi-'J :'.!i, aged 26. 

Hodson, I [ 121 ). 

Arrd. India by ship .'■.■'■:;;■.? J ;'■' Wdi'Aty, 25-9-09. 

Dec. 1814, Medal of Merit at Et. Win, Coll., for Hindustani 
and Persian. 

1821, with 24-J.i XI. at "VlnnirlaLa,;!, omp. at ro quest 
of Ma.gte. "in TTiii-kiisa coruiAn. small surveys" [332 ] 6 ; 



ijiajnewron.dy recorded a s ; 'Clit-e" bv Blunt (71), >Dll;i. b',5 ( 571 -1 ). 19-1 1-10 : 154 ( GC ), 30-1-19. 
iDDn. 146 ( 15 j, 31-12-16. 'Poster (51/207-8). G DDn. 19S ( 143 ), 6-11-21. 



'pis. 17, IS. 



NOTES 4 

27-11-21, apjid. Ah*;.-. Rev. S'-;rvr., lluradkbad. Roiii'- 
ldiand ; 19-12-22, promoted Rev. Survr. in eh. 
Sahaswan [ 152-4, 333, 364, 405-6 ]. 

Burmese War ; 0;.i.. 182 I. to Assam as survr. with 
column advancing up Assam valley, with Wilcox 
as asst. [ 3, 52-3, 151, 181-2, 205, 333 ] ; survd. 

[j.c;il::vi»i)i[t!'ii and Lui-.it i-'j Bri: l:.;niikuti.:-.L, iii>d Di.h.ing 
to Pasial where the A bora turnod iiim back, without 
his suspect' ills; it to bo the main river [54-6, 59, 63 ]; 
also survd. short way up the Dibang 1 [pi. 7,Dibong]. 

On active mil. opsriii Lous on Noa Dihing, at capture 
of stockades. Xeufvi.le, the in1olligcr.ee officer, writing, 
15-6-25, "Captain Bedford, of the Survey Department, who 
accompanied us throughout as a volunteer, gave me the 
benefit of hi- experience p.:v\ personal assistance on every 
occasion". On a ]a..e:' trip up the Diliins; ■.■. as much troubled 
with fever ; "Fo: the; '.hre.e Ibihiivirisi days I endeavoured, by 
reduced living and exercise, to overcome what I then con- 
sidered a trifJiTi.ir tUnes', l.iut after carrying my survey as far 
as the Kusan te:. 1 found myself =0 seriously unwell, that 
without further delay I put toys.;;!;" ii:ir;cr medical cart"-. 

His journals and f'lbks. are full and detailed, with neat 
sketches and cross -sec lions of rivers 3 . 

(.'losing work Pi Assam diirin : ' I :ic iajr.fi of 1^30, relumed to 
Calcutta, 0-9-20; lost much of his kit by the sinking of a 
boat, but retrieved a lels-'eope am] a sextant. After four 

[ 160-1, 165, 217, 394 ]. Encouraged employment of Indian 



*-[3J 



*>]. 



J BIRCH 

poor Eedingfield went out amongst them unarmed to 
see what they wanted. They immedi&t.oly siezed 
him, and after eying his; iiarnis behind bis back and 
cutting the tendoi'.s of I is le.^s, oommeneod shooting 
at him with their arrows. It is said that he told 
them, if it- was his life they wiit.it.cd. to kill him out- 
right at once, which they accordingly did and, cut- 
ting off his head, placed it on a rock where a house 
formerly stood" [448]. 

Burlton and a com panic. 11 were killed the following 
day after making a gallant do "once" [04, 431 ]. 

BELLEW, Henry Walter. Ben. Inf. 

bapt. 2-1-03. kd. in action, 13-1-42, 

on retreat from Kabul. 

Ens. 16-11-19 ... Et.Maj. 23-11-41. 

Son of Robt, liclleiv, barr., and Knrah fowke his wife; 
hro. to 1'. J. Bellew, Ben. Inf. 

m. Agra, 17-8-31, Anne, dan. of Capt, Peter Jeremie, 
[!™.Tuf: : [lorlson. IT ( 553). 

Hodsou, I( 127); Boileau(294), 

Survd. route Ajmer to Jaisalmer [S7]; 18-4-29, appd. 

l«2f), Bde. Mfij. [laJTiiitfiiia Fd. Force ; 1831, Shekhawati 

evpn.i IK39 1:>. :U-!,:,n War, -jhj.'s Dept. 

Antb. of The JVi'iw ;;>>.! 11J n G>ij[ii;, with sketches. 



Caleu 

BEDLNGFIEL7D, Richard Gurdon. Ben. Art. 

b. 5-9-02. d., Nongkblao, Assam, 4-4-29, 

murdered by Khasis ; mi. 

2/Lt. 8-4-19 i Lieut. 13-6-20. 

Son of Francis Philip, Bcditiifielf], of Cumberland, and 
Catherine his wife. dan. of Tbos. Havens, of Norfolk. 

ed. Addiscombe, 1818-9. 

Hodson, I ( 121 ) ; Ben. Ob. ( 375 ). 

With Burlton I i-i- !, in comd. of "two howitzers and two 
12-pr. carronad.es"', jcinof! foree advancing on ftangpur. 
capital of Assam, Jan. 1S25. Emp. on iritelliircnce duty, 
attracting attention uf Seoit, who weleoined his mcast. of 
discbarge of river at Go.Ilp.irn | ■-, > ;, and describes bira as 
"a good surveyor and •-xoellent draughtsman" who would 
like to be employed on c;>plo ration 1 . 

Compiled from Iiiiroie.se infn. a map of Chjndwin 
K.6[ .54,78-9]. 

On svy. in [>a-r.-.:ig, Wih.ov writing. 2S ?■ 27, "Bedingfield 
...will give yon in a short period of time an excellent map 
of Camroop. He has already surveyed under favorable 
circumstances the m\. boundary of l.to -rung, ...and he is 
clever enough to vote advi.n^ige. of every menus to improve 
his survey. I do not know that I should offend him by 
calling him in s'jme. measure it pupil of mine; hut this a 
very qualified praise" | 63-4]. 

Route Goalpani to Cai'.haii- li;ip S of Assam Rivers; 
jtrio. Sfi ( 37 ) ; 173 (28). In eh. rev. svy. under Scott 
[146, 34Q, 404, 501]. 

April 1829. took lenvo with Burlton lo Nongkhkio, 
in Khasi Hills, on road Gauhati to Cher rap uttji, 
where they were "both barbarously murdered, ... 
the former [ Bedingfield ] on the 4th and the 
latter on the 5th inst. Both had gone there for 
the benefit of their health. Four or five hundred 
Kooseahs and Garrows surrounded the house, and 

'is B. XVII (331-40). Ho SG. from Sadiya, 19-5 
M»B. XVII (325). 'Ben. Ob. (375). MsJ. XIX. ISS36 

11-3-26. 



BENBOW, Clifton. Bo. Inf. 

b. 1-10-1798. d. 19-8-81. 
Lieut. 15-1-20 ... LtCol. 9-7-49; ret. 4-5-50; 
Hon. Col. 28-11-54. 
Son of John Heohow. -sir., attorney. Lincoln's Inn. 
ed. Westminster; ndm. Lincoln's Inn. lo-S 15; scholar 
of Cains Coll. Camb., 1816-9. 
Oriental Old,. ; W. I ( 72 ). 

1-3-24, appd. to Deeean Svy. [ f.ib !; 14-10-25, promoted 
to 1st cl. Survr. ; Oct. [S27. arr.l. iiii-l.inrl on inc. 
1835-8, with Boyd on .svy. of M, KathiSwar' [ 426]. 

BTTXAMORE, Frederick Hadow. Bo. Inf. 
b. Bombay, 26-6-1799. d. 20-8-35, 

Harsol, Gujarat. 

Lieut. 9-10-19 ... Capt. 9-4-31. 

Son of Capt. Robt. Billaioorc. Ho. '.II nr., and Catharine 
Prucn his wife, pr. sister- in- lav, of W. A. Tate [11,445]; 
bro. of T. R. B.. Bo. Inf., who d. , Karachi, 27-4^40, and of 
R. A. B.. Bo. Inf., who d., Jalna, 7-5-15, of .sunstroke. 

Left widow, Catharine, vvho drew pension on Lord Clive's 
fund, and d. 1875 aged 77. 

Bo 0.0. 18-2-2B, appd. asst. to Rev. Survr., Bombay & 
Salsette [ 16S 11.2 "J serving till close of svy. 1827. 

BIRCH, Frederick William. Ben. Inf. 
b. Calcutta., 1-4-04. d. Sltapur, Oudh, 3-6-57, 
kd. by mutineers. 

Ens. 7-1-21 ... Bt. LtCol. 20-6-54. 
Son. of R. C. Birch, BCS., pymr., Bengal, and Frances 

Jane his wife. 

m , Lucknow, ~ -7-25. Miss Jean Walker. 

llodson. 1(143). 

Burmese War. Arakan, 1 S2 1-6 ; liavin;; l-tnnvlutli-M ofsiy., 

and ■■ ■ i is., ,1 ■■■ .■■. 1 . "i ■ ■ ' i. ■ S. ". Aiyab, 

.March .t Apiii 1S26 ; reso. owing to til-health [ 60-70 ] 8 . 



BLACKER 

BLACKER, St. John. Mad. Cav. 
b. 28-1-1785. d. 1842. 

Com. 29-9-01 ... Ma-j. 20-10-33; furl. 1825; 



2-1-2 



of Moira, i 



Son of Rev. Dr. St. John Blanker, 
Down ; bro. to Valentine [ in/]. 

lit , 20-12-3ti, Anne KiiurH'iul, dim. of Sir Ohns. Morgan, 
jin. of Dublin. 

1810-2, with Harford Jones 1 roiss.ion to Persia; 18U-0, 
Asst. Resdt. at Cochin ; 1S15, deputed to purchase horses in 
Persian Gulf. 

llarsUm War, I SI*. eomdg. irregular rav. wltil Mlldhm 
[3= i3=;j- huio. -tO f 3 ', "Routes inarched by ^India's Can- 
unseat"".' En.p.Wni. Sundt- ; 3S--3, ?fi- ] on svy. in Central 
India-. Claimed that he ruid in Id.-; "possession the whole 
of the survcv of the Madras army between the Nurbudda 
and Codaverv, as well as their surveys during the 
lata campaign^ and of a former one in 1S10 11 north of the. 
former river [ I 



Aits that he bit "add to the stink 1 have acquired by 
ei.ouluwus: Nic person I have mentioned.. ..in rilling up those 
vacancies in our know ledge of this country. ... I have every 
j.,-4., .„,.,., . ., ( -li'-.Yl in si;rve--i-u T bat s ncra Tabulator 1 ." 

10-3-18, appd. 2nd A.ssL. jo Resdt. with Sindhia ; 31-12-22, 
promoted 1st Asst. 

BLACKER, Valentine [II, 382 ]■ Mad. Gov. 
b, 10-10-1 77S. d. Calcutta 4-3-26. 

MX S. Park St. cern. 
Coin. 29-8-1798 ... Lt Col. 20-10-23. 
SG. of India 1823-6 [2, S, 300-1, 308-9 J. 
bro. to St. John I suvl- L , 

ui Madras, 22 S2-.1", Miss Eir.nut Johnston, and had 
tlvree'aons aiid» dan. 
CB. 1818. 

&NB. ; BIB. ; EIMC. I ( 333 ). Portrait in possession of 
family [ pi. 2 



Served through operations against pindSris, and 
Mar5lha War of 1817-8, being mentioned several 
times for distinguished services [338. 437]- Obtained 
Govt, permission to pub. account of the war, 
"having arranged the late field correspondence in 
the Department of the Quaxtor Master General, 
with a view to the preparation of a ' Precis' of the 
rnihtr.irv operation* in idaiwa and the Ijeckaa" 



8 Uk.--.-i 



1 for 






BIOGRAPHICAL 

Riddell Writes from Madras, IjV-5-18 ; "Blacker & Morrison 
are coming overland from Paoruh by way of Bcejapore [498 ]. 
The former intends to eomnkte from routes &o„ a map of 
the theatre of the late war". From Madras he sailed for 
Calcutta., 30-4-19, with tho C-ia-C, Sir Thomas Hialop 
[S3, 316], and spent several months there on the Prize 
Committee, besides superintending tint Tj-ro mirations of his 
maps, and the script of las History | 36]. 24-7-19, back 
at Madras, read add:---;;- 1'ro.n inhabitants a!" Madras to Lord 
Hastings*. 6-7-20, relieved fr:nn Prize Com. 

9-1-21, Leave to Europe on ma. ; spent much time on the 
continent, "my medicid adviser having strongly urged me 
to pass the present winter in 1 he mild el in ate of the south" 
[298], At Florence in Dec. 1823 when he received 
letter from the Directors announcing Ids selection to be SG. 
of India, and hoping that he would proceed to India in the 
spring 6 . Though given evbcnsioii of leave on mod. grounds, 
further extension to Sept. refused. Everest writes in May 
1S33 ; "Received intelligence a short, time ago that Col. 
Blacker was very ill in France, and that ho was not 
espeeted out before tin; eno of the [-resent year" 7 [446]. 

Leaving England in Jinn!, Blacker ti-rrd. Calcutta, 
21-10-23, and took over charge of dept. on 24th 
[461]. Though not- ijy trail iiri;> a sdeulist, mathn., or 
astronomer, he took a keen interest in. everything 
that touched his new profession as surveyor and 
map-maker [53,31,9°. 118,185, 187-8, 191, 261, 323, 
330, 345, 3S1, 442. 455. 485- 492. 496 ]■ 

Sept. 1825, elected inornbor of ASB. 8 
anil later read paper Oil baromt'tors- a.nd hygroi 
Tookastrong line on importance of CITS, as the only 
possible foundation for the surveys and maps of \ 
India, his letter of 11-8-24 stating the case in terms 
that were beyond challenge. "YVatigh writes 25 years 
later; "The Honourable Court of Directors having 
called for a report on the... probable duration of the 
trigonometrical survey, a very masterly discussion of 
the subject was pro pa red by t-hrs lace Colonel Valentine 
Blacker, ... who, with the exception of Colonel 
Everest, was the ablest and most scientific man that 
ever presided over this expensive department ' Tfl 
[240-2, 263, 2q6, 445. 452. 455 ]■ 

Fully maintained liackon/.ic's insistence of one - 
uniform system for Indian rruips a.nd surveys, more 
especially with regard to new 4,-ineh Atlas [ 4, 120-1, ' 
I94-5, 2 ^ 2 ' z 97~8. 305]; for which he worked out 
lay-out and projection adapted from the French 
[ 2S3-4, 293-5. 457 ]■ 

Contain mis residence i:i Gal cants told an Ids health. He 
writes in Jan. 183 t trait, "being severely afflicted with the 
rheumatism" he v.as obliged to " use the pen of another" ; 
and a^ain in June ; "I ii.ni ;s--i:iv:.-l ,- nro'cl- LI.-.-: - : from stirring 
out while the sua i« up". Died en 4th March 1S36 at the 
early a=c of 48. Though there have he.-n vi-.rions conjectures 
as to oause of his death, none of the Calcutta newspapers 
are more, precise (him the A.Haiii: Joi,r;i,il ; "Colonel blacker 
died on Saturday last after a short illness. Beyond the 
line of his duty, in which his high oimracier rinsed him to 
the appointment of Purveyor Genera! of India, Colonel 
Itlaeke.r is known eb' -11- 
War 



maps of the seat of the War. explanatory of the movements 
of 'the several corps, ... and topographical plana of the 
several field actions and sieges. ... These details... might 
contribute to the benefit of the service by the mere pro- 
mulgation of military had; 111 avion, and... I beg. ..to .- 
whether any objection will c.-dsf- to the proposed ■ 
made of the official records in my 
war so much merited. ..detail of events—. 

Neither.' Il.odss-iiii nor 'donigornerie seemed aware that 
BJaeio.a- had thus obtained fill! authority for the pubn. of 
his maps [ 25!-]. 

His book was pub. 1821, enticed "Memoir of 
tits operations of the British Army in India during 
t/ie Mahratia War of 1S17, 1818 and 1819, by Lieut. 
Colonel Valentino Blacker, ob. and QMG. of Madras 
Army";pref.sd. Madras, 13-3-20* [86, 2S9, 291-2]. inquiries... connected witn nis proiession - L 205, 273 j. 

iDDn. 144 (379-83), 7-i-lS. 'of. S of T. GR. 1825-8. 'from Blacker 8-10-I_8 ;MMC 24-11-18. «J«**. 
Ms J IX 182n(14). "Misc. LR. 14a;31o, 12 2-22. 'to Hodgson, DDn. 171 (14) 21-0-23. 'As J. Aug. 18.6(193). 

'PS. '{5 )'. » 6W. Gaz., 7-3-28. 



which -. 



elngrce of 
surpassed, 
er^'os-.ed by- 
had found lei 



ril -■ 




VALENTINE BLACKER ( 1778-1826) 

Madras Cavalry. Quartermaster donor.!.], M&dnis, 1810 20; CB. ; 
distinguish!);! service, in Msrathii Win-, 1816-8 ; wrote a vivid account 
of the campaign, ;tn:\ produce:! important maps of «on UVi! India, 
which liid t-u his appoitibnent. as Surveyor General in i^-'i i 8C, 300-1; 

Died after a short illness in Calcutta [ TT, 382 ]. 

I'rom a portrait, in the possession of his i'aioitv. 




JOHN ANTHONY HODGSON ( 1777-1848 ) 

Bengal Infantry. A keen practical surveyor, anil enthusiastic 
jiitronornpr. Siis most import-ant survey litsint; that of Sirmur and 
Garhwfil, 1816-8 [30-6]. 

As Surveyor General of India, 1821-3, initiated revenue surveys of 
Upper Provinces, holding charge of thorn us Revenue Surveyor General 
from 1823 [305-6]. Again Surveyor General of India 1826. resigning 
on account of ill-health [ 300-1 ]. 

On return to India held several military commands, till his death 
as Major General at Ambala 1848 [ II, 407-8 ]. 

From a portrait in the possession of his family. 



NOTES 4 

Edw. Alexander, who arrd. Calcutta from Burma 26-1-26, 
writes; "Among other friends here I visited the late 
Surveyor General of India, Color.el .Blacker, whose recent 
death has been so severe a loss to science in India. Hia 

health was then fur from being good, but ko continued 
j:i.l-l'-ii.J ■■:: l: -> employed its his literary labours" 1 . 

Everest writes several vmli-.j later; "'Colonel Blacker fell 
a victim to fever contracted, as it is supposed, from the 
noisome vanour.-: generated by the cleaning el.' an old rank in 
the grounds attached to the Scrvcyor General's office in Park 
Street, Chaoringi [ 31 t ]"=. 

Amongst panel's "inch Blacker wrote for ASB. was 
one read 2-11-25. '' Thf. t'^wiir.kisai Boundar ie.fi (if .India. ... 
The author hi-::' in.- i'_t :v;ii.l ■!■-■ made out [hat the river Indus 
cannot be considered eil-u-.r iiaojrnTd-ieiiilv or politically as 
the western harrier of Hindoostan"'. 

Aaotb ■. ■ '. '."■ ^in^r'jGv.wevhyvJ Ccv-lr>i! Aviv, is 

PI Portrait ~*\ - . p- 88 U eophS from one atCarrickblacker, 
co. Armagh. The n'ignia.l of the man which Arrow-smith 
reproduced for his Memoir of His. ilnhmita War is preserved 
by tho family at Elm Park. co. Armagh'. 

BBACKWELL, Thomas Eden. hh. 13th Foot 
( later, Somerset LI ). 

Ens. 25/6-12-22 ... Lieut. 21-7-25 ; shewn in AL. 



i BLEGHYNDEN 

18-7-17, appd. aast. survr. &dmn. to Alex. Gerard, 
survr. to Bd. of Conim-s,, Sabn-ranpiir. ft) Rs. 200 
pin.; disoh. 1 2-19, on oloso of svy. [2i3, 347 ]. 
Fair O'lfiioil iavvoaal of (Joined'* irtai.w, including Mult 

of Dehra Dun which bears his autograph [22-3, 
202 n. 4 , 451 ; pi. 3]. 

1825-31, lndi?o pkantcr, Tirluit ; 1832, merch., Patna ; 
1832-4, oil mereh. mid "a:; -Warn, build. .a-", Wclleslov Sq., 
Calcutta. 

eeo. 22-1-3,1 [ 23 ), e.aip. by ftp,'.-, Bd. on svy. of swamps 
and bkils nr. Bnrasat, 2 I -i'a r^anaa, and d. of fever a few- 
months later [367]. 

BLECHYNDEN, James. Survr. micor. 

b. 1797/S. d. Calcutta 16-3-37. 



Rangoon. Nov. 1S25. n-jt-ii vnanl, a.s asst. survr. ( 72 J. 

BLAKE, Benjamin [II, 382 ]■ 

b. 6-S-1788. d. 12-3-38, in Egypt, 

en route to England. 

Ens. 17-9-06 ... Bt.Maj. 10-1-37. 
lion 0.1' George and Ann Bia.ke of Portsmouth, 
m . r. 1 500. EliNabci.h LUUugton. 
jl.,1-.,,, C(162)i 11(692}. 

i;0;;_ll, on svys. in l-pper Diijt mid Goral-ihpur [ 1 -;t ] ; 
boo. lo-H-16. furl, to England. 

kco. 8-2-22. appd., with akces. of River Survr. [ 138-9 ], 
tosvy. Salt. A.-t-.i-j-Li:-. 0: Bhulua ! :>oakhali ) and Chittagong 
[4011 1 Lost a bo:','. I nil of liji in storm a'l mouth uf Alegima, 
27 '3-22; ,i0O. 5-10-21 reverted to mil. sev.iee [333]. July 
1825 to Jan. 1S26, at Barrackpore. 

DDn. 2.12 (2), 17-1-26, offered sm-vg. insts. to SG. on 
sale; ".my finances are very low to meet the expense attendant 
on a voya;re to I'lngiau.i for Hie recovery of my health, which 
has been injured by long experience on surveying duties". 

BLAKE, William. Ben. Inf. 

b. 24-6-1780. d. Benares, 23-9-21. 
Maj. £ 



of Benjamin Blake ai 



;r of Minrson Trower Blake 
Bhutan, 1835. 
nne Wolsey, dau. of Col. 



uci ,. 2-o-17. to aw. ami mark out line, of road Benares 
to Sahr.rac.pur, uu-hf "order? of Supl. Police, VT. Provinces. 

BLANLFORD, Morgan Dove. Survr. uncov. 
b. Jan. 1790. d. Calcutta,, 27-10-35. 



issrs. Joseph Taylor 
lizabetli, b., Caloutt: 



Arrd. India 1.8H), and em 
Co., auctioneers. Cakiutta. 

m„ Calcutta, 27-6-12, ' 
dan. of John Ann his wife. Elizabeth d. 

Calcutta-, 11-8-13. ui'tcr fail from buggy 7-8-13, leaving 
dau. Ilary Ann, b. 10^-13. He had children, b. jlongkyr 
1820 and "Calcutta is 3-1. by a 2nd wife, Elizabeth Workman. 

I Alexander ( 54 ). Jas. Ediv. Alexander, Lieut. EM, 13 
Persia, 1320-7 [IL410]; .is J. XXIII, Jan.- J one, 1827 ( 649 
Blacker, who led tho Koo.M.on fli^ir. over Mt. Everest, 1933, 
SG. 10-4^-22, BTC. 22^-22 (52]. "BTO. 0-10-23 (24). ' 



9-10-23, appd.a.ist. survr., to joinFiahsr in Sylhet 
[ 145. 333, 3^9 ]• April 1S2-1, witli ih-.iii wiross Khasi 
Ilills to Gauhati [jL, 501 J. On rev. svys. under Scott 

Possibly asst. in Acct. Gen .'a office 1832; B Dir & AS. 
1833(454). 

Under CD. to B. 27-7-35 (-15-7), granted pension, his 

"founded on services of osteon years, employed 



.ojpaUy ; 



land s- 






r Govevnim-nt behv pre 
:ed s 



ars, j!r. Hlsoh.ynd.en hi 
Hi of his destitute cor-,dir;ou :ai 
'rini-ip Ij 1 repeat;-: returns of 
jj!'i ! . in Assi.m, we shall not ob;eci 
;-nden c;:.e third of ths salary he 

Sip ''.::>. ■-.diail. -;" Em b:n:k;::i-nli 
. 20''l per mon:h ), -jcder the Com. 



Lt. Dra-oo.n ; I'itOS. 

). ^Everest (128). 

is descended from Latham II. I;,'.- (ions, of Vaient-i 

B-Rev. Bd. tS-3-17. ( 9-10 ). *Bm. Ssl, Canals ( 5 ), 






BIOGRAPHICAL 






■iWMJ. 



2). 



BOTLEAU, Alexander Henry Edmonstone. 

Ben. Engrs. 

b. Calcutta, 3-2-07. d., Cawnpore, 

30-6-62, of dysentery. 
2/Lt. 17-6-24 ... M Gen. 18-10-60. 

Soil of Thomfls lioiU i: : i 7 notary-public. Calcutta, and Leah 
his wife, dau, of Li Pol. h'benewrJc-'s-;;:; of Albany, Sew York; 
bro. to John Thoophilns 1-ioikai.i. lien. Eno-is., who was 
stationed at Agra in 1S2S. 

m., 1st., Agra, 3-2-;Vl. Charlotte, tlau. ofWrn. Hanson; 
shed., Barrackporc, 29-4-40, agoct 26. 

in., 2nd, Paignton. Devon. f> <)-:><), .Matilda Grace, dan. 
of Alex. Tovev. :im. 20th Fool.; r-he m.. 2nd Lt Gen A T 
I ..■: ■:, Mad. Art. 

ed. Addisoojnbe, 1823-4. 

Hodson, I( 171 >; III [716 ). Oolcsworthv Grant ; portrait 
in undress uniform, v,ka iust. & lriao;h fi-.-'. r .) I'i'lia Hcri'v 
of June 1840 [ vol. IV 1. 

2 -7-23, posted to S fc M.. Cawnpore ; lSi!3-u,at siege & 
Rupture of Bharatpvrr. 

24-3-27 ; write.; to SCi. from carer- near Allahabad, "should 
my services he at ail available in the apartment under your 
charge, I shall be hauoy to apply them...uherover they may 
be most useful. ... I am. ..acquaints] ivil.ti the localities of the 
Doab and the country immediately ivest of the Jumna, 
towards Deig and FerOicpoor , 1 ... 

"I have in my possession a set of plans, reduced from 
surveys on a larger stale by myself and other officers of 
Engineers, eomprisinjr l.lie whole rjf the tort* lately captured 
or surrendered in the Bhuripoor Territory, which I had 
intended to lithograph for the use. of the Corps"*. 

On evidence of his svy. ability from brother 
officers, SG. obtained his appt. to svy., Oct. 1827 to 
April 1828, from Allahfibad to Cnwnpore [3,24-6, 
190, 202-3, 330 ], and, Oct, 1828, from Agra to 

15 bars-it; >ur [ 26-7, 189, 203, 320 ] s . 
His work was good and won Hodgson's approval. 

From 1832 to 1838 served with GTS. He then 
had successful career on engr. duties. 

182S. made measta. of the Taj at Hodgson's request, 
"As soon as you arrive at Agra, at your first leisure, ... 
make me a very exact measurement in feet and inches of the 
4 side-', of the marble plal form 011 which the Taj stands. ... 
Pray ask Capt. C— in my name to Icml von the chain belong- 
ing to the Trigonometrical Survey, and having made the 
measurements return it to him [ 241! 246. 2.>o]. I made some 
measurement- of :'. sides of this platform when I was at Agra, 
hut 1 wished to have llic 4 : it- is ycrv u-arlv an exact s qua re. 
The proper measure will, 1 thin 1 ;, be where the vertical from 
the wall outs the horizontal line of the platform, but it may 
be as -well also to take the interior measure within the low 
balustrade which surroimds f hf platform, and ala o the distance 
from the outer edge of the corner*' 1 . 

Boileau suggested that S & Id", might help on his svy. ; 
"As expert workmen the sappers ivo'ild be very useful' in 
clearing ground for the base, in erecting signals, etc., and 

1 am sure, from bavin.;; served about two years with them, 

...that they are ready to turn their hands to almost any 
kind of work"*. A small dett, under Laurence Hill joined 

him in 1830 for a few months. 

EOILEAU, John Peter. Ben. Inf. 

bapt. 10-1-1700. d. urim., Patna, 

1-12-18. 
Ens. 2-10-05 ... Lieut. 26-10-05. 
Son of John Theophilus I.SoLleao of Dublin; cousin to 
A. H. E. [sap], anl John fever Boile.iu, Bin. Horse Art., 

-hothinBharatpur. a 1TRIO. M 34S. -sentoO rouL'h maps, tdbk-., ami traverse- to DSG. lS-l'i-t5 DDn 115(15-3) 
»DDn. 220 (331 ), 14-5- iS. * riaileaa's fdbk., DDn. 227. it (ill ; 10-2-23. 6 \'?.i>xu> /'m-.- i 181 I. 'DDn 133 ( 17 I 
Jan. 1818. 'Suburb of \r.rsapur. formerly imj^-tant [.,IC. factory, W. of Cl.icaeole : Imn. Giz. XVI I 227-8 1 • n pi 

16 ; III, pi. 18, Ciimmum. » Brigga ( 11 ). 



Hodson, I ( 173 ) ; II ( 61 

noo. 7-2-14, a.ppd. to com;!. Maj. Hradshaw's escort in 
room of Piekersid'.l \ 11. .136-7 ], "Isra.dsha'.v reporting on -,, 
action near Nepal border, 25-11-14, "Lieutenant Boiie.au 
eo mm finding my es-cort. ... received a deep sabre cut in a 
persona! contest with a Xepalese Sochah. whom he Blew, and 
whose death ba..:c:!ed the success of" the «e:ie:a' attack'"'' 

10-2 -16, appd. Asst, to Ann., Gen. Ochterlony in ool 
dept.; BPolC. 16 3 10, appoi. toeomd. escort of Resdt at 
Kritrni-Tidii. Nepal, and to be Postmaster to ReBdcy. 

March 1817, survd. frontier between Nepal and 
Tiihut ; svy. occupied only 30 days, but protraction 
of 7 copies took 5 months. "Concluding the demarca- 
tion... engaged but a very limited time. I had to 
...undertake it at a few days notice, and to incur 
a considerable expense in the purchase of instru- 
ments, and in the hire of the extra servants, ... and 
afterwards had to return unemployed... from Purnea 
to Nepal, and then make the 7 copies for the different 
departments" [ 19-21 ] 7 . He continued his svy. 
eastwards in 1818, and left his maps unfinished at 
his death. 

BOLES, James. Mad. Inf. 

b. 18-9-1789. d. Madras, 26-5-23. 

Lieut. 20-9-06 ... Capt. 27-1-19. 

Son of Thomas Boles. 

mgo. 2-2-19, appd. Asst. Survr. under Comnr. of Poona. 
forsvy.inS.Ma.ratha Deccan ; 12511.6.^2 |; IS o sic. 7-6-20 
read., to become Mil. Pymr., Ceded Dists., at Bellary. 

BOYD, George. Bo. Inf. 

b. Minorca, 2-8-1800. d. Rajkot, 

24-8-50 ; ML 
Lieut. 4-5-20 ... Lt Col. 1-5-48. 

Son of Ann Boyd, who m. 2nd, Smith. 

ed. RMO. Sandhurst. 

24-1-22, appd. asst, ssirvr., Deccan Svv. [ „ 5 „ I2 I26 l. 
lOCal. (446), 1823. svys. of Sarara, X,' of Uahabaleswar ; 
IS2B-0, assisted in uicast. of Karli base-line [ \yi J ; 1S30-1, 
in cii. I ii.-ccan Svy. 

1832, with regt. ; 1835, with Benbow [ 423 ] on svy. in 
Kathiiwar; 1842 ; with Le Mossurier on m\ beta-em Queila 
and Kalat. 1839, with De I'Uoste on road svys. in Sind, 
submitting specimens of lead ore from Las Beias. Bo <le<> 
Soc. lSSH-.(0 (204 |. 

Foster ( 10S ); sketches ami views of Biiapor, -\f.r|,r l „lstan 
etc., lt!3fi -li. preserved at 10. 

BRIGGS, John. Mad. Inf. 

bapt. Madapa.llam, 8 19-12-1785. d. 27-4-75. 

Lieut. 20-7-01 ... Col. 1-12-29; furl. 1835, ret. as 

M Gen. 1838. 

Son of Dr. Jam;- i.lri;.i;s. :>iin?. Geo., Madras. 

FES. : FEAS. 

DNB.; DIB.; Rrlggr,; Qrie.nKU Club; VK. eibt. 1012, 
portrait by J. Srciv.irt, 1839. 

On voyage to India, "1 kopt tip my nautical knowledge 
and practice, especially the use of the sextant, which W3.3 
most useful to me afterwards in several surveys on land that 
I was enabled thereby to undertake". After course with 
Cadet Co. at Cliiri^leoat, joined loth ni. at Cumbum 8 in 
Ceded Dists™. 

1809-11, with Malcolm to Persia [II, 173-3]; name 
carved on 1'erseooiis gaieway [ Tl, 445 j. 



BUKLTOJJ 



Persian .scholar, .-■ 
of HUt'jni :>f..J1ah- 

I ha.d...e«Tri:ii-l."l t 
oopio" 






eary f 



i, till the Year 
)f the year 1815 
■hole work with 
i India in 1817 
the army that 

ion of Feriahta, 



.icfciri.; -■■■ 



a attacked the 
see the troops 

•y, ... including 



thirty years 1 



_arched to Mztwa, 
Poona, wilii the (is 
which had been sen!- o 
"On the 5th of No 1 
Poona residency, ... a 
set fire ti> the houses, 

with ■ heir lives, but t 

my library together with my manuscripts, ... «■«» msi, ui 

ego. 6-1-16, appd. 3rd Asst. to Eesdt. at Poona; with 
Malcolm's column in pursuit of Peshwa. 

May 1818, assumed eh. of Khandesh; "The Army 
of the Decean was broken up. ... General Hislop 
delivered over to the charge of Briggs fl.ll the forts 
and dependencies* ceded hy Holkar, and conquered 
from the Peshwa, north of the Godavery as far as the 
Satpnra mountains, and Briggs came under the 
orders of Moui itstuart Klphinstone, sole Commis- 
sioner of the Decean. The tract contained about 
19,000 square miles, comprising... the valley of the 
Goda-very, a well populated rogion, and Khandesh, 
scantily inhabited" 3 . 

By 1322, with soub asshtnn<:o, Brijigs completed 
avy. of his whole area, with valuable map which 
though by no means precise was best available 
■ [ 123-4, 3 8 3 1- A reduced copy 

1823, Resdt. at SatSra ; senr. member of Mysore Aduin. 

Ed.: 1S32- >, Kosdt. Nagpur. 

Auth. of Letters addressed to a young person 
London, 182S. 

BROWN, William. Ben.. Inf. 

b. 22-12-1795. d. unm. 11-9-45, 

on mil. service Sukkur, Sind. 
Ens. 5-6-15 ... BtMaj. 23-11-41. 
Son of Andrew Brown, writer, co. Ayr. 
Hodson, I ( 22S ). 

23-11-22, appd. Asst. Rev. Survr., Delhi [ Ijl, 
156, 332-3 1 1 17-11-28, Rev. Survr. SahSvanpnr 
[154, 156-8, 162-3,366,411—2]; 1828 to ButaLdBhahr. 
Led 'empt. Indian survrs. [ 380-90 ] ; investigated 
length of koss [ 164-5 i pi- *5 I- 

On Brev. Svy. till 1S44 [ 490 ] ; probably the most, 
capable of all the rev. sorvrs. in Upper Provinces, 
1822-1842 [pi, 2411.2], 

BROWNE, Bimie. Ben. Ait. 

b. 22-9-1796. &. Peshawar. 30-10-55. 
IVfcr. 14-3-17 ... Et. Col. 28-11-64, 

Son of Birnis. Browne of Leil.li, wi no- merchant, and 
CatVciii;; Grace his wife, dau. of Join L'sesv.-cli, of Northum- 
berland. 

m & John's. i":dsMlki-2-S-l I ' !iri-:tkna. 

cd. Addisoombo, lSia-5. Hodson, I ( 229 ). 

1818-22, PWI.Penang. 






22-1 1-22. appd. liev. Survr. ofN. Div., Mor.idii.liad 
[ ^54j 333 ] : Oct. 1824, Biiroiuso War, to mil. duty 
to Ca chirr [ 65, 151 ] : survd. Barak R. with Pembor- 
ton as asst. [494]; 19-8-25, to Burma, arriving 
Rangoon 20th Oct. 

With Ma em: susviL Irraw.iddy uo to Prirsasi [72 -3,370,474]. 
Grant reported from I'.-ome, S-l-ifi, '"Lieiiten.ant ISrOimo 
has,. .had of late very bad health. I doubt whether he will 
have an opportunitv of joining T.he army, 1 shall... en quire 

-i- 1 ■ ■ - 1. N'T I.: '■ ,il '.ill be di oo.scd to assist (dm in gat ting 

up to Tonr'OJ, shodd it be hi- ■■i-h to make the .-i-sfempi"-. 

The Tours sou trio '.vas riot UJ-ssiblo, hut after signature 
of peace, .Browne and M-lcihi .-urv-t.l, route across the Arakan 
Yomas from Padaunginyo to Taungup [3, 73]) he later 
reported to the SfJ. "that at the time 1 was ordered from 
Proroe I was necessitated to abandon, my baggiige, taking 
with me only a few things. The suddenness of my departure 
was such that I left my property at Pro me to tin; chance of 
finriirip its wav to lai- Pieddrnev. but all hopes of recovery 
are now at an eiid"=. 

Leaving Calcutta by river, 1-12-27 [ 490 ], Browne 
rejoined rev. svy. at Moradabad March 1827 [155], 
remaining in oil. for the next 15 yours [ pi. 24 n.3 ]. 

BURLTON, Philip Bowles. Ben. Art. 

"bapt. 18-12-03. kd. by Khasis. Khasi 
Hills, 5-4-29, nr. Nongkhlao. 
2/Lt. 19-12-20 ! Lient. 1-5-24. 

Son of Win. Birlion of Wvkin Hall, Leius. 1" Raven-stock 
Ho. Wilts. 

ed. Winchester: scholar ISIS : .Ada i scorn be, 1819-20. 

As J. xxviii (oSs,, 7;;2 ); Bin. Ob. j 375 ) ; DIB.; Hodson, 
I ( 3f>2 ) ; III ( 751 ). 

"Arrived in India at tin; 0:1 1 of ] S3 1 , and joined his regi- 
ment at Dum Dura. He and another snbakeru were sent up 
country in disgrace ffir..,Lnvii.i:i;: to the Mess the editor of a 
Calcutta journal, who was a persona rum grata with the 
authorities for the outspoken way in which he criticised 
pniilic policy in hiss journal. Bui I ton was sent to Assam, 
and on the outbreak of the Burmese war, was actively 
employed in the iiekl, and mentioned iu ne.s patches. On the 
terminal. ion of hostilities he demoted himself to.. .discovering 
the sources of (he liijriiirouoonir and [rrawnddy, and of solv- 
ing several iieograpiiioal qiresriens" 6 [434]. 

Jan. 1825, with Bedingfield [423] in advance on 
Rauiiiiiir ; siu'vd. oruirp.o of Brahm:ij intra, to Sadiya, 
taking section above Gauhati [ 3, 53~4 ]■ ffeb. 1826, 
up Dihang with Wilcox, wiio would have been "very 
glad to avail myself in any distant journey" of 
Burlton's "pormsiTiont assistance and Eociety"7. In 
subsequent nai'.f'utivo Wilcox descritius trip up Kharam 
R. s. of Brahmaktmd with BLLclton [ 514 ] ; 

"Here it nan often fou:ui necessary to open a passage up 
a shallow bv rej-io;"ia? stcnes fivmi the bottom. Oivr route 
while the boat; remained with 11s was generally through the 
jungles 011 the hank, but a survey of sorts was made, estimat- 
ino the distance by tine, and taking what bearings the 



ted. 



1.JMK 



With Wilfiox 011 second trip up Diiiang at end 
of Dec. 182S, roic-tjo.^ Pa 7 ;i vilhtqo "-jofore being 
turned hack by Abors. Wilcox liow confirmed in 
belief that main stream of Tsnng-po cams down 
Dihaag [ 56 ], 

S-l-26. 6 BDn, 221 






BURLTON 



April 1827, they started advei 

Irrawitddy near I.'tinio, from which they returned 
16th June eo.mplevi-ly ('siiru^lcil ' 60-2, 79; ]. Wilcox 
writes from Sadiya ; "RiirlUm has had returns of 
his ague, hut in the intervals of his fits he is well. 
He has kindly under taken to uri'.o from our journals. 
„. I have writ ton ajpiin rOHpisctm;; his services since 
ho joined me. ... The annoyance?... endured, with loss 
of health, ought to incline- lIlc Government to act 
more generously towards him than at present they 
seem inclined" 1 [349]. 

It is worth quoting farther from Undton'a vivid account 1 
[6a; pi. 7]; 

April loth. "Left Suddeyah. ... Took no servant a wit.a 
us, understand in:: from the onddcoya people ( who hold the 
physical powers of the Bi-n _-:■'.:.: -:(.- in groat contempt) that 
...they would either die On the road or be obliged to return". 

Up the "Sow Dihin^" in sma'd 1 I bullies id til light awnings 
which hardly protected them a;y;iust "heavy rain, or gales of 
wind. One of the latter paid us a. visit rather unexpectcdly 
when we were comfortably asleep" ami blew down their 
shelter. "We endeavoured to set it no again, but in vain. 
After shivering in the wind & rain for some time, with more 
the appearance of drowned rats than of Ollieers. and Gentle- 
men, we gave it up, ... an;] rest there wa> none for the remain- 
der of the night. We halted next clay to dry the rice & every 
other thing we had with us". ... 

"'27th. We nere ; unnse: 1 !iy the sound of a bird which is a 
■onriosity. ... For wntif of a better name it may be called the 
Bell Bird from the striking resombl..,!]cc it makes to the 
sound of a hell odliu,; ;>t a distance. On first hearing it we 
conceived it to be such. ... Wo had no opportunity of teeing 
it so a description cannot be giver.. ... 

"29th. ... A .-spot sa . pointed ont to us as much resorted 
to by deer & elephants for the white salt. ... Petroleum is 
alio found therpa. ... 

"May 1st. ... The Bridge, or Sakoo, is a very simple one, 
...and would answer remarkably well over any impassable 
river where expense voiiid ho a conside ration. It consists of 
two strong canes being stretched across, on which is suspended 
a basket or cradle. The passcn^.o' fits in this & by means 
of another cane S. by his ov.n e sort-ions he is puiiod across in 
perfect safety. 

"To a man 101 aeon, to mod to crossing, fc subject to be 
giddy, the sensation may lie rallier unpleasant should he look 
down on the water roaring beneath him. ... The distance 
across the narrowest part... was about SO yards, and from the 
opposite side a man was inaudible. 

\ Ke.re follows sketch of bridge, viver, ami hills]. 

"Our ponies were unable to cross, and the elephant 
suceee.de:! with much difficulty. 

"At the small and innospil.ible village of Ihishcelab it was 
with some difficulty that we procured n fowl for our dinner, 
their excuse being tin; impossibility of catching one. A 
double barrelled gnu was put .in requisition a.nd levelled Fit 
a fine "Dame biirtlett" |" t-ic ] with n brood of chickens. It 
■had the desired ell'eci. -a fowl was presented immediately. 

"2nd. Halted at Phogong. ... We met with much more 
attention at this place than at mv, of the other villages. ... 
The greater difficulties of our journey commence from this. 
'We have before us the pleasant prospect of 12 days journey 
■without the chance of seeing a village or a human being 
besides ourselves. Our coolies loaded with 12 seers* each, 
their own clothes, pots, Ac., can ratty little besides. Road 
or path there is none, the only persons who have travelled 
our intended route within the last two years being two 
Mishmees[6o]. ... 

"May 3rd. Started at 9 a.m. with an '' fetcrogen ; 

retinue. ..of Sing Pho's [ 54 n.2 ], Kampty's, Mishmees, 
Moolooks, Ka.mjt.utis. ,t r .i iiui'ia,:.,c, nil speaking a different 

l DDn. 214, 28-G-27. ! DDn. 224 ( 20-52 |, 4-7-27. > 

■'common in Shan Sfitos; their bite leaves local irritation for 5 
.leaves ; known so well to the 14th Armv, 1943-5. 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



language. The Assamese ( like the French in Europe ) is 
the aidvova! laneroago anion est the rude . ribes. ... 

"After crossing to the right hank of the Dulling, our path 
was a very difficult one up the river's side, hopping and 
jumping from one large boulder to another, and... climbing 
up and slipping down steep edits 0: sandstone. We saw 
during the day thin strata of coal, ... also a sycamore tree 
and two rather oorions cave-: in which the Mishmees beat 
about in the hops of gel ting i.ats for their dinner. ... 

"We were here for the first time tormented by Bam 'Dooms, 
poisonous flies which bite more severely than musquitos. 
The fly is not known in Assam or India, & appears to confine 
itself to the Mjsmee & : he adjacent mountainous country 5 . 
God forbid they should ever emigrate more westward, for as 
they make their attacks by day in thousands, they would 
prove a greater annoy anee titan .any pest at present known 
in India. Their bite causes a. blister which itches immoder- 
ately, ife the unforumat.e wretch who seoitclics gets a dreadful 
sore for his pains. 

"5th. ... At 4 p.m. we came up with the Meechmees, & 
found them cooking their rice and '[thing under the trunk of 
a tree "which had f.thvn. iSuppo.-j ng that wo hail at last 
reached our halting pla.ee. we eagerly enquired for water. 
In reply they pointed to :>. hole in the side of the. tree, ... and 
we then discoverer i that this '' Diamond of the Mountain", 
this old trunk, contained all the water we were to expect 
that day. The tree is torn up from its roots & it does not 
appear how it could collect water, unless from drippings of 
rain. Yet we were told that as it is emptied it gradually 
fills again. It held about hall' a hogshead* of bad water". 

[ Here follows sketch of fallen tree ]. 

"A number of our fowls had died, and we had only one For 
today's dinner. ... Our people, being knocked up &■ fatigued, 
did not arrive til! very late ; it was wdth much difficulty wo 
could this day get a hut' built to shelter us from the rain, 
which continued all the evening. 

"6th. ... The water in the tree scarcely sufficed for yester- 
day's dinner, & what remained in the morning was so smail 
a quajitity, &. in so dij tv a state, that wi- thunghb it advisable 
to march on till we reached better. After climbing over 
one more high peak, and round the tide, of another, we found 
a hollow... where water collected in small pools which sufficed 
for our morning's meal, after which ( the Lord be praised ) 
the Wanboo. ... 

"We passed nothing particular in our descent excepting 
a buck & fig tree — the latter producing very fine fruit— & 
some fine scented violets. We enjoyed a view of a long 
range of snowv mountains at ;io g-it.l- distance across the 
Dupha, & on reaching the hot loin i>e enti red to the right on a 
beautiful plain covered with short grass &fcrn, but of no great 
extent. ... Halted on the left bank of the Dnpha, at spot 
frequented hy hundreds of deer, elephants, and monkeys. 

"7th. ... The pass we surmounted is the termina- 
tion of the left branch of the Dupha. It is said 

that the water* flowing" to the west fall into the 
Helling, those to the eastward into the Tooiighaii, 
which we found to- he a river of considerable size. ... 
In the pass... Wilcox picked up what at first he 
conceived to be a curious specimen of quartz. It 
was the skull of some unfortunate wrotch who 
must have died a miso.rulili! litc'erini; death in 
the snow. ... 

"Two of Burlt-on's men lay down on the road 
to-day, knocked up by f.Uigno & fever, and refused 
bo move. To assist them wots impossible; carry" 
them we could not, even had we rice sufficient to 
enable people to bring them on. However melan- 
choly such n oirourtistonce, thfjy innsl. be left to their 



NOTES 



fate. ... Height of the- Koonghan about 9,782 feet 
above Suddeeyah 1 . 



"9th. He 



.vjn 



alltl 



A I i ;il t w 



desimble, to allow the two unfortunate k 
to- give rest to the whole party. Almost, every ma a if knocked 
up; fuelled feel, & dreadful sores the general complaint, &■ 
several men with fevers. Our rice however will not allow 
of it. ... Leeches and !hm !>or,ri!- sc;Lvee;y bearable : we once 
took the trouble to firuintti-.fi collections oi' about half an hour, 
anil 'A~! le'erdics were torn from one leg I ... 

"11th. Ha vi:i2 a loir.; inareii before us we started earlier 
than usual... i, re.'.chc.l our ;i;C;iif; pjaee- a Tier a til Ost fat.ifju.n-. .5 
march- at 4 p.m. The only people up with us were the 
guides & some of the ^inj Pho's, woo apiie;u' to stand hard' 
work better than the rest. ... The remainder of our people 
did not arrive till hi :.' a-r. night, and so me not till :ic_\t morning. 
... We got a Sir.iT I 'he to cook us ;■:«!'.-; rice which we ate with 
our hands &, drinking ..in and water out of the pot cover 
we did very well. Heavy rain all the evening and all night. 
Since crcsam- the Fuunpiifm v.e have been fortunate in pro. 
curing nhuitiiin '.eaves with w-hicli to build our hut. Wilcox 
{ aa well as the rest ) has been much annoyed by a sore 
foot. . 



"13th. ... We [eft, the Nam Sue;:' 
Namloii;!, which we found to be a rv 
apparently navigable 



junction with the 
) & 40 yards wide, 

marched a short 
the boulders. & occasionally knee-deep in the 
water. Afterward? ascended to a path thro' the jungle, 
mote abundant in leeches than any plaee hiUierlo seen. It 
is astonishine - thai, -her nrofn-.e bleedkii "-hey cause does not 
rt.duco the swollen foot, of onr people. All are more or less 
affected ■ caused chiefly by i,(-,s i Mm Uoom bites ], but some 
look as if thev had elephantiasis. ... 

"Kuriton was sieved with a i'evcr on today's march which 
stuck to him 3 hours. He attributed, it to the rice diet 
( which certainly does not agree with a I'huopcan ) & perhaps 

" In the eyening we were muck surmised by the arrival of 
One of the two men who stopped on the snowy mountains on 
the Slli instant. So reported the dcisl.h of his. c. imp anion & 
had himself been. ..four days without food or (ire. He had 
passed the other poo; 1 lad near- the spot wdiero we left him. ... 

"14th. Heavy rain all day. The path led along the 
right bunk of the' \aro.long oyer steep & slippery rooks. We 
were obliged to wade the river where it was. 100 yards broad, 
hip-deep, and the current vary strong, iiurltonhad his fever 
at the time very severely. Many of the people were unable 
from weakness to cross without assistance. ... 

"We reached a Ji no I look village, in the evening, and the 
sight of the houses in the plain. ..was pleasing in the extreme. 
...We were met near the viilagc by Kampty's 3 , who said 
they had been sent by the Rajah. ... They with great 
politeness procured us every thing th.-.i could he wished. ... 

"15th. Bni'lt.on's ague ft. I'e.vor came on much more 
severely than before. On bis account and the sickness of the 
whole party we halted for the day. ... We received the same 
mark <«f kind stlcritii.n from everyone. 

"10th. ... They hod never heard, even by report, of 
Europeans &'■ the crow,! attracted by our white faces &...the 
musical Snuff Box was immense*. ... In the evening the 
Rajah's two sons ft brother arrived to conduct us to the 
capita], Thev shewed some anvicty to knew whether we 
should esipouse either side in the quarrel existing between 
themselves and their neighbours". 

20th. Readied the -Shan capital, Mong- 8e. "As 
scarcely any of our people arrived till very late, 
the Heir Apparent... very kindly provided us with 
3 dinner from the royal kitchen. ft was served 
up d la mode Kampty, on Btirrnhan lacquered trays, 
and. numerous email china basins. The repast we 
found so excellent that we hinted we should not be 



9 BURLTON 

.sorry to dine from tin: 5fi.n1 -3 source during our stay. 
From that time forth 'we feasted sumptuously 
every day'. We were also provided with a supply 
of distilled liquor, vary much like whisky, but not 
quite so strong ; it wns very acceptable our own 
small stsick beit-L; nearly exhausted. 

"21st. ... The information, that the Irawaddy & 
Biurumpootei' iiuve their sources in close vicinity 
to each other Is derived from Moezoo Mishraees, and 
there is no reusuu to doubt their positive assurance. 
The distance... is... supposed to be about 10 days 
journey. Majestic peaks covared with perpetual 
snow are seen to the north. ... In the evening, for 
the first time for many days, two doubtful altitudes 
of stars were obtained by Wilcox, which gave the 
latitude of Maunehee 27° 23' 43" [61]. ... A dense 
crowd surrounded 1.1s the whole day & the Snuff 
Box- was kept in constant exercise. 

"22nd. Wiicox's foot so bad tb.it he with difficulty moved 
about. He was able, however, to vi.-dt the Chief .Priest ;.it 
his temple ; a tine old fellow who was much delighted with 
all he saw. The only ( ;uery put by him was whether orrR 
clergy took unto themselves -.vices. On being answered in 
the ali-rniativc, he set nil a nearly laujdi, .v- said he was much 
s car. dull/ 00 at sued an iTnj.i-ooer thing. ... 

"In the ovenhij »■: took advantage of :t requisition for 
i-hot-nutf Box.. .to i-\ I libit .in the house of the P,aj.drs brother. 
The women all as.se nib];..! I ( and an ugly set of thorn they were), 
plainly dressed, with their iiair tied up in .1 very high top- 
knot, which was'.'riianieiihil ■.-.- -brer .v. be;.. is. T lie P.ajiih'.s 
brother had the honour of heeding Ice Lions to-day, & in 
consequence we got not'::,inj nut greasy ■;»;;.: and oil cakes. 
Luckily wo were not fa stidirms. having 'left our prejudices on 
the Wanglun". 

23rd. Return visit to the ll.ija. "Mentioning our wish 
to see the Irawaddy he. ..made niuch of the danger. ... He 
would n"'t oonsen! t" our ■-.'■ 'big alone on ponies with amounted 
guide, bat miner than we siinuM he di.-i11pp5ini.ed he proposed 
our goinj in areal numbers by the ;-horl.e.s|-, route. & past the 
enemies' villages, miming; the risk of an attack. ... Of 
course the proposal was rejeoted by us. ... An inferior kind 
of dinner w:i? prenared tor us and we were pressed to remain 
a day or two at the vtllaqe. We declined, however, staying 
longer than one night, hi tie evening all the women assem- 
bled on a large mat spread 0:1 the turf to hear the Snuff B01 ; 
they were prettier than those we saw before, and looked 
piid.-iculafiv ele.-in ;uid decent. 

"24th. We rode off tit. mi curly hour, ncc'.'mpaniod 
by a mounted guide, ...and reached the Irawaddy 
in two hours. As we went n.i., a hard gallop whore 
the path allowed it. wo supposed the distance to be 12 
or 13 miles. ... We were surprised at the- small size 
of the river, it not being so. iai-rra ns the \ T ow Dehina- 
in Assam ; its bed sheh lt\\i <fe st-or.y, about- SO yards 
in breadth. ... It is irciieraiiy f(.ri:;al;le, and at the 
time not more than 4 feet deep. ... Our guides 
pointed out to us the direction of the sources of the 
two branches;, N'auiyii and Xamkioo, distant some 
40 miles in the mountains. 

"We rode back as fast as we cams ( Ther. 92" ), 
without seeing the much dread n,l enemy. We were 
not allowed, however, ...to pass the Eajah's village 
without stopping. Wo were hnilod by tho groat 
matt hiovsoif and, nolens vol.ens, we were treated 



of Hkamti Long. * My gramophone had 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



e knocked M 



.[age quit< 

e whole march, ,fc the distance 

o hills, the fatigue of an 



with wine and oil cako*, after which we went out 
to our old quarto:'* at Miiimchet;, somewhat. fatigued 
by the oppressive heat A" the most uncomfortable 
seat of the Kharapty saddle. ... 

25th. Attend woeldy mar!;!;:,, or Ha!. ' -".l.'li r- suffocating 
heat occasioned by the crowd w hieb surrounded us wherever 
we went brought back Button's lever. We were in hopes 
that the longer ,vt staid the n.uve! r.y would wear away & that 
we should enjoy a iittle quiet. On the contrary, crowds 
from all the country round came pouring in daily to see us 
' once before they died ' . 

"Wilcox paid a visit to the Homa ilajah to talk of our 
return. The old man promised a sufficient supply of rice 
ft an offer to pay for it- was rejected. He siiould be ashamed, 
he said, to use uior'.sy for anything of r.he kind. ... 

"27th. Wilcox excited the surprise o.i" the Khampty's by 
entirely taking 'o pieces the mnsloal Snuff ISox, ft explaining 
the nature ft use of each part ; it was then presonted to the 
Boorah Kajah. They appeared extremely ap:. in understand- 
ing mechanical apparatus, and understood porfootly tho 
sketoh of a Still, which they will no doubt put to 
good use 1 . 

"28th. Licni. Biivlkon being unwell, he started for the 
small village of ito;> intone to jet free from the rabble of 
Maunchee, & if possible enjoy a little quiet. He left at- 9 ; 
it commenced raining at 10 and continued the whole day. 
e walked without halting till f.j p.m., when he reached the 
"e had hi? fever on him nearly 
e being about 1$ miles, over 
aarch in hi-; siination may be 
wetter imagined than described. Wilcox remained at Mimn- 
chee, expecting a visit from the ilnjab", which did not take 
place. 

"29tb. Wilcox left Maunchee at S a.m. and joined Burlton 
at Roomtong after 9 hours march". 

Return. "May 31st. From this we return by the 
new road [6i ]. For the first tune had a chance of 
getting lunar distances, ... tho* not easily on account 
of tho numerous clouds. ... In. tho afternoon... stopped 
to obtain !!C|ii.al altil uue.-s of the sun. 

"June 1st. Halted to allow the villagers to cut 
our first day's road. From this wo shall see no 
other village till we have descended on the Assam 
side, some 11 or 12 days hence. The Dam Doom 
flies are here intolerable. It is wonderful how 
either custom, or patience, can enable people to 
live where they are. ... The sores on our hands from 
their bites am not yet healod, & tho lorsch bites on 
our feet appear to got worso, although it is more 
than a fortnight sine» wo roenivnd them. 

"2nd. An unrouc-'rnrA spectator would have laughed had 
he witnessed the scene a tittle before our departure. Burlton 
had only 3 men lefl to carry his tldiigs, ft the other coolies 
were in such a weak state that. [Key could carry little beyond 
their own 12 seers of rice. ... We were obliged to give &■ fling 
away almost everything we had with us ; iiw/ey' articles 
had gone many days before. ... Shot belts, powder, flints, 
ehvfciies, shoes, shaving &■ hair brushes ft.c, were to he had 
for the picking up : even soap. ..was cumbersome to carry. ... 

"We marched up tse r^gbt bank of the Namlong. ... We 
came to a wretched sort oi" a suspension cane bridge, over 
which Burlton ft some others crossed at the risk of their 
necks, & were nut pleased to bear thai, they had to return, 
the road not lying over it. The bridge was rotten & broken 
in many places, ft when in the middle it swung from one side 
to the other. ... It consisted of one oane to walk on, ft 
one on either hand to hold by, tbe whole supported ( hy 
means of ribs ) on two canes above. The breadth of the 
river about 90 yards across. 



[ Here follows Sketch ]. 

"From the bridge wo continued our course up theXamlong, 
over the boulders, crossing ft rocr.'ssu-.g the river, at times 
hip-deep. Si>w a walnut tree. ... Keeping re the banks of 
the river we escape:: nil leeches, out the confirmed wading 
rendered the march a disagree able one. The I>am Dooms 
are more numerous than ever at our ha'.fing place. By tying 
our trousers tight round the .■■ukies ft wrapping our hands 
in handkerchiefs we obtained a little peace. Shaving was 
impossible. 

"3rd. Rain on starting. We immediately started to 
ascend. Wo halted iiue in the afternoon at a dirty puddle 
of rainwater, scarcely drink-able, after a long and fatiguing 
march ascending rlurinj; The whole day. ... The Sing i'hos. 
guides, and five of s.he i>uddeeyah party ( out of 24 ) were all 
that arrived at the soot that day. We were in consequence 
put to our shifts for bo in a dinner and a bod. Hunger taught 
us expedients for the one, ft fatigue prevented our feeling 
the loss of the other. Our friends the Sir,;; Pho's gave us a 
pot of rice which we managed to gel rid of very easily, altho' 
unprovided with plaits, spoonB, &c. 

"4th. By 8 a.m. the whole of our party in the rear 
(except 4) had arrived, ami wo nrjairi continued our steep 
ascent, and soon left behind us all "forest i.rees. ... At 12 we 
saw above us the -now we bad to reach. ... From a command- 
ing point, where the view hack and around us would have 
been beautiful, ive looked down on a white floating mass of 
mist and cloud 2 . 

"The snow first readied lay here and therein patches, ... 
but as we approached the siimnni . v. Inch we gained by 2 p.m., 
we found it in largo beds... which were some of them about 
12 feet deep. The summit of tbe mountain, which is about 
11,382 feet above Snddeeyah, is a tableland, on which our 
Mishmee guides lost themselves from tbe loss of their cuts 
on the trees. ... The Mishmee s at iasi- found their old marks, 
& we descended by the Foonghan It., from its very source. 
It was covered by tbe snow a long way down, and we walked 
over it. hearing tin; river rolling under our feet with great 
violence. ... 

"We were obliged to stop at last where, from the wantof 
leaves and jungle, no skelter was to be had. ... The ground, 
too, was a perfect swamp from the thawing of the snow. ... 
What little wood was procurable was quite wet and rotten, 
and it was with great difficulty we managed at last to light 
a fire. Our beds, ... a rug and rezai [quilt] each, had 
luokily arrived, and by tying «?' ,l; e fiiimii above our heads, 
and wrapping ourselves in the latter, we got a little shelter 
from the. rain and after getting another meal from our 
friends we managed to sleep, ... but it was without exception 
the most wretched ft- miserable night we had passed. 

"The rest of the party, wrapping themselves in their 
scanty clothing, pa=sed the night round the fires. 

5th. Obliged to remain at our uncomfortable situation on 
account of the number of men who were unable to coTt^uerthe 
snowy mountain yesterday". Throe men were sent to bring 
them in, and found i bom bewildered by the many tracks left 
by the main party. "One poor fellow who bad exerted him- 
self till late in the evening.. .had passed the night alone on the 
very summit without food or fire. By 10 o'clock tho whole 
of thelaggers had arrived with the exception of i men. ... 

"June fith. Leaving the Fhunga.uk to our left, 
we mounted tho ridge which looks down on both 
east & west. ... Turning to our left, wo crossed 
several small heights, and anon found ourselves in 
our old path at the top of the Foongan pass. ... In 
addition to sore throat and a bad cold, Burlton was 
again attacked by fever. We found all the snow 
which we passed on our former route melted, & 
halted early at the huts we built on the 7th May ; 
having thus made in 4 marches by tbe upper road 
what took us 7 by the other". 



'distilling liquor 



1 fan 



r fe:i 



of Ibirn 



hills and valley 



NOTES 



They now followed (heir old rout,-, recognizing the old 
landmarks. "On the right bank of the Dehjng...we were 
here tormented by a rLi.-'.v pest hi the sliavio of curious species 
of oator-idlar which cither hi:., stunt-, or scratched ( we could 
not determine, which ) most severely. Those beasts, with 
bnmble bees, :,ntj, Dam Dooms, leeches, and mosquitos, 
prevented our sleep-onr, and from having so lately eome from 
the cold region of snow, felt the heat most oppressive. ... 
Burlton did not close his eves during the night, & Wilcox 
was in nearly as inipiii : .c:i( u situation. ... 

"11th. Off in the rain. Some difficulty in crossing the 
Dehing on ba4 rafts. Wilcox was upset, but being a good 
swimmer he got safely on shove, with a ■ioublc barrei'd ■iim 
in one hand and a spear in the other. Pushed on, crossed 
the D.ipha l>y the crr.ule suspension bridge, & halted late at 
Koomkoo, liavulg made two o!' our former marches. ... 

"13th. Could □.■:'>'. rot.ii't; by the ruad we came, the .IJelung 
not being fordablc. We reached Siisra in the afternoon, and 
-were agreeably suipri^-1 to ii-i:i tins Gaum had not drunk the 
beer formerly left at his village. Here end all our troubles 
from marching, uai.ihi.L;, rjioibing, -lipping & killing, and 






alio. 



:.::, Dam Poori 



,.nd i'lc-. 



,uga, 



tioks, et id genua omne. The only difiieulty 

remaining is in passing the rapids. 

"14th. Got our r!iu;;ys into the river & mado them 
safer, fastening bamboos to their sides. The river rose so 
much to-day thai, the Jihic; 1'ho's said it would be very dan- 
gerous our "attempting to go down the rapids. .Not much 
liking thfi looks of it ourselves, find tue weather continuing 
unfavonra I :.;,-■. we remained at the village. 

"15th. The river still lii.^h iv- very ncusterous; neverthe- 
less we moved off at 9 a.m. ; the first 4 or 5 rapids were eo 
bad that we got out and lowered t ne. diniiys. Wc then went, 
off and almost slew down the remaining rayiids, the water 
coming in at the how, &■ fairly sweeping the whole length of 
some of the dingys. In 3 hours we went a distance which 
took us font days going up. It was laughable to observe 
our Mishmee guides: being no 'water birds' and unable to 

to be upset. Passed an ajieumfhrtjihif: night jn our dingys ; 
it rained heavily and our chappaks 1 leaked. 

"June 16th. 'Arrived at Suddeeyah" s [ 6i ]. 

During cold weather 1S27-S, Burlton was emp. 
under Scott on svy. of route over Khasi Hills via 
Jaint.ia, improvini' fbou.vvilis ami building occasional 
bridges [ 64, 51.5 ]. It: March 1S29, lie took sick leave 
with Bedingfiold to the newly built sanatorium at 
Xongkhlao. "Thfi KLhiisia Hills were first visited by 
Europeans in 1828. In return lor permission given to 
the Rajah of Nungklao to rent certain lands formerly 
held by him in Assam, tb« Kluisis ^imscrited. to a road 
Ixiiiia: made through their hills to unite Assam and 
Sylhct, and a sanatorium established at Xungklao. 

"This good ttnders tan ding w^, however, speedily- 
undermined by the insolent sr.ooehes and behaviour 
of the. ..employees working on the road. The 
simple hill-mers were told they won id soon be sub- 
jected to taxes. A general conspiracy was formed 
anion:? them to exterminate Ihe Tmw-oomers, and on 
4th April 1820 the KhasitLs murderer! fhoiits. Bcding-_ 
field and Burlton, the only two British officers at 
Nungklao, with all their followers. A long and 
harras-s Lag lull warfare commenced. ... It was not 
until January 1833 that the Nungklao Chief sur- 



1 Grass mat aheltc 
•Movie*, JI'.OS. I, IK32 ■; ihlih-ol }. 
( 161-2 >. 



his friend's faro, defended ihe house ossisteij by a few sepoys 
of the Assam Lisjhr Infantry and his servants, and held out 
in gallant style lor a day and 11 night, until the house was 
setonGre, when they s/illl-r .1 out mid, ■■:;,■ Loping up a constant 
firo, kept the savages off; until a dreadful shower of rain 
coming on wetted their anirnvuution and rendered their fire- 

"The small party then dispersed, a. fcv>- of those who took 
shelter in the jungles escaped, but Burlton and an European 
writer ("Bowman), having both kept the pathway, were 
immediately massacred. Tj;c for tier was in ;lie act of extract- 
ing an arrow from his wrist ■-i-hen he was cut down, being in 
an exhaust ed state from the immense 1- s ei'l ions he bad made, 
ana Ins previous ill-health "« [ 64, 44B J, 

BURNES, Alexander. Bo. Inf. , 

b. 16-5-05. Assassinated. Kabul, 

2-11-41. 
Ens. 6-8-21 ... Bt. Major 23-7-39. 

Son of James IVnrmis., Writer to i.he Signet & Provost of 
Mon'.rosO: Ids sister .fane 111. James Htdiw.d L4*>2]. 

ed. Montrose Academy. Ki. Bach. 1838. 

DSB.; DIB.; Ency. Brit.; Bokhara-; t'wrt of Hindi; 
Indian Officers ; J'ivneers in Indi-.i ; Oriental Club. 

1823, Persian Interpreter at Surat ; 1825, daqmg. 
Cutch ; svys. and maps, Cutoh & Sind 5 [ 128, 131 ] ; 
1828, aqmo. and assb. to Besdt., Henry Pottinger 
[ II, 437—8 ]. His bro.. Dr. James Burnes, Refldcy. 
Surg, at Cutch at same time, was auth. of Narrative 
of a visit to the- Court uf Stride, which, included map 
of Alexander's, with amendments [ 131 ] 8 . 

"Dr. James Burnes... went to Hyderabad in 1827 to 
prescribe for one of those princes, and established himself 
on the best of tonus with the whole family by swallowing 
draught for draught and pill for pill witli his illustrious 

Early 1828 to Deesa, and with Holland in 1830 
traversed s. and W. Rajputana with intention of 
exploring Indus from north [ 132 ] B . RecnJled from 
Jaisalmer to lead mission to Kanjit Singh at Lahore, 
taking gift- of horses from Kin™ feorjro of England, 
the start of a career of adventure and exploration 
beyond sw, frontiers [452. 4 35 -7> 5 o8 L 

Thomas Jervis ( 34 ] claims to have instructed Burnes "in 
all the preparatory essentials of Geography". 

BTJUNEY, Henry. Ben. Inf. 

b. Calcutta, 27-2-1792. d. at sea, 
4-3-45, on voyage to England ; mi., 
S- Park St. cem. 
Ens. 30-8-0$ ... Lt Col, 17-1-34. 
Son of Ricbd. Thus. Bumey and Jane Ross 1 
related toPanny Bum,-,-, novelist ( 1752-1R40 ], DNB. 

m., TV.naiiL-.'llO. G IS, .Janet-, nieoe of J. A. Banner 
Govr.'of i'WL ; she was 1st cousin of wife ofFrcdk. Danger- 
field [433]. 

Hodson, V (2o7i; The Bi'rnw f.rr,^, printed by order 
of the Vaiiranana Nut. Lib., IianV:ok, vol. I (740). 

1816-20, at PWI. ; 1821-2, with Crawfurd'3 
mission to Cochin China. 1824, with asstce. of Geo. 
Gibson [71,453-4] compiled map of Burma, Siara 
and Cochin China [ 79 ]. for which, with one of Burma 
on a larger scale, [ 298 ] he was granted reward of 
Rs. 5,000°. 

DDn 224(20-52) 4-7-27 *R2 Frontier ( 24 J. »Se» OB. (375), HO. Mapa, Uk. 

-mlr 3 ( 12) 'P^r with map, JRGS. IV, 1834 ( 88-129 ). «IREC. Delhi 1948 






BURNS 



1825, PA. Siamese States ; Dsc. 1820, suco. Craw-, 
furd as Envoy at Ava 1 [437]. 
BURNS, William Niool. Mad. Inf. 
b. &-4-r?81. d. 21-2-72. 

EnS. 7-2-11 ... Maj. 31-2-35; ret. 19-1^3, as 
LtCol. ; Hon. Col. 38-11-6*. 
3rd sou oi Robca" .bums, the ooet. and Jean Armour his 
wife; Ltd. t,u J. G. Bucks, Ben. Inf. j 17111-1865 ). 
July 1813, MHI. el. VII ( II, 321 ). 

Maratba War, ISI7-9, rout..! 5vv ; „. P.-rar S KiiLaiilwih, 
with Ilyderailad S'.ibsy. Force : DDn. 246 ( 111 ), 23-2-20. 

BURR, Frederick William. Nizam's service, 
d. 19-4-33, Khammaniet, Hyderabad. 

Lieut. & Adjt, 2r,d Batt, Russell's Brio., IS20-l[34l]. 

nat. son, of mixed blood, of Lt, Col. Chas. Barton Burr, 
CE. Bo. Inf.; possibly identical with F. W. Burr, free 
mariner, Bombay, 1813 s . 

18.17, with 1st I'.al.t. at Ihiiidiiur, 21-12-17. 

Ci-.it™. II (172 |. 

On Henry Rmtsell's depariure from Hyderabad, Burr was 
left in oh. of his colla. of reaps ineludir.;; Burr's own svy. 
of liars li, et.c. ; in lelif-'i- dated b.. dam in, '2'.) -21, Burr refused 
to pass those latter' ki Tbos. Hill [117]. 

Sapidicd maps of Nf/am's iioiuioi.ins, including tiis own 
route svys., for Henry Adams' Map of llahraahta [ 281 J. 

BUXTON, Be-ntley. Ben. Engra. 

b. 26-9-1796. d., Singapore, 28-2-25. 
Ens. 25-4-17 ... Lieut. 1-B-1S. 

Son oi Thos. BenLlcv and Ainie Buxton, of M. Amcrkii. 

ed. Addiscombe, 1811-4. 

Hodsnn, I ( 270 >. 

1815-6, svv. coarse with Trig. Svy. o[ Gt. Britain ; bgo. 
27-9-16, to svy. Dum Dum cant. 

BR-O. 24-4-18, to svy. Ciittack, Orissa [ II, 23-3 ; 
III, ii7-9, 290 I : lia-.l more than two vein's strenuous 
work in a difficult, unhealthy, country, with but a 
few weeks visit to Calcutta. ''Hasten here" writes 
Mackenzie, 25-7-19 3 , "I shall be glad to see you. 
Yon will have one of the (most establishments to sat 
off with next year ; two Madras, two Calcutta, 
assistants, fine young lads" [ 361, 47S ]. 

Closed field svy. Feb. 1821, SG. writing; "Lieute- 
nant Buxton as an abio and zealous officer, and was 
usefully and actively ivmpkiycd,.. mi til February last, 
when he was ai-cacker.! by sickness, and he is still 
suffering from ill health, probably in consequence 
of exposure and fatigue"*. Buxton's work later 
won the cordial approval of [dial severe critic George 
Everest, as beins "founded on principles analagous 
to those of t 'ho Oreal: T r if. ".in o metrical Survey" 6 . 

ETC. 19-10- 21. a.ojxi. l-j siiixi. completion of Customs ilo., 
Calcutta ; 1822-3, Bkmr.. Ghu/iour : ISi'S, Asst. Supt. Pub. 
iiirihlh-js. Lower 'Pro re. ; 3-1 -U, have on me. 

Govt. Gr.z. 2-5 25; d. at house of J. A. Masweli 8 , Singa- 
pore "He visited China at the. do?" of last year for the 
benefit of his ]ic;l!i.1i, :wu< r«!.:i:-n f !,! 1.0 t,;-,is settlement in a very 
dangerous state on 19th February". 

CAMPBELL, Andrew Mitchell. Mad. Cav. 
b. 10-3-17913. d., 15-9-50 " of unsound 
mind. " 

Corn. 7-fi-ll ... Capt, 23-9-30; ret. 1-7-3S, with 
rank of Major. 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



SonofWm. Campholl. of Fiitfiokt. 

My ,1813, Mill. ol. VII [II, 321 1 1 mo. 11-11-16, fc, ' 

svy. passes in A'LCpur territory [ 84 ]. 

18S3-7, in Ki!'.'i.ii-.J. , pcrmit-cil to return to India, 1-3-37 ■ 
"of infirm health, with very weals voice and eyesight, due to 

CAMPBELL, John. Bo. Inf. 
b. Oct. 1803. d. 20-3-S4. 
Ens. 2S-2-20 .„ ret. as Capt. 12-8-31. 

Son of Cit-pt. Colin Campbell, RN. 

22-8-22 appd. Asst. Survr. "Decean Sw, bat "at an early 
period of his field duties lias been ;o ill "as to bo compelled 
to proceed to the sea coast for the bcucrii of his iica'|M,"7 
1-12-32, reported as "qualified to perforin all his duties aa 
surveyor ", and fit to drew stair allowances; 1-3-24, Asst 
faurvr. 1st ol. [ 125 n.12 ]. 

Nov. 1824, leave to Unhand on mc, sailed in ch of 3 
invalids, 10-12-24, rotiirr.uig Bombay 25-1-27. 

CAMPBELL, Neil. Bo. Inf. 

bapt. 8-10-01. d. Paris, 10-10-56. 
Lieut. 23-5-18 ... LtCol. 1S-8-47; Bt. Col.28-11-64-. 

iide, comdr. Ahma, i.ini'.a. ] S5,i ; ;\i.-l. 19-7-56 
nut. son of Col. Campbell, oi .to. service. 
in., Haroda, IS 2-30. Elizabeth I'olle.iien, widow 
BoGO. 26-5-20, appd. Ass;, Survr-., Docean Svy. r „, 

11.12]; Aug. 1S2G, 1.AQHG. iialwa I'M. Force ; 30-5-35^ dqhq., 

1st Afghan War, 1839-41; ad. maps by Bo. survrs.; B to 
CD. Ml., 2-3-42, "claims to lie considered one of the 
authorities of the man of Afghanistan ; his name to be 
inserted in next edition". 

mbio. 190 (9), sd. plan and panorama shewing bridges 
across Incus at buitkiir, fir cru.-hi;/ l, v aranv on li- i > 'HI 

QMG-, Bombay, 27-2-10 ; 3 years furl., 2-11-50. 

CHALLES, George. Bo. Inf. 

bapt. 21-10-1782. d. Bombay, 9-11-2S. 
Ens. I5-4S-02 ... Capt. S-12-18. 

:ind Cassandra Linl 
) of Sussex. 

1818, Svy. of passes, Ohandur Bazar 8 to Ajanta ; 
routes to & from Poona [352]; Dee. 1818, appd! 
Asst. Survr., Deecan Svy., as "an officer of great 
zeal and merit" [ 125 ] ; MBIO. 124 ( 15 ), Svy. of 
part of S. Konkan. 

July 1820, tr. to svy. of Satara, Sutherland report- 
ing that his " indefatigab lp exertions have contri- 
buted so much to the advancement of the map" of 
the Deecan 9 [ 126, 171, 281 ]. 

After starting the Satara rev. svy., Challen handed over 
to AdiLDis [ 344, 4 3J ], and tiW coradd. Pioneers till death. 

CHEAPE, John [ II, 385 ]. Ben. Engra 
b. 5-10-1792. d. 30-3-75. 
Ens. 3-11-09 ... MGen. 20-6-54; 1 
Gen. 1866; Col. Comdt. Engrs. 
Son of John Cheape, of Rosaie, Co. Fife, and Elisabeth 



. 1857 ; 



a, 5- 3-35, -\r-ii-lia 1-Vitiij.-.;-, dan of T J" 
Chichely Plowden, BCS., widow of G. M. Batten, bcs., 
whom he divorced 1841. 

m., 2nd, Agnes Maepheraon. 

ed. RMA. V.'oolwi'ili. GCB. 1865. 

DXB. ; DIB. ; Thackeray ( 6 ) ; Hodson, I ( 335-6 ). 

bgo. 13-8-& H-lt^-14, appd. to svy. Chittagong 
"Dist., continued without interruption by Nepal War 

'ocrte on Pftgaa, JASB. IV <S35 (400-4). *EIR. 1314. >DDn. 156 (133). *DDn. 196 ( 8S ), 15-EM-I iBBn 
i (US), 10-1-31. Mas. ±\.xi. jlaswc.il b. 1777: Bo. Med. 17-!)-1534 ; Crasfoi'd's Hull I 32s i ' ■ ill, vir I37-r-J-'i 

Jl-7 ), 1-2-24. < 15 m. E. of Elhchpur, pi. 17. " Bo MC. 12-7-20. 13, /«^ 



CRAWFORD 



117 ] ; completed i 



[II, 19; ni, 11-2 

Mackenzie report in_ 

"Ayonn? officer, Limit. Cheapc of ividneers, his solicited 
my goi;(i word f,r the assisti::its:ori, in case Lieut. Hyde had 
been provided for in Sumatra [402], and I really was 
impressed with. ..the excel lent... map of the province of 
Chittagong. ... 

"Mr. Hyde's return has cancelled it in a manner, and... 
>tr. Chcapc has employment in (.he field, where he has sent, mc 
specimens... that, evince some capacity for those light and 
oau prekeiisivc sketches that are so useful oa field service. 
For regular aiappia™ arid ur a ■.-in cial di.-l.:ols he has shewn his 
talent. Whether duly qualified fur the more abstruse parts 
of survey I have hud no opportunity oi" seeing"'. 

Again, to Thomas Wood; "Wh.it is become of your 
friend. Cheape ? I feci interested for that young man.... His 
map.. -of Cr.itl.i-.gorig is tin: best I have gut here" ! . 

MRio. Misc. '21 0-17; panoramic view of Ohi:tn.c.on« Kill.-, 
with autograph. 

Vlaratha War, 1 SIS-SI, with Si >(., Asst, Fd Enzr. 2nd 
Bde. ; at siejro of Asirs.irh, (i-4-19 [ 83 J. 

27-2-23, appd. ASG. in succession to Herbert 
{ 309 ] ; Oct, 1823, to S. Chittagong to svy. frontier 
with. Arakan, remaining on mil. duty after out- 
break of Burmese war [ 67] ; nominated, 8-4-2d, Fd. 
Knjrr. with army to Rangoon ; ! 2-6-24, thanked in 
00. for service nt cupturo of "Kemmondiue stockade ; 
BGO. 16-2-25 ; four mo. leave to Calcutta. 

22-9-25, resumed appt. as ASG. ; bgo. 30-9-25, 
appd. to svy. and report, on state of new Jagannath 
road; Feb. 1826, tr. from Survey to pwo„ afc 
Jlidmtpore 3 [ 301, 310, 496]. 

Ben Regr. 4 (10), TJee. 1S29, svy. of road, Hoogbly to 
liiirdvvaii : vil'.io. 16 i :7> i, Vifluaijore to J'islieiipur. 

Distinguished mil. rafi« ; siege of Jbilf.au, ISiS, with 
rank of Brie. ; 2nd Burmese War, 1So2, comdg. Ben. Dir., 
and comd:'. force from Oct. ; CH. at end of campaign. 

COLYIN, John [ II, 39 1 1- Ben - Engrs. 
b. 20-8-1794. d. 27-4-71.- 

Ens. 15-9-10 ... I.t Col. 20-4^-35 ; ret. 4-9-39. 
■ Sou of Thus. Coli- hi, mc reliant of Qlaacow. 
m., Ludlow, Salop, 27 2-3S, Josephine Paget, dau. of 
Capt. Joseph Baker. RX. 
I'd. Addiseombe, 1S09-10. 

Hodson, 1 ( 36 S -f! ). Ork.W.ni C!„h. Sandra, II ( 4 ). 
Nov. 1S1». Fd Ihtfr. with D'A 11 v crane's fur.je Hgnhisr. 
Sanger, CI., survi;. r.rca near Tcrowah' .: Riic. M-fi-lB ( 41 ). 
on repair und a iter a tj. a is to H'ansi furl-: Mariitlia War, Oct.- 
Xov. 1813. survd. route of Brig. Arnold's force on Bhuttee 
frontier [ 24]. 

BGO. 1S-S- -'■.'■, to svy. the ancient canal in Mariana I.Hst. ; 
ib 9_g_2l ajiijd. Siipt, of Canals, I). Mil. iiom Wept. 1820 in 
succession to Bia:u: | "II, 3K3 ; III, 24]. Handed over to 
liichd. Ticked, July le'-l ; lHJO-y, on svy. and reconstruction 
Feroitshiih canal; It'll, resumed snpt. as Silpt. till ret.; 
Ilisioiy fif Cfs.riii.ls 1 i.t 11. 3 I ; map;, mkio. UiO ( 25-7), JASB. 
II, 1833 ( 10o). Collections of fossils, ib. V, 1,836(179-84). 

CONNER. Peter Eyre 5 [II, 391]. Mad. Inf. 

b. 5-8-1789. d., Hyderabad, 29-4-21, 

unra. 

Ens. 28-2-07 ... Capt. 3-11-20. 
Son of John Connor ( sic ), of eo. Donegal. 

June 1807, Jiai., el. ITI [11, 3^° 1 ; 1810, Goa 
Svy. ; 1811, reverted to unit ; 1813, joined Gar Hug's 

L D0n. 154 ( 21 ), 12-9-1S. 

name from Mad. Wills, 1821. «- 
"Markham ( 10). 



svy. of Sonda [ II, 158-9 ; in, 94, 97 |. 

jipc. 8-12-15, appd. to c.h. Coorg Svv. "07,33^,408, 
474]; 22-12-17, joined Ward at Quiloti on Travancore 
Svy. [ 4, 109-10, 511 ], According to Riddell "mora 
of a man of the world than Ward" [ 408 ]. 

On •', - ■ .-• J. .' . * o .. ..- vd cb. of Hyderabad Svy.. 
and replied. 2H-6-2U : " W i b - mitten a few lines. I am 



fcheor 



a fact, i 



' dntii 









irling; 



t being required f have too much postponed the 
study. I am not aware of the duties to be performed 
in the Hyderabad survey. ... As for the ordinary ones of 
:be department, I feel all the disposition. ..to prosecute 
them with advantage, and. ..long practnc will... have taught 
...their performance. 

'•Ward's inclinations would not lead him northward. ... 
As for my own, iny first wish is ;l clismpague country, or 
rather I mosi dc rue cute a feverish one. I have latterly been 
nappy enouidi to recover much of my usual health, and... 
::ol entirely rid of ray Sounda fever, from the- eiieei^ of which 
( suffered for three or four year.-, most sovereiv" 6 . 

Ward added j "T <Io not. bcsitr.t.r- in proposing that my 
friend Courier be nniininted to sueened. His superior qualili- 
catioos entitle him to it, as I am sure he will do every 
justice in furlberiinj- the labours of his late friend. ... In 3 
months or less he will. ..complete foe uapcrs nor! plans of this 
survey" 7 [ 340-1, 350, 390]. 

On match from Cociiiii to Minimis in Jan. 1821, 
Conner's party ran into a cholera -stricken patch 
[401 ]. They moved on to Hyderabad at the end 
of Feb., hut soon after his arrival Conner was 
taken seriously ill, and Jloi.intford reported that he 
had "arrived ut rf.ydorabad on the llth ultimo, 
but in so indifferent a .state of health as not to admit 
of his making uiiy an-aii^oiTierits for oonim enc-ina tin- 
survey. .His complaint (a dysenlf-ry ! h;td yielded 
to the treatment of his medieal attendants, when 
a fever came on which baffled all their efforts, and 
terminated his esvistsriee on the 29th ultimo" 8 
[117-S, 341, 40.]. 

CRAWFORD, John. Bo. Mar. d. 10-11-43. 

Mdpn. 6-9-02 ... Senr. Capt. 3-4-28. 

Jhiriiicse War. I S2j, coniii.g. svv. skip. Re.-'.'trch on Arakan 
coast ; obsns. of bt, ; LS27. " Captain Craw iord, tlie midship- 
man whose 7.eal...'.vitii Lord Vniontia liari been rewarded 
by a grant of Its. 200 i If, 302, .yia ";, surveyed part of the 
coast of Arakan in a hired brig [70, 1S1, 199]. John 
Crawford, in lus Embassy to Avn, spesks in the highest 
terms of Captain C;;'.wford's surveying \vork" B [ 434]. 

Low, II (10): '"only 'ess distinuuished as a surveyor 
than Capt. Eons f a.->9 I'liad worthy ot heiog ranked with 
McCluer and Court [ I, 355 ; II, 3 gi-a ]. 

CRAWFURD, John. Ben. Med. 
b. 11-7-1783. d. 11-5-68. 

Asst, Sur^. 24-5-03; mil. service, nw. India; to PWI. 

1S08 ; 1,311-7, poh.-hitv.Tava j 11. yk> j ■ ISJ.7-20 furl; 1K21-3, 
Embassy to Sia:n i". Coel-.in-Chin.a ; [S2:l-(i, A.liuinistrater, 
Singapore: IS2G-7, Coronr., Pegu: 1827, Embassy to Ava. 



i,I(S 



5 Ml 



CRISP 

Srjli of Dr. S,1>:i!1!:1 Cl'ilntuMl, !'l'-y>L- 

m., let, Miss Robertson, lost at se 

m„ 2nd i 1S20. Horntia, dan. of .Tunics t'erry ; she d. 1855. 

cd. Edinburgh. 

IfRS. 7-5-18 :h'RO*., VP. 1S6CI. 

DNB.; DIB. .- C'rJii'.ford : Crawford's '-iif. : Oriental Chih- 
RGS. Progs. XII. 1868 ( 2." ' " ' 

Not a svn-vr., but ej 
in Burma & Far East. 

BGO. 5-1 0-21. appd. AGG. fur mission to Fur East, which 
sailed Oct. on p:i\. and commercial a'W.s; took Barney as 
asst. [431 ] and .l)ii!i;.;i:ri['.-!il .!•, uoollicial diiivr. 1 [ 2(17, 435-6 |. 
".Mr. Cruwfurd, the author of a ivork 011 the Indian Archi- 
pelago, was alxn.i'. to It employed he The JL'.vquis of Hastings 
un a mission of a very hnportaot oauuc as regards the corn, 
mercial into rests of I his coontry. its ohjeet is to explore the 
coasts of Siant nod Cochio (.'Linn, to ascertain iv.-ji irately the 
productions of each inhabited ilistriet. ... It was his intou- 
tion, in the first instance, In proceed to..,Si:i.L r i\-yoi'e" a . 

J.lurnie.so War, after an!, of B-ruisli army at Rangoon in 
May 1821, Graivfunl reedd. Hiilis!, occupation of Toyoy & 
Toiias.seriiii, as link ivit.li Jhihiy States & Pecan g 1 . His memo, 
with map passed to 3G. 

.March 182b", after treaty of Y.iiubbo ■ 70 ] appd. Civ. 
Comnr. Pegu [75 n.i, 7S ] ; on 31st. left Rangoon with Capl. 
.Stnddc-rt, sso., and <:x\<h reil Mrii.i'r.uein P.. to Martabati. On 
6th April "at 12 o'clock tlie ceremony of hoisting the British 
flag and fixing too -lite of rhe ton 11. ..took place. ... The new 
ton 11 and liarhour wvtl: called Arnliorst. [ -;.;, 456]. ... 

"Eyery morning since oar arrival Capt. Stnddart. was 
employed. ..iu examining and soundhii t.hi' harbour and its 
epjiioaciics. On. afternoon of Sth we fin it-ted the new harbour 
011 our return to Rangoon, arriving l.hel'o on 10th April 4 . 

Sept. 1826, on mission to Ava which led to est. of Envoy 
there [78, 432, 437]. Jan. IK27. revisited Amherst, the 
journey from Rangoon, ebon: I i.H.i in., ! a king exactly 24 hours. 
'"Here we found Lying the Government survey irsfi ship Investi- 
gator, with Captain K-oss, the Surveyor General [ 17]'. 

Auth. of Journal nf H:nb<t*ti)j...to Court of Ava, 
which contains map by John Walker "of the Admi- 
ralty", from material- largely supplied by Crawfurd, 
who acknowledges work of Thomas Wood, Thomas 
Fisher, John Crawford of the Marine, Burl ton, 
Wilcox and Pervibortoii " c [ 05 ri.12, 79, 433, 494]. 

Auth. of Uistnru nf th: Indian Ardiiprlagn, pub. 1820, 
3 yols. ; and D'.:.r).p!.i.v?. Oicti-junnj :>f tin: Indian Islands 1 
1856; was liccn linguist and lending supporter of the 
Ethnological Soe. after ret, ; auth, of Malay Grammar tfc 
Dictionary. 

CRISP, John Henry. Mad. Inf. 

B b. 27-8-89. d!" Calcutta, 22-4-70. 
Lieut. 17-7-05 ... Maj. 2-9-32 ; inv. 1-4-33. 

;h Crisp ( 176-1-lSH ). ecs. [II, 31n.11]; 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



1 1S10 ! 31-8-09, advised to sign loyalty t. 



fill Mnn.ii 

314 !*• 

MGO. S-l-19, to Europe on mc ; arrd, England without 
wife 6-9-19; returner] alV-dtas with. wife, landing 16-6-21. 

MFC. 22-1-22, "appd. to conduct, under the superin- 
tendence of the lion. Company's; As;:or:omer [191], the 
operations of (he party preceding to the west coast of 
Sumatra for... de-term icing toe length of the Pendulum at 
the Equator" [255] 10 . 

Sailing 13-3 -22 to Fort Marlborough, or Benkulon, the 
party obstl. on a iLOLO-'.iy isiary.i between Jan. andMareh 1823 
and wore back at Madras in Juno. During the expn. "a 
detachment of troops from fort MaTiboriKiidi, comma ruled hv 
Capt. Crisp, has, with the assistance of .some friendly native 
Chiefs, taken a- small fort to the northward of the settlement, 
which was occupied by a- refractory rajah" 11 . 

With a claim for special aliccs. for stay in .Sumatra, Crisp 
submitted "document* in proof of ray having been in com- 
mand of the troops and station of Hencoolen, and of the 
northern settlements of Sumatra, without. ..emoluments. ... 
The ae company ii.rr letter from. ..tin- late Resident nt Nattal 
will, I trust, satisfy. ..that the duties. ..under his orders were 
...zealously discharged ; yer. for the period of & year I was 

L ceipt of any allowance except the 

t- s.ilowiince and the bnhginL: monev 



Lrri['lo', r CL.-. 
differei ' 



ithi.-iL! the ci 



Hyderabad Svy. 



. 25-7-23, to eh. of the 
Yoting [5, 118-9, 20S, 
342, 41S ]. boo. 8-7-25, granted 2 mo. leave to 
visit Preadcy., writing to SG., l-S-25, ."If an 
assistant officer to this .survey had boon appointed, ... 
I might have been spared the more readily for a 
month or two from my duties here. ... 

"The- opportuuiiy offers of proceeding to Calcutta by the 
ship upon which inv Bister- in -liny is a passenger 13 . If there- 
fore yon should eonceivo that my aorvicea here might, without 
detriment, lie dispenseci with for a short time, it would he. a 
great benefit that what 1 propose should be .-iuliruiUed to a 
practical test in Calcutta. 

"I am this day starriuj; for Minims to receive my sister- 
in-law, who comes 0:1 the V/illiaru 31ile.., Captain Beadle " ,J . 

The matter to be put to test was a methotl of 
finding longitude "from a few altitudes of the 
moon", which Crisp claimed to liave discovered 
himself; "extremely sirnplo when once the different 
data are prepared, the tnuible being to reduce 
those no their givitu^t possible exactness" [ 191 ]. 

I fis proposals (i! ted witii tho Sij.'w wish to Siiinmon 
him to Calcutta to assemble the svy. records in 
methodical order [ 11S-0, j, and before returning from 
Calcutta, he submitted "a Treatise which I have 
just published upon the methods of determining 
terrestial longitudes by the right ascensions of the 
Moon 15 ; and. . .tender it to the countenance and 
patronage of tho Supreme Government. ... I am not 
aware that in this branch of astronomy there is 
any work of .such generi-il scape, inul such simple 



his sister Elizahefh iMaigaret m, John I'oinbclle ( 176 

m., pr. England ISIU-^t), Lavinia Coustantia; eld. son 
b. 22-9-21. Of" their children, the ysl„ Emily Meikle, 
m. liaiiii-mr. took probate of lie; father's will, 1870. 

March 1810, BMt, ol. VI [ II, 3^1 ]■ 

mco. 1805 : : '_Mr, John Crisp. ...particularly assiduous in 
the study of the ilinrioostanee language, ...to be ensign 
from 17th May 1305, and to he Lieutenant from the same 
date". JiGO. 16-2-uSi ienee to Bengal for 6 mo. 

.nine. 10-3-09, lioniic.'ded for juir. in place of officers 
removed for insubordination [ J.l, 3T.1, 320 ], hut did not join 

1 DDn. 198 ( 1 ), 38-0-31. 'As J. XIII, April 1 822 (405); XVIII, Oct. 1824 ( 37S ) ; XIX, Jan. 1826 ( IS }. 'DBe. 

230 M. 414. J Crilwfurd.[I[8S). ! lb. (59). B ih. ( 1G2-3 ). 'HMW. .Hi. 5 irom Hen. l-ieel. { 4;li.i ). bspt. Calcutta Jul v 
1701 ; Cad. PP hSO-t .;:?:ii.ij .nves h. Aug. 17SS ; hapt. 2-1-1 L-88. ■'fardew, ansM. <- < 205. letter 25 j. '• Wusun, \\~, J. ( 259 ) E. 
"Ben. Harkaru. 0-1-21 ; quotert by As J. XVIII ( 86 j. "DDn. 201 ( 210 ),"ii-7-2o. " Xo iiro. h:-li;g knovrn, the sister-in-law 
was pr. his wife's ii.--ln. 1, :;.-iiiiv ... - 1 ■- of :iis If-' I -i ■•',■- 0.1 sse'i'iers in Sir E iiira;-.i t'ir'j.-" ■■.. i.'.iiouita 1 _M:s. DaviiUoi- : .Miss Hagar ; Miss 
Adair; Miss C. Adam. "DDn. 20S ( 177), 1-8-25. ls GBO. Lib. Ei-95. '*IH)n. 147 (364-6), 26-1-27. 



He .■Sidled from ".Madras 10 ll-2o, rendu ill; Qilouiut 
24th. For the nest year actofl as ASQ. in addition 
to his work on the Hyderabad records [ 309-10, 321, 
376 ]. He then K,sk.fs<l to sta-y for an extra month ' : as 



DANGERFIELD 



dceTavlorfigl]. 

In 1354 Waugh writes Mint "Major Crisp, now on tt 
invalid Establishment ;it Madras, ...wis a scientific ar 
able officer". 

CROMMELIN, James Ardea. Ben. Engrs. 
b. Calcutta, 2-2-01. d. 30-1-93. 











2-1-34 ; 




1-1-43 ; 


Hon 


Lt 


nl. 2H-i'i 


4. 








Hods-:!], 


( 415 1. 










Burmos 


Wa 


, Arakan, 




placed 11 




-jrdcrs. of 


Pi-iialch [i> 




; :■■■,-! ± 


!>. !si.V 


with Wrong ht 


n eurvd. 








:y „■■]:.-, 


on map 


du 


ng rams 


[6S-70, :c' 




40^. O-t. 








. towards 


Tjiuiilju t ■ 
"I have no 










O 


=»! leave; 
any been 


■■•■[ 


























•'s office. 












a ho 


se of my 




and the c 










I have not 


nad 


any prog 


es.s in 1 1 


map" 1 . 






fieri S'-gr 




29, J" 1; 


a'l siy; 


, Calcutt 




k---ore A 


Krisieiaiiar 


1834. 










CE. Luc 




1850. 











CRUTKSHANK, James. [11,393]- Bo. Inf. 
b. 24-4-17SS. d. 29-11-53. 

Ens. 14-9-04 ... Maj. 25-5-39 ; ret. 30-4-31. 

Son of John Crinlodiani;, clerk hi Navy Office, and Barbara 
Sot her' ond his wife: cousin to .lames Sutherland, Eo. Inf. 
[ II, 443-5 ; III, 50.1 ] ; sisler, Clu-isr.iana T.™ia, m. Henry 
Adam- ; II. ^76:111,422]. 

m., Camber well, 15-11-38, E;i-/.». King Josephine, dan. 
of Joseph Bothamley. 

"Under SG. from July 1808 ; 1809-10, on W. Gujarat 
Svy. [11,171-2]; "very valuable" route svys. n. 
Konkan ; from I SI I, A sat. Sitrvr. on Broach Rev. Svy. 
[II, 188]; from 1820, in oh. rev. svy. in Gujarat, 
(jovfsring Surar, Kaira, and Ahmad a bad dists. [ 128, 
170 ]. On depart -ore of Williams, Nov. 1821, held 
on. of Gujarat rev. svys. till closed down in 1S29, 
when he took furl. [6, 129, 170-1, 281, 322-3, 343, 
3831 

CULLEN, William. Mad. Art. 

b. 17-5-1785. d. Cochin, 1-10-62*. 

Lieut. 21-6-03 ... Lt Gen. 1 1-1 1-5 



Son of Archibald Cullen, barr. 
ed. RMA. Woolwich. 



grot 



Loty, . 



□ other 



er, and I'iiiella Sinclair 



!S[2( 



CUNINGHAM, William. Mad. Inf. 
b. 1793. d. 1837. 
Ens. 29-6-10 ... Capt. 11-10-2S. 
nat. son of Sir Wm. Cuningham [ -Fairlie ], of Auchns- 
keir.ii, 6th bart., and Janet Young. 

July 1815, Mill., c.]. IX [ II, 321 ]; 20-10- 20, appd. Survr. 

»EBa. 147(356) 30-11-26. * MMC. 24-4-27 ; DDn. 184 ( 413 ). 3 DDn. 213 ( 99, 117 ), 3-2 & 20-9-26. Kiotton 
(90S). 'Ben Oh. i 307/1 b9. H. S ) s Coia corr. 5 9-33 'DD-i' 2S9 I I'M -3 i, 17-11-34. e Fi' («(.')■ Comd. Paper 153, 

7-3-48. *B Bird: A. R. 1853. "Thcs. Corsckis, So. Inl., Lieut. 1791 ; M Gen. 1837; CB. 



CURXIX, John. Company's astronomer at 
Bombay. d. July 1S49. 

Appd. Astr. toEIC. 13-9-23: arrd. Bombay 1323; clism 
under order of CD to Bo. 21-5-28. 

in., 1st, Catharine, who d„ Calcutta 10-7-44, in her 52nd 
year ; mi. RC. Catb 6 . 

ra„ 2nd., Caii-riUii. 31-5— 15, Ellen Goulding, w-id., dau. 
■:,f I'vj v.-. Seymour. 

Appd. on reedn. of Henrv Colebrooke | T[, 3S6 1, bcint. 
re^lt. of Halifax Si,, Mile End, London. 

After ari'i. Bombay, 1S23, supervised design and 
constrfictii.ni of Colaba ol.isy,, (rat protested that little 
touid he done with ir-sis. provided. On fn-sh iusts. 
behig sent out, returned them to London, with 
report that "teems with invectives, and imputes 
motives. ..for which there- is no shadow of a, founda- 
tion". The Dire;- tors ordered ids dismissal [ 192 ]. 

The only fruit of his prof, -work is contained in 
two papers on .subject of moon-colmiiiating stars, 
pub. by RAS. [ 192 n.6 ]. 

Though offered free passage to Eniilar.d. he preferred to 
move to Calcutta, and in ls32 appd. Asst. Assay Waster, 
Mint 4 : succs. James l'iinse;.> as Assay M.astcr in 1^3S. 

Tn 1S34, had trouble Willi Do Penning regarding loan of 
i fists, from s(io. for ob.sn. of Oppo-.ition of Wars. Everest 
protested against the loan, and eoiui-.elleu Do Penning "to 
have no verbal discussion with Mr. Cumin — to say as little 
to him — and every other man you meet with in life whom 
Tim find, fjiinrrelsome — as you can pjs.sibU 1 ' manage'. 

Member of RAS. i'rorii 1327, and of ASB. alter arrl. 
Calcutta; J ASB. 111. 1M>. I S3 1 \ 9-i 3 ;, ■'CatnloKoe of stars 
to be observed with the rnnon in March ft April 1S34. 
J ASB. VIII. June 1839 (033 1. C'.irnin prohibits his asst. 
"from devoting any portion of his iioie to maintaining 
meteorological o user various at the Mint." 

Distressed by d-r.iay in «i-jir:;.ir;f,; iraahlical.ioii cert, at Mint, 
■' and. ..so inioort i jnate...tl:.a' it '.'.as no longer withheld". 

CD to India, Pin. 13, of 1-7-46 (11-2); "After tha 
repeated acts of iiisiibordiuaT.i.011 of which Mr. Cvirnio has 
been guilty, terminated by misconduct so inexcusable, ... 
his removal from lee oi'!ee...is indispensable. You will 
accordingly relieve him fi oni the do'.ies". Handed over at 
Mir.r 27 S -SO. and rep-.-rted aril. London 1 12-46=. 

Appears to have returned to Cak-utta to become clerk to 
Sir Lawrence Peel, (.:..[ . i'rorn IS 12, Calcutta High Court'. 

RAS ( ran ). XI. 15 2-31, records death, winch occurred 
at Calcutta, July 1S49. His executor, 1849-50, was Mrs. 
Ellen Cumin. Death is at same period recorded in Calcutta 
of Mr. Jeremiah Cumin. Miss Cumin, "an infant", sailed 
from Calcutta for Suez, 7-1-54. 

DANGERFIELD, Frederick. Bo. Inf. 

b. 25-S-1789. d. Indore, 6-12-28 ; MI. 

Ens. 20-6-05 ... Capt. 19-2-20. 

Son of Thomas D'.ngcrlield, of London and Mary Anne 
:.... ■,.:■■ his wife. 

m„ Fenang, i l-a-23, ilurv Diuue Ba:ioci'man, dau, of 
J. A. Bnnnerman, late Govr. PWI. ; 1st cous. to wife of 
Henry Burne.y [ 431 ] ; had 2 sons in Mad. army. 

bmo. 20-S-09 i Si) j. being on leave Irom Bombay on me., 
allov.cd leave to Europe on mc. 

MarSthaWar, 1S17-S; ■■vii-h fd. d'U-. ariderLbCol. Corsclhs^. 

From Hay 1818, on svy. in Malwn under Malcolm 
who refers to his excellent work ; " 



DABDEL( L ) 4 

not limited to hi- noodriato surveys ;-i:id to objects of 
science. He furnish ed many valuable papers on 

statistical subjects, particularly regarding the Bheels. 
[I, 126; III, I 23 I" 1 . 

mbio. m 309, 401 ; fdbks. of routo through Udai- 
pur, etc., with exeoliono sketches. unJ obsns. for 
lat. [ i8i ; pi. 9 ]■ 

Deo. 1H19, appd. to svy. opium pro:.! nation in Malwa, 
(illins; up gaps i:i earlier -vy., with geol. an:.! statistical svj, 
[267% Nov. 182i>. Malcolm reports that "the state of 
thai- valuable oilicer's health renders him quite unequal Id 
oontimie in (Jib active dutie.s of T.he S'irvey Depart mant. 
lie will spend one or two mc-nths ojmpieting the map"-. 

For his svy. Daiiireriitl L had " directed astronomical ins- 
truments, philosophical arid cbc:ruea! apparatus, cabinets of 
geological speci:.ue:i •, and t:c- hi I est and [110=1: authentic works 
M (.(-i-.orid science, to ho sent to him from England. These 
have all arrived too' mi fortunately too Late for the present 
survey. ... Cost amounts to nearly 6,000 rupees" 3 . 

Granted 9 mo. leave fro us 1 2— :.S-2 1 for sea voyage on mc. ; 
arrsr. Calcutta April, joins] (: raw find's mission to 5iam 
and Cochin China-', which sailed in Oct., and returned in 
IS23 [218, 267, 431, 434 ]. Married at Penang in May. 
Before his start it was arranged that he should curry 
out a, geol. svy. in the ffimlLlaya, instead of Malwa, but 
possibly in vieiv of this marriage he preibired to return t 
opium dept. in Malwa, a;ui in Feb. 1323 Herber 
to the Himalaya in !iis place : ib'A, 457 ]. 

I $■>.?,, appd. .Di.'p. Opium A.^c'it. Maiwa, He appears to 
have had fmanciii I diiiiculties later, foe Mitleolm writes; 
"Yon are not an old man ; yon have rank. You have diifi- 
cnltios ; these yon will overcome. Who are without them 
in this life? T wish I could give yon better comfort, but... 
you and Mrs. Daugeri-ehl should submit, to every privation 
to pay your debts, for it is them alone will make yon 
miserable" 5 . 

DARDEL( L ), James Colin. Mad. Inf. 

b. 17-12-04. d. Anudapuram, 2-5-31, 
"of jungle fever", mi. Seeunderabad. 

Ens. 29-9-2-1 ... Lieut. 8-9-26. 
Son of Jacques Francois Daniel! 6 (1773-1805), Bo. 
Engrs. [II, 393] and Petronolla Margaret-Ian Vanspall his, 



BIOGRAPHICAL 






1813-4, Survr. with force under Lt Col. Dowse in S 

Deccan f II, 166]. 

B Pol C. 9-11-16 ( 25 ), Elphinstone, Resdt. at 
Poona, asks for bis services ;w survr., reporting that 
"Mr. Davies hail furnished 111a with a copy of bis 
Memoir, & has also given mo much valuable informa- 
tion regarding the south of the Paishwa's country, 
and the principality of S a want Warree 9 . Air. 
Davies'a surveys & enquiries have been, conducted 
with great zeal and intelligence". 

Davies could not be immediately spared, and 
Elphinstone writes, 2S-1-17 ; "The services of an 
officer of science being just now urgently required for 
...the erection of the works. ..of defence through the- 
Ghauts, I have rt'quo.ster.i Colonel Doveton [83-4] to- 
send Lieut. Davies to Atirni'iLiiibad. where lie will be 
employed on that duty by Capt. Sydenham 8 . ... 
Lieut. Davie= will combine an attention to the objects. 
pointed out by the Surveyor General with the execu- 
tion of the immediate duty on which he is about to- 
be employed. When. -the works in the Ghauts shall 
be completed, ...Lieut. Davies might be very use- 
fully employed in the manner recommended" 10 . 

Mackenzie later reports that "on Incut. Davies' arrival at 
Aurangabad he states that he has no instruments. He wa» 
soon after taken ill of a fever, a:i:l obliged to retire from... 
the defence works u:i the Ghauts, an;; on tl'Jth April states 
that the reason of his not applying for mst currents from tha 
stores of the forces [ was ] that thsy H'erc ad si.njilt, & observes 
that they ought to he under the cars of those that.. .could 
take care of them. ... I sent him a sestant & artificial 
hori/.on, which he received on 5th June. 

"The troubles-... broke out soon after, commencing with 
2,000 M'.ihrattas in the vicinitv of Aurangabad a few days 
before the 29th April r aud follows; bv | the investment of 
Poouali by our forces 0:1 the Sth May'[ 1817 ]"«. 

Military operations against pina'aris : l ■ i .- L Marathas rapidly 
developed, and llidriell reports i-i August ; "Lieut. Davis ia 
anxiously awaiting to receive your instructions. Olipuant 12 
is placed under him on survey, and wishes much to have an 
as-i-t.-i.Til sun ever also at inched to him. 

"The object of his survey is the attainment of a topo- 
graphical knowledge of the country in the vicinity of the 
Adjuntah ranges of hills ; 3s , principal; y to the southward 
of them, as it is in thai part... it ia io -.ended to have moveables 
columns of light troops for the defence of the Nizam's 
Territories ■:■,■! lie acivar.fi [rig of our force. 

"Ho wants a theodolite, a circumfercntor, and two 
plane tables. 1 infon-ied him of the imn -..-■-,: h i 1 i ty of sendiu" 
an Assistant to him, 1,".;- props-sod si: paying him with ins- 
trument by the fi.rat opportunity " ia . 

Again, a mooUi later, "Lieut. Davies. ..expects about IO 
officers to be employ cd 00 route surveying under him during 
the advance of the Army. He wishes to be put in General 
Orders as Surveyor t the i-'orse. ami to have tliejdlowances" 14 . 
He was granted tho allce. whilst "under the orders of the 
Political Agent in Berar, i'ebruary to October 1817" [ 350 j. 

From Nov. 1S17 Davies beciMne seidor Ilii'.r. with Dove- 
ton's column, recruiting SO Europeans and SO Pioneers 
as Slippers & .Miners 10 , with whom I.e. performed valiant 
service till his dear.]], fie wea wounded in the attack 
on Nagpur, 24-12-17. Hiddell writes: "You have, no 
doubt, heard of Davies '■y.y.na si;ot thi-o' th.o body at Nagpore. 
He had declared the breach practicable .'; a storminir party 
was ordered. At the hear! of the Sappers & Miners ha 

1 Malcolm (oppx., 310-3). ? DDn. 145 ( 551 ), 19-11-30. 'from Malcolm, 10-2-21; DI>n. 19! ( 101-8). 'Cochin 

China, capital line, included '"sii'dsodia. capiio.l Saigim. ar.d I'onkin, ,::,,. ir.iil Hanoi. 'HMH. 734 I n-tij ), 31-M-82. "from 

birth cert. ; origiii-u form probabiv Dacdeh '00 m. I'!, ef Nasi!;. " VVarree, pis. ],iM. B Geo. Sydenham, PA. in Berar 

[I 387]. "DDn. 1421 oil ), 2<l-i-17. U MR10. if SGI, 3! -7-17, •- James Oliril-uini [ d. 1SH1 ): _M:id. Lngrs. Ens. 1R14; ret. 
asMoj. ISaSj U Col. 18M; Chmn., E1C. IS64. 13 DDn. 151 (13-7), 3-S-17. >Hh. (31), 8-9-17. "Lake (18). 



OoftrjH, TT ( 72). 

mpc. 2-10-29, appd.Asst.Stn 

Died whilst out on svy., leav 

DAVIDSON, David, 
b. 22-11-04. d. 

Ens. c. 1820 ... Col. 

Son of Dr. James Davidsi 

Ob.irlotte John.stone hi= wife. 

m., Bombay, 12-7-47, 
Furuiiharsoil, Eo-CS. 

1. 21-10-2-1, appd. .' 



Hyderabad Svy. [ 1 ] 

Bo. Inf. 



■zo]. 



Not 



oComi 



DAVIES, Thomas [ II 
b. 7-11-1789. K 



i3 ]. Mad. Engrs. 
in action, 18-5-18, 
Malogaon, Deccan 7 . 
Ens. 10-11-09 ... Lient. 0-4-11-10. 
Son of Thomas it ml Margaret. Davies. of Co. Denbigh, Wide.-.. 



J DE PENNING 

Oriental Club. 

Burmese War; OC. 22nd mni. writes, 13-11-25, "Lieut, 
D' Montmorency of ;ho Qnariermsster GetferaVs Department, 
who conducted my maia-b. disalayee, much gallantry and 
zeal in this affair, being almost constant.lv in advance under 
tiio oiR'mv's fire" 4 . 

With Crawford's mission to Ava [ 78, 434 ]. 

Jan.. 1827, app-d. aast. to Grant, who writes that 
"this oflicor was employed rlor-hii; trie late war in 
the Department, of the Qui.'.rLev.m.i.ster General, and 
from my own k: K.>o.d.odse of hi- '[iLulilieations, I am 
well Kj-ttisfiiid lie will do full justice to the choice" 8 . 
De Montmorency vvori.ed under Grant in Amherst 
Dist. [ 76-7,455 ] till 1.S2S, whoo. he returned to "Upper 
Burma, and was emp. by Blimey on svy. up the 
Chindwin to link with Pemberton on the Maniptir 
front lor |" 78 ], uftor which he returned to Moulmeiil 
but was not again emp. on svy, 

DE PENNING, Joshua [ II, 394-5 ]■ Sub-Assfc. 
b. Chingteput, 9-8-1784. d. Calcutta, 
30-3-45. 

Appce. 21-6-1108; Sub-Asst. O-H-05 ; resd. 1-2-24; 

reappd. to eh. Computing Office, Calcutta, 1831, serving till 

Hon of Peter lie i'ennmg. serial, of Mad. Art., who m., 
24-7-1 780, Marie Sic.-, of Tom one bar & Pondicherry. 

\ nat. son, Joseph, born before i'.is marriage, was appd. 
Sub-A^t. GTS., 1 -7"-21 ' ; i7 9 ho]. 

m., I'ondiehcrrv, IS-fi -10, Marie ilyponfte Gill, by whom 
he had 14 children, of whom George Alfred, b. 1830, had 
sons conducting business as I'at.ont Agents in Calcutta in 
1845. In 1841 he had ''7 unmarried daughters and 4 sons, 
all imornvided for" [471-3]. 

Aug. 1800, joined Lambton'sj svy. ; from 1812 to 
1818, emp. largely on trgn., including that of the 
great merl. are [ II, 247-8 ; III, 223-4. 234. 251, 259, 
373, 378.pl. 18 n. ], keeping tip sin interesting journal 
[II, 24711.4] from which the following further 
passages may be quoted ; 

"Tn June [ lKlfi "1, we removed to the cantonments at 
Secumloiabed, i: took possession of a house belonging to 
Lt Col. Lambton, which lie iisd iiic. goodness to let us have. 
Messrs. Oliiver and 1 toss en rode also entered the new house 
which the Colonel bad. ..to built: at his own expense. 

"The French Gat-dons' will lie ever dear to me from the 
length of time I had resided in it; its I'oniani.ic situation, 
h-,< above all font! its having given Irtiii to 3 of my children, 
and where, ... through the bounty t.f niv .Maker, 1 enjoyed 
a lasting peace w t.fniKjnilifv in the besom of my dear family 
for the space of 3 years and 9 months neatly, ...notwith- 
standing the damn rutustion of the house T orcupiod which, 
from its bciiisr in a 1™ soot surrounded with uatldy ground, 
was dnrmc: the monsoon & cold weather subject to humid 
exhalations, while water was constantly oozing nut from 
the flooring, the lower part of the walls being also damp 
...rendered the place cxtrctn-.rly disagrees hie for half the year. 

"I'rom the time of my arrival at the cantonment to the 
end of Oetobur, we remained in quiet possession of our new 
house, being untie; orders to lake the Held on another expedi- 
tion to the south [ 227, -,-i, 401 |. ... 

"My tittle son was taken ill of the dyser.tory, the first 
aymtoins of which made it- appearance at the Gardens. In 
a short time, whether owing to the change of air or the 
natnral course of the distemper, the child became seriously 
ill, and we despaired of its recovery. On the day we supposed 

■( 1792-1830/2); m. dau. of John Goldingham [11,402]; auth. of Sif.ie* of Shi Madri-< Army. a Lake ( 18-118, 
■naxnm 1- ob anoi-a iri.-.n GO. GG in C, 26-9-18. = Colin Wo,. MeXsir bad sou G re Cory, b. LS:« 3. sect, at Outaea. 

mund lilt I • ■ i ! 217 |63) & 221 (211) 

10-2-27. 'so called after troops comdd. by Kiymor.d, disbanded 1798 [I, 117]; occupied by Lambton 1815-8. 



NOTES 4 

demo; 1st rate:.! that, he was light by going over the breach. He 
discovered the A tabs not pre oared, but he retimed ris he tms 
not followed. He asain ■.vent with Mr. Hell of tho [Blanks] 
& it'juin retired r.n cneeairsge and bring on the party. It 
was in vain ; while harammiiiK them, Mr. lie!! was killed. &■ 
he [Davies] fell shot, thrnngb the body. ... The [ Blanks] 
are universally accused of having behaved ill. The above 
is the substance of a letter from Davica" [ 49S ]. 

Davies did not apparently get on with Blocker, who, in 
his Memoir refers t._> bin! as " ptl.11ls.r1t ", an epithet, that is 
strongly challenged by Edward Lobs' ; " Lieutenant Davies 
certainly possessed great firmness ao;i decision, and when 
called upon as the Conimaodmy Engineer of the Division 
to giv~e his opinion on paints of duty, lie did so with that 
plain speaking and energy whieh chars cterised his manly 
and ardent mind ; but assuredly no man was less deserving 
of the ira plied r-aproach of want, of temper or manner. ... 

''This officer has scarcely left his equal behind him in 
zeal, perseverance, and activity. .11 is whole soul was devoted 
to the service. In the preser.ee of an enemy he almost denied 
himac-lf the ncecssary support of 'food and. sleep. No 
difficulty seemed to appal him, and he carried the plans he 
had formed into execution with a courage and perseverance 
whieh deserved success if they could not always command 
it. When not actively employed, ins time was entirely given 
up to the study of bis profession, and to the instruction 
of his little body of tappers and Miners. 

"His brother officers of the Corps of Engineers have 
detc-rtiincd to erect- a monument to his memory"!. 

In will, dated 10-12-17, left property "to be equally 
dieidod amongst mv brothers x- sisters, except Es. 1,000 to 
my servant Frederick— tne young bov whom I brought with 
me from Bourbon"— to be seat to his native island. Also 
bequeathed 300 Hyderabad ruuees to his apprentice Colin 
McNairS. 

DE BUDE, Henry. Ben. Engrs. 

b. 3-11-1800. d. Calcutta, 8-11-43. 

Ens. 1-9-18 ... Maj. 31-3-40. 

Son of LtGen, Jacob De Bude and Mary Lambert hi3 
wife. 

m., 1st., Meet/of, 12-7-25, Mary Anne— ; 2nd., Miss J. A. 
Royle; 3rd,., Calcutta, 14-4-43, Margaret, dau. of Leith 
Alexander Davidson [ 470 n.3]. 

Hodson, I ( 38-7 ). 

BOO. 11-3-20, to svv. [■OilflKashipur to A. mora. 1322-3, 
Nov. 1828, svy. of daab canal Muz off am agar to Aligarh 
[24] 1 . BumiWar, 1824-5. 

1833, comdg. S & M. Delhi. 

DE L'HOSTE, Edward Paterson. Bo. Inf. 
bapt. 13-8-03. d. 19-7-76. 

Ena 21-2-24 ... ret. as Bt. Maj., 1-10-52 ; 
Hon. Lt. Col. 28-11-54. 

Soil of Brig. Gen. Solomon he Trieste and Sophia Caroline 
Deatrac. 

BoOto Sou. 1(174-83); 182! 
later with Qitra.'s dept. [ 426 ]. 

DE MONTMORENCY, Hervey Francis. 
Mad. Cav. 

b. 20-7-02. d. 8-8-83. Colombea, 

nr. Paris. 

Lieut. 29-7-20 ... ret. a-s Capt. 17-10-32. 

Son of Lt.Col. Reyinond Hervey lie Montmorency , 

originally Morres, 13th i'.t. DriLgnons, of Trisi, peerage family 

Moontm'orres. : bro tn Beytnond Hervey De M., Ben. Inf., 



rvd. XarbadaR. [123]; 



DE PENNING 



gradually recovered". 

De Penning was in the field again on the s. borders 
of the Nizam's country during Nov. and Dec. 1818, 
[8, 227] but remained at, hdqrs. during Lambton's 
absence in Calcutta [ 228 J, completing the work 
round Kurnool during 1820-1 [ 232 J, Whilst out on 
trgn. he received instms. from l.iimhtoa every three 
or four days, those of 28—1 —21 reading ; 

"I received yours (com Dimnaraui last, evening when I 
was sluing down to (line, and 1 am much grj.tifi.tiiL to rind 
that you succeeded so veil I in choosing a station. With 
respect to you:- bringing 1:1 I he wk :■[•:■ earn .1— if it be absolutely 
necessary, do 30- -but it strikes me tlnd- it. will be the cause 
of delay, and I wish you to proceed to the north as quick 
as possible, as the iiLmiwiihert: will suoil get su hazy as to 
prevent your seeing above ten miles. 

"The sick at all events tan be brought in ami exchanged 
without dctainluc you here. and you can take the observing 
tent that belongs to tbe great theodolite. You will do 
right in sending forward parlies to clear the jungle, but I 
do not intend you should go as far north as Guekole, but 
that you will connect that station by intersection. ... You 
need not look so far as the Godavery. ... I wish to have 
you all back again as soon as possible, tbat- ™e may get on 
with the General Report "' [ 237-9 ]. 

In 1821, whilst. .Lambton inarched north to measure" 
his base at Takarkhera in Berar, De Penning con- 
tinued the Great Arc to within fiO miles of Ellichpur, 
work being then held up by sickness [ 8, 232 ]. The 
following year Lit ju lit cm broke op hdqrs. at Hydera- 
bad, and marched his whole est., excepting those 
on dett. with Everest, to form new hdqrs. at 
Nagpur. De Penning appears to have sent wife and 
family to PondieheiTv before this illdatod march, but 
was himself with Lamb ton at his death at Hingan- 
ghat. He sent the sad news to Everest the next day, 
and marched the whole camp on to Nagpur, where 
they arrd. 28-1-23 [236, 247, 255, pi. 18"]. 

Though now the senior GTS. officer on the spot, 
De Penning was unable to withstand the forceful 
assumption of authority by Asst. Surg. Morton, 
whom Lambton had appd. executor of his private 
estate, and who proceeded to sell by auction at 
Nagpur, not only all the great man's private pro- 
perty, but a number of Govt, articles as well. De 
Penning warned Everest that Morton "intends to 
hasten the sale of the Colonel's effects, so that I 
fear it will take place before I am favoured with 
any instructions From you, especially concerning the 
Circular Instrument [257, 259 ]. In the event, ... 
I intsrid taking it up at >ny own risk"*. 

it's reply was insistent that everything 



b be don 






dealt by, ... 
the effects is 



and that. 
; "These.,.! 



i BIOGRAPHICAL 1 

But De Penning was not of the stuff to play a strong 

band on his own, and Everest's wbi[> arrived too late to atop "| 
the un' iiiu'ly sale, from which De Penning boicibt- fur himself 
the uortciv.: which his family sold to the Department in 
I ISO- , J&7 |. and a clock 1 which was keep-in:; excellent rime 
in 1<)IJ8 [ 260 n.5 ;. This clock wns used by" De Penning i T1 
the SCO. obsv. after In'iii for regulating the time signals 
marie from Ft. William. 

He was not anxious to stay on with the survey 
under the new conditions, and there appears to 
have been little sympathy between him and Everest. 
His young family was increasing in numbers, and the 
extension of the avy. through the hOls and forests 
of L'eritral India did not promise much for the 
comforts of family life. He writes to Everest from 
Nagpur ; 

"You have always manifested a sincere regard for every 
one of us, and, ...should it be my lot io continue en the ■ 
survey, I shall make it my cu:.v to merit a com iruuinee of 
year esteem. ... But. ..my health will not permit me to 
continue long in this clinicc, vehicii does not agree with 
me. I have had souther attack of.. .fever, ...for which I 
was as usual obliged to go through a course of mercury, 
and I am at present no better thao an invalid" 5 . 

A week later he made definite request to resign; "In 
eniisi.queiiee of the attack of fever which .1 ' recentlv 
suti'erco. and the return of my rheumatic, pains, I feel 
myself obliged to apply for leave to proceed to the Coast, 
hut under the present anxiety of my mind, owing to some 
recent calamity in my domestic concerns, ... T shall riot be 
able Id return to my duty for a considerable period. ... I may 
be permitted to retire. ... I have been constantly and 
actively employed in the field, mid from being out'in all 
seasons have suffered... both in health and pecuniary 

lie pointed out that under i he rule- of 17-1 07 "a Revenue 
Surveyor who may have served. ..twenty years from. ..the 
Oipiratiou of his apprenticeship shall be allowed to retire 
on a pension not exceeding the half-pay of his situation" 
[ ft, J549 ], and asked '"to retire. ..on a pension suitable to 
ruy service- and the rank I hold in society or, if my service 
i)'? required in any other department, I hope. ..to hold s-mo 
situation oh..respcer.iibili(y under the ['resiliency of port 
St. George, that I may have the advantage of being near 
the Coast. 

"In the meantime, I beg. ..to proceed to Madras, and 
uUic'iateiy to i'ondiem.rry, as my hoa iin and private concerns 
require my immediate presence there" 6 . 

Everest was indignant that De Penning should 
wish to resign at i hi* dil'dculr j uncture, more especial- 
ly as he considered him much to blame for Morton's 
■wanton action in selling off Lambton's prof, pro- 
perty, and for not immediately so pa ruling all articles 
that rightly belonged to the Survey [ 242 ]. 

"It will be exceedingly inconvenient.. .that Mr. De Penning 
should... depart until the confusion. ..has been remedied". 
TheSG. commented 1 1nn De I'enuing had only recently drawn 
"sicca rupees 7,91! "', arrears from 1 J -1 8, 00 his promotion 
to Us. hit) pni.. and Govt, ordered that, '.hongn he would 
be granted any leave reedd. on mo., he would not be released 
until entirely convenient to the service" [ V26, 379]. 

Relations were eased by the intervention of Voysey, as 
he passed through N-igpu: on his r.q.urn from the north [ 236, 
243], and Everest then wrote to De Penning ; "When my 
i-. 1 11 T;r ions commence, in the I idler end of this year, you should 
proceed in charge of the instrumCTii.s Io f-hliohpoor, and from 
thence fake your 1. 1 enact are far Madras so as to arrive there 
on the 1st f'eby. Beyond KUiebpoor I will never ask you to 



i brought 



"I never had the -di^hr,,..!, -.rir.h to oppose or injure your 
views— never beyond « hat mv dutv required of me ha/ve I 
thwarted you in any respect - ... bat I should think it un- 
necessary to remind :i man of vour good sense of the ill 
appearance it would wear if, after having served with so 
much credit and honour to yourself in prosecution of a 
great national work like this, you should suddenly cease |.o 
feel an interest in its success, and out. of pique or caprice 
withdraw your interest, when von are most wanted. 

"Consider the extreme cu;barrnM,meut your departure 
would occasion, foe since Mr. Ross oi: rod e's qeiltiu-.r X-i„,re 
( and in justice his leave could not be ■'.■ '.-■■) him ], who is 

the Surrey ? Who is (o communicate to me the eWt state 
in which the calculations and all other iilli.irs have been left ? 
Either then I. must taken a journey of 620 mile- to Kagporc 
and back, or the whole est'i hUshmeat must be removed hern. 
at vast expenco and trouble, in order to t 
up at the end of a hue mimthi " 233, 243]. . 

"Wnen the lime arrives at ■vine:'-, you are destined to leave 
the Survey, 1 will do Ci-crvthirii: in iuv power to make your 
retreat both hm.o'.irnl.je loii: :. ,,:::.. 1.1 ':[-■'"' [ 3S0 ]. 

At the same time .K.vereSi wrote privately to the SG. ; 
"I am very sorry to part with him. ... I.. .think that Mr. 
Ooldiughhiin would be pinl to employ Inn; in the Observatory, 
and that he would have no objection to the situation, provided 
it could be made worth his while. A person of his practical 
efficiency should not be lost to thr. service " J . Officially he 
records that "Mr. De Penning has risen from obscurity 
entirely by his own merits. Self c.rl nested, he hiia by his own 
exertions made himself an ovccllimt practical astronomer, 
and is at this time elcg.intlv skilful in the management of 
instruments, in the application of formula?, and in all the 
practical parts of enlcuiatiim and observation connected 
with this Survey" 3 [378-9]. 

Elsewlies'e be describes the hesitation of the humbler 
members of the staff to continue service after Lambton's 
death; "The feeling on the part of these poor people was 
not bettered by the s;.\aoipIc of Mr. De Penning who — now 
that he had made what was to him a fortune in this depart- 
ment, and had received it very great im a'ense of salary, with 
five years arrears, ... on too very plea- of enabling him to 
proceed as far as Agj'a -...declared his intention to resign. 

"This person. ..11:13 possessed of a vast deal of shrewd- 
ness, and was e.wco.-lingly elf v,-r in the management of ins- 
truments. He hail joined I .iom.en ant- Colonel Lambton... 
in very boyhood, and attended V,im in a.l! his operations in 
the Dec-can and had fallen into all the f.icti ten ant- Colonel's 
little ways and, as the venerable old man declined in intellect 
and energy, had assumed the absolute mastery of the office, 
and all the arrangimieiits of rbc.rh'.r '.ey ■ 237, 443 ]. 

"I had always been very ready to tio justice to Mr. De 
Pennine's merits, ... under proper surveillance ; but I was not 
prepared to leave either him or any other person, to carry on, 
uncontrolled., out-radons so deeply involving the reputation 
of the work entrusted to me { 234, 252 ]. But his lows wa3 
very severely felt: ; not- only because he was, when well looked 
after, highly capable :mo useful, but because he had acquired 
over the native faUnwers rlmt influence which. ..is sure to be 
engendered by superior wit and intelligence" 4 . 

De Penning readily gave in. and apologised for 
having been so insistent. Ho stayed on in Nagpur 
for th© rains, and brought his party down to 
Takarkhera in November, to complete most of the 
recce, by the time Everest arrd. He writes on 1.9th 
Kov. "I am roally glad wo .utiiiii meet before the 
25th, for I am heartily tired of my exilement, and 
do sincerely hope to see you perfectly restored to 
health" [244, 444]. 

After assi=i"ip i.er win:i the menst. of the base, he was 



i9 DOWN 

released from lst> Feb. 1824, and allowed full 
salary to cover his journey to Madras, where his 
services were replaced at the disposal of the 
Madras Govt. [9, 245], Ho was granted pension of 
22$ pa„ to which he was entitled under Madras 
rules, disregarding the increase of salary that had 
been allowed tinder the Supreme Govt. Ha was 
re-erap. by the DSG. in the Madras office, on salary 
45 ps. in addition to pension. This was converted 
in 1830 to a total of Rs. 1G7 -8 ino.lndin K pension 5 
C3JMJ- 

After his return 00 India Everest called De Penning 
back to the GTS. to beeome Chiof Computer, a post 
he held at Calcutta, from 1831 till death [ 435, 491 ]. 

DICKINSON, Thomas [ II, 395 ]. Bo. Engra 
b. 16-4-1783. £. 19-4-61. 

Ens. 21-S-I79S ... Col. 14-6-42 ret. 10-5-43- 
Hon. M Gen. 28-11-54. 

Son of Thomas Dickinson, paper manufacturer, and 
i'raruT. his wife. 

m., Bombay, 14 4-08, Catherine, dan. of M Gen. Josish 
De;ni;g. father of Wilb)if.;h iiv llyctt l)i,kir,st)n i IS49-1B43) 
cr. 1st Baron Dickinson, 1930. 

1812-21, Rev. Survr., Bonihay & Salsette la. 
[6, 167-9, 392 ] ; 1S17, on svy. of Bassein [ 128 ]. 

1S?0, .lames Welsh records Unit on visit to Bombay, 
""" 27th fi'ei.y. I removed in the house nf Cam. Dickinson 
of the i'njdnoers. from whom f had received an invitation. 
and who, with Ms lady, kindly put themselves to great 



'DDn. 172 (49 -51 ), Hyderabad, 28 -5- 
5 DDn. 202 I Hit i, 8 4 25 ; TMi ( 204 ), 1-2- 
Ft. ; Feb-Mitrch 1S2L . Dickinson mentioned 
Mahmltas I ( frpee. & pref. ). ">S. of Narbada R."[ II, pi. 



1820, raised com pan v of Simpers from existin? K.ie;r 
lascarsforexpn. Pcrsinn Cult": lio. 00, 7 .7-21. appd u.ct™ 
~y< -'-:.. Kr.irr.. harj-diri* over rev. si v . to Tate [343]. 

Later became CK. till retirement. 

DOWELL, William Wanklyn. Bo. Inf. 

bapt. 3-4^1797. d. at sea 28-6-33, on 
voyage home. 

Lieut. 19-1-19 ... Cipt. 10-6-31. 

Son of John Dowcll, hat. uun-utacturer, Bristol. ■ 

Bo MC., rump, f-3-2!, apod. Asst, Survr.; Bo go. 32-3-24 
beinr; originally appl. t.o snpd. svy. of X. Konkan, ivas posted 
to fi. Konkan under The;. .Tervis [ 127, 130] "to obtain a 
more perfect knowiBi.if.fo of his duties". 

Bo GO. 13-2-26, tr. to rev. svy. Katnagiri to work 
for Colli. ; prepared "Memoir of survey of part of 
Rygurh Talook" [ 173 ]. Appt. to svy. dept. ceased 
from 31-5-30, but continued on rev. assessments 
under Rev. Comnr., Deccan. 1832-3 emp. on 
examination of Pringle's rev. svy. of Poona [ 172 ] 
tih departure on furl. 6-6-33 e . 

In History of l!,r Mv.fimUa-?, firant Dutf includes sketch of 
mausoleum at Bijapor by Doivelh end regrets that he could 
not include two other drawings "executed with admirable 

DOWN, James Summers. Bo. Inf. 
bapt. 11-6-02. d. 25-9-71. 
Lieut. 4-5-20 ... Lt Gen. 25-6-70. 

Sou of .James .Down of Ileal, ed. Eton c 1817-20. 
l-S-22, submitted map of Rajpipia 1 " to Resdt. Baroda, 
"bavins; been for some tine-' past err_ee_'ed in making a 

»DUb. 171 (2«), 37-6-23. 3 ib (22), 28-5-23. 'Geo. Everest (33-4). 
•Welsh ( l.fil 1 : Cadell i 164). '.Kxpu. under Col. Warrc-i 11 M fr,t- 

diSiintche:. As J. 1331 i S72 ). '■ B-i (1C, Cam:), S17. : 13S3. ■'}•-.:■.. ~:, ,' 

; III, ph 9], DDn. 273(31 ). 



DRUMMOKD 4 

map. ..of Rajpimpla. an undertaking I was... to attempt in 
coriscemence of" the blank up™ existing Indian maps of 
this. ..principality. ... 

"It would be presumptions in me to. ..claim to more than 

tricts and villages of Ri'dpimpla. ... (u'.ing my first attempt 
at .anything of "the kind. 1 was destitute of all aid from 
instruments, and even of the perambulator you had the 
kindness to send, the same having neon rendered unservice- 
able liv an accident before it reached me. 

■'The country. ..pLT.seiii.cd...nivatddbi:uitic;i, die most part 
of it being over run with a thick jungle, roads blocked up, 
and many Villages deserted. The lull pergiiiinahs especially, 
from their all heing nearly wji;. and nearly iruocnotrable, 
and it was nor until vclv lately that any road whatsoever 
was opened and which, though now merely consists of 
a footpath, I have nevrrr.liele^s endeavoiiied to lay it down 
as correctly as possible. ... 

"Another cause which npernte-d strongly against my visit irg 
the hill peigiinnf.hs just at this time was the nnsetileil state 
of their country, fearing that my presence there would 



. appre 



ialoas 



in the 






in habitants, the Biieels j II, x6S;'llI, 123]. ... 

''The want of proper instruments. ..must have occasioned 
some errors, but I hop;-, :"ro:n the i.rouhle I took to gam 
correct information in the several districts, that the in- 
accuracies will no;.- he found very great. The Itoundrvrics 
to the B., S., and w. are laid ijiv.ni from a tnap of the late 
Surveyor General's ; ... to the 1>. is from native Li1for111e.fio.11. 
The principal towns, likewise, in the British territories arc 
als<i i'rom [hence" 1 [ 129]. 

Sutherland thought the map "to have been 
copied from the late General Beynold's map, with 
the exception of some villages. ..to the south of the 
Nerbada River, and a route. ..to Kookuxmoode on 
the Taptee, the accuracy of which I am unable to 
report upon, as neither field book nor journal has 
accompanied the sketch. There are also a few 
villages among the hills between the Narbada and 
'Taptee rivers which [ rather think must have been 
inserted by information, and not from actual survey. 

"The execution... is vary creditable to Lieut. 
Down, both for neatness and distinctness of delinea- 
tion, and shows him to be possessed of considerable 
talent" 2 . 

On the strength of this svy., Down was appd., 
bgo. 27-11-22, Asst. on rev. svy. of Gujarat, and 
wasj Clin emp. in 1S2S 1 [ 170 11.5 ]. 

Served in 1st, Afghan War, and occupation of Sirid ; 
■comdd. 1st. Grenadiers 1840-52. 

DBUMMOND, John Gavin. Ben. Inf. 

b. 26-8-1788. d. 11-12-51, Kharian, 
10 m. se. of Jhelum. 
Ens. 35-1 -OS ... Lt Co!. 20-12-43. 

Kon of J. Drummond, of Edinburgh. 

m., E'.iphemia, Farmer. 

•CB. godson, II ( 87-S ). 

Sept. 1X22, aripH. to Quel's Dent, tor svy. of communica- 
tions, survg. rosds I hio:i!;n Mhviour and Rowan and to W,, 
till recalled on outbreak of Burmese War [ 27 ]. 

1S2.1, a QMS. Arakan | fit), y i7 j - A[iril, "reconnoitred road 
bv iv Inch the jtnrmcso Ghiei', l.landnola, and array fieri from 
Arracan. He traced them throagi, 22 miles of mountainous 
country covered with Illicit jungle, and sunt o hirearrahs. 
further on, returning himself"; assisted Croiomelin with 
map [69,435,501]*. 






iath. 



BIOGRAPHICAL 

svy. Agra-Bombay high 



IHJMARTCSQ, Edward. Bo. Inf. 

h. 10-6-03. d. 23-4-1906, aged 103, 
Mount Ipeh, Hadspen, Tasmania ( the ' 
residence of his son ). 

Lieut. 30-13-18 ... Capt. 8-9-25 ; ret. 25-4-27. 

Son of Col. John Dumaresq, of Swansea, and Anne 
Jones his wife. 

cd. EMC., Sandhurst, 

in., 7-II-27, Frances Bln.11.1l1c, da,., of Michi.il Lcgge, of 
Garrane, Co. Tipperary. 

Burke's Colonial Gentry, T ( ;l:i0 ! ; -Time), 25 & 26-4-1906. 

Bo go., 4-3-20, aond. to rev. svy., Gujarat from 1-3-20 ; 
ib. 12-6-23, leave to sea on 8 mo. mo. ; Sept, 1824, at j 
capture of Magannaii, Gujarat ; 'Bo go. 21-10-24, absent 
on ran. ; 25-11-21. furl, to Knrope. tor health [ 170 n.g ]. 

Emigrated to Tasmania, settling at Mount Ipeh, with 
residence at St.. Ileiiers, I'ast Kw. .Melbourne; Magte. 
of Tasmania from 1828. 

DUN, George. Mad. Inf. 

b. 5-5-1787. d. ChieaeoJe, Canjam, 
18-4^-20, "of fever from zeal and fatigue". 

Ens. 27-0-06 ; . Lieut. 15-1-07 

Hon of James Dun. of Shan- f'nrU. nr. Selkirk, and Jean 

AsuitTsori his wife. 

27-2-20, left Nagpnr on route to Calingapatam, a port 

on G-anjam coast; journsl amongst route svys. from office of 

lniMO. .\o.l- inn- Hu\ to Forces'. 

DTJ VERNET, James Smith. Mad. Inf. 
b. 26-4^03. d. 2-11-72. 

Ent. 2 3-23 ... Capt_31-10-43;Rt_:LtCol.<l-lI-56i 
ret. 21-1-67, Hon. Col. 29-5-57. 
Son of Lt Col. Abram Du Vernet, na. 

m., Truro, 2()-ri-:W, Eliza Lavmia, dan. of Bcnj. Martin- 
dale, of Brunswick Sq., London ; .she d. fi-t-HB, aged 70. 
■ "'I was appointed a cadet in May 1SS3, and in March 1824 
arrived at Madras, after a voyage of nearly eight months 
[419]. On my arrival I was ordered to do duty with the 
45th regiment N.I., which I joined at Amree, and in May 
was posted to the 24fh regimeml, n.i. at Vellore. ... 1 sub- 
sequently marched with the regiment to l.tullary, and then 
in 1827 we went to Kola pure to relieve the regiments there 
sla.'ioucd after the taking of that place. 

"In. February 1*28 I was appointed to the pro- 
vincial survey of Malabar, with which I remained 
until 1830, and took part in aurvoying the district 
of Malabar, Madura, TrieMnovinlv, a.nil part of Tin- 
nlv.Hy™. 

MO-O. 12-2-28, ni);-Hi. As.it. riurvr. from 5th ; joined 
Malabar Svy. 13-1-28 ; 27-10-29, reported as "a 
zealous and valuable- surveyor" [114, 342 ]. 

jieio. 6-11-29. M--viccs replaced at disposal of C-in-C., on 
which the DSG., Montsomcrio, made successful protest 
against "the irrcparr. bio less which the Survey Branch would 
sustain. ... Lieutenant Du V cruet, having none thro' a regular 
course of studies tor five years node? the i irofesaoi's of the 
Royal Military College in England, was found particularly 
wefl qualified for emr.loymer.T. in the Surrey Department. ... 
Captain Ward.. .has repeatedly reported most favourably as 
to 'his .superior abilities and zeal"'. Govt, agreed that he 
might remain with the Surcey to understudy Ward, "whose 
health ivas much impaired" 8 . 



'Bo MC Camp r><)-lS22 j 207 ■!) ). Mb. ( 21.T-6 ) ; Toona, 20-10-2::. ' lie KC. 7:n/ls:'!u i) ( 11-2 ). 'Govt. 
2-6-26. MIKTO. M 22ii : a. DDa. 223 ( 24 ), 2K :j-25. HoSG. 17-3-41 ; DDn. 435 (U-4), 'T)Dn. 236 ( H3-7 |, 7-1 
8MPC. 10-11-29 ;I>Dn. 236 ( 151 ). 



Gaz., 



Except for break between IS36 ami 1840, Du Vernet 

remained with Sty. Dept. till 1SS-1, becoming one of the best 
topo. aurvrs. of the period. From 1540 with GTS., holding 
oh. of Himalayan parties for scvonil years [ 2og ]. 

DYSON, Henry Wilcoeks. Ben. Inf. 

b. 15-9-1793. d. 20-12-18, Dungarpur, 
Kajputana. 
Ene. 19-3-10 Lieut. 10-12-14. 

Son of Kev. fleurv Dvoor, ■ ed. Charterhouse. 
Hodson, II ( 114 |. 

Jin. rat ha War, made svvs. of -which Malcolm writes from. 
Mhow ; ''The importance, siul indeed necessity, of gaining a. 
fuller and more correct account- of i.hc countries of Pertab- 
garh, Bhauswarrak, and Doiverpoot. and other petty States 
in that direction, made mo anticipate the Governor General's 
approbation t.o the employrocot of Lieutenant Dvson,..on 
this service. 

"I had, when in Mewar [ Udaipnr f, become acquainted 
with the efficiency of this officer, who adds to that science 

native languages, and particularly Sanskrit. These acquire- 
ments, combine.-; with good fern nev and considerable know- 
ledge, pointed him out for such jl duty. I hare placed him in 
the "'intelligence Department. ... bid. !' also expect to derive 
much benefit, from hi- gcosjraphica) labours, and from his 
researches into the History of the ancient and modern 

"Licuteneuf l)','*'u...on '2uth J'.uie was on l.j.e point of pro- 
ceeding to Bans-wairc. ... i... transmit a very full and satis- 
factory memorandum he has forwarded to me respecting 
the pottv Sta;.e of Pertabgarh" 1 . 

Apod". 7-ll-18'"to survey the countries of lT.iriahghr.r-. 
&e". ... Mackenzie reports, 10-1-19, ''poor Mr. Dyson's 
death, whom I knew in IS 14, & h ad anticipate:! great expecta- 
tions from his zeal and talents. "Sir John Malcolm had, 
of 5th November, forwarded me a letter of my friend Mr. 

ELWON, Thomas. Bo. Mar. 

b. 1793-4. d., 17-6-35, at Bassador, or 
Basidn, Persian Gulf. 

Mdpmn. 16-9-10 ... Ca.pt. 26-12-32. 
Low. II ( 70, 109 ). 

An c.-: nerienced sarvr. ; \ti22. survd. N.arbada R. [ 123 ] . 
1820-32,' comde. snrvg. -hip tieiwre.s ; 1SSS till death. 
Commodore in Persian fiulf ; bur. under dining table in 
Cotmnod ore's house at Basidu. 

EVEREST, George [ II, 39 6 1- Een - Art- 
b. Greenwich 1 , 4-7-1790. d. 1-12-66. 

Lieut. 4-4-06 ... LtCol. 7-3-3S ; ret. 16-12-13:; 
Hon. Col. 28-11-54. 

STS. V-T.\ +3 : SO. 1*30 -43 | i.i, 301]. 

2nd son of Wrn. Tristram Kv crest, solicitor, of Greenwich, 
and l.ucett.a Mary his wife; lire of ltev. Robt. Everest, ma. 
Oxoii.. and acmv ohpn. India. 

ed. BMC. Mario iv and sua. Woolwich ; appd. 'cadet, EIG, 
at ii"e of 13 1 ; nominated to sua. 1-8-04. 

m-p i7_n-46, Emma, dan. of Thos. Wing, barrister of 
Gray's Inn ; his eldest and last surviving son, Lancelot 
F'.-ii.ling Rverest, d. H.a>np.i1i!aii, 1 - I-IH3", in hi; 32nd year, 
and has left in tores tin a bio. memo., freely quoted here 
under ref. LFE. 

MtK" S3-27; KRA.S. : KltAs Sou. ; V I'iGS. ; EHIGB. ; 
CB„ 2(5-2-01; Kit.. 13-3-61. 

(JVB - I'UB.: Nil"./. !lrit.: Mnrkliami 'is S:j i : R.\ V : mnt. 
\.\.VEI(104-S}; J.i.S'S-P. Iri'iS ( 25 fi); RSS-P XI, 1867 
(1«5-S1; rlodson.lt (1.15); LFfi. [sup)". 

Auth. of Accent of tin M«,V:i?vn<,nt of an Arc of the 



• DDn. 133 C 4S9-!>1 ). .B Vol C. 7-11-18 

Hodson, elc. v. regr. St. Alfesre oh. Greenwich 
410-1]. ''Portraits wih appear in vol. IV. 



Meridian. London. 1 rtr.tu ; Akoh>H. of thi .Memanm^U of 
i.ny.t if.clloas of Ik'-. Hi.roiv.oal A rr ,-,f h\,,li'i. 7 London, 1S4" ; A 
Serk-i of Lettzrs aMrwal 1,0 ILH.H. Ike Duke of Sussex, 
London, 1839. 

Of hb early life in India, where be flrrd. 1S0S, his sr,n 
tells of two incidents narrated t.o him as a boy ; "He was out 
at a party one evening and won a considerable sum of money 
at cards. On his return home, 'it.: resolved to discontinue 
that sort of thing altogether. So he opened the window of 
his room, and threw out the whole of the money he bad won, ... 
and never played for money again. ... 

"'On. one occasion lie rode a horse into a... considerable 
depth. He was unhorsed, and neatly drowned, being at 
that time unable to swim. He underwent all tie sensations- 
of being drowned, and bees me of ci 'Mrs? uuconcious. He was, 
however, restored to consciousness and to life. The horse 
itself re.is drowned. After that lie immediately took lessons 
in swimming"'. 

1812 or 1813, to Java on regtl. duty; 1815-6, on 
svy. and recce, in Java [ II, 137-8 ] ; returned 
Calcutta 20-11-16 [500 ]. 

btc. 21-3-17 (3, 4), appd. from 1st Baft. Art., 
tt) clear Xfuliti river;; of obstructions [15]; B to 
CD. ( rev ), 4-7-17 ( 137-46 ), "It appeared that the 
navigation of the Issammty ;iml Matu.bHr.ga streams 6 
was seriously impeded. ... The obstructions... were 



2,250 rnpees 

Evere-I . am 

"We hav 



however, ; 

-n-oiiabl'.- la 

UnforfiiTi 



21-; 



IS appd. 



Chun&r [ 270- I ], and at the same fcirno was soletvfced 

for the very irncisirLsuit p'j-Hi of Assfc. to Lnmbtoti on 
the Great Trigouomotrioal Survey [ 497 ]. 

"The intense mental arid boiilv labour of conducting tho 
Trig 0-10 metrical Survey has boon performed heretofore by 
Colonel Lamhton alone, and.., the rank, and the advancing 
age, of that zealous and distinguished person now demands 
some relief from such severe fatigue. ... 



DDn 


154 ( 6 


3). J \'ot b. at Gwernvale, co. Brecon, as stated in DNB. 


oens 




1861. 'IO. Misc. 43 ( 162]. 'proposed by Kater [ II 


LFE 


(27). 


'connecting Ganges with Hooghly. 



"The ma thorn a third qualifications for conduction such 
labours are of a very high order, and possessed faj "few in 
India; they require :.o have been kept up by habitual exer- 
cise. ... The extreme accuracy indijpensable in trigono- 
metrical calculations on the scale of Colonel Lainliioti's 
under caking demand ,! dexterity in the use of the instru- 
ments... which is to lie learnt only l.iv a rigorous sppren- 
tieeahip. The regretted time most one day arrive when 
Lieut. Col. Lanibton's task must devolve on a successor. 
It would not be w-isc to trust- to chance for producing one 
fully equal to the duty at the moment when he is waited , 
neither is it righe that thi. ioiporULiit survey should thus 
hang on the life of a. sie.i-Ic individual. ... 

"The Govornof-Ge-uerul, ihertif.uo, lui..s jolooterl for 
this offiee Captain Kvoro.st of the Artillery, of whose 
eminent degree of science &S a mathematician he is 
assured, and whose talents aro known, ...both by 
his surveys in Java tinder the Quarter Master- 
Goneral's Departm out, u-ml by his successful exertions 
as an. Engineer in recently clearing the navigation 
of the Matabhanga and other rivors. ... Captain 
Everest should [ not ] be abruptly taken away 
from the useful sorvi?o...u;idor the orders of the 
Telegraphic Committee but, £13 soon as that officer... 
has reached Nagpoor, he may... proceed onwards to 
join Lieut. Colontsl i.iiinbton 3 [8. 1225, 342, 447]". 

Everest mukfs a curious claim to private properly hi some 
of his work on the telegraph line: 

"I took a route of the tract between 1 iotas Gurh and 
Putmoogunge near Rueygnrh in 1SI7 ! , which is perhaps as 
accurate as route surveys in general. It was plotted very 
carefully by me from my held book, but as it was entirely 
oxtra-ollieial work, and taken for mv own amusement, I 
destroyed the neb: hook as useless lumber. 

"The original, being my private property, 1 lent to Col. 
Blacker for the purpose of fadlita'.iog the operations of my 
own people under Mr. Olliver in 1525 [ 3O1-2 j, and I found 
it had been registered amongst the n'.iblie documents, and 
called for by the Court of Directors " 3 . 

May 1818, the telegraph svy. reached Chunar where 
Everest spent the rains, lie left in Oct. for Hyderabad, 
making a svy. of his route, which he submitted to Govt. 
111 18-iO describing how-, ■'having nothing else to occupy 
me, I employed myself in taking a route survev. ... The 
held books ■.■.ere drawn up wil.'i gn.i.il cure, and...! o'ffared the 
materials fur the accutance of the our.neme Government. ... 

"The Surveyor General of the day.' Colonel Miickcmtie, ... 
did not avail himself of my offer, and the materials 
remained in my keeping until my- return from England in 
JUKI), shortly subsequent to which 1 put Loom into the hands 
of the head draftsman of my office. Mr. Graham [ 313 ]. ... 
The field books uud other materials were still not only as 
intelligible as when first drawn up, but rather good than 
otherwise of 'their kind. ... This compilation map was un- 
finished at the time I left Caleutla in 1-112 3 ; in fact it did 
not reach my- headquarters in the field until November 
1838. It was neatly executed when it arrived but, owing 
to one of those accident- against which it is impossible to 
provide, ... it received an injury in consequence of the bad 
soldering of the tin case en desire:; it ' 358 |. ... With the 
injured parts parched, it is, now for warded co Li iy f.nrdshio"-' 
[352-3]- 

Arrd. Hyderabad 26-12-18 ; took the field 8-1-19 
for insfcrn. by Lambton, and remained out in com- 
pany with Voysey till April [227-8,466]. In June he 
set out to trgte. the e. part of Nizam's dominions 
between Kistna and Godavari. Extracts From his 
vivid account of the difficulties of this expn., 



i BIOGRAPHICAL 

through weather and sickness, have already been 
given [ 8, 228-32, 265 ]. He started by having 
trouble with the guard of State police; 

"These people most heartily disliked the expedition 
and seized every prfit. B .tt. of skulking away from the camp" 
and buck to the city. My representations. ..were ilnswored 
by Colonel Lamblou with, a desire, both on his part and 
that of the British Resident, that I should seize the first 
feasible grounds for making an example. ... 

"The infliction of corporal punishment is an odious task ■ 
but in this case there was really no choice between that 
and giving up the operations. Urged, therefore, on one 
side by my superiors, and irritated 011 the nth™- by the total 
disregard shewn, ... 1 took an opportunity about a month 
after leaving Hyderabad to chastise one of these defaulters 
with some severity ; in consequent:!; of which the whole body, 
about forty in number, burst into open mutiny, seized the 
m.tive gentleman whom the minister had deputed as thoir 
chief, and declared they would quit my camp and carry him 
back with them. 

"It was in a grove of miiugoe trees surrounded by a ditch 
and bank that they had selected l.ueir s:\ot of encampment 
There sat the Darjga ( headman ). .surrounded by tho muti- 
neers, some with tiieir swords drawn, others lnoking on. 
It... became my duty to assert my authority, or give the 
matter up entirely as hopeless. 

"With the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India there 
has always been an escort of regular senoys...not belonging 
to the standing army [II, 35-); III, 406-7]. Colonel 
Lambton hat! detached t.wcK-e id lhc-c under my orders 
I drew up a small parly of eight men wild loaded muskets ill 
front of the grove where the rebellious Juwaii-- were lording 
over their superior, ami declared niv intention of firing <■ 
volley into the midst of ther 



down thi 

decisive step, 
they had been neto 
de!,rieod them of thi 
t,ls<; surveillance of iu 
three of the p 



Thai: 



solut 



t this 



■a bio 



andtu 
"Threat 

after t-ii.s o 



well prepared t 



. of camp with 
lance bi 
, andil 



id placed them under 
by_P"blioly Hogging then 
efor 



armed and 

ly person. But the 

India are not a malice-bearing race and, findin;' 

when they knew mc better that. L'-uod behaviour was a perfect 

security against all no kin .in ess. they became at. last as willing, 

obedient, and obliging as 1 could desire"'. 

It was Lambton'3 regular routine that fd. work 
should carry right through the rains, in order to take 
advantage of this wonderful visibility of the occa- 
sional breaks. This policy not only exposed every- 
one to the ravages of malaria, but caused delay 
through rain, cloud, and mist. 

" In those gloomy days'', writes Everest, "'when the mists 
descend and obscure the horizon, it was the chief relaxation 
of Mr. Voysey anil myself.. .to employ all our followers with 
handspikes and ropes in tearing oil" the loose masses of 
granite, and letting them j'ind their way to the bottom of 
the hill. Certain it was n. magnificent spectacle to see an 
enormous mass, seven or eight feet high, descending along 
the slippery side of the spheroid, and striking fire in its 
progress — yet cautiously at first, and as if afraid to 
venture — suddenly, when it met with some hindrance, it 
would bound up and roll over like a planet in free space, and, 
lastly, when it attained the .limits of the jungul, it would 
tear down large trees, arid make the welkin roar again as it 
fumbled into trie abyss below. 

" Doubtless all this may be very childish, but, ..the French 
academician. Tie b Condamine [ II, 46a k..aod his companions 

»DDn. 171 <iU8 50); BMC. 2fl-10-17, *SQO. copy, 1831, MEvIO. 81 (37-9). J DDn. 267(169-73), Nov. 1833; 

as-ras. to Wiu.igh «__itcnny. <MEIO. 6.1 ( iCMi!, SGO. copy, 1S32 ; .UDn. 402 (23-4), 17-4-40. s j,™.vj;, = a young 



resorted to precisely the game methods of amusing 
themselves. ... We did not continue this has time during the 
nipiit tor tour ■ :■ injury to niv followers : but if our amuse- 
ment was by .iis.-c-Uu-.t nrol .r-.i-;a i a littio beyond twilight 
jt is intxrnceii-abic now itrand r.hc lUL-b-. became,. for. wherever 
the rook .slid along the bare side of the hill it was accom- 
panied by a dense !ia;n of such, endurine: sparks as we see 
emitted from the impact of the hoofs of the pampered 
coachhorse on the Loudon pavement ; and the light emitted 
when it struck any obstacle was sunicient to enable us to 
trace its progress, and make it. resemble a whirling miiss of 
phosphoric matter" 1 . 

Work was proceeding steadily in spite of the 
weather when, in October , tins whole party waa 
overwhelmed with malaria, and had to retreat to 
Hyderabad, leaving 15 dead, behind them [231-2, 
402 ]. In June 1820 they took the field again to 
complete trgn. to the Godavari, but after a few 
weeks Everest was again down with fever and, 
leaving his assfcs. to niinnl«re the work, he took sick 
leave to the Cape for 12 months [232-3, 396-9 ] 2 . 
He sailed from Madras 1-10-20 and, submitting 
a further mc. from Port Elizabeth, 3-6-21, was 
back at Madras 31-12-21, and rejoined at Hyderabad 
6-2-22 [ 233 I. 

Whilst at the Cape he spent some time, at Lambton'* 
request, examining the merl. an; measured in 1750-2 by 
La Caille 1 [I, 310]. His memoir on the subject, dated 
Capetown, 31-8-21, wis .writ to the Astrl. Son. 1 through the. 
Directors, with copy to Lambton, who forwarded it to the 
GG. ; "I have examined it with r;reat. attention, and I find 
the particulars so well derailed, ami i.he observations .so just. 
... He has fulfilled ray wishes in ;l most masterly manner" 5 . 

Everest notes to the Directors; "La Caille's geodetio 

their famishing the only ditr-....restieerh)2 the compression of 
the southern hemisphere. We have. ..meridional ares.. .in the 
northern hemisphere, but nl! Imsj. liny to revolts very different 
from those of M. lie La Caille, ami I.he most, splendid of 
these.., is beyond doubt that which owes its origin to the 
patronage of the Hon. trie East India Company. ... If tho 
effects of elirna.te do not blast my prospeer.-j, I look forward 
to... taking :iu ample share in tjro measurement of the are now 
in progress r.i.wiirds ,\gr\\ and llardwar". 

To Lambton he writes, 31-8-21 ; "I arrived in Table Bay 
on 25th November 1820 ; no information could be obtained 
on the spot, and it was not till tho end of June 1821 that a 
journal of Dc La Oaille's travels reached rue, so that by the 
26th July I was enabled to visit the places described ."..and 
traverse the v. hole tjicatrc 0!' his labours". 

He identified all La Caille's stations and the 



of tho baso-line 



I th-r. di.o 



luaily found someone who remembered r.hc signal fires it. 
which Lu Caille obsd. He points out how these olisns. 
might have suffered in aeeuracy, that the two. extreme 
stations might have been influenced by local attraction, 
and that the an- wis fur too short to ire taken .seriously in 
discissions of the figure of the ea:ln. "With some modifica- 
tions, his views were corroborated by -Mnclear who under- 
took the verification and crrlonsioii of [.a Oaille's an: some 
20 twenty years later", and records that interest in it bad 
been '' mainly kept alive by the inquiries of Cant. Mverest". 

From HydorabM Evcr-ost marched straight on to 
join Lambton tit Tiikarkhera. near EUichpur, but 
was much disappointed to find him packed up 
ready to return [ 233 ], and not being equipped for 
independent work was obliged to retrace his steps 



3 EVEREST 

to Hyderabad also. ■ He spent the next six months 

with Lambton, of whom ho lui.- loft a striking account 
[233-4]- The great master was now close on 70 
years old and, without realising it himself, was 

mentally anil physically worn out. Everest was 
deputed to run a new series of triangles towards 
Poena and Bombay, and was delighted to be given 
an independent task on which he could exercise 
initiative, and break away from Lii.mbt oil's routine, 
with much of which ho disapf.i-oved ; "I pact™.! from 
him", he writes, "on the 15th October 1822, and 
shook him by the hand for the last time. Certain 
trivial circumstances had combined to ruffle that 
perfect cordiality which had existed hot ween us in 
1818, attributable, doubtless, to faults on either side ; 
but we entertained tho most thorough mutual esteem 
and respect for oaoh other, ami having, in compli- 
ment to me, made :ny operations entirely independent 
of his authority, he left trio t,o act according to my 
own judgement [9, 234-6, 413-4 ]. ... 

"These western operations. ..glided on so calmLv and agree- 
ably that they were rat her a seeree of amusement and pleasure 
than of toil or hardship. ... I was challenged, ... and now 
fairly pitted against one whose name had been sounded by 
iame's trump in every corner of the learned world. My 
pride, too, was roused by the reflection that my opponent, 
who could not enter the Ik Id hut bv prow, should make any 
question between me and his assnt,' Mr. lie Penning [379-80. 
437-9). and 1. detem.ineil.,.to mafe him do me justice by 
fairly db-ranci:i<; his party in the race" 7 [ 24(1-0]. 

One of hi.s last letters from Lambton was written from 
Bolanun on 9 -l'2-->2. just before the jm-at, man st.irted north 
or, his last jmim-y ; "My dear Ev^.i, I :,m glad to aeo that 
you arc getting on so «f!i through a. difficult country. ... 
■I.'ake things quietly and do not harass aevbody. I am happy 
to hear, in all your si-aise.-.s, that trie sub-assistants 8 continue 
well. Take great carrot" them, for r Lev are orecious materials, 
and^l hope they endeavour to do their best to please. 

Work was proceeding well when, on 3-2-23, 
belated news came of Lambton's death, and it be- 
came Everest's first concern to try an d save his. 
personal and prof, property from dispersal through 
tho hasty and ill-considered sale. His efforts were 
unavailing, and he reports, 27-2-23 ; "I yesterday 
received in formation... that, without waiting for any 
reply from me, the Executor, Mr. J. Morton, ... had 
taken upon himself to dispose of the whole of the 
late Lt.-Col.'s property at an ordinary outcry, and 
had, to complete tho climax, carried away. ..to 
Hyderabad all the public documents [ 242, 438 ]. 

"The estate of this late venerable and highly esteemed 
old officer has been sold off for a.bout one eighth of the price 
which it could have produced if fairly de'ilt by. ... But the 
private loss. ..is tclt-irij! in comparison with the injury which 
has been indicted on ti.t: public, for- rimer; gst the public papers 
are the official plans arid inss. and all tho records and data of 
...this immortal, national, work fir the last 23 years. I am 
now oh my way to Hyderabad to meet. Mr. "Morton, and 
try how tar 1 can. ..remedy this cruel calamity. ... 

'"me of the melancholy event,!, .had advanced a 



fat as the : 



property, and... thought- it better to take ariva 



righbonrhood of Smolapoor. ... f ftave to Joshua 

t positive instructions respcetirm the puhlio 

-'-—! ofthefow 



•Geo. Everest [U ). /WKUM »- *Bte. Xote, Phil Trans, (abbr. ) XI ( 472 fc deputed by the French Academy 
Mice. granted royal charter Et>,!l. ^Account of work at Carre. Gill i v, ci-il t ; Gore ( US-!)", DDu 9' f "lsT* 
) 1S25; SS P™.?. XVI. 1SP7-S jsii-'j; Maclear, I (1-20) QTB I 
™ ,93(25-39). 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



remaining days to wutv on the operations on which I was 
engaged! 129-30]. 

"Til" inte'dijonce o: :.ins erne! Ij]-:----.v iilh-h tame on me like 
a. thunderstroke, but she instant. T rrepivwl it T wrote to 
Colonel Boles And to... friends at Hyderabad, to use their 
efforts to save the wrecks of the public property from the 
precipitate measures oi the evocators, i T i whose hands it is 
impossible to say what they "lay have suffered" 1 . 

He arrrl. Hyderabad on, or shortly before, 11th 
March, and began acrimonious eorr. with Morton 
regarding surrender of oftioui] papers and insts., 
which Morton claimed had been furuuilly handed 
over to him as the executor on the spot. Morton 
consented to the papers being examined by an officer 
of the Resident's staff, and eventually surrendered 
those declared to be official. After protracted coir, 
lasting to the end of June, Everest expressed himself 
satisfied that he had recovered all offieial papers, 
but there remained many articles of private property 
which ho felt ought nevtirto inive passed to outsiders 2 . 
He made further ref. ah' ii.it tko.-se to the HG., and eorr. 
continued with the exeeutor-s in Calcutta as late as 
Jan. 1825 [242, 469]. 

It was charactcrisl ic of Everest lli.it lie grew very heated 
over the whole Implies;, mid wrote many intemperate letters, 
Jje,iiig particularly aovure with Dc Penning for not having 
taken a stronger line wh.b Morton. He records that .this 
■" venations con-esp:iodc;]ce...v.as only put a st.op to by the 
interference of the iirhish Resident., Sir Charles Metcalfe, 
in coy support" 3 . 

Ti'ie business took up much of his time and in writing 
to the SG-. 1S-S -2'!. he asked for an early answer "so that I 
may have full leisure to reoly before the loth Outo bur nest. 
After that date I shall not be able tu enter satisfactorily into 
the subject without. ncJleetini- my active operations in the 
field, during which.. .it is highly necessary for me to keep my 
mind perfectly abstracted from all other matters, and totally 
free from care and anxiety of every kind"*. 

Prompt orders had been issued in India, 7-3-23* 
apptg. Everest as Sup*, of the svy., but at the same 
time placing him under the orders of SG. [ 240 ]. 

He remained at Hyderabad working oil oompns. 
•of his trgn. to westward, and en plans Tor extension 
of Gt. Are northward till towards end of August ha 
liad a fresh attack of fever, this time accd. by rheu- 
matism and partial paralysis, which made him a. 
semi-cripple and troubled him intermittently for the 
next two years. 

The doctor, ur-ed hi™ to take Ir.ive at once, "and ona o£ 
them, a very kind and ailcetionate friend. ..Mr. Wynne 
Peyton [494 n.ti ]. with an earnestness which I shall never 
forget, strongly prc.-sed me to consider the folly of persisting 
in an undertaking in which I must assuredly fall a sacrifice 5 . 
He was, however, determined" to carry his programme 
through, eapeciallv as he would have Voysey's company, 
and ho write;, 3-10 23; "I have for the last two months 
Ivcti mi, (ferine: >nus:.i from ill -health, ami at i.his moment am 
conlined to :.nv bed with severe rheumatism. This disorder 
mav perhaps leave me before I ruae.li R Hi ch poor hut, should 
it not. it will be of inlinitc importance to have a man of 
Mr Voysev's talent and p-actieal acqoirements ready at 
land as an assistant, to perform the duties: in case of my 
being rendered incapable [ 244, 402-4 ]"*. 

He was sufficiently reoMvered to leave Hyderabad, 
18-10-23, in company with Voysey, and, after 



starting Olliver on the trgn. where it had been left 
nearly two years before, he went on to meet De 
Penning at Takarkhera, and with him and Voysoy 
remeasd. the base, and made the obsns. which 
Lambton had been unable to finish [ 234 ]. 

Here he lost both Voysey and De Penning, who had 
decided to resign, the former because he could no 
longer carry on with the salary allowed, and the 
latter because his growing family compelled him to 
seek a settled life at Madras. [380]. Everest had 
to push forward the great nierl. are, 011 which so 
much depended, right through the difficult, heavily 
wooded, mountains of Central India, with only two 
competent assts., Olliver and Rossenrode [491 ]. 

His health was by no means recovered, and in a fit of 
depression he applied for leave on me. [ 403 ]. He asked for 
leave to travel to Bombay on duty, reconnoitring for the 

round to Calcutta. Olliver was to carry the work across the 
mountains, and Everest wo'.ild rejoin the other side. Hia 
condition improving, he pushed on with the work, writing, 
17-2-24; "to recall my amplication for leave of absence, 
my health having ^cadnaliy improved since the cessation of 
the late east winds"; and again, 11—4-2-4, "My health is 

frecarious, and the' the violence of my disorder has abated, 
am still little better than convalescent., as every passing 
shower amply warns me". Towards the end of May he 
had another alarming attach, ao.i had to send forward to 
Uoshangabad? for medical aid. Dr. Griffiths came out 40 
m. to attend him, a :id continued to look after him after hia 
arrl. there for the rains [ 403-4 ]. 

Whilst at Hoshnngabad, he was cheered by tha com- 
pany of an eld friend, Robert how, of the pel. service 8 ; 
"this gentleman and 1 had formerly been on the political 
service together at the siege of Caltingei", and I had after- 
wards been in can-bmitn-iit with him, and commanded the 
field-guns of the battalion to which he belonged. We were 
now thrown together in one of tin) so odd modes which could 
never have been anticipated, and as he was a person of mild 
and amiable manners, and very much beloved amongst the 
wild Goands who were under his authority, it, was evident 
that 110 possible means would be left untried of guarding 
against the dreaded ivunt of wan a- arid ;r revisions. 

"And, auuordingly, whilst in the Uait.nol district 10 , which 
fortunately was the principal theatre of my operations, 
provisions seemed to rise tip as if by enchantment. Whence 
they came no one knew but my friend Captain Low and his 
agents ; for all around was a dreary wilderness, with a few 
miserable hamlets inhabited by Goands. who. ..were forced 
every third or fourth year to -abandon their dwellings... 
because the powers of the worthless soil in the vicinity were 
all exhausted" 11 [ 245]. 

Everest was now called on to justify to the Directors his. 
fitness for charge of the svy. [ y-.S '_, a cliajlcnge he eagerly 
accepted ; "Though it would ill become me to enter into any 
encomium upon my own. ..acquirement', yes. ..there are few 
suhjects in mathematics which. T have not studied, and.. .ray 
attention has for the las! <i yearn been unceasingly devoted 
to. ..both the theoretical and pr.aetical parts of my profession 
as a Geodesist. ... Had I been an incapable man...I should 
have trembled at the thought of succeeding to a man of 
Lt. Col. Lambton's high fame, ... and should at least have 
availed myself with avidity of the... privilege allowed to sick: 
officers of.. .leave of absence but, instead of this, I have 
risen from the bed of sickness at a time when my life was 
despaired ef by ail my medical friends. 

' ' u Hyderabad in October last to pass through 
"it hardly a hope that I should 



■DDn 172 1 12-4),27-2-23. ' DDa. 171 ,' Hi,,) 211-3-23 k l'>7 ; 131 ), 27-6-23. 

.1 in.) i 1SS-23. s Geo Kvorest ( 35 ). "iH)n. 91 i iio'J-lH). ; pi- 17, Husnngaban 

JK 10 '"l.tCot. ISJ2 : AC';. Sanger !<. Virbada from 1S23. » No corroborate,,! ot eithe 

.« Ceo. Everest (38-9). 



a Geo. Everest ( 31 ), 'DDn. li 

a ( 1791-1863 ); Ben. Inf.; K11 

being at siege. "Betid, pi. 1 






NOTES 



live to cross the Godafery. In the severest state of most 
escrucia.ting disorder I persisted, in spite of all remon- 
strances en the p:irt of.. .Mr. Voysey, ui sitting fur 80 r sights 
together nt the jenith sector, and 20 at my transit instru- 
ment.. Instead of availing myself oi the leave of absence 
which the Supremo (.lovei-cnu'iit "-ere pleased to grant mo, 
...I have ultimately succeeded in surmounting the very 
tract... which was onoe conceived to form an impenetrable 
barrier to our further prioress, with a rapidity quite 
unexampled, without, the loss of a sinjlo individual of my 
csta'nidiu'cnt from sicirnoss or 1 otao!- causes, and with the 
mpleting the whole section of i-1 degrees 

in lis of the 



jf hititiKi-r- : 



l the i 



J doubt should still 
Hon'hlo Court of Dir-.-i.-1.uis respecting my competency, ... 
there ia one mode in which a i'ui! anil satisfactory decision 
may be formed. ... The secl-i'ci ■ -■ I " the Ornnd Are on which 
.1 am engaged wbn...temiinitLe in tbe plains of Serous", at a 
distance'.. .nf 207 miles from... lakolkhera, of which 60 miles 
only remain to be traversed, al! the rest having been... carried 
on.. .by a series of triangles as symmetrical and elegant as 
any goodetioal operations in the World can produce. It is 
of essential inipo-rtanev thai I Lis ,-eotion sh ...i.d :>e completed 
in January next and, unless I am overruled by circumstances 
beyond my eontroul, I am quite sun- of uceiimplishuig this 
desirable end by Use latter end of the month [ 239, 341-6 ]. 

"When that is attained, if I am permitted to proceed to 
England.. .without rehuquisiilrig my situation, I shall be 
most happy to undergo a pulilic ■? turn i nation respecting my 
professional qua lil'ieatious before sccls learned men as.. .are 
qualified to form a fai.r and impartial decision" 1 . 

Blacker, as SG-, had the tallest confidence in Everest's 
ability, though we have no record that the two had yet met, 
and there was no real doubt of I'lvorest's confirmation ; 
indeed, as Everest points put elsewhere [ 308, -146 ], there was 
no other possible candidate. ... Everest invited Blacker to 
inspect him at work, and was disappointed that he was 
unable to do so; "I pumose being at. >Scronj during 
November, Peceuibta, and January, which three months will 
ha occupied in.. .the iriost delicate parts of the operations. ... 
The whole of my esUi.l/a.hmcnt and material .will be in the 
field at once, and if your presence coual possible be spared 
at the Presidency, yon would, 1 humbly think, derive much 
gra til'. cation by honouring my camp with a visit""- [ 293 ], 

After rest at HosliH.isgfihii.ii with skilled mecl. atten- 
tion, Everest pushed on bis triungdes and sn.icee.ssT.iRy 
eompUitod the inea-v. of his base -".in i?, and the necces- 
sary astrl. obsns. [ So, j.90, '2.-19—51 ]. Bat he found the 
work a great strain, and lived at, such high tension that 



We have 



notwithstanding my ila 
the niiisiwic.fi removed, i 
abatement iictl! past mi 

in diiec t disobedience > 

hearing, bat it is absobit 
to perform my <:my in 
natural rest is thus...bro 

pony. "Ever since the 
an order had pre railed 1: 
made by man or bea; 



He: 



; been tile owner of She oiVcndio-' 
usimcp.ecment. of December IS*!, 
ny ea:nn that ao noises- were to 03 
whieb migir... disturb my rest. 



... It had never been violated '.mtil my cam;) was at Soorental 1 , 

as to prevent my getting any sleep. This nuisance continued 
for three nights us succession and, notwithstanding all my 
endeavours, i was onabie to discover who were the promoters 
of the riot. On the 4th day I had a proclamation made... 
that the sentries hud orders to turn all neighing horses and 
other noisy beasts out 0:' camp, and a naik and 4 sepoys 
rounds and see this proclamation 



"It n< 



directed t 

d into effect. 

appeared who the real offender 
n opposition to all authority 



•Ofv, 



Yon n 



and.. .when the Naik went to execute tin orders given him, 
year horse-keepers violently resisted him in the performance! 
of his duty, and said tnat your neighing horses should not be 
remover! without 'cutting -.heir throats". Disgraceful and 
insubordinate as this was in a civilised camp, yet it was. 
trilling compared to your own con. 1 net on tire occasion. You 
were in the observatory at t'ne Lime employed in registering 
the means of the angles, and yon burst forth in a torrent of 
insolent railing towards me, winch would have more befitted 
a lewd soobi in the purlieus of Mi dings-ate or Wapoi-ig. than 
a person who had eeca accustomed to the decencies of tife. 

"I will not here reoapitalatc what you said, nor should I 
have been so particular ia dciai'.ing the above circumstances, 
but for your alluding t.: sou:-! debt of gralilude which you 
seem to think I owe you for some imaginary service. I am 
not aware of any such debt, but I think :t would be much 
more becoming in yon to oviner; your gratitude to me for 
not handing up this disgraceful conduct of vonrs to the 
Supreme Government, ... 

: 'The books which you despatched by dawk bangy arrived 
here last- night but. ..owing to the careless manner in which 
they were packed, they have been soaked through and through, 
and are very nearly destroyed | 4:9 ]. I cannot conceive 
how any person in his senses should think of despatch- 
ing -such valuable dot: u merits in the height of the rainy 

covering can on.y famish protection a/iinst slight simwers. 
and is obviously altoi/ethcr i.-ieiiicii nt against heavy rains "■'. 

Early in Mar/ch Kvet-esl (tppliod to take leave to- 
Europe after completing bis ccimpus. He had now- 
been in In J in- 1 ft years. His resolution was confirmed. 
by a return of his illness at the end of the month ; 
" Aftor tho La.st an;; leu had boon takon at Bhowraa-cit, 
an. attack of my old complaint, more than usually 
Violent, took i.daoe, so that even, the motion of the 
mtli.ui fifteen caused tiie most inleoso agony. I was 
convoyed to the Louise of.. .'Major Foilding at Goonah 6 
[447], where I remninod some months, and then 
went to Calcutta... on my way to England" 7 . Leav- 
ing Gama on 25th May, ho marched to Oawripore, 
and took boat dovyn the Ganges on 4th July, arrg. 
Calcutta 12th August. He was grantod furl, on se. 
under boo. 14-10-26, sailing ll-U-25 [ 241, 346 ]. 

He askor! to bo p la-cod on duty for tho selection of 
suitable new insts., and also to take b.ome copies of 
all his obsns. that he might there work out the 
results. The Dime, tors refused to place him on 
duty, but welcomed .his; advico about the insts., 
and gave every facility in t-lio!:' selection [9, 246, 
257-60]. 

They refused at first fa keep his anor. open, saying that 
they were quite ready to appoint, another -afiiccr to carry 
on the work, but no one soitabh; could be found. "When 
in ltiti.5 I was about to. ..return to England: when in fact 
n-.ost men looked upon tho close, not. only of my c 



» lb. (331), 20-2-25. 



«10d- 



1. of Sironj, pi, 17. 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



tfcea awarded "the rejim-ntal allowances of.. .rank for the 

tir.st 6 months of 1^7. arid th- .-.■gimeu' il diowatices 
together with the pav of. ..rank fnai X >vml,er lS^S up 
to '.he daie-.vhe:i von .. .,.■ <■■. be. employer -. 

Ilonv.i mU i.. ■! i- y . ■ ■ ■':! (■"■. A;;- book, which con (sins 
vivid ai'.eo Lit its of the country and his perswial experiences, 
with revealing co:Timoi't = en Laefblon and bis assts., freely 
quoted here under ref. "Geo. Everest". He was further 
allowed "expense of 2 pounds a. wee]:, together with.. .con- 
tingent charges for.' writers & staiioncry...for adjusting k 
drawing up. ..the e-ompj tat inns now rompletod. Expeiices 
mav lie incurred v> prepare the materials of tlie oth Section 
of the Meridional Arc left incomplete at Colonel Lambton's 
death [246I. ... 

"Ref. the Astronomical (.'lock presented by you to the 
r.ovemiueut of Bengal, ami - copies of Taylor's Logarithms 
left by you in India for the Trigonom ' 
Court "haa resolved to present yo 
return fir the clock, and two Tabic, 
work you prefer" 1 . 

Not only did Everest, = pe> 
■:. ravelling in England and l"r 
the Trig. Svy. and inst. mak- 
.scientific Instns. 
29-5-28 



3si Surv 
:f Log a ri 'duns, whichever 



1 of his leave 



but h& also visited 
lent. A letter of 
hiin at Rome 4 . 
Col. Colby 3 about new zenith see dots 
and apparatus for meast. of base-lines, and Col. 
Salmond [ 283 n.i ] about the work of the Trig. Svy. 
in general. He wrote a memoir of 70 paras, compar- 
ing work in Ireland with that in India 6 . 

He was elected member of the Aslr, So;;., after the pre- 
sentation of his memoir on La, Cuillc'a work at the Capo 
[ 443 ], and a paper :f his on spherical ex-cess w as read before 
the society on 9-1-24'. He was elected member of the 
Council Sl-2-27, und read another paper, 13-3-29, on the 
subject of fend 11 1 jd 1 « ; "In consequence of a desire expressed 
by the Court of Directors. ..that T sim-ikl superintend a set of 
experiments with the pendulums lately constructed for their 
Presidencies of l!r-nga.l and Bombay, ami avail myself of 
that opportunity to "aivu the. gentlemen cadets educated at 
Addiscou.i'ac some notion of the nature, objects, and use of 
these instruments", he spent some time iuve.stigatim; 
their errors aod irregularities | 254-5 ]'■ His demonstrations 
to the cadets were made at die Royal Ol.'Sy., Greenwich 11 . 

His work daring these years in England, and the 
contact of his forooful personality, gresitly impressed 



the Directors and, just; as in the ease of Blacker, 
this personal knowledge led them to appoint hire 
SQ, [301, 30S ]. Though he was still anxious to 
prolong hia stay, rim Di motors insisted (in his prompt 
return ; "if he should fail to arrive in Bengal within 
5 years from the date of quitting it, he will by law 
be out of the service" 10 . He rejoined at Calcutta 



! than 



>nth' 



1 his t 



ad t 



duty as SG. 8-10-30, to open a new era ill 

historv both of the Surveyor General's Deijt. 

of the GTS. [ 264, 325-6, 432 ]■ 

Everest's career in toe GT3. can hardly be ntiubuta 
the education gh-en at Marlow ami tbe k.iia., at the lai 
■which, writes Mark ham, lie " passes; a. brilliant cxaruiua 
He reached India, moreover, at the early age of 16, anc 
e had little eae- uingco.icii tn: iccelop his learning ■ 



the 



hia e 



of 1 



He 



asplaye 



v rmg ■ 



1 befor 



"■ting a 



charge. His only p 
Oarlina 11 I 3c3, 342-3,45° ]- 

He was prompt to note the d is a d vantages of 
much of the routine that Luinbtoii had regarded 
as essential, and prompt also to snatch at devices 
and phenomena, winch pi-eon istx.l escape from these 
handicaps. He was n-it afraid of booking his own 
views, and had indeed a genius for invention and. 
mastery of essentials that worked more and more 
to the success of operations that called for ex- 
ceptional methods [121, 127, 186, irjfj. 210, 215, 
251-7 3- 

The greatest years of his work began with his 
return in 1830. The years before hud been years of 
apprenticeship from which bo had. drawn the utmost 
value ' j 0, 93 ]. 

EWER, Walter, junr. BCS. 
b. 1784. d. 5-1-63. 

Writer 13-10-1800 ... Magte., Meerut, 27-10-25; 
ret. 24-1-3B. 

Son of Walter Ewer, friend of Win. Hickcv and Judge at 
Calcutta High Court, at one time iiovr. of Ft. Marlborough 
or beoiculc'i'-. ;oid Director EI!;., 1792-3. 

FRS., FRAS. FRGS. 

DIB. 

Wounded at capture of ship Kr-iti by French. 

"'Well versed in music and astronomy"; 1S22, using 
telescope, was first to rem! iiL.-riptiov^ on Qutb, near Delhi. 

JASB. 1,1832 (550); II, 1833 (41); obad. long, of 
Benares and ot her nlac.:s[4(ji 1 : iu. IX. 1S40 ( WS-20), km". 
ofSylhet. 

FAITHFUL(L), Richard Coventry. Ben. Inf. 
b. 9-11-1787. d. Moradabad, 13-8-35. 
Ens. 22-3-08 ... Lt Col. 23-2-35. 

Son of Richard Coveailrv Fait hful and Martha his wife, 
m., Calcutta, 8-1-16. Miss Catharine Williams, who d. 
5-6 -SO, aged S3. 

As J. XIX, 1838, Ax Int. { 13S, 107 ] ; Hodson, II ( 159 ). 



'Everest ( 116-7). s via. Es. 131 p.m.; Com. Corr. ; U-t-30 ; C!) Mice. SQ { 1093 ). S o 30. * ib. 63 ( 3054). 

'CD Misc. 67 (1416). 5 Thos. Fred. Go! by ( [7S±-1A)L» ): 2/Lt. RE. LS'H ; Fft-S. 1-2!); EGOS. 1S21 ; DSB. "BM. 
Addl MS. 14380 (72-94). 'MAS. II, 1S20 (37). s ib. IV, 1830 ( 3r. ). »Ci) .Misc. OS ( 16(5), 22-1-29. "ib. 69 
(110) 13-3-30 ■ Com Corr. Hl-o-oU " Jivcre-jt. f 110 ) ; Mackco'.io to I'.iddsll, 27-12-17 ; Riildcll [497-9] to Mackenzie 
28-2-18 [450]. "Hickey, IV (20S-10, 241). 



22-2-12, wounded at sings ol hlalLajar, ivuil-t litui. to 
Pioneers, of whoin 41 were also Mounded'. 

,H(io. 9-2-16, to srv. Ualculia sanarbs [ 13 ] ; B3ic. 
12-8-17, from Mnj. of Bde., Cuti.-M.jii i.o be member of Tele- 
graph Com. [ 270-1 ] ; IS IS, Dep. Postmaster, Cuttaek, 

FALLOWS, Rev. Fearon. Astronomer. 

b. i-7-17S9, d. Capetown, 25-7-31 ; 
bur. in obsy. grounds. 

IS. Astronomer at Cape of G-ood Hope, 26-10-30. 

Sou of a iveiver, parish clerk to Rev. A. H. Hervey, 
vicar of BrideMrk. 

ed. by his fat'icr and a: John'!- Coll. Cambridge; 3rd. 
wrangler hi I',',. .To'i:i 1 lersehell noiie;: siair. wrangler. 

m., 1— 1-21, Surv Anac Heave-.-, dan. of father's patron. 

FRS. ; Gill ( viii-is ) ; RAS. ( inn ], 11 ( 6!! ). 

Previous in :*.ppt. had an practical e:;pcr!cnee in astrono- 
my ; arrd. Cape, 12-8-21. 

1821, assisted Everest in enquiries about work of 
La Caille [443 ] ; 1822, consulted by Hodgson 
regarding corr. astr. long, obsns. [ 187 ] ; 1823, 
helped Grant, with obsns. for long, by "lunar transits, 
and other obsns. ad, Capo | 183, 455 ]. 

FERGUSON, Rowland Burton. Ben. Inf. 
b. 3-7-1790. d. Chittagong, 12-12-25. 

Ens. 16-7-07 ... Capt. 12-1-25. 

Son of Wm. Ferguson, surg. 

Hodson, II ( 174 ). 

1812-4, survd. route of HSangarh l.'.att-., Hazari- 
foa-gh to Surgoja. ete. a f 47 ] : .1817. survd. road from 
GayaicPatnaE^]. 

boo. 21-10-17, appd. asst. to Everest on avy. of 
telegraph line to Ohunar " 270 ■■>, 441-2 ] ; avy. closed 
16-10-18 ; June 1820-2, asst. 60 Playfair on construc- 
tion of towers, salary Us. 100 pm. ; bgo. 3-5-22, 
appd. to svy. Siirguja ; e-.'iinpletod l--;2:> [88, 201, 312 ]. 
1825, BiEnriosi.i War, Arakan. 



FEILDING, William George Augustus. 

Ben. Cav. 
b. 26-11-1784. d. 1868. 
Corn. 17-4-01 ... Lt Col. 17-5-29; ret. 27-4-33; 
Hon. Col. 2S-1-54. 

Son of William R-obejl, F ..aiding, and "dart Magdalene 
Hartley ( or Huntley ) his wife. L. F. Everest [ 441 J call? 
him cousin to Karl of 'Denbigh, whose family na me is spelt- 
as here given. Sd. name " If eliding " on map of Gwalior 
described below. 

Kodson, II { 181 ;, spells name Fielding. 

1824-5, pa. in Gwaiior .State 1810 to Sept. 1830; took 
ohsns. for lal. at Siron" [ 243 ] ; befriended Gerard, Mav 
1823, and Everest, May 1825, at G-uua, hi, hdqrs. station 
I '46,445-45* 3 8 - 

jikio. 84 ( 45-7 ), svy. of Snidiah's country, showing 
theodolite bearings. 

Nov-Dec. 1830, ili.-sdt. iii Katra.mdu, Nepal. 

Godfather to Everest's eldest son, Lancelot 
Feilding [ 1853-1935], who describes friendship 
between him and his father 1 . Given copy of Great 
Arc book in 1830. 



F1SITKR, Thomas. Ben. inf. 

b. 25-3-1798. d. Gauhati, 24-7-47. 



, Camilla, 1 ■I1.--33, Emily Maria, dan. of Win. Ter- 
l'lirmea-i of Svlhet. and sis tor of .1! .-.::.■-, TeiTanueau [ 507 ]. 

Housed, I'l ( IS;' j : III (723). 

First emp. in mi. Orde.anoe Dept. ; 1817, appd. ps. 
to aoib;!swad'jr to I'ortugal, hot preferred PIC. cadets-hip. 

BOO. 17-12 -10, appd. i.o avy. Sylhet boundary, but did 
not start work till a.fl.er rains 1820 [49-50, 79'; pi. 19]: 
Mackenzie writes lo IJu: from i'alta |" .177 0..1 ', 2!l-fl-20; '"i 
am very desirous of. .seeing you. and. as I. cannot go to town 
till nest week, if you could ,wth convenience t-o yourself 
come out for a day I should be happy to see you here. 3 
hours of the tide in a baulcac. will being you here, & wo have 
accomodation for yon without any in convenience. ... The 
Oliiee is in Ckou ring hue. not fat fianu the military Auditor's " s . 

April 1821, held prisoner foi a.b-ait a week by liilja of 
Caohar[5o, 411 J ; "Lieut, Fisher, Assistant in the Surveying 
Department, lias been saved ami ri.-itincd,..wdii!st sii.-vevirn 1 
oar honndaries in the direction ..if .Sylhet. He id confined 
at a place called. ..Kufcehar, to the eastward of Sylhet. It is 
a very hilly country, and w.:^ conquered about two years. 
ago from the aborigines by a force of about 00'.! men sent 
by the Burma Rajah. Fears are entertained of Lieut. 
Fisher's life, as much from the unh fait him ,*.; <>f thf climate, 
as from the cruelty of the Burmans" 1 . 

veeio. Misc. S--0 22 ; 4 sections of iirt.LsT.ic panoramas 
along (audii'ir frontier, 1821-2. 

btc. 1-8-22, appd. to rev. svy. of Sylhet under 
Comnr. [7,51, 144-5. 333. 3°9 ] and, 22-2-23, appd. 
daqiiiq. for svy. and general duties [31, 337]. SG. 
writes, 18-10-23; "I have so good an opinion of 
him that I would have been iiosirous of employing 
him in the centre of India, had 1 not foreseen the 
probability of his being useful when there should be 
any impending eastern fracas" 8 . 

Dec. 1823, diverted to mil. duties as the Burmese 
threat to frontier increased : Govt., noted that as " he 
is employed just now both in the Judicial and 
Political Departments, and, -also act 1.1 ally... employed 
on Commissariat ami Quarter-M;i.-ter < leneral's duties , 
the Governor General in Council considers it expedient 
to leave him floating amongst the several depart- 
ments until a more favourable opportunity may 
offer for fixing him. in some particular one"*. 

etc. 21-5-24 (31 ), assumed eh. of cnmint. with mil 
dett. at Badarpur from Si-1-24" ; 11 [-21. despatches from 
: ' [Sadder pare 7 ', Sylhet. -how Fisher on General Staff, and 
in fdbk. of June 1824 Fisher notes thai,, "Accounts having 
been received of the Eurm e; 1 ..- army advancing agani from 
Mnnnipoor into Cachai, and it appearing probable that the 



rgeforea 


( 20,000 


nei ! )...would 


move on Sylhet, the 


troops 


- Budderporr were wtthdrawi 


to this place, and 




onsgiv^ 






building of masonry 






ended, v. 


th a view to 


si regular defence ur 


til th E 












"Eaip 




u 5th to th 




laying 



'Gardew; Pogson. -Fdbk.s. MRIO. M .ii_' ; report, ib. M 5T.J. 'Ceo. Everest (14). "Li'E. ( 12), 'Foster) 111 ), 

refers to coloured nivaii' eaaiMving, l;v Tan-;, '['i-her. nf J-iUI-j. of Eomr. .j-ivemem.. London, ISO.'I. Sdentitv not e^ti'ilisbod 

•DDn. 156 (17S). 'Off. of 1st May ; _4-s J. 1S2:3 ( 501). "• DDa. fOs ; i 1 , ;. " f)Dn. iW ( 124 ) iD-.l-i-l.' io 15 IQ ty ,,r 
Silohar, eapitrd Ciiohar. "LDn. 212 ( 571 ). 






t'l iXOERALD 



12-2-25, had carried svy. to within 25 m. of 
Manipur [ 484. ]. 

btc. 4-8-26, to resume rev. svy. Sylhet Dist. 
[51, I45-S, 216-7, 3°5 ] i Sept. 1823, survd. "along 
the rivers to \lyiin;ns!rigii. and back over the hill* 
settling the boundary with tin) 
■ [52]. Oct. 182S expecting "double- 
altitude instrument of delicate construction", made 
for nim by Dollond [ 181, 183 ] ; WB.10. 34 ( 22 ), 
svy. of Be. Sylhot to borders of Tippera Disc, and 
TrLpui'iL State; many of Rermell's positions found 
"from ten to forty milt) 5 ; too muesli to the north". 
ib. 37 ( 28, 29 ), various route svys. between Syihet 
and Sunamganj [434]. 

18-4-29, writes to SG. ; ;l In cosisequen.ee 01 the bJ.rbarous 
murder of Lieutenants i'^odc.icdield. -isui ll'.iclton at Noiigklao 
[ 64, 423, 431 5, and the breakhic cut cf hostilities with this 
Lioa-nyahe, the troop,; in tbis ij ■.!;>. ith have taken the field, and 
my services accepted ns tiee-:iiiil with them. Sot having 
had time to mako up my Cold bucks lor the past month, 
I hope you wi'.l pins my o,:r-i!ic;Lte en. !hc accompiLLiytnr' 
abstract; n* brf.v.o [ =^3-4 ]". 

B Pol C. IS 30 .t inc. i2ii-(V :«). placed under aou. 
of si!. Frontier for pel, cli. cf Caehar ; lb. lo-ti-;!:!, nppd. 
Prinel. Aflst. to \::f>. se. Frontier, in c-i. of Caohas'. "ofTa. 
Collr.", on oonsolicatcdiLil.ee. Rs. 1,000. esc. 12-1-36(27), 
ordered to regtl. duty, as services can no longer be spared 
I'or civil employment. 

JASB. IX.' IS10 ( WS-lii); "Memoir of Syihet, Kaehar 
:indi the adjacent districts" ; of mnr.h historical interest: p. 
826 describes i'erfl.st'a .cvpn. to Caciiar 1762-3 [ I, 82 ]. 

JASB. J- 1SS2 CJDr.-bi.inlACicon 1 imbcr trade in OrLe.lnir. 

1845, Comdt. 2nd Assam Lt. Inf. 

FITZGERALD, William Robert. Ben. Engrs. 
b. Cawnpore, 14-12-1798. d. Calcutta, 
1-12-44. mi. Circular Rd. 
Ens. 1-9-18 ... Maj. 3-9-40. 

cjon of Martin Fi!.z;.;oia!d. lien Cav.. ,v. Barbara Loi'tic his 
■ivii'o, heroine ol' hrcaeh-of.pro raise case in 1792 [II, 400]. 

ed. Addiscombo 1814-6. 

m., Calcutta.. 1!) -.1-2.1, Sarr.ii. ilau. cf Moot. Euleher, and 
probably slater cf Etobi. IV. ire [■■'iib-iur. lien. Inf. [ 474 1. 

Hodson, II ( 100-4 ). 

1824-5, svy. of river ointmiihinosits:, Josseire Dist. 
X 15 ] ; Ben. Sel., Ganalv { 5 ), .Keport. on levels 
of Rait Lakes ; svys. embodied in Prinsep's Atlas 
■of Gauges [ 14, 16 ]. 

Ben. Regr. 4 ( 15, 20 ), 6 ( 3G ) & mrio. 48( IS ), 
182-9-30, svys. for now roaeis, l-hi.lge Budge to 
I '<LuiichhoorM.il ( ; I Liit. and Kuiilorpori.; to Diamond 
Ear I sour, who asst. Josiiih Rowe. 

Ben. Regr. 38 ( 124 ), Sept. 1829, svy. of Gandak R. 
•with embankments, Sfiran it Tirhut dlsts. 

1S30 till death, ou.cn'. duties. 'Lower Provinces, including 
<1 rendition of wr^ckr; obstrnclinc It'iTcd.iv TMvisation 1 . Civ. 
Arohiteis.1, and membtr of Survey Com. 

FORBES, William 3 Nairn. Ben. Engrs. 

b. 3-4-1796. d. at sea 1-5-55, or, Aden, 
on voytisre to England. 

Ens. 29-9-16 ... M Gen. 29-11-54. 
1 of John Forbes, of Blackford, and Anne Mar L cc:e: 



Ore 



rife. 



8 BIOGRAPHICAL 

m.. Calcutta, 18-6-36, Sarah, dau, of C has. Bcckct Green. 
law, coroner of Calcutta. 

ed. King's Coll., Abcrdvi.Li. and Edinburgh. Univ. 

Hodson, II ( 202 ) ; III ( 778-9 ). 

Attended svy. course u-itli OS., ins instructor Robt, 
.Dawson writinsr later, "Forbes, poor fe.Jow, has been extreme- 
ly ill from the climate, but had struggled on, and u-ot 
thro' a very extensive survey of part of the Delta of the 

BGO. 8-11-16, appd. to svv. t»m be elements a-loinr Ganges 
in Jlaishiihi Dlsl.. fdbk. 14-1- to 4-3-17, ilhid. M 2S0, */\" 
Sarda, .1-6-17 [ 15 ]. 

181!) to 1S3S, arc! ['com [S:l'i till d.-cth. .Macter of Mint, 
Calcutta; architect cf new Mint, iS31, an.! of St, Paul's 
CatbA 

FOSTER, Robert. Bo. Engrs. 
b. 20-4-04. d. 4-6-42. 
Ens. 19-12-20 ... Capt. 4-7-32. 

Son of Rev. Robt. .Foster inc.! F,li/,abeth his wife. 

c.L ['.Ucuieirs 'l.'ivei't on, and Addiseombe. 

in. Susan Augusta, dau. o," Wm. Doivnes PMUott. 

Bo ac. 39-S-2.'j, appd. to Deecan Svy; "Is acquainted 
with those branch.c- cf mathematics w'llch a;e indispensably 
nec<issaiy for a surveyor who hones fc (: , excel in his profession, 
and was also employ nil on :■ survey in England for some 

. . I ■■■■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■■.-.■. . 

will bring with him tl 
this department" . 

1823-4, 011 trgj.i. along niiaiuir-Giflbarga frontier, 
connecting with Gui'lio^'s trgn. [129]; 1825, des- 
criptive memoir, with svy., of Ghfits between Kusar 
and Hurim rivers ; ivrRio. 127 ( 9 ), map of Kolhapnr 
[ 126 n.3 ]- 

ISSS, .Super. Engr. roads & tanks, S. Konkan-Poona- 



d'Adcn. 



P. 1339 ( 18-25 ) 1 Description of the Cape 



, London, 



1 ] ; Map 



1 DL'a. 11 70. ; Savi-.lBB, J.I ( 1 76 ). ' not Waltc 
i 93-4). "from Jopp, 11-10-23, "fin UC. !)S,'1S2:.! j 30S :■. 
■'Govt. On:., 2H-2-1S, 



FRAN1CL1N, James. [11,397-8]. Ben. Cav. 
bapt. 6-5-1783. d. 31-8-34, 
Corn. 26-3-06 ... Maj. 7-7-33. 

yon of Willircdraoi led Hamiah Franklin, and Bro. of 
R. Adm. Sir John Franklin [ 1 786-1 N47 ), as., vss., the 

ax., Cawnpore, 7-1-18, \iai',/arrt Ma:ia Clements, dau. 
of Gen. Sir TI103. Brown [II, 461 ] ; she m., 2nc 
10-2-30, James Evans. 

FRS. ; BIMC. Ill ( 37 ) ; Hodson, II ( 214 ). 

1813-5, on svy- of Bitnelelkhand [II, 
March 1815, to regtl. duty, Nepal War [ 8 
of sw. Frontier, 181. 0, TvrRro. 96 ( 13 ). 

Pindaii War, use. 25-11-15, appd. "secretary to Col. 
IVAuvevgue,' and to the chaste of the ( : iude und Intelligence 
Department with the tieh! force under that ofiieers's 00m- 
maiid", 1-1-11-15 to 8-2-16. 

BGO. 1-9-17, i>AQjro. 1st. el. [27,335]. 

llaiv-tha. VViir, (817-S, uith Centre Div, ; mentioned in 
despatches of Gen. lircv.n at cant. ire of Jcvad, 30-l-18, B 
Reports to SG., ISi 619; "1 wns permitted to resume my 
aarvey duties in October ISlo, lint had scarcely begun before 
1 was again called away to join the. Trnoi>s under Colonel 
"D'Auvei'gne intended to a;:i. against Sanger. I remained on 
this service until llarfci IS'ti, when i agn.in resumed my 
labours, and conti.n.n.-d thesu wiiliout :cterniission for seven 
months in that year and four in the next, until the 30th 
April 1817, at which period ! was forced into cantonments 1 



"I remained sick .it Kedah 1 uiuil September 1817, when 
I was ordered to Cawnpore. and "as aftervvards employed 
with, the Centre Division of I he Grand Army, and oil my 
bum" relieved from that duty, I obtained permission rn 
remain in Cainin.,ro nut.il (be oud of October 1818. I then 
marched to Kejt,.k aod, having received instruments from 
you in November, I proceeded i :. I'huSbdiiYi and resumed my 
labours in the beginning of .T,uj nary 1S19" 1 L 3, 8i-3, 200-1, 
394]- 

D.D11. 154 { 21 ), 12 9 -.16, Mackenzie considers lun 
for post of ASG. ; "Capt. Franklin is so well spoken 
of by everyone that I can have no propossession but 
what is in. his favour". Later complains of irregular- 
ity of Franklin's writing to QMG. whilst employed 
under SG. [ 336-7. 34°]- 

1820-1, on examination of maps in Govt, offices at 
Calcutta, and revision of map of Bundelldiand 
[ 290-1 ] s . 

IC/MC. Ill j 1011) : "In ISi'H, hi= hcallh ii>;:v.. r dr;g do'icate 
frnjii constant sei-Vice, lie proceeded to Calcutta, where lie 
was cm ployed... collecting end arranging geographical and 
other documents relating to the late campaign, and then 
proceeded to hon^apore on ac-i-ount of Ids health. 

"Whilst at Kiiii-Mpore, finding no survey in existence, he 
made;, survey of that isl.-i.rsd, and prepared a scries of points 
to serve as a basis for a [v.yjf. harbour chait. lie returned to 
Bengal in 1822 arid was appointed to conduct a survey of 

:,. I .. ., ,1 tin. i .;.-:. miles hoc. rliulir.L' ids health not thoroughly 

re.-es.tiiblishod. fie proceeded to England on furlough". 

] 'A2't -fi, furl.- -21-0-2?. read Memoir on fiumlrlkhand 
before RAa Roe. 4 — Feb. 1327, map of Biindelkhand, etc., 
engraved and pub. by Horsburgh. 






; and Bundelkhand ; 



applied unsuccessfully to succeed Voyscy as geologist to 
GTS.s [ 301 ]■ 

Furl. onmc. 1830. 

J J fli. 1, 1SJ2 ( ?01 ), srn.J* to AST?."\-,lketiori of hird- 
made during tone up the Ganges, ...and in too Vindhyi.n 
Kaii-c between Benares and Mandela on the Nerbuda". 

ib. II, 1833 ( 475-81 ), osbts. his geol. map of Bundel- 
khand. 
LEASER, George John. Ben. Cav. 

b. 14-5-1800. d. Aurangabad, 27-8-42 ; 



Corn. 13-7-22 ... Capt. 12-11-38. 

Son of Edward ria-.cW.jl' Yrnse.r, 01 Reel ig, c 
and Jane, dan. of Wm. Krascr -d" Baliiain. bis wife ; bi'o., of 
J I! r.asc- i 1 7 So -1 Sod ) I n. 30S ', and Wm. Eraser ( I7S4- 
ls:!r>\ .11:1,.. of R'-v- lid. Delhi. I 151]. 

m., Delhi, 12-9 32, W.l.'.iehiiina. dan. of John Moore, of 



nol. 



"Hudson, IT ( 217 } ; Crofton.II( 113). 
btc. 9-11-26 ( 60 ), appd. Asst. Sunn., Saharan- 
pur Rev. Svy. ; joined 1-1-27, on eompletion "3 
yeara actual regimental duty"; continued on rev. 
svy. till 1835 ; Asst. to Resdt. Nagpur, 1836 till 
death [157. l6 5, 334 ]■ 

England. 
could be 
laid down from rectangular co-ordinates instead of 
from bearings and distances. 

Formulated a simple method of calculating the 
contents of an a.rea from the rectangular co-ordinates 
of the successive traverse stations enclosing it. 



GALE, John. Land Survr. ( 
Compiled tables from which 



Both these valuable aids to surveying were pub . 

in Geometrical it* Omjihiril fc3#iya by Ceo. Adams, 
junr., London, 1st edn. 1791, the table forming an 
appx. In the 4th edn., 1813, the table wag issued 
as separate vol., price 2s fid. B 

Gdle's system was first adopted by Oliver on the 
Delhi rev. svy. in 1822, and at once adopted goner- 
ally -under the orders of Hodgson as RSG. [ 148, 160 ]. 
To this very day it forms the basis of all traverse 
survey in India 7 . Surveyors often referred to it aa 
Gale's Universal Theorem [ 148 11. 1 ]. 

The projection of a traverse by rsel.sngular co-ordinates is 
described by ,'i'ohn Love in bis Oi.odv:.:-i'i, c.r thr. Art of Sur- 
ifijirig, 2nd edn. pub. London, 1715, and a Table for the 
purpose is given. Alt other early -.i-rh.crs confine themselves 
to the. pro' motion froni l.toa ru'-c: "'"■ distance 6 , 

Tb.e deduction 0/ areas !iy snni of p-od.io-.. is described oil 
pp. IvidofCha.H. H niton's Trr-itUf. or., Msi.wrJ.ion, Meiveastie- 
on-Tync, 1770. where Hn+t.on refers to this as Thru. Riirzh's 
''niclhod to determine the areas of rkdit line figures". 

Doubtless Gale was familiar wi'ii the works of Love, 
Burgh, and Hutton. 

Nothing certain is known of John Gale himself 
beyond infn. given by Adams in his Geometrical... 
Essays, but it is a fair presumption that he was the 
author of Cabinet of Knowledge, by J. Gale, 1st edn. 
1796 ; 2nd. 1797 ; 3rd. 1800, 4th 1808. 

The following are extra;: ts from Adams' Essays : 

pp. iv-v refer to "valuable communications of Mr. 
Gale. ... Mr. Ohio's iuiprovemo?Yia...oansist, first, in 
a new method nf pIouiii;;...fi , om, tho northings and 
southings, eastings and westings, taken out of the 
table wbieli fornix the appendix to thia work. ... 

"The next, improvement consists in a new method 
of determining the circa, with superior accuracy, from 
the northings. ,.;tri<i westing.-;, without any regard to 
the plot or draught, by an easy computation". 

In a footnote Hale is described as "a gentleman welL 
known for his ingenious inmiicalktr.s on finance"'. 

p. xiv, describes the Apps. as "A Table of the. Northings... 
Westings, to t-^lj di- B .-.ec ami uflcenlh minute, of the Quad- 
rant, radius from 1 to l'j'J, with all the infer mediate numbers 
computed to three places of decimals ". 

p-j. 299-310 i ::e 1.1:1c description of the eircnmffrer.tor. 
"with Mr. ti ale's method of using it", an elementary account 
of normal theodolite boundary survey. 

pp. :i2fl 33 destine "Mr. Gale's method" of plotting 
from his Table, wil h the normal traverse set-up. 

p. 339. "These computations are of much further use in 
determining the area or quantity of land in the survey, 
which cannot be ascertained ivivh equal accuracy in any 
other way". 

The Ctib:-:. I ■■■; A" i-.cii : " Misc; ic-ieous Recrea- 

tions, ...moral arid philosophical essays, in': ton:. h ions natural 
and mctaphy-ica-. oxperiments, ... including card doceptiot 



'.['he coilfer.ls inoliiilc 



-Mo:al & Re] coons T.d'is -Nature 
.rd Tricks ■ Problem-. ofXii'iihe-s— 
iure t:,e Depth of the fei— Queries 
finit ions— Light & Heat. 

..i..ni -ned mathns. a.s Hutton a.od 
cey in this way [I, 316]. 



iv of B"ioda [ II, 50 n.i ]. 'DDn. 69 ( 11 ). >DDn. 166, M 33] : mans of sw. Frontier, MR10- 96 I 111-- j. 
„; 1 ts->7 ('■>-,■■) ) 'BTC. 2o 5 aud 1-6-23. "2nd ed:;. ed. bv \Y:n. joncj, 17117; lir-i, ISO;). ' Th:i;!"i'-- k 
■:'■ E-i-.i Brit 9ttne4n, 1887, Sumey, by Qen. J. T. Walker. a even as lats as Ency Brit. 7th edn. 1S42. "no 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



Prolonged research in libraries and registers, London, 
Osf:u-:'., and Bristol, have failed to fix the identity of" Adams' 
collaborator, though t.ne name John Gale is frequent between 
1780 and 1820. esuoaialiv in London and the West, 

A John Gfllo Mwrl in thr> Customs Dept. in Tendon, 
being appd. Western Clerk 1 and Exemnr. of St.at.ionerv 
© £"130 pa., 20 3 17S7, and promoted Sec. Gij £400 pa". 
from 23-2-1788. He rosd. 29 -7 -91. His letters and auto- 
graphs are those of an educated man of mature age 1 . 

A John Gale ".Esq." ;!. l<t-lii-l S14 in Charles St., Covent 
Gdu.; G--.nl- Mag. *4 { 502). 

A John Gale, of Pad Mall Place, St.. dames', "Westminster, 
left will, proved 18l!;l, with mention of a wife Harriett, and 
bro. Win., of Customs Ho, London. 

Our man rnay have been a scholar rather than 
surveyor, but was obviously, of pra-erical bent, and 
must have had some odoeatnori in survg. and maths. 
He may possibly have assisted Adams in producing 
other prof, pubns. 

GARDEN, William [ II, 399 ]. Ben. Inf. 
"bapt. 8-3-1790. d. 2&-7-S2. 
Ens. 29-11-13 ... Bt. Col. 2-8-50. 

Son of Alaxander Garden and C r:zol '■] ■■(>, r:, l-:o his wife. 

ed. King's Coll. Aberdeen. 

CB. ; ADC. 

Hudson. H (246) ; III ( 782 ). 

BGO. 1-1-17. appd. daqmg.. 3rd. cl„ whilst with 1st. 
Div. Grand Army; ih., 31 8-17, to svy. frontier between 
Sepal and Champa iyiti [jo ]; IS 1 8 ■!!, suivd. routes in Rohil- 



i 335 ]■ 

1823, as aqmo., Malwa For: 
lloshangiibad; DDn. 193 (8 
writes; "Captain Garden, ... 
igence., lining the last dry season 



i a survey oi 



□ of the space. ..between Jaun and 

the ground of Captain Garden's report, ...the Pionef 
Mow should be employed on the im movement of tho Sinirol 
Ghaut', arid the road onwards to As-eergin-h" [ 87 ]. 

Later had distinguished career in omg.'s dept [337]. 
1839-10. Afghan War; jheio. Ill (4-7), '""" 
route Kandahar via Kabul to Attock. 

GARLING, James [ II, 399 ]. Mad. Inf. 

b. 16-5-1784. d. 4-6-20, of cholera at 



opportunity of joining it. Should this be the case, it will 
■ illustrate what vou have id! aioiii.' though', of the latter's 
mtentiou"' [476]. 

Protested uithoul. success against, appt. 07 P.idde'l as 
ASG. at Madias, on grounds of seniority, for some timo 
subscribing his letters .is Asst. SG, [ 3T.6 8 j. Was obviously 
making himself djmcult, arid Mackenzie writes to Riddell- 
"What orders have you been sending 1.0 Garling that ho 
only finds fault with your designation in office ! I wished 
much to have conciliated that geudemau, but find it difficult 
or rather impossible. ..'. 

"I am surprized at ids being at. Darwar. I consider it 
entirely out of his province, I must soon turn my attention 
to Mr. G-arling's survey.-, as I cannot sec... ho w he is employed. 
I think he, at ail events, might 1st vor.r ease alone"'. 

Reference was made to the Supreme Govt., who supported 
Mackenzie's view "that the appointment of Lieut. Riddell 
to the provisional change of the survey department was not 
calculated to throw- r.ln- slightest degree of discredit on Lieut. 

Gat-ling's character or professi 1 pretensions, as being 

consistent indeed with the usage of other branches of the 
military s-i-vioe with -,■:-.■, rrl to artirF appointments"'. 

Eiddell also wrote that he had '■heard privately that 
Garling's objection was treated as a tri.'io, and as contrary 
to every precedent in this Presidency"* [177, 497]. 

Garling did nut accept Hie decision with kindness, and 
Mackenzie writes to M.ountfoi-d a few months later; "Mr. 
Garling,... may with equal reason complain of you. ... As my 
sentiments have been so Little acceptable, ... I do not wish 
to trouble him further than when my strict duty requires 
correspondence" 1 . Altogether there- hm a considerable lack 
of good feeling ijehveen Gariu.g :n:ti the l~G., which was not 
remedied when Garling pushed his svy. beyond the w. 
frontiers of the Ni/atn's icrritories without formal sanction, 
and apoeared to be suiting his m-ogi-a.ioine to the wishes of 
the Resdt., Henry Russell, rather than keeping to the SG.'s 
rigid instns. [ 4-5, IIS-7, 3°4 *-z ]■ 

Mncketiy.te Ih.iuas .'.IoaiLtlo-.il for communicating "Captain 
Garling's intention of coming to Calcutta- or, the subject of 
Ms grievances. ... Some time ago lit. Garling mentioned 
something about, coining i.o Caleutta. ... I took no notice 
necessary. , 



> reply t 






Lieut. 21-9-04 ... Bt. Capt. 1-1-18. 

Son of John Ired-rios and Can: lino Garling, of London. 

April 1505, mmi., cl. I [II, 320]; asst. instr. 
from April 1806 to Oct. 1811 [ 105 ]. 

1810-3, in oh. Goa avy. [ II, 156-S ; III, 94, 196 ] ; 
1813-5, in ch. of Sonda svy. [ II, 158-9 ], returning 
to Madras, Sept. 1815. 

moo. 10-5-10, appd. to eh. svy. of ISTizani's 
Dominions [94, 97. "4"7. "9» 125. 207-S, 281, 339, 
401, 417,474]- 

Recognized by Lami.iton as 
qualifi cations [II, -246; HI, 12 
Everest's only rival for nomina 
GTS. [342-3^ 44°], Wddell writ _ 

'"I have no doubt that. Colonel Lambton is endeavouring 
to get his department increased tin-.i. Garling may have an 

'dealing with Customs matte:.; of 42 ports s\v. from P.ochester to Wales. "BM ArL.il MS. 3-22o I -f. 16, 110 145 of 

1790) andPR0 ; C'i-.to!i-.- , K.4;i:M, i'vit. 'Everest. 17-6 31, DDn. 235 ( 2:")S ). ' Sisorol C!:.t'., -'0 re. S. of Indore ." Awermtr 

■pi. 24]. 'DDn. 151 (14S). "DDn. lofi (301. 30! ) ; 7 -lv & 23-11-17. 'DDn.. 133 (07-!!), io 5 -is. \;\yi i.i-C, " L >; 
« DDn. 151 ( 211 ), 1-7-18. »DDn.l49(9],2-ll-18. "°ib. ( 51 ), 23-3-19. 



rvr. and trgtr. of high 

129-30, 207, 237, 2573. 

:i a; f.ambton's asst. on 

Maeltenzie, 26-2-1 S 



because I considered it neither s 
Several of .Mr. Garling' .s letters to me have b- 
for some time, as it is impossible for me 
priva 4 r- letters"' . 

In spite, however, of this lack of mutual sympathy, 
Mackenzie had a high opinion of Garling's prof, 
qualifications, and was doopiy grieved at the news of 
his sudden death [117,341. 459 ]■ His brother officers 
Were pirrtii-uln-ly distressed, and Connor writes ; 

"The account oi" poor Garling's death has filled me with 
the deepest affliction -so accustomed !.o associate him with 
all my most agreeable remembrances— so intimately united 
by ties of indissololde friendship- ...j early known— so deeply 
regarded— I feel his loss as the severest calamity, for we 
rarely appreciate the just value. ..til] tis without our reach. 
Always attached to Ids many amiable virtues, and respecting 
the rectitude of his principles, I sutler the misery of feeling 
his full worth at the moment I have to deplore his doath ; 
and memory, as i!" to agg^tvito ■'iio.-e sentiments:, retraces all 
the scenes of our lony intercourse, whose harmony was never 
for a moment ruined [ 433 ]. ... 

"My regret for the loss of this excellent fellow has been 
feebly expressed. ... We both [ Waal & Conner ] agree with 
you that he was as amiable in private life as zealous and 
capable as a public servant. As such the department has 
severely suffered. ... 

"I am very glad yon have taken means to secure the 
books and in st.ru met its. lie had some valuable ones which 
will be almost useless to anyone. ..not, in the department- - 
the Camera Lueida— ...tent — ... 



"T request the .I.-'i.i.:vo]i jULodia nicy nui he put up for sale- - 
poor fellow — it was our joint, property, ,1 sort of family con- 
cern, that was more valuable as belonging to both, and one 
(bat 1 have IMS a melancholy interest in. In tact, ... a 
feeling orii.irely independent, of the properly itself makes me 
most solicitous to have the hooks" 1 . 

Poor Conner! He was to follow Gariing In less than 
twelve months. 

GARSTIN, Edward [ II, 399"4°o ]■ 

Ben. Engra. b. Chrniar, 6-2-1794. 
d. 13-7-71 ; Bangalore. 

Ens. 6-5-15 ... Gen. 1-3-67. 

Son of John Gnrsfin, Hen. F.ngrs., SG. Bengal 1808-13, 
and Mary hi; wife [II, 400]. 

m., Calcutta, 2(1-7 Sfi, M.arv Anne, dan. of Adam Duffin. 

Hodson, It (252-3). 

181-1-5, Nepal War; asst. suiwr. under Hodgson on Mepid 
frontier [ II, 41-2 ]. 

not). 31-EJ-lii, with Hodgson to svy. of Ga.rhwii 1& olirmur 
[29-31, 459 ;, being cmnluyed near Sn.hathu. Kesd. Nov. 
[81(5, as a'llcos. did mil. meet, the hoa.vy expenses of work in ■ 
the hills ; 3-2, 346 ] ; ib. (Mi 17, "to earrv on the Public 
Works at Ludhiana". 

ib., 1-1-20, "to survey the Jubr.onnh Creek for... ascertain- 
ing the feasibility of opening through it a channel of com- 
munication between the Hooghlv and the Issatuuttv ". 
commencing from 17 12 IS! [ i> 212 J. 1834, as officer of 
pwn., survd. va.rir.ua marls ill lower Bengal 5 . 

Had distinguished career as. engr. 

GERARD, Alexander [ II, 402 ]. Ben. Inf. 
b. 17-2-1792. d. 18-12-39. 
Ens. 9-9-08 ... Cap*. 13-5-25; ret. 15-2-36. 

Son uf Gilbert. Gerard. n.">. of King's Coll.. Aberdeen, and 
Helen bis wife, dan. of John Dinn-an. I'rovosi. of Aberdeen ; 
bro. o£ Patrick (1701 1S-IK). Ban. Inf. (DXB-; DIB.; 
Hodson), anrl of James Gilbert ( 17!!5 18:55), Ben. Med. 
(DNB.; DIB. )[40-i]. 

DNB. ; Dill. ; Hodson, i I ( 259-60 ). 

1814-5, on rev. svy,, Salifiranpnr, under Bd. of 
Comers, up. [ II, 180 ; III, 35, 37, 134, 149-50 I- 

"These provinces ", writes Anne Jlcanc in ISOH. "having 
been newly conquered, ... had as yet paid no revenue to 

them, and form an esi imair of what they were capable of 
furnishing. ... On the 1st day of December ISOS, attended 
by a regimen!, of scapoys and a numerous retinue, we travel- 
led in the suite of the Commit ion or- towards Delhi. ... Our 
line of march, including cattle, baggage- waggons, and follo- 
wers, extended more than a mile". After- (.our in Rohilkhaml. 
returned to hdqrs. at r'a-chgnrh 5 [151]. 

6-1-15, with dra v.- vi for re.gt.Lduty, Xe.pii.lWar; Dee. 
1815 to Feb. 1819, again on rev. svy., Sahiiranpur, 
M.oriidiibad, and Dehra Dun [ 22-3, 157, 178, 201-2, 
204, 218 ]. 1819, joined Sir-moor .Bate, at Dehra 
Dfinf 197 n.2, 452 n.4). 

Ohsd. from Hhudrii; liiil, cutting initials 0:1 anrvrs'. stone 
below Persian name J^J U tlo or Lady of the Moon [ 178 ; 
pi. 5, reverse ]. Ms.pi; drawn by bia asst. Blaildford [ 20,7, 

347- 36o, 42.5 ; Pi- 3 ]• 

Both in 1817 and 1? I s spent two or throe months 
in the hills, making jortr\no\ s from. Sa-batiTU, through 
Simla, to Kotgarh where his bro. Patrick was sta- 
tioned during rains, and u» the Stitlej valley which 
was then practically unknown [ 30, 40-5 ]. 

1817. left Sabathu 37th. Aug., reached fiarang, 10 m. MB. 
of Chini, 30th Sept., and was back at Sabathu 14th Oct., 



having made rough svv. with astr. ohsns. [40 ]. 

L8i'8, left Sabathu with his bro. James, 21st Sept.. reached 
Shipki 12th Oct.. relumed lo Sabathu 22nd So v., and was 
back at work in the Dun by 2f.if.li. An account of this 2nd 
journey appears in JASB*. 

17(:h Get. describes march over Nako Pass; "The people 
with the perambulator anrl ',.} 1 ..■ . 1 r. I t.i I i 1 1> missed the way and 
did oof arrive till midnight, and Uieir hands and feel, were 
almost frozen". They climbed to top of peak, 19,411 ft. 
above the sea. " I" .vas I- p.m. wboti we gained the- summit, 
so we had 00 lime to make kid' I. 'a:: observations we wished. 
... Whilst I was setting up the large theodolite ray brother 
tried throe excellent barometer.' which wo had Iho antiefiurtion 
in sec stand exaetlv at the same point' 7 . Thev got back to 
Sabathu on 24th Nov. 

Sent Sfi. a note on weather conditions ; "T have not had 
a great deal of experience in the mountain regions, bin shall 
give the results of my own obsotw i-.tions, and in a short time 
hope... to furnish you « ith a more corre: I information regard- 
ing the weather from my brother, who has resided anove 
three years in the hills, a great part of which time he has 
kept a met com Logical journal. 

"October, November, an- the most favourable months, the 
atmosphere being (hen more clear- tii an al. any time. Decem- 
ber, January, are in r nor worse than ie. the low lands adjoining 
the hills, there being much snow. In February. March, it 
i.s sometimes practicable to carry 0:1 field operations, but 
more frequently not, especially in mountains above 7,000 
feet lug]], when the roads .'i" conum udv :i locked with siiovv. 

"April. May, are capita! monrha, but the atmosphere is 
not SO clear as in October, November. The beginning of 
June is sometime, protty good, but. there is always a dense 
haze. The end of ..lime, July, August, September, are the 
worst mouths, arm all hough the roads are not, as in the 
plains, subject to inundations, yet it is scarcely possible to 
get an observation of the sun or star* above once in 1(1 or 12 
days; the big lulls are iricolvcr.l in clouds. There is some- 
times, however, a clear fortnight in August"*. 

1821, made 3rd journey. Leaving Sabathu with 
.Tamos early in June, lie traveLied alr.no after 23rd, 
and visiting the Baspa valley got well beyond 
Shipki, returning 1:0 Kotgarh 2{hh Sept 6 . Though 
Chineset guards prevented his working B. towards 
Gangotri or Lake liana sara war ■ pis. 5, 6 ], he added 
considerably to his svys. The memoir of his Map 
of Kotntawar, was ml. 26-7-26 [ 41 ]. 

"In the Tr<mtvr.lio3is <>f the Royal .UUitit, Society, vol. I, 
part II, is a paper 01-, iho Valley c-t -lie Setlej River in the 
Himalaya Mountains, from the journal of C'apt. A. Gerard, 
with remarks by H. T. Coicbrooke, Ksii., which contains so 
much c.nrloiis ami io:e:csrl-ig matter'"'. 

In 1822 Alex, and James joined Lloyd and Bobt. Close 
[II, 417 11.4] at Kotgarh for a journev to the Barcndo 
t'a-s, travelling by (lie eppev Juiona vallevs [II, 417; HI, 
42]. They left Kotgarh 8-22, reaching TSarendo on 
By obsns. of boiling water, Gerard deduced height of 






e I5,( 



ofeet 



With Lloyd's .Vnrrato.v:" '.vas nub. Alesaudcr's Account of 
nil- Attempt { 1821 j to pci-d.-ote rty !':iJJ\ur to Guroo and 
the Luke Mn-ioouvionyirn ana also a. letter from James "detail- 
ing a visit to flie Sh.atool and. Boorendo parses for the 
purpose of determining the hue of I'erpet.uai Snow on the 
southern face of the Himalaya". The two vols., with 
Gerard's maps were pah. 18-io, cd. by Geo. Lloyd,' who had 
aced. the 1822 e.vpn. as a child of 7. The second vol. gives 
Alex's, narrative in which Lo discussed (he heights of peaks 
obsd. by his bros. Ps-riek and , lames n» wed as by himself, 
anrl c.ojEipo.res ihem .vith those hv Herbert pub. in As R 
XIV [204]. 

A further account of all Gerard's Himalayan 
journeys, with a map, was pub. in 1841 by Geo. 



'toMountforrliDDn.LO; 123 a ), 2S-e-20. ± Ben Regr.. 6 ( 38 ]. ' 
s DDn. 212 (3), 25-11-18. "IO Maps ( 27 i ; Hdirtburnh, I, 1834 ( 41 ) ; 
»kd. by shot-gun accident. Thebes, Egvpt, 10 10 i'.i. JUGS., 1844 ( slviii ). 



GERARD 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



Lloyd under thi> Li tie An Account- of Koanaww in the 
Himalaya," 1 . 

Describing a to lit to the upper f? ; = l ! r- i in 1843, -J. D. Cun- 
ningham lOgrnt* "that the Gerard':] did nut employ the oamr- 
ucenracv in" general description whl;h fht-y brought to tear 

L:iti the heights- of monntaine". 

His br;>. AU'\ ' '' .'.!>■■ I S-S-T, a Her a visit to Ladakh 
vii, Knlu, on -'tin . r.L. v !,■:..: of the- Gerard's chat the snowy 
peaks to the north-oastuaid of Siniti And [.aim I exceeded in 
height all that, (.hey hiui seen of the Himalayas, The Baron 
Humboldt,. .calls it an uiifonii'.Lod surmise, in which opinion 
I cordially agree, ami I believe that. 1 am fully home out by 
the observation:; of Jloorcroti ami Ticbeok whon crossing 
the Kari,iu La" ! [43]- 

In 1822, tho SG. 'ibUiinod III:-! a;>jii. for a svy. into 
Malwa and Rajputana 3 [ 3, 89, 361, 371 ]. 

"Liout. Gerard, an experienced and very able surveyor 
who was formerly cru played nailer the Hoard of Commis- 
sioners in K-inileund. but who for sonic years past had been 
disabled by ill-health hum exertuig bis talents in the plains, 
having now by a Ions; resf.l-.-nee in the Hills re- established 
his health, lie is ready to uni.lcrfri.ke the survey. ... 

"He is a surveyor 0; mure than common talent, an expert 
practical astronomer, and tonv.r.sani in the use of chrono- 
meters and also barometers, ... and lias.. .a good collection of 
valuable ins tin meats. "He Is, besides, a person of a respect- 
able character, and his conduct is calculated to conciliate, 
and not Offend, the people of Lin; eountries in which he 

"If Government... order, ... I will ilircet. Lieut. Gerard, 
who ia at present doing iiui.y with the Sii'moor Uattalion", 
to proceed lo Agrn and con'm'-iico the survey &t the close 
of the rains, trad.. .in the course of one season he. will.. .com- 
plete the desired om ii:io, and...assi?:i to each of the principal 
places in it its true position in Inf.ir.uio and longitude, as 
well as to shew its height nbove the sea j and. as I will direct 
him to take bar-aou I'dea.! observations bo' ween Saharaupoor 
and Agra, we shall br able to complete the sections of level 
from Gape Comorhi bo the Mind degree' of latitude in Tar- 
Leaving Sabathu 8-10-22, Gorard halted nr. Taj 
at Agra 21-11-22 to 27-1-23, taking astr. ob3ns., and 
then ran his svy. through Gwalior and Sironj to 
Bhopal, staying with Gkruniu Foihling at Guna 3rd 
to 18th May 1 447]. Returned to Gwalior 2nd June ; 
remained there, seriously ill, till 13th Sept. when 
he moved to Agra. At end of Dec. lie set out on 
svy. w. to Kotah and XjrriHoh. He again fell sick, 
but writes to SO. from Mbm-icli, 24-4-24, sending 
results of astr. obsns. ; "I consider the observations 
of Antares very vol liable, sinoe L.hiu phenomenon was 
visible in Europe, & an oeoi.ilatioii of so bright a star 
does not gtumritih happen oftrinor than once in 5 or 
6 years [180]. 

"I am now. ..on political duty under... Major 
General Sir D. Ocbieriony [ II, 472 ; III, 89 ], & I 
am to act for...f the ] Agent in Bangur, who will be 
absent from this station for some months"' ; kept 
on to b« apo. at Nasirabad nr. Ajmer. 

Blather considered this svy. ''more important, and 
more scientific, than any which have fa 11 on under my 
inspection" 7 . He tried more than once to get 
Gorard back, but owing to bad health and pot 



duties it was not till Sept. 1826 that he was avail- 
able [ 25, 90, 175, 365-6, 371 ]. Onco again his work 
was cut short by fever which had troubled him 

"ovory your for those- hist six yesrs". 

Oct. 1823 left Calcutta by boat for Fatehgarh, "having 

- very valuable set of instruments, partly his c — - 






■ope. mi 



perty. and partly tbal. of lie- G-overaraen , 
boys. ..from the P„s venue Purvey .Department-'. ... ue was 
instructed... to make t lie best use of the [ bur; he must pass in 
boats by., .assiduous all cation to the barometer, to determine 
the di defences of level of (lie river as he proceeded, and 
generally to take as inanv ustronoiuioa-l observations. ..as he 
eould" 3 . From Fafoligarh he travelled by palanquin dak 
to Agra and back to yet a. good value by chronometer for 
the long, of Agra [ 180]. Eeonniuc; to Agra lie made another 
trip to Kasgo.ii], about 70 m. to sw., but was driven back 
bv further attacks of fever. 

" He was then held up several months at \g.-a till the SG., 
impatient at receiving neither fdbks. nor me., obtained hia 
discharge. Gerard «as genuinely ill, and it is doubtful 

would have been able to carry on further .svv. in the plains. 
He writes, 17-8-27; 

"I have as yet nut been aide to commence my march to 
the westward, from rain and bad "father. Severe ill -health 
has rendered me unable to take any observations for some 
time past, and if I 00 not jo: I'd re- 1 d' ;,i! eitlr'-m" oppression 
at the chest soon, I shall be obliged to resign the Survey, 
as it pains me very much to stoop to write ; and indeed I 
have been under the necessity of Inn-vine " ! 1 writing almost 
wholly lately. ... 

"If I ami not able to eonrlnet Iha survey after the end of 
the rainy season, "I shall resi./r! Li mi apply Tor leave of absence, 
as I have more than onee been very strou-dy recommended 
either to go to sea or the hills. I did not attend to the 
surgeon's advice, and after staying so king in the plains... 
/ could not now get a medical cert-iji mi ?. if J wished 

lie suggested that some of the SG.'s letters had gone 
astray ; L ' ^fost■ 0: :iu letters have lately been travelling over 
Rajpootana & Mahva. Two followed my brother [James] 
to Lahour. whither he was sent by l.onl Amherst with the 
mission to attend upon Itunjeet /Singh, who was very ill. 
It is no unusual thing for my brother to receive my letters, 
and me to get theirs, especially Patrick's, he arid myself 
being... Captain, there being no distinction made in the 
I'ersian direction "". 

Ho writes later from Fatfhpur, US 11-27; "Yesterday 
evening I had an interview with His excellency the Com- 
mancierdn-Cliicf, to whom I stated that tire exposure I 
endured in the ho; wearhev, when aoitu: !jy dawk with the 
chronometers to a seer I. a in iliHi-rciic.-.s 01 longitude, was the 
prineipul cause that brought on a severe fever, which pre- 
vented me from sending regular reports, which was the 
reason I wil removed from the survey 01 MVi.hvr, [ 90, 358 ]. ... 

"His Lordship replied that ho remembered my being 
removed from foe survey because I mm uniif to do my duty 
from illness, but it harl not made the least unfavourable 
impression upon Government respecting me. He desired me 
to write you— say so — | and ] mention that T had seen him. 
In his opinion, if" my health admitted, there would be no 
difficulty in go Him; me re-np pointed " 1! . U'e have no record 
of his being again employed on svy. ur Himalayan travel. 

James, his doctor bra., accd. Thirties, into Contra! 
Asia in 1833 as far as Bukhara, an effort which 
shattered his health. He was held up by illness at 
Meshed and Herat, but continued to take ohsns. and 
notes as- far as Peshawar. He "died worn out at 
Sabathu", 31-3-35. 



lA'oonowKf. "-.JASli. All I, ISii (240): XVII, ISirj I Li:i0 ), = from Ob. Wee. to tid., 1-11-22, DDn. 135 (201); 

Gerard "lately" appd. ass!, to Ren It. in Malwa. Mater the 2nd Ooorkha Eis'h-i. J lll.bi. !!3 i 32 j ,fc 19S ( 03 ), 1S-6-22. 

a MRIO. M312 (US). 'DDn. 2211 {35}. 13-?-24. s Edward s. >iichacl ^biclls ' } 6i ".. 'DDn. 201 (332), 17-5-27. 
'°DDn. 220 (286). 'hDDn. 212 (313-4), Sept. 1827. 12 ib. (220-30), 3S-II-27. 



NOTES 



GIBSON 



"Alexander got. loav.i of absence on purpose to 
prepare a map of .Tames' route from his notes, for 
ho Lad observed Liu: bcairijigs. estimated the distances, 
and noted all the villages, all the way from Herat 
to the Indus", and, write;; Alex.. Aberdeen, 18-10-39, 
"lb was a splendid map. It measured 10 feet long 
by 3 feet broad, on the scale of 5 miles to an inch 1 . 
At my brothers dying request I presented it to 
Sir Charles Aletcalfo. then (.'.!;> v-en'mr General, from 
whom I received a thousand thanks. The map is 
now with the Army of the Indus, and I was gratified 
to hear that, as far as they had gone, they had found 
.the positions of the plaeos. and neeoimts of the roads, 
wonderfully current- ooi raided n,G. the distances were 
estimated by time, and. the bearing taken with a 
small [.Hi'-ket compass"'. 

Alexander ret. 15-2-36 and, writes Lloyd— "from 
the fatigues he had for many years undergone, 
together with a fever which since his return to 
England has periodically attacked him — his frame 
and constitution were shattered '". He el. at Aberdeen, 
"his native town, ... after 3 days illness" 3 . 

JASB. XI, !Si2 ( 479-551 ), Vocabulary of Kunawar 
languages. 

GERARD, Patrick. Ben. Inf. 

b. 11-6-1794. d. Simla, 4-10-48; 

mi., cart rd. cera. 

Ens. 19-8-12 ... Capt. 11-4-28 ;iny. 6-S-32. with 
permission to rcsude in the Hills, 
bro. of Alexander and James Gerard [say], DNB. ; Dili. 

IS17-S2, served iiraotirrdly cor t;niioiisl.y wil.ii 1st Xassiri 
Batt. [30 n.7, 40 n.5 J at >Saba1hn ain.J liotgarh. A great 
gardener. 

IUlU, with James Herbert en h.urnoy up Sntfej valley 
[38,4^.204-5,457]. 

Kepi regain m- o- d. and barometer foootdS ; abstract for 
ISIS 20, with list '■)' beriilit- five?: bv br.il in;' point of water. 
JASB. II, Dec. 1B33 ( tjio-22 )■' [-273 |. "By the mean of a 
whole year's barometrical ii:Ki : :'\ niions Soobnthoo was found 
tu be ('.Lido feci, almcc l.be lovot of r.i.e sr.a" [ -40 + ]. 

In : ' state merit of (he wcnl-hor i:t Iv.itgirh ■nil eioobathoo", 
1819 -21, Patrick ad.is on ii 1 r.'-ri'.-.i.hiLT note about Simla ; 

"During the years I.S19 20 ana 21, Simla was no place of 
resort for invalids and visitors, except for a lew ollicers be- 
longing to i:he 1st Xus-seoree Bitt. s!:rdir,:io:l ai. Soobathoo, 
and thither T.I icy preceded for 1 lie hottest months, May and 
June, till the rains had fairly sot in. 

"In 1819 a double- p;-,:e...i ''en was pi 1 ■:■■":.! I)v Lieutenant... 
R. Ross 5 on theu.w. extremity of tin; ridge.'... In 1822 the 
first penttiiuent coll age of tlie usual materials — stone and 
timber, roofed with nine-wood shingles — was erected. ..hv 
Captain. ..0. P. Kennedy, the successor of Lieut, ft. Ross as 
Assistant Political Agent for the Prni.ec led iiill States" 8 . 

GIBBINGS, Jolin. Mad. Inf. 

b. 24-7-1793. d. 9-1-18, of wounds 
received at Meliidpur [83 0.4], 21-52-17. 
Ens. 4-S-10 ... Lieut. 11-I1-U, 

Twin son, with Robert i inf], of Re-. Richard Ribbings, 
of Gibbir:_'i Groye. c..,. Cork, s =■- : x ■ J Ca'hcrhio his 2nd. wife. 

July 1815, jBir,, el. IX [II, 321 ]; 1S1T, AQ.MG. 2nd el., 
Svy. Branch. 

Kayo, II (214): Mi.icohns das.,ofdeh 22 12-17, "Am 
much indebted... to Lieut, Gibbing.a, ... who was wounded 
when advancing against tire guns". 

'MRTO. Misc. 16-0-33. a Lloyd ( 283-S ). Mb. ( pxef. 

Coindg. 1st Nasnri holt.. Sabatliu. 1^ IH-^f.' j H-rison. I II i &>! ■,. 
( 147-8 ), II1RC. 1948. 'Bhuyan ( 432 ). "John Crawfurd. 



GIBBINGS, Robert. Mad. Inf. 

b. 24-7-1793. d. 12-4-26, at sea, 
off Mangalore. 

Ens. 19-8-09 ... Capt. 1-5-34. 

Twin bro. of John [sup 1 

m., Oct. 1S22, Prances, dan. of Mai. Henry Varde, Mad. 
E.,r. 

My 1815, ma., el. IX [II, 321]; 15-10-16, under 
orders of NTigpur Subs;-. Force, to be employed on Bvy. 
under jiijk, surva. passes in Xaopnr territories [ 8j ] : 
Mao. 1" 3-17, on svy. in Herat' under' SG. 

6-4-18, to act as AQsia. to Div. at Mhow ; 13-10-18, 
applies for componsn tin:: for horse oc.-omnii" tn bis bro. John, 
lost at Mehidpur: 20 llf-18, confirmed as aojw. 1817 -9, 
signs many maps as .tuns, including iip.m. 188 ( 35 (shewing 
Asirgarh Fort. 

Svy. Xiirbadn P,., fdiiks., uiuo. u 341,401, embodied in 
Malcolm's rnsLfi of Mfdwii, ISIS ii [84 ]. 

GIBSON, George. Adventurer. 

b. Madras. d. of cholera, 10-3-25, 

on road Rangoon to Prome 7 . 

Son of English scarap1a.i:i and Toiinga mother. "His 
lather seem.- to have hour: a. 'ii. ree nary I'Jai/aJn in the service 
of Indian riders, mid lost his life in the Bay of Bengal ". ... 

; ' bldnca trim. ,.i:t Xgabek. a Catholic | mission | sc-tleuient... 
o or 'ii -west of Aonuapm.i. where ho learnt to write and 
spoa.i; Et'.giisb. Portuguese, :■. little I'Vonch. and sonic oriental 
dialects, special iy 'fcling:i "'. "Me hud read works on ancient 
history, arid posscs.icd ■■. fund of gcooial knowledge. 

"He had iTiiiJly two yi ij-age? t.o Lisbnn, and lad eoTiimaiirlfi.l 
several vbssbIs. In a small Danish brig. ..he visited Cochin 
China in the years I7ii;:>. ... About 1 7 u b, he seema to haTC 
constructed one shin of Mo-ee hiniiln 'I rons for the. ..Princes 
Royal [ Am J and afn-rvcsriis doai''d her down to P.angoon. ... 

""ll.i^ ini.-orosi.. in ■rta>gi-,i.pb itisi.1 ttii!.i cuuiiirorobt: 
pursuits had caused him to explore. ..the Burmese 
dominions. ... He was frequently employed by 
Ga-gyi-daw and bis grandfather in. corapilmg maps... 
froin the charts and .i^scriptivo ae- counts drawn up 
by the King's subjents. ... He hud hold situations of 
trust, and...erijoyo.d considerable favour. 

" He was intimately aecinainttiil with lanonnr;e, 
customs, and manners of the Bnrrnoso people, the 
nature and resimrees of J63 Government, and the 
o!iarat:ter.,.of its King and principal ministers " >B . 

After the Burmese invasions of Assam. 181.7 a.ad 1819, 
Gibson was called on " to construct a map of linrina. together 
Willi the adjacent countries of India, Shut., and Cochin China. 
On looking at the m:.'. ;: t'r.v. Xinc remarhed -.luithe inol assisn'-d 
too much territory to do.: l'ln»!iih, and that Assam would be 
a desirable ac;!ui;-:rinn for the Murm c-.e to make" 1 [ 52 ]. 

Deputed on pob ciissirjn to f-k-.igon to t-rdist support of 
Cochin-china to Burmese attack" on fiiam, Gibson left 
Ava 21-7-22. and r:e:LChcd liaugoori ') s-22. Left Rangoon 
Jan. 1823, and reached 1'WI." 2Gtb h'ch. Hia E hip was 
destroyed by nri 1 1:1 ~ l ~ i >i...:"<: hareoi.r 2-ir li March. Assisted 
try loan from British Govt, at PWI. ; he. mission left h: Portu- 



Thel 



d at Hue, and Gibson's 
igon, who nfter nine 
e reply. By the time 

1!l who passed 



of ll'.irma 



niijin.i-.s ilcl.tv conveyed an ui 

that Gibson returned to PWL, the Britisl 

fji.irjti.il, iiJid he oHiced hisasr 
him to Bnrne.y to assist in 
[ 79-80, 431 ]. 

A.: linrney s rea.T'.sr Loosen ■■■.'■■.■to n jo-n'oa: o: ; ns nnssiori 
to Saigon, a rough copy of which, probably by Burney, i? 



»). 



GILMORE * 

now preserved at Delhi 1 . Crawfurd records that Gib-on's 
original "was replete with errors in grammar and ortho- 
graphy in every line, and. ..nearly unlnt-diigible without his 

Bumey spent nearly a month extracting all the 
geogl. JTifn . about Burma and its neighbouring 
countries that Gibson and his followers were able to 
furnish, and records that "although his private 
character ami msiriiiisrsare by no rnt-ans agreeable, ... 
yet I found he possess!*! uracil curious and really 
useful informs.vlioii regarding tlio Burma Government 
and country" 2 . 

When the map was stint to Calcutta to bo printed, 
a copy was sent with Gibson to the Army at Rangoon 
where he made himself extremely useful to the staff, 
bofore his death on trio adva/nc towards Prome [ 71 ]. 

GILMORE, John. Ben. Engra. 

b. 20-7-11. d. Mhow, 24-8-47. 

Lieut. 2S-9-27 ; Capt. g£-t»43. 
Son. of Muugo ffm. Alder Gilmore, of Stamford Hill. 

London, sailinaker. 

ed. Addiseombe, 1S26-7. Hodson, II ( 269-70 ). 

BOO. 11-12-29. iippd. to svv. line for Grand Trunk Kd. 
Burdwan tnPatna ;ro;iorK:icon-.Y>lel.ion 22-:.!-30 [28, 493 ]. 

mbio. 46(5], 1831, sm-rd. road to Balasorc. 

GORDON, George Lawrie. Ben. Inf. 

b. 25-3-01. d. Manipur, 30-12-44, mi. 

Ens. 24-7-19 ... Capt. 8-1-38. 

Sou of Rev. Dr. George Gordon, jro., minister of Som, 
co. Ayr, and Ann bis wife, dim. of Rev. Geo. Lawrie. 

ed. Glasgow, liodson, H ( 2S6 ). 

1S31-5, serving with i'ioneors ; Adjt. Gambhir Singh's 
Levy in Manipur ; 12- 11 2o to 11-2 35, 2nd in comd. 

9-4-27, joined Pernbertou as Asst. Survr., Rs. 250 
pm., on Manipnr-Burma border, on SG.'s reodn. ; 
"The researches of Lieut. Pernberton would be 
materially aided if an ofricrr wove appointed to be his 
assistant, ... and Lieut. Gordon — ...formerly in the 
Pioneers, and now adjutant in Guinbeer Singh's 
Levy, which is supposed to bo reduced in the 
course of the nest month — ...is on the spot, and 
might. ..be promptly and profitably employed. 

"Lieut, Pemborton represents him as a gentleman of 
ooa^iderabie talent, "iio has already a:->pir<v.l a competent 
knowledge of t"i'.- li-.'iL-::^;r'. L ...of i.ri!' country, aiuL-pOSSCSSCS in 
a remarkable dEyref the qualities which arc likely to ensure... 
ciiterprizc.and ardour, l.ient. Gordon lias not yet had 
experience in surveyi-i.c. b'.:t... would prove a useful assistant. 
and.. .in such reinoio and wild fields of operation, and where 
great danger to lionlili is incurred, the advantages of employ- 
in;: two oru-: :■!■-. rire r.oo oh'. ions"' 5 [66]. 

Pcmlx-rton reported a fen- months later that Cordon "has 
alrsalv qualified himself to nude-take the reduction of the 
traverses; and I am indebted to dim. ..for cordial assistance 
on every other occasion" 1 [ 199]- a™™. 36 ( 47-9 ] route 
avys. Manipur to Assam. 

IS"2, Survr. with mission led by Jenkins' j-.iirl fetobenon . 
and from Pub. [S":i I'A- llnnipur. C:>oi piled Kug I ish- Bengali - 
Manipur diedounry, pub. 1S37. 



t BIOGRAPHICAL 

GORDON, John William. Bo. Inf. 

b. 11-2-04. d. NUgiri Hills, 23-7-39. 

Lieut. 13-8-20 ; Capt. 20-12-33. 
Son of George and Sophia Cordon. 

28-6-31, appd. Asst., Sutvt. ; Deocan Svy. ; 25-10-23,, 
rcsd. appt. as Asst. Survr. 1st cl. [ 125 n.iz ]. 

Dec. 1S29, serving with cav. of Nizam's army till death. 

GOWAN, Edward Parry. Ben. Art. 
b. 10-7-1791. d. Simla, 10-2-40. 

Lt, Fwkr. 14-9-10 ... Cant. 29-8-3-1 ; BtMaj. 2S-6-38. 

Son of George Go wan, mcroh. 0!' Calcutta, formerly Bon. 
In i. ( 1773-S9 ), and Mary Parry his wife. 

ed. Addiseoinbe 1809-10. Hudson, II ( 298 ]. 

Hot. 1813 to Mai- 1S19, survd. route of Lt. Col. Ludlow's 9 
detf. toNimachandMhow. 

1818-23, with 4th Troop, Horse Art. 

GRAFTON, Augustus. Bo. Inf. 
b. 29-2-1788. d. 17-4-60. 

Mdpn. Bo. Mar. 25-8-03 ; Bo. Mar. Batt. 1804 ; Lieut. 
18-9-06; 1-1-18 tr. to Bo. Inf. as Capt. ; Maj. 25-5-29 j ret. 
29-12-31 ; Hon. Lt Col. Nov. 1854. 

Son of C. E. Grafton. 

m., Walcot, Bath 5-8-3-1, Mary Nk'hnhon. dan. of Wm. 
Robertson of Ucincrara, WL 

1818, operations in Konkan as Bt. Capt. ; 1-3-19, ■ 
appd. Asst. Survr., with Jopp on trgn. ( 125 n. 1 2, 
129 ) ; 19-1-28, appd. to ch. JDeoean Svy. [ 126 ] ; ] 
1828-9, with Shortrode on meast. of base-line nr. 
Karli [ 130 ] ; 31-5-30, Deccan Svy. closed down. 

A notebook bus been found at Debra lliin. initialed A.G., 
which gives route svys. round Kalyan, in -r. Konkan an-d 
sketches of Satara, i'siW-'J, obviousiy Grafton's. It com- 
raences 17-3-18 :il, K.i.ly.iii, air..: passes through Mntlinijki.tr — ■ 
F«mi-I7M» -Fitrle- -Pitn-'xdl—Ti'niiji'-.ijr. 6th April; 
"The village!; about bore aiv mi-i.ii.bU o:!' to- inhabitants ;md 
supplies, and ibcre are very few and not one good village 
between this & the coast". 

There are little sketches of hills and forts. "From the 
top r.f Jiiggi/'-ih the vdnne .--ooiiT.i-y ^i' hi.r as the eye could 
;earc!i appeared to be s junglo and hills". On 0th May 
report of a "Royal Tistr'. The season's tours close on 20th 

Working season ro-opimed 25th Oct.— Calti/m to Bkant-~ 
WouiKa—Panwell — closing at "cantnonieiifs near Callian. ... 
Thisioute was Willi r.'hiuunii.:e App:'. i : -.v [.'uishwah'a brother". 
17th Nov. from Pan well 1.0 Tamiidi by boat :c irith Cherry". 

Several pages eontain neat pencil .--ketcbo^ of Satara — ■ 
'■ !',es-.:i:iu-i from the ten/ate uf my house"'- -- 1 liearings from 
tlie !Jnrgah...to Shipkee's housu 3 f. 20 poles. ... Little's — ■ 
Mansfield's — Grafton's " . 

There is a rough sketch of "an intelligent peon at Penn", 
and a note recording disapproval of "Cathoho Emanoipa- 



GRANT, Peter Warden. Ben. Inf. 

b. 2-12-1794. d. at sea, 7-4-28, on 

voyage to China. 
*«,. 1-5-12 ... Capt. 13-6-25. 

mh., of Forres, KB. 



Son of Alexander Gl'ai 



nine. mis. -nns. a<~>?. itss:, 22-1:1-2 i. "jd.-,. 201 {^ti, 2-3-27. Mb. ( 323 ), 3-5-27. 

B«. Inf. 1S13-SI ; Kt,-!,,,,, TI( 519). s.lohu !,.:d!'w ( 177:: 1^21 ) P«m. In'.. Kns. 1794; Lt Col. 

. Kn-cc ISin til: d»a-h. Kofah State. 'CBO. Com p. B-l-i.f ; Kalya:i 30 :n. yv. from Bombay ; 
i,5. ofPanve!. j!;i lan/aa, nill I". icm* vi-iido from -.nlj-LV !. — feura nr. Vauaje -Parlo pr. Pale 
in s. area of Thaua 'Dial,.; John Hector Che-rv. Bo ;>J. !vi; till ceath LS24, was A.;-t. Collr. 
;e pr. Francis yheppec ( 1791 -1.8f.i3 }, Asst. Surg.. Si til Bo _\!. IHli!— Jarnes L. Little, Bo. Bur. 



than I have be™ able t,, ,1- 
Leaving WrouEhton in ch 

just the man take en. of th 
[ 185 "1, pointina out that rat : 
years ho resided with the Res 
4471, the astronomer sent bv 
ivssh assiduity to the... praetie. 
rith him the principal oujee 



.;.;ii he 



firther. 



I h'a\ 






181 S, 



. Libra 



The proposed 
ize, and under 
disposal of C-ii 



187, 216, 294 n. 7 ]. 

ir Bengal did not h 

25, Grant was placed at 

n Surma, for eh. of 



NOTES 4 

m., St. Andrew's ch., Calcutta, 31-5-23, Eliza, dan. of 
Alex, l''raser, meruh. of Forres, and sister of Robt. Warden 
frassr : Ben. Inf. 

Hodson, II ( 321 ) ; III ( 787 ). 

1813-4, at l't. VVm. Coll., Calcutta. ; Dili -5, Nepal War. 

Aug. 1817, submit tod niapof _N". frontier of Gorakh- 
pur with Serial, having survd. part himself [ 19, 
178-9 ] ; bjc 5-9-17 & bqo. 7-10-17, appd. to 
svy. "W. frontier of A/.amgarh and Jatmpur with 
Ondh, extending! iv\. along w . frontier of Gorakhpur 

119-22]. 

2-12-18, ordered by Kesdt. Luc know 1 to Bvy. 

jr. frontier of On. if: with Nepal; cur; tinned svy. and 
erection of pillars during 1S19 and up to June 1820; 
submitted final maps in .March [ 22, 361 ]. For part 
of this time he bore the added responsibility of 
Gomnr. in the interests of Oudh, and. the svy. was 
much interrupted by difficult co-operation with 
"Goorkha agents". The Resdt. writes, 12-3-19, 
expressing 

"entire approbated ..■:";..■ mr proceediogs. ... The zeal, temper, 
and judgment which you have displayed has. ..contributed 
in a great measure to allay (hi: feelings of trie.- Co mini, si oners, 
■which if not constrained by your prudence and discretion 
miyht have burst forth into serious or. position". 

This was later endorsed by the aotg. Kcsdt. ; "The share 
you took in 1.-3 1 c business n ';■-.. . I : i lt ■ > j m -i f ■ : i . ;■ u h and proper, 
■and I join eordiaily in the opinion which Jlr. Moncktoii 
iaa expressed on ihe ability of your reports, which appear 
to have left no point unnoticed that Is essential to the form- 
ing of it satisfactory judgement" 5 . 

A notice in Govt. Gas. 21-2-20 record? that "From the 
.last Indian Gazette we team that Lieut. P. W. Grant, 
surveyor, has adjusted the Ja-c disputes subsisting between 
the Durbars of Katmandoo and Hi? Majesty the King of 
Onde in the most able, satisf '.atory, and amicable manner". 

Grant justifies the slowness of his operations; "I will 
not court praise by c\agg'eel iuo the difficulties, ...but I 
deprecate censure bens use, el'Lougl: there is nothing in them 
■either difficult or harrassing. yet they we re... a Headed with 
greater diliiculties and greater rcsuousihiiifies. ... The surveys 
are by no means so extensive ami -complete as might have 
been expected had my time and attention been devoted 
entirely to the surveys alone. ... 

"It may perhaps he ;l source of reg-er. that the combined 
duties of surveyor .and Uritish Commissioner, ..will exclude 
me from that early distinction in the Survey Department 
which others have obtained. ... The duties immediately 
■ assigned to mc are not of that description which are likely 
to afford much scone for s.sciithic enquiry" 3 . 

He drew no extra;, pay for doty as Kounoary Comma 

BOO. 14-9-21, appd. 60 ch. rev. svy. of Goraklipux 
and commenced work in Jan. 1822 in pargana Amorha 
[22, 151-2, 159, 216-7, 221, 333. 388]. March 1823 
submitted mc. ; "I had boon compelled early in 
January to relinquish the survey, and to return to 
the station in company with Doctor Graham*; ... 

"My further s+-y in <■'- ■ d ; .*" r rt affords n,.. prospect of 

state of my heal' ", ml !. .1 . 1 iu the river imm.edialciv, 

as the .mlv means ,.f -.'" --ilii-tr eve:i a- tempo-avv relief from a wei-sts iu recover mr; use 01 suv imius -. 

disorder which batiies the powers of medicine. ... Unless Again, ln-2-i^: 'My h-al-h is "rMkny very good con- 

the. river air sbail produce a. spaedv and docidod alteration sideru — ■ ■'■ - -i»nt. My face is becoming gradually 

for the better, my proceeding to the I'resideoey will then... more tl'-iM-a I require warm weather, and when I am onre 

be no longer a question of mere pr'.iuriuty, but of necessity. able to ,, .. rutches and move about a little, I have no doubt 

"It is accordingly my intention to proceed immediately on of rapidly lccoie: iag. I s.i:]er m..ei: from the cold which 

the river under e"Mar:;e of !!..■■: ( ir.- ■:. who proceed..: to compels me to i;eep to bed. in cor.se qucucc of which I am 

the presidency. ... la is to bo hoped that before tho ensuing obliged to take more medicine. ... 

'John Monekton ( 177S-1853 )■; BCS. ; Off., II [652 ). 'DO... 153 (152-3). Ho SG. ; DDn. 153 ( 13), 15-10-19. 

4 Will. Graham ( 1795 1-ii'i): lieu. Mel.; Crawford's Roll ( Si. 02tlj. H) SO. S-3-23; 3TC. 2'J 3 23 (65). • IIGO. 13-6-23 
<35). 'DDn. 204 (161), 1-6-25. B cf. Rndlay ( 953 ). a DDn. 220 (303). 



;. to he based on asnr. control [ 181, 183-5, 205-6, 
213-4. 218, 333, 395, 463 ]. Sailing from Calcutta 
2S-6-25, with a n inn her of ins Is. recently received 
from England, lie spent 3 mo. at Rangoon taking 
obsns. for lat. and long., and moved up to Prome in 
Oct., and further up the river in Feb. 1826, to 
complete svys. as far us Amarapura [371-3, 216-S, 
313 n.4, 427, 507 ]. .After tho conehrsion. of peace 
went by sea to Amherst in a small sailing boat, failing 
in an adventurous attempt to force his way up the 
mouth of the Sittafig K. 8 [ 74-5 ]. 

From Amherst he made a trip by boat up tho 
Salween, and in June, after fixing several geogl. posi- 
tions, returned to CtLlcuttsi where he rspenfi tho rains 
working it]i results [ 75-6 ]. 

Being now deputed to svy. the newly won province 
of Tenasserim, he returned to Amherst 19-1-27 ; 
fixed tlie- position of Moiih.nem, and with the asstce. 
of De Montmorency spent the next ten months snrvg. 
the main features, mostly by boat along t, he rivers. 
He spent the rains at MVmimoin, and suffered severely 
from malaria. Handing over to De Montmorency 
in Oct. he returned to Calcutta in Dec. [t-pago, 76-7, 
199-200, 269, 400 ]. 

Writes to SSti. 1-1-2S; "The medical certificate... will have 
apprized you of the painful circumstances under which I was 
compelled to quit Martabau. 1 remained in that province 
much longer fha.Ti perhaps 1 ought, to have done, in the 
hope that the change of season vcyiihl bring with It an 
improved state of health, but my hopes proved delusive, 
and nothing but a ebange of .air appeared calculated to 
remove the rheumatic diathesis, fro-j which T have suffered 



•edn 



t than I expected, ... and I hope in a few 






BIOGRAPHICAL 



"The disease is always a tedious or..:-, and has bdri so tirci 
a hold of my limb.-, th:u...l do not Uiirsi.-.I shall be able to 
resume active duties.. .this season ; and, even if I should be 
able to do so, it wouid not on ad visible for me to attempt ~:.r. 
Medicine has proved alTOEjiitho:' fi-atless, ;;nd the Doctor 
tells me that there is ri-.n-lii:i£r for it but patience and, when 
J am able, to go to sea for 2 or 3 months 1 . 

Under B(jo. 21-3-28, granted 7 mo. leave on inc., 
for sea voyage bo China. 

Hodi>;oii rinsed iiiia p.-rmisslou to take papers of the svy. 
with him ; "The riia:.cri:!ls r.nnst 

and when you rehire y;:\: rsust adjust theos ", on whie:i Urs:it 
sent in everi-Lhiiisr " rjiihlu'. aod pnvale :a'irar-:.iii;^ the survey, 
in a tin box, in case I should walk oil" tin; stage, but I hope 
to hay e some years yet. 

"It has been m misfortune to fall a viet.u'i to in jnsulsijus 
disease in a pestilential country. The labourer deserves 
his Mre, yet he ma,:es but a poor uiatter of it who, at the end 
of a twelve- month, not only loses .bin allowances 2/3, hut 
loses also that widen is much more precious, his health. 
However, my oa'if'ii only like t'rinl o for hers i:i [he Dcpartmer.1 . 
bettered, however, in every instance by your extreme kind- 
ness and indulgence. ... 

"I have never oi. joyed one day's good her. 1th in Martaoan, 
owing to some unaccountable fatality. Upon due considera- 
tion of what you say, I thio'i it, ■■'.ill be advisable to suspend 
the survey altogether till I rejoin, I am in a miserable 
state of weakness, and silling uo yesterday and today to 
write has almost killed me. I am sorry you are precluded 
from seems; me, but the gout is a [csp«i;.atile, honorable, &, 
gentlemanly disease, whereas mine is only lit for rustics Riicl 
the vulgar." However. I must live in hopes uf better day*" 3 - 
19_3_28, after Grant had embarked, Hodgson sent him a 
hurried note ; "I had no idea you were going away so sud- 
denly, as I saw by the papers that your ship was to remain 
till after the opium Sales. Had you remained over tomorrow 
I would hare called on you, as I am better though other 
lame [460-1]. I have received the papers and instru- 
ments. ... Aceeptmy best wishes fir a complete and speedy 
recovery "'. 

Grant sailed in the Isabella Robertson, and d. 
before she reached Singapore. 

In his will he left I, is property to his wife or, "if she were 
to die first, then one half to Gsi.'heri'ie Moore, .sister of John 
Moore of Calcutta; one fourth to Willis: n Eraser, brother 
of my wife Elii.il : remaining fourth to James Grant* of the 
town' of Calcutta"'. 

HADAWAY, John. Ben. Inf. 

b. 3-7-1787. d., unm,, Calcutta, 21-4-23 ; 
mi. S. Park St. cem. 

Ens. 27-L0-10 ; Lieut. 18-2-15. 

Son of Patrick iladaway, of Leitlt, brewer, and Janet his 

Hudson, II j 353 ). 

1821, with Bedford in Mr-radii ■jJo.l m -4th ki. ; on local 
svys. under mimic. ; 27-11 21 , appd. Asst. Survr. onrev.avy. 
[ 152 -4, 332 ]. ' 10-12-22, oromoted Survr. but on sick list 
m-ocecdu'ia ■■:.n tin: l'.:e.dil:.-ni:y for medical advice". 

d. at residence of <SG. in Ciiowringriee, "having been the 
sole iuu'iorr, of Ids as'cd mother ( .1, widow, in very indigent 
circumstances, residing at Leith ) '", 

HALL, Henry. Ben. Inf. 

b. 11-9-1789. d. 22-7-75. 



Ens. 21-10-05 ... Gei 
Bon of Ven. TJrancis Hall, li 
tiin Tradl his wife. 

m., Nasi rabid, 3-10-57. Sa- 
/;/.<?.; Hodson, 11(384-5). 



r,o. Gulwsvy, mid Chris- 
of Christopher Fagan. 



1-1-17, appd. daqmg. 2nd cl., whilst with Re* 
Grand Army; 1S22, raised Merwara Batt.,' comdg. it till 
1835 ; svys. in Eajputana, Sheika wati, and Ajmer [87, 335 f 

HALL, Williani Joseph Osborne. J3en. Engi 

b. 11-9-1791. d., unm., 14-12-17, 

Hoshangab&d. 

Ens. 4-11-03; Lieut. 1S17. 
Son of Rev. Dr. William Ha.ll, of Shadwell, London, and. 

Frances East court his wife. 

erl. Merchant Tovlors. Hod.-on, II ( 366 ). 

6-12-16, appd. F.-l. Entrr. to N-,-Lir|.ur Suhsv. Force; imro. 
a 334, survd. routes of this force, 1S17 [ 83-4 ]. 

HAMMOND, James John. Mad. Inf. 
b. 4-1-1791. d. 5-9-78. 

Ens. 27-G-06 ... Capt. 1-5-24 ; ret. 8-5-32 - T 
Hon. Haj. 28-11-54. 

Son of Thooiui, ar.d Susannah Hammond. 

m., Edmonton. England, 18-1-36,. Anne, dan. of Rov.. 
Da-.ison Warren. 

July 1813, MWI. cl. VII [ II, 321 ]. 

MGO. 16-12-25, Sum-. 1st. cl., in syy. branch, qua.'s- 
Dept. ; "with Madras troops in Ava, from 1-11-25; with 
Crawfurd to Amh.ers!.. arid heLped in lay-out of new town 
[74]: Ben Regr. 482 (75), 1826, river ayy. Prome to- 
Yandaboo. 

HANSARD, Reginald William Kemeya. 

Mad. Inf. 
b. 26-4-1792. d. London 30-9-20. 
Ens. 3-7-07 ; Lieut. 2-7-13. 

Son of Providence and Jure Hansard, of Bristol. 

MGO. 7-3-08, resd. from BIMI. without actual joining. 

1818-9, survd. Narbada R., and routes for Makohn. 
[84, H3]| MOO. 7-4-10, allowed sea. voyage on mo. by 
Bo. Govt. ; ib. 18-4-20 leave on me. for 3 years. 

HART, Henry. Bo. Inf. 

b, 29-12-02. d. unm. 1860. 

Ens. 12-5-21 ... Capt. 8-10-33 ; resd. 26-6-10. 
Son of Lt. Gen. Geo. Vaugha-i Hurt, of Kilderry, Ireland, 
HP. j and Charlotte bis wife. 

c. Aug. 1825, a-ppd. to Decca.n Svy [ 16S n.z ]. 

HEMMING, Samuel. Bo. Engrs. 
b. 11-8-1799. d. 31-10-76. 

Ens. 26-1-13 ; resd. 28-11-22 ; ret. 18-10-26. 

Son of Rev. Samuel Hemming, of Teddington. 

m., Stellenbosch, S.\., 2<) -!)-2(!, A«;n.fis Ikdrd, niece of Sir 
David "Baird, Cart. [ II, 460 ]. lato ("lovr. Cape Colony, and 
probably rlau. of M. Gen. Joseph Uaird, who d. at Capo 

4-4-1.6. 

Bo ao. 17-1-IS, to bo Asst. on Deccai: Svy. [ 135 n.2 ]. 

HENRY, Maurice Sauvigny. ITrench Corps 
des IngvJnieurs-geographes. 
b. 31-5-1763. d. 25-4-25. 

Appd. 1793 ; 3-11-00, confirmed as Col. in corps ; ret. 

JHcl. Gcnf.rah ; Service. Gftgrvpliique. 

1802, after being obsy. Director, ^Iannheim & St. 
Petersburg, deputed 'to .Bavaria as Chef du Bureau Topo- 
graphique ; measured base, and obsd. lat., of Munich by 
Jane 1803. 

1R0S-S, held eh. 0: i;codi:ti'- and topu. avy. oi Svistjerirind ; 
ISO'.), with Tranche;, ob.id. pri:ici;jil s f .rios cf triangles, Dun- 
kirk to Mont Tonnerre; mill, employed by Bureau des 

< probably Jamea Wm. Grant [ 458 n.S ]- 



HERBERT 



May 1811, O.cf de in briiinde do ['est,, kdnrs. Strasbmv- 

1S1 0, recalled -.:.: Paris for ch. uf compns. 

22-10-1", oii rs-orKiuiiy.atloii of Corps Ue-y.il des lugenieu:-; 
Ge-ogm alios, retained on the active lis', --vith ran I; of Colonel. 

Aiii.l-,. of Msni'i irt fur :■> l'rjk':ti'jr : 4ef (.:>.::('■■< gfi-.jrnphijv-; 
adopts, cm Depot G,hu'ral dr.'it Gj'.rre, ISIOj rVeci.s d'un 
(mile de TriqtmomMrie SpMriqut., 1S16, 

His projection for the Military ikip of France, or 
"projection modifiee de Flarnsteed", as described 
by Puissant, adapted by Blacker for the Atlas of 
India [294-5,424]. 

HERBERT, James Dowling [ II, 405 ]. 
Ben. Inf. 
b. Aug. 1791. d. Lucknow, 25-9-33. 

End. 18-3-08 ... Capt. 3-6-22. 

Son of James Dowiing 1 1 i-ri ivrt, of Dnbli:i, and later of 
London. 

in.. Gate ut :■;... 2-3- 4 23, M.ary J1.lti.suji, probably sistor of 
James Mansou [ 4S4 ] ; she d. 2-2 -MS, aged SS j had one dau., 
Clara Josephine, 

Hodson, II 1*3+) j TII{ 727 ); Asll.XVUl(22' etteq); 
JASB.Kl, 1SA2 (i-ck-iii. 273, 53 4, 603); XIII, 1344 
( 734-64 ). 

.Nopal War. 1-L1-, routs , VV s. with I/sUi2ri. [ II, 19811.7]. 

"In IHI5, when with my corps on the Goruckporo and 
Bet wall frontiers, I determined.. .an elevation uf 27,000 fee; — 
Llhawla-giri, or the White Mountain — ...fixed by Webb and 
Jilske | ii, S7 |. ... I. consider n;y mcasuremEmt as loss excep- 
tionable than either of these. ... 'The position... Us ponds on a 
triangnlation established from a b:ise of 1,142 feet measured 
with a chain ; ... Limbics mea-arred :jv sextant, ooth horizontal 

one of the station? being dis:.a:u. only seventy iniles"'. 

bmc. 15-11-16 ( 150), at Hodgson's request appd. 
Asst. Suxvt. on Himalaya svy,, salary Rs. 100 pm. ; 
travelling np from Calcutta, joined Hodgson at 
Kaithal [ 32-3 ] 10-5-17, and reached Gangotri, the 
reputed source of the Ganges on 2(ir,Ji [ 33-4, 460]. 

Spent ruins of 1S17 with ilo:l,~.so:i ai Sanaranpur, 



Oct, to take reciprocal obsns. [34 ]. 



a to Chaiir peal: 

Obtained leave to rejoin oatt. on service against :Ua.ratnas ; 
"Lieut-. Herbert, knowing that bis corps was on service with 
a amall complemoin. of oihcers, vnlorrtecred to joinit; his. 
oiler was aecciitcd. and l-.o no: :;.■.-•.' ih.'tl at mueii o^penee and 
inconvenience to Ihe Centre Division. I expect him to join 
me every day, when I will give him his irisirui.d-ior.s a.s 1,0 
niiik in ■■'... obsi'rvi-.i.i'ii'.ii in Ike Sirmoor mountains." 3 . On his 
Journey back robbod of hie ozonometer "in the vicinity 
oi Cl'.vador'' [ 218 ]. 

April 113 [Si. returned to the kills, obsa. on Bkadifij, and 
then' joining Ho:.i..;son at Xakan | 34 |. Hodgson writes, 
27-5-18; "Herheri.'s heahb is. al-m p:-o„a:icms, and he has 
had lately a very dungeon is :U.tack ol. Jim;;!:' fever, and ] 
greatly fear he snsy bo oldiecd to go lo sea" 1 . He had 
recovered by Ike end of 11.101: lb, end inarck.'d with Hodgson 
to Sabathu, visiUm: l-be Chaur a,-.d the headwaters of tie 
Tons on the way. ilodgson toiv wem sick and ti an tied over 
to Herbert, w::o spent Jur.c and Jul',- on en in pt:s. at Kotgarh 
where his belt, was stationed | ?, 35. m], 328, 354-5 ]. 

Leaving Kotgarh 31-7-18, marched across the 
headwaters of Torn and JusTina' 1 , and explored upper 
feeders of the Ganges above Cangotri and N. of the 
main Himalayan ra?.ige, being stopped at village of 

'Webb's kei-hi 26,36:!, mndcru maps 2b,7i!n. Herbert's :iIiior:do7ical Report of IS2S ; JASB. XI, 1312, part 126 
(xxt-ii). ! fro:u Hodgson, Feb. 131:3, DDti. [57 ( 7 ). ijDDn. 152 friOj." ' !io:ito man. Ivotgarh to Kcdamath. MR 10. IS 
(29). S DLV.. I.n2 I VXM, if -10-10. » Di)n. 1U (20S }; ackn ,-.i-i ■ ■-.'■.! i,v ik.^.crt's [eltor of 12-12- [9, DDu. 132 i 155 1. 
'about 13j.ii. brkiw Blia^dpin- [ f, 64 ;. *JASB. X, 1*41 (415); XI 1342 ( 1I3S ). 



Nelang [36, 221 ]. Continuing svy. and obans. 
descended the Blini-iralhi, crossed to Dohra, and 
arrd. Saharanpur 20-11-1S. Spent next 4 mo. on 
meast. of base-line in the Dim, completed March 
1819 [ 2, 37, 177, 197-8, 204 ; pl- 5 a. ]. 

18 10, survd. through hills n. of Landour, reaching 
Kotgarh in. June to spend ruins them [37, I96-7 ]. 
From 1st Sop", spem 10 weeks with Pa- tr ink Gerard 
in Sutloj valley [ 42-3, 272, 453 ], after which delight- 
ful trip he worked down to Sabathu and across to 
Xahan, wdieia": lio was joined by a new asst., Thomas 
Oliver [491], and then worked across lower hills to 
the Ganges at Rikhikesh. Spent rains of 1820 at 
Sahik-aupue will: Ifo.-igsui on final maps and reports, 
the latter being pub. in As R. of 1822 [ 38-9, 355-6, 
460-1.pl. 5]. 

There had beer, some delay in official notification of his. 
appt. tosucc. Hod.^i.n aschuvr. in eh., and he wriles earnestly 
to SG. craving for fai -mrable doeisi-m ; "Having learned of 
the appointment of Captain Modgsoii to the eommand of 
esoort. attacl.e:! to the ilesdcy. at tiio Court of Holkar, by 
which the sit nation... of Surveyor becomes vacant, I. ..bring 
to your notice my claims to .succeed. ... 

"In January 1317 I was appointed Captain Hodgson's 
assistant, since when I have iioon constantly and inderarig- 
al.ly eiiL£il.'Veil, OMiepL dining Li.c ^Imit [i..aiod in which I 
was permitted to join my corps, then on service; and, even 
then, all my sp; : .re time was devote-;", to subjects connected 
with the survey [451 ], 

"I have given tins subject the most unremitted atten- 
tion. ... I have been led into a course of ;uading and study 
by which. ..I have mueli inci-cascd my slo-sk of matheT:;atica) 
knowledge. It would be a severe disappointment... to find 
that all this study had become futile. ... I have heard of the 
intention of Government to appoint Captain Webb to finish 
the survey. To remain atiae!ied...as thai oflicec'a assistant 
is what I could not do s [ 329 ]. 

All was well arid, under Govt, letter of 7-8-19, ho wsa. 
authorised "to draw tin; usual allowance of a mountain, 
surveyor from the lUth of A-ig-jst last, the date on which 
the charge of the aurvev actoallv devolved on him" 1 - 
[346]. 

bgo. 11-9-21, at Hodgson's lequest, appd., to 
succeed Hyde as ASG. and after handing over to 
Oliver travelled down to Calcutta by river, and 
took ch. of SGO. 19-12-21 [ 305, 300, 462 ]. 

27-2-23, appd. to ch. of geol. svy. of the Himalaya 
from, which great results were exoeeted [268, 309, 
433> 43° ]■ He started field work in Jan. 1824, and 
was joined by his bro- in-law, James Manson, as asst. 

E;iiiy In 1323 Hodgson asks:! fir: his recall to C-akutta ai 
ASG. [ 310 ]. He was on tour to w. of the Jumna at tiio 
time, and his last jnurn:u dessrloes kis march "from Deki"L 
D0011 to Suharunpoor, Meeruth, " 

uaiic-wly escaped d row-nine :.t (''■! 
ilis ]-,'-.':iuiir.ai-y re]-;:]-: ■- r 

OUIV. ! I',-- III.:,: : i ■:■.-■ ' 1 

j have of "this i:i. ■ .■: ■■ 



tself i 



a but 1 



skei :.]i of what n 
rendor perfect" [268 na.l 
journals and notes uneom; 
vcars arter iii.s ik.'ath lljat- I 
John Uatten, bcs., and pub. 



HERBERT « 

A tribute to his work in the Himalaya is paid by the 
botanist Grirtir.h. wh-:i siigjestud that there shooid he a Kbms 

From 30-5-28 to 23-1-29, ASG. at Calcutta, arid 
on Hodgson's departure; acted as SG. on full allces. ; 
on Walpole's appt., 14-9-29 beeame DSG. Bengal & 
Supt.of Kev. Svya. [8, 151,291,301,306). Bentinck 
had seriously considered him Tor appl, us 8G.[30i]. 

[iodetiou brui su^aa-isted in l.M-S 1.:. at if Eveies;, was unable 
to return to India for eh. of the fiT.S., Herbert was "qualified 
to undertake the duty", but the matter had not been 
pursn! '.I [ z-\z. ;}o-S, 445-6 ]*■ 

In LS30 pro'aaiilj at, liei .thick's r'-ouest Herbert pub. a 
pi^ri. ohlctadvoc.nl ir.ir the hetter control of n : v. svvi. by regular 
trgn. 3 . Everest submitted a copy to Govt., 29-9-32 ; "The 
system pursued by the Revenue Survey Department in 
India is one of [.he most, imscltintiric, dilatory, arid therefore 
costly, methods thai could he devised, and I am borne out 
in that opinion by my h'-te ;-.ble Deputy, Captain Herbert, ... 
whose printed work on the subject 1 take the liberty to 
enclose. ...wherein that subject is very cleverly bandied, 
and. ..the judgement, of u. person of so much experience in 
the practical part of that sort of work is no mean 

With James Pi'insep, Herhort took a loading part 
in the activities of the ASB. during hia stay in 
Calcutta. In 1829 he started and edited a new 
monthly pubn. entitled tea iii tigs in Science; "His 
primary idea was to confuio it to ox tracts and abs- 
tracts from tu iropeaii seieD rifle publications, but 
original contributions poured in so rapidly that he 
had to abstain from extracts". Ho issued 3 vols., 
the last, 1831, being completed by Prinsep, under 
whose direction the title was changed to Journal of 
the Asiatic .Society* L 495]- 

Vol. II contains accyisnt of ins visit to Darjeeling 6 ; "Favor- 
able accounts having readied Government of the climate of 
the Siecim country, and of the advantages which would 
.attend the esti'.biisluiient of a sanatorium or station of health 
.at Darjiling, it ivas satires ted to mel.liai. my personal e.ramir.a- 
.lion of the spot raisin t lea: i to a rnoro c are,: t appreciation". ... 
Accojoiiarii-d bv .lames (.Irani, .if M'alda\ spent ainonth aivay 
from Calcutta on this visit. They reported moat favourably 
and strr.inglv advocated its occupation. J ASB. XVII, 1848 
■t i.Dl-ii j moo. ions a "ilerlis-rt Hill" at Darjeeling. 

The preface of vol. Ill was the first to bear initials 
J. D. II., and gives irnson for pnbn.; "The proieut... volume... 
is the las?, anil ;v;.» sine needed by a periodical 'The Journal 
of the Asiatic .Society'. ... The regusar Transactions of that 

' :ty appear in too bulky and expensive a shape to afford 
-lent information to tnc European world. The volumes 
do not appear oil-cam' than once in five or six years, and 
expense restricts purchase almost entirely to the possessors 
0! Iarr;c libraries" 8 . 

During 1M32 ivns r.ominater.l, tr.getiier iviili Prinsep and 
others, to form an .Indian Conn oil tec of the British Associa- 
tion for the prmwilii::,. of Science". Attended reff. syy, 
conference at Allahabad," Jan 1SS3, drawing Rs. 1S1-12-0 
for travelling expences from and to Lucknoiv. 

After abandoning intention 1,0 take furl,, was appd., 
Nov. 1831, to ch. of asfcr. obsy. at Lucknow ; 
"The observatory was founded in the year 1832 by 
the late King of Oude, Nasar Uddin Hyder, and the 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



first astronomer, Major Herbert, then Deputy Sur- 
veyor General, was chosen by Lord lientinck on 
account of his eminorit qualifications, ;l nd long and 
arduous services. ... Major ! ferber't. having made the 
preliminary arrangements nt l.uoknow, and ordored 
the requisite in.srT-.irnon.tal equipment from England, 
died in the year 1833" 10 . 

In lamenting his untimely den 111- -here given a a, 24th Sept. 
— Prinsep notes thiLt "he had been for .some time suffering 
under the effects of the elieuatc ; a sudden determination of 
blood to the head ivas the immediate cause of the fatal 



HERVEY, Hervey Augustus. Bo. Inf. 

b. i-12-1786. d. 1824 drowned "off 

coast of Coromandel ". 
Ens. 14-9-04 ... Capt. 8-1-18. 

Nat. son of Andrew Barnard See. nj Govt. Cape Town, 
e. 1797-180), v. 7.;,. '.;, 1 ek B'ir,.,,,-i; „! I heC,< V e of Good Hops", 
— andMargaret Miliar, nee Moncrii'if ^ ; hro.of Andrew Hervey 
{ 1700-1 Kti2 ); Ben. luf 1 i 1 n name Hervey 

when born in prison, Hodson, II (439). 

m., 1st., Margarctti: Adrians, v. lie. d. Hombav, 23 -10-18. 

m., 2nd., Calcutta, 29 11 -10, Hiarriet Anue," clau. of Wm 
Barnfield. 

jjkio. 124 ( IS ), Vino ofMalvan,^. Konkan, scale 1 2/3 m. 
to inch, 1816 ; DDn. 27S ( 76 ) route to Gonka Ghat, near 
:\ii|-.'ir.L-|iur. 

HILL, Charles Thorold. Mad. Inf. 

b. 19-2-09. d. London, 18-11-57. 

Ens. 8-1-26 ... furl. 1842-5 ; Maj. 3-S-55 ; ret., aa 
Hon. Lt.-Col. 

Son of Henry Hill. ('apt. IIS., and Caroline IS cites north 
bis imd wife. 

m., 29-8-44, Kmn.a Harriet, dan. of Geo. Edw. Russell, 
MCS., Comnr. Ganja.Ki ; she d. Sim uaha-i, 7-10-50. 

HMD. 2-10-29, a,ppd. Asst. Survr. ; left Madras 
21-10-29, en route to join n. Circars svy. party. 
Snell reports, 1-4—30, "Ensign Hill having been 
now employed three months; on indejjendent field 
survey, I have much satisfaction in reporting hia 
■progress and profieieney as a surveyor. He draws 
neatly, andisoaro'UI and kim-oii^ in faithfully delineat- 
ing the features n.nil dotaiis of the country. Mr. Hill 
is also acquainted with the use of the theodolite" 1 * 
[ i°4. 342 ]• 

1845-51, with GTS. 

HODGES, Alexander. Ben. Inf. 

bapt. 24-8-1800. d. Lucknow, 6-9-41. 

Ens. 4-3-20 ... Capt, 12-10-34 furl. 1S36-40. 

Son of Rev. Thomas II.. alee.-.-., of Lidl;e,v, Salop and Mary 
his wife. 

m., Everton, il-H-39, Hessy, dan. of Wm. Huffington, of 
Co. Donegal. 
' Hodson, II (407). 

15-7-14, 2/Lt. 3rd. Ceylon Foot. 

brc. 9-11-26 ( 60 ), appd. Asst. Rev. Survr. to 
Saharanpur Rev. Svy., joining 6-1-27 [ 157, 334 ] ; 

1 J ASB. VIII, 1839 (225], = DDn. 231 (85, 131 ], 4-2 & 14-6-28. =24 pp., pub., Bapt. .Mission Press, Calcutta 1830; 
10 Tract. 472 ' DDn. 233 ( 162-5). 'J ASB., i, tribute to HerVirt av Janv.v friiu;-.-;. : AUB. Ctiil. i'.f.v. 1885 (50); 

Evrm OobMin ( Mil). =flto*;«-« in S.-.i^ce.U, ISSO j «!) ) of. Btn. P * P. II (440-56). ^Jag. W m. Grant ( 17SS-1S65 ), 
BCS. ; Coram!. Hosd:., jlaa.l.., 1 SJJ-IW [ .pVJ n. 4 |. *■ Gicam.^ vi Scicr.c*., 1 IT, l-:!l ( prof). ' r'riauop :,., Govt., 17-12-32, 

BGC. DDn. 222 (2 LI). '"from SO. 10-11 IS; DDb. 432 {232 ). " J..4.VJ3. II, 1^3:; | ii)o ;. " hy l").-.rothoa Fairhridi^, 
. Oxford, 1924. "She m„ New fork, 1777, John Co>rhla:i. Caot,, S!)th Ft.; pub. autohio. 1794. "from Vizagapatam Dist., 
DDn. 237 ( 223 ), 1-4-30. 



XO'J'ES 



Jan. 1828, to rev. svy, of Si.irnhtebairs, holding eh. till 
1835 [41-2. 144. 37°]- 

Ben.Regr. 18 ( 19 ] OS ( 2S2 304, 315-40 ) ; New & 
Improved Map of tiutuierbv.nds, 4 inches to mile 
1829 ; 2 inches to mile ; lithd. 1831 ; Es. 23. 

HODGES, Richard Harris. Mad. Inf. 
b. 1791. d. Masulipatam, 7-7-20. 

Ens. 3-7-07 ... Lieut. 1-6-15. 

Son of Isaac and W if/a both (lories of Wolls, riomerset. 

MGO. 13-12-08. oo.sted to bmi ; 13-2-00, to rejoin unit 
[II, 320-1]. mmc. "-2-12, leave to sea for benefit of 
health; July 1SL3, MJii. cl. vn[II, 331]. 

MGO. 7-8-16, 4 mo. leave to Bengal to visit bra., pr. 
ICdw. H., ship's oliiecr ls05-12. s=-iil pos-ibiv planter or merch. 
in Bengal later ; in, 26-10 16, leave on rac, from Ft. Win. to 
Europe ; rc-admitl ed from 22 10-19, on arrl. Bengal instead 
of Madr;i* "owing to contrary winds and stress, of weather" 1 . 

Earlv in ISaO, on njtuni to Madras, posted, to (ill- of 
svy., K-'Cireai/s sued?;, measi. of hsi-JC-lLiif: tiBiti- Elton: i 10] |. 
A., shoitlv after [ 5, 141 |, Mackenzie writting from Calculta,. 
23-9-20, "I havj been mi:.-h tlistrt's-ifd by poor Mr. Hodge's 
death [sic]; this coming so soon after Cap'.. Catling's is a 
shook to the survov [450]. ... 1 had seen [him 1 1:1 Calcutta last 
year, and from win 1 .: little I s:ov of him, I was miK-h impressed 
in his favour. Two of the ladies that on me out in the ship with 
him arc here, and lamenied e.\ooedLiigiy his early fate. As he 
had been just returned from a voyage of" convalescence, it 
was a pity he adventured so early into those hills." 3 . 

HODGSON, John Anthony [ II, 407-8 ]. 

b. 2-7-1777. d. Ambala, 28-3-48 ; mi. 

Ens. 19-1-180O ... MGen. 3-11-41. 

KG. of India, 1821-3; 132H-9. 

Hon of George. UodK'.:,. of P.lshaj. Auekleml, ,.■<,. Durham. 

m Calcutta, 2 22. Mated:. Btnilv Ar.no, il.ui. of Tho s. 
Norris, and widow of Cr.pt, G. If. Harriot (1780-1811=). 
Ben. Inf. ; shed. Calcutta, 2S-Il-2s', agen 32. 

ed. Durham city Grammar School, and intended for legal 

Kodson II (460); Oriental Club; HAS. (m».) IX. 1849 
(59-61 ]. Portrait, pi. 21. 

March 18110, arrd. India; 1809-10, survd. mi), 
routes Ludhiann 1 lariana [ I f, 64-5 ; III, 24 ]. 

1813-4, Asst. to Francis Will bo on svy. of upper doab 
Aligarh to Saharartpur ; took over oh., Oct. 1813, and 
survd. mtoDunfll, 37-8, 8Z-4]. Took obsns. from 
Bhadraj derAa :i and cat initials on rock [pi. 5 reverse], 
July 1814, to Calcutta, andappd. Hm-vr. to Dinapore 
column o,iiv:.i.riob.ig itirainfil- Nopal, lioving but little 
opportunity for useful svy. [ II, 40-2 ]. 

1815, much trippled by hinii fever, spent rains of 
1815 at Muzafmrpur, Bihar; ordered to Saharanpur 
in Oct., with appt. as Survr. of the nvt. mountain 
provinces, to the sources of hhait great rivers 4 [ 29 ]. 

MHO. 575, writes to SG. from Mnzaffarpur, 11-7-15, 
after the GitlliFias h>\'\ lies 1) forocd bo evacuate the hills 
w. of the Kali, and wore hosp.atiog over peace terms; "I 
had a very handsome letter from the A.G. for the map k 
memoir sent. Col. Gardner [ 32 .0.2 ]...say.= that if there be 
peace, it must he negotiated bet « eon Col. '.-ol-hiw [ II, 38, 
.13 1 ii Gudrnj Hisser. The Nepalese hah . . a. cordially, 
& that may be a great impediment in negotiations. ... 
Should there lie pea.ee, I hope. ..in get aivay up to the new 



conquered provinces of (,'r.rhwal & Sirraoor, & effect tho 
survey. ... There 0110 may pio;oed without interruption from 
jealousy, & the exploration of the heads of the rivers is no 
mean object. Kven ■.•ore there peace, & .1 conl.d get into 
rjcpaui, the jealousy would tie great, & 1 could not do fl 
thing I wished". 

lie started with no derailo:: .instils.: Mackenzie was in 
Madras, and Crawford, wlio was shortly to go home on mc, 
writes, 28-10-15; "Having never Sioen in that part of the 
country, ...and having the ,;:eatcsl. dependence upon your 
well-known abilities, there is little or nothing left for me 
to say. ... You must- therefore bc.foiidcd by your own 
judgement, upon whieh I place the fullest reliance "5. 

T ravelling up-country by liver, a. slow- busino.sF, Hodgson 
writes from Allahabad, 1-10-15; "I arrived here today. 
I overtook the tlect of the 14th Regt.. wh. it was impossible 
to pass in the strong waters wh. prevail. ... I have now 
passed the titer, & hope to be at Ca wo pore in 12 days, if the 
very strung siv, '.voids do not continue". 

He readied SaMranpur at end of Dec., and after 
Bonding out his 3 assts., Bnrtoiv, Carat in, and Paton 
[451, 493] being himself delay od by i'over, he worked 
through the Dun and up to the Chaur Peak [ 2, 30 ; 
pi. 5]. He complains miieh of bis health ; "On Baraut 
I sufforod mueii from rhoimiatitim &■ an iridsined sore 
throat, & the cold brought the latter to an a. Ini-mii in- 
state, so that I ed. not siieiik nor swallow, & I was 
obliged to make the bust of my w;iy to ioahaivuipour for 
moclieiil assist once, where I arrived en 5th March. ... 

"On my arrival at Sahar.-.iipo-.i:- I took such few observa- 
tions as the 1.1 1 it-k woollier & my ill-health wd. allow. ... I 
waited a few days more... hop big that the vain. ..might full to 
clear the air so that the mountains niighi he fairly visible, 
but it did not [460], and the severity of my "inrlamed 
throat & rheumntisri: having som'-w!:Jt abated," I set out 
on the 16th for X:Un,n, by the .Sick country route already 
surveyed 8 , & arrived on the 21st. Since my arrival here, the 
inflammation of 111; throat has returned most severely, & I 
suffer greatly, & not a little Porn the mortilication "of not 
being able to do ivbai. is my duty & ardent, desire, for I dare 
iiot vet expose myself to the cold wind"'. 

He writes to llvde from Kotgaih. Ilfj -o IS, having camped 






discipline of blisters 
glaiis [sic I of tho throat, 
owing to the sudden tra: 
frost on the tops of the 11 
the deep valleys. Tis har 



, telling hill 



t he i, 



"under the 
inflammation of the 

1 1 am always attacked 
temperature. Snow & 
.V tbornrimetor 100° in 
annoyed with any 511- 
lieoa, aa j. nave an in ceres i,nig uc.u oefore mc ; the base of 
the rlimnlaya 2S or 30 miles distant"* [400]. 

He spent, tho summer months exploring the upper 
Sutlej valley, beyond the reach of the monsoon, and 
in the autumn revisited t.'tie fJliaur to repeat obsns. 
to snow peaks, and those for lat. which were not 
giving that good affroemont with his triangles that he 
had looked for [ 31-5, 175-7, J 9 6 ] ; "I am doing all 
in my power t-o expedite and perfem- the survey, I 
have been for a week oast endeavouring to gain good 
observations on the top of this atormy peak, tho 
Chaur Mountain, which is as high as Mount Etna, and 
which the freezing and tempestuous winds render 
a painful abode [3o]" 9 . 

During the cold weather, when work in the hills 
became impossible, lie moved down to Saharanpur 
to repeat obsns. there, and then visited "Webb in 



1 MMC. 13-12-19. : toMounfford; [J I in. 140(1.41.152). 3 holv plaee. J or Salagarl 
(160). 'Sikh States bet ■,- :>.-n Ambala and hills. '.i'dbk. MRIO. M :150 Fob. & March, 1816. 
clearly visible from ..iimla, a:id Muss.iori:: Ll.'JoG ft. |. sin. til meteor), obsy. built by me nr. su 
10,870 ft. ; letter of 6-10-16 ; BMC. 15-11-16 ( 150, 159 ). 



w. of Kalku, B DDn. 131 
-M!'.in.M575. "Cham- 
rait, 1902-3. b.h.p. ]; Etna, 



HODGSON 4 

Rohiikiiand to discuss it good, junction with his; svy. 
of Ktimaun [ 32, 46 ]. 

He had now lour, his 'i as.s,is., who could nob meet 
the heavy expense of napidi.-s ami transport in the 
hills on the small allce. of Rs. 100 pm. [ 346-7 ]. He 
moved into the hills again in the spring of 1817 with 
the intention of reaching the headwaters- of both the 
Juinna and the ("lances, wkieh hud both been visited 
two years earlier by James Baillie Fraser 1 [ II, 78 J. 
A new assfc., James .Herbert, joined him on the road 
to GoirsifOtri, the legend.ary (.low's iiiotitli, where the 
Bhagiruth.i issues- from a glacier descending from the 
north side of the trveut snowy ri-nijjo 2 [ 33-4, 457 pi. g ]. 

Kei/iniinf.* to iSahiironpnr in. June, they spent the 
rains on maps and eonipns.. and. after taking more 
obsns. when the weather cleared, they got leave to 
join the Army, hoping for active mil. service [457]. 

Hodgson left rjaharaupur 10 ] 1—17 and arrd. Delhi on 
I7th, where "T received orders to join tin- Reserve. I was 
obliged to halt a day t.o have loe ehr.-u. applied to my head, <fc 
to take equal aitir.ude.u. of the sun for the chronometers. 
I hare been extremely ill on the way from Wall a ran pour "- 
Marching from Dcliii on lihli, lie survd. the route to Jaipur 
which, was reached 10-12-17. mid was assid. in bis lat. obsns. 
by his old friend K/.eliiel ISartoo f II, 380-T ; III, 29, 34 1». 
He had to leave the army on 1st Jan. to resume his svy.. 
and survd. a different return ro.itc via Alwar and Reivari, 
l; from Kiifimly V hurried 32 m, i a iSaharanpour, hoping Unit, 
the riuin whieh threatened to f:d' might clear '.he air, & enable 
me to see the snowy peaks more clearly than I could do 
dorinjrthe late rainy sea.son, when I took up my residency 
there for the sole purpose; ...but during 3 months I only 
eould observe them 2 or 3 times" 1 . 

He had great difficulty ir, persuading the SO. to pass hie 



1 did 



i Madras. 



on account- of a severe affection of my head— .. J applied to 
Head Quarters for leuvf...a-M!eh was approved of, ... 

I. made observations on my march down io the Army, and 
observed when it marehed. Seeing hou extremely occupied 
the officers of the Quarter Master tieneral's staff were, and 
that fihey had not leisure to make geographical surveys, 1 
offered my service.- to Major General Sir I). Oehler.lony. ... 
and carried on the survey in manner shewn by my field 
books. There was no formal order issued"*. 

Before hiking the held again he withdrew to Karuill for- 
med, treatment; "In June 1S17, being much exposed to 
.sudden changes of climate, I was attacked by an inflamma- 
tion and swelling of the membranes of ruy head and eyes 
which causes extreme suffering, a.ud it is rarely that I can 
use my eyes or bear the Sight". He writes from Karnul 
1-3-18, "Lieut. Hnrbeil will" join me tomorrow', I expect, 
and wilt proceed immediately into the mountains. I am 
detained here by the "out, a painful disorder by which I am 
not able to move at present" 3 [456]. 

'■When I re-entered the mountains in March 1818, I was 
suffering severely but — -till i?i:jt' niubg ;. hope that I might 
recover — I remained in the hills. Lien tenant Herbert being 



BIOGRAPHICAL 

sometimes with me, but more frequently detached, ... 
though to no great distance, and making by my directions, 

and chiefly with my excellent, hist mm cats [ .it-*, 457 ], those 
observations which it. Mould have been my pride and pleasure 
to have made iuv-se:i", out winch the slate of iilv sight and 
health pre veined'"' [ 106. 328-9, 346]. 

In June they paid another visit- to the Chaur ; "There we 
were overtaken by a very severs- storm, the approach of which 
was amongst the grandest spectacles 1 have witnessed. To 
be enveloped in the densest and blackest clouds, to see 
them Hit across one with the rapidity of lightning, or 
rolling beiieal.h our feet [ike the billows of a troubled ocean ; 
to hear. & I may say, to sec. the tremendous, gusts which 
ore only to he heard or seen in these mountainous regions, 
all this had something in it. equally new i, astonishing. Our 
feelings, however, were not altogether of an agreeable cast, 
for the rain soon fell in torrents (literally), the darkness 
became excessive, and the cold 11 as sufficiently severe when 
assisted by the sharp gusts of wind, ... After the storm was 
over, we proceeded i.owaols the summit" 10 . 

They retired !,» Sa.bik.hu. for the ruins, and in July 
Hodiison wont in his resri. ; "The injuries, my health 
and sight have suis-tained render me incapable of 
further exertion. ... For more than a year past I have 
been disabled. ... A severe ;iffeet-!<ni...of the nerves 
of my head and eye:-; has rendered me incapable of 
reading, writing, or bearino the light, without very 
great pain and increase of -my disorder. ... I can 
truly say I have never avoided either difficulty or 
danger, ... nor... great exi ra o_\ pence in buy ing the most 
valuable instrument!;, of which T have a much larger 
collection thai!., I believe, any individual in India ever 



His resn. was accepted and, under noo. 19-8-18, 
ho was ci-ppd. "to command the csoort of tlio liosidnrit- 
at the court of Mulhar Row Holkar" [457]. "In 
October 1818 I was obliged to. ..go to Calcutta in con- 
sequence of a danger ou* disorder 12 | .)6t ]. ... On my 
recovery I went to Indore in Malwa, being employed 
on military duty and. after an absence of nearly two 
years, ...I again visited Soliaranpur for the purpose 
of meeting Lieut, Herbert tlint we might jointly 
prepare this paper" 13 [ 38, 457 J. 

His duties at- Iridoro were " not very heavy ", but he was 
involved in a long corr. with the sg. and the mag, over his 
allces., not only for the ',', 1110. with the Army but also for 
laat sis mo. on the st'y. during which he had kept no regular 
fdbks. Mackenzie: was particularly scornful because no map 
had resulted from all his labours; "1 "-anted nothing hut 



::duccd :. 



st oh of the ■ 

48 miles". 

Hodgson hail been si ruge-ioc w;l fi his :i>tr. obsns. on whieh 
he had relied, but owing t.o the mysterious, unsuspected, 
malign influence of local Attraction [ 175-7 ], i* wa s not until 
Herbert had measured a- liasedine on the ground that it was 
possible to adjust, the compos., and obtain a (it basis for 
compilation of a map [2, 37, 106;. Hodgson writes, 12-12-19; 
"Tf. is a subject of a very extended and complicated nature, 
and requires crca-l leisure and much consideration.. ... 1 think 
if leave of absence for some months were allowed to Lieute- 
nant Herbert and myself to meet, ... the public service might 
lie benefitted". Leave was granted, and Hodgson came up 
to Sa-haranpur du.rius; the rains of 1S20. and joined Herbert in 
revising the compile, and completing foe compilation and 
drawing of the map, and report, on the snow peaks [sup. 
286, 35S]. Then only was in: aide draw his allocs, in fttil. 

'Journal, 10 Lib. (272). ! cf. Fanny Parks, II. (78). niRfO. 187 (87), 2" svy. taken at Jaipur; ib. 81 (55), map 
scale IS ra. to inch, shewing march to Jaipur. Tdbk.' MJ.t.1.0. at SK'i. J Lord Moira [ 8"j 11.2 |. s DL)n. 1..7 ( 1 ), Feb. 1818. 
'from bis butt. [4=17 \ s I) He. Le2 ( 3'= ,'. iM-i-l S. M.iOn. 141 i ];V7 I. i he -MR 10. M :!o2, 4-S--1S. " DDn. I.i2 i 0! ',, 
July 1813. "for a sueiiea! operation [iaf]. 15 .4sif.XIV. 1S22. ( flO-152 ]. 



HOLLAND 



Not only had his bills been refused JV.i- the period Nov. 
1817 to Jan. 131*. b-.t also for !.>;.,. and March 1818 on the 
grounds that he was sitting at liarnal. "But," he writes, "I. 
arrived at Karnsul on the 19th February from Saharanpore, 
iviiifai is ; . ■- ' i :■■-!■ ir:ipiv-iai!t strati >n in regards to 

the mountain tri angulation. 1 was there assiduous! y em- 
ployed at my observatory horn the: bcd-u.mg of the month, 
watching to take n.cvantegc of every instant of favorable 
weather. ... I can call on...ilr. (.Irindail [ 175 11.3 ] and every- 
one who- knows roe to state if my whole time there, as cise- 
where, was not employed in .lie cause of" my duty, so tliat 
I was obliged to nearly nettled, soda] intercourse [446]. ... 

'•Kurnaul is also a. station of some ein-iscqueuee i-KWd'ma 
t!ie mountain operations. It was iu my route to Mahan, 
and T arrived there on the 19th .Keb.-ua.ry to a-.vaic Lieu tenant 
Herbert's arrival from the army, and to arrange our intended 
separate operations. ... 1 was there attacked by lameness 
in my feet, and also the disorder in rnv bead". After his 
journey to Kalian, the Chaur, and Sabathu, "he was 
exceeding v ill. and sot out in bad health for Bussahir. At 
Simla I was found by Cantnin P„os= ! .153 n.5 ], who took me 
back (11 Subnttl.oo, wlitire'r arrived on the l6l.li June 13IS. ... 
Though my ease may riot, come under the strict- regulations 
of the .Surveying Deportment, it may indulgently he consid- 
ered as a special one" 1 [347" 8 . 354-6]. 

On Mackenzie's death, 8-5-21, appd., 30-5-21, to 
succ. as SG., having taken over on 25th [ 193-4, 
300, 351 ]. Ilia appt. was not, however, endorsed 
hy the Director*, and ho had to band over bo Blacker 
in Oct. 1823 [ 301 ], not before he had accomplished. 
a great deal of excellent udmvis. work, the most 
important of which was the start of rev. svys. in the 
Upper Provinces [ 7, 135, 149-5I) 158. 213 J, 

(Io Rlackor's arrival he took office aw Rev. SG,, and 
moved hdqvs. to Fatehgarh [ S, 151, 160, 181, 305-6, 
333—4,449], where he remained till, on Blae-ker's 
death, 4-3-21], he was again called down to succ. as 
SG. [ 3, 8. 57. 88-90, 130-1, 151, 190, 199, 203, 210, 
222, 301, 310, 322, 482, 496]. 

His health was not i^ood; he v.-as "'laid up by gout" 1-1- 3-2S 
[456, 460], and lie. asked for furl, with permission to 
retain office of KG. tiit able to return, a request that was 
decisively refused. He writes, Harrackpore 6-12-28, a 
wool; after [lis wire's death ; " t am mi old officer, and have 
entered the 30th ve.ar of my actual service in India,, and have 
been much and actively employed during the last, 
surveyor, as Survey 0: 
General. ... 

"I did hope, lit son 
my family, and there 

~ ' it llil.S [llOa ::■■:■: tio' I 



and I now solicit [he permission, 
on furlough fur the r:- e.-i'-d.lV-mca 
life should be spared. I think my pr 
productive of uublie advantage. ... 
[2-5-6, 284-5, 204, 2-yb" J the Hon, 
to approve of n proposal for the :;oi 
the scale of I miles to an inch. ... 
this work, and f sent home 15 s!i 
The Government itss pleased to r 
f thin p ■ 



of m 



till the 



sg'.ivur 
.011 aftc- 



removed from mv office. ... 

"We have a'ian'e collection of valuable materials... non- 
competed for trims-mission to hinprlrmd. The surveys still 
go on in parts less perfectly kc.oivn. Bui. the most important 
desideratum is to adopt proper measures for connecting these 
materials into one whole. ... I say... that it can only be done 
in the office of the Purveyor General of India, on the spot. ... 
There are, however, manv points of detail. ..which 1 could 
huh- esrjlaiu. with advantage ir, Knglnnd, arid many other 






matters which... I. could place before the Honorable Court... 
more 01s tine t tb ;!:;... by ccueespoi-.dcuee [ 2S7-8 ]. ... 

"A large dispatch of valuable maps, with some 00 pies of the 
Atlas sheets. ..is nearly ready, and... I propose to take them tt 
England tnyscit. ... I ;.ironos!-...to embark this or the earlj 
part, 0: "l.iit? iolly.vir-,11 month ' : | 5Q2-3 ]. 

His mc, 22-12-28, refers to— strenuous work in the 
mountains — "at night had only a very small mountain tent 
to sleep in" — a surgical operation in 1819 "to divide the 
scalp an (3 pericranium down to the bone" which gave sub- 
stantial relief— "It; IStl.i he sullei'cc: from soverrd severe dys- 
peptic attacks, aeconmunied by most painful sick headaches. 

violence ever since, and iiuriits the latter part of last rains 
his sufferings were so great that, he was incapacitated from 
transacting business, and were, it not, for peculiar family 
ciri-uni stances, i should at tJntt time have recommended his 
proceeding to sea. Sine? his late seven.' family affliction his 
complaints have increased so much that I consider a voyage 
to Europe the only measure h'kely to restore bis to health" 3 . 

Leave was granted, hut he had great difficulty in 
obtaining a clearance cert, from the audit office, on 
account of discrepancies in the stock books [215 ]. 
He was also called on for a full report on the surveys 
of India and their future development [ 105 ]. 
Handing over to his trusted friend Herbert, he sailed 
24-1-29. It was characteristic that he took on loan 
for use on the voyage, .several astr. inste., which 
Everest brought back in 1830. 

Returning to India 1.5-12 311, he was then employed on 
regtl, dutv, but again took furl, ou mc. 18Sii-10'; Bdo. 
("lomdr. from 20-12-14 ; eomda". at Delhi 24-1-55, and in 
Eohilkhand from Jan. 1847 ; d. Ambala, 28-3-4S, whilst 
on mc. to Simla. 

HcH'lgaoiL bad always boon, on ent.biiusti.c astrono- 
mer, and never missed an opportunity of taking obsn.j. 
[ 186-9, 447> 495 ]■ Many of these were pub. in India 
or England, and he was a frequent corr. to scientific 
journals 4 . 

As R. XVII, 1833, part II (1-12) contains Ms paper 
Oi.itr.n/i'uis on /.!,.,■ IrtfUiuiUnR, and :):-.cli nation of <.]<■: Magnetic 
X'M.dif., followed bv table of obsns. made at oGO. Calcutta 
Feb. 1S2H; declination only. 

Another paper. I'ltaghar llav 1S-10, describes his astr. 
oijsns. at SGO. 1822 -S, and thoa. ' 



last 16 years as 


trained. He add, that 1 


eiiue Surveyor 


demanded at East Indi 




of theodolites.. .for the 


England with 


Provinces. I well kno 


or of my days. 


alrcadv sup[.iicd. ivliich 




coTisultcd Mr. Simma [ 


n to England... 


'"'in an ob. notice it 


ealth. ... If my 


England may be 


fun-one [ ISL'flt he res- 


gestion of mine 


Durham, and in June 






it furl 



my opinion was 

s to the beat construction 
iurveya in North Western 
fects of the instruments 
iteady and top-heavy. I,. . 
[of Troughton & Simma], 



..-.led t 



"Do his r 



iribed"! 



1842, 



ra.ry deg 



vice-nearly 
/ears aa SG. 
mis till his 



Of seieoee, he mi 
:ee of M.S.. in the University 
it another instance of bum s< 
211 years in Inoia ivithivit a bteak. ineliding H 
and It SCI . folioivoa after furl, by mil. eomt 
death at the age of 71 exactly -±K ■/. after Ilia firsi urn. 

HOLLA1NT), James. Bo. Inf. 
b. 11-9-05. d. 16-4-89. 

Ens. 4-1-23 ... Bt Lt.-Col. 4-7-56; ret. aa He 

Col. 14-2-5". 
Son of James Holla rrd, purser. t:ic, and Marv his wile. 
ed. Westminster. OW. I ( 471 ). 

' DDn. 231 ( 202 ), 22-12-28. ' Sa 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



m„ Ahinedabad, 11-7-33, .Facie Gle^, sister of Alex. 
Burnes [ 431 ] ; one of t.iicir sons b. Ootaeamuiid, 28-10-42. 

1530, as daqmg., with Burnes on exploration of Rajpu- 
tana [ 132-3 ] ; later, Qiao. Bo. Army. 

HOME, Richard. Ben. Inf. 

b. 17-3-1789. d. 19-4-62. 

Ens. 1-1-04 ... M Gen. 28-11-54. 

Sou of Robert Koine ( [711-98). portrait painter, DNE. 
[I.pl.gc] and tuisannan L'eiersnn liis 1st wife; bro. to 
John Home, also Ben. Inf. 

m., Lueknow, 4-1(1-22, Francis Snpihh, dan. of Chas. 
Eraser, Jtou. Inf.. ami sister-in-law of Y. V. Raper [ II, 438 ]. 

Hodson, II ( 474 ). 

BTC. 16-3-30; compiled map of in lib nip ore Dist., for 
which fie was granted Es. 500 [ 87 ]. 

HORSJ3URGH, James. Hydrographer. 
b. 23-9-1762. d. 14-5-36. 

Apod. Hvdrgr. to eic. 10-11-10. 

Of humble pf.renis, tif " vilFa-e of Fine on >):'.. const, of Fife. 
tfBS. 1800. 

UXIi. ; Dili. .■ Markka™ ( Hi. (0 I r. ) : .IRGS., VII, 1837 
( vi ) ; G&o Mag., I, 1874 ( 133 ) ; Parkinson; HAS (mn]„ IV 

Appee. on bd. \'ort.Fi Sea enllieis "omumencirj" life a? a 
took and cabin hoy "--taken prisoner by French, 1780— 
after release reached Calcutta v:.\ W. Indies— 3rd mate, 
Nancy, a. country ship from ITS* on Cliinn trade on various 
ships'-erundd. Anna, built Fiomliay 1 7!>0. making several 
rapid passages, once leaving Lizard 20-4-1802 anchored 
Bombay 31 j'.i'lv : reloading wiiji cor.ton sailed again 25-8-011, 
reaching Caulon R. 30th Sep:..; discharged and reloaded 
and sailed 3rd Dee., anchored Bombay i 1-1-03, disoliarg- 

; in 8 days — made various eharr- in eastern aeaa. 

'(tetumir.' t-i-j Kri:'l;iiii.l I8i>n. pub. D'trtrMwi.* f'ir S.-tihn-:!... 
J.;„.-,l iMlirt, iami-ri, and "aiW many yearn iodMatiguble 
research" his !i<i*t [nihil liWtdnrij, 1x08, ior which the 
Directors awarded him 100 guineas; this ran to 9 edns. by 
1874. 

Paper on his inelcor!. oiisns. rend before i(S., and pub. 

Phil. Trans. 1830 j I17-2D ) fallowed liter by other papers. 

In ch. map compilation at India- Ho, from 1810; various 

svys. in India pubd, under hi, direction [ 74-6,79, 232 n,3, 

285-6]. 

HYDE, John Fleming [ II, 409 ]. Ben. Inf. 
b. 28-9-1785. d. Calcutta, 12-5-46. 

Ena. 3-8-07 ... Capt. 1-5-24; struck off, 11-3-46. 

Son of Gertrude Dowling. 

m 15-2-13. Eliza, dan." of l'\ H. Pearson ■' d. 1SO0), lien. 
Inf. :sliod. Gdeui.'.a. 17-11-17, aged 22. 

rlodson, II ( 51B ) j ni ( soa ). 

1813-4, snmi. Calcutta suburbs [ II, 18 ]. 

1814-21, Asst. to SG.; 14 mo. sick leave to New 
s. Wales, till 7-2-16 [ 425, 433. 4 8 7 I 

HQO. 2-12-17. leave t.o Benkulcn. Sumatra [309]. extended 
to 14-7-18 under bqo. 11-8-18. 

From SG. i.o Goo. Dept., 10-2-21 & TWO. 1 3 31, granted 
12-mo leave to Europe, vawi tinsr post ; ib. 4-3-25, per- 
mitted to return under CT>. lo H. 23-R-21, but struck off 
later as he had no. returned by Ma re 1 1 IHiti [221-2, 310]. 

Later settled in Calcutta, and at one time See. to Lottery 
Com. [13]. 

Possibly musical. For .Maeken/ie writes to Finn, 8-11-19; 
"I suppose your musical people an* entirely taken up by the 
Rival Harmonics, .t that -he peace of the good town is no 
longer disturbed by the yestry commotions & the liberty 
of the press "'. 

Worked Fi'nipiiv willi ttisisnzic-, leough not altogether 
his ideal APG. [ 300, -f?7-S ] ; Mackenzie congratulates him. 



mg 



21-3-20, on rise of pay.. ."to 500 soiu-.ut rupees per mensem 
... As I imagine you will feel some satis fact ion, I. hasten this 
at night, & wish you joy sincerely 1 . 

IRVINE, Archibald. Ben. Engrs. 

b. 10-11-1797. d. 29-12-49, Highgate, 
Middlesex, after riding accident. 

Ens. 6-5-17 ... Maj. 28-6-31 ; ret. 5-5-48. 
Son of Thomas Irvine, farmer of Haweleugh, eo. Rox- 

m., Allahabad, 27-3 35, Marianne Eliza Sparks, dan of 
i. T. Sh^spear, nos. 

OB. 1831. 

Hodson, n ( 52S-9- ] ; Ursula Low ( 156 1 ; Crash ton . 
( 32-tO ) ; Thackeray ( 3.5 ). 

bgo. 5-8-15. detained in England for course on tho 
Trig. Svy. ; CD to B., 15-3-lfi : "Cadet Archibald Irvine 
Sias completed his eonivc.and will 1* sent out this season" 

Maratha War, 1817-8 ; mbio. Kl ( 6, 40-2 ], sui-vd. routes 
Saugor to Bhopiil, acki,.., .i It deed bv .Unkolm [84!; Asst 
lia.gr. 2nd Inf. Bde. 

1821, Afljt. S & II. Allahabad; FXDo. 198 ( 1 ), SG. re- 
commends him, 1-3-22, for svy. of Narbada from source to 
Hoshang.ibfLd : "from ivhat I have .seen of his operations as 
a surveyor, and learnt from the oflleers of bis own corps 
respecting his character and a lie: dies. I...lielieye he would 
execute it very satisfactorily" ; no record found of this svy. 

ego. 22-7-25, appd. ofi'g. Suptrr. IJugr. s^v. Frontier; 
Bdt. Maj. at sieiid of libaratniir, 10 i2 L'o t.ill soi-crelv 
wounded IR-1-26. 

DDn. 203 (41), 28-9-26 & mbio. 160 (42) & 
Miso. S-O-26, made "plim of River. I'liirma from Agra 
to Allahabad.., for Committee of Embankments at 
Allahabad" ; lithd. copis?, Hen Eet/r. 234 ( 6, 7 ). 



iry 1,200 yds. 



very fragile and v- 
svy. incomplete 



), Svy. of Allahabad Fort, with 

d, scale 100 yds. to inch ; 

the map finding "the papnr 

" [ 495 ]• Irvine had loft the 

to Europe, on mc, but 



lithd, copies dntcd 20-11-26. 

JACKSON, James Nesbitt [ II, 409 ]. Ben. Inf. 
b. Calcutta, 16-8-1788. d. Calcutta, 

8-6-32. 

Ens. 27-4-05 ... Maj. 2-3-30. 

Son of William Jackson, Registrar of Supreme Court, 
Calcutta., and Margaret his wife. 

m., 1st., Cawnporc, 20-3 11, Augusl.it Katharine, dau. of 
Col. Wade, 25th l.r. niMjoon.- : she d. Calcutta 3-4-31. 

m., 2nd., Calciitx.a, 10 i 32, Marv, sister of Malcolm 
Mcolson 1 1793-IS30), Ben. Inf. ( Hodson. 111,393-4). 

CB. 27-9-31. 

Hodson, II ( 538 ) ; III ( 729 ) ; Pankridge ( 47 ). 

1814—5, on svy. of boiU'LCLfirio.-j , Kin-dunn, Hooglily, 
and Midnapore [ II, 19 ]— Nepal War, on mil. 
service — eomplotcd svy. between A;;ril 1 RIB and July 
1817 [12]. 

Jan. to May, lslsl, sund. line; for road Midnapore 
to NSgpur [27-8, 88, 266 11.1,348, 510], "a good 
route- survey". 

b to cd. ( Eev. ), 30-7-23 ( 235 ), to be Sec. to 
Com. of Control, Cu-kuittji Canals [ 13 ]. 

bgo. 27-3-24, posted to Gen. Staff with expn. to 
Burma ass ijqmq., with rank of Maj. [ 335, 337, 507 ]; 
obsd. lat. of Rangoon [ 71, 183 ] ; applied officially for 
s of competent survr., resulting in despatch 



1 DDn. 188( 171 ), fromPalta. 



Mb. ( 1' 



KOTES 



ivd. 23-11-35; 



of Grant [71, 455]. hms. 665 (275), Banna 
Intelligence reports from Jackson, 5-1-25 ; lithd. map, 
mbio. 3-0-26 [ 80 ]. 

ISZg, aqmo. at Presdcy. ; DD11. 365 (208-17), 17-6-31, 
submitted, um.l., useful" man of "part of Siriifhbmim, 
showing the count rv of the [vols., who ha.il recenilv been 
troublesome", UKiij. 56 ( 11 ). 

B to CD. ( Pub. ), 27-4 30, to be SJupt. of Tclcoraphs in 
182S !ill post abolished 1*30 | 272 ]; bus. (>77 '( *K5-S) ), 
30-12-30 & 25-1-31, declined deputation to Arakau to select 
admce. capita] and report 



JACKSON, Philip. Ben. Art. 
b. 24-9-02. d. 1879. 

2/Lt. 11-4-19 ... Capt. 1-12-34; i 

Son of Capt. James Jackson, in. and Harriot Goodchild, 
hie wife. 

Hodson. II ( 539 ). 

18-12-24; E\. Offr.. Siiiitsoore; Survr. of public lands, 
from 27-5-26 ; in ch. Resdcv. 3-S-26. 

MRIO. 00 i 21 2:)) map of Siam, 1S25 [ So ]. 

JERVIS, Thomas Best. Bo. Engrs. 

b. 2-8-1796, Jaffnapatani, Ceylon. 
d. 3-4-57. 

Ens. 1-6-13 ... Maj. 2S-S-38 ; ret. 30-12-41. 

Son of John Jervis. lies., and Elizabeth, dan. of Capt. 
G. F. Riteo, KB. ; bra. to G. R. Jervis ( 1794-1851 }, also 
Bo. Engrs. [ IT, 409]. 

til, Mali aba led™ fir. ]5- 11 30, Anne Sarah, dau. of Dr. 
Wm. Paget, ret. surg. hm. 4Sth Et, 

Bio. under- title Thoir:,:i Best.l,<rt;ii by his son, W. P. Jervis, 
pnb. London, 189S. 

Prom Addiscernbe, ihll-2, attended course with OS. at 
Worcester j 200 |;arrd. T D dia May 1814. 

Oct.. 1819, appd. Ex. Engr. s. Konkan ; Oct. 1820, 
to make statistical svy. for civil purposes [ 172-3 ]. 

bqo. 16-12-20, with expn. against pirates on 
Arabian coast of Persian Giilf [ 439 n.7 ], and survd. 
marches, Feb—March 1821. 

BoeO. 25-1-23, appd. Asst. Survr, under Sutherland 
[ 126, 209 ] ; continued svy. of s. Konkan till closed 
in 1830 ; measured his own base-lines [499]; trgd. a 
large area, combining his topo. svy. with statistical 
and rev. svy, for the civil admn. ; results pub. 1834 
as "The Konkun Atlas, ...accompanied by numer- 
ous illustrations of the scenery, natural history, & 
antiquities" 1 [ 5, 129-30, 220-1, 439 ]. 

Writing from A limed;] a 'jar ! 1—i 31. Jerri.- had pressed for 
recognition of this work ; ' ; 1 have latch- been so continually 
transferred, ...having within the la-1. fourteen months been 
through every division 11 :id province of the whole Presidency 
of Bombay, excepting the Southern Idharatts Country and 
Khaudesh, to the firmer of which pi.H'^s I n.ri now ordered, 

'■Shortly :i!'ter Mr. Elphmsuone'. ■ ■ i ■ ;he Govern- 
ment of this Presidency in 1820, I .' i '.]■■ i ' . I.im ncrsonally 
to make a Statistical Survey in connection nutri a very 
improved Topo.-rsphba- 'i"id Trig.:.r...-mitric\l Survey of the 
Conean. ... For want of either instruments, salary, or some 
settled allowance fc.r writers and draugi'.tsinen, which it was 
perfectly unreasonable to imagine T could furnish from my 
■own limited pay, ...it proceeded with the ./rosiest difficulty. 
... T was directed... to prefer [ioi:.'ingoi:t bibs [ 352 ]. ... 

"The delays whisk occurred between the oavment of my 
contingent bills, and the want of pfoper i : is tru meats, led me 
to explain. ... Mr. Elpliinstone himself expressed Ids dis- 
pleasure, and im medial ely issued an order for the discharge 



of all the expenses 1 had incurred. ... I made the Deputy 
Purveyor Ge.n era!... acquainted with all my past proceedings, 
and through him I handed up to Govt, the whole of my 

"The Statistics^ Survey had been considered a...distinct 

'' ."' 1! -'' c -'' '- ■."!t>.rtir;e.it, ...its progress... approved of, 
■■:'■"':■-'■ ' «'■"- ■■'■ ""'■■ ■■:'■- ■ "" all matters rcladcc thereto v. bo 
■,;ic Secret,,-. .. 1, .. |\. ...,] shine, ,f w:li emitted ;„ Hlf , 

\ .-~\ ■- ■nor, Sir Jidm Malcolm, ... added 

it, 1*30, when. ..Sir John Malcolm direited the 
' of the Con can to 



e 1824, an 

"In May" h 

Jopp requirci. 
and paper I. p 
(orrcsj undent 



be disc 

of me to deliver up (.■very document, ,. 

■-"•■■■■' : - : l ; 'V ^ ! 1 _-:--=- . . ;.n ma.vs. hooks, ollirdal 
0:" whatever sort | 126-7 j, and I am now left 
■"■" of substantiatim 



i ty Air. Elphtn.slone 



tir.11 pledged ■■ 

complete a most useful w 

'' Designed... (or the preparation of a minute and beautiful 
map ( strictly drawn in the manner of the English survev I 
to pecompany an Hi.si.orkad ar,d Statistical Bke.tch „f a "large 
Province, ...to portray its geogriphio.nl and characteristic 
features as a military defence, ...its resources and produc- 
tions as an inlet to commercial omerprizc. ... I hastilv trans- 
cribed ail I could, ... but after ten vears hihonr cajl derive 
little satisfaetion in brjngios forward' a work incomplete and 
inaccurate. ... t therefore mosl earnestly solicit that. ..I may 
be furmshci: with my own origins! snrvevs. and the trigono- 
metrical survey also, ... that I may prepare from 'hem 
authentic, correet. ami perltvt. copies! ... 

"The copy of the report on' Weights and Measures I 
enlarged and greatly improved, and. the Government... 
generously paid the t^pr-nse of printing. ..300 copie?, which 
tost l,o!)o' .lis., and gave me back luu copies to distrihote to 
whom I pleased. 1 have received the sanction. ..to print all 
my ma.ps, drawings, plans, and memoirs, but I find invself 
perfectly unequal to the. undertaking without the aid of 

He closed by pressing that his salary tor the whole period 
of the svy. should be placed on a higher basis and on this 
Ktra allce. of Rs. 200 pm. 
: as be delivered in a fair 
maps. This he did in 1836, 
s met by the Directors on his 
1 furl, in 1837, -when he gave 
of himself that he was appd. 
1.1" SG., in the event of Everest's resn., 
which, however, did not occur till after Jervis liad 
himself re sd. [506]. 

A call for his original maps led to their close 
scrutiny by Everest, -who declared them unfit for 
the Atlas of India, owing to the poor character of the 
trgn. [126-7, 203 n.2, 209-10, 344]. 

Jcrvis's greatest' claim to prof, rooognition is his 
success in printing maps by lithography, and long 
after his retirement, bo did noble service in reproducing 
Russian maps for me in the Crimean War and in 
founding the Topo. and Statistical Dopot of the War 
Dept., which later developed into the Intel lieror ice 
Branch and the present Ceotrtaphical Section of the 
General Staff 3 [ 168, 299 ]. 

JOHNSON, Alfred Ford. Bo. Inf. 
b. 10-^03. d. 18-5-78. 

Lieut. 4-5-20 ... Capt. S-Q-32 ; ret. 30-4-iO ; 



X Govt, promised him 
from 15-2-26 to 31-5-30 as 

A further claim was ir 
return to England on fu 



1IO Cat [ 439-40 ]. ' Bo RC. 39/336/1331 ( 113- 



JOHNSON 4 

JOHNSON, John [ I, 341 ; II, 409-10 ] 

Bo. Engrs. d. U-2-4S. 

Ens. 31-5-1785 ... BtLtCol. 4-6-14 ; ret. 15-S-19. 

hi., itidersca Mcmeiiru;, probably Dutch. 

CB. 4-6-15. EIMC. 1(220). 

From 1790, svys. in Deccan & Malabar [I, 128, 
130-1 ; III, 113 ]. 1800, at Goa [ n, 96-7 ] ; 1803-5, 
MarothaWar ; distinguished himself as Fd. Engr. & 
SurvT., and produced map of Deccan [II, 165-7 ; 
ni, 2S0 ]. 

1805-8, in ch. of timber extraction in Kanara 
[II, 409-10]; 1808-13, furl. ; 1813, Supt. Engr., 
Bombay ; 1815, dqmc. with East's force on Cutch 
border [ 123 ]. 

Bo GO. 26-3-.16, "ordered...to the Presidency, to 
assume charge; of his appointment of Quarter Master 
General o£ the Army". April 1818, to Poona, and 
deputed to svy. passes along the Ghats on the n. and 
w. borders of Khandesh, and report on defence 
against pindari raids [ 83-4, 122, 483 ]. 

Furl from 1S17. travcllm- to l->.daml via Persia, Georgia, 
Russia, ami Prussia : pub. A Joiunqi from hri-a to b,- a h»,... 
wit.h pliiji and o oo1-:imi--.1 plitra ; 4to. ; 1813 [2B9 J. 

JOHNSTONE, James. Ben. Inf. 
b. 23-2-1789. d. 27-6-52. 

Ens. 30-7-07 ... Maj. 15-12-35 ; rat. 23-5-36. 

^■jri ■■■{ Wviiiio .Tohn=.ton<- of Hawkslaw. 

Hodson, il(5*i2); IV (636). 

Maratha war, 1817-8; svys. in Malwa acknow- 
ledged by Malcolm [84], and from early 1819 on 
svy" of Bhopal, under pa., whose escort lis comdd. ; 
under technical instms. of SG. till 1823 [87-8, 180, 

202,33°]- 

ISia S, uiLiindg. .Bhopal Contt. 

JONES, John. Ben. Inf. 

b. 18-3-01. d. 7-4-75. 

Ens.. 16-8-19 ... Cspt. 20-4-26; read. 1-3-35. 

Son of John Jones of «S Hurley St., London. 

,„ CIlK-llonlvsm, 1-8-31. Mar-; K-iaVv :,( Hi did. Ciirp.^r.:,,-. 

lfKAH. S-5-M. Hocisfirs, II (. 36A ) ; Uiiuyau ( S3S ftc. ). 

1324-6, Burmese War; on svy. in Assam on 
qmg.'s staff [53-4]i BMC - 25-10-16; appd. offg. 
daqmg. "to survey the position* of Bullepora 1 and 
Guro Sachee, for... sett ling tlie.-.Korth East Frontier, 
and also to survey the country inland between 
Bishnauth and Rungpore, both on the north and 
sotith banks of tho Bnrrouipooter " 2 [63-4]. 

His svys. frequently mentioned by Wilcox ; Nov. 
1826, ref "Boree Diking. ... A survey of this route 
has already been made by Lieut. .Tones of tho qmg.'s 
Department, but I believe not as accurately as it 
might be; that officer having been hurried on his 
march by the charge of all the public cattle" 3 . 

DU11. 124 (63), 23-S-27; ''Lieut. J ones... has surveyed 
from Ohm Dfovar to the Soobunsheei-oi', across the Mjrj liul-L'c-, 
to Piiv'Tiiini. Thence to tho smitkcrn bun:! roa'l boundary. 
and sloaV ii westward, ... and returns by the river to Bish- 
.ijui.1l, making a hinrisomo cirnle. He Is also clever { a 



i BIOGRAPHICAL 

DI>n. 224 ( 83 ) ; " Lieut. Jones, is about to execute... 

the survey between Cloivahutty amd Sylhut by this road, and, 
as it will be well done, I sbidl not of course follow him" — 
aver tho Khasi J! ills. Cauh.lti M.oplon;.-, l.'h.n-rapunji Svlhut 
—with another ciimuitli Jaintia — .hkio. '.il { 24 ), Jan. I828 
Nov. 1828, at Nongkhlao 1 . 

Wiloos hail been up the mad as far as Nongkhlao ; "I 
have perused Csptidn Jones' remarks on this route across 
theCo-scya Hills. ... Lieut. Burlton who was employed during 
last cold season 00 the roiii.c p-oru Kalia (Jhcikey to Jynteea, 
received instructions io amend U10 mountain paths, ...and 
particularly to supply substantial i:rid:.'os where required 
[431]. Capt. Jones ]<:ni!Li!;s the.r if further improvement is 
necessary, it is dirotiy in bl Lsl:'ri_- & removing rooks at the 
pi'Lji'-ipal £hats" B . 

DLta. 265 f 214 ] ; Jones' "map of central Assam, 
...good geographical material", was incorporated in 
Wilcox's map [ 64, 299 ]. 

JOPP, John. Bo. Engrs. 

b. 9-7-1792, Kingston, Jamaica, 
d. 17-6-61. 

Ens. 8-6-11 ... Maj. 28-3-35; ret. 28-10-42; 

Nephew of Keith Jopp, of K'i'h Hall & J:,ppa, Jamaica. 

ed. Addiscomha. 

m., Poona, 10 V2 31, Rlia Jemima, dnu. of Tlios. Morris 
of n_M. Customs, London. 

Bo go, 5-1-14, appd. to Rev. Svy. Saisette I., from 
1-1-14; Bo mo. 24-9-14, warned for fd. service, 
probably in Gujarat. 

BOO. 4-4-16 & 19-6-16, on svy. of passes into 
Deccan and on ditch bonier under Johnson [ 122-3 ]. 
and continued on. svy. under Sutherland [125]; 1818, 
in ch. trgn. of Deccan Svy. [3, 129, 454 ]; Bo mo. 
( camp) No. 59 of 1822, reports, Poona, 7-6-22, that 
Jopp had taken over ch. of Deccan Svy. from Suther- 
land [ 135-6, 323, 344, 352, 393 ]. 

Bo mo. 22-2-26 ( 78 |, appd. r>so. Bombay [ 6, 126, 
128-30, 212, 281, 323, 3-1-4, 463, 473], holding post till 
abolished 1-9-33. 

hms. 734 ( 596 ), 6-2-29, reedd. by Malcolm to 
succeed Hodgson as s«. of India [ 301 ]. 

KEYS, William. Bo. Inf. 

b. Bombay c. July 1801. 
d. 24-5-39, Dapoli, 18 m. S. of Bankot. 
Lient. 35-12-17 ... Capt. 25-3-29; invd. 31-7-37. 
Probably son of Charles Keys, Lieut. Bo. Mar., anil, 
Elizabeth Warner his wife. 

Bo 00. 1-11-50. appd. asst. Rev. Survr., Gujarat; on 
rev. svy. Kaira Dist. till 1824 [ 170 U.$ ]. 

LAKSHMAIAH (or LECHMYAH ), Kavali 
Venkata, Brahman. Mad. Translator. 
Appd. Interpreter, May 1798 ; succ. as hd. intpr. 

7-1-03, on salary 40 ps. pm. [II, 355~7» 4 6 9 ; HI. 

391-2 ]. 

Son of Kavali Venkata Sabhiab, and younger bro. of 

Kavali Venkata Boris ti j II, 583-4 ]j bro. to K. ( C. ) V- 

Eamaswamy [ 3<Ji n.2 f. Said to be one of the three Madrasi 



iHao-e the BUhrvra Frontier Tract of later davs. ' DDn. 217 (15); As B. XVII < 3n8-0 ). > HDr.. 22-1. 
SVII ( oO^atseq ifSp S12, sketch of Bhuban Cave. Sylhet, by Jones, 1827. 'DDn. 224 ( 105-10), 15-10-28. 
of Map of Ancient. ..Dekkan, Calcutta, 1827, 20 cos to inch. 



NOTES 4 

figures, [srobabir the: rcoiriil one, .sho'.v:i in Hickcv's portrait 
of Mackenzie [ II, pi. 22 n ; HI, 474 n.I ]. 

1798 jointvl Maelten/.ie at Hyderabad, and aoed. 
him to Mysore [ I, 350-1 ]. On suocg. Boriah as M. 
intpr. took leftdinsi part:- in oollg. historical in si it ip- 

1811-5, during Mackenzie's absence got into serious debt, 
which culminated in 1817 with arrest and imprisonment, 
to Mackenzie's great distress [ 1 1, 35S-7 ]. 

May 1818, joined \la:-ke:ri!o in Client la. ha-, ing marched 
np E. Coast with others whose religions prejudices forbad 
journey by aoa. [ 481 J. 

There was sr'.-at de'.ay in ^'.'ttnii: t:,o pa~ty off because of 
Laksimiaiah's" private alfair.s. He was anxious to obtain 
delivery of a grant of land widen Mi'.: I; 1*11 /.ie liad obtained for 
him, and he was then held un by a court summons instigat- 
ed by a personal enemy, iiiddcll writes, 24-9-1? ; "Letch- 
myah is not ye:, oil &■ appea r.-i d.a.ern-i'icd not to move till his 
Grant is settled. I have in vain told him that he does no 
good here. ... I have rnerelv roI him to promise to send off 
the othera immediaieK ,fc birnss.lt to overtake them. ... The 
delay is, therefor' 1 , e:jl,irr' : y his ^wtl, and after all your kind- 
ness il. is rather soKish". (Jet. : " Letch rnyah has at last none ; 
hia department started some time beforo him, but as he 
travels in a palanquin he will overtake them e'er they arrive 
at Masulipatam". 

Iliddellther; heard ilii.t lie was in ijaol. having been arrested 
for a debt of 5, OHO vs. : "' Instead of e;.>i:i S r>IT on the ISth he 
had gone to Tinnan.-.ir.., hi,: vi!lsim>, and remained there till 
the 30th. He came to Madras on the morning of that day tz 
was setting oT in reality, when lie was seized h\ tbo linilitf. ... 
He is now at- )ar:;r, having given security that he will not 
leave Madras. ... He says the debt is falsely sworn against 
him". 6-12-17; ''Alter much trouble I go't Letchmyah off 
this morning, ...leaving the title deeds of his property in 
the hands of. .his bail". Jlis ease was eventually ''.settled 
against nim, to tune of 4,000 p». instead of 6,300 aa 

Supervised trn. arid arranging of collns. in. Calcutta 
till Mackenzie's death in 1321, after which assisted 
Dr. Wilson in pnipurln^ catalogue [ 5152, 482 ].. 

Tteitei vi'ni .sub-taci.iid lejnoy by Mackenzie's will, 
and granted pension on full salary, with other con- 
cessions, on his rett. to Madras [ 479 ]. 

After return to Madras, and on advice of fiir Ales. Johnston 
[430 11. 1], founded, and became Presdt. of, a "Literary 
Society of Hindus ". wrm.e object was to prepare- "translations 
and digests of the mass of mss. collected by Colonel 
Mackenzie, at the same time that other materials of a similar 
nature might be sought out and accumulated ", 

In 1$:;0". at Lakslniiaiah's request, the eollu. was placed 
at disposal of the Had. Lit. Soc.. and a few articles pub. in 
the Madron Journal of Literature and Sr.icntc. He writes 0:1 
16-6-3-5, as "corresponding member of the Royal Asiatic 
Society of Great ririiain", that be was " still sngaged in 
ela.-'siryii.iq the different dynnsT.es, aneiieit and modern, of 
South India ", arid asked the Madras Govt, for authority to 
pursue the researches started by Mackenzie, with pay for 
2 scholars in every district, and free postage. 

This was referred to ASH., wdic.i did not. consider him 
qualified for such comn., but reedd. the empt. of the Rev. 
Wm. Taylor to report on thoae mss. already stored at 
Madras [ 482 ] a . 

LAMBTON, William [II, 411-5], hm. 33rd 
Foot, 
b. Crosby Grange, Yorks, 1753/6. 
d., 20-1-23, tlinganghat, cp., mi. 
Ens. 6-5-1782 ... Bt. U Cot .4-6-14 ; STS. 1818-23. 



His sister. Dorothv, en. Thos. I.ve, of Yorlcs., and d. Feb. 
1827, leaving husband r.nd 2nd son, Wm. Lambtun Lye, still 

Left 2 nat. children, William and Eliza [ 469-73 ]. 

Corr. Member, Institul. dc Franco : I'ltS. i)-l-17 [ 468 ]. 

DNB.; DIB.; RMC. V (30-0): HI MO. Ill (100] 
Warren ; Ingledew : ,Lf:A'. Mm. XI i loo ) ; Markliam ( 60- 
72); Stnte-mw-n-, Calcutta 13-1-1923. 

Portrait in oils oy Yi m. .Uav-ll. Hvacrarja;.-. 1*22, presented 
in 1828 to E As hnc, London, by Sir Wm. Rumbold* of 
Wm. Palmer & Co., Hyderabad ' ^q ; n.o, pi, 22 ]. Miniature 
e: same period v.r.h ri ;;:' !. | 438, 467]. 

1782, joined 33rd in New York ; 1783-90, ex-regt. 
empt. Nova Scotia .v Xeav Brims wick -- Ukmr. from 
1785 — rejoiuoil mat. in Cvdoiifcia 171)7 and with it to 
Madras, >Sept. 1799, on appt. as bde. maj. to King's 
troops under Ft. St. George — bde. maj. 1st. Bde. at 
capture of Sei'ingi;p.c.uuii. 4-5-1799 — with Grand 
Army, w. Mysore, Aug -Nov. 1799 [ IT, 413-3 ]. 

His pri.ipos.al for t-riii. svy. on suieiitillo principles 
was sanctioned 6-2-1800 'Preliminary svy. Mysore, 
1800-2— Base-line St. Thomas' Mount, April 1802— 
Meast. of degree nkoi:; Oororrv'mdel Coast, 1802-3 — ■ 
Triangles E. to w. from coast to coast, and start 
of central arc, 1803 Triangles down s. coast, to 
Tanjora, 1806-7— Central arc to Cape Comorin, with 
general svy. and map of s. peninsula, 1807-10 — 
Extended central nee ilirouati Ceded Dists. into 
Hyderabad, with eonnoeiiou to e. coast at Gunttir, 
1811-5 [II, 233-49], In his Notices of Malabar, 
tells of riding on horseback up the Gazalbatti Push 
from Coimhatore in 1806 [I, pi. g ; II, 414]. 

Feb. 1815, having mejisd. iimjii at Rid sir h« hmnght 
hdqrs. to Hyderabad, and maintained them there 
till end of 1822 [ II, 249 ; HI, 223, 237]. 

Up till 1806 had assfcee. of 2 officers of King's 
Regts., and from'lSOT sevoi'al aiTieers from MMi. 
[IT, 322-3 ], but from 1812 was left with 4 sub-assts. 
ed. at obsy. survg. school [ II, 346 j III, 223, 378-9, 
439]- 

1812, specially retained in the Company's employ 
in India after departure of 33rd, being granted bt. 
rank as Lt Col. with snodal aihas;. [ II, 415 ]. 

Worked under direct orders of Madras Gort., and in no 
way under S(J., thoiL-h. s'.:t 'nit! in;: ivadar reports [ 307- 8 ]. 
His rclationa with Mackenzie had been cordial from the 
start, and. wherever po-sille ah rtist-. and topo. STya. were 
baged on his triangles [ II, 115-21 ; III, 4, 94, 101, 106 ]. 

He writes to Mackenzie, !)-!■ 16 ; " When do you set off 
for jjengfj, and v. lui iias ehariic of yonr ol'iio.e. at Madras ? I 
think it likely tiiat I .ihali tate arsutlmi yn:f-p at Bengal before 
I visit England I 09. 223, 476], for I propnae taking a look 
at the Cir.;ar;i la:f:>rc I cfimjndr.cc my operations, and shall 
probably go as far as Point Palmyras [ 1 1. -149 ; III, 233 ], 
I am here comfortably settled at the French Gardens [ 251 
a-3, 437 n.7 ], ...my place of business and study. I have, 
bee-ides, a house in the Cantonment when I want recreation 
r.nd amusement. I hate met with such liberal support from 
Mr. Russell that not ia-s; Hir'.'V.ihy has; occurred sines: I entered 
the t'fj'.iKtry [ II, =,7:: . Ill, 116, 412 ]" s . 

Mackenzie replied with equal cordiality, teiling of ) nit own 
interests : "No man ccarh.l hiive acted for another with more 
precision & friendly attention than f.t.lorisl Morison in my 
ions protracted absence [ IT, wjc, ], & Lieut. Ward, who 
resided in the different houses to which my effect, wore 

*3rd 



LAMBTON 46 

repeatedly transferred in my absence, appears to have paid 
the utmost attention [ II, 303-4 ]. I see.. .that all your books, 
plates, & most of year tilings wen; delivered ;oyour order. ... 

" [f you are onec in the Oircr.rs. you can easily visit Bengal, 
especially florin;.' !.':i(: I'.cssanon of the rainy months. I -wish 
with all my heart that I may have the pleasure of seeing 
you while I am there. I remember your house of the 
French Gardens well & think you are lucky in having such 
a place"' [437,472]. 

Lambton had niter!. referred to a possible visit home, and 
Riddell writes that "in 1812, before I left him, he frequently 
talked to me of his intention to go home for a year or two, 
and of my taking ehiu-o of the survey during his absence. 
He oven went so far as to enter on the subject of allowances''-. 

He writes to Russell, 21-5-18; "Should I not be able to 
proceed further [ than Elliehpur ], I shall prepare the way 
for my successor. The grci'.t ien,-th of time which has 
attended my labours must, [ifit.iirii.lly inrluce me to look 
towards England, which I hope to see in a very few years, 
and whore... I can be of.. .use in superintend trig,. .such maps 
as the... Dire ''Lor:: oir.v think proper to publish." 3 . 

He remained at Hyderabad for the next two years 
working on comr.vn.ss. an.i reports, .sending his assts. to 
extend trgn. [ 8, Z3$, 227, 437—8 ]. Ha writes again 
to Mackenzie, 28-7-17 ; 4 "I. ..was glad to hear that 
yon had got all settled at Madras. As you will be 
in Bengal soon 1 have directed to you there [ 475-6 ]. 
".I am neitriy putting I he i'irkishing hand to the 3rd 
eopy of my report, one copy for myself, one for 
Government, and the 3rd for you [ 237 J, ... It 
consists of upward.!* of fl'Jih.. pages, and one copy takes . 
upwards of throe months to make out, with the plan 
annexed to it, so thai, there has brain upwards of nine 
months employed in mere, copying. It is, however, 
a valuable work, as I had better data to go on than 
I had before. I liave computed every position in the 
whole peninsula [ II, 264 ]. ... You must, however, 
have the first vols, in your office, and it shall bo 
copied as soon as I have time. ... Your being in want 
of data in the Circars jnnkus 1110 very anxious to get 
the operations carried through them [ 5-99. 223 ]. ... 
"I am now about to send onit a party to continue 
my meridional triangles; up to the Godavery, and 
then run east and return upon Hyderabad [ 223 ], 
which, with what you already have, will form a 
tolerable basis for a survey of the southern parts of 
the Nizam's Dominions [ 114 ]. 

"I intend constructing an entire map of the Peninsula 
from my own rna.teri.i-l3 which of course you will get a copy 
of some day or other, but it will be .1 work of time. ... There 
is a blank in my nori; from '1 < !!:: L .i : vy to Callicut, owing to 
the setting in of the monsoon [ II, 244-g ]. ... 

"If these warlike pn-p:- rations prove successful there will 
he a prodigious lleid open for me, but il" 1 am not- allowed to 
more on a large scale I shall content myself with carrying 
my meridian arc as high as 26°. ... 

"I received yc.3tr.rday my diploma from the Koyal Society 
on having been olael-cd a member, aiid.il- was accompanied 
by a very handsome letter from Mr. Davis [ I, 332 ], one of 
the Court of Directors. I have been extremely gratified 
lately by the attention paid me by that Society, and by the 
members of the Academy of Scleniccs sit Pari,, particularly 
La Pla.ee and De Lambre [ 177, 238, 468 ]. ... 
"Let me hear from, you on your arrival". 



BIOGRAPHICAL 

■ that Lambton conveyed to 
n a suitable »sst., and a 
1 the svy. Prompt action 
was takon by Lord Moira by tho nomination of 
George Everest [1, 235, 446]. Lambton was now 
over 60 years of age, and, after a worthy tribute to 
his high qualifications and the great importance of 
his work, the GG. noted that "Lieutenant Colonel 
Lambton has himself urged this point to the Surveyor 
General, and has pressed on His Lordship the pro- 
priety of giving him an associate" 6 [441-2, 450]. 
Dr. Voysey was appd. later. 

Lambton's svy. was now tr. from Madras to the 
control of the Supreme Govt, at Ft. William, a 
change that bad been due since its extension into 
the Nizam's Territories. This change, with, the 
new designation The Groat Trigonometrical Survey 
of India, dated from 1-1-18 [ I, 225 ]. 

On Everest's arrival ai tho end of 1818 Lambton took him 
out on a demonstration trip, and iin-u loft, him in eh. to carry 
oniield work [ 227-8. J42 ], ivbil.it. lie himself visited Calcutta 
to make contact with the Supreme Govt., and to settle 
private affairs with his aso:i!s, .Messrs. Ho.iiue, JJavidson & 
Robertson. He ie:t Hyderii Lad in Jiiri.fi lSl!t. and went by 
sea from Masulipntam. Uiieks'r.zie greeted him warmly; 
"Colonel Lambton i' expected here, luiving applied for 
leave" — "I have seen Colonel Lambton when in town lately ; 
I was surprised to find him quire grey haired" — -Colonel 
Lambton is here [ Palta ] with me since yesterday ; I think 
his health much lower than when I saw him in 1 811, but we 
are all getting older" 8 . 

Amongst matters which he tried 1.0 set settled at Calcutta 
were — increased pay and allocs, for his sub-assts. on tr. 
from Madras — -increase of liis rernlin- escort., ;i.nil their allces. 
[379, 406] — and arrangements for passing of contt. bills. 
His last letter from CaleiiM.a appoais to have been that of 
L2-1— 20, and he was back in Hyderabad by April. 

In July 1821 he resumed the n. ward extension of 
his great are. Deputing his suo-a.ssts. to observe 
the triangles, he and Voy-sisy muruhed direct to 
Elliehpur, some 360 m. from Hyderabad, in Feb, 
1822 [ 8, 232, 438 ]. Everest rejoined from leave on 
6th Feb., and waa horrified at the deterioration of 
his health and the extent to which exertions in 
the field had taxed his strength ; "men cannot last 
for ever ; the Lieut. Col.'s in firm i tics had evidently 
subdued all but his spirit" [ 232-3, 443 f. 

Back at Hyderabad the jrn^id old mr.n submitted optimistic 
reports as to the work completed .md f 11 turn plans. lie did 
his last work on his prof, reports, and records the joy he 
took in. his labour; "It is now upwards of twenty years 
since I commenced it on i.his exeat, scale. These years—have 
been devotes! with uiirc:niiue;! zeal to tho cause of science, 
and, if the learned world be s;:.tislied (.hat I have been 
successful in prom a this its interests, that will constitute my 
greatest reward. 

"In this long period of time... I have scarcely experienced 
a heavy hour; sucii is the case ■-i-iien tl.-,c buman mind is 
absorbed in pursuits that eiJI lis powers into action. A man 
so engaged, his time passes on insensibly ; and if his efforts 
are successful his reward is great, and a retrospect of his 
labours will afford him an er.dk-ss grat ideation. If such 
should be my lot, I shall close my career with heartfelt 
satisfaction, and look hiiti; B -ith unceasing delight on the 
years I have passed in India" 8 . 



1 D0a. 158 (35-7), 3-5-13. s t 

3 !" , am boon's letter not found; BMC. 
' Everest ( 3 ). s TS. V : enclosure 6 ; 1 



ckenzle, 58-11-17, DDn. 151. { 77-S2 ). 3 .DO:i.9:J ( -W-6 ), 'BDn. 81! (1-12). 

■-17 (US), "to Mountibrd; 4-7-10 & 31-11-1SI9 ; DDn. 149 (93, 105). 

I by Trios. Jorvis, ( 10 ). 



NOTES 



At the end of 1822, after deputing Everest to run 
an in depends tut- chiun of triunglcs tuinnis Bombay, 
and Voysey- to explore the country south from Agra 
to Nagpur [ 265 ], Lamb ton parked the whole of his 
equipment and household goods to move hdqrs. from 
Hyderabad to Nagpur, and though far from well 
sot out on this march of nearly 400 miles. It was 
too much for him and, writes Everest, "he died on 
the 20th January 1823, at Hinghan G'hat, within 
fifty miles of Kagpore [8, 236, 438, pi. 18]. ... 
Mr. Voysey had been detached. ..in the previous 
month of October. ... His 11'raiuice was a sad disaster, 
for he knew the Lieutenant Colonel's constitution 
well, and his manners were so fascinating and 
agreeable as uhno.st i>> charm away sickness. 

"Bat the Licutcn.mil -Oj I diei's health was in so precarious 
a state when he quitted Hyderabad... thai ir. v.-.n thought 
hazardous fur him to venture on so long a journey without a 
medical attendant, am J acoordiriidv r.i.e Assistant-el 11 rgeon 
first for duty was nominated, The gentleman so draughted 
■was a Mr. Morton. ..ami, before they had been many days 
on the march together, ho. ..twice bled his aged patient 
rather copiously, and adopted the a ntipii logistic system of 
abstinence ironi .ui'.i: and tzi-t.-lv —tin.' abundant use of oranges, 
Ac— a mode of tr::!at.i!ii'r.it..dismotrb.aIly opposite to that 
hitherto =f, siw.'-'-fuliy pii'-iL.-".:' !i-,- Li-: ire-'dieal advisor, mid 
at variance with those csiabhshed habits wliioli had.. .become 
bo thoroughly interwoven with his constitution that Mr. 
Voysey never c ontempl a ted... altering them " 409-10]. ... 

"The vigorous understanding of the Li en tenant -Colon el 
seemed to have sunk beneath the accumulated pressure of 
old age and infirmities, and he, whoso manly mind knew not 
what superstition was, used. ..in the last, two months.. .to 
tremble with horror at lus dreams, So tranquilly and calmly 
did ho breath his last tlii.it. 110 one was aware of his death 
until, surprised at the unwonted profoundness of his sleep 
and the lateness of the hour, liis servant entered his tent and 
found him a corpse. 

"1 had hoped io have been aide to .jive to the world some 
biographical account of so singnlar a person ; but the littlo 
historical detail which was found at his death in his own 
handwriting amoiLjst his pipers was fi-naeioiisly kept from 
my sight by Mr. Morton, ... and whether those into whose 
hands if fell will ever indulge us with a piibiieation of so 
interesting a oat lire is highly prohlcma.tlcal [443-4, 469 ]. 

"His deatli took pkico at the ago of. sixty -seven 1 , 
and on dissection it appeared that the right lobo of 
the lungs was nearly consumed, and the left slightly 
injured" 2 . 

Other details may he taken from a report sent by Dr. 
Morton oil 13th Jan. ; "Colonel I.arr.bin. 1... has almost ever 
since wo loft Bolarum been very unwell. On tiie night of 
the 23rd December last he was seized with, violent paroxysms 
of coughing, and gr/eat difficulty in respi rations. ... On the 
night of the 28th t:ie above symptoms a«ain recurred to a 
very alanrjing extent. ... I according! v took fromhim 16ozs. 
of blood, which... afforded great relief. ... I.. .put him upon 
the antipi. logistic : diet ? | which he did not much like and, 
in fact, it was with grsat difficulty that I could keep him 
from drinking ivine. ... lie was. ..in every respect improving ; 
so much 30 that on tho evening of the 7f.h.,,he would not 
go without his wine any longer, feeling himself so much 
better thai. he... drank a pint, which sent him instantly to sleep 
when he went to bed : but when ho awoke towards morning 
he.. .was quite upset. ... Since 1 list, [.igjil ho nas been far horn 
well — cannot sleep at night — eouidi at times very trouble- 

' presuming birth between Jan. IS.kS and IS'S :TI, 4 n ]. 'Geo. Everest ( 30-2 ). 3 DDn. 91 (231-4). 'Geo. Everest 

(35) ; Warren ( 135). 5 T)Dn. 172 .10); vi-2-23. 'the original i.e.: In ;. wo.mciv 1 Lambton as "'Firs': SG. of India," ■ 

this was now corrected '»:■,-■. second tablet. 7 f?r;m DC, 21-ti-!'J2y ; SiiO. fdV.V.i. 111. U'^-tl, 1934. 'Geo. Lamb, Ben. 
fried. ; partner in Win. I'alnnr & Co. : ftc-'dcy. fciurr. iiyd.: oViad from 1 111 ■ Win. [lived visit;:.! India IS! 7-25 1 no -. 1 

'SQO.ffie 21 of 1901 -SiSctfim. 1931-2(9). /J ' 



some— ...no appetite,.- very irritable, — and only answers 
Yns or ?."<] to 'pies lions ;nir — . . .in short io inv humble opinion, 
his days seem to be drawing fast towards a close. ... 

to go very short marches, so wid n:>t bo able to reach it before 
tho end of the month. ... r.s. You will perceive., that the 
Colonel is in a very precarious state" 3 . 

He was buried at (fbigi.-ighat, and a worthy monument 
erected by. tho Rcsdt, at Govt, expense. Everest and 
Voysey had first intended to do this themselves 1 , but 
in reporting his death Everest suggested that Govt, should 
erect an official memonid ; "'the death of such a man 
...is an occurrence of no ordinary riatnre in India. He 
was a first-rate mathematician, and as such was in cor- 
respondence with, many very celebrated Philosophers in 
Europe; amongst whom are .Messrs. Deiambrc, La Place, 
and others in Franco, and Captain Kal.Br, Mr. "F. Fallows, 
Dr. Young, and others in Knehnd. He was a corresponding 
member of the French Institute, and a Fellow of the Royal 

"As his death. ..will uscite a vast feeling of interest in 
Europe, ... I may be excused for suggesting the propriety, 
not only of accompanying the notification of his death with 
some considerable demonstration of respect on the part of 
Government, but of building at lUnghau Ghat some small 
hut lasting mononjent at the public expense" 5 . 

The ordinal table, being lost was replaced in 1896« by 
depth subscription, and the up. Ward™ Dist. reported, 
24-3-1925, that "Dilawar Khun, who hud been hiokine after 
the grave, had just gir.o on pension. Ho had tended tho 
flowers quite on his own initiative, recognizing that this 
must have been the grave of one of the "great. Sahibs of 
Die old days" ■. 1, 40 mi ]. He was sent a copy of Lambton'a 
portrait. In Vl'2'J, a net Christian cemetery was set out 
round Lambton's grave'. 

The portrait [pi. 22] is taken from that held by 
the RAsSoc. in London and "painted 1822 at 
Hyderabad for O.Lamb Esq., by W. Havell" 8 , being 
a life-size head and shoulders, on canvas 30 by 25 
inches. A miiih-it-i.ue— SLiirieiontly like t-0 have been, 
painted at the same time — was purchased in 1901 bv 
the SG. from Messrs. De Penning & De Penning, of 
Calcutta, for Rs. 300. Joshua De Penning had. 
bought it at tho sala at Nagpur [469]. It is an 
oil painting on copper and after purchase was. 
renovated in London 3 . 

Appreciations of Lambton's prof, work have already been 
quoted [ II, 264-7 i nI - I ": 195. 239 ]. Of his personal 
life and character we aro indebted to acroonts by bis assts. 
Warren and Everest. Warren, ivlio had known him since 
I79S, tells us that his '■stature was above the common size ; 
bis completion was fair, and his hsir tending to red. His 
face wanted expression, and the old accident [ II, 412 ] 
gave a cast to his eye. ... He was never married, though 
his friends appear to think that his wishes sometimes 
pointed that way latterly. 

"To a eons id era. I do portion of ectioia] knowledge, and a 
respectable share of erudition, he united much simpliciiy 
of character, so much so as io give many people a very 
ina rietji: ate idc.i ■: i' his puwers of mind and knowledge of ti e 
world. Some pecalf.Lih.v of manner too adhered to him 
from having live;! so lottk- out of" tho work!, and he is said in 
consequence to have appeared to disadvantage in mised 
companies, and particular;-,' in the eouipany of women. But 
'0 those who co'skl, thr'O'.edi this singnl.oify, discern merit,. 



his 



1 alike 



udii 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



"He was of a quick and hasty temper, ...yet in 
reality most kind and considerate. His servants were 
aueeth-jnatoly attached to him, unit grew old in his service; 
and of his pnblie followers, hi: counted.. .three generations 
in his camp. The your:,- icon attached to the survey as su!>- 
assistants he treated with uniform kindness, and with much 
consideration ; and in return they looked up to him as a 
father [ 396-7 ]. 

"Hb read the Latin. Krciroh. and Italiau authors, at least 
those who treated on science, with the same fluency as those 
of his own language. He was 1100. however, a good classical 
scholar, nor had he ] 



His 0: 



atyle; 






He expressed himself wilh plainness, but, not always with 
clearness. ... His private corrcipondeneo bore marks of 
haste.. .and he seldom attempted to correct a letter" 1 . 

Everest, who did not ineei. Lambto:i before Dsrj, ISIS [442], 
writes t.iiat he was "about six feci, high, erect,, well-formed, 
bony and muscular. His head was nearly bald, and the few 
stragviing hairs which remained were thoroughly bleached 
by ag'J and exertion, lie ™ a fair complcxioiied man with 
blue eyes, which iloic had dimmed and weakened. ... When 
he aroused himself, ... his high and ample forehead gave 
animation and dignity to a countenance beaming with 
intellei.il.iind r.,a::ly beauty. 

"I shall never feriiet the improsdi.ri which the bearing of 
this veteran and >ii'-famed -:'- viv-dst made on ray mind when 
1 first saw him in the year ISIS [227]. ... For,, though we 
had been in camn toi.-er.hei' for seme davs previous, he hed 
displayed no symptoms, of more than common powers, but, 
seemed a tranquil ruid good-humoured person, very fond of 
his joke, a great admirer of r.c.c fair sex, partial to singing 
gjees find duet', and everything 1:1 shirt that tends to produce 
harmony and make !ife pass agreeably. 

"These moments of activity m-c, ho v.- ever, hke the last, 
nicker'mgs of no expiring lamp. It was evident that lie was 
gradually wearins c.wac under the corroding influence of a, 
complaint in thi:"iiLji«i, attended with a T»;o;;t violent cough 
which at tini.es used to shake bis whole frame as if to bursting : 
and.. .the slightest exertion.. .was always succeeded by a violent 
paroxysm of his disorder" 2 . 

"At the time of any joining.. .at Hyderabad in ISIS, he 
gave to both lire Voysey and myself a- general invitation to 
his house; we were his constant giiest=, and formed part of 
his family ; ... we constituted his domes: io circle, and were 
of tho very few with whom he discoursed familiarly and 
without restraint" 3 . 

Everest hits loft tho followii 111 account, of Lambton's 
recognition by the Institute of France. At the time 
of Warren's visit to Pari* at the end of 1815 [II, 452 ], 
" hia acquaintance was eagerly courted by the learn- 
ed men of the day, particularly the late M, Da 
La-rnbre, who was fimiliur with the geodetical opera- 
tions of India, and the names of Lambton and him- 
self, ... and many were the questions which he put 
regarding the man who had contended so well, so 
ably, and so long, with the difficulties of a foreign 
land and an alien people. ... 

"In the course: of tin; conversation... M. Do Lambre... 
asked whether Lieut. Col. Lambton would like to be a Cor- 
rosoonding Member of :!io Tnstitiile and, ... being assured 
that he would cortcinly co-udder it as a eery high and grati- 
fying compliment, the diploma was forthwith made out by 
urar.imous consent, and. under cover of a very flattering 
letter from M. Do Lambre | 2;;3 ], was sent to India where it 
reaebed the Lieu;. Col. not very long prior to my joining him 
at Hyderabad in ISIS. 
"iShortiy after this : 
London anil.. .the whee- si.oiv ^i'n gui. ">uv ui^ui^yn. ... 
The Royal Society... followed in the train of the Institute, 



t Paris, C'apt. Warren w 



and elected the great man a Fellow "*. 

Sir Sidney Burr.ird relates that at a luncheon of the 
International Geodetic Union at Potsdam in 1901 the 
Chairman, Profe-sor Me'iuerr., = rinse warmly of Lamb ton's 
devotion to his groat task, and of its great importance to 
geodesy. There was a courteous eve linage 0! ■■orriolin rents 
between the ,S'j. and the Institute of France at the centenary 
of La rut) ton's death-. 

In later years Everest had occasion to complain o. 
officer withdrawing from tho field before completing his- 
programme, and told Govt. that. " ro'.c rate Colonel Lambton, 
...would never have quitted the held until the work was 
accomplished, foe to rebuin without would have broken his 
heart. -But he was a very rare person"*. 

An account of Lurnbt.on'^ family arid the provision 
he made for them is fiivon rmiU:r the story of hia 
Willift in Lambton, jr. [469-73 ] and an account is: 
given of the rmforounate manner in which the sale of 
his property was effected [ 236, 43S, 443-4 ]■ 

Sale of Lambtojt's Peopeeti' 

On Lambton's death, fallen, of the camp was taken 
by Dr. Morton, who had only beon attd. for med. 
charge on the journey from Hyderabad. He wa 
A-st. Sum. 07i tire Madras Est.., and aa such a : 
of education r-xrul some social statu?. He ■ 
Lambton's confidence to the extent that his patient 
appd. him executor under a willthat he sd. on 
day of his death, witnessed by Morton and Da \ 
Penning. The will is full and clear, and shows n 
signs of weakness of intellect f 470 ] ; it had jurobably 
been prepared some time before, for it deals with 
domestic matters in some detail. 

De Penning was the senior member of the survey s 
present, and was close on 40 year? of age ; be showed Uttlo 
initiative in this crisis, and surrendered eh. to Morton, 
allowing him to carry through his high -banded disposal o~ 
Lambton's effects with little interference, lie writes t< 
Everest, in evident tdistre-s. appealing for orders; 

21-1-23, 1: "ft is with the deepest concern T have to announoi 
to you. tho death of Lt, Col. \Y. Liinibton u-hieh took place 
last night. ... As we are to proceed. ..under the charge of Mr, 
Asst. Surgeon J. Morton, we beg to be favoured with your 
instructions as early as possible. ... We expect to reach 
Nagpur on the 26th ins', and. ..wo trust you will lose no 
in t ikinir charge. 

He wrote again three days later, learning Everest of the 
immediate sale that 'Merlon ivopovo.l \ yyi, 443 ~|, but Everest 
was near Sholitpur, more than 400 miles away, and could do 
little to help. He wrote to Morton, 6-2-23 ; asking thaB 
the sale might be povtooeoa "until the orders of Government 
are received. ... Mathematical instruments... will perhaps he 
purchased by Government, and if the side be hastened 1 
instructions are received if will lie a vcrv serious injury to* 
the estate". 

To I>c Penning he reoiied ; ,; I ?iave written to Mr. Morton 
by this day's post. ... lie will, i. cionbt. not, comply with my 
wishes but, if he does not, ... wait on him on ray p.irt, and 
enter a. protest agadnst fas hastiness 0: the procedur 
Had Lord Hastings remained in India, I should.. .have set 
out foT Nagporo ; belt there is a new Governor General', who 
may not.. .attend to my pretensions. In that case I shall 
have to go to Eimhuid, or perhaps merely to Calcutta, and 
at Sholapoor T amir oarer the soil i Iran I should be at Nagpore. 
"If I am nominated I shall ourohase ail the Colonel's 
instruments, having ( with tiro consent, of course, of tho 
executors] first advertised them in the Gazettes of the 



»(H 



■rb( 



'SGO. File, Feb. 1833; 134/13 F-Hl- 



NOTES 



-three Presidencies. -.. There were in l:is possession mathe- 
matical works which, it sold at nsi cveryda.y auction, will 
hardly fetch their '.vcfrht in marblo, but if duly advertised 
will be worth nearly their weight in the same quantity of 
silver. lam mysej' ready to purchase .-aeariy the whole o.f 
them (in the event of my beinir i-m:i li i-:-ii-.l ) at suc:h prices as 
-they ma y attain after belli;' subk'utsd to a l.'.::l competition 
with the whole scientific world of India' [ 438 ]. 

Ho wrote at. the sumo tinifs to Jenkins, Resdt. at 
Nagptir, but too late to pre von t the disaster. Every- 
thing had been disponed of, "and many tilings. ..much 
below their value". "Riudi hi>.s lnwn the prRoapif.nuey 
of the executor", writes Do I'-eimim:, "that all the 
Colonel's pergonal property veru disposed of by public 
auction on the 3rd inset. ( the very (fay I got your 
letter ), even before wo could get instructions from 
Mr, Jenkins who. ..had sent directions for a, great 
number of books. ... 

"The Circular Instrument was sold for 32S rupees [ 259 ]. 
Capt. Stewart, the Surveyor of this disiriet hough t it up 
[ ry-j ], so thai, the instruments and boo'.cs, with the. exception 
of some that Mr. Roiisemvdo fought up fur you, ... is irrevoc- 
ahly lost to the public . I have !al:cn charge of all the public 
property — the iransit, or levc-Uiii:! instrument, the astro- 
nomical' telcscone. a boekig telescope, the 2 chains with all 
it? apparatus, 3 small theodolites belonging to the Quarter 
Master General's i)e:iar1.Tnent,, as nl.so the standard scale; 
and. ..every thing tliat J. knew. ..to he public property — • 
and I have been obliged to rent a house for the instruments 
and guard at...50 rupees a month" 3 . 

Mortem consnlt-rcd his action quite in order; "All the 
property of the lair Colonel Lambton in:) been disposed of 
by public auction at .Niianiire. wirh the exception of some of 
the mathematical instruments which he left to his son who 
was with him [473]- His other instruments... were sold, 
anil purchased principally bv Cr.l'isun Stewart who is..- 
aurveying the Nagpore country. The ("'.doners effects were 
delivered to me by a Com raill.ee. ..at. my request and, as I 
could not remain at '.\"<igpo-je, being dekiched born ray corps, 
I was anxious to have ■.hem disposed of before I left, being 
the only responsible person present" 8 . 

Everest was indignant, and, lifter making a mil report to 
Govt, at Calcutta [ 443 4 ], harried in to Hyderabad to try 
and recover as much as he coiiid [256]. 

To Tie Penning he wrote ; '"1 hope for your sake you have 
protested.. .in as manly and bold a manner as the nature 
of the cire ura stance and your m-;i situation required. ... 
The instant the late Col. Lambton' s death took place you were 
responsible for everything connected with the- establish- 
ment. ... This affair will be sided dewu '0 i.he bottom, and 
-visited with the severest displeasure of Govt. ; the injury to 
the public service is incalculable " i . 

Morton refused to take ;my blame, and said he was 
quite prepared to surrender all official papers and insts., 
and the liesdt. was reluctant to bring official pressure to 
bear ; "Interference in die measures of an executor is at all 
times a matter of peculiar delicacy, the more particularly 
when those measures seem, to a certain extent, to have had 
■ ee. The 1 



that he had handed over "all the p.apers... except those of a 
private nature, and connected with money matters" — and 
again— "I am not authorized to allow you to inspect the 
papers and manuscripts... now in my possession., without 
tee concurrence of Air. Stuart, the other i'lxecutor "'. 

Morton agreed, however, that two officers from 
the FLesdcy. should report on tht> papers in his posses- 
sion, and in this way a number of survey documents 
were handed over to Everest. The remaining 
private papers were left with the Executors, and 
included — -Lauibtojvs co :■ r..« ilk.hi den oe with his nareata 
both in Calcutta and London — Letters, books, and 
papers " wholly private " — a Private Journal — a ms. 
"Life of Colonel Lnmbton written bv himself" 8 . 

Everest was still liorsisfsnr arid, by arrangement 
with the Resdt., was allowed to examine the 
papers still remaining with Morton, and, 26-6-23, 
expressed himself rsu-t.isfiod. lie reaxiated this assur- 
ance to the SG., pointing out, however, the loss 
incurred by the sale of tries circular inst., which was 
eventually rec.u arod on the break up of the Nagpur 
Survey in 1830 [ 92 ]. There was also a brass plat- 
form to another inst. sold to Stewart, which Morton 
him so- "If succeeded in rocoverinj for the GTS 5 . 

In Jan. 1824. Stuart, the second executor, sent Govt, 
"a list of valuable manuscripts bebmriue; to the estate of 
the late Colonel Lambton, as Govt, might wish to have copies 
of them for their own private information, as well for the 
use of the Trigonometrical survey ; ... nnder the guarantee, 
however, of their not being published except for tiie benefit 
of the deceased's estate. 

"Si;c Mathematical feme Hooks- -One Common Place 
Book— One Journal— Twelve small red- leather- covered 
manuscripts containing descriptions of Uysoor, rhc Caraatic, 
Soondah and Bednore, and Southern Provinces, etc. — Four 
manuscripts; journal.-! connected with the geographical 
survey in 1807 and fokowinj; years -One manuscript ( iilue- 
covered], comments on Kcwr.ori's Principles 10 — Pi ve small 
manuscripts : journals 01' 1 he sieite of Serin rnipat am in 171)0 — 
One bundle manuscripts ; translations, " etc. — One do. ... 
.s-oovcred books or, astronomy arid sundry bundles 



— Twr 



This list was passed to SG. for notion direct with the 
executor, but no further reread is found and no copies of 
any of those documents are now forthcoming. It Is a tragedy 
that the various ioirnals, especially the ms. nnloihoeraphv, 
have entirely disappeared. It would he reasonable to 
presume thai, they were passed to yoiina Wm. Lambton, 
and that he would have appreciated their great historical 

There was found in gbo. Camp, in 1930 a leather-bound 

notebook, 7 inches by ■!.;, gkang notes in Lamb-ton's hand- 
writing on comparison of chains :-t Ihingalore base-line of 
IS04— obsns. of pole-star at Trichinonoly in 1M0S— with list 
of geogl. positions fised on coastal" series of IS02-3 
[II, 236-57 ] 1! - 

LAMBTON, William, jr. Sub-Asst. Survr. 

b., Pondiclierry, 12-7-09. d., Brampton, 
London, 7-2-54. 
3rd Sub-Asst. 1-7-21 ; disch. 25-7-23 ; 
Arrd. England, lff21'r> ; jmrjs., London, 10-4-35. 
nat. son of Wilihru I" .a r. kit ;n |" -;;;:■ ' bv an Indian mother, 
m., St. George's Hanover ok.. 27-1 l-3o, Eliza Ann Or-kbar, 
dau. of Wm_ Qrlebar, solicitor, of George St. 

1 DDn. 172 ( 7-9 ), 6-2-23. 3 DDn. 91 ( 25-8 ), 14-2-23. a on return march to Hyderabad, 17-2-23, DDn. 91 ( 249 ). 

a T)D-i '72 I If,), 2T 2 23. 5 Dfin. 01 ( 261 ), 17-3 23. s UDn. 171 ( S5 ), 27-3-23. 'Cln:s. Stieirt. or lle-,ie. Uavnlso-i 
& Robe-lsan 1), 503 11.2 ]. »DUn. 01 ( 2S1 -2 ), 23-4-23. ^DDn. 197 (124), 7-11-23. ■" P nxcipiv ;~ nub. London, 

16S6-7. 'Ho Gen. Dept., 7-1 24 ; DD:u 205 ( ). L! now GEO Lib. Hv. 19 ( 5 ). 



• of complaint, 
noreover, did not oee-ir in the territories of the Xizam, hut 
n those of f:honsla"° [ cio-1 j. 

Tact Jiii never 1'jvcrest's si-oiiL: card, and he se^.m quenched 
my will for co operation 0:1 Morton's part. After recovering 
1 few public naners, :ie wrole ha Morton that ''there were.. .a 
;reat number of articles of this ki id in manuscript, and his 
itivai.e letters wore so much intern-.i\cd with those of the 
-jubiic that.. .more thno tivo-thirds of the papers you have 
■etained relate l.o observations and eale. nations connected 
cith the Grand Trim., no metrical Survey"' 1 . Morton replied 






LAMBTON 4 

Lamb ion's will, sci. iil-1— '.'i,. gives f\lov.i:ii; fuels about 
surviving members .'I" his fi'iulv , pre e ion-, vil Is revoked. 

"To my na.Li.ir.al son, William Lambton, I leave 
30,000 sicca rupees, to be lodged in secure deposit ; 
out of the interest he is to allow his mother, Kummcr- 
boo, a Moor woman 1 , 2i rupees a month. ... 

"To Eli/.M Lmnbton. rnv" nn.tnri.il dsutiiliter, I leave 
40,000 sicca rupees. 

"I possess Government seenrities to the amount 
of 11,700 sicca rupees, and have just received a bill 
on Court of DiTcei.ers to the amount of £5.149, 
which I Wave remitted home, & I have, besides, 
upwards of Ks. 50,000 in hands of .Messrs. Davidson 
& Co., my Agents in Calcutta. ... still accumulating. 

"'I'n Franees, a half-east woman, and the mother of my 
natural daughter I'.li/n. 1 have- sot tied a, pension of 40 Hydera- 
bad rupees, or 33 sicca rupees nearly. 

"After providing the above, J leave remainder to be 
equally divided between :i.v tv,-rj n.c|>hewi;, Thomas Lvi> & 
William Lye, sons of Mrs. Dorothy Lye of North Allerton in 
Yorkshire, on consider.-.ii.ion they allow her a third part of 
the income during her life. 

"Mr. L. A. I >:■. ■ .'I ■ i ; ■ !:■?(! Guardian of Eliza. 

"In addition T give hi WilMi.in, my natural son, my small 
Theodolite & silver ease of MatheinaLieal Instruments" [473]- 

Probate wiin imirsi/d ro Charles b'toart. Calcutta, 11 2- -_3 a . 

Register of Raprisms, Diocesan Registry, Madras, givoq 
the folloivius particulars ; 

Baptized,' IS fi-SKKJ — Xair.o, William Lambton— Father, 
William Lambioi:, .Major— Station, Pondicherry — Bapt. by 
.!.(";. Iloh.erbcr^, odssy. Horn. 12th .'Inly l.soi'l sponsors, 
[Pere '.' ] iionnei'oy. L. Cieey, Mis.s Gejeeeieve Cicey*. 

Lambton had spent Auir. to Out. 1S0R at Trichinopoly 



Wilhim[II, 243]. 

Eliza was h., Hyderabad, 6-S -19. just after Lambton had 
reached Oalent.ta. i-v.'i v.as iia.pt. i> ilavs later. A second 
sou, John Wm. was b., Hydonibad. I'd 12- :>!), pr. by Frances, 
Eliza's mother ; he was bapt. 4—1—21, and pr. d. young, for 
we hear nothing further of him. 

lonng William may Imvc been od. at Vcpery Academy, 
under Mr. D. Kerr, of which an adv. appear.) in Mad. Govt. 
Go?.., 17-4-23*. Xo record of h.irn exists in records of the 
Lawrence Mf.mori<il P.v:jt:i .Uiliiar;/ .S'</»»i(, l.ovcdale, Nilgiri 
Hills, which was formerly the Military Asylum at Madras. 
He was only just 12 years old when he joined his father at 
Hyderabad* and was appd. to GTS. [375]- probably 
working with youri'-r .Joseph lie Penning who was slightly 
older [ 385 ]. He was in the camp at his Ihlher'.s death, 
and Morton writes to Iwerest 17-2-2;!; "I wished also 
to ask your opinion iciraidin; the late Colonel's son. No 

person has been nominated is ■diun 1. ( > him, and I. slinpose 

the executors must look alter him. Do yon think it advis- 
able that he siio'.ihl remain on The survey ostidjnshmenl ''. 
He is very young, and 1 smuild imagine the host plan- fur 
him would be at school, lie is left 30,000 rupees, and as 
Mr. "Do Penning, under whose care he is, talk 1 : of leaving the 
survey ' 4 jS y |, wlial is to become of him : litis tuiiyuinig 
to take care of himself. 

"But you must he. the lies: jurlffo what his prospects in 
that Sine may be. ... T a.m. thus far on my wny to join my 
corps, the 2 Bn. 20th [msi] at Sooiitii iocs bad, where T 
expect to he i-.bout tr.o loth of March, i have all the Colonel's 
manuscripts, whif.h are numerous. Should you think it 
advisable for William to return to school, how is Ids leave 
to quit the survey to be procured ! " 



3 BIOGRAPHICAL 

"There: cm.ii bo little doubt thnt William has been 
taken away from school too young, and [ he j certainly 
ought to return" 8 . Though Morton here appears by 
no mea,ns rinro.iafniahh.;, l-lvere.ot hud by this time 
broken off coir, with him, and a series of stiff official 
letters brought Govt, authority to young William's 
discharge' [ 380, 494 ]. 

'Lamb ton a estntii; hociiino rho .subjoet of a aeries 
of law suits in the Court of CLnnoery between 1828 
and 1832, under which his children Wm. and Eliza- 
sued Davidson for their legacy, ami sought an in- 
junction against their uncle and cousin, Thus, and 
Wm. Lambton Lye. 

1839, Case B-2401, 37-8-3Q .-— 
Plaintiffs; Win. <%; Elba Lambton, represented by their 
lit- 1 1 friend, James Bathgate 8 . 

Defendants; Leith Alexander .Davidson with 9 others, 
including Wm. Lambton Lye, Thomas Lye the elder, and 
Charles, Stuart. 

"Wm. Lambton the lather of the Plaintiffs was, at the 
time of death, possessed of, or entitled to, a large porsonal 
estate; part thereof was then in England, A pari, in the E. 

"Charles Stuart became, and now is, the sole legal per- 
sonal representative of the Test n tor hi the East Indies. 
John Morton having declined to prove the will, letters of 
administration werednly grilled in London to JL. Alexander 
Davidson, now of Bniges, Netherlands, ...sole representa- 
tive in England. 

"At the time of Testator's death there was standing in 
books of Government ,v...l'5,mh of rhigland, £ 1 ,!)().-, @ :i%, 
in hands of Fletcher. A-e.xamler Jt Co., a large sum of money 
amounting to £ 5,000 and upwards. Further possessions in 

Wm. Lambton Lvo had. lately been deelared bankrupt 
His bro. Thomas d. Dee. 1826. Their mother, Dorothy Lye, 
wife of Thos. Lye senr., d. Feb. 1S27, leaving her husband' 

"The Plaintiffs have frequently applied to Davidson & 
Stuart to make a proper investment of the two legaeies of 
30,000 sicca rupees and -ti.i.iJon sieea- rupees respectively. 

"''I'll* Defend a: its reply thai suitable Investment has been 
made in India, and that the Rcdduarv Legatees arc entitled 
to the whole estate in England, u-lnidi the l'l:.iutiffs deny. 
They state that Stuart sold all the testator's Govt, securities 
in the East Indies and, after mooting funeral expenses etc., 
converted these monie- to Ins own use, or lor his own bene- 
fit. ... That the testator's funds in the East Indies were not 
alone sufficient to meet the legacies, ... and that ample 
funds eutmi I 1 t iich are now 

in the hands of the Defendants io England. 

"These are claimed by the .igeuts of W. L, Lye & executors 
of Thus. Lye, who r.rfu-i: Io ailon any part to be applied to 
the benefit of the I'biinUils, it various sums of money have 
been paid out to them on this account. The Plaintiffs 
ask for an injunction to prevent coy further payment to the 
Defendants. 

"The Defendant's [Davidson's] counsel states that the 
Defendant was unr.ble to 'mike 11:1 y investment for... providing 
bequest to the plaintiffs. He believes that upon, or very 
soon after, the death of the testator, the said Charles .Stuart 
possessed himself of all the testator's estate. & on or shout 
30th April lS2r) Stuart >8 to the 

credit of the guardian of nhJulllfs Eliza, and a sum of Es. 
21.30S to the credit of Wm. Lambton ; a sum of lis. 5,000 
was retained for pension of —, named hi the will. 

"To the best of bin knowiedjn;, C, Stuart never 
invested or appropriated any part of the estate, ... 
and he cannot Kay whothor Stuart inith now.. .any 



'muhammadan [I, 300 n.i ]. ! Leith Ales. Davidson ; ami. India 1803 ; ri., Calcutta 2_'-;i-ll, aai'd TO [ II 393 n 2] 
3 Ben. Wills, 1323. 'might road Lieey. ' As J. Dee. IS23 ( fill" ). ' DDn, 91 ( 2-lfl ). 7 HUG. 2:5-7 2;i;!)l)n. 107 I 75 I 
B prob,-iily a solicitor. 'obviously Frances. Eiisri's mother, potisiou paid tare' Palmer & C:.s, Hyderabad. 



NOTES 



sum of money t 

received information from C. Stuart, who ■n 

East, that the pro-party of tho testator in tho East 

Indies was insufficient by Es. 15,000 to satisfy the 

legacies. Stuart desired the Defendant to remit the 

same out of tho monies: in the hands of the London 

Agents, and this was done in April 1825. The London 

Executors, considering that this remittance satisfied 

the requirements in the East, ...made more incon- 

fiidornbln payments to the Lye's on account of their 

shares of the residuary estate. 

"Davidson heard in April 1826 that the firm of 
Davidson & Co, including 0. Stuart, had in December 
1825 become insolvent and stopped payment, whoro- 
by the funds belonging to the Testator's estate, then 
in the hands of the firm, wwv: no !on;;or sufficient 
for that purpose, and c-lii; question now arose as to 
whether that part, of Mutator's estate now ill England 
ought to be appropriated to satisfy the legacies to 
the Plaintiffs. ... 

"He says the Plaintiffs wen's at. Testator's death 
in the East Indies, but after his death they were 
sent to Europe for their education by Ch. 
Stuart, to the. care of .Davidson, and have no other 
provision than their prospective legacies. The 
plaintiff Wm. Lambton is an infant; Eliza is an 
infant ; Kumrnerhoo &. 1'Yuncos & Stuart are now in 
East Indies. 

"Tho Agents state that they still hold S 3,600 of testator's 
estate. They deny that thev tb rea ten or intend to pay 
oyer any bum of money to tho Lye's, utiLobsi they shall be 
directed to do so Isv the Court, ina.imucli as the funds in the 
East Indies "rue i";iKs<i, uwiiisr to the insolvency of Davidson 
k Co., & Palmer & Co. 1 . 

"Since arrival in En-dand the Plaintiffs have ever since 
been, and are now. under the charge of L. A. Davidson for 
their education. 

"The Court doth Order and Dr.cr'.f....t,n take an account 
of the persona! estate of tho I'ost-ator, ft to nil vertise for all 
creditors, ...and that nil iinids with (.lift Ac-eots bo paid into 
the Court's Bank. ... Tho Mast it ti. appoint a proper person, 
or persons, as Guardian of Eliza, & to report who has main- 
tained & educated Eliza since the death of the Testator, 
and what ought to be avowed for scch purpose ; and similar 
information re William". 

Orders in Cka-»..-i>r>i—I-*-W - II-:! 167 ; 4-S-3X. 

"Win. Lambton, the Petitioner, is actually ii 



iteppor 






rely nn iiu( the said legacy. No creditor* have c 

ward. ... It Ms fit. .iii.l :!!':■> per that the sum of £2 ; V.) should he 
advanced & paid i.'-ie pi-l-h.i .not nending '.he proceedings in 
this, suit ; paid out. of (.he sun. of £ 1,300 standing in. ..trust". 

Ordf.ru in Chonc-rii -JMl-B-2-m.'i-r, 9-3-32. 

further divide -ids bavin-- been uaid by the insolvent 
firm, ! 'McKil!o_i>&. Co., ofOaicnlla s-houH now remit to the 
Court the sum of Es. it, 038, or £!),321, together with 

"Ever since the arrival of the petitioner in this 
country, which wn:- in or about tlic year 1S24, down 
to the present time, he and H'lizd had been under the 
care of L. A. Dav-idson, and had been maintained 
and educated by him. ... Davidson is now residing 
at Boulogne in France with his family, but is in 
the habit of occasionally visiting this country and, in 
the opinion of this Court, the most fit ii proper 
parson to be appointed Guardian of Eliza is this 



L. A. Davidson. 

"Eliza is now of the age of 14 years. She has no 
relations, being the natural child. Davidson has 
maintained &, educated Kliy.a since the death of the 
testator at a cost amounting to £ 659 ; end it is 
recommended that £ 75 a year be allowed foe future 
maintenance & education, & be paid to Davidson 
from the income arising from the legacy. 

"It is ordered th_.it the Maxtor do apportion such 
pa,rt of the dividen.il & inositol. between the 3 Plain- 
tiffs according to their interest ; such part as shall be 
apportioned to Wm. Lambton [ shall ] bo from time 
to time. ..paid to him, from which he will pay the 
amount of Us. 24 per month to Kummerboo for her 
life, ami 3uch part as shall bo apportioned to Eliza 
shall be paid to Davidson, her guardian, for her 
maintenance & education during Ivor minority". 

Orders in Chancer;: -I S 32 -B- 121)7, 22-3-33. 

"The Petitioner I.,. A. "Davidson being about to leave 



is desirous that s< 



,e person 

stead. There 



available for 



Kngl.oid for l.c.e East Indies. 

should ho apT.ui.itcd G-iatrdir.ii to Eliza i 

remain £ 3,(120 betwccii Wm. and Eliza". 

Orders in, Gtonc.enj— I ^:H2- H-26S7 ; 2-3-33. 

"Balance, after charging all coats, now 
diviBion amounts to £ 2,900 ; 

£1,218 pins IS ti. Wiiliam Lambton j 
1 ,6*4 plus 24 to Eliza Lambton. 

"Proposes George Mnnday. or-Joiit.na.'iipkm Bgs,, Chancery 
l.ane, as guardian of l']li/.ii, ,<.: cootroi of her funds". 

Under an Order of Ghr.no-ry, l.\20-B-ll. r ,.j, 1830, Thomas 
Lye and his son Wm. Lambton Lye were summoned to 
appear, and to -antic a claim tu;:dc Against (Iicsm by William 
Lambton. 'J.liomas was at the citrus "a orisoner in custody 
of the Sheriff of Yorkshire", presumably for debt. 

The gist of all this appears to be that Larnbton's 
children were sent to Unhand in 1 824-, William then 
being 15 and Eliza about 5 years old. Here they 
were provided for and educated by Leith Davidson, 
who seems to have treated Lhera as part of bis family. 
Unfortunatelj' his Calcutta firm got into financial 
difficulty at the end of 1825, and had to suspend 
payment. The London agents, having sent out 
sufficient funds to India to complete the legacies to 
Wm. and Eliza, scarfed to make advances from the 
residuary estate to tho Lye's, Larnbton's bro. -in-law 
and nephew. Wm. and Eliza appealed las Chancery 
and had these payment* Miiiiendoi I . and their affairs 
were then takoti over by the Court of Chancery. 

The final payments made in 1833 included the 
sums rescued from the wreck of the Calcutta firm, 
under who=e arraniienieni. they had boon maintained 
and educated for ten years. 

We have further infn. about William and Eliza 
from a most interesting letter written by Wm. to 
Joshua De Penning in I.)vl4, thai- is preserved by the 
De Penning family [II, 394]. It is given below with 
but few cuts. Wm. was now 24 years old. 



My dear Mir. TJc Penning 

Siaco I ceoeWea ycrar last isccec aoouc two ysars and 
upwards vie. I had written to you llncc several Limes, but 
whether the letters reached you or: not. it is imyosslbie for 
me to say, but I have never heard from you. My last packet 



oilier IVc 



a fail 



■.1 this period. 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



of h 



eNet 



who took charge of i-inuu hi.ru."-'!. uad 'jnuiisod me ho would 
deliver them safely. The Neptune has returned to England— 
but no letters from yon'. 

I am in a state uf great a:m»ly and suspense about. tlie 
residue of the money that wis to have come from India, 
agreabic to an order sent out by the CoLirt of Chancery to 
Cruttenden & Go's house at Calcutta. In consequence of 
the delays occasioned by out unfortunate suit, f am at 
present, and have been. struggling against, the tide of" diffi- 
culty which had well-nign overwhelmed roe. I have been 
enabled, however, by Uie kindness of some of my friends 
to have nearlv -■:.:■' < i'*r> I.It:. ii?l. my professional studies, and 
am in great hopes of being a Member of the Royal College 
of Surgeons by the latter end of the present year [469, 
473 ] ; if so my profession may do something for inc. 

'foe preicpts incubated by you in my youth, My dear 
Mr. De Penning, has | ->■;/■ ',- proved more useful to me than 
mines of gold ; it has obtained uie friends! As an illustra- 
tion of this fact — will you as soon as you have received this 
letter call upon Gupta. Joseph Andrews, of the H.E.I.C.'s 
service, com man din.;; che Aiulrouiic'ie, who I am personally 
acquainted with, and best his opinion of me ? I was intimate 
with him and his fa-nulv at Bruges in I. he \'el Norlands for two 
years. He will take charge of this letter for you! Ask 
him what he think- of uiy Theatriciil talent '. As it was my 
intention some time since oi going on the stage, but which 
I was obliged '.o abandon. ... 

Mv life has been ch<>qaorod by various vicissitudes, like 
a ship ill a stormy oci;ao -buffeted about— first in England, 
then in I'Vanee, then in Belgium ; ai. the hitter place during 
the revolution of 1 s 3 f > i was shot, and nearly lost (he use of 
my leg — Captn. Andrews can give you all the particulars 
as he was there at the time. Last year I was on a visit with 
a friend at St. Oinot in [■'[■auce, where I was appointed dresser 
to the military hospital. I iuid 13.! patients under my charge 
— -principally Dutch prisoners from the siege of Antwerp 5 — 
I had a good opportunity of seeing the process of curing 

vencrial disorder — for which they are so justly famed. 

When I was obliged to leave Eranee (o resume my studies 
in. London, Le Chevalier Ghrestieii, the burgeon in Chief 
gave me a handsome set of surgical hist rut cents —and a 
c-er tine;' i.e.. for which this is a true copy— 

' Je soussitie — Cbirugieit en Chef de I'Hopital Alilitairr do 
St. Omar — declare que Monsieur \Vilii:nn l.ambton a suivi 
les pensemena joumaliers debit Mopital — pour l'espaee de 
quatre mois, et petulant tons tc t.jnis i. a 111 outre bcaueoiip de 
zele et assiduife — en toi de quoi i'ui dclivre le present'. ... 
Chrestjen. 
■ Thus then you perceive 1 have not been losing my time. 

As touching theatricals, 1 have had various offers of 
engagements. When on a visit to Canterbury, I played 
two nights— [ago -in Shakespeare's tragedy of 'Othello '— 
and Nicolas Flam in a new farce of that, name — House 
crowded both nio;ht;. Ca|>t:i. Anarews. who hiss seen my 
personation of old men i.a comedy, will he more able to give 
you his opinion on the subject. Please see him and write 
by him, if you please. 

' How is my poor Mother ? I wish to God T could once 
more see her. She was always most affectionate towards 
me, and would it were in my power (.0 assist- her. I should 
not like her to see Caput.. Andrews —for causes which you 
can best deviue — t. lie re fore yon had better say nothing to 

I hope Mrs. Tie Penning is quite well— give my Love to 

ft H — Caroline — Eliza -and little Adelaide -I suppose Ihey 
must have grown up quite 'aia;. Eliza as far as I remember 
for her eyes! Caroline will take more after the placid 
manner of her mother —Ad',' — a little lively p'is.s ! You see 
1 make quite free in. saving a'hat 1 think -but be it remem- 
bered that altho' f am' now i-k I. speak witii the. tongue of 
vouth in recollection o I" those a.ippv days ' he French liardens 



vailed round the iittl 



the 



fell w 

: bullocks - 



! colleotedly of them, 

together in mv mind 0:1 purpose to 

My sister Eliia is quite hea 

growing into womanhood —and is 

the pianoforte beautifully- — know 

jomplished ft 






r.-irl garden at the bac 



;*eeednigly dever- 
history and geo 



f birth 



-and is her 



. 1.3 Wilton Crescent, 
Belgrave Square. If you wish to write to her, enclose her a 
letter to me. 

London is a gay place, i.mt to enjoy yourself — you must 
have lots of money — ['a u city of that article makes a poor 
devil like me quite miserable. I'd ds lieve be in the wilds 
of Africa as here, if I had no friends. 

I must uow detail to you a veiv singular circumstance 
connected with a friend of mine, now practising at the bar in 
the island of Trinidad. West busies. I was at school with 
two brothers of the name of Soupee — sons of a Captain in 
the Army 4 , now living in Canterbury on In. 1 1" pay — they were 
both very clever. Find very fine young men. Mowbray— the 
younger brother- -formed an attachment to a widow lady- 
old enough to be his mother --married her at the age of 20 — 
and lived in misery. C oorgc— the older brothel, and myself 
have sworn friends — took an oath never to separate from 
each other (but by marriage ). Strictly 1.0 our articles of 
agreement, we pushed thro' years of poverty — assisting 
one another as means wore a-ifurded to either — lived almost 
secluded from the world in a garret in Villiers St., Strand. 
Fortune during this long period never once favoured us — 
our excursions to the Continent, and back were the only 
respites to the monotony of our lives. We were each obliged 
to remain in London during the winter months — he to keep 
his terms at the Temple — T to attend my lectures. 

By some chance Mowbray found out. where we were— 
called upon us — dined with us on red herrings and potatos. 
After this humble me«l he declared his determination to 
leave England for the Portuguese service, having as he 
stated, previously accepted a Surgeoncy in the British 
Brigade — and with a wild frantic exclamation wished letter 

bitterly when he said he would willingly change his lot for 
ours. Alas ! Ours. ..whs anything but enviable. All we 
could say — all we could do — could not. wean him from his 
purpose — he would go — nail in consequence sailed the next 
day to join his regiment. 

Colonel Hodges', commanding the regiment in the service 
of Don Pedro 1 , took 11 great faucv to Mowbray, and...the 
new scene... dives red his mind of the sorrow brooding over 
it. But, Alas I His original determination took... root— he 
was determined to throve up his Surgeoncy and take a com- 
mission in the Line. Colonel Hodges at- first refused, as his 
services in the mrdic.il department could not. be dispensed 
with. Poor Mowbray's importunities at last overcame the 
Colonel's objections -he obtained his Lieutenancy — went 
into action the next rnorainsr -and got snot through the 
head '. ! Deeply lamented by all who knew him. 

I'oor George was quite disconsolate at the of his loss 
brother — and in consequence wc were determined to go and 
board in a family. A lady living in the family. ..at first 
sight fell in love with George —a month after we entered the 
house they were unsaged. George explained his distressful 
situation — his debts. &;■,- -No, nothing could dissuade her 
from her Jove for him. ... She was pleased with his candor — 
he with her generosity. Her fortune; was £ 3uQ a year— with 
the expectation of a laree property at the demise of her 



■By 183-1 De Penning was settled in Calcutta, no! Madras [ 4-51) I. 
by French under Mar.shai Gerard, 1M -VI -32, after 3 weeks ' 
i/of Rrazil and IV of Portugal ; d. 1834. 



•Thar 



W. H. Souper ; Pymi 



many such sj 




*^ 



WILLIAM LAMBTON ( 1753/6-1823 ) 

As Lieutenant in H.M. 33rd Regt. of Foot, and Brigade Major, 
Kiiiir'ti Troops, Madras, initiated his; triaoiK.Tiirt.riiiAl and gensral 
survey of this south peninsula at the ond of 179!) [ II, 233-67]. This 
was transferred to the Supremii Government from 1818, as the Groat 
Trigonometrical Survey of India [225-7]. 

Corresponding Mism'ber of till; List i tut de Frtincii, and Follow of ulie 
Royal Society, 1817. 

Died in tamp at Hinganghii.t south of Xfijrpur [ 236 |. 

1 11, ,n]." °" 8,n " ""' "" 







COLIN MACKENZIE ( 1754- 



Madras Engineers, o.a. ; 1YR.S. 

Survey of Mysore 1799-1808 ( II, 91-121 )- First. Surveyor General 
Of Madras 1810-15, and first Surveyor General of India, 1815-21 
[ II, 419-28 ]. Made a remarkable collectic-n of historical antiquities. 

Died on Hooghly River near Calcutta. 



Enla 



dfiort 



,nginal oi] paii 



k by Tin.im.Lii Hitkey, 1 



6[ll, 4 i9;pl.3a]- 



fatter -in -law. George was called to the bar last year, 
married, and went out to the West ladies. Five months 
after their departure fur Trinidad, the father-in-law died, 



and she is now come into £ 51)0 a year dm 
lady is the widow of Captn. Thomas 
Regt., and 



r life. 



of the 47th 
>f Sir Thos. Gooch, Bart. 1 , manj vears 
__. iber of Parliament for Suffolk. 

In ooiiseuiienee nl' this death, they ■.vill return to Ivig'iuvi, 
and I am to live with them — till I gut married. If my 
fortune prove as propitious as my friend George's, I may 
still become « u-s'.ftd ■■■■riJ: .■■)■ -if .;■>■■)">%. In my next letter 

must not be at all surprised if you near 'if my ntarriuge } 
Fortune is nearly l.ired of making a r". . . . I . I j m I ] of roe any longer. 
If I am not desi iaed to !>■'; bound ir- the trammels of Matri- 
mony, you may ex pent to see me appointed Surgeon to one 
of the merchant vessels to Madras. 

Remember r.ie to all friends who enquire after me. Kindest 
lone to my mother — toll her mains, not will, prevents me 
from assisting her at present, and as soon us I' am able she 
shall hear thro* yon. Love to Mrs. De Penning Caroline — 
Elba — Adelaide and all aihi-r ni-.ui comers, and Believe me 
ever to romaiu, .My near Mr. l>e Penning, 

yours- sincere'. y attached, obliged, i very atfect. friend ! 
Willknn Lvinbiuji. 

P.S. One favor above all I have to request of you is to 
send me my Father's portrait by Captn. Andrews | 467 I. 
I shall get it copied litre -mid send it back by the same 
gentleman. You may rely on his tailing care of it. You 
will see him, as I have mentioned it. It is the greatest, favor 
I can ask, and — -on my honor— you shall have it in a 12 
month after you send it. 

What is become of Dr. Morton — ho had my... theodolite 
1 470 ]. I wish you would iind out,. .and send it to me. 
Remember me to .Too 5 if you write to turn — all Hyderabad 
friends kkcwi.-a: — Mr. Oarnaratt [ 383 j Messrs. R cms en rod & 
Olliverf (78 ]■■ -Is Captn. h.vorcst commanding the Survey?— 
Give me all the news. God bless yon all t. 

Joshua De Penning Esq., 
Vepery, Madras ; 3:7 ]. East Indies. W.L. 

The handwriting and ^nature are remarkably like his 
father's. We do net know whether the portrait was ever 
sent home and copied — probably not. It is a pity young 
William did not know of the full si.-.e portrait hanging with 
the R As Soo. [ pi. 22 ]. 

The reqordo of the Royal College, of Surgeons show that 
he was admitted member, 10 4-3.0, and give his known 
addressee as : — 

1S:S7. Sloane Struct— Ll'iS, HoCoetbltho -1840, Paradise 
Row, Rotheriiit.be— H44, George St., Hanover Sq.— 1745, 
No. 1 Upper Queen's Huildiu;;.-. Brompton, where he was 
living at the time of the census of 1851. 

The Medical Directory of 1852 shows that he 
became a Licentiate of the !>oe. of \ pot Loon no-:, 
1S39, and Iind ;i.t. various times been 

Asst. Surg, to Mil. ILosp., St. timer, Prance. 

Surg, in the Urif. Aiix. Irgcan of I be Q.ueen of Spain. 

Surg, to the Parish of St. Marv. Rotberhithe, and to the 
M.Subdn. of Police. 

Member of Western Me!, k Surg. Soc. 

Contributor of various papers to Lancet, 1837-8. 

With this record wo may confidently claim th.it his wish 
was granted, and that, he had proved "a useful member 
of society". 

LAURIE, John. Mad. Inf. 

b. 18-8-1791. d. 20-7-61. 

Ecs. 29-7-10 ... MGen. 2S-U-54. 

Son of Rev. John Laurie, minister of rives, and Anne 



m., Jalna, 1 27, Miss Catharine Fenwieke. 
July 1814, inn., cl. vnt [If, J2I ] ■ Maratha War. 
1817-8, survd. ro'.itc witli Mi.coliu'a column 3 . 

LE MESSURIER, George Paul. Bo. Inf. 
b. 10-7-01. d. 6-2-52, unm. 
Lieut. 30-12-1S ... Lt.-Col. 2-3-46. 

Son of Peter Le Mcssurier (1772 1832), senr. urerch. 
Bo cs., and Harriet his wife, dan. of Commodore G. J. Bond, 
Bo. Mar. 

oil. Charterhouse. 

Oriental Gliib. 

Bo go. 19-8-22, att.d. bo Deccan Svy. ; bo bc. 98/ 
1823 ( 192 ), to be survr. with allces. from 19-11-22, 
Jopp reporting hiu work "nxtroinoly accurate, and 
his plans- neatly finished" [ 125 in. 11 ]. 

BO 00. 25- 10 03 promoted to .Survr. 1st cl.; 1325, furl, 
to Capo. 

1838-12, Sept. of Sind Svy., snaking a number of svys. 
in Sind and ISaluehistan _ 426 | ■> aqmg. Sind Forea. 

Auth. of Me.i)i",-'it!tiu.'n an Ikth.iehisS&n* . 

LESLIE, James Fraser. Mad. Inf. 

b. 3-7-04. d., Singapore, 31-5-42. 

Bos. 13-2-21 ; Lieut. 1-5-24 ; Bt. Capt. 13-2-36. 

Hon of It-bcit Wilson Leslie of Itelrnorit. 

1827, survd. route into Siam ; left. Moulmein in 17-4-27, 
via 3-1'agodas, earning letters from Sir Archibald I'su.p- 
bell to Bankok ; reae'lied Kambori, 20th Slay—" severe 
attack of fever -anxious to return by land, hut oould not 
persuade Governor to allow me to do so — Left it on the II th 
■Tunc for Moiiimcnc. bearing Ictfvs in answer to those taken 
by me '">[ 77 J.' ' 



LOW, James. Mad. Inf. 

b. 4-4-1791. d. 2-5-52. 

Ene. ll-«-12 ... Lt. Col. 31-12-14; ret. 21-11-45. 
Son of Alexander Low, of Kettle, eo. Fife, and Anne 

Thoi-;..:aL Ins wife. 

1822, on duty at Penang, PWI., compiled map of Indo- 
Chinese peninsula [So]. 

Hiipi of Ligor 7 , or abortive mission to obtain " co-operation 
of the Siamese with the Rangoon expedition, and especially 
by means of a fleet of boats. ... We sailed on the 7th May 
1824 [from I'enang], and proceeded .in tne Keddah const. 
... 19th ; Anchored in Trang harbour. ... On the 1st June 
our captain. ..stood out of Junceylou harbour. ... We return- 
ed to Trang on the 7th .Tune. ... Three envoys who had just 
arrived from Ligor came aboard"". 

Sept. 1*24, with mission to Tcmisseri'ii under Lt Col. Snow, 
making svys. to Tavov, Ye, and Marts ban till Out, 1825; 
compiled maps, 10 Cat. ; 308 -9 ) [ 74, 75 n.4, 80 ]. 

182ti. beiriL' .si.aiioneii at- rwi., denoted to report on 
Perak, Malaya'. 

Continued or: pal. duty at ewr.. contributing to ask. 
several papers 00 Malava. and Buddhist religion ; JASB. 
XV, 1846; xvll, 1848. 

MACAN, Kobert. Asst. Rev. Survr., uncov. 
b. 1804-5. d., Allahabad, 18-10-30. 

Appd. Asst. Survr. 9-7-24. 

Son of itobert Maean, banker, of Xewry, Ireland, ami 
Margaret ( ■illespie his wife : bro. of Ckaceii'- tiillespje Ma can 
I l8i"t':i-l)7 land John ( 1JMK1-51 7 ), both Ben. Inf. ( Hodson ). 

ed. England or Ireland. 

1 Sir Thos. Sherlock Gooch ( 1767-1S51 ); ,1th Hart. ; Of)'., I (380-1 ); MP. SutTotk ISfjii :10 : his 1st cousin, Capt. Henry 
Robt. (not Thomas) fiooeh ; m.. 1822, Kli'ia, dac. of Samuei Wavth, of South wo!, J. a:e! <lsp. M29 ; kii^r: n,.. 2nd, Geo. Fredk. 
Souper. barrister. 'Joseph De Pennine" " Jeo-So |. ; 'Ka v c, TI i i.74 i. 'M'ltlO. II') ■:'-!. U 1 ; Hi!) (2, :! ;,. Kflt.U fioc. 

{Bo). II, lS4o (130). s DDu. 21U (32a). 'Malay S'eiunsula, >-'' M., 100" F. 3 J.4SrJ. VI [, 1S35 M-iO. oSS-30.i). »HMS. 
670(171-2 ); 674 (321 ). 



MACDONALD 4' 

BTC. 9-7-24 ( 57-9 ) ; "la a person of highly respectable 
covins x ions, and was intended Cor: the Army, lut circum- 
stances have hitherto pieveuted his obtaining a Cadetship 
or Commission'', and ''havirse produced satisfactory proof 
of ids 0,11 adorations, lias been appoiu!cd Ass.srnnt Surveyor" 
on Rs. 250 p.m. 

Posted, to (Tonikhpur (iev. .Svy. ■ but owing to outbreak 
of Burmese War diverted to mil. service, and eventually 
accd. Birnie Browne to Burina [ 72, 437 ]. On joining 
Gorakhpur Svy. 1-1-27, was first reported by Wroughtou, 
as "quite inejqw-rienued" but soon became a useful survr. 
[ 152, 37° ]■ 

Bit 2S-9-ftt) ( 23-4 ), on sick leave hum 25-7-30. 

MACDONALD, Roderick. Ben. Inf. 

b. 12-4-04. d. 3-3-37 ; mi. St. Cuthbert's 
chyd. Edinburgh. 

Ens. 23-2-22 ... Bt. Capt. 23-2-37 ; furl. 5-1-36. 

Son of Alexander Macdoaald, EM. 43th Ft. and Christian 
Mil. ■!..'.■! :ns wife. 

ed. Sandhurst. Hodson IH ( 127 ). 

btc. 19-1-27, tlio' reedd. for appt. to rov. svy., 
could not bo "spared from his corps, as there are 
already fivo olYk'airs of it. holding staff situations" ; 
24-1-28, appd. to Kev. Svy. Sabaranpur, travelling 
up from Calcutta [ 158, 334 ]. 

30-1-29, tr. to Sahaswan. Bndaun [ 154 ] ; 1-3-31, 
granted 7 mo. leave to hills on mc. ; bto. 1-11-31 
( 30 ), 3 mo. leave to Calcutta ; 12-3-32, tr. to GTS. 

McGRATH, John O'Driscoll. Ben. Inf. 

b., Cawnpore, 6-8-1794. d., 18-8-25, 
Ramree, Arakan. 

Ens. 1-3-12 ... Capt. 1-10-24. 
Son ol John McGrath ( d. at sea off Java, 2-8-11), Ben. 

inf., and JLtvv MeOabe his wife. 

l(odso n ,III(136). 

jmio. 45 ( 35 ), svv. of roads in Minebhum, offg. as sqsiq. 
1821-2. 

MACKENZIE, Colin [ I, 394-52 ; II, 419-28 ]. 

Mad. Engrg. 

b. 1753-4, Stornoway, Lewis I, Hebrides. 

dsp. 1-5-1821, on Hooghly R-, nr. 

Calcutta, mi. Eye chyd. Stornoway. 

Ens. 16-5-1783 ... Col. 12-8-1B. 

SG, Madras, 1810-5; SG. of India 1815-21. 

2nd. son of Murdoch Mackenzie, march, and 1st post- 
master or filornoivav. and lii.rbara hia wife. 

m,, Batavia. 18-11-12, Petrouella Jacomina Bartels, of 
Trincomalce, Ceylon, who ni.. 2nd, at Capetown, 1S-2-23, 
Bobart i'a-e Fulcher i LSml-'-t j. Ben. Inf., 

CR. 4-6-15; FES. 10 ii-19; IINB. : DIB. : Wilson, UK., 
2ndedn.; JRAS. 1 I Ml i ; CM. 1821 iii { .171} ; bio. by W.C. 
Mackenzie, pah. Chambers, hldinburgh, 1952. 

Portrait, with 3 Madras; members ■-■:' staff 1 , painted by 
Thos. Bickey ( DVB), Madras, LSlb" [pi. II, 22]; enlarge- 
ment of bead and shoulders, v. pi. 23 of this vol. 

Ai-rd. Madras, 2-ii-iTs:}, as cadet of Inf., but tr. to Engrs. 
in 1786 from original date of 1st comn. 

1784-90, various svys. in Dincligul, Nellore and 
Guntur — 1790-2, Mysore war, svys. andiuc. to cb.— 
1792-8, with Nizam's Sitbsy. Force-, making svys. 
and maps of Den: can, bein^i "l!.I!'.'J off t'-.ir operations 
at Pomlichcrry oaid Oolo :11b o , and for Manila oxpn. 



1 BIOGRAPHICAL 

[ I, 111-2 ] — 1 71)9, tin oul_"i'. diuie-s at, siego of Seringa- 
patam, and map* for llvsoro Comn. [ I, ng ]. 

1799-1808, m ch. Mysore Svy. [n, 91-121]; 
1808-10, Bkmr. Mysore, a sinecure post which 
allowed residence at Madras, and time to pursue 
geogl. andarchasol. work, with distant ch. of Ceded 
bisl.fi. Svy. [ II, 152-6 ]. 

1810-5, SG. Madras, being absent four years — 
April to Oct. 1811, CE. Java expn.— Oct. 1811 to 
July 1813, on spooial duty, maps, rev. and archceol. 
svys., Java — 1813-15, on duty in Bengal completing 
Java reports and travelling in Upper Provinces 
[II, 135. 293-4. 4<>8, 424-7]- 

moo. 15-4-15, arrd. Madras 30-3-15 to resume 
duty as SG. ; boo. 1-5-15 and mgo. 26-5-15, appd. 
SG. of India, with lidqrs. Ft. William, but pormitted 
to remain at Madrsis for ris-orrr;Yiir/jitii.>ri of svye. 

Remained at Madras till July 1S17, making meticulous 
examination, of past svys. and existing ma;:s, and planning 
future svys.; re-orya-ir'cd ests. and accounts, and during 
1816 sent out fd. oarties under -(jading to Nizam's 
Territories— Ward to Travanoore .Conner to Coorg— and 
Mountford to Guntur [ 94-5 ], He writes in May 1816 ; 

"Govt.... have permitted of my Inn big access to all records 
regarding the Surveying Establishment. ... I have... looked 
for articles explanatory of toe Surveys, Ss have carried it 
down to about 1771. I eoulii wish much i.o be able to com- 
plete it till 1806, bur. (lie current duties bore impede much 
my endeavours. ... 

"Hast week sent in the first pari of one General Report, ... 
the expense of the Surveyine Department for the last 52 
years [ 95 ] ; it was a most laborious job to extract from a 
variety of documents. ... I am ever at home, from the 

The Supreme Govt, made several attempts to hasten his 

move, aid in April IMi; provided for him raid his family in 
"H.C.'s Yacht Phien is ". Mackenzie did not think his reports 
would be ready; "I myself applied for the means of a 
passage, as I was putto a prodigious ox pence between Batavia, 
Calcutta, & Madras lor pas-aye money, tho' on public duty. 
It would mortify me much to leave this work undone, on 
which I have bestowed much pain ; it almost sickens me. but 
it appr'^tehes to a conclusion"'. 

The / 'tiomis: reached .Madras on 24th June, and Mackenzie 
writes on 25 tb ; "'The captain has this morning been with me, 
who acquaints me Hint he is orderod, after surveying the 
Pulicat & Anuigon Shoals [ I, 102 ] to give me a passage to 
Calcutta.. He is to proceed tomorrow on the survey, ... and 
supposes it will take 15 days at least. ... It would be very 
desirable to — ' " "■ 



rather in the Phonix, as I.. .have sailed 

When the ship caked three weeks later Mackenzie writes 
to Griddle [74]. the captain; "1 hope, when it is con- 
venient for you to land, yoa will do us the pleasure to come 
out here to breakfast or tilling [ sic \ ; we are alw.ays at home 
at those hours, f will this evc.nir.(i ,;ab at the Master Attend- 
ant's, at the ofliccs 0.0 the beach, and the tavern, to see 
if you are conic on shore, .';. brine; you in the carriage to this 
house, when I hope yovi will do us the pleasure to pass the 
evening with us. 

"I do not think it is possible for me to go oil' in 10 days, 
as this public business to be done retinues ir.ouh more time. ... 
Your account of the i'lbiioi.t A- Arm agon shoals must be very 
satisfactory.. in explaining the nature of these dangers, 
that were erro 11 eo-.s.-ly -uti nosed to tunsist of shifting sands. ... 
We hope you will be no straniicr here while you stay; you 
can seldom miss :ue o; a slim sin-.:, as 1 prec. era. I ly am at home 
then" 8 . The l'bccnis: returned to- Beogal without him. 

1 Intrs. Lakshmaiah and Dhurmia, and peon Kistnaji [ II, 419 n.7, pi. 22 n.;III, 392, 464-5]. ' DDn. I06 ( 3S, 44 ) ; 5 & 
14-5-16. 'ib. (29], 5-4-16 to Josiah Marshall i yp 11.2 j. »ib. (68 i, 2o Id. s ib. ( 72), 20-7-15; el. official letter 

aame date, MPC. 14-8-16. 



NOTES 4 

Time was found fur areha.-o-ogy. Ward Sound his touts 
pitched otl the beach near t.iio " Maiivil: v poor" pagoda, ii few 
miles south of .Madras | 10G !i , and. in answering 3 letters ol' 
■Sim's, Mackenzie writes, 22-7-16 1 i rill r b tl 

cause of my silence — ll;e old one much, to do. We had a very 
pleaaantparty lately to the Seven Pagodas k have been rather 
fatigued, but very well, after it". He writes to Sim again, 
14-12-16; " I suppose you saw Sir A. Johnstone on his way 
thro' Pondicherr.y. T passed i.jv, very oleasir.l dnyj with him 
a I. \taveilipoor: [ ,|Sl I. ... T:ie hi-fi i- .■ ile ire tin ir be ,i re .pei i 
to you. I am in a hurry gouig i o the Eir.tl E 1 ill- for the day &, 
tomorrow. Write me of tun : the of'enet the better. ... 

"Have you seen Moiirv. i,efc.h.*rian[t do la Tour, a cele- 
brated I'rtiiiih naturalist. Wo found at Mavellipoor two very 
singular fish, consisTin^; alno;..- entirely of Hfjitl ; it is called 
by the natives pallashee. I shall endeavour in. a few days 
to scud you drawings ol" them for the senile man, with whom 
you should gel, acquainted ; you may also mention to him 
that T. can send him a drawing ol' a two- headed. -i lake I lately 
sent to the Asiatic; Sooiety, with its doic-ription from a Tarn nil 
wort [ 2.J1 ] ! . .1. wish you would exert yourself to got me old 



s from Seven 



5-1-1 



. adrii 



the 
r 10 days. 



5 MACKENZIE 

For such omissions be requested me to make apologies 
to his friends, and most especially to you. He will 
take the earliest ..ippcii-timity or' (veiling to you after 
his arrival in Bengal" 7 . 

To Mackenzie he wrote the same day; "Remember me 
most kindly to Mrs. Mackenzie :it:d Miss Cartels*. I am 
quite dull since yon left, me: never go out, and wander up 
and down the large lujo.se without -knowing where to settle". 
Again, 3-8-17 ; "On .Saturday 1 move into'tho house forneriy 
occupied by yon. I have taken it for slv rnontlis, and arii 
always to hare two months notice if desired to quit. The 
sale of your property takes place on Wedr.osdav tliu 131b, 
and the bouse is immediately to he repaired. There has 
hecn a good deal of dispal.inv hot -.njiiii KistTiaieo and too 
butler [ ,ji8 ]. The latter had, it nppears, carried off some 
articles to which he had no rieht. They are now, however, 
restored, and all is. right. ... I have not a word of new3 for 
Mrs. Mackenzie. ... Mr. Bell, the Collector, died alter a day's 
illness on Tuesday'. His less will he a severe blow to the 
General. All the ureal pe.ople have left, Madras "«_ iin 
exodus that. »« probably duo to the '.Marat ha war. 

Again, 16-8-17; " 1... congratulate yon upon the happy 
termination of your voyage." 1 trust you will be benefitted 
by the effect of the =ca sickness 11 . ... Your furniture has 
sold.. .very well. Kistnajce attended regularly. I"t may 
amuse Mrs. Mackenzie to sop the car do in re. ... £ have also 
forwarded some papers... froth Mr. He Xicsse 1 -, and «ome 
pumice stone from Captain '.[."rover \ I !., 447-8 ]. ... I never 
saw a person more attoiUjvo than... Mr. Body has been™. 
He was almost c.-mstaiLl.ly at vour hcuse. and took "real, care 
ol everything, I shall, I am afraid, he a aood deal in your 
deb; ;or fornit'iro, etc., hut I trust to clear it off gra.hiafly. 

"Aa I suppose you still care enough about Madras to like- 
to seethe Coast General Orders, [ enclose (hose received siuc- 
your departure. ... Any other thine, you want will he immedi- 
ately sent ". 

Mackenzie's replies are equally chatty. He writes, 
Calcutta, 18-8-17, that he had reached the Hooghly 
24th July [ 317 ]. "We landed hero on the next even- 
ing in our own house 15 , whore we were immediately as 
comfortably situated as in that we had left at Madras 
on the 17th, only not so large as to admit the Office. 

"Since.. .our arrival I have been so incessantly 
occupied in. arranging... tha offloe & oatabliahjiiont 
here [31°] — in... communications with the offices of 
Govt. — Jtrapayinj- if receiving visits atthis populous 

Presidency, where we have many acquaintances - 

exclusive of the necessary attention to official autho- 
rities—that I could not siczo one moment, till this 
morning, to write you or any other at Madras. 

"On board ship 1.™ sick the whols pMMge, & nail 

neitner room nor nimii.y to write, nor scarcely to read. ... I 
would have preferred myself having had ten" days more ;! + 
Madras ; ... there was 110 absolute nei-ossitv for coin hi" round 
early. The Governor ("iencral had loft this some time before 
I left Madras ; & is now arrived at Patna. ... Al! the official 
people have shown ee.»ry disposition to facilitate my entry 
into the duties of the cilice, with that degree of hearty (rood 
will & cnalidenee licit inspires mutual Confidence™. 

Kiddell writes is-lf-l i ; "l...can easily conceive the load of 
business tir.it must for a long tune oppress you. I am glad 
your office is so soon to ho comfortably housed ; a very 
essential circumstance, 1 find, for jotting well through busi- 
ness. ... Your irioods 0:0 p:;-.- OBtarMj ;L ■''■>' ecu. Give my 
best remembrances to Mrs. Mackoic/ie auci .Miss Bartels' 11 ". ' 

t Ruins of Mahavolly-tiooram, Boriah, "Doc. 17i)ii ; .BM Acldl MS. ±l''>'?.i : Goldinghani. AsR. V ( 69-80 ) ; cf. Imp Oaz XXII 
( IS-2-5), en. 7- .pagodas. ' DDn. loti i Hil ) ci. As ii. XI II I L-titf i, i-eimmom Sn'ikes. »t.;> Mars had ; lilhi. 156 ( 11 1 "" in, 
(114,131). 5 MMC. 15-4-17. ( BMC. & !>il)o. Hi 1 si. 1. >DDn. 151 (71), IS -7 -17. s Julia Barters, Mrs M ' s sister" 



Govt, of his ' : 01 

The Doctor recommended a whole month, a 
stomach renders sonic tjiaii, : v of air it relaxation necessary, 
but I must bo in by the 11th, on account of the Europe 
ships &. various business. Indeed, I have thoughts of running 
in tomorrow night, in which case 1 may call on you on 
Tuesday, & then come back on the night following to enjoy 
this cool pleasant ait' for the rest of the wee];. It would 
be a pity to take Mrs. Mackenzie away from it sooner, as I 
consider it. bem'hcho to us all" 3 . 

From Madras, 21-3-17 ; "I have been out of health & 
spirits for some lime. ... I returned lately from Pullicat, 
where I had spout a fortnight on account of my health". 
And to his doctor, shortly before leaving; ,; I owe you for 
medical attendance.. ,thi.~ last twelve month, wherein the care 
of my frail pe.i-soii mu^t inivc too oft.-.u in.ike upon your 
convenience. He pleased to accept of the enclosed"'. 

Having been without prof, advice since the depart- 
ure of Crawford in Dec. 1815 [II, 393; III, 300], 
the Bengal Govt, u.^niu tiskwl Madras, 14-2-17, to 
give " every iiie.ilil.v Lo Lien ton sir) I Uoiiuiol Miiokfin ii? 
in bringing the local dutios to an early termina- 
tion"*. Thoy followed thii; up 6 5 17, by asking 
that he should 'tuko advantage of.. .the espected 
arrival at Madras of the Sophia surveying vessel... 
which carries Sir John Malcolm on his return to 
your Presidency. 

"Lieutenant Maxfiold [II, 429], will.. .convey to 
Bengal at as early n. period ns possible the Colonel — 
with bis family, bo.ggage, and servants, and such 
of the documents unci records — ...and sucli persons 
( and their families, etc. ) of the office — ...as the 
Colonel may desire to bring round in his suite, or 
as there may be room to accomodate " fi . 

After much bustle and considerable trouble, 
Mackenzie secured John Rid dell [ II, ,139 ] for eh. of 
the office, and sunt id in the Svphia 17 -7-17, Kiddell 
writins to Garlmi; : "Colonel Mackenzie embarked 
yesterday ioc fori William. For some time previous 
...he was very mnoh ensragfid, and lias been obliged 
to leave unanswered many letters from every quarter. 



'Win. Bell(]7s>:-:odT i ■ M.CS. 1S07; <i. St. Thus. Mt. 3 

»f'. G. lie Xfiz.o, Supt. Native inllrmarv : holncd with Dutch t-rr 

later. »»DDn. 151 ( 19-23). "engaged from Jan. 1816 [310]. 



>DDn. 1.51 (13-7], 3- 
"BianT & Co. . 
"DDn. 156 (290], 



MACKENZIE 4 

Viaekcurae.-'tid kei>t no frieudiv «. with Lamhlnn, | [I, 
115-21; lit, 4&.i-6 | and writes from .Madias, 3-3-1G; 1 "I 
sometimes tlinjrfit oi" your operations ai Delhi' & how desir- 
able it won.:: lie to have the series carried up from Cape 
Comoi'ill to the JUULLiiUiiis north of Delhi. The Country 
abont Delhi & as far south us the lirsl. part of B ..indole mid &, 
Malwa would bo tiigiiiy favourable A within our power, 
but I a- [j pee bend the'diliicuity would be from thence, about 
from N.L. 22" & 26 ! , to cross the country in the hands o£ 
the petty chiefs & native urinous, under a jarring, unsettled 
government, so far a--' Eliiohpoor. Those are the difficulties 
i apprehend rather thiol from nature. 

-'You ask when do 1 so for fiengai & who has charge ni 
my office at Madras. ... My detention at .Madras will be 
only till I can complete the General Report here, part of 
which is done. A Yacht, the Phoenix, is coming round, on 
which I expect a passage' [ 474 ]■ 

A Tear later 15-7-17 : I: 1 am quite in. a hurry, about to 
embark on Thursday the ITt.hfor Bengal. Allare jnmovcmeiit 
here, one way or other. The first account of your proceed- 
ing from 1S0D to ISfi". has never found its way into this 
office, & will be probably wanted, as well as a gcaioral chart 
...of all your triangles, as referents are sometimes made 
f n6, 237 1 ; ■■■ flJr instance, the hist year for the position of 
TellieherW &, Uahc, which was necessary in a discussion 
about the' f'runch Territory [ 113 ]■ 

"Your friend Liou'.t. Kidded h-. a: last appointed m the 
charaoof the Depart; colli, fora line, at mv particular request. 
i owe your lfte.iv of llth « 30th Mav .v. 4th July 1810, 
which are now before me | .,05-6 ). ... Let me have the 
pleasure of hearing from you lu Bong:;!, ft- 1: yoii snoufd ever 
find it convenient to go that way. you may be assured I shall 
bo always glad to meet an old friend" 4 [466]. 

This personal friendliness did not prevent occa- 
sional irritation over Lambton's proposals for his 
staff, and jealousy of his regard for Garling [ II, 
115 ; III, 116, 343, 379. 45° 1- 

ITc writer to Riddcll, 27-12-17 : " Tt is 1 in fortunate, that 
the Govt. Gen I. is tin the eountrv & Cod knows when he 
can return. You see the whole world is in arms against 
us. Surely this is not the time for undertaking new. grand 
projects. Lambton's proposition:; to this Govt. I have seen 
[225-6]. It appears in mo strange that ie- should be propos- 
ing snob extensive ohms when it would appear that he has 
views of going home [466]. 

"I concur in tout idea that (J is die loan [ 343 ], tho 1 
think it strange that, after the delicacy 1 h.ive observed with 
Lambton's establishment, he should engage for any person 
in my establishment without some previous communica- 
tion. ... Of Poonah and \agpoor you must know before us. 
llolkar, it is said, shows signs of disaffection ; & Scindia, 
I suppose, only l>v being "surrounded [S3]. This very 
day comes notiiieot anew & unexpected invasion by Hilhet 
r6a-5l and tais is the time to extern! the Trigonometrical 
Survey thro' an immense country in that state? What 
folly [233,304)1*'*- , „ _ , . . . 

Mnekensie spares a letter lor Mouutfotd, now in ch. m 
■Guntf.r [96]; "Perhaps you may t 
not replying to your' several favours, 

could no- help it. 1.1 w.udd so v;im 1.0 oiler any evoose now, 
the plain fact is always best. F.vor since my arrival here, 
[ have been kept in such a continual slate of agitation and 
bustle, both bv the duty of arranging a new office, by re- 
movals of house, and bv uecessoiy private uaterobangc or 
civilities in a new place, that [ have never forgot what I 
owe friends ... I'iven mv o'heia! currespondence has been too 
mueli retarded ; but it is io be hoped a'.l this will be remedied 
or my constitution could not bear the labor" 8 . 

In spite of his heavy duties in. Calcutta, he continued to 
keep a tight control over official work at Madras, and 

ireplyino to Lambton's of 9-1-16 [ 465 1. J our only re 
156 (33H5). Mb. (134). *&> 37-12-17. 'DDn. 154 ( 135 ). 

■' !)1>i 14H : ill 1. 10 Dutch. gco_na-)he: [ I, 221 j J - lb. ( LI ). 
(105 31). Appavu. 13 ib. (49, 51, fiS). "Ghas. Itoht. lies; 

Ma i. Eiotj. ' I. y<- "■. d. ilasulipatam, Nov. 1816. 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



plovees, whether drnn., surv 
clerk3. Riddcll's letters ca 
official and private. He 
apprentices', perambulators 

in safety. Of the mangoes 
1111 apprentice of yours here 
want him. There — ' 



ites 13-7-18; "I trust the ! 
nd beam compasses, arrived 

have no hopes. There is still 

I sha.ll keep him ready if you 

sorry to say, small hopes of 

Newman [ 312 ] ; he had lately a fetor and was, on its ceasing, 

sent.. .to Pondieheny ami Cud:l:ilorc merely for a change of 

air. Eau.u:sw amy's business.. .goes on well [ 391 ] 8 . 

Mackenzie was gfatly distressed at Biddell's death 
[318], but found a worthy successor in Mountford, with 
whom he was equally cordial. He writes to his old peon 
Kistnaji, 9-11-18 ; exon-ssim: satis fiction with his "conduct, 
particularly to Mr. Riddoll io his lust illness, and your atten- 
tion to the office after his decease. You are now under 
a very good master, for 1 hope Mr. Mountford will consider 
you an useful seryant. ... Encourage the poor old Jain, 
Durmiah [ II, 35° J pi- 22 "■ > HI, 391 ] ; uis son is well"«. 
He writes frequently about material for his colins. ; 

mention from Valentyn L, o..oaine to remain. I suspect they 
have beon part of what Mr. Do Nf.-i&ao sent in to poor Riddell 
[ 475 n.12], and that tliev were forgot, f have been missing 
them, a.nd about to employ a Dutch translator here to fill 
up the chasm. ... I do not understand why the funeral 
expenses of poor Newman have not been paid ; whether there 
be a balance due to him or not, do has just claims on me, 
and as tho poor man has left no fa miiv, ! here should be less 
difficulty. Do me the favour, then, My Dear Mountford, to 
take this affair in hand" 11 . 

Again, 4-3-19; "I enclose you letters for ray poor old 
servants, K.isinajoe, "fiahoo Kou-, and Appoo ,! . ... I consider 
Kistnajee as a useful, valuable, servant and, considering the 
great saving effected, ...and the necessity of having the 
instruments, books, ami papers, wo.1.1 al. tended to, I conceive 
his employment about the ulllee on a pay superior to what 
he had before lllighl. be ruby ju.stili^d, under the denomination 
of store concoply [ 1, 2jo |, or otherwise. ... His 20 years 
service with me ought not to be forgot". 

23-3-19; "Now to your private letters, I thank 
yon sincerely for the little heads of news. ... If you 
■write them iri a separate letter it may be more 
convenient; ...but you must not put yourself to 
expense of postage, ...for — all your eorrespnnrten fie 
with me arising from onr official intercourse — it 
-would be unjust to subject you to what no other 
person in like ctrrrurrwuinces bnars. I would without 
lio.sli.u.fion enclose idiom in tho oitiehid cover. 

"Yon will consider this a great effort; all in my own 
proper hand too ( 00 great favour u> your eyes tlo' )". 

S-6-19;^'I want the following articles, which I beg you 
will forward by sea, as soon as possible ; 

"1. A set, or even 1 wo sets, of camp tables, such as were sent 
sometime ago. with ends oomph- c. to serve, for office or camp. 

■'2. A camp oot. ... I can get none here of the kind. 

"Mrs. Mackenzie wants one or two pots of Alamparwa 
pickled oysters, and one of best tamarind fish. In my 
next I will furnish you the pecuniary orders. I could wish 
you to send me monthly an account balanced, how the cash 

we are all subject to I be Cholera \1 ore us, you know" 13 . 

4-7-19; "I am entirely in want of Madras news, and look 
for a gazette from von soon. Why did you not send me 
the catalogue of Mr. Ross's 14 books ? ... All catalogues 

them. ... The ones', of booi-oo.. arrived three days ago. I 



■ to Muohaiiiie's visit tn Delhi ISlt 5 [ TT, 426]. 3 DDn. 

'Macpherson&Sclicncas [iliio-.il, M)Dn. 151 (£28). 

■'lelsewber- " \ppoo the Christian" of. J ASB. VII, 1S35 

(1783-1816) MCS. [ II, 3«2 ]. son of M Gen. Patrick Ross, 



JCOTES 



.MACKENZIE 



hops tbe rest of the nzs. dentin.- :1 ['or the College will arrive 
with JIoweE and the apprentice'' [ 374 ]. 

9-8-19 : "I am just off to Pnltah 1 to reside for 
eome time for my health. I will bo down nest week, 
and hear daily from the office". 

13-8—19 ; Palta ; "I came Tip hero by advice of 
the medical men 011 Monday List., and as it is neces- 
sary to abstain from Uiishio^ some time longer, I may 
advise yon now that I huve got your several letters, 
public and private, ... to all of which I hope to 
reply. ... I cannot at present outer into any". 

20-8-19 ; Palta : "lly removal out to this place 
has had the happiest effect. It was near 20 days 
that I could hot write a note from lassitude and 
weakness, added to t,he boat of thu weather. I was 
obliged 1.0 so in to Oaioutta on Mo:vkI.-.i y last, and since 
I came back [am very much better. I will gradually 
resume the consideration of business. ... Do not urge 
nor anticipate evil ; your conduct in tbe charge has 
been very satisfactory to me". 

Acknowledges "the chest of jiss., in which we found the 
three bottles of oysters, etc. ... Mrs. Mackenzie tells me 
the oysters and tis'u are very good, find we all desire to huve 
another cargo uf theni Imibre ihe scu-on is over. You can 
send them with the tables, cots, etc., if possible in one cargo 
to save trouble ; bo!.... [ trust, that you make your servant 
keep an account of the expenses, and rio not lose a fan am 
by our commissions, I beg [ 108 u. 4 ]. 

Some time ago I rcnuestcd Messrs. liinny & Co. to send 
you the plan of my house. ... If it could be sold a plan would 
be desirable. ... Riddel] wrote me once that the house he 
was in at Vcpery was getting out. of" repair, and I was on 
the point of directing him to occupy mine. ... His death 
preventer] it. If you eoukl _->•! it routed by Government, ... 
I should si-ill hnve no objection, but ;;n adequate rent must 
be granted, and the house kept in order" 3 . 

Few constitutions can stand up to the Calcutta 
climate year after year without wilting, and 
iUacbcL-izie's letters are more and more filled by 
accounts of his aches and pains. 

tic writes to Mount ford, again from Palta, 7-10-19, 
apologising for delay in writing [319]; "This is not so 
much owing to ill-health, as to the intolerable load of public 
business thrown 00 uie bore, j.t will be corrected ere long I 
trust. ... My health is very nine:: improved, but in the 
forenoons a- decree 01 unusual inertness prevails owing, T 
think, to the elfecta- of the medicine. The weather has 
been lately verv cose, snl'r.v, and rainy — unwholesome at 
Calcutta many of our acquaintances died, or are now sick. 
Mrs. Mackenzie is well, and l-Lar.kM fur your reincuibrimue. 

"Write me once a week, eordidentiady. clear of all parish 

The tiresome details of tbe work in Bengal never 
interested him as work had done in Madras 1 he 
knew hardly one of the survrs. in person. He was 

now 66 years of age, in poor heal Ui, and worn by the 
trying climate [ 44.2 ]. 

He writes to one of the Govt, secretaries, 5-11-19 ; "I 
am really. ..so overpowered with... references, that it ia 
impossible for mu.vtal man to gut thro'. ... There is a liberty 
assumed in some of the d .tail' provinec:-. 1 hut sets all rule 
and regularity at defiance, and 1 must ever regret that 1 
cannot have time to submit it to. ..Government as I am so 
much interrupted by urn Her; of detail [ 303-5 ]. 

"I have no less than f> Setters fry 111 the Civil Auditor 



1 A few miles above blanrackpore ; now site of pumping station and (liters for Calcutta wa 
s I>Dn. 149(93 |. 4 DDn. 154 ( [11 ). j StamlboL :':.a!>s"( 17^1-1 ci-b 1. under whom Vlnokcr 
his diuieuilbswithOD. a. Drowltt ( VII ) & D.is Gupta ( 145-01. r 'DDn. 154 (97]. 'at 
( 111 ). > DDn. 156 ( 174 }, "The GG. bad a countrv residence in whit is now Bsrrackpor 



pressing for what was never done before ( certificates ), 2 of 
them in one day, as if on purpose to annoy, It is impossible 
for mortal man to reply to all these"*. 

He writes to Mo.ni:fVird two weeks later. 21-11-19. "Pultah; 
I am but just rerurned from Calcutta, which always costs mo 
some days to replace my papers in order. ... My health is 
much hotter, but ! am uvedor-.ded. 1 wish I had you, or the 
hke of you ( willing and candid :i:id a":j!e ;■ near me". Obvi- 
ously Kyde was not his idea; ASG. [ 3°9 ]- 

26-11-19; "Permb me. ..to request you to purchase for 
me the new Almanac for the ensuing year the moment it is 
out, and sent it to me on service ; also the latest Madras 
Array List, as there are great changes by removals and 
casualties. ... 

"White I am hurrying this off, I am annoyed by a sore 
leg, and obliged to get o:'f to my ooueh. 1 was in town for a 
day on Saturday, and hurried oil' to receive some friends 
here — a member of Council and Kir chand'ord Raffles just 
come in from Bcncoolen [11,135 11.2, 427]— they left ma 
this morning. T snsnect ihe latter has his 01m troubles to 
get thro' from tho diSwo.r.f.ai with the Dutch and Ponang 
Government'. ... All, great and low, have their troubles, 
and we little men should not complain if we have our 
share ; the only remedy is to move on in tranquility, guided 
by truth and integrity to the best of our judgement, and 
avoiding all intrigue and chicanery ; this will console and 
support 11s, let what will happen 6 . 

31-11-13 ; "Why don't yon send me your printed cata- 
logues of books '.' 1 want rather old and curious books ; we 
get all the new ones from England". 

19-2-20 ; "I am afraid for some time you have been too 
cautious, ...which, considering my state of health, was no 
doubt prudent, but bad any aeiifient occurred to me your 
private letters would lie delivered to you, as they are docket- 
ed, and without reading. All my private letters to poor 
Riddel] wc.ro in this manner, by bis special desire, made up 
and sent to ine in one parcel, and .1 even taiic pieasore in 
looking still at some of his. ... 

"'God bless you ! -we leave L'ulta. in a few days, and if I 
can get extricated born a load of unpleasant matter, I shall 
avaif myself of die Kandneiids 1 , perhaps, to go thoroughly 
into the Madras business, and also bring Captain Garhng's. 
representations forward, ... involving even your own appoint- 
ment [318 ] 8 . 

1-3-20 : Calcutta; "I came in here 3 days ago to des- 
patch what we are sending in for tbe year f 319 J, and I am 
worried to death, but your business will be taken in hand 
before 1 leave town". 

21-3-20; "I have been laid on my back these 6 days by 
a tension & mdammatku; of the tendons of the right leg and 
ihit'h, which has now left me, excepting a slight tension of 
the ankle. The chief ir.eouverdcn.ee was that for sis days 
1 have been provrnrcd sill.ing at the desk to write" 8 . 

4-4-20 ; "Pulta. I am all in a hurry, leaviriu this plaee 
to go into our noose to Calcutta, whither the ladies havo 
gone in three days ago. Most of my papers are off, and 1 
hopeto beinnivsVlfartcr prying my respects to tbe Governor 
General tomorrow at Barrack pore 10 . It will be several days 
before 1 can get my bool-: = arid papers arranged at Calcutti 



Shall e: 



ofdhe 



chiefl 



it supply. >.DDn. 149 ( BO-S ). 
id worked in Java [ II, 425 ] ; for 
nouth of Hoogbly. »DDn. 149 



MACKENZIE * 

"I am going this day [ 9th May ], to embark in a 
Pilot vessel for Che Sandheads, and eventually for 
Jagahnaut [ or Puri J, if the ssason will permit our 
sailing. If bo, I may stay there 20 days. ... Thi3 
scheme has been in agitation for some time, but tho' 
medieal men and my friends urged ib ever since 
January, I could not agree till I could get many 
matters out of hand, that to leave undone would be 
inconvenient to individuals" 1 . 

He stayed at Puri more than i mo., and the change 
did him good ; he was by no means idle, and kept in 
touch with survra. in all parts of India. As usual, 
most of his corr. went to Mountford at Madras. 
4-6-20 ; "Mallada, 7th eoss north of Ganjam. ... 
We landed or. the 2 2nd ultimo at J iigaernaut thro' a 
high surf, but more dangerous for want of good boats 
and boatmen than for its violence ; at, Madras it 
would be thought little of. Since that I have 
been journe.yi.iisr nbotit along the coast, and find tho 
benefit of this, and of the sessair and breeze, already, 
and hope. ..I shall return to Calcutta with renewed 
health. The business of the office. ..is carried on 
meantime by the assistant, Lieut. Hyde, but,.. for a 
month or so... direct all letters for me, official and 
private, at Jaggemath. ... I brought all your letters 
for u. long time back with me, ... intending { if I can 
get the use of a bungalow there... ) to be able to go 
into all arrears of office business in your quarter. 

"My absence is with the entire concurrence of the 
Governor General thro' whose indulgence I was 
favoured with tlio a-'.o of tho Juno pilot vessel", 

At Puri Mackenzie was in touch with Buston [ 432 ], 
who writes from Cuttack, 11-6-20 ;"1 hisvc a house and people 
here very much at your service. ... I am very glad you 
continue "to derive benefit from tlio sea air and bathing, an.il 
as there are no such breezes to be inhaled in Calcutta... you 
would ai;t wisely 1,0 prolong yum- visit. ... With regard to the 
best mode of returning, ... one of the vessels which trado 
to this place will furnish the host. ... When I loft Cuttack 
last rains, I arrived al, the vessel with ail iny baggage and 
servants in 24 hours, Laving taken ,1 hoat from hence, and 
sailed down with the current. ... Should you, however, 
prefer going by dawk, I can propase a ski; tub. of the routes, 
with their distances, ... Major Kris-er- tell i mo be has sent off 
a palanquin for you, which I hops will get safe, 

"I picked up several specimens of the different sorts of 
roek which compose the hills I have been up, and they are 

2L-S-20; "I. ..with mni/:i pleasurs accept your kind 
invitation to Pooree, for a few dr.ys. You:' journey to the 
southward wol probably occupy you till ihe slid of the week; 
therefore I propose beissr with you next Sunday morning, if 
that day will be convenient. ... I am much obliged by your 
kind offer of your bearers. ... 1 shall 

to repair to the uUiee ;i p pointed, s-.md si-.rvcy to Bhobaneskur 
7-9, 4S1 ]. 

9o_o,_20; "Anything that T can do fur.' you in Cuttack, 
either in getting boaid, shoes, or •uppues 01 any kind, you 
will. ..acquaint me with. Wishing you a pleasant trip to 
Mai ii ckp si tarn, & happy 
every benefit from the s 
Pooree"*. 



J BIOGRAPHICAL 

To continue Mackenzie's letters to Mo imtford— 14^6-20 — 
"As I am here so much nearer to you, I will have your 
letters 4 days sooner for tbe time I remain, which may be a, 
month, perhaps, in this vicinity, tho' not at this place. ... I 

433 ] ! . ... Baboo ilow is a plague: he must have patience 
[ 391 ]. ... My agents are Messrs". Palmer &■ Co. [ 4S2 ] . 

15-8-20; "When I wrote...I was much hurried and 
distressed, and being obliged to go into my palanquin that 
evening of the 22nd, as my tents had been already sent 
off to Kinaruc, 20 mites"*. 

27-9-20; "Pooree. Permit me,., to thank you for your 
several communicr.t iorssi of t":iis nsis.nns: events, ... which have 
been more gratifying to mo as I have had so little from 
others at Madras. ... 1 bad to regret the failure of tho house 
of De Fries 7 , which I find every day affects.., my Coromandcl 
friends. ... The frequent deaths, also, have given me greats 
concern in ths loss of Dr. Stuart', I >r. Jebb 5 , and very lately 
Mr. J. H. Travel, o much valued friend. ... I could wish to 
know some thing of the last two ; I see a movement was 
proposed by Dr. Stuart's friends. I would willingly join in 
the contribution if not too late. ... 

"Your acoottnt of the storm on the 10th May was 
interesting. ... I left Calcutta on 9th, and while wo 
lay a,t Kedgeree till 14th, with what I considers! 
only a 

from sea that had suffered. 1 
We, had, however, not £ 
working to windward and tacking often till the 
22nd May. ... 

"I made sumo oxoursiiins to C1.1tt.ack, to the 
Chilka Lake, and thenco to tho Black Pagoda near 
this, hut always quickly returned for the benefit of 
the sea air and sea bath, -which has proved very 
beneficial. Some thought I should not havo romain- 
ed during the rains here, but the experiment shews 
how erronooLis the idea was, as 1 have found it is 
dry during the rains, and all Calcutta recommended 
my not returning till ilioir sickly season is past. 

"I was down at the Carrons wreck about 22nd July, and 
saw the remains smashed into innumerable pieces. ... How 
she came there was the wnoder, sis their position the night 
before was ostinosled so far to the eastward of that piaee ; 
the current probably had thrown thi.m impertoptably out of 
their estimated course. T was absent at that time at a 
remarkable place, Bovasi Iswar, on the 7th, but had an, 
opportunity of seeing the suUerors, and among them an 
acquaintance. On my return 1-1 officers and SO men. were 
saved, and about 2<) were lost, including the master aod a, 
sick Artillery officer. 

: 'I W1SS glad, to ill. '.1 you:' house had e.-..r;Lpu<l so well in the 

storm, as I understand mine did also. Some of the trees, 
would, of course, suffer, but the remainder will probably 

flourish more ne\; season, at least .1. found .ju in 1807. ... 

"I observe the several changes and sudden appointments 
previous to the b.te. chansie of Government. 1 dare say they 
were interesting enough to Mr. Elliott's friends 1 ". ... I 
suppose he would have received the custom ssry marks shown 
to him of respeet sit departure. ... The good people of Madras 
are seldom behind in their testimonies of regret on the 
departure of a tolerable Governor. If he has done justice to 
the interest of his employers an d of the pubis':, the dissatis- 
faction of obscure i ulr.dduals wilj be of less import. I must 
own I did not expect to see your papers teeming with the 
usual adukioi-y compliments, but 1 felt- disappointment in 



f 



iDDn. Ho { 11,1). = Shno:i Fr.iser j 17S0-I SI o I ; jjvr. 1790-lSiJI : 171 ' : cod-I;:. Os.'ii-!: T/opr.o. 1S17- 22. a DT)n. 
1-1" (2S7-9 ---■-(> }■ *ib. (20.5). s as Governor, 1820-7. 6 ib. ( 127, 131). 'Agents, "Afidras, John "De fries * Co. 

a \l.-i ;^--,i'ir;, Asst. Smx- ^^ ■ ■>■> *-I-"kas, 11-2-30. 'Biclid. J-bh. W.D. ad ■.-oesito, Hie::-. Court; d. Madras, 16-8-20, 
aged 3S. "Rt. Hon. l-i'ro;h Elliot ( IToii-l Slid ) ; Gosr. Jkdrsss 1 S 11-30 : bro. of 1st BaH 11 into ; 3 num. daus. at Madras ; 
Emma, m. 1823. Oen. Sir Tims, ili-.lop ; Harriet & Caroline, m., 1Ls33 & Isvto. Hasds tllliot bur. Westminster Abbey ; DNB. ; 
DIB.; Mrs. Elliot d. ni Madras, Feb. 1819. 



MACKENZIE 



Neither Mackenzie nor Eiddell [ qv ], had been happy 
in their relations with the do parting (iovernor, whose 
obstruction To Ttir'irii-H'a appt. | i-o. .y:,y'\ had U;d Mackenzie 
to write, 21-3-17; "I think in your ease the behaviour of 
■ome fieoplo has been shabby. ... What I tliin.k odd is that 
Cochrane- sae:n.; to avoid ins: on all occasions when we have 
met ( which have indeed beer:, rare ), so that in passing in 
the same room one would almost think he was blind & bad 
not seen me when f was an t :ie point, of speaking to him". 

Mackenzie bar] h«n snubbed iibout a journey connected 
with his arohasol. eolhis. [475]: "Under the unkind... treat- 
ment I met ;'.-; ov; -^'. ^--:.' ■'.■,■' qiwtrv. I did not Inoe ;o ■:■■■ j : i : .::jit 
myself to a mar', who oould remark on 111; public exertions 
in" the manner ho did, & even to myself told me bluntly 
that my proposals were iv,r -ir-.ii im-.n r.snvenie.n-ce." . 

Ajjain l,o Kiddcil in 1S1*; "Is your profound Chief to 
remain another year ? Or are yo\i preparing y>ur addresses 
of condolence Tor his departure ? _0:>d bless his departure ; 
he can do me nu mure injury. ... You will have such oratory 
and -.nli speeches v/bon the Conquering Heroes return" 3 . 

He writes to Mc.mtford from Dhamra II,, 2S-10-30, on 
his way back to Calcutta, "I left Pooveo on the 15th, and 
bein;: disappointed of any ntner conveyance, [ came down 
here the day before yesterday. I lackey found the Swift, a 
cutter of 4U- tons, wherein I embark this evening. T have 
been terribly hurrkyl for some time, anil regret much that 
1 have not a stay of a month longer at .P'ooree" 4 . 

To Buxton from Calcutta, 25-1-21 ; "I arrived 
here early in Noyeuihor after a (juick pnssagp; and 
in good health, but unfortunately... a fever, and 
its consequences, ... have laid mo up upon my couch 
almost ever since. I make use of another hand 
merely to account for my silence, and to acknow- 
ledge your several letters. ... I return you my best 
thanks for tho drawings you sent me particularly 
that of the caverns. ... I am very thankful for any 
sketches that suit my purpose. ... I. ..enclose you a 
copy of the Canashoomtizi — translated [from] the 
first part of the Khoordah — when I get the rest 
you will Kiivi) tin) transitu.:! on of it. 

"As I dictate this from my couch, you will excuse 
me, as I have omitted sevornl tilings. Have patience 
till I am well" 5 . 

In February he was so poorly that he a-ked permission 
to do his wiiri from a Inuhjiifr/n; on the river; "Shortly after 
my return, hither on the 2nd November from the coast of 
Git tack, '.vlicre 1 iiad i:i some degree recovered my health, ... 
I iias taken, ill here, and. ..I was c:iliiied...to reuiove to Budge 
ISndirc. 1!! miles down this river, tor a cnangc of air, and for 
a temporary respi-.c from close ati.eritioii to the office. ... My 
medical adviser... ii as recommended my sii.11 ini up and down 
tho river for some. time" 6 . ... He asked that "while in the 
vicinity of the river, and during eonva'.esecnce" he should 
he allowed "the rvpcnse of hirinc; coats, budgorows, and 
while thus employed 



or refer to paper?. I have endeavoured to satisfy His 
L:.'rd?hio' : j e.uqjii-'." i.iv dircitiou to others. 

"As I apprehend... 'hat His Eicellep.cy is not aware of 
my present state of health...- -tint since tin; 29th January 
1 have not heen able to.-.gn into the details "1 business -and 
have heen repeatedly urged to %o upon the river by my 
medical adviser— I have again applied for in-luen opinion. ..to 
lay before His Excellency. ... For the last three days 1' could 
not sit up to dictate this, or direct the search of letters and 
papers"*. 

On 4th May, lie vvt'is given forma] pormission "to 
proceed to the Sand Heo.ds" and '"to deliver over 
charge of your triers to Lioutoriurit Colonel T. Wood 
...until further orders" 9 . 

He died on 8th May on his way down the river. 

In original will, sd. ''ml hoard ll.M.'s Frigate lida, on 
coast of Java, 3rd August 1811" [ If. 424 ], Mackenzie left 
one tenth of his property "to my servant Cavelly Venkata 
Lechmya, Bramin, and bis youu:;er brother Ramaswamy, 



1 fo/t.he ■ 



of the . 



* Rawdon Burke [ 312 1 



Lechmya and of h 
464-5]. ... I desire that 
recollecting the valuo 1 1: 
means attempt to lessen 
respect, winch f wish then 
[465]- - 

"'To my faith i 11] serva 
star pa go Lias 1,000. ... 

"j.te.siduo of estate 1,0 my brother Alev.ander31ackcTi7.ic" 1 , 
& my sister Mary Mackenzie i II, 349 ], half to each. 

"Codicil, Calcutta, 18th Feb. 1815. My consequent 
marriage of course dues away part o: ibis will, but I now 
desire that after sett-lint; the sum of 10,000 rupees. ..on my 
dear wife, ...the residue to he disbursed, one half to my 
brother, one fourth to my sister, and one fourth to my wife ; 
after deducting the percentage fcrmeriy allowed to my 

Codicil. Madras. 21st Jan. 1S16. Besides the sum of 
■Id, 000 rupees settled 0:1 my dearly loved wife, ...the fur- 
ther sum of 211.0! ill !■■.! added to in erca.se iie.t :m unity— that my 
brother Alexander Live one half of the rest -...one quarter... 
to my sister Mai.y — that five p..;:- c:",|. be paid to my faithful 
servant l.eehmyah. Bra 111 in. am) til my initive hooks & mss. . . 

"Also twelve thousand rnpecs to mv sister -inJaw, Julia 
kartells, the sister of :ir; wife, in approbation of her good 
co 11 d net and love to her sister". 

A further codicil added in Bengal increased the sum 
settled 011 his wife, withoul stating die liitures. It referred 
to an offer by the Directors t.i purchase the colln. It 
requested the executors not to forget "the pensioners at 
Stormi way. and par tie marly .'ifr. Robinson. Collector"". 

Probate was granted to ids widow on 22-5-21". 

It is recorded that Maeksnvdo paid for the building of 
the Cam lie. at Stonioway .as residence for litis sisier_\Iary 
[I, 349], who became known, as Mary Cam. Cam Ho., 
said to be of stern appearance, is now marked for demolition 
ami replacement 13 . 

In L!!-iS the town conned resolved to erect, a memorial tablet 
and to honour the centenary of his birth by the pubn. of bis 
biography [474]- 

Mackouzio was not hiippy in his work at Calcutta 
[301-5]. At the age of 64 he had lost the resilience 
with which In: nii;ght n lew yonrs onrlier have adapted 
himself to now surroundings and proiiloms. No sick 
man oari do himself justieo. and id .ere is groat; wisdom 
in the prosont-duy mlos, for supi.inutiuiation. 

' DDn 149 ( 146-50 ), 27-3-21). « who had first supported RiddeE's appt. ' Dfin. 136 ( 114 ), 21-3-17 ; ( 161, 362 ), 

17-4 & 16-7-1S. ' ■Mb. (155). MMIil. 151 ( m). 5 aic. 27 1 21. "DDn. 1% (3); 15-2-21; liil (1-1-2 ); 16-2-21. 
"DDn. 1541 125). B I)l")n. 191 i 1611. •" Alexn d.. Uastin-s, 15-0-16; CM. stn Nov I8IB ( i->5 ) : or 25-9 10, S-:o;s Mag. 78 
(879]. njamesUnljiTtsnn; 1755al-i^pi ,. Gollr. r.f C.^piiris. Stornowav. a rei-ciar corr. whose :;.so:., Kva.nder Mn.efver, writes 
of \h.okcjciio in A[?.m;ir* "," -1 !I-Uik!i:i-i. G'.>i<:-;>r>*ii i 19il-2uu ;. Mien. Wills 1S21. z " S^r^u-ij G'sz., 20-8 -& 3-10-1948, for 
which I am i.mlclded to Mr. W. C. Maekemne. 






allov 



1 the cost of his e 










He was cor, 






Uv to calls for maps and iolii. and ivriteii 


privately, li- 


2!, *'I was on the poiur of er'ioari.i.ni; on 


the river on J 


omlay. before this receipt of your note with 


his Lordship's 


request, ...and tln.c unable myself to sit up. 



MACKENZIE 4 

He was a very great man ; ho had a sound know- 
ledge of the fundamental principles of his pro- 
fession, and a strong sense of the contribution that 
surveyors could render to the good administration 

and welfare of the country. He gave heart and soul 
to render this service as effective as possible. He 
was a great organizer, sroincr meticulously into the 
smallest detail, svithout losing grip of main principles 
and objectives. He loved working to "a uniform 
system". It is obvious, however, that; he was hap- 
piest when the stress of administrative duty was 
lightest, when he could devote time r,o ids great hobby, 
the collection and elucidation of historical antiquities, 
some account of which is now given. 

His kindness of heart and warm human sym- 
pathies — as well as his high principles of conduct 
and stern sense of discipline — are evident from the 
extracts that have been given from his voluminous 
correspondence. 

The Mackenzie Collections 

Detailed accounts of Muekcn/.ie's eollns. will be 

Mackenzie Collection of Oriental Manuscripts, by 
H. H. Wilson ; 2 vols. ; Calcutta, 1828 ; 2nd edn., 
re-pub. by Higgin bol.ham & Co., Madras, with bio. 
note, 1882. 

The Mack-vH.zit': Collections by Blag-den. London, 
1816, pubd. as vol. I of Catalogue of MSS. ...at 
India Office. 

Other accounts are given, in Asiatic Journal, March 
1822 ( 242 ) ; Aug. 1823 ( 137 ) ; April 1828 ( 483 ). 

UtW. XXVIII, 1061, 1 ( 147-52 ). 

■VlP-vandur Johnston 1 ; .(Si ] describes hoiv Mackenzie came 
to take up this pursuit. .Befit-:.' he time to India tie had 
been collecting inui. about fiindu knowledge, and he came 
out. with introductions to Tahiifmn's mother who had siniiUr 
interests [ L, 319 ]- "Wishing to hare his assistance in 
arranging tin.' materials wmvh si.(: hud ool ket-ed, she and my 
father .inviicd liim to... '.Madura early in 1 783, and there 
introduced him to all the Brahmins and other literary natives 
who resided at that place. ... Mr. Mackenzie... soon discovered 
that the most vnlunhlc mao-ria's for il history of India might 
be collected, ... and during his residence at Madura first formed 
the plan of makiii-j that collection nhiuli afterwards became 
...his pursuit for 3S years :>f his life, arid which is now the 
most... valuable ^i'[f..i:l ii'.i \>i h is I o ileal dou mucins relative to 
Imlia Hint ever made by miv individual". 

In a letter written i :> Johnston. Madras. [■ :l-\~,, Mackenzie 
says that "it was only nfier my return from the expedition 
to Ceylon in 17<KJ f I, 117 ] i.iial, ;>.eeidenL... threw in toy way 
those" means that I have since unceasingly pursued, ...of 
penetrating beyond the common surface uf the antiquities, 
the history and the instil. .it ion.s of the .So'ith of India. The 
connection then formed vr.lh I Kavali Venkata Bot'iah. li. 
338-4 ]...a Bramin, was the first step. ... Devoid of any 
knowledge of the languages myself, I owe to the happy 
genius of this iud.i'. id'.Hi...tiie means of obtaining what 1 so 
loll!! sought. ... On the roduc.i :'.. >u of Bering;. piU,i,;t! in 1790 not 
one of our people could translate fvom the Oaiiarese alone. 
At present we hare these trnn.s lathi us made, not only from 
the modern characters, but the more obscure and obsolete. ... 
From the moment the tale. its of the lamented Boria were 



) BIOGRAPHICAL 

applied, a new avenue to Hindi h: in -,v ledge was opened, and, 
though I was deprived of him at an enriy agfr, his example 
and instructions wore... bap ally i'ol kneed up a . 

In 1797 the Directors had called on all Presidencies 
to collect matennl for compilation of " a general 
history of the British affairs in the East Indies. " 
Govt, servants should " be instructed to transmit... 
such information on. the Chronology, Geography, 
Government, Laws, ... tho Arts, Manufactures, and 
Sciences, ... as they may. ..be able to collect ". 

Six years later they complained that ' ' no informa- 
tion whatever" had been received from Madras, and. 
pressed that "the most offoet.ua I mens ores may be 
taken" [II, in], and tho Madras Govt., 7-1-04, 
called on Mackenzie to assist 3 . The Directors so 
appreciated his contributions that they endorsed 
the orders exempting "from paymout of postage 
all letters and niud.-cps deviate bed or received by 
Major Mackenzie on the History and Antiquities of 
India" 4 . On the other hand, Mackenzie constantly 
reiterates tliat "all the purchases have been entirely 
at my private expence". 

His researches, stimulated by his long connection with 
Mysore, were warmly appreciated. Mark Wilks* writes 
t-3-07 ; "Everything. ..most interesting. ..in general history 
may be traced.. .by the laborious process to whioll Major 
Mackenzie has demoted bis leisure, which be has been able 
to snateh from... active and distinguished public service. ... 
Digesting the results may fairly be considered a national 
object. ... The facility whidi Miijor Mackeu/.ie has acquirod 
in directing... a large (■•it.nblishment, ... and in .seizing at once 
what is useful in the materials which they collect, is the 
result of long experience. The path is untrodden, and it 
baa. ..too many discouragements: to he trndh.m by another. 
The object will he accomplished l>\ him, or it will probably 
never be accompli shed 8 ". 

■ This was endorsed by Itruthiek. who writes ; "His aidor, 
perseverance, and contempt of nil climate and danger in the 
pursuit of this object have been quit.; extraordinary. So 
man that ever was; in India has had the same opportunity, 
has incurred the smile cxpeucc, or devoted the same time to 
there investigations. If it is possible.. .to clear away the 
Impenetrable darkness nii.b >»1 iioii this Indian system, its 
origin, and its progress, has been involved, the efforts of 
Major Mackenzie promise the fairest hopes of success"'. 

By his own account Mackenzie had by this time 
expondedmany thousand* of pagodas on these conns., 
and to compensate him and give further opportunity 
for reasearch, he was given the sinecure appt. of 
Bkmr., Mysore [ II, 423 ; III, 474 ]. The Directors 
further awarded him 9,1)00 p«., admitting "that his 
merits have not been merely confined to the duties of 
a geographical surveyor. ... Lieut. Colonel Mackenzie 
should himself <J igost.-.tho materials in; has collected ; 
and we hope the office which you have conferred on 
him in Mysore will afford him leisure f« r this work. 
After ho bos accomplished it, tho original materials 
are to be transmitted to us, to bo deposited in our 
Oriental Museum. 

"In the meantime, wo wish to indemnify him for 
the disbursements 1 ho has made in procuring this 
collection, ... trusting that if will not amount to any 
largo sum, and wo desire that ho will state to us 



1( 1775-IviiO :; Son of .Samuel and Hester John si. on ; lta-r. ; 0.1. Cevloa ISuh-pl : 110. Reports, ISS1- 2. ■ 
'JM-.&., 1-, o.s. iS3l i.i33) ; Wi-smi, It. ft., f ( ii-iii ). 'CD. to M. i>-5 -1797 ( 7:3 1 & 0-7-03 (3-1). *DDn. 
CD it, \1. 23-1J -05 ; Ml'!.:. ] 7 : ; :j,;i ; i)Du. ii-i [ 145-6 ). J ( 17ii0 ? -1331 ) .'dad. Inf. ; UXH. Hltrrr. ilys^re, off;. Re;, 
323;'lS07(Ii59-6 1)13-3-07. ; Govr.'s minute of 8-3-07. 



ol.I 



( 25-1 ). 
J-1-U4 ; 
S MPC. 



an account of it ; which, from, his character we are 

p«rs:ii-ult?i.] will be corroetly done" 1 . 

The colln. was by no means confined to mss. and 
copies of inscriptions, and in 1 -Su-S Mnckendc roporlcda Jain 

statue "of which I considered 'he p recurvation might bs 
desirable, as illustrative of the I'elr.ihon & literature of n 
remarkable Keel... hitherto little noticed by Europeans. ... 
i ha vp... shipped it, by an order of the Hoard of Trade, on 
hoard the lion. Company's Ship the Phtenis, carefully 
packed up in a- box ; ... such specimens of i.iie arts are rarely 
met in India uniinifiiat.ed or de'aeed, .1 this subject is in 
no erect preservation " a . 

Whilst his collrs. and interpreters [ II, 356 ; III, 
391 ] continued work in S. India, he himself ex- 
tended colln. in Java between 1.811 and 1813, and in 
the Upper Provs. of Bengal during 1814. Though his 
official <Tava est. had To be eloped down from 1-5-15, 
he still maintained "a Dutch Translator and Native 
of Java" at Govt, cost 3 [II, 437; III, 391]. 

He "regretted thrvt several of his best '.rorimrs were unwilling 
In accompany him to tk-ngul in 181 7. Some wcie found 
work in Madras, and other* marched ijy the coast routo 
under oh. of Lakshruniah, who, since JJoriah's death in I SOS, 
had been his hd. inept.; "Letolmiid.lt has been desired to 
prosecute: during his journey t.iie va rious historical resoiirclj.es 
of which he has so long had Hi;.- chief management, and. ..I 
trust it may be '.teemed proper to allow Eiim, after he 
passes Masulipatata, a small guard of sepoys for the 
protection of those valuable nrlic.los" 1 [311 ]. 

iUaekenzic was greatly ['.limed at their arrival, and 
writes to Riddell, 8 5-18; "Leeehmyah arrived... with aE his 
people safe &. veil, tho' some of" the 111 had uoer, baogerousiv 
ill. I am exceedingly obliged to id! my friends on the Madras 
& Bengal Establishment, ... as t.iiey have, in consequence of" 
the passport- you gave t.hcm, ... b-scn minded elong sate from 
one J iidae A- Majrh-laait-e 10 ucli t.ithc.r & supplied with cash. 
... The poor man has done his duty, as ] ever expected, ft 
excited, some very handsome compliments from some of the 
gentlemen to whom I was a stranger" 5 [465 ]. 

His collectors even traielied so far as Pooua, and he 
writes to Elpuiustoue from Calcutta, 7-9-18; "My whole 
establishment.. .has been ahtioei cms corned by my removal 
here. I had some of them doivn t.u I'oouah and Ahmed- 
nugger in 1K06-7 & 8, whence I derived a body of vary 
interesting information. ... ( recalled thorn as I found the 
espouse beyond my limits, and I had thoughts in 1810 
of going to Europe. In H SI 5 I was induced to send some of 
these "explorations" again into the IS'izaiu's country, and 
the billy country bordering on our C'iroiirs. whence I have 
obtained a very curious body of materials on the ancient 
history of the Oauareso. iMaraun, and WoronsroJe empires, 
supported by.Mss. and inscriptions. [ withdrew thcin nimha 
last, year, i:\c-opc uim who is ;,f;ll iiuji Culbarga. ... 

"When your leisure permits, f have much to solicit on the 
early history of the Mra.shi.ra- nation and its Mti tribes— of 
the Arab Colony, and singular Cove run tout that existed 
formerly near Poor. ah- ■ of the caverns and sculptured exca- 
vations in different Parts of the '.vc.-i.era country, some near 
Vengtirla, some towards Guierat"". 

He writes to a friend in Samba-lpm, 20-3- IS & 2fj-3-li) ; 
"I am desirous of getting... an account of the languages & 
customs of the several hill tribes that live in these wild 
tracts. They seem to me to be the remains 01 the original 
indigenous race from Cape Comorin to the Gnnges ,'i ma 
further, A comparison of their several languages &e., would 
best explain this. ... A vocabulary of the languages would 
be curious & useful"'. 



1 MACKENZIE 

In Sept. 1830, whilst at Pun visited the Buddhist ruins at 
B.-iobanescr anil Udayagiri with the Conr.. having facsimiles 
of in so- rip lions ami slouches made by Buxton's appces. 
[478 I s - 

VVfoic to Moimlford, 23 2 -19, t.-ium tine; him for drawings 
from Guutur; and asking for "some account... .of the anti- 
quities at Amrisweriiiu. or such others as you might have 
observed. ... I have, heeii collecting information from all 
sides. Do not let yo.ir modesty or timidity stand in your 
way. Your communications to me will be received with 
any decree of reserve you wish, t.ho' I would rather reeom- 
mrmd y OU ahould ma he them a pact of you.' memoirs [ -[38 |, 
It '.wis a pity the whole of these, vestiges of antiquity were 
removed from Amriswcram to a situation where, in all pro- 
hability, they v.ili ho lost. T wish I had taken... advice.. .in 
1817.. .to apply for the protection of Government to save 
them from destruction. lint i. bid no suspicion then that 
they would he transported bodily"*. 

Again to Mountford 27-9-20 ; "I shall be glad to hear of 

the progress of your Literal it lu.sti-.ution" 10 [ 3Q2 ]. I have 

been rather disappointed in not getting any return to the 

s memoranda I eiicsihito:: about iritiqiiilios. 



eularlj 






r the Presidency. ... From Guzerat, Malwa, Bilsa, the 
Ivcrbudda, and Java, 1 continue to receive very sa tis factor v 
drawing's and memoranda of what I [jointed out. From 
the Coast, excepting your own sketch from Guntoor, 1 have 
got nothing hcvond v.lu.f the maps of the surveys give. 

"I was rather df-.a.poom tod fnsva Mr. E— , to whom I 
gave every information on these subjects, and.. .the ancient 
characters, and sent my old fain with turn to Mj/.'okipoorn.m 
[475 n.r ] to assist his attempt' to dec.ypher. His cousin, Mr. 
1! - oi" Malabar, iti place of assisting my enquiries, converted 
my hints to hi' own purpose, and oven oouuiuuitcated to the 
Editor of the Calcutta- Journal what I could have given. ... 
Now, it is not usual among litera-y men to enoroi.ch 011 what 
is already traced out hv others; it n rather usual to assist 
each other. This was tic method that poor Ellis and I 
followed for years 11 . ... 

"X am only afraid that yourie.-dltulious are too numerous 
for Madras and that, ho wove:- ardent tit first, a.m.l ready as 
to pecuniary supplies, you cannot be supported in other 
respects without a new generation of ardent spirits are 
reared" 12 . 

In Dec. 1815 lie wan elioored by a visit from his old 
friend Alexander Johnston [ I, 349 n. 5 ; IH,48on.i], 
who told the Houst; of Commons lo yours later that, 
"being mysolf about to return to England from 
Ceylon, I wont to Madras T-o tt.iko loava of him 
previous to my -departure [475]. ... He, in con- 
sequence of.. .lira belief that we should not meet 
i letter to me giving me a detailed 
" all his literary labours in India, and 
requested mo, in miso of bis death, to publish it. 

"On my arrive;! iti i'lrigbind, 1 oxrilniued to Mr, 
Grant ' , the fomnoc Chnimum of t.ho Court of Direc- 
tors, the great- ndvaniaqo it would secure for oriental 
history and literature were Colonel Mackenzie to he 
allowed... to oome to England upon leave, in order 
that he might... art an go this valuable collection. ... 
Mr. Grant... agreed... to give the Colonel leave. ..on 
his full pay and allowances for throe yuars. No steps 
were however taken. ,.bocauso...^>f thy Colonel's doath 
in Bengal" 1 *. 

1 CD to M. 9-3-10 i S-6 }; MPC. 13-7-10. s DDn. 43 f 262 ), 21-10-08. a MMC. 26-7-17. 'from Eiddcll 5-8-17 ; "MPC. 
7-10-17. ' DDn. 15R ( 344 ). "DDn. 154 ( 7-10 ). ' DDn. lot! ( 111, 152 ). B Udavae. ! ri. one of 4 low hills about 25 m. XE. 
of Cu! tack, and 5 1:1. W. of Bhiuldhisi ruins of Bh >hanescr, .Id' our [ i.iori " : -ririin- ( 151 j ; Im.v Gas. XXIV I 109 1. "DDn. 149 
(48). "The Madras Liter;; :v Son. ; still in evisteuce. with uiost iul-cresT.iii- lib. o'ola bonks. I; I'eancis Vvnvte iiilis ( 1777- 
1819 ) Collr., I.Ia.dro-s, 1S10 ; Tamil ,'.-. Sanskrit scholar; d. itamnad, lb a -Id, at'cd 10: DNB. ; DIB. la DDn. 1413 < M'.i-o0 1. 
"Cliaa. Grant ( 1746-1823 ]; Chmn. CD., EiC, from 1305; DXB. "UG. ileports; cf. Sandes, II ( 2S5 ); Mackenzie ( 194-5), 



MACKENZIE 4i 

Mackenzie hail himself ventured to write direct to Grant 
from Madras, 7-7-l:">. drawing hi-; attention to his researches 
and. collns. Ho had 'list returned iL.flcr 4 year? absence and 
bad sensed the Madras. Gui : .'s Inok ufsvoipathy [ 478-9 ] ; "On 
my arrival here, I iia-ve found such an entire change <:■:" men 
in office, that f feel myself precluded from the. same frank 
communication tiiat iv.is formerly received with complaisance 
at least"'. 

After Mackenzie'.-, death Hodgson was left with the staff 
of translator;; ami writers employed on the eolln., and an 
immense store of speriinen- and papers which hud really 
iiot-hiiu; to do with the dull.:!, of SCI. At hia suggestion (.lovl. 
first ordered that- these persons ; " should. ..complete the- cata- 
logue and analysis of l.bc various Manuscripts, Inscriptions, 
and Grants, collected by Coloiud Mackerw.ie in the Deocan, ... 
in which they are.. .at present engaged. ... [They] can 
conveniently remr-.in in the anr.rtm-nts at prosent allotted 
to thorn until tuoir work be completed. ... llis Lordship in 
Go line il... relieve you from any further charge of them. It 
will be necessary... to ai.Tord the services of your Register. 
who has been en'.pli .ycd in 1 in- preparation of the oat a toques 
anil translations, to assist... when In-: can be spared. ... You 
will also continue t-o draw.. .the salaries. ..distinct from that 
of the Surveyor General's Office 3 . 

By Oct. 1821, [Iodiisoritoun.il (.'hat the work was 
progressing so slowly, without any real supervision, 
that he obtained authority discharge the staff and 
hand over the material tn Dr. Horace Wilson [ 312, 
391-2 ]. 

Eaivdon Burke, the Registrar | 31 •, .1713 |, knew little 
about them ; "All articles considered by j Mackenzie ] to be 
his private property wore looked up when ho left Calcutta 
to BO on the river. ... with directions to inn not to allow 



'Aftet 


his 


death 


bis friends 


and 


Age 


Qts call 


d at 




ad a 


aled 


















perty. A f 




aapa 








e pr 


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indued son 


-A ur.t.M. the 


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Mackenzie 


att 


nded 







2 BIOGRAPHICAL 

pub. by Govt, in 2 vols., Calcutta, 1S2S S . Abstracts 
of his reports are pub. in JASB. VIII, 1838 
( 400-1*. 469-521 ). 

Of this colli), everything tippiirtainnip; to S. India 
was moved to Madras Coll. Library, 1828. In letter, 
9_3_30, Lakshmaiah asked Madras Govt, to tr. it to 
Mad. Lit. 80c, where he did some work on it, but 
funds for further I'd. research wore not granted [ 465 ]. 
On his initiative, and with the recdn. of ASB., 
the Rev. Wm. Taylor, a misBwrnary working in 
Madras, and "an able and zealous expositor", was 
invited to make a digest of the mss., which appear- 
ed in the Madras Journal of Literature and Science, 
and was reproduced in JASB. of 1838" [ 507 ]. 

Later again Taylor prepared a Catalogue Raison- 
n&e of Oriental Manuscripts in the, Madras College, 
whioh included mss. collected by John Ley don 
[II, 416], and was pub., Madras, 3 vols. 1857-62. 

The eolln. was re-tr. to the Govt. Oriental mss. 
Lib., and is now housed, about 8000 vols., in Con- 
nemara Lib. Madras. 

The remainder of this main colln., is held at 10. 
[oao], London, and has been described by Capt. 
Harkness, See. of the KAsSoc, and later by Blagden 
[480]. 

Mackenzie clr.imeil that he had spout at least £15,000 or a. 
lakh of rupees of his private money 00 these collns., towards 
which the Director-' bad paid him a. gratuity of 9.000 ps., or 
about £1,500 in 1810. and another Its. liUKM) in 1821. His 
Agents, -Alessrs. Palmer & Co., now "Attornies to the 
Executrix", claimed on behalf of the estate a further sum of 
one lakh of rupees tor the Main Collection, and submitted 
"an abstract account of the espcucc incurred by the late 
Colonel Jlackeojie, ... supported by twenty-nix del ailed state- 
ments exhibiting a total of sicca rupees 61,452-6-li. ... 
They had not introduced any item tba I did not appear as 
an act mil disbursement in foliwl Mackenzie's.. .memoranda, 
which, however, ... were in considerable confusion. ... There 
could be no doubt tbat th i_ 1 I In 1 1 ' it lted fell very 
short of [In? s'.'tmil -mi" whieii lr-ol been expended. ... 

'"Messrs. Palmer & Co. further remarked that to severe 
indisposition during the latt.c:' part of Colonel Mackenzie's 
life, arid much time occupies in aol.ua: service — added to the 
total disregard of bis private pecuniary concerns whioh 
was a leading feature of hi= chira :.:ier — was to be attributed 
a remissness' by which his fortune had already been injured, 
and his estate. .would siiifer considerably. ... 

"With regard to the coins, drawings, images, minerals, 
&c, ... the account.. .was so seiiiit.y .mil nioagn; thiii, scarcely 
one twentieth part of i.iie sums expended upon them were 
noted down. As tins branch of the collections. ..was distinct 
from the lino in which encoui-ageinent had been held out.. .in. 
vour Honourable Court's Letter... da-ted the llt.h Fehmnrv 
1S10[II, 42111.6, 424 n-i ; III, 480 ;, Messrs. Palmer & Co. 
communicated the wish of the I'lxeeutrix to leave it to 
the pleasure of Government to a.oeept or reject". 

Wilson himself " entertained 00 doubt.. .that they had 
cost fully a lack of rupees; but. bow far they might, tie 
worth that sum was a question on which Sir. Wilson 
declined to ofFer any opinion, observing that the value 
of the articles...do] ien.de; i a it-.Krether on individual pre- 
possessions". 

The Bengal Govt, was satisuerl, and paid 1,00,000 rupees 
to Palmer & Co. : 'oii their engaging to refund the whole or 
any part of it in the eve in. of the Honourable Court declining 



"I believe it was the. intention c . I. i.iie I ale Co Ion el Muckeozio 
to illustrate his historical colieer. ions with maps and plans, 
but I am not aware that he had... commenced upon 

Blagden divides the eolln. into three sections 1 ; 

1S22 collection; being booi.-s collected at Govt, 
expanse, ami cons id ores 1 public property ; tr. to 
Govt, by Mackenzie's Aaent-s, Palmer & Co., 
Calcutta, under letter of 10-8-21. Sent to England 
at once, and reached India Ho. 27-4-22. 

Private. C:rf',e.'.:t iait ; uffi.ni.si to Govt, by Mrs. Mac- 
kenzie in Calcutta. ; after examination by a com., 
160 vola. out of 212 purchased for Rs. 2300, sent to 
London, and placed in etc. lib., 1823. 

Both these dead almost- entirely with Java and NEI. 

Main Collection, ; examined by Dr. Wilson in 
Calcutta, and covered by his descriptive Catalogue, 

1 Letter preserved in Town Hall, Stornoway. «BGC. 23-6-21; DDn. 191 (217). 3 DDn. 198 ( 84-6 ), 29-5-22. 

'Blacden ( vii ). s Wilson, H.H. [IT, sxviii]. s MPC. 18-10-30 ( 23-i t, lS-i-37 ( -tl-2 ) 8 -11-37 ( 14 -n ) [JASB.V, 1835 ( 511-3 

VII, 1838, 105-31 : 173-!!2; 37 2 -tll-1 1 Jlad/j l.fn com am*, papers hv Taylor, 0. IV ( IS!), 140); VI ( 17, 112 ) ; VIII ( 1 ) ; IX 
( 1 ) ; X ( 1, 38S } ; XI ( 86 ) ; XV ( 173 ] ; XVI ( 33, 55, 102 ) ; Series 2. VI ( (17, 94 ], and a Report on. the Elliot Marbles. 



NOTES 



to confirm this arrangement"'. They despatched the- colln., 
part to .Vfadras, bind part to London. 

"The Directors were indignant, hut fait they could not 
repudiate the trans an Hon ; "The. step...wliieh the Government 
".' imprudently umii of forwarding v. part of the collections 
to this can airy... loft ni scarcely any otinor alternative but 
that of confirming the purchase. ... Wo strongly disapprove 
of the... disbursing . i( > large a Mini for such a purpose without 
our previous sanction. ... 

"The only part of Colonel Mackenzie's researches for... 
which ;xriy prospect of i at Jo.- radii cation had been held out by 
us during Ids life was the Jtn.tisi.ifii I and historical part. ... 
But wo entertain strong dun hi* whether the whole mass ja 
worth the large sum of a lao of rupees, in addition to the 
twoh o thousand rupees advanced to Coloe.ei Mackenzie, and 
the considerable sums which have been expended ainco the 
purchase. ... 

"It appears from 3 private letter addressed... to our 
Librarian... that tin- opinion '.vhich Mr. Wilson at first enter- 
lowered on a more minute ciaiihi'.atiou of them. And the 
character of that portion which has been received in this 
country does not lea.;: us to i'omi any very favourable opinion 
of the value of the remainder" 3 . 

Whu.t-ovor m;iy inive beon the- actual cost of colloc- 
tion, or the market value, at the time, Mackenzie has 
preserved for count loss students of history an im- 
mense mass of iulortjitinu, ;l!il! valuably material, 
which otherwise would ■-"' u r;> I y have perished. It is 
doubtful, however, whether his enthusiasm for 
collecting was tern pored with sufficient discrimina- 
tion, or whether lie could Lave d.ealt with very much 
of it even had he lived l,o examined il mere thorough- 
ly himself. Miukliarn records that it contained 
"3, QUO. ..tenures inscribed on stone or copper— 8,076 
inscriptions— 2,630 drawings — 78 plans— 6,218 coins 
—and 106 images". 

It was to enquire into the best way of utilizing 
these collns.. mid t>u.?sibly extending them, that Sir 
Alex. Johnston was examined before a Coram, of 
the House of Commons in 1331 [481]. He urged 
that research should be extended through the agency 
of the KAsSoc. 3 ; "The Colonel, had he survived, 
intended to have added to Ins collection a groat 
mass: of materials connected with the history of 
India, which are still to be found in different parts 
of the country, but whieb. ii'niousuros tie not speedi- 
ly adopted to collect end prose rvc them, will bo 
altogether destroyed". 

Now in 1962, the Govt, of Madras, under the aus- 
pices of the India Hist.orieal Tioseaveh Comn., has 
opened a special section to repair the Mackenzie 



MSB. and +■■ 



ro-film those that a 



1 repair. 



The Madras University also is preparing a summary 
of the jiss. in the four S. India languages, Tamil, 
Telegu, ivaimada, and Malayalam*. 

Appealing to a dKforent interest altogether are the Mack. 
MSS. at 10 Lib. in vols. widen contain interesting; matter 
suchasoorr. hooka of the CU.'s M fir about, fifty voar^, 

which have been freely quoted in vols. I & II of these 
Records*. 



paper found in 17S < in (he l.'ay master 



Ac-cr.itut of the Jiaiij. '' roll (■■:: ted [ro'ri a T'ri est... at Mudiieri ". 
and tr. by Kavali lio.iaa, and Description of n Jain Temple 
near CalyanifVeh. 17S7. pub. As.!!.. IV, I s07 ( i>. 44, 272 ). 

He also contributed to Dairy mple's Orkn-'d Repertory 
[I, xix ] and other periodicals. Perhaps the most interest- 
ing of all was a paper submitted at a meeting of ASB., 
5^-lS" just after his re! urn to Madras, entitled;" "View of 
the principal Political Events [.hit oncurrei in the Caruatic, 
from the dissolution of the a mien t Hindu Government in 
1S84, till th 11 1)1 

oil tiic conquest of the- eaphals of Betjauiior and Goleonda. 
Compiled from various Authentic Memjirs and Original 
russ., celieoted within the last ten years". This had been 
translated from a Marat.ha ijjs, by Boriah, and closely 
edited by Mackenzie. His explanatory footnotes indicate 
the wide extent of his ern(ii',.io:i, au;l the manner in which, 
he might have dealt .vith otiier parts of his collns., had 
he the leisure. The follow iuir are amongst his personal 

"ArmiKam is situated near Durujanatam 011 the Coast, 
BO m. north of M.iiIims. I hail an mp:>:aenii v ofse.-i'i" those 
remains in ntlo". 

"'travelling bv accident hv Me sail vans a, not far from 
Ciiinmaniett,, in the eii^.a.-.n's Dominions, in ITU7, a part of 
the country overrun wit;.! junkie, ■ind shew-in:? evident Festiges 
ol better times, I aciudently me!, with a Dntch tombstone, 
which led to the discovery ot the riches of their factory." 

"The renin ins of I'eei.inuunrur Mere minuteiv examined 
in Deeeinhov 1S00" [11, 153]. 

MACLEOD, John [ II, 428 }. Bo. Engrs. 

bapt. 8-7-1794. d. Bushire, 20-9-23 ; 
mi. at Armenian ch. 
Ens. 25-10-11 ; Lieut. 26-1-19. 

earn of Rev. Roderick Ma-dead, di>.. i'raicipal of King's 
Coll., Aberdeen, and Isabella Cliriatic his wife. 

1813-5, dniti. and survr. on tot. svy., Bombay and 
Salsetie Is. [ II, 187 ]. 

jso GO. 4-4-16, to join Johnson on svy. of passes into 
Deccan; continues! n.\-y. tiJI 21 S~Hi ; then" Asst. to Comnr. 
in Deccan [ 83, 122, 464. ]. 

MALCOLM, John. Mad. Inf. 

b. 2-5-1709. d. of paralysis, 30-5-33. 
Ena. 24-10-1781 ... M Gen. 12-8-19. 
Govt. Bombay, 182S-30 [ [33 f. 

m., 4-6-07 Isabella Charlotte, t!nd dan. of Sir Alex. 
Campbell ( ITSU-ISIM ), C-:n-C. Madrid 5 821—4 ; si : e d., Bath, 
^fi-fi-67 ; her rounder sister ;n. John Maciknald [ II, 418 ]. 

KCli. JS15'; GCii.; KI.S. |44)!].i?] anth of Political 
IJ 'isior'j of Ir.J'.n, 1S11: !h-»--n u." the Pr.-.-vivc*. of Idaho-i, IS21, 
pub. lSSTj HiHom of Persia-, J vol*, with map, 1B10 ; 
AdminUwivii of iii'Li-i. I.s33 : Lif'i ,,f Vlivc, 1838. 

DNB.; DIB.; Kf.MO. .1 : Geo Mr.,-:. I. 1K71 (301 ) ; Kaye ; 
Portrait by Geo. Ihivter, Ihl.i, Foster ( 74 ), VM. Elht. ( 1126, 
1244 ) ; statue, Westminister Abbey. 

Wot a survr., but had keen appreciation of svys. 
and maps ; initinted svys. of GujnrHt & Persia, and 
maps of Persia and Malwa. 

1782, arrd. India; 1798, Persian Intrpr. with force that 
disbanded t'rer.cb corps at Kyderabad | 1, 117, 175]. 

1799-1801, in ch. 1st mission to Persia, taking 
Webbe and Pope as survre. [I, 286, 375 ; II, 173; III, 
vii]— 1803-6, Maratha War, onpol. duty with Grand 
Army— 1808-0, abortive mission to Persia — ornp. 
Mad. survrs. constructing map of Persia at Bombay 
[ II, i3 r > *74 i m, 337 J— syinpabhiaed with officers 
in Mad. mutiny [ II, 174, 313-4 ; III, 331 ], 



Mil 



'Tamil Section pub. 



MALLOCK 4 

1 S09-10— initiated Williams' svy. of Gujarat [ II, 
170-3 ] ; sent sutvts. to Baluchistan, Persia and 
Baghdad, and himself lod successful mission to Persia 
f II, 174-5 ] — on return retained Weblid for construc- 
tion of map of Persia [ II, 176 ]■ 

1817-8, MaratniL War : 1st Aug.. 1817, left Hyclorfibn.-:S nil 
horseback and -riding horses 01 Macattci escort -fiifl 104 m, 
the Last 3davs -04 in tin.' List S hours to joio ElphinsfonD at 
Poona' [427 47"}, -175]- -Besides leading operations witli 
rank of Brig. Gen., held poL ch. of Malwa to 1820, empg. 

267, 382-3, 436. 441 I- Report i»i...l/:jta (463-80), his 

instns. to' apsis, prescribed utmost consideration towards 



MALLOCK, Samuel. Ben. Engrs. 

b. 1-11-06. d. una, 24-12-33 3 , at sea, 
on voyage home. 

Ens. 18-12-23 : Lieut. 2S-2-25 ; furl, on mo. 24-10-33. 

Son of Eev. Rvw:? .Mullock, of Coekingion Court, Devon, 
and Mary his wife, dan. of Dr. John Mudge, Z>A'5., and 
sister of Adm. Za':haiy Hudge ( 1770 1852), JWB-, EN. 

Ilodson, Til (216). 

And. India 7-5-25; ego. U 6-2.-, to officiate as Adijt. 
of Ji.iTs. I't. Wm. ; IS -11 -26, appd. Survr. lo Sundarban? 
Comnrs. [ 7, 141 ] ; Oct. 1-S27, nppd. E*. Kr.gr. pwo. Purnea. 

Sew. Re ? r- 94 ( 257 |, svy. of Dum Dum oant. Aug. 1S33. 

MANSON, James. Ben. Inf. 

b. 16-7-1791. d. 15-7-62. 

Ens. 14-9-08 ... Lt.-Col. 24-4-47 ; 
furl, on inc. 21 2-52 ; M Gen. lo-5--39. 

Son of Thonijs Hanson ami Susan Black his wife; Ms 
s.!strr f'r) Mary m. James Herbert [457], and Ins dan. 
Charlotte m. Geo. Logan of GTS. 

m., before 1820, Henrietta— 

Hodson, IH ( 221-2 ). 

BOO. 21-2-17. to supd. building of Circuit Ho. etc., at 
Mirzapur; ill. 28-12-18, furl, to Europe, on mo. 

Ik, 3-7-23, appd. asst. to Herbert on geol. svy. of 
Himalaya Mts. [268]. 

J ASH. XI. 1842 ( 1I.V7 S:» i -ives M».!ison\ journal, bo:.,!.-- 
Oet. 1827, of a " visit to Melor: n.tv: the Oonta. Dhooi-n Pass" 
in bw. Koma-usi. need, bv Herbert and 2 other officers 
[269]. At halt 0:1 25th S"pt.. Mauson had "alessonfrom 
Herbert in the use of the theodolite". This journal was 
ed. by Batten, who comments; "The writers and editors 
ol" such papers, iiio' they may lay no claim to scientific 
oua.lifica.iions i so i.ii flic nit lo acquire in Inoia ) are r.evorilio- 
l,-.-~ rmincrim'-.-the i'liporiao! scr^e ivwering". 

On close of svv. in f28 appd. acting comdt, of Kumaun 
Local Batt.; 1831 -51, Coiimr. with Bad Eao, ex-Peshwa, at 
.liithilr, 10 m. N. of Cawnpore. 

MAT(t)HEW(s), Paulet. Rev. Survr., imcov. 
b. 1807/8. d., Jamalpnr, 16-7-32 3 ; mi. 

Son of P. Mi.t(l)licw(s). indigo r ,!.-L!i-L:-, Ohi.ibrnh. 

an, St. John's Cal.h.. Calcutta, i- 3-24. Miss Anne Verboon. 

I'M' 1 -24. reported bv Fisher as employed in Pol. i'lept. 
exploring towards Manipur ; "50 men from Rajah Gumbeer 
SinVs Infantry, direct;:: to escort Mr. Mi.fbews. on (he route 
to Munnipore. reached l!uska'iJ?e 0:1 2nd. Inst., and proceeded 
with that gentler-, an to. ..near Luck], pore, proceeding forward 
on 0th inst." Again, 19-12-24, Mathews -returned this after- 
noon having penetrated to within 3 days journey of Munni- 
.,..,...' „,.,| :, .. ,1. ■ ■- 1 i 1 . ,'i n .. -f had returned "'with memo- 
randa 'and observations. His route appears, to he impractic- 
able for troops"*. 

1 Kaye, II ( 157, 166 ). 'Conolly gives 20-12-33. 

( 141, 155 I ; cf. Govt. Gaz., 24-1-25, letter from Dacca. b BeJ 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



1825, on svv. under David Scott. aoo. ; survd. Dhansiri R. 

■ [ 53-4 ] ; Go"'- '•' ;, - ; - 2-0-25, letter from Eangpur, 19-4-25, 

tells of escort of 1 no. and 30 men with "Mr. Matthews, 

a surveyor in JLr. S,::.ll:':, I ^-part-men I , to explore the road 11 , 

five days journey Rangpur to "Bor Haut". 

1827-8, on rev. svy. in lower Assam under Beding- 
field, holding eh. from latter's death in 1829 [146, 
390, 423, 501 ] till his own, having "arrived at Jamaul- 
pore on the previous day ii 



MATIIIAS, Vincent. Mad. Inf. 
b. 18-4-1793. d. 12-1-67. 

Ens. 24-8-11 ... Lt.-Col. 23-12-38 ; ret. 23-6-41 ; 

Hon. Col. 28-11-54. 

Son of Jamos Mulhins. of Sianhoc, Norfolk. 

m., 1st., Llambeblig. Wales, 9-10-32, Elizabeth, dau. of 

Riehd. Poole, surg. of Bangor; she d, 30-12-37, on voyage 

m., 2nd., Cuttack, 9-7-39, Mary Anne Louise, dau. of 
J. Spencer. 

Ens. ff. Eefrt... N'orfolk Militia, 27-5-09. 

July 1815, Mill., cits [II, 321]. 

IS10-20. as aij-mo., on svy. under Malcolm m Malwa; 
mkio. 187 ( 36 ), svy. of Mho-w cant., and surroundings ; 
28-3-20, "left Mundleysir in an open boat.. .down part of 
the Kerbudda as la r as Broach, to ascertain the practicability... 
ot navigating It" [,84, 123 ]. 

MAY, John Stuart. Civ. Survr., uncov. 
Dmn. SGO. Calcutta, 1-1-19; EOT 

Juno 1820 ; Sup'.:;., \adia Jlicftrs. 182,'i ; rcsd. Aug. II 

DDn. 154(45), 19-12-18, SG. writes to MM. Sec., Col. Jas. 
Young, who had introduced May ; "Ho sectr.s to be the reai 
stuff from wbieb up mii;ht. make a [;oijd surveyor ; be ia not 
immediately up to geographical survey in all its branches, 
but with his fund of .-icinent.arv knowledge, his practice of 
land surveying & mode of drawing, I have no objection to 
take him in tow on such terms as I have mentioned to 
him" [ 312 ]. Again, 9-8-19 ; "In reply to your note about 
Mr. May. He is a deserving young man. & you need not 
be utieasv for him with me ; at the same time that I approve 
higblr of your &■ Ids friends endeavouring to get him intro- 
duced into the service as a cadet". 

1820, read., and appd., -Juno, to maintenance of 
Matabhanga R. [ 15, 313 ] ; from 1825, Supdt. of Nadin. 
Rivers, "with a view to keoping them open fornaviga- 
tion" [ 16 ]- Amongst his many maps was one "of 
tho Nuddea. Rivers with Ganges from Fuiruckabad 
to Gwalparah, & H.ooghly from Sook Saugor to 
Nuddea 9 ". 

1831-2, survd. Ii.ajtr.ab. id Hills to investigate catchment 
areiLS affecting floods vatised by unusual lica^T rains'. 

I^39_40, on sick leave during cold iveatiier and rcsd. on 
acct. ill- health. 

MBLVILL, Peter Melvill. Bo. Inf. 
b. 2-7-03. d. 4-11-95. 

Lieut. 22-11-19 ... Col. 28-11-54 ; ret. as Hon. 
MGen. 31-12-61. 
Son of Philip Melvill, of Tendonitis Castle, Cornwall, 
m., Bombay, 14-1-36, Catharine Mary, dau., of John 

It.-. hereon, of 'I weedmoutb. 

KCB. ; DIB. 

bo GO 1-11-29, appd. Asst. Survr., Gujarat Rev. Svy., 
remaining with svy. till 1S27 [170^5]; BoRAsSoo. II 
(276), Notes on Agriculture. ..Gujerat. 

1S38, fa. Cutch; ISW-j'J, Sec. to Bo. Govt, in Mil. Dept. 

■on Brahmapuira ahout 30 m. ahovr- Mvmensingh. ' H.M-S. 655 

t Regr. 46 ( 189 ). * Ben 80. n, 1851. 



MITCHELL, Hugh. Mad. Inf. 
b. 24^11-1789. d. 21-3-60. 

Ens. 16-3-11 ... LtCol. 19-11-39; ret. 31-10-41; 
Hon. Col. 1854. 

Soil of Thorn;.- il nsbed anil Margaret, Tivlor liis wife. 

rt:., London, 25 ;>-:!■;, J'ssnis, rinu! of sic John Jlct'aslnil. 

1816-8, with Hyderabad Sobsy. force; on svy. of passes 
{ 83, 214 ] ; with alalcr/lm in llalwa. drawing sw. slices, as 
AQMG. 24^3- to 20-3-18: "I was employed in the first instance 
oil a survey in Western Jlalwa. After my return...! was 
constantly employed in ji-cjiarin;; the materials from which 
the map was eonipderi, ljy protracting i.hii surveys, and in 
C" : i--i !'!,■■! if: g the ]]!!■. [-j from t hem" 1 [ 83 ]. 

MOHSIN HUSSAIN, Syed Mir. 

Inst. Repairer, b. Arcot. 

"A Muhomedau l>y religion, but not a bigot; a natural 
horn subject of Her Majtistv, hi'.; place 01" birth being the 
vicinity of Madras. Bv descent he is partly Arab. ... He 
came round originally to Calcutta n-t.h the late Colonel 
Blacker, and was brought up in the shop of Mr. Gordon, a 
jeweller of some eminence in Madras | g = 8 a.?. ], where the 
Colonel first met hiiu, and wns struck by his uncommon 
inieiliger.oo and acut-cness" 2 . 

Blacker had employed .him first in the office of the qjig., 
Madras from 1819. "to repair instruments", tint "he was 
not a public servant"'. After apfit. as 8G. in 182:?. Blacker 
tailed Jlulissji Hussain np to Calcutta, and appd. him on 
Rs. 25 pm. in place ■:!',' I.!:c loeal vUliniir | F, ;oo u.6 ; HI, 214, 
313 ]. Hodgson taught him to take astr. obsas., and found 
him "a most respectable t:ia.n and steady observer"- [ 188 ]. 

From 18311, Lis talon t und ability won the confidence 
of Everest, who had him appd. MafL. Inst. Maker in 
1842 6 . 

MONTG-OMERIE, Duncan [ II, 430 J. 

Mad. Cav. b. 30-7-1789. d. 20-4-78. 

Corn. 1-6-10 ... M&]. 17-8-38 ; ret. 16-3-40 ; Hon. 
LtCol. 28 li-fvl. 

Hon of Duncan Mo.'iigomeiio. of eo. Fife. 

m., Madras, 1 7-1 -25, Hardei Isabella Katharine, dan. of 
late J.1 Gen, J. Dnrand, Mad. Est. 

Oriental Ckib. 

MarcL 1810, mmi., el. "V [ II, 320 ] ; on eompletitm 
of course, employed in reducing the svys. to farm a 
1-inch map [II, 319]. 

l81o 0, with Hydorfilvi/! Su'.isy. .force : cm a loyal on scy. of 
passes "within the Nag pore Teirirorv. to theca.^'. .it the Warda"' 
[83-4, 331 ] ; IS! 7 S/Maratha War'; wil.it id. force, Dharwar. 

fttronsdy reedd, for svy. employment by Mackenzie, 
who writes to Elphinstono at Poona, 7-9-18, that 
he "stands on my books for employment on account 
of great satisfaction lie save in redlining the whole 
surveys of our Military Institution in concert with 
another officer f Mount ford. ,pSS \, already provided 
for on the survey. The beautiful and satisfactory 
specimen of Mr. Montiromeey 'j . I rn.wings [ II, pi. 12 ; 
III, 95, pi. 11 ], and his character, induee me to 
recommend him also to your notice for employment. 
He is now with regiment at .El lore, and I write his 
Colonel of this date, ...who is much interested in 
him. ... The specimens of his drawing in maps are 
indeed beautiful"" [ 339-40 ]. 

mbo. 2-2-10; "placer! at disposal of Commiaaioner at 
Poorta, to be employed in the Purveying Department in the 



> MOORCROFT 

Deckan. At present doing duty with 1st Native Cavalry 
at Arnee". On sw. of H. Maratim Coioi'i-v 1 12= n •'> !=•■'"] 
until compelled, sigo. li-7-JO, to take leavs'to Kurorie on mc 

After return ivas employed in sijio.'s oltLce. and then, in,o. 
0-11-24, appd. DSCi. on death of Meant lord [321, 345]; 
"I not only required a considerable tinie to become acquainted 
with the extensive and iaiporta.nl, duties, ... but...l -was 
confined with a severe attack of lever, and was not relieved 
for some time afterwards from regular attendance at the 
Quarter 1 -Master-General's office" 7 . 

A good administrator, and made thorough exami- 
nation and report on the svys. of the various Madras 
dists. [ 4-5, 102-4, 11 4> 118-zi, 321 ] ; continued to 
hold post till its abolition [ 208-9, 221, 279, 301, 328, 
37^-7 ]- 1827-30, held oh. of Madras Obsy. 'after' 
Goldingham's departure [ igr ] ; DDn. 237 ( 213 ], 
granted 3 mo. leave to Mlgiri Hills. 

On abolition of post of DSG. in 1833, declined appt 
to GTS. 

MOORCROFT, William [ 11,430-1], 
Vet. Surg. b. Lancashire c. 1786. 
d. 27-8-25, Andkhul 



Lcf: int. son and dan., w::o were both in India in I SI I B 
JASB. X. ( 101 ; ; Richd. ( b. Oct. 1H1S J. .Mad. inf. !H3 1 1-,,r,'- 
Anno m., London, 18-7-35, Jla;. Ceo. Si.B. "Brown, Bo. Inf! 

ed. Liverpool as surg. ; studied vet. science in 
Franco, and practiced several years in London, 

DNB. ; DIB. ; Moorcroft & Trebeck, I ( svii to xlvii ) As J 
six., IS35 (838); win, .is. I an 5 ( 2S!i ), lwritj / S.1-I2 ■ 
B5-103 ) ; Davis ( til. 20 3 ) : Cai^iia Rev. I ( 449 }. 

l.e-.t England .Hay 1 SOS. and assumed doty, ^12-OS at 
Rusa, Bihar, as Vet. Crorg. to Kengal Covt,, and Sunt, of'tho 
Company's stud. 

May to Nov. 1812, visiied Manasarowar Lake with 
Hearsay, travelling in* disease via Carnival and Niti 
Pass [ II, 80-1 ; III, 286 ] ; brought hack hill ponies 
and long-haired goats ; held up by G-urkhas in 
Kuinaun on return journey. 

1813-3, his agent, Mir Izzat TJHah [II, 431 ] had 
explored routos Kashmir- Yarkand -Bukhara-Kabul. 
The following deseription of the road over the Zoji 
La Pass is taken from an account pub., 1826, in 
Gal. Qy. Rev. [xxl, 276, n.7] B . 

"The last stution in Cashmir is called .-son-astcro. It 
■0 houses ; the road is clidicult and 
a mounted traveller. The 
read lias t;,o Sill 'J J t m the ri«h!. hand. ... 

"North East from Sonair.uvi!. five cos. is Baltal, ... with 
...one house for the .accommodation of travellers j along the 
skirts of the mountain on right of the road runs tbo SJudh ; 
the road is broad and praelicabh;. Yalta I is ivitbin. the limits 
■.;- Cash rnir, but class to it. ; on the east, runs a mountainous 
elevation which sena.i-atcs <. ishmi from Tibet. ; thenceforward 
the road is over mountainous... paths, but abundant in 

"Alter leavm^ ilal'ni a.ljoct -1 iiliurrees, tlie road ran over 
the top...attd was [cacti sable enough ( on the descent it lay 
under frozen snow for about an arrow'a tin-lit. One cos from 
thence on the right »:' the read, and on tlse summit of a Kill, 
two large blocks of stone were observable. ... The place is 
called Wahasugan. ... 

"On this spot arise several springs, half of which Sow to 
Tibet, and half to Cashmir. ... The River of Tibet, after 



a village of s; 









:: 1.: I era ha...!. ■ ' 



w it i/,,.;. i: T>.- 



'.vith the river ,.,f Cushmir, and the 



■„Iz7.,,i Uot!uh{l-S)[.sn]. 



MOORCROFT 41 

combined river descends to the Punjab under the name of 
Jhelumor Beim't." After this iii'.io error about the source 
of the Kishenean»a., In. ■-: Uliaii describes the onward road 
to Dnii, which liTi.d already been recorded by Macartney 
as Draws [ II, 571 "4 ]. and was visited ten years later by 
Moorcroft himself. 

1820, Moororcfi, obtained leavo on full pay, intend- 
ing to travel to Bukhara via Ladakh and Yarkhand, 
to purchase Turkoman horses fur improving horseflesh 
in India. To facilitate and finance the journey he 
persuaded Palmer & Co.— and Cruttenden & Co.— of 
Calcutta [ 472-3 ] "to entrust to his care a supply of 
goods to the value of about 3,000 pounds". 

He took with him as survr., Geo. Trebeck, son of a 
Calcutta lawyer, and Win. Guthrie, a sub-asst. stirg. 
from Bombay [ 508 ]. 

The party uotn pri?.i:i<< "00 persons, 16 horses and mules, 
and 200 maunds of mei-chan. disc, left Barcilly in Oct. 1819, 
and reached Biiaspur o:i the Sv.tl.rvj, 1- 3--0. From Bib-spur 

Moorcroft visited Lahore to obtain a permit from Ranjlt 

(Singh, whose troop- had occupied Kashmir since ISIS 1 . 

Leaving Bilaspur in July they reached J.eii in Sept., Trebeck 

keeping svv. of j'outo, and, wit,!: "Moon-roil, obsg. lata, and 

heights [ 43-4 '). Hoping for pertr.it to travel via Yarlrand in 

iWiit- (."lla'k's tr.-icks r I (, 43 i ]. they stayed two years ill 

Ladakh making farther svys., '.v'-.iKt Moorcroft won reputa- 
tion by »nmesrfid operations for cataract. 

Kept. W22, hra-Tine. i'mci Yiirkamt that Chinese refusf.-::i 

authority to travel bv that, route, Moorcroft de:.-rrn lined '■> 

reach Bukhara via .Kashmir aud.'Kabul. Leaving Trebeok to 

follow, left Leh 20th ; at Sonemarg received permit from 

llanjitSmii'i to onttt Kashmir. 

Beached Srinagar 3rd Nov., staying at garden 

houao for the winter. As at Loh, practiced medicine 

and made- occasional esie: unions. Traded in Kashmir 

shawls. Throughout his travels recorded most in- 
teresting facts about cotvntry and people. A great 

authority on these regions, Alex. Cunningham, records 

nearly 30 years later that "he found Moorcroft abso- 
lutely trustworthy, and one of the most conscientious 

men that ever lived ,! , and similar verdict had been 

given by his bru, Joseph after travels in Ladakh in 

1843 ( 452 f. 

Din-in" stay at .Srinaga'-, MoorrroLi- found a, copy 0: k-t'ij:t 

'Ptinnuiitti. the uneieur chronicle of the Kashmir rulera. 

■"prate sit.' des iconics do boulonu", it was brought to his 

ttotii-c by a pmidit he tad cured from a well-nigh incurable 

disease. He eraji. 10 ■p-.nuliti fur 3 mo. to make a copy, 

which he scut down to the Sanskrit Coll. at Calcutta, where 

It wn, cilitod. It was then tc. and pub. by Troycr in Paria 

[Il,448n.i] s . 

He now obtained official piiim; to iravo- via 1'edui '.',-,--. 

Leaving drhiagar 31-7-1!-.!, made an abortive attempt to 

march lIowt, the Jhelutn valley, bat stopped by armed force 

below Baramola and bad to return to Srinagar. Starting 

again 11-9-^3, the party crossed lt'-t.o Punch by the Pir 

Paisjal pass, a:id reached Vesliawar iilh Dee. via Jhclura 

and Rawalpindi. About S yeat.s later Vig no tound that the 

Raja of Eajaori had 1 ■ s =- p p>" memories of Moorcroft and his 

"little spaniel caded Missy" 4 . 

They left Peshawar, 24-G-24, after 5 mo. halt ; 

reached Kalit.tl 20t:i J" Line ; on the road " thieves stole 

Trobeck's cloak, blanket, pistol, and what was a 

severe loss, hts compass, mo made with sights". Oa 

leaving Kabul, 17th Aug., their Kashmiri and Gurkha 

'Sikhs formally annexed Kashmir and Peshawar in 1834. » Barrard & Hayden ( 35 ) ; JASB. XIII, 1H44 ( 172-223 ) ; 
XVII, 1848 (201-110}, ^Trover, I ( in -iv ), Moorcroft' s letter from Srhnagar, Jit-, -J-l, A: It- Will ( ,',17 ), ' Vtgne, II ( 22H ). 
tjfoorero/l * Treies-.it, II ( 92. 101 , dl5-;.lo ). <■ Bokhara, II ( 181-2 ): Holdich ( 442-7 ) ; Murad B 
Ra. 20,000 to 2 lakhs iti>nrcrofl i- Trebeck, II £ 453-86 ). 



> BIOGRAPHICAL 

followers returned to India [ 44 ]. Their caravan of 
laden camels and rumours of grout wealth excited 
the cupidity of l-iie Uy.bek iiliii'f of Ktmduz, whom 
Moorcroft found it politic to visit from the border 

town of Khoolnm and, writes .i jutd., ■■.■=, who found him- 
self in a similar predicament 7 years later, "having 
made him some presents, returned to Khoolum. 

"He had no sooner arrived there than tie received a 
message from the chief, ... rnquestiog that he would hasten 
his return, and bring. ..his medical insl.rume.nt3 and Mr. 
Guthrio. ... It was merely a plan to ensnare him. ... Aftor a 
month's delay, he only sueoeeuoij :r, libr:i-.i.;.iiig himself by 
contph-lna: with the most, ^irra.-.o.'ar.'. dernands of Moorad 
Beg." 

Izzp.t Ullab bad :iotd. Moorisofi- to i.rd.ikb sir.fi Tnrkis-iln, 
and gave him loyal supp::tt in hi, deaiiugi with Jlurnd Beg 
at Kiinchiz. Bcin ; ; ibjw.serioi.jiy ill, and the tronblp being 
apparently oyer, he took leave, and set out for India, 

"The party" writes Burses" prepared to quit Koollun for 
Bokhara, bat on t!-,:i very ere of departure were surrounded 
by 400 horsemen, and ,13,1m summoned to Koondooa 
[c 30-12-24]. It was not now concealed that the ehief was 
resolved on seizing the wjio'.e of the properly, and patting l.ha 
party to death. Mr. iloorerof; took rhe only course which 
coulcl have ever eitrieated his pari.y and himself. In the 
disguise of a native, he tied at "ignt, aulai'tera surprising 
journey, at IcnstL. ri;:-.diLil T^li:^liari, a tewn boyond X.oon-. 
dooz, ivhere a holy man livi-d" [IV, pi. 16]. With his protec- 
tion and intercession Ir.ev were a!, hi si. reioasert, having paid 
hiackm.iil of about Es. 7000 s 

They crossed the Osus 11-2-25, and reached 
Bukhara 25th. Here Moorcroft purchased valuable 
horses, and reerosscd the Osus on his return about 
4th Aug. ; he turned aside "with a few followers to 
buy more horses at Mainmana, but took ill with 
fever and died at Anclkhui. His body was buried 
at Balkh, where Guthrie died shortly after. To 
complete the tragedy, Trebeck died at Mazar-i- Sharif, 
jtitor 4 mo. illness [ 44, 2S2, 508 ]. 

Intense interest in this: journey v\ us til ken both in 
India and England, iind Alonrvirnfi 's loiters were pub. 
at the earliest opportunity as they reached his 
friends ;— JROS. I, 1831 ( 253^17 ), etc. — the tragedy 
of his death made a great stir. 

I'ne following comments are taken from Mohan Lai, who 
travelled that way wit!, Bttrnes? years later [45-2 ] ; 10-6-32. 
"We halted at Maaar...and n'.it uo in the same place where 
Mr. Trebeck died of a fever. ... All the property of Mr. 
Moorcroft waa forfeited by the ruler of Mwt <.n the death of 
Mr. '.IVebeck. ... 

"Mr. Moore j'f) ft.. .was received by the King of Bokhara 
with honor and distinction on account of his wealth and 
respee (ability, ... and, having made presents to the king, was 
permitted to ride within the city on horseback. ... It was 
after lis return, ... and when he was proceeding in search 
of the Turkman iiorses lu the district o.l Balkh at Andhko, 
that he was attacked by fever autd died. 

"The circumstances attending his decease, though not of 
suspicions nature, yei- arc nor sullieienriy ..dear to dispel all 
doubt, but the reasonable concludou is tiiar his decease was 
a natural event. ... Sis remains were scarcely allowed n 
burial place at Kalkh owing to the bigotted zeal of the inhabi- 



's demands had varied fro 



been purposely thrown over. ... Tho... people of Balkh refused 

permission to the fra ■-■■-■;lli-::-s being inferred in their burial- 
ground. ... He was unaccompanied by nay of his European 
associates. ... and inii brought, hack lifeless on a camel after 
a short absence of 8 days '. 

Mohan Lai records that he "left a name of humanity and 
wisdom that w-H long be n.'.'icmb:>rijl in Turkistan. ... Mr. 
Mooreroft's book:, papers, and Home manuscripts, arc at 
Mazar, a town about 12 mites east of Ealkh. I regret that 
we could make r,u attempt : without raisins' suspicion of our 
motives) to procure the 01. ... I'apcr; and journals have been 
recovered by tin: emiiioos of \'r. i-Yaser ai llibli, and by him 
arranges! mid sent to Calcutta"'. 

All the papers thai had been recovered by 1834 — ■ 
including those received by Chas. Trebeek from 
his bro. — were taken to London by Ales Burnes, 
and passed for pubn. to Dr. Wilson. Other papers 
were Later recovered in 1R33 by Dr Lord who visited 
Mazar -i- Sharif and recovered " 50 volumes of... 
printed works 3 . ... liie remainder, including the 
maps, Mr. Mooreroft's passports in English and 
Persian, ,.. and a ms. volume... chiefly of accounts, I 
was onablod to recover when. ..I myself made a visit 
to Khoolum and Moozar ". He found a note by 
Trebeek that Moorcrofl, had died on 27th Aug., and 
evidence that satisfied him that death had not been 
caused by "unfair means". 

From notes aboot the goods sold at Bukhara, Lord con- 
cluded that "the proceeds were, chiefly expended in the 
purchase of horse.;, of which. ..he hud whoa ho di.:.l somewhat 
under a hundred. ... liis character was oijhly appreciated 
by the King [ of Bukhara ] who Frequently sent for him to 
enjoy the pleasure of his cor. versa:. inc. and conferred on him 
the nigh privilege, never before granted i,o a Christian, of 
rid ins; through the city and nt-en to the gates of the Jfjng's 
palace, on horseback" 4 . 

Though his primary object was the- purchase of 
horses, Moorer oft, with "fro beck's assistance, did much 
to opon up the goo-jriiphy of the countries he visited. 
Their diaries were ed. by Horace Wilson, and pub. 
London 1841 s , with illustrations and a map. A brief 
critical summary of his travels is given by Professor 
Davis in his Tialuigh Lecture, If! IS, entitled The Great 
Game in Asia f 1820-U44 f. 



MORRIESON 



In ch. Hyderabad Svy. o:f and o:i till Jan. 1848, 
after pro in fit-ion to Major [ j, 342 ]. 

MORRIESON, Hugh [ II, 43Z ]. Ben. Inf. 
b. 1-12-1788. d. 27-8-5G 7 . 

Ens. 28-8-04 ... Lt.-Col. 13-1-34: ret. 11-8-41, 
Hon. Co!. 28-11-5-t. 

Moil of David Morrleson, Ben. Inf. (' d. 1809, Hodson ); 
and liaeliei YV.ightman his wife ; bro. r.o David ; 1 7^3 1821 i 
bcs.; Kobert( b, 1.787 ), ncs. ■ H'm. i'llliot { 1791- 1815 ), Ben. 
Eiigrs. [ II, 4\<,± ], and Xa*myth ( d. iiid ), Nizam's Array. 

m., 11-6— ti, K!i:'.:l hfir.ii Uonst.aiitia, dan. oi Kiehd. i'Vvce 
asid widow of Tapt. Itobi-. Campbell, p.s. 

Hodson, HI ( 333 ). 

1812-3, Asst. Survr. in Mir/.apur [ II, 45 ] ; 8-5-13, 
tr. to Sundarbans, taking ch. from his bro. Wm. in 
May 1814 ; Feb. 1815, joined unit for mil. service, 
Nepal War [ II, 16-7 ; III, 12, 139, 425 ], 

BGO. 17-10-16, appd. to officiate aa Aflat, in SGO. 
[ 3°9 3, Crawford pointing out "his willingness to do 
the duty on his present alio waning., .being at this 
moment in CViloutt-a. having coran from Benares on 
duty in attendance on a sick officer. ... Should he 
...be employed in t.ho surveying line, it would be of 
tho greatest consequence and advantage to him to 
b.tvo :sorvcil gome months in tho Surveyor General's 
office" 8 . 7-2-16, handed over to Hyde [ 462 ]. 

On departure to England Crawford left a note for Mackenzie, 
28-12-15; "This \v\Y. he forwarded o:> you by a protege of 
mine of many years, lie has been io my family [ II, 413; 
III, 46S ] for seven or eight years, and has been, twice my 
assistant [ il, .pi, 302 ]. His we I [We [ am particularly anxious 
about, and nothinc could adve mo greater pic a sure than to hear 
of his success in life. lie stands high oa the Lord's' list, 
from his being nephew to Sir Hugh Inghs, hide Chairman 10 . 

"He is very anxious to lie re-appointed to the survey of 
the iSirn.lerbmiils. which was for two years carried on by his 
brother, but fell in the Xcpaut War [.[1,432], arid scarcely 
had recommcncci! :ho v/ora before ll'c Lord sent him to his 
Rest, on account ul" flie hue hostilities"' 1 . 

BGO. 22-5—16, to resume svy. of Sutidrt,rb,iiis, 011 
reedn. of Rev. Bd. [7, 12, 140]; 1-1-17, appd. 
daQ.sk;., 1st cl., and to eontiiuio tho svy. [ 142—3, 179, 

335, 348 ]■ 

1817, -.riven assicc. of li iLppc;'.:. -1 ruizhf from school [ 360-1, 
363] but had to break off syy. in April IBIS. "I have 

generally spent the rainy season at Koory with my brother 
[ 48811.2:]. Ilad F. not 00011 sick, it was my intention to have 
gone to Soory when the rains set in, to have, bro light up my 
own map, and To have employer! i]ie hoys and CiijitsLin 
.MaeGrogor 11 011 a I rig< aiomei ric.i.l survey ali round (he station 
...and to have ioclodcd 1 he noighb;.n.;rh:g lolls [ 328 ]. 

"This as a private piece ■.;.'." work would have given thorn 

all inform a dim ami practice, but as I am sick now and 

cannot go to the Snmlcrhimds. Doctor Young 11 ' at. iirsf wished 

to send me to flic Sand lisads tin;:, oa considering the boia- 

s weather, he changed ins mind, and said that when I 

" ' ' here, he would recommend 



MORLAND, Henry. Mad. Inf. 
"b. 4-10-03. d. 23-12-68. 

Ens. 13-2-21 ... Maj. 9-11-16; iny. 17-3-48 ; 
ret. 6-1-53 : I Ion. Lt Col. 28-11-64. 

Son of James Morl.iml. coai oiorch., of Doptford. 

m„ Calcutta Gath., 30-6 40, Georgian, dau. of Chas 
llooko, of .Prirhton : In- d'io. Bella, 01. .loan Peach [lojdieh. 
use., iiid A 9-12-1934. 

mgo. 12-2-28, appd. Asst. Survr. ; DDu. 181 
( 466 ), 7 -3-28. to join HydoTibSd Svy. from Madras, 
by sea to Maaulipatam [ 119 ]. Fob. to May 1829, 
on svy. of Palnad; "very little acquainted with tho 
dutios of surveying", but svy. described as "excel- 
lent" [96-7 ]. DDn. 237 { 199 ), 2-10-29 ; to ch. 
of Hyderabad Svy. from 1-8-29 ; [ no, 351 ]. 

'Bokhara, II < 2011-10) ; M 01/rcroft * Trtbrtk, I ( ilii ]. ; Mohan Lai (94-129). 'out of 99 books, chidy medical, a 

total of 87 were recovered. 'JASTL, VI], .1.33S ( od.-.-O !. ■■ Mmircrofi .;■' TrtUA '■ Davis I ZO-.i). ■ Ms.'rkham I -M ) 

assumes death l-l.-i, misi'd by Ga-stnll, wiio found hi: Idliks. broken off that year. 3 DDn. 143 ( 151 ], 10-10-15-. 'Lord 

Moira, GG. &_C-in-C., later ilqs, of fbistinsjs. "of the CD., HIC. : ^forriesoa's gt. -ancle Hosdi had caanged his name from 
1! JounMacGragori 17S;!-1S22): lien. l-d". : joiacd Morrios 111 2J-3-18. 18 Henry 
" : B 529 ). J 



should [ia\ r e taken mercury e 
my tnkiog a trip up the country, s 
during the rains. I mentioned 1 
enquired as t 



Now I shall be able to proceed there si 



;o keep o. 

him okiory. on winch he 

iw said he thought i.t would be 

:, being a high ktmker soil [ II, 

,d of damp and cold. 

isr than the 14th of 



MOBRIESON '. 

June ( ...I trust.. .it will not be necessary for me to continue 

this course of mercury an long ! I 1 . 

Writ!!* from Suri, Birbhum-, 5 8 IS, " fnnvardiiisr an 
unfinished sketch of... nut of the Jessore Di-lrjot, exhibiting 
a -view of the work performed rhirmg the IN months the 
.survey has been actcialiv prosecuted. ... My late severe illness, 
brought oil by constant exposure In the sun. prevented me 
from" filling u}> the space left blank, but I propose doing 
this in the ensuing *enso;i, so so oil as the rain water shall 
have ran off from the country"*. 

Again, on sending in his final fdbks.. IT S-18 ; "With 
regard to carrying she survey more to sea, no doubt it would 
be good to liaVe the knowledge, and I imagine small but safe 
vessels could be set out and m amongst liie sands. A man 
brought up at sea, however, would be necessary to under!,:; tie 
all the direction of uavjl concerns ; the navigation should be 
intricate as the sands arc numerous. 

"There are some petrifications in this 
[Suri] of trees, plants, and some pure crystals. 
bring down some specimens with mc"'. 

31-S-18; "It is my firm intention to proceed on my 
survey in October. God willing. I do not feel well, but I 
have great hopes that the c.'d weather will do' much forme, 
and under that impression I could not with any dejrree of 
propriet-v hesitate in recommencing my work. If after 
a fair trial I find it in vain eon', en dine against sickness. I 
shall then with much regret give up a piece of work in which 
I am much interested" 6 . 

Suri, 8-9-18, asks for notice to be sent to officials 
in thoSondarbansofliis coming snasnn's programme, 
and that arrangements be made for suitable boats, 
and concludes; "I have had several letters from 
gentlemen in tin* Siiridorbinn.!*, requesting to know 
when my survey will oxtend their length, as they 
were vory anxious to have a map of the country, 
but they must have patience" 6 . 

It was not to be, and on returning to Calcutta, 
he had to ask for long leave : "the medical gentlemen 
think. ..I should make a voyage to sea with as little 
delay as possible. I am accordingly preparing to 
proceed to the Capo of Good Hope by an early 
opportunity"'. Under bgo. 28-10-18, he was 
"permitted to make a voyage to sea, for the benefit 
of his health, for 10 months". Further extensions 
brought bis leave up to 7-10-20. 

Like Ms bro. before him [ II, 17, 432 i EEC 1?, 344 ] tc aad 
many adventures w.itii tlimrs and other wild creatures; 
"On" the ed;c of the junsle on (.lie Pussur Kiver the country 
was formerly much more noltiva.ted, hut the tigers became 
so numerous, the people left it [ 76 ]. It is now partially 
cultivated ojJv at "Diggcrasahsd. liming all seasons of the 
vear Mic people say []■■.-.■ sin.l i.homsclvi-.- >j[.i about- o o'clock 

tl 1 ill the sun be well up. But 

in the rains '.he ti;:e-rs come in .numbers, and at all hours of 
the day. The permit; are constantly carried off. 

"In the Roymangal River, having come to an anchor, 
we saw a rhinoceros 011 I he opoosilo side of the river drinking. 
I crossed in a pauevcav 8 : lie ailowo.". me to approach to within 
30 or 40 yards. 1 fired at his bend and put the ball through 
his cheek; hs ran off into the jungle before I could get a 
second aim at him. On reaflun™ the pinnace I learnt from 
the party I had sent 01: shore ibat they bad been successful 
in finding a tank of good water under the cocoanut trees ; 
it was, however-, surrounded by long grass and other jungle, 
the haunts of many rhinoceroses ; they had made a regular 
bed in it. Being anxious to save a trip ail the way to Grand - 
callev for fresh water. I went on shore with ail armed party 
carrying firebrands, with which we soon set the whole place 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



moauhi;. :; 



in a blaze. .1 left it to 
or two to try and fill O.I 

"About this time four very largo dingecs, ... each having 
about 50 men on board, passed us at a prodigious rate. Wa- 
reckoned them dsicoit-s from their nppearM nee, and when we 
called to them they returned no answer, nor paid the least 
attention. ... They may be. ..going out to look for boats in 
distress that have been separated iiom the regular fleets by 
stress of weather, and of course helpless against such, a 
number of men" 3 . 

After rejoining from leave, Morricson resinned his appt. 
as AQMr;., and was employed, ne;o. 8 i 21, on road svy. and 
construction, Barracknore Ki.-diensMrn— licrLampore, and on 
svy. in Malwa [ 27, S7, 337 ]. £00. 6-8-24, attd. to E. Div. 
of army under Si. ul: ilium at lAicca [ 65]. 

MOUWTFORD, Francis [ II, 432-3 ]. 

Mad. Inf. 
bapfc. 23-7-1790. d. Madras, 11-7-24. 

Ens. 25-10-09 ... Bt. Capt. 30-4-23. 

Son of Thomas Mountford, of Worcs. 

m., Madras, 13-1—23, Emily Iliiselwood, probably dau. 
of Joseph Haselwood, Mad. Inf. [ H, 410 n.3 ]. 

March 1810, Min. el. v [II, 321 ], remaining, with 
Montgomerie, to compile the 1-inch and J-inch maps, 
completing those under control of the SG. in 1817 

[ii, 129; m, 95,485]. 

Troyer testifies, 22-5-16, "to the -uncommon 

talents and .iiidefutbji'.blo zoul evinced, ...as well 
as. ..for instruction of the Military Institution" 10 . 
As asst. instr. held ch. of svy. in Gunfcur 1815-6 ; 
MMC. 19-6-17, after closing of MM1-, given ch. of 
remaining svy. of C.LintQr loft incnriiploto [ 96, 206-7, 

33 8 . 474 ]- 

Mackenzie had '';; good opinion of his discretion k judge- 
ment", and Ward writes from Travaneore, 28-11-18, that 
"I should like well he was with rue, having already the 
pleasure of his acquaintance, but only fear his constitution 
will suffer in a cumaf-c where bowel complaints & the liver are 
the predominant disorders, to the latter of which I know him 
to be very subject" 11 . 

Sept, 1818, on Riddell's (loath, called down to 
Madras for ch. of SGO. ; held post till death, after 
being upgraded to DSG." 18-4-23 [4, 112, 117-8, 
213, zqi-2, 297. 3 l8 < 32°. 339 ]■ Held entire con- 
fidence of Maokon/io, whoso full and intimate corr. 
with him "between 181S and 1821 ik still preserved 
[ 116, 120, 277, 319, 374-5. 4 OI > 45°. 476-9 J. 

March 1S25; ''Cant. 11 Il'ord, DSG., was a man equally 

distinguished bv hi.- public ami private virtues. He entered 
the service without nai ing on.; I'rie.ud upon whose interest 
he could rely for advancement ; and by rare, merit, and 
diligent discharge of his public duties, he raised himself to 
the" important situation which be held at bis death. But 
although thus distinguished as a jjubiio officer, it was in the 
quiet walk of domestic life that the amiable, qualities of his 
heart '.-ere mo;,t conspicuous. 

"He was a most sincere Christian, and unwearied in the 
service of his great Master. ... In his short career through 
the service he iuvurinb-v acquired [.he esteem arid friendship 
of hie associates, and the approbation oi' his superiors. He. 
was Secretary to the LiU'rarv ami to tin; School Dock Societies 
[481], ...and obtained i.beir repeated thanks for the... 
advancement of both institutions" 12 . 



iPDn. 147 ( 137 ), 27-4-18. 'staying 
Mb. (150-1). Mb. (152). Mb. I 157-1) ). 

boat I "Shcrwil! ( IS ). "MMC. ln-6-Ib'. 



rith his bro David, ECS. who had son b. -Son, 1,1-2-13. ' DTJn. 147 (148-9). 
'i--o:u Morricson. ln-101*: BTC. 16th i !20); i)i)n. lS.1(4ir,). Country 
"DDn. 156 ( 191 ), 28-11-18. "As J. XIX, 1825 ( 263 ). 



MURRAY, Hugh Robertson. Ben. Inf. 

b. 1-8-1789. d. 3*-l-77. 

Ens. 1-8-01 ... Bt. Maj. 10-1-37 ; ret. 2-8-39 ; 
Hon. Lt.-Col. 2S-11-5*. 
Son of Robert Murray, of en. Ross. 
Hodson, 111(359). 

Oct. 1SI0 toMar;;h l.Sli.on searohin Kumnuii for Ordnance 
Dept. for paper mr.khig material ; work closed owing to 
sickness- ; granted reward Rs. 1,000. 

DDn. 131 ( 19), 8-3-17; SU. sent liim a perambulator 
for svy. of "the hiil country of Kumaun". 

NELSON, Horatio Ralph. Rev. Survr., 
uncov., d. Dehra Dun, 13-2-39. 

Aaat. Rev. Survr., 27-11-22. 

Had chequered nova: career ; —joined hms. Sir Francis 
DraU 13-4-07— Master's Mate 1-6-09— Mdpn, 1-11-09— 
disrated to Ordinary flcam.m I) 5-13 distill. 13-8-13, "for 

repeated misconduct, rind b,-.-in,-...totsilv unfit for the situation 
olanohaeer in. 1LM. Service". 

Arrd. India 181ft; land survr. "Asirgarh"; incal ens. 
Ran.pura Local Batt, 1 11 is 18 till disband meat c. 1821. 

Hodson IV ( 575 ). 

1807-8, sailed in int. frigate .Sir Francis Drake with 
Ca.pt. " SileyiTs 2 J.'lmbassy to the Court of Cochin China". 
Whilst at Hue, capital of Cochin Chinese empire, S'neyd 
obtained part payment of a claim omdeby a Madras business 
tirm, on. account, of nrm.s ami ninrnmiirirei supplied 3 . This 
was not the tirst time thai, Ibis firm had sought the agency of 
the RN. on similar quests. 

Whilst at Hue, Nelson survd. its harbour, Huron Bay. 
on b. coast of Amoam. Chart, mkio. 105 (24-5) gives 
soundings, with notes — "Sir Krnnois Drake's clianncl into 
Hansas or Tnron Bay, by Hor. Nelson, en— The natives 
of Cochin Chi, a are not a treacherous & sanguinary race, as 
stated by French &. rortuguc.se Jesuits. This report was 
ma.lt, to keep other Nalk.ns away. HN." 

He writes of bis fir.it employment in India : " Having been 
employed with an I'lmbassy to the Court of Cochin China 
many years ago under Clement Kneyil fisq.. T presented a 
Jls. narrative of the manners, IrinJe, and other localities of 
rntry, which won His f.ordsjiip'.si approbation, ensured 



e fiis thanks & 






"During the better part of liu-i Mahratta War I was 
em ployed under this orders of the Comumi's. of (.he .Northern. 
Conkao. in the c-nrvcy "Department, & after some duties 
performed in that quarter, came round to Bengal at his 
Lordship's desire, who ashed if I was wiling to accept of 
employment in the Survey Dopi'itment, l...wa.s a p pointed 
to do duty with the Micadanad i'evenue Survey" 5 . 

27-11-21, appd. Asst. Rev. Survr. on Rs. 250 pro.., 
and posted to Miirfuiiibdil undor Bedford [ 154, 332, 
37" ]■ 

BTC. 17-9-24 ( 28 ), to mil. duty, Aracan, report- 
ing to Sehalch [ rgi, 333, 370 ], who welcomed him 
for comd. of his priyi.it;) ' : t'hi.'<«-ma,sTOd schooner", 
t-ho Dragon- [ yoi ], wlik'h had been "armed", and 
"appi-opria.t'('M'l to warlike and survey duties". 
"Major Sehalch invited me to dinner, and askod me 
if I had any oh] fictions to Lake I ho com maud of a fino 
schooner belonf.-iuii to himself, and to remain with 
himself, and as J! Tva-s a nf'.ViU person ho would procure 
the sanction of Government for me to command the 
vessel regularly. In a day or two after this, Major 
Sehalch declared that he hurl roooiyod the sanction... 
and that I was to roooivo a a. additional allowance. ... 

'Rampura, Indore State, 40 m. E. of Nimacb. a Clement Sncyd i 1778-486* % aw, ; served 
1804-7 ; Capl. lilts. Sir Fr, : ,- H -.i- Omkf-, May 1S07 t;> June 1«S : fator R Adin. 3 B Pol C. 
GC. i-JUS-US. Ho SG. 7-8 -37 ; DDn. 225 ( 124 ). * [>Dr_ 213 ( 9.1-0 1. Feb. !825. ~> 
{ II, 384 ]. • to SG. 7-8-27 ; DDn. 225 ( 127 ). 



I was to be employed more as a Marine Surveyor 
than otherwise, but. ..should have to act in every 

capacity both on board & on shorn, and that the 
sfihoonor would bo v.-cll nroio.:! for i ho,;, purpose. ... 

>L I came on board.. .with Major tiehUc.h, & received charge 
of her from him, as her future commander. .Major Sehaioh 
likewise toid me that I had no fnrt.hr.-r occasion for tents, 
cattle, or horses, & that I had better dispose of everything.,. 
as all my future duties would be on hoard the vessel. ... I 
have, neither ;ent, horse, or ■.attic fbr carriage, nor servants, 
or anything indeed ;o enable me to perform hind duties a.s 

Oil c-ehaic.h's death, the lirayon was taken over by the 
army, with all her: .stalf including kelson, and " was em ployed 
in tiie batteries, storm, k capture of Arracnn [68], On 
the fail of this place I. was directed to survey the rivers and 
creeks in the interior. ... It was General Morrison's desire 
1 should .make a purvey of the rivers ,v. creek., round about 
the camp, & to connect them". The staff had been dis- 
organized by sickness and. .Nelson had to appeal for orders, 
"how far General Murrhmi wishes me to proceed up or down 
guch rivers or creeks as I may fall in with, and whether or 
not I am to proceed 1.0 any considerable 1Jisr.ar1.ce from the 
Force without support-, of -.oroe gun "boats, and in such case 
that he should. ..to direct a guard of sepoys to he put on 
board my vessel as a pro: eel ion ai-air-sl. war boats, or surprise 
of the enemy. ... 

"I would also. ..send. ..my earnest en. treaties that he would... 
order me my salary for i'clicoary, being entire];/ destitute 
of money to buy in any supplies, or pay my servants, and if 
the Brigr. would likewi.si: be piensed to order an issue of pay 
to the crew of the vessel under my command, who for some 
time past have been obliged io depend solely upon myself 
for the advance of their waijes, and winch is now no longer 
i:i inv p.swr to give them c ". 

In a later report he tells the SC that he "was ordered to 
proceed with the expedition under Major Hunk 7 against 
Ackyoon, near Talac, at which latter place Captain Dram- 
mond, DQMceiil. of the force, ordered me to remain in 
charge of the flotilla, till such time as I si-'.iled the latitude 
by frequent observation-, and surveyed the town of Talac. 
Having -performed this duty, I was to proceed across the 
conntrV to seek for a place r.:i med .A' nig [7-, 404 ], said to be 
about half a day's journey from Talac. Taking with me a 
guard of 12 flotilla men, I commenced my journey, and, 
instead of kali" n, day, I was nearly A days and nights in the 
wilds of this desoiatc country — without food for two — 
arid so exhausted and swollen from Lead to foot, that I was 
forced to be carried by the rh.-.rmnhs who came out to see me 
into the town, where 1 a-vr. ed nearly starved and hah naked. 
Owing to the rocky beds of the nullahs and impervious- jungles. 
I had to force my way thro' without a shoe to my foot. ... 

"On my return iron-, this service to Anacari I was siezed 
wit'-, severe lever and ague. ... winim reduced me nearly to death, 
KiiuhiLa it iniiiesinbk to rcgidr, my health, I wac ordered to 
Bengali and on my arrival was so ill that "f was despaired of 
by tun medical t'eiitlemen who attended me. A change of 
air had become necessary. ... I therefore gained permission 
...to visit the bills of Upper India. After some months I 
recovered my health in a measure, and was then directed 
to join the Delhie Survey" 3 . 

He had reached Calcutta from Arakan in Sept., 
and after ton days had wport.od to the SO., 37-9-26, 
that "illness scarcely permits me to hold a pen. ... 
I am compelled, Sir, to go up tha river for my 
health to a eold climate. Can I render any service 
to your Department on my way t" He still had 
his old naval sox-tant mid fa is horizon. 

Posted to Delhi Rev. Svy. after several months 



1 iims. U-dhdenin E.Indies, 

(7). 4 Mqs. of Hastings, 

Nathl. Bucke (1799-1825 ) ; Ben. Inf. 



NEWPORT 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



leave; he wti«s not- happy on land, and wrote to the 
SG., 22-8-26, on a "subjoero that luis preyed upon 
my spirit. ... Placed in command of a... .vessel, acting 
in the double capacity of a gun & survey one, 
necessarily recalled tho feel Lugs attached to my 
former habits of life, & where I should still have 
been well content-eil bo have romaiued, had not my 
health suffered from the sickness at that timo so 
prevalent in that country |" Arakan ]. 

"Ill the Revenue Purvey of Moradabad f was happy & 
■contented, & had I not returned to a sea life again as I 
did, I should never have troubled you. ... 

"Mi- health, ... being now fully & firmly re-e.sl.abliJhfd. I 
hope, I feel a strong be.! i nation to return to the Sea. ... 
:[ and ] get re-anpoi-ntmejit, cither to my old vessel the 
Dragon, or to any other. ... Were I permitted to chuse a 
station in India for sm-i-ey, it would be the Eastern Islands, 
the coiists of" Siain & Cochin China. ... "1 have been a length 
■of time, Sir, in ibe Eastern was, &■ I have surveyed several 
of the islands on IILs Miijfuty's scrvio, T hn.ro libowise been 
on an Embassy to the Court of Cochin China, ... and I have 
...the permission of that Onvcr.'i merit to return. ... I.. .send 
you a map of my Sr.nvey...oi' the N'rmff River'. 

btc. 8-2-27, nominated asst. survr. under Comnr. in 
Arakan for rev. svy. duty, with allc.es. as l.tiver Survr. 
Travelled down rive:- by ii:/d-!-;r:-r. 70:; = .-iriir i'atebgar.ii 21-11-27, 
where he met Bir ; iio ISi-ohtlc. on his way up to Moradabad. 
Passing J!iL\-ar or: 22a. d A [.dl. bis boat foundered in a storm, 
and ho had to help another bout, tarrying a General with his 
family 1 . 

He reached Calculia in May, mri'lnni; svy. of Jalangi R. on 
ihis way, "with a small compass and la- watch" 3 . It now 
being too late in tile year for Arakan, he was placed on duty 
at SCO., wit! 1 his facri-a-ed ullec?. there, hut failed to get 
compensation for his ''recent heavy losses on the Jumna & 
(lar.g'.'. 1 ! river- on i>*v pnssage down, bv the sinking of my 
boats, and the total io : - of almost every proporty. 

nissjii.islio:! wltii bis prospeuts in Abakan, and 
-anxious about his health, lie ;-ot Ins appt. cancelled, 
and reverted to the Uppor l J rovs. loaving Calcutta 
for Saharanpur, 15-9-27 [158]. Held ch. of rev. 
avy. detts. for sovoral years under Wm, Brown, 
ord of his marriage, and ir "™- 



1824-5, 
forco in At 
[53-4]- 



ir ; Intelligence c 
valley collecting valuable g 



■:>gl. 5 infii. 



There is 






fort 



ind of Gen. Ven 



NEWPORT, Christopher [ II, 433 ]. Bo. Inf. 
bapt. 1-11-1788. d. 13-8-44. 

Ens. 25-6-09 ... Capt. 1-5-24 ; ret. as Bt. Moj. 5-1^2. 
Son of Wm. Newport, of London. 

in.. Exeter, JiiSO, Ann Hohlyii, d.iu. of IU:\ . Kdward I'eter. 

■Oriental Glvb. 

April 1S12. apod, to line Svy., Broacb ' fl, 325 ; III, 123 ] ; 
boo. 31-1-20, promoted 1st. cl. Asst. [170,343]. book. 
1-2-20, granted leave on me. to Cape. 

1S3B--12, Afghan War; eouidg. Ontram's Rilles, 23nl m. 

NEUFVILLE, John Bryan. Ben. Inf. 

b. 26-1-1795. d. 26-7-30, Jorhat, Assam, 
an. 

Ens. 25-9-13 ... Capt. 16-6-26. 

Son of Jacob NeuiVjno, of Lymington, Hants., a French 
Royalist, and Sybella Phoebe his wife. 

ed. Eton. Hodson, III ( 382-3 ). 

181.7. returned from furl. ; boo. 22 -4-20, appd. daqitg. 3rd 
cl. ; ib. 6-5-20 ; attd. to road svy. in w. Provs., to report to 
Cnwnporo ; ib. 20 -23, pre, mow J Dae.ne. 1st cl. [337]. 



Raha- 



\ T ov. 1*24, led a party 0:1 Kalmg II., and 
enemy nr. Kahaohoky ; '-Lieut, Neufvhlc ;iav. 
...tiunc noon the enemy's chief srusrd, all 
(•[[bo- buyonette:] nr shot. ... The whole are 
choky to Kalaiabar was thus cleared of the enemy witnin a 
fortnight of the commencement- ol' 1 lie winter campaign''. 

22-12-24, report from Koliabar, hms. 665 ( 140 ) ; 
29-1-25, merit ionod in dispatches for reece. locating 
stockade. Govt. Gaz. 25-7-25, uomdg. debt, on Noa 
Dining, reports [light of Unrmans. As J., Aug. 1826 
( 129 ), "In beginning of May 1825, ... with a small 
detachment... posted at Now Dheeing Mookh, advanc- 
ed against Burrnoio from Mogiium'. In June.. .again 
ascended the Dheeing and captured stockade at 
Dupha Gaum and again at Beesa Gaum. The eva- 
cuation of this part of r.lie country by the enemy 
and the liberation of sovern-1 hundreds of Assamese 
captives, wero the I'mits of tbU sacce-s" [423]. 

1827, made several route svys. in RajputSna 
including meio . 84 ( 50 ), map of Sirohi Palanpur, 
Mt. Abu [ 87 ]. 

HMS. 671 (823). letter from Sadiya, 22-12-27, on pol. 
duty; 10-3-28 till death. PA. Upper Assam, and Comdt. 
1st Assam Lt. Inf. 

His "vigour, enterprise, and nil, reputa! i:,:i among border 
tribes, have been mainly responsible lor t.he prompt eupreasion 
of disorders before they r-nuld become serious" 7 . 

Auth. of paper "on the Geography and Population of 
Assam", Am. K. XVI 1828. 

NOBLE, Horatio Nelson. Mad. Inf. 

bapt. 5-4-03. d. 14-7-50, Jalna ; mi. 
Ens. 13-3-21 ... Maj. 1-10-49. 

Son of Capt. Jamea Noble, r.i., and Sarah his wife. 

m., 1st London. !U-:.!-2S, I'anrvv, dan. of Samuel Smith ; 
she d., London, 31-3-29. 

m., 2nd., Cape Town, 16-11-30, Henrietta Moulton, who 
d., Mangalore, 23-3-32. 

m., 3rd., Mangalorc, 32 4 33, Mary Crier, dau. of Lt.-Col. 
0. Jackson, Mad. Inf.'. 

Croaon, II ( 136 ). 

DDn. 201 (104), 19-7-25, nominated for svy. dept. ; 
line. 8-11-25, apud. A?i\-. Snrvr., 2nd cl. ; joining at Pre^dev 
from Regt. at Jalna,. DD.!. 202 I MOS ), to Ctumanore for 
Malabar Svy. [t 14, 342 | ; 1S211, lOti, to Siith April, at Calicut 
under med. treatment. " -mable to attend to liis field duties- 
having an ulcer on his leg"; 15th June, 2 mo. leave to 
Presdcy. 

DDn. 222 ( 201 |, 26-11-27, leave to Europe "on most 
private urgent affairs". 

NORMS, Francis Brooke. Lieut., Nagpur 
Service. 

Appd. Nagpur service 13-11-19; disch. 6-6-30; 
Civ. Eogr. & SG. Ceylon, 1833-46; Civ. Engr. 1846 
till c. 1851. 

pr. related to Sir Win. Morris, CJ. Ceylon, 1836. 

m., 1st., GUifriOiHi-ii.ij. Bombay. 5 5 2<b Isabella, dim. of 
Geo.Wm. Gillio, Bo CS. [ 496 ] ; she d., Colombo, 21-6-39, 
bur. at Calle Face eem. 

m., 2nd., pr. in (.'evlou Aiil;. lS'tl. His bride arrd. 13th 
in Tigris, and he wrote to Govt, on 29th ; "Mrs. Xorris is 
quite pleast-.d with what little .she has seen of Colombo"'. 



NOTES i 

1822. appd. to Nagpur svy. ; 1822-3, accd. Resdt. 

to svy. route go sour cos of lUiiliauadi aid .Varbuda. 
1823-4, detail svy. under Stowart [ 504 ], taking over 
ch. on Stewart's death, 4-5-24 [ 91-2, 3 8S ]• 

On close of svy., 1 6-30, Resdt. romnrks that "the 
unremitting zeal. ..and spirit, with which he has 
prosecuted... the survey in unhealthy jungles, ... has 
often nearly cost his life" 1 . With his asst. Weston, 
spent several mo. at Calcutta completing maps and 
reports handed in to SG., 2-3-31 [ 93, 370, 513 ]. 

N orris writes. 21-3 SI ; " Having lost my appoint; mint in 
consequence of the r.ixjliiiou of the S\eT)oor service, and there 
being so Sittlo opening for u person not in the Company's 
[service]...! have determined upon relnming to Europe 
in the h(j]jii of beir.t: appointed to a situation in one of His 
Maiesty"n Coloniea". ... 

"J. have been aoiiveiy employed iu the duties of the survey 
upwards of ei.tdit years and, sin.se May '21. hare had the 
U[iLiitcrtiipl--.l superb it cndcjisc of it, ... T was never onco 
absent on private, or' on pick, leave. ... Every possible exten- 
sion was mi'.oe, :ii:tl ::mav ;:.reat iiiMiculties -'ore overcome, 
in cartviity it '.-'n'out'l! tra'.-l-s...\vl:ieh bad never hee-i irevious 
ly explored, and where the climate is... extremely insalubrious 
at all times of the year. 

"The map... contain a a connected survey of upwards of 
21,000 square mile;, 1,'v- most extensive, I' believe, on the 
i-words of your o'.'iioc that has ever been conducted by one 
person". He suggested that as the expense... hits hitherto 
been only 6, 740 rupees" to the Company, " the Directors 
might afford io "jicarit me some reward, ... as I am about to 
embark for Europe after a service of upwards of eleven years 
in the Nagpoor Territories, with bareiy sufficient means to 
support me for a few months" 5 . 

The SG, commented that "Mr. Karris* map. ..may 
be safely pronounced a very creditably executed 
work. It is on a scale of 4 milo3 to an inch, and 
— ...although it is impossibles... to appreciate the value 
...without... time... to... verify all the calculations on 
which it is founded... — is. ..a very valuable accession 
to the geography of India. ... The maps are perfectly 
unique nor in anything like thsrn, executed on this 
side of India, in the ronnrds of this office" [pi. Io ]. 
lie strongly recommended him for a bonus of 12 mo. 
salary, but the Directors only granted the meagre 
sum of Us. 1,000, in consideration of his having 
cleared up Stewart's papers afcer his death 3 . 

Morris sailed for biijfland, tinti-tr 1. 2S-3-3I, in the Fu^-:p>re, 
and the folio win;! yenr was sppd. to Ceylon service. Under 
Sec. State letter 2d 3-M2 ; : ' Mr. F. "B. Morris, who had been 
employed imtier 1 he laist India. Co. i.i very extensive surveys, 
is appointed to tiie situation of Civil fir.-rieer and Surveyor 
General, on a safrtvv of £300 per annum". 

Assumed oi'rito on a-:-!. Ceylon If S 33 ; leave to England 
on mo. Dee. lSrUi-l'eb. LS-fo ; Civ. Thigr. only Oct. 1K4S till 
after Jan. 1851. Disin. "for allowing the head elerk to 
de money" 4 ; returned to India. 

. 25-7-54 ( 727 ), from oh. of Iron Bridge Yard 
■utta 0:1 oMi'i rim,. Kppd. Civil Asc hit-net on |> = . 700 pit-.. ; 
5-12-54 ! 1225), permitted to resign. ]vi.~i, railway 
a-actor at Allahabad ; pr, d. in India. 



OLLIVER 



OEv. 






oWm.Ohvf 



whow 






o under 



_ with Macken 

ed. iMarlow, 

Oriental Olub. Hodsoti. Ill ( 428 ). 

'if.isxeu.'.ie obtained his anpt, to the svy. after p 
efforts ; "I requested ..*r. Mei-enlle io ..: v [.."lai : \ to His Lordship 
how fir the Service would be bo: n- fitted by cnipio-, bif; Oaptn. 
Oliver's talents. ... Cod knows vdn.t a bunner; has devolved 
on me in the whole ol" these things, it has nearly over- 
whelmed me" s [477]. 

DDn. 144 ( 289 ), 27-S-19, nominated aa Asst. 
Survr. on Sirmur Svy., being content to sers 
Herbert, his junior in mil . rank ; joined at ? 
pur, Dec. 1819 [ 2, 38-9, 329, 457 ]. 

BG0. 14-9-21. to officlats as Survr. in oh. 

BGO. 1—8-22, on S(.!. ! sspo;:ial rntsdn, 6 .' -',32 ] appd. to 
oh. of Rev. Svy. Delhi [148, 151, 154-6, 162, 333, 
449] holding ch. until after promoted Maj., bmc. 
10-4-29 I 157, 301 ]. btc. 2-6-29 ; to surrender ch. 
of Delhi svy. by Oct. 1829. 

Between June 1S-2S a-i;J Mi-:eh !S:iO, obsd. lunar transits 
and occult ati ens of stt.rs at Go tea on, -20 in. sw. of Deihi r . 

1831^, serving with bait, at Xnsirabiid, submits to ASS. 
series of longs, obsd. by lunar transits and culminating, 
stars, Feb. 1831 to Nov. IS33 ; also meteorl. obsns., Dec. 
1832 to Aug. 1834. SI 1.2-:; 1 to 23 '2 32, obsns. for lat. 
of ehurcb bun.rialow. .Xas'ia bf.d ay altituiies of jjeiaris, (.liken 
with " in IS-iiiiei ;Jtit.o:;e and o'.u'vai.ii firo.e, now passed to 
Lueknow observatory ". Appreciated by edr, JASB., James 
I'rinsep, as " it is a cons'.itu!, e.ornpjaint of i-.st/onomora in this 
country thiit points of reference are not to be had"*. 

OLLIVER, Joseph [ II, 435 ]. Civ. Asst. gts. 
b. 1785/6. 

Appce. 13-3-1800 ; Sub-Aast^ Sept. 1804 



Priepl 

....b-Asst. 11-3-21 ; Ob. Civ. A:-st, -l-fj-32 ; ret. 1H12, 
m lue. Father 

of; Andrew Cornelius— Thos. -and Chas. A. Olliver — all sub- 
ass'ts. &TS. : another s;>:i. Mirk Ed'.vin, in., 1S3S, Serampore, 
a da-u. of Chas. Joseph [ 321 ], Nov. 1831, all four sons 
accd. De Penniny from Madia-- k> Galentta to join their 
parents. 

1800, appd. to Survjr. Rnhool, Madras — -1804^6, 
with Kator in Mysore [IE, 364 ]— 11-3-07, to 
Lambton's svy. ; emp. on compns. and copying till 
sent out with De Penning in Aug. 1817 on trgn. of 
Gt. ArcH. from Bidar [223-4. 325. 373. 378, 437 J— 
with De Penning again in 1818— and from 1819 
became Everest's ri K ht-liand man [118,227-8,230-2] 
— With Everest again, 1S22 -3, on longl. serlas OT. to 
Sholapur and with him at Hyderabad during 1823, 
acting aa go-between with Dr. Morton [ 234-6, 443 
n.8]. 

On De Pomunrt's resit., )-2-U, succd. as o'enlor b'nb- 
Asst., I'lverest rct)ovthi2, 29-3 -2:;, tint ;,e had "for the hist 
5 years heeu enip'.o'.ed under my own eye and, however 
trvintr or di-acu'i, tin circuin.-tau. cs, ... I have never found 
hi-11 Jeiicieni-in^eiL: or a?.suli;iiy" s . ... At tlie perknl...ur my 
ilLuess i left bim in i'i:aii!0 of tlvs crier, itions oit tin: Codavery 
in 152d r 2 1 :-'ij, a'vl be aeqoitted lritaself most satis- 

* "Capable of connecting the Kara-ngooly arid Yerraoondah 

meridional series, ...Mr. J. Olliver... -,vl11 never feel himself 

at a loss in condnetina sin.yji.iier p:nU'i;wl seti.-.s wlmicver. 

I... suggest... confiding the further management of the Great- 



OLIVER, Thomas. Ben. Inf. 

b. 17-11-1789. d. 22-4-72. 
Ens. 17-3-05 ... Xt Col. 3-7-32 ... Gen. 19-6-66. 
Son of Samuel ( d. Capetown, 1S">!> aged 74 ], and Susan 

■ DDn. 264 ( 5S-64 ), 1-4-30. Ho SG., lb. ( 152-1 ). >DDn. 205 { 165-8), W-S-H ; 262 ( 89 ) 11-7-31. W°" 

Lit. R W . VI (352 259). 'DDn. 1 fit (93), 19 1-19. • DDn. 196 (143). ' <.w> *. •« ^.;" ■' ;,- ' ' ' : ^ n »■ ^,%\ 

1833 (606-11): II, l«a I 12S-9, 4S2 -4 ( ; III 1834 (243) (IV 1835, 49-53). B DDn. 197 (3, ). "DDn. 171 (.6), 
27-5-23. 



OLLIVBR it 

Meridional aeries to his liaiids in the event of my absence 
[ 9, 245. 254. 3 26 , 3 8o > 403. 414-5. 444-5 ]■ -- 

'■ Is it ready calculator. ... From havii:j ;:i;iai. constantly 
under my super uitendeiice since ISIS, ho has improved =0 
much, and has e:nt.j.en...eoi'ip.e'.ely ioto the met [.oil ot applyinit 
the necessary formjih-.o. ... He possess an invincible patience 
and perseverance, with the acrietcst regard to truth and 
integrity". 

Ori these rccdns. Oiliver wis promoted to salary of Es. 
400 pm. vacated by De Penning 1 . 

Nov. 1824, at meast. ol' Sironj base [ -1,80-1 ], incurred dis- 

E lea-sure ol" Brercst who was in a thoroughly neurotic state 
■om constant ill-health [. H .i |. Merest writes on evening of 
22nd ; "I desired you 1-0 he hero to-day, ear.y in this morning 
if you eould be spared, but at all events. ..by four o'clock this 
afternoon. This positive order you Lave disobeyed, for I did 
not tell you to use your own judgment". 

Oiliver pleaded that tic eon Id nut leave the ol earing of the 
base, but Everest was not satisfied. "T fee nothing which 
eouhlnot . safety lun-e been left for 24 hours to the management 
of Murray Torrick [ 380 ]. ... Y0.1 hurl a party of 6 sepoys 
under a very clover jiOLi-cioiunls/lom-i officer. ... Your 
conduct is quite indefensible. ... You iviU consider yourself 
nude:' norsorial arrest until: the pleasure of the Supreme 
Government is known. ... "As it is not joy intern-ion that yon 
should consider yourself under dnst arrest, you have the 
liberty of camp allowed you" 3 . 

Report was made to the SO., 29-11-24; "My 1st Sob- 
.Assistant, 3lr. Oiliver, has been aoi.hic with jireat iio propriety 
of late, and has k< hist proceeded to direct disobedience. ... 

"I arrived at Soronj on [.be 7 tci instant, and... sent Mr. Oiliver 
on the 10th to select ar.d prepare a line lor my base of verifi- 
cation in the plain fast of the town, -v 1 1 E I «t. [ proceeded to 
the western tableland to fix the position of my meridian by 
eircuiu-xihr stiir observations. 

"The task.. .is one of great fatigue, and to me was parti- 
cularly so because I have but barely recovered from a slow 
fever whioh confined me to my bed for nearly a month 
[404, 445]. ... On the morning of the 21st. linding myself 
quite worn down for want of rest, T wrote. ..to Mr. Oiliver, 
who was then about .12 or 14 miles distant, desiring him to 
jit tend... early ill the morning on the 22nd. for... assisting, 
me in taking some jinnies with the large theodolite, but at ail 
events by 2 o'clock in the eveuini;. This order Mr. Oiliver 
disobeyed in toto, and I wjis... compelled from actual want 
■of strength to forcero- a very important object, ... The excuse 
nrjred is" that he did not 'think proper to leave the village 
labourers to work by themselves. ... 

"'If this had been the only instance of misconduct on the 
part of Mr. Oiliver, I should have considered H as a venial 
offence, but it is far otherwise. lie Ijjls mi sev.-ral occasions 
of late given iuo great cause to he displeased, ...and has 
shewn... wilfulness and inertness of which I before thought 
him incapable. ... He has experienced. ..the utmost kindness 
and inrhi'lgeoee at my hands. ... Bo had a spirit should be 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



... consider the uniiir a 



til:; r-i m.-ii ieraje l.re!L(.u.eiv:...both a 
I will, with your j 
factorily settled" 4 . 

In 1825, when Everest decided that he e 
sick leave to Europe, there was much 
to the ernpt. of the gts. during hi* absence, and it ■ 
was finally decided to c'i--;r Oiliver charge of a long}, 
series of triangle., from Sirxnij to Calcutta, with an 
18-inch theodolite instead of the great. 36-inch one, 
which was now seriously out of order [ 2jf), 264, 442 ]. 
Everest enirili&sr/.O'.l the wild and diilloult nature of 
the country am.! estimated that tho work would take 
more than six years [ 241-2, 261-4 ]. 

"Where then is the siug":e iut.lrhlual to be found to whom 
it work of such extent, lijiration. importance, and deEcacy, 
can safely be confided. The nersuii so selected should not 
only have athoroogh pn-.eiieai knenckdye of his profession, ... 
but he must be endowed with no ordinary portion of en- 
thusiasm. ..to induce him to give up society and all the 
enjoyments of ciiiliied life" 5 . 

Oiliver was the only man to fill tho bill, and Blacker 
told Govt, that he had "every reason, after mature 
discussion with Curita-iii Everest, "to ('■insider Oiliver 
capable of the task" 6 . It was just as arduous as 
Everest had anticipated, but Oiliver persisted mspito 
of trouble and mokiio-i:', and had brought Iria triangles 
to within a short distance of Calcutta, by the time 
Everest returned five yoars later [ 9-10, 87, 248, 252, 
259, Z61-4, 327, 404-5, 416-7, 495, 499 ]. 

No special increment of pay was granted, for the great 
responsibility. Govt, thought it sufficient, to hold out 
"expectation of iiandsome remuneration should he.. .be 
found to have fulfilled his duties with /.eal. rectitude, iiud 
ability"" 7 . They hud :iot so far been generous, and Oiliver 
hiid great diffieidi.y in nei, 1 in;: bis unveiling expenses when he 
went down to Caleukii with live-rest in September 1825 
[246,353]. For the rei.urn journey; "To avoid detention... 
should •icko.ess 11 1 Lend me, f have been induced 1.0 engage iekn s 
palankeen bearers from C'jileutii! to Jlir^apoor. I was also 
unfortoii.nte in having lost a valuable travelling horse a few 
days before I left Calcutta ; its complaint arose from fatigue 



. JOnr 



1 the 



"I havo desired him... to consider himself in arrest. I 
know not whether this measure is in strict accordance with 
the rules of the department, but...l could oot with propriety 
:allow a person who. by his wilful diiobe;lie:ici;, had forfeited 
inv eo-ifideuce. to take nurt in these de. lento operatjojjs. ... 

" y\y OJilv desire is lo brine: hini I-.; a proper sense of his 
duty, and to check in time a habit of insubordination which, 
jf it once gains ground, iviil not ensily be eradicated"*. 

Blacker agreed that hlvei-cit was fully justified in requiring 
the strictest 'discipline, but asked him to call on Oiliver to 
express regret and oronnse future, good conduct. Oiliver' s 
first reaction was defhsnoc and a request to resign. Everest, 
however, gave him it mourn to think it over, and then 
reported to the SO. ; "He waited upon me and expressed his 
sorrow and regret for what had passed, and bus thanks for *.-■,-.«,. 

>DDn 171 ( 17-1-9 }, 18-2-24. a DDn. 91 ( 479-87 ), 22 to 24-11-21 : arrest wits hardly the rhd;t punishment for a civil 

■officer' 'DDn 172(271-1). ' DDn. 171 ( X 16-S '., 12-2 25 f 3o9 ). » DDn. 172. s 'DDn. 204 ( i02-n ), 2-1-11- 25. 'BMC. 
11-11-25; DDn. 201 (173). »on contract. 'whilst Oiliver went by boat [ 246 ]. ,0 DDn. 173 (5), 12-12-25. "ib. 

i 97-1D2), 1-8-28. 



season 3 , and the beast died a week aitir reaching Calcutta. .". 
The horee stood me in at purchasing, :;(;(j liyder.iliad rupees 
equal to sa. rupees 302-S-4" 111 . 

He wjis staunch to the iusf-us. left by flvcrcst, and firmly 
resisted the wishes of Hodgson that lie should compute his 
points us he went along [ 257 ]. "I. ..hope that in two sea- 
sons more the work ho termini:! i-d u.j Calcutta, when it will be 
gratifying to H!. ilown delilie.iub.'h" iiuloor^ tj' complete the 
calculations; ...a far more preferable mode than all the 
hasty calculations in the field" 11 . 

In 1832, on Everest's warm recdn., Govt, author- 
ized his promotion to Chief Asst., on Rs. 600 pm., 
which the Direct: its conrinnod, whilst, rufi.i.sins any 
fiLi'ther reward. 

IS) 1, Oiliver proposed " to otiltivjitc a gfirden after 
retirement ". 

OMMAjMNEY, Edward Laoon. Ben. Engrs. 
b. 2-10-10. d. 3-11-96. 
2/Lt. 13-I2-2T ... Col. 18-2-61 ; ret. as Hon. M Gen. 



NOTES 



Son of Edward Symonds Ommaiincy, risjicb. of Yarrooul li 
and Henrietta Maria, his wife, dau. of Sir Edmund Lacon, 
1st Bart. 

m., Dacca, ± IM-oif. Kl./ubetli. dan.. ol'.l. V, - . SLirtf.iL. 

ed. Addiscombe, 1*26 7. Hudson, Ill ( 430 ). 

11-12-29, appd. asst. to Cilrnoro on svy. of nif.il Burdivfin 
to Patna, completed by March )S;ii>| s.3 ] ; 1-10-30, appd. asst. 
to Wilcos on svv. of Brahmaputra E.., tarcimi oh. Sept. 1S31 
1 16, 515 ]. 1834-7, with GTS. 

OSBORNE, Henry. Civ. Survr., uncov. 

1815-3, arrd. Calcutta as purser of ship Mangles; lived at 
13 tt 1 '■■!!■ Taratalah. 

As J. SIX. L-iTi (340, -SOS 1. Iks wife and two dans, 
left Calcutta tii join Heroin'- for rZegLuul, but Mrs. Ushorne 
d. 3-1-25 at K rd-ee. on Hootdilv R. Had two sons with 
hint as survrs. : the y.r. inmisi Wuliam, d. : Calcutta, 16- 8-3-1. 

1S17, emp.'by Cullr. 5 1 .Parganas, and assis-ted by elder 
son, who left India about end of 1821. 

Sfi. writes to Colli-., 11-2-10. "Mr. Osbnrne has taken 
away bis little boy from this oi:ite ; be said lie could find 
employment for him with himself, & as 1 had nt) vacancy, & 
could "make no provision lor a youth of his age, I made no 
objection'' I 368 J, 

In an appn. to the Colli-, of Bhulua, or Noakhali, 
for the svy. of the islands; ami chaum of tiie Meglina, R-, 
Osborne writes, 26-10-21, that "during the time I 
have had. the honour to hold an appointment in the 
Honourable Company's service ( nearly 4 years ) as 
a surveyor in the department of the Collootora of 
Calcutta and the 24-Pargunnahs, I havo...[ employed ] 
my leisure time in such a way as to increase the... 
comfort of my family, to which my salary alone 
was. inadequate [ 12-3 ]. ... 

"By making sui-xts aiul t-:'ti mates, drawing plans, &o., 
for individuals, and. ..by an appointment as Assessor to 
one of the Divisions of Calcutta, 1 have been enabled to 
averaco an addition of aboul 300 rupees monthly during the 
last 12 months, with hopes of an equal or greater: advantage 
in future, according to.. .my becoming mora known. ... I 
should certainly prefer a permanent salary... under Govern- 
ment, even if "somoUiuig k-sthuo what I now realise" 1 . 
He was not attracted bv Che terms offered, and the svy. 
went to Blake 1 i-<S. .^25 ], Oshonie retaining his post in the 
24-Parganas. The elder sou. a -young iiuul of nigh character 
& very promising talon ?.s". I'.ad been proposed as his successor 
in Out. 1521, but Gov:., sanction was not received till Aug. 
182:5, by which time "he hail been at length induced, about 
, ..I, |.,.. M ,1 .|...i. In accept an oiler to embark oil board a ship 
bound to Luroue". Osborne the.roiui.m offered his "younger 
son Wui., who was duly aiio.l. mi Its. 100 pm. | 368-9 ]. 

Of maps l.iy Hci-rv- 1.0 find rooord of uiui of Dnm Dulu 
Cant., 10-3-19, and one of Calcutta. Another of Calcutta 
"with latest improvements" by Win., i.\ inches to mile, 
was engraved-'. During 1826 U'm. wis on a siy. ofChinsura 
[368-9], and in Dec, being dissatisfied with his monthly 
terms, was struck off and paid by contract. During 1323 ho 
survd. road "t.Vom I'ultali lo fjeepa" and from "Decpa to 
Jungle Mehals". 

1S3.1. a Geo. Osbovnc, of the Opium Dcpt., compiled is 
map of Gluutipur, but lacked funds for its puhn. — _Nov.- 
Dec., 1337. when stationed at 0hunu.r. he reported o 
.1 fd. a' "" 



Hew 



isibility of a 
of part of Son 1 

This may have noon o old. to nui. 

OTTER, Richard Eendall. Mad. Inf. 
bapt. 18-11-03. d. 11-3-41. 
Lieut. 7-4-20 ; Capt. 4-1-32 ; ret. 22-7-40. 



i PEMBERTON" 

Son of Capt. John Otter, of EMC. Sandhurst, 
ed. Sandhurst. 

MOO. 7-9-27, appd. Asst. Kuv\ 1: 2i:d el. : 1'Dn. 222 ( 194 ), 
31-11-27, arrd. Madraa, Oct., to join Vizagapataru svy. 

before part'." took field. 

Not a, success. S:iell reporting, 1-7-2!!, "that he has not 
made any progress... during the last month, on account, as 
he states, of ince-smil. rains, although from reports of the- 
Assistant Surveyors etnpioyed in the same quarter interrup- 
tion from this eansc kn-s onlv .atc.y occurred 1 * 1 . 

DDn. 237 ( 17(1 ), o 9 -20", asked leave to resign "as, from 
the experience of the last season of the jidd survey, I find 
in \ .in .■. 1., ■;■(, ■:. , i.. ,..,■: ., 1 : . 1 • 1 ■ ■ .11 . . 1 :n ■ !''■ . ■ ere bodily labour... 
of the inferior duties ol the Department". Ho was at tho 
same time reported "absent ivitnoar leave", and his previous 
season's work had shown a "total neglect of duty". His 
resn. was accepted'"' | 102-3 ]■ 

OVANS, Charles. Bo. Inf. 

b. 20-9-1703. d. 19/20-7-58. 

Ens. 25-7-09 ... M Gen. 20-6-54. 
Son of David Ovans and Mary his wife, dan, of Chas. and 
Jane Lambert. 

m., Tweedmouth, ifi-11 34. .Mary Robertson. 

1316, or later, survd. passes into Beclr [ 123 ], and 1816-20 
on rev. svy. of Suvu-t and Broach [ 170 ]. 

9-3-20, reed, for uh. of rev. svy. Kaira Diat. ; bo 00. 
23-11-21, promoted 1st. Asst. Gujarat Rev. Svy. ; with svy. 
till closed down. IS29 [ 343 ]. 

c. 1835-7, qvtg. Bom buy army; 1838, Resdt. atSatara; 
captured bv insurgents in 1 ■■'■44 ■.Uiilston tour, and imprisoned 
in Passhafa fort, Kolhapur State. 

PALMER, "Francis Charles. Ben. Cav. 
b. Calcutta, 3-4-1792. d. Dacca, 

24-10-25. 

Corn. 10-9-08 ... Capt. 9-4-23. 

Son ol" John Palmer ( 17<m 1S3!> ). "Prince of Merchants" 
(DIB.)*, by his wife Mary Sarah Hampton, said by Lady 
Nugent to have been of mixed blood ; g. son of Haj. Win. 
Palmer [I, 56]. 

m Goleirta 3--:~3'\ 'd'ss Anna Kh/abevh Burrows. 

[iodson. 111(446-7). 

1-1-17, appd. iiAtpro. me'-eo. m 334 & 25 ( 09, 70 ), 1817. 
survd. routes Giiuuar t'l Mii/apur ir.il iilli.L l "plan re'li one- 
story and the field book unothev nttetly at larianec with 
k" •'. Everest, 1832. 

PATON, John. Ben. Inf. 

bapt. 11-4—03. kd. in action, Khurd 
Kabul Pass, 8-1-42, during retreat. 

Ens. 10-6-19 ... Capt. 16-7-23 ; lit. .Ma]. 23-11-41. 

Son of Peter Paton, mereh. of Fraserbutgh, and Agues his. 
1st wife. 

Hodson, in ( 475 ). 

27-11-23, appd. iiaqmg., 3rd. cl. ; 1825, with quo. 's. 
Depi.., Arakan "1" 337 ] ; leave on ir.c, Calcutta, Dae. 1825- 
to Aug. 1826. 

1H27-S, on road svys. n. 01 Delhi: plans of Kamal, 
LudMana, Sabarailpur cunts. 1H27 ; 1828, DAQiIa. 2nd. 

ci. r 27 ]. 

jiitto. S^ i 53 ) ; svv. in Jodb.pur State, und. 
Afglu-nwar, 1S3A 12, q>:o.'s Dept ; 1339, sketch of route 
Kandahar to Girlish. 

PEMBERTON, Robert Boileau. Ben. Inf. 
b. 21-6-1798, W.Indies, 
d., Berhampore, 26-6-40 ; mi. 1 
Lieut. 1-8-1S ; Capt. 21-7-35. 



-11-21 (25). *BenRf.q'. 98 i 2S1 }, 8S j Ho, 22 ) ib. 1 11 { 453 ! : Gal. lit". IV. 
i, DDn. 345! tS-lil liJASfi. VI 1, U>;is | S39-48 ). * DD:>. i!37 ( 67 ). Mb. (IS 
inn. Palmer & Co.; Paukridgc ( 51 ). 'flan. P <b P., I (98). 



PEMBERTON 4 

Son of Rev. John Bntlor PciniiPr. on. ban., rector of 
Trinity Ch., St. Kitts, WL, and his wife Harriet, nee Boileau, 
widow of Riehd. Price. 

m., Calcutta, 7-k-32, Henrietta. Peach, dan. of Ihrncan 
Maclood, Ben. Ihisri. [ I, J.,/ ] ; fattier of M Gen. R. C.B. 
Pemberton ( 1834-1914); . utt: C3I ; D(t. Railways in India; 
also of J. M. Pemhorr.ou. ?ur;». Bon. Mo:!, i 1835-67 ) ; a dau. 
m. Si- Geo. Udnv Yule ( Z>iVj5. ). ■ 
BIB. : Hodson, in ( 496-7 ). 

bqo. 15-7-20, granted 12-ino. leave for study at Pt. Win. 
Coll. ; ib. 3-1-22, to officiate a* tj mjiki. 3rd. el., for employ- 
ment under SC, who had spsr.-i;;Lly reed. I. him [ 333 ]'. 

1822, Asst. Survr., Rohilkliand rev. svy. under 
Bedford [ 154, 333, 406 ] ; Sept. 1824, on mil. service 
to Cachar with Birnie Browne [ 437 ], making svys. 
of Barak R., and of Manipur road [66, 151, 434 ] f . 

Govt, Gaz., 7-7-25 ; letter from P.nr:berton, Hani- 
pur- — volunteered to fi-MOfiLp'my Cumbheer Singh 
— left Sylhot 17tli May — surveyed route to Munni- 
poor by perambulator, 96 m. from rianskamlee. 

Govt. Gaz. 4—7-25 ; "Lieut. Pomberton and Raja 
Gumbeor Singh arrived nt "Munni poor on morning of 
12th June, and took possession of the stockade 
evacuated by the Burmana, ... Lieut. Pemberton 
returned in the evening of 13th to the town to survey 
as much as possible of the valley during the Rajah'a 
absence, which would last 4 or 5 days. Oa his 
Teturn the party was to set out for J 
imme diately " . 

BOO. 1-8-25, 2 mo. leave to 1'rcddcy ; Oct, 
allces. as Survr. ; Dec. 1825, returns to Sylhet, and till 1827, 
survd. tracks from Manipur to Kabaw valley via Tamu 3 , 
■and w. to upper Assam and CIci; 5r ; attd. to Pol. Dept. ; 
E50. 13-8-28; " Adverting to.. .the services rendered by 
Lient. Pembortor, in the l'oliur.nl :is v/oil as the Surveying 
Department, and to tho... trouble, privation, and extra 
■expense, to which be has been, exposed, ... the Governor 
General in Council considers t\-.-.A. it will be equitable... to 
grant him compensation jn the Political Department for the 
loss of his staff allowance at! a I it-pnu A.!*i;,i.ant Q.imrtei'mailcr 
General [336, 348]". Granted extra alloe. of Ra. 250 pm. 
■from Pol. Dept. from 7-10-26*. 

DDn. 2;.il ; Vl\< ), 2-1-1 -t>. 30. i\;>ji-l-:> that bo was "employ- 
ed ( also under i.'.e Politieni .]>paH.menl. ) in the exploration 
and survey of the country of _Mu-ii[joor, or Cassay, and of the 
Kyan-Duan [Cbindwin] River [437,454]. Both Lieuts. 
Wilcox and Pemberton are officers of experience, and good 
oriental scholars, well versed in the customs and languages of 
the natives of India, and also possess high professional talenta 
and skill aa surveyors and practical astronomers. They 
have evinced themselves U> be men of enterprise, and by 
their labours., .our geographical •oiiowJed-i? of the countries 
f Bengal has been much extended" [ 3, 78-9, 181-3, 






l BIOGRAPHICAL 

and to set out forthwith, notwithstanding tho un- 
favorable season of the year"* [ 66 ]. 

1831-2, deputed to seli'tt s-j liable .iiio for crifiital of Arakan, 
and with Jsnkias [ 434 n.5 ] guivd. route from Arakan 
through Chit ■ 1 II 1 to Assam 

[454 3- 

Offerod svy. wort under S(;., cut preferred pr.1. service on 
HE. Frontier, which included mission to l-lhnr.an, 1837' ; from 
1839, AGG. Murshidabad till death. 

Auth. of Report of IS^ent Fnrdie.r of British India, 1835; ■ 
Report on Bhutan, 13,15. Consuml, contributor to ASB. of 
birds and geol. specimens'. His father-in-law write.* after 
his death that Tin and Mrs Peru burton were engaged on a 
catalogue of his " Bhutan st 



PERRY, Jamea [II, 436 ]. Mad. Inf. 
b. Bath 12-6-1790. d. 5-9-63. 



Ens. 



27-6-OS ... Lt.-Col. 13-7-31 ... Lt.-Gen. 
6-12-56. 
of Lt.-Col. Wm. 



s-12-50, Ida S 



m., 1st., Madias, :i -7-2'j, Eli/.ab- 
Read, dqmc. hit. "Force? in India. 

m,, 2nd., St. (.!eyi-jrty.i lbmo\ cr S 
dan. of Cape. J. E. Purlby, EM. 

Oriental Club. 

June 1807, Mill. ol. in [n, 320I; 1810-1, on Goa Svy. 
[If, 11611,5]; IS12-U, to Murope on mo. 

1817, with Hyderabad Sul.isy. Force; on svy. of passes 
in Nagpur Territories under aqmo., completing materials by 
end Oct." [S4]. 

moo. 2-2-19, apinl. Aa-t, Knrvv. in Deocan [ 125 n.6, 212, 
352]; submits resn., Ilharwar, 2 10-21 ; "For the most part 
of the time that I have boon in monsoon quarters, I have been 
totally ineapacitai e:l from attending to my duty in conse- 
quence of a severe bowel i.oinplaint winch I contracted 
whilst on survey last season, ... and,. .may be permitted 
to visit the sen coa.;r. lor the benefit of my health.. .[ and] 

PESTER, John. Ben. Inf. 

b. 22-12-1771. d. 1-8-56. 
Ens. 6-9-1800 ... Lt.-Col. 16-12-24 ; ret. 6-1-26. 
Son of Emanuel and Peggy Pester. 

111., Alontacute. Somerset, April IS11, Elizabeth, dan. of 
Eev. Wm. Phelips. 

IkxTson, III (511-2). 

MEM. M 518; 60 (15, 20 1; journal; and well-drawn 
sketches through inrgnja and U'iixipiir between Son and 
Narbada, whilst in eh. Guides und J.r.teliigencc. "Map of the 
outposts and line of south western frontier occupied by 
Brigadier Gen. Toone's Division" not so accurate or complete 
as Robt. Smith's fni:p Tannic area [ IE, 47 ]. 

Extracts from Poster's dlarv, kept whilst Bde. Maj. with 
force that captured Gwalior 5-2-01, pub. under title War 
and Sport in India, 1S02-Q6. ed. by his gt. nephew, J. A. 
""" " te of pwd., 1913. 



Pemberton was, further, a beautiful dnin., witness specially 
WOO. 136 ( 6 ). 

1828-30, was member of coma, la/ying down 
Bnrma-Manipiir boundary sraA, 1830, visited Ava ; 
then to Arakan following Trent's routa ovap the 
Yomas to An [71, 508], and survsi. oancs. at Kyaukpyu 
and Akyab 5 . He reported personally to the GG. at 
Allahabad, and was officially commended for his 
"determination, ... accustomed zoal and spirit of 
■enterprize ", whieli led him " to accept the call to Ava, 

>DDn 190(143),6-11-21. "The oriama-! plan that liiml.lhani's K.rco siiouhl striku into Burma via Cioliar and Manipur 

■was soon abanrlnned ; lih'.ivan (oi'.i. 'Kabaw Vallev ; 11 th Araiv, l ( U3-o; "' Dlui.1i dripimd ffin ov- :> .r ;di " ; KUr.Mnt Bill 
■i 140-1 1 J On transior'of the Rev. Survr-. from q.hg. [313], l)l)n. 21U 1 2*3 ) i 230 ( S-f.l-l 1. =j[RI0. 191 (1-6). 

»KMS 672(615). ■'JBQS. Vllf. LS*S3 (3U1-7 1 ; ■;. A.'J.v Llden's i'U.u-al XC^-i-i^...^ '.liMi-i* ; liiiil. 'J ASB. VIII, 1838 
{ 90)- X 18+1(08-7) XII. 1S4-3 iiiifll. ,J DDn. 142 ( 69 ;, 7-3-17 ; MMC. 21 -9-17. " Bo MC. camp, 39/1822. "Asst. Surg. 
1791; Surg. 1799; ret. 1826. 



PEYTON, John. Sub-Asst. Survr., gts. 
"b. c. July 1804 in India. 
Sub-Asat. 1-10-23 ... Dep. Compr., GTS., 18-1-32 ; 

1st. Priup'l. Sub-Asst., 1844; Ch CiT ABst._ lS-H^tS ; 



;i0 -9-23, sd. iiideutnro aa appce., GTS. 
He was appd. in place of young Wm. Lambton 
[ 326-7, 379-80 ], his father being a friend of Everest's 



NOTES * 

at Hyderabad [ 444 J. "I entered the G.T. Survey", 
he writes later, "in 1823 and served under you until 
your departure to England in 1825. ... I assisted 
in the operations. ..from Pilkimr to Seronj, through 
the deadly tracts of tins Hahiidoo mountains [ 242-6, 
403-4 ]. I was thon employed on the longitudinal 
series with Mr. Olliver, Mr. Rossenrode, and Mr. 
Torriek, at that time the only uncortvenanted Trigl. 
purveyors besides myself. 

"I need not dwell on the hardship 1 ) and nilticnities we 
encountered on that service, nor on the succesufnl ter-iiic.a- 
tion to which it was brought [ 2^1-4, 382, 404.5, 492 ]" 1 . 

PRINSEP, James. Assay Master, 
b. 20-8-1799. d. 22-4-40. 

Aast. Assbv .Master. Oaleutta ISI9 — Assay Master, 
— Benares. 1S20 30 Caicntta, 1S30 S [ 435 ]. 

7th 5011 of John Priicop [ 17-10-133(1 ], morch. of London 
and EI. Ape:r!., uho sent S sons to India. 

m.. Calcutta, 2f>-i-:j,'i. Ibi-rief Sophia Aubert. 

FRS. 

H/B.;Laurio./.-I.S-/(.IX. IS-;0i :-i;:n 7 i MavUam ( 24.2 : ' i ; 
marble bust, ASE. Calcutta now ™th vsi.; Foster ( 70, SI } 
records ; plaster replica, and medallion portrait. Portrait 
by Coles worthy Grant, I'lih'ic chintntem :>f Calcutta, (pub. 
occasionally ) c. 1830-50. 

appced. at um. Mint, London. :i.rrd. India 1819. 

1822, made svy- of Benares city, ,S inchos to mile. 
Copies "made for various jiublie. id'iiersrs — R.S. 1,000 
paid to Mr. Pvinsop us renin aeration --Mr. Prinsep 
has received from England a lithographic edition, ... 
rendered more complete with supplementary addi- 
tions— Government have purchased 12 copies @ 12 
rupees a copy" 8 . 

1833, As R. xv. apps. I (1J describes obsns. for lat. 
of Benares made by Wm. Cracroft 1 and James Prinsep in 
Nov.; they discussed obsn.s. mmle by Burrow, (.'rawfoi'd, 
Wilted, and Hodgson, and deduced value of 25° 18' 33' 
for the "Hindu Observatory in the city". They also dis- 
cussed the value of lone., with those supplied by Ewer 
[ ,40 ', Oolvin [ /:;-, :i-7 |, arid Maxwell*. 

1527. complete;: map of AlUmiead. left unfinished hv 
Irvine [ 462 ], in spite of "the difficulty ol' absenting myself 
from Benares for more than l»u or three days at a time" 1 . 

A pleasing artist; pub. album entitled B~ii:i.re:-: illustrated 
in a s'tici of Ihtiirirw ; Calcutta A Loudon, 1SS1. sketched 
meast. of Calcutta base-line, Jan. !SS2 | IV, pi. 2 ]. 

FhilTrans. 1S2S, (70 95, 201-3); papers on meteorl. 
journal kept at. Benares and measl, of hign temperatures. 

Aastd. Horbert in producing Gleaning:.- in Science, 
becoming editor in 1831 on Herbert's move to 
Lucknow [458,401 ]. Changed title to Journal of the 
Asiatic Society of Bengal, the 1st number appearing 
7-3-32. Suce. H. H. Wilson as Assay Master at 
Calcutta in 1832, becoming See. of ASB. [ 510 ]. 

JASB. "VTT, 1838 ( xi, 916); ASB. records hi3 sailing 

Resn. aa Sec. refused; "It is now 19 years since Mr. James 
Prinsep arrived amongst us, a i.ioy in age, wanting perhaps 
the finish of classical scie'ruteiip v,],i':;i is conferred at. the 
public schools and universities of l/lnslaml, but well grounded 
in chouustre, mechanics, and all useful sciences. 

"He came. .as assistant to Dr. Wilson in the Assay Office 
at Calcutta [ 312 n.7 J, but after a. ..little more than a year 
was removed to Benares, to take ir ' 



same department in the Mint of that city. At Benarea he 

remained fir nearly ten years, during the better part of which 
he superintended nls-j wodts of improvement in the city. ... 

■'Upon the Hint- of IWeres h.i.ie. abolished in 1330. he 
resumed his pest in Calcutta, and was soon alter employed 
in completing the canal and loots to connect the Hooghly 
River with the Salt Water Lake and Sunder buna, which 
had been commenced bv a In-other | in] ]°. ... Soon after this, 
Mr. Wilson returning "to Europe Mr. James Prinsep found 
it ueecHsiiry to cor. line himself to...ihc A.-..":, v Department. 

"After fighting fruitlesslv against fin; upproaehes of disease 
for a couple of mouths, he was ai last compiled. ..to quit tie 
country suddenly, ... in the early part of... November" 1838. 

Devoted several years to study of atchffiol. inscriptions 
resulting in sncres.-fid deciphering of those on Asoka pillars, 
which, ivrites Markka m ; "had bafil,-d the scholarship of 
Jones [I, 342 ] and Colebreoke [ II, 380 1. ... The clue 
was first obtained when, in June 1327, Prinsep received 
copies. ..of sentences cut on the pillars round the famous- 
Sanchi tope or mound near Bhilsa in Central India. Each 
sentence ended vvitli the same Live letters, and it occurred to- 
Prinsep, by a sort of inspiration, that these two letters 
represented the verb "to give", or "a gilt". It was thus 
thai he finally obtained a clue to the alphabet. ... He applied 
this alphabet to the. ..pillars at Delhi and Allahabad, and the 
great discovery was completed. They all proved to be a 
aeries of edicts by the famous liuddldst. King, Asoka". 

Madiliam adds that Prinsep waa "a man whose equal 
has rarelv uceu found in acute reasoning and unflagging 
industry, backed by an entbr.iiati.c love of research. He 
adder! to rare gifts of int.edeot an amiable and generous dis- 
position, giving ad credit to bis fellow labourers, and resorv. 
ing none for himself"''. 

Auth. of Esta ;/■■:■ on Indian Ayiliquitifn, ed. by E. Thomas; 
2 vols. Murray, 1K3S ; at beginning of which is a bio. notico 
h_v one of Ids bros. 

Prinsep's Ghat in Calcutta is named after him. 

PRINSEP, Thomas. Ben. Bngra. 

b. 15-9-1800. d. Calcutta, 24-1-30,. 
from riding accident ; mi. s. Park St. cem. 

Lieut. 5-9-23 ; Capt. 28-9-27. 

Sth sou of John Prinsep, and b-ro. to James |>itp]. 

m., Calcutta, IS 2 20, buoy Anne. dan. of Rob;. Campbell, 
of Calcutta ; she d, 13-3-91. aged S3. 

ed. Addiscombc, 1KKS-9. Hudson, III ( 578 ]. 

bto, 16-3-21, appd. Survr. to ci 1 1 1 1 darbans Comn, 
[7, 141-4, 3°5, 369]; B to cr>. (Rev.), 30-7-23 
(231-50), appd. Asst. to Supt. of Canals; 1824, 
Survr. to Comnr. Salt Chokies [ 138, 141-2 ] j 1824-6, 
mil. service in Arakan [ 333 ]. 

ego. 30-10-28, i-ippd. Supdt. of Canals in suctseg- 
sion to Schalch [ I3-4, 500 ] ; prepared sevoral 
important maps— mrio. 170 ( 40 ), Survey of the Salt 
Lakes or Marshes adjoining Calcutta, shewing the 
connection with fbo different canal;, and tide! eroesks: ; 
Deo. 1828 ; ... 2" = 1 m.'\ coverixig Baranagar and 
Dum Dam, 3. to Tolly's Nullah— meio. 43 ( 26 a ), 
Plan of the City of Calcutta and n'.s Environs, ... with 
additions... by Cape. Prinsop" ; ongraved [ 13 ]. 

10. Cat. ( 101 1 "Map of the Suburbs of Calcutta b. of 
Circtdar Road, ... 1830 ; ... 4inches to a mile" — E. 
Canal, 1827, with properties ahmg banks "...drawn 
by Mr. Tomer" ; 125 ft. to inch ; BenReor. 36 ( 110) 
— "An Atlas of the Ganges and its outlets, from 



itoSG 2" -7-11 DDr: +03 t W2 j. ~ H to CI).. Jud., 10--4-23 f ISO ) ; ib. 7-12 fin: original MSe. at TO , Poster ( 7G ); Se» 
JRsor 190(144-5). =(1787 1S4B ) ; BOS.; Off,'. Ju:l B -e, Benares. IS23. ■ Hamilton Geo. Maxvel! : 17^7-!S29); Ben. Inf. 
1S05 '"J; Arijt. Champaran l.t. Luf. mS 9. 'Prinsep to Jud. Dept. 20-5-27; DDa. 203 (82-6); Map MRIO. 134 ( 24 ). 
■ of. Ben. Sel. Canals { 90). ' ilarkham ( 242-8 ). 



EAVENSHAW 49 

Allahabad to Calcutta, 6 [ or 8 ] sheets, scale 2* to 
m. ; lithographed" [ 15-6, 299, 448 ]. 

Auth. of Steam Navrjatioa on the Ganges, c. 1826. 

BAVENSHAW, William. Mad. Engrs. 
bapt. 21-2-1781. 

d. on bd. Gastett, Madras Roads, 15-2-25. 
Ens. 30-1-1796 ... Capt. 15-11-10. 
Son of John G-oldsborough Ravenshaw, and I'lli/abeth, 
Ms wife, dau. of Col. Withers. 

lSl'i. Suprlg. liisr. Mj.kbar & Cochin; uold aurvg. insta. 
to Svy. Dept., Madras [ 215-6 ]. 

lv"'-> pr'-nared ri-n:. ■■■! ;■;■■ T;ii--,i of 'latir:/':, and its limits 
"for the use of the Justices in Session"; Civil Engr. at 
Presdcy. [99 ]. 

REES, Vincent Louis. Compr. & Sub-Asst. 
b. Berne, Switzerland, c. 30-11-1794. 

And. India c . 27-11-21. 
Compr. 15-1- 25 : Sub-Asst, sgo., 31-1-25 ; leave to 
Europe on me., 1830-2 ; in ch. sgo. obsy. 10-1-35 ; left 
India on ret. 9-10-52. 

m., 1st., Cakntt.i. -■!' -0, S:..piiisL, only dau. of the late 
J. B. Plusker ; father of W. Palmer Rees, who ro., Calcutta, 
2-LV 0-.>t, M.,rv- Ann Mallock. 

There »a< another Vincent Rtc;, !:«*■:. i.o Oirr, Ttjiore & 
Co., brokora, Kim pr. m., Csli'iit.tn, 1* 2 -3S, "Fli™, eldest dan. 
of the late Jas. Jones, of Ireland, and d. Calcutta, 24-5-45, 
aged 34. 

Before 1820 held comn. in militia of Berne canton. 
DDn. 204 ( 135 ), S-l-25, Blacker reeds, his appt. 
i astr. obsns. at sgo. ; "of a respectable 
life. ... As he has for aorne 
timo been world ne ^raluitously in this office in order 
to recommend himself, I havo had an opportunity 
of making myself acquainted with his merits and 
: capabilities [188]. , 

"Mr. Rees is a Swiss gentleman by birth, and has 
ire-sided during four years in Calcutta, employed 
■chiefly as a teacher of elementary mathematics and 
English grammar, in which he is... proficient ". 
Appd. Sub-Asst. on B 240 pm. [ 313 ]. 
Everest records further particulars ; "Mr. Eees.-.had a 
fair prospect of ir.depe-u.iencc before him, -which he only 
relinquished on Colonel Blacker's repeated assurances of 
protection and support, ... Mfissrs. Bonasse & Co., of this 
city, to whom he brought out letters, and in whose house he 
resided for some I ime, ul'.V-crl birr, a respectible situation in 
their counting house, with the 7jro:iiine of eventually admit- 
■ ting him to a slnirc in their business. 

-' Preferring, however, the service of a Government whose... 
'liberality towards their servants he had always heard eulo- 
gised, he declined their proposal. ... At the time Captain 
Herbert made tho application in his favor, he had the sum 
of 40,000 rupees in his Agents' hands { Messrs, Palmer and 
Co.). Had he been fo-tunp.io enough to have obtained 
ileave, ... he was prepared.. .to draw out of their hands, and 
take to Europe, tho whole of his money. By the failure 
of that house which occurred soon after ' 471 n.I ], he was 
left entirely dependent on the bounty of Government. ... 
"Ho was uniformly treated by Colonel Blacker with 
...attention,, having an apartment in his house, and a seat 
• at his table. Indeed...he originally proposed. ..that Mr. Reos 
should be appointed to sueeecd Capwhi Cheaue, who was then 
Assistant to the Surveyor Genei-ai" [ 310, 433 ]. ... 

"On Colore! RhieliBi-'s distil. ... Major Hodgson... 
deemed it proper to employ Mr. Rees in a totally 
-different kind of duty, viz., that of instructing the 



i BIOGRAPHICAL 

apprentices in tho Revenue Department in the prac- 
tice of surveying [ 365 ]. The season of the year 
choson for carrying on these lessons was the months 
of May, June, July, and the consequence t 
Beea of constant exposure ti 
a paralytic seizure, which has entirely disabled him 
from -writing with his right hand, affecting his speech 
in a considerable degree, and also deprived him of 
the free action of one of his legs and arms. ... 

"Finding after several years that his symtoms were in no 
degree improved, lie v--\i- iiiduecd b\ i.'k- advice ufkia medical 
attendant to submit his ease to Captain Herbert—for leave 
of absence.. .to visit his native co-.mtrv. ... Some di:iieidvies 
having been anticipated from the want of a precedent, Mr. 
Rees stih Tenures... endeavouring to poribirn iiia duties. ... As 
there is a probability that. Mr. I lee;,' malady may be benefitted 
by a visit to his native country, I would recommend that he 
bo allowed to be absent... without being struck off the strength 
of the establishment" 1 . 

On his return from leave in lSBIi, Everest employed him. 
in the obsy. at Calcutta [ 186-9] ; "Mr. Rees was an invalid 
when I arrived. His face was paralysed ; he had lost the 
command of his right arm, and wrote constantly with his left 
hand. He wrote V> badly that it was difficult to read hia 
writing. He does so still, and... I conclude that he is not 
restored to health and clheicney. Mr. Kef -a' right arm is sub- 
ject to violent convulsive motions. He bad, i 



roulir 






the world might hnvc done iueui.eidniilo rr.i-ohief amongst 
the valuable instruments of my department. ... I deemed 
him, and do still deem him, not only useless, but dangerous, 
about instruments"*. 

Suitable work was found for him at the SGO. until he ret. 
in 1852. 

REMON, Thomas [ II, 438 ]■ Bo. Engrs. 
bapt. 22-12-1790. 
d. 5-11-25 ; Mandvi, Cuteh; an. 

Lieut. 1-10-08 ; Capt. 16-8-19. 

Son of James Romon, of Jersey. 

Prom 1812, asst. on rev. svy., Bombay I — 1815-6, on 
svy. with fd. force in Gujarat [ 123 ]— again with rev. svy. 
Bombay till, bow-. 8 1-18, ''ordered to proceed on field 
Eervicoin thoConniMi" -wouod-d at capture or Kooree fort, 
13-3-18 ; a bo 00. 14^-4-1!*, planned successful attack of hill 
fort of Bhuj, Ciitvli--J!oC : u~.., 14-11 2o, "distinguished on 
account of his ardent Zealand high professional acquirements" 
— d. "of a bilious fever.. .011 his way from Kaira to take 
command of the .FriL-inoer? of tin: Field ii'oree hi Cuteh". 

1830, "Routes in Goojarat, Ookamundel, and Choor 
Waugur". 

REYNOLDS, William. Bo. Inf. 

b. 21-2-1798. d. Bombay 2-2-28 ; an. 
Kent. 5-1-19. 

Son of William "Rev; olds, aUornev of Folkestone, bro. of 

Chas. Reynolds. SC. Boinbav 170G ISIfT I T, - i7 S-So ; H, 438 ]. 

m., 13-10-23, Amefia, dau. of the late G. W. Gillio, Bo CS. 

[ 490 ]■ 

no go. 1-11-20, ;t;uid. to GajiL'-ar lie-.-. r-vv.. ana employed 
as asst. sum., Kaira. 1 list, till oo:nplcii.'.'ii 1824 [ 170 n,5 ]. 

RICHARDSON, William. Astronomer. 
Asst. at Royal Obsy. Greenwich, 

Aug. 1822 to 1845. 
Originally a north -Country blacksmith. 

Obw^lory, i* I 1'J2.'. '. ; 11 A Sisal, II ( 2f> ), Feb. lS3l>. 
Smp, hy Sir James South ( 1785-1867), astr., 
DNB., proving a skilled obsvr. and compr. 



'fromSG. £3-12-:i0; l)J>:i. 385 ( 103-7 |. ; DDa. 283 (85). 10-10-33. 



NOTES 4! 

1828-30, asstd. Everest in preparation of his 
Account of the Meiusur«m?-nt of an arc of the Meridian 
.[ 242, 246, 257, 446 ] and introduced liirn to Henry 
Barrow [259]. 

1830, awarded gold medal of R A S. ; declined appt. of 

1845, dism. by A.R., Sir Geo. Airy; "though acquitted of 

charge brought against him, wdiicii was in no way connected 
with his work- at the Observatory, be was riot re- instated". 

RIDDELL, John [ II, 439 ]• Mad. Inf. 
b. 3-5-1785. d. Madras, 1-9-18. 
Lieut. 17-7-05. 

Son. of John. Eiddelh merch., sometime Provost of Clas- 
gow, and his wife K.ii/.abcth, tinier of Archibald Campbell, 
who assumed his mother's name, Colquhoun. and became 
Lord Advocate, 1807-16. 

ed. Glasgow firanimar o'ch. and Univ. ; mntno. 1797. 

April 1806, mm., cl. ii [II, 520]; 1807-11, oa 
Lambton's svy. [ n, 242-3]; 1814, AQMfl., svy. 
branch [ II, 245-6, 322 J. 

18-10-16, roedd. by Mackenzie for oh. of svy. office 
at Madras, "oa account of his professional qualifica- 
tions, ...and particularly for his experience in the 
Trigyniouieu'ioal Survey" 1 . 

mmo. 24-3-17, to act as adjt. 2/1 0th ni. 

mmc. 19-6-17, appd. "to receive charge provis- 
ionally of the branch of the Survey Department 
remaining at Fort Sr,. 0.eorigo...wlth a salary of aa. 
pagodas 70 per month [ n, 333 ], exclusive of the 
difference between the half and full batta of his 
Tank" [II, 321; HI, 35i]- Arrd. Madras from 
Vellora, 16-6-17, and took over ch. on 17th July, 
the day of Maekcnv.in's. departure [ 4, 300, 316, 475 ]. 

It was soars time before the appt. of "that excellent 
youne man" was con fir nr-d. Ridrlei; himself writes, 8-B-17 ; 
"Vlv'first desire is to see yonc views fulfilled, ajid myself 
nominated a permanent assistant. From what I hear, no 
appointments in. the purvey department will bo made at tSiia 
Presidency. All a rran^e ments are expected from Bengal, 
and it is to that quarter t must look [or my advancement. 
High emoluments. .were never my object but, at the same 
time, I have the ambition of not being outstripped by 
others, ...although 1 trust I have not the vulgar idea of 
measuring a situation to its salary"^. 

He writes, 15-10-17, of the appt. ol' an ass*, to Lamb tori 
oil the GTS. "I am not at all surprised that there arc 
many candidates for the important situation, of succeeding 
Colonel Lambton. Bui., ...if there is any chance of an 
Assistant !'';':i;u:-iO-,'i at the head ol' l.;ni .Vladrau branch of 
vour department, l" should like, at all events while yon are 
at the head of all, to have that situation. Should there be, 
which I should much regret, no chance of that situation 
borer permanent. I would vcol-on that of Lambton's assistant 
and successor as nc\t in honor 3 " [ 450 ]• 

Lambton had, indeed, at one time suggested his return 
to the trig, svy., but, on hearing of " t.ao appointment of Cap!., 
Everest as his Hd. Assistant on a salary of fit!!) rupees" 

: 342--!. 44" J- i'fddell ■■■ >■' , -nti:d ; "Thuy do i.aings stylishly 

in J.ien^al.' and 1 wish 1 had belonged to that establishment. 
As I have always said, f wished t.o continue under you, and 
now the pros pee', in the Oaomotrica.l Snrvey being cut off, 

His appt. was eventually sian.cthmcd under moo. 
16-6-18, when he was duly granted " the designation 
of "Assistant Surveyor Gsneral". There were no 



iMPC. 



11-11-16. >DDn. 151 ( 31-8 ). 
9. 'DDn. 151 ( 46, 216); Sept. 
pub. 1757 ; 1802. 



f BXDDELL 

real grounds for Ga-rliii^'s nsiontnient at Riddell's 
selection to this post before him, for it -was a staff 
appt. only, carry nig 110 seniority over that -of a Survr. 
in ch. of a fd. party [ 310-7, 339, 45° ]■ 

He thanks Macja.nne lor posting his case, and "for the 
trouble von are g.-in^- In take aoout me. I Trust the Govern- 
ment here are now convinced of the necessity of the appoint- 
ment, but 1 see thai while .11 r. I'lil iot [' 47S n.n ] remains, I can 
expect only to be tolerated. 1 am completely in the back- 
ground with him, and although I. nave shewn him every 
respect in the way 03' visiting, etc., have not received from 
him. oven the common i?ivi! itj-s due to all. On the contrary, 
on. occasions where every oilicer on the staff has been asked 
to dinners given expressly to the staff, i have been their 
only one at Madras left out. As yon know me, you are 
sufficiently convinced -hat being ri.de- i.sed from long dinners 
is to me a favour, iv.it t litre is a kind of pride of situation... 
that feels for being sl.igiii.ed. However, all the secretaries 
have behaved in a most .friendly manner, and, as Governors 
are not permanent, I may survive the present one [ 317-8 p. 

Later letters contain f.irlher ■1:01s of Govt. Ho.; "Mrs. 
flllioH has been very ill ; spasms the disorder she eo.mulahis 
of" 5 . "The Governor .V his fainiiy are as ns'ial. Cards & 
suppers & bed divide tneir day. Another' son arrived a fen 
days ago from England, so The whole family are, 1 believe, 
now collected at Madras" [ 47S-0 ] 7 . 

llai.-kenzie lovi-i.i hearing all the 'Madras gossip, and Riddell 
told hi in ail the tilde- tattle ' .17= 6 ] ; ! ' Von nsk for news tVoiu 
the Dohhon. ... Wo have allowed oursulvw both in Berar & 
at Pooriah to he hilled into a confidence which had nearly 
proved fan! to us. The discip'iuc of our troops has carried 
us thro' satisfactorily. & must, impress upon the minds of 
the inhabitants of India a great idea of iyjr superiority in 
arms, whatever they may form of our abilities a? politicians. 

"At ifoonah report says we were aided by the fidelity 
of one of our native officers. An attempt to sednee him 
had been made forthol'eishwah. ... This, thro' his command- 
ing oilicer, he discovered to the Resident, who desired him 
to carry on the plot. In the course of it he received 500 
rupees, was introduced at too Durbar. & arrangements made 
that when the l.'oishv ah commenced the attack [427], the 
battalion.,. should turn on their friends. 

"The attack was made, and floo.kia's astonished horse 
received a volley from liie supposed conspirators. ... The 
officer has been rewarded by a gift of 5,00(1 in addition to 
the 10,000 he got ia the course) of the negociation by a 
jaghire" 8 . 

Riddel! was iimorsjrsi the officer:; consulted as to 
the probable value of the new Telegraph [ 270 ], and 
Mackenzie writes, 11-4-18; "Your report on the 
Toleiriiiph 'mi's given much .satis faction here, & I am. 
glad it was referred to you in that manner. Some 
other reports we have got on it are so loaded witb 
technical terms as to be not very intelligent to plain 
abo men, & are laughed at. Ever avoid technical 
phrases, except ro professional men. ... You are a 
good follow, Riddell, & have too much trouble for 
your pittance of pay. We must look to this when 
the Governor General oornos down" 9 . 

Like many other.- of the Co m pony's oftkers, ho was a great 
reader, and he writes to Maeke.n7.ie, K-3 18 ; "T understand 
books are very cheap at Calcutta. I. reques-.cd yon formerly 
to obtain for me the Asian:- Kesearehes ,\: Huu/.e's History 
of En.dauil'' 1 , with r-rr.rdet s and Adoiphus' continuations 11 , 
and if to be had at a very low price ( would now add to 
that list the Ennycbpe.Iki Britarmica & tho Edinburgh 
Review. The fonru.::- of those had been -old here for 100 
pagodas & the latter [ 26 vols. I for 53 [ 451 ], 

«Mra. 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



You would be 
rary Society. : 

to Babington" '. 
mongst other s 

i unwell, poor 



orld". 



i, 4 I s 



tfit of the undertaking is 

i, RiddeU writes, 9-2-18; 
>w for Porrdicheiry. He is 

. afraid not long for this 



good time. Moan time, like the mm 

/'flbence & Sftit^s Jfce Card*"— a devi 

tho', when a man's purse is low - but I 

Meanwhile Kiddeli 






;i : l lontcsino's cave- 
is!, FJi'oyo!d:] H remedy 
e not discouraged ; ' ! » 
3 pulling other strings to get his 
appt. confirmed. Ho write,, tc Mackenzie, 13-7-18; "You 
remember, when I was plated under yen last year, that I 
wrote home a full statement cf :.lip business to my uncle 
Mr. Oolquhoun. Lord Registrar of Scotland [497 ]. I gaTe ' 
art account of your plans, of ray surveying services 
and of the reported orders of (tie Court of Directors about 
Engineer officers, and ended by request:.-!;; hint to use his 
exertions. ..to support my interest at. the India House. 

"He was. ..in London attendjnc to bin tlui-v at Parliament" 
and he immediately made an extract.. .from m,v letters and 
presented it to Mr. Canning 11 , begging him to lay it before 
the Hou'ble Court. It was, acr.ordtrelv. sent by him to the 
Chairman, and yon have the suhHar.ee of the answer. Nothing 
is there said about the exclusive claims' of Mutineers. 

"The other letter... contains one also from Mr. Canning. 
... By the same mail.. .lie had written to Lord Hastings re- 
commending me to his protection. I have enclosed it 
to i-mmg.-.thiH., is, oo-oporati<,ri with von, be may, when the 
Manila.- receives it, nor allow me to lie forgotten. 

"I have Btill to thank you as the author of all this, and I 
now begin to have strong hopes of bJ.ua. established as your 
assistant, and in charge of the Madras Survey Department 
An increase to my income, ... with all my economy, ...will 
not preserve mo from debt. I have been" obliged nearly to 
give up society for-, except for r, lew rimib.es, vol: know that 
Madras society is a regular Dr. A (V, amount and, ae I cannot 
give dinners, I do not expect to get. ... 

"I have no news. Jas, Taylor", rumour says, will he in 
Council. He and Dr. fcuiart jViiri mo in remembrance to vmi. 
Mrs. Undmu/if, and Bliss battel. ... There are ] 

to say. small hopes of Newman. He had lately .1 . 

was, on its ceasing, sent... to L'ondiciien-y and Cuddalore" 
merely for a change of air j 3:2. 319 ]"", 

It is sad that the orirol r;l 1111 ate ras to claim Riddell 
so soon, 1st Sept. [318]. He took ill on 8th Aug., 
and writes on 13th; "I have all your letters and 
Mrs. Mackenzie's. ... Now I am on my back in bed, 
terribly reduced with a fever & dysentery, which 
has stuck to me for 14 days. Howard promises 
recovery". This letter is endorsed by Mackenzie 
"The Last", though he "had repeated intimation of 
his situation" [ 48S ]. 

He was deeply grieved; "My knowledge of Mr. 
RiddeU was but late, only about 10 months ere I 
left Madras, ... but. ..I have had ample occasion to 
appreciate bis grojit merit, bin oxeellent disposition 
and discretion [ 318 ]. 

Writing himself about a, class of survey apprentices. 
Riddel] comments that " I run not vor; anr to lose my temper, 
a quality perhaps mere to be considered than abilities in such 
an. a no or taking"". 

Mackenzie was irsdeco vnl". server"! by Riddell, as he was 
later by Moontford, and ho writes to Young of the Mil. Dept.; 
"I am sorry to find.. .thai the state of his affairs are not 
likely to promise anything to Ins friends in Europe. Indeed 

expensive than his funds. ... II yon are acquainted with his 
friends i;t Scotland, you veil' do ir.e a favour by making 
Captain on more accounts than one ; but that will come in my sentiments known. Very lately he had transmitted me a 

'TJDn. 151 { !■><); probably ;■!.<_;. Islington ( 1794-1868 ) ; MCS. 1812-22; MI). 1830 ; PRS. ; DN3. 'James Geo 

Graham ; Mad. Inf.; bins. 17J.I ; M Gen. [S!i): (1 ._ Dieppe, IMS. ^■'.iishr. Tr.ioaud, ibid. Eng^. Ens. 1770; iA Gen. 1814 ; CE 
»ib. ( 173|,I0-5-18. *DDn. liil ( l',5 ), i!-2- IS: ib. ( 203 ), 14-5-15. 'John Wit. _\a.ttcs.'Maa. l'lris-rs., Kns. 27-7-11; kd. 
l Malc:!aou2u-o-lS, 'Sir Tho.;. bbdop, S;. = ;-':, 40 1 ]. e P.inhrl. Cl:ve ( 1702 lfiS! 1 ; MCS. ISuiJ ; n-plmw of Olive of PUssny 
•Dim. 151 (213). "James Young. ( i7S2 IS-tS ) Ren. Art. 17 r JS-iSlS ; MS. to GO. "Cor '.-antes ; Don QuiznU 

II, ch. 23. "DDn. 156 (374). "MP. Elain 1307-10; Dumbartonshire lSlO-iii ; d. 1820. ''Geo. Camiing .' I770-IS27 ) ■ 
Prosdt. 3d. of Control i India ). 18 16-21 ■ i'rir.m Uirds;er, timHir'. 1827 ; DNB. ; Oil ls ( 1774-1852 ) ; MGS. ■ Bd of 
■ ; - ■ -'■■"■■ '"■■'" !s « (228-31), "to SO. 13-2-18; DD:i. 151 (139-40,). 



10-5-18; "It is atirirr reported tV1.1t Trr.pamb 5 is coming 
out, at which TJe Havi!kr:d is well pleased. Colonel Graham 
is again with me. He appears to have a great alacrity in 
riimdn;; away [fori 1 , his wile, ar.d I am not .11. all surprised at 
it. ... Marshall is to be Paymaster. Clivc, Military Seerelrny. 
Berar has been given an'- trier iSupi'ri.'it.enr!ii:g I'lngineer. ami 

Anderson is appointed, ... so that I . ■■■ 1 ■i,nK 1 he iv . ,. 

have plenty to do, and no '.va.it of ii;i'l situations" 4 . 

The bit at the Kngrs. reii-rred to the iiri^innl oeder that the 
svy. nice should bo handed over to the OK., and the reluctance 
of the Govt, to five it to anyone bra an brigr. [ 317]. 

14-5-18; ''General Trupnud is looking amrnit'.gly well. 
He has got a fiue .Kurrjpe colour, & apparent strength of body. 
He now stays at Do I-htvil land's ii. I mils hopeful might have 
taken vonr (ions.? [ 47-. 477 ], brrl. he talks of" a iningido" 11 . 

4-7-18; "The b:.Ldii'.-ef Iiepai'tiiynt has returned to it's 
former state. Trans ml nt the head, ,\ .!)(.■ Ibrvillanrl Siiprn in- 
tending Engineer at the I'rrsirlenoy. The latter is pleased 
at the charge. You have tost f.vo pcoudsing young oliicers — 
Davis [ 436-7] and Kattes 1 — of the death of the former you 
have seen tho newspaper acets. The latter was killed at 
Muliettaown on the breach. He mounted it at tbe bead of 
the Pioneers, & had merely time tosoe an inner wall& air inter- 
vening deep ditch. While he was making a signal to the 
storming narty not to come, be was slot 'lead. The party, 
however, came on, but the scaling ladders were not long 
eurairrh to get down the ditch, . l i from some mistake... 
they united for orders to retire, .before these arrived, three 
more officers hail been ki.'lccr k several wounded. 

" ileadr.it: alters, with the <■:■:< .■•ptiojL of M01 ison A blacker, 
arrived on the 24th. All hero are looking well. A levee 
numorouely attorrded took place on Manday, The Genl. 
looks rather older, hut his faee is as red as ever'. Conway 
is thinner. He eoqui red particularly aiier you [ II, 424 n.i ]. 

"Genl. Munro [11,433; HI, 124] has given up the 
command of the force it: the South Makratia Country. A. 
is Oil his way to Madras A, England. This last campaign 
has almost cost him his eyes, 'i'hey arc ?o had that he "Is 
still doubtful if he can recover tho use of them. The other 
Coll. Munro is here from Travancore [ too n.4 ]. To him 
MsDowall succeeds. Marshall becomes Paymaster & with 
inner, satisfaction resigns the sifnariou of Secy, to Clivc 3 . ... 

"The Southern ii.r.hr:. tia Oottittry is to be a bind of 
District k O' Done ostium "II, 320 | is appointed Qr. Mr. of 
brigad.o in it. Caaplnr is Head Collector k Commi ' 
[ r 7 i ], & Thackeray is in (.triers as Chaplin 
Bellary [i7in.8]" B . ... 

Mackenzie replies rdniisi, nceldy ; 20-7-18 : "The PeiihT.ii 
being now our prisoner, .1. suppose tr.uLonil.irv ■,'.:(! bt- restored 
throughout. 1 ."ee the arrival of Si- Th. Plislop Uientioticd, 
& the honours shewn ; no doubt everything was magnificent 
& a fine speech made on both sides. So General Trapaud is 
arrived. I am glad bt. bx.4:s so well. 1 suspect he did not 
find boo:. iiul so cordial to his habits.. .as the Coast". 

1-7-18 ; discusser PdrlrieT's pi ros poets ; "T have sent your 
letter to Coll. Young, t.: 1 v, ill acouaint you of what he says'". 
... Perhaps I may meet hie: this evening at dinner at f.nrd 
Hastings . He assured me of anything I can do for your 



Trade, Madras, iSIfi-25. 



NOTES 4! 

letter from the Minister for India, of the 3rd March, to hia 
relative the Lord lleaister of Scotland, with assurances of hia 
support, and Mr. Canning had wrote to My Lord Hastings 
about him" 1 [340]. 

ROBE, Ferris Charles. Ben. Inf. 
b- 24-2-179L d. 23-1-55. 

Ens. 20-8-11 ... Mitj. 20-6-36 ; ret. 26-11-36. 

Pot: ofCimrlr- 'Rubij. to"., .Master AK.dt., Dcntfbrd Yard. 

in., Calcutta, II) 1-:"I7, Eliza, noc Mercer, widow of Andrew 
Suter, Lieut, em. 1st Ft. ( R. Soots ) . 

Hudson, III (662). 

KOO. 28-1-21, "recently ;L|jj:-:.uitoiL t;.i Qn'.'-ter Muster 
General's Department, to Gre!i|t;:t' under dqmg. for surrey 
of roads in Western Provinces" [37, 87 J; as dhjmo. survd. 
a number of routes in Central India., end compiled nuip of 
upper Narbada, 1823-5. 

10-1 2-2? . meii'demed i:i di-.p.iiehas. capture til' l'in'.rntour. 

MRIO. 11 (6a) map showing sites of Thug muruers. 1S32. 

ROBINSON, James Jeremiah. Bo. Mar. 

b. 1789/90. d. 17-dr-26 ; mi. St. Thomas' 
Cath. Bombay. 

Mdpn., 21-6-05 ... Junr. Capt. 1825/6. 

1825, survd. 3. Konkao coast, cooperating with Jervis, 
who writes ; "My work, ;is it closes on to Captain P.o bio son's, 
exhibits a difference...! eould have wisiis.l reduced, ... Captain 
Robinson's is Ikr more correct than mine. ... He is a more 
experienced and ciiri-l'il observer, and obi;' inc.: I his results 
from a base which is only about a geographical mile south. 
of Yi\'.miir:!i.'i; | 126, 130]"*. 

Apparently no relation. to Geo, Uobir.son, also l.So. Mar., 
appd. 5-7-23, who served through liurrntse War as mdpn. 
and Lieut. 

BOSS, Daniel. Bo. Mar. & Indian Navy. 
b. Port Royal, Jamaica 11-11-1780. 
d. Bombay, 30-10-49. 

Mar. SG. from death of Chas. Court, Sept. 1821, till resri. 

Nov, 1833 [1G-7]. 

Nat. soil of Hercules .Ross, of llossie Qstle, co. 1'orfar, 
who with 2 bros, maao fortune in Wf. ; lialf-bro. to Horatio 
Ross ( 1). 1S01 ) lies,, ivhose mother inis dun. of John Parish, 
mere l.i. uf Hamb-arg Horatio won the l;r.-jtrfc>rde<; s tec nice lias e 
( of moonlinht fame 1 on bis burse " Clinker "". 

m., Macao, China, c. ISO'!. Marin rlfws Theresa Pepin, a 
Portuguese lady, b. at- rondicherrv ITDIt, by whom he had 
son, Wm. lleicoics Ens* ( 181 1 1!) ), Ken Inf., kd. at Ohiliao- 
wala 13-1^13, and a dan., Eli/n, who in., Calcutta, la-7-33, 
Francis Heaton ( 1S0S-3™ ), Ben. Inf. Of their other 1 
children two sons served in the Indian Navy, anil two daus. 
m. bros., Itichd. Lloyd, IN., and John Lloyd, I4A. ; Richd. 
Lloyd ence. Daniel Ross as Mar. SG. 

A son of Francis fieai-un, Francis Lambert, who also 
entered LN., adopted r.iiat Ross.Sea.ton*. 

Low, I i Markham ( 10 ) 

MIS. Portrait in oils in rooms of Bo. branch o-fR As Soc. 
Family bold a large silver cup- "my American vase" of will 
pr. 22-13 -49 — presented by nndciivi iter* of Sew York for 
T..'.Iva-- : r'--- caivo of slap sun-; off Cain a coast, in 1809. 

MBIO. 102 ( 12 ), svy. of coast of S. China, 1807, being 
engaged there ISOB-20. 

iSC4 0. il-.n.-irese War in general direction of mar. svys. 
on Arakau coast | 184] ; 1827, at Amherst in Investigator 
[ 434 ] ; 1830, oil Arakan coast. 

j J esc 11 lied bv M.arkinim as "l.hn [father of the Indian 
Surveys" and "the first who introduced a rendv scientific 
method" of coastal and mar. svys [433]; JASB. I, 1832 
(202), memo, on ''apparent time on board ship". From 



Nov. 1836 — pension lis. S50 p:n. — "retired to Bombay, 
where he was Master Attendant, and President of tho 
Geographical Society from IS'.ill nurd ju;t before his death"', 

BOSS, John. Ben. Med., local appt. 
pr. b. c. 1788-9. 
d. 15-2-18, camp, Nadia. 

offg. Asst. Surg., 1817, 

pr. 2nd" son of Znc-ihaena lies', of ILnvk, St. Thomas, wi. 
and thus related to Daniel (sup ). 

ed. Glasgow Univ. : matrio. 1804: MD, 1811. 

CriiwfW'o Boil. j it. 301 ) 1 date of n:-rl. Indi:. not known. 

Oivirij; to the urgent mil. dcin.i.nd for mcd. olFo-er* during 
the Maratlia war. Ross and (j others were locally appd., pr. 
some time early in 1817. to do duty as Asst. Surgs. "during 
the e-.-dsting exigency" 5 . 

In camp letter to' Mil, Dcpt. 25 lit -IT ( 108), Lord Moira 
nominated him to he Sure;, and Heolgt, to GTS., being 
"siniaihirk qualified for l-bis task". He had been ■'strongly 
recommended co .His Lordship's. ..notice by Ik: ("rich ton. First 
Physician to I he Kraperar Alexander', ... as eminent for his 
attainments in natural science as well a.s in medical and 
surgical knowledge. ... Dr. Ross... adds a funli'iar acquain- 
tance will) the language of Persia ( in which country he baa 
travelled)". Ross kid, moreover, "strong claims on the 
liberality of Government, in having;. ... given his gratuitous 
services up the Eivcr tn a distressed and dcxly detachment 
of H.M.'s troops, who were depiivfd of ail other medical 
aid". He was at the tiiuo, Oct. 1»17, " on Ilia ny with a 
detachment to the Upper Provinces". 

He d. whilst attd. to the Centre Div. of the army,, pr. 
in med. oh. of troops. 

ROSSENBODE, William [II, 352]. Asst. 
Survr. GTS. 

b. 1-3-1792. d. Dehra Dun, 9-9-52 ; an. 

Appce. 19-3-05 ; Sub-Aaat. with Lambton, 11-3-07. 
PrncL Sub-.Asst. cjts. 2S 3 -3,7> ; ret. 31-7-41. 

m., 1st. Masulii'i.larn. 17-!-l-i| II, jO| |, Mary M.Kgdolene 
Cozvan who d„ Cidcuilii, 21 -3-31, aged 40; two of their 
sons John and Wm., joined qts. 1838. 

m., 2nd., Eliza, who survived him. 

ed, at Obsy. Survg. itjuhnol ; well reported oa 
Lambton [ II, 346 ; III, 378-9 h After Lambton 'a 
death, boiiig "a person of great worth, zeal, and 
practical acqiiirem«nt, actually sent in hi^ rusigna- 
tion" [223. 23° a- 1 * 373. 437.439]- He agreed, 
however, to stay on, and on Everest's rec-dn. was 
promoted to Rs. 300 pm. from Nov. 1825 [ 9, 245-6, 
325-^ 3S2, 444 J. Had trouble with Evorest over 
neighing horses [ 445 ]. 

1825-30, was Olliver's senior aaat. on the longl. 
series Sironj to Calcutta, and did excellent work 
selecting stations in advance [ 261-4, 4°4~5- 4 r 7. 495 1- 

RUDDELL, David. Ben. Inf. 

b. 12-12-1786. d., Shiraa, 16-12-35. 

Ens. 20-3-08 ... Capt. 13-5-25. 

Son of John liuddell. of Aniihn Convaon, Armach, a!L d 
firace lie]- his wife, sistc-r of Chas, Todd Sure;., Hen,, Med. 

Hodson. [11(705-3 |. 

Uanneirh lir.tt. lsll 1; es. to lit. Govr. .J,v^, In 15-6; 
Bamr-irh Eiitt. 1S17-9 ; Fl. Wm. Coll. 1320-^^. 

IRIS, Mkcolhci-olllecrsol Ri'iiniarh Iditt. [II, 47 ; HI, 27, 
88 ], survd. routes io Chota Xasrpur. SG. writes, 20-7-18 ; 



'DDn. 154 (34 I, 27-9-18. a DI)n. ISC, M 104: r 1 . Kon^mSvy. l-L'.'i-4. * Horatio's g. dan. m. Maj. V. C. P. Hodaon.. 
l aon Francis "Daniel It-^-Sc^to-i, Cnd Tin. drinks., from whom muchi of this infn. has been obtained. 'Markham 

. ).. ' =B to CD, 21-7-18 (227). 'Sir Ale,-;. Criehlon ( 17fi3-liin6 ) ; fks, ; Physician t. 



f Russia from 1804 ; 



RUTHERFORD 



"The route in question must bo interesting, as I behove 
it is altogether new ; however, we shall see what the Qr. Mr . 
Genl. says upon it. ... If you could add a map...& take 
some observations of the latitude, they would add milch 
"to their value' 1 

"Plan of Sumbbulpoor fort" anil routes were to he sent 
to qmo., who would pass thorn to r!G. ivrih nimmcnt- ■ ;-joz, 
.335 ] ; the plan of city or fort wnis to go to the CB. and not 
to the SG. "Wc fire tied down by regulations & cannot 
deviate to the right or left. 1. wish with all my heart I had 
nothing to say to these roads or routes. Why don't you turn 
yourself to the taking of observation.', & constructing a 
plan & map of the country of Sumbhulpoor ? I believe it 

RUTHERFORD, Henry. Ben. Art. 

b. 6-12-02. d. Otago, New Zealand, 

25-12-74. 

2/Lt. 9-4-19 ... Maj. 3-7^5; ret. 5-7-46 ; 
Hon. Lt. Col. 28-11-64. 

Nophow of Cipt. Wr.i. C. i'.-.ilhcrP.rd, ( ..f Greenwich Hof.pl. 

ed. Addiseombe, 1817 (I. Hudson, III ; 710). 

29-12-29 to IS 4 30, with Thos. Bn.die, survd. Assam- 
Bhutan frontier ..:i-aiwi..' full allees. of land surveyor, Ra. 
618 pm.« [64]. 

KMi-SO, appd. Asm., tu pa. Upper Assam, remaining on. 
pol. duty in Assam till I.S10, *h™ ho became PS. to Lt.- 

SAICDYS, Frederic Hervey. Ben. Inf. 
b. 10-8-1791. d. 28-12-74. 
Ens. 19-7-09 ... Lt. Gen. 8-2-70. 

Son of Rev. Joseph .Sandys, rector of A:;hadowey, Ireland. 

m., 1st., Cawnpore, (i-l(i-:';i, M"is? ,T !: ;n; Culloden. 

m., 2nd., Indoro, 7 7-jti, Mima. Jam- fjellasis, dau. of 
Wm. Nathan Wrighte Hewett, BCS. 

Hodson, IV ( 17-S ). 

21-1-21, appd. daqmg. 3rd el.— ego. 29-1-21, 
to Cawnpore under dqmg., for svy. of roads in W. 
Provs. [87]— ib. 20-6-25, promoted to 2nd el. [337]. 

Oct. 1821 to Feb. 1824, survd. road Nasirabad to 
Jaiselmer ; with map of "parts of Jodhpur, Jessel- 
mere, and Oodypore ; thonco thro' Lagour back to 
Ajmere. The survey seems to be executed with care. 
... Observations for latitude. ... It will form a good 
geographical material when longitude of Ajmero and 
one or two other point.-; are better known" 3 , 

1834-66, pa. Mehidpnr, ci. 

SCHALCH, John Augustus [II, 440-1]. 

Bon. Inf. 

b. 27-11-1793. d. 25-2-25, of wounds 

received in action on 23rd., Kiungpala, 

Arakan. 

Ens. 22-2-09 ... Bt. Capt. 16-9-23 ; 

"official" Maj. 16-9-24. 

Son of Andrew ,S:haich. ('.apt. 11 A., from Switzerland, who 
m9 nephew of Andrew Schalch ( 1602-1776 ), maatcr- 
iberidor of Wuul'.vieJ: Arsfiiifil ( DNB. ). 

ed. bmc, alarlow, 1807-8. 

Govt, Gaz. 1 1 3 '25, ob. notice ; Hodson, IV ( 26 ). 
■ 1813-4, asst. survr.ilarjihidiibad [ 1L, 311 ]— Sept. 
to Dec., 1814, asst. on Sun-; Indians svy. [ II, 17 na ; 
III, 328] — 1815, avys. with unit on Nepal frontier 
[19]. 



) BIOGRAPHICAL 

dgo. 13-9-16, appd. asst., Sundarbans svy; 

DDn. 142 ( 159 ), 11-7-17, to complete Wilton's svy. 
of Garo-Rangpur frontier [ II, 457 ; III, 49 ] ; "J am 

sure he will do justice to ifc", writes Hodgson bco. 

23-6-18, granted 3 mo. on mc, with sea-voyage, 
leaving svy. incornploto till return [ 329 ]. 

1819, DAftMO. 3rd. el.; ego. 10-3-20, promoted to "rid 
cl. ; ib. 21-2-23, to 1st. el. 

ftom cili. notice ; " l.lis father and some immediate rcla- 
tives were officers of rank in our Royal Artillery, for which 
or the Engineers, J. A. was originally intended— was sent 
to Marlow. but was removed on account of (Isiiontn biiauli 
which handicapped him also later in life. ... 

"It was recommended that lie should proceed to India 
as an Infantry Cadet. Instigated bv the maniple and kind 
assistance of Capt. Everest 1 ,' now employed on the Trigono- 
metrical Survey, ho engaged deeply and successfully in 
mathematical, astronomical and oilier eon genial studies. 
Under Colonel Crawford he still further improved hiraseif 
[II, 193], and after having been aetiveiv employed under 
Capt. Morriesoii in surveying [lie MmuGrbnos | yafi | he was 
noticed, and kindly p::l rouised. by the Mai-cnus of llastin >s 
and obtained in 1819 a situation in the Quarter Master 
General's Department". 

1820-4, emp. under Lottery Com. on improvement 
of Calcutta waterways, survg., laying out, and con- 
structing the canals that have since developed into 
the present system [13,4951- "Ho first became con- 
spicuous at the .(.'residency, and. ..in the survey of 
Calcutta — in his.. .extensive canals — ...his.. .iron sus- 
pension bridge and other public works — the well- 
known iron suspension bridge at Kali Ghat. Had 
never before been practically engaged in the slightest 
mechanical work " s . 

"The lirst iron bridge in India was a footbridge erected 
in 18^2 over Tolly's Nullah at Knli.glu s t. .Span'UI f«et 
but only 8 feet wide, approached by a steer, causeway in- 
tended only for f'oui passengers and pack 'bullocks " 'L'his 
old bridge was [lulled clown in iSyi, w hen a copper plate 
was found bearing l.lie following inscription; 'Lender the 
auspices of the most nobis Francis, Marquis ol Hasting 
etc., Governor General and Commander- in-Chief ,,i." India' 
this Iron Bridge, the first of the description in India is 
erected. Lieut. G. Aug. richa-le!.,. Ac;. .Has. HP,,.. Anno 
Domini Io22 ; June 1st. Anno "Imcio S,226"«. 

Alexander writes of the Atipore bridge in 1S26 that, "in 
proceeding towards Garden Lleaoli, I passed all iron' sus- 
pension bridge, the design of which is light and elegant 
although it is a great deal tee narrow to admit of carriages 
passing each other without consi iorablc risk" 7 . 

His svys. of Calcutta were eompileil into reaps on various 
scales [ I4-5 ], which were 00: superseded Gil i"> v:;irs Gter 
whilst his work cm il.c canals was iulb discussed ami aep'-e-' 
iated by the coins, ol liGo anci IEHM [ 205 ]. He commented 
on the many prop_>et= fur inoiroving nygn. between the 
Hooghly and the Ganges in "a pannildet of lit jdlio p^.: s — 
j'ltm for opt.ni,!'! „:„!■■* <-,;>,i!>iuniv,ii>j,i. from CkUiiUi. in the 
Upper and Iffiim /'.-cirinc-i of India- -.Major Sehalch do.-s 
not like the prof.iosais to !;eep ■ hi- passage from Ganges into 
.Bhagarathi open by ir.e.ins of dredging straight cuts; it 
■would bo impossible to keep them uucu fur' any lime [ I, 64 ; 
II, 20-1]. ... He recommends a new- canal running across 
the line of the river:; to take the place of folly's Nullah, 
which can no longer compete with the traffic, and ho sketches 
the course that was subsequent [y followed by tho canal 

which runs east from the Moogidy j ust above Oh.it nore toe 

lias turn ('.'anal -and estimated the cost. Government sanc- 
tioned the project, and snL-aged in l'ie evjeiniou of it" till 
stopped fiy the outbreak 0: war with Burma'. 



iDDn. 156 ( 137-8 ) from Ms 
Java [II, 1^7] : Sehalch was a hoe 
8 V.kiisn::;/. in- jS'c^.irs, II ( 36-S ). 



a ETC. 5-8-33(6). *D0n. 309 ( 90 ), 27-6-.12. • pr. before E vt 

:r in 1813. *Govt Gas. 14-3 -25. 5 tilcchynden ( SS ). 'Alex 



NOTES S 

On the outbreak of war' — bgo. 16-S-24 — a corps 
of PioneQr3 Hrl( j Surveyors was raised at Chittagong 
under Sehalch's eomd., and placed under the orders 
of the qiwo. [ 68, 333, 435 ]. His officers were scat- 
tered from the Assam valley and Cachar to Arakan. 
After starting them off with general instructions 
[53, 1S1, 198-9], Schaleh himself undertook the 
fixing of main control point* in Aral-tan. but lost his 
life on a naval recce, up the Kaladan B.. [ 182 ]. 

"Major Schaleh, ...having organized a pontoon 
system for the use of the army in Arracan, was 
appointed to the htiiu..l of that department. His 
healt.h having snft-'.irod, lie w;i? re a or 11 mended to try 
the sea air, and he accordingly proceeded in the 
Keseareh with Gommtifiura Hayes [68]. In the 
unfortunate attempt which wus jnade a trains t the 
stockade of Chaniballa he »iu mortally wounded, 
and, having lingered in great pain, the following 
morning breathed his last" 1 . 

A more detailed account is ,;iven by Low, who describes 
the "action... up the IVoms I'ura Khi-atie. or hriLtseb leading 
from the Oratsmj; II, to Arrai;an [ rS2 si.i ], with a squadron 
eo-isistii:.-- of the Rf-;s «;i.t u I i . . . wi t- 1 i bhes sruD.br.iats and other 
Teasels. At 2 p.m. they came within sifdit of the enemy's 
works at Chamhalla, which opened a heavy lire 0:1 the leading 
veasels. The iiescurcli, ivir.ii the Com modore on hoard, was 
30011 within half-pbjt:>l shot, and uommeiieed a heavy can- 
nonade and fire of musketry u [>;>rj the stockade. After a 
.severe cn^a^cment of t'vo rymr^. ... the tide 1 ■::■;■: ::iml:il; to fall. 
Commodore 11a ye.. «as obliged to drop iIiutj the river, ... 

"The easiialties wore severe. Amongst the killed were... 
Major Schaleh, a distinguished officer of the Cora parry's 
service, ... who was on board tin? Research for the recovery 

a musket ball in his iueasl, and died 00 the luorninsr of the 
25th. ... On receiving Ids wound he feil into the arms of the 
Commodore, exclaiming 'I am a dead man ; , but lingered 
for two days in cworiic latin;: cain. niiuIoj-jnl; the. bystanders 
to shoot, him throuscli ill': in:;;. I, ami out. an end to ids suffer - 
irii.-. This iLel.ioa rook iA;-.:x -iird L'.'-'.'u.ny \--2.i"-. 

I? or his work on the- waterways of t.bo floosjhly rind the 
Suudarban;, ekhakdi had pure timed a schooner Dragon. 
which he took with him for service in Arakan, "'.lovornmfeii, 
giving him a fixed monthly allowance of .sicca rupees 800 
to iind himself in such conveyance. In August 1S35 the 
Dragon was iuneha-od by Government, and added to the 
Arakan division of tile flotilla 3 " [ 480 ]. 

It was connld. by Lb.r.i.tio Xelson and Drummond notes 
that the Dr;i.;oii, ■' having in-en em :j loved for the conveyance of 
the instruments belonging to the Survey Department, is 
to bo ecmsiderftd as entertained from <!l',rh February last, 
as a public Teasel" 4 . 

For the dredging of the mini's he had the i'lido, one of t'ne 
earliest steamboats to be used in India, which was used as 
11 lloating battery during the Arakan campaign 5 . 

Schaleh was moat popular as well aa talented. He had 
quickly won George I lemui-'s regard '^Ll, 39- |, and it is 
recorded that "he was no common man, who, at hia age, 
and as yet a subalic-n in bis le.jiinent, so recommended him- 
self aa to obtain. ..the brevet, rank id' Major, anil t.bis without 
exciting the dissatisfaction of many who might.. .have thought 
tiiemselves a,r.-ri';ved by hi; advancement"'. 

SCOTLAND, David. Mad. Inf. 
b. 22-11-02. d. 16-6-57. 

Ens. 13-2-21 ... Bt. Maj. 9-11-16 ; ret. 22-10-17. 

^Gleanings in Science, II, (39). s Low, I (437). J froiu John liuycs. Master Attendant', O.bee, Calcutta, 18-1-27; 
DDn 220 ( 2(11 ). " Arakan, til -ti-i") ; DDn. 2 !3 ( 30 j. »Garcv, II I IS >. *Gii-wy-- \n br.iw:..:. 1.1 ( Si) ). ■ Crawfurd, II 
( 60 64). "Thomas Jcrvia ■ Anues. 2(6-7). 'Pemberton ( 223 ! : fi.-c P <fc P- pi facie- p. 2f.Ki. rshusi ehief at Chetra had 
in 1829 granted land for British sanatorium ; -VE. Frontier { 24 ). »B to CD. (Rev.), 1-11-16 (65). 



m., Dtiiuferliuc. 24 7 SS, Jane Storehouse, dan. of Geo. 
Meldrum, of Dumfcrline; - she d.. India, 1-4-30. 

1S26, with pol. defit. Aloulmcin ; survd. route "from 
British Cantonment! ill \[.-.ulmein tn S-ibn'odaa", 29-12-26 
to 23-1-27'; Journal Dim. 211), M 420. 

Name wrongly given by tira.nl- ns Scott [ 76 ]. 

SCOTT, David, senior, bcs. 

b. 14-6-1788. d,, Cherrapunji, 20-8-31, 
unm. ; mi. 

Son of Archibald Scott, of Usan, sc. and Margaret 
Uhalmers his 2nd wife. 

Writer 21-S-01. ; Conmr. in Couch ISehiir & Joint Magte. 
Rangpur, 27-9-16; Civ. Comnr. of -tn. Kangrmr, 1-1-22; 
ACG. >-s. Frontier, 14-11-23. 

DlH. ; Adam White ; raio. xix ( 27-61 ). 

1801-i, at Ft, Wm. Coll.; from ISCfi, Collr. or Magte. 
auecessivoly, Oornkhp-.ir, I'arnea. .M idnii'.ioi-e, 'I'ipjirtrah ; [)er. 
1813, Judge & ilairts. K:;ngpur l.)i;i... mid responsible for pol. 
relations -with A 3aa m [ 49 ]. 

1S22. recce, svy. (Jaro Hills embodied with Srh'.lch's svv. 
of 18(7-3 into map t>< tloalpara. mkid. 31 ( 12), of 1845. 

1823 4, as Aliii. for ss. frontier, look pol. eh. in Syihet 
anil Cuhar on invasion by Burmese [ 50, 64 ], and did much 
to assist in gcocd. e.s [deration, tahir. ■ iteen interest in source 
of liraiimapulrn [ i<>, --- ib 55 7, 'Jib 'S-- 4^S, 431 ]- 

April 1H24, on as-'-iiiinhlj iJrii i.sli fni'COr-; nt. C nil hat i 
[52] marolmrl Irnrn Syl licit, civ-cir J^.intia, & Khasi 
Hills to ^owgong, and down Kalmg 11. to Gauliiti ; 
rotttii Karvd. by Blechynden [ 51, 425 ]. 

From 1825, started rev. svy. for settlement of 
revenues? Assam valley, using Bengali amlns" ; svy. 
supervised by Bedingaeld with Ma:..how as asst., till 
Jlathmv took oh. aft-ei- Bodiiifrliold'.-.; inardor [ 64, 146, 
349, 423., 484 ]• Scott lu.ui Duly just loft Non.gli.hlat> 
for Cherrapunji when tho di.s aster oucwrred. ; he d. 
two yoaivs luttn- at Ch'-i'raoaiiji, where Govt, erected 
t to his memory 9 . 



SCOTT, David, junr. bcs. 

b. 10-10-1790. d. Boulogne, 20-3-1856. 

Writer, 12-7-07; on deputation to Siindarhaiis, 1-11-14; 
Actg. Collr. 24-Parganas, 13-9-15 ; Comnr. in Sundarbans, 
5-7-16 ; rat. 14-2-38. 

Son of Cant. Win. Scott, its., of Logic,- no relation to 

m., 2-6-25, Mary Anne, dau. of Wm. Crawford, MP. of 
Dorking. 

Not a siirvr. ; 1S14, first appd. 1.0 settlement work in 
SundarbanB, baaira; his work or, Morri- B ;oo's svy. [ T4I ] ; 
5-H-16 to 1S17 Comnr. in Sundarbans, "Mr. David Scull, 
relieved from Col lee tors hip of Cnttaek, and... well ■qualllifd, 
botli by previiju.-! c\p-erie,-!ce...'.;rid by his :;encral character an a 
lie venue Officer, l,; difoharsje :ne lone* ions of a Commissioner 
in the Suodarbau;-, iye appointed 1m:;j to that situation" 1 ". 

SCOTT, William [ II, 441 ]. Asst. Rev. Survr., 
Madras, 
b. c. 1784/6. d. Calcutta, May 1827. 

Appce. 1-9-179S ... 1st cl. Aaat. Survr. 1818. 
m„ \Tadra?, Nov. 1S10 ; in 1S40, his aged wife was 
■ up ported by their eldest son. Win. Henry Scott, who was 
bd. dmn. SCO., [S2K-U:;. A youui;cr son,' G. H. Scott, was 
writer in fd. oilke .it lleiira [Km from 1835. 



SEELY 5 

June 1601, joined Warren on Mysore svy., and, 
Oct. 1802, with him to Lambton's svy. ; remained 
with Warren at survg. school, and w h on. school waa 
abolished, 1810, afctd. to SGO. [ II, 352 ; III, 373 ]. 

"In January 1816, I was detached, in conjunc- 
tion with Mr. Hamilton &, other junior assistants, to 
survey the districts of rlie .Vlasulipatiim Collectorate 
[99-100, 339,373], on which sorvico f received notice 
of my transfer under this Presidency [ Bengal ], with 
orders to proceed to Calcutta-, which I reached in 
.March iijlij, & from w'rueb tntiis 1" lu.i.vo been generally 
employed in the drawing department & in the 
instruction of surveying pupils [ 101, 312, 360 ]" 1 . 

lX-.ri:jj> aua»:>r. IMS-!}, hi; chess of ruinils survd. Botanieil 
Giln^, Sflipur [13,361]; Jan. to Aug. 1821, took ch. of 
pupils on svy. in Cat tuck l.fet, ; l')Dn. 117 ( 20U ), 28-5-21. 
reports that he is suffering from ' an obsi'.imdc complaint 
of dropsy, or swelling of the body " [19, 361-2]. 

Continued at (Jaieutta from Aug. 1HJ1, drawing extra 
allce. Its. 150 pm. as insi.r. ; 3i)— 1-2"., ".health much im- 
paired" ; with i:S(i. to I'atoliearh, salary Rs. 323 pm., 
returning to Calcutta, 31-7-26. 

SEELY, John Benjamin. Bo. Inf. 

b. 9-10-1786. d. Colaba, 20-12-26. 
Ens. 26-3-09 ... Capt. 1-5-24. 

for: of John S«:.'lv 'jf London. 

m„ Calcutta, f>-2-i:j, Miriii, dau. of Goo. Dowdeawell, 
Clj. Sec. lien. Govt. 

Auth. of the Wonders of lillora, and A Voice from India, 
both pub. London, 1824. 

Com Cor. 2S-S-2i"J, roedd. '■further extension of hia leave 
for it month; i-hai. he n;;iy fiompkte a geographical work on 
which he is engaged" ; il>. 1 ->■ -7—2 ,"j 3 advanced £(if> for return 
to India ; in. L4-S--5, permit lad 1..j return to duty. 

London, 1S2FJ : " improved Mn-p of India, coloured and 
mounted in sections on linen, !l;i by 25 ins., folded in roy. 

SHORTREDE ( shoetreed ), Robert. 

Bo. Inf. b. Jedburgh, nb. 19-7-01. 

d. 26-11-68, Blackheath. 

Ens. 4-1-23 ... Lt.-Col. 12-10-57; ret. as Hon. 

HGen. 31-12-61. 

4th son of Robert Short-reed, sheiifr substitute, of co. 

Roxburgh; bro-m-law to John K. Monies. lli>., of Manse of 

Hamilton. 

m. r Allahabad, I !»-.'. -i-A, Clara Ann, dnu, of Ceo. Glimmer ; 
possibly fiit tier of i'.obt. .Short rede, a Senior hlsmraiiier of 
Audit Dept. 10., 188-!. who oaiutod lwo water- colours now 
at IO. ( t'osler p. 05 ). 

ed. Jedburgh gr. sob., and Edinburgh High sch. 
Spells Lis ujt- mere O-'ten ; ':ihortrede" and signing as 
such in 1857, as shown below. ''Shoi'trccd" i= the form usual 
on Scottish horder. 

Had very stormy career as sm-vr., falling out 
repeatedly with both Everest and Waugh — joined 
i Svy. 1824^started Trig. Svy. of Bombay, 
' ' GTS., 1832 — ■diverted to rev. avy. 
.y, 1835— read. eis. 1836 — resumed Trig. Svy. 
1838, promising obedienon to Everest — 
permanent appt. to GTS. sanctioned 1 840— resd. 
from gts. 1845 — joined Rev. Svy. Punjab, 1851, 
rerciiiinTiL' til! retirement. 

Logarithm Tables 1844; ob. notice, HAS. { mn ) 
xxix, 1869 (120-1 |. 



,tof 8< 



I BIOGRAPHICAL 

Intended for civ. engr., worked in office of Robt. Stovon- 
son, then Engr. of -f. Lighthouse.-;: Dfai. 1J22, visited OS. 
office at Tower of London [I, 316], Stevenson writing, 
22-12-22, to CoL Colby [445 11.5 | "The bearer, Mr. Robert 
Shortreda, was for some tiro" i:i my oifior, and now goca to 
India under the auspices :A Sir Walter Scotl. [ auth. ]. He is 
a very keen mathematician, and...[ desires ] an opportunity of 
seeing l.bo extent :->i' t-Jio Tri:-;"!. Survey in the Drawing Room" 1 . 

Being too old lo- Addiscombe and Emlio;., accepted Int. 

bo GO. 1-3-24, appd. asst. survr., Deccan Svy. ; 
reedd., 12-9-24, to draw staff allce. from 20-5-24, 
being "qualiiied to discharge all the duties of a 
Surveyor"; bo go. 14-10-25, promoted to 1st cl. 
Asst. ; 1827, special duty in Bombay [ 126 ]. 

15-3-28, with sanction of Supreme Govt., and 
approval of Hodgson as SG., appd. to conduct "a 
Trigonometrical Survey of the -whole of the Bombay 
Presidency" [6, 2o<) ]. Measd. hnsuline at Karli, 
between Bombay and Poona, and for next 3 years 
carried triangles through Puona, Ahmednagar and 
Nasik [ 130-1, 210, 216, 344, 396, 454 ]. 






SIM, Duncan. Mad. Engrs. 

bapfc. 3-12-1791. d. 20-12-66. 

Ens. 7-7-10 ... Col. 9-11-46 ... Lt. Gea. 6-2-61. 

Son of.) runes Mi in, brewer of Aberdeen. 

m., 12-4-20, Cat.hari no, dan. of Abraham Cbuperua, a Dutell 
Govt., and wid. of Capt. Mac 1 cod, 01 iiM. service. 

cd. Adilis.-.oml.!;. Ofii'.nl'ji Club. 

18U, Java exp:;., svy.-:. at capture of Cornelia, where ho 
was wounded. 24-S-li f 339 ]. 

MMC. 29-9-7. 2, "'Flnsijn'Rym, of the Corps of Engineers, 
to do duty under Lipuocia-i! Caldwell as .special surveyor of 
the dclenees of Vcliore, Riyacoltah. Bangalore, and Sc.rinsa- 
patum. ... WiB receive the same allowances as. ..drawn by... 
officers of the ifih vl.":; Institution when un survey" [II, 331 ]. 

1815, retdd, iiy Mncken/.ie for t.lie j.iermanont eat. of 
survra. ; "I have proposed you f:n- the Circar Survey [94, 
100, 339-40]. ■■■ 1 wiE have probiibly soon to direct you 
l.o...Karkai, io orde: t-o run a line merely round (.he boundary, 
... for we have gat a. plan of it from the Tanjore survey 
[II, 146]; ...it will lie only ii vci-ilicai.ion of that survey, 
& be rather a pleasant jaoivt to you than a survey" 3 [475]. 

From 6-4-16 on svy. of Pondicherry, under the 



irs., 1816-9, for the restoration of Pondi- 

Karieai to the Fronoli [98, 339]. He 
make similar svy. for the restoration 
;o the Dutch, and Mount ford ro ports. 



British C01 
chdi'iy un 

of Pulicot 
30-11-19; 

" Lieuteiuiiit Mi..:, I: H.hcr:o eoipl.iyed un politicn! surveys, 
having U'.k'ly been appointee to the Tank Depari: merit, the 
expeoce of .lis salary ceases viii.li the. present return 1 . Hia 
work at Pulicav has beef, coin pi:.! tea. ana the plan of the 
villages belonging: to His Xei-lierl.iod's .Majesty haa been 
delivered to the Comraisisioner " s . 

1820. appd. Inspector General 01 Civ. Estimates [277]; 



later, CE., Madras 



* DDn. 156 ( 41 J, 13-5-16. ' Quarterly al 



NOTES 5 

SIMMONDS, John Henry. Ben. Inf. 
bapt. 6-1-1791. d. 7-5-69. 

Ens. 6-11-08 ... Maj. 3-10-42 ; inv. 2-5-15 ; 

rot. 12 10 1"; Hon. Lt CV>1. KS-ll-ol. 

Son of John and Catharine Rimrnonds, .if eo. Kildare. 

m., Calcutta., 15-2 38, Elizabeth Snaannah, dau. of Sir 
Jiiibt. Graham, Bart. 

Hodson, IV ( 93 ). 

1808-9, for 10 mo. at cadet, coll. liiUilsat ; 1818-9, with - 
3rd. Ceylon Volra. in Bengal. 

' bgo. 29-1-31, to be Asst. Rev. Survr., Delhi, to 
date from 5-13-231 j- 156> 3 , 3 , 3P4 ,_g ] ; B TC. 29-11-27, 
appd. Siirvr. "to the Commissioner in t-he Sunder- 
bunds", but obtained suspension, of tbe order on the 
grounds "of the ill-health I have invariably ex- 
perienced in Bengal". 1-10-29 took ch. of Delhi 
svy. from Oliver, and moved the party to Aiamgarh 
at the end of 1833. 

A gold seal uEod by Simmonds, bearing his- namo in 
Persian with date 1822, is preserved in the Fitiwilliam 
Muaeum at Cari.ib;id;ri-. liy permission of the Syndics " r 
the Museum an enlarged imprint of this is given '"'' 
together with reduction from hi-; English autograph 3 . 







nL 



*lfijBt? 



~7^ 



SINNOCK, Henry. Ben. Inf. 

bapt. 10-5-1785. d. 28-11-62. 

Ens. 9-11-01 ... Maj. 13-5-25 ; ret. 13-7-27 ; 
Hon. Lt Col. 28-11-54. 

Son of John and Mary Sinnock. 
Hudson, I.V ( 102). 

1807-24, williRiimgarn Bait.; mute skov.-n in mkio. m 
1K15-U, attributed to Lt. "H. Schatoh" pr. error ("or Sinnocl 

SKELTON, John. Bo. Inf. 

b. 7-3-03. d, Poona, 8-4-26. 
Em. 17-1-34. 

Son of Joseph Skelton, eh. clerk, Mcjsi:.-;. Co\, Gicee.w 
& Co. ; possibly uenlievv of I,r Gen. John Rkellon, so Nt. 

BOGO. 18-12-24, appd. Asst. 2nd el. oil Deccun S 
havin.i "been e;nployed fur :! vents on tbe Grand In!;, 
metric;., Survey of England" 3 . 

SLIGHT, Stephen. Bo. Engrs. 
"b. 7-2-1797. d. 19-8-34. 
Ens. 1-7-17 ... Capt. 5-S-29. 

Son of Heorso Slight. 

m., 1st, llar-i- Ann Giil'ord, aula heir of l.i.-Col. V. 
GJfford, pr. her bro. ; she &., 20-5-21, "at Poonah of 

l Fdbk.l825-S; MKI0.M517. a Gold pendant s 
collo., given in :he Museum hv T. .1. G. Dunciinnon in 
t'.l.um.an Ih n^tcll ( 1751 -92 ) ; BCS. 17fi!) ; Collr. Jcsson 



ind far: 



mmplui, 



. too cholera 



m„ 2nd, Edinburgh, 23-4 30, Charlotte Knox, dau. of 
Young Trotter, of Cruie ksiieki, eo. Berwick. 

1818, on Dec-can Svy. under Sutherland [125]; 
bo (;o. 18-7-20, appd. asst. to Ex. Bngr. in the 
■ Deecan, to be stationed in Khandesh ; then Ex. 
Engr. at Baroda ; Bo BO, 28-8-20, to return to svy. 
duty under Sutherland ; ib., 23-12-20, to aet as Ex. 
Engr. s. Konkan. 

bomc. (camp), 31-1-22; to orders of pa. in 
KS thin-war for "survey of the south aide of tlie Penin- 
sula". Booo. 17-9-25, relieved from pvy. for fd. 
service under C- in- C. [ 127-8, 344, 352 ]. 

SMEE, Walter Nugent Thomas. Bo. Inf. 
b. Calicut, 25-10-01. d. 7-2-77. 

Lieut. 4-5-20 ... Gen. 26-11-75, 
Son of John (Smee, bo ca. 

m... Majegao.n, Nasifc Dist., 3 9 38, Sarah, dau. of Win. 
Hughe:;, of IJampsioad Heath. 
1S25, appd. to Deecan Svy. 

SMELT, Arthur. Ben. Inf, & iscs. 

b. 8-6-1789. d. Calcutta, 26-11-49. 

' Ens. 13-S-05 ; read. 23-7-07 ; appd. writer with ante- 
Son of Rev. William Smelt, rector of Gedling, Notts.; 

nephew of Phillip Stanhope, .1i.ii [sari of Chesterfield ( DNJ3. ). 
m., 21-7-11, i'ranei- !.-.:■., iv: na, via. of Cs.pt. ,1. R, Moeklcr, 

Ben. Cav. 

Hodson, IV ( 16 ). 

1815-6, on rev. svy. Jess-ore Dist.; "Mr. Smelt... received 

orders.. .on 18th April 1315 to mca.suro the lands in Mr 

HeiicketlV taluk., { Jes.wn-e )...wilh the aid of amina, ... 

besides... all other lauds. ..reclaimed from the foreat". The 

large outturn of a aq. m. a day completed between Dec. 

1315 and April 1816 does not point to a very high order 

of accuracy 5 f 143 ]. 

HMC. 12-12-15 (150), allowed escort of a naik and i 

sepoys whilst "measuring the Su:iderbuns Tnlooks under 

'I'c^riTorial i department 1 *. 

1822, Magie. unu Colli-., ^ursbidaiifid ; from 1830, Sessions 

Judge, Patna. 

SMITH, Charles. Ben. Inf. 

b. 26-5-1786. d. Bareilly, 16-12-21. * 

Lieut. 1-2-07 ... Bt Capt. 1-1-19. 

Son of Join-. Smith, and Mary ki.-i wife, who m., 2nd., — 
CuUiford. 

m., Ciilciiti.fi. .Miss Lajr-.-ita Frarrroise L'Elant. 

Hodson, IV ( 117-S). 

BMC. 27-1-16 ( 114 ), survd. Dacca cant. [ 14 ]. 

SMITH, Robert [ II, 442 ]. Ben. Engrs. 
bapt. 13-9-1787, Nancy, Prance, 
d. 16-9-73. 

Ens. 29-1-05 ... Lt Col. 25-6-30 ; ret. 10-7-32 ; 

lion Col. 28-1 1-S4. 
Ron of James, and Vary fo nil.),, of Uideford, Devon. 
ce., 1831. Hodson, IV ( 133-4 ). 

1813 4, on svy. ilirziiuiir h. frontier [ II, 47 ]. 
bbc. 31-12-22, spp;;., ;o eoronlete svy. of d'jiib ennal 
under 'ii:; 1 -;-;!! [ Z-\, -i'y'i ] : nl.'.'e. lis. oini in addition to mil. 
nay and allecs., u l.ii OL. ( Rev ), Ul-S -27 (405), Supdt. of 
dnhb oanil; ib. ( 414 ), on repair of Qotb Miliar and other 
works at Delhi. 



d in intaglio on atone of lapis li 
BoMC. (camp) 1824 (129). 
15911.5]. sPargiter(8). 



illli; 



SNELL, Charles. Mad. Inf. 

b. 6-5-1791. d. 3-6-41. at Jtundmm, 
nr. Seringapatam. mi. French. Rocks. 

Ens. 27-8-07 ... Ma}. 5-1-39. 

Son or Robert S:i;-li, aidJ-inakiT of Falmouth. 

m„ Falmouth, 7-1-37, Anne Alicia, dau. of Francis Todd, 
of Portman Sq. ; their g. sons included the 1st Viscount 
Maugham and his vr. tiro. Win. Somerset the novelist 
( b. 15-1-74 J 1 . Chus. Sneil. juur., who joined Gaujam Svy 
Doc. 3832, and d. on svy. in G-anjam, March 1857, was pr. 

OritTiial Club. 

Dec. 1808. mmi. cl. rv [II, 320]; mho. 18-2-09, owing to 
irregular eonduct, to rnjoin eorps | II, 314]; July 1814, 
mmi. cl. viii [ II, 321 1 ; mpo. 12-1-16, on fd. svy. with 
man. Jan. to May 1315. 

mmc. 9-9-17, to Europe on me,; "Han been labouring 
tor it consider.! hie Time p;i.st uudrr a ssitn! affeetion of the 
lungs, which .has reduced him to a state of extreme debility, 
attended wir.h oth'T Kvmntoms o:" a daiifernus tendency ' ; ■ 
MOO. 13 S -21}, returned to duty. 

3-11-20, appd. to supd. svy. of Rajahmundry 
Dist,, holding oh. in n. Circars till 1833 [5,101, 
190-1, 320, 341, 350-1]; 7-12-25, granted med. 
leave to Cape bat, do passu ge being available, took 
6 mo. in Nilsjiri Hills. M0r.1tgom.erie reports from 
Madras, 15-9-26, that he had "had a return of the 
complaints which oooudonod lii.a proceeding to the 
Neelgherry Hills. He arrived here yesterday in a 
very debilitated state, and will be under tie necessity 
of proceeding to sea for,. .his health". Sailod from 
Madras to Calcutta, 30-9-26 [ 102, 321, 376 ]. 

DD11. 222, 19-1-27, resumed eh. of svy. at Vizaga- 
patam 5-1-27 [ 103-4, 208 ]■ 

Early in 1S33 movod party from Ganjam to 
Nellore ; Juno 1835, resd. from svy., and took furl, 
to England. 

STEEL( E ), Scudamore Winde. Mad. Inf. 
b. 8-2-17S9. d. 11-3-65. 

Ens. 17-7-05 ... Lt. Gen. 2-9-61. 
. Son of David and Penelope Steel. 

m.. Madras. l!)-o 40, Elizabeth Margaret, dau. of Lt.-Col. 
Wm. Head, no jig. King's Troops. 

i:n. 1838; Ki'u. 1853. DNB. 

July 1815, mmi. ol„ ix [II, 331]; 1817, aotg. Fd. 
AQMC, with Hyderabad Subsy Vocc.e ; with Doveton in 
Berar | 83-4 | ; April ISIS, survd. routes between Anrar-aiuid, 
Nasik, Chandur. 

20-10-20, apprl. jisst, on Decean Svy., for svy. s. Maratha 



try[r. 



a J. 



'. 6-2-24, to be aast. in qhq.'s Dept. ; ib. 2-4 _., 
as aqmg. with for of) from Madras to [Surma ; said to be 
the ortlv offiecr able to take asl r. obsns. [ 72 ]. 

1835, See. to Mil. Dept. Madras: ISio, mag.; 1852-3, 
comdg. Madras div. 2nd Burmese "War. 

STEWART, Alexander [ II, 443 ], Mad. Inf. 
b. 17-8-1788. d. Nagpur, 4-6-24. 

Lieut. J7-7-05 ; Capt. 1-9-1S. 

Son of James and M::r;;Krct Stewurt, of Dublin. 

m., Caps oi Good Hone, 17-4 19. Johanna Anna Eirs'ecn ■ 
a dau. 'was b., 2-1-21, at Nagpur. 

1806-8, mmi., el. i [ II, 320 ] ; 1808-10, on Travan- 
core Svy. [11,131-2; IH, 106J; 1811-3, on Java 
expn. [ II, 320 ]. 



4 BIOGRAPHICAL 

lSlG-8; iQMQ. with Hyderabad Subsy. Force- 1816 
BUrvd. lulls w. of Wardha K. [ S3 ] ; at battle of Mehidpur' 
22-12-17 ; mentioned m Malcolm's despatches ■ bo mo' 
2-9-18 & mmc 6-10-1S, granted 6 mo. leave on mc to. 
Cape ; after extension, returned t;; dnl.v 20 10 2D, and app d 
ACjMC. to .\i!7|>'.ir Snbsy. Force. 

1822-4, held ch. of svy. of Nagpur Territories till 
death [91, 93, 259, 469]. "His desire to connect 
the triangles deduced from the Takulkera base with 
...points established by the la to Colonel Lambton... 
south of the Goilavory induced him to attempt the 
continuance of his observations through a most 
unhealthyjungle, ...and a fever contracted in those 
jungles almost immediately deprived the survoy of 
its ablo...suj'ei'i:i(.'i>idont "- | 491 ]. 

STEWART, Charles Alexander. Bo. Inf. 
b. 12-2-03. d. 22-7-76. 

Ens. 25-2-23 ... Maj. ll-ll~fil ; rs t. 14-11-54 ; 

Et. Lt Col. 28-11-54. 
Son of Duncan Si.f=wnrr., Oba-nherlain of Kintyre. 
m„ Latenbury HiU, Hunts., 14-12-30, Charlotte Jane 
dau. of John Macnab of .\.-wton, eo. Perth. 

bo go. 13-4-26, to be asst. to Survr. in s. Konkan - 
1-inch svy. of '"Vesliree and Bar.koth, Soowwurndroon- 
Talooka, 1827". b 

STRAHAN, William. Mad. Inf. 
b. 27-1-1789. d. 4-9-49. 

Ens. 19-10-08 ... Col. 15-9-45. 

Son of At'-xiinrlei- Sirahan, of Aberdeen. 

m.. Calcutta, 12-2-24, Marti, dan. of. Sir H.irburt Compton 
CJ. Bombay. 

July*1812, MMI.,ci. VI [11,321], MQO. 18-11-14, 
appd. asst. in qwg.'s Dept.., svy. branch, 2nd cl. ; 
1816 ; on svy. of Ghats, from Ajanta, and of routes 
in Berar [ 83 n.6 ]. muo. 24-6-17, to be fd. aqmg. 
with Hyderabad Subsy. Force. 

STRETTELL, Edward Francis. Ben. Inf. 
b. Calcutta, April 1791. d. Saugor, 

3-9-19. 
Ens. 14-7-07 ; Lieut. 10-7-12. 



SUTHERLAND, James [ II, 443-4 ]. Bo. Inf. 
b. 1780/2 3 . d. 15-5-50. 

Lieut, 30-1-1798 ... Col. 5-6-29; M Gee. 183S. 

pr.sonof Cupt, Win. Siithf.iiand— Kns. Ho. Inf. 1775— dm. 
53rd Ft,, 1777— and (.apt, 55th |.'t. 1782; bro. to Milford 
Sutherland "of H.HL's military surviec ". and nephew to 
James Sutherland, Master AUdt.. Bombay, IWOL'-S ; oous. 
-o .larms Cruikshank [435 ], 

m., Bombay, 20 I I !. M,,r::» dim. of J, H. Cherry, Bo OS. 

kls. lsioi rr, 44 j 11.13]. 

Oriental Club. 

From 1802, assfc. to SG. Bombay [II, 305, 323]. 
1808-12, Survr. with Harford Jones' mission to 
Persia [II, 176, 339]; bo go. 31-1-14, on return 
to India resumed appt. under SG. till abolition, being 
then emp. on rev. svy. of Broach [ 169 ], 



; JO Cot. { 20), angles obsd. by Capt. Stewart 



April 1818, on svy. of passes in Khandesh and 
Deccan "from Songur 1 to Boorhanpoor, between the 
River Tapteo and Siitpura Mountains " [ S3, 122, 351 ]. 
BO so. 30-7-17, on svy. of "Eastern Borders of 
Guzerat, to the Northward of the Nerbudda", with 
Geo. Jervis as asst. [ II, 409 ]. 

Foster ( 8-9 ) records painr.ing at 10. of "The Battle of 
Kirkee; The British truons under Colonel Burr [432]; ... 
friiiTi a drawim.' :r, \ia : i>r Sutherland". 

DDb. 144 ( 1 14) 6-13-18, to ch. of svy. ofPeishwa's 
country under Elphinstone, Kesdt. at Poona. 
[ 5- T 23-5' 344 % who writes ; "You are in possession 
of such fr;L<rrae;"ii-s of 1 1 : survey formerly made under 
your management as haver been saved from the Resi- 
dency" [ 125 11.4 J. 

Held ch. of Deccan Svy., with hdqrs. at Poona, 
till appd ASG. Bombay, 1-5-22 [209-10, 212, 233, 
2S0, 464 ] ; upgraded to DSG. from 13-5-23. hdqrs. 
remaining Poona [6, 126, 281, 292, 320, 323, 351, 
440]. 

Bo GO. 10-2 26, granted furl, for 3 years from date 
of embarkation, the goo. recording that "During 
nearly the whole period which Li mi ten ant Colonel 
Sutherland has been in India ho has been employed 
in the survey department, having beon appointed 
2nd assistant to the chirvovor General in January 
1802, and tins not done any rogi mental duly since 
that time. His merits and services in that branch... 
are best known 60 Government" 2 . 

Before sailing be asked that !)[• siiai; as DSG}., should be 
raised, from date? of appt., to that formerly allowed to the 
iSO. Bombay, pointing tint "my length of servitude in the 
Survey Department, ... Irs the -year " I arm, 1 was appointed 
Surveyor with ! Us Majesty'.' Mls:sio. T i to too Court of Persia, 
and was employed. ..in e.^pioriiug some of the most unfre- 
quent-ed pare? of the Persian Dominions, '['lie principal 
materiel? of the survey.. .were unfortunately lost in His 
Majesty's Ship Pomone white accompanying Sir Harford 
Jones to England | IT. 444 | hat. although thus deprived of 
the nca< of bringing the rusnH. of on- labors to the... notice 
of Government, l.".fpf-T l.lt»m Co. ..Sir Core Ouseley. ... 

"On my return lo India in ISIS, 1 rejoined the Depart- 
ment.. .and was employed on the revenue survey of Gu/crat- 
till...lS16, when I "was nominated to the Deccan" 5 . 

10. Mise. OB ( 11:515 ), CD. write to Sutherland, 18-5-27, 
addicted 19 .Mintaguc S:., Pori.man Sq., declining to giant 
him the higher salary asked for. 

SWANSON, John. Bo. Inf. 
b. 2-3-01. d. 8-^66. 

Lieut. 11-6-21 ... Col. 20-fj-57 ; ret. as M Gen. 
31-12-61. 

Son of Francis S'-vaosiin, of llomfries Militia, 

in.. Dapoti, near Banket, Hi- 2 22. Maria, dan. of M Gen. 
E. A. Willis, Bo. Est. 

bo eio. 19-8-2:2, to Dccoaii Svy. ; ho mo 5 -12-22, "fully 
t.|u:'.li:ietl to discharge toe duties of a Surveyor", to draw svy. 
slices, from 7-11-23; bo go. 21-!0 23, relieved from svy. 
duiies, being appd. adit. 2/ioth \i [ r;j ri.12'., find later kbb. 
as pymr. 

Dr. Kennedy met him, July IS30, with Army of the. 
Indus ; " The party in. which 1 rode was nr.mri amused at the 
military metamorphosis. ..of a quiet, sober-minded, staff 
officer of the civil depavtmenv into a f.ery cavalier. Capt. 
Swanson, >1JI ii.arv .fay mas:'.-: of the Bombay division, belong- 
ed to the. 19th regt. no. s.i. and, as.. .a... gentle passage nf 
arms had been promised for the morning's 



Songlr. 



had as a matter of duty joined his regiment. 

"We, who lied been wont to know him as a memher of 
the si-isif mess, mit of the mildest of men, & most obliging of 
paymasters, were ama/.ed to see his call, handsome, and 
manly tigui-e, mounted 0:1 his huge sirey, which on ordicary 
occasi 1:111s never looked hah' so big. or hall" so fiery, coming 
galloping up with " Move on; of "the wd-y, smntlemen, if yon 
please'', and i:isiati;.!v taking iiji a ouint for his rc.dmont, 
which had to form nno halt where v.c hoi ilismouuted. 

"My inward wonderment was whether any change of 
circ 11 instances :;ouki pusdbly have made me go UV er such 
ground at such a fashion, for, in our every day "temperament,. 
i verso to any ultra-rapidity- 



SYME, Nicholas. Mad. Tnf. 

bapt. 9-11-1792. d. 6-7-19, Mandleshwar, 
on Narbada, 40 m. s. of Indore. 

Ens. 4^12-09 ; Lieut. 23-3-16. 

Nephew of John Syme. 

TURK), Itfl (8), plan of about 100 m. of Narbada E. ■ 
DDn. 1*5 (571 j, 10-11 -IS), allowed Its. 250 pm. for period 
of svy. [84-5]. 

TANNER, Henry. Ben. Inf. 

b. 17-1-1781. d. Monghyr, 29-S-54. 

Ens. 12-10 -1797 ... Capt. S-6-0G ; inv. 18-2-15. 

Son of William Tanner, of Berwick. 

m., Calcutta, 10-I0--ISi.ii), Miss Cir.liarine Driver. 

Hoelson, IV (234-5). 

Bto. 30-1-24 ( 13), as aurvr. under Bd. of Rev. 
Patna, submits from Monghyr svy. of curtain mouzas 
in Tirhut ; bgo. 21-10-25, to officiate as Regulating 
Officer to Bhagalpur Invalid Thana ; survg. lirnita 
of inv. lands. 

Invalid lands were " kilmhifed bv inVLiiid pensioners of 
the E.I.C.'s regiments, who, when disabled in the service, 
have the option of retiring to one of tiie many village* set 
apart for that purpose, where a spot of ground 'is allotted to 
each individual, and a few inriees paid monthly to them by 
the Superintendent, or visiting officer. This gratuity affords 
the ssapoya an onpoi'tumi.y i,f sitting down c tun fort ably with 
their families for the remainder of tneir days" 5 . 

From 182o, on svy. of Daman- i-koli Govt. Estate, 
Santa] Parganas, and other areas of Bhagalpur and 
Monghyr, till Feb. 1833, when he submitted mo. frora 
Monghyr to effect that it was "impossible for him 
to leave the station, or to undertake) the execution 
of duties of any description without imminent risk. 
of tin; most Horious con sequences" "137, 333 ]. 

JS3S. II, 1832 (1117), rcpu'-ts froiii^Biiagalllur, 4^-3-31, 
on coal seams w.irhcd 0:1 hanks of Ganges. 

KiTorta were m&de in 1835 to obtain his sendees far avy. of 
pargana .Pharkaya; "The abilitic. of Captain Tanner as a 
Itevenue Surveyor are not unknown. ... A residenee in 
the diatriot of 20 years, during 11 of which he iiad been 
employed in this very duty, qualify him in no ordinary 
manner. ... His lesai knowledge of ■iiLs part of the country 
is nroliablv mere c^t.eisive than ti.at of i'.'iv of i".s inhabi- 
tants, combining as it docs seientiiic altainmenta with 
practical c\pei ier.ee "'-. He ieiuse.1 further svy. empt. 

Was ocsa-ional e.intvibnr.iir to ASP... sendiiLg in 1SIS1 a 
" Note on foaail hones of the Eajmahal Hills "'. 



TATE, Robert. Mar. Snrvr. 

Aast. Survr. & Dmn. 1-9-1B ; diach. 31-1 

Sept. ]■■)() 1.0 Jan. 1810. in drawinj-offire r>i 

at Calcutta [ II, zg6 ]. 



■" Anne Dearie ( 40-1 )■ 



18L1-2, Master 's mate in iieic.'s MahiUir with expn. to 
■Java,. From 'fh:h. i SI:;, actg.l.ient, in unic's .Tt'twcAw, under 
Charlsjs Court, Mar. Survr. ; rcsd. and sailed for England to 
take up private business. 

Aug. 181S, in Calcutta: s'oedd. by SG. to asst. Webb 
on svy. of Kumaunjappd. from 1-9-18 on lis. 200 pm. [347]. 
"My services in the surveying siepari.n sens, commenced 
under Captain Walii', Marine Surveys* General [11,448] 
when a volunteer in rile Marine. wit-Is whom I remained till 
his death [ 15-1-10 ]. ... 

"Till the arrival of a successor fo Canfain Wales, I aMtim- 
p^.uicd the expauhion si-'jairi.^i the lslan:i :>f Java si^ a Master'-; 
Mate of the Honorable Company's cruiser Malabar, and also 
held the appointment of As n.^ant 1.0 sl.e Aaftnt of Transports, 
and Secretary to Curusoodore [Lives [ 70 n.5 ]. ... 

"On the arrival of Captain Court as Marine Surveyor 
General [li, 206 |, I. ..wan directed to rejoin, ... and continued 
toservewii.ii him.asnn Acting Liciilsaianloi; board the Neatsdiiis 
till, at the suggestion of my [■elation. 1 applied tor permission 
to region, ... with the intention of entering into mercantile 
business, where a prospect of .success then offered. 

"During my voyage to England, however, the 
Trade in India was thrown open, arid the state of my 
prostjouts becamo so msieh altered on my refctn-n to 
India, that after a short poriod I determined... to 
regain iumti employment in the service of Govern- 
ment. To return to the Miirmf; Surveying Depart- 
ment with rank was of course not in my power ; 
I therefore applied to C'.ihinol Mackenzie... and, at 
Captain Court's rooommendation. Colonel Mackenzie 
obtained me the appointment, of .Assistant Surveyor 
in the Kumson Survey" 1 [ 329 n.2 ]. 

Travelling up the Ganges by boat from Calcutta, Tate 
reached Patnn 17th Nov., and 1 .hazipur 23tii, where he halted 
nearly 3 weeks. Reach h:j. 1's^i.nrs 19; h lieu., he travelled 
■overland to J.iicknow. asn.l ji;ii;e;.l Webb in Jan. 1819 [48]. 

Webb did not find him a great success ; "Tate is 
not a diligent man in business. His disposition is 
by no means indolent, but he prefers other employ- 
ment before those to which I would fain direct his 
whole attention. ... He would willingly give up a 
week to mend a tent, or make a box, or dam his 
stockings, which might be occupied more advantage- 
ously for the survey otherwise. ... 

"When he pine-;! last ysxir I. racomsiienilei.l suets tents sis 
I thought would host, si.sii. him, smdgnta lrserid...to make them 
up for him at i'ut.tegurh. They were finished in a week or 
ten days, and we received then 1 before we re lurried to the hills. 
These may require some repair, and I arranged his work so 
as to carry him to Bare illy, and... to bah. 1.1:11 slays, ... in which 
time a new sett of tents might if necessary lie prepared". 
From rSareilly Tale asked for" 2 mo. leave to buy tents and 
■camp equipment, on which Webb commented that "camp 

equipage for the Goveinor-C "il might iV; got ready in two 

m on t lis, instead of a hill lent not. ruaeii larger than a neoessary 
[ If. 395 n.I 1. ... If, however, you should be inclined lo give 
him this leave, ... bis absence will not be very injurious... to 
the survey" [307,512]*. 

[laving no o I lies- a-.;:: •■., v"h ' : ■ 1 ■ 1 3 found work lor (ism as druii., 
till the aw. was; completed, bus lie wm an uncongenial eom- 
panion. He was diseh. from 31-12-21; and was much 
■disappointed at being oil'orcd no further work [367-8]. 

TATE, William Ashmead [ II, 445 ]■ 

Bo. Engrs. 
b. Bombay, 3-11-1795. d. 21-11-71. 



i BIOGRAPHICAL 

Ens. 12-7-12 ... Capt. 17-9-24 ; ret. 5-12-29. 

Son of James Tate and Sarah Pruen. or. dau. of Ashmead 
Pruen, Bo. Mar., assd s isles- to Mrs. !-!II !.i rn. .n- astir. [ 423 ]. 

m., 1st. Bombay. 12-12 2(1. Kiiv-.alifth .Saunders dau of 
VV. T. Kd wards, km. 17th Foot. 

m., 2nd, Clifton, 17-9-14., Miss Isabella PrideauK. 

From 1816, on iev. svy. of Bombay and Salsette ; 
bo 00. 7-5-21, appd. to ch. svy. [ 167-8, 343, 439 ]. 
Aug. 1827, on close of svy. sailed for England 5-S-27 
after submitting final report, Salsette, 4-8-27 ; 

" Hiiving now brought to a close a survey in which 1 have 
been for so many yoass ahnosl !inn'mittis-._dy engaged. ... 1 
have... been enabled 1.0 collect much iutercHtms data con- 
nected with the general history, topography, as well as the 
resources of the Island, ...yet, from a want of time, ...and 
also from the late i mpnircd state of sny health rendering a 
voyage to Europe necessary, I shall most reluctantly be 
obliged to sulimit a very hasty and incomplete report" 3 . 

In his address to the Brit.' Assn., 20 -S-'.iH. Thomas Jervis 
quotes letter from 'fate, written from Kasfc Harptree, de3. 
uiibitig valuable w.i.rl: done by Indian smvis, and dmn. on 
the Bombay svy. [ 168, 392-3]. 

1 S4!)-ii(), Proiesss.r of Mil. Drawing at. Addiscon.be, being 
a beautiful dmn. himself. 

TAYLOR, Joseph. Ben. Engrs. 

bapt. 27-1-1790. d. Agra, 20-4-35, 

of apoplexy ; mt. 
Ens. 6-10-07 ... Lt.-Col. 18-8-31. 

Son. of Joseph and Margaret Taylor. 

m„ 1st., Agra, 30-8-11, Anne, dau. of Rev. Jonathan 
Botirc bier, of Ejjsosrs ; she ii., Agra, 11-7-14. 

m., 2nd., Calcutta, 1 n 19. f'rancts Henrietta, 3rd. dau 
of Eobt. Colebrookc, SG. Bengal 1794-1808 [II, 3Sfi-gi ]| 
whose portrait [ II, 391 ; pi. sy 1 was in HU9 in possession o£ 
Mrs. Taylor, g. mother of Rol.t. Hyde ["V.lerjruniie Tavlor 
gt.-g.-son of Joseph Taylor [ II, 386, n.6 ]. 

Hodson, IV ( 240-1 f, 

1810-11, asst. to Chirr. I!ngr. at Agra. DDn. 128 (4) 
reodd. without result by SG., 24 3-10; if lie "can be spared 
from the duties... of Agra, ... ■ tie may be post sal ] as assistant 
under either Lieutciisuit Webb or Uentcnant White, that ho 
may gain an accurate knoivlege of this part of his duty". 
Repaired Taj, anil Aknssr's tomb at SiUandra. 

Jan. 1320. to construct lighthouse 011 Sagar I. [II, 15]. 
18-10-21, appd. Carr. Kngr. &. U\ OtTr., A^-ris, laakin'. .vy 
of Agra, scale 1,000 ft. to 3 inches 6 . 

TAYLOR, Thomas Matthew. Ben. Cav. 
b. 12-5-1791. d. 2-9-71. 

Corn. 27-3-09 ... Gen. 8-2-70. 
Son of Jumra Taylor, of Cloghcr, Ireland. 
Hodson, IV ( 243 ). 

182J, appd. isssi. to fichalch, Sispt. of Canals, Calcutta, 
on "salary of 500 rupees per mensem in. addition to his 
military pay and allowances"*; nil svy. and maps of water- 
ways s. of Calcutta- f_ 14 ]'. 

btc. 17-9-24, to mil. service with Pioneers and Suryrs. 
under Schaleh, but took leave t.u Enghi.iid on mc. ; "I have 
a violent a.l.tso'l. ..f ilhi.--^ 'neiiTivd l.v £:,li..iie, (C espoaure to 
the effects of the son, in ei.in:;.ilel in,- the surveys & levels for 
the Agur Canal daring v'ne months of Aviril <v. May 1824. ... I 
was subsequently obliged ;o go to sea. My health has been 
in such a precarious slate that... I considered it necessary 
to consult. .. Prc-ude rn'v Surgeon "^ [333]. 

1833-5, MS. to OG. ; 1S37-40, member of Svy. Com. in 
addition to other duties. 



'DDn. 195 (li.i-9), 23-3-22. 
givr= dooiestie derails from career of a: 
166 ( II, 12 ) ; Ben Eegr. 33 ( 99-105 ). 



'lilh:. 130 ( 131 i, Jan. 1820. 
ither Tavlar. s '].!?.,i H.yjr. 211 ( 2 
'DDn. 213 (37), 17-8-25. 



unm., 11-11-20, and bra. of Gtaa 

1815-6, made avy. of Dacca ci 

With allces. for est. and contt. cap 



a SGO. 1800-5. 



TAYLOR, Rev. William Munro. Missionary. 
b. 1797/8. d., Madras, 22-8-78. 

Ord., Liverpool, 13-8-23, as Minister of "free" church ; 
ord. Madras, S 1-37, as Deacon. <!. of E. ; oricst, 1339. 

JASB. V, lSISi-i (513-3); VII], 1838 ( lu.i-lil. 173-93. 
372 414, 4fj<!"53: ) ;/■/»./■( Mwkni'j-n ( jjruf) : M'ad J ./. «£■ .S'. 
vols. 8-11, 13, 15-6; J (JJ) As Soe. (London] II, 1879 
( xvii-xviii ) ; Penny, III (3(52, SOli ) ; LMS. and SPG. 
Records ; Mackenzie. 

Sot a Surveyor. 

Penny (363), " boni and live;! in Madras" ;ed. I.MS. 
School, Gosport, England. 

CD to M. ( Pub ), 39-10-23 ( II ), [jermitted t,;i proceed to 
Madias as missionary oi LMS. ; and. Madras 33-5 -34 ; 
held ch. in Pur.sewakmn till read. lms. aervlce 14-11-34, 
Lav si : i ■!',-: ■■iu> a na-tajlie Tamil scholar. 

IS'l'iS, as Ret'. Wm. Tavio:-, roodd. by ASB. to catalogue 
.Mackenzie 'Mad. colb.s. or. beiiali'Mad.Gov;.. and Mail. bit. 
Soc, Ii. ur-0.18 10 3(3 (23-ii; 1K-1-37 ( 8 [-2), and 9 -S -3 7 
(14-5). His reports made Oct. -Dec. 1837, pub. in Mad. 
and Calcutta [482].. 

Further pubns. on oriental mas. inc; ride;! a C'i!a!.a;/ur, 
R;, ■ . i Handbook <>f ISi^d-i M};U^!ojti. .1 MOo; 

2nd win. IS70. Under pseudonym '"Monro ", wrote . 1/",; (f .<■■■;■; ■■ 
iano, pub. 1S8S. "Munro" id also adven as his 2nd name in 
record of death, Marl. Keel. olt/297 [482 n.6]. 

After liis ordination in Madras, the Hi.sh.op writes to 
sea., 10-1-37, descrihing him as ''brought up in this court- 
try", and "one of the bus; Tamil seiviia.rs in the cnimtry". 
Ho was appd. to SP6. 00 fls. 12.5 pro. : held oil. of fepery 
mission IS-U-il, aorupilinir. hisnirv of the mission 1720 -1*23. 

lS53,at St.Ooora-e'sCath. : ! Sol -07. ehpn. at VelLapuram, 
or. St Thomas' Mount , 1S78 at Bangalore. 

TERRANNEAU, Robert. Rev. Sum-., uneov. 

b. Calcutta 2-1-12-1790. d, 19-11-41, 

Moradabad. 

Asat. Rev. Survr., March 1827. 

Eldest son of William T'lT.nmean, son of Charles Cossard 
deTcrranneau [ 1. -;SS |. liidi.t'u . M ■ i :■ f ■■:!■■■■ I ' Jlnnirfju--, Bengal, and 
his wife filkaiioUi", dam of Cap.. Mitchell., Mud. Est.; Win., 
his lather, was b. in Bengal, ed. in London ; returned to 
India as an ollieor of hit. 42nd J'*!.. ; resd., took up business 
in Calcutta, and r.hi-i: too i; to Indigo arid d.. Raojjpur, 19-1-50, 
aged 87. Of his o o hi Id r on. Roht. applied for cudetship with- 
out success— Wm. Henry ( 1701 -!:! } and Charles ( 1808-3o ) 
weie both in Ben. Inf. ( Ho&son, IV J 1 . 

Robert m., Bareil-,-, -,-;i-27, HHkabcti! Addison Browne. 

Being in Calcm.i.a in 181-1, loft foi Java. March 1816, 
in snip Union. 

13-4-2!), appd. liccns-: -, .'.!.■ rPain.i.d Hist. ; "On the 2nd; 
of April, whilst, at lignite" had anpik-d for- aoiJt. to rev. svy. 
but "as the ite'i-trar.imo of thi-. district teas vacant, I did 
not hesitate ( with tho view t>£ rescuing myaolf from tliB 
humiliatioTi of carana; the bread of dependence, having been 
then 5 year.? the sport of fortune & destitute of a situation j 
1,0 accept tlie situation of Rej;islv:ir temporarily, until I 
could J >ro sure... the olio 1 had applied for. ... I waa ready 
at the moment to ■:-,i'-"e no the [:Li-."0:trarsliip ,: -. 

On recdn. of the Alagte., Ilalhod [154—5], an d 
the SG., 3 appd. Asst Rev. Survr., pr. from 8-3-27, 
and. posted to rev. svy. of K, Div. of Murii.luljad ; 
continued on rev. svya. of "Upper Provs. for several 
years [ 155, 334. 37° ]■ 
TETLEY, James. Civ. Survr., unoov. 

Nat. aonof CoL James Tetley, Sen. Inf., who d., Allahabad, 

'Ins, Park St. cem. is MI. to Root. B. Terranueau ( 1824-49) not identified; at Meerut. 15-11 26, James Max.. Cosaard 

Terrsnneau m. Mai.ilda Maria Delpciron. Mated Moradabad, 8-2-27 ; li'l'C. 8-3-27 (SIM. " BIT 1. 21--8 if! (44). *MRIO. 
Misc. 2-0- 03 ; GJO. 8-3-10 ,t j-SMU. 1.5 -3 -1.0 ( 158 ). 5 MMO. 157 ( 4IC 53 i, scv. of crocks. "Sandes, II ( 56-7 ). '95th 
involved in mutinv at Bar rvi..-;s pore, 1821, Car. lew ( Mo). = DDn. 210, M 420. 'Note on MRl'O. 157 ( S ). "Pagan Myo. 
on Irrawaddv, 20 m. below Pakokku. ^f.f. HMS. 668 I 58 ). 



THOMSON, George. Ben. Engrs. 
h. 19-9-1799. d. 20-2-86. 

Ena. 1-0-18 ... Mai. 23-7-39 ; ret. 25-1-41 ; Lt Col. 
28-11-54. 

Son of George Thomson, of Fairloy. 

m., Aberdeen, 4-2-30, Anna, dau. of Alex, Dingwall of 
-■■-■ i -;..;:;. a ad si.itor-i.-i-law of .Toil a Anderson, Br " 

CB, : DNB. ; DIB. : llodson, IV ( 2(i.l ) ; Pankrii 

1824-5, Bumie&o War, Afiikan, on bvj-3. 6 in addi- 
tion to other engr. duties [ CS-9, 1S1, 333 ]. Qovl Gaz., 
14-4-25, describos aiirvices in Arakan ; ego. 10-4-25, 
to be Ex. Engr. to Div., and charged with building 
cants. ; hms. 666 ( 561 ), 27-5-25, report whilst in eh. 
pontoon train ; Nov.-Dec. 1825, with Crommelin on 
svy. of islands, off month of Arakan K. [ 435 ]. 

pr. about 1830-7, ran level's notwoou Calcutta and Salt 
Lakes [ 13-4 ] ; road svv. of Khahabad, Han iiegr. 6 ( 26 ). 
MBTO. 63 ( 5 ), svy. of new road, Benares to Parasnath, 
1833-4 ;> thia waa the section of Grand Trunk Road, of 
which Sandes ivi L i!.e.s ; "'The true liegiiiuirrg was made by 
Lord Wm. Bcntiuek, v.he.a I'icor.-e Tliiun sen...— afterwards 
known as "Thomson of Ghazru" lio-causc of his f^oloifs in 
the H'irat Afghan iVV.r Ms appointod. ... Thomson worked 
for Sve years on the JJurdv.an-Bcnaiss section hi ■fore leaving 
civil employment to become Commandant of the Bengal 
Sappers S) Miners at Delhi in March 1837" 8 . 

1830, CE. with Armv of Indus, at Cha/.ni, Afghanistan ; 
auth. of The Storming of Ghazni. 

TRANT, Thomas Abercrombie. hm. 95th Ft. 
d. 13-3-82. 

Possibly related to Win, Henry Trant ( 1781-1859 ), from 

co. Cork, proprietor of i::o. stock, m.A t > I'iios. Trant, Mad. 
cadet of 1781, who met Wm. Mickey in Calcutta 1783-9. 

boo. 27-3-24, appd. to Omsral Stall with expn. to 
Burma, being tr. from 95th to hm. 38th Ft,;' II-2-25, 
appd. BAQMG-. I .-it, el., w.it:i force in B\vrma. 

DDn. 216 ( 36 ), Jackson, dqmc, writos to Grant, 
25-8-25, "There is no fear of your being required to 
do common survey work, as I have a yoimg olfieor. 
Lieutenant Trant, who does that kind of thing very 
well", and Grant himself writes Inter that "the 
industry of Limit. Trant, and his experience tig a 
practis;itl survwyor, were eiiiinenlly cojispioiions, and 
to his exertions mainly are we indebted, under the 
directions of Major Jacksoii, fur tho principal surveys 
executed during the war" 8 [ 70-2, 462-3 ]. 

Homy Yule relVts in \S5'i to "a beautiful survey 
byCapt. Trant, in the Q._M,G.'sofrioe", of the Irrawaddy 
below Prome 5 . 

'('rant distiug uis hod Limsoit on several occasions, and the 
Ben H'.a-hnii of 0-3-20 reports "his action against the 
Burmans" that led to ''Sir Archibald Ciituplj^ii's splendid 
victory at Pagham Men 1 " 0:1 8th February ; Lieut. Trant of 
the Survcyine: fJeparirnoal, was in advance of the Array, on 
the look out... a ith '}'.) men of the Bodyioiarv. v. -on he fell in 
with ilat Wyr; J.Soo and [()() men. fie ;a ticked them without 
hosifel.ioi", killed two of their chiefs, and took 50 p ' 
arid the remaii.'ar 'lispersed confusedly " 11 . 



March 1826, survd. route of a dett. of British 
troops over the An Pass, taking 12 days on the 
road 1 [ 3, 71-2, 494 ]. 

Auth. of Two Years in Am: May 1S24 to May 1 826. "by 
■an officer of the g.m.-q.'s Dep:t:|.meut", pun. 1 B27 ; also of 
Narrative of u Jiytrruii through Gr-.cc; in IS.VJ. pub. 1830. 

Afterwards a Capt. in 1st. wi. Rogt. 

TREBECK, George. Traveller. 

d. c. Nov. 1825, Mazar-i-Sharif, 

Afghanistan. 

Wit.ii Mooccroft to Ludiikli and Bukhara, IS 19 25 [43, 
486-7 ]. 

Son of Charles ] obeck. st-jir., attorney oi London and of ' 
.Supreme Court, Ctli.:il.i.-i. and kd.or of IVnang, where he d. 
1831. Will dated 30-6- 31 ; property sold il -11— 31 included 
37 neckcloths — lil pairs cot-ion short stockings — 1 yellow 
Nankeen umbrella— 21 boT 1,1 as... beer — 1 pr. cratches". 

Bro. of Chas. Trebeek, jnnr., also attorney, Calcutta, 
from 14^1-23; pr. related Co family .if fnwfTS and e'er^y 
ed. at Westminster (OW. II, 326-7 f. 

Wilson records that "Mr. George Trebeek was a young 
man on. the threshold of life. ... His father.. .had been a 
solicitor in London, and hud settled in the same capacity in 
■Calcutta. ... George, who had a turn for adventure, scwin- 
panied Mr. Moorcrot't. ... To him the geographical details 
were int.rusi.oti. ... Ue na< aide to keep a regular field book, 
which he did until the party quitted the- Punjab. The 

Started svy. at Bilaspur, •1ij.1v 1 S20, carrying it 
to Leh, and later survd. other routes to all parts of 
.Ladakh. 1822-3, extended svy. through Kashmir, 
.Punch, Rawalpindi, and Peshawar to Kabul, where 
hiw Lasts, wore stolen [ 43-4, 486 ]. 

On return march from Bukhara in Aug. 1825, 
-whilst Mooreroft visitod Andlchui, Trebeek "moved 
to Mazar ; after an interval lie was sieved with fever, 
and died after four months suffering" 8 . 

Burnes writes that when he pass:;,! tlirough Mazar 7 years 
later, "One of our companions, a. Hajee, [hail] attended 
him on his death !;■:::[, and conducted us 1o rao snot in which 
he is laid, which is in a small huryiug-ground eastward of 
the town, under a mulberry tree. 

"Thia young man left a moat favourable impression... 
throughout the country, ...and I couid not but feel for his 
melancholy fate. Alter burying I. is two European fellow- 
travellers, he sank, at 1111 early age, after four months 
sulferircg, in a. far distant ■unuii.ry. without a friend, without 
assistance, and without consolation". 

Burnes notes that the local people had taken 
possession of all the property left, "horses, camp 
ocj_eup.-i.yf-, money, and... fir Luted books". But many 
books and papers had already reached Mom-croft's 
friends in India [ 487 ], and when LTr. Lord visited 
Mazar-i- Sharif in 1838, he had no difficulty in 
recovering practically all tho remainder. He found 
amongst "a pile of loose accounts" a note in Tre- 
beck's writing; "Sept. 6th 1825. Arrived Balkh 
.Aug. 25th ; Mr .VI. died Aug. 27th". 

On pubn. of Wilson's narrative. 1:2 copies were presented 
by the Directors to his bro. Chas. Trebeek, who was in 
London March 1S41 ; JASB. X, 1841 ( 501-2 )*. 

TRUMAN, Avery. Mad. Inf. 

b. 13-12-1786. d. 2-6-31, Kottora, 

\~ijo-pnr. 

*A» J. Oct. 1826 I mi); HMS. 
( 439 ). 'Mooreroft & Trebeek, I ( isv 
202 ( 105), 14-4-35. 



8 BIOGRAPHICAL 

Ens. 15-12-08 ; Lieut. 4-10-13. 

Sou of Avcrv Truman, of St-:, well, Glos. 
July 1812, mui. el. vr [ IX, 321 ] ; on fd. svy. Jan-May, 
1814; 1816, on svy. of passes in f.lerar and Ivigpur J'erri- 

TURNEULL, Thomas. Asst. Rev. Survr. 
b. 1781. d. Madras, 2-6-31. 

Appce. 3-6-1794. 

From survg. sch. to survey— Devicottai, 1797-8 
[I, 109 n.i, 114, 195, z8 4 ]— Dindigul, 1798-1804 
[ II, 140 J—Tanjore, 1805-10 [ II, 145-7 ]— Madura. 
1811-4 [II, 140, 164]. 

1815-6, in ch. re-svy. of Dindigul [ II, 140, 352, pi. 
13 ; III, no, 373, 400 ], moving to Tra vane ore in Nov. 
to work under Ward [ 106-7, io 9- 511-2 ], who writos ; 
"I have found him to be a very useful and intel- 
ligent man. ... Now far advanced in life, ... eyesight 
...very bad. This misfortune... does. ..disqualify him to 
follow the duties of a Surveyor ; yet... I. have that con- 
fidence in him. ... He could bo iutdiara:eof a party of 
the young men, merely to sen them do their duty. ... 

"He would be of great assistance in making translations 
of any Histories we may. ..collect, from his knowledge of the 
languages, k in drawim; up matciiub for 'lie memoirs ; but, as 
to expect him to survey is almost absurd, tho' he may he 
aniioris & willing, y„> the ivorl; he mav perform must always 
remain as a matter o( ■ Lou at es to- its accuracy "*[ log j. 

On close of the svy., Dec. 1820, was sent to Tfn- 
nevelly with interpreter Isitul Xaymal to prepare 
statistical account of that dist., his health and eve- 
sight having for some time prevented him from plane- 
tabling [ III n.i, 167, 320-1 ]. 

1822, brooirlit- into Madras, and emp. on instm. of 
appce. Burvrs., being still so emp. in 1830 [ 208, 374, 
377 ]. His son Wm. Henry served the < icpt. from 1837 
till his death in 1853 [ 386 ]. 

Van HEYTHUYSEN, Henry Thomas. 

Mad. Inf. 
b. Kent, 27-2-1792. d. 18-5-82 ; 

Mi., South borough, Kent. 

Ens. 25-5-11 ... Capt. 25-4r-25. invd. 6-15-29 ; 
ret. 24-6-36. 

Son of Gerard Lovluge Van fleyl.huysen, clerk in Court 
of Chancery, and Amy, ids 1st wife. 

m„ St. Paneras, 5-4-32, .Marry Ann, dau. of John Sich 
of Chiswick. 

1822-3, survd. route of hia batt. from Orissa, through 
Chattisgarh, to .eJagoitr, making wise comments on the 
country and people ; met Roughsedge [ 11,439-40 ]. Though 
fdbk. carefully kept, with very clear sketches [ 410 [, 
Montgomcrio found " Ike descriptive part... tolerably good, 
but the protract io c do;:? not at all n^rce with the register of 
bearings, and none of tko hearings oilier from each, other 
less than four point..; i,j the. /■■:.■.■,■.•«.;■.,■. Capt. Otto says that, 
as far as he remembers, Mr. Van Heytbuysen tfestroi/ed the, 
ishnte c/ /Ac o'«r/cs' lioutzs" 1 . 

VOYSEY, Henry Westley. Asst. Surg. & 

Geologist, d. 19-4-24, nr. SulMa Ghat, 

Howrah. 

Hospl. Asst. & Asst. Surg. iim. .liJth Ft. 1 2-5-15— tr., 

without joining, to 46th Ft. 29 -7-1!) to 1st Ft. 30-3-21— 
half eav. 6-2-23. 



a- 



Appd., 8-5-18., Surg. & Geolgt. GTS.'; joi 



15-12-lS 



r by H. H. W 
As J. xviu, 1824 ( 59(1 e( 
x in xi i:, passim. 

" Kdoeated for the medial iirofe.s:sion...h 1 -,th in the schools 
of London ami Edinburgh. Oil IiU joining the army lie 
served some short titne on the O-jni.ijieut in tbo cntiroaig:i thai- 
was so gloriously terminated by the viuUiev of Waterloo. 
He ace ,!n,.i:-.aie;l the troops to Paris. ... 

"Early allciitiovi-.i-o mineralogy and geology. He 
studied t.o.ese sciences under Professor Ja mica on ":;nd faced. | 



...the ctae-bra. 



olOglfli 



it eoast of Scotland an:; the Western Isles. ... A 
.sound chemist. ... 

" Aec.ompanied his regiment. '.-::• tins Cape of Good 
Hope, where he was induced. ..to eorae to Bengal. ... 
Scientific and literary attainment... secured him 
friends in Calcutta. ... His belonging to a corps not 
in the country rendered it, difficult... to employ his 

talents advantageously After some time-, however, 

lie was attached to the survey under the late Colonel 
Lambton, as Burgeon and .Mineralogist [225, 264-5, 
352, 401-2, 466 ]. 

'' Besides hi:; (.ir.jfr--.-vsiiiii.i-! and niioeraiogi -id a.oq air;. merits, 
Mr. Voysey was well grounded in Natural History. It was 
during his stay in (.'alc.itta thnt tiis French naturalists, 
Mesas. Dianl and Du Vina-el. ponds of Baron Cuvier I 272-3 ], 
arrived at the Presided cy, and .Mr. V'oysey's kuovvioilr-e of 
their language, as wed as ll similarity of tastes, united him 
with therm in all tiioir early researches, lie had also a good 
knowledge 'if Botany, and. ..his attainment to the survey 
could not fail to yioid an alamo. nit harvest. ... 

"M(. Voysey joinetl the survey in the end of 181S" [ 325 ]. 
Other testimonies to his talents .1 re left by a- fellow student 
at the Gr-n eral Ibhspita I ar. Aberdeen, who i-r-.:-ord-'j ih.-i.t ib.irmg 
his two years at the hospkul and the .Uarisohal Coll., Voysey 
had already shown ;i strong bias towards Naturs.l History. 
Anothei- j.hiond had met him "ft, the Cape of Good Hope, 
n hi 1st he resided in the family of A I ,-. T. Sharidan " 3 . 

He joined at Hyderabad 15-12-18, and a few 
weeks later stood. La.vribl.011 and Hvert-st into the field 
[ 227-9, 231, 265, 442 ]. "By the middle of 1819 he 
was fully occupied, not only with geological collec- 
tions and reports, and a map he had then commenced, 
but with the opor.i.tions of the survey. ... He soon 
qualified himself to give 0! fee tint. I assistance... as a 
surveyor, and was. ..often sent out to take detached 
points and particular stations [ 232, 244, 249 ]", 

The following is t.akcn From his account of a S mo. tour 
during 1320: "1 returned to Hyderabad in the middle of 
April with a- very severe hitermit.font fever. As the moon 
approached the full I. recovered, but had a. relapse the nest 
lunation. 1 was fooi-:-al...!.o prou-a.rc speainieiis and a report 
of my Gcoloijien] map...uotwilhsianoiog my lever and. i's 
soon as I had :ini-lu -d and rlosna-i.-hed it. I u-eut out again to 
the banks of the river [ Gnd.ivari ]. 

"I remained ool. until Septen;'ior, -n-ikina considerable 
additions 1.0 the floolo-jieal jn:;.fi, ...and returned in the 
middle of the month. I had not been a wen!; at home 
before a relapse of ihv-r ooeurred, winch enfeebled mi 
plctely ; nevertheless, as ::■ party was going out under 
Assistant to those interesting mount a.ins, the Nulla Malli. 
...sou; I. of the Xistua, I. ..-or. oi.:t. to join t.liem [ 227 ]. 
iay, forgetting, in my wish to compare 



I ascended an old hill station of Col. Lambton' s.„ and, al- 
though I gained a very satisfactory result, I was again 
attacked by my com plaint. As soon as I was able. T travelled 
towards iiadcas for the bandit of the sea- air, out when I 
was only forty zniics trout tin: pagoda of Porwattam, I left 
my baggage, anil dei.cvmiiiod at all risks to visit it. I was 
the third lihtropoan who had ever heeu thei-e. The Sanyasi 
who performed the service of iho temp!,- re..- -., lie-;;; oil Colonel 
Mackenzie"*. 

It was of this jo-.iroey that Lamototi « role to De Penning, 
13-11-20 ; "Doctor Vnysey is now so ill of the fever thai, "I 
have given him leave to go to Madr.is, and he will set off in 
.1 day or two. It wis Lis intention i; fall in with you, ... but 
1 have advised him to net. to the sea coast as soon as 
possible. ... As you seem to ho pretty health v i:i camp, his not 
joining you will not he of much consequence". And again, 
26-12-20; "I have board nothing of Dr. Voysey si nee... he 
arrived at Kurnool. lie ha.d had repeated attacks of the 
fever, and intended resting a few davs, ami writing to me 
when he got (letter, but I left it to his own judgement 
whether to do that, or to proceed to Madras" 1 . 

After Everest's departure to the Cape on mo., 
Lambton looked continually to Voysey for asstce., and 
after Everest's return sent, him on an independent 
mission to report on the country to the north, travel- 
ling via Calcutta, and picking up the line of the 
Great Arc southwards from Agra. At the wime time 
Lambton "endeavoured to obtain. .. his ofticia! appoint- 
ment as assistant to the survey [ 265 ]". 

"In prosecution of this claim ...Mr. Y^ytey visited Calcutta 
m the end oi 1S2-2. Ho was . 1. i -■ . .. cha.ra\;d with. ..a. uroparatory 
journey thro' M'ahva : 1 1 l. I (".oandwnna, in order to lay down 
tie line most elegit, le for l-lic progress of the Tri-'r.aomei.ricat 
Survey tVom Xagpar to Agra ^ 23b, 243-4, 4*b 4.1S, 467-* ;". 
Lambton was the more anxious !.,, improve Vovsev's 
financial position as his appt. to the svy. deiiir:-od his 
proinotion :n the British scrvioe. He writes, UI-Q-22 ■ 
-Mr. Vcysey's i-ico.uo is very limited compared with the 
e.vpenees. ... The mstrn:i, cuts. ..arc vert cosily. ... Hi3 situ- 
ation as an assistant surgeon in a King's "Re;rimerit will 
subject him to constant ciia.nges, having already been in 
lour, a.ud a.s ni-ny times ■ti[n-reeded. ... 

"I shall add his gicat application of late to practical 

ma'-iemiiiics, ia ivaicit he In. ■ v-i->de ; ii oi-n-.-'es-s -., <-,-, he 

emineuMv usefol...witho„r. any hinder,:,- tr,"i- llVi ,^ {)m . 
fessional avocations. ... I. ..request that oe mav bo appointed 
as Assistant on the (irca-i Trigonometrical ^orcev 01 India, 
and receive the nsiia-1 salary oi' six hundred (000) sicca 
rupees per mensem in addition to his. allowances as surgeon 
ana geologist L ;6s, -OS, 326,352]. 

"Had I not been iis-isi.cd Ivy hini when 1 wr,s at l.i] -lie !i poor 



many years 



trigonometrical h 



t I had been ill. 



should have lost a 

1. 1 -..-.- -.i :ii -it, ovi-.r-iaLnici!:!-: the amount c 
additional income to Mr. Voysey "". 

Voysay appealed against Uovt.'s refusul ; "I have never 
drawn the allowances oi' Avhstanf '-.ireeon. my sole receipts 
exclusive of the s.alaiy of Surgt-n-i and ivataralist to the 
Survey being sa. Rs. 80. I have been at considerable 
e.xpenee for necessary instruments and haoxs, for which T 
have rei.eived no reinunei-ation, ami I liavc taken several 
journeys. ..when the survey has been in quarters at Ifydera- 

bail, for tiie sole uurpi-.-sc :.-!' i-,,;',--- .1 -I ■ '■. ..,;.,.,[ 

map, and with no other assistance i.iian my own means 
" 180 Rs. 



"I have been f re que. it I. employed by Colonel Lambton 
vari.oiis survei -.j ■ r- , .j, -nit 131. all c-ie;:n;' ..viihin 
■■■ sphere 01 :uy d ■ arirl i-;, : o:o_-i:!.. ... ( : , the 

urseoliuv pie-.-n; ......... ..,...,, n dv: journey ; Hyderabad 

Calcutta J... 1. havo oad, an;: ...jail continue to vivo, mioiy 

'John Ross having d. 15-2-1S [ -225, 4<jg ]. a Robt, Jamie son ( 177-1 -lint ) ; mineralogist; !>X?,. : Dr. John MaoCullooh. 
( 1773-1S3.5); geolit. to OH. l.Sl-l ; Presdt. (ieol. sioc. 131.6 -7, FRh'. D\-tt. n 'i'oni Sheridan ( 1775- ? s [ V j Colonial Treasure" 
Capetown ; son of II. 11. Sheridan ( 1751 -lSlfi I, ph-vwrigl.t ; both DM Ii. 'if. Mn.-keiiii-.-'s piocr -ii- R V [ aoi-la. l' 

* DDn. n ( loo, 162 ). «ib. ( 231-3 ) ; 171 ( 123-4 ), 19-6-22. wil " 



VOYSEY 



B of ii 



;olog 



and of p 



: piaformcd 



opportrm 

l'iiiir.:: my ln : .vjme:ri;; section, s [ 266, 467 j. 

"My duties as Surgeon, in the meantum 
by my Assistant, nude- the friendly care o: 
dint "at Hyderabad, :lilU will bu naumul by rne when I 
rejoin. ... Should, heni-ever, Ills Gveellency... think the duty 
of Silicon incompatible with those ol" Geologist and Assis- 
tant Surveyor, ...my duties as rjuvgeon may cease, and be 
replaced by those of Assistant to the T;iL;r>:iometr.ieal 
Survey " L [ 4<». 445 1- 

Govt, was firm in refusing to allow i,hn diaibie pay, 
but granted him "an extra allowance on account of 
...travelling evjaarcos duri.ng... deputation... from the 
headquarters of thy Biirvoy, Its. 200 per mensem" 2 . 
They were equally firm in refusing a later appn. 
made by Everest [ 265 ], and this time Voysey 
insisted " on resigning, "in consequence of a most 
urgent necessity of vis i this England on important 
private affairs". ... I have never been successful in 
obtaining an appointment to the Honorable Com- 
pany's Medical service, and therefore 1" have no right 
to... furlough. He asked, however, that if he should 
get such appt. "on... re turn to India'' his services in 
the GTS. should not ho forgotten 3 [ 9, 245, 444 ]. 

He left Ellicbpur 6-1-24, and. travelled via 
IS~acpur, and then by ..laelasoiv.-; new road to Midiia- 
pore [ 27-8, 4(1-2 I, bat he had boon sir-.k when he started, 
and died on the way "being brought dead in his 
palkee to the Howrah ghat, in a state which showed 
that he must have died nearly 24 hours previously. 
The date of the coin men cement of his fevor is noted 
in his journal". He passed through Sambalpur on 
'.Yi:ircii I ! r 1 1 — S.nrn.ikoln, April fit.ii — He hail cm-^rvl the 
Subarnarekha when his journal closed, April 12th. 

Another account says that "he iras taken ill at Coliapal, 
a little r.o the we;l. of Jeiianabari, aoout trie 14th inst. On 
the 16th be appears to have reaia.iod Captain Wilson's tents 1 
at Mootan Can;.;;-, am; hi; p-.e.. eeded fur Calcutta on the 
evening of the IM.h- The malady hail, bowovor, become, so 
violent that he expired in Iris palanqaoen neibre the bearers 
arrived at Sulkia Ghat at two o'clock on the 13th instant". 

We are told that 'die had. ..a- very correct acquaintance 
with I lindoostanee, some kmaiaalao ■;'.' Sanskrit, a familiar 
ir.s;i!ht. into the char/a elms and naills of the natives of India, 
ar i I 1 ersaacy '.villi taeir history and supersti- 

tions". Besides hid oiaoid payers were one on diamond 
mines of S. India, and another on the stone used in con- 
structing, the Taj at Agra. 

"It was his desiau to have jiven a map and description 
oi' geology of ijic extensive distriets hi roe De.ekan, ami 
aajag tiio Godavery and Nor bad-:! a through which ho tra- 
veled [aub]" 5 . ]!•' ia : .d gd::i:.l .-i v, ',:.'.:■ r. |. a -.[.ion, and S tiring 
( 15 n ) quotes him as reporting 011 " au extensive " culln. of 
specimens from Cuttack. 

His major prof, reports v. ere SLibmittod, tlio tsi'st in 1S1P, 
and the second dated i!S U 20, and wf.ra pub, by AHJJ.in 1.S3S. 6 
K.\t]'iii:ts from a;--, urivale join rah ot 1? I-H ar.i IS 19, ol goal. 
interest only, were not pub. till l.jioO. "After his death hie 
mannscr.ipls came ir'-io tie po.;ses.sian of rhe Asiatic .Society, 
and Ids relatives in ftugianl had cousenred that they should 
be arranged and published by the Society. This »m, how- 
ever, delayed for many years following Was protest ef Mr. 
Havell', the professional artht, wao aad givea Dr. Voysey 'a 
lew hints in sblcliir'..-", ana nnaio jomo drawings lor him 
and demanded some compensation". 

1 DDn. 64 ( 104 ), 25-y-22. ' BGC. 26-9-22. >DDn. 205 ( 4 ), 1-1-24. 'John Wilson ( 17S8- 1S-14 ) ; Ben. Inf. 1808-14 ; 
with Hill Uildars 1823-5. 'As J. XVII, Jan. 1S24 [ 49 j ; XV III ; -Vjl }. "JASIJ. 1.1. Jane 1S33 ( 298 ). ' Wm. Havell 
( 17^-1357); «ah Amhcist's mission to Ginna, 1 S 16 ; India 1817-25, DNB. *JASH. X. 1S4J [ 1 15 ) : XI, IS 1 2 [bHi,S<)2); 
XIII, 1844 (Sa3-b2 ) ; CD to B (Pub); 1-11-13 (30). "Hill (129). "DDn. 198(175). •'■Ocean Highways ( SI ). 



) BIOGRAPHICAL 

The geol. specimens- oesUoetcd up to tlie time of his death, 
were all brought into the museum of AHB. at Calcutta. In 
1841 the Curator reported that he Ina.i found " three more of 
Dr. Voysey's notebooks :'ui.:r.;;st the pliers of Mr J. Prinsep", 
and again, 13-7-42, "Having examined attentively the five 
books of Dr. Voysev's nos.es. there is in them much geological 
information of the very highest interest". It was farther 
found that with Voysey's report of H-S-il ( Brc. 21-8-21 ), 
he had forwarded ageo!. map, thirl had he.-n passed to tho 
Directors. Ref. was made to London, and tiie map which 
covered part of the errantry between the Godavery and the 
Kistna -was sent out 10 the AHB. lteraililnol.be found for 
the centenary celebrations ol" the Cool. Svy. of 1951 a . ' 

WADE, Claude Martine. Ben. Inf. 

b., Bengal, 3-4-1794. d. 21-10-61, 

Queen's Sq. Bath ; mi. Bath Abbey. 
Ens. 20-7-12 ... Bt. Lt Col. 23-7-39 ; ret. l-S-44 ; 
Hon. Col. 2S-1 1-54. 

Son of Joseph Wade. Lt Co!, ilea. Inf.. and Maria Anne 
his wife; named after M Ceil. Claud Martin, of Cons tan tia, 
Lucknow(I, 353^ )». 

m., Bath, 7-8 -la, Jane Hekaa. dan. of Thos. Xlcholi, Ben. 
Art. 

Kt. ; CB. ; both awarded 183S. 

DNB.;DIB.; Oriental Club.; IO Tract. 216; Hudson 
IV ( 362 ) ; 

DDn. 191 (32.3). 1 7-S -21, aopd. to olllciato as ASG-, 
Calcutta; extuudud till fiei.r., ]:i.U, SG. w: iting, 19-12-21; 
"I have derived riaieh us.f'a ;iss;.s:.aace of from the exertions 
of Lieut. Wade, who. ..has been employed in various. ..duties, ... 
but particularly " in prop;uiba: journaSs and fdljks. for CD. 
[292, jog]" 1 ". 

1831-4, with asstee. of Kaifhl. Hodges as snrvr., 
mapped Snt'.ej R. from Ferozepore to junction with 
Indus at Mithankot ; mbio. 160 ( 4-5 ). 

Erona 1823, Diplomatic .Agent ai. I aid hi ana, responsible 
for contact wita l^aniit Hiugh. Cu.adacted negotiations 
which led to Afghan war of livirt-'J ; eomdd. column that 
forced the Kbvber and (wcuiaed Kabul, 1839. 

1840-44, Rcsdt. at Indore and pa. Malwa. 

WALKER, John, junr. Cartographer, 
b. 1787. d. 19-4-73. 

Eldest son of John Walker, aenr., engraver and carto- 
grapher, who had worked privately I'or Alex. Dalrymple 
( I, 330-1 ], and officially under him at Admiralty from 179B ; 
"name given to an Arctic cape. Ho left tho Admiralty in 
1831, aiidd. 26-7-31, leaving 4 sons, John, Michael, Thomas, 
ami Charles, who all lolloped their father's profession". 

llarkham ( -tOa-fi, -132 ) ; Dawson, I. 

1M2S ; [nib. lur^e map of India. 

From 1825 John Walker, jmir., tmdertook prodno- 
tion of the. shoots of lr.dnni Atlas, !-inch soile, and 
completed by 1868 a total of 84 from material sent 
home from India- [286, 295-6]- Produced many- 
other maps, and from 1836, suec. Horsburgh as 
Hydrgr. [74,434, 462]. 

Mai'khn.m writes that "the airnjunt of judgement 
and ability he brought to the great task is shewn by 
the often disputed, but ever approved, excellence of 
hia work ; and there has always, been the highest 
testimony l.o (.lie accuracy ami excellent style" 11 . 

Dawson notes that he "was the depository of official 
traditions at the India Hideo etteraiinL; ever half a century. 



and his well-stored memory frequently proved of great 



WALPOI/B, Henry [II, 448]. Mad. Inf. 
b. Lisbon, 2-10-1787. d. 29-1-54. 
Lieut. 21-9-04 ... Col. 18^42; eomdd. various 

bdes., Madras Presdcv., 1841-52. 

SG. India, 1829-30. 

Son of Hon. ffob;. Walpole, ;iv. Kuvoy v.i Portugal, find 
Sophkr. hie 2nd. wife. 

m., Madras, 21-H-S-i. eldest- dau. of Maj. CI". Smith. 
Mad. Eat. 

1805, mmi. el. I [II, 320]; 1811-5, Asst. Instr. 
at MMI-, then taking fnrl. ; jsmO. 19 i.i IB, permitted 

1818-20, iVLu:koiii!os tried wilhoul. soeeess. to secure 
his services for svy. [ 341 ] ; mgo. 1-7-23, sick leave 
to England, arriving 2-12—23. 

J.S29, largely owiner to Trover's support, Bentinck 
selected him to be SG. and. ho assumed office an 
Calcutta as Maj., 30-10-29 [301, 310, 342, 458], 
handing over to 1'vercst 8-10-30 [ 407 ]. 

Later, MS. 10 Gov.r. Madras, and brie, eomdr. Pnlaver'am. 

WARD, Benjamin Swain [ II, 448-9 ]. 

Mad. Inf. 
b. 1786. d. Cape Town, 19-6-35 ; 

mi. St. George's cem. 
Ens. 27-8-08 ... Maj. 21-2-34. 

Son of Francis Swain Ward, Mad. Inf., artist, who d. 
Negapatam, 4-3-1794. 

in., Capetown, lit ,->-:! 5, .loKaniiii. Kcgimi, need 16, vst. 
dan. of late John:] Christian fiisandt. of lla.lle, of Saxony, 
by his wife Maria, dan. of Care I tied!;. Geere, formerly 'of 
Hamburg, and wid. of Card Bestendig. 

Appce. at Obsy. survg. school, 22-11-1798 [II, 
352 ] ; to Mysore svy. April 1801 [ 15, 344 ] ; sub-asst. 
from Sept. 1805 ; March 1809 to Oct. 1810 on svy. 
Coded Dists. [II, 153-4]- 

moo. 31-7-10, admitted "Cadet of Infantry", his 
comn. being subsequently antedated. 

ib. 12-3-11, posted to SGO., Madras, for eh. of 
drawing office [ II, 303 ; III, 105, 339, 465 ]. 

Feb. 1816, appd. to ch. of Travanooro Svy.; leav- 
ing Madras 13 6-16, arrd. Dindigul 14th July to close 
that svy. and pick up survrs. ; 16th Aug. arrd. 
Travancore [ 4, 94- *°5> 474-5. 5°8 ]. 

Tr;i van core was an exceedingly hilly country, covered 
with tropical jungle; extract? from Ward's letters to 
Mackenzie toll of some of his tron ales [ 106-g ] ; 

15th Jan. 1817. My legs are very sure it considerably 
sweiled, owir.g to the bites of a species of tiei; among long 
grass near wafer:; ■.■,0 very snail. Uiey can on!y be observed 
when crawling 0:1 lli.e snrface of the akin". 

5th. Feb. "My legs were in a. bail way ; they continue to 
be more painful, rind the sores gradually in-rcaso, both in 
; number. I begin onoo more to be alarmed. Should 

_ become tp 
advice, when I fi 
trigs of the Survey, which is by n 

2nd. March. "My legs, the' they have been very bad of 
late, are now.. .almost well, '.villi the nodical assistance I 
have received". 

2nd May. Reports that many of Ins assts. are sick with 
fever; "From hence I proceed north with the triangles, ft 



then 3.W. towards Quilon. ... I went in there for day on 

the 4th of last mo nil ....with regard to a house I purchased 
for my accomodation during the rains, hi the eompoond of 
which I am hnldi.ii; ;i largo ten p-;>r il .i- v ...„f!ise; ...I waited 
on the Resident, to request he wordd allow me a further 
number of peons, as I find these are the most useful 
people" [ 109 ]. 

18th. June. When I was at CoutMhirn test rear I had no 
conception it was a place of very great antiquity. ... I am 
almost certain yon will be higi;iy~ picased were you here 
[ at Kuttniam !. The climate is sj delightful, ft the country 
beautiful all 1.(111:1;!, A. such a number of curious Hindoo 
buildings ft inscriptions, that your time will bo porfeotlv 
ocoupied, ft above all, 1. think it would be of the utmost 
service i.o your health [ II, 144 J" 1 . 

During the height of tire rains he was called off to svy. the 
disputed boundary with Tiiiueveilv r 107 8 ] ; Riddel] writes. 
26-11-17; "Then; lias beer: a story of" Ward's caving been 
killed by a wild elephant [ 108 ]. I disbelieve it entirely 
because I have no report from Aiain, the assistant along with 
hiru, and because TV.ter [Courier], who has btrioi frequently 
heard from since that tine, makci uc uientiou of it. Should 
the rumour... be well grounded, I' shall direct Conner, who 
is on his road thither-, fo take charge of the survey. ... I 
think there can he no truth in it" s . 

Mackenzie hoped "the story about Ward is not true; his 
being sent on that business at the time I never approved 
of. ... As far as I roul.ri understand it was suggested by 
Oaptn. [Slacker; I think he toid me so himself hero 1 107. S ]. 
I hope, however, poor Ward has escaped. It would not be 
the first time, as he ft I fell in with wild elephants more 
than once on the survey of the limit with Wvoa.ad, 
[in 1804-,'); fi, 107; III, IO H '. but they were drove off hy 
lights'. 

The danger from wild eiephat.i.s is a very real one to lonely 
survrs. to this day, but could no doubt be exaggerated, and a 
para, from TiuJi:* f-.ir JJrrmb\t:-i inr:- : ikrx Ikrvwjk Malabar to 
this. Nr.iliihi.cry Bills, dated 1840, reads ; "A very general 
practice prevails here of natives attempting to frighten 
travellers by reports of wild elephants, etc., in order to 
induce the traveller to hire them as a guard. If their trick 
succeeds they accompany the palkee, shouting out and 
firing off guns now ami then to shew their valour, and there- 
by prevent the traveller from -'roping ail night. There is 
not (he slightest dinger from elephant-: who but very seldom 
cross this road, anil when they do always make off directly 
they see alight or bear the noise of bearers" 4 . 

Conner joined the svy. at Quilon, 22-12-17, to 
work "under Wnnl 's direction, though senior in army 
rank: [ 340 ]. In describing their interview with the 
Resdt., 5-1 18, Riddell thought Conner would he 
better able to state the Survey case, as Ward was 
"too unobtrusive" [ 408, 433 ]. 

The following extracts are taken from Ward's most 
intercstinir Mtpioir of iha .i'jrvoy of Tnavncon and Cochin 
pub. 1891' [ 106 n.4 ] ; 

I5th. Jan. 181&. "On gaining the summit the guide 
deserted. There being several paths, ... on running down a 
slope I happened to fail into a pit covered with grass and 
brushwood to catch elephants. My hands fortunately having 
come into contact with two of the supporters broke my fall, 
otherwise I alinuld here been severely hurt". 

17th. Kov. "Calculating triangle.-:. allotting and pointing 
out to the Assistants Lire p:rl:oii...to he dime by cash during 
tie next month". 

The journal closes 23 2 20, but he writes to Mountford, 
27-6-20; "I am myself far from being well, as you may 
perceive from this s-arawt. My legs are at present covered. 
with sores.. .of a very painful nature. ... A few days ago, 
having. ..been esposr-d when in fed to a bleak morning air, 
my right side has uceon-.e a:le;\r.ou. leavi:.- me scarcely the u-e 
of my hand or leg. and deprived of sleep makes me quite 



'DTJn. 156 ( 197-21 



= DDn. 151(77 ). 



'Dili.. 1 



iBoOalA Aim. 



'.Mad. G-e. 



WARD 



low-spirited. A change for a few days, however, will, I 

hope, restore me to my usual health and vigour, 

"Many thanks, my dear Mountford, for the purchase of 
Gibbon's Works 1 and, if vou ear. add to it a. splendid ncir 
edition of'Bu3'i)ri : s Natural fii;;tciT ! , 1 will bo very thankful. 
Dispensu with the powder, having procured some. ... You. 
will hear again from me in a few days. I am quite tired, 
tlierrfi/re rsiam; i.hj.? scrawl" 3 . 

On Gar-lint;'* (loath Mackenzie offered him the 
Hyderabad svy. — "He is first on the list"— but Ward 
preferred to remain in the south, and Conner was 
sent up to Hyderabad. [ 340-1, 433 ]. 

On completion, of the Travuncore svy. "Ward moved 
his party to Dindigul, which was again found to be 
extremely unhealthy [ in, 401-2 ], and he asked for 
6 mo. leave from 1-9-21 "to visit the Western Coast 
on his private affairs ' ' , The leave was postponed as it 
was hoped that work on the iVilgiri plateau would set 
him right, but " his health lutrl sulTon;;! so much from 
the fever contracted on the Dindigul in I Is, ... that he 
left for the w. coast on 2nd Dee. 4 . 

He was back at Coimbatoro by 14th March, and 
made an excellent job of the Nilgiri Hills [111-3, 
375 ], though in 1823 lie was "compelled to run to 
Trio kino poly for medical advice. ... His complaint 
( termination of blood to the head ) has been checked 
at the date of his last letter, and ho looked forward 
to an early return to his labours" 3 . 

After starting work in Malabar he had to take 
long leave on mc. He sailed from (iiuuanore, 5-11-24, 
for the Cape, where he married. Arrd. back in 
Deo. 1825, lauding at Cochin on 9th; left his wife 
at Tellicherry, and resumed ch. of the svy. 16-1-26 
L"4> 375-6]. 

From 1-9-2H, granted pergonal allce. of Rs. 175 sis 
had been sanctioned for Gin-iiti;; several years earlier 8 . His 
claim waa strong; "While on survey in Travancore in 
[S1K...I applied to Colonel Mao';on/ie...l.h.-a I may rceeive 
the smne survevhi;! a II wanatM as tho.;e granted to the 
lite Car.tn.in lin-'l hi.-. ... This ostra salary. ..was sanctioned 
in i'overjibor IS20, ...hut which I was only pormiJ.ed to 
draw lor stated pe-iod; while 0:1 l.lio surveys of the !J:!vdomum 
M01.111V1.ina, the 'OiivM-.isheivy 'Rungs, and, latterly for the... 
Xesigherry and koondib mountains [3>o. 350-1]'. 

l; D"riii;' the Litter survey my heali.a tailored materially 
from eypolnro, and I was under tho neeessil-y of nroeeedii:;; 
to sea.. ... In December last I retrunnd to. ..Malabar. Oyer 
the northern p;>rt;r.ii... triangle have lie™ extended under 
.-,-. 1 :■. -.■ilvioiiiig-.- .iwin^ to '-he rcry woody naturo of 
the country in the interior. ... To clear ihc summit* ol rnaiv- 
of *"ne hills"... til* iiire .jf...e:>o.ic.-;...waF<...a serious espence" 6 . 

Survey in Malabar was just as unhealthy as in 
Travancore, and Montgomerie writes, 7-11-29 ; 
"Captain Ward's health and constitution have for a 
length of time past been so much impaired that I 
■do not conceive it pooaibl* that the valuable services 
of that officer can be much longer continued in the 
Department" 8 [440]. In spite of this he took his 
party to Madura in 1830, and then to Tnehinopoly, 
and remained in ch. till 1834 when, on gaining his 
majority, he had to leave the dept. [ 34 2 ]■ He then 
resd. hia comn. and ret. to South Africa, where 
he died the following year. 

1 Decline A- L'all of We Ro,n:i/i Eirqn'?. : EdK-nnl Gibbon, 
.{128 CI »fro-n Mouutiord, 20 -U 21 DD11. 102(287), 

DDn 223 ( 34 ). 'BDn. 4(53 ( 377-80 }, 11-10-20 & 20-3-22. 
™DDn. 150(2), 22-6-17. 



2 BIOGRAPHICAL 

W ATKINS, Hutton. Ben. Inf. 

b. 21-12-1789. d. Kalpi, 18-11-18. 

Ens. 13-11-05 ; Lieut. 17-9-08. 

Son of Thomas Watkins. 

ra., 21-10-14, Marin, dan. ol J.t.-Col. Win. Henry Cooper, 
Ben. Inf. 

Hodson, IV ( 399-400 ). 

1317-8, Maratha War, April May ISIS, ii.uo. 81 (46], 
survd. routes of dett. of fd. army. Kunjauli to Khimlasa, 
30 m. B-. of Saugor. 

WEBB, James Taylor. Mad. Inf. 
b. 23-1-1790. d. 4-8-36. 
Ena. 6-4-10 ... Capt. 8-9-26; inv. in India, 
15-2-33- 
Son, of Jolin Webb, of Carmarthen; bro. of John James 
( 1788-25 1, also Mad. Inf. 

Huron 1810, rasir., el. v [ 11,-321 ]. 

moo. 4-5-27. appii. asst survr.. and posted to ch. of 
Hyderabad Hvv„ which ho held r.iil .Inly 1 S2!l. when he took 
leave to England on mc. [ 5, 119, 209, 342 ]. 

WEBB, William Spencer [ H, 453-4]- 

Ben. Inf. 
b. 21-12-1784. d. 4-2-65. 

Ens. 20-11-01 ... Capt. 9-12-18 ; ret. 29-6-24. 
Ron oi" WiLliam find Mary Webb. 
Oriental Club. Hodson, IV ( 416-7 ). 
1808, explored upper Gaages to within 40 m. of. 
Gangotri, and up to Badrinath temple [ II, 73-7 ; 
III, 33]; 1808-12, on svy. of s. Oudh ami Gorakhpur 
[II, 33-4]; 1812-4, furl, on mo., spending some time 
at Greenwich obsy. [ U, 453-4 ; HI, 44, *75 ]■ 

bgo. 23-3-15, appd. to svy. Kumaun, completing 
by Dee. 1821 [ 29, 32, 44- 8 > T 77. 293, 34^, 356, 457' 
460]. His particular interest was to fix position 
and height of Snow peaks from stations fixed by 
triangles and barometer heights [198, 212, 222]. 
He had corr. barometer obsns. roa.ilarly from Calcutta 
[ 205 ], and sent botanical specimons to Dr. Wailieh 
at the Sibpur Gdns. 

lie acknowleikc-s " a eooy of a metoornk,.:tjal diary from 
Oct. 1st to I'cb.'l'jik ISIS, winch (.'o.k.isel H ard wick e... has 
been good enough to communicate. ... The journal closes, 
unforiunateiy, in c ' lf; vei T middle of a period when it's aid 
was moat required, as a serie* oi" baromciricoi observation 
■were made at Kn^lieepooi, b:-inr_iii ; ; 1st, and ending on 21st 
of tho same month Teh. ], from ■.Uncli I propose to deduce 
the frit slnlAnn oi mv iiirvcy". Webb's uira barometer 
obsns. had first commenced on 1^-17. 

He asked for an asst. ; "lam absolutely in a state ol 
banishment; it is now ball a y:^r mid upwards since I have 
seen a European face, and but for oiirrospoii'leiioo I ihould 
He waa 
given the as^ce. of Alex. Laiillaiv lor i/eol. research, in 
Mi., pi lie!' tali on lb.it the Him«ky» would prove rich in 
■ri'i!'rai wealth: but. i,ai:H".w's work produced nothing of 
value [266-8, 367]. An asst. survr. named Tate was 
liPlpfol'onlv as dran. I J20, ;-;=]&, 367-8, 506]. 

Webb's" first ropoi'ts of the hoiglit. <»f tho mountains 
produced a storm of oritioism from i-hn'ope, whieh he 
met, with support from the ABB, by giving parti, 
culars of his obsus. tkat provid tho soundness of his 
methods and the truth of his results [ 2, 46-8 ]. 

fivols 1776-88. "44 vols. pubd. 1749-1804. 'DDn. 149 

ifrTkountford 29-9-23, DDn. 200 ( 1« )). -MMC 21 10-28 

•DDn. 218( 233-4 .), Cannanoi'e, 21-S-20. »DDn. 230 ( lie ) 



Of the many vorsions of Webb'.s map* of Kumaun 
t 48 n.5 J, mmo. 25 f 13 ) shews his route Aimora. 
to Rwlerpoor of 1808 [ cf. II, pi. 9 ], and mbio. 28 
( 30 ) is an original by himself or Tate of 1819 
[ III, pi. 6 ], and shews the snow peaks [ 48 n.6 ]. 

He i-js much od'o.noed, jusr. as Willuuns had been | 280, 
300, 322], at tho scleouou of Hod»sou to succ. as SG-., 
and he wrote direct to Govt,, li ib-21, rcsng. his post "so 
soon as the business :■ Hotted i'ur the present rainy season shall 
be com pie tod, iiiui tin; map of the survey bo ready for 
delivery, which I expect will lis; ancom pushed by November 
next, or December at farthest. 

"Fully aware that seniority alone docs not give a valid 
claim.. .1 should not,. .allude to my recent sup' ■rues? ion by 
an officer who has not boon a survey or.. .one half the time 
which I have, did riot tiiat arraii.neuenl — besides the total 
destruction of my hopes ever to become Surveyor General 
— appear to aitaoli some ■lyriii to. my prolessiimd eharaokei'. 



I have 






is endeavoured ,:> execute my t:isk skilfully 
and diligently" 1 . His resn. was aceepled, but his comments 
;''v:nlv rebuked. 

bgo. 2rT>— 10— iil , allowed leave to the Prc.sdey. to prepare 
for leave (0 thnope : D.Dn. lil-i ■; ISO ), SG. reports, 21-1-22, 
that Webb had "arrived ;>.t the Presidency and delivered to 
me bis map and field books. ..Lin to the 31st December last, 
at which period... ■bf! Kuiuaoon survey \n;s closed ". Webb 
then reported to Govt,, 2-2-22, that he bad disposed of 
"all my surveying apparatus ( except li barometers and 1 
sextant)", and was on the eve 0: embarkation. 

WESTON, Charles Thomas Gustavus [ II, 454 J. 
Ben. Inf. 
b. 13-11-1786. d. Calcutta, 27-5-28, 

of cholera. 
Ens. 25-10-07 ... Capt. 1-5-24. 
Son. of Claudes ("iiEs'.aviis W'cslon. of Si-w Cltoir-oL's lun 
m., Chunar. 23-12 2:5, m:-,. : i: : .1 ■/.;,: .feue Irnold. 

Sodom, IV (432). 

MP.IO. 172(2}, siirvd.Chil.k.LLake li>12 [IT, Iz ; III, 19] 

BMC. 9-2-lii ( oT ., ba« 2 ;. S e in.i-.tei- i.. :J Dehteidnriv's column 
on Nfr-pi-T Pmmii'r, Feb. t, ■ Vpril l.sl;7, ; l-ilfi, id!;.. Rm-pur 
Batt. hdqrs., TitaliaA 

BGO. 21-2-17, aurvd., Dee. 1816 to June 1817, area ceded 
by Nepal, on which- -notes D.SG. in I84S— "little of the 
station of Darjccling can be gleaned". 

BGO. 22-7-31, appd. iSu.pt. and Direstor of Telegraphs, 
noldinir post til; death [ -i-jz ]. 

WESTON, Edward. Nagpur semes, 

BGO. 8-1-19; Local En?. 1st Ramraira Local Batt. [ 4S9 ]■ 
ib. 13-3-22, ''Leave to too Provinces" from 30i.h April ; ib. 
li-;, 22, disch. from 1 7 23 with gratuity Rs. 1,200. 

Loeai Officer, NVkrour Sendee, 27' :i 22 to 6-3-30. 

Hodson, IV ( 583"). 

1823, appd. to svy. under Stewart, but emp. on 
svy. along jSTarbada. valley to the n., having to break 
off before May 1824 owing to fever. Large scale 
svy. of Sagpur city [ 91 J. 1825, rejoined main svy. 
under Nbrris, and emp. on plane-table svy. ; 1829, 
a long time on sick leave ; July 1830 to March 1831, 
with Nbrris at, Calcutta ci.unjilr-.tmg maps of the svy., 
drawing Rs. 500 pm. [ 92-3 ]. 

10-3-31, had booked passage but was still in Calcutta 
2V-:;-::i. ■iti-:-- v ;. u,;w 1 m-, • ~ 



WILCOX, Joshua. Ben. Inf. 

b. 15-7-07. d., in India(?) 20-1-59. 

Ens. 21-2-24 ... Capt. 24-1-15 ; Bt. Mai. 11-1-51 ; 

ret, l4-2-f)2 ; lion. [,!, Col. 2f(- 1 1-54. 

Bro. uf Richard Wiieo.x [ ir,f ,', whose request for Mm as 
svy. asst. c.ametonothmg[ g r 4 ]. 

in., L'.idhiana. 29-9-28, Clarissa Mary Grace, dan. of 
A. T'. Toroklev, merer!, el' ( :a!ooi ta. 

Hodson, IV ( 465 ). 

MP.10. Mise, 5-0-26 ; svy. of " boundarv between Sirhind 

6 Puniab" : r, n! a merit il] v. noir:'. carries sb>rr.i+,v-» "J Wd"ox 
fecit; ltd Rtigi. hi. Stint Kov. 1825 " ( shows routca 100 
m. w. fr-om Ludhiana. 

Ben !ii"]r. 25b ( I'M) : s ,■■„-. of '■town t country ofLoode- 
anah. 725 yds. to inch, 1826". 

WILCOX, Richard, Ben. Inf. 

b. 31-5-02. d. Cawnpore, 28-10-48. 

Lieut. 7-12-19 ... Lt Col. 13-3-15. 

Son of Richard Wilcox, woollen draper in the Strand, 
a in.! J;::iii his wife ; bro. to.Toihua " tup ]. 

m., Chrifijiur, 2!> 7 33, .Susan ,|inio, rhr.i. of Geo. Wilson, 
of Gbasipur, and in will dated 25 10 4M lcli. property to his 

7 childrpo ; one of tho oy enters Ijeii;^ his "deeeasod'ivife's" 
bro.. Tlios. Wils.m of (Jhazipur. 

Hods-on, IV" (165). 

kuo, 12-y.2l'j, ''/Laving piisscd preUrninar-y f.ix-ami nation 
is allowed 13 month« loavo 1'roni Ids corf .1 li 

studies rit the Oiloge at Cjlcutta" ; mil. sr.'uient' at t'l Wm 
Coll., Sept. 1.820 to Fob. 1822. 

ib. 29-1-24, appd. asst. Roy-. Rurvr., having joined 
Eohilkhand svy. under Bedford 5-12-23 [ 154, 332 ], 

ib. 18-9-24, to mil. service in Assam for svy. 
under Bedford [ 3, 53, 151, 333, 423 ]. Arrd. Goalpara 
at end of Jan. 1825 ; emp. with troops, survg. river 
branches and main tributaries above Jorhat [54—5, 
464 ] till interrupted by loss of most of his insts. in 
boat accident [54, 214, 216 ] 3 . He had, however, 
already attracted the attention of Scott [ 55-6, 501 ], 
who writes privately to Govt., 3-8-25 ; "Lieut. 
Wilcox is also very desirous of being allowed to 
explore the country north of the mouth of the 
Dewhung. I fear he will not be permitted to do this, 
or anything else worth notice, whilst under Capt. 
Bedford, there being some sort, of jealousy on the 
Captain's part | 423 ]. ... 

"If I were authorized to employ any vilurdv.r ijiHr.tr 
properly qindlai.-d upon this ratty, ■■.nil vive him tho requisite 
assistance, Wilcox would :;o. and I know no one who is 
likely to make j better use of his -■.>]> ajrt unities lor observa- 
tion. Ho is a most in tell icent, well- informed, young man, 
and quit? jealous hi the cause. Hating more than once 
written pubfioiy on the e::i:eoic-iiy ul' exploring these uri- 
1 thought it necessary to address 



yot 



iBilbjec. 



again ' 



Govt.'s official approval citrrio through l.lto SO. who 
gave his warmest support [55-6]. Leaving Gua.lpa.ra 
27-10-25, Wilcox stavtec! bv ex pier ins the diibansiri, 
which he found an urmavigable mountain torrent. 
Ho then moved ui> to Sodiya wiierc Inr Icirtuyl that 
.Bedford had already been up the Dihang arid been 
turner.i back by Abors [ 54-5, 182 ]. 

With H Lir.lt ou as comrianion, an.l an nod with suit- 
able gifts, ho math.i rioveral cx|ins. between Feb. and 
June up the Dv-.aijo and rivers round Sarliya, where 



' DDn. 101 ( 349-31 ). » 78 B/7 ; SO m. W. of Jatpaigori, ' ds R. XVII { 316, 331-3 ). 'DDn. 230 ( M 414 ]. 



WILCOX 5] 

he spent the rains learning Uio I: manage and. reading 
all he could find on his subject [ 56-64, 437 J 1 . After 

Tiodffird's dopai'lure ho wa::, left a free hand, and in 
October 1826 he started byhimsolf exploring the Lohit 
to the east of Bralrrcakhnnd, it most difficult journey 
from whieh he was turned biack by the hostility of 
the llishmis [ 58, 322 ]. 

Scott gavi 1 ■- 1 ■ iui! n ''■■■ .. ■.! and recdd. that a 

sscond oiiiccr sfoiih assist bim ! 50-7 '. "From the arrange- 
ments which Lieutenant \u;..-;ok has made iridi the neigh- 
bouring tribes. I should hope Liint during Ide ensniug cold 
weatllRr lie will lie all!" to tr»n : : I.he T)r- : : .-: oi; far imnnsdj either- 
to identify it tv.il.b. the Snnpo, sir to refute the gcnerrdly 
recoived opinion as (u 1.1: ni river fewing throng ii Assam, 
and that ho will afterwards have sufficient lime to pene- 
trate into the BarhntnpiisJtur, about SO miles eastward of 
■Suddaya, and wliieli is r.-pi-esent'jd as being inhabit,':! by a 
civilix-ed id bo of Thibetiaris" 3 . 

Wilcox now made another trip up id in Dih>-rag with 
Burlton, with lit ids better success* tban before. The 
Abora were definitely hostile to any attempt to pen- 
etrate their country. Though he was now more 
convinced than ever that t'ho groat volume of the 
B r-i, ■ 1 rn a puira water ciitne down their way, he was 
anskms to visiL tiio IiTtv.va.ddy a.rn! test the theory that 
it ini'ght bo tin.: untied, of the T.?an;;-po. Ho and Bur! ton 
left Sadiya in April M\9," find lynrbod their way over 
the formidable range that separates Assam from 
Upper Burma, and emerged at the small town of 
Putao, now B'ort Hertz, where they found the w. 
feeder of thelrrawaddy, 'uwo c&Usd Nam Kin or Mali 
Hka, a small, fordable river that could not possibly 
contain the waters of Tibet. They were back at 
Sadiya 9 weeks after their olo-rt, co:Ti;>;ctijIy worn out 
and saturated with fever, but triumphant to have 
disposed of a theory they had never believed in 3 
[60-3, 79, 220, 428-31, pi. 7 ]. 

Vfdeox wss shaken in I ■■ ili.'i. ln'.t 0*' no mean- broken in 
spirit. ;.i.!irl beisig j.'vev.-i ' ■ ' ■■ •'..•'■.. 1 r-.rir.:- i.ko 

ivsit ers of i.h-Ji Brahmap-itr-i furlher up th* Dining, be obtained 
permission to .nuke .1. in. r- * borough -'.: ■ ■ ■ : r ■ great river 
towards Bengal lie writ-s to &S 8©., I-S-27 ; "It is 
only- [.lie need V liavo for money ( nay, I must nay.. .that while 
til Pre remained. ::ny ihing 00 be diseos-ered I would never 
leave the field )...i loo. prevents my asking permission to 

genial climate. Eat, hi triitli, this severe boui. of illness lias 
alarmed me, & 1 cannot help rei lectin:; how many.. .officers 
have "been out on in Assam, e: I have doubts whether or 
not I should beg yon to.sen.l .ne bank to Moi-adnWl— Rn. 100 
a month ia an object to mo" 1 [217-S ]. 

-Agnin, i)-;]-2T ; "I hop'': yuu wid r.ul lakc tli.o ::i\-:~ iurvey 
out of my hands; I arn very aijxious to r;suform it", and on 
the 18th, "My map is not y-st begun, and I incur the dis- 
pleiL;:nro of the O^ol-ii r-.-hy persisuis;; i:i...^al:;;!atioi!i iiccs-:- 
saiy for its construe don. ... f hope...! msy have Uie survey 
between Coalpara it fiuildeeya. I feel auxioiis to perform it 
because '!. think I know enough of 1 he nidier branches of 
surveying... to give you saUsi'tctiu:'! ( tiiongh not mnoh of a 
■ivitiunnaoieian )", 

Jl'js i'.iso.-i rep::-::] -\-:r.:ji.t::' , i:eai]'," ; ,X I will write for 

■ v lor your i:lr: win ■ ..-y dining the rains [349], 

I r.ainL you did well to rfitJi-ri 1.0 Eishrian !.!■', a.nd liopo »L<i 
tliangu will restore yo::.r health, nud crat you will be abie to 
persevere with youi 1 wor'is in A-s:m:i. i do nnt think tiiere 
is uny chance of I'liieei's beiog ■- 1- ■ 1 1 ■ i.N.vjii ;.o die Revenue from 



1 BIOGRAPHICAL 

the Geographical Survey. .1.1. was eil'eol.ed wi:!i irrojit diffieully 
in, Efldford'a instanee, but yon have a more important part 
to fulfil, and. I hops; your health will boar yi-jii out. If fever 
attacks you the ordy remedy is a sea voyngo, 1 bebeve" 3 . 

In spite of ill-health. Wilcos was loth to leave 
Assam. He wrii.os to Hodgson from Gauhati, 28th 
Aug.; "I am under some j.!.;j prehension that I shall 
not be able to ■ro to work very onrly i.n the seitson. 
The Doctor threntens me witli either a bill or sea 
trip, if after a few days I do not get permanently 
better. The bill and sick buiiaalov.- ;;re iYo-;vr, there- 
fore my ohoico ia sottlod, bait tbo road la through a 
jungle, and no bearers but the uncouth labourers of 
the country. My pulse at this moment is 120 
[ sic ] and it is seldom lower. I am also miserably 
yveak in bodily power smd in digestive orgasis. I hope 
nevertheless to fight it out" [ 400 ]. 



month, & I lies 

brother as ass. 

comfort to hav 

28th. Oct, 



aboui. SJ yeara. ... Tlie a: 






, this 



spla 



ir.r.ar ohs.v: 



ial 



1 the 



^ould be . „. 
r.'i'iir.aer rather thnii a stranger", 
y best thanks for the intercut 
:o atta-Lsbiii;; my brother to me. 
i, and has bern in riic eountry 
it^nee, eien o.i" a b'.ig inner, would 
rrvej of the river, & transit 



svllaii oln 
journal [ 
'.'■■/• i.Liii I :ii 



w^inng. . 



g-.i , Mao was an.vious to get the account 

limey well pub. ; ".Neither Burlton nor I 

■ doing whatever you think, fit with the 

M it almost a duty to draw up a mora 

11- jour-nay t'nrolJ'vb thrive ivilrls. svliiek iv.ll 

d for centuries perhaps. But it will be 

br me ; I.. .fear to fail sadly in memoir 

LOW been ugaiitig jigainst ili.irrliuja & for 

taken rest & plenty of stullilyiiig laudamim." 8 . 

Ho with.drcw to ;. : ic liii.li- buugalr,....- j = 1 ~ L built at Nonukhbio 

in the Khasi hills [64, 431], "13th. Sept. I start for 

Nungklow on the 2nd. ... and there I do not propose to he 

idle, either witli the v:ei. o: perambulator". 

He was interested in the road being made to 
Cherrapunji, and doubted whether it could ever be 
made fit for whool l.i.idh. ; "1 jhitvi. -eon only a small 
portion. ... I wont the greater part of the way from 
Gowhutty to Nungklow in a closed palankeen when 
in a weak state of health, .and when on my return I 
was occupied with anxious thoughts about my ex- 
pedition.. .to the eastward. ... 

"i propose to describe wb.i " hnl he.r-i\ done to make the .road 
as fir as Ninigklow whe-rs; the . ■ ■r:viilf i .-;cr:it iiniuyilow has been 
built. Beyond that j.hcs-., .1 believe, it was not intended to 
carry it. ... So much was done by a very few labourers in 
the period of my stay there, tliat i.'icre remained no obstacle 
to riding up tiie entire iic.ein., where before it had been 
iuii]rA::T!ca..i.', 0.1- at least uitcriy vmsale [ .y>,i, 464]'. ... 

The espn. "to the easti.ard" bad to be ubaiidoiicsi ; 
" On the 22nd .\ ...:■. ■ ■■. ■:■■',:■ : ■.■..;■;- anxious lo lake advant- 
age of an uneipeeLed ■;:fer of safe eon duet to llooogkhooug 111 . 
made by some envoys fr-'si the Siiar: gijvei-nrnf.nt, I started 
from -\ : ong filosv to n-::o: ■■■- :.--c:i«;h end :i:-d-.li to fit me for 
the urn ileitis king, hut a severe relrqise oliiiged me to remain 
under the care of the sin;. eon at bishnnl.l... and up to this I 
have been unable to oarry on any other duty than copying 

l AsB. XVTI (MO-ou). - DDn. 219 ( 12-4), 28-3-26. * Journal. EDn. 228, M i~'.l ; Aali. XV 1.1 (412-53); notebook, 
10 Cat. (11S-3). 'Asst. llev. Survrs. drew 'As. 25!) pm. [350]. 6 20 m. above Teapnr. 'DDn. 220 (253), 20-8-27. 
'DDn. 22i (65-81). B DDn. 214, 7-9-27. B DDn. 221 ( 105-10 ) ).V10-2a. 1! Mabisgkwan, in Ilubkawng valley, 92 B/ll. 



a few papers". His [pus*: i::o;i-..luiie.s Lrom (iauiiSti; "I am 
sl.ili suffering for: my temerity in vcaturin;; thro' flic jungles 
in May & June. Nor am T alone in this, Tor here I found 
I,t. Buritou oblifjr-d t.o leave his roiid-makin;; k> seel; medical 
aid ( he has bcin liable to attacks of fever- over ainoB our 
return). I was bo little benefitted by rest & medicine at 
Bistmath, that Dr. O'Dwyer SM'oiifjy recommended my 
proceeding at once for the Presidency, and thenee to sea"'. 

It, was ] i isr.K i.imo for him to escape fvom the enerviUinst 
elimato of Assam, repeated re- infecti on with malariit, and 
constant temptation to iie "up and doing". "My leaving 
the hills seeiu-s to have been a ■veiy premature act. eansitiJ ,i 
complete, lose of time, for had i remained there another 
month, doing well, 1 should perhaps have been framing a 
stock of health t.o (it mo fov active duties, whereas I...nnu- 
suffer under such a deranged state of the digestive organs 
that, ..the Surgeon of the station thinks if. i.o.iid be hia'aly 
improper for oae to proceed out of roach of medieai aid"-. 

Hodgson wits alarmed ami asked Govt, to ca.1] 
him down to Calcutta, n.ti.d send him off to sea; 
"Poor Wilcox. ..is in a bad way. Tito wisest thins 
lie could do would bo i,o come down, as a man in such 
a weakstato can only stay bo his destruction" 3 [64]. 

Wilcox started down to Calcutta in Fob. 1828 and, 
making a svy. of tlio river on his way, did not arrive 
till June. Aftor several inontlts in the SCO. working 
on his map [ 64, 298, pi. 7 ] he was granted 5 mo. 
leave to Batavia from 30-4-29, rejoining 8-12-29. 
He co in pie tod his maps, ;.im( then resumed svy. of the 
lower Brahma] nitra , bavins the o-sstce. of Oramanney 
from Oct. 1830 [ 16, 64, 493, ]. 

Accounts of his work in Assam appeared in several 
contemporary journals, itichidhiji Asint-k- Researches. 
vol. 16. A complete Menmi-r covering 1825 to 192S 
appears in As. S. xvii ( 314-469 ), with a map of me. 
Frontier, scale ,-J2 m. to inch [pi. 7 ]. 

Served later in GTS. and, from 1835 till death, as 
Astronomer to tire King of Oudh at Luoknow [ 93 ]. 

WILLIAMS, Monier [ II, 456-7 ]. Bo. Inf. 
b. c. 1777, St. John's, Newfoundland, 
d. Naploa, 30-11-23; mi. 

Lieut. 28-12-1798 ... furl. Nor. 1821 ; Lt Col. 
9-1-22. SG. Bombay, 1807-15. 

Son of George Williams, CT. Newfoundland, and Marie 
JI oilier, of Jersey, his wife. 

m„ Bombay, 28-ILM1. Hannah Sophia, dan. of J. T. 
Brown, of K.IC.'s strvir-ir : fi.tln a of Sir M .-la-,: M:id-:-Wiliiar:H 
( \*1<,)-W),DNB. 

1799-1802, with Pionoors in Malabar, frequently 
on svy. [I, 132]; 1802-7, asst. to Reynolds, SG. 
Bombay, at Burnt, bei.mi promoted to Deputy 
[ II, 323 ] ; and, from 2-3-97, suecg. as SG. [ II, 306 J. 

On abolition of post of SG. Bombay, Williams 
protested, without effect, at not being selected to be 
SG. of India [ 306, 457 ] ; He even persuaded friends 
in l.Jngland to protest direct to India Mo., and on the 
Directors refusing to consider sneh irregular appn., 
submitted a lengthy petition date:! 10-6-17 ; "The 
surveys. ..were... continued under the direction of 
your memorialist in the same manner a3 before. ... 
All the officers... continue in the receipt of their 
former allowances, under your memorialist. ... 

"Your roeaiorialist is at present, and was before the (lis- 



WILLIAMS 



3 of his pay as Survevor General. i:i ife.fp'. ..if ;y,'i:i 
rupees per month as a member <jf the R.-',cr-.iio Survey Com- 
mittee" [351 ]. J.Io wont on mask foe : ' the allowance usudlv 
granted to an olncvr at tin! head of a survey, (Voin the time 
he oonaod to draw cko pay of Surveyor C-nerat", and pointed 
out tii.it he had ■'nearly comp!c-.oa nincteei! years service in 
India, without having been or.ee absent from dtir.y on account 
of ill-health; and nevet 

of the year I5.L4, wiieti eve-y officer in the Departt, w.i- 
disai-oed by ii. fever '.ihich raged in Oooierat" [280]. 

Ho continued as member of the Com. of Rev. Svys., 
holding eh, of rev. svy. at Broach, and later of 
Gujarat, and continuing to act as adviser to the 
Bombay Govt, on all svy. matters [5-6, 122, m, 
169-70, 292, 321-2, 343 ]. Besides his rev. svys. his" 
most important I'd. svys. had been those of Gujarat 
carried out during 1809-10 [ II, 170-3 ], and svys. of 
the Ghats and the Afcavisi to the E. of Daman, made 
in 1816 [122-3]. Took pavtieulur interest in pre- 
paring a revised edn. of Reynold's great map, which 
lie completed in 1821 [ II, 284-5 '. HI, 279-80 ]. 

In 1820 he called" attention to his memorial of 1817, "I was 
not honored with a.: aekuoiv! element, ... and, as no answer... 
has yet corns from England, even by the lit.? arrivals, I am 
appro bene.; vi- that it was never transmitted . ... That the 
duties of Surveyor Genera! wfirs important is a!.;kr',ov,->e.dged. 
That dioy were discharged by too w;Ui advant;or.e to the public 
S!:rv-njts I appeal to (..'a; (coords. ... These duties owe been 
continued naaltere.i in ray hands up to the present day. ... 
In addition to these .1 have, been employed an two Missions, 
one to the petty state of Aur-.gria, and tbo other to that of 
LMaa.lvce, hut wi'hon; receiving or desiring any reward. 

" Captain... yutho da ud... has since, met with great advance- 
ment ; sis other officers... we re also continued on a footing 
quite unaltered. ... I alone have suffered.. .loss". 

.He was thereupon given siid.hority to proceed by- 
sea to Calcutta on duty, with a copy of the great 
map, and represent his case in person to the Supreme- 
Govt. Ho suggested that lie might obtain further 
map material from the depots at Madras and Calcutta. 
and that the Directors iniydit allow liim to eontinue 
work on it after his return to England 4 . 
By the time, however, that the map was ready, 
news came of Hodgson's nomination to succeed as SG., 
and in disgust Williams abandoned his visit to 
Calcutta [ 2S0, 300 ]. 

The map was sen: with out hiw, with an apprcrriaHvu 
ietr.ee from botabay Castle ; :i At ;.!i« inspection o-"irj. prcvioasiy 
to i'f being packed fa' i 'ahull;!, the itovernor i:i Oontieil was 
struck with the c.11 eta'aics;. 1 1 is tii witness, arul besnty of the 
e-.eeot.ion, and be i.nist.s lbs: Vf.-.j,.-!' \\ :,j. i' 
a- entitled to fin- appro biiti oil of IPs Loisl-hips in Council 
for having brought so extensive aia.l vahiahle niece of Geo. 
grapby to a completion. ... Major Williams lias superintended 
i venii in of the wial; ^ooaitously" 5 . 

1 speei.il aliees^isheadof the Survey, 



of lis. iijij 
salar 



ofSurv 



peri.ao 
nerap'. 



I [o insisted on his re:sn. and the follo.vin^ appre- 
ciation was issued from Bombay Castle, 17-11-21 ; 
"The Hon. the Governor in Counoil permits Major 
Mon tot Williams, ... tin|. ■mteiulhi;: r.\m Hu venue an 1 






2 DDn. 211, 15-1 



-27. 



1 ( 77 ), H-1-2S. 



a Williams 13-1 1-20. 1 



WOTHERSPOON 6 

Topographical Survey of Guserat, to re3ign that 
situation, and to proceed to England on his private 
affairs |" i--i 343. 435 ]■ ■■■ 

"'The Governor is happy to br-av ta-tiuie-ny to the exlra- 
ia. Unary ie.il and ^'.I'ilii,- iM.i.b-h/-: :iy jlaj-.a- VVIilJaiiL^ i:i 
the course of the survey, ... die result of which has afforded 
...a ;;reat- body u: autiienti iii ■.■ii'.ii-i.'ilc information. ... In- 
dependent of die run ■■:;■; ■:.[:.!!:■- ."Li-- :Ue, the Governor 
i;i Council has been ii.CLiuendy i:\dobo-d tj the public zeal 
Mid geographical kuowkrk-o ot .ifajor Williams" 1 . 

WOTHERSPOON, William. Mad. Engrs. 

b. 13-8-1703. d. nr. Nagpur, 15-1-17; 
mi. Sitabaldi cem. 

Ens. 27-7-II. 

Son. of John Wotlierspoon, uisrok. (dlascow, and Jean 
Gross his wife. 

Crofton, 1(3). 

Get. 1816, with Dovetou's forte o;i svy. of passes E. of 
Wardliu it. [ .83 j. 

WEIGHT, Charles Robert. Bo. Inf. 
bapt. 3-3-02. d. Poona, 1&-4-20. 

Lieut. 5-1-19. 

Son of Opt. Clinic* iYfi^bt, eomrli. i>. cadet 00. at am;., 
and Harriet his wife. 

DDn. 145(171-4 ), 4-2-20, asst. on Dcccan Svy. [ 125-6]. 

WROUGHTON, Robert. Ben. Inf. 

bapt. 3-8-1797. d. Fatehgarh, 14-2-50. 

Lieut. 1-8-18 ... Maj. 29-7-^8 ; inv. 31-7-19. 

Son of U?i.)r;:0 W:oueh:.o 1, fnin.-idy s'.ttoruoy of Calcutta, 
C'omdt. ofWakviicld Local 'ilililia, aiLd Di.inn bis wife ; bio. of 
H. F. Wroughton, Ben.. Inf. 

m.. Lierliiiriinn'T-, 31-12-1;!, Sonhm L'riza Amelia, dan. of 
Col. Wright. 

ed. AuJbicm.bc. 1313-3 , Chatham til! !■<;,:. 1316 ; elected 
kii- L'riiri-s. VJ-l l-I.i ; tr. to Inf. Dee. 1S16. 

Hudson, IV (533). 

April 1818, on svy. of Afiifabh aujja R. [ 151-2, 425]. 

boo. 19-10-21, appd. Asst. to Rev. Snrvi:., Liorakh- 
pur [ 151, 333 ] ; ib. 12-2-24, promoted Rev. Survr. 
in ch. [ 152, 332, 455 ] ; ib. 16-9-24, Burmese War, to 
mil. service, joining Arakan fnrnp, under Kfihaleh 
[68-9, 151, 333, 435] ; aurvd. route to Arakan capital 
—distinguished service at capture, 1-4-25 — spent six 
weeks 011 a svy. of city — Mentioned in dispatches 
[ 181-2, 199 ]. 

"To lit. Wrouediton of the thin-ey .Department I am 
particularly indebted, not. only i V , 1 ■ the reconnaissance he 
made when we ue.ared flic nnnan-, but especially for dis- 
coverin;; the path- by which Rd.av. .K hoards with the column 
under hi* soMisai :!;; : ucd %':,:.: rhdit 1 if the enemy's position". 



BIOGRAPHICAL 



After the night attack, "at \ pas;. 11, the appointed rocket 
signal was thrown up, nud Lieut. \V , rr)ULrKt(iii...io!u"n l :d 
f.-'.ui! Hi- 1 !:ei:;ht, Inin.rdu: the i-ruicful ir-el'i..;:,,,.,. ...],.,, L i..,- 
the fire of the enemy had been heavy, the ■: , & ,\ K fan 
been gained without a man on our st 1" being killed"a 

June r.o Ucl. 1325, o-n sick leave t , = ■ 1 .■ , ; _\-,,.,'._ . 1;11Jll _ 
fro 111 Barrack'] ore for tr. from :\rsii> .■: •■ ,, by sit-; z~i ■ 1 " 1 r-l- 
of mo.; 25-13-25, co. at Cheuiru. r-i- -r: . dW.Wroiiidit.ru," 
surveyor to the South- ila<- i -.■?, :.i ii'ir arrived fit. [his 
island in the brig BracL"! T ^ ..el... n-j,s hound "to 

Ana can, lj-.it in !■'■::- ■...-.!■ a.-,- ■ ; ■■ !i ■■ ■■■vt<:c ;r„k: in.- driven 
in here in distress, haviiii; 1 . -. h ~_ her uv-issts. .Lieut. Wroinditon 
has not been able to leave his lied since Ids arrival here, and 
still continues in a precarious state. ... I...enclose a medical 
certificate 3 . 

2 S- 1-2 6, reports return to Barrackpore. bgo. 
17-2-26, re-tT. to Rev. Svy., to resume duty at 
Gorakhpux [ 160, 165, 299, 365, 370, 388-9, 474]. 

Oct. 1830, after promotion to Capt. and elose of 
Gorackhpur svy., reverted to regtl. duty at Mvrttra 
[ 152, 213, 334, 342 ] ; re-amp. on svy. April 1S32. 

1844-7, DHG. and Supdt. iiev. Svya. Bengal. 

YOUNG, Robert. Mad. Inf. 

b. 2-8-1789. d. Masulipatam, 2-7-23. 

Ens. 1-1-07 ... Bt. Capt. 28-3-21. 

Son of Key. David Yoiin C , iiiiui.u.cr-vl'FouldeiL. an. Berwick 

n.i., .Madras, fM'i-19, Murv H;:d,'w--.od [-/I'd], pr. dan of 
('..'■.ii. Joseph Haselwood [ II, 4^6 ]. 

June 1S07, uml, el. in [II, :i20 ] ; M00 . 3-8-09, sd. 
discipinie - test' of U-'lu!.: ."ilniinv I LI, ii.i I; resd. f-om si.Ml 
21-1-10, .in account of ill.heali.li. 

MMO. 22-1-11, as Adjt. 25th ni., leave on mo. to sea 
"haying for a leugtii of time hiboiin^-.i i.uscio!- severe attacks 
of fever, "with an Election of the liver"; jiqo. 6-10-12, to 
Europe on mc; asaiu 3 1 -3 16; i:i>to ■!., 29 5-13, permitted to 
return ; 1319, with llcderabad Hiibay. Force. 

DDn. 149 ( 152 ), 12-10-20, reedd. by Col. Hasol- 
wood for ornpt. on svy., "well qualified... mathematics 
and drawing" [ 341 ] ; mgo. 11-5-21, to eh. of Hyder- 
abad Svy. after Connor's < loath ; delayed by duty as 
actg. pymr. to Nagpur Subsy. Force ; left Nagpur 
4-12—21, assumed ch. of svy. at Hyderabad 28th 
Dec; 1Q-S-22, alkni. inoroadod from Ks. 350 to 575 

pro. [ 1x7-8, 320, 350, 417-8 ]. 

DDn. 260 ( 75 ). 3U-3-2:!. ''compelled to leave the field of 
survey on the 1th March, from a .sharp attack of the liver ; 
June 1S23, granted 5 1110. leave to the coast; "a fever and 
liver complaint contracted on the mountains near Perwut- 
tum [509J terminated Ids existence on the 2nd July last 
at Masulipatam, to which [dace he had proceeded on the 
advice of hi.i inedi'.-.'l .ia':.::ul:-.:it- '""■ [5, 342 ]. 



Ll^J.s 



H22 ; HIS j. 



i Oovt C 



. 14-4-25. 3 DDll. 213 ( 90 ). J f:oui Mountlor.l, UDu. Xifl { 222 ), 27-11-23. 



Corrigendum 



■ribed read rai i 



J «f/er ll:.i:rk™^ for Soe 



t'.irtsiis,:tiivl-i,«i 

40, 4 SO, *9S, 50 



■■ I !■■_.. !:■ J, ■■.;■! dil!... M.^k.!. 

i ■■ ..■'! : ;r':-:.:i;.:n;:i. s 



-2.-J, 4UW : -Jamcg 



■ ''''■ "'' !;: : 'J ■''■ ' '■ ■ ■■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 3 j i j ^ ■ ■ 1; ■: ■ i . tkcik ;<>.. I.i.-idoa. 



( I.Vfill \.yl>:i ), fiut:)«rar'her, DNB., 57 n.8. 



3. Eagsa. i li, 376-80 ] 



■iili, JIIO, 313-:,;.. 



la,Gn$»iatn3,e] ij . L27, 1B», EM, B80, :■■.:: Ms. 9, 24. 
.:.'■■!. ■!■■-: -:'.:. ",l:i:- .\.i:,T.i..l. ---i : liiv;ik;ii_-.j . if r^i'ir. 

1 i 221-2 —carnage of ' i . 



. 4;;r> : ■■r.!i:*iiiv,v, 4j:', 555 

-■ '. I—. I ". ■ i_ 'i. 210, ai-'S, L 
I ■" . ,. I. :. n. 



I;i-;in>' ; l ii 1 ;- : Oi|::.;iu. 



, DCs., Asst. Cuiiiiu-, Almora, 1S33--1 

ilLKlilin. 492. 5.L1, 511 ; f. &i£±;ig-i . 
77-:-; ;::;;. :.!i'ui. -;»7. iria Sik ■ - 



S, -I.:- . :■:•■ . ' ■'. I ..I I '■ 



70-1, 73, 7S-S0, 4 



..', ■M:ii-J l :ii:i]:_i.:->vi-. I-.. ,,:::,■■! 



S, 32, BS-9, -14, 46, 7 



.Wirhun, Si.i; : -!.:-.i-i. 



ITT.::-... I i;. 
BirDatMl. 



I:-, ■■.'■. wrtd(17S7 : ' : Bart.1 i I . + fe |, />.VB. ; OJ£. ; 458. 

Batet:QoffltCTTOP^ i786 850 1,'Ben'laf.Ilr, 380X888. 

„. 



liiLinUco:— junijii, 



ISO, 202, 2114, 245, 



i, 190, SIS, 306, 450, 



xOSB.; 159:— Join, 



::. ■ . I ■ I II ■ ii ,■ i !■. 
1.^ rr I r >":y. i •. . I. 22. i. _ 



, 458 :— extension of 






. I 7 I-: 



239/275:" "■■',! <;'.,.';;. :. 'i . L! | 
Bengal, IE, 14, " ,c, ° 

.- : i ■ i . . 



i. Inf. IS27-5J ; pol. service, Asasm 



Biwn.Ll G.ii:'. WrTfios. ( (I. IKS); 



m.Cav.[n, 4 6i];86, 4. 



,;■ i i ".ill i 

T> riK.. II., „;.. roln . "t -Si-liMi, ilf,. 

ins, Bo. .'.L:!., .uar.'.. ;sn ; : 



BtTCC, .I!jv. ,Tj!!lll^. 



litor, Daleutts, i 
.Ban, 



■. ;,i!7-:,s., .T, :i-|-'r,;. ,j;.;,3. 



!, 3B3-#, 389-7, 423 ; 



Alex. ( 1736-1817 ), Iilad. Inf. ; It, ? . 



.:,!:■. I ■ :■!■! t„ 3BJpilI, IE, 
3otany, 272-3, 50 

!i...!|. IV, .-.■. 

Boundaries idi 



'"'■■il ■'! : 'i..|| ...;, . ■ ,,. . I,,... ,|..i. I. 

7i--',l, 494 : -;;c.ji:ii S ,id, 12i :— (;i:irir, ■3V;— 
. !W, lil, .15.% 37.7. ".:-. ■li:;i:—T)i:;tri.N, L V£>t.it-i 
II ... IIJ, 155, 2; IT. 2-j, 27li. 440, 117- 3. 1:3 :— 
:;rv,-, IS, 135, :;,:.i, K,i, 17*. ;.:;,■! ; -io;,:!,::! 
I- 1. ..li. 125 ;— IT intra*, BIS, '175, -.1. 11a. Mai. - 
. 'II. : ^i' ■ — \',i:,; '.:_•:,,.-_ v,.„-~,'.. .,......;_ 



ftc.i;ili,::i. uj- lltuairai. L.. L»7. 

floivt] rariijilaiiil,::, .5.1 :i. i75. -Ss, i;:.|, ,711 ;i'. (lysraitn-y. 

.-.iiii'ii in ; i li ■ !.' M i . i ... J:i[ : ■ Jiihii JiujjCi HeiIvu-j 



l:i:n.:.i|;;".i-, h';i::-h ; :\>\<,-l-ii. ), I:;:.. i 1; :\ | II ,-,S a.; ' 12-5 -7;' 
Beady, i-iii. ;■■-.; :. Ben. i4rl ; 

Ijlahn.nkui il. AiSii,::'.. . : j.i '■ '. .__. --■. L'.S ill - r:l. 7. 

.I-:itlIi:vl.,i.,. :v::-: 3'jii-l,'::i:i:;. 4C4-5, 4S'u. 

i'.ralin.a:.L;;ra I!... 3. ::. I ij, -Jii-lir., 7j. ::■ I. 12:i, 427, 4-;-!. 4:!:;, 53:1-1;— 
Souice- 1 1 1 01 jL 7:— 

Braady, 401. ' ' • 
iirass, lt|, a-.:.^i:.i. ;>15. 220-1, LIU; j. Chains; Scales. 



Jir,''i, : ii:V' 



-■V:. i. Tin;,,'- 



l-ii-j-j); 



7),Mad. 



.[II, .,51,1,2.19. 
:. D.Vfi., 63. 



Bui aaa l/ir- 
:■..■"■.: 

C7icli.il- DLsl., 
72, 145, 

i . ii . i :..l Ivy 
1 ad8 

Oa ;■■.■.■.. 

Caifjis. « - - 
Oiimtt.. 7'- 


,, I ■ 

.. M.-j*. ,; 

.1. ;-.::: 
rSSaic: 

f^l IS 


B 


22B ■■'■ i, i ' 
iimese campalgi 

pii.';':«s. 3351 

3 

'■'. ';:"■ ■ ■ ■.' 


— BSJa 
[926"T 
S63, C 
49a, 4 


:■— Madras, 483: — 

5, 50, 64-B, 07, 70, 
of, 50, 411, 447 :— 

th., 443:— Conser- 






.i'-'n:— Ka: Kiiisai if 
■'.... ,,. 










j9; ill. 3 7:— Maps, 
146:— Town syys., 


;-.. 






II, 311]; 89, 502. 



{ L7G0-1S4S ). 70-3, 75, 77, 419, 
7ii;)-lS24j 1st Bait.. 1315 :' tills., 
■Doti.sld ( 1751-1S01 >, Mad. Inf., 



—Eistery of, 24 n.2, 



>, 1S27 ; BSS. ; 4HS n. 



"*' I'll" ;;'.::.' l;:/, -li. I i-. 7.0 1 :— Svy. of. 

Call'::— I./,..'-!. !:!L. 106--0. .' 205. i-'i "'. 

4-Ti! 470 Of 9 Bd HOBB, "V i -.I'- 



.'.. i~-\. ■--■?*. ij.., 
410, 446, 468, 469 

232^3,^254" -"T ' i 4o 473, sos, £09, t 

Card playing. 441, 449,_ 497-8. 



card i;i!'.:- m;;, ■-■•!: iij..-1-.u-i. 
Canlonr.lrti : — ',::^., 4. IrKOa. 6.1.? :- 
Carr.at.ir.. 06, 200. 307-3,400. 484; 

Cal~ i-l.ti T;:. Oil. ■:'}''■ 



Cash supply, 108, 1 

n.S, 298. 

Caialnsiii! ' of : 414 
252-5. 256. aCi. 



;Sr?.. lieij!" Ooo. i :r.i":iL jimr., 2i2, 230 :— 
■■- ■ i-[is:!nvi:r * raruuLiip:.;-. .Ml:!, 2H2. 
1Y9I-1S52):- Win.. (1750 -1825 >, 
y^'jil^ 216. 2&1. 424-7, 317 8, 357, 413, 508. 
qtt, de Thory (170S-1S45), [I, index], 236 



Ceded ,& Conquered F 
Ceded Diat., Madias", 1 



i, lsjo, fsc-^. 47,,:, ■ 

.... .lev. svy. (i-V, 145, 151, 104, ICG, 1.1 
277, --■'; -■"'.■■ ■--5,376,474. 
i, 411 n.3 :— of Great Britain 473 ; V. Population. 

425, 452, 486-7 t— India, 1, 27, 81, 86, 93, 276, i 

3S, 444. 460 : :-l. 20 n. ; ■ -Provinces, 90 n.2, 92. 

i,M S :-S^!; 450 :-Vol. Batt, 503 :-SG. 49th 

is. 14. 13, 41. 1.07. 163, 17'?. 2u3. 220 : -for llase-: 
; '9 £0 130 ■[, )S7. 246. 249. 27,;, 267, 2i!0, 351), 4 
is, 150. 203. 258: -da mused, 11)1.-2 :— fcims tor's 33 

in- Sv«4 215. 220j Sv,., or oaaist.. 

76. 177,197-8,457. 



i, 147 1 



5, 3B8. 



1 h 370, 33!). 3(12, 3i 

d'amari-'t. -Udrw/f 0,02/3 IMS), 

[ I- ■■ :--■:. 573, 477, 477 n.a, 37; 
Chairdml 11.. 11, 51., Si, ISO ; pis., 1. i 
I'tamjiusiri itiit,. '. ■!:'■.' 

Crsaiitifrv. Com', of. Loih-Lm, 47H-2. 
Ii::,-, ■:':,. ■_■■ '-. [J.i.aai. 273, :!,!l : ;:■!. 
Ctiai::l.:l i.'iaiik, Hjighiy K., ill 2. 
<■■ :i . ;..,; ■.:..<. 441, 607. 

Cr.u.inl, Wii-i 17.-1 -1.-4:1), M^., 

Chappe Claul I 1 L 

Chniyoii, ol onl.-riy, 157, 160. 

I. In ■■■■■"■. u; c>.4. 230. 

ij L ..i> >";:■!, sl.'a:. 2v0, 462 :— i.iia-.TJ j.lc!! 

216 266. 261.262 L?„ 307. 476 ; pi. 5. 
Clin.;-:- 4Va:r. il iuMilaya. 2. 30-2, 34-5, 37. 39, 14k 

i ■„ ,■;, I l I l :.!■■. 352, 256. 



ulu.aUin'iirli. i;r.. 02. a.3. au -4. 

ChicaooU'. (iiiiiiiiiij. 100, 102, .104. 116, pli. 1, 2i. 

OJiifk. W'i.l. ]■:. : si.l-a'4.. i:;il:i.::, 604, 371. 

i.- ..ii -. . !■ , i ■'■• ■hi ■■■'.7 tin 



(■■■■ili"j>.ivir!';i'.i.--v': I . I-' Veil: -r.-M.. 1 :.:'. .166. 563 4, 666. :«! :- 
ii. ... !■■ i „■.■.:.!,[,, ( J.-l :. 1,-76 1. Siil.-:is,:l .. :>. M -1 j ji " rn-k r-1 ii-!:;i-l 
' ■! . . ■.in. i. ■..■■.., I.V|,. i.:jn:M.y., Ua;!L UiTln,: 
371: Win. . I; ;■.-,. o.fi . I- -.!), .Mi-a-^.. ,::4. 36*-6, 3il. 

CUTIS, 44, 57.0.1. ;;. 76. 260, -•_. 2::1. :i:ii. 462. 451, 450, 462,40!; 



J.' :!l::al, . 



C.NiLiii.!.' :— 1. ■.'.-. -.■:■ . 24:i ■■ 

13 ; ». Tartary. 
ChlndwiQ or BiiijEtheB, E. 
Chinglapiit Dist., Madras, 

Chinsurali, K ■ " «' : 

Chittp-Euiis. 

:. ■■■.!. i..' 

■ ■.',<«;;'.::-, avimal ;■: I :■:!■. ai:t. lii. 
rt.it ida f, iV,ll;:6nia;i. 213. 365. 
Li, :...■:■... 88, 7!. Ell 362, 874, 4';L-2, 105, 422, 4S3, 

l.-hriii::. liCriikiiiiiiiCriOTl, 100. 

ChOta -\..-\-.a. 0.27. :i:o 467. 400. 



■people, 46, 47, 451, 48fi :— posm 

oa, 54, 65 n.10, 78-9, 42S, 437, 4 

493; pi. 2. 
17-? -'- 



(.IfloivriOEluie, Calou 



, Bo. Inf. [II, 385], 131. 

CtinjTioJosv, 180. 

lIiv.m.i.imJis. 2:, 6. 22--.:!^. 40-1. 44. 5-1, 65. 76-3. 7- 
!-:. 1-7 1-0 -Ii. 1, 216--. 21.6, 24- .2;. 7, 2611. 347. 6 
■U!i, 452. 467. 16:: . "atii 6lHtl;i.J : IS?, 11)2 :— shi'J 

claiiitii.-:, i,r liiiT.i, 224, 24S. 

Chooar. llir;7Lpiir. 10, 147, 370-2, 312, ^52:!, 105, 44. 



i. ;.::■■■ Bon «y, 1«S : 4 :■■...:■...'. BB :■ 
ijivaav- a :lr,. ':■„. av.:i, ^, 10S, 1! 

:■■' .i .,|.. ..-,,. i. ■ -I -■ - ■'■■ i 
..n IM I.JO I. ..■,...,.: 1 6, i 64-6,458 0, 50l 
119-20, 207, 
(■i..|... Mv.Lt.ud. ■', V, ' ■.' '. 12 I ■ ■■■ 40 . 




Claret, , vi . 

i ■:■:-,■ ..;.::in .:" ;j..\[. --. 07, IT:"- L74 ; 0, IMMfStBd 1m..!;. 
1.1. , vi.;.:!. ti . >,.i M. . I. L.Vj!--; 1. ■,-[,.:,:. .in;.. 12 6.0. 17 u.o. :;i 
1 - . \ ,i flier (1763:4-: 

Ul'U. lat'.O. Ha ria.:ki aire ; 371. 
CioarOi ; n' I'-i-us, t- Junkie. 
UCKJVUiLi-,, 3 75, ,26, 60S. 
Clerka, o. "Writera. 
Cliffs, 42.i. 



il. ^80., Madias, yt 

. A..i.r:im>:i:L<:;d'. 

-. .fj-ftik". Ardni - (IS04-1052): 



i.TL.Jpi. 11/1, l;W-4, 



4Si, 41)0, "JiilJ:— ci:i:v'ii; : ,.K.''l 
133,486,512:- 



&ki::-.:l1:— BJ,Ti>i. 5, 76-6... . . 

Co,:!. in :— :6. India, 160-7. -06-1.0. III. 270. 3S4, HS5, ;ui, i 
4S0-0O: pis. i. 21:— Cliii.a. 7:i SO. -J.H. 207, 273, 4SI,433 1. J 



M &ev Bd. 1819; ■ 



Coohiano, James ( 1777- 

l.;n:6ai:Mv imi. 107, 4SS. 

C flera f rba i 167. 2in. 

■ ■ .. -,i . i ■:. . ■ ii.n.'i. i, i : ■ .:. 37.'. ■ ■ i. :..,,■.. 406, .r::. mi. l. 

Coins, 475, 4S2-3. 
CoLao.i. lii.nidiay, 1 



My;Ttos..^r,-:k.'i'i"7S4-1362lL 



.; !>SH.; rjfi.os. 1326-47, 



CMlobiM:.^'. iij-nryxivji. ( 7..5-:-:7 ;, 

102. 447,, 4.ii. 11-5: -lla.:. H v. 6: ( ; 7v.j..-.-i,-....- i , uuu. .„..,. 
177,1 



i. 1 :: I : .1.1 Ml:' i- 4:4 ; Insrvlpl.Li.n.s. 



Mi. ., il !'.■■,■.. I. 17. ■ I'l I . i II ;,, 1.10 I. I ■,.■!, J 

1... I. .:, I i, :■■■■■ . ■. :■ ,. I i. o.i, 106 : ■!>■ 

125. L2S, I, 1 . ,,5 ■ 356. ' 2i,7. 6S7, il,., l.iOt-i. , 

64-0, I6ii, in, ::■;, n.i'i-7. 207, di6, -12.L, 4110, 4:12 -.— syii>Ht, 



■illlam, 332, SOI, 422, 455, 176, 434, 490, : 



a.kadit,. 
C-IiMiaViou. 217,264. 
C ■. •■-:. i ' ■ ■■'■'■ ,376, 1 ,■■ 



■ ..... Horabay, 12Sl— 1 
,, 342. :):.U--3. 315. 664, 452, 457>. 
■-vi-.V, J bill 7-11 ; jsjugnsil,, '■" ' 



luri 4lr4r:i ( Isitsr kastings ) 



:i7, 222, 360, 4SB;— 
)7_ *ch.n-,al-ala>r, 13?, 

ite| 22;'o. Variation. ' 
—foe ItfflS, 139. 

«. Figure of the Earth. 



i'], 214, 396, 476. 

( 1770-1937 ), Mad. Inf. ; OB., DIB. ; 

., 327, 346, 304-8, 407, 410, 413, 428, 
17S4-1S31 ), Ben. Inf. ; Hodson, I 
37, S41, 253, 256, 293; «. Geographi- 

09, 196, 279, 283, 339, 350, 373, 3B5, 

■ pis. 1, 24. Koors. 

!■! ., :,:>lo, 17,-,'i; 213, 21.8. 
-surveys, 27, 199, 274, 276-7, 200-2, 
na on, 483, 500 : — mines, 23 : — plates 
295-6, 293. 

0, 177, 183-4, 1S0-9: — biromctaical, 
138, 141-2, 145-7, 149-50, 157, 368, 
; Bo. Inf. ; KCB., M Gen. 1837 ; 435. 

. ( 1803-99 ) ; Mad. Engrs. ; DSB. ; 

, i, 7, 94, 100, 105, 136, 149, 151, 193 
;S7li, 3,i4, S'Xl; •■- .Huri'ii-'irs, S:ili-:if:;L. 
nrvr., Bengal [II, 391-2]; 10, 433, 



.-■!-,. 46B, 

!l7,"-i70, 4H.O, 



' '.:■■■■■' -.llU.il ; ticlr.li. 
Cullii-atoni. oiTvols. ix, .1. .WO. 1 
■:.'!!.. - ■;■' 'ail. John Altlmn 

'.:■: Ui-.: :.'i. .',l.;v, ( 1S14-93 1 Mi 



£59. 100.107 11.4. 108-70, 172. 
; 17lSli-]~:.14), ffptan,: Iiuhiimj.il 
oseph Barer ( 1812-51 >; both lien 



Cuvier, Geo. Leopold, ) 



312,366 2, .;,-.;■■:,. Town, tT-8, 

j)js. !, 24 ; ■■:. OrLssi, 478. 

i 17:>;-:,S:i2). 7,.it.ir,Viiit ; Siiltu Brit. : 



y by relays, 4o2, 4 



Danisn ship, 4;j3. 
Li'Mivilo, li(:i.:;i-.LLi!ii.^L ( 10'. 



9 ; ». bhangi. 

n.2,385. 

:. II, no]DNB. r ■ 



), lion. inf. ; il c,1 sols, H(. 






.v-d (1811-1! 

I.SK), -i:i7. 47U. 

ELC."i's.Lu'lU. 120. -Iti-J : — H'ni. ;lsk1.sil;vt.', : 

,___.Inf. [T,«m1.». 
1.771) -IS'iQi, ilmn, OS.[Ii,3o8n.3];DiV 
1702-1S21 ), French Govt., 98. 



B. ; 430 1— I.elth 



a of John Deane ( 

: A I'lilii". Hytrin. 4n0-7, SLW 
S 0, 104: Lira-ill, !:■, 2 
! 30ft 112 3 :■-...:■■' .:■ 

: !iL',':i;.i-'.J! : l Li.' ..1.. ■ .■:,' 



1, ;!;i7, 400, 424. 



i"na.-. MiiVii!, I'r.-v.i- ■. :-,i 






364-6, 370-2, 369, 



De Penning :- Joscpl 



,■:■■., I .!!■. f.il.'ill; 



«»■ OOV. 

De[i-.i;v L J!,., :;■:..;<. .:-:■. :— Hi r. '■ ll !, 1-..I I3::v. Hv;.--.., 15 L. SOL. S.!i5, 31 il, 345. 

i , t i -] i .i. :j.-i. ;;;::,;•;. i 

:■!! ... ...: . ■ '■.!.■. ■ .iii.. r.'ii I. ui. :■.'.:. 



r ,;.:,!■ ■.■.-iir. :.--::i:. lii-il, 1 71. 174. 2L2. :<--!, -if.!. 133. 401 ; r,\. 1 

llha:il.ii.'irL M'.. U".7'Jo tr. f .LL, $7 1. 457. 

Illli, 7[i:^i. JaLil I 11, pi. 2; ll. |, Jill-a. IV! n.l, 179. 

I)iairif.i:iii H,.iv-.-i.:-, HiiCiililf It., 14, 44S. 

liiuij-: .:-. v. .-!. in:), iiti.i-li, 510. 

Diaril, t'kn-a ifa.brd f \ 704-1303 !, iTnculs naturalist, 7D-B0, : 



— Tunfiabnadrfl-Kis t 



litUorne, James ( 1773-1B52 ), Bca. 17LSS-1SS7 
;c. Win. Lloyd ( 1759-1S15 ) ; Mud. Inf. 1731 
ft™, Lt. Gen. Sir John ( 176S-IS47 ) ; gob. ; M 



:>,-.:: :■■... 121, 27*. m-«, 
-S'Ai'iiii, 13. uM, , ■■- .-, I:.-. 



.1 } Ben. Inf., 440, 4 



1789-1868), Bo, Inf.; . 



Du V:i'i[mL Alfred { 



.. 913 .. :■:.:..;■ 



14 j, French naturalist, 60 n.l, 272-3, 
,132, 131, 49S, 4.95. 



Dr.:!Lir;i'ii.';j | i.- ; h:,'-T , '( .. '::■ 



378,3 



at. E 



, HH-2, 



il, Ohm. Uci'-.i [ 17s7-l3i;i i, Had. Inf. [ II, 3 o6 ], „. 

;)i:rhiiiv. I nivujfiis', 4111. 
l.)i:st. olwuiioir vi-ibiiilv, 272. 

.fji:lch. 03. 330, :W3, 47::, 1.7:: 7, -Si, ,•::. 502 :— East Indies 4 
iJlitv. (.:u s >-ii!:i. 413. 

Dysentery, 4UU, 405, I2i5, 133. 437, -IM ; v. Bowtil corar.'IaLiits. 
), clockmakcr. High Iloltinrn, 7 

™- Inf.. CB„ Comdg. Subsy. 
226. £4 i 371, 391, ::.>. 



Eariishaw T'lios. 

n.VK. ; iil.J, ,.,., ........ 

Earl: -ill;: ■:■■,. 33 -1. IS;!. 
Kit.L : VV'-i. !. i . , 

iiuLiii 1 ii::::..inv "i. i. 
i. Directors. 
I:'«y..'- !:-.;. i f>i?.r .'•:■■..■. i , (i \ 



.', £74, '" 



fJiivr.:. !£■.. 
!■;!■ ■ !,::■:: 
111..,;, i 



chW'Lovell (' 1744-1817 ), 2H0E ; 
inBianil,' 303-1, 389, 371, 471, 495. 
t, BiligoOD B., 75. 



Si v..i: ■!. Bl :. - ■■.' . '■. '• ■ ■ .:■■..! '■.' ■'■ I, 
la- Berfir, 3, o, :■:. as, H7. .:■:.; a 

V.l:i, 132 IL. 3. 43.3. 443-4, 4"''- 

Bnintloity, b. Compraail ■■ - 
Elliot, Rt. Hon. Hugh { 1 



1, 270, :):.!!), 371-r>, 3.35, 405, ; 



.r. a ::■. Lttt, : 
!n-:i .1. 






. -"-V, :l..'i; ■- :■ l!!:iii: : l,::i^ 

!. =5, 00-100, 405-6, 411, 
'..iih .i '. ■■■: . .':"'.i. 



. . ■:. i 'I 



H! :— can;!)-, I!.:-, 4::ri : :!■■■!■■ :.■::.-!: 
I. 7 .:!, 4*s :— jiiiiiil!-. '-'-<. ■'■(■•Z: — v!»:.. : l, ur 
;■■:::.. I-: : ■: 0003168 : SigB&fe. 



h Alt., DSB, ; SA4-5, 



SI.iJ '■■ ■ 17 : C l':i . LT'.i. 



>rster, Geo. ( c. 1751- 



f jWei, WB„ 45tj. 



f IT, lt,S !'.' jj;V. 
l,kl[>, «7:- -Vi'i 



1 :— Sin^im Phili] 



s. Alan K.rUi!, illid. 



CiiVaiarli.'r'jrViaV.iii 



7 :— Onli-ri, Madras, 475 : Sta- 
ton's, 225, S07. 

, 3SB, 468 :— Father of Indian, x 



; Bc-i). Med. ; D.Yfi. ; /J/;,', 



Index 

51, Giindls 



:::::; 1, 228-3, 



i,L 1!2 ::'.': ,.. (ITS'. 

C(i]',;;;:.,;fji /;-l7.-'!«, I I:i JUl-7.t «. 

lIoYt>u,.:IS-UVli'-r>l. -.-■"■. ■,■■'■■ 

■112, 4 40. 15:1, ;!■!:•. 470-1), 



,. s:u, 434, . 
':'■:'■'•■ \- 



!>.:>::■. :<,:ri.:i::3, :w/>. st&, -t--:s. 



>;[; AzuhLTSt, 1 Hilli-H ; BeuLmi/K., 1S2S- 

: Hombav, ".-«, 33*, ■ 4(13, 4S3, 

,-.-,,_,_..„ ,=„= m . »i a rt ra! , if,0. 

, 1-111-7: ! 

:J. 1«W 7. 



■ : tr I I ■ i '.■ . ,'. ;.:■. 

.i-u-.j ijJ, J'.ir, -j II. : I;., ill ind\ I-II1-7: K' : -t.rIf, 1;:.'7 ; I far;. «v, 
]-il7-!3-;-,!li.-1-, lS14-2ij;Mu 



; 'Mad. inf. l.nF., 3731; M ton. 



i, James Geo. ( 1761-1 



■ri,i-ri'--lLU,"v. li.'i-ii:. isic-s, 335, 1*9-50, 150, 460:— Trunk 

i< ii i. 2=. 15). r>iw. 

in-- ■ i |.;i-. :71.1-1S2:: ■, Cit. ill,, ',:-.. T.ir.. tin:, l.-iiii ; B.V/!. : 4.10, 
■;,:<, -■■:-;: ■ i.ali-'Ji ii -.v, iiV" 1 ;i . ;:.'■: ■.Iini-; Urn. i <~i,Q v;,l, 
Kb., -;i led "Pandit GnuS of i ilonita, 166 0.4, 4GSn.V:- j.-.im 
S.--ii r..-i'n !!■■'. .-N.il, Ivi. I]:l^:-., ;2i- Ti.ri : M,-.i!i.i)iLci i'liili;; 
■ 1731 -iir-lii ). i'.'lll- Inf., vi. 
. 2 : :'.5. ■!::. "iO'l. UK 3. IKS, 4SR. 
■■■■ii- ■;■! llnii. :24. It'll. 211. :S:; :1. -.■■■: 

.. -v. i:;l. Sz,*9t-2, 086,487, 



:i;V. 24Y. 



253-4 ; ». D-enalty, 

.' M'ii-i-'::n;;kiM-, i":i!;-utt3, 3.1 i : Jnmpn, 

1812. SIS. 

!4'3, 132, 50S ; 



11 1S,'32, .37, 98-5, 120. ISO, 1 7?i 1 
21:1. 22:1 Oil, 2S:i, 802, SO 7 3. S-1S, - 
_-l)::si;:!',n:i.i:i. -25. 241, ■iSG : I.?; 
"j,^ii. ;,i.y_: T :V." 



234-6, 2 



IH.J,^ 



711.17,' 



' ; 17 v.- 1*1 



1,275, 301, 424. +32,434 

; Memoes. S7-:j, 2M5-7. 

I. _:./, -:■.. ;;:;:. :;...! 2. 8U7-S, lit 



1. 10, 



.-iiili--. ;i-l i. 

121, 186, 

-lM,::LI.'.2.23-i>, 



in rf all 

' !0::-.'oils A M'.-i 
, 194, 225, 210, 5-.*, 

Li.it i'lir. 2211. j-i-l :-- il'LV -Li l- l.i -'ii 1 i-.ii. i --■■■ i... _. 22 ^-'1 
:.:■. in. :;;;. BS2, S78, it; : pla. '7 is. 24; ft Agra 
nt ; 0;:li-,\:ta ; ■j.Tk-.v.E.iis ; 1 ; i^j. filj i; Lfin;; ■ 



B, 187. 1 



1BR 22.1, 



!■■!■.. -.'■ '.. M::I, ii.:.:. ; botanist, 



-1841 ), 



i.k-.'i ! inv.-.'-1oi.l'aKo!i(B. 86 



Eobt. Melville ( 1786-1377 ), Bo. Inf. 

t-s : — l.'.iir.. .I", Madias. 

221, -27. .!■■; ,-„ ill. 421. 

60S. 

iimr. ■■ ■.; U. ,■■.,. 1. o ,.■■.!,■ . ■;.: :, .: 
il 4 4 11 

" ' »?.*«•.' ' 

1f£ _409^_4 1 1 ' — Jlitliimy i ~4 

. +Sl)-i;i|,_BfJl:— CiirrLasjf! l'aotory, 219:— 



iii.i". ii:::i. ':)"■ 
Gmus, 32, ftb, ,..i, 
451 71.5 ; c v Fi 



', !U. ;.i. 






i. 167, 20& -■•■ 



(406}; 



I, ::7 : .. ':',', 



2. -L--JM-i:j :— 



Mi. >:'■'-■■. 1st... 4!) n.7,. 

L-Liil, :,:... vi. i.j. :ii,-;.-;i, :;;,.; .;;,. .-,i. i i,;yt n, ].:,;,, .i;;.,. i 

,..\(Ml.:sc.' 
GiL-.:::Ir. \Vi!..( d U:'.r. >. I'..;. ~- 1 ■" . i . -: ; -;..;;(. ( ■-;:.>.-. f. nl. J.I ( 111 ), 
i,til!. ,:':— ForMSl:- "- ' ' 

180, 204, 4*7 ; i. 






Hi'., lii-is. 

ii^iTi 



f Tt. :— 1st, R. Scolr. 45S :— 12th, Tins; Suffolk, f 
. 3„,.,i:-::. (.I., u.-.: :. _■-,. ;..,-., I, 

,6:— until, yi ii. '2: :j;irii, W. iiiii.inps. -iod ; pi. 22 
Stalltinls. 507 :- -14tll. .K. ISsstx, 405, LIS n.l ; 
118 :— .'Otil, SOS:— 53rd, ShropsllFO 11. 504:- 
\l-s:iiii::liii7il. Jill :— :>:i!li, 2nd Nails, S71. 50S :- ij5tl, 
n.7: -.1711,. S. i'liuiU.. *-2:— IMLli, 70, 507. 
Hiiiflar .Ml, (■: Mvbuit. 4S3. 

Haines. St.Lvlf'irrl liirl I:-,.. ::!"■.. 1!.,. Mir., lldmn. ISIS; 17, 133 □ 
/!:!■;■::. T.il-ii-i La Ms::™, 5n«. 
n.-,i:--:iii.'. or Anrfo-Iadian, 812. 

}, EOS., 143, 151-5, 1( 



.. ILu- l,..r: 






-182U); Ben. Med. ft 

. . ..; 43, 70, 70=:,. 2^7: - 

i 1777- 1-;,:: ■: linn. !1:'.l.. 274 : Ij-iu- ( 1 7-i:-l -2,1 ), 

, Cnkmt.ta; 100 1. 271 -.2. 2^S. -112-3, 316, 

WnjtiiT (IV^h-lnVt), Mail, i'r.7. 13H7-S1 



Haii.l.iiri'.iiic. 2i, .sua, 

Kir,:;o:i, 7. ■; !:. 1S1 I 7, 1. di,:::. G.-i.riibuy, :1S4, 3j7 : -A. 1- 

Harbours, l',i, 70, 74, 76, +_34, 4'" ' : " 



"l : B.1 

■i'tlaiirn-s, 
" CapT"l827 ilVo.2j.TO. 

' 21.3, 26' 
.'jii?/.--.''.'^. '■: 



i. [I, 



33S J, botflnlst 



. Mar., voir. 1801 ; 2/Lt. 1808 ; Benr. 

HlV7c":'"' ii. '(""'( mi-l"^';. M.-,:i. T:,1'. [ IT, 4 cj ], vl : -1-sl. maker, 

213, «(«> 

, 107, 4^2, 117- 

:: i ;7^7~i«::.- 



60,216. 



rfswlwwul, -T(iss:>Jj ( (I. 53441 ; Mr 
UastiiiRS. l-'raur.ii It :,.-,!■ ,1 -: m ( 1.75.1 
lit- M i|5. of JljStiliriS, 1.317 



.d. Inf. [II, 465]; 3. 



■ t M,:.ip i7i>3; 



ll ,1 ■ .... 

ir-ivi'n.'' "''' 



i, 289, a 



; !.. Units ;)f in 



i'i;ll, :■ ■ -•.■:':.'.', 

UtefDer," 4 i)an 

. ]7A2-:.V,7 ). artist, DXTI., 41.10. 
17. ;7- 1831 :. ii. . ■!.:!.. 68 7, : 

.:■■'■: . : -1. NfiB ■- ', 262, ::. . - i- 

..■ . ^ , .,,,,, 



Ill 200, 23i,. 247-8, 2H1-2. 
341, 340, 400-5, 138:— fal 



: ! -:■'..' i'.'.-. 






• 1, 4-Jii: w;:l:!3. 



, 340]. D.VIi. ; 
; IlJfB. ; 183, 



I:! 1 .. liV:-L::i' li.'ii... :-.:i.\ ii;:. 
(::;-i liiiLii i:-::.'h::ir ! :,n 



JOLl, 106. lil',, 150, IfiU-l, 104, HO 
■;^:p l n;'-v!i!>l™:Tli'.:oa^!il.™;p.;r 1 i!i: 

ence, 378-7, S81, 431-5, 492. 

m, US. 

Mi, Li 1 3, 350, 3SS, 390-1 :— Macken 

. Liuz, LiJU 2, !0!-.->, 470, 4BI-2. f.08. 

00-1. 

11 ;>. ■!-:.-;:■ -Thauiis, r>05. 

■113. 
-arc. I'I. L27 ii.lii, ififJ-S, 
61-1. fill, 7<i-;>. 7si-0, 181, 185, 199, 
-Delia, 73-4, 73-1! :— Wilcox eipn., 1 



Jllah, Saiyid Mir [ U, 468 ], Moorci 
a-,— Cart., overland Journey 17ST, 



,i:;::,.'.'lL[, 



, Mad. Inf., 1807, 409 



1, 1SIJ4-S4; DXli.:. 



!-, ClinkrStii. -Li, 1(7, 



I.. ■■;:. .,. 1 ■■. 

445-7. 

Liidnkhi. f. T.ch. 



.">t2-;) ; r. OcitajicaJ 



6.24 :— Webb's svy„ 
236, 393, 820, 354, 



45-7 ], SG. Bengal 



TCabaiv. or Knbo. In ,■■.-. I.,,-,.- I . I ■ !.. . S.-j-e, 78,404. 

] L l i ifgh nistan :— 

;;■■■■■.■■ iiii ii his. 

Ki'*:k . .■.:■;.'■ bi::ii:a, Mil,!, (ii, 

l.r SB :■.■;..:. I :. I "I. f% SO #.48. 

I L im::i;:' I I is I, Ji.jV.Si-y., ITU, -UJ-7... 16:1,103 406. 

Kahi,' iJal'i-l-tiisWu, 426.' 

! I 111 1 1 159; pi. 6, 

.'.a: :.ii\ in. Sin ■ j. ■' 25'. :•! IV. 

.lUlhiUr, J-M1...L, i^LL.MUi ■ il. -}6S I, 44), +47. 

Kalni. .hi T.1:lli,:l, 24, Sl : 87. 

K;,b.. il::n:U;.Ya. il, :> '. !:!-!. 200. 

lianara, l>i.;r... v.-. f'o'iit. 27, J.i.ij. 107. 121. 279, 285. 250. ici ; 

pla. 1, 12. 2], Canara, Sontla. 
Kanarese language, 1^3 ( J-.innailn ). 
K.iii,;i ■..:«-, L";- : f ■ r -1..I1I, 11, 111, 42-3, 451-3. 

<;;;, n-v. ( ,i;i i; L:iis, 17,7, 150. 

Kr.raimuli NicrifMnii [ 1.1. nl- 1 :. *;;:. 101. 
Karena of Burma, 7(i ik7, 77, 260. 

On. i ,i. r. I.. : I. . 'i. ,.,. M, .; , ,. ;,.;i. km , 403. 

K L r J[ :. I i : 11 1 [ \\ 410 -i ], TRS. ; 1)2723. ; 

I ■,. I m I . "I ■' 1 ..■'.. '■'!■! .. ■'.■!. ..'!■■ ::i|. I II 1 .. 4,17, 

in. 

liritV.:;in:7r. w. ..'.:,--.sr, .27-8, :,-; ,. ;.;52. 42:j, llii. 7,iV-3. 

Ki'.r.n a;::0i. v,. ;-;,, vi, 20-1, 455. 

10 :". '.nil- I ■■.■■!., ■ : 1 r -r,i. j7 1. 2:i5, 157 E.J. : ols. ■,. 0. 

K..-:li!: i:T. II ..-..■((Uv K-, :,.L7. 17?, -193. 

Keunialy : — ulias. i'v;,t:. (; 730-1870 1, lii'il. Art., T-A. Sabatiin, 

1832-S, 4::.:;: -1J-, ii.ii.. Jio SE;u. xsi, BOS. 
TTair: — 11.. iC boo; :11a ,t-:v. Mmlns. 4711. 
Jicvt's. Win. ! 17.1,1-1.-25 i. ;■:«(. s:;rv:.. 4, 11:0 7. 1.03, 110 Q.5, 111-4, 

82©, .-;. .■:-,. B86 ,'2. 
:W..-:.-.-..:.-, r. !I,im-. ■:■.'. 7ii, '17. 10 '. 2-0, '.>,■■:.. :;,il. 304-5. 301). 

12.-, 275, 280, 383 : 3.86-7, 427, -132, 

TAhaii'ilill,, .Xs^'l'oi'-V Sili'.i. 27'. 123. 425. 411, 454, 501, 514. 

Kbasias. J:. 04, 427, 443. 

KboiT.i:;. or ',.,:, -2*. ■niii'.. 17, 1 '4. 2 17, 2~2, 397, -US- 5. 117. 444. 

Kliulna. Hist,.. Bcinsat, l:.l n.l, IS, 130 n.6. 

Biyber Paas, 610. 

Xl.i.i..- if. -,-..■. Calcutta, 12-1, 30U E.l, 363, 370, 372, 44S ; v. Orphan 

iTilicrt:— ii- mil. aelioi:, 422-3, 430-7. 472, 401, -109 ;— by mutineers, 

12;? ; t;. Death. 
.KOv's II.-.-.:.. ■:■,::;■:', 205, 105. 4..,.. 50L'I il His Alajesl.v's ! iisr. ). 
k"iiul.:> : :.■. M 'Oll.-nnkl. 

Kill. 1 . ba I 1517 a 

Kisl.aa :— Disk. 00 :— li., 4. .1. -\ i.i. 00, OO-k.ll. no. 115, 22i:-;i0, 

2B8, B68, 288, 338-9, 412, 5(10. 
Kl.-tv.n : i. itoii. .ii:i:lr:i;: [ I : , lO . 2 > ' . i : .-. 7! HI ■ 2, 390, 474-6. 
.KJap-or-b. F(!i:;:r-!n-, .|-.ilhi» : 17,:^ -.:7, ). iJonr.iiEi ta/mr., 57, i!l, 23S. 
iOi:i.i"i|.'!r, ii'-. ■■:■;. 110. 1 10, ii?, ■;.-:; ; lO.. 1, 21. C;2:iT)!);ir. 
Kui=. or 11 os. of o'riisa: lu3. 






LaUtudea 



.!, 01 -5, ' 
« -i^'J :— iiwisiL ii. i:_-.:l ■ ii ■:■:' 

!■■-■■•:. i-o. 
496, 500:-*" - 



Lai 



:■ b. : 

14-5, b7, "i/fj-ii, 'll'ii-s ;'i,2 
— Madras, 113, IE 
..... 43, 41i, 02,72, 127. 170 ji.il, 177-0, 188,203. 
.ai.Unii:.. ;;. ( > T>i i , i n . 

ii, I.i'il- <■-. BO, UKt„ 74. 



■Hodgson & kerb 
HSJpntAna, 132, 43(3:- 



■' suits, 470-2. 

■ rr-i... :■ ; -,!.:'i:K.-i,;]Ml l,N:;; ! -i.Hiil.-, ,r 

siil-asit.. 221-4. 227. 234, 251-2, 25ii, 



373, 375-6, 378-9, 



434 5.415 ■'.. 

78, 152, 267 ; 

T.n I. ornavit lb' In Tin::-. French 



0:— on mi;.. 113. Tli. 5-23. 175, 4 
. i.o. ■-'.--■... .Ill, ;.75, JMlIll 

■ I'.i. ■ . ■".. ,00,512,51.1. 
■ : Furlowih. 



ondicberry, 272, 475. 
ich matlin., £;icj/ 1 



. Jl 1, 152. li 

214, 258 i— to mSteTS 

■0 :— svy. of, 14, 24, 30, j.u±, j.ov, i.w, aoi, "-, 

( 1775-1831 } : F!. J.700 : Finkridgs (55); 363. 
' " H6 ], 482, 

d, 450 :-^vy. of India, 
lond, 248 :— 



.1-1811 ) : :,i;>o. ■.: ,i. 
1.1:1-... Tibet, 56-7. 
Lil.rarifi:— .-[il, TjuJi.a Ho.. 181 -3 :— ISnsjLii 

D-iira TJiin, 2'i.i : M.aduii noil. i:-2. 
T.lL-lii.lk/i::.,-:-, 1.30. 502, 506. 
.1.1. 'I.*:' ; M, it, 201-:]. Ml. Ill -Ai-;iii.:, 01 il:; 

l.ii- J 7i iji.v, I i,:j; i o.li-i, .ill , ■■■. I. :::. L IvijOials. 

I .ill ■ "I II. I '.'I i I .. ..I .■!■. 22, ■„ :.l 

. ; SuHdarbans, 



i,429: 8.7b!, 1 



■■■.:!■.■■ I 



■ ''.:.!.:■■. 



.r.o<:kvvoj;l. Tin, 



>ntier, 1, 3, 50-2, 61-6, 7 



;k:-.i-\i- i. II:'. I. I:,:'.. fir. 
■;. ITij'.i), fit' Oii.;:Li,l;i, tV.'An., 



), 175, 3^-1-5, 3S9, 40S, 4 



x_-;i. IT, 20, L:s':S, iihii-7, SS-J, 1 



i, 24S. 252, S01-2 :— -DLstllrtmiifS 






i " 



H=iLical:-Arlvi.- 



3, 504 ; pt. 9. 
an, 51, 57:— Ben 



Milestones, HUL 

Killtaii ■ Board, 211: Gommi ra, 17, M, ::.:- ,; . [0& .112 

2(12 273 11 I :tii:. :..:. :i:i!i. Si!-. ■:-■'. -<«■ -Uij-fi. -i.1 4. i: 
800. :— llii-.v. 2. 86, I.-.. LSB, !■■:. 216, '■ !■---■ 38 

38M0, sre. ;-;■;. ieo : Sang ■-.,-.: 42*. 126, m : 

151 : -TNKTiri-no.N .;;■ U.;i:ii:i = . ii:.-!i. !i',':l: ckniiir; i 
S37-S: -Mans, 27ii. i,-,-. 2:ii;, ■;-;■>. -I.^s : *i.i.icU-r.r Sl 5. si. 
I.i:. :!.-,.-, :!..'. ::!.•.. :;:■,'. :-::>V ■.!, :;. ! ! ■:.. ::-t:. I'.v.i. ::,2-r.. s.vi 



'Hi. -..:■:■;.■, 269, -ir:.. : pta, s, Bn. 

JUlsClf, Joi.ii ; I.i. r. 1 .'!« i : <ln ... r |ii". 'Vim l!:i ■]]■,,, - |ir. 

mg&sna&if, rnv. I'j.'ik '-I- ■■.; ■■<■-::■•. : i !■■". t60, ' i -u .:;,■. 



1IM !■■!!■ '■■ In II". I l<: 

'I.i: ■ 1'. I I 1 ,-. ,■.■:■: I 

'■I-.- : I". B ■■! ■ 

n',."i2n, I2i,'"rj.i. ■>':.'•>:- 

iiii :— War 1700-2, 474. 



307, 3S7, 40H, 417, 4(l!i, 474,' 502^ 



.«mcru! l mSst.4f, ii.7 L 
Minerals, Ik, 10&, £81 
Mint :— Benares, 495 

Misconduct 489, 4fli 



Hills," Uj>in;r Atwmi,_3, 56, 59, 2£2, 



i , i flmid ; Haze 
iey^oVli, ].?!(), 158, 364, 876. 
ixlon Hustings ( 1754-1826 ) ; cj 



+'2. 4S7-!' : Oi,..k-'..|.'s :■■ :i I ..-{■. 
].[5in(j.:li.:iiii;0, i,:H,sa-:.i, !>0 r 



!S, 453, 469, 50*, 513;] 

v. Orthography ; Place n 






I . ■ ' ■..,.■.:■!:.. 
■■■ ■ I, ■,. 

I. lljl: — l!l.-u.!i. H--7II. 77:-7, 



272-3 ;— Obny., IS 7, 



iyaj], 2, :;:.l-l, :..., '■.'. ■_.. .. 

." Eogra". [ II, 43rt j ; 2!^ 32, 

-7, 317, :),)():— [J apt., ;;27 :— 
4, 3:'>(i-7, 420 : -IB J, 1!H, 30.1, 

II, 72, 420,451; b. Heights; 
Art. [ 1, 361-* ] ; »i\B. ;273. 



816-78 ) : fleolgt., 1 



Oniiplt'. liiiiitur, 121, 2«, ill. 21. 

'■■-:■::■■ .-;!. SO&I Is, Lllll.ll, 113, 4? 

1,1 — C ;Ilii r. in, 287: ■ iiepL,, SOS u.e 



Uioa, 1)4, 149, 159, 4S0. 
M8S., CaMmite, 483. 
:■ -Quariiiili/, CssliMitt-Ll., 63 
ir Departure, of Svy., 189 



432:— Tril; 1. :,<■■;■ *::;:..■, I --'.1. (1;- ; p.s. ■ . 2i. . : :i. 
Oman .."■■.[:, Li,. „ ,:f U al >s : liiil, 2S4.3S7. 



(.; ul. hack-. 
.(.■], Hi:«sai, : 



2,108, 



Orphan : ■ AsyLiin:, M;i.lia«, r. 

31.12-1'. ;,:■) I, 3*'.i. 
On, ■ SS.I :■■: 309 i„ Us Llnf, . L ;ii];H4. 

1 :i _ ji::-:i -on'-, :.■■"[. 70 .^1.1, 2.07, i:il. 

Li-:. Quo. and W ,'-. B ■ !■:■-.. dv. annus,, lBBw,a.lO,*fiB. 

<juc, liiciul. liiij ...l i LV-:J-i.,;ii .; .-,;.,.:. ...v. :-■;.■> : ,.il, distal 

E!iLUi::ira;:iB!iyurioOu3iii 1*09 , 00>i. 
Oml":.. 10-22, II, a.L2 : -!■] niti::!, .::. Jl 2. I-,.:, : ^.Luiib of. 20-2, 

-*>5, 45S,515. 

(1770 184*);1B| :',.i--..;.'.. >::.. . ri:--,i.. I1L 8 I bt, 5 IB. 



H... i*0_ 



1. Wm. 



j,22, 33, 43, 51, 190-7. 
a, 72-3, 427, 4.32, 507. 



P;iliu.ii;i.u, Units' >, 



8, S27, 404, pi. 2*. 
J, 90, 190,222, 231,' 2„ : 'S 



LI, 330. 



479:— Temple, 10, 77. !■ 



IValaiiifJiij, '" pir-h. 

-IK. 4.72, ,1:.;,. 4, -, :,i.-:,- l, f,u : i>. nearera. 
Palm trees. 102, nil. 210, 204. 
Palmer ;— John ( 170r-],s.iO j, 'Tiiiiet of Merchants", TUB. ; 



■ 3,440: -nOsna. at Equator, 

l.L.Jras, 119, 321 n.l, 37:1-0, 
'•Vi,l,i.-.- :;,-.;. :i:!2, 300. 

101, LIS, 417, IS*, oil. 
■'|.i 1"). LS,7iW, i'i'l j.i,' Li'jj, 
Hi-*, 200-3, ■>;«;, 2jJ, ?,li, 350, 

3. 203, 212, ilo-SO, 3150, 124, 
L2. 210, l.'.i : -ill li.ii :.,i:.m. 
;j, :>..!., 3*3, 304, otfd. 
autvr., 106-7, 100, 110 n.5. 

7, 134-5, 133, 144-j, 150, So9. 
vii, 483 :— Malcolm's tiimio:is, 



10LI, 171, 330, 4:12, 454, 



■0--62S), Italian astiv Fiifermu, 
1. Inf. [11,436-7]; 209, 291, 



mge & pass, 4S6. 

'., . K.-i"',- ilrii ' i.'i I .:.. iiiv, I ! K. . . i li 1 .. 152. I 

lilip ( 1740-70 ) ; Mud. Eugrs. [ J, 363 ] ; 69. 

"!.:, ,-. IS a, Sli. ■<■■ !■'!. I Hi. U4. [41, 183, W, » 

:i-, ,. ;■■ >;:\l\^:-,l, ■■>, 

™*'" ■ MI, 363 L 



.. I2r, , 



*'■ ;■ 



, 180, : 



1, ISO :- 



!>:■,;,■;; ■.■.hi. Ua.M.j-,:>u UTS!! 1*25 ; ; Rei!. Inf. 1*04- 31 ; 272, 447. 

ri '■'' ','r' , i- ' : .,'.." i'.i. :.2, ;i!i, S2, 4i;-;i. iob-IO, US ;! : f. .It-obbtrv. 

PL,:L:i..ivr:;. 1 T ... 3.'* HI; ". ]i:iild,:s. 

I'lniiib-i-iv ( .r 1'mii,:li.;?, 20!. 252, 2.14:— lre[l.„lii.:i of, 37 n.8, 175, 177, 

l'f.iiTit.i."iixit!g of, IS, 114, I2.U, 105, 231, 20(1 ; r. Ti-iiiignlation ; Trigono- 

PoiBon, 273. 

° s(0, n/7, Sfll. 001 .V,. 372. 
!>,.|.,., :_.l„ ,-:,: i I. 27, 32. 134, 111, 2V^--C, 3:1 1, ,25, 442 ;— Hydeiil- 

Ulrt: — MiUliJis, SB. 
;. '.-.-, 1: liL^-ls, 110. 
i'u'ir -ill ■ -Ai;i:v:-. ■ — I...; j-.il.ii'- . ;■:.:. 12. :— (■■■[ilr:i\ I. A- I ; : l j | ■ . l r :"i 1 1 . l , 

■'ij .SI M5 H7 s , 2(17, 41V. <52 ; .11;, 1:: ■. 454 : -VIS, t'runtinr, 

:,.-, 7-. ji'L : '■». [■'ii: ■:■;!■ (. ::7U, f.ln ; ;■. l.Li-Tit ;,j ii,. ■ ll..;,t.. 

L3S :-•■':. B02, - ii . 4 J,. !:■■-. ..!( : . :.i: 1 : WsMobb, as9; Wn, 

:! mi -..■■->. i:!l, 3U5. 4\;. 1:1::. 443, 5i.:il: -j.iis,i.,];s, 7*-B, 133. 

433-4 1311- 7. 452, -i,-y-on. 
l'cuil. ;(i.:;il i ;7.;7-!n-Ml ; Has.; U-l-ii. : (i,l* i wii ). IV ( 31 ) , AR, 

'Ml 1-35: if!' II..M — C ; ,t!ll:-.:.!(H-..! Ml;,]-. iSII. :34,201,21m 
|\. 1, .[;;■■. ■:■(■:■, BV. I MM I. 1 CJ-. L:J. I -5 11.2, 2!i7. 27-2, 3U3, S3* B. 374, 

5S4, ;!*!j. 43'j *. (.(.I;!- 7U, 474-ij, IB*, L5U2 ; pis. 1,24. 

i-',V .1.'-.' Henri Wjnisl 1786 18« >; Had. Inf. [ 11. 437 J ; 83 n.e, 311. 

•'.,, a ,,-. ■ 5, -2-:, US, 122. 2.-' ■:. 332-,. 27(1, 30* 22 3 SS9, 
:;•,: 108, 421, 127. 132. it;;. 481, 484-fi, *87. 5.;2-3, 

.,;;.■,: i ,,:ni:;-.. r. li. =,,-,i . :-- !:..>!. Lei i;'\ *3, :25, 127, 430; -lii-v. 

Mvv., 172, 174, 3(73. 1311; .-llhsy., 1'lj.t.-. M2. 2*0! life. 1, 21. 
!■,;, ;.,ii I ■ ... I I ■ ! ■ . . .1. I. '. . II... .1.- 1 

!■..;■ ,, ... ■ i .. i ..... ;■■■;. i . .'.■■ m. . . i ■ ■■ . ■';. 

433, 111, 4113, 1(17, 47;i: ]il. 22 :— .lini/Si-Llni..-. 5:4,3:12, 401-5, 174 ; 

1'oriissal. "-ml Jiiiljuii, 453, 172. 

K.]-l., ;;(..;.!. 453, ,*3 :— !■' •!•■. .'I' il.i;i!.fn;, SOS ; -c. Gun. 

I'usj-ii;j:!i, Cii-.i!;]V..t.;-. ". i;.,.!2:^|r.ic;U. 

I ":■:;:. !— J.LSitiT, 4iil. U7 : Kk.Lini.-. 2lli>, SSU, 3 lu, 3l'll, 4U7, 11:1, lid. 

I'. :■•;..!■■ stamps, Is. 

I',..i.,, .,,1. . ■. ■■.:,'.. 2m'!, 2*il, 4:2, 4LM-'J, 476, 480. 

I'.-.r :■■"-!■:■, Tie 7- 9 ■ I BBS i ; Bo/lffi [It, 457-S], 1S1, 431. 

J\)iiii.iy. (12. 423. _ -!>j_o.9\. Bn I f ■ 1"0 A 

i'lv"' v. ■-' .5,';>i '■. .J J -'i.'.. 4SS. 

I ■,,.!., UJ7; EflUgal, li..(i.!.i.y, i;:- HiteB, 306, 44.i. (63 :— Town, 118, 

■•',i.i : Hi.r'f.'i'ii. 1MLT12 ). asst. Slifvr., Bomlwy, 12(1, DM4, 3B7. 
);.i„ f,, ".rjcnsiks, 4211_- 



j 2-i ;■:!.:' 



lian, v. tlniefa. ' 

-ATli.;. ;.l (,;iL!!i(.^ l 1 H-il, 41'.".-ii :— 
.■ f .;„f...)iV!!,.-.i, /„,fi(I. ... rai-2!,5 
lis, 279, [. KiiHi-iivi ! (i 1 LiUii] !.;;!-. [.;■!■; 

.,;,|... ::..', lis: liro^erij, Ki 
Jioldieis, 364. 

.littee, 424. 

i! Cii-o. i 17513-1 32S 1, Mild, ijiyc-... 



PU i.i.. .., 
Pudokkol 



VMri.ii.Li. . ... i. -i' iif. 
t'Jua-rsSi. 333 : V. J.)Lsj>ur.ra. 

(,.!;.::(■■'. r!i/ (",■■■ -j'i !;. I .km, 46, 48- 

(ia;ii!vr:.!.n,l.-|- C'^iiirsl : l.l..v.;:..l. 3. 27. ;>2. 1111. il'l. 71. Mil. 27(1. S.10-1. 
308-S, 307, 811, 329-30, 333. ;;H7. 3. ,<I4. ;i:u-S, MB. 4:14 q.4, 
...!!!-v. 72: ■ Bombay l2 : .. 131, 281, 336,837, 



.l"i-..jy.:\ 'mvv. l-.r:.:.:''.. 



(ji:!1(,ti, 'IT; ,-.-:,!, .;,:.i-;, LuS-lJ, 2lJ(i, 4:!S, 4:13, 511. 

Kadlianatt! SLctiHiar ( 1M1S-701; Ch. Compx., GTS. ; 2D4. 

l;Mi:-', *ic Mhos. Mr;,: ill i-..i , 1731. 1*2.; ), V Ml. C=. [ II, 473 ] ; BNB. ; 

■ 1 ■ .1 ■■.!■.. 3 1 . 1. 1 .11. :, I >, HE, IIS, 1S9, 207. 



k;i;;l.:,l. 
L:.. ;.::■. 1; 

!!..:■!!. !.;\. 



;3^ ,;:, J)-.:, ,52. ,5:..-.:n. 4.-.:- ;,.::. 
. Monsoon. 
1; 1 . n . !. 37. 457 : pi. 5. 



. .':■. Mvini. ',.:.; 2. '1115. 1 i:j, isii. 3411-1. ;i 3 „ 
,. II' .!..rv ..' I.'i III. -i.(S ii. 1 ■' I <i. 

;"i|:irii.i m:,l:.-. it ■: iv ! ii. i;l. 1: I. 12' -it, 4311-40. 

I. . i.'ll .11 122 I !•.!.,•: .. I 

li .;-:.,!■ ! : ...-!i!a!. 1.5, 44*. 

Kriiiuisunmi. R:iV..i: Vrnl;.il.:i. I :il ■- s-f .--■- r ■■ :-. Mid, [ii, 47ii, 

li,i:.:-;iri::;i Fl., lt.j!iLUi.ljLHHl. 21 S. 15. 

Jiri:iiBii-li : H,L!ii:ib.'i2li: lluli. 27, **, 117, IBB. S!i:i. 

i;.i',il;i:v, I i.:..i-i Mnili'i. 3:1. ,..-:. 

Iiu!u|!-.iru. In. I-.'.'. I...,ui Hull,. 4MB, 513. 

K',;..- ; ■,. .1. ... . 7;..: [BOO :, tout, raster, 1 

Itun;.... 11. I'. 1,1 ri. I. ,.. Vi 5, 7 J ■'. .1' I. 21)3. 



IS. ; DiVB.,233. S50. 
1115,419, 425, 1S7, 433 
-R. 72-3. 75, 78. 



8-1849), Ben. Inf. [II, 438 ], i 



llanjIL Slush, uILjIiui 

452, 1*1), 510. 
Roper, Felix Vincent 
Hapids, 54-7, 59, 75, 8 
E-usij berries, aid stum 
BflSpana N. a Uehra D11 
Rite of march. 132. 
HatniiL-iri, w. (.'oust, li 



K l: uil. a:,'V. !.'. 1751 -l.MM j ; [ 1, 3 ix> } : ' 

1 (11,111 1 I 

li.-.', .- ,|V:i:r-;.-. ii,3. ■-■=■-■- lit!. 127. 21,2 : - 



120^-1, 194^5, 208, 274-! 

405. 42(1 11 .::, 434. 455, ,1 

li, ■'■■,■■ i : i ir. i. ■!. 1 1 



332, SS4, 3B3, 342, i 



— i'ny ,v ASSims.. 



; Iji'T'i, l.,.|. ,.., 
15. 3H,-M, Jiilj, S53-4:— i 
342, ;U!i, S55-7, 461, 530. 

Judlcea, 465. 



Engrs. 1 1, 360-78 ], 
i 11.S, 1M5, 240. 301 : 
1:— Svs-. of Bengal, 






1, 307, 370, 3LX>, - 



■:■; I i.i' Let.- . Mliv.u. 43, !Vi. 373, 
5.!!— lly..;xriil, ; „l. i h:-.t :ui, M3, 
27M, 331.324, 311. -112. 417-M, 
iiill. SI, 40 n.S, 155 :— Mvior,;, 



. 330. 43S. 444. 451,4 



3-i ; pi. 5', SfiubhAttoo. 



0. Inf. [ I, 378-S0 ] i 
u.5, 4flfl ; B, Hays. 

', IS, 29, 273. 



■lT;ii>-lSS7 J, Bin. Inf.; Hoilsoi 



Inf. [II, 440]; 835. 

S91, 441, 431 n.ll, 

V,l, I6ii, 6,17:— Bombay, 
3il, 314. 422, iM, 432, 



:no3. (1762/a-iasi); 

a (b. 2781/2), mat. 
v„ Calcutta ; portrait 



OS, 151 d.3, 333, 360 n.l 

il, 453:— Surrey, 453. 
-Museum, 3. Kensington 



d: Coast, healthy, 267, 32;, «2, 



Season ; liTitira-lihy. SI ■ c. Field, 



— of Map 

•a [lydiaait.nd. 



Hill, 165-7, 
1,203,213-1, 



Mill 



) Color 



1 Treai 



Idaii.TlK , 

' , nlay.vrisl 

Slips :— ( ap: 

4 + li : ll,L:n-OL-aai. .,,'.!; m.i.wu lMd,vy *<i», c. uuu- 

Salary. 7;.. T-s-ii, IS:'. 136. |[i -73 11, 43...I. 499, Mil;— 1 

I". i-.- ... 433--;. 17;. f. Mariner ; Sej. 

ialilain.a-aa 7;., 7'.. 4^.47,3. MS. 

:-],,..■,:■.. ■ ..I:,' 0, 125, 129, 172, 231 n.4, 242 n.2, 256, 

S 1 i 494H.2. 



Vn'.':;7"i. .iMMi'akaoi ( 1811-36 >, sub-assts., 155, 
V.s''jf,''T5, 73, 1,37, 433, -Hill ;— eapfurait by frmrny, 212, 



1, 199 290, 267 ; 431-4, 436, ■ 
1 iSM-S. 373, 403^0 ,"412-3 ; t. L 



Sight cafe, 211, 
-Sieges, 424, 436-7. 

.Signals: luminous. 235 6, 239. 212. 2S4-H, 414, 
Lamps. : ojijniina 131, '" ":■. 



Sikh:— i 
ail'a'a/flr. "Ilia-ail 

1 1 I 



, 235, 210, 3)6, 426; i). Flags. 

ith, 188, S-ll, 313, 485. 
451. 453-4. 459, 4151 ; ill. 5 : -States, 



Sijmiis, Wis. .'1793 l.sfi :l l. [Kilmer to 'l'ruUsJlrtor. from 13.26; H;j; 

1-ks. : /'.VK. : IIASi ..;.;;.. x:<i 1 m:, i;Sii; : ail. 
Sintlair: 'e.;is ; <•- -..-.z I, Mad. Inf., vii :— J. Siamo. ami. Ind 

179S ■ mero.ll. of tiareilly, SIS. 
.I-,.', BJ, i:::. t8& 128, BX 4i:i. tTS, 
3.inlll::i. ii;i-.:ia-:i.i-.,i.vi- .-,s.i -::, :22,226, 3-;;, 42i, 4,0; 1)1.1 

r. liaiia.lonta; Gwnilor. 
S[asra,,...ia, 77, -i'l. 2.2, 432-1. 119. 436, 4153, 473. 
Siiniailiani, 27, 122, 463. 474 ; pi. 24. 
:>,:;.■ .:■ ■:. ■ ■ -:«!!?? ■'■!, :>'. 15 

■■ i.,i : .... :i x .u . a .1 . i. i.i 

r.ilk,, 197 11.2,451- 2, 
Siroaj.leroad. India, i.i'. 39, I 30, 160. 24.,. :■-=-■- ■ ■ ■ 

:--,. se , , :..■;. -i-f.. u;. 17.2,4.12; n,a i,i,, :M, Senmge. 

SiUUIili. V.a|.!ir. battle nf, 1(1 '" '" 
Sl'.tana U-. Hininii. : >. I ..-.. 
a.y.. I, N!i-'.- i: if. s:l. io:,22 






, 91 ii.d, 422, 516. 

!. i: II- Ml 



i;3i,**i is ; 



0, 2U. 42.3, 13l\'t61, 4.17 : lack (if, 137, 445. 

Irait painter. Eneij Brit., i 



Saiiii :— il'ii. -Hi- l.Liiml I I7T-- 1-1- •- 

127 :— Marshall Frtit, If 

D n En 

B, ,;.'■ 1721-7] ), Zi.vif., 407. 

Bmytfc, Staff < obad( 177* t861 I, Sen. I.aaa-a .. 

^,,,-v.i -.: a. U: aa-M : l.'i:: -a,. .,. 15:11. 111!.; 

"335: ■(a 1 aa..nt ( I773-1.-.51 ), li.V, 139, 
;:.... 272-3, 1B2 V ^ 

"> j-0-!,_ 451, 1 

lian.aaas, 12, 14;— -Lona, 31, 467 , c. liilljiiioyii; 



'-'.-' I dW-WlntertJ :.". I7.--1-31 ), Jli.d. Inf. 1 
.:... ,2-7, 5i, I- <<■> W- 347 J30- 

blindwss, 42, 44:— Bio 

soil 6, 8, 28, 88, 146, 153-4, — ... - 

Sun It., II I i 32, 83-0, 202, 133, 14 



1, 31. 97, 1.27, 2,13. 339, 373 -1, 3«5-(5, 400, J 



Mnirper, iiaa. i'ulk. ; lai:r.. son ■ 
Soiua, !-ir.nni,Ci(17,il5-lKo7), a; 
S-jutJi I aa ■ ■ '■" ■.'■'■. '■' 



^ i ."■::-■-.... I I ■: -v -■ . -,s. 2:-.9, 3b2, 430. 
* ui 1 ::.■■- ■-:■;.. :j: :!LLi':-..iii]Bt«t, 266. 
Spiers. W., ltd Mar.?, 74. 

.-Dili K.. !1 Uav :1 , M) I. 47>2;p].5. 

SDrinjaa-, Ji.-hi: Hans i :^:2 3 1-61 1. iisii. ;a.rvr., Braniiay. 3S7. 
-Diirm:', li.l. 33, 37. 

Min i. i.i r.i ■■ 'i ■: ; :: .a i . n.. ■:'( ... ...I. . n ■. 

25.1. 257, Iffl :— l-in.-li laai- .if S. of K, 296. 
M.anair:!:: . .:' ai.ai.anv, a-. iil3. 17a. 172. 22n-l, 237 '.:. 27-.. 
Star*:- Circiiinpelir, 272. 2711,492:- lili.n. of, 311, 33, 4.1, 155, 176, 
II 135, 451-2 

491 : ?■. As:rnia,i:ii' , al : Calalo::uos. 
Sfn.t-.' (>:lio<~a. 412-4, 417-,-; v. (Hiifiali. 

Siua.-s. lad .-.-. 3-2, 173 : v.. 1 :-,i,>ls : Simla, 

^lalirn.ai. Iiii., ,1a. 17... 331. ::::7, ::an. anil, 3-3. 415,446. 

aiiiil'.ie, of oi:Sa.. ■?.. 3il. 37. 291 : ij-s., -7, :i,i;, !.<., 2U7. 219, 224 : - 

ir.rtTkc.1 or. nam.:, llli, 125 : Sair-aian .■if. 131, 23il- 1, 

■'-: 3 11. 2(3. !-.il:i,,a::as f- r ::n-: ; la -;-.,-. - 

niii-a:.':- : Irijoiniiniitriiai!. ' 
Slal-a. ::1: Ma:,, a- x. a-,1.1, -. 4, 1!3. 121, 12a. VKi, 15], 153, 16S, 

172-3, !<>3, 21.1, aai: aiava. :2a, 1.17, 2a7, 4311. f~;i, 50.3. 
s:-,:., ..-a f I. ■■■: 10, lie, ■::■■ f-. I f- 7. 160, 163,150, Hit, 186, 

.■■' \in a.. ;la. imii. ,.i.. 

S-.e[,l,en, Win. (!■.:.'■: i 792-1 «:!3 J. laal. Knvia. | II, .|.r ]. 1!), 275, 

Sieving, Win. ! :!. 177?. i. Mad. Kian-., : i, ;S:-6 |, 99. 

s-.-.v. n:-..ii : II ibt. i 1772-1,173 :. ah . narr., 7a2 L— CM. Robt., d. at 

.-(■a. 18B9 : i.:-i. I.. :■■ ill -21 5 : 37:.. 
.. a. ■. t i . . i, . ,i i . ..... i . ■ ..i.i ; .■. u ...ii...^ 

Slum::— £ iiiMiiisai. al. 3 a. :— l.illia aaalil.-. 29:- 3: -rilims :— Wall, 

2+9 ; I-. HoiiTi.:-,:!. .Ma:lai.,n: - : I iis.:-iif.r!i)i^. 
Srur i saD::, mi. a:-, 175-6, ■!:,;,. LL.I-V. , 42S. 466, 173, 

400 ; v. Snow. 
ya,,:,::,;. I.l-l.-i.i.:;. 171, 176, 4S2, 
Stiacbey :— Geo. (1773- 1,219); jics., 17^6; 31--9 :— Richd. ( 1781- 

Mraiian' i;..:n'"ia-..'( 1-39 1911 i ; Hcii. Kv.nm. : -i. of 1. 1862; dso. 

ll L H 273 a. 3. 

■ituulT':- -Alaii'. Vd-' 132:11; Mini. Med. 1.799: 461, 47S, 4-1)8 :— Chsa., 
Ol" Hiijin.-, [iia.al- ... v la:. ■:■... .a. ■■! ..ll. nl.ta, 469-71. 

-Ilid.lal.. Jiilm fil/a.-.iial i 179.1 1337 j : Hi. 1333 : rot. as Ad:n. 
1865 '74, 484. 

3ia.-|- -li-i i;., A:a':iia. :",6..4i>4. 513. 

Siili-Aj,liianTi. a. Survsyora. 

Sdlniai.irv V:.!^:-.. ■■■ N7a|:i:v ; \i:-::iia ; Pooria. 

Sill.!.- aieast., 197. 

Suez, Egypt, 41S. 

Salllv l.an. i 17-:--l33.) i. in-. 1301 11, 111-2. 

SuUihm, 217. 

-aaiaira I.. -V. 161, 273. 123-4 ; I. lkiukulen. 

SiiTnnaai' :— C.1l;is. A., sia. a--t., 377-3. 3-n :- Junius ( 1 79:3-1 S32 !; 
sau-asst.., 93, lal. 2J7. a-::. 327 37:1-5, 377, 336, 401 :— John, 

Sun ;— Exposure"' to'. '3-ili,' 423-1, 132, 4.33, 566:— Heat or, 188, 
231-2; ,■. Ilea:: i)7ras. la 37. 1:1. 53-9, VS. 73, !!0, 162, 176, 
173, 1H1-2, l.-l. 1^3, . a:,. 2a2, 217. 43: i. 451. 4(50. 

Sunda Is., H:ib1. tinliea, 27:1. 

3: ali-t: i... la naal. 13-1, 131. 13-, 135 :- roiniiu. of, 7, 501 : — 
Mapaof, £74, -la.; : ai.a. .■.■■ia-.vv.. II 3, 139, .179, la.a, 323-9. 

I 16 l.a I I 3I',. !. 31.-. Mi. a. i. 195, 503. 

;-,aa. :v aa... 3..V. 366. 

Sundt. Win. ( 173,. 3 !~j!5 I ; dini:. i siirir., Ilaail.ay ; 136 n.5. 275, 
■Jifi-na -JS1 323-1.3-32 3,337,424. 

-f-,,1,3: & aiala,,'. Dalontta, 1:1-4. 333; Syy. S 



a 172. 



.bitants. 



Index 

):— ] Theodolite :— 1>i 



:.■■ i n ,■ 



5 ), Ben. Engrs. { II, 446 I, v 

i?f,r,. 501 : e. Creeks. 

:-:l. ::::!:, -45, iiiS, JM, ■! 



CMU by. 

i:- -Survey by, 



. 138, antj : — mi 



l-iii ;■ 1-. M::li;:-. :■'■. i_:i. 








zlnis.'i.'ii. ' 


1 ■!..:.■ . •>.■!. ... ' 1 








00, 378, 885, 502, 508. 


Links. !:•:'. 1 iii. ill:' ;. n 










'. ' ■'.■'■ TV I' 








140,606 : pis. 1, 0,18. 










i) :— SuuM, 10-21, 30, l.-,S). 




















, 331, 452. 


Tasmania, +.40. 










in .!■:. .!. . 11 i^.tiste, and 


Calc 


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c. IS 


20, dmn. & printer, IS, 61, 


!■■■■■ ".'.'l-'. : .v,- r Burma, 1, 73 








i, 473. 


L.i-,.:-. II:.-.. !■':!, r.l. ' 










L,;.|..i:-.ri,:-( r/.._|.- 




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1S74 


■iSWn.laj— T;l.;,s. CJLiiiv:|[i. 



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201 n.4, 203- 


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85, 262-+, 270 ; P. Tel 

: 0: CiiiiMimiaits. 
75-80, 440 :— CwitaJ 


graph. 


08; e 


Bo 


Inf. [ II, 447 


123. 
; Mai 


188-0 


191-2 



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, father to novelist. 



201. 2, HO : --li) 



1, 270, -MO,- 163-70 



■ pi. iv.i. : l.i:it.i..-7. oi : so, 125: -v.-.m'. ■.:;:,_ 4 7. in. kit, 128-9, 
2nti:— soilions. 5o, 45. -V. 1 12. 2i55 227 : -. S!:i.:ioiis : -t!i;KVb:i-, 
fir Topo. - Bi-ooil. 22, 5-i. .:>. ]!■■:!. Isn. ■!>:(, 437 : Bnniiiay. (1. 
■ ■! I ',, 51 ■■.■,■■■ ... , ■ 1,11.: 

iv-M-iin': '<;v'-~: lil-iu-hts'" VyB " 

■!■•- i. :.rv. 17s, i-o. !:w. 50.1. :;o3, aai-a. 

TvilxxL st.-itv.i, :ii, 207, 222. 
'Vrii'lir. 1 ! Skit: 1 , 55 lii.nroil. 40 ■ :i . 0'^. IIS. 
Trivimtlrnni. T::iv:i.:ii:ure, 100-7 ; pis. 1. 24. 
I,...,, ;..',.. .. 15.1,-32. 2,5, iui.L-.i, 105-7, 410-1, 427; 

•■. Bvitiill ; 8opovs. 
Iron:; :i, I5U..( 1-755 ■ 1-55 :■. [-at. l iikor. I li. r;v ', m:;.: I'-Vi. ; 

if I.S 1 >,wi )., Ill |U'I i, 150, 178, 1S0-1, IS;, ISW, 2-12-4, 210 -7, 

■23) : v. 8imins. 
Tt.,-,t An?,iinnv i- ,!rdiii;..i„l (1 T75-1 305 1, lii~'r. -.1)11. ISOn 16 

"I H, ,n7 8 I. .ii, in., ii.., :;i:-, Ms. :..,■■ o. :., ■. i,„ , ,i in 
TsjiilKVO li.., 'Obi't. J, 3, 03, 66 7, 5(i, 61, ill, 127, 136, 438, nli ; 

Ml. 1,2;. ll'.iijumponiiM. 
IS; ,,-.,-.■■ |lo^ .ir .■.,i::---ii,t|.,ii, '.i. 2SI-.-7, '174, 4111, -467-8. 
Tuckrv, *'::-!»■ ( 1780-1851 ), lira. 1804, 145. 
Tudor, A. W., driin. Oilioirta, 313. 

05inJ'.il-li:ol7;L 11. . M-. ;i.>ri>. I ;,"', 12.'i. 2(5 1 11, [il-. n, 15 ; III, pi. I. ]. 
Turkist.in, 438-7. 

Tonnv.ill, W;n. H.::iry( l.-ls 55;. ;i|, :-.v. .oirvr.. 373.380,603. 
Turn — J.,|iii.:o;h-:i,.f. I i '.-'■'. Snvvr., -I:-.", :— Sjir.-i-l ( 1 757;8-18l!2 1 ; 

jjHi.rnr.u, j04l;™s. i./)Ai<. ;07. 

TimsiII ■. :ll;i:i.;i:i: L 178- 5-:.,- I. -'I-''. I'-'.. 4*). 
'l\vi![H,y-r'.Hir-l'rLVi!Ji[liiS Di:Ft... ISO, ISO, 141-2, 307-8, 425 :— Collr, 

Typhus ffii'iT, so-i::il!;:d, 231, 244, 404. 

Urtiiipur. or Miv.vr.r, TViipiltrio.li. 87, .1.22, .181. 280, 436. Ill, 5O0. 
INj.-.ii,, M7.lv.. i | 1, isa-i :, SO, ISI.i-l, ISO ; pis. 1, 0, 21, l.):i.i..|n. 
lil.vr,, si. Ahsci-ss 1 Soros. 

I noov,il:0)to;i »,.■:■•:,:,:, 17.7., 15=0 :!..;.;;. -i^.j. 47.1, 1-1. ISO, .'05, 455. ..07. 
i:ij\E-.irm : — MHII-il-v, S14 7>, 410. ;vi; ; -svvlo ol aiaiipoi.;!, 2S:i : 

System of Svy., t-pago, ix, -1, as, 127, 103-5, 200, 206, 274, 309, 
T7[iiu''i?iii~;i'-i'ii'-." 131, 137, 116, 1 IS, 163 5, 172, 25U-1 ; v. Standards. 
I niv.-r--. I Tr, ■:■:■■ m. lor iv.:v,r.,. svy, 113, 160, 440. 
I,nr,.li;il,!i':jvv., loll, 131, 234. 

lil,j,,hn, Aaron (,1. 1500). prink-: [ [. 394 ],2ff!. „ „ 

IT J,,,.-- -IihI.'i. ::. Khul.lsrui : '-■-■■ v;i ,,— ol hi nuiil, 7, 13-23, :i2, 

136, 140-66, 1011, SHU. 331, 380, -174, -18] , 400, 402 ;— inapa of, 

lljitou'- notion tn I'ooin, 1«7;i L 1, 30-1 L V. 

SfiS'SS... A—.; ( m.-i.<i ) : Mill n, 47, 1, m. 

Vi.liiiitvn. J..i:in,-ii]s Li. ~" I. I'l-'-ii liii!iM-r!i|,lii;r, 17l>. 

\i,i: S ||.:nt, M.-iM-y r 1.7:.- „■, 7 : ■ ; l.:-s [ [. hi.l.-x |. Govr.BengoJ 

l76ii-4li).V«. / Dill., v., 201, 
V^rliilion Mf'iVili:;!.*. 22. 2S, 11, Ji;, 162, lol , 201, 257, 361, 401. 
A'liiiil-lilv.ir il' )li;s, 270, 2s0. 
\ , ;i.-.- [.iliiilJ, 247--.. 116 , !. h:i!:lji!H. 
Vcll.m., 410, 107:— .'.[iiH-iv, 22:, n.: : : I. I. 
Villtur:. (ion., Iti.ujit SLriRh a -iivE { l.ri'v ,t. liiii-ot! ). iu:i. 
V,.(„rv. M.iiilaH. -J.i7. 36 1.371, !7fl. 17.1 177. 432 11.0, 6117. 
' I I 1 I ih II 

v,.. 1 1.-,: „i,!>: ■, \ .■'■..■' 1 1. 1 1 1 1.. ;■■>. ■■■;. \\ w m. 113, 107-8, 

\-:i r L ■: ! ■ 1 l- ■. Suti:., 486. 

\ I ■ !., ISO I ' il (-0111 :■ 1 . . ■ I ., 220 300, 11.1. 

Vi 'ii,:. (.orllu't 'J 1 ' ■■:■«;. i ISHI. 63 j. I ■:■.,:■ ■■:.; r ,V ;i:::h,ir. IiXii. : isli. 

Villages: Uatantatan, 463; Bengal, 11, 1 7, 23-6, 28, 52, Bl-2, 
13S. 117,-0, 110. 10:'. 27s: Uii:ul.iiv. .1 21. :27 ,;, 160. I |o. .(7.-1 : 
Ci.-; l ijI Iii.Uii. S7>. 233 :--,!: ,.-.l-0. 110, IS,; U;i,lr;is. 06. OS. 
102 In!. :'.:0, 206 7 : -iliuv, 132- :;. 1.56. Li".". 100. 1.62. 1.00 71 :-■ 
l!,Oi,inii. . 132: ll-^i.iS-s. O'O, 105-7, i-l, 127, 160, 17.1 11.2, 
2:6-. 267: -\;uli--. ol, 16. 00, 107. 207, 3VS, 500-1, 4.7:- 
sl.r.ni] 1,-1 i:-||i. 25. y.\, 2-ill. 2--1. 206 : -io.-v . S\ ; . Of. 1 7. II;.. 755. 
155 15.. 01. :07. 160 7:,. 17:5 10:1. 227 5 .;, -6. 5-5: -Si|,. s . ].-„;. 
1.5, 5,5 41": :-,iiri-.ioi|S.,...i l.,v r-".'. 253: -I riji:::::: i.,v,:;. 10:!; 
ii. Boandarlea. 

\ j:-, :.,-i-, ,.. i .illii-,,6;:' l:::i.il:,l int.- : i H.-inssi i. 

Yii„:„. S.jo-H IVI5 1,-21 l ; :i-;tr., svii, 183. 

\ I ■->■ I i - -,-:= il;o !!.■. S7, 212, 440-50. 

VinlrtK. 428. 

\ i-Sr-ili:.-,. s. ::.■'. 2::5. 261. 271,412, 450. 

V;:.::i;:iio:.l ■,!,,. 15^,:,0. on. m: s 2. 10 1, 12 1, ::■'.-. 377 :-l.i:,t,; 

k»-j'. of 384-6, :0:[. 501 ; pis. 1, 24. 

Wjstan, ThoB. ( 1800 50 ) ; es. 1812-7 ; Hooghly Pilot 1819-21, 

U rn-. :.'!■. -. "i ■■, I>1 i". Pymi lli!)i!?a. 

V7::.l,,. .1:011, ;,l. !.-!i.i.!. 10.1- Msr.. I U . .;.;-, , =06. 

Wi 16 r: -is :.. ,i- i Chos. I tB2( 061; Bo, Bngra.; ra, ; TO9, ; so, 

,VS!S. IS7S--1: />:V«. : 256. 251.255 0. 41:1.440 n.7 :— J. A C, 
-i 'ii.i '.' 2:2 n.O. 2-5. 5.|.i : i ,-j.. ,.-i,:.l,'. Sjgpor BubSJ" ! ' " : ' ,;l ■ 
s.(.-_ Win. ; i 701-1.621 : !!.:ii. In!., 5:5 
Wallir-.;!. Dr. N;ii liiini'l i I.--6 1S5-I); I',,-:. U,;l, l:,.-[.iiii.t . V5S. ; 

DS.I.I.; lir-it-iO, r:,l,:s.v,.:ri-y i.lrant; 48, 512. 
Walnut trees, 4.S0. 

>\ .ii ii. i.:.. ' mi ■■'■ ■ 

I | 1 I I L H "448-9 ], 611. 

Waidha, CP. 1 SO B.5, 236 : - -!(., "2-3. 01, 485, 604, 516 ; pi. 18. 



:■::.:. 2016 ion; ■■:. l.:lir L , : io 



IVut-lioo. Kill 15: of. ISIS. 509. 

WiLl.kin-, in« ; . :n:ikir. : — l::i:sl.- j ,-. '. 722-1786 1 : Joinniinl 

c. 1821 ); Win. (12 1700-1806 1, Ix, 217. 
W ;l!- ,:i. II ■ ' 1 1 1 '- ; I :S, -.6 i. IJcii, }■;„ ir-.. [ 
^.m.Oi. Sil Ansio :-,,:: | I-! I "- . . 



a. Eiigrs. Kt. ; IKS. ; 



2-1. 3 "7. ' 



Artinir ( 1760 1-12 ) :"v:,|. ;"]>„ l:,.'ol Wi.Uin-'.iii, L 
W;ils, 28, 153, 105, 173,-172. 

Welsh:— U™. J 1 II 454]; DNB.; 

2 ■ I i 1. 1: :i IS-'-s. l-i.ll-~, 21:3. 472 -3.-1S 

_ . :,v~ 

anda Sell™ (1730-1350), Eiin,_ Inf. "[' ii","', 



:— Thos. 
i ..!!. :!:':i -"si, 07, 106, 122," 1 



301. 



6:— Heiiry (' 1 700-1855 

ir termiifs, 260-70. 

, ::. 2:.. M y.:;.. 00, 104, 143,231 

1 17 1 : | .., , i 1. M 1 I. no III. i: 
;rnicas3. 157, 456: — T.anibl.on'3 1 

' BOS., Collr., of Sylhct 1789, [ 
(■-. Txi.i.,, 'i»»3_j S : W ) ; ...... 



Mad 



iW-i, 562 



«6 I, 1 



^..'.■k^li/.i'.:'*. 

: -l>r. Hoi-nc. 



1844) Ben 1 - 11 1 

>is«i... 152.1.6. 863. 305, :.I70 :i5!, 372. 
.Villon, (ill!!. I 1 V:j !-],-.! 7 1. Kin. l]::ii^. i II., .-,57 ;. 51:0. 
iVtlld. 21, 25, 30-2, -12. I.i jj, ioo, ISS, 216, 255. 55-. 2 

I.,: 16, : [110. 

W r.n:i!i:,'sir (6:,.. i 1812-7!!). Bo. \i:wr;.. rasi. ; DIB. : 

>i 1. mil, b ■ i ■ ■ ■ .1 1. :i .'■ ,nr-vr., 2. .,1 I. ■!!■.: 

iViro, silver, for liiioniTii-Orr, 258 0, 436, 435. 
iVo.ii. in-, i:;.33, I5i:.l::5. 150. 107; ■■. .Kailiilii.B. 



: — Geo., printer, of 

•■"' ' Burl. TCiiMrs. 
Kiifirs., i I, 



Dchra Dun, 1815-13: 



rvr., 151-5, 368, 368, 3 
asst. suivr., 2T2. 

11 Madras 1824; 313. 



; Bon. Inf.. conuig. Sirmonr Rifles, 



V,-2 1842 >, Hon. 
i), 487 11.13 :— 
LDept-, 1317-8, 



417; ■'. Estates; laai tnra 

. I-l:,,- ;-. . 175. 

-'. -'57.415-il:— J'l'jljfi, 

0, c! m ii L',! of, 23!!, 248,251,258.